IC-NRLF 
 

 if i 
 
PROGRESSIVE 'EXERCISES 
 
 IN . . , 
 
 SPANISH PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 WITH NOTES AND A VOCABULARY 
 
 BY 
 M. MONTROSE RAMSEY 
 
 AND 
 
 ANITA JOHNSTONE LEWIS 
 
 Nl 
 
 HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 
 1900 
 
' ' 
 
 Copyright, 1900 
 
 BY 
 HENRY HOLT & CO. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 IN the study of foreign languages in this country, the 
 importance of translating English sentences seems, .un- 
 fortunately, not to have been fully appreciated. There 
 are three degrees of attainment in the knowledge of a 
 foreign tongue: first, the ability to read it understand- 
 ingly ; second, the ability to use it in conversation ; third, 
 the ability to write what would be accepted for publica- 
 tion. The last of these three grades of proficiency is 
 very rarely attained. 
 
 There is a well-known story of a philosopher who had 
 two cats, a large one and a kitten, and as he wished 
 to allow them free entrance and egress without being 
 obliged to open the door for them each time, he cut two 
 holes in the back door, a large one for the cat, and a 
 small one for the kitten. This arrangement worked per- 
 fectly. But an fc acquaintance with an inquiring turn of 
 mind, seeing 'the two holes and learning their purport, 
 propounded the unanswerable objection, "Why did you 
 cut a second hole for the kitten ? Did you not know that 
 it could get in at the large hole ?" 
 
 This seems in great measure to be a common mistake 
 in language instruction. Months, if not entire years, of 
 a college course are spent in exercising the student in 
 rendering into English a foreign text, whereas the same 
 amount of time devoted to translating English into the 
 foreign language studied would give him not only great 
 
IV PREFACE 
 
 readiness in literary composition in that language, but 
 also such a mastery of it that he would be able to read it 
 as a matter of course. To follow the simile, instead of 
 cutting a small hole for the kitten, he would have cut a 
 large hole that would admit both cat and kitten. 
 
 In order to meet the growing demand for a text-book 
 of Spanish composition that should contain exercises of 
 a more advanced character than those found in the vari- 
 ous grammatical treatises, it has been decided to lay this 
 little book before the public. The material composing it 
 was originally prepared for the more advanced classes 
 coming under the author's own instruction; and having 
 once successfully borne the test of practical application in 
 class use, it is hoped that it may prove equally satisfac- 
 tory to other teachers of the Spanish language. 
 
 The exercises comprising the work were collected and 
 arranged in their present form by one of the author's 
 post-graduate students, whose name appears on the title 
 page ; and it is to her that a large share of whatever credit 
 may attach to the work should be accorded. Grateful 
 acknowledgment is also due to another student, Miss 
 Frances Mabel Jacobs, A. M., for valuable aid in the 
 preparation of the notes and the vocabulary. 
 
 The subject matter is divided into two parts : the first 
 consists of sentences, more or less detached, dealing with 
 the several parts of speech, and various idiomatic diffi- 
 culties ; the second comprises connected discourse, de- 
 signed to afford a review of the entire grammatical struc- 
 ture of the language. 
 
 M. M. R. 
 
 COLUMBIAN UNIVERSITY, 
 
 WASHINGTON, January 25, 1900. 
 
TO THE STUDENT 
 
 Doubtless nearly all students look up words in their 
 vocabulary or dictionary in the order in which they meet 
 with them. The amount of time wasted by this alternat- 
 ing from text to various parts of the vocabulary is in the 
 aggregate considerable. Much time can be saved, 'and 
 considerable wear and tear of the book be avoided, by the 
 following method: 
 
 Procure several hundred slips of paper of good quality, 
 uniformly cut to a size of, say, 2 by 3 inches. Then, when 
 you have to translate an exercise where the number of 
 words to be looked up is comparatively large, simply write 
 on a separate card each unknown word as you come to it. 
 When the exercise has been gone through in this way, 
 arrange your cards alphabetically, and open your vocab- 
 ulary or dictionary at the first letter. Proceed regularly 
 through the alphabet, writing down on each card the ap- 
 propriate equivalent of the word already on it. 
 
 These cards may be spread out in alphabetical order 
 before you while you are writing the exercise ; and should 
 be carried about in the pocket to be consulted at waste 
 moments of time until the words are learned. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PART I 
 
 EXERCISE PAGE 
 
 I. ARTICLES i 
 
 II. THE POSSESSIVE . 2 
 
 III. ADJECTIVES 3 
 
 IV. THE PASSIVE 5 
 
 V. SER AND ESTAR 6 
 
 VI. ARTICLES 7 
 
 VII. IDIOMS INVOLVING TENER 9 
 
 VIII. THE PAST PARTICIPLE n 
 
 IX. PARTS OF THE BODY 12 
 
 X. OBJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS .... 14 
 
 XL OBJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS, continued . . 15 
 
 XII. ADVERBS 17 
 
 XIII. THE FUTURE TENSE 19 
 
 XIV. AORIST AND IMPERFECT TENSES .... 21 
 XV. VOLVER A, ACABAR DE, AND ESTAR PARA . . 23 
 
 XVI. THE GERUND 24 
 
 XVII. DEBER 26 
 
 XVIII. PODER 28 
 
 XIX. THE SUBJUNCTIVE 30 
 
 XX. THE SUBJUNCTIVE, continued 32 
 
 XXL THE SUBJUNCTIVE, continued 34 
 
 XXII. THE CONDITIONAL 37 
 
 xxni. HABER 39 
 
 XXIV. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS ... 41 
 
 XXV, MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS 44 
 
 vii 
 
Vlll CONTENTS 
 
 PART II 
 
 EXERCISE PAGE 
 
 I. PRECIOUS STONES 46 
 
 II. INDIAN CORN 48 
 
 III. THE CONDOR 50 
 
 IV. COAL 51 
 
 V. WATER 52 
 
 VI. THE SNOW 56 
 
 VII. POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL PROGRESS ... 58 
 
 VIII. THE ANCIENT BRITONS 61 
 
 IX. THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS 63 
 
 X. GRANADA . . 65 
 
 XI. CONVERSATION: AUTUMN ...... 67 
 
 XII. CONVERSATION: WINTER 70 
 
 XIII. CONVERSATION: SPRING 74 
 
 XIV. LETTER: A FIRE IN A WASHINGTON SUBURB . . 78 
 XV. LETTER: THROUGH THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN . 82 
 
 APPENDIX: WORDS COMMON TO SPANISH AND ENGLISH . 89 
 
 VOCABULARY 95 
 
-' \ - *v 
 HE 
 
 NIVERS/TY 
 
 , or / 
 
 QRN\L^ 
 
 SPANISH PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 PART I 
 
 EXERCISE I 
 
 ARTICLES 
 
 (Study 70-71, 76-78, and 211-222, "Ramsey's Text-Book of Modern 
 Spanish ") 
 
 i. The heron builds its nest among the rushes along 
 the bank of a stream, or in the grass of a marsh. 2. The 
 tiger inhabits the jungles of India* and Ceylon ; the lion 
 lives in the deserts of Africa (f. 3.). 3. The planters of 
 the Island of Cuba cultivate coffee, sugar, tobacco, cotton, 
 and corn. 4. The jeweler sells gold rings, and watches, 
 diamond ornaments, and silver articles. 5. The Repub- 
 lic of Bolivia possesses mines of copper, silver, and plati- 
 num. 6. The king and queen live during the winter in a 
 marble palace in the capital (f.) ; they spend the summer 
 
 * Words in italics are convertible into Spanish by attention to 
 the orthographic rules and lists of terminations contained in the 
 Appendix, pp. 89-94. 
 
 I 
 
2 THE POSSESSIVE 
 
 in their residence in the country. 7. The ft xes run to 
 their holes because they fear the hunters' dogi . 8. The 
 stars of the flag of the United States have five points. 
 9. We receive letters and newspapers from our corre- 
 spondents in Europe. 10. The soil of California pro- 
 duces in abundance oranges, grapes, and plums. n. 
 Owls eat mice, frogs, and other small animals. 12. They 
 do not fly in the daytime, but remain hidden in hollow 
 trees and old houses, whence they emerge at nightfall to 
 seek food. 
 
 10. California: supply definite article. 
 
 12. remain, se quedan, 
 to, para ( 506),* 
 
 EXERCISE II 
 
 THE POSSESSIVE 
 
 (Study 70-71 and 250-253) 
 
 I. This morning I am going to work in my garden and 
 plant flower seeds. 2. The shoemaker makes leather 
 shoes and the carpenter wooden tables and chairs. 3. I 
 want to speak to the butcher's boy, but he does not come. 
 4. The dentist gives a silk dress to his daughter, and a 
 gold watch to his son. 5. I am going with my guests to 
 drink lemonade in the arbor. 6. We see a boat on the 
 river and two sailbrs in the boat. 7. The sailors have 
 
 * In the grammatical and explanatory notes, numerals preceded by 
 a section-mark () refer to sections in the author's "Text-Book of 
 Modern Spanish"; other numerals indicate sentences in the exercises. 
 
ADJECTIVES 3 
 
 oars and row swiftly toward the lighthouse. 8. The girl 
 tells her mother that the soldier is coming to take tea. 
 9. The baker makes bread, rolls, biscuits, and cakes. 10. 
 The ship sails from Southampton to New York with two 
 hundred passengers, n. The bootblack polishes shoes 
 with banana skin, and the servant-girl polishes silver 
 with a piece of flannel. 12. The travelers in the Desert 
 of Sahara employ camels instead of horses, because they 
 subsjst a long time without food. 13. Do you wish to 
 go with my father to the city to-morrow? 14. The 
 artist does not want a bottle of beer but a bottle of wine. 
 15. I have in my room portraits of actors and a picture 
 of the Duke's Theater. 16. The trimming of your 
 sister's straw hat is very pretty ; she has excellent taste. 
 17. My wife's brother has apartments in your father's 
 partner's house. 
 
 5. drink : use tomar, not beber. 
 12. Sahara: supply the definite article. 
 a long time : omit the article. 
 
 EXERCISE III 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 
 (Study 105-122) 
 
 I. The city from which I come has high houses and 
 narrow streets. 2. I am going to the Island of San Do- 
 mingo in the winter. 3. We see the equestrian statue of 
 the great general in the park. 4. I always go to the 
 Spanish Cafe because they have good coffee and good 
 
4 ADJECTIVES 
 
 wine there. "5. California has large trees and large"" 
 fruits and a mild climate. 6. We are having built in the 
 country a small wooden house with verandas and balco- 
 nies. 7. I want to travel in other countries, but want to 
 live in my Own country. 8. The castle has large and 
 handsome gardens, with beautiful flowers and refreshing 
 fountains. 9. The New Library of Congress has a 
 gilded dome, magnificent halls and galleries, and contains 
 many thousands of books. 10. We read books in the 
 large rotunda of the Library, n. The peasants say that 
 the old house on (de) the hill has a ghost. 12. The 
 servant-girl fills the silver basket with apples, oranges 
 and grapes. 13. My sister wants red roses, but I want 
 yellow roses. 14. In the spring come the sweet English 
 violets. 15. The old man in (de) the little store on (de) 
 the corner sells many curious Jewels. 16. This cold 
 winter weather gives the little children bright laughing 
 eyes and rosy cheeks. 
 
 i. from which, de donde 
 
 houses : supply definite article ( 488). 
 
 3. great: apocopated ( 118). 
 
 4. good: apocopated ( 117). 
 
 5. California : supply definite article. 
 
 6. we are having, mandamos ( 126). 
 9. Congress : supply definite article. 
 
THE PASSIVE 
 
 _^ EXERCISE IV 
 
 THE PASSIVE 
 
 (Study 810-826) 
 
 I. The land or solid part of the terrestrial globe, is 
 divided into continents, islands, peninsulas (/. 3.), capes, 
 and isthmuses. 2. The water, or liquid part, is divided 
 into oceans, seas, straits, bays, gulfs, lakes, and rivers. 3. 
 The fishes that live in the lakes and rivers, have not lungs 
 like the animals that walk the surface of the earth. 4. 
 Fishes breathe by means of curious organs that are 
 called "gills." 5. Diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and other 
 precious stones are dug from the depths of the earth. 
 6. But pearls are not dug from the earth. 7. They are 
 taken from the sea, for they are found in the shells of 
 oysters and clams. 8. Handsome dresses and hats are 
 made in Paris (m. I.) and are exported to this country. 
 9. Great quantities of tobacco and cotton are cultivated in 
 the United States. 10. According to a recent novel a cu- 
 rious medicinal plant is found in the forests of Central 
 Africa (f. 3.). u. Opera glasses are rented during the 
 play. 12. When carpets, curtains and tables are needed, 
 we go to the city where they are bought in the large stores. 
 13. The supper is quickly despatched. 14. The artist is 
 painting a beautiful picture of a scene 4n the woods, with 
 blue sky, green trees and a sparkling brook. 15. In a 
 region quite remote from our country lives a powerful 
 king, with an immense army and efficient ships. 16. He 
 has in his court fair ladies and brave gentlemen and gives 
 
6 SER AND ESTAR 
 
 splendid feasts. 17. He has magnificent parks and 
 gardens, and in his palace are seen rich furniture and a 
 throne of gold. 
 
 7. to take, sacar. 
 15. our country: use tierra for sake of variety. 
 
 EXERCISE V 
 
 SER AND ESTAR 
 
 (Study 131-143) 
 
 I. My watch is not silver but gold. 2. This diamond 
 ring is the musician's. 3. The cook is cross because she 
 is tired. 4. The city is in a valley between high moun- 
 tains. 5. My old friend Correa is in Mexico, where he 
 owns rich silver mines. 6. Are you sick to-day ? 7. No, 
 I am well, but I am displeased because my friends do not 
 come. 8. The guest in (de) the hotel tells the waiter 
 that the soup is not hot enough. 9. It is probable that 
 the President will go to the theater to-night, is it not so? 
 
 10. No, he is too busy with the members of his Cabinet. 
 
 11. The Russians are a strange and interesting race, and 
 have many gifted artists and authors. 12. It is neces- 
 sary and very fascinating to study the great world. 13. 
 Charleston is a beautiful city and is situated on the coast 
 of the Atlantic Ocean. 14. It is a pity to throw away 
 good fruit. 15. It is customary to drink beer and eat 
 sandwiches in the Tivoli Theater in San Francisco. 16^ 
 The inkstand is full of black ink. 17. The purple grapes 
 on the vines are sour yet. 18. My last exercises are full 
 
ARTICLES 
 
 of mistakes. 19. The roads are impassable on account 
 of the recent rains. 20. The condition of the streets in 
 ( de) this suburb is execrable. 21. This beautiful sfream 
 is nol^a^yer^ but it isjiearly as large as a river because it 
 
 is swollen by the spring rains. 22-Iti^my chiefjllight 
 to walk along its banks at funset and watch the troutthat 
 rise to the surface to catch "fTIes.' " 23. Its wafers are tur- 
 bid now, but in the summer they are of crystalline pure- 
 ness. 24. The night is dark and gloomy ; the long, steep 
 pafnis not well-defined and the forest is infested with 
 robbers. 
 
 i. silver: de plata ( 71). 
 
 7. come : use llegar, not venir. 
 
 9. will go, vaya ( 891). 
 
 is it not so? iverdad? ( 142). 
 14. good fruit : supply definite article. 
 
 22. trout: plural in Spanish. 
 flies, insectos. 
 
 23. crystalline pureness : supply indefinite article. 
 
 EXERCISE VI 
 
 ARTICLES 
 
 (Study 211-224 and 1325-1352) 
 
 I. Kettles and pots are usually made of clay in Spain. 
 
 2. Iron is not a pretty metal, "but it is a very useful one. 
 
 3. Lead is soft and very heavy. 4. Bullets and shot are 
 made of lead. 5. Quicksilver is heavy, bright, and fluid. 
 6. On account of this latter quality it is employed in the 
 manufacture of thermometers. 7. Oxen are very useful 
 
s 
 
 ARTICLES 
 
 animals. 8. On account of their immense strength, they 
 are employed to draw heavy carts. 9. Their flesh sup- 
 plies us with healthy and nutritious food. 10. With 
 (de) their hides we make shoes, straps, saddles, etc. 
 ii. With (de) their horns curious things are made, as 
 combs, boxes, handles for (de) knives, etc. 12. The 
 swan is a large, white bird, larger than a goose. 13. It 
 does not appear graceful when it walks ; but when it is in 
 the water, swimming smoothly and arching its long, flex- 
 ible neck, it is the most graceful of all birds. 14. The 
 learned physician is writing a comprehensive treatise on 
 the nerves. 15. The study of the shape of the nails is a 
 subject that now calls the attention of physicians in Lon- 
 don and Paris (m. i.). 16. Pearls are emblems of tears. 
 17. Florida (/.) is celebrated for its orange groves and its 
 alligators. 18. Wliales are found in the northern seas 
 and are killed for their oil. 19. The cultivation of the 
 currant is a special branch of agricultural industry in 
 Greece. 20. That tall and distinguished man is a mem- 
 ber of the Cabinet. 21. Opals are considered unlucky, 
 but I defy fate. 22. Foreigners are found in all the cities 
 of the United States. 23. In Brazil the inhabitants do 
 not speak 'Spanish, but Portuguese. 24. Diamonds are 
 found in great abundance in Southern Africa (f. 3.). 
 25. The beautiful and the poetical, as well as the useful 
 are necessary to life. 26. Olga Nether sole, a young and 
 talented actress, has now her own theater in London. 
 27. The mountains protect the valleys against (de) the 
 winds. 28. I go to school week-days, and to church on 
 Sunday. 29. Ireland is called the Emerald Isle on ac- 
 count of its verdure. 30. The Irish are mercurial and 
 
IDIOMS INVOLVING TENER 9 
 
 witty. 31. Jhe ^tudy of history teaches the knowledge. 
 of men. . i~ Astronomy is the science ot the stars and 
 the 
 
 1. Put "in Spain" first. 
 
 2. is a very useful one: render is very useful. 
 
 8. strength: plural in Spanish. 
 
 9. healthy . . . food : supply indefinite article. 
 n. made: \\sefabricar, not hacer. 
 
 13. all, todos los ( 600). 
 
 17. Florida: supply definite article. 
 
 19. currant: plural in Spanish. 
 
 21 v fate: supply definite article and personify ( 1322). 
 
 22. are found : use encontrar. 
 
 26. her own theater, un teatro de su propiedad. 
 
 28. school . . . church : supply definite articles. 
 
 29. emerald : supply definite article. 
 
 EXERCISE 
 IDIOMS INVOLVING TENER 
 
 (Study 75 and 858-859) 
 
 I. The Dean of the College has to expel the student on 
 account of his insolence and insubordination. 2. I have 
 to see my broker this morning about the condition of the 
 Exchange. 3. My two best friends and I intend to go 
 to Canada next summer. 4. Do you intend to study 
 Spanish this winter? 5. Yes, and I also have a desire to 
 learn French, German, Italian and Greek. 6. I have a 
 desire to go to the opera this week, but I have not time. 
 7. Emma has time, but no inclination to read the works 
 
IDIOMS INVOLVING TENER 
 
 of the best authors. 8. Men have inclination to do many 
 things, but need courage and perseverance. 9. Mr. Cas- 
 tro is obliged, although against his will, to pay the tailor. 
 10. I am afraid to cross the street on account of the bi- 
 cycles, ii. Are you right to speak so (de ese modo) to 
 your servant? 12. Yes, because she is very lazy and 
 neglectful and deserves a severe reprimand. 13. Mr. 
 Silva has the inclination to be a great actor, .but has no 
 ability nor personal magnetism. 14. I love to study lan- 
 guages, but am obliged to do other things. 15. We are 
 obliged to close the windows because we are very cold. 
 
 1 6. The night is so beautiful, the moon and the stars so 
 brilliant, that I have to go out though I am very sleepy. 
 
 17. The robbers are afraid to awaken the Baron (m. i.), 
 because he is in the habit of sleeping with a brace of re- 
 volvers under his pillow. 18. The stove is very hot, and 
 the cook is afraid of burning the bread. 19. I have to go 
 to the city to-day in order to consult my lawyer. 
 
 2. about, para hablarle acerca de. 
 
 5. French, etc. : supply definite articles ( 1 56). 
 
 7. Repeat the verb before Spanish equivalent of " inclination." 
 
 9. Mr. : supply definite article ( 227). 
 
 13. no ... nor, no ni . . . ni ( 750). 
 
 14. love to: use gustar ( 1165). 
 I am obliged, me es precito. 
 
 1 6. so brilliant: repeat the verb. 
 I have to, me veo precis ado a. 
 
THE PAST PARTICIPLE 1 1 
 
 EXERCISE VIII 
 
 THE PAST PARTICIPLE 
 
 (Study 196-208, 862-863, and 870) 
 
 I. The melancholy days have come, the leaves have 
 fallen from the trees, and the roses are dead. 2. The 
 birds that have sung so sweetly in the forests have 
 'migrated to milder regions. 3. Thomas Crawford has 
 sculptured in marble the "Babes in (de) the Wood." 4. 
 The birds have covered the darlings with leaves. 5. Miss 
 Carmen has not broken her porcelain vase, but her Jap- 
 anese cup. 6. Have you read Thomas Hardy's last 
 novel? 7. No, I am tired of his novels; they are too 
 morbid. 8. I have traveled in Italy; I have seen the 
 Queen of England and the Emperor of Brazil in Florence. 
 
 9. I find the windows closed and the room is very warm. 
 
 10. The flies have been very troublesome and it has been 
 necessary to close the windows. n. My sister and I 
 have been in New York, and (donde) we have had a 
 good time. 12. I have been in the house all day on 
 account of the bad weather. 13. He has sent his sons 
 home and has gone to the masquerade ball. 14. That 
 lady has been beautiful, but time and sorrow have sil- 
 vered her hair and dimmed her splendid eyes. 15. In 
 Stratford many actors have inscribed their names on the 
 walls of the great master's house. 16. I am annoyed; 
 I have lost my emerald ring. 17. Perhaps it has fallen 
 under the sofa. 18. The sun had already risen when the 
 escape of the convicts was discovered. 19. There has 
 
12 PARTS OP THE BODY 
 
 been a frightful tempest here; the trees have been up- 
 rooted, and the wind has carried off the roofs of many 
 houses. 20. There have been elections in various states, 
 and the Democratic party has been everywhere defeated. 
 21. There has been a distinguished traveler in the city 
 lately, and he has given public lectures in the Academy 
 of Music. 
 
 i. are dead, han muerto ( 1143). 
 
 3. marble: supply definite article. 
 
 11. we have . . . time, nos hemos divertido mucho. 
 
 12. I have t>een, me he quedado. 
 the house : omit article. 
 
 13. sons: do not use d as sign of the accusative ( 1313). 
 
 14. has been: fue( 1200). 
 
 1 6. emerald ring, sortija con piedra de esmeralda. 
 21. Place adverb immediately after verb. 
 
 EXERCISE IX 
 
 PARTS OF THE BODY 
 
 (Study 232-233 and 477~488) 
 
 I. Carmen is very beautiful ; she has golden hair, eyes 
 large, dreamy, blue as the sky of summer, a complexion 
 the color of- roses and lilies, a straight nose, a small 
 mouth, curved like Cupid's bow, and pearly white teeth. 
 2. The soldier sees in the street the girl with the brown 
 dress, and looks at her so long and so attentively that she 
 becomes annoyed. 3. The captain is fifty-six; is a man 
 with silver hair, eyes blue and lively, of distinguished 
 bearing and agreeable manners. 4. Minnie Maddern Fiske. 
 
PARTS OF THE BODY 13 
 
 has a graceful figure, red hair, an expressive and attrac- 
 tive face, the hands of an artist, and a voice sweet and 
 soft that goes directly to the heart. 5. While the Count 
 and his new-found daughter are in the ball-room, the 
 gypsy with the flowing hair and piercing black eyes 
 comes into the girl's room. 6. He wears a picturesque, 
 broad-brimmed hat, large golden earrings, and a red 
 cape, and his clothing is torn and dirty 
 
 THE HUMAN RACES 
 
 - 
 
 7. The anthropologists generally classify the huntian 
 race into five principal divisions^which are : the Cau- 
 casian or white race ; the Mongolian or yellow race ; the 
 Ethiopian or black race ; the Indian or red race ; and the 
 Malay or brown race. 8. The Caucasian race has a 
 white skin, oval face, aquiline nose and high forehead. 
 
 9. The negro has a flat nose, large mouth with thick lips, 
 and hair curly like sheep's wool. 10. The Indian has 
 prominent features, copper-colored skin, straight hair and 
 little or no beard, n. The Mongolian race has a pale 
 yellow skin, straight hair and oblique almond-shaped 
 eyes. 12. The Malay race has a brown skin, straight 
 hair and regular features. 
 
 2. so attentively : use con and noun ( 568). 
 becomes, se pone ( 850). 
 
 3. fifty-six: supply anos ( 406). 
 with, de ( 485). 
 
 4. an artist : omit article. 
 goes ... to, entra , . . a. 
 
 9. wool : supply definite article. 
 
 10. and little or no beard, y tiene muy poca barba 6 d veces ninguna. 
 
OBJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS 
 
 EXERCISE X 
 
 OBJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS 
 
 (Study 288-301) 
 
 i. It seems probable to me that he has seen the Presi- 
 dent and "has spoken to him about (de) the matter. 2. 
 The President does not give him the position because he 
 does not deserve it. 3. I have written to my sister and 
 have told her that I am ill. 4. They have taken from me 
 my last dollar. 5. It is impossible for us to study well 
 while there is so much noise. 6. Where is my Spanish 
 fan? 7. I do not see it anywhere. 8. My cousin has 
 taken it and broken it. 9. I have won from him a pair 
 of gloves. 10. Do you wish to come with me? n. Yes 
 indeed ; I will go with you with a great deal of pleasure. 
 12. Has the shoemaker mended my shoes? 13. He has 
 not finished them yet, he has been very busy. 14. Why 
 have you beaten the dog ? 15. I have beaten him because 
 he has bitten me. 16. Has the servant bought me a new 
 cravat and brushed my clothes? I need them because I 
 am going to the ball to-night. 17. I give him money be- 
 cause he has sold me something. 18. I have given him 
 good advice, but he does not listen to me. 19. That 
 young and handsome actor has much ambition, ability 
 and perseverance ; he lacks only capital in order to carry 
 out his artistic ideas (/.). 20. When I go in the house, 
 I_go up to my sick cousin's room, and tell her all the news 
 and read to her the new novels. 21. The waiter has 
 been negligent and insolent, and the proprietor of the 
 
OBJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS 15 
 
 hotel tells him that he will no longer put up with his con- 
 duct. 22. My mistress has just gone out ; do you not see 
 her on the corner? She is going to her friend's, Mrs. 
 Carrillo's. 23. The Americans love Lillian Nor die a, 
 their favorite singer, and have given her a tiara (/.) of 
 diamonds. 24. I cannot find my gloves ; where have you 
 put them? 25. I have not seen them and I don't know 
 where they are. 26. I have sent her some violets, but I 
 do not know if she has received them. 27. I love this 
 room because I have passed so many happy hours in it. 
 
 10. with me, conmigo ( 306). 
 
 1 6. brushed: repeat the auxiliary. 
 
 19. he lacks, lefalta ( 1163). 
 
 20. sick': render who is sick. 
 
 21. will no longer: use present tense ( 27.6). 
 
 22. has just, acaba de followed by infinitive ( 855). 
 to, d casa de ( 157). 
 
 23. love; use amar, not querer. 
 
 EXERCISE XI 
 
 OBJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS, 
 
 Continued 
 (Study '303-341) 
 
 I, If there are any roses in the garden, I will send 
 them to her. 2. She has promised to write to me often. 
 3. The ring is in my pocket; I w r ill show it to you. 4. 
 My father has given me a new pony; if you want him, 
 I will lend him to you. I have not yet seen him myself. 
 5. I shall not tell it to him, for I am sure he will repeat it. 
 
1 6 OBJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS 
 
 6. She has not yet invited us ; but her sister told me she 
 intended to do so. 7. He loves her, but he has not the 
 courage to tell her so. 8. I have read the essay you lent . 
 me, and have found it very interesting. I will return it 
 to you to-morrow. 9. I gave it to him ; I did not sell it. 
 i p. Have you spoken to the Captain about (sobre) the 
 conduct of the Lieutenant? n. I have not said a word 
 to him; I have not had an opportunity of doing so. 12. 
 He does not love us nor we him. 13. She tells me that 
 she has quarreled with him, but she still wears his ruby 
 ring; she does not want to return it to him. 14. I hope 
 to have the pleasure of seeing you and your brother fre- 
 quently this winter. 1 5. The foreman has sent me to 
 you. 1 6... He has offered himself to me as Secretary. 
 17. Have you paid the merchant for the sugar? 18. I 
 have not paid him for it yet. 19. Do you ask the butchers 
 for meat? 20. I ask them for it. 21. Whom does your 
 brother pay for his shoes? 22. He pays the shoemaker 
 for them. 23. The howling of the wind deprived me of 
 sleep last night. 24. "Who "steals my purse steals trash, 
 . . . but he that filches from me my good name, robs me 
 of that which not enriches him, and makes me poor in- 
 deed." 25. The English do not love us Americans much. 
 
 26. Instead of ruling his wife, he himself is ruled by her. 
 
 27. If you wish to see the proprietor I will present you to 
 him with pleasure. 28. She says that she is not sick, but 
 I believe that she is. 29. It will be necessary to write to 
 him in order to tell him so. 30. Here is the sketch ; do 
 you want to send it to her? 31. He has promised to 
 take me to the theater next Monday. 32. If he does not 
 understand arithmetic., I have no time to teach it to him. 
 
ADVERBS 17 
 
 33. The 'doctor has borrowed my new novel; when do 
 you think he will return it to me? 34. I have seen them 
 to-day and have told it to them. 35. It is true that he 
 makes good verses, but his nephew makes better ones. 
 36. What beautiful ferns there are in this grove! 37. 
 Yes indeed, but there are larger and more beautiful ones 
 in the woods back of my father's country-house. 
 
 5. sure: supply de que ( 913). 
 
 6. intended to, se proponia. 
 n. a word: omit article. 
 12. nor we: repeat the verb. 
 
 17. paid . . . for: render paid the sugar to ( 1172). 
 
 23. sleep: supply definite article. 
 
 24. Render " rob " by qiiitar, for sake of variety. 
 that which, aquello que, 
 
 31. next Monday, el lunes que viene ( 386,. 392.) 
 
 EXERCISE XII 
 
 ADVERBS 
 
 (Study ^ 178-188 and 1411) 
 
 I. The Major salutes courteously the ladies on the 
 veranda (/.). 2. The cat creeps gradually and silently 
 along the wall,, springs upon the sparrow, and kills it. 3. 
 The singer is horribly ugly ; she has an enormous mouth 
 and" bad teeth; but she sings divinely. 4. Mrs. Ricardo 
 listens patiently to the ravings of the sick man, and nurses 
 him as an angel of mercy. 5. Outside the night is fright- 
 ful; the wind blows furiously and the sleet dashes vio- 
 lently against the windows ; within, all is comfortable and 
 
1 8 ADVERBS 
 
 peaceful, the curtains are drawn, the fire burns brightly 
 on the hearth and an abundant and appetizing supper is 
 on (en) the table. 6. Some lovers of Shakespeare are 
 representing "As You Like It" in the forest. 7. We are 
 transported to the forest of Arden, where the sun shines" 
 gloriously and the birds sing sweet songs. 8. We are 
 set free from the world of stern realities. 9. We are in 
 Arden. 10. The actors pass rapidly under the green 
 branches, amid the mossy trunks of old trees, and in dells 
 where sound the warbling of birds, the murmur of run- 
 ning water, and the echoes of the huntsman's horn, while 
 the wind blows serenely in their faces and the deer dash 
 (se huyen) frightened through the wood, they play their 
 parts in this sweetly fantastic story. ' n. It is evident 
 that Shakespeare loves Rosalind; in drawing her he 
 ceases to jest. 12. For Rosalind is not merely the hero- 
 ine of an impossible courtship in a visionary forest; she 
 is the perfect type of enchanting womanhood. 13. She 
 is neither an angel nor a fairy. 14. The blood dances 
 merrily in her veins and the light of happy youth sparkles 
 brilliantly in her eyes. 15. In Rosalind we see the exu- 
 berant nature of a loving and enchanting woman who 
 sees the whole world suffused with golden light, irradi- 
 ated from her own happy heart, her own healthful and 
 brilliant mind. 
 
 2. creeps, se arrastra. 
 
 3. an enormous : use the definite article ( 479). 
 
 4. listens to, oye. 
 
 5. clearly: use adjective for adverb ( 1411). 
 
 6. as you like it, como se quiera. (For reason for using subjunctive, 
 
 see 910, 998.) 
 
 7. we are, nos vemos ( 814). 
 
THE FUTURE TENSE 19 
 
 10. old, secular (lit. a century old). 
 
 warbling : plural in Spanish ; supply definite article. 
 
 serenely: use adjective for adverb ( 1411). 
 n. in drawing: do not render "in" ( 530). 
 
 14. merrily: use adjective for adverb ( 1411). 
 
 15. irradiated, que se irradia; repeat preposition before each of the 
 
 following clauses. 
 
 EXERCISE XIII 
 
 THE FUTURE TENSE 
 
 (Study 274-277) 
 
 I. Eight o'clock ! Not a very early hour in the summer, 
 but it appears early in San Sebastian ( i ) . 2. The nights 
 "of San Sebastian are not made for "study and the brow 
 of care/' as the poet N. P. Willis says. 3. They do not 
 burn the midnight oil, but they burn in ample supply the 
 red fire, the rocket and the incandescent lights. 4. To- 
 night I shall dine at nine o'clock, and then I shall go out. 
 5. I shall attend the concert on the Boulevard? and step 
 into the Teatro Principal, in order to see a single act, or 
 perhaps an entire comedy. 6. It is not necessary to 
 spend a whole evening there. 7. Then (luego) I shall 
 go to the Casino, read the newspapers in the reading- 
 room, look at the gaming, or at the dancing in the hand- 
 some ball-room. 8. The tables in front of the Cafe de la 
 Marina, on the Boulevard will be occupied by (por) peo- 
 ple eating (que comerd) ice cream. 9. They will remain 
 there all night and see the pale daylight dawn over the 
 bay. 10. The Queen Regent will visit to-morrow the 
 
20 THE FUTURE TENSE 
 
 crjurser lying (cfue esta) "ift the hafrbor, n. It is said 
 that thQ* famous statesman, Castelar, is- at (en) the Villa 
 Triana. 12. Good! We shall look for him on the pro- 
 menade or on the terrace of the Casino. 13. The two 
 celebrated bull-fighters, Guerrita and Mazzantini will 
 arrive soon in order to participate in the great bull-fight. 
 14. The admiral and his family will go to the moun- 
 tains in the summer. 15. The Professor will have his 
 new grammar ready by the first of October. 16. A de- 
 tachment of soldiers will be sent to protect the frontier. 
 17. I shall go to the city next month and shall buy my- 
 self some books and pictures. 18. She has asked me to 
 visit her, but I will riot do so, because I am sure of being 
 bofea. 19. You will be ill if you do not stop eating so 
 much. 20. I have seen the architect and he says that he 
 will have the house finished before the fall. 
 
 i. eight o'clock! /las echo! ( 388). 
 
 not a very : supply the verb es. 
 3. but, pero j/( 1408). 
 
 Supply an intransitive verb (brillar) before "incandescent lights"; 
 
 quemar, being transitive, would be inapplicable. 
 6. a whole evening, toda t una noche ( 384). 
 13. in order to, d fin de. 
 15. by,/<mz( 508). 
 
 j8. Render asked (solicitado) . . . that I visit her ( 888). 
 20. will have . . . finished, tendrd acabada ( 205, 277, REM.). 
 
A OR 1ST AJft) I\tbERFECl\{rENS\? 21 
 
 EXERCISE XIV 
 
 AORIST AND IMPERFECT TENSES , 
 
 (Study 465-476) 
 
 I. Did you go to church yesterday? 2. No, I was 
 sick, and the weather was bad. 3. When I saw the 
 princess she wore a blue silk dress and a white hat. 4. 
 Edward, son of King Edward Third, was called the 
 Black Prince, on account of the color of the armor that 
 he wore in order to set off his fair complexion. 5. The 
 Black Prince was generous as well as brave, and he in- 
 vited the French King to sup in his tent, and afterwards 
 (luego), when they entered London, mounted 'him.cn a 
 handsome horse, and he himself rode a little |>fly. 6. 
 He died on the 8th of June, 1376, at the early age of 
 forty-six. 7. He was buried with great lamentations in 
 the Cathedral (f.) of Canterbury, and the whole English 
 nation wept for him as one of its most renowned and be- 
 loved princes. 
 
 8. "We left Calcutta toward the end of March, passed 
 a day in Madras, then (luego) sailed westward. 9. The 
 Captain could not tell the truth in (de) a plausible way, 
 and the Scot, who sat opposite him at (en) the table, 
 could" not tell a lie in an un-plausible way. 10. When 
 the Captain finished a statement the passengers glanced 
 at each other, as if to say, 'Do you believe that ?' 1 1. But 
 when the Scot finished a story, they looked at him and 
 said 'How strange and interesting!' 12. The secret lay 
 in the manner (el modo) and method of the two men. 
 
22 AORIST AND IMPERFECT TENSES 
 
 13. The Captain was a little timid and reserved, and 
 stated the simplest fact as if he was afraid of it, while the 
 Scot delivered himself of the most abandoned lie with 
 such an air of stern veracity that all were forced tp.l^ej 
 lieve it, although they knew it was not true.Y^Lj.. For 
 instance, he said that he had a flying fish that lived in a 
 fountain in his conservatory, and supported itself by 
 catching birds, frogs, and rats in the neighboring fields. 
 
 15. It was evident that no one doubted that extraordinary 
 statement. 16. He was always believed, although he 
 told nothing but lies, while the poor Captain was never 
 believed, though he always told the truth." 
 
 2. was bad: use hacer ( 880). 
 
 4. King : use definite article ( 236). 
 
 5. Supply de cardcter before Span, equivalent of "'generous." 
 mounted: how are we to use transitively the Span, intransitive 
 
 verb montar? (See 805.) 
 
 6. on the eighth: use cardinal numeral (381); do not express the 
 
 preposition "on" ( 386). 
 
 7. one: use d as sign of the accusative ( 1319). 
 
 8. toward the end, a ultimas ( 395). 
 10. as if to say, como si dijeran. 
 
 that: use the neuter objective pronoun, lo. 
 n. when . . . finished, al concluir ( 1209). 
 
 12. lay: use estar, not yacer. 
 
 13. fact: plural in Spanish. 
 
 was afraid of it, les ttiviera miedo. 
 
 Render "such an" by putting tan before the adjective ( 549). 
 
 14. Do not express "by" ( 530). 
 
 1 6. he was believed, se le creia ( 823). 
 nothing but, no . . . mds que. 
 
 was never believed : see first note to this sentence. 
 
I'OLVER X ACABAR DE, AND ESTAR PARA 23 
 
 4 EXERCISE XV 
 
 VOLVBR A, ACABAR DE, AND ESTAR PARA 
 
 (Study 1187, 855, and 512) 
 
 i. I am glad tcx recommence my studies. 2. There 
 will be no chance to see him again. 3. When I looked 
 for it again it had disappeared. 4. If you read it again 
 you will see what I mean. 5. It will be necessary to 
 repaint all the walls and recarpet the stairs. 6. I re- 
 copied the article and sent it to the editor. 7. As I made 
 no answer, he addressed me again. 8. They have refur- 
 nished their house from attic to cellar. 9. The captain 
 refilled his glass and said nothing. 10. Having relighted 
 his pipe, the workman continued on his way. n. I 
 looked at the object again and saw that it was a tree- 
 trunk. 12. I again inserted the key in the lock, and this 
 'time the bolt turned. 13. I shall not write to her again. 
 
 14. <.! hope to have the pleasure of hearing you sing again. 
 
 15. On the 23d the icebergs were again seen. 16. In 
 1841 Martinez revisited the city of his birth. 17. In 1873 
 the revolution again broke out. 18. At this fresh dis- 
 appointment the discontent of the crew was again mani- 
 fested. 19. Such an opportunity will not again be pre- 
 sented. 20. The natives did not show themselves again 
 
 jthat week. 21. I shall write to you again shortly. 
 22. The engineers have just finished the preliminary sur- 
 veys. 23. I know he is in town, for I have just seen him 
 and spoken to him. 24. Won't you come and take din- 
 ner with me? 25. I thank you very much, but I have 
 
24 THE GERUND 
 
 just dined. 26. As^he had just learned that he hadUvon 
 his lawsuit, he was in a very good humor. 27. I opened 
 the door, and there stood the coachman that I had just 
 discharged. 28. We have just received a consignment 
 of excellent claret. 29. His Highness has just brealo 
 fasted, and is about to go out to drive. '30. My family 
 is about to return to the city. 31. I was about to go out 
 to look for him when I saw him get out of his carriage in 
 front of my door. 32. I understand that the government 
 is about to issue a new set of postage stamp* 
 
 i. I am glad to, me alegro de ( 1152). 
 
 5. repaint : use pintar de nuevo, for sake of variety. 
 
 8. from ... to, desde . . . hasta. (Supply definite articles.) 
 
 24. and, d followed by infinitive. 
 
 26. learned: use saber ( 1190). 
 
 27. stood: use estar ( 1188). 
 
 31. to look for him, en busca suya ( 418). 
 get out, bajar (lit. to get down). 
 
 32. I understand, entiendo decir ( 1190). 
 
 EXERCISE XVI 
 
 THE GERUND 
 
 (Study 515-535) 
 
 i. The ladies arriving late at the theater did not find 
 good seats. 2. Mexico, being the country lying closest 
 to the United States, has been made more easy of access 
 by (con) the recent construction of new railroads, as well 
 as communications by steamers. 3. Having enjoyed an 
 abundant dinner, he went to sleep. 4. While going wan- 
 
THE GERUND 25 
 
 * 
 
 dering through (por) the wood, I found an enormous 
 serpent. 5. The President passed the night preparing 
 his message for Congress. 6. It seems to me I am get- 
 ting to 'understand' Spanish better. 7. The snow was 
 still falling with, rigorous/ relentless persistence when 
 francisco went out. 
 
 t ^'Glistening like an imperial diadem upon the fore- 
 head of a dusky queen, we see the Temple of the Sun, of 
 pure and polished white marble, which shows out in mar- 
 vellous contrast to (con) the red granite of the frowning- 
 city. 9. Penetrating into the vast ,^Uike^ and advancing 
 to the central altar, we 166k upon a"s beautiiufa sight as 
 the imagination of man can conceive. 10. It is of 
 marble, inlaid wi,th pure gold, and in the midst of it is 
 burning always a pale but (y) steady flame, crowned 
 'with curls of faint blue smoke, n. Hinged to the fq>un- 
 dations of the altar, are twelve petals of beaten gold. 12. 
 These are closed over the altar as the petals of a water- 
 lily close over the yellow crown in stormy weather. 13. 
 At midday the sun pierces through the dome, and lights 
 upon the golden flower, and the petals then open, reveal- 
 ing the hidden mystery; but (mas) when the ray passes, 
 they close again. 14. Nor is this all. Standing in semi- 
 circles, at equal distances from each other, watch ten 
 golden angels, or winged figures, exquisitely moulded 
 and draped. 15. Bending their heads in an attitude of 
 adoration, their faces shadowed by their wings, stand 
 these figures, which are slightly larger than life-size, and 
 are most (lo mas) imposing and of exceeding beauty." 
 
 1 6. There are some that are wiser in their sleep than in 
 their waking. 17. We learn more by studying men than 
 
26 DEBER 
 
 by reading books. 18. Her image, as it rises in memory.^ 
 is not that of the actress who stormed the citadel of all 
 hearts in the delirium of Juliet, or (ni) dazzled with the 
 witchery of Rosalind's glee, or (ni) charmed with Viola's 
 tender grace; but it is that of the grave, sweet woman, 
 playing softly in the twilight, singing in a rich, tremu- 
 lous, touching voice, as the white angels sing in ^adora- 
 tion before the throne of God. v . 
 
 1. arriving: put the gerund first ( 519). 
 
 2. being : see preceding note, 
 lying, que se encuentra. 
 
 6. I am getting to, voy followed bji the gerund ( 525). 
 10. in the midst of it: do not render "of it." 
 
 13. Render and then is when the petals, etc. 
 
 14. nor is this all, hay mds. 
 standing : use estar. 
 
 from each other, unos de otros. 
 
 15. heads . . . faces: singular in Spanish ( 1300). 
 shadowed : render their wings shading their faces. 
 
 17. Do not express "by" ( 530). 
 
 18. all: the definite article is here required after todo ( 600). 
 as ... sing : put verb before its subject. 
 
 EXERCISE XVII 
 
 DEBER 
 
 (Study 1003-1025) 
 
 I. I ought to get up early in the morning, but I don't 
 much like to. 2. You must be cold on account of the 
 draught from that window. 3. She was to have been at 
 the theater at a quarter before two in order to procure 
 
DEBER 27 
 
 good seats. 4. He must have been an eccentric and very 
 disagreeable man. 5. The antiquary has been obliged 
 to abandon his studies on account of his bad health, and 
 to take a sea trip. 6. The fire must have been caused by 
 the carelessness of the electrician. 7. They must have 
 lost all their money, for they have sold their carriages and 
 their horses, and have gone to live in a small house. 8. 
 You must v have enjoyed greatly your stay in the capi- 
 tal (/.). 9. The prisoner had been obliged to confess 
 *;hat he >had killed the man. 10. They ought to have 
 Known that it was dangerous to set out in such a small 
 boat that stormy night, n. It is very dusty, the grass 
 and the flowers seem scorched and withered ; it must cer- 
 tainly rain soon. 1*2. In order to open new markets and 
 conduct business with greater profit, the manufacturer 
 should have the opportunity of knowing well the nature 
 of the goods that the consumer desires. 13. Before they 
 return from the ball, I shall have been obliged to go to 
 bed. 14. You ought to study and profit by your advan- 
 tages instead of spending time in idleness. 15. You 
 should not have left before I arrived. 16. Owing to the 
 bad condition of the street, Albert fell from his bicycle, 
 and broke his collar-bone, at the same time ruining the- 
 bicycle. 17. Having to sing in the opera (f. 3.) of Faust 
 that night, Eduardo de Reske left his friends in order to 
 rest a little before going to the Opera House. 
 
 1. don't much like to, no me gusta mucho ( 1165). 
 
 2. be, tener ( 88 1). 
 from, que entra por. 
 
 3. a quarter before two, las dos menos cuarto ( 389). 
 10. such . . . boat: render a boat so small. 
 
 that . . . night: supply en before the demonstrative. 
 
PODER 
 
 12. the consumer desires: reverse the order. 
 
 13. return: present subjunctive ( 910). 
 
 14. time: supply definite article. 
 
 15. arrived: past subjunctive ( 986, 3). 
 
 1 6. his collar-bone : use definite article ( 482). 
 
 ruining, quedando arruinada (making la biciclefa subject). 
 
 EXERCISE XVIII 
 
 PODER 
 
 (Study 1026-1033) 
 
 I. I cannot pay him what I owe him, because I have 
 not received my, (el) money yet. 2. The beautiful city 
 with its churches and towers can be seen from this point. 
 3. The florist has not been able yet to obtain a new 
 variety of carnation that pleases him. 4. It has been two 
 months since we have heard from our cousins ; they may 
 have gone to the mountains, where there are no regular 
 mails. 5. Mary could play the piano and violin (m. I.) 
 magnificently, after a residence of three years in Berlin 
 (m. I.). 6. The robbers could not have been heard, be- 
 cause they carried off all the silver, the watches and 
 jewels of the family. 7. I cannot but hope that my plans 
 for next summer will turn out well. 8. His good nature, 
 his fidelity in the fulfilment of his duty, his sincerity, Mis 
 self-denial, and his absolutely blameless and guileless 
 conduct, as well as his genius and artistic zeal, have not 
 failed to win him many friends. 9. They could not help 
 giving a sigh of satisfaction when the guests left. 10. A 
 
PODER 29 
 
 storm was imminent, because he could hear the rumbling 
 of distant thunder, n. The citizens, notwithstanding 
 all their precautions, had not been able to arrest the 
 progress of the smallpox. 12. Perhaps by the autumn, 
 
 Congress will have been able to arrive' at some conclusion 
 on the tariff question. 13. By (con) waiting a month 
 or so, I am sure we can obtain great bargains in the 
 stores. 14. Instead of burying herself, so to speak, with 
 ler talents and her education, Isabel might have easily 
 made a reputation in the world of art or literature, but 
 ler indolent disposition has hindered her from doing so 
 15. "You might have been kinder toward the girl, and 
 :hus (de ese mo do) have saved her much anguish, for 
 you cannot hammer a girl into anything. 16. She grows 
 as a flower ; she will wither without sun ; she will decay 
 in her sheath as a narcissus if you do not give her air 
 enough. 17. She may fall and defile her head in dust if 
 vou leave her without help in some moments of her life, 
 3Ut you cannot fetter her ; she must take her own way if 
 she take any, and will find what is good for herself." 
 
 4. it has been . . . since, hace . . . qtie ( 876). 
 mountains : singular in Spanish. 
 
 6. the robbers, etc.: combine the constructions explained in 312 
 
 and 825; c/., also, 828. 
 
 7. turn out well: put this verb-phrase before its subject. 
 
 8. have not failed = could not help. 
 
 9. left : put verb before its subject. 
 10. was imminent: put verb first. 
 
 distant thunder, supply indefinite article. 
 12. by, para ( 508). 
 13- Or SO, poco mds 6 menos ( 377). 
 14. art: plural in Spanish; supply definite article. 
 
 from doing SO, que la ganara. 
 
30 THE SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 15. you . . . you: use the impersonal se ( 818, 827) in this and the 
 
 remaining sentences. 
 anguish : plural in Spanish. 
 hammer . . . anything, modelar d una nina martilldndola. 
 
 1 6. Render without the sun she will, etc. 
 
 17. dust: supply definite article. 
 if she take, si es que sigue. 
 
 EXERCISE XIX 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 (Study 883-915) 
 
 I. Emmanuel tells his servant to brush his clothes and 
 then to go out and (d) buy him a new cravat. 2. The 
 employes of the Government have petitioned Congress to 
 keep the National Library open at night. 3. The farmer 
 has written to the President, asking in recompense of his 
 long and faithful services to the party, that His Excel- 
 lency would see fit to give him a small post office. 4. I 
 propose, if agreeable to the company, that we adjourn the 
 session, in order to partake of a collation. 5. The pro- 
 fessor does not permit his pupils to speak to each other in 
 the class-room. 6. I should prefer to have you come to 
 my office to-morrow. 7. I am glad that your project 
 has turned out so well. 8. I am sorry that a young man 
 of such talent has been obliged to abandon his studies. 
 
 9. It is not proper for Grace to write to the young man. 
 
 10. It is a pity that you (/.) are never ready in time. 
 
 11. It is to be hoped that our friends will write to us fre- 
 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE 3 1 
 
 quently during their travels. 12. I deny that she intends 
 to deceive anyone. 13. The lawyer wants a clerk who 
 writes a good hand. 14. When she comes she will be 
 surprised to see the room furnished so luxuriously. 15. 
 Whoever he may be, I do not like him. 16. Everything 
 is arranged for them, whenever they may come. 17. 
 Wherever I may find myself, I shall always think with 
 pleasure of (en) the happy days that I passed in that 
 beautiful city. 18. Whatever may be the dangers that 
 threaten us, we will advance bravely to meet them. 19. 
 However tempestuous the weather may be, I shall not fail 
 to accompany you to the theater next Friday. 20. What- 
 ever talents he has he will never attain a high rank, be- 
 cause he does not like work much. 21. The lady of the 
 house secretes her keys, so that the servant girl may not 
 be able to find them. 22. The youth travels in order to 
 know something of the world, and when he returns to his 
 own country, he will apply himself to work. 23. I shall 
 have an arbor built in the garden, in order to pass the 
 summer days among the flowers. 24. We cannot amuse 
 ourselves a little in light conversation, without the old 
 lady upbraiding us. 25. It is discreet for us to get out 
 of the way, lest they see us laugh. 26. I shall finish my 
 work to-day, provided they do not interrupt me with 
 questions. 27. I will accompany you to New York with 
 pleasure, on condition that you pay my expenses. 2&. f 
 Unless everything turns out in an unexpected manner, I 
 shall enjoy many delightful excursions in my sail boat 
 next summer. "29. I cannot talk to you now ; I have to 
 finish these letters before the superintendent returns. 30. 
 I can wait with patience until he sees fit to speak again. 
 
32 THE SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 31. I shall not go to his house while he is so dis- 
 agreeable. 
 
 2. at night, par la noche. 
 
 4. if agreeable to, si es del gusto de. 
 
 6. to have you come : render that you should come. 
 
 7. that, deque ( 912). 
 
 8. has been: use -verse instead of ser ( 814). 
 12. anyone, nadie ( 732, d}. 
 
 14. so luxuriously: use con and noun ( 568). 
 
 19. the weather: supply que haga ( 880, 894). 
 
 22. returns: use regrcsar. 
 
 29. returns : see preceding note. 
 
 30. until, hasta el momenta en que. 
 
 31. is: use mostrarse instead of ser. 
 
 EXERCISE XX 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Continued 
 
 (Study 9 1 6-943) 
 
 I. The governor insisted, that (en que) we should all 
 be present. 2. A body has no motion unless it receives it 
 from another. 3. When we thoroughly know the world, 
 we despise it ; but, before knowing it, we yield ourselves 
 to it, and the heart is led astray before reason instructs it. 
 4. I shall deny in public that I said it to you/^ 5. People 
 used the bark of trees to write upon, before paper was in- 
 vented. 6. The Duke ordered the waiter of the hotel to. 
 serve him an appetizing dinner, with the best wines that 
 
I UNIVERSITY { 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 33 
 
 ~ 
 
 he had at his disposal. 7. Before studying Spanish, I had 
 had the idea (/.) that it was a very easy and simple lan- 
 guage. 8. I shall wait until the weather has cleared up 
 a little before I go out. 9. It appeared impossible to 
 ascertain which of the sisters had stolen the diamonds. 
 10. I was resolved that (a que) he should not leave me 
 behind in studies, although I should have to burn the 
 midnight oil until the small hours of the night, n. The 
 general, supposing that the left wing of the enemy was at 
 his right, ordered his artillery to cannonade all night. 
 12. Fearing that the roof would be torn off by the vio- 
 lence of the wind, we took refuge in the cellar. 13. Draw 
 the curtains and light the lamps. Put the supper on (en) 
 the table, because I am very tired and hungry after the 
 day's labors. 14. May you have many happy New 
 Years. 15. Please accept this small token of my esteem. 
 1 6. Come here and see what I have bought for my niece. 
 17. Let us go out to dine in the Swiss Cafe on the Boule- 
 vard, where they have such excellent wine and fine game. 
 1 8. "Would to God," said the father, "that he may return 
 to us in safety." "Would to God," said the mother, "that 
 he had never gone away." 19. May Heaven grant that 
 the engineer may have skill enough to (para) prevent the 
 collision of the trains. 20. Let him say what he will, >I 
 intend to manage my affairs in my own way* 21. I am 
 astonished that you have got up so early. 22. I got up 
 early because I was afraid you would start without me. 
 
 23. I wish she would return me the books that I lent her. 
 
 24. Did you not give her permission for her sister to read 
 them before she should return them to you? 25. That 
 is true, but both of them have had more than enough time 
 
34 THE SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 to (para) read them and I am afraid they may get lost; 
 besides I need them very much as books of reference. 
 
 5. to write upon : render in order to write. 
 
 7. that, de qtie ( 913). 
 
 ii. supposing: put the gerund first ( 519). 
 
 14. many happy New Years, felices anos. 
 
 16. and, para followed by infinitive. 
 
 17. wine: plural in Spanish. 
 20. in my own way, d mi modo. 
 
 24. for, para que, 
 
 25. both of them, las dos. 
 
 EXERCISE XXI 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Continued 
 (Study 966-967 and 971-1002) 
 
 I. "flie fine autumn night was drawing to a close, 
 when I came out of the cave with the robbers. 2. I was 
 armed like them, and I rode a pretty good horse, which 
 had been taken from the same gentleman whose clothes I 
 wore. 3. I had been living so long in the darkness that 
 the breaking day dazzled me somewhat at first, but by 
 degrees my eyes got accustomed to endure it. 4. We 
 went and stationed ourselves in ambush on the outskirts 
 of a forest, along which the highway to (de) Leon ex- 
 tended. 5. There we waited for fortune to offer us some 
 good prize, when all at once we perceived a priest ap- 
 proaching, mounted on an ill-fed mule. 6. We should 
 have preferred that any other kind of an individual had 
 
 
THE SUBJUNCTIVE 35 
 
 made his appearance rather than a priest not that we 
 had any particular respect for his office but priests 
 have proverbially bad purses. 7. Nevertheless we were 
 determined not to lose through negligence any gift that 
 fortune should see fit to bestow upon us, and I was 
 deputed to advance and speak to the holy wayfarer." 
 
 8. I do not believe that I could have done it better, if I 
 had tried it myself. 9. I am sorry that you refused his 
 offer; everybody wanted you to accept it, and most of us 
 expected that you woulcj. 10. It seemed to us impossible 
 that the brigand could have had time to communicate with 
 his companions, n. I should never have thought, if I 
 had not seen your work, that it would have been possible 
 to compose so perfect a poem in so short a time. 12. I 
 am glad that you avoided a quarrel with him, for I assure 
 you that at one time I did not think it would be possible 
 for you to restrain yourself from striking him ; I am sure 
 I should not have exhibited as much patience as you did. 
 13. He did not believe that the Count would have the 
 courage to show himself upon the balcony for fear that 
 some one in (de) .the mob would shoot him. 14. I 
 ordered the guide to be ready at daybreak, but I scarcely 
 expected that he would exhibit so much promptness when 
 he had no reason to believe that I was able to reward him 
 adequately. 15. It was extremely mortifying to her that 
 this man should make love to her only for the love of her 
 fortune ; nevertheless, it would have been still more mor- 
 tifying if he had not made love to her at all. 16. Caligula 
 (/. 3.) wished that the Roman people had only one head, 
 so that he might cut it off at one blow ; and Lord Byron 
 wished that all the women in (de) the world had only one 
 
36 THE SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 mouth, in order that he might kiss them all at the same 
 time. 17. His sweetheart begged him to write to her 
 every day. 18. She entreated him to be careful and not 
 to expose himself to danger. 19. He told her not to be 
 alarmed, and promised that he would return safely within 
 (en) a month, and would think of her constantly in the 
 meantime. 
 
 3. had been living so long, hacia tanto tiempo que vivia ( 875). 
 
 4. and, d followed by infinitive. 
 which, el que or *l cual ( 687, 4). 
 
 5. for: use que with subjunctive. 
 
 6. any other kind, cualquier otra clase. 
 an individual : omit the article. 
 bad purses : supply definite article. 
 
 7. not to, d no. 
 Upon US, nos. 
 
 and speak : use d followed by infinitive. 
 
 8. could have done: haber podido hacer ( 992, 1032). 
 
 9. you to: que usted followed by subjunctive. 
 that you would: supply "do so." 
 
 12. at one time, hubo un momenta en que. 
 
 15. at all, de ningun modo. 
 
 1 6. at one, de un solo. 
 
 1 8. danger: supply definite article. 
 
THE CONDITIONAL 37 
 
 EXERCISE XXII 
 
 THE CONDITIONAL 
 
 (Study 944-970) 
 
 I. If I gave him money, he would spend it; therefore I 
 will not give it to him. 2. If she had given me the cake, 
 I would have eaten it. 3. We have not bought the filter; 
 but should have bought it if the price had been less. 4. 
 If I had known that the horse was blind, I would not have 
 sold him to you. 5. If she knew the secret, she would 
 tell it to me. 6. If I had the money, I would lend it to 
 "you. 7. If you had read the book, you would have 
 known that his statement is incorrect. 8. If I had told 
 it to you, I am sure that (de que) you would have 
 repeated it. 9. If we had had time, we would have 
 accompanied you with pleasure. 10. If he had had the 
 courage to ( de) tell her that he loved her, she would have 
 accepted him. n. If he had not been disguised, the 
 police would have recognized him. 12. If you had not 
 given me what you promised me, I should have been dis- 
 pleased. 13. If it rained all day, the streets would be 
 wet. 14. If she had written me a letter, I should not 
 have shown it to you. 15. If you had closed the window, 
 you would not have felt the cold. 16. If they had given 
 me the letter, I should not have read it. 17. If he had 
 told it to me, I should not have believed it. 18. If the 
 servant had broken the dish, she would not have told us 
 so. 19. I should not have gone to the wedding, if they 
 had invited me. 20, I should not have bought the horse, 
 
3 THE CONDITIONAL 
 
 if you had offered him to me for half the price. 21. He 
 could not tell the truth, even though he should try to do 
 so. 22. If they had sung Tannhduser, I should have 
 gone to the opera (/. 3.). 23. I do not believe he would 
 have gone, even though you had invited him. 24. If 
 they had known that the weather would be so bad, I 
 doubt whether (que) they would have come to the city. 
 25. I am not sure that he would have been able to resist 
 the temptation, if he had been in your place. 26. If my 
 friend's house had not been so far, I should have gone 
 there to-night. 27. If my servant were not so discon- 
 tented, she would please me perfectly. 28. We should 
 have loved to visit the Player's Club, when we were in 
 New York, but women are not admitted, except (sino) 
 on Shakespeare's birthday. 29. I should have liked to 
 go to the seaside last summer, but I did not havotime. 
 30. If he had more patience and more perseverance, he 
 would the sooner attain his object. 31. You should have 
 known that the man was a liar. 32. If I had been able to 
 go to Europe, I should have studied art in the galleries 
 of Paris (m. i.). 33. If the general had known that the 
 enemy was on the opposite hill, he would not have slept so 
 tranquilly. 34. If the bell had not rung, I should have 
 given you (pi.) thirty-five sentences. 
 
 3. price: put noun last. 
 
 19. they: use impersonal reflexive construction ( 818, 824). 
 
 20. half the price : render the half of that price. 
 22. they: use reflexive substitute for passive ( 818). 
 
 24. be : use hacer ( 880). 
 
 25. had been: use hallarse instead of ser ( 814). 
 
 26. if ... had not been, d no estar ( 1210); put subject last. 
 30. the sooner : omit the article, 
 
 
HABER 39 
 
 31. , a liar: omit the article. 
 
 32. art : supply definite article. 
 
 33. was: use hallarse ( 814); put verb before its subject. 
 tranquilly: use adjective for adverb ( 1411). 
 
 EXERCISE XXIII 
 
 HABER 
 
 (Study 856-857, 860-870, and 882) 
 
 I. There will be frost to-night. 2. There has been 
 much rain this month. 3. There had been a great fire 
 in the town the night before. 4. Thei*e were violent vol- 
 canic eruptions during the winter. 5. There will be a 
 political convention in the capital (f.) to-morrow. 6. 
 There will not be many oranges this year. 7. That night 
 there was a terrific earthquake, and many houses were 
 overthrown. 8. The papers say there has been a revolt 
 in the Philippine Islands. 9. If he were in his room, 
 there would be a light in the window. 10. If there were 
 any flour in the house, I would make some biscuits, n. 
 There appears to have been a freshet here. 12. There 
 have been many important occurrences during your ab- 
 sence. 13. There would have been a fight if you had 
 not been there. 14. There being no meeting, I will go 
 home. 15. There having been no rain during the pre- 
 vious rnonth, the grass was extremely dry. 16. There 
 have been no important developments in the matter since 
 your departure. 17. There will be no need of exploring 
 this portion of the coast further. 18. There does not 
 
40 HABER 
 
 seem to have been any chemical reaction in the sub- 
 stances. 19. I hope there will be another opportunity oj 
 hearing that singer. 
 
 20. There are some things that will live forever; the 
 statues of Greece, the works of Shakespeare, the music ol 
 Wagner. 21. It has been necessary to appropriate 
 money for the coast defences. 22. There was peace after 
 this event for fifty years. 23. There are traces oJ 
 Roman camps overgrown with grass, and of mounds that 
 are the burial places of Britons, in almost all parts o1 
 England. 24. In Cornwall, where the sea-coast is very 
 gloomy, steep, and rugged there are very ancient ruins 
 which the people call the ruins of King Arthur's castle 
 25. The weapons of the Saxons were very strong, anc 
 among them there was a terrible iron hammer that gave 
 deadly blows and was long remembered. 26. Julius 
 C&sar (m. 2.) expected to find pearls in England, anc 
 there may have been some there, but I am sure tljat (de 
 que) he found some stubborn Britons. 27. There being a 
 great fair in the city, the country people flocked thither. 
 28. It was believed there would be war in South Africa 
 (f. 3.), and there was. 29. There are beautiful roses in 
 the conservatory, and there are more beautiful ones in^the 
 garden. 30. There will be a great deal to be done before 
 the building is completed. 31. There are many beautiful 
 things to see in the great world, but (mas) life is too short 
 for everything. 32. I am to finish this-work before four 
 o'clock. 33. The book you are in need of must be in the 
 National Library. 34. I am to have the pleasure of din- 
 ing with the Prince of Wales to-morrow. 35. There has 
 been a celebrated bull-fighter in the city during the last 
 
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS 4 1 
 
 week. 36. There has been a panic on the Stock Ex- 
 change. 37. There will have been many discussions be- 
 fore the bill is passed. ^38. In days gone by there may 
 have been a castle where these ruins are. 39. There may 
 be a gold mine on this farm, but it (eso) is not very 
 likely. 40. God said : Let there be light ; and there was 
 light. 
 5. to-morrow: put adverb of time immediately after the verb it 
 
 qualifies. 
 1 7. further : put adverb immediately after its verb. 
 
 21. coast: plural in Spanish. 
 
 22. Render peace for fifty years after this, etc. 
 
 23. in almost all parts, etc., begins the sentence. 
 Britons : supply definite article. 
 
 25. weapons: put subject after verb and adjective. 
 27. flocked : put subject after verb. 
 30. to be done : que hacer ( 867). 
 34. See note to 5th sentence. 
 38. in days gone by, en algun tiempo. 
 are : put subject after verb. 
 
 EXERCISE XXIV 
 
 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS 
 
 (Study 783 and 800-809) 
 
 I. The Captain disembarked the prisoners on (en) a 
 desolate island. 2. The troops disembarked upon the 
 beach twenty miles below the capital (/.). 3. These 
 three officers formed a conspiracy to blow up the vessel. 
 4. The magazine blew up and over one hundred men 
 were killed. 5. The warm rays of the sun soon melted 
 
42 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS 
 
 the ice. 6. The butter will melt if you put it so close to 
 the fire. 7. It is a well-known principle of physics that 
 heat expands metals and cold contracts them. 8. A 
 small space is left between the rails at their junctions in 
 order that they may have room to (para) expand and 
 contract. 9. His remarks angered the Judge. 10. Your 
 brother-in-law gets angry very easily, n. I can't go to 
 bed until I have put the children to bed. 12. The driver 
 trots the horses. 13. The fire does not burn well, so that 
 the servant girl cannot boil the water. 14. The people 
 proclaimed the general king, and seated him firmly on the 
 throne. 15. The ladies seated themselves around the 
 table. 1 6. The city government will extend the avenue 
 as far as the river. 17. The grass-covered plain extends 
 interminably. 18. The strange bird approached us with- 
 out fear. 19. On hearing the firing, the soldier 
 trembled and turned on his heel in order to escape. 20. 
 The servant-girl has broken my beautiful Japanese cup. 
 21. The bridge broke and the train was thrown into the 
 water. 22. When winter comes the birds fly away to 
 more temperate regions. 23. The bumble-bee flies, al- 
 though his wings are very little for his heavy body. 24. 
 The army marched through the country, spreading ruin 
 and devastation everywhere. 25. The guest left without 
 wishing his hostess goodnight. 26. This muslin is very 
 strong, it does not tear easily. 27. The girl tore her 
 China silk dress on a nail. 28. We must get up very 
 early to-morrow in order to take the train. 29. The man 
 lifted the little girl in his arms. 30. The coming of 
 spring gladdens me. 31. He is glad that my undertak- 
 ing has turned out so well for me. 32. The vivid* car- 
 
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS 43 
 
 mine of her lips enhanced the pearly whiteness of her 
 teeth. 33. I am ashamed to ask you for the money. 34. 
 The teacher put the boy to shame on account of his bad 
 lessons. 35. They went to Europe about the middle of 
 last month. 36. He leaves his country forever. 37. The 
 General-in-Chief opposed an army of 20,000 men to their 
 advance. 38. The Prime Minister opposed this measure. 
 39. When the Count learned this, he withdrew all objec- 
 tion. 40. As I felt that I was "de trop," I withdrew. 
 41. The King adjourned the meeting until (para) the 
 following day. 42. As there was no further business to 
 (que) transact, the meeting adjourned. 43. This occur- 
 rence recalled to me the Duke's threat. 44. I tried to 
 recall his name, but (mas) in vain. 45. The conduct of 
 his son grieved him extremely. 46. You must not grieve 
 so ; everything will come right in the end. 47. We 
 decided to drown three of the kittens. 48. It is useless 
 to try to save him; he will drown before you can reach 
 the place. 49. The wounded deer made vain efforts to 
 (por) rise. 50. The priest raised his hands to heaven. 
 51. He hastened his steps as night was coming on. 52. 
 We must hasten or we will not arrive in time. 53. By 
 joining the two ladders we may be able to reach the win- 
 dow. 54. The two roads joined at (en) the little sta- 
 tion of Santa Ana, thirty miles north of the capital (/.). 
 
 55. I joined the party as they were leaving the Club. 
 
 56, The three conspirators separated and proceeded each 
 to his home. 57. My father separated us, although with 
 great difficulty, and sent us home. 
 
 4. were killed: murieron ( 1143, REM.). 
 8. junctions: singular in Spanish. 
 
44 MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS 
 
 14. the general king: rey al general ( 1318). 
 
 firmly: use adjective instead of adverb ( 1411). 
 19. his heel, los talones ( 478, 1300). 
 
 22. when . . . comes, al llegar ( 1209). 
 regions : supply definite article. 
 
 23. for,/<mz( 509). 
 
 25. Bear in mind that "hostess" is dative. 
 
 27. Put the adverbial clause immediately after verb. 
 
 31. for me: dative of advantage ( 321). 
 
 33. you: dative of disadvantage ( 321); do not express "for." 
 
 35. about the middle, d mediados ( 395). 
 
 40. as I felt : use gerund ( 530) ; dependent verb is infinitive, since 
 
 there is no change of subject. 
 51. his steps: singular in Spanish; use definite article for possessive 
 
 pronoun ( 478, 1300). 
 54. north : render to the north. 
 
 EXERCISE XXV 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS 
 
 (Study 1149-1190) 
 
 I . My right eye pained so that I had to stop reading. 
 2. I wonder if she missed me during my absence. 3. 
 Nothing more was lacking to make the scene a dream of 
 surpassing beauty. 4. He promised me that he would try 
 to study more than ever this winter. 5. I use my glasses 
 so constantly that I cannot do without them. 6. It seems 
 to me that the sun is long in showing himself. 7. It was 
 no longer a question of the patient's recovery, but of how 
 long he had to (que} live. 8. It is better for us to 
 remain indoors during the storm that is now raging. 9. 
 She had only one beautiful possession, her golden hair, 
 
MISCELLANEOUS IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS 45 
 
 but she knew how to turn it to account. 10. As the night 
 was fine and the air balmy, we took a stroll in the garden, 
 ii. I understand that they have quarreled and that they 
 no longer speak to each other. 12. The snow is deep 
 and it is moonlight, so everyone goes sleigh-riding. 13. 
 The Captain has made the tour of the world three times. 
 14. The brave youth swam the distance between the ship 
 and the island, and rescued the unfortunate man. 15. 
 Isabel and her brother skated across the pond. 16. The 
 Countess drove around Central Park in a carriage. 17. 
 The general walks across the bridge. 18. Count Ivan 
 traveled across the snow-covered plains in a sleigh. 19. 
 The boy went around the room on all fours, in order to 
 annoy his sister. 20. He went upstairs on all fours, in 
 order not to awaken his wife. 21. The exasperated man 
 tried to kill with his shoes the cats that were depriving 
 him of sleep. 22. The cruel boy whipped the dog to 
 death. 23. Ramon traveled a distance of forty miles in 
 two hours on his bicycle. 24. Mr. Silva crossed the rail- 
 road on horseback. 25. The serpent crawled around the 
 rock. 26. Will they walk or ride to the theater? 27. 
 They will ride because the weather is bad. 28. We have 
 walked the whole distance. 
 
 i. I had to, debt ( 1010). 
 
 4. than ever, que nunca ( 732, c). 
 
 8. for US to: render that we (followed by subjunctive). 
 n. speak: reciprocal ( 795). 
 
 13. three times: put adverb of time immediately after the verb it 
 
 qualifies. 
 
 14. unfortunate: adjective used absolutely; do not express "man." 
 1 6. Central Park: supply definite article. 
 
 21. sleep: supply definite article. 
 27. is: use hacer ( 880). 
 
PART II 
 
 EXERCISE I 
 
 PRECIOUS STONES 
 
 I. When we speak of precious stones, the diamond 
 naturally presents itself first to our thought. 2. The 
 diamond is distinguished for its hardness and remarkable 
 lustre. 3. It reflects light to such a high degree that it 
 almost appears to store up the light of day and shine in 
 the darkness as if by (de) its own fire. 4. The diamond 
 is so hard that it scratches glass as easily as the point of a 
 stick makes a mark in the moist sand of the seashore. 
 5. Its lustre defies human art, and has never been suc- 
 cessfully imitated by the ingenuity of man. 6. Dia- 
 monds are found all over the world, but principally in 
 India, in Southern Africa (/. 3.), and in Brazil. 7. The 
 diamond is so precious that a handsome one the size of a 
 pea is worth more than a hundred dollars. 
 
 8. The ruby is almost as rare and as precious as the 
 diamond. 9. It is a transparent stone and of a red color. 
 
 10. The sapphire, a stone also very precious, is trans- 
 parent and brilliant, n. It is sometimes without color, 
 and then it is called the white sapphire and is sold as a 
 
 4 6 
 
PRECIOUS STONES 47 
 
 diamond. 12. It frequently exhibits an exquisite color, 
 red or blue, sometimes gray, white or green. 13. It is 
 found crystallized in six-sitted prisms. It is the blue 
 variety that is usually called the sapphire. 
 
 14. The emerald is generally considered to be a variety 
 of the same species as (que) the beryl, with which it 
 agrees in composition and crystallization, and differs only 
 in color. 15. It is worth a great deal on account of its 
 beautiful green color. 16. The finest are found in South 
 America. 17. Its value greatly depends on the shade of 
 its color. 18. It is rarely found without flaws. 19. A 
 perfect emerald has been sold for five thousand dollars. 
 
 20. The opal is a mineral similar to quartz. 21. It is 
 found in Hungary, in Queensland, and in Mexico and the 
 United States. 22. It contains alumina, silica and oxide 
 of iron. 23. The finest species is called the precious 
 opal, or noble opal. 24. It is half transparent, of bluish 
 color, or yellowish white, and exhibits a beautiful play of 
 brilliant colors. 
 
 25. There are numerous varieties of. garnets, which 
 differ considerably in their chemical composition. 26. 
 They are generally red, but are found sometimes in (de) 
 some shade of brown, black, green or yellow, and even 
 (hasta) white or colorless. 
 
 27. The turquoise has been found hitherto only in the 
 province of Khorassan in Persia. 28. It is a phosphate 
 of aluminum and contains also oxide of iron and oxide of 
 copper. 29. Its color is greenish blue. 
 
 30. The amethyst is a variety of quartz, of a light 
 purple color, which is supposed to be (es) due to the 
 presence of manganese, 
 
4-8 INDIAN CORN 
 
 31. Topazes are composed principally of alumina and 
 silica, and are found in primitive rocks and in many parts 
 of the world. 32. The finest are found in Brazil, and 
 are valued greatly on account of their lustre and beauti- 
 ful colors. 
 
 3. Render to a degree so high. 
 
 to store up ... and shine : render as if it stored up ... and 
 shone. 
 
 5. been . . . imitated : use the true passive with the auxiliary ser 
 
 (811). 
 
 6. Supply definitive article before the name of each country. 
 
 7. Render of the size of, etc. 
 9. a red color : omit the article. 
 
 10. a stone: no article is used before a noun in apposition ( 1349). 
 14. to be = as, como. 
 
 composition . . . color: supply in each case the possessive pro- 
 noun su. 
 32. are valued greatly : render have great value. 
 
 EXERCISE II 
 
 INDIAN CORN 
 
 I. Indian corn is distinctively an American cereal. 
 
 2. Wherever the early European explorers set foot upon 
 the American Continent, they found this tall and lux- 
 uriant plant and learned from (de parte de) the natives 
 that for many centuries it had been employed for food. 
 
 3. In the United States there is perhaps no other agricul- 
 tural product so universally raised or that offers an easier 
 and more lucrative crop. 4. Indian corn grows (se da) 
 well in Florida and also gives (produce) abundant har- 
 
INDIAN CORN 49 
 
 vests in Minnesota. 5. It may be found in great (sumo) 
 abundance as well on the coasts of the Atlantic as of the 
 Pacific. 6. It is true that in certain parts of the valleys 
 of the Missouri, the Mississippi and the Ohio, known by 
 (con) the name of the great corn region, is harvested the 
 greater part of the corn produced in the Republic, but it 
 is also true that in all the other parts of our country crops 
 of this grain are valuable and indispensable. 7. Indian 
 corn is used also as food, in many other countries ; but in 
 the European nations, which are great consumers of 
 cereals, its value is little esteemed. 8. In them, rye, oats, 
 barley and wheat form still the great basis of cereal food 
 of the population ; but if the true value of Indian corn in 
 this regard were adequately known to them, it would 
 soon be seen to come into decided and open competition 
 with the other cereals mentioned. 
 
 2. European : de Europa. 
 found : use hallar. 
 
 3. raised, que este, with past participle. 
 Or, ni ninguno. 
 
 5. as of the Pacific, asi como en las del Pacifico. 
 
 6. In Spanish order, place "the greater part," etc., immediately after 
 
 " it is true that." 
 
 it is also true : for sake of variety use cierto, not verdad. 
 all the other, todas las demds. 
 
 7. many other, otros muchos ( 637). 
 
5 THE CONDOR 
 
 EXERCISE III 
 
 THE CONDOR 
 
 I. The Condor is the king of the Southern Andes. 
 2. He grows to an immense size. 3. Some of the largest 
 specimens have an extent of wing of two and a half 
 meters. 4. They are rarely seen in flocks. 5. Gen- 
 erally they hunt individually, although at times two can 
 be seen soaring together in the air in search of prey. 
 6. They prefer living animals, but they eat dead animals 
 when pressed by hunger, provided the latter are not 
 decomposed. 7. The condor, soaring in wide circles, at 
 an altitude of half a mile, glances over the vast territory 
 which extends below him, and when he sees a small ani- 
 mal, he pounces upon it with the rapidity of lightning, 
 and seizing it in his strong talons, carries it to some iso- 
 lated peak to devour it or share it with his mate. 8. The 
 stories of condors that carry off sheep and llamas, and 
 steal tender infants from their despairing mothers, are 
 purely the product of an exalted imagination, for the 
 weight of the condor's body is so great that he can rise 
 only with great difficulty, and he would not be able to 
 move from the ground if embarrassed by heavy booty. 
 9. The preferable manner of flight of the condor is to 
 fall from an elevation, extending his wings in the man- 
 ner of a parachute. 10. Once suspended in the air, he 
 can easily maintain himself by beating his wings, n. 
 When the condor is obliged to raise himself from a hori- 
 zontal surface, he has to run twenty or thirty feet with 
 
COAL 51 
 
 his wings extended, and then mount in (d) the air as if 
 on an inclined plane. 
 
 5. prey: supply definite article. 
 
 6. provided, siempre qiie> followed by subjunctive. 
 they eat dead animals, los comen muertos ( 454). 
 
 7. soaring, use volar for sake of variety; see also 519. 
 lightning : supply definite article. 
 
 8. of condors that, de que los condores. 
 only, no . . . sino. 
 
 great . . . great, grande . . . sunta. 
 move from, dejar. 
 if: supply "he were." 
 
 9. flight : supply the definite article. 
 
 10. by beating: do not express "by" ( 530). 
 
 11. Render has to extend the wings and run. 
 as if, como si fuera. 
 
 EXERCISE IV 
 
 COAL 
 
 i. Every deposit of coal that is found on our globe 
 marks the place where formerly there was an exuberant 
 extent of vegetation open to the light of day. 2. To-day 
 it lies black and hidden in the depths of the earth under 
 enormous masses of rock and soil which it is necessary 
 to perforate in order to reach the coal. 3. The holes 
 that are dug in order to obtain this valuable fuel are 
 called shafts, and the excavation at the bottom of a shaft 
 is termed a mine. 4. Metals such as iron, copper, etc., 
 are mined in the same way as coal. 5. Coal is the most 
 valuable agent of our modern civilization, for it furnishes 
 
52 WATER 
 
 the heat to produce the steam that operates the engines 
 of factories in all parts of the globe. 6. Steam has 
 revolutionized the present century, as electricity will (ha 
 de) revolutionize the century to come; but at present, 
 steam is the principal source of motive power to operate 
 the electric dynamo, and without steam we could not 
 have electricity except in those localities where the de- 
 scent of rivers or brooks is sufficiently rapid to permit 
 the substitution of water power. 7. In some localities 
 windmills are employed to operate dynamos, but this is 
 not always practicable because the wind is a variable fac- 
 tor, and at certain seasons of the year calms prevail to 
 such an extent that during entire weeks not a single am- 
 pere of electric power could be obtained. 
 
 3. Put "are called" at the beginning of the sentence. 
 
 4. Render In the same way as coal, are mined, etc. 
 
 5. factories : supply definite article. 
 7. to such an extent, tanto. 
 
 EXERCISE V 
 
 WATER 
 
 I. Water is one of the most common and at the same 
 time one of the most indispensable articles in (de) the 
 terrestrial globe. 2. It has the peculiarity of occurring 
 naturally in all the three forms : the solid, the liquid and 
 the gaseous. 3. No other natural object is familiar to 
 us in more than two of these forms. 4. Most of them 
 occur only in one (nna sola) form. 5. This is owing to 
 
WATER 53 
 
 the fact that the temperatures necessary to solidify and 
 vaporize water are not very remote. 6. The air which 
 we breathe can be made liquid and even solid by employ- 
 ing a temperature sufficiently low and a pressure suf- 
 ficiently great. 7. The iron that we see as a solid metal 
 can be melted until it runs like water ; but for this a very 
 high temperature is necessary. 8. Moreover, this fluid 
 iron can be converted into vapor, but this would require 
 a temperature beyond the conception of the human mind. 
 9. The solid form of water is called ice, the gaseous form 
 vapor, and the temperatures necessary to produce these 
 two conditions have been adopted as fixed points in 
 (para) measuring the degrees of heat and cold in other 
 objects. /> 
 
 10. The instruments employed for measuring heat and 
 cold are called thermometers, n. Of these there are 
 several systems, but the two principal ones are that of 
 centigrade and that of Fahrenheit. 12. In the former 
 the freezing point of water is adopted as zero, and be- 
 tween this and the boiling point the scale is divided into 
 100 degrees. 13. In the Fahrenheit system zero is 32 
 degrees below the freezing point, and the boiling point is 
 placed at (en) 212 degrees. 14. This apparently arbi- 
 trary location of the freezing point is due to the fact that 
 the inventor of the system had discovered that by mixing 
 ice and common salt a temperature could be obtained 
 lower than any hitherto known, and therefore jumped to 
 the conclusion that (de que) this was the lowest possible 
 temperature and so denominated it zero. 15. The boil- 
 ing point of water is sometimes termed the vaporization 
 point, because (pues) when water boils it is converted 
 
54 WATER 
 
 into steam. 16. Just as steam is produced by the effect 
 of heat, so it can be reconverted into water by the effect 
 of cold. 17. This process is called condensing. 18. If 
 in a tightly-closed room we put upon the fire a kettle full 
 of water and bring it to the boil, we will see the vapor 
 rise and mingle with the air until it finally permeates the 
 entire room, and the kettle is left dry ; and in all parts of 
 the room where the steam touches any cold object, such 
 as the metal of the gas fixtures, or door knobs, and more 
 especially, the window panes, which are kept at a low 
 temperature by their contact with the outer air, we see 
 the steam settle in the form of a thin haze which soon 
 turns to drops of water. 
 
 19. We have in this phenomenon a representation in 
 miniature of what is going on every day and every night 
 in the great world around us. 20. When the sun's rays 
 strike the surface of the ocean, the lakes, and the rivers, 
 they vaporize a portion of the water which ascends into 
 (a) the air to (para) form clouds. 21. Whenever these 
 clouds, wafted along by the wind, encounter a current of 
 air sufficiently cold to congeal them, they are converted 
 again into water and descend upon the earth in the form 
 of rain. 22. Sometimes it happens that these drops of 
 water in their descent encounter another current of air of 
 a temperature below the freezing point, and then they 
 fall upon the earth in small globules of ice, which are 
 known by the name of hail ; but if the current of air at 
 (de) a freezing temperature, should strike a cloud before 
 it has been condensed into rain-drops, then there occurs 
 one of the most beautiful phenomena of nature : the cloud 
 itself is frozen ; but the vapor of which it is composed is 
 
WATER 55 
 
 so thin that it does not form a solid mass of ice, but is 
 frozen into countless small crystals of the most wonder- 
 ful geometric forms, which fall upon the earth like so 
 many white feathers or particles of wool. 
 
 2. the solid, the liquid, etc. : omit the articles. 
 
 4. occur : use existir for sake of variety. 
 
 5. to the fact that, d qne ( 912-913). 
 
 6. by employing : do not express " by " ( 530). 
 
 7. it runs : use the infinitive in Spanish, as there is no change of 
 
 subject. 
 
 is necessary : render is needed. 
 9. omit "form" the second time it occurs. 
 
 Render in other objects the degrees of the heat and of the cold. 
 
 10. Begin sentence with "are called." 
 
 11. ones: not expressed in Spanish ( 454). 
 
 14. to the fact that: see above note to the 5th sentence. 
 
 the inventor had discovered: put subject after compound gerund. 
 
 by mixing, mezcldndose ( 530). 
 
 any, ninguna ( 73 2 > ') 
 
 Omit "and therefore." 
 
 16. reconverted: use the construction with volver d ( 1187, 816). 
 1 8. we will see the vapor rise, veremos subirse el vapor ( 1211). 
 
 it finally permeates: use infinitive, as there is no change of 
 subject. 
 
 and the kettle . . . : render being left dry the kettle. 
 
 such as, cotno. 
 
 the form : omit the article. 
 
 20. to form : supply alii. 
 
 21. encounter: subjunctive ( 896). 
 
 are converted again: see note to the i6th sentence ( 1187). 
 
 22. are known by the name of, se denominan. 
 
 before it has been : use infinitive, as there is no change of sub- 
 ject; "it" should be expressed by e'sta ( 460). 
 but is frozen: use congelarse for sake of variety. 
 
56 THE SNOW 
 
 EXERCISE VI 
 
 THE SNOW 
 
 1. The inhabitants of the intertropical countries of this 
 continent are entirely unaware of the resplendent beauty 
 of a winter landscape in the regions of the north. 
 
 2. It is a winter day in the country. 3. The flowers 
 are dead, and the trees which once were so green now 
 raise their bare heads to the winter storms. 4. The air 
 is cold and penetrating, the sky is grey and gloomy, and 
 there is a hushed, expectant feeling, a foreboding in the 
 atmosphere. 5. The animals and the birds have sought 
 a shelter against the inclemency of the weather. 6. They 
 know well that the snow is coming. 7. Soon, softly and 
 slowly fall a few flakes, then others, more and more 
 swiftly, covering the desolate earth with a white garment. 
 
 8. Is there anything more beautiful than such a spectacle? 
 
 9. The snow storm continues until a late hour of the 
 night, and the first rays of the dawn gild a scene of mar- 
 vellous beauty. 10. Everywhere in heaps it lies, this 
 mass of dazzling purity, as yet untrodden by the foot of 
 man. u. It covers the roofs of the houses, the trees, 
 the shrubs, and the rays of the rising sun striking it, 
 transform the crystals into innumerable sparkling dia- 
 monds. 12. Pitying the desolate earth, nature has 
 clothed her in a nuptial robe, perhaps more beautiful than 
 the verdure of spring. 
 
 13. Soon we hear the shouts of the happy little ones, 
 
THE SNOW 57 
 
 while they are converting the snow into most extraordi- 
 nary images ; and the merry sleigh bells delight our ears. 
 14. Every one goes sleigh-riding; the young men, accom- 
 panied by (de) charming young ladies, well wrapped in 
 (de) furs, with bright eyes, and their cheeks glowing 
 with that radiant color that a winter's day paints on 
 young faces. 
 
 15. It is glorious to dash through the fresh, bracing 
 air, to the music of the sleigh bells, the blue sky overhead, 
 and the spotless snow beneath. 16. It is in such hours 
 that we forget the cares of the work-a-day world, and 
 transport ourselves to the golden age of the poets, and 
 feel that mere existence is happiness. 
 
 17. The short December day draws to its close, and 
 the last rays of the setting sun still shine upon the snow. 
 1 8. He sets in brilliant majesty, crowned with clouds of 
 glory, behind the distant hills, and the pale light of the 
 moon and stars now falls upon this vision of celestial 
 splendor. 19. The voices of the tired children have been 
 hushed in (con} sleep, and an occasional sleigh bell alone 
 interrupts the silence. Then these also cease, the moon 
 withdraws herself, the world is wrapt in sleep, and at last 
 the stars are left alone, that still keep watch above the 
 snowy whiteness of the sleeping earth. 
 
 3. are dead, han muerto ( 1143). 
 
 4. Render there is in the atmosphere. 
 Supply como sifuera before " a foreboding." 
 
 6. Render well they know that comes the snow. 
 
 7. slowly: apply termination -mente only to the last adverb ( 183). 
 
 8. anything, nada ( 732, a). 
 
 10. in heaps it lies, this . . ., se halla amontonada esta . . . 
 
 11. Place the gerund before its subject ( 519). 
 
5 POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL PROGRESS 
 
 13. we hear: use impersonal reflexive ( 818). 
 while they are converting, al convert*)- ( 1209). 
 most, lo mas: put adjective after noun. 
 merry sleigh-bells: place subject last. 
 
 14. with bright eyes, los ojos vivos ( 487). 
 1 6. Render in such hours it is when. 
 
 happiness : supply indefinite article. 
 
 18. celestial splendor: supply indefinite article. 
 
 19. sleep: supply definite article, 
 are left, se quedan, 
 
 EXERCISE VII 
 
 POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL PROGRESS 
 
 i. In the last half of the present century, the political 
 world has undergone a great change. 2. In Europe, 
 France has endeavored for the third time to obtain su- 
 premacy, but has been thwarted more completely than on 
 any previous occasion. 3. Germany and Italy have 
 respectively become unified as great nations, although 
 the unification of Germany is less close than that of Italy. 
 4. Austria has broken away from Germany and Italy to 
 unite under one sovereign with the formerly independent 
 kingdom of Hungary. 5. In Sweden and Norway, the 
 union of the two kingdoms under one king has been 
 effected and has proved prosperous; while with regard 
 to Russia (f.) and Poland, no such thing has occurred, 
 and the (este) latter country has been wiped off from 
 the maps of Europe. 6. Denmark has been crippled by 
 the loss of its duchies, and the Low Countries have been 
 divided into two kingdoms. 7. The Ottoman Empire 
 and Spain have lost on every hand; Greece and Servia 
 
POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL PROGRESS 59 
 
 (/.) have become independent, and nearly the same has 
 happened with the Danubian principalities and with 
 Egypt; while Spain has suffered the loss of all the colo- 
 nies which she formerly held in the New World and the 
 Pacific Ocean. 8. The power of Russia continues in the 
 ascendency in Europe, and has increased vastly in Asia. 
 
 9. In the other regions of the world this period has been 
 marked by the marvellous advance that has been made in 
 every clime by the nations speaking the English tongue. 
 
 10. In no country has this been more noteworthy than in 
 the independent Republic of the United States of North 
 America (f. 3.), which in fifty years has quadrupled its 
 population, and, following its eternal march westward, 
 has conquered mountain and prairie, until it covers one 
 unbroken stretch from th Atlantic to the Western Ocean. 
 
 1 1 . Nay, more ; extending its territorial advance, it has 
 acquired the vast territory formerly occupied by Russia; 
 it has extended its possessions to the extreme limits of 
 the Aleutian Islands and the Hawaiian group ; and lastly 
 has acquired from Spain the Philippine Islands and the 
 Island of Guam in the Pacific, and Puerto Rico in the 
 Caribbean Sea; so that now more than one hundred and 
 sixty degrees of longitude are found between its, extreme 
 eastern and its extreme western limits. 12. In many re- 
 gions where formerly the shaggy buffalo (m. 3.) and the 
 untamed redskin held undisputed sway, are now to be 
 found thriving cities, connected by railroads, while be- 
 tween these stretch the vast grain fields of the western 
 prairies. 13. Mountain chains have been tunneled to 
 permit the passage of railroads; waterfalls have been 
 harnessed to provide motive power for (a) the factories 
 
60 POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL PROGRESS 
 
 that have arisen everywhere as if by magic; canals have 
 been cut, and swamp lands have been reclaimed to (para) 
 cultivation ; while over all extends the interminable net- 
 work of telegraph lines, which are busied day and night 
 transmitting the thoughts of this untiring people (gente). 
 14. Nor has the progress of the southern half of the con- 
 tinent been less surprising. 15. From the sequestered 
 sand flats of the gulf coast, where the red flamingo fished 
 unmolested in the grey dawn of the morning, to the bleak 
 rocks of Tierra del Fuego, whose sole inhabitants were 
 the clumsy penguins, who knew not the face of man ; 
 from the snow-capped peaks of the Andes, where blazed 
 the signal light of a hundred volcanoes, to the fertile 
 plains of the Orinoco and the diamond fields of Brazil, 
 the spirit of progress has moved steadily on. 
 
 2. the third: omit the article. 
 
 5. no such thing has, tal cosa no ha. . 
 
 7. the same, lo mismo. 
 
 9. that has been made ... by the, que han presentaao las. 
 speaking the English tongue, del habla inglesa. 
 
 10. which, la cual ( 687, 3). 
 
 until it covers : use infinitive, as there is no change of subject. 
 One unbroken stretch, nna extension superficial. 
 from ... to, desde . . . hasta. 
 
 11. Render which Russia occupied formerly. 
 
 acquired from Spain: a patriotic Spanish writer would say 
 arrancado a Espana. 
 
 12. undisputed sway: supply indefinite article. 
 
 13. Supply definite article before mountain-chains, waterfalls, magic, 
 
 canals, motive power, swamp lands, and cultivation. 
 Over, par encima de. 
 day and night, de dia y de noche. 
 
 14. Render nor (tampoco) has been less, etc. 
 
 15. Make " blazed" plural, and render blazed like (cual) signal- 
 
 lights the craters, etc. 
 
THE ANCIENT BRITONS 61 
 
 EXERCISE VIII 
 
 THE ANCIENT BRITONS 
 
 I. At (en) one time, long, long ago, all England was 
 covered with forests and swamps, and the greater part of 
 it was very cold and misty. 2. There were no roads, no 
 bridges, no streets, and no houses that would merit the 
 name. 3. A town was a collection of straw-thatched 
 huts, hidden in a thick wood, with a ditch all around, and 
 a low wall, made of mud, or the trunks of trees placed one 
 upon (encima de) another. 4. The people planted very 
 little grain, but lived upon the flesh of their cattle and 
 their flocks. 5. They made no coins, but (sino que) used 
 metal rings for money. 6. They made boats of basket- 
 work, covered with skins of animals, but seldom ventured 
 far from the shore. 7. The ancient Britons, being divided 
 into thirty or forty tribes, each commanded by its own 
 king, were constantly fighting with one another, and the 
 offensive weapons which they used were swords made of 
 an alloy of copper and tin, shields, daggers, and spears. 
 8. They were very fond of horses. 9. The standard of 
 Kent was the picture of a white horse. 10. They could 
 manage them well, and the horses were so well taught in 
 those days that they understood and obeyed every word 
 of command ; and would stand still amid the din of battle, 
 while their riders went to fight on foot. 
 
 ii. The Britons had a strange and terrible religion, 
 called the religion of the Druids. 12. It seems to have 
 been a mixture of the worship of the serpent, and of 
 
62 THE ANCIENT BRITONS 
 
 the sun and moon, with that of some of the heathen gods 
 and goddesses. 13. The Druids professed a kind of ven-\ 
 eration for (por) the oak, and for the mistletoe the same 
 plant that we hang up in our houses at Christmas-time, 
 when (a cuya cpoca) its white berries grow upon the oak 
 and the apple tree. 14. They met together in dark woods 
 which they called Sacred Groves ; and there they in- 
 structed, in their mysterious arts, young men who some- 
 times stayed with them for twenty years. 
 
 15. In the old days, the stormy sea roared around 
 England, as it roars now, the foaming waves dashed 
 furiously against its cliffs, and the bleak winds blew over 
 (por entre) its forests; but the winds and waves brought 
 no adventurers, nor was the sea alive with great ships 
 and brave sailors, sailing from all parts of the world. 
 
 i. long, long ago, muy remota de la nuestra. 
 
 6. ventured far from, eran bastante emprendedores para apartarse 
 
 lejos de. 
 
 7. Put compound gerund at beginning of phrase. 
 9. was the picture of, llevaba representado. 
 
 10. they could, sabian ( 1179). 
 
 Render they understood every word of command and obeyed it 
 
 ( 1449)- 
 would stand, se quedaban. (In Spanish the imperfect takes the 
 
 place of "would" to express custom. See 468.) 
 12. it seems to have been, parecia ser. 
 
 heathen: make adjective masculine plural ( 149). 
 
 14. young men: supply definite article. 
 
 15. furiously: use adjective instead of adverb ( 1411). 
 
 the winds and the waves brought, no traian los vientos ni ( 748) 
 
 las olas. 
 
 no adventurers, aventurero alguno ( 172). 
 parts, los juntos. 
 
THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS 63 
 
 EXERCISE IX 
 
 THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS 
 
 i. In the month of October, in the year 1076, the Nor- 
 mans and the English came front to front at (en) Senlac, 
 where still remain the grey ruins of an abbey, called 
 "Battle Abbey" in remembrance of them. 2. At the 
 break of day the two armies arose. 3. There in the 
 faint light of dawn, were the English on a hill, and in 
 their midst the royal banner, representing a warrior, 
 woven in (de) golden thread, and adorned with (de) 
 precious stones. 4. Beneath the banner stood King Har- 
 old with two of his brothers, and around them, silent as 
 the dead, clustered the soldiers each covered by his 
 shield and grasping in his hand the dreaded battle-axe. 
 
 5. On an opposite (otra) hill, drawn up in three divi- 
 sions, archers, foot-soldiers, horsemen, was (se veian) 
 the Norman force. 6. Of a sudden a great battle-cry, 
 "God aid us !" burst from the Norman lines. 7. The 
 English answered with their own battle-cry, "God's 
 Rood ! Holy Rood !" 8. The Normans then descended 
 (bajaron por) the hill to attack the English. 9. The 
 latter cared nothing for the showers of Norman arrows, 
 but (sino que) cut down the horsemen, as (cual) the tor- 
 nado levels the young trees of the forest. 10. Duke 
 William pretended to retreat, and the eager English fol- 
 lowed, ii. The Norman army closed again, and fell 
 upon them with great slaughter. 
 
 12. The sun rose and sank, and the battle still raged. 
 13. Through (durante) all that wild October day, the 
 
64 THE BA TTLE OF HASTINGS 
 
 clash and din of arms resounded in the air. 14. In the 
 red sunset, and in the white moonlight, heaps upon heaps 
 of dead men lay (sc hallaban) strewn upon (par) the 
 ground. 15. King Harold, wounded with (de) an arrow 
 was now (ya) almost blind. 16. Twenty Norman 
 Knights, whose battered armor had flashed golden in 
 the sunshine and now looked silvery in the moonlight, 
 dashed forward to seize the Royal banner from the Eng- 
 lish soldiers, who still gathered around their blinded 
 king. 17. King Harold received a mortal wound, and 
 fell. 1 8. The Normans rallied and the day was won. 
 
 19. Ah! (ay) what a sight beneath the moon and stars, 
 when lights shone out in the tent of the victorious Duke 
 William, in which he and his knights were carousing, 
 and, without, soldiers with torches were seeking for the 
 corpse of Harold ; while the Warrior-Standard lay torn 
 and stained with blood, and the three Norman Lions 
 haughtily kept watch over the mournful field of desola- 
 tion and ruin ! 
 
 i. in the year, del ano de, or, merely, de. 
 came, se encontraron. 
 
 3. dawn : supply the definite article, 
 representing : render that represented. 
 
 4. as the dead, como muertos. 
 
 5. force : plural in Spanish. 
 
 7. the English answered, Ics contestaron los Inglcses. 
 10. and the eager English, etc., y le siguieron los, etc. 
 n. closed again, volvio d cerrar ( 1187). 
 
 1 6. golden, como el oro. 
 
 17. fell: supply "to the ground." 
 
 1 8. Render and \von the day. 
 
 19. a sight: omit the article ( 431). 
 beneath, adarado dc. in which, en donde. 
 haughtily: use adjective instead of adverb ( 1411). 
 
GRANADA 65 
 
 EXERCISE X 
 
 GRANADA 
 
 i. "The Moorish territory of Granada contained, with- 
 in a circuit of about one hundred and eighty leagues, all 
 the physical resources of a great empire. 2. Its broad 
 valleys were (se veian) intersected by mountains rich in 
 mineral wealth, and its pastures were watered by abun- 
 dant fountains. 3. In the midst of this favored region, 
 crowning the whole, as with a diadem, rose the beautiful 
 city of Granada. 4. In the days of the Moors, it was en- 
 compassed by a wall, with a thousand and thirty towers, 
 and seven portals. 5. On the summit of one of the hills 
 of the city was (se hallaba) the royal palace of the Alham- 
 bra (/.), which has been so celebrated in song and story. 
 6. The light and elegant architecture of this edifice, 
 whose magnificent ruins still remain the most interesting 
 monument in (dc) Spain for the contemplation of the 
 traveler, shows the great advancement undergone by the 
 art since the construction of- the celebrated mosque of 
 Cordova. 7. Its graceful porticos and colonnades, its 
 domes and ceilings, which in that transparent atmosphere, 
 have lost nothing of their original splendor, its airy halls, 
 so constructed as to admit the perfume (m.) of the thou- 
 sand surrounding gardens, and its fountains which still 
 (todavia) shed their refreshing coolness over the deserted 
 courts, manifest the taste, opulence and Sybarite luxury 
 of its inhabitants. 8. The streets were narrow, the 
 houses tall, with turrets of marble or larch, and with cor- 
 
66 GRANADA 
 
 nices of shining metal, 'that glittered like stars through 
 (por entre) the dark foliage of the orange groves'; and 
 the whole has been compared to (con) 'an enamelled vase, 
 full of hyacinths and sparkling with emeralds.' 9. Such 
 are the words in which the Arabic writers fondly des- 
 cant on the glories of Granada. 
 
 10. At the foot of this fabric of the genii lay the plain 
 or vega, so celebrated as the arena where, for more than 
 two centuries Christian and Moorish chivalry fought, 
 ii. The Arabs exhausted on it all their agricultural 
 knowledge, and distributed the waters of the Xenil, which 
 flowed through (por) it, into a thousand channels for its 
 more perfect irrigation. 12. A constant succession of 
 fruits and crops was obtained throughout (por todo) the 
 year. 13. The products of the most remote latitudes 
 were transplanted there with success ; and the hemp of 
 the north grew luxuriant under the shadow of the vine 
 and the olive." 
 
 PRESCOTT, "Ferdinand and Isabella." 
 
 1. Render within . . . leagues contained the . . . Granada all, etc. 
 
 2. were, se vcian. 
 
 3. the whole, lo todo ( 6n). 
 
 5. SO = so much, tanto. 
 
 song and story : put both in plural. 
 
 6. Render the magnificent ruins of this edifice remain still as the 
 
 monument most interesting . . . traveler, and its architecture 
 light and elegant shows . . . advancement which had under- 
 gone the art since, etc. 
 
 7. Render the taste . . . inhabitants are manifested in its grace- 
 
 ful, etc. (repeat en throughout). 
 so constructed as to, construidas para. 
 
 8. stars: supply definite article. 
 the whole, el todo ( 616). 
 
AUTUMN 67 
 
 10. lay, se hallaba desplegada. 
 more than, mds de ( 543). 
 Render fought the . . . chivalry. 
 
 11. exhausted on it, le prodigaron. 
 
 Render and for its ... irrigation distributed into . . . chan- 
 nels the waters, etc. 
 
 12. Put verb first. 
 
 13. Put "were transplanted" first. 
 
 EXERCISE XI 
 AUTUMN 
 
 i. We may soon expect the weather to become stormy. 
 2. The equinoctial gales are approaching. 3. This time 
 is always very bad for sailors. 4. Last year about this 
 time we had several shocking acccoimts in the papers 
 about the different shipwrecks caused by (de) the equi- 
 noctial gales. 5. I hope we shall have a fine autumn, the 
 summer having been so exceedingly wet. 6. The other 
 day, I made a little visit to (a casa de) a. friend of mine 
 in (que reside en) the country, and w r as astonished to see 
 the condition of the fields. 7. The farmers complain 
 terribly everywhere. 8. The summer last year was very 
 fine indeed, but this year we have had an extraordinary 
 quantity of rain. 9. A great deal of hay was spoiled by 
 the constant rain. 10. Sometimes the month of Sep- 
 tember is exceedingly fine, and perhaps it will be so this 
 year. n. I am sure the farmers and everyone would be 
 thankful. 12. Last year, the heat in September was 
 much greater than it had been the whole summer. 13. I 
 
68 AUTUMN 
 
 remember, it was almost insupportable at the beginning 
 of the month. 14. Many horses fell down dead on (en) 
 the road, owing to the excessive heat. 15. I fear we can- 
 not expect such a fine autumn this year ; we must be con- 
 tented with a few fine days now and then. 16. The morn- 
 ings begin to be very cold. 17. We shall soon be obliged 
 to have fires again. 18. The leaves begin to drop from 
 the trees. 19. Yes, they do; but at present the variety 
 of colors affords a very pretty sight. 20. I am exceed- 
 ingly fond of an autumnal landscape. 21. I almost pre- 
 fer it to (mas que) the fresh green in (de) spring. 22. 
 The days are getting very short; it is almost dark at 
 five o'clock. 23. Have you had fires already? 24. Yes, 
 we have warmed our rooms for several weeks. 25. It 
 would be too chilly and too uncomfortable without fires. 
 26. We have had frosts several nights. 27. We shall 
 soon have the shortest days. 28. When does the sun rise 
 and set at present? 29. I do not know exactly. 30. I 
 think it must rise about seven o'clock and set about five 
 o'clock. 31. You can easily ascertain it by (con) look- 
 ing into the almanac. 32. I wish it were Christmas al- 
 ready, for (pnes) then the days begin to lengthen, and 
 the weather is generally more settled after Christmas 
 than (de lo que es) in the months of November and 
 December. 33. Besides there is something cheering in 
 the idea of approaching spring again. 34. One bears 
 what is disagreeable more cheerfully, if one knows it will 
 soon be at an end. 
 
 Adapted from a conversational exercise in 
 " Cours gradue de langue anglaise," par 
 H. Plate. Dresde, L. Ehlermann, 1871. 
 
(A i 
 
 AUTUMN 69 
 
 1. Put "soon" after "become." 
 
 2. are approaching, se nos acercan (begin sentence with this phrase). 
 
 3. time, estacion ((tempo would mean "weather"). 
 
 4. Render we had in the newspapers several. 
 gales : use viento for sake of variety. 
 
 5. the summer having been: render because the summer was (do 
 
 not express "so"). 
 
 6. I was astonished to, me sorprendi al. 
 8. Render the summer of the last year. 
 
 11. I am sure: supply de qiie ( 913); supply also "if that were so," 
 
 si f^lera asi. 
 
 would be thankful, se alegraria mucho. (Why make this verb 
 singular? See 1461, i.) 
 
 12. the heat . . . was much greater, hizo mucho mas calor ( 881). 
 than it had been, de lo que hizo ( 541). 
 
 the whole summer: prefix "during." 
 
 13. remember: supply "that." 
 
 at the beginning of, a primeros de ( 395). 
 
 14. owing to, siendo esto debido d. 
 
 15. fear: supply "that." 
 can : use future tense. 
 
 Render this year expect an autumn so fine. 
 Put adverb of time immediately after verb. 
 
 16. Render it begins to be very cold in the morning. 
 
 17. to have fires again, volver d encender lumbre. 
 
 19. they do, es verdad. 
 affords, nos proporciona. 
 
 20. exceedingly fond of, muy aficionado d. 
 landscape : put in the plural. 
 
 22. Put subject last. 
 
 23. fires: singular in Spanish. 
 
 24. for several weeks: see 875. 
 
 Consider "rooms" as subject of verb; do not repeat "to." 
 
 25. fires: see note above. 
 
 26. we have had: see 875. 
 
 29. know: supply "it." 
 
 30. I think it must rise, se levantard ( 1195). 
 about : use a'cerca de and d cosa de as synonyms, 
 
WINTER 
 
 33. approaching spring again : render the return of the spring. 
 
 34. what is disagreeable: use neuter article with adjective ( 224). 
 will soon, pronto ha de. 
 
 EXERCISE XII 
 
 WINTER 
 
 I. Cold winter is coming on again with all its inflic- 
 tions. 2. The cold wind has completely stripped the 
 trees and shrubs. 3. How (que) dismal the forest looks 
 now compared with the sight it afforded us a few months 
 ago (hd). 4. Yes, it is very pleasant now to have a nice, 
 comfortable fire in one's (su) room. 5. The wind is 
 very high. 6. It blows quite a storm. 7. I am afraid it 
 will occasion a great deal of damage at (en el) sea. 8. 
 There is also a sleet falling, which makes walking ex- 
 tremely disagreeable. 9. In some countries, Russia, for 
 instance, they have had a severe frost, and in Scotland 
 there has been a great fall of snow. 10. It is freezing 
 to-night, ii. The sleet is frozen to the ground; it is 
 scarcely possible to walk. 12. How changeable the 
 weather is! 13. A short time ago we had a clear sky, 
 and now it begins to snow in great flakes. 14. 1 hope the 
 snow will not be so deep this winter as it was last winter. 
 15. The boys are beginning to play at snowball. 16. 
 Each season affords them its peculiar pleasures. 17. Do 
 you see the sleighs driving past? 18. How fine they 
 look, and how pretty the bells sound. 19. It is a great 
 pleasure to drive along in a sleigh with the swiftness of 
 
WINTER J 7 1 
 
 the wind. 20. We shall soon have the river frozen, if 
 this weather continues. 21. Are you fond of skating? 
 22. O yes, passionately fond of it (eso). 23. It is my 
 greatest (principal) amusement in (durante) winter. 
 24. Are there good skaters at (en) X.? 25. Yes, a great 
 many elegant and skilful skaters, who can cut all sorts of 
 figures on (en) the ice, and assume the most graceful 
 and difficult attitudes. 26. Wherever there is plenty of 
 ice, you will always find good skaters. 27. It is a great 
 misfortune that some people are too daring and venture 
 on (en) the ice before (antes de que) it can bear. 28. 
 Many accidents happen from (a causa de) the breaking 
 of the ice. 29. Your friend Brown nearly met with an 
 accident last year ; do you remember it ? 30. No, what 
 was it? 31. When skating under (por debajo de) a 
 bridge the ice broke and let him in. 32. How did he get 
 out? 33. The ice all around being thick, his companions 
 pulled him out with his stick. 34. Do you notice the 
 icicles on (en) the houses opposite (de enf rente) ? 35. 
 It is freezing now very sharp. 36. That I could imagine, 
 for the fire burns so very clear. 37. Although it is not 
 yet five o'clock, it is almost dark ; the days shut down 
 very early now. 38. Tell James to light the gas and 
 poke the fire. 39. Tell him also to fasten down the cellar 
 skylight, lest the frost get at the wine. 40. The ice is 
 now nearly nine inches thick. 41. There is no danger of 
 falling in (al agua) now. 42. Don't say so (eso) ; there 
 are always some dangerous places, let the ice be ever so 
 thick; and young people very seldom have patience to 
 (de) explore such places. 43. It is astonishing how im- 
 prudent young people are. 44. They think only of the 
 
72 WINTER 
 
 present moment, and seldom look into futurity. 45, The 
 weather has become cloudy; I think it is beginning to 
 thaw. 46. Yes, it is quite sloppy in the streets. 47. The 
 sweepers ought to clean the snow from the streets; they, 
 are abominably dirty just now. 48. What a sudden 
 change in (de) the weather. 49. There is quite a thick 
 fog. 50. Foggy weather is the most disagreeable of all. 
 51. It begins to get colder again; we shall have hoar- 
 frost. 52. The cold is insupportable to-day; it is ten 
 degrees below (bajo) zero.* 53. There is no feeling 
 comfortable but (a no ser que sea) by the fireside. 54. I 
 beg your pardon ; if you were to take a long, brisk walk, 
 you would find yourself warm enough, I have no doubt. 
 55. The frost is so piercing that fires are indispensable. 
 
 Adapted from a conversational exercise in 
 "Cours gradue de langue anglaise," par 
 H. Plate. Dresde, L. Ehlermann, 1871. 
 
 I. COld winter, el invierno con sus hielos. 
 6. quite a, cast como. 
 
 8. there is falling, cae (put this first). 
 a sleet : omit article. 
 
 makes walking, pone el piso. 
 
 9. Russia: repeat preposition "in." 
 
 13. we had a: render the sky was. 
 
 Render and now begin to fall great flakes of snow. 
 
 14. will not be: use present subjunctive. 
 as it was, como lofu/ ( 341). 
 
 17. driving past: use infinitive ( 553, 1211). 
 
 19. to drive along, andar. 
 
 a sleigh : omit the article. 
 
 20. Render if continues this weather we shall have soon frozen 
 
 the river. 
 
 * This means zero Centigrade = 32 Fahrenheit. 
 
WINTER 73 
 
 22. yes, si senor. 
 
 26. is: subjunctive ( 896). 
 
 you will find, se encuentran ( 818). 
 
 27. are: subjunctive ( 891). 
 
 can bear: supply "them"; use subjunctive ( 910). 
 
 28. Put verb first. 
 
 29. your friend Brown nearly, poco falto para que el amigo de V. % 
 
 Moreno, followed by past subjunctive. 
 31. the ice broke, rompiose el hielo ( 1370). 
 
 let him in : render let him fall into (d) the water. 
 35. very sharp, de una manera atroz. 
 39. lest the frost get at, para que el hielo no eche d perder. 
 
 42. let the ice ... thick, par espeso que sea el hielo. 
 patience : supply definite article. 
 
 43. astonishing: supply "to note." 
 
 how imprudent . . . are, lo imprudentes qtte son, etc. ( 1359). 
 
 46. Render the streets are very sloppy. 
 
 47. to clean, llevarse. 
 
 Render from the streets the snow. 
 
 49. Render a fog quite thick. 
 
 50. all : plural in Spanish. 
 
 51. hoar-frost: supply indefinite article. 
 
 52. the COld is . . ., hace unfrio . . . 
 it is, la temperatura es de ( 353). 
 
 53. Render it is impossible to be comfortable. 
 
 54. you . . . enough: Render you would have enough warmth 
 
 ( 75). 
 I have no doubt, sin duda. 
 
74 SPRING 
 
 EXERCISE XIII 
 
 SPRING 
 
 i. I have a great longing for spring again; it is the 
 most pleasant of all seasons. 2. Yes, I like it best too. 
 3. Though we are in the middle of March, we have 
 scarcely had any spring weather; it is still as cold as it 
 was in February. 4. The season is very backward. 5. 
 There is hardly any flower to be found, not even crocuses, 
 or (ni) violets. 6. How suddenly the weather has 
 changed; it was quite (casi) a summer's day to-day. 7. 
 Everything seems to leap into existence. 8. All nature 
 is smiling again. 9. Did you notice how beautiful all the 
 trees in (de) our neighbor's orchard look? 10. All the 
 fruit-trees are in full blossom, n. If the weather con- 
 tinues so favorable, we shall have plenty of fruit this 
 year. 12. I should be glad of that; for (porque) last 
 year we had scarcely any fruit at all ; at least all the stone- 
 fruit failed entirely. 13. How delightful it is now in the 
 country! 14. The air is quite reviving after having 
 lived so long in town. 15. How fragrant everything 
 smells ! 16. How warm it was this morrfing, and how 
 lovely the sky looked when (mientras) the sun was ris- 
 ing! 17. The dew was very heavy on the grass this 
 morning, and when the first rays of the sun fell upon the 
 dew-drops, they looked like diamonds. 18. It was a 
 sight worth getting up early in the morning for. 19. 
 Are you fond of rising early? 20. Yes, I am, particu- 
 larly in summer. 21. I consider the early hours of the 
 
SPRING 75 
 
 morning the best part of the whole day. 22. Everything 
 looks so refreshed. 23. The birds sing then their most 
 joyous carols. 24. What a pity it is that so many people 
 should never enjoy the pleasures of the early morning. 
 25. Look at that white thorn in the hedges. 26. It looks 
 quite ornamental, and how beautifully (dulce) it smells. 
 27. See, they are going to cut the grass already. 28. It 
 has grown very fast. 29. The crop appears likely to be 
 very fine. 30. It must (debe) be hard work for the 
 mowers. 31. How well they keep time with their 
 strokes. 32. It is really a pretty sight. 33. The hay- 
 makers in (que estdn en) the next field seem to be very 
 merry. 34. Hay-making is a delightful occupation. 35. 
 The hay is nearly ready to be housed. 36. How promis- 
 ing the corn looks in the field. 37. In some places it has 
 been laid by the rain, but the present dry weather will, I 
 hope, recover it. 38. Hark, what strange noise was that ? 
 39. It is a cuckoo. Have you never heard one (ningu- 
 no) ? 40. Never in my life. I should like to see one. 
 41. The late showers have been very refreshing. 42. 
 They will very much improve the harvest. 43. In sev- 
 eral parts of the country the weather is said to have been 
 very dry. 44. Yes, in traveling through (por) the coun- 
 try a few weeks ago I perceived that the ground was 
 quite parched. 45. Yesterday afternoon it was very sul- 
 try, and the sky looked very lowering. 46. I really 
 thought we should have a thunderstorm. 47. It did look 
 very lowering, and I dare say there was heavy rain at 
 some distance, for (puesto que) the air felt much cooler 
 afterwards. 48. The evening (noche) was most lovely; 
 I never saw a finer tint than at sunset. 49. After supper 
 
7 6 SPRING 
 
 we took a short walk through (por) the park. 50. The 
 birds were so musical that our walk was most delightful. 
 51. The storm, I suppose, kept you at home this after- 
 noon. 52. Of course ; who would think of going out in 
 (con) such weather? 53. The hail was tremendously 
 heavy, and the thunder louder than I ever remember to 
 have heard it. 54. The flashes of lightning were ex- 
 ceedingly vivid, so much so that the whole town seemed 
 to be on fire. 55. You have heard, I suppose, that Mr. 
 Blanco's house has been struck? 56. Yes, I understand 
 the chimney has been damaged. 57. The heavy rain has 
 swollen the river so much that the banks have given way 
 and several meadows have been overflowed. 58. The 
 number of accidents from lightning has caused the use 
 of lightning-rods to be very general 59. Yes, and even 
 on (a bordo de) ships they are almost universally adopted, 
 and have proved to be very beneficial. 
 
 Adapted from a conversational exercise in 
 "Cours gradue de langue anglaise," par 
 H. Plate. Dresde, L. Ehlermann, 1871. 
 
 1. spring again: render the return of the spring. 
 Render ^ of all the seasons is it the most, etc. 
 
 2. Render it is the one that most pleases me also; (notice that the 
 
 objective pronoun is emphatic, 310). 
 
 3. as it was, como lo hacia. 
 
 5. is ... to be : render can be. 
 
 6. it was . . . to-day : render to-day has been. 
 13. it is now, es estar ahora. 
 
 1 6. hOW warm it was, que de calor hacia. 
 
 17. Render and seemed diamonds the drops of dew when the 
 
 first, etc. 
 
 18. Render a sight that was worth while that we should get up 
 
 early to (para) see it. 
 
SPRING 77 
 
 20. Yes, I am, st, que me gusta. 
 
 29. Render it vs. probable that the crop be (subjunctive). 
 
 33. Put "seem to be very merry" first. 
 
 35. is ready to be housed, estd para ( 512) almacenar. 
 
 36. Render the corn in (de) the field seems to promise much. 
 
 37. Render but I hope that the present, etc. 
 
 38. Render what is that strange noise ? (what = cual, 427). 
 
 43. Render it is said that the weather has been very dry in, etc. 
 
 44. in traveling, al viajar ( 1209). 
 
 47. felt : render we felt the air much, etc. 
 
 48. was most lovely, era de las mds divinas ( 578). 
 finer tint : plural in Spanish. 
 
 than, de las ( 542) que se dibujaban. 
 
 50. most delightful: render of the most delightful ( 578). 
 
 51. Render I suppose that the storm, etc. 
 kept: use imperfect subjunctive. 
 
 53. Render there was a terrible fall of hail, and I never remember 
 
 having heard thunder so loud. 
 
 54. were ... so much so that : render were so vivid that, etc. 
 
 55. Render I suppose that you have heard that. 
 
 Mr. B.'s . . . struck: render the lightning (el rayo) has fallen 
 
 on (en) the house of, etc. 
 58. the number of : render the many. 
 from lightning, causados por el rayo. 
 Render have made very general the use of the, etc. 
 
7$ A FIRE IN A WASHINGTON SUBURB 
 
 EXERCISE XIV 
 
 A FIRE IN A WASHINGTON SUBURB 
 
 WASHINGTON, Sunday, November 12, 1899. 
 
 I. My dear Jennie: 
 
 Thank you for sending such a nice 
 
 letter to jog the memory of your lazy correspondent. 2. 
 Instead of making excuses for my idleness, I will try to 
 return your kindness as well as I am able. 
 
 3. We had quite a scare last night. 4. There was a fire 
 real near here. 5. We were all sitting in the parlor, play- 
 ing cards, and Mrs. Allison had just said that it was time 
 to go to bed, when I heard what seemed like a very heavy 
 cart rattling past the door at full speed. 6. "What \que 
 cosa) can that be," cried I, "that comes driving along at 
 such a rate?" 7. "A fire-engine, I should imagine, by 
 the noise," replied Dr. Allison. "Come ! let's go out and 
 (a) see what is the matter." 8. We were down-stairs in 
 a jiffy, and we saw people running towards the corner, 
 where a considerable crowd had already collected. 9. 
 You will remember that I told you in one of my letters 
 that we are living at (en) Eckington, a suburb of the 
 capital (/.), and most of the houses are built of wood. 
 10. There is a law prohibiting the building of frame 
 houses within the city limits. 
 
 ii. When we got to the corner the firemen were un- 
 rolling the hose from the reel and policemen were stretch- 
 ing ropes to keep back the crowd (gente). 12. Soon, two 
 or three more engines and reeta came up at full gallop, 
 
A FIRE IN A WASHINGTON SUBURB 79 
 
 followed by (de) a hook-and-ladder truck. 13. We saw 
 the flames shining in an upper room of a large house near 
 the corner; they presently broke the windows and burst 
 out with great fury and a volume of smoke. 14. The 
 engines played upon them, but (mas) in vain; the fire 
 gained rapidly. 15. The courage and activity of the fire- 
 men were wonderful. 16. Some of them climbed up on 
 the roof and cut through the shingles with their axes and 
 then pointed the nozzles of the hose down into the burn- 
 ing mass beneath. 17. Others turned the hose upon the 
 neighboring houses and washed away the showers of 
 burning fragments of wood that fell upon them. 18. 
 Soon the whole building was in a blaze, and then the roof 
 fell in with a terrible- crash. 19. Two of trie firemen 
 narrowly escaped being crushed by (con) the fall of the 
 chimneys when the roof gave way. 20. They did escape, 
 however, and so did the whole family, and a good deal of 
 their furniture was saved ; but the house itself was burned 
 quite down. 21. The policemen were kept busy all the 
 time in (con) keeping back the crowd and protecting the 
 things that were brought out of the burning house and 
 those on each side of it. 22. In the midst of the blaze, 
 we saw some poor pigeons, which had been kept in the 
 garret, fluttering about in (con) great distress. 23. They 
 seemed so bewildered that we thought they would drop 
 into the flames ; and I think if they had been human crea- 
 tures, the people could hardly (casi no) have been more 
 anxious about them.' 24. It was impossible to do any- 
 thing for them ; but at last one of them flew away to the 
 eaves of a house on (de) the other side of the street; and 
 all the rest soon had sense enough to follow its example. 
 
8o A FIRE IN A WASHINGTON SUBURB 
 
 25. The neighboring houses were kept so wet that they 
 could not catch fire; although the heat cracked some of 
 the panes of glass and the water got in and damaged the 
 furniture and carpets. 26. In about an hour's time the 
 flames were pretty well got under ; and we returned home 
 to bed, but I could dream of nothing else all night long 
 than (que con) being burned alive. 
 
 27. We had intended to visit the zoological gardens 
 this afternoon, but in the morning the sky clouded over, 
 and now it looks as though it might rain at any moment. 
 28. Perhaps we shall have better luck next Sunday. 29. 
 The weather here is very changeable, and you never know 
 what it is going to do next. 30. Mrs. Allison says the 
 only safe way to do, if you are going to be out long, is to 
 take a mackintosh and a fan, and a winter wrap and an 
 umbrella. 
 
 31. Please give my love to your mother and sister, and 
 believe me as ever 
 
 Your sincere friend, 
 
 ANNA. 
 
 1. such . . . letter: render a letter so nice. 
 
 2. as well . . . able, del mejor modo posible. 
 
 5. time to, la hora de. 
 
 what seemed like, algo muy parecido d. 
 rattling past : render that passed rattling. 
 
 6. can ... be, sera ( 1196). 
 
 comes driving . . . rate, marcha con tantafuria. 
 
 7. I should imagine, creo yo. 
 
 what is the matter, lo que haya ( 894). 
 
 8. people: supply definite article. 
 
 running : infinitive in Spanish, and immediately follows the verb 
 "to see" ( 121 1). 
 
A FIRE IN A WASHINGTON SUBURB 8 1 
 
 9. a suburb : omit the article. 
 
 10. prohibiting the building of: render which prohibits to build. 
 
 11. Render from the reel the hose. 
 
 12. came up: put verb before its subjects. 
 
 13. shining: see note to the 8th sentence. 
 
 fury and: omit "and"; supply a gerund (arrojando). 
 
 1 6. hose: plural here in Spanish. 
 down into, hacia. 
 
 beneath, que tenian por debajo. 
 
 17. and washed : omit "and," and put the verb in the gerund. 
 
 1 8. soon: use d poco, as the final syllable of pronto would not be 
 
 euphoneous followed by the initial syllable of todo. 
 a terrible : omit the article. 
 
 19. two of the . . . escaped being, poco fait 6 para que dos bomberos 
 
 no fuesen. 
 
 20. and so did, lo mismo que. 
 
 was burned quite down : render was reduced to ashes. 
 
 21. were kept busy, tuvieron bastante que hacer. 
 those, las vecinas. 
 
 on each side of it, en ambos lados. 
 
 22. Render saw fluttering about in great distress some poor, etc. 
 
 (Infinitive after verb of seeing, 1211.) 
 had been kept = had lived. 
 
 24. to do anything for them : render to give them any help. 
 had sense enough = knew how to, supieron ( 1 1 79). 
 
 25. were kept: do not express "kept." 
 
 26. in about an hour's time, d eso de una hora. 
 return : use regresar. 
 
 to bed, para acostarnos. 
 
 all night long, en toda la noche: put this before the verb. 
 
 else: not expressed in Spanish. 
 
 being burned alive, el quemarme viva ( 1208). 
 
 27. as though, que. 
 29. Render is here. 
 
 you never know, no se sabe nunca. 
 
 it is going to do next, va d pasar despues. 
 
82 THROUGH THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN 
 
 30. the only ... to do, el unico modo seguro. 
 Out long, largo tiempo fuera. 
 
 to take, proveerse de. 
 winter, de invierno. 
 
 31. Render please (sirvase Vd) give to your mother and your sister 
 
 my love (la expresion de mi carino). 
 
 EXERCISE XV 
 
 THROUGH THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN 
 
 On board the SS. "Oriental" 
 Off Cape Virgins, 
 
 Thursday, September 7th, 1899. 
 i. My dear father: 
 
 We are now in sight of Dunganess 
 
 Point, the extremity of Cape Virgins, so named because 
 Magellan discovered it on the day on which the Catholic 
 Church celebrates the Feast of the Eleven Thousand Vir- 
 gins. 2. This Point, and the corresponding Catherine 
 Point of Cape Espiritu (m. 3.) Santo, form the eastern 
 portal of the famous straits discovered by Magellan in 
 1520. 3. Steamers bound for the Pacific Ocean gener- 
 ally prefer to take (seguir) this route rather than to 
 double Cape Horn, which is more worthy than its brother, 
 the Cape of Good Hope, to the title of "Cape of Storms." 
 4. Sailing vessels, however, are at a disadvantage here, 
 as the wind is interrupted or deflected by the high cliffs 
 that border the (este) narrow and winding passage. 5. 
 Its total length is not more than 376 miles, and the vessels 
 of greatest draught and burden find everywhere a suf- 
 
THROUGH THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN 83 
 
 ficient depth, a good bottom, numerous springs for water- 
 ing, rivers abounding in fish, woods rich in game, safe 
 and easy landing-places, and a thousand resources which 
 are lacking in Lemaire's Straits and on the terrible rocks 
 of Cape Horn, incessantly beaten by hurricanes and 
 storms. 
 
 6. I expect the passage of these Straits to be the most 
 interesting feature of the voyage, and I do not wish to 
 miss a single detail of the region towards which our prow 
 is now directed. 7. I can already distinguish the red 
 and white, pyramidal iron tower which marks Dunganess 
 Point, with (3;) Mount Denero in the background, and 
 (mientras que) to the south, like a half obliterated line on 
 (en) the horizon, lies the coast of Tierra del Fuego. 8. 
 I must abandon the pen for the field-glass and will record 
 my observations when I lay down the latter. 9. The 
 Quartermaster says that the passage will barely take 
 
 thirty-five hours. 
 
 * * * 
 
 10. After passing through the Capes we entered a spa- 
 cious basin, pear-shaped in form, whose shores are barren 
 and uninteresting; and it was not until we entered the 
 Narrows at the western end of the bay, after steaming at 
 least fifty miles, that we entered the Strait proper, n. 
 It is perhaps not generally known that the entire territory 
 on both sides of the Strait from the Atlantic to the Pa- 
 cific belongs to the Republic of Chile, in (de) which it 
 forms part of the territory of Magellan, the area (f. 3.) 
 of which is some 195,000 square kilometers (3). 12. 
 These Narrows are about ten miles long and not over two 
 in width. 13. Then we came out into St Philip's Bay, 
 
84 THROUGH THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN 
 
 much smaller than the one just mentioned, having to the 
 north the chain of peaks of Saint Gregory; and then, 
 passing between Cape Barranca and Low Point we found 
 ourselves in the Second Narrows, which are twelve miles 
 in length and about twice as wide as the first. 14. The 
 scenery began now to be wilder and the cliffs more pre- 
 cipitous. 15. After rounding Cape Gregory, at the west- 
 ern extremity of the narrows, we entered what is called 
 the Broad Reach. 16. Then the Straits widened between 
 granite masses of stupendous effect. 17. Immense 
 woods covered the slopes of the mountains that shut in 
 the view on both sides. 18. Seventy miles farther on we 
 left tq starboard the penal settlement of Punt a Arenas. 
 19. There appeared for a moment between the trees the 
 Chilean flag and the steeple of the church; towards the 
 southwest Mount Tarn loomed up to the height of 2,600 
 feet. 20. Night came on, preceded by a long twilight. 
 21. The light melted insensibly into new shades; the sky 
 became sprinkled with bright stars, and the Southern 
 Cross pointed out the direction of the South Pole. 22. 
 In the midst of that semi-darkness, by the light of those 
 stars which are unknown to the inhabitants of northern 
 climes, the steamer continued resolutely on its way. 23. 
 At times the tips of its yards touched the branches of the 
 antarctic beeches that overhung the waves, and at others 
 its screw churned the waters of large rivers, disturbing 
 wild ducks and other feathered denizens of these secluded 
 regions. 24. Then appeared ruins and heaps of fallen 
 stone to which the night imparted a romantic aspect, the 
 lamentable remains of an abandoned colony whose name 
 will protest eternally against the fertility of these coasts 
 
THRQUGH THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN 85 
 
 and the richness of these woods stocked with game. 25. 
 We were passing by Port Famine. 
 
 26. It was here that the Spaniard Sarmiento, with four 
 hundred emigrants, founded the town of San Felipe. 
 27. Rigorous cold decimated the colony, and hunger 
 made an end of those that the cold had spared. 28. The 
 English pirate Cavendish gave it its present sad name 
 when, in 1587, he found only eighteen of the four hundred 
 unfortunates, perishing of exhaustion amidst the ruins of 
 a city that had aged centuries in only six years of ex- 
 istence. 29. At day-break, the "Oriental" was steaming 
 through narrow passages, between forests of beeches, 
 ashes and birches, amidst which rose elevations covered 
 with vigorous holly trees and sharp-pointed pines. 30. 
 We passed by St. Nicholas Bay, called by Bougainville 
 "French Bay," and at a distance we saw numerous whales 
 disporting themselves, which must have been enormous 
 to judge by the water that they threw up, for it was vis- 
 ible at a distance of four miles. 31. We doubled finally 
 Cape Froward, which still bristled with the last icicles of 
 winter. 32. On the other side of the Strait, in Tierra 
 del Fuego, the two peaks of Mount Buckland and Mount 
 Sanniento cleft the clouds at the elevations of 4,100 and 
 7,200 feet above the sea level. 33. At (en) Cape Fro - 
 ward the American continent really ends, for Cape Horn 
 is nothing but an isolated rock projecting above (de) the 
 waves. 
 
 34. After this point is passed, the straits lie between 
 Brunswick Peninsula (f. 3.) and Desolation Island, a 
 large island stretched out between a thousand islets like 
 an enormous leviathan among a shoal of dolphins. 35. 
 
86 THROUGH THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN 
 
 What a difference between this shattered extremity of 
 America (f. 3.) and the sheer and well-marked points of 
 Africa (f. 3.) or India (f.) ! 36. What unknown cata- 
 clysm could have pulverized in such wise that immense 
 promontory cast amidst the oceans? 
 
 37. Then the fertile shores were followed by a succes- 
 sion of desolate coasts of wild appearance, ctit by the 
 thousand creeks and inlets of that interminable labyrinth. 
 38. The "Oriental" followed these turns and windings 
 without hesitation or mistake, mingling its clouds of 
 smoke with the torn mists of the mountains. 39. She 
 passed by, without diminishing her speed, some Chilean 
 factories established on these desolate shores. 40. Be- 
 yond Port Tamar the passage widened, and there the 
 steamer was able to command more room to round the 
 jagged coast of the numerous islets that lay to starboard, 
 and approached the south shore. 41. Thirty-two hours 
 after having entered the Straits we saw Cape Pillar loom- 
 ing up at (en) the extremity of Desolation Island. 42. 
 Before us stretched an immense open sea, gleaming in 
 (con) the sunlight, and, saluting it enthusiastically, I 
 felt no less excited than did Magellan himself when the 
 "Trinidad" first careened under the influence of the 
 winds of the Pacific. 
 
 i. Cape Virgins: all the ensuing geographical names, such as Cape 
 Horn, Catherine Point, Mount Denero, etc., require the definite 
 article. 
 
 the extremity: omit article before a noun in apposition ( 1349). 
 Magellan discovered : reverse the order. 
 3. rather than, en vez de, 
 which, el cual ( 687, 3). 
 storms : supply definite article. 
 
THROUGH THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN 87 
 
 4. here: put adverb of time immediately after its verb, 
 border : se levantan d los lados dc, 
 
 5. is not more than, no es de ( 353) mds que ( 543). 
 greatest . . . burden, mds calado y mayor porte. 
 watering : supply definite article. 
 
 hurricanes . . . storms : supply definite article in each case. 
 
 6. a single, ni un solo ( 752). 
 
 our prow: render the prow of the vessel; do not express 
 "now"; put verb before its subject. 
 
 7. red and white: render painted in (de) white and red. 
 to = towards. 
 
 8. for in order to take up. 
 
 when I lay down the latter, al cesar de usarlo ( 1209). 
 
 9. will barely take, ha de durar apenas ( 856). 
 
 10. pear-shaped in form: render of the form of a pear, 
 uninteresting, carecen de interes. 
 
 Render and we did not find ourselves in the strait proper 
 except (sind) after having gone at least fifty miles and entering 
 the Narrows, that are at, etc. 
 
 11. the entire = all the. 
 some, de unos ( 353, 376). 
 
 12. are: use tener ( 403). 
 
 not over . . . width: render its width does not exceed (no pas a 
 de) two miles. 
 
 13. the one just mentioned, la ya nombrada. 
 length : use longitud for sake of variety. 
 
 about twice as wide as, casi el doble de la anchura de. 
 
 14. the cliffs: supply a verb, se mostraban. 
 
 15. after rounding = after having rounded. 
 
 23. tips: singular in Spanish ( 1300). 
 that Overhung, inclinadas sobre. 
 at Others, con frecuencia. 
 
 large rivers . . . wild ducks: supply definite article in each 
 case. 
 
 24. heaps: supply algunos. 
 
 the night imparted : reverse the order. 
 
88 THROUGH THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN 
 
 26. it was here that, en aquel mismo punto fue donde. 
 
 27. rigorous cold : plural in Spanish. 
 
 the cold : use el invierno for sake of variety. 
 
 28. when, in 1587: render in 1587 when. 
 
 perishing of exhaustion, que perecian extenuados (bear in mind 
 that the gerund in Spanish has no adjective value). 
 
 30. we passed : understand "the Oriental" as subject. 
 
 we saw . . . disporting themselves, se vieron retozando ( 521, 
 
 818). 
 
 must have been, debian de ser ( 1005, REM., 1009). 
 for it, y que. 
 at a distance . . . miles : render at four miles of distance. 
 
 31. we doubled: see first note to 28th sentence. 
 
 Which still bristled with the, que erizaban aun los, etc. 
 
 33. ends: let verb precede its subject, 
 is nothing but, no es mas que. 
 projecting : see second note to 28th sentence. 
 
 34. after this point is passed, pasado este punto ( 1228-9). 
 lie, se pierde (for sake of variety). 
 
 between . . . among : use entre and en medio de as synonyms. 
 
 36. could have, pudo followed by infinitive ( 1032). 
 
 37. the fertile ... by a succession, sucedid d las playas ftrtiles una 
 
 serie. 
 
 38. without hesitation or mistake, sin vacilar ni equivocarse nunca 
 
 ( 751). 
 
 40. at Port . . . widened, pasado ( 1228) el Puerto Tamar ensanchose 
 
 ( 1370) el estrecho. 
 shore: plural in Spanish. 
 
 41. we saw . . . looming up, vimos destacarse, etc. ( 1211). 
 
 42. gleaming, que relucia (cf. second note to 28th sentence). 
 than did Magellan himself, que el mismo M. ( 657). 
 first, por primera vez: do not express "the influence of." 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 WORDS COMMON TO SPANISH AND ENGLISH 
 
 1. The English language being largely derived from 
 the Latin and Greek through the medium of one or other 
 of the Romance languages, a large number of words have 
 nearly, and in some cases exactly, the same form and 
 meaning in Spanish and English. 
 
 The differences, in the words here referred to, have a 
 certain regularity, the understanding of which will 
 greatly assist the learner. 
 
 2. The following orthographic peculiarities are to be 
 observed : 
 
 Spanish admits of no doubled consonants except rr, cc and, in a 
 few cases, nn, ( 19,) 11 not being regarded as a doubled letter, but 
 as the sign for a particular sound; hence college = colegio. And cc 
 occurs only before e and i ; hence accommodation = acomodaci6n. 
 
 The n of the prefixes in and con does not change to m before a 
 word beginning with m, as is the case in English and Latin; therefore 
 immersion = inmersi6n; immortal = inmortal; commotion = con- 
 moci6n. 
 
 Qu becomes cu : frequent = frecuente ; conseqiience = consecuen- 
 cia; adequate = adecuado. 
 
 The diphthongs ^ and ce become e : Casar = Csar ; diuresis = di6- 
 resis ; foetus = f eto ; oedema = edema. 
 
9 APPENDIX 
 
 Initial s, followed by a consonant, takes an e before it: sceptic 
 = esce"ptico ; squadron = escuadr6n ; spiral = espiral ; strict = es- 
 tricto. 
 
 3. The following modifications apply only to words 
 of Greek origin : 
 
 Y becomes i : typographic = tipOgrafico ; sympathy = simpatfa. 
 
 Ph becomes f : phonography = fonograffa; philosophic = filos6ficO. 
 
 Th and rh drop the h : thesis = tesis ; orthographic = ortografico ; 
 rheumatism = reumatismo ; rhapsody = rapsodia. 
 
 Initial pn, ps and pt drop the p : pneumatic = neumdtico J psalmist 
 == salmista ; pterocarpus = terocarpo ; Ptolemaic = tolemaico. 
 
 Ch becomes c (except before e and i, when it is represented by 
 qu): anachronism = anacronismo ; characteristic = caracteristico ; 
 chloroform = cloroformo; choleric = COle'rico. But, chelonian = que- 
 loniano ; chimera = quimera ; chiromancy = quiromancia. 
 
 4. The following is a list of the principal terminations 
 common to both languages, embracing, with proper atten- 
 tion to the above orthographic changes, over 5,000 Span- 
 ish words : 
 
 The accentuation is uniform throughout the entire class of 
 words formed with any given termination. Those indicated by an 
 asterisk (*) regularly bear the accent-mark on the antepenultimate syl- 
 lable. The remainder require none, unless one is shown on the ter- 
 mination or in the sample words. 
 
 NOUNS 
 
 GENDER OF 
 THE CLASS 
 
 /. ADE, becomes ada : brigada, parada. 
 
 m. AGE, " aje: equipaje, personaje. 
 
 m. AL, no change: canal, metal, coral. 
 
 m. ALT, adds o : asfalto, basalto, cobalto. 
 
 m. AN, " o : meridiano, veterano. 
 
 m. ANT, " e : instante, litigante. 
 
APPENDIX 9 1 
 
 GENDER OP 
 THE CLASS 
 
 m. ARIAN, becomes ario : centenario, unitario. 
 
 m. ATE, " ato : sulfato, carbonate, clorato. 
 
 m. ATOR, " ador : orador, regulador. 
 
 m. CE, " cio : palacio, precipicio, comercio. 
 
 m. *CLE, " culo : circulo, obstaculo. 
 
 m. CT, adds o : contacto, efecto, producto. 
 
 /. CY, becomes oia : aristocracia, potencia. 
 
 m. ENT, adds e : accidente, agente, regente. 
 
 m. GE, becomes gio : privilegio, vestigio. 
 
 m. *GEN, adds o : oxfgeno, nitr6geno. 
 
 m. *GRAPH, becomes grafo : aut6grafo, fon6grafo. 
 
 /. *ic, adds a : musica, 16gica, ret6rica. 
 
 m. ICE, becomes icio : edificio, servicio. 
 
 /. INE, " ina : doctrina, disciplina. 
 
 /. ION, (not preceded by t), no change: confusi6n, religi6n. 
 
 m. ISK, becomes isco : asterisco, basilisco. 
 
 m. ISM, adds o : despotismo, paganismo. 
 
 m. IST, " a : artista, dentista, florista. 
 
 m. ITE, becomes ito : granito, lignito, nitrito. 
 
 m. MENT, adds o : fragmento, monumento. 
 
 m. *METER, becomes metro : anem6metro, gas6metro. 
 
 /. MONY, " moiiia : ceremonia, parsimonia. 
 
 /. NCE, " noia : abundancia, violencia, provincia. 
 
 m. OID, adds e : alcaloide, celuloide, esferoide. 
 
 m. OR, no change : actor, horror, vapor. 
 
 /. OSE, becomes osa : glucosa, tuberosa. 
 
 m. OT, adds a : despota, patriota. 
 
 m. *PHONE, becomes fono : teldfono, xi!6fono. 
 
 m. RY, " rio : adversario, misterio, directorio. 
 
 m. SCOPE, " scopio : microscopio, telescopio. 
 
 /. sis, no change: crisis, sinopsis, tesis. 
 
 W" \ I^' ( become tro : centro. ministro, pilastro. 
 
 ( TREj ) 
 
 /. TION, becomes cion 1 : condici6n, naci6n. 
 
 1 So, also, when another termination is added to -tion; e.g.: diccio- 
 nario, proteccionista, sectional. 
 
92 APPENDIX 
 
 GENDER OF 
 THE CLASS 
 
 /. TUBE, becomes tud : multitud, solitud. 
 
 /. TY, (Latin fas), becomes dad : eternidad, sociedad. 
 
 m. *ULE, becomes ulo : cdpsulo, g!6bulo. 
 
 /. URE, " ura : figura, agricultura. 
 
 m. UM, " o : ateneo, museo, geranio, premio. 
 
 m. us, " o : aparato, censo, genio. 
 
 /. Y, (not otherwise provided for above), becomes ia : ana- 
 tomia, energfa, geografia, zoologia. 
 
 ADJECTIVES* 
 
 ACIOUS, becomes az : fugaz, sagaz, tenaz. 
 
 AL, no change: moral, central, natural. 
 
 AN, adds o : pagano, americano. 
 
 ANT, adds e : abundante, dominante. 
 
 AR, no change : circular, solar. 
 
 ARIOUS, becomes ario : vicario, precario. 
 
 ARY, " ario : ordinario, contrario. 
 
 ATE, " ado : duplicado, ornado. 
 
 BLE, no change: notable, noble, sensible, soluble. 
 
 CT, adds o : perf ecto, intacto. 
 
 ENSE, becomes enso : denso, inmenso. 
 
 ENT, adds e : evidente, prudente. 
 
 *EOUS, becomes eo : calcareo, err6neo, igneo. 
 *FEROUS, " fero : aurifero, carbonifero. 
 
 *ICAL 1 become ico : publico, satirico. 
 
 *ID, adds o : rdpido, s61ido. 
 
 ILE, becomes il : fragil, d6cil, fe*rtil. 
 
 INE, " ino : aquilino, felino. 
 
 ITE, " ito : definite, erudito. 
 
 IVE, " ivo : activo, decisive. 
 
 J The student need scarcely be told that it is only the masculine 
 singular of adjectives, and the infinitives of verbs, which are given 
 here. 
 
APPENDIX 93 
 
 LENT, adds o : violento, turbulento, virulento. 
 
 NAL, becomes no : diurno, eterno. 
 
 ocious, " oz : atroz, feroz, precoz. 
 
 ORY, " orio : preparatorio, satisfactorio. 
 
 OSE, " oso : jocoso, verbose. 
 
 ous, " oso : luminoso, monstruoso. 
 
 TIAL, " cial : substancial, potencial. 
 
 TIONAL, " cional : condicional, nacional. 
 
 UND, adds o : moribundo, rubicundo. 
 
 URE, becomes uro : puro, future. 
 
 VERBS 
 
 ATE, becomes ar : calcular, investigar. 
 
 FY, " ficar : fortificar, magnificar. 
 
 IZE, " izar : civilizar, organizar. 
 
 E. A great many verbs of this termination, which come 
 
 to us through the French, may be turned into Span- 
 ish by changing e to ar : determinar, curar, causar, 
 contmuar, admirar, combinar, imaginar, observar, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 REMARK. The student is cautioned against supposing that all 
 English words having the terminations above specified, can be turned 
 into Spanish by the respective changes indicated; or that all words 
 spelled alike in both languages have the same meaning ; e.g. : Spanish 
 pan (Latin panis) means bread; red (Latin rete), a net; moroso {from 
 Latin mora), dilatory. 
 
 5. Throughout the exercises in this work, words which 
 have the same form and meaning in both languages, or 
 which can be changed from one language to the other by 
 attention to the preceding directions, are printed in 
 italics, and are not to be sought in the Vocabulary. 
 
94 APPENDIX 
 
 6. The following special devices are employed : 
 
 a. When a Spanish noun is identical to the English, and belongs to 
 none of the classes in the list, its gender is indicated in parenthesis 
 after the English noun; thus: She has bought a dress of black merino 
 (/.); that is an excellent idea (/.). 
 
 b. The position of an accent-mark, required by identical words not 
 belonging to any of the classes, is indicated by a numeral in paren- 
 thesis, viz. (i) for final syllable, (2) for penultimate, and (3) for ante- 
 penultimate ; thus: Panama (f. i), condor (m. 2), peninsula (f. 3). 
 
 c. Verbs which do not come under any of the classes in the list, 
 when appearing in italics in the exercises, are to be understood as reg- 
 ular and of the first conjugation; thus exhort would become exhortar, 
 present, presentar,/^rw, formar, etc. 
 
 The orthographic peculiarities above enumerated ( 2-3) are 
 to be observed in all cases. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 ADJ. adjective, or word used 
 
 adjectively. 
 
 ADV. adverb. 
 
 com. commercial. 
 
 CONJ. conjunction 
 
 f. feminine. 
 
 ///. literal, literally. 
 
 naut. nautical. 
 
 m. masculine. 
 
 //. plural. 
 
 pp. past participle. 
 
 PREP, preposition. 
 
 s. substantive or noun. 
 
 sing, singular. 
 
 VA. active or transitive verb. 
 
 VN. neuter or intransitive verb. 
 
 (These are employed only when there would otherwise be danger 
 of mistaking the part of speech to which the English word belongs.) 
 
 A dash ( ) denotes the repetition of the English word; an initial 
 letter, the repetition of a Spanish word. 
 
 Fig. implies that a word is used in a figurative sense. 
 
 Spanish verbs preceded by an asterisk (*) are irregular. 
 
 Exceptional renderings are followed by the number (in parentheses) 
 of the Exercise and sentence in which the word occurs. 
 
 References to sections indicate where the usage of a Spanish word 
 is explained in the author's "Text-Book of Modern Spanish." 
 
 a, an, un (/. una). 
 
 abandon, VA., abandonar a ; dejar 
 
 (II,i5,8). 
 abandoned, PP., abandonado; 
 
 lie, mentira atroz. 
 abbey, la abadia. 
 abominably, horriblemente (II, 
 
 ii, 47)- 
 
 ability, la habilidad. 
 
 able : to be to, *poder. 
 
 abounding, abundante. 
 
 about, PREP., acerca de, sobre; 
 (followed by numeral} cerca de, 
 a cosa de; to talk , hablar 
 de. 
 
 above, PREP., sobre, encirna de. 
 
 97 
 
9 8 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 absence, la ausencia. 
 
 absolute, absolute. 
 
 academy, la academia. 
 
 accept, VA., aceptar. 
 
 access, el acceso. 
 
 accident, la desgracia; to meet 
 with an , *tener una d. 
 
 accompany, VA., acompanar. 
 
 according to, segun. 
 
 account, (narrative) el relate; on 
 of, a causa de ; to turn to , 
 hacer valer. 
 
 acquire, VA., *adquirir. 
 
 actor, el comediante, el actor. 
 
 actress, la comediante, la actriz. 
 
 address, VA., *dirigirse a. 
 
 adequate, adecuado. 
 
 adequately, debidamente. 
 
 adjourn, VA., suspender. 
 
 admiral, el almirante. 
 
 admit, VA., admitir. 
 
 advance, (Jig.} el adelanto; (for- 
 ward movement} el avance. 
 
 advance, VN., (Jig.} adelantar; 
 (mil.} *avanzar. 
 
 advancement, el adelanto. 
 
 advantage, la ventaja ; la oca- 
 sion (I, xvii, 14). 
 
 adventurer, el aventurero. 
 
 advice, los consejos (//.). 
 
 affair, el asunto. 
 
 afford, VA., proporcionar. 
 
 afraid, medroso; to be , temer 
 (II, xi, 7) ; to be of [noun], to 
 be to [infin.], *tener miedo de. 
 
 after, PREP., (position) tras, detras 
 de; (time) despues de. 
 
 afternoon, la tarde ; yesterday , 
 
 ayer por la t. 
 
 afterwards (time), despues. 
 against, contra, 
 age, la edad. 
 age, VN., *envejecer. 
 ago, ha ; months , meses ha ; 
 
 a short time , poco tiempo ha. 
 agree [to], VN., *convenir [en]. 
 agreeable, agradable. 
 agricultural, agricola. 
 aid, VA., ayudar. 
 air, el aire. 
 airy, airoso. 
 alarmed, con cuidado; not to 
 
 be , *estar sin c. 
 Albert, Alberto. 
 Aleutian, aleuto. 
 alive, vivo ; with, atestado de. 
 all, todo (-a, -os, -as) ; (objective, 
 
 meaning "everything"}, lo . . . 
 
 todo; at once, de sopeton; 
 
 not . . . at , no . . . de ningun 
 
 modo. 
 
 alligator, el caiman, 
 alloy, la liga. 
 almanac, el calendario. 
 almond, la almendra; shaped, 
 
 almendrado. 
 almost, casi. 
 alone, ADJ., solo, 
 along, PREP., a lo largo de. 
 already, ya. 
 also, tambien. 
 although, aunque. 
 altitude, la altura. 
 aluminum, el aluminio. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 99 
 
 always, siempre. 
 
 ambush, la emboscada; to go 
 
 into , ponerse en e. 
 amethyst, la ametista. 
 amid, amidst, PREP., entre, en 
 
 medio de. 
 among, entre. 
 ampere, el ampero. 
 amuse, VA., *divertir. 
 amusement, la diversion. 
 ancient, antiguo. 
 and, y ; (before i- and hi-) e. 
 angel, el angel, 
 anger, VA., enfadar. 
 angry, enf adado ; to get , enf a- 
 
 darse. 
 
 anguish, las angustias (//.). 
 annoy, VA., molestar. 
 annoyed, irritado. 
 another, otro (-a, -os, -as) ; one , 
 
 uno a o. ; with one , entre si. 
 answer, la contesta; to make 
 
 an , *dar c. 
 answer, VA., contestar a. 
 antarctic, antartico. 
 anthropologist, el antropologo. 
 anxious, ansioso ; to be about, 
 
 sufrir ansiedad por. 
 any, alguno (-a, -os, -as) ; (what- 
 
 *?wr)cualquiera,//. cualesquiera 
 
 (cualquier, cualesquier before 
 
 a noun)] (with negative) nin- 
 
 guno. 
 anywhere, en alguna parte ; (with 
 
 negative) en ninguna parte. 
 apartment (suite of rooms), el 
 
 apartamento. 
 
 appear, VN., *aparecer; (to seem) 
 *parecer. 
 
 appearance, el aspecto; to make 
 one's , *hacerse ver. 
 
 appetizing, apetitoso. 
 
 apple, la manzana. 
 
 apple-tree, el manzano. 
 
 apply, VA., aplicar. 
 
 approach, VA., (meaning" to bring 
 or put near to ") acercar ; , VN., 
 (meaning " to come or go near 
 to ") acercarse a. 
 
 appropriate, VA., apropriar; {legis- 
 lative act) votar. 
 
 aquiline, aguileno. 
 
 Arab, el arabe. 
 
 Arabic, arabe. 
 
 arbor, el emparrado. 
 
 arch, VA., arquear. 
 
 archer, el arquero. 
 
 arena, el amfiteatro. 
 
 arm, el brazo; (weapon) el arma 
 
 (/) 
 
 armor, la armadura. 
 
 army, el ejercito. 
 
 around, PREP., alrededor de; all 
 , al rededor suyo; us, a 
 nuestro rededor ; to go , *dar 
 la vuelta a. 
 
 arrange, VA., arreglar. 
 
 arrive, VN., llegar; to at a con- 
 clusion, alcanzar una conclu- 
 sion. 
 
 arise, VN., levantarse; *surgir. 
 
 arrow, la flecha. 
 
 art, el arte (/.). 
 
 Arthur, Arturo. 
 
100 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 article, el objeto. 
 
 artillery, la artilleria. 
 
 as, como; tal cual; (like) cual; 
 
 if, cual si ; ... , tan . . . 
 
 como ; "well , lo mismo que 
 
 (I, xvi, 2). 
 
 ascend, VA., VN., subir. 
 ascertain, VA., averiguar. 
 ash, el fresno. 
 ashamed, avergonzado; to be 
 
 [of, to], avergonzarse [de]. 
 ashes, la ceniza (sing.} ; to reduce 
 
 to , *reducir a cenizas. 
 ask, VA., *pedir. 
 assume, VA., *hacer (II, xi, 25). 
 assure, VA., asegurar. 
 astonished [at], sorpreso [de]. 
 astonishing, asombroso. 
 at, a, en ; last, por fin ; least, 
 
 por lo menos. 
 Atlantic, el Atlantico. 
 atmosphere, la atmosfera. 
 attack, VA., arremeter (II, ix, 7). 
 attain, VA., llegar a; *alcanzar; 
 
 lograr. 
 attend, VN., asistir; , VA., asis- 
 
 tir a. ' 
 
 attentively, con atencion. 
 attractive, simpatico. 
 attic, el desvan. 
 attitude, el ademan. 
 autumn, el otono. 
 autumnal, de otono. 
 avenue, la avenida. 
 avoid, VA., evitar. 
 awake, VA., *despertar; , VN., 
 
 *despertarse. 
 
 j awaken, VA., *despertar. 
 axe, el hacha (/.) ; battle , h. de 
 batalla. 
 
 babe, el nifio; el nene. 
 
 back, la espalda; of, PREP., 
 detras de. 
 
 background, el fondo. 
 
 backward, ADJ., atrasado. 
 
 bad, malo (apocopated to mal be- 
 fore masc. sing, noun); piirse, 
 bolsa flaca. 
 
 baker, el panadero. 
 
 balcony, el balcon. 
 
 ball, (dancing) el baile; masque- 
 rade , b. de mascaras ; room, 
 salon de baile. 
 
 balmy, embalsamado. 
 
 banana, la banana, el platano. 
 
 bank, (com.) el banco; (of river) 
 la margen. 
 
 banner, el estandarte. 
 
 bare, desnudo. 
 
 bargain, la compra muy barata. 
 
 bark, la corteza. 
 
 barley, la cebada. 
 
 barren, desnudo. 
 
 basin, (geog.) la bahia. 
 
 basis, la base. 
 
 basket, el canasto ; work, mim- 
 bres (m. pi.}. 
 
 batter, VA., mellar. 
 
 battle, la batalla. 
 
 bay, la bahia; French , B. de 
 los Franceses. 
 
 be, VN., *ser; *estar ( 131-144). 
 
 beach, la playa. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 101 
 
 bear, VA., *sostener; sufrir (II, 
 
 xiii, 33). 
 beard, la barba. 
 bearing, los ademanes (pi). 
 beat, VA., batir; (chastise) pegar; 
 
 (wind or wave) azotar. 
 beaten, PP., (metals] batido. 
 beautiful, bello; hermoso, lindo. 
 beauty, la belleza. 
 because, porque; (for) pues. 
 become, VN., *hacerse ; llegar a ser 
 
 (I, xx, i); *ponerse; cloudy, 
 
 nublarse. 
 bed, la cama; to put to , *acos- 
 
 tar ; to go to , *acostarse. 
 beech, el haya (/.). 
 beer, la cerveza. 
 before, ADV., antes; the day , 
 
 el di'a anterior; , PREP., (with 
 
 regard to time) antes de ; (place, 
 
 location] delante de. 
 beg, VA., *pedir [algo a alguien]. 
 begin, VA., *empezar; [to], VN., 
 
 *empezar [a], *comenzar [a] 
 
 (II, xi, 51) ; to be, llegar a ser. 
 behind, ADV., atras, detras; , 
 
 PREP., detras de. 
 believe, VA., *creer. 
 bell, (large) la campana; (small] 
 
 la campanilla; (of sleigh] el cas- 
 
 cabel. 
 
 belong, VN., *pertenecer. 
 beloved, amado. 
 below, ADV., abajo, debajo; , 
 
 PREP., debajo de. 
 bend, VA., encorvar; , VN., en- 
 
 corvarse. 
 
 beneath, ADV., por debajo; , 
 
 PREP., debajo de. 
 beneficial, ventajoso. 
 berry, la baya. 
 beryl, el berilio. 
 besides, ADV., ademas; , PREP., 
 
 ademas de. 
 best, mejor. 
 bestow, VA., *acordar. 
 better, mejor; it is , mas vale, 
 between, entre. 
 bewilder, VA., turbar. 
 bicycle, la bicicleta; on a , a b. 
 bill, (of bird] el pico; (in Con- 
 gress] el proyecto de ley. 
 birch, el abedul. 
 bird, el ave (/.); el pajaro. 
 birth, el nacimiento. 
 birthday, el cumpleafios. 
 biscuit, la galleta. 
 bite, VA., *morder. 
 black, negro. 
 blaze, VN., arder. 
 blaze, s., las llamas (pi.) ; to be in 
 
 a , estar en llamas. 
 blameless, intachable. 
 bleak, (unsheltered] desamparado ; 
 
 (cold) glacial; (wind) recio. 
 blind, ciego. 
 blind, VA., *cegar. 
 blood, la sangre. 
 blossom, la flor ; ftill , la plena 
 
 flor. 
 
 blow, el golpe. 
 blow, VN., soplar; *volar; /, 
 
 VN., *volar; , VA., hacer v. 
 blue, ADJ., azul; faint , azulado. 
 
102 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 bluish, azulado. 
 
 board, la tabla; on of, a bordo 
 
 de. 
 
 boat, el bote. 
 body, el cuerpo. 
 
 boil, VN., *hervir; VA., bacer h. 
 boiling, la ebulicion; point, el 
 
 punto de e. 
 bolt, el cerrojo. 
 bone, el hueso; collar , la clavi- 
 
 cula. 
 book, el libro; of reference, 1. 
 
 de consulta. 
 boot, la bota; black, el limpia- 
 
 botas. 
 
 booty, el botin. 
 bore, VA., (Jig.} aburrir; to be -ed, 
 
 aburrirse. 
 borrow, VA., tomar prestado; they 
 
 have -cd my cups, han tornado 
 
 prestadas mis tazas. 
 both, ambos (-as) ; of them, 
 
 ambos (-as) a dos, ellos (-as) 
 
 dos. 
 
 bottle, la botella. 
 bottom, el fondo. 
 boulevard, el bulevardo. 
 bow, (archery) el arco. 
 box, la cajita. 
 boy, el muchacho; (menial) el 
 
 mozo. 
 
 brace, el soporte; (coitple) el par. 
 bracing, (fig.) invigorante. 
 branch, (on a tree) la rama ; (fig.) 
 
 el ramo. 
 brave, valiente. 
 Brazil, el Brasil. 
 
 bread, el pan. 
 
 break : at the of day, al asomar 
 
 el dia. 
 break, VA., romper (PP. roto); 
 
 away from, VA., separar de; 
 
 away from, VN., separarse de; 
 
 out, VN., estallar. 
 breakfast, VN., *almorzar. 
 breaking, el rompimiento. 
 breaking, ADJ.: day, el alba 
 
 (/) 
 
 breathe, VA., respirar. 
 bridge, el puente. 
 brigand, el bandido. 
 bright, claro; vivo; reluciente. 
 brilliant, brillante. 
 bring, VA., *traer; out, sacar 
 
 (II, xiv, 21); to a boil, *hacer 
 
 hervir. 
 
 brisk, rapido. 
 Briton, el breton. 
 broad, (_fig.) extenso; brimmed, 
 
 de alas anchas; Reach, el 
 
 Canal Ancho. 
 broker, el corredor. 
 brook, el arroyo. 
 brother, el hermano. 
 brother-in-law, el cuiiado. 
 brow, la ceja. 
 brown, castafio, moreno. 
 brush, VA., acepillar. 
 build, VA., *construir; *erigir 
 
 (I, iii, 6); levantar (I, xix, 24). 
 building, el edificio. 
 bull, el toro; fight, la corrida 
 
 [de toros] ; fighter, el torero, 
 bullet, la bala. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 103 
 
 bumble-bee, el abejarron. 
 
 burden, (naut.) el porte. 
 
 burial, el entierro; place, la 
 sepultura. 
 
 burn, VN., arder; , VA,, quemar; 
 - the midnight oil, despabi- 
 lar. 
 
 burning, ADJ., incendiado (appl. 
 to building on fire). 
 
 burst, VN., estallar; , VA., hacer 
 estallar; out, salir. 
 
 bury, VA., *enterrar; sepultar. 
 
 business, los negocios (//.). 
 
 busy, ocupado. 
 
 busy, VA., ocupar; to be busied, 
 ocuparse (followed by gerund}. 
 
 but, CONJ., pero; (after negative 
 clause) sino. 
 
 butcher, el carnicero. 
 
 butter, la manteca; (Span. Amer- 
 ica) la mantequilla. 
 
 buy, VA., comprar. 
 
 by, por; de ( 1440 ); the fire- 
 side, cerca de la lumbre. 
 
 cabinet, (of ministers) el consejo. 
 
 cake, el bollo. 
 
 call, VA., llamar. 
 
 calm, s., la calma. 
 
 camel, el camello. 
 
 camp, el campo. 
 
 can, VN., *poder ( 1026-1032); 
 / not biit think, no puedo 
 menos de pensar ( 1033). 
 
 Canada, el Canada. 
 
 cannonade, VN., *hacer fuego. 
 
 Canterbury, Cantorberri. 
 
 cape, (clothing), la capa; (geog.) 
 
 el cabo; of Good Hope, el C. 
 
 de la Buena Esperanza; 
 
 Horn, el C. de Hornos; 
 
 Pillar, el C. de Pilares. 
 captain, el capitan. 
 card, la tarjeta; (playing ), el 
 
 naipe; to play -s, jugar a los 
 
 naipes. 
 care, (carefulness) el cuidado; 
 
 (worry) el pesar. 
 care, VN.: to for, *hacer caso 
 
 de ; to nothing for % no *hacer 
 
 caso de. 
 
 careen, VN., inclinarse. 
 careful, cuidadoso ; to be , cui- 
 
 darse. 
 
 carelessness, el descuido. 
 Caribbean Sea, el Mar Caribe. 
 carmine, el carmin. 
 carnation, el clavel. 
 carol, el trino. 
 carouse, VN.. jaranear. 
 carpenter, el carpintero. 
 carpet, la alfombra. 
 carpet, VA., alfombrar. 
 carriage, el coche. 
 carry, VA., llevar ; llevarse ; off, 
 
 llevarse ; out, llevar a cabo. 
 cast, VA., echar. 
 castle, el castillo. 
 cat, el gato. 
 
 cataclysm, el cataclismo. 
 catch, VA., *coger; fire, incen- 
 
 diarse. 
 
 Catherine, Catalina. 
 cattle, el ganado. 
 
104 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Caucasian, caucasico. 
 
 cause, la causa. 
 
 cause, VA., ocasionar. 
 
 cave, la caverna. 
 
 cease, VN., cesar (requires de be- 
 fore a dependent infinitive). 
 
 ceiling, el techo. 
 
 celebrated [for], celebre [por]. 
 
 cellar, el sotano. 
 
 centigrade, ADJ., centigrade. 
 
 central altar, el altar del cen- 
 tro. 
 
 century, el siglo. 
 
 certain, cierto. 
 
 Ceylon, Ceilan, (;.). 
 
 chair, la silla. 
 
 chance, la oportunidad. 
 
 change, el cambio. 
 
 change, VA., cambiar. 
 
 changeable, variable. 
 
 channel, el canal; la acequia 
 (II, x, n). 
 
 charm, VA., encantar. 
 
 charming, encantador. 
 
 cheek, la mejilla. 
 
 cheerfully, con alegria. 
 
 cheering, ADJ., alegre. 
 
 chemical, ADJ., quimico. 
 
 chief, ADJ., principal. 
 
 child, el nino. 
 
 Chilean, chileno. 
 
 chilly, fresco ; it is , hace f. 
 
 chimney, la chimenea. 
 
 chivalry, los caballeros (//.), (II, 
 x, 10). 
 
 Christmas, Pascuas (f. />/.) de 
 Navidad; Day, el dia de 
 
 Navidad ; at time, por Navi- 
 dad. 
 
 church, la iglesia. 
 churn, VA., (fig.} azotar. 
 circuit, el ambito. 
 citadel, la ciudadela. 
 citizen, el ciudadano. 
 city, la ciudad. 
 clam, el marisco. 
 claret, el vino tinto. 
 clash, s., el choque; el estruendo. 
 class, la clase; room (in a 
 
 school} la sala de c. ; (in a col- 
 
 lege} el aula (/.). 
 clay, la arcilla. 
 clear, ADJ., despejado; so very , 
 
 con tanta claridad. 
 clear up, VN., aclararse. 
 cleave, VA., *hender. 
 clerk, el dependiente. Q/&WMA 
 cliff, el despenadero; el penasco 
 
 (II, xv, 14). 
 climate, el clima. 
 climb, VN., trepar; up on, 
 
 subirse a. 
 clime, el clima. 
 close, s., el fin; to draw to a , 
 
 tocar a su f. 
 
 close, ADJ., estrecho; inmediato. 
 close, VA., cerrar. 
 close to, PREP., cerca de. 
 clothe [/'], VA., *vestir [de]. 
 Clothes, la ropa (sing.} 
 clothing, la ropa. 
 cloud, la nube; (of smoke} el tor- 
 
 bellino. 
 cloud over, VN., nublarse. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 105 
 
 cloudy, nublado; to become , 
 
 nublarse. 
 
 club, el casino; el circulo. 
 clumsy, tosco. 
 cluster, VA., agrupar ; , VN., agru- 
 
 parse. 
 
 coach, el coche. 
 coachman, el cochero. 
 coal, el carbon, 
 coast, la costa. 
 coffee, el cafe. 
 coin, la moneda. 
 cold, el frio. 
 COld, ADJ., frio; I am [very] cold, 
 
 tengo [mucho] frio; it (i.e. the 
 
 weather) is \yery\ cold, hace 
 
 mucho frio ; it is as as, hace 
 
 tanto f. como. 
 colder, mas frio; to get , hacer 
 
 mas f. 
 collar, el cuello ; bone, la clavi- 
 
 cula. 
 
 collation, la colacion. 
 collect, VA., *recoger; VN., 
 
 agruparse. 
 college, el colegio. 
 collision, el cheque. 
 colonnade, la columnata. 
 colony, la colonia. 
 colorless, sin color. 
 comb, el peine. 
 come, VN., *venir; (arrive) llegar; 
 
 *salir (I, xxiv, 45) ; ! \ vamos ! 
 
 into, entrar en; on, *acer- 
 
 carse, *venir (II, xv, 20) ; on 
 
 again, *estar para volver otra 
 
 vez; out, *salir. 
 
 comedy, la comedia. 
 comfortable, comodo. 
 coming, s., la llegada. 
 command, s., el mando. 
 command, VA., mandar; *dispo- 
 
 ner de (II, xv, 40) ; -ed by, bajo 
 
 el mando de. 
 common, ADJ., comun. 
 companion, el companero. 
 company, la compania. 
 competition, la competencia. 
 complain, VN., quejarse. 
 complete, ADJ., complete. 
 complete, VA., terminar; acabar 
 
 (I, xxii. 30). 
 
 completely, por complete. 
 complexion, la tez. 
 compose, VA., *componer ; {poetry) 
 
 *hacer. 
 
 conceive, VA. coacebir. 
 conception, la concepcion ; beyond 
 
 the of, inconcebible a. 
 concert, el concierto. 
 condensing, s., la condensacion. 
 condition, (when not in italics] el 
 
 estado. 
 
 condor, el condor. 
 conduct, la conducta. 
 conduct, VA., *conducir; busi- 
 ness, *hacer los negocios. 
 confess, VA., *confesar. 
 congeal, VA., congelar; , VN., 
 
 congelarse. 
 
 Congress, el congreso. 
 connect, VA., enlazar; unir. 
 conquer, VA., conquistar. 
 consignment, la consignation. 
 
io6 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 conspiracy, la conjuracion. 
 conspirator, el conjurador. 
 construct, VA., *construir. 
 consumer, el consumidor, la con- 
 
 sumidora. 
 
 contain, VA., *contener. 
 contented, contento ; to be with, 
 
 contentarse [con]. 
 continue, VA., VN., continuar; - 
 
 on one's way, seguir su camino. 
 contract, VA., *contraer; , VN., 
 
 contraerse. 
 
 contrast [to], el contraste [con]. 
 convert [into], VA., *convertir [en]. 
 convict, s., el presidiario. 
 cook, el cocinero, la cocinera. 
 cool, fresco. 
 coolness, la frescura. 
 copper, el cobre; colored, de 
 
 color cobrizo. 
 copy, VA., copiar. 
 Cordova, Cordoba (/.). 
 corn, (maize) el mai'z; Indian , 
 
 el mafz. 
 corner, (salient angle) la esquina; 
 
 (re-entrant angle) el rincon. 
 cornice, la cornisa. 
 Cornwall, Cornualla (/.). 
 corpse, el cadaver. 
 correspondent, el corresponsal, la 
 
 corresponsal. 
 
 corresponding, correspondiente. 
 cotton, el algodon. 
 count, el conde. 
 countess, la condesa. 
 countless, innumerable. 
 country, (in its political aspect) 
 
 el pais ; (in contradistinction to 
 
 "city") el campo; (one's native 
 
 land) la patria. 
 country house, la quinta. 
 courage, el valor; to have the 
 
 to, tener el v. de. 
 course, el curso; of , por su- 
 
 puesto. 
 court, (open space) el patio; (of 
 
 sovereign) la corte. 
 courteous, ADJ., cortes. 
 courtship, el cortejo. 
 cousin, el primo, la prima. 
 cover [with], VA., cubrir [de]; 
 
 ocultar (II, xv, 17). 
 covered [with], cubierto [de]. 
 crack, VA., *quebrar. 
 crash, el estruendo. 
 cravat, la corbata. 
 crawl, VN., arrastrarse; around, 
 
 a. alrededor de. 
 creek, el abra (/.). 
 creep, VN., arrastrarse. 
 crew, la tripulacion. 
 cripple, VA., derrengar. 
 crocus, el azafran. 
 crop, la cosecha. 
 cross, la cruz; the southern , la 
 
 c. del sur. 
 
 cross, VA., *atravesar ; on horse- 
 back, a. a caballo. 
 cross, (ill-humored) bravo, 
 crowd, el gentio. 
 crown, la corona, 
 crown [with], VA., coronar [de]. 
 cruiser, el crucero. 
 crush, VA., estropiar. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 107 
 
 cry, el grito ; battle , g. de ba- 
 talla. 
 
 cry, VN., (exclaim) llamar. 
 
 crystalline, cristalino. 
 
 crystallization, la cristalizacion. 
 
 crystallize, VA., cristalizar. 
 
 cuckoo, el cuclillo. 
 
 cultivation, el cultivo. 
 
 cup, la taza. 
 
 Cupid, Cupido. 
 
 curl, el rizo. 
 
 curly, rizado. 
 
 currant, la grosella. 
 
 current, la corriente. 
 
 curtain, la cortina. 
 
 curved, curvo. 
 
 custom, la costumbre. 
 
 customary, acostumbrado ; it is 
 , es costumbre. 
 
 cut, VA., cortar ; trazar (II, xi, 25) ; 
 entrecortar (II, xv, 37) ; a 
 canal, construir un canal; 
 down, tumbar; off, cortar; 
 through, cortar. 
 
 dagger, la daga. 
 
 damage, el dano. 
 
 damage, VA., danar; echar a per- 
 
 der (II, xiv, 25). 
 dance, VN., bailar. 
 dancing, el baile. 
 danger, el peligro. 
 dangerous, peligroso. 
 daring, ADJ., atrevido. 
 dark, oscuro. 
 darkness, la oscuridad. 
 darling, ADJ., querido. 
 
 dash, VA., lanzar; , VN., lan- 
 
 zarse; precipitarse (II, vi, 15). 
 daughter, la hija. 
 dawn, la alborada. 
 dawn, VN., amanecer; romperse 
 
 (I, xiii, 9). 
 day, el dia ; at the break of , al 
 
 asomar el d. ; breaking , el 
 
 alba (f.) ; in the old s, en lo 
 
 pasado. 
 daybreak : at , al amanecer ; al 
 
 rayar el alba (II, xv, 29). 
 daylight, la luz matutina. 
 daytime : in the , de dia. 
 dazzle, VA., deslumbrar. 
 dazzling, deslumbrador. 
 dead, muerto; men, muertos; 
 
 he is , ha muerto. 
 deadly, mortal. 
 deal : a good [<?/"], mucho (-a, 
 
 -os, -as) ; a great of, mucho ; 
 
 muchisimo. 
 dean, el decano. 
 dear, querido. 
 death, la muerte ; to whip to , 
 
 matar a latigazos. 
 decay, VN., *decaer. 
 deceive, VA., enganar. 
 December, el diciembre. 
 decide, VA., decidir; [#?], VN. 
 
 decidirse [a]. 
 decided, decidido. 
 decimate, VA., diezmar. 
 decomposed, descompuesto. 
 deer, el ciervo. 
 deep, hondo, profundo. 
 defeat, VA., derrotar. 
 
io8 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 defence, la defensa. 
 
 defile, VA., ensuciar. 
 
 defined, marcado. 
 
 deflect, VA., desviar. 
 
 defy, VA., desafiar. [poco. 
 
 degree, el grado; by s, poco a 
 
 dell, la canada. 
 
 delight, el deleite. 
 
 delight, VA., deleitar. 
 
 delightful, delicioso ; agradable 
 
 (II, xii, 34). 
 deliver, VA., librar ; one's self of, 
 
 desembucharse de. 
 denizen, el habitante. 
 Denmark, Dinamarca (/.). 
 deny, VA., *negar. 
 departure, la partida. 
 depend [/<?], VN., depender [de]. 
 deposit, el deposito. 
 deprive [of], VA., privar [de] ; qui- 
 
 tar [algo a alguien]. 
 depth, la hondura; (naiit.) el fon- 
 
 deadero ; s, las prof undidades. 
 depute [fo], VA., diputar [para]. 
 descend, VA., bajar; , VN., *des- 
 
 cender. 
 
 descent, el descenso. 
 desert, el desierto. 
 deserted, desierto. 
 deserve, VA., *merecer. 
 desire, el deseo; to have a to 
 
 [in/in.], tener ganas de. 
 desire, VA., desear. 
 desolate, desolado; desnudo (II, 
 
 xv, 37). 
 
 despairing, desesperado. 
 despatch, VA., despachar. 
 
 despise, VA., despreciar. 
 
 detachment, el destacamento. 
 
 detail, el pormenor. 
 
 de trop, ADV., demas. 
 
 development, el desarrollo. 
 
 devour, VA., devorar. 
 
 dew, el rocio. 
 
 diadem, la diadema. 
 
 diamond, el diamante; field, 
 el campo diamantifero. 
 
 die, VN., morir. 
 
 differ, VN., *diferir; diferenciarse. 
 
 difficult, dificil. 
 
 difficulty, la dificultad. 
 
 dig, VA., cavar. 
 
 dim, VA., enturbiar. 
 
 diminish, VA., *disminuir; amen- 
 guar (II, xv, 39). 
 
 din, el estruendo. 
 
 dine, VN., comer. 
 
 dinner, la comida ; to take , co- 
 mer. 
 
 direct, VA., dirigir; encarar (II, 
 xv, 6). 
 
 direction, el camino (II, xv, 21). 
 
 dirty, sucio. 
 
 disadvantage, la desventaja; to 
 be at a , llevar la d. 
 
 disagreeable, desagradable. 
 
 disappear, VN., *desaparecer. 
 
 disappointment, el contratiempo. 
 
 discant, VN., discurrir. 
 
 discharge, VA., *despedir. 
 
 discontent, el descontento. 
 
 discontented, descontento. 
 
 discover, VA., descubrir (PP. des- 
 cubierto). 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 109 
 
 discreet, discrete. 
 
 disembark, VA., desembarcar; , 
 
 VN., desembarcarse. 
 disguise, VA., disfrazar. 
 dish, (platter} el platon; (deep 
 
 dish] la fuente. 
 dismal, lugubre. 
 displease, VA., disgustar. 
 disport one's self, VN., retozar. 
 disposal : to have at one's , tener 
 
 disponible. 
 
 disposition, la mdole. 
 distance : at a , in the , a lo 
 
 lejos. 
 
 distant, lejano. 
 distinctive, distinto. 
 distinguish, VA., distinguir. 
 distinguished, distinguido. 
 distress, la angustia. 
 distribute, VA., *distribuir. 
 disturb, VA., molestar ; *despertar 
 
 (II, xv, 23). 
 ditch, el foso. 
 
 divide [into], VA., dividir [en], 
 do, VA., *hacer; ivithout, pa- 
 
 sarse sin. 
 dog, el perro. 
 dollar, el duro ; (Spanish America) 
 
 el peso. 
 
 dolphin, el delfin. 
 dome, la cupula. 
 door, la puerta. 
 double, VA., doblar. 
 doubt, la duda. 
 doubt, VA., dudar; dudar de. 
 downstairs, abajo. 
 drape, VA., arropar. 
 
 draught, la corriente de aire; 
 
 (naut.} el calado. 
 draw, VA., (picture] dibujar ; (pull] 
 
 tirar de; up, (mil.} alinear; 
 
 to the curtains, tirar las cor- 
 
 tinas; , VN., to a (or its) close, 
 
 tocar a su fin; aproximarse a su 
 
 fin (II, vi, 17). 
 drawn, (curtains) puesto. 
 dreaded, formidable. 
 dream, el sueno. 
 dream \of~\, VN., *soiiar [con]. 
 dreamy, sonoliento. 
 dress, el traje; (child's} el ves- 
 
 tido. 
 
 drink, VA., bebenj" 
 drive, s., el paseo [en coche]; 
 
 to take a , dar un paseo ; to go 
 
 out for a , *salir a paseo. 
 drive, VN., pasearse [en coche]; 
 - around, dar la vuelta [en 
 
 coche] a; along, pasar por 
 
 aqui (II, xiv, 6); to go out to 
 
 , *salir a paseo. 
 driver, el conductor; (coachman} 
 
 el cochero. 
 drop, la gota. 
 drop, VN., *caer; precipitarse (II, 
 
 xiv, 23). 
 drown, VA., ahogar; , VN., aho- 
 
 garse. 
 
 Druid, el Druido. 
 dry, seco. 
 
 dry, VA., secar; , VN., secarse. 
 duchy, el ducado. 
 duck, el anade; wild , a. sil- 
 
 vestre. 
 
no 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 due, ADJ., debido. 
 
 duke, el duque. 
 
 during, durante. 
 
 dusky, moreno. 
 
 dust, el polvo. 
 
 dusty, polvoriento; it is , hay 
 
 polvo. 
 duty, el deber; to do one's , 
 
 cumplir con su d. 
 
 each, cada; (when not followed 
 by noun] cada uno, cada cual; 
 other, el uno al otro. 
 
 eager, anheloso. 
 
 ear, la oreja; (hearing) el oido. 
 
 early, temprano; primitivo (-a, 
 -os, -as) (II, ii, 2) ; the morn- 
 ing, la mafiana temprana. 
 
 earring, el zarcillo. 
 
 earth, la tierra. 
 
 earthquake, el terremoto. 
 
 easily, facilmente; con mucha 
 facilidad. 
 
 eastern, oriental. 
 
 easy, facil. 
 
 eat, VA., comer. 
 
 eaves, el socarren (sing.). 
 
 eccentric, singular. 
 
 echo, la reverberacion. 
 
 editor, el redactor. 
 
 Edward, Eduardo. 
 
 effect, verificar ; to be ed, verifi- 
 carse. 
 
 efficient, efectivo. 
 
 effort, el esfuerzo. 
 
 Egypt, Egipto (m.). 
 
 eight, ocho. 
 
 eighteen, dieciocho. 
 eighty, ochenta. 
 electrician, el electricista. 
 elegant, gracioso (II, xi, 25). 
 elevation, la altura; ia loma (II, 
 
 xv, 29). 
 eleven, once. 
 Emanuel, Manuel, 
 embarrass, VA., embarazar. 
 emblem, el emblema. 
 emerald, la esmeralda. 
 emerge, VN., *salir. 
 emigrant, el emigrado. 
 Emma, Manola. 
 emperor, el emperador. 
 empire, el imperio. 
 employe", el empleado. 
 employ [for}, VA., emplear [como]. 
 enamelled, esmaltado. 
 enchanting, encantador. 
 encompass [with], VA., cercar [de]. 
 encounter, VA., *encontrarse con 
 
 (II, v, 2i). 
 end, el ultimo; in the , al fin; 
 
 to be at an , *concluirse; make 
 
 an of, acabar con. 
 end, VN., terminar. 
 endeavor, VN., procurar. 
 endure, VA., sufrir. 
 enemy, el enemigo. 
 engine, la maquina; fire , la 
 
 bomba. 
 
 engineer, el ingeniero. 
 England, la Inglaterra. 
 English, ingles (/. inglesa). 
 enhance, VA., *hacer resaltar. 
 enjoy, VA., gozar de. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 in 
 
 enormous, enorme. 
 
 enough, ADJ., bastante ; more than 
 
 , sobrado. 
 
 enrich, VA., *enriquecer. 
 enter, VA., entrar en; internarse 
 
 en (II, xv, 10). 
 
 enthusiastically, con entusiasmo. 
 entire, entero ; todo (-a, -os, -as). 
 entirely, por complete, 
 entreat, VA., suplicar. 
 equal, ADJ., igual. 
 equestrian, ADJ., ecuestre. 
 escape, s., (of prisoners) evasion. 
 escape, VN., escapar; escaparse. 
 essay, el ensayo. 
 establish, VA., *establecer. 
 esteem, s., aprecio. 
 esteem, VA., apreciar ; to little, 
 
 a. en poco. 
 etc., etcetera, etc. 
 eternal, eterno. 
 Ethiopian, el etiopico. 
 Europe, Europa (/.). 
 European, europeo. 
 even, aim; not , ni aun; 
 
 though, aun cuando. 
 evening, la noche. 
 event, el acontecimiento. 
 every, todo, todos los, cada; 
 
 day, todos los dias ; - - one, 
 
 todo el mundo. 
 
 everybody, todos, todo el mundo. 
 everything, todo. 
 everywhere, en todas partes, por 
 
 todas partes. 
 example, el ejemplo. 
 exceeding, sumo (I, xvi, 14). 
 
 exceedingly, extremadamente. 
 excellency, la excelencia. 
 excellent, excelente. 
 except, excepto; salvo; sino ; 
 
 not . . . , no ... sino. 
 exchange, (Stock and Produce) la 
 
 Bolsa. 
 
 excited, conmovido. 
 excursion, el paseo. 
 excuse, la excusa; to make s, 
 
 *dar excusas. 
 
 exercise, el tema; el ejercicio. 
 exhaust [on], VA., prodigar [a] 
 
 (II, x, ii). 
 
 exhibit, VA., exhibir ; *demostrar. 
 expand, VA., dilatar; , VN., dila- 
 
 tarse. 
 
 expect, VA., esperar. 
 expectant, esperante. 
 expel, VA., expulsar. 
 expense, el gasto. 
 explorer, el explorador. 
 expose, VA., *exponerx 
 extend, VA., *exi^nder; , VN., 
 
 *extenderse. 
 extent, la extension. 
 extreme, extremo; extremado. 
 extremely, extremadamente ; muy. 
 eye, el ojo. 
 
 face, la cara; el rostro (II, vii, 15). 
 
 fact, el hecho. 
 
 factory, la f abrica ; (trading post} 
 
 la factoria. 
 fail \to\ VN., dejar [de]; ser arrui- 
 
 nado (II, xii, 12). 
 faint, palido ; blue, azulado. 
 
112 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 fair, s., la feria. 
 
 fair, ADJ., rubio; (meaning" beauti- 
 ful") Undo, 
 fairy, el hada (/.). 
 faithful, leal. 
 fall, la caida. . 
 fall, VN., *caer; arrojarse (II, iii, 
 
 9); down, in, *caer; - 
 
 upon, c. sobre. 
 fallen : heap of stones, el der- 
 
 rumbamiento. 
 
 family, la familia. [Hambre. 
 
 famine: Port , el Puerto de 
 fan, el abanico. 
 
 far, ADV., lejos; as as, hasta. 
 farm, la hacienda ; la granja. 
 farmer, el granjero; el estan- 
 
 ciero; el labrador. 
 farther on, mas alia, 
 fascinating, fascinador. 
 fast, ligero (II, xii, 28). 
 fasten down, VA., *cerrar. 
 fate, el hado. 
 father, el padre. 
 Faust, Fausto. 
 favored, favorecido de la natura- 
 
 leza (II, x, 3). 
 fear, el miedo; el temor; for 
 
 that, por miedo de que (followed 
 
 by subjunct.). 
 fear, VA., temer. 
 feast, la fiesta ; (court function) 
 
 el besamanos. 
 feather, la pluma. 
 feathered, plumado. 
 feature, la faccion; el particular 
 
 (II, xv, 6). 
 
 February, el febrero. 
 
 feel, VA., *sentir ; , VN., *sentirse. 
 
 feeling, el sentimiento. 
 
 fern, el helecho. 
 
 fertile, feraz. 
 
 fetter, VA., encadenar. 
 
 few, pocos (-as); a , algunos 
 
 (-as) ; unos cuantos. 
 field, el campo; grain , c. gra- 
 
 nero; diamond , c. diaman- 
 
 tifero. 
 
 field-glass, el binoculo. 
 fifty, cincuenta. 
 fight, s., la pelea. 
 fight, VN., pelear; luchar (II, 
 
 viii, 10). 
 
 figure, la forma, 
 filch, VA., hurtar. 
 fill [with], VA., llenar [de]. 
 finally, por fin. 
 find, VA., hallar; *encontrar. 
 fine (weather), hermoso; bonito 
 
 (II, xi, 18); bueno (II, xii, 29); 
 
 delicioso (I, xx, 17). 
 finish, VA., (conclude) *concluir; 
 
 (complete) terminar; (use up) 
 
 acabar. 
 
 finished, acabado. 
 fire, el fuego; (for warmth) la 
 
 lumbre ; (conflagration) el incen- 
 
 dio; to catch , incendiarse; 
 
 on , incendiado. 
 fire-engine, la bomba de incen- 
 
 dios. 
 
 fireman, el bombero. 
 fireside: by the , cerca de la 
 
 lumbre. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 firing, la descarga. 
 
 firmly, firme (I, xxiv, 14). 
 
 first, primero (apocopated to pri- 
 mer before masculine noitn) ; an- 
 terior (II, xv, 13); at , al 
 principle. 
 
 fish, (in the -water) el pez; (as an 
 article of food} el pescado; la 
 pesca (II, xv, 5). 
 
 fish, VA., VN., pescar. 
 
 fit : to see to, dignarse. 
 
 five, cinco; it is o'clock, son 
 las cinco. 
 
 fixed, fijo. 
 
 fixture, el aparato. 
 
 flag, la bandera; el pabellon (II, 
 xv, 19). 
 
 flake, el copo. 
 
 flame, la llama. 
 
 flamingo, el flamenco. 
 
 flannel, la franela. 
 
 flash, VN., brillar. 
 
 flat, chato. 
 
 flaw, el defecto. 
 
 flesh, la carne. 
 
 flight, el vuelo. 
 
 flock, (birds') la bandada; (sheep] 
 el rebafio. 
 
 flock, VN., concurrir. 
 
 Florida, la Florida. 
 
 florist, el floricultor. 
 
 flour, la harina. 
 
 flow, VN., *fluir. 
 
 flower, la flor. 
 
 flowing, (hair) suelto. 
 
 fluid, s., el fluido; , ADJ., fluido. 
 
 flutter, VN., agitarse. 
 
 fly, la mosca. 
 
 fly, VN., *volar; away, *volar; 
 
 *volarse. 
 flying, volante. 
 foaming, espumoso. 
 fog, la niebla. 
 foggy, nebuloso. 
 foliage, el follaje. 
 follow, VA., *seguir. 
 following, siguiente. 
 fond: / am fond of . . ., me 
 
 gusta . . . ; are you of . . .? 
 
 <le gusta a Vd ? ( 1165); 
 
 to be [very] of, tener [mucha] 
 
 aficion a ; I am passionately of, 
 
 estoy sumamente aficionado a. 
 fondly, carinosamente. 
 food, el alimento; la comida (II, 
 
 ii, 8). 
 foot, el pie; on , a pie; to set 
 
 , poner el p. 
 for, PREP., para ( 504-513); por 
 
 ( 490-503) ; , CONJ., (because) 
 
 porque, pues; puesto que. 
 force, las fuerzas (//.) (II, ix, 5). 
 forced, obligado. 
 foreboding, el presagio. 
 forehead, la f rente. 
 foreigner, el extranjero. 
 foreman, el capataz. 
 forest, el bosque; (unbroken) la 
 
 selva. 
 
 forever, para siempre. 
 forget, VA., olvidar. 
 form, s., la forma. 
 form, VA., formar; (a conspiracy) 
 
 tramar, maquinar, 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 former, anterior; antiguo (II, vii, 
 12); the , el primero (II, 
 
 V, 12). 
 
 formerly, antiguamente (II, iv, i). 
 fortune, (chance) la fortuna; 
 
 (property) el caudal. 
 forty, cuarenta. 
 forward, ADV., adelante. 
 found, VA., *establecer. 
 foundation, el fundamento. 
 fountain, la f uente. 
 four, cuatro ; on all s, a gatas. 
 four-hundred, cuatrocientos. 
 fox, la zorra. 
 fragrant, f ragante. 
 fragment: of wood, la astilla 
 
 (II, xiv, 17). 
 frame: house, la casa de ma- 
 
 dera. 
 
 France, la Francia. 
 freeze, VA., *helar, congelar; , 
 
 VN., *helar; it is ing, hiela. 
 freezing : at a temperature, de 
 
 la temperatura de congelacion; 
 
 point, el punto de congela- 
 cion. 
 French, frances (f. f rancesa) ; 
 
 Bay, la bahia de los franceses. 
 frequently, f recuentemente ; con 
 
 frecuencia. 
 
 fresh, fresco; adicional (I, xv, 18). 
 freshet, el desborde; la avenida 
 
 (I, xxii, n). 
 Friday, el viernes. 
 friend, el amigo. 
 frightened, lleno de espanto. 
 frightful, espantoso; horrendo. 
 
 frog, la rana. 
 
 from, de; desde; . . . to, 
 
 desde . . . hasta, de . . . a. 
 front: in of, delante de; to 
 
 , frente a frente. 
 frontier, la frontera. 
 frost, la helada ; la escarcha. 
 frowning, sombrio. 
 frozen, helado; to be to some- 
 thing, estar pegado a algo. 
 fruit, la fruta; (in quantities) las 
 
 frutas (pi-); tree, el arbol 
 
 frutal. 
 
 fuel, el combustible, 
 fulfilment, el cumplimiento. 
 full, lleno; at gallop, a todo 
 
 escape. 
 
 function, la f uncion. 
 fur, la piel. 
 furnish, VA., proporcionar ; (a 
 
 room or house) amueblar. 
 furniture, los muebles (//.). 
 further, mas (I, xxii, 17). 
 fury, la furia. 
 futurity, lo future (.). 
 
 gain, VN., (fire) *extenderse. 
 gale, el viento; la tormenta. 
 gallery, la galeria. 
 gallop, el galope ; at full , a 
 
 todo escape. 
 
 game, (hunting) la caza. 
 gaming, el juego. 
 garden, el jardin. 
 garment, el vestido. 
 garnet, el granate. 
 garret, el desvan. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 gather, VA., (crops) recoger; unir 
 (II, ix, 1 6). 
 
 general -in -chief, el generali- 
 simo. 
 
 generally, generalmente ; por lo 
 general. 
 
 genii, los genios (//.). 
 
 gentleman, el caballero. 
 
 Germany, la Alemania. 
 
 German, aleman (/. alemana). 
 
 get, VA., *adquirir; , VN., llegar 
 a ser; to colder, hacer mas 
 fiio; in, entrar; lost, per- 
 derse ; to oiit, salir ; out of 
 the way, VN., apartarse; to, 
 llegar a ; to be, ir poniendose 
 (II, xiii, 22); under, VA., do- 
 minar (II, xiv, 26); up, VN., 
 levantarse ; - - up early, ma- 
 drugar. 
 
 ghost, el duende; el aparecido. 
 
 gift, el don. 
 
 gifted, ADJ., de merito. 
 
 gild, VA., dorar. 
 
 gill, la agalla. 
 
 girl, la nina. 
 
 give, VA., *dar; a sigh, emitir 
 un suspiro; to lectures, cele- 
 . brar conf erencias ; way, ceder ; 
 hundirse (II, xiv, 19). 
 
 glad : to be glad [of, to~\, alegrarse 
 [de] ; to be that, alegrarse de 
 que (fol. by subjunctive}. 
 
 gladden, VA., alegrar. 
 
 glance, VN., mirar; to over, 
 pasear la mirada por. 
 
 glass, (material} el vidrio; (table 
 
 ware) el vaso ; pane of , el 
 cristal. 
 
 glasses, (spectacles} las gafas (//.) ; 
 (eye-glasses} los quevedos (//.). 
 
 glee, la alegria. 
 
 glisten, VN., *relucir. 
 
 glitter, VN., *relucir. 
 
 globe, el globo. 
 
 gloomy, triste; lugubre ; som- 
 brio. 
 
 glory, la gloria. 
 
 glowing \with~\, sufuso [de]. 
 
 glove, el guante. 
 
 go, VN., *ir; to around, VA., dar 
 la vuelta a ; to away, mar- 
 charse, irse ; to in, into, entrar 
 en ; to on, suceder ; to out, 
 salir ; to to bed, acostarse ; to 
 up, subir. 
 
 God, Dios (m.); would to , 
 ojala que (followed by subjunc- 
 tive). 
 
 goddess, la diosa. 
 
 gold, el oro. 
 
 golden, ADJ., de oro; como el oro 
 (II, ix, 1 6). 
 
 good, bueno; to wish night, 
 desear las buenas noches. 
 
 goods, los generos. 
 
 goose, el ganso. 
 
 government, el gobierno ; city , 
 el ayuntamiento. 
 
 governor, el gobernador. 
 
 Grace, Gratia. 
 
 grace, la gratia. 
 
 graceful, gracioso; esbelto; ele- 
 gante (II, x, 7; II, xi, 25). 
 
n6 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 grain, el grano; field, campo 
 granero. 
 
 grammar, la gramatica. 
 
 granite, s., el granito; , ADJ., 
 granitico. 
 
 grant, VA., otorgar; may God , 
 may Heaven , plegue a Dios 
 que (followed by subjunctive ). 
 
 grape, la uva. 
 
 grasp, VA., agarrar. 
 
 grass, la yerba; covered, cu- 
 
 bierto de yerba. 
 
 great, grande (apocopated to gran 
 before noun beginning with con- 
 sonant) ; sumo; a deal of, 
 mucho; in -- abundance, en 
 suma abundancia. 
 
 greater, mayor; the part, la m. 
 parte. 
 
 Greece, Grecia (/.). 
 
 Greek, el griego. 
 
 green, s., el verde; el verdor (II, 
 xiii, 21). 
 
 green, ADJ., verde. 
 
 greenish, verdoso. 
 
 grey, gris ; pardo. 
 
 grieve, VA., afligir; , VN., afli- 
 girse. 
 
 ground, el suelo. 
 
 grove, la arboleda. [ii, 4). 
 
 grow, VN., *crecer; *darse (II, 
 
 Guam, Guajam (m.). 
 
 guest, (hotel} el huesped; (in- 
 vited ) el convidado. 
 
 guide, el guia. 
 
 guileless, sin dolo. 
 
 gulf, el golfo. 
 
 habit, la costumbre; to be in the 
 
 of ( infin.), *tener c. de. 
 hail, el granizo. 
 
 hair, el pelo; los cabellos (pi.); 
 
 (head of hair) la cabellera. 
 half, s., la mitad. 
 half, ADJ., medio (-a, -os, -as); 
 
 obliterated, medio borrado. 
 hall, la sala. 
 
 hammer, el martillo. 
 
 hammer, VA., amartillar. 
 
 hand, la mano; (i.e., writing) la 
 
 letra; to write a good hand, tener 
 
 buena letra; on every , por 
 
 todas partes. 
 
 handle, (of knife) el puno. 
 handsome, hermoso. 
 hang, VA., *colgar ; to up, *col- 
 
 gar. 
 
 happen, VN., suceder. 
 happiness, la felicidad. 
 happy, feliz. 
 harbor, el puerto. 
 hard, duro; (difficult) dificil. 
 hardly, apenas; casi. 
 hardness, la dureza. 
 hark ! \ escuche Vd. ! 
 harness, VA., enganchar. 
 Harold, Haroldo. 
 harvest, la cosecha. 
 harvest, VA., cosechar. 
 hasten, VA., apresurar; , VN., 
 
 apresurarse. 
 hat, el sombrero. 
 haughty, airoso. 
 have, (auxiliary verb) *haber; 
 
 *tener ; to, *tener que. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 hay, el heno ; maker, el cose- 
 
 chero de heno; making, la 
 
 cosecha del heno. 
 haze, la neblina. 
 he, el. 
 
 head, la cabeza. 
 
 health, la salud. [bueno. 
 
 healthy, sano; - food, alimento 
 heap, el monton; s upon s, 
 
 montones sobre montones; in 
 
 s, amontonado; of fallen 
 
 stone, derrumbamiento. 
 hear, VA., *oir; escuchar; from, 
 
 *tener noticia de; that, *oir 
 
 *decir que. 
 heart, el corazon. 
 hearth, el hogar. 
 heat, el calor. 
 heathen, el pagano. 
 heaven, el cielo; may grant, 
 
 plegue a Dios que (followed by 
 
 subjunctive). 
 heavenly, celeste. 
 heavy, pesado ; (rain} recio ; (dew) 
 
 denso. 
 
 hedge, el seto. 
 heel, el talon. 
 height, la altura; s, los cerros 
 
 (II, xv, 13). 
 
 help, el auxilio ; la ayuda. 
 help, VA., ayudar; / cannot 
 
 thinking, no puedo menos de 
 
 pensar. 
 
 hemp, el canamo. 
 her, (possessive] su; (objective) la; 
 
 (dative) le. 
 here, aqui. 
 
 heroine, la heroina. 
 
 heron, la garza. 
 
 hide, el cuero. 
 
 hidden, oculto. 
 
 high, alto; elevado (II, xv, 4); 
 
 the wind is very , hace mucho 
 
 viento. 
 
 highness, la alteza. 
 highway, la calzada. 
 hill, la colina. 
 him, le. 
 
 hinder, VA., *impedir. 
 hinge, VA., atar. 
 his, su (//. sus). 
 history, la historia. 
 hither, aca; alia (I, xxii, 27). 
 hitherto, anteriormente. 
 hoar-frost, la escarcha. 
 hold, VA., poseer (II, vii, 7); 
 
 mantener (II, vii, 12). 
 hole, el hoyo; (lair of wild ani- 
 mal) el cubil. 
 hollow, ADJ., hueco. 
 holly-tree, el acebo. 
 holy, santo. 
 home, la casa ; to send , mandar 
 
 a c. ; at , en c. 
 hook, el gancho; fish , el an- 
 
 zuelo; and-ladder truck, el 
 
 carro de escalas. 
 hope, la esperanza ; Cape of Good 
 
 , el cabo de la Buena E. 
 hope, VN., esperar. 
 horn., el cuerno; Cape , el cabo 
 
 de Hornos. 
 horizon, el horizonte. 
 horse, el caballo. 
 
u8 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 horseman, el ginete. 
 
 hose, la manguera ; to turn the 
 
 upon, lanzar chorros sobre. 
 hostess, la huespeda. 
 hot, caliente. 
 
 hotel, la fonda. [horas. 
 
 hour, la hora; small s, altas 
 house, la casa. 
 
 house, VA., almacenar. [cuan. 
 how, como ; (in exclamations) que, 
 however, sin embargo; al con- 
 
 trario (II, xv, 4); (followed by 
 
 adjective), por [adjective'] que 
 
 (followed by subjunctive). 
 howling, s., el aullido. 
 humor, el humor; in a good , 
 
 de buen h. 
 hundred, ciento (apocopated to 
 
 cien before a noun). 
 Hungary, Hungria (/.). 
 hunger, el hambre (/.). 
 hungry, hambriento ; to be , 
 
 *tener hambre. 
 hunt, VA., cazar. 
 hunter, el cazador. 
 hurricane, el huracan. 
 hush, VA., acallar. 
 hut, la choza. 
 hyacinth, el jacinto. 
 
 ice, el hielo. 
 
 iceberg, la montana de hielo. 
 ice-cream, los helados (//.). 
 icicle, el carambano; el tempano 
 
 (II, xv, 31). 
 idleness, la ociosidad. 
 if, si. 
 
 ill, malo; enfermo; -fed, mal 
 
 alimentado, mal nutrido. 
 image, la imagen. 
 imagine, VA., figurarse. 
 imminent: to be , amenazar. 
 impart, VA., *dar. 
 impassable, impracticable, 
 imposing, imponente. 
 improve, VA., mejorar. 
 I, yo. 
 in, en ; front, enf rente ; order 
 
 to, para, a fin de. 
 inch, la pulgada. 
 inclemency of the weather, la 
 
 intemperie. 
 inclination, la gana; to have an 
 
 to (infin.), *tener ganas de. 
 increase, VA., aumentar; , VN., 
 
 aumentarse. 
 indeed, de veras. 
 independent, independiente. . 
 India, la India. 
 
 Indian, indio; corn, el mafz. 
 individual, el individuo. 
 indolent, ocioso. 
 indoors, en casa. 
 industry, la industria. 
 infant, el nino. 
 infliction, el disgusto. 
 ingenuity, el genio. 
 inhabit, VA., habitar. 
 inhabitant, el habitante. 
 ink, la tinta. 
 inkstand, el tintero. 
 inlay \with], incrustar [dej. 
 inlet, el canalizo. [crito). 
 
 inscribe, VA., inscribir (PP. ins- 
 
insert, VA., *introducir. 
 
 insist, VN., insistir. 
 
 instance, el ejemplo;/0r , por e. 
 
 instead of, en vez de. 
 
 instruct, VA., ensenar; *instruir; 
 to anyone in anything, en- 
 senar algo a alguien. 
 
 insupportable, insoportable. 
 
 intend [to\, *tener intencion [de]. 
 
 interesting, interesante. 
 
 interrupt, VA., interrumpir. 
 
 intersect, VA., entrecortar. 
 
 into, en. 
 
 invite, VA., convidar. 
 
 Ireland, Irlanda (/.). 
 
 Irish, irlandes. 
 
 iron, el hierro. 
 
 irrigation, el riego. 
 
 island, la isla. 
 
 islet, el islote. 
 
 isolated, aislado. 
 
 issue, VA., emitir. 
 
 isthmus, el istmo. \noun). 
 
 it, lo (la if representing a feminine 
 
 Italy, Italia (/.). 
 
 its, su. 
 
 itself, mismo (-a, -os, -as). 
 
 jagged, escarpado. 
 
 James, Diego. 
 
 Japanese, jajDones (f. japonesa). 
 
 Jennie, Quanita. 
 
 jest, VN., burlarse. 
 
 jewel, la alhaja. 
 
 jeweler, el joyero. 
 
 jiffy, el nada. 
 
 jog, VA., estimular. 
 
 or THE 
 
 ITY I 
 
 119 
 
 ?,""VA., (put together] unir; (as- 
 sociate one's self to) unirse a. 
 
 joyous, alegre. 
 
 judge, el juez. [j. por. 
 
 judge, VA., juzgar; to by, a 
 
 Juliet, Julieta. 
 
 jump, VN., saltar; at a conclu- 
 sion, llegar a una conclusion. 
 
 junction, la union. 
 
 June, junio. 
 
 jungle, el matorral. 
 
 just, justo; - - as, justamente 
 como ; now, en la actualidad. 
 
 keep, VA., *mantener ; *retener; 
 back, reprimir; open, *tener 
 abierto; time, echar el com- 
 pas ; to watch over, velar. 
 
 kettle, la caldera. 
 
 key, la Have. 
 
 kill, VA., matar; to with one's 
 shoes, m. a zapatazos. 
 
 kind, la especie; la clase; any 
 other , cualquier otra clase. 
 
 kind {toward}, bueno [con]. 
 
 kindness, la bondad. 
 
 king, el rey. 
 
 kingdom, el reino. 
 
 kiss, VA., besar. 
 
 kitten, la gatita. 
 
 knife, el cuchillo. 
 
 knight, el caballero. 
 
 knob, (of door) el puno. 
 
 know, VA., *conocer; *saber. 
 
 knowledge, el conocimiento; los 
 conocimientos (//.) (II, x, n). 
 
 known, conocido. 
 
I2O 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 labyrinth, el laberinto. 
 
 labor, el trabajo. 
 
 lack, VN., f altar ( 1163). 
 
 lacking: to be , VN., faltar. 
 
 ladder, la escala. 
 
 Ladrones, las Marianas, las islas 
 
 Marianas, 
 lady, la dama ; la senora ; old , 
 
 la anciana ; young , la senorita. 
 lake, el lago. 
 lamp, la lampara. 
 land, la tierra. 
 
 landing-place, el punto de escala. 
 landscape, el paisaje. 
 language, el idioma. 
 larch, el larice. 
 large, grande (gran before singular 
 
 noun beginning with consonant). 
 larger, mas grande, mayor. 
 largest, mas grande ; mayor. 
 last, ultimo; -- night, anoche; 
 
 week, la semana pasada ; 
 
 month, el mes pasado; year, 
 
 el ano pasado; at , al fin. 
 late, tarde; ultimo; (hour) avan- 
 
 zado. 
 
 lately, ultimamente. 
 latter, este (-a, -os, -as) ; ultimo, 
 laugh, VN., *reir. 
 law, la ley. 
 lawsuit, el pleito. 
 lawyer, el abogado. 
 lay, VA., derribar (II, xiii, 37). 
 lazy, ADJ., holgazan (/. holga- 
 
 zana); perezoso. 
 
 lead, el plomo. [extraviar. 
 
 lead, VA., *conducir; astray, 
 
 leaf, la hoja. 
 
 league, la legua. 
 
 leap, VN., saltar; into existence, 
 
 *renacer de un salto. 
 learn, VA., (by study) aprender; 
 
 (hear news) *saber. 
 learned, sabio. 
 least, ADJ., menor. 
 least, ADV., menos ; at , por lo m. 
 leather, el cuero. 
 leave, VA., dejar; behind, d. en 
 
 zaga; , VN., (depart) *irse, 
 
 marcharse; (set off on a journey) 
 
 partir, *salir. 
 lecture, la conferencia; deliver a 
 
 , celebrar una c. 
 left, izquierdo. 
 leg, la pierna. 
 lemonade, la limonada. 
 lend, VA., prestar. 
 length, la longitud. 
 lengthen, VN., *ser mas largo (II, 
 
 xi, 3 1 )- 
 
 lesson, la leccion. 
 
 less, ADJ., menor. 
 
 less, ADV., menos. 
 
 lest, para que no {followed by 
 subjunctive) (I, xix, 25); para el 
 caso de que (I, xix, 26). 
 
 let, VA., dejar; alone, d. en 
 paz; -with an imperative value 
 and followed by a dependent 
 verb, the latter in Spanish be- 
 comes subjunctive, preceded or 
 not by que: him come in, que 
 entre ; him do what he may, 
 haga lo que pueda. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 121 
 
 letter, (of alphabet) laletra; (com- 
 munication) la carta. 
 
 level, s., el nivel ; the sea , el n. 
 del mar. 
 
 level, VA., (throw down) abatir. 
 
 liar, el embustero. 
 
 library, la biblioteca. [atroz. 
 
 lie, la mentira; abandoned , m. 
 
 lie, VN., *yacer. 
 
 lieutenant, el teniente. 
 
 life, la vida; never in my , en 
 mi v. ( 728); size, del tamanp 
 de la v. 
 
 lift, VA., levantar. 
 
 light, S., la luz; by the of, al 
 resplandor de (II, xv, 22). 
 
 light, (in color) claro; (in weight) 
 ligero; (trifling) frivolo; esbelto 
 (II, x, 6). 
 
 light, VA., (kindle) *encender ; (il- 
 lumine) alumbrar ; upon, *caer 
 sobre (I, xvi, 12). 
 
 lighthouse, el faro. 
 
 lightning, el relampago; flash of 
 
 , el relampago ; rod, el pa- 
 
 rarrayo. 
 
 like, ADV., como, cual. 
 
 like, VA.,*querer; often equivalent 
 to gustar: / -- her, ella me 
 gusta ; do you to sew ? le 
 gusta a Vd. coser ? / should , 
 quisiera. 
 
 likely, probable. 
 
 lily, el lirio. 
 
 limit, el Hmite. 
 
 line, la linea. 
 
 lion, el leon. 
 
 lip, el labio. 
 
 listen \to\ VA., escuchar. 
 
 little, (size) pequeno; (quantity) 
 
 poco ; one, el nino. 
 live, VN., vivir ; residir (II, xii, 14) ; 
 
 upon, vivir de. 
 lively, vivo, 
 living, ADJ., vivo, 
 location, la colocacion. 
 lock, la cerradura. 
 locksmith, el cerrajero. 
 London, Londres. 
 
 long, largo ; two feet , dos pies de 
 1. ; (of time) largo tiempo ; how , 
 cuanto tiempo ; so , tanto tiem- 
 po ; to be in, tardar mucho en. 
 
 longer, ADJ., mas largo; , ADV., 
 mas tiempo; no , (with verb) 
 ya no. 
 
 longing, anhelo ; to have a great 
 
 for anything, anhelar mucho 
 alguna cosa. 
 
 longitude, la longitud terrestre 
 (la longitud ordinarily means 
 "length "except where the number 
 of degrees is expressed). 
 
 look, VN., mirar ; (to seem)*parecer ; 
 
 at, mirar; echar una ojeada 
 a (I, xiii, 7) ; for, VA., buscar ; 
 
 into, mirar; ver (II, xii, 44); 
 
 like, *parecer; *parecer ser 
 (II, ix, 1 6). 
 
 loom up, VN., subir. 
 
 lose, VA., *perder. 
 
 loss, la perdida. 
 
 lost, perdido ; to get , *perderse. 
 
 loud, formidable (II, xiii, 53). 
 
122 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 love, el amor; for the of, por 
 
 a. de; to make to, galantear. 
 love, VA., (a person) *querer; (a 
 
 thing) amar; / love to see, me 
 
 gusta ver. 
 lovely, bello. 
 lover, el pretendiente; (colloquial) 
 
 el cortejo. 
 
 loving, ADJ., carinoso. 
 low, ADJ., bajo. 
 lowering, amenazante. 
 luck, la suerte. 
 lung, el pulmon. 
 lustre, el brillo. 
 luxuriant, exuberante; con ex- 
 
 uberancia (II, x, 13). 
 luxuriously, con lujo. 
 luxury, el lujo. 
 
 mackintosh, el impermeable. 
 
 made, PP., hecho. 
 
 magazine, (com.) el almacen; 
 povvder , la santa barbara. 
 
 Magellan, Magallanes. 
 
 magic, la magia. 
 
 magnificent, magmfico. 
 
 majestic, majestuoso. 
 
 mail, el correo. 
 
 maintain, VA., *mantener. 
 
 major, el comandante. 
 
 make, VA., *hacer ; excuses, *dar 
 excusas (/.); coins, acunar mo- 
 neda ; an end of, acabar con. 
 
 Malay, malayo. [ven. 
 
 man, el hombre; young , el jo- 
 manage, VA., mane jar. 
 
 manganese, el manganese. 
 
 manifest, VA., *manifestar. 
 
 manner, la manera, el modo; in 
 the of, a manera de. 
 
 manners, los modales. 
 
 manufacturer, el manufacturero. 
 
 many, mtN^ios (-as); so , tantos 
 (-as); otros tantos (II, v, 22); 
 'so people, tantos hombres. 
 
 map, el mapa. 
 
 marble, el marmol. 
 
 march, (mil.) la marcha ; (month) 
 el marzo. 
 
 march, VN., marchar. 
 
 mark, la senal. 
 
 mark, VA., indicar; senalar; mar- 
 car (II, xv, 7). 
 
 market, el mercado. 
 
 marsh, el pantano. 
 
 marvellous, maravilloso. 
 
 Mary, Maria. 
 
 masquerade-ball, el baile de mas- 
 caras. 
 
 mass, la masa ; la mole (II, xv, 16). 
 
 master, el maestro. 
 
 mate, la companera. 
 
 matter, la materia; (business) el 
 asunto; what is the ? ique 
 hay? 
 
 me, me. 
 
 meadow, el prado. 
 
 mean, VN., *querer decir. 
 
 means, el medio (sing.) ; by of, 
 por m. de. 
 
 meantime : in the , entretanto. 
 
 measure, s., la medida. 
 
 measure, VA., *medir. 
 
 meat, la came. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 123 
 
 meet, VA.,*encontrar; , VN., reu- 
 
 nir ; together, reunirse ; with 
 
 an accident, *tener una des- 
 
 gracia; to them, a su encuentro. 
 meeting, la reunion ; la sesion. 
 melancholy, ADJ., melancolico. 
 melt, VA., fundir; *derretir (II, v, 
 
 7) ; , VN., f undirse ; *derretirse ; 
 
 *deshacerse (II, xv, 21). 
 member, el miembro. 
 memory, la memoria. 
 mend, VA., *remendar. 
 mention, VA., indicar. 
 merchant, el comerciante. 
 mercurial, (Jig.) veleidoso. 
 mercy, la misericordia. 
 mere, ADJ., mero. 
 merely, tan solo, 
 merit, VA., *merecer. 
 merry, alegre. 
 message, la comunicacion. 
 method, el metodo. 
 Mexico, Mejico (m.). 
 midday, el mediodia. 
 middle, el medio ; in the - 
 
 of, about the of, a media- 
 
 dos de. 
 midnight, la medianoche ; the 
 
 oil, el aceite del estudiante noc- 
 
 turno (I, xiii, 3). 
 midst, el medio ; in the of, en 
 
 medio de ; in their , en medio 
 
 de ellos. 
 
 migrate, VN., emigrar. 
 mild, benigno. 
 mile, la milla. 
 mind, la mente. 
 
 mine, s., la mina. 
 
 mine, VA., sacar de las minas. 
 
 mingle, VA., mezclar ; , VN., 
 
 mezclarse. 
 
 minister, el ministro. 
 misfortune, la desgracia. 
 Miss, Dona, la Senorita. 
 miss, VA., *perder; (a person who 
 
 is absent) echar menos. 
 Mississippi, el Misisipi. 
 Missouri, el Misuri. 
 mist, la bruma (II, xv, 38). 
 mistake, la f alta ; el error, 
 mistletoe, el muerdago. 
 mistress, el ama (/.). 
 misty, nebuloso. 
 mix, VA., mezclar. 
 mixture, la mezcla. 
 mob, el motin. 
 modern, moderno. 
 moist, humedo. [(II, xiv, 27). 
 moment, el momento; el instante 
 Monday, el lunes. 
 money, el dinero. 
 Mongolian, mongolico. 
 month, el mes. 
 moon, la lima. 
 moonlight, la luz de laluna; el 
 
 claro de luna; it is , hay clari- 
 
 dad de luna. 
 Moor, el Moro. 
 Moorish, morisco. 
 morbid, lugubre. 
 more, mas ; than ever, m. que 
 
 nunca. 
 
 moreover, hay mas. [por la m. 
 morning, la manana; in the , 
 
 ^ 
 
124 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 mortifying, to be to anyone, con- 
 
 trariar a alguien. 
 mosque, la mezquita. 
 mossy, musgoso. 
 most, mas ; (majority} los mas, las 
 
 mas; of, los (las) mas de. 
 mother, la madre. 
 motive, ADJ., motriz. 
 mould, VA., modelar. 
 mound, el tumulo. [Tharn. 
 
 mount, el monte; Tarn, el M. 
 mount, VN., montar; subirse. 
 mountain, la montana ; chain, 
 
 la cordillera. 
 mournful, lugubre. 
 mouse, el raton. 
 mouth, la boca. 
 move, VA., *mover; , VN., *mo- 
 
 verse ; to on, *seguir su mar- 
 
 cha. 
 
 mower, el guadanador. 
 Mr., Senor. 
 much, mucho (-a); so , tanto 
 
 (-a) ; very , muchisimo. 
 mud, el lodo. 
 mule, la mula. 
 murmur, el murmullo. 
 music, musica; to the of, al 
 
 compas de. 
 muslin, la muselina. 
 musician, el musico. 
 my, mi (//. mis). 
 myself, (as sttbject] yo mismo. 
 mystery, el misterio. 
 
 nail, el clavo ; (of finger) la una. 
 name, s., el nombre. 
 
 name, VA., llamar; so ed, asi 
 
 llamado. 
 
 narrow, angosto. 
 narrows, la angostura (sing!). 
 native, el indigena. 
 nature, la naturaleza; good , 
 
 buen humor (speaking of a per- 
 son}. 
 
 nay more, hay mas. 
 near, cerca de. 
 nearly, casi. 
 necessary, preciso. 
 neck, el cuello. 
 need, s., la necesidad; to be in 
 
 of, necesitar. 
 need, VA., necesitar. 
 neglectful, negligente. 
 neighbor, el vecino. 
 neighboring, vecino. 
 nephew, el sobrino. 
 nerve, el nervio. 
 nest, el nido. 
 network, la red. 
 never, nunca, jamas (require, when 
 
 following a verb, that no precede 
 
 the verb) ; in my life, en mi 
 
 vida ( 728). 
 
 nevertheless, sin embargo, 
 new, nuevo; reciente (I, x, 20); 
 - -found, recien hallado; - 
 
 world, el Nuevo Mundo. 
 news, las noticias. 
 newspaper, el periodico. 
 New-York, Nueva York, 
 next, proximo; (adjoining) conti- 
 
 guo; winter, el invierno p. 
 
 (or, que viene) ; Tuesday, el 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 martes que viene; month, el 
 mes que viene; summer, el 
 verano que viene. 
 
 nice, bueno, delicioso. 
 
 Nicholas, Nicolas. 
 
 niece, la sobrina. 
 
 night, la noche ; last , anoche ; 
 to , esta n. 
 
 nightfall : at , al anochecer. 
 
 nine, nueve. 
 
 no, ninguno (-a), (shortened to nin- 
 gun before masc. sing, nouns) ; 
 one, body, nadie. *^ 
 
 noise, el ruido. 
 
 none, ninguno (-a, -os, -as). 
 
 nor, tampoco ; neither . . . , ni . . . t. 
 
 Norman, normando. 
 
 north, el norte; of the , septen- 
 trional; - America, Norte- 
 America. 
 
 north, ADV., al norte. 
 
 northern, del norte; septentrional 
 
 (II, XV, 22). 
 
 Norway, Noruega (/.). 
 
 nose, la nariz. 
 
 not, no. 
 
 noteworthy, notable. 
 
 nothing, nada ; more, nada mas. 
 
 notice, VA., notar. 
 
 notwithstanding, a pesar de. 
 
 novel, la novela. 
 
 November, noviembre. 
 
 now, ahora, ya ; and then, de 
 
 vez en cuando; just , en la 
 
 actualidad. 
 nozzle, la boca(//^ technical term is 
 
 el boquerel, boca being popular). 
 
 nurse, VA., cuidar. 
 nutritious, nutritivo. 
 
 oak, el roble. 
 
 Oar, el remo. 
 
 oats, la avena. 
 
 obey, VN., *obedecer ; , VA., *obe- 
 
 decer a. 
 
 Object, s., el objeto. 
 oblige, VA., obligar; to be d to, 
 
 *tener que (II, xi, 17). 
 obliged [to], obligado [a]. 
 oblique, oblicuo. 
 obliterate, VA., borrar. 
 Obtain, VA., *obtener; *conseguir 
 
 (II, x, 12). 
 ocean, el oceano. 
 occasion, s., la epoca. 
 occasion, VA., ocasionar. 
 occasional : an , uno que otro. 
 occupied, ocupado. 
 occupy, VA., ocupar. 
 occur, VN., presentarse; ocurrir 
 
 (II, v, 22 ; II, vii, 5). 
 occurrence, el suceso. 
 O'clock: at one -, a la una; at 
 
 two , a las dos ; it is one , 
 
 es la una; it is two (three, etc.) 
 
 , son las dos (tres, etc.). 
 October, el octubre. 
 Of, de. 
 
 Off, (naut.) a la altura de. 
 Offer, la oferta. 
 
 offer, VA., *ofrecer. [xxi, 6). 
 
 office, el despacho; la funcion (I, 
 officer, el oficial. 
 often, a menudo. 
 
126 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 oil, el aceite; midnight (see 
 
 burn), 
 old, viejo; (of long standing) 
 
 antiguo; an man, un viejo, 
 
 (more politely} un anciano. 
 olive, la aceituna; tree, el acei- 
 
 tuno. 
 on, en ; sobre ; boar d of , a bordo 
 
 de ; all fours, a gatas. 
 once, una vez ; antes (II, vi, 3); 
 
 all at , de sopeton. 
 One, uno ; un solo; un mismo; 
 
 another, unos a otros; to 
 
 speak to another, hablarse 
 
 unos a otros ; with another, 
 
 entre si ; some , any , al- 
 
 guien ; no , not any , nadie ; 
 
 every , todo el mundo. 
 only, ADJ., (sole) unico. 
 only, ADV., solo; solamente; no 
 
 . . . sino; unicamente (II, v, 4). 
 opal, el opalo. 
 opera, la opera; glasses, los 
 
 gemelos ; house, la opera. 
 Operate, VA., *hacer funcionar. 
 Open, ADJ., abierto ; (sea) libre. 
 open, VA., abrir. 
 oppose, VA., *oponer. 
 opposite, opuesto; de enfrente; al 
 
 frente de (I, xiv, 9). 
 Opportunity, la ocasion. 
 Or, 6; u (before o- or ho-). 
 orange, la naranja; (tree) el na- 
 
 ranjo; grove, el naranjal. 
 orchard, la huerta. 
 order, el orden ; in to, para ; 
 
 a fin de ; in that, a fin de que. 
 
 order, VA., mandar. 
 
 organ, el organo. 
 
 ornament, el adorno. 
 
 ornamental, pintoresco. 
 
 Other, otro (-a, -os, -as) ; (mean- 
 ing "the remaining' 1 '') demas; 
 the s, los (las) demas ; on the 
 side, al otro lado. 
 
 ought, VN., deber. 
 
 our, nuestro (-a, -os, -as). 
 
 ourselves, nos. 
 
 outer, exterior. 
 
 outside, afuera. 
 
 outskirt, el borde. 
 
 oval, ADJ., ovalado. 
 
 Over, encima de; por; sobre; 
 (with numerals) mas de. 
 
 overflow, VA., inundar. 
 
 overgrown [with], cubierto [de]. 
 
 overhead, por arriba (II, vi, 15). 
 
 overlaid [with], incrustado [de]. 
 
 overthrow, v A., derribar ; to be n, 
 desplomarse (I, xxiii, 7). 
 
 owe, VA., deber. 
 
 owing [to], debido [a]. 
 
 owl, el buho. 
 
 own, propio (-a, -os, -as). 
 
 own, VA., poseer. 
 
 OX, el buey. [rrosa. 
 
 oxide, el oxido ; of iron, capa- 
 
 oyster, la ostra; (Span. America) 
 el ostion. 
 
 Pacific, el Pacifico. 
 paint, VA., pintar. 
 pair, el par. 
 pale, palido. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 127 
 
 pane, el cristal; of glass, el 
 
 cristal. 
 
 panic, el panico. 
 paper, el papel; (newspaper) el 
 
 periodico. 
 
 parachute, el paracaidas. 
 parched, agostado. 
 pardon, el perdon; I beg your , 
 
 perdoneme Vd. 
 pardon, VA., perdonar. 
 Paris, Paris. 
 park, el parque. 
 parlor, el salon. 
 part, la parte. 
 partake, VA., participar. 
 particle, la particula. 
 particular, especial. 
 particularly, especialmente. 
 partner, (business], el socio. 
 party, la compania; (political} el 
 
 partido. 
 pass, VA., pasar ; (a bill] *aprobar; 
 
 by, pasar por delante de. 
 passage, el paso; la travesia; el 
 
 paso (II, xv, 29); to permit the 
 
 of, dar p. a 
 passenger, el pasajero. 
 passionately: to be fond of, 
 
 *estar sumamente aficionado a. 
 pasture, el pasto. 
 path, el sendero ; la senda. 
 patient, s., el enfermo. 
 patiently, con paciencia. 
 pay, VA., pagar; one's expenses, 
 
 sufragar los gastos de. 
 pea, el guisante; (Span. America) 
 
 el chicharo. 
 
 peace, la paz. 
 
 peaceful, pacifico. 
 
 peak, el pico. 
 
 pear, la pera. 
 
 pearl, la perla. [nacarado. 
 
 pearly, bianco como las perlas; 
 
 peasant, el campesino. 
 
 peculiar, propio (II, xi, 16). 
 
 peculiarity, la particularidad. 
 
 pen, la pluma. 
 
 penal, penitenciario. 
 
 penetrating, penetrante. 
 
 people, la gente; el pueblo; los 
 hombres, (//.) (I, xx, 5); las 
 personas (II, xi, 27); young , 
 los jovenes (pi.}. 
 
 perceive, VA., apercibir; echar de 
 ver (II, xiii, 44). 
 
 perforate, oradar. 
 
 perhaps, quiza; quizas (before 
 vowel sound} ; tal vez. 
 
 period, el periodo. 
 
 permeate, VA., penetrar por. 
 
 permission, el permiso. 
 
 permit, VA., permitir; the pas- 
 sage of, *dar paso a. 
 
 petal, el petalo. 
 
 petition, VA., *rogar. 
 
 phenomenon, el fenomeno. 
 
 Philippine, Filipino; in the s, 
 en Filipinas. 
 
 Philip, Felipe. 
 
 physician, el medico. 
 
 physics, la fisica (sing.}. 
 
 picture, el cuadro. 
 
 picturesque, pintoresco. 
 
 piece, el pedazo. 
 
128 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 pierce, VA., penetrar. 
 
 piercing, penetrante. 
 
 pigeon, la paloma. 
 
 pillar, el pilar ; Cape , el cabo 
 de Pilares. 
 
 pillow, la almohada. 
 
 pine, el pino. 
 
 pipe, la pipa. 
 
 pirate, el corsario. 
 
 pistol, la pistola. 
 
 pity, la lastima; what a , que 1. 
 
 pity, VA., *compadecerse de. 
 
 place, el lugar; el sitio; el caso 
 (I, xxii, 25); lauding , punto 
 de escala. 
 
 place, VA., colocar; fijar (II, v, 13). 
 
 plain, el llano; la llanura; la pla- 
 nicie (I, xxv, 18); la sabana (II, 
 vii, 15). 
 
 plan, el proyecto. 
 
 plane, (flat surface} el piano; 
 (tool} el cepillo. 
 
 plant, la planta. 
 
 plant, VA., plantar ; (seeds, grain] 
 sembrar. 
 
 planter, el colono. 
 
 platinum, la platina. 
 
 plausible, fidedigno. 
 
 play, el juego ; (theatrical perform- 
 ance} la funcion. 
 
 play, VA., (musical instrument) 
 tocar; taner (I, xvi, 17); - 
 cards, jugar a los naipes; a 
 fart, *hacer un papel; upon, 
 lanzar torrentes sobre. 
 
 player, el comediante. 
 
 pleasant, agradable. 
 
 please, VA., gustar; *convenir ; 
 give me . . ., sirvase Vd. 
 
 darme . . . ; be seated, sirvase 
 
 Vd. tomar asiento. 
 pleasure, el gusto; el deleite (I, 
 
 xix, 17, 18; II, xii, 19); el placer 
 
 (II, xii, 1 6). 
 plenty, la abundancia. 
 plum, la ciruela. 
 pocket, el bolsillo. 
 poet, el poeta. 
 point, (tip, extremity} la punta; 
 
 (locality} el punto; boiling , 
 
 punto de ebulicion ; freezing , 
 
 punto de congelacion. 
 point, VA., dirijir; out, VA., in- 
 
 dicar. 
 
 poke, VA., atizar. 
 Poland, Polonia (/.). 
 police, la policia. 
 policeman, el sereno. 
 polish, VA., pulir. 
 pond, el estanque ; la laguna. 
 pony, la jaca; little , jaquita. 
 poor, pobre. 
 population, la poblacion ; el 
 
 pueblo (II, ii, 8). 
 porcelain, la porcelana. 
 portion, la parte. 
 portrait, el retrato. 
 Portuguese, portugues. 
 position, el puesto. 
 possess, VA., poseer. 
 possession, el bien. 
 postage-stamp, el sello de correo. 
 post office, la oficina del correo. 
 pot, la olla. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 129 
 
 pounce [upon], VN., precipitarse 
 
 [sobre]. 
 power, el poder; (mechanics) la 
 
 f uerza ; water , f . de agua. 
 powerful, poderoso. 
 practicable, dable (II, iv, 7). 
 prairie, la pradera. 
 preceded [by\, precidido [de]. 
 precipitous, escarpado ; empinado. 
 prefer, VA., *preferir. 
 preferable, preferible. 
 preliminary, prelim inar. 
 present, (^>//e')actual ; (posttion)pre- 
 
 sente ; at , al presente, ahora. 
 presently, luego. 
 pressed, acosado. 
 pressure, la presion. 
 pretend, VA., fingir. 
 pretty, bonito; dulce (II, xi, 18); 
 
 (tolerably] bastante; - - well, 
 
 bastante bien. 
 prevail, VN., *prevalecer. 
 prevent, VA., *impeclir. 
 previous, anterior. 
 prey, la presa. 
 price, el precio. 
 princess, la princesa. 
 principality, el principado. 
 priest, el cura. 
 prime, ADJ., primer, 
 prince, el principe. 
 principle, el principio. 
 prism, el prisma. 
 prisoner, el prisionero. 
 prize, la presa. 
 proceed, VN., dirigirse. 
 process, el procedimiento. 
 
 proclaim, VA., proclamar. 
 procure, vA.,*conseguir (I,xvii, 3). 
 produce, VA., *producir. 
 profess, VA., *profesar. [tico. 
 
 professor, (university) el catedra- 
 profit, s., el provecho. 
 profit, VA., valer; by, aprove- 
 
 charse de. 
 
 progress, el progreso. 
 project, s., el proyecto. 
 project, VN., surgir. 
 promenade, el paseo. 
 prominent, prominente. 
 promise, VA., prometer. 
 promising, prometedor. 
 promptness, la prontitud. 
 proper, conveniente ; propiamente 
 
 dicho (II, xv, 10); it is that, 
 
 conviene que; it is not that, 
 
 no esta bien que. 
 propose, VA., *proponer. 
 proprietor, el amo; el propie- 
 
 tario (I, xi, 27). 
 prosperous : to prove , *dar prue- 
 
 bas de prosperidad. 
 protect, VA., guardar; proteger; 
 
 against, proteger de. 
 prove, VA., *probar ; , VN., *mos- 
 
 trarse ; to to be, resultar; 
 
 prosperous, *dar pruebas de 
 prosperidad. 
 
 provide, VA., proporcionar. 
 provided, con tal [de] que; siem- 
 
 pre que. 
 prow, la proa. 
 public, s., el publico; in , en 
 
 publico, publicamente. 
 
130 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 pull out, VA., sacar. 
 pupil, el alumno. 
 pureness, la pureza. 
 purity, la pureza. 
 purple, morado. 
 purse, la bolsa ; bad , b. flaca. 
 put, VA., *poner ; to bed, *acos- 
 tar; up with, aguantar. 
 
 quadruple, VA., cuadruplicar. 
 
 quality, la calidad. 
 
 quantity, la cantidad. 
 
 quarrel, la querella. 
 
 quarrel, VN., renir ; with, re- 
 
 iiirse con. 
 
 quartermaster, el contramaestre. 
 quartz, el cuarzo. 
 queen, la reina. 
 question, la pregunta; /'/ is a 
 
 of, se trata de. 
 quickly, pronto, 
 quicksilver, el azogue. 
 quite, muy; bastante; a scare, 
 
 un gran susto. 
 
 race, la raza. 
 
 rage, VN., bramar; rugir (II, 
 
 ix, 12). 
 
 rail, (rr,) el riel (or rail). 
 railroad, el camino de hierro, el 
 
 ferrocarril. 
 rain, s., la lluvia. 
 rain, VN., Hover, 
 raise, VA., elevar; (crops) cultivar; 
 
 levantar (II, vi, 3). 
 rally, VN., recuperarse. 
 rank, el rango. 
 
 rapidity, la rapidez. 
 
 rare, raro. 
 
 rarely, raras veces. 
 
 rat, la rata. 
 
 rather than, mas bien que. 
 
 rattle, VN., retumbar. 
 
 raving, el delirio. 
 
 ray, el rayo; of dawn, la albo- 
 
 rada. 
 
 reach, s. (see broad), 
 reach, VA., llegar a. 
 read, VA., leer. 
 reading-room, la biblioteca; la 
 
 sala de lectura. 
 ready, listo. 
 real, ADJ., verdadero. 
 real, ADV., (quite, very) bien, muy. 
 really, de veras ; verdaderamente 
 
 (II, *v, 33). 
 reason, la razon ; to have to, 
 
 *tener motive para, 
 recall, VA., *recordar. 
 receive, VA., recibir; (welcome a 
 
 person} acoger. 
 recent, reciente. 
 reclaim, VA., reclamar. 
 recognize, VA., *reconocer. 
 recompense, la recompensa. 
 record, VA., apuntar. 
 recover, VA., reparar (II, xiii, 37). 
 recovery, el restablecimiento. 
 red, rojo; Colorado; encarnado 
 
 (II, i, 9); in the sunset, bajo- 
 
 los rojos rayos del sol poniente. 
 redskin, el piel rojo. 
 reduce, VA., *reducir ; to to ashes, 
 
 r. a cenizas. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 reel, el carretel. 
 
 reference: books of , libros de 
 
 consulta. 
 
 reflect, VA., reflejar. 
 refresh, VA., refrescar. 
 refreshing, ref rescante ; vivifi- 
 
 cante. 
 
 refuse, VA., rechazar. 
 regard, el concepto (II, ii, 8); 
 
 with to, en respecto de. 
 relentless, inexorable. 
 remain, VN., quedar ; *permanecer ; 
 
 quedarse. 
 
 remains, s., los restos (//.). 
 remarkable, notable. 
 remarks, las palabras. 
 remember, VA., *recordar; *acor- 
 
 darse de. 
 remembrance, el recuerdo; in 
 
 of, en memoria de. 
 rent, VA., alquilar. 
 renowned, celebre. 
 remote, remoto. 
 repeat, VA., *repetir. 
 reprimand, la reconvencion. 
 require, VA., exigir. 
 rescue, VA., rescatar. 
 residence, la casa. 
 resist, VN., resistir; , VA., resis- 
 
 tir a. 
 
 resolute, resuelto. 
 resolved, resuelto. 
 resound, VN., repercutir. 
 resource, el recurso. 
 respect [for], el respeto [a]. 
 resplendent, resplandeciente. 
 rest, VN., descansar. 
 
 restrain, VA., *contener. 
 
 retreat, VN., retirarse. 
 
 return, la vuelta. 
 
 return, VA., {give back) *devolver ; 
 
 {pay back} repagar (II, xiv, 2); 
 
 , VN., (come or go back) *vol- 
 
 ver; (go back) regresar. 
 reveal, VA., revelar. 
 revisit, VA., *volver a visitar. 
 reviving, vivificante. 
 revolt, la sublevacion. 
 revolutionize, VA., revolucionar. 
 revolver, el revolver. 
 reward, VA., recompensar. 
 rich, rico. 
 richness, riqueza. 
 ride, VA., (an animal) *ir montado 
 
 en; , VN., (in carriage) *ir erf*' 
 
 coche; (on horseback) *ir a ca- 
 
 ballo. 
 
 rider, el ginete. 
 right, el derecho. 
 right, ADJ., correcto; to be to 
 
 (infin.) *tener razon de; (oppo- 
 site of "left") derecho. 
 right, ADV., bien. 
 rigorous, rigurosisimo (II, xv, 27). 
 ring, (for finger) la sortija. 
 ring, VN., tocar. 
 rise, VN., subir; levantarse; su- 
 
 birse; (sun) *salir, levantarse; 
 
 (get out of bed) levantarse; 
 
 (mountain, building) elevarse; 
 
 early, madrugar. 
 rising, ADJ., naciente. 
 river, el rio. 
 road, el camino. 
 
I 3 2 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 roar, VN., bramar, rugir. 
 
 robber, el ladron. 
 
 robe, el man to. 
 
 rock, la roca; el penasco (II, vii, 
 
 15; II, xv, 33). 
 rocket, el cohete. 
 roll, (bread} el panecillo. 
 rood, la cruz. 
 roof, el tejado; la techumbre (I, 
 
 viii, 19). 
 room, el cuarto ; (living room} la 
 
 habitacion; (space in which to 
 
 be or move) el espacio. 
 rope, la cuerda. 
 Rosalind, Rosalinda. 
 rotunda, la rotonda. 
 round, VA., rodear; doblar. 
 route, la ruta; (naut.) el rumbo. 
 row, VN., remar. 
 royal, real, 
 ruby, el rubi. 
 rugged, escabroso. 
 ruin, la ruina. 
 ruin, VA., arruinar. 
 rule, VA., gobernar. 
 rumbling, el retumbo. 
 run, VN., correr. 
 running, ADJ., corriente. 
 rush, (hot} el junco. 
 Russian, ruso. \ 
 
 rye, el centeno. 
 
 sacred, sagrado, 
 
 sad, triste. 
 
 saddle, la silla [de montar], 
 
 safe, seguro. 
 
 safely, salvo (I, xxi, 19). 
 
 safety: in , salvo, sin novedad. 
 sail, VN., navegar; (meaning to 
 
 " set sail "from) zarpar. 
 sail-boat, el bote de vela, 
 sailing-vessel, el buque de vela, 
 sailor, el marinero. 
 saint, el santo; (as a title\ san 
 
 (/. santa) ; (before masculine 
 
 names beginning vvith to- or 
 
 do-) santo. 
 salt, la sal. 
 salute, VA., saludar. 
 same, mismo (-a, -os, -as); at the 
 
 time, a la vez ; in the "way 
 
 as, de la misma manera que. 
 sand, la arena; fiat, el arenal. 
 sapphire, el zafiro. 
 save, VA., salvar. 
 Saxon, el Sajon. 
 say, VA., *decir; I dare that, 
 
 me figure que. 
 scale, la escala. 
 scare, el susto; quite a , un 
 
 gran s. ; to have a , llevarse 
 
 un s. 
 scarcely, apenas; casi no (II, 
 
 xiii, 3). 
 
 scene, la escena ; la perspectiva. 
 scenery, paisaje. 
 school, la escuela. 
 science, la ciencia. 
 scorch, VA., achicharrar. 
 Scot, el Escoces. 
 Scotland, Escocia (/.). 
 scratch, VA., rascar (II, i, 6). 
 screw, (naut.} el helice. 
 sculptor, VA., esculpir. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 sea, el mar; the level, el nivel 
 del m.; trip, el viaje por m. 
 
 search, la busca. 
 
 seashore, la playa. 
 
 seaside, los banos de mar (//.). 
 
 season, la estacion. 
 
 seat, el asiento. 
 
 seat, VA., *sentar. 
 
 secluded, apartado. 
 
 second, segundo. 
 
 secret, el secreto. 
 
 secrete, VA., esconder. 
 
 see, VA., *ver ; Jit to, dignarse ; 
 ! jmire usted! 
 
 seed, la semilla. 
 
 seek, VA., buscar. 
 
 seem, VN., *parecer. 
 
 seize, VA., *asir; apoderarse de. 
 
 seldom, raras veces. 
 
 self-denial, la abnegacion. 
 
 sell, VA., vender. [nosa. 
 
 semi-darkness, la oscuridad lumi- 
 
 send, VA., mandar. 
 
 sentence, la frase. 
 
 September, septiembre or se- 
 tiembre. 
 
 sequestered, apartado. 
 
 serene, bonancible. 
 
 serpent, la serpiente; la culebra. 
 
 servant, el criado. 
 
 servant-girl, la criada. 
 
 serve, VA., *servir. 
 
 set, la serie. 
 
 set, VA., *poner ; to foot, p. el 
 pie; free, libertar ; , VN., 
 (the sun) *ponerse; sumirse (II, 
 vi, 1 8); out, partir, 
 
 setting sun, el sol poniente. 
 settle, VA., *establecer; , VN., 
 
 *establecerse. 
 settled, raso (II, xi, 31). 
 settlement, el establecimiento. 
 seven, siete. 
 seventy, setenta. 
 several, varies (-as) ; una porcion 
 
 de (II, xi, 4). 
 severe, severe, 
 shade, la sombra; (of color) el ma- 
 
 tiz. 
 
 shade, VA., sombrear. 
 shadow, la sombra. 
 shadow, VA., sombrear. 
 shaft, el socabon. 
 shaggy, hirsute. 
 shame, la vergiienza; to put to , 
 
 VA., *avergonzar. 
 shape, la forma, 
 share, VA., compartir. 
 sharp-pointed, agudo. 
 shattered, desmenuzado. 
 sheath, la gavilla. 
 shed, VA., derramar. 
 sheep, la oveja. 
 sheer, franco, 
 shell, la concha, 
 shelter, el abrigo. 
 shield, el escudo. 
 shine, VN., brillar; out, brillar. 
 shingle, el tejamanil. 
 shining, brillante. 
 ship, el buque. 
 shipwreck, el naufragio. 
 shoal, la tropa. 
 shocking, espantoso. 
 
134 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 shoe, el zapato ; to kill -with one's 
 
 s, matar a zapatazos. 
 shoemaker, el zapatero. 
 shoot, VA., tirar; to any one, 
 
 pegar un tiro a alguien. 
 shore, la costa; la playa. 
 short, corto ; a time ago, poco ha. 
 shortly, pronto. 
 shot, las postas (//.). 
 shout, el grito; (collectively) s, 
 
 la griteria (sing?). 
 show, VA., *mostrar; ensenar (I, 
 
 xxii, 14); *demostrar; out, 
 
 VN., *mostrarse. 
 shower, elaguacero; lalluvia; (of 
 
 sparks) la granizada. 
 shrub, el arbusto. 
 shut, VA., *cerrar; in, limitar 
 
 (II, xv, 17); (/own, acabarse 
 
 (II, xi, 37). 
 sick, malo ; enfermo; man, el 
 
 enfermo. 
 side, el lado ; on the other , al 
 
 otro lado. 
 sigh, el suspiro. 
 sight, el espectaculo ; in of, a 
 
 la vista de. 
 signal light, el farol. 
 silence, el silencio. 
 silent, silencioso. 
 silica, la silice. 
 silk, la seda. 
 silver, la plata. 
 silver, ADJ., plateado. 
 silver, VA., platear. 
 silvery, to look , *parecer ser 
 
 de plata, 
 
 similar, semejante. 
 
 simple, sencillo. 
 
 since, desde ; despues de. 
 
 sincere, sincere ; fiel ; friend, 
 
 fiel amigo. 
 sing, VA., cantar. 
 singer, el cantador; la cantatriz. 
 single, solo ; simple (I, xiii, 5). 
 sink, VN., hundirse (II, ix, 12). 
 sister, la hermana. 
 sit, VN., (i.e., to be seated) *estar 
 
 sentado; down, *sentarse. 
 sitting, sentado. 
 six, seis ; sided, hexilatero, de 
 
 s. lados. 
 sixty, sesenta. 
 size, el tamano. 
 skate, el patin. 
 skate, VN., patinar; to across, 
 
 *atravesar patinando. 
 skater, el patinador. 
 skating, el patinar. 
 sketch, el bosquejo. 
 skilful, habil. 
 skill, la habilidad. 
 skin, la piel; (human) el cutis; 
 
 (of banana) la cascara. 
 sky, el cielo. 
 skylight, la tragaluz. 
 slaughter, la matanza. 
 sleep, el sueno. 
 sleep, VN., *dormir; to go to , 
 
 echarse a dormir. 
 sleeping, dorrnido ; (fig?) sono- 
 
 liento. 
 sleepy, sonoliento; to be \very] 
 
 sleepy, *tener [mucho] sueno. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 '35 
 
 sleet, la aguanieve. 
 
 sleigh, el trineo ; to go riding, 
 
 pasearse en trineo. 
 
 slightly, algo. 
 
 slope, la falda. 
 
 sloppy, cenagoso. 
 
 slow, lento. 
 
 small, pequeno. 
 
 smaller, menor (II, xv, 13). 
 
 small-pox, las viruelas (pi.). 
 
 smell, VA., VN., *oler. 
 
 smile, VN., sonreirse (II, xii, 8). 
 
 smoke, el humo. 
 
 smooth, suave. 
 
 snow, la nieve ; fall of , la ne- 
 vada ; ball, la pelota de nieve ; 
 to play at ball, tirarse pelotas 
 de nieve ; capped, cov- 
 ered, nevado; storm, la ne- 
 
 vada; la tempestad de nieve. 
 
 snowy, niveo. 
 
 SO, asi; tan; (absolutely) tanto; 
 
 that, much that, tanto que; 
 
 that, (causative) asi que, de. 
 modo que ; long, (time) tanto 
 tiempo; many people, tantos 
 hombres. 
 
 soar, VN., *cernerse. 
 
 sofa, el sofa. 
 
 soft, suave; blando. 
 
 softly, suavemente. 
 
 soil, el suelo; la tierra (II, 
 
 iv, 2). 
 soldier, el soldado; foot s, la 
 
 infanteria. 
 sole, ADJ., unico. 
 some, alguno (-a, -os, -as) 
 
 (shortened to algun before masc. 
 
 sing, nouns). 
 something, algo. 
 sometimes, algunas veces. 
 somewhat, algo. 
 son, el hijo. 
 
 song, la cancion; el canto, 
 soon, pronto. 
 sorrow, la angustia. 
 sorry: to be , VN., *sentir; to be. 
 
 for, *sentir, VA. ; to be that, 
 
 *sentir que. 
 sort, la clase; all s of, toda 
 
 c. de. 
 
 sound, VN., *sonar. 
 soup, la sopa. 
 sour, agrio. 
 source, la fuente. 
 south, ADJ., meridional. 
 South America, Sud America (/.). 
 southern, meridional; -- cross, 
 
 la cruz del sur. 
 southwest, s., el sudoeste. 
 sovereign, el soberano. 
 space, el espacio; el intervalo 
 
 (I, xxiii, 8). 
 spacious, anchuroso. 
 Spain, Espana (/.). 
 Spanish, espanol; (language) cas- 
 
 tellano; the language, el cas- 
 
 tellano. 
 
 spare, VA., perdonar. 
 sparkle \with~], VN., centellear 
 
 [con]. 
 sparkling, centelleante ; (brook) 
 
 cristalino. 
 sparrow, el gorrion. 
 
i 3 6 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 speak \about\, VN., hablar [de]; 
 
 so to , por decirlo asi. 
 spear, la lanza. 
 species, la especie. 
 specimen, la muestra. 
 speed, la velocidad. 
 spend, VA., gastar; (time) pasar. 
 spirit, el espiritu. 
 splendid, esplendido; brillante. 
 splendor, el esplendor. 
 spoil, echar a perder. 
 spotless, inmaculado. 
 spread, VA., derramar. 
 spring, s., (season] la primavera; 
 
 (water source) el manantial. 
 spring, ADJ., primaveral. 
 spring, VN., brincar. 
 sprinkle, VA., rociar; to become 
 
 d with, tachonarse de. 
 SS., (abbrev. for "steamship") el 
 
 vapor. 
 
 ftftfa^Ew'Vft], VA., manchar [de]. 
 stair, stairs, la escalera. [reo. 
 stamp : postage , el sello de cor- 
 stand, VN., *estar; *estar parade; 
 
 quedarse (II, viii, 10). 
 standard, el estandarte. 
 star, la estrella ; el astro (II, 
 
 xv, ,22). 
 
 starboard, el estribor. 
 start, VN., (set out) *salir ; partir. 
 state, el estado. 
 state, VA., relatar. 
 statement, la declaracion. 
 statesman, el estadista. 
 station, VA., *establecer. 
 statue, la estatua. 
 
 stay, s., la permanencia. 
 
 stay, VN., quedarse. 
 
 steadily, sin interrupcion. 
 
 steady, fijo. 
 
 steal, VA., robar ; hurtar (I, xx, 9). 
 
 steam, s., el vapor. 
 
 steam, VN., navegar. 
 
 steamer, el vapor. 
 
 steep, empinado; pendiente. 
 
 steeple, el campanario. 
 
 step, s., el paso. 
 
 step, VN., *dar pasos; -- into, 
 entrar a. 
 
 stern, ADJ., austero. 
 
 stick, el palo ; (walking) el baston. 
 
 still, ADJ., quieto. 
 
 still, VDV., aun; todavia. 
 
 stocked [with], poblado [de]. 
 
 stone, la piedra; -fruit, fruta 
 de hueso. 
 
 stop, VN., cesar (requires de be- 
 fore a dependent infinitive). 
 
 store, la tienda. 
 
 store up, VA., almacenar. 
 
 storm, la tempestad ; el temporal ; 
 la tormenta (II, xi, 6); thunder 
 , la tronada. 
 
 storm, VA., asaltar. 
 
 stormy, tempestuoso. 
 
 story, el cuento. 
 
 stove, la estufa. 
 
 straight, (nose) recto; (hair) de- 
 recho. 
 
 strait, straits, el estrecho. 
 
 strange, extrafio. 
 
 strap, la correa. 
 
 straw-thatched, cobijado de paja. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 '37 
 
 stream, la corriente. 
 
 street, la calle. 
 
 strength, las fuerzas (//.). 
 
 stretch, s., la extension. 
 
 stretch, VA., *tender; , VN., *ex- 
 
 tenderse; ed out, extendido. 
 strew, VA., desparramar. 
 strike, VA., *herir ; (with the fist) 
 
 pegar [a alguien] un punetazo; 
 
 *dar contra (II, v, 20); chocar 
 
 con (II, v, 22). 
 strip, VA., despojar. 
 stroke, (of scythe) guadanazo. 
 stroll, la vueltecita ; to take a , 
 
 *hacer una v. 
 strong, fuerte; poderoso. 
 stubborn, terco. 
 student, el alumno. 
 study, el estudio. 
 study, VA., estudiar. 
 stupendous, imponente. 
 subject, el asunto. 
 subsist, VN., subsistir. 
 substance, la sustancia. 
 substitution, la sustitucion. 
 suburb, el arrabal. 
 success, el buen exito. 
 successfully, felizmente. 
 succession, la sucesion; la serie 
 
 (II, xv, 37). 
 such, semejante; tal; como; - 
 
 a, semejante; as, como; a 
 
 thing, tal cosa; in wise, de 
 
 tal manera. 
 sudden, repentino ; of a , de re- 
 
 pente. 
 suddenly, repentinamente. 
 
 suffer, VA., (undergo) sufrir. 
 
 sufficiently, bastante. 
 
 suffuse, VA., banar. 
 
 sugar, el azucar. 
 
 sultry : it is [very] hace un 
 
 tiempo [muy] sofocante. 
 summer, el verano; next , el v. 
 
 que viene. 
 summit, la cima. 
 sun, el sol. 
 Sunday, el domingo. 
 sunlight, los rayos solares (II, 
 
 xv, 42). 
 sunset, la puesta del sol ; at , a 
 
 la puesta del sol ; in the red , 
 
 bajo los rojos rayos del sol 
 
 poniente. 
 
 sunshine, la claridad del sol. 
 sup, VN., cenar. 
 supper, la cena; after , despues 
 
 de cenar. 
 supply : in ample , en gran abun- 
 
 dancia. 
 
 supply, VA., suministrar. 
 support, *mantener (I, xiv, 14). 
 suppose, VA., *suponer. 
 supremacy, la supremacia. 
 sure [of], seguro \_de~\ ; to be that, 
 
 *estar s. de que. 
 surface, la superficie. 
 surpassing, incomparable ; tras- 
 
 cendente. 
 
 surprise, VA., sorprender. 
 surprising, sorprendente ; it is , 
 
 es cosa s. (II, xiv, 15). 
 surrounding, cercano (II, x, 7). 
 survey, el estudio. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 suspend, VA., suspender. 
 swamp, lacienaga; -land, el 
 
 cenagal. 
 swan, el cisne. 
 sway, el poder. 
 Sweden, Suecia (/.). 
 sweeper, el basurero. 
 sweet, dulce. 
 
 sweetheart, el novio; la novia. 
 sweetly, dulcemente. 
 swell, llenar (II, xiii, 57). 
 swiftly, con rapidez; ligero (II, 
 
 vi, 7)- 
 
 swiftness, la celeridad. 
 swim, VN., nadar; , VA., reco- 
 
 rrer a nado. 
 Swiss, suizo. 
 swollen, hinchado. 
 sword, la espada. 
 Sybarite, sibarito. 
 system, el sistema. 
 
 table, la mesa. 
 
 tailor, el sastre. 
 
 take, VA., tomar; llevar; cojer 
 (I, x, 9) ; to from anyone, 
 quitar a alguien; to {mean- 
 ing "to steal") from anyone, ro- 
 bar a alguien ; to a journey, 
 *hacer un viaje; one's way, 
 *seguir su camino; reftige, 
 ref ugiarse ; Tip, tomar ; a 
 walk, *dar un paseo, *dar una 
 vuelta; a short "walk, *dar 
 una vueltecita. 
 
 talent, el talento. 
 
 talented, de talento. 
 
 tall, alto. 
 
 talon, la garra. 
 
 tariff, el arancel; question, la 
 
 cuestion arancelaria. 
 Tarn, Mount , el monte Tharn. 
 taste, el gusto. 
 tea, el te ; to drink , tomar te ; 
 
 to take (i.e. supper), tomar 
 
 elte. 
 teach, VA., ensenar; educar (II, 
 
 viii, 10). 
 
 teacher, el maestro, 
 tear, la lagrima. 
 tear, VA., desgarrar; off, arran- 
 
 car. 
 tell, VA., *decir; (a narrative) 
 
 *contar ; {give an order) mandar 
 
 {followed by subjunct.). 
 telegraph line, la linea telegrafica. 
 temperate, templado. 
 tempest, tempestad. 
 temple, el templo. 
 temptation, la tentaci6n. 
 ten, diez. 
 tender, tierno. 
 tent, la tienda. 
 term, VA., llamar; *conocer con 
 
 el nombre de (II, iv, 3). 
 terrace, el terrado. 
 terrestrial, terrestre. 
 terrific, espantoso. 
 than, que. 
 thankful, grato. 
 thank, VA., *agradecer; you, 
 
 se lo agradezco a Vd. ; / you 
 
 very much, se lo agradezco a 
 
 Vd. infinite. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 139 
 
 that, (relative) que; (demonstra- 
 tive) ese (-a, -os, -as) ; (neuter) 
 eso ; (remote time or place) aquel 
 (/. aquella, //. -os, -as). 
 
 thaw, VN., *deshelar. 
 
 the, el (/.la;//, los, las). 
 
 their, su (pi. sus). 
 
 then, (at that time) entonces; {next 
 in order) luego. 
 
 there, alii ; is, are, hay ; - 
 was, were, habia ; "will be, 
 habra. 
 
 therefore, por eso. 
 
 thick, espeso; grueso; denso (II, 
 xii, 49) ; to be [two feet] thick, 
 *tener [dos pies] de espesor. 
 
 thin, sutil (II, v, 18); tenue (II, 
 
 V, 22). 
 
 thing, la cosa; el articulo (II, xiv, 
 
 21); such a , tal cosa. 
 think [of], VN., *pensar [en] ; avi- 
 
 sarse [de] (II, xiii, 51); that, 
 
 creer que. 
 third, tercero. 
 
 thirty, treinta; -five, t. y cinco. 
 this, este (-a, -os, -as) ; (neuter) 
 
 esto. 
 
 Thomas, Tomas (m.). 
 thorn, el espino. 
 thoroughly, a fondo. 
 though, aunque. 
 thought, el pensamiento. 
 thousand, mil; a , mil. 
 thread, el hilo. 
 threat, la menaza. 
 threaten, VA., amenazar. 
 three, tres. 
 
 thriving, prosperante. 
 
 throne, el trono. 
 
 through, por; por entre (II, xv, 
 10); (in title, II, xv,) travesia de. 
 
 throw, VA., arrojar; away, lanzar, 
 (colloquial) botar; up, arro- 
 jar. 
 
 thunder, el trueno. 
 
 thus, asi; de ese modo. 
 
 thwart, VA., frustrar. 
 
 tiger, el tigre. 
 
 tightly closed, bien cerrado. 
 
 time, el tiempo ; el espacio (I, xxi, 
 n); la epoca (II, viii, i); (con- 
 sidered as part of a series) la 
 vez; this , esta v., three s, 
 tres veces ; at the same , a la 
 v. ; at s, a veces ; to have a 
 good time, divertirse mucho; to 
 have to, tener tiempo de; in 
 , a tiempo; a long , por 
 largo t. (I, xxii, 25); about this 
 , acerca de esta estacion. 
 
 tin, el estano. 
 
 tint, el matiz. 
 
 tip, el extremo. 
 
 tired, cansado. 
 
 title, el titulo. 
 
 to, a; (up to, as far as) hasta; (in 
 order to) para. 
 
 tobacco, el tabaco. 
 
 to-day, hoy. 
 
 together, juntos, (/. -as). 
 
 token, la prueba. 
 
 to-morrow, mafiana. 
 
 tongue, la lengua; (speech) el 
 habla (/.). 
 
140 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 to-night, esta noche. 
 
 too, (excessively) demasiado ; (also) 
 
 tambien; much, demasiado 
 
 (-a), many, demasiados 
 
 (-as). 
 
 tooth, el diente. 
 topaz, el topacio. 
 torch, la antorcha; (of resinous 
 
 wood) la tea. 
 torn, PP., roto; desgarrado (II, 
 
 xv, 38). 
 
 tornado, el huracan. 
 touch, VA., tocar; acariciar (II, 
 
 xv, 23). 
 
 touching, simpatico. 
 tour, la vuelta; to make the of, 
 
 *dar la v. a. 
 toward, towards, hacia; (fig.) 
 
 para con. 
 tower, la torre. 
 town, la poblacion; (small) el 
 
 pueblo; (large) la ciudad; la 
 
 ciudad (II, xv, 26). 
 trace, el vestigio. 
 train, el tren. 
 transact, VA., despachar. 
 transform \into\ VA., trasformar 
 
 [en]. 
 
 transmit, VA., transmitir. 
 transparent, trasparente ; diaf ano 
 
 (II, x, 7). 
 
 transplant, VA., trasplantar. 
 transport, VA., trasportar. 
 tranquil, tranquilo. 
 trash, una bicoca. 
 travel, el viaje. 
 travel, VN., viajar; - - across, 
 
 *atravesar ; to (a certain dis- 
 tance}, recorrer, VA. 
 
 traveler, el viajero. 
 
 tread, VA., pisar. 
 
 treatise, el tratado. 
 
 tree, el arbol ; young , el arbo- 
 lito. 
 
 tremble, VN., *estremecer. 
 
 tremulous, tremulo. 
 
 tribe, la tribu. 
 
 trodden, pisado. 
 
 troop, la tropa. 
 
 trot, VN., trotar. 
 
 troublesome, molesto. x 
 
 trout, la trucha. 
 
 truck, el carro; hook-and-ladder 
 , c. de escalas. 
 
 true, verdadero ; cierto ; it is [not] 
 , [no] es verdad. 
 
 trunk, el tronco. 
 
 truth, la verdad. 
 
 try \to\ y VN., tratar [de] ; intentar 
 (I, xxi, 8). 
 
 tunnel, VA., tunelar.' 
 
 turbid, turbio. 
 
 turn, la vuelta. 
 
 turn, VA., *convertir; *mover (I, 
 xv, 12); to account, *hacer 
 valer; the hose upon, lanzar 
 chorros sobre; , VN., girar; 
 out, *salir ; out well, *tener 
 buen exito. 
 
 turquoise, la turquesa. 
 
 turret, el torreon. 
 
 twelve, doce. 
 
 twenty, veinte. 
 
 twenty-five, veinticinco. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 141 
 
 twilight, el crepusculo. 
 two, dos. 
 type, el tipo. 
 
 ugly, feo. 
 
 umbrella, el paraguas. 
 
 unaware : to be of, VA., ignorar. 
 
 uncomfortable, incomodo. 
 
 under, bajo ; debajo de ; {motion) 
 por debajo de. 
 
 undergo, VA., sufrir. 
 
 understand, VA., comprender ; *en- 
 tender (I, xvi, 6) ; that, *en- 
 tiender decir que; I understand 
 that, entiendo decir que. 
 
 undertaking, la empresa. 
 
 undisputed, incontesta&te. 
 
 unexpected, inesperable. 
 
 unfortunate, desgraciado; an - 
 man, un d. 
 
 unify, VA., unificar; to become 
 unified, unificarse. 
 
 unite, VA., unir. 
 
 united, unido; the States, los 
 Estados Unidos. 
 
 unknown [by], desconocido [por]. 
 
 unless, a menos que ; a no ser que 
 {followed by subjunctive). 
 
 unlucky, fatal. 
 
 unmolested, sin estorbo. 
 
 un-plausible, improbable. 
 
 unroll, VA., *desenvolver. 
 
 untamed, indomito. 
 
 until, hasta (followed by infini- 
 tive] ; hasta que (followed by 
 indicative or subjuntive). 
 
 untiring, incansable. 
 
 upbraid, VA., *reconvenir. 
 
 upon, en; sobre; encima de. 
 
 upper, superior. 
 
 uproot, VA., arrancar por com- 
 plete ; arrancar de cuajo. 
 
 upstairs, arriba ; to go , subir la 
 escalera. 
 
 up to, hasta. 
 
 us, nos. 
 
 use, s., el uso. 
 
 use, VA., usar; emplear; *ser- 
 virse de. 
 
 useful, util. 
 
 useless, inutil. 
 
 usually, ordinariamente. 
 
 vain, inutil; in , en vano. 
 
 valley, el valle. 
 
 valuable, valioso; precioso. 
 
 value, el valor. 
 
 vaporize, VA., evaporar; *con- 
 
 vertir en vapor (II, v, 20). 
 vaporization, la evaporation, 
 various, varies (-as), 
 vase, el vaso. 
 vast, vasto. 
 vein, la vena, 
 venture, VN., aventurarse. 
 verdure, la verdura. 
 verse, el verso. 
 very, muy; (often expressed by 
 
 termination -isimo) - - much, 
 
 muchisimo. 
 vessel, el buque; sailing , bu- 
 
 que de vela. 
 view, la perspectiva. 
 vine, la vid. 
 
142 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 violently, con violencia. 
 
 violet, la violeta. 
 
 virgin, la virgen; Cape s, el 
 
 cabo de Virgenes. 
 visit, la visita. 
 vivid, vivo. 
 voice, la voz. 
 volcano, el volcan. 
 volume, el volumen; (book) el 
 
 tomo; (smoke) el torbellino. 
 voyage, el viaje. 
 
 waft, VA., llevar. 
 
 wait, VA., esperar. 
 
 waiter, el mozo. 
 
 waking, el despertamiento. 
 
 Wales, Gales (/.). 
 
 walk, el paseo ; (stroll ) la vuelta ; 
 short , la vueltecita; to take 
 a , *dar un paseo; to take a 
 short , *dar una vueltecita. 
 
 walk, VA., pisar; (a certain dis- 
 tance) recorrer a pie ; , VN., 
 *andar, caminar, *ir a pie ; - 
 across, *atravesar a pie. 
 
 wall, la muralla; (inner wall) la 
 pared. 
 
 wander, VN., vagar. 
 
 want, VA., querer. 
 
 war, la'guerra. 
 _Weirbling, el gorgeo. 
 
 warm, caluroso; (to the touch) ca- 
 liente. 
 
 warm, VA., *calentar. 
 
 warrior, el guerrero. 
 
 wash, VA., lavar ; away, arras- 
 trar. 
 
 watch, el reloj (or relo) [de bol- 
 sillo]. 
 
 watch, VA., (look at) mirar; 
 (guard) velar; to keep over 
 (or above), velar. 
 
 water, el agua (/.); -- power, 
 fuerza de a. 
 
 water, VA., *regar. 
 
 waterfall, la cascada. 
 
 watering, la aguada. 
 
 water-lily, la azucena. 
 
 wave, la ola. 
 
 way, (route) el camino; (manner) 
 el modo, la manera ; to continue 
 on one's , to take one's , *se- 
 guir sue.; in a . . . way, de una 
 manera . . . ; in my own , a 
 mi modo ; in the same as, de 
 la misma manera que. 
 
 wayfarer, el viandante. 
 
 weapon, el arma (/.). 
 
 wealth, los productos (//.) (II, 
 
 wear, VA., llevar. 
 
 weather, el tiempo; bad , mal 
 
 t. ; dry , la seca ; the is bad, 
 
 hace mal t. 
 wedding, la boda. 
 week, la semana ; last , la se- 
 
 mana pasada. 
 
 week-day, el dia de trabajo. 
 weep, VN., llorar; --for, VA., 
 
 llorar. 
 
 weight, el peso. 
 well, ADV., bien; (exclamation) 
 
 bueno ; as as, lo mismo que, 
 
 asi como ; known, bien cono- 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 143 
 
 cido; marked, bien deter- 
 minado. 
 
 western, occidental. 
 
 westward, hacia el occidente. 
 
 wet, hiimedo; mojado. 
 
 whale, la ballena. 
 
 what, (interrogative) que, cual; 
 que cosa ; (relative) lo que. 
 
 whatever, sea el que quiera . . . 
 que {followed by subjunctive). 
 
 wheat, el trigo. 
 
 whence, de donde. 
 
 when, cuando; (as soon as) en 
 cuanto. 
 
 whenever, cuandoquiera que 
 (followed by stibjunctive). 
 
 where, donde. 
 
 wherever, dondequiera que (fol- 
 lowed by subjunctive). 
 
 which, (interrogative) cual; (rela- 
 tive) que, el cual. 
 
 while, mientras; mientras que. 
 
 whip, VA., azotar; to to death, 
 matar a latigazos. 
 
 white, bianco; palido (II, ix, 14). 
 
 whiteness, la blancura. 
 
 who, (interrogative) quien; (rela- 
 tive) quien, que. 
 
 whoever, quienquiera que (fol- 
 lowed by subjunctive). 
 
 whole, todo (-a, -os, -as) ; entero ; 
 a day, todo un dia ; the 
 day, todo el dia. 
 
 Whom, a quien, que. 
 
 whose, cuyo (-a, -os, -as). 
 
 why, por que. 
 
 wide, dilatado, 
 
 widen, VN., ensancharse; abrirse 
 
 (II, xv, 1 6). 
 width, la anchura. 
 wife, (one's own) mujer, esposa; 
 
 (another's) sefiora ( 229). 
 wild, agreste (II, xv, 14); salvaje 
 
 (II, xv, 37); funesto (II, ix, 13). 
 will, la voluntad. 
 William, Guillermo. 
 win, VA., ganar. 
 wind, el viento; the is very 
 
 high, hace mucho v. 
 winding, s., la revuelta. 
 winding, ADJ., sinuoso. 
 windmill, el molino de viento. 
 window, la ventana. 
 wine, el vino, 
 wing, el ala (/.). 
 winged, alado. 
 winter, el invierno; last , el i. 
 
 pasado. 
 
 winter, ADJ., invernal. 
 wipe, VA., limpiar; off from, 
 
 borrar de. 
 wise, sabio. 
 wish, VA., desear ; *querer; / 7 
 
 had, quisiera tener; / that, 
 
 quisiera que (followed by past 
 
 subjunctive). 
 witchery, el encanto. 
 with, con ; me, conmigo. 
 withdraw, VA., retirar ; , VN., 
 
 retirarse. 
 wither, VA., marchitar; VN., 
 
 marchitarse. 
 within, ADV., dentro; , PREP., 
 
 dentro de, 
 
144 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 without, PREP., sin ; , ADV., (out 
 
 doors} afuera. 
 witty, chistoso. 
 woman, la mujer. 
 womanhood, la mujer. 
 wonder : / - - if, quisiera sa- 
 ber si. 
 
 wonderful, maravilloso. 
 wood, (material] lamadera;(/;^/) 
 
 la lena; (woods) el bosque. 
 wool, la lana. 
 word, la palabra; of command, 
 
 la voz de mando. 
 
 work, (labor) el trabajo; (per- 
 formance) la obra; (literary 
 
 production) la obra. 
 work, VN., trabajar. 
 work-a-day, ADJ., trabajador. 
 workman, el obrero. 
 world, el mundo; el globo; el g, 
 
 terrestre (II, viii, 15); the New 
 
 , el Nuevo M. 
 worship, el culto. 
 worth : to be , *valer ; to be 
 
 while, v. la pena. 
 worthy [of], acreedor [a] (II, 
 
 xv, 3). 
 would: - - to God, ojala que 
 
 (followed by subjunctive). 
 wound, la herida. 
 
 wounded, herido. 
 woven, tejido. 
 wrap, el abrigo. 
 wrap, VA,, abrigar. 
 wrapt, (fig^ encapotado. 
 write, VA., escribir (PP. escrito); 
 - a good hand, *tener buena 
 letra. 
 writer, el escritor. 
 
 yard, (measure) la vara; (naut.) 
 
 la verga. 
 
 year, el ano ; last , el a. pasado. 
 yellow, amarillo. 
 yellowish, amarillento. 
 yes, si ; indeed! \ ya lo creo ! 
 yesterday, ayer; afternoon, a, 
 
 por la tarde. 
 yet, todavia ; not , no [verb] t. ; 
 
 (without verb) t. no. 
 yield, VA., ceder. 
 you, Vd. (abbrev. of usted). 
 young, joven; juvenil (II, vi, 14); 
 
 man, el joven; tree, el ar- 
 
 bolito. 
 youth, la juventud; (young man) 
 
 el joven. 
 
 zeal, el celo. 
 zero, el cero. 
 
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