A STUDY OF VIRGIL'S 
 DESCRIPTIONS OF NATURE 
 
 ABEL LOUISE ANDERSON 
 
 STUDIES IN LITERATURE 
 
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 SITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 A Study of Virgil's 
 Descriptions of Nature 
 
 BY 
 
 MABEL LOUISE ANDERSON 
 
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 * •• 1 ». 
 
 BOSTON: RICHARD G. BADGER 
 
 TORONTO: THE COPP CLARK CO., LIMITED
 
 Copyright, 1916, by Richard G. Badger 
 
 AH Rights Reserved 
 
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 The Gorham Press, Boston, U. S. A. 
 
 MADE IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Li 
 
 ^ It Is difficult to discuss poetic descriptions both 
 § sympathetically and judicially. It is equally dffiicult 
 ^ to analyze the technique of any artistic production 
 •J without entailing the loss of its beauty. But, inas- 
 ^ much as all artistic, technical principles have been 
 o formulated through such minute analysis, it has 
 to not seemed inappropriate to examine these prin- 
 ^ ciples of artistry which Vergil followed, consciously 
 
 or unconsciously, in his descriptions of nature. 
 
 In studying these descriptive passages it has been 
 thought best to classify and study them under two 
 - main groupings. 
 
 I. The Static descriptions in which the local 
 point of view does not change. 
 i II. The Active descriptions in which the local 
 point of view constantly changes. 
 
 These main divisions may be subdivided Into : 
 
 (a) The formal description for which the poet 
 has set aside his narrative. 
 
 (b) The incidental description which has crept 
 into the work without intention, and which is so 
 
 <n short that it does not interrupt the narrative. 
 
 J* Among the incidental static descriptions there 
 
 1 are many "thumb-nail sketches" of word length 
 ? which are of value to this discussion only as they 
 I illuminate the study of sense-appeals. 
 
 The descriptions of the above classes have been 
 examined with reference to their point of view — 
 that of person, place, and time — their general out- 
 line, center, mood, and their sense-appeals. It was 
 the desire of the writer to study also the climax 
 and illustrative imagery of these passages, but that 
 could not be embraced within the limits of the 
 
 present discussion. 
 
 ******* 
 
 ovews*
 
 The texts of Vergil's works upon which this 
 thesis has been based, are as follows : 
 
 Conington, John, Vergili Opera, 1898. 
 
 Kennedy, B. H., P. Vergili Maronis Opera, 
 1895. 
 
 Papillon, T. L. & Haigh., A. E., P Vergili 
 Maronis Opera, 1892. 
 
 Ribbeck, Otto, P Vergili Maronis Opera, 1904. 
 
 Other literature consulted Is as follows: 
 
 Sellar, W. Y., Roman Poets of the Augustan 
 Age, Vergil, 1897. 
 
 Shairp, J. C, The Poetic Interpretation of 
 Nature, 1898.
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Chapter Page 
 
 I. The Technique of Form 9 
 
 Point of View — Person — Place — 
 Time — General Outline — Center. 
 
 II. Mood 14 
 
 Contrasting Moods — Obedience 
 — Fury — Human Mood. 
 
 III. Sense Appeals . 72 
 
 Form — Color — Light and Shade 
 — Touch — Temperature — Taste 
 — Smell — Motion — Hearing — 
 Summary. 
 
 IV. Conclusion 214
 
 STUDY OF VIRGIL'S DESCRIPTIONS OF 
 
 NATURE
 
 A Study of Virgil's Descriptions 
 
 of Nature 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 The Technique of Form 
 
 Point of View 
 
 In presenting a picture of Nature, Vergil usually 
 adopts one point of view and keeps that point 
 throughout the passage. That is, each picture is 
 given as it would have appeared to one person or 
 group of persons, from one place, at one time. 
 These descriptions rarely embrace more than one 
 person, or group of persons regarded as one, could 
 have seen within the time-limits of the passage. 
 
 Person. 
 
 Frequently it is not difficult to determine to 
 which character the appeal is made, Aeneid IV, 
 246, is Mercury's glimpse of the earth as he "skims 
 along the turbid clouds." Aeneid II, 360, is the 
 description of burning Troy as Aeneas and his fol- 
 lowers had seen it. Because one may often know 
 to which character these descriptive appeals are 
 made, it does not follow that they are necessarily 
 subjective. In the passage Aeneid IV, 246, men- 
 tioned above, how Mercury felt or what he thought 
 of the earth beneath him, is entirely omitted from 
 the lines. The description is purely objective, un- 
 colored by personal feeling. In all the poems of 
 Vergil subjective descriptions are rare except in 
 those passages in which the point of view is that 
 
 9
 
 lo Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 
 
 of an animal or that of inanimate nature. These 
 passages are usually very short and are in general 
 the result of a change in the point of view. So in 
 Georgia IV, 401, the point of view is that of the 
 first person until the line "umbra est gratior 
 pecori," which is the flock's subjective attitude to- 
 ward shade in summer. In Aeneid VIII, 86-99, 
 the early descriptive lines deal with the details 
 which the sailors would have noticed. But lines 
 91 and 92 introduce a personification of the waves 
 and the woods, and then describe subjectively from 
 this personified Nature's standpoint the "painted 
 keels of the ships and the shining arms of the 
 sailors." 
 
 There are many descriptions in which the point 
 of view is kept as carefully as if it were that of one 
 person, yet that one person is not definitely pre- 
 sented to the mind. Such a passage is Aeneid I, 50- 
 55. In the tables below, such a point of view has 
 been designated by the term "undefined." 
 
 A few descriptions are very general and com- 
 prehensive. They are so comprehensive that no 
 one person could have noted the details given with- 
 in the time limits of the passage. In Aeneid VII, 
 514, the lake of Diana, the river Nar, the fountain 
 of Velinus, each echoed the "hellish voice of the 
 goddess." No one person could have been con- 
 scious of this wide response to the goddess' voice. 
 Such a point of view may be designated by the term 
 "General." 
 
 There are fifteen instances of this among the one 
 hundred fifty-five descriptions under discussion. 
 They are as follows 
 
 Eclogue 
 
 II, 
 
 8-14 
 
 Georgia 
 
 I, 
 
 230. 
 
 (( 
 
 I, 
 
 466. 
 
 (t 
 
 II, 
 
 467. 
 
 (C 
 
 IV, 
 
 292.
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 1 1 
 
 Aeneid 
 
 I, 8i. 
 
 
 
 I, 102. 
 
 
 
 Ill, 148. 
 
 IV, 160. 
 
 
 1 
 
 IV, 246. 
 V, 693. 
 
 VII, 514. 
 
 VIII, 26. 
 
 
 [ 
 
 X, loi. 
 
 Among the one hundred forty-five static descrip- 
 tions, — exclusive of the word sketch — there are 
 eleven which change their point of view. They are 
 as follows : 
 
 Eclogue 
 
 VIII, 
 
 14. 
 
 u 
 
 IX, 
 
 48. 
 
 Georgic 
 
 I, 
 
 230. 
 
 u 
 
 II, 
 
 201. 
 
 (( 
 
 III, 
 
 148. 
 
 (( 
 
 III, 
 
 324. 
 
 u 
 
 IV, 
 
 401. 
 
 Aeneid 
 
 III, 
 
 148. 
 
 (( 
 
 V, 
 
 2, 
 
 u 
 
 V, 
 
 124. 
 
 (( 
 
 V, 
 
 505- 
 
 There are three such changes among the ten 
 active descriptions : Aeneid I, 8 1 ; Aeneid IV, 246 ; 
 Aeneid VIII, 86. From the full number of de- 
 scriptions, one hundred fifty-five, there are fourteen 
 which suffer this change in the point of view. 
 
 Place 
 
 Just as it was frequently possible to determine 
 to whom the picture appealed, so it is not often diffi- 
 cult to determine the place from which the scene 
 was described. Thus in Aeneid III, 532-6, Aeneas 
 must have been standing on the prow of his ship 
 facing the shore. In many of the shorter incidental
 
 12 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 descriptions this local point of view can not be 
 determined; as in Aeneid III, 521-2, the sunrise 
 would, of course, be generally visible to the people 
 throughout the country. In the table below, this 
 condition has been designated by the expression 
 "no definite place." The active descriptions, of 
 necessity, can not be considered as offering data 
 for the local point of view, since their point of view 
 must constantly change. But, of the one hundred 
 forty-five static descriptions, there are seven in 
 which the local point of view changes. They are 
 as follows : 
 
 Georgic 
 
 I, 230. 
 
 (( 
 
 I> 356. 
 
 (( 
 
 II, 207. 
 
 u 
 
 Ill, 324. 
 
 (i 
 
 IV, 271. 
 
 Aeneid 
 
 I, 159. 
 
 u 
 
 Ill, 148. 
 
 Time 
 
 Generally, exclusive of the active descriptions, 
 the view described might easily be seen without 
 a great lapse of time. But there are a few de- 
 scriptions which portray conditions under two dis- 
 tinct time-periods. Aeneid V, 124-8, describes a 
 rock as it appears both in fair weather and in 
 storm. This change of the time-period is some- 
 times necessary, as in Georgic I, 230, in which the 
 zones of the Heavens are described. Among the 
 static descriptions there are five which suffer this 
 change in the temporal point of view. 
 
 Eclogue VII, 57. 
 
 Georgic III, 324. 
 Ill, 340. 
 Ill, 425- 
 
 Aeneid V, 124.
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 13 
 
 Aeneid IV, 351, and Aeneid VIII, 190, repre- 
 sent repeated conditions. In those instances the 
 temporal point of view may be termed "frequenta- 
 
 tive." 
 
 General Outline 
 
 Vergil usually builds up his descriptions detail 
 by detail instead of giving the outline and filling 
 that in, as painters work. In Georgic I, 370, the 
 conditions of the approaching storm are described; 
 first by the outline, which gives the place — the sea- 
 coast; — and the weather conditions — thunder and 
 wind. Then follow the details — the action of birds 
 and ants during the storm. Most pictures, how- 
 ever, are built as Georgic II, 467, which begins 
 with mere details and catalogues them. It is only 
 the formal static descriptions which present possi- 
 bilities for this general outline. But of these forty- 
 five formal descriptions only four present outlines. 
 
 Georgic IV, 186. 
 IV, 271. 
 
 Aeneid V, 84. 
 
 VIII, 416. 
 
 Center 
 
 In his descriptions Vergil does not often fix the 
 attention upon one thing in the picture and leave 
 all the other details dimmer in the mind. That is, 
 his pictures are not centered around one point as is 
 a classic painting. There are, however, two pic- 
 tures which are centered. In the Aeneid V, 84, the 
 attention is fixed constantly upon the snake, and in 
 Aeneid II, 694, the attention is centered upon the 
 star.
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 Mood 
 
 About half of Vergil's descriptions are mood 
 sketches. The most common of his moods is ten- 
 derness. This is often attained by taking the point 
 of view of the flocks, or of nature in general, as in 
 Georgic III, 324, "Ros, gratissimus pecori, est in 
 tenera herba." 
 
 Contrasting Moods 
 
 In the principle of contrast lies the secret of 
 much of the poet's art. Light often comes into the 
 picture after darkness; suggestions of heat follow 
 descriptions of cold. So there are given many 
 contrasting mood sketches. In Georgic II, 467- 
 76, the peace and rustic tone follow the account of 
 the "proud doors in the mansion," and of the 
 "wool stained with Assyrian poison." 
 
 Obedience 
 
 The obedience of Nature to the divine will is 
 manifest in Aeneid X, 101-3. For at the voice of 
 the god the trembling earth is still, the sky is 
 hushed, the winds die down, and the sea smoothes 
 out its waves. 
 
 Fury 
 
 Man's helplessness in the power of nature colors 
 the description of the mad sea which scattered the 
 ships in the darkness. (Aeneid III, 192-5). On 
 the other hand the sense of Nature's protection 
 
 14
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 15 
 
 Protective Interest 
 
 often creeps into the lines as in Aeneid III, 532, 
 where the cliffs are said to stretch down their arms. 
 "Scopuli demittunt brachia." 
 
 Human Mood 
 
 At times Nature seems to respond to human 
 mood. It seems covered with man's melancholy 
 and loneliness. In Aeneid XII, 861, the little bird 
 sits on the grave and sings late into the night 
 through the darkness. Again, Nature's calmness 
 and contentment mock at human misery. In 
 Aeneid IV, 522, the fields are still; the birds, 
 asleep; but Dido's "cares redoubled in the great 
 tide of passion." This same lack of sympathy in 
 Nature is seen again in Aeneid IV, 584, where the 
 morning dawns bright only for Dido to see, 
 through her window, Aeneas sail from the shore. 
 
 No attempt is made in this discussion to classify 
 completely the mood sketches, because the re- 
 sponse to mood as a literary quality depends too 
 much upon the personality and experience of the 
 reader. The general suggestions given above will 
 serve to illustrate the fineness of Vergil's art. This 
 impression would not be materially aided by an 
 arbitrary summarizing of the mood in his sketches.
 
 1 6 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
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 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 19 
 
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 2 2 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 
 
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 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 23 
 
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 are seen, nor the rising 
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 clouds. The halcyons do 
 not open their wings; 
 the swine do not toss the 
 loosened wisps of straw. 
 The mists have settled 
 upon the plain; the owl 
 at sunset sings in vain. 
 The ravens repeat their 
 liquid notes, and rustle 
 in their happiness 
 among the leaves. 
 
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 at Caesar's death when 
 he covered his bright 
 head with a murky hue. 
 The ages feared eternal 
 night. Etna boiled in 
 waves on the land 
 and shot up globes 
 of flames. Germany 
 heard the crash of 
 
 
 
 N "^ 6 . J, o<
 
 24 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
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 arms in the sky; the 
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 through the silent 
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 spoke, rivers stopped 
 their course, the earth 
 yawned, the ivory wept 
 in the temples, and the 
 brazen statues sweat. 
 Eridanus overflowing, 
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 before it, and took the 
 herds from their stalls. 
 Blood flowed from 
 wells. The city, by 
 night, resounded with 
 the howling of the 
 wolves. Lightnings fell 
 from a cloudless sky, 
 and comets blazed. 
 
 The soil from which 
 the ploughman has 
 
 

 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 f 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 4-> (U 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 S 
 
 c 
 O 
 
 <u 
 
 o 
 
 Oh 
 
 U 
 O 
 
 •T3 
 O 
 O 
 
 G 
 O 
 
 u 
 <u 
 Ph 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 <u 
 
 c 
 
 w 
 c 
 
 
 
 C i> 
 
 s V, ^ •::::';2 u =« 
 
 r; -O "1 r^ OJ 
 
 5 3 , „- O O 
 
 _ fi O 'tr, 
 
 "O 03 I- <u 
 
 <j rt -4-1 +J 
 
 ^o 
 
 
 ==2 
 
 O TO 
 
 <ui3 ;>> 
 
 H 
 
 
 tn 'J -rt — 
 
 c 
 CI ex 
 
 ^~ I— 
 
 ■^ - o 
 
 ^ G 'O OJ 
 
 o o 2 J: u. 
 
 r- O 
 
 d '^ <u !i 
 
 <4= 
 
 G ^ ' 
 
 en is n 
 
 J; rt n! 
 
 1- o 
 
 o.iS 
 
 1- o 
 3 O 
 
 ^G 
 
 G bo : 
 
 3 tH 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 -t-» 
 
 c:i 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 (/) 
 
 G 
 
 1' 
 
 o 
 
 a; 
 
 x; 
 
 -^.H 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 <u 
 
 u 
 
 
 jr 
 
 u 
 
 (fl 
 
 -♦-» 
 
 
 c 
 
 n 
 
 rr 
 
 > 
 
 -*-» 
 
 I1> 
 
 rt 
 
 G 
 
 r-" 
 
 (u 
 
 
 O 
 
 G 
 
 
 hfi 
 
 OS 
 
 <u 
 
 I— 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 \D 
 
 
 6 • -L, M
 
 2 6 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 4I' OJ 
 
 3 C 
 
 
 Wi o 
 4; W) 
 
 H-2 a. 
 
 o 'S 
 
 C +J <U w 
 
 ^. •" rt ^ 
 
 o E h t/-. 
 
 "! c C <u 
 
 1> C t^ r^ 
 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 i> 
 
 V 
 
 
 c 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "o 
 
 a, 
 
 
 flj 
 
 0) 
 
 
 
 ■M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 M= 
 
 « 
 
 J 
 
 
 •0 «j 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 
 rt 
 
 rt 
 
 
 2: a, 
 
 iz; a 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 en 
 l-< 
 
 <U 
 
 3 
 
 -4-» 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 CO 
 
 1; rt TJ 
 o rt^ oj 
 bo >i u 
 
 o ^ 
 
 a; 
 
 &. en 
 ^-^ 
 
 «^ 
 
 4J 
 (U 
 
 en C 
 
 c 
 
 bo . 
 
 
 C~^ en 
 
 bb.'H 
 
 .S "^ 
 'C "* 
 
 C^ en 
 en .S 
 
 & ^ 
 
 +-» 
 
 ■t-» en 
 
 w 
 
 ■A p-^ 
 
 en 
 
 tJ^ 
 
 •4 
 
 
 
 a! 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 U3 
 
 (U 
 
 
 X 
 
 C/1 
 
 
 ■4-> 
 
 light, 
 their 
 
 o.t; 
 
 C 
 
 > . 
 rt en 
 
 <u -a 
 
 bo aJ 
 
 C-f. 
 
 i ^ S 
 
 ;r3 ■' en [— I 
 
 rt 
 
 r 4^ 
 
 . OJ en 
 
 
 J O 
 
 S ^ 
 
 en 
 
 Cj en 
 
 C > 
 
 ^^ 
 
 TO r-J 
 
 ,Q en 
 
 
 C rn "^ 
 
 O O 
 
 bo o 
 
 en en 
 
 M-i (u en 
 O <u "O 
 en i^ C 
 
 boc 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 

 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 27 
 
 T3 
 O 
 O 
 
 tn 
 
 = 
 
 O 
 
 S <u 
 
 
 s 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 ;5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .2 u 
 
 - 
 
 ,— ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ti 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 w<*i cu 
 
 
 Wi 
 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
 bo -T- 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 E 
 
 4; 
 
 bo 
 'c 
 
 5 
 
 >. 
 
 e 
 
 c 
 '5 
 
 chan 
 ssary 
 descr 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 ll 
 
 
 
 
 
 The 
 nece 
 this 
 tion 
 
 
 
 
 4; 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 •s <^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 ♦J 4J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •=i JS 
 
 
 
 
 
 H-l 
 
 2 
 
 "v 
 
 ^2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 UhPhlC 
 
 
 
 
 
 OS 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 J3 
 o 
 
 -4-» 
 
 <u 
 
 CO 
 
 T3 
 
 c 
 D 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 -a 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 J! 
 
 o u 
 
 O-r- 
 
 bo O "U 
 §3^ 
 
 3 C 
 
 (« 
 
 
 CO 
 
 ^ o 
 
 *"« 
 
 <u 
 
 (O 
 
 — I — 
 
 <U I— I 
 
 
 i?" 
 
 " t- 1* 
 
 <U (J O 
 
 b 3 o 
 
 rt "-!-< J— 
 0< O -i-> 
 
 4J "O bo nj 
 rt " to 
 
 <u 2 ■^■" 
 
 O tn 
 
 ,S2-2E-S 
 
 to . o 
 
 60 <" > <C 
 
 G "^ ?^ 
 .3 V- o; uj 
 
 3 bO-O^ 
 O «J <u 
 
 (U -4-; (U 
 
 x; -3 4) 
 
 +: bo u 
 
 ?, O 
 
 1> to -M 
 
 3^^ 
 
 H o ^ 
 
 ■ -3 jT- m -'-' 
 
 (U 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 +-► 
 
 u 
 
 
 •0 
 
 >1 
 
 
 tA) 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 C3 
 
 rt 
 
 
 to 
 
 4; 
 
 lU 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 6a 
 
 03 3. t:. 
 
 bO' 
 
 tJ-Q 
 
 -^ > 3 
 
 £ "^ ii 
 
 4) "5 bo 4; 
 
 ^ ^ 3 u. 
 ■^ 3-n O 
 
 3 ot; e 
 
 "" V '" 4) 
 
 J= « 3 
 
 •^ 4J to 
 
 toJ= «J 
 
 3 ■" ^ 
 
 3 CO 
 
 rt to <y 
 
 4> 1 — I U 
 
 I- O O 
 
 " (J to 
 
 V- D 
 
 03 bjO.3 
 
 4) g ■I-' 
 
 fO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO
 
 28 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 4J U 
 
 3 C 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 15 
 
 O 
 
 a. 
 E 
 
 H 
 
 
 c 
 "o 
 
 O 
 
 ni 
 
 O 
 u 
 
 (In 
 
 S 
 ^ ■ 
 
 Is t: 
 o <u 
 
 S (U 
 
 aj 
 o 
 
 "3. 
 •a 
 
 o 
 
 <D 
 
 <u 
 
 c 
 
 X! 
 C/1 
 
 
 r-t (/I 
 
 .c -a 
 
 r r- o 
 P~ be 
 
 u o. 
 
 3 C/l (11 , — I ^_( 
 
 <U ' 
 
 05 
 
 1-' > - 
 
 ^ ? en c« (/) 
 
 J> . c ^ 1- 
 
 i: rt 4i ji 
 
 lU 
 
 >, 
 
 in 
 
 jn-Q 
 
 <u 
 
 H 
 
 -0 
 
 'C 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 -^-» 
 
 Q) 
 
 
 r-* 
 
 •n 
 
 QJ 
 
 
 
 
 J^ 
 
 t/) 
 
 « 
 
 -^ 
 
 > 
 0! 
 
 
 
 iJ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 (J 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 -(-' (U tn c 
 Co 
 
 -C W, ^ <U 
 
 i; n 03'-' 
 = '^ . 
 
 « > ^ 
 
 S 03 t; ^ 
 > 00 
 
 (n -r- f^ 4-J 
 
 aj be o « 
 
 r- tn 
 
 2 £ 
 
 en 2 3 
 
 S-H +-■ 
 
 in -a 
 
 & 
 O 
 
 t- 4J ? r; 
 
 "" -c ^ aj 
 
 H 
 
 in f-4 
 
 a^ -a 
 
 > 03 
 C in 
 
 = •2 
 
 ,— aj 
 
 ^ ojx; <f; 
 
 u at *^ '^ 
 
 C O =! X 
 
 SH^oS" 
 
 o^ 
 
 (^ 
 
 ro
 
 Study of P'irgil's Descriptions of Nature 29 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 
 •T3 
 
 C 
 
 l_J .— » -4_> 
 
 •^ S w "! c "5 
 
 3"^ 4^ e O 
 
 -*-> tfi (L) f^ /-s 
 
 <U O ^ 
 
 
 
 a o 
 
 «-' > — i_^ o o 
 .S C ai ^-i O en ? 
 
 .|_.- 
 
 4-> <U 
 
 = 
 
 
 > 
 
 'o 
 
 (In 
 
 O 
 
 S 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 f, <« o 
 
 u 
 
 O 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 ILI 
 
 -t-» 
 
 CO 
 
 <u 
 
 c I qj J2 
 a! cS -t^-p^ 
 o 
 
 3 rt 
 
 
 u c 5 u ^ 
 rS 55 P 
 
 •5 ^.5'^ ?a
 
 30 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 4J 
 
 C 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 u 
 a; 
 
 o 
 o. 
 
 E 
 
 
 C 
 
 "o 
 
 Cm 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 CM 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 • ' en 
 
 
 03 03^ 
 
 c S3 
 ox: 
 
 
 
 c.S 
 
 <u 
 
 n 
 CO 
 
 u 
 
 c: 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 V 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 1/2 to +-; rt 
 
 
 ^ — •-^ = 3 
 
 oi C 03 <u 
 
 
 ^B 
 
 03 <u 
 
 >:^ 
 
 U) 
 
 > rt 
 O 'J^ 
 
 ° c 
 
 o! 
 u 
 
 ox; c 
 
 
 .= C 
 
 ^ E 
 
 -O 3 
 
 03 t" 
 
 en oj 
 
 (U ^ tn 
 
 E Stj 
 
 '2 P 
 
 &X! 
 
 o 
 
 o ^ 
 
 (/) 
 
 en OJ -u 
 
 osx: w 
 
 S r^ 
 
 C I- -^ 
 
 ,34->— Dojuajcu 
 ^ r-*^^ _i (11 ^> ^^ ^ 
 
 xl 
 
 
 
 ?4_iX en-tJ-M 03^ 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 01 
 CO
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 3 1 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 4-1 U 
 
 
 
 'o 
 
 c3 
 
 o 
 6 
 H 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 13 
 
 C 
 
 I- 1; 
 3 (J 
 
 o 
 
 00 c 
 
 I 
 
 c 
 
 IL) 
 
 OJ I, <« 
 
 C in ^ .« <U 
 
 C OJ IJ D U > 
 
 ■ h O 41!^ tn ^3 J 
 
 04 (U 
 
 (L) C 
 
 
 - ?^ ^ c 
 
 4-1 G. rt >+- 
 
 r 
 
 
 <LI 
 
 
 
 be 
 
 
 1 
 
 !fl 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 oJ 
 
 4-' 
 
 *4-i 
 
 -0 
 
 Ol 4-J 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 O 
 
 > 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 O o c3 
 
 . o 
 o c 
 
 "^s.s 
 
 13 
 
 !50 
 (U to rt 
 
 5 rt o 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 l-< 
 
 Oh 
 
 U 
 4^ 
 
 en 
 
 d 
 
 c 
 
 <n tu u u 
 
 r< en 4-1 
 S> X) OJ 
 
 
 ess 
 
 330 
 o c^ 
 
 ^ rt 43 
 
 s 
 
 CT3 
 
 <2 c^ Si e/JJS-fi 
 
 •-" aj 
 
 •" <u t- J2 en^.t; 
 
 j; 
 
 en — T-J ^ he ^ 
 
 en 
 
 •0 13 
 
 meadow 
 
 ster, go 
 with 
 which 
 
 ds a g 
 of the 
 
 decked 
 
 settle 
 all is h 
 ht. 
 
 dj . 00 
 
 TO r! 4J en 
 
 y hav 
 
 ir cells 
 
 the ni 
 
 In the 
 also the 
 flowered, 
 leaves 01 
 violet sh 
 The altar 
 are often 
 
 <u <u ^ 
 
 43:t:«4-. 
 
 en (LI 
 
 ^ te 
 o > 
 
 4-1 <u 
 en c 
 
 M- O 
 
 en 
 

 
 32 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 t3 
 O 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 J3 TT l* 
 
 4-. (UJ3 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 "o 
 
 03 
 C 
 O 
 
 a, 
 
 J3 
 o 
 
 <u 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 ^3 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 
 \-, 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 O, 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 1) 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 
 c 
 
 s 
 
 c 
 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 o 
 
 oj 
 
 <J 
 
 rt 
 
 •o 
 
 o 
 
 <-»-i 
 
 u 
 
 0) 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 (U 
 
 hJ 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 O rt 
 
 4J 
 
 
 Q 
 
 ^ a 
 
 < 
 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 o- 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 OJ -^ (U 
 
 o ir, lu 
 
 
 7^ tn ? 
 
 • ii «^_^ 
 
 r^.^."^ 
 
 o 
 
 ^■i 
 
 .. o 
 
 (J ^J 
 
 l« <u _ 
 
 N n 
 
 C rt 3 
 
 en CJ 
 
 <u S 
 
 53 ii e s.S 
 
 S'o 
 
 1) 
 
 . J5 
 
 
 03 UJ 
 a! 
 
 o c 
 
 3 
 
 -w O 
 
 > 
 
 ttJ <u 
 
 . u 
 
 3"S 
 O P 
 
 o 
 
 •a 
 
 c 
 D 
 
 tn 
 
 •a 
 
 en 
 
 (L) 
 > 
 
 ii 
 
 •V 
 
 V- 03 
 
 -O "O 
 
 C 
 03 
 
 I-. 
 o! 
 <*< 
 
 >> 
 
 a, 
 
 ci t/i 1^ 
 
 " „- I en tn 
 
 ^ 2 "I 
 o i: rt 
 
 j_, en (U W 
 en h"^ 
 
 OS ^^_, 
 
 ^^ C 
 03 -M ^ 03 
 
 c -a js 
 
 ••" en C "O ■" 
 
 Ok." J, 1-1 
 
 
 <^k^
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 33 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ?i "" c ., 
 
 (-V, w rt _rt iJ rt S 
 v_A o,.;: ~ tn tn > 
 
 bo 
 
 _c 
 
 rts 
 
 ,-0 
 
 lU 
 
 4l> U 
 
 o c 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 J5 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 12: 
 
 
 C 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 ti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 (L> 
 
 a; 
 
 
 e 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 en 1 
 
 
 
 be -'-' rt 1 
 
 oj 
 
 
 
 •=i S ? > ° S 
 
 hJ 
 
 de 
 ace. 
 
 Facing 
 harbor 
 cave, 
 to poi 
 in the 
 mentio 
 "sweet 
 ers." 
 
 
 ^ a 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 <n 
 
 u 
 
 <u 
 
 (L) 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 (U 
 
 v> 
 
 J3 
 
 u 
 
 +-» 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 
 Ul 
 
 
 «; 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 J3 
 
 u 
 
 +j 
 
 +J 
 
 
 tn 
 
 
 
 tn 
 
 e 
 
 (Tl 
 
 u 
 
 <1) 
 
 
 
 l-< 
 
 
 JD 
 
 c 
 
 tC 
 
 aj ^ 
 
 .4-t 
 
 C« t/J C ii 
 
 O en „ 
 
 -i-j <+H -0 
 rt 00 S 
 
 be o 
 So"' 
 
 u 
 
 CO 
 
 nj u. C •« tn 
 
 
 "^r^ a! -i-i 4j 
 „,H be <"^^ 
 
 •O aj • - 
 <u I- tn 
 
 ^ 5 
 
 
 
 rt O 
 
 <r~ 
 
 I- bfi.^ <u <u 2 
 
 en 
 
 en 
 
 C 
 
 r- *- 
 
 
 en 
 en 
 
 o o 
 
 bc-^ 
 
 03 
 
 ^•;3 
 
 C >> c 
 
 
 be 
 
 «j3 
 
 l-c en 
 
 03 
 
 oj 
 
 4; 
 C 
 ■V 
 
 3 
 
 C c 
 
 03 o3;3 
 J2 (U o 
 
 I 
 
 <-8j 
 
 ^1
 
 34 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 rock, the home 
 of the 
 Nymphs.) 
 
 No. 
 
 Quiet, wonder, 
 awe. 
 
 Out- 
 line 
 
 d 6 
 
 iz; z 
 
 Cen- 
 ter 
 
 Cen- 
 tered 
 on the 
 star, 
 for the 
 eyes 
 are not 
 taken 
 from 
 it. 
 
 No. 
 
 > 
 
 •4-1 
 
 o 
 
 'o 
 
 13 
 
 Ui 
 
 o 
 
 E 
 
 H 
 
 One. 
 One. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Threshold of 
 Aeneas' house. 
 
 No definite 
 place until im- 
 ages are men- 
 tioned, then 
 Aeneas' bed. 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 « 
 
 Ui 
 
 Aeneas. 
 
 General until 
 the mention of 
 images, then 
 Aeneas'. 
 
 •4-> 
 
 .Id 
 
 the waters are quiet. A 
 dark grove overhangs 
 from above. Far with- 
 in is a cave with sweet 
 waters and seats of liv- 
 ing rock, the home of 
 the Nymphs. 
 
 There was thunder. 
 Then a star glided 
 through the shades, 
 over the roofs, and hid 
 itself in the woods, 
 marking the way. The 
 long trail gave its light. 
 Round about, the places 
 smoked with sulphur. 
 
 It was night. Deep 
 sleep possessed the liv- 
 ing creatures of the 
 earth. The images of 
 the gods which I had 
 
 
 
 <c|i <~is
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 35 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 1^ 
 
 c 
 
 be 
 
 ■5-56 
 
 >..oxi -C ^ 
 LO o, bo o-!3 C3 
 
 
 i^-s 
 
 o 
 
 eo > 
 3 en *> 
 
 U^ tn >4-i .t: 
 
 rt bo 
 
 4J c 
 
 4J D 
 
 3 C 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 c ^ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 o. 
 
 S 
 
 c 
 O 
 
 V 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 
 .s 
 
 "o 
 CM 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 1 
 
 
 
 :s a 
 
 P 
 
 13 
 
 « 
 
 .tJ 
 
 v«Xi 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 =" 
 
 tC 
 
 hJ 
 
 
 
 
 OT! •- 
 
 _ 
 
 
 I- y t« 
 
 a 
 
 
 Dh.2 ^ 
 
 J5 a 
 
 C 
 O 
 tn 
 u 
 
 V 
 
 to 
 
 C 
 
 C 
 
 J2 
 o 
 
 § 6 fc ^-= 
 
 in 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 *-" '^ >^ 
 
 5i •+-. -w bo 
 
 ^^ bo§ o 
 
 -G ^ ^ o '- 
 
 O ^ (u u C 
 
 WO e jc ''J 'S 
 
 X! <U.3 +3 J5 ? 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 tn 
 O 
 
 ' o 
 "3 w rt H "O 
 
 g S '^ 2 <« 
 
 J2 <« .3 
 
 U2 
 
 •a m <-) 
 
 HO 
 
 
 C <v a <u 
 O 3 p 
 
 "'-sis 
 
 o 
 ^ ''' „, '-< 
 
 ■*-' .3 ■*-* 
 
 ^ .3 ~ c 
 Si rt ra 
 
 
 be >, 
 
 r3 o '-' 
 
 rt 2 4J 
 
 .t; 3 
 
 ^ "J t. 
 
 ?^ c3 
 
 .« .3 J2 .-3 
 
 I-. -fcj P en w 
 
 U2 
 
 Pi 
 
 3 
 
 -^ 3 
 
 en 
 
 3 
 
 W 5-3 
 
 ^ (u 2 <u 
 OH.g.H 
 
 
 <^^?
 
 36 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 4-> V 
 
 u 
 
 
 e 
 
 1-H T"* ^ rt t 
 
 <3 4; -a r; o Ji oj 
 rt C c CxJ c « 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 at 
 u 
 O 
 0, 
 
 s 
 
 H 
 
 <L> 
 
 c 
 O 
 
 
 o 
 
 fin 
 
 rt 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 O rt 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 ii 
 
 <u 
 Oh 
 
 rt 
 
 <u 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 •o 1; <J £ 
 2-s -^ 
 
 . u +^^ 
 
 5 > I- s 
 
 o o '^ 
 
 o 
 
 ■4-t 
 
 en 
 
 o u 
 
 
 a; 
 
 be 
 
 
 0) IU-J3 
 
 4-> Cd 
 
 
 C rt 
 
 U3 g 
 
 
 4> 0.5 
 
 en rt C"^ cc-*-j'-t-(+j 
 
 
 (U 
 
 > 
 
 (J 
 
 £•«-"" CD 
 
 Jl O 
 'O bo 
 
 <n o 
 u 
 
 r"-3 rt 
 
 TO 
 
 lU (Ur. 
 
 en 
 
 
 .5? 
 
 I— I r^ 
 
 o 5 rt 
 
 OJ tn lU 
 
 t- i? rt 
 
 rt O (u 
 
 I 
 
 rt -M 
 
 i3 <U 
 en j: 
 ■*-» 
 en 
 
 4; "O 
 OJ rt 
 
 u en 
 
 0) rt 
 > HJ 
 
 

 
 Study of VtrgiVs Descriptions of Nature 37 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 -a 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 .S c 
 •a -^ 
 
 <u c c 
 
 pL, &-5 
 
 4-1 OJ 
 
 3 C 
 = 
 
 U5 (U I <« 
 
 C rt ^ O 
 
 ,- *i/ wj Cy t- *-♦ *1^ O 
 
 B 
 o 
 
 (U 
 <U tn <u 
 
 > bo lu 
 ? C « 
 
 tn 
 
 "CO 
 
 ',a 43tnrtO(uT3ai.t:aj 
 
 O 
 
 G *- 
 
 o 
 0. 
 
 S 
 
 H 
 
 >> O rt 2 o 1- c 
 
 ■ <u 
 
 G 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 u 
 
 <v 
 
 B 
 B- 
 
 3- 
 
 
 "o 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 
 
 ca 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 kJ 
 
 •4^ 
 
 u 
 
 
 C8 
 
 
 
 
 -*:; 
 
 J3 
 
 
 < 
 
 CO 
 
 C 
 O 
 tn 
 
 u 
 
 C 
 
 G 
 ID 
 
 §° . 
 G <n 
 
 'V O 
 
 S c 
 
 iG (V 
 
 <U C 
 
 •O G 
 
 ^=3 
 
 CO 
 
 u. >, Ih tn lU 
 
 4-' oj r> ■t-' J2 
 
 GH-^ 
 . . u . G 
 «j-c •-• oj Ji 
 
 tn 5- ■*-^ bo 
 
 w (u 2 v- 2 d 
 
 ^- J2 " CT! " 4j 
 
 
 ^ ?;.ti u c u <u 
 
 
 
 se of t 
 e of se 
 along 
 
 press 
 mb, a 
 e alta 
 
 speck 
 
 
 Mjd 0^ .T 
 
 
 the b 
 a sna 
 drew 
 folds, 
 the t 
 ver t 
 neck 
 
 
 
 a; 
 
 From 
 brines, 
 n coils 
 even 
 gainst 
 lided 
 ts blue 
 
 bfi 
 
 be 
 G 
 
 tn 
 
 t« <u tn rt bfii— 1 
 
 rt 
 
 O >^ 
 
 ^^ ■*-» 
 o 
 bo G 
 
 rt tn ?. 
 aj G 
 
 -£ "= O 
 < U 03 
 
 o o 
 
 (1 <-l-H 
 
 <i><^cg^ 
 
 ,00 
 
 3 M 
 
 '" : 
 
 ii'/i5V 
 
 /v
 
 38 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 
 
 •0 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Out- 
 line 
 
 6 
 
 Cen- 
 ter 
 
 6 
 
 > 
 '0 
 
 PL, 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 E 
 
 <u 
 
 H 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 1) 
 
 u 
 
 
 C/2 
 
 C 
 
 
 u 
 
 IX, 
 
 Then it is 
 their point of 
 view. 
 
 Undefined un- 
 til 515 "bird 
 rejoicing" 
 when the point 
 of view is the 
 bird's. 5i6ff 
 are undefined. 
 
 
 
 in winter is hidden by 
 the swelling waves. But 
 when the sea is still it, 
 too, lies quiet, raised as 
 a plain above the mo- 
 tionless sea. Then is it 
 a spot most pleasing to 
 the basking cormorants. 
 
 (Bird as target is 
 fastened to the mast.) 
 The mast trembled at 
 the first arrow, the bird 
 was terrified. Applause 
 rang out. Mnestheus 
 strained his eye as he 
 bent his bow, but 
 missed the bird. He 
 broke the cord, and the 
 bird escaped to the sky. 
 Eurytion in haste 
 pierced the dove as she 
 was rejoicing in the 
 sky. Lifeless she fell, 
 
 
 
 <>i%
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature i,^ 
 
 •C3 
 O 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 !z; 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 12: 
 
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 40 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
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 42 Study of Virgil* s Descriptions of Nature 
 
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 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 43 
 
 •0 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
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 line 
 
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 ter 
 
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 In front of the 
 island. 
 
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 leaped asunder, and the 
 frightened stream ran 
 back again. The cave 
 of Cacus lay open as if 
 the earth had unlocked 
 the kingdom below and 
 laid open the dreadful 
 abyss. 
 
 An island rises near 
 the shore of Sicily, and 
 rises high with smok- 
 ing rocks. Beneath it 
 lies a cave and this 
 cave, like Etna's, thun- 
 ders. The powerful 
 blows echo from the 
 Cyclops' anvils ; the 
 smeltings of Chalybes 
 hiss in the forges. 
 
 
 
 
 
 A. 
 VIII. 
 416- 
 
 422
 
 44 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
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 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 45 
 
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 46 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
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 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 47 
 
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 48 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
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 50 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
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 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 53 
 
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 54 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 
 
 
 
 
 
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 56 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 
 
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 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 57 
 
 
 
 
 
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 58 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 
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 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 59 
 
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 6o Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
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 62 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
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 64 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
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 66 Study of Firgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 -a 
 o 
 o 
 
 No. 
 
 The sorrow ex- 
 pressed by the 
 "cold darkness" 
 answers the 
 mood of sor- 
 row which the 
 mourners felt. 
 
 Mood of the 
 fleeing Priver- 
 nus expressed 
 here in the 
 turbulence of 
 the storm. 
 
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 Point of View 
 
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 a 
 
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 No definite 
 place. 
 
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 place. 
 
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 place. 
 
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 place. 
 
 Personal 
 
 Undefined. 
 Undefined. 
 
 Undefined. 
 Undefined. 
 
 3 
 
 CO 
 
 Until night turns around the 
 sky that is studded with glit- 
 tering stars. 
 
 The day scattered the cold 
 darkness from the sky while 
 sorrowing they gathered the 
 bones in the fire. 
 
 The shower tore the clouds, 
 and Amasenus, foaming, rolled 
 over its banks. 
 
 Until rosy Phoebus dips his 
 wearied horses in the sea and 
 brings back the night when 
 the day has closed — 
 
 
 
 01 IT) 0\
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 67 
 
 
 
 
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 68 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
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 I
 
 CHAPTER in 
 
 SENSE APPEALS 
 
 The vividness of a description depends largely 
 upon the number of concrete sense-appeals which 
 it may make. Literature, of course, can make these 
 appeals only indirectly. But literature is the only 
 art which may suggest an appeal to every sense — to 
 sight, in form, color, light and shade; to touch; 
 to temperature; to taste; to smell; to motion; and 
 to hearing. 
 
 Form 
 
 To each of these senses Vergil has made appeals 
 in his various pictures of nature. It is sight in 
 its three-fold division, that he has suggested most 
 often. Very little, however, is made of form. 
 There are thirty-eight appeals to it; twenty-six of 
 these refer to curved surfaces; eleven, to hollowed 
 bodies, and in Aeneid VI, 416, the slime is said to 
 be "formless," "informi limo." The complete list 
 of appeals to form are as follows : 
 
 FORM. 
 
 Eclogue 
 I. 
 
 cava ilice 
 hollow oak. i. 
 
 Eclogue 
 
 cava ilice 
 hollow oak. 15. 
 
 Georgic 
 I. 
 
 curvis carinis 
 curved ships. 360. 
 
 Georgic 
 II. 
 
 curva flumina 
 winding rivers. 11. 
 
 
 cava convalle montis 
 
 hollow vale of the mountain. 186. 
 
 
 72
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 73 
 
 Georgic 
 II. 
 
 Georgic 
 III. 
 
 Georgic 
 IV. 
 
 Aeneid 
 I. 
 
 Aeneid 
 II. 
 
 Aeneid 
 III. 
 
 curvis aratris 
 curved plough. 189. 
 
 curvas latebras 
 winding retreats. 216. 
 
 unci vomeris 
 crooked plough. 223. 
 
 camuris cornibus 
 curved horns. 55. 
 
 curva flumina 
 winding rivers. 278. 
 
 flumina curvata in faciem montis 
 
 rivers arched into the form of a mountain. 361. 
 
 cava flumina 
 
 hollow streams. 427. 
 
 convexo nemorum 
 
 in the curve of the woods. 310. 
 
 cavata rupe 
 
 a hollowed rock. 310. 
 
 convexa montibus 
 
 hollows on the mountains. 608. 
 
 curvo valle 
 curved vale. 748. 
 
 curva valle 
 
 curved shore. 223 and 16. 
 
 cavata rupe 
 hollowed rock. 229. 
 
 cavo saxo 
 hollow rock. 450 
 
 curva litora 
 curved shores. 238. 
 
 portus curvatus in arcum 
 port curved into a bow. 533. 
 
 curvato gurgite 
 curving wave. 564. 
 
 cavo antro
 
 74 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 Aeneid 
 III. 
 
 Aeneid 
 V. 
 
 Aeneid 
 VI. 
 
 [hollow cave. 641. 
 
 curva litora 
 curved shores. 643. 
 
 curvis cavernis 
 circled caverns. 674. 
 
 curvis collibus 
 rounded hills. 287. 
 
 circus theatri 
 
 circle of the theatre. 288. 
 
 cava pinus 
 hollow pine. 449. 
 
 cava saxa 
 
 hollow rock. 677. 
 
 convexa supera 
 
 the arch of the heavens. 241. 
 
 Aeneid 
 VIII. 
 
 cavi colles 
 hollow hills. 598. 
 
 
 Aeneid 
 X. 
 
 curva litora 
 
 curved shores. 683. 
 
 
 Aeneid 
 XL 
 
 curvo litore 
 curved shore. 184. 
 
 convexo tramite 
 winding path. 515. 
 
 
 
 curvo anfractu 
 crooked windings. 522. 
 
 f 
 
 Aeneid 
 XII. 
 
 cava terra 
 
 hollow earth. 893. 
 
 
 
 WITHOUT FORM 
 
 Aeneid |informi limo 
 VI. [formless slime. 416. 
 
 I 
 
 Color 
 
 Vergil's descriptions of Nature are much richer 
 in color words than in form appeals. There are
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 75 
 
 three hundred eighteen instances of natural objects 
 described by color terms. Of these, ten refer to 
 the indefinite property of color as in Aeneid V, 
 609, the rainbow is called "the bow of a thousand 
 colors." Twice the expression "pictae volucres" 
 is used with the meaning of "various colored." 
 Of the remaining three hundred and two concrete 
 examples of color the word "caeruleus" has offered 
 the most difficulty in classification. Probably to 
 Vergil it meant the color of the sea, which might 
 be either green or blue. In all its applications to 
 nature descriptions — which alone concern us here 
 — the word may be understood to mean "blue" in 
 all cases with the possible exception of Aeneid III, 
 432, wherein the "caeruliis canibus" may be trans- 
 lated, as most commentators agree, " the sea-green 
 dogs." Of the three hundred two color attributes 
 sixty-eight are those of white ; sixty-seven, dark or 
 black; fifty-eight, yellow; forty-five, green; thirty- 
 three, red; sixteen, blue; fifteen, purple; one, either 
 blue or green; "pura" applied to honey, in the 
 sense of clear; and "ferrugineos," used to describe a 
 hyacinth. This word in Georgic IV, 282, undoubt- 
 edly means a dark color, probably blue. All idea 
 of rust-color, as most commentators believe, has 
 been lost from the word in this usage. 
 
 Whiteness is described by words from eleven 
 different roots, with about nineteen variations of 
 those root words. In the order of their frequency 
 the root ideas are as follows: 
 
 albus 
 
 25 
 
 canus 
 
 19 
 
 niveus 
 
 12 
 
 pallidus 
 
 4 
 
 purus 
 
 2 
 
 argenteus 
 
 2 
 
 liquidus 
 
 I 
 
 lucidus 
 
 I
 
 76 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 vaccus I 
 
 lactans i 
 
 ebur I 
 The idea of blackness is developed through eight 
 ot ideas. 
 
 niger 
 
 ater 
 
 31 
 26 
 
 opacus 
 
 puUis 
 
 piceus 
 
 fuscis 
 
 umbrosus 
 
 4 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 caecus i 
 Vergil's vocabulary of red has seven root words, 
 ruber 18 
 
 sanguineus 
 
 puniceus 
 
 roseus 
 
 5 
 4 
 2 
 
 cruentus 2 
 rutilus I 
 sandyx i 
 In yellow there are five color roots. 
 
 aureus 
 fulvus 
 
 26 * 
 14 
 
 flavus 
 
 9 
 
 croceus 
 luteus 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 The color-roots for green are three, 
 viridus 39 
 
 glaucus 4 
 
 pallens 2 
 
 Fallens, in itself, indicates no color and signifies 
 merely paleness. But Vergil uses it in Eclogue V, 
 16, to denote the pale olive color, and in Eclogue 
 VI, 54, to suggest the grass that is a light green 
 against the darkness of the holm oak. 
 
 Of the fifteen references to purple there are the 
 following :
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 77 
 
 Purpureus 1 1 
 
 murix i 
 
 ostro I 
 
 nigrae violae i 
 
 nigra vaccina i 
 From the table of appeals to the sense of color 
 we may infer that Vergil was not definitely con- 
 scious of the violet which we find in our spectrum. 
 The few references to purple, however, suggest 
 that the recognition of violet as an established color 
 was soon to come. Even to-day, when man's sense 
 of color is highly developed, many persons make no 
 sharp distinction between purple and violet. 
 
 To summarize the appeals to the sense of color 
 the following scale is appended.
 
 78 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 O 
 h4 
 O 
 L' 
 
 r- 
 
 O 
 
 tn 
 
 w 
 tn 
 
 W 
 X 
 
 hi 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 in 
 
 Oh 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 u 
 
 s 
 <u 
 
 o 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 •a 
 
 00 
 
 • h o Ji 
 
 0\ 
 
 rj o 
 
 C -r) 
 
 ■b o ii ^ 
 
 3 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 be 
 >> 
 
 
 
 Alba 
 
 ligustra 
 
 White 
 
 privet. 
 
 i8. 
 
 Nivei 
 pecoris 
 Snowy 
 flocks. 
 
 20. 
 
 Albo 
 
 sparsis 
 
 pellibus 
 
 (of 
 
 goats) 
 
 W'-' 
 
 (J 1-4 
 

 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 79 
 
 C 
 O 
 
 '0. 
 Oh 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 U 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 e ^ 
 
 =^ o «■ 
 
 
 
 
 fo 
 
 
 
 
 VO 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 W) 
 
 jd 
 
 ^ 
 
 -t-j 
 
 u 
 
 -M 
 
 1-A 
 
 C 
 
 j: 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 T 
 
 rt 
 
 >, 
 
 
 >, 
 
 < 
 
 x; 
 
 cq 
 
 J= 
 
 Q 
 
 J3 
 
 
 m 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 a 
 
 ex. 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 O "* '-' S hh" 
 
 JS?* to 
 
 d:^: 
 

 
 8o Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 C 
 O 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 u 
 
 C/5 
 
 <u 
 
 G 
 
 o 
 
 U 
 
 
 T3 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 .^i: ^ 
 
 
 be •- 
 
 sm.s a? 
 
 ^2 
 
 ,:, »- b • 
 
 -— ,5 w O -" • — 00 
 
 1-1 
 
 S 4> 
 
 u 
 
 be 
 
 .-•O 
 
 e & w 
 
 en 
 
 O . 
 
 OS 
 
 =■ bO« 
 
 •^ 3 
 
 60 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 313 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 
 
 
 0— < 
 
 
 
 
 
 i>i^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 *— ^ 
 
 
 
 
 S oi 
 
 
 
 
 
 is Cri 
 rosebud 
 
 vesti 
 Crim 
 
 
 g 
 
 S 
 
 roset 
 son 
 
 17. 
 
 bo 
 
 > 
 
 0>> 
 
 w>
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 8 1 
 
 u 
 
 C 
 <u 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 <u 
 a. 
 in 
 
 ^ — 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 
 CO 
 u 
 
 'o 
 
 u 
 
 
 t3 
 
 (L) 
 
 P 
 
 
 CUx: bcio 
 
 bo 
 C 
 w . 
 
 J5 
 
 be 
 
 C 
 
 ^o^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 t "-I 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 -, § '^ 
 
 •g 3 N 
 
 '>: C ^^ ^H 
 
 ;ji re 
 
 r3 o 
 
 ^:S 
 
 e 
 
 bfl.« <u^ 
 .^ •«» o 1 — t 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^-1 
 
 
 s >L o I • 
 
 ^ 2 ^ -, >>'^ 
 
 ■< --! en « rt <J ir, 
 
 1- 
 
 en *-■ 
 
 c.ti 
 
 c 
 
 03 
 
 

 
 82 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 u 
 
 C 
 
 4) 
 O 
 
 p 4) 4) f 
 
 t- o 
 
 !: o 
 
 /" or- o tx 
 
 
 <u o 
 > o 
 
 o s ^ ^^ e fe c« 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 P3 
 
 3 
 o 
 
 C/3 
 
 4) 
 
 J5 — 
 
 C 
 
 4) 
 41 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 4; 
 
 4> 
 
 u 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 o . 
 
 c 
 
 4) 
 4) 
 
 
 en 
 3 
 +-> 
 
 u 
 
 3.^T3 
 
 C^ O 
 C <i) O 
 
 c 
 
 4) 
 4> 
 
 bo 
 
 Ooo 
 
 13 a! en 
 
 
 SO 
 
 "o 
 U 
 
 tn 
 4) 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 4» 
 
 Q 
 
 4= 
 
 bfi 
 
 e 43.t! 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 > 
 
 .1 s „ 
 
 ,=3 Q 0>. O 11 
 
 f^>5
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 83 
 
 rt 
 
 
 en *» 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 W< !- „ .; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 <u 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 <o 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 eSvd 
 
 * rs 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 s <u w 
 
 Q rt (U 
 
 3^ 
 
 
 !/i . 
 
 rt 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 3 >- 
 ^•0 
 
 3^' 
 
 
 3 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 a 
 ^ - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 §8 
 
 CO 
 
 
 1j 
 
 
 '^^ 
 
 B 
 
 *» 3 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 lis 
 
 ^8 
 
 
 
 X . 
 
 vi 
 
 
 
 
 .t! Ti- 
 
 (U 
 
 
 
 e_ K 
 
 « &?? 
 
 a 
 
 en ^ 
 
 
 
 
 C^^ 
 
 4; be 
 
 
 X) 
 
 ■ 
 
 >_C 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 s 2i . 
 
 S en -^ aj 
 
 S .§3 
 
 
 
 
 g l- 
 
 ^ _, J3 tn 
 >0 2 en 
 g e 3 OJ 
 
 ^ "O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 en t^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 3 rt 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 J en 
 
 •e» 
 
 
 
 tj en 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 
 -M 
 
 
 •n .i^ 
 
 1 
 
 J3 
 
 
 .« y <U U 
 
 • *H 
 
 
 
 S g.t; 
 ;^ 2> 3 10 
 
 2 H 
 
 
 
 t^x' 
 
 J- 

 
 84 Study of Firgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 u 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 s 
 
 4> 
 
 S 
 
 en 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 
 T3 
 Pi 
 
 Q 
 
 bo 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 IT) 
 
 bo 
 
 'S 
 
 > 
 
 ID 
 
 b S ="■ 
 
 rt S r^ 
 
 o o.s 
 
 
 ^ On 
 
 § u. bo 
 
 0-3 
 
 C 
 In 
 
 o 
 
 C^ 
 
 u 
 
 c (u S 
 
 s. <-> o 
 
 ^m 
 
 i a £459 
 
 § ^H rt > ui 
 
 ^ ?> 9'3 
 
 c Q 1-' C r: 
 
 
 •s^ 
 
 
 
 cn 
 
 'u o t:I 
 
 torn S ^ 
 
 to 
 
 .-2 cvd 
 
 u g CO 
 
 e ■'-' 
 
 
 s 
 
 Hen 
 
 E 
 
 a! -O 
 
 6 e 
 
 
 — *" -J- "^ vo 
 O g CO 
 
 O .
 
 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 85 
 
 u 
 C 
 O 
 
 4i 
 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 u 
 (J 
 
 (U 
 
 U5 
 
 c 
 
 ID 
 <U 
 li 
 
 O 
 
 
 O 
 
 Oh 
 
 S O 
 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 l-l . 
 
 as ji 
 
 <u <U r-i 
 
 je:3 <3 
 
 (*r 3 o 
 
 v 
 
 8^ 
 
 
 CO 
 
 C 
 
 o SJ o 
 
 § *^ Tj- 
 
 o 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Q 
 
 >< 
 
 B,^ 
 
 en 
 
 CO 
 
 
 :il 
 
 ^5 c? 
 
 u 
 
 .s 
 
 o 
 
 -a 
 
 
 
 c '^ 
 
 3^ 
 
 in 
 
 [iJ.-3 
 
 ^ 4> ^ 
 
 o 
 O
 
 86 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 u 
 a 
 O 
 
 2 ^ "! 5:;^^ 
 
 aO> O rt O 2 "^ 
 <0 K> (J (U f fC O) 
 
 (L) 
 
 b 
 S 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 m 
 
 J5 
 
 to 
 O 
 O 
 
 U 
 
 c 
 
 <U 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 fO 
 
 C J. 
 
 O. •" 
 
 s <u y-^ 
 
 Q 4;.+- > 
 
 •— i 1-, n S 
 
 (O 
 (A 
 
 ei 
 u 
 
 ^ s S 
 
 
 .•o2 
 
 (n UJ O 
 ■ - 1 •*- 
 
 »- S! )-i u-^ • 
 <U "O <!-> •'5 .ti l"^ 
 
 K IS K "£ ^ M 
 
 73 
 
 Q 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 •« CO 
 
 ■S c3 O 
 
 IL> 
 
 C ?a >- 
 
 u gu-o 
 
 ^ <u > 
 
 I bObp'C 
 <a S C (U 
 
 i-i 
 
 1^ 
 
 ■2^300 
 
 I S ^ 
 
 JJ.2 
 
 0) CI 
 
 
 rn 
 
 •a 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 Q 
 
 rt 
 
 4-1 
 f » 
 
 -M 
 
 bC 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 4; 
 
 
 ic 
 
 
 p_i^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 u 
 
 to 
 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 & 
 
 fO 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 _+-> 4; 
 
 o . 
 
 o 
 
 o • 
 
 nih-H
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 87 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 s 
 
 E 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 a; 
 
 ^ -- 
 
 «5 
 
 o 
 o 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 G 
 ;h 
 
 2 c c 
 
 ^ L- <U 
 
 a; 
 
 *i C O 
 
 "5 ji *i t: 
 
 -4-> •-' J2 (U 
 
 "a .. « 
 
 c 
 
 CO 
 Ui ■ 
 
 ^ o 
 
 
 
 
 -a 
 
 to r ^ 
 
 <^ o 
 
 OJ JS 
 
 0) 
 
 
 s 
 
 'a 
 S 
 
 o
 
 88 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 C 
 
 O 
 
 
 "3. 
 
 3 
 
 
 e 
 
 3 
 u 
 
 O 
 
 (U 
 
 a, 
 CO 
 
 <u 
 
 -M 
 
 o 
 U 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 / 
 
 G 
 O 
 
 
 o 
 
 •— < 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 soil. 255. 
 
 Nigrae 
 
 hederae Black 
 ivy. 259. 
 
 A tram nubem 
 Black cloud. 
 309. 
 
 ■M 
 
 •a 
 
 nemora 
 Whit- 
 ening 
 woods. 
 120. 
 
 Niveos 
 cycnos 
 Snow- 
 white 
 swans. 
 199. 
 
 Candi- 
 da avis 
 White 
 bird. 
 320. 
 
 Cana 
 
 pruina 
 
 Hoary 
 
 
 
 d •
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 89 
 
 c 
 O 
 
 
 C/1 
 
 cjpq 
 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 U 
 
 c 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 
 o --I 
 
 W«45 
 
 -e 
 
 •» 1-1 
 
 •^ en 
 
 « 2 =^ 
 
 5 C tn 
 
 ■^ >-< & 
 
 tt. 
 
 
 
 rt a rt 
 
 C CO 
 
 ^j 'i* -^ *^ *-• 
 
 is 
 
 ^ N 
 
 C ^ en 
 
 S S . 3 
 
 C "to «2 C 
 
 u. *? S i- 
 
 < 5S< 
 
 
 cd 
 
 P 
 
 
 C «-< c 
 
 '^ »-s ro ' ^ 
 
 K IU_!-t 
 
 01 
 
 ^< c 
 
 
 rt 
 
 S S « 
 
 - c . 
 
 C C <N 
 
 lU O t^ 
 
 a tn CO 
 
 S 
 
 s 
 
 .05 
 
 u 
 
 fO 
 CO 
 
 
 P^ Or; en 
 
 
 J3 
 bo 
 
 «+-! CO 
 
 M (n _ 
 
 
 <u 
 ^ 5J5.tJ 
 
 Q i-1h en P l> IT) 
 
 en 
 
 3 
 
 
 tn c 
 
 3-Q S.5S '> 
 r- -^ Vj > "T; CO 
 
 
 tn 
 S <n 
 
 a 2 
 
 8. 
 
 0(-H
 
 90 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 C 
 O 
 
 PL, 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 <u 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 en 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 Q 
 
 W) 
 
 .£3 ui 
 > O 
 
 I- O T^ 
 
 tn 
 
 3 m 
 
 rt o 
 
 > o 
 
 CM 
 
 box; 
 
 ^ CO 
 
 •» ^ en 
 
 w k^x; bo 
 
 tn M-t 
 
 ;s o . 
 
 3 tn 
 
 «o bo 
 
 c 
 
 u 
 rt 
 
 CQ o 
 
 o 
 
 S <u 3 rt m 
 
 ^^ ^ o g 
 \ bO'^ — ' en <n 
 
 C 
 
 a n3 
 
 .«>- = rt «• 
 
 
 ^ I- >" O CO 
 
 tn -A 
 
 < S"0> u. CO 
 
 ^ c 
 
 s ^ *^ I"- 

 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 91 
 
 u 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 PL, 
 
 
 I 
 
 « bo 
 
 c4 
 
 
 -t-» 
 o 
 a; 
 
 CO 
 
 <u 
 
 U 
 
 O 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 o 
 u 
 01 
 
 a 
 
 rt.. 
 
 5) ; 
 
 rt 
 
 CO g 
 
 |-5 
 
 gPQ 
 < e 
 
 s o 
 
 p 
 
 •2 
 
 Q 
 
 CO 
 
 be 
 
 
 *" *" 2 L- L >- 
 
 
 Oh 
 
 ■n o 

 
 92 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 u 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 s 
 
 B 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 U 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 tin 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 (U 
 
 !f^ o- <u 
 
 03 Ph cr3 lo 
 
 
 i:i ■^ zi ^ 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 (U . 
 a) eo 
 
 be o 
 H 
 
 ID 
 
 2 d 
 
 en 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o . 
 
 </5 0\ 
 
 o . 
 
 E3vO 
 
 Q <u w 
 
 g 
 
 ^ M <« 
 
 00 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 bo 
 c 
 
 IS <" 
 
 c3 
 
 N 
 
 a.ii 
 
 
 -. 0< v-. rt 
 PS rt be & 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 (U 
 
 o 
 
 S ^ o ^i" 
 
 u 
 
 Q 
 
 -a 
 
 
 tn 
 
 O 
 
 ** ,1^ »-* 
 
 c3 c S 
 
 p; o rtOO 
 
 
 .2 >- 
 
 bfi.SP 
 •43 ■*-' 
 
 
 -K» X3 l-H tn <u > >-* 
 

 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 93 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 
 ^3 
 
 u 
 
 P 
 
 en's 
 
 "^ o S> u 0.0, g^6 
 
 <o rfil^-M-i O^ 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 3 ■ 
 
 C 
 
 u 
 
 OJ 
 
 ■*-» 
 
 lU 
 
 <J 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 « 
 
 '-' 43 ^ 
 
 S O O 
 
 en 
 
 en 
 
 3 
 C 
 
 u 
 
 w 
 
 ^£ 
 
 to O 
 
 O S rJl ? "^ 
 u eW be CO 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 SI 
 
 it ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 6 ^ 
 
 
 S CJ -ii 
 
 J 
 
 r -^ c . 
 
 b) 
 
 P bfi u. >, 
 •5 oj <u bfi 
 
 
 ^<>W 
 
 ^0 
 
 (J 
 
 ON 
 
 10 
 
 E.2 
 
 rtTJ 
 
 > 
 
 u* en 
 OJ en 
 
 
 6|-o 
 
 e . 
 
 <u a. 
 
 > (U 
 
 o V 
 Xi. 
 en 
 
 s 
 
 
 ^Q IT 
 
 10 
 
 Si 
 
 be 
 
 e ^.ti en 
 
 4;i>
 
 94 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 c3 
 
 <y 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 8^ 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 t-i 
 
 1) 
 
 J2 — 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 en 
 
 
 c 
 
 a; 
 
 So;"" 
 
 Q ^- O ro 
 
 s 
 
 t3 
 Pi 
 
 :t: i) ■ 
 « I- "^ 
 
 So 
 
 Pl-I i>^ lO 
 
 2; 
 
 J?i^ ■ 
 
 <C ;3 +^ 
 
 13 o 
 
 g O rt 
 
 " o . 
 ^ o 
 
 g O rt 
 
 •I 1-4 
 
 • « to 
 en 
 
 s oOQ 
 
 « p ts 
 
 M § '^ O 
 
 .2 c.2^ • 
 
 o 
 
 IN 
 
 "" 2 ° 
 
 S Ph <n en 
 
 • S 1) ' ■ 
 
 S ^> »- 
 
 ,5 3 -y <u 
 
 'O V- Vh en 
 
 
 Q 
 to 
 
 a 
 
 <N 
 en "1 
 
 a . 
 ^ bo 
 
 
 3?, 
 
 i:i^<<: 2i 
 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 Q 
 
 "13 
 
 :i^ 
 
 p 
 
 2 c 
 
 P o 
 
 <U in 
 
 (U O 
 
 > O, 
 
 V. '-' 
 
 4)00 
 P ^ 
 
 bo o 
 p o 
 
 
 
 be^ 
 
 ^^C^^Ph^. 
 
 
 <• 
 
 <:s 
 
 <K 

 
 Study of P'irgil's Descriptions of Nature 95 
 
 a; 
 
 n 
 
 O 
 
 
 13, 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 a; 
 
 3 
 
 PQ 
 
 3 
 
 ■i-t 
 
 CD 
 
 x: — 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 en 
 
 u 
 
 "o 
 
 u 
 
 'a; 
 
 
 P 
 
 S2^ 
 
 10 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 
 
 V o" 
 
 3 
 
 ■t3 
 
 c 
 
 CO 
 
 ^ C 1) -S JJ 
 
 *-' IT. t/l ^» 
 
 ^ \- O m 
 
 >.. t« O O qj 
 
 ^ en be i^ (u W) 
 
 
 
 
 ■J? 13 «-> 
 
 .— • — ' ^ 
 
 IS h; ?* • 
 
 3:^1" 
 
 H> a, 3 
 
 F • 
 
 
 <l)-0 
 
 
 JO 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 Cu 
 
 
 ,^ 
 
 
 2-i<! 
 
 
 <J 
 
 
 i: rt 
 
 <M 
 
 '^W 
 
 "0 
 
 
 o 3 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 
 .0 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 >»► 
 
 
 Uh 
 
 § 3 
 
 bfi 
 
 
 > <U <U 
 >■ 4-> tn 
 
 S 3 21H koo 
 
 

 
 g6 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 rt 
 C 
 
 O 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 pL. 
 
 
 " rt 
 
 U 
 
 3 O 
 O U 
 
 to 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 U 
 
 c 
 O 
 
 
 <u 
 
 3 
 
 •£00 
 
 (/I 
 
 0\ 
 lO 
 
 'a 
 
 1-. 
 rt 
 
 1^ 
 
 MD 
 
 3 
 
 C 
 O 
 u 
 
 V TO 00 
 
 s 
 
 rt 
 
 Q 
 
 bo 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 bo 
 
 ^ « c 
 
 rt;-, 1) w 
 
 c73 
 
 
 rt^ 
 
 ^Q ^ 
 
 
 t» o ai 
 
 to 3 ti 
 
 •~ -W Q, 
 
 ■;3 c 
 
 G o 
 
 S o 
 
 > o. 
 
 ■~^ 
 
 • 2^ rt •* 
 
 3 e _ "5 ^; 
 c 4( «a w W5 > s.ti^.- 
 >" ^^ <j;~ rt u't'oo 
 
 Qh^ O i^fa'P bO^ ^o 

 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 97 
 
 u 
 
 c 
 
 6 
 
 varios 
 
 colores 
 
 Various 
 
 colors. 
 
 89. 
 
 
 Per 
 
 mille 
 
 colori- 
 
 bus 
 
 arcum 
 
 A bow 
 
 of a 
 
 
 Pur- 
 pureas 
 flores 
 Purple 
 flow- 
 ers. 79. 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 b. 
 +j 
 
 lU 
 
 a 
 
 HJ 
 
 JS - 
 +J 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 'o 
 U 
 
 <0 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 Terga caeru- 
 leae notae 
 (Snake's) back 
 marked with 
 blue. 85. 
 
 Caerulea 
 Scylla 
 
 Blue Scylla. 
 122. 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 Virides 
 coronae Green 
 coronets, no. 
 
 Viridem metam 
 frondenti ilice 
 The goal, green 
 with leafing 
 oak. 129. 
 
 Viridi lauro 
 Green laurel. 
 246. 
 
 1! 
 
 (Anguis) auro 
 maculosus 
 Snake, specked 
 with gold. 
 87. 
 
 Flava oliva 
 Yellow olive. 
 309- 
 
 Aureis ungui- 
 bus Golden 
 claws (of 
 lion). 352. 
 
 •0 
 
 
 Dark 
 
 luvencos 
 nigrantis terga 
 Bullocks with 
 Hack backs. 
 97- 
 
 Atra nubila 
 Black clouds. 
 
 512. 
 
 Nigra nube 
 Black clouds. 
 
 516. 
 
 Light. 
 
 Can- 
 
 dentem 
 
 taurum 
 
 White 
 
 bull. 
 
 236. 
 
 Equus 
 albis 
 maculis 
 A white- 
 spotted 
 horse. 
 566. 
 
 Scopu- 
 
 los os- 
 
 sibus 
 
 albos 
 
 Rocks 
 
 white 
 
 with 
 
 
 
 <i> 
 
 
 i
 
 98 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 j3 rt O Q 
 
 tn 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 u 
 j: — 
 
 c 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 U 
 
 o 
 
 
 rt 
 Q 
 
 en 
 a! 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 s . o 
 
 "^ _ t« 
 
 ™ OGO 
 
 be 
 
 
 d 
 
 ^ S r- " 
 
 •J- -a U ^_ . 
 • h *^ 3 rt <u 
 
 c 
 
 ct3 aj 
 'o'o 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 C 
 1) 
 
 S 3 ^ 
 
 K r J-H CO 
 
 t^H be to 
 
 ds 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 u 
 1; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K U w 
 
 "^SS 
 
 ^.§3^ 
 
 bo 
 
 U5 
 
 to 
 
 G IT) 
 
 ^00 
 

 
 Study of Firgil^s Descriptions of Nature 99 
 
 O 
 
 42 
 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 (LI 
 
 a 
 CO 
 
 J3 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ■^ O 
 
 •"2 <u . 
 
 Ei 3 O 
 
 O rt 
 
 CM 
 
 C 
 OJ 
 
 go- 
 
 I 
 
 en W (U 
 
 Pt3 <u 
 
 gT3 <w o 
 
 •"I X c/5 ^^ 
 
 3 2 O -w JJ5 
 
 s I S s S i^(^ 
 cLh jfe,cn Ph (c (u cx) 
 
 *^ s 
 
 • *^ ^ 
 
 (U Wc 
 
 - o bo 
 
 S IJ en 
 
 ^.^ Ovd 
 
 ■-^ ii o 
 be CM 
 
 >^ t-e 
 
 
 Ctf 
 
 Q 
 
 CO 
 
 C3 
 
 O " 
 
 (U 
 
 <u 
 u 
 
 "J ^ 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 .y^ 
 
 
 
 n3 "J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii-^ 
 
 
 
 Q u 
 
 
 
 ■Ci. nj 
 
 
 
 OQ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 <u 
 
 
 "Q 
 
 -4-> 
 
 tn 
 
 S 
 
 rt j; 
 
 W 
 
 
 2^ 
 
 •75 
 
 bo 
 
 ? fe lU OT 
 
 ►^ .t; c "1^ — vo 
 < >C0 PU^vo 
 
 <>
 
 loo Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 HI 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 11 
 ■*-> 
 
 <L> 
 
 U 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 
 (.DO ^5- 
 
 bo 
 
 00 
 
 c <« 
 
 o Je rt J' 
 
 3-£ o 
 
 £ O != 
 
 rt c 2 
 
 V- S o 
 
 <, o to 
 
 ? 
 
 e > 2 
 
 S; w bO 
 Q (U i-i 
 
 <i) !> (U 
 
 >^ > > 
 
 5-B 
 
 M-H «4-i 
 O C 
 
 JoO S 
 
 c c 
 
 ll . 
 
 Pi 
 
 Q 
 
 00 
 
 n 
 
 ^^ TO 
 
 ^P3 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 
 bflj: 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 •4-> 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 U5 
 
 o 
 
 •2 
 
 U3 
 
 o 
 
 03 
 
 X3 
 
 a; 
 
 
 
 
 Oi 
 
 ^ 
 
 03 ^2 
 
 !^ C 
 
 en 
 
 -id 
 
 Go . 
 
 *~ rt M 
 
 gmS ct ^SvS 
 
 "^5 ^ 
 
 tn 
 
 3 
 
 li 
 
 bo 
 
 <>
 
 8tudy of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature lol 
 
 <u 
 O 
 
 Ih 
 
 0^ 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 o. 
 in 
 
 J3 
 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 >% 
 
 9* 5 
 
 i^H be ^ 
 
 IT) 
 
 3 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 B . 
 
 -JO.S 
 
 (Ut) 
 
 > C c 
 i« •w;t3 
 
 I- ^y 
 
 
 
 
 x)t^ c ■ ■ 
 ^ "3 
 
 _ KX o 
 S S "^ M 
 
 3 5 §5 
 
 ^ 
 
 -9 c 3-S 
 
 OJ • 
 
 c 
 .2 X) 
 
 « 5 
 
 
 3 
 
 ♦- U Q 
 
 PQH y 
 
 J4 
 
 J3 
 
 o "W ^- i 
 
 s c u 3.5 o 
 
 cf OJ-, O rtCQ 
 
 i-i, M-i i_; Hi -i-i tj- 
 
 <> 
 
 3 
 
 u ^> v! ^.-r; 
 
 3 & 'ii "l r- 
 
 
 
 li^j- fg, ^^l^vi _
 
 I02 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 u 
 
 s 
 
 <u 
 
 O 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 (U 
 
 Co 
 
 ^^ 
 
 SCQ^ 
 
 tu 
 
 
 
 
 
 .^ u 
 
 ^ 
 
 I-. <u 
 
 <a 
 
 X!XJ 
 
 
 
 UHH 
 
 XI . 
 
 C 3 
 «^ 
 "i " 
 
 
 3 
 ;-. 
 
 ■4-* 
 
 u 
 
 <u 
 
 CO 
 
 J3 
 
 05 
 Ui 
 
 "o 
 U 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 2 
 
 ^ 3 
 
 
 en 
 to 
 
 ::^Oc'^ 
 
 '00 
 
 c 
 
 Os 
 
 X! 
 
 ■ >. 
 O CO 
 
 3 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 Ii 
 
 aw 
 
 
 
 C 
 » in 
 
 ^ i? C M 
 
 =1 .2 
 
 be C J 
 
 c, O O 
 
 x;xi u lo 
 
 T3 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 _ '"ic.-S bo 
 5>Ci* > 3 
 
 n 
 
 « 
 
 b> - ~ 
 
 C aJ S <u <u „ 
 rt s t- I- (u 
 
 < 
 
 Q 
 
 Ui 
 
 rt 
 
 «° 
 <o 
 
 P o 
 
 S 3 i; 
 ►-^ I- (U 
 
 CO 
 
 .s 
 
 '3b <u 
 
 d O 
 
 ^ E 
 
 bo 
 
 
 
 ■ 5<_ 
 
 ^g^^-- 
 
 <> 

 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 103 
 
 u 
 
 C 
 O 
 
 Ui 
 
 Oh 
 
 ID 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 a. 
 m 
 
 <u 
 
 JS — 
 
 c 
 
 (L) 
 lU 
 
 o 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 J3 
 
 1- !3 o 
 
 U bo<'— 't^ 
 
 o . 
 
 re O 
 
 ■ 2 iJ 
 »^ 
 
 <u 
 
 '^(5^ 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 tfc! 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 ^ O 
 
 '^ O C hn 
 
 
 ™q2 
 
 
 
 
 > o 
 
 ^^ 8 
 
 en 
 
 O irj 
 O 10 
 
 taOvO 
 

 
 104 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 c 
 
 "3. 
 
 «<J 
 
 « 
 
 
 ir> 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 S 2 O ^ 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 P. 
 
 m 
 
 U 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 "So 
 
 ^.£H 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 o c-^ 
 
 3 C 
 
 o o 
 ■^ o 
 
 V ^^ O -ri- 
 
 
 u 
 
 <u . 
 
 3 3 
 
 ^•^ 
 
 
 ■§, 
 
 
 
 &VO 
 
 
 O ao oU4 axi ? mvd 
 
 3 ^ 3 O -iJ 
 
 o . 

 
 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 105 
 
 u 
 
 C 
 
 (L> 
 O 
 
 
 4> 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 J2 — 
 
 c 
 
 4; 
 
 o 
 
 en 
 
 U 
 
 
 •o 
 v 
 
 « 
 
 Q 
 
 J3 
 
 Si 
 
 (J 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 3 
 
 «J3 
 
 o 
 
 "O 
 
 2 'ri 
 
 
 <o £ 
 
 .^ CTS 
 
 w. > O 
 
 O ^ '-' 
 
 > ■ 
 
 ^ rt O 
 
 ^5 O. 
 
 3 O 
 
 s e 
 
 3 C/l 
 
 • ^ Co 
 
 rs o 
 
 ^2: 
 
 <U 
 
 
 3 C . 
 
 Q J-. (U 
 
 S . 
 3 O 
 
 
 
 «u 
 
 V 
 
 .5 rt *.• 
 
 ^ <u ? 
 
 § o s 
 
 <o U K 
 
 rt . 
 C tn 
 
 CO 
 
 ^5Sg> :<:5R 
 
 •S J. 
 
 O ^ M 
 
 u 
 
 5 ? > 5=i:r';3 u i^ 
 
 '3'^£3t?»3Xo< 
 
 f-X 
 
 <x
 
 o6 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 C 
 O 
 
 U 
 
 3 
 (1h 
 
 
 s 
 
 u 
 
 x; — 
 
 c 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 tn 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 "U 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 !0^' 
 
 (U tn 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 fO 
 
 S o 
 
 5 '- 
 
 ^ bfi 
 
 « u . 
 
 -h "^ o 
 
 
 tn 
 
 3 
 
 § E w . _5 1^ ^ 
 
 <x 
 
 <x
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 107 
 
 C 
 O 
 
 "a 
 P-i 
 
 eq 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 m 
 
 QJ 
 ^ — 
 
 S 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 O <u 
 
 rt st; 4;.22 3^ 
 
 o 
 
 e IN 
 
 t ^ 000 
 
 § =" ° 
 
 ^H 
 
 b >- I- h P 
 ^ g o 3 o 
 
 
 
 oj 
 
 tn 
 
 'o PIS 2"^ G 
 
 c 
 
 s 2 ^r: • 
 
 i: «o <u 1^ ij-o 
 ^ <o 3 5 > "1^ 
 
 Q 
 
 GO 
 
 tn 1 
 
 *P^ . 
 
 ^^ . 
 
 -iS § 
 
 be 
 
 C'S S «. C ii jc <^ 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 ID 
 
 ^s^SvS' <:fex 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 <!'-' 
 ^X
 
 :o8 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 I/) 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 c 
 O 
 
 
 pi! 
 
 
 bo 
 
 ^ o 
 
 c 
 
 On 
 
 c5 
 rt.5 t^ 
 
 o S w 
 
 o 
 
 
 be 
 
 c 
 
 s 
 s 
 
 oj o 
 
 XI 00 
 
 "^1 <u 
 
 
 4) T3 4j t/l 
 
 in 
 
 - ci, 
 
 
 Of--' rt £- c SHj3 a't s w.S g Coo 
 
 — « ' ' — «■ ^_— ~— 

 
 Study of Virgirs Descriptions of Nature 109 
 
 u 
 
 <v 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 Purple 
 
 
 e 
 
 s 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 & 
 
 CO 
 
 m 
 
 u 
 _o 
 
 "o 
 U 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 Red i Yellow 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-< 
 
 bo 
 
 drawn 
 
 by. 
 
 white 
 
 horses. 
 
 164. 
 
 Nivali 
 
 vertice 
 
 Snowy 
 
 summit 
 
 (of , 
 
 Apeni- 
 
 nus). 
 
 702. 
 
 
 
 . 1—5
 
 1 10 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 Light and Shade 
 
 To light and shade there are two hundred 
 sixty-six appeals. Of these, eighty-five are descrip- 
 tions of darkness; sixty, of the heavenly bodies in- 
 cluding ten personifications of Aurora and two of 
 the day; forty-two are descriptions of shadows; 
 thirty-eight, of reflections; twenty-three, of fires; 
 nine, of clouds; seven, of lightnings; one, of the 
 sky; and one, of the rainbow. 
 
 Vergil's treatment of light and shade is much 
 more skilful than his treatment of either form or 
 color. Few descriptions have been more admired 
 than Aeneid VIII, 22. 
 
 "Aquae tremulum labris ubi lumen aenis. 
 
 Sole repercussum aut radiantis imagine lunae. 
 
 Omnia pervolitat." 
 
 "The light of the sun or the moon strikes the 
 brazen vessel, trembles against the water and flick- 
 ers over all things round about it." 
 
 The light and shade appeals used in the de- 
 scription of nature are as follows:
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 1 1 1 
 
 w 
 
 Q 
 < 
 X 
 tn 
 
 Q 
 
 < 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 C! 
 
 •5 
 
 .s 
 
 <u 
 
 'c 
 
 CO 
 
 < 
 
 Sky and Light 
 ning 
 
 
 Heavenly bod- 
 ies and Person- 
 ifications 
 
 
 tn 
 
 o 
 U 
 
 
 W 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 tn 
 
 'S 
 
 en 
 
 < 
 
 tn 
 
 tn 
 
 a> 
 
 c 
 
 u 
 
 Q 
 
 
 o 
 -a 
 a 
 
 Xi 
 
 Maioresque 
 cadunt altis de 
 montibus 
 umbrae 
 The shadows 
 lengthen from 
 the towering 
 hills 84. 
 
 Fagos umbro- 
 sa cacumina 
 The shady 
 tops (of the 
 beeches) 3. 
 
 Pecudes 
 captant. 
 utnbras 
 The flocks 
 enjoy the 
 shade 8. 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 (U 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 Fire 
 
 
 
 
 W^ . f^d
 
 112 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 As Manifest in the Heavens. 
 
 Sky and Light- 
 ning 
 
 
 Heavenly Bod- 
 ies and Person- 
 ifications 
 
 Fcj/»^r Olympo 
 invito proces- 
 sit. The even- 
 ing star comes 
 forth from the 
 reluctant sky. 
 86. 
 
 in 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ■*-» 
 
 w 
 
 'S 
 
 CO 
 
 < 
 
 tn 
 
 c 
 
 ei 
 Q 
 
 
 o 
 -a 
 
 CO 
 
 Sol crescentes 
 decedens dup- 
 licat umbras. 
 The sinking 
 sun doubles 
 the lengthen- 
 ing shadows 
 67 
 
 Incertas 
 umbras 
 Quivering 
 shadows 5. 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 &^ ^> &^
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 113 
 
 g 
 > 
 
 (-• 
 -4-) 
 
 _c 
 
 -M 
 
 tn 
 
 4> 
 
 'c 
 
 tn 
 
 < 
 
 Sky and Light- 
 ning 
 
 ■ 
 
 Heavenly Bod- 
 ies and Person- 
 ifications 
 
 
 U5 
 
 3 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 As Manifest on E^rth. 
 
 en 
 eo 
 
 <U 
 S 
 
 u 
 a 
 
 Q 
 
 Umbra 
 noctis 
 
 Darkness of 
 the night. 14. 
 
 
 
 Rara umbra 
 Thin shade 
 (of arbute) 
 46. 
 
 Pampineas 
 umbras 
 Shadows of 
 the vines 58. 
 
 Induceret 
 fontes 
 umbra 
 Overspread 
 the fountains 
 with shade. 20. 
 
 c 
 
 
 p^ 
 
 Apricis 
 collibus 
 Sunny hills 49. 
 
 .1: 
 
 
 
 Ec. 
 VII. 
 
 Ec. 
 VIII. 
 
 Ec. 
 IX.
 
 114 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 > 
 
 c 
 
 CO 
 
 < 
 
 u 
 
 W 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 
 c 
 
 >-l bo 
 
 T3 S 
 
 CO 
 
 o o 
 
 g-o § 
 
 rt f^ oi 
 
 <u en O 
 
 13 
 O 
 
 
 U5 
 
 cn 
 
 c 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 ■4-» 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 fa 
 
 vg 
 
 o " 
 
 C Q i^ 
 
 *-< ^ij qj 
 
 <U PS •— I 
 
 o bo 
 
 .S "^ 
 
 •A 
 
 Q cx> o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 2 
 
 -; a!' 
 
 i.5H 
 
 
 a; 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 & 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 in 
 
 "2 be =4 
 
 •^ 
 e 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 -^5 
 
 O 
 T3 
 
 r- IJ 
 
 Or- P 1^ 
 c H .- 1*-! 
 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 ju bo 
 
 O ^ 3 
 
 " 5? o 
 
 ^^>< 
 
 
 o
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 115 
 
 s 
 > 
 
 U3 
 
 C 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 I I 
 
 o o 
 
 > s 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 
 
 tn 
 
 tn 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 n 
 u 
 
 (U 
 
 Pi 
 
 u 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 be 
 
 TO HH 
 
 CO 
 
 -I- 
 
 J2 
 
 •o-S 
 
 ^ 
 
 u 
 
 s 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 be 
 c 
 
 •IS 
 
 CO 0< 
 
 t^ 
 
 c 
 
 --J 3 
 '^ bX) 
 
 Q be 
 
 i-o „• 
 
 
 CM 
 
 to >j; a; 1-c r- 
 
 
 be 
 C 
 
 J2 
 
 --, ^ Ji c 
 
 >-^ O -4-1 > 
 
 «a W. O 
 
 Co u o o 
 
 •5 
 
 *" 3 
 
 I— 1 05 
 
 ^ (u C bo w 
 ^^-O ^ c ^ 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 8^ 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 O! O ii 
 
 c 2 
 
 ^2 
 3. "5 
 
 •S bo 
 s c 
 
 > j: "j^ 
 
 bci 
 3 w 
 
 bo (u 
 3 O 
 
 O rt 
 
 
 hJ -Sh-, hJ i:cc c*5 
 
 _ , 
 
 
 VO 
 
 -4-> 
 
 
 \o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ro 
 
 3 
 
 
 ■4-J 
 
 S 
 
 
 jn 
 
 «» 
 g 
 
 rTl 
 
 3 
 
 .5? 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 :^ 
 
 a 
 
 V 
 
 ::iQ-£ 
 
 in 
 
 UJ 
 
 3^ 
 
 bO rt 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 c« 
 
 tn 
 
 «^ 
 
 hn 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 sj: 
 
 O 
 
 >-JCO CM 
 
 o 
 
 O
 
 1 16 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 c 
 
 1) 
 > 
 
 
 en 
 
 rt 
 
 w 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 
 
 tn 
 
 < 
 
 H-) bC 
 
 -o.S 
 CO 
 
 W 1/5 
 
 ■ QJ 
 
 ffi.HS 
 
 T3 
 3 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 cn 
 
 c 
 .2 
 
 u 
 
 
 3 u. 
 
 O Vh 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Coo 
 
 C M 
 
 3 6CO 
 
 « c ■^ 
 
 §'5 3 
 
 '3d w 
 
 «oo 
 
 0) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ y ^ 1^ aj 
 CO SP'O'S 
 
 C/2 C^ 
 
 
 E 2 "L* 
 
 (U 
 
 
 o 2£ o 
 
 o 
 
 <Ui_; 
 
 o
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 1 1 7 
 
 to 
 
 C 
 v 
 
 +-" 
 
 'c 
 
 c« 
 to 
 
 < 
 
 Sky and Light- 
 ning 
 
 
 Heavenly Bod- 
 ies and Person- 
 ifications 
 
 Densa inter 
 nubila sese 
 rumpeant radii 
 The rays (of 
 the sun) break 
 through the 
 thick clouds. 
 445- 
 
 Aurora pallida 
 surget. 
 
 Aurora rises 
 pale. 447- 
 
 Rutilo igni 
 (solis) Glitter- 
 ing fire (of 
 the sun) 454. 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 
 G 
 
 • 
 
 ■i-> 
 § 
 
 CO 
 
 « 
 
 ;^ 
 
 CO 
 
 < 
 
 Darkness 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 .2 
 
 
 
 burned 
 488. 
 
 Rutilo 
 igni 
 (solis) 
 The glit- 
 tering 
 fire of 
 the sun. 
 454. 
 
 
 
 6 .
 
 1 1 8 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 
 
 CO 
 
 C 
 
 > 
 
 4> 
 V 
 
 CO 
 
 <U 
 
 "c 
 
 CO 
 
 < 
 
 Sky and Light- 
 nings 
 
 
 Heavenly Bod- 
 ies and Person- 
 ifications 
 
 (Sol) caput 
 nitidum texit. 
 The sun cov- 
 ered his shin- 
 ing head. 467. 
 
 Cometae arsere 
 Comets burned 
 488. 
 
 Cum caput 
 extulerunt 
 sidera caelo. 
 When the 
 stars raised 
 their heads 
 in the sky. 342. 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 D 
 
 
 JS 
 
 4-* 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 *J 
 to 
 
 V 
 vt-i 
 
 'S 
 
 rt 
 
 (0 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 Q 
 
 Picea 
 caligine 
 Pitchy 
 darkness. 309. 
 
 o 
 
 X) 
 rt 
 
 JS 
 CD 
 
 Frondes et 
 rami matris 
 opacant 
 The leaves 
 and branches 
 of its mother 
 over-shadow 
 the tree. 55. 
 
 Laurus parva 
 sub ingenti 
 matris se 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 Renidenti 
 aere 
 
 Glittering 
 brass. 282. 
 
 Campus 
 enituit 
 The field 
 
 
 Tauri 
 spirantes 
 ignem 
 Fire- 
 breath- 
 ing bulls 
 140. 
 
 Ignis 
 involv- 
 vit flam- 
 
 
 
 6 om 
 
 Vt-A 4;i-H 

 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 119 
 
 c 
 
 <u 
 
 J2 
 
 U5 
 
 C 
 
 < 
 
 w 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 ■<-> 
 (/I 
 
 'c 
 
 CO 
 
 J3 
 CO 
 
 I I 
 
 •a c 
 
 o o 
 
 « 2 
 
 C-o o 
 
 rt " oj 
 aj i« tj 
 
 O 
 
 U 
 
 U5 
 CO 
 
 <l> 
 
 c 
 P 
 
 o 
 CO 
 
 'J 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 0\ 
 
 1- O 
 
 
 Is 
 
 C/3 
 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 
 W) . 
 
 S ^ 
 
 (u ? Px; "! "i 5 
 
 *^. HA-T^ HH '^ |«, (/5 
 
 01 
 
 a 
 
 x; 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 eo C 
 
 
 <u 
 
 V J5 O 
 
 *^ (11 
 
 0) 
 
 s cH ^-S bpcc ^ :5;-g'*H^H^ 
 
 c 
 
 
 ^ bo g I- aj •& c>< 
 
 o
 
 I20 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 C 
 > 
 
 0) 
 
 X 
 
 w 
 
 _c 
 
 <n 
 
 4) 
 
 ■ 1-1 
 
 C 
 rt 
 
 :^ 
 
 Sky and Light- 
 ning 
 
 
 Heavenly Bod- 
 ies and Person- 
 ifications 
 
 Primo sidere 
 LMci/^ri Rising 
 of Lucifer. 
 324- 
 
 Ad occasum 
 solis, cum 
 frigidus aera 
 Vesper tem- 
 perat. At the 
 setting of the 
 sun, when the 
 evening star 
 cools the air — 
 336. 
 
 Clouds 
 
 Arida nubila 
 Rainless clouds. 
 198. 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 rt 
 
 W 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 -M 
 UJ 
 
 4) 
 
 'c 
 
 rt 
 
 CO 
 
 en 
 
 <n 
 4) 
 
 1 
 
 P 
 
 Caeca nocte 
 Dark night 
 260. 
 
 Tenebris 
 In the dark- 
 ness. 401. 
 
 o 
 
 XI 
 
 Ramorum 
 
 umbra 
 
 In the shadow 
 
 of the branches, 
 
 489. 
 
 Umbra saxea 
 The shadow 
 of a rock. 
 
 Umbrosam 
 vallem 
 
 Shady valley 
 331- 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 Flammantia 
 lumina 
 Flaming eyes 
 (of a snake) 
 433- 
 
 4) 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 Geo. 
 II. 
 
 Geo. 
 III.
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 121 
 
 tn 
 
 C 
 <u 
 
 <u 
 
 r-* 
 < 
 
 Sky and Light 
 ning 
 
 
 Heavenly Bod- 
 ies and Person- 
 ifications 
 
 Saltus reficit 
 luna. The 
 moon re- 
 freshes the 
 glades. 2>2>7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 c 
 
 
 +-> 
 
 V 
 
 tn 
 
 tn 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 Sacra umbra 
 nemus. 
 The sacred 
 shade of the 
 grove— 334. 
 
 Sol pallentes 
 haud umquam 
 discutit um- 
 bras. 
 The sun 
 rarely scatters 
 the dim shad- 
 ows. 357. 
 
 Molli umbrae 
 Soothing 
 shade. 464. 
 
 Umbrae 
 altorum 
 
 .2 
 
 <L> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dh-i
 
 122 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 
 
 C 
 J3 
 
 
 rt 
 
 J5 
 •O.S 
 
 C/3 
 
 1 
 T3 
 
 C 
 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 PQ 
 
 V) 
 
 
 <1» 
 
 
 to 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 c 
 
 
 oJ 
 
 a) 
 
 (fl 
 
 w 
 
 c« 
 
 u 
 
 K 
 
 _ii<-C 
 
 IZ) 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 
 
 en 
 <U 
 
 C 
 
 n! 
 
 P 
 
 00 
 
 H <>> 
 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 n ha 
 the 
 the 
 light 
 
 CJ 
 
 lA 
 
 "3 tn-O O lU 
 
 ' — . 
 
 ■4-» 
 
 in 
 
 <U 
 
 reclus 
 
 The 
 
 opene 
 
 sky t 
 
 summ 
 
 51- 
 
 I 
 
 u 
 
 W 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 U3 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 cn 
 
 3 ^i; . 
 I- o T^ <" 
 
 QJ TO 
 > 
 
 E o ^ w 
 
 -^ U) S -^ -C 
 
 > 
 
 o ^ 
 
 o 
 
 3rt S^^i^-3 
 
 
 be 
 
 s • 
 
 (U O 
 
 o 'JH "^ .. i* 
 
 
 
 o o 
 
 o 
 _ o 
 
 -S'-S o 
 
 S; n! U _2 o *^ (N 
 kT u 'vf' 5 o O 
 
 c 
 
 'J 
 
 o 
 
 
 s 
 
 M- c 
 O <U 
 
 3 O ni <u 
 crrr ox: <^ 
 
 tn iw* w -4-" 0\ 
 
 a, s rt 
 
 "5, c S> 
 
 1-. o 
 
 . 3 
 
 4^ a « +j 
 
 OJ 
 
 <u 
 
 3 
 
 -§.2 J-S O 
 
 'U I— I 

 
 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 123 
 
 CO 
 
 J3 
 
 
 w 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 
 en 
 
 < 
 
 c c 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 l-< 
 
 w^ o 
 
 oi rt rt 
 <u en <J 
 
 o 
 
 G 
 
 CO 
 
 lU 
 S 
 
 CTJ 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 CTJ 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 X5 
 
 V) 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 r5^x > 
 
 cj "^^ ^ V* «^ -ii — .* 
 
 ct3 
 
 c«H 
 
 ^ 5 
 
 1) 
 
 c 
 
 tn <U 
 
 •O 60 to 
 
 S C 
 u 
 
 3 
 S en 
 
 S ct3 
 
 IT) 
 
 oJ 
 
 3 <u 
 
 cofc ^ 5<;-5 
 
 2jd 
 
 4J 
 
 o 
 
 :::d 
 
 _i a; b 
 
 3 
 
 en 
 
 3 
 
 
 ■4-> 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 •^ 3^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 <u 
 ;-! 
 u 
 
 O 
 
 •a 
 
 2 I 
 
 O en 
 
 O O 
 
 r* -i '^ J_i e^ 
 
 \< ^ 
 
 CTJ 
 
 tn 
 
 
 
 <-;
 
 124 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 
 
 <n 
 
 C 
 
 'S 
 
 to 
 
 < 
 
 Sky and Light- 
 ning 
 
 
 Heavenly Bod- 
 ies and Person- 
 ifications 
 
 
 W3 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 sky and the 
 light. 88. 
 
 w 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 •4-" 
 
 V 
 
 'c 
 
 < 
 
 en 
 
 CO 
 
 lU 
 
 C 
 
 P 
 
 Ponto nox 
 incubat atra. 
 Dark night 
 settled upon 
 the sea. 89. 
 
 O 
 CO 
 
 Horrentibus 
 umbris 
 (arborum) 
 The gloomy 
 shadows of 
 the trees. 311. 
 
 Dum monti- 
 bus umbrae 
 lustrabunt 
 convexa. 
 While the 
 shadows cross 
 the hollows of 
 the mountains. 
 607. 
 
 Dulci umbra 
 The pleasant 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 (Si 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 <i^
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 125 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 > 
 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 (U 
 
 
 
 hJ bo 
 
 m 
 
 rt ™ rt 
 
 f en W 
 
 •a 
 o 
 U 
 
 rt 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 -o 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 0:J 
 
 1) 
 
 c 
 
 rt t« <u 
 « rt (J 
 
 ^ 3 g rt 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 u (J D 
 
 J:! rt n 
 
 ^ <u "Tj rs -C 
 
 i^ J5 be Of rt rt ^ 
 
 ^-^ r^ .^ -M T-H -4^ 1-4 
 
 't; 
 
 be 
 
 a> 
 
 
 
 C c3 <u be O 
 1— ' a u c 
 
 
 O £ 2i (U ji W 
 
 H-o 
 
 
 bo 
 
 
 J2 
 
 o E 
 
 a; O 
 
 E 
 
 I 
 
 V Ji rt . 
 
 s a gp, 
 "> "^ dj 
 
 -i-j — ,c 
 nj <u ■!-> 
 
 c 
 
 rt 
 
 3 o 
 
 u 
 
 
 0\ 
 
 3 bo 
 
 rt t^ « 2 "J- 
 
 r/1 
 
 
 ■^•i 
 
 10 
 
 '-' 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 
 T3 
 
 a; 
 
 rt 
 
 -M 
 
 ^ 
 
 nj 
 
 t« 
 
 
 •5 «a 
 
 rt ii^i "3. •- 
 
 V 
 
 bo 
 
 :.tl aJ 
 
 J3 
 
 E I'D 1:^2 E rf 
 
 J— I ji H~.-" fe ^^^ -is U ro 
 
 <!=! 
 
 E-« c 
 c 2 § S « 2
 
 126 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 en 
 
 C 
 
 OJ 
 
 > 
 
 X 
 .a 
 a 
 
 en 
 
 en 
 < 
 
 Sky and Light- 
 ning 
 
 
 Heavenly Bod- 
 ies and Person- 
 ifications 
 
 
 en 
 
 % 
 
 u 
 
 
 As Manifest on Earth. 
 
 en 
 
 tn 
 
 <u 
 
 c 
 Q 
 
 and the sky in 
 darkness. 251. 
 
 Nox atra 
 cava circum- 
 volat umbra 
 Dark hov- 
 ers round 
 about with her 
 hollow shade. 
 360. 
 
 Caccam 
 noctem Dark 
 night. 397- 
 
 Obscura node 
 per umbram 
 Through the 
 darkness of 
 the night — ^420. 
 
 o 
 
 -a 
 
 
 Reflection 
 
 ' 
 
 Fire 
 
 give a 
 clear 
 light. 
 569. 
 
 
 
 <ti
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 127 
 
 > 
 
 1; 
 
 c 
 
 w 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 
 
 J be 
 
 ^ 1- 
 
 ^y. 2 
 
 03 « rt 
 
 <u m iJ 
 
 U5 
 
 O 
 
 U 
 
 G 
 a! 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Pi 
 
 fe 
 
 <o bo 
 
 oi5 
 
 tn 
 
 J3 
 .„.-. « bO 
 
 I— I rt cH 
 
 (U H 
 
 o! rt 
 
 XI I- 
 
 C 
 O 
 O 
 
 rt 4;-^ E 
 G^ aj_ 
 aj n c ^ 
 5- 3 c) 3 
 
 |-L( *-*-! t*-, *-4-l 
 
 C -rt 
 <u 3 55 
 
 
 I— I 
 
 IT) 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ■" -is ^ 
 '55 V o +j 
 
 IT3 IT) 
 
 <o r- 
 
 « E'fi) 
 
 5-3 3 «i 
 
 ^ u o <v 
 
 u O u o 
 
 OJ o x: rt 
 
 .3 tj 
 
 Is 
 
 -4-1 
 
 -S rt <N 
 
 OPfC 
 
 bo 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 rt o 
 3 3 . OJ 
 
 rt xi <; -a 
 
 PI 
 
 3 
 
 <u e be 
 S 3-S 
 
 ^ 2 g 
 
 
 <S 
 
 ^1— I
 
 128 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 C 
 > 
 
 a! 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 <u 
 
 c 
 
 U5 
 
 J3 
 hJ be 
 
 CO 
 
 aj^ o 
 
 rt c« 05 
 a; en o 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 T3 
 
 c 
 (J 
 u 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 ^ ., =! 
 .5 "±3 (J 
 
 
 IN 
 1^5 
 
 
 <u 
 
 al3 ^ 
 
 00 
 
 On 
 
 J3 
 
 6 
 
 O tn 
 
 bo o 
 
 w en 
 
 c ^'-'-^"'"ticnC 
 
 3 3 
 
 ►_,(/) oj <u o 
 K^ rt C rt tt 
 
 <U 1- r; ■ 
 
 c ■ ■ "— 
 
 rt & 
 
 C en en ir> 
 
 
 Or= 
 
 <n ^ 0< 
 
 <n 
 O 
 
 E 
 
 c 
 
 E-^ 
 
 <N 
 
 3 C 3 ■*-' r^ 
 
 <-' o o -5 
 <j c u o 42 
 
 bo 
 
 :n 3 
 
 J:^ ^ s ^ 
 
 ^ «^ 
 
 HH S o C 
 
 3H 
 
 3 <^ 
 
 XI 
 a; 13 
 
 rt C 
 w 
 
 bo 
 
 s o r^ 
 
 a rt 4J en 
 
 gW 2x>y= 

 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 129 
 
 in 
 
 C 
 
 .4-J 
 
 to 
 a; 
 
 c 
 
 en 
 
 < 
 
 Sky and Light- 
 nmg 
 
 
 Heavenly Bod- 
 ies and Person- 
 ifications 
 
 third time has 
 the moon 
 filled her 
 horns with 
 light. 645. 
 
 to 
 
 •0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J3 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 M-t 
 
 to 
 
 < 
 
 in 
 
 C 
 
 Q 
 
 the darkness. 
 195- 
 
 Caecis undis 
 Dark waves. 
 200. 
 
 Caeca caligine 
 thick darkness. 
 203. 
 
 Sine sidere 
 noctes Nights 
 without stars. 
 204. 
 
 Caecis latebris 
 Dark recesses. 
 424. 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 .2 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 ^1— 1
 
 130 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 a 
 > 
 
 <U 
 
 
 CO 
 
 < 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 en 
 0) 
 
 
 en 
 
 < 
 
 J3 
 
 t/2 
 
 13 C 
 O O 
 
 ti '^ a 
 
 (U Ui o 
 
 in 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 as 
 C/2 
 
 
 
 be 
 
 tn £ M 
 
 2 rt u. 
 
 •t-> ^^ a 
 " rt 6 
 
 p;^ 
 
 J^ rt 
 
 
 (U ^ 
 
 o « 
 
 •3 tn S 
 
 3 (U ^ 
 
 CO 6 
 
 
 tn 
 
 3 
 -O 
 
 <u ' 
 
 -4-» 
 
 Id 
 
 c 
 
 rtCg 
 
 tn 10 
 
 C 
 
 3 <U 
 O " 
 
 ^j I — I 
 
 Si 
 
 S o c ^ 
 
 Mi 
 
 +j ^ — o 
 '^ ^> -^ 
 
 w 
 
 p c <v "^ 
 
 
 ^j j3 .3 10 
 
 
 O 
 ft 
 
 e 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 Q 
 
 
 \o 
 
 
 M 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 
 l-j 
 
 _bc 
 
 u-^ 
 
 C 
 
 "J 
 
 tn C u 
 
 k^H 3 C 
 
 f<.3t— I 
 
 

 
 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 131 
 
 tn 
 
 S 
 
 > 
 
 X 
 
 
 W 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 <u 
 
 n 
 
 en 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 PQ 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 en 
 
 •O o 
 
 n! ™ ol 
 OJ (n U 
 
 OJ 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 U 
 
 C 
 r3 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 CO 
 
 G 
 y 
 
 (U 
 
 
 =1 
 
 P 
 
 n 
 
 §-^ 
 S E 
 
 O rt 
 
 — • u 
 
 o oj 
 
 ft > 
 
 -a 
 
 T3 be. 
 
 ^ 2 ^ 
 
 ''J s 
 
 
 e c 
 
 i\o 
 
 g 3 ■" ^ 
 
 (U 
 
 >> 
 
 <U OJ _!-• rt b "JJ 
 
 o 
 
 C 
 
 1- 
 1 " 
 
 I — I in 
 
 S rt.2 
 
 -a 
 
 3 
 
 1; 
 O 
 
 en O 
 
 i i:; C i: £ 
 
 en 
 
 
 cs 
 
 S "1 
 
 < <L> ^ "j 
 
 en T3 
 
 ffi en 
 W 
 
 en '-' 
 
 wpq 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 en — -^ en 
 
 Hin M gtc in 

 
 132 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 S 
 
 J3 
 
 1-4 be 
 •o.S 
 
 CO 
 
 o o 
 
 c 
 
 
 > 
 
 -t-» 
 
 W 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 a! 
 -C 
 CO 
 
 
 1> 
 
 
 -a 
 
 a 
 
 be 
 
 W). 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 ■i-> iZ r- -S 
 
 
 
 a; 
 
 -5 
 
 texeri 
 Ti 
 ave 
 ked tl 
 with 
 
 cf\ 
 
 lis 
 
 
 rt 
 
 hH 
 
 &i-t^ 
 
 -M 
 
 u 
 
 )— 1 
 
 
 t) 
 
 -^ 
 
 t g-^.y r. 
 
 
 « >. 
 
 bc 
 
 Q 
 
 <u ~ h " 
 
 en 
 
 ^ "-^ • 
 
 bo . 
 
 ■♦^ 
 
 2i^ rt -V t. 
 
 >, 
 
 -r rr "^ 
 
 tnoo 
 
 b-. 
 
 3 t;^ <U Oi 
 
 CT^ en 1- aj 
 
 
 ■S be 
 
 c.s 
 
 ^5 
 
 CO 
 
 en 
 
 f^^ ■<-• 
 
 <!a 
 
 ro 
 
 S I- w 
 TO 
 
 '-' ti 
 
 ■«i.^ bo 
 OH'c 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 ^:S-S 
 
 f/l 
 
 • i-H 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 ■i~i 
 
 rt 
 
 r 
 
 <u 
 
 J5 ^^ 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 <•>■
 
 &tudy of Virg'ih Descriptions of Nature 133 
 
 c 
 > 
 
 U5 
 
 rt 
 
 CO 
 
 < 
 
 »4 
 
 O 
 
 U3 
 
 .5? 
 
 >> 
 
 -id 
 en 
 
 TS c 
 
 o o 
 « iC 
 
 «3^ 2 
 
 rt rt rt 
 
 OJ c« u 
 
 o 
 
 1—1 
 
 U 
 
 
 O 
 rt 
 
 00 
 
 *« J: I- c 
 7^ G a >H 
 
 
 4J 
 
 3^ <Aji 
 
 1 4J 
 
 "^ -^ _. OJ 
 
 •— M-i rt i; >. 
 
 ^ -- h-S rt 
 
 n 
 
 C rt "^ ^ 
 'en t"! O 
 
 >-Ki 
 
 C U C . 
 
 3 u. rt nr w 
 
 "bo I 
 
 O <U l-i 
 
 i 
 
 3 S; 22 
 
 c "^ r . 
 
 i^ be be 
 c 3 o c 
 
 1_I .1 U_i . ^ 
 
 <u ■ 
 
 O 
 
 ^^ 
 bo <u 
 
 0< 
 
 I— I 10 
 
 O rt 
 
 I/} ll 
 ID 
 
 S 
 
 bO 
 
 c 
 
 en 
 
 <u 
 J2 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 
 e 
 
 S 3 
 
 '^ o 
 t< 
 
 u <n 
 
 ID G 
 
 l-c 
 
 rt 
 -O 
 
 bor^ 
 'bo . 
 
 .t^ en 
 u <U 
 
 XI c 
 
 c 
 
 en 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 a 
 
 V 
 
 1 . <u 
 
 — s -w . 
 
 rt « J? > . 
 
 C^^ "^ ^ <u 
 
 (U -M a; p p 
 
 o Cx: o E 
 
 S oH bOC 
 
 
 

 
 134 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 
 
 en 
 
 a 
 > 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 Ui 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 tn 
 
 C 
 
 CO 
 
 < 
 
 I I 
 
 •a c 
 
 o o 
 
 cq - 
 
 S-o o 
 
 rt ™ n! 
 
 aj en u 
 
 X! 
 1-1 bfi 
 
 >> 
 
 (7) 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 rt 
 
 XI 
 
 CO 
 
 e 
 
 (J 
 
 a:: 
 <u 
 
 4) 
 
 a 
 
 en 
 
 3 P 
 O 
 
 en +-' 
 
 oj t. c dj 1 
 
 tn 
 .5 rt 
 
 <> 
 
 T3x: 
 
 :3-" i^ 
 
 Id 
 u 
 
 s 
 
 X - 
 
 cr o 
 
 ^o 
 
 +-' -G tn 
 
 tn rt Jo 
 
 aj 1-1 
 
 o 
 
 *~ I' ^, 
 
 CO 2 
 
 tn t3" 
 
 4J I, i; <u 
 
 „ C rt J'" 
 3 rt 4J 5 c 
 
 nj dJ ^ "^ -tJ 
 
 «i != rt 
 
 tn <u 
 
 tix: 
 
 ^3S§- 
 
 Is 
 
 3.^ 
 t ^ 
 
 I— I ■« 
 
 n en 
 
 •^ en 
 
 u <U g 
 
 tn n ra 
 
 
 On 
 
 lU 
 
 HH 
 
 ll 
 
 
 <u 
 
 p. 
 
 4-> 
 
 tn 
 
 tn 
 
 (1> 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 l-H 
 
 -M 
 
 a 
 
 TO >. '*' • 4-J tu 
 
 
 0) 
 
 x; 
 
 tn , 
 
 rt S O X OJ S g 
 
 C7* 2 S t- S O 
 
 C0.5s~.X be tn rt 
 
 3 
 u 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 "a 
 
 
 tn 
 (U .'^ 
 
 bfi ^ 
 C " 
 
 dJ <*H 
 O 
 
 P4
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 135 
 
 c 
 
 <u 
 
 > 
 
 a; 
 
 in 
 
 C 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 en 
 
 C 
 
 .5? 
 
 i-J bo 
 
 •o.S 
 en 
 
 I I 
 
 o o 
 
 CjT3 O 
 
 > S'-S 
 rt cU rt 
 OJ tn o 
 
 O 
 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 a: 
 
 
 bo 
 
 c 
 
 '5 
 o 
 S 
 
 ID 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 C 1; 
 
 > « (U 
 
 ^ r^ tn __, 
 
 
 
 1-. a! 3 
 
 Ooo 
 
 -b (J 
 
 t:~« 
 
 tn 
 
 to 55 
 
 X be 
 
 <~>J=. u.-a in 
 tn ••^ -j-j .^ 2 
 
 e 
 
 cr 
 
 O 
 
 o c 
 
 O <u JZ 
 
 -5 
 
 o 
 
 
 t- a; 
 
 en 
 
 EH5-5.ti 
 

 
 136 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 ui 
 
 § 
 
 .4-* 
 to 
 
 'S 
 
 rt 
 
 Sky and Light- 
 ning 
 
 
 Heavenly Bod- 
 ies and Person- 
 ifications 
 
 Ortus primi 
 solis Beams 
 of the rising 
 sun. 255. 
 
 •0 
 
 3 
 
 
 G 
 
 
 J5 
 ■*-» 
 
 rt 
 
 W 
 
 c 
 
 
 in 
 
 'S 
 
 < 
 
 in 
 
 CO 
 
 a; 
 
 1-1 
 
 Q 
 
 Nox mediam 
 metam con- 
 tigerat. 
 Night had 
 touched the 
 middle of her 
 course. 835. 
 
 Tcncbrosiim 
 aera Darkened 
 air. 839. 
 
 Tenebrosa 
 palus Dark 
 marsh. 107. 
 
 
 
 Obscuris 
 claudunt con- 
 vallibus um- 
 brae. The 
 shadows (of 
 the woods) 
 cover it in the 
 hidden valley. 
 139- 
 
 c 
 
 
 4-) 
 
 u 
 
 <u 
 
 Pi 
 
 Aura refulsit 
 per ramos. 
 The gold 
 gleams 
 through the 
 branches. 204. 
 
 
 Torren- 
 
 tibus 
 
 flammis 
 
 Eager 
 
 flames. 
 
 550. 
 
 
 
 <> <^
 
 Study of Vhgirs Descriptions of Nature 137 
 
 tn 
 C 
 
 > 
 
 v 
 
 
 CO 
 
 <: 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 <-t-l 
 
 *s 
 
 o o 
 S-^ o 
 
 rt fS ni 
 lU en <J 
 
 J3 
 
 -o.S 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 l-l 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 CAl 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 • *-( 
 
 a; 
 be 
 
 J3 IT) 
 
 5 O <n 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 s 
 
 o >. 
 
 »-i '^ in 
 
 1) 
 x; 
 
 ~ 3 £ -^ 
 
 2 '^ „> cn~ 
 
 1—1 aH t- ■:;: 
 
 s 3 O iJ D 
 
 
 o o 
 
 n S.S 
 
 c 
 o 
 o 
 
 3^1S Ji 
 
 W ^' ^^ * '^ ■-■ J '^ r J p-< \^ 
 
 CO 
 
 e co-o 
 
 I— I CO o 
 
 W 3 ^ 
 
 § S u 00 
 
 x: 
 
 Q -Cj ^ CO rj 
 Ih (-1 a! c CO 
 
 rt 
 
 o< S 5; rt 
 
 "5 ^ P 
 
 — « I- t: 
 oi u rt aj 
 
 3 
 
 3 o C 
 
 cflx: 
 o 
 
 3 
 o . 
 
 •S XI -TS -l-l K-i 
 
 pi! 
 
 i- x: 
 
 -t-"*^ if? 
 
 S C bfl > . 
 
 iH rt 3 S tn 
 
 >X! u^ O 
 
 <& 
 
 Ix: fD 
 
 S to IS. 
 
 .-s:::^- 
 
 
 > 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 X 
 
 _bp 
 P-i-^::^ 
 
 O 3 
 
 I 'I' 
 
 to 
 
 a; 
 
 3 „ 
 
 fe IT) 
 
 « <y bflo 
 
 ^ ■'^ Ji: -^ '-' e i» 

 
 138 Study of Viryil's Descriptions of Nature
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 139 
 
 en 
 
 05 
 
 4) 
 
 C 
 
 to 
 
 < 
 
 W 
 
 o 
 
 
 en 
 en 
 
 C 
 a! 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 e tn 
 
 S J! 
 
 -Q c 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 
 1; 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 S o C 
 v- — I: Lm 
 
 V. 
 
 St 
 
 s 
 
 u 
 
 - bo 
 
 (N 
 
 s Q ii- 
 
 O V O r3_ 
 
 O 
 ^ ,^ ^^ 
 
 <u bo 
 
 rt C tn 
 .h S rt O 
 
 e e 
 
 
 
 <n 
 
 C 
 o 
 
 Li 

 
 140 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 C 
 
 > 
 
 XI 
 
 en 
 
 4; 
 
 
 Ui 
 
 w 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 'S 
 
 < 
 
 J3 
 
 hJ bo 
 
 c/) 
 
 O 
 
 
 CO 
 
 4J 
 
 c 
 
 rt 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 en 
 
 1) 
 
 I 
 
 Ucod 
 
 XI 
 bo « 
 
 
 rt 
 
 10 
 
 TO 
 
 o 
 s 
 
 to 
 
 r, c^ 
 
 £^< 
 
 be . 
 V, P bo 
 
 (uOO 
 
 ? o 
 
 E rt 
 X tn 
 
 5a 
 
 oi 
 
 < >, 
 
 e e rt 
 ^rj o <u 
 
 ^^§ 
 OOx 
 
 Si I 
 *. " a'"-^ bo 
 
 s 3 n <" cs _ 
 ."5j e s <u Ji > 
 
 4j O; -^ •-. 
 - n <" CT3 J3 
 
 ,^2i 3£ S"5 
 
 d\ 
 
 X) 
 
 c 
 
 c<5 
 
 •« .S 
 
 Ei rt P 
 KT3 O . 
 -^ rt rr Tf 
 
 o.S c 
 C rt C 3 
 
 1 ^ ^_,x 
 s 
 
 .MC 
 
 *** c ;^ ^ ^\ »^ rr G 
 
 
 e S 
 
 en bo ^ 
 
 <u c >> 
 
 I- O ■1-' 
 
 ° £ <» 
 
 E-s^'g.'-SH in rt 
 
 <?
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 141 
 
 05 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 X 
 
 +-> 
 
 'c 
 
 1/5 
 < 
 
 Sky and Light- 
 ning 
 
 
 Heavenly Bod- 
 ies and Person- 
 ifications 
 
 
 tn 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J2 
 
 w 
 
 c 
 
 
 'S 
 
 to 
 
 < 
 
 tn 
 en 
 
 C 
 
 Q 
 
 Densis frondi- 
 bus atrum 
 latus nemoris. 
 The side of 
 the wood, dark 
 with dense 
 foliage. 565. 
 
 Caecis umbris 
 In the dark- 
 ness. 619. 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 4; 
 
 <L> 
 Pi 
 
 Fulvo 
 
 lumine Daz- 
 zling light. 76. 
 
 Lustrabat 1am- 
 pade terras dies 
 Day lighted 
 the earth with 
 her lamps. 148. 
 
 Nitidi (equi) 
 Shining horses. 
 275- 
 
 ^ 
 fc 
 
 
 
 
 . h-H
 
 142 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 tn 
 
 C 
 
 > 
 
 
 0} 
 
 W 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 <u 
 
 
 en 
 
 J bo 
 
 CO 
 
 o o 
 
 w^ 2 
 
 > S'-2 
 cs ca rt 
 
 <u in O 
 
 to 
 
 s 
 o 
 
 
 
 (A 
 
 en 
 
 <u 
 
 C 
 
 1-1 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 _o 
 o 
 
 <L) 
 
 s 
 
 t/5 <j re 
 
 i2 <U N g g -w 
 
 ox: 2 t i- >, 
 
 
 
 
 ■t-i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jr j= 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
 be 
 
 a! 
 
 
 "O 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 tn 
 
 4J 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 <n 
 
 be ^ 
 
 ■i-i 
 
 •— 
 
 J3 
 
 4-» 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 <>
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 143 
 
 tn 
 
 C 
 
 > 
 
 en 
 
 
 < 
 
 a 
 
 W 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 'a 
 
 O O 
 
 i3-o o 
 
 r! rt rt 
 
 <u en o 
 
 J3 
 i-J bO 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 '-M 
 
 <u 
 
 en 
 <u 
 
 Pi 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 "S 
 
 ° <-> K 
 
 u ■ 
 o. 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 rt 
 
 2.&E 
 
 c 
 
 tn 
 _ „ *-• 
 
 t Ey= 
 
 3-- 
 o c cs 
 
 .s 
 '5 ^"^ 
 
 m t». fc- .-s .S •£ 
 
 2-1 
 
 rt bo 
 
 "bo 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 ''"SI 
 
 = i= bb 
 
 0^ 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 «0 
 
 3 
 
 
 tn 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 >\ 
 
 a; 
 
 u 
 
 C 
 
 <U 
 
 bo 
 
 I— t 
 
 fe 
 
 
 O 
 »< <L> 
 
 s 2 
 
 4; f3 
 
 
 1— I <N 
 
 ih bo 
 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 3 (U 
 
 I 3 
 E tn 
 
 f^ 3 
 
 <3 
 
 <-5 -O 
 
 ti) 
 
 s o 
 
 v! "- rt 3 ^■ 
 
 ^ -^ E 6 rt 
 
 *" tn (u O -" 
 
 ^E^ 
 
 be > 
 
 O 4-1 
 
 o 
 
 -r- <n 
 
 o-r 
 
 C «3 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 in C 
 
 O 
 
 tn <^ 
 
 '^ a! > E -^ w o 
 C 3 l-<, 5-hr« OJ O 
 
 a! 3 g_i:.2P wx; C 
 
 I tn 
 en u 
 
 >^ 
 N 
 
 cats 
 
 -4-> tn 
 
 > 
 (U 
 
 ^ bb 
 
 I 
 
 E 
 
 :0- 
 
 0\ 
 
 o ■ ■ 
 
 3 -5 
 
 
 § 3 bo 
 
 3 
 > 
 
 fc t, S.Sxt3 
 
 C • w .— < -4-> ■1-' • 
 
 S S 3 ''^ ^ «n Ov 
 
 
 e:.s85 
 
 <>
 
 144 Study of VirgtVs Descriptions of Nature 
 
 CO 
 
 c: 
 > 
 
 en 
 
 C 
 
 w 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 
 
 o o 
 CQ SC 
 :>. I* 
 
 S-^ o 
 > S'-i^ 
 
 rt f^ rt 
 W tn O 
 
 J3 
 
 J bo 
 c c 
 
 CO 
 
 en 
 
 3 
 o 
 
 U 
 
 in 
 
 C 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 Pi 
 
 0) 
 
 I-. 
 
 g 
 
 en 
 
 en 
 
 C 
 rt 
 
 <A C \£-t 
 
 > > bo 
 
 s ^ bi) 
 
 S-X3 
 ~ Q 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 
 « 
 o^ 
 
 
 l>3 
 
 1>^-' s 
 
 ^< 
 
 aj rt 3 
 
 (J I-H en 
 
 O 
 e-s 
 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 u 
 
 OJ 
 
 Q 
 
 
 OJ . 
 Oi en 
 
 > > 
 (J U 
 
 bo 
 
 
 § ^ S "^ 
 
 2 eu 
 
 S 5 
 
 en ^f, 
 
 '^ en 
 
 C U 
 
 c 
 Si 
 
 ^ 
 
 *- 1 
 
 ^ -^r^; 
 
 E ». E 
 oj I' 5 
 
 Ood 
 
 U IT) 
 
 3 
 o . 
 
 Een 
 ^ u 
 
 < 03 iJ 
 
 V. 
 oi 
 
 E 
 
 
 en 
 
 3 
 +-» 
 u 
 
 3 
 q:; 
 
 > <U 
 
 ■^ 
 
 l?:ii 
 
 •T3 
 4J 
 
 ID 
 
 t-i 
 
 -2 -Sc-c 
 
 *;: to s +-» "w 
 
 03 flj n •«-• ll 
 
 l-H
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 145 
 
 c 
 > 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 X. 
 +-» 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 -M 
 
 'c 
 
 o o 
 PQ s: 
 
 1) 
 
 g-o o 
 > S'-S 
 
 oi rt rt 
 aj tn O 
 
 be 
 1-1 bfi 
 
 XJ.S 
 CD 
 
 to 
 
 -a 
 o 
 
 
 <u 
 
 <u <u 
 
 C 
 
 U-* 
 
 ^ 
 
 <U t« 
 
 Q 
 
 Z3 1-' 
 
 
 rt C 
 
 
 oii 
 
 o 
 
 XI 
 
 t/2 
 
 C 
 
 fe 
 
 1 1- 
 
 Ql <L> 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 I Si 
 
 .St; 
 
 a, <u 
 
 2^ 
 
 c 
 
 ^J 2<3 ^-a 
 
 
 Q 05 ^ " 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 G 
 O 
 
 J3 
 rt"5 
 
 1« 
 
 (U . 
 en to 
 
 C 
 
 C.5 
 
 o) c biD bc>o 
 
 ^ bo.22 c 
 
 
 <«J2 
 
 , tn 
 
 (U 
 
 = => E b'^ 
 
 ^;i en t-j rt _, 
 
 h. .S SQ o 
 
 
 tn 
 
 ■« Q <" <U 
 
 CAl sPh O 00 
 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 
 y ^ 5 E ^J= i;.>: 3ti 
 
 Pl, 
 
 (u 3 3 
 
 «[5 
 
 5^ SfiuS 
 
 
 <'&
 
 146 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 
 
 en 
 
 S 
 
 <L> 
 
 > 
 
 v 
 
 J3 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 (U 
 
 'H 
 
 < 
 
 t3.S 
 
 K.i!!"S 
 
 
 •T3 
 
 O 
 
 U 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 a> 
 
 C 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 CO 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 en (L) t^ 
 
 en 
 
 en 
 
 ^ 
 
 ct3 •;:) en 
 
 c— ^ 
 
 en rt -ri .a • 
 
 >> -2 ,s 
 ^ ? a! • 
 
 bfl 
 
 en 
 
 est; aJ > 
 
 <u (u 3 • — jn ^ £} 
 
 U ti en t3 -u I- '—I 
 
 to . 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 <u 
 
 rt 
 
 <^X 
 
 HJ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 a! 
 
 -4-> 
 
 en 
 
 E 
 
 O en 
 
 r O en 
 
 H 
 
 u 
 
 
 c/i 
 
 o j: 
 
 en rj 
 
 •0 . . 
 
 00 
 
 2 C bo 
 
 h -^ 
 
 L^*^ '^ M-H 
 
 
 O 1- . 
 <j en •> 
 
 es p O 
 ^C/) I0 
 
 &0 
 
 tn c 
 
 <d 
 
 ^ o g X 
 
 <x
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 147 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 
 J3 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 en 
 
 C 
 
 
 oi ™ rt 
 
 aj tn o 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 en 
 tn 
 
 <u 
 
 C 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 •a 
 
 <u 
 
 l-i 
 
 00 
 
 tn 
 C 
 
 ,bfl a Spi; s.s 
 
 S -qF^ • I- <u o 1^ 
 
 00 ^- -C c t! =-> 
 
 ^p^rt3r;>-n<U 
 
 
 o 
 
 (50 
 
 
 o 
 
 Co 
 
 s 
 
 c 
 
 
 3 1 
 
 4-» 
 
 T> ^ 
 
 rt 
 
 rt 
 
 -t-» 
 en 
 
 uT3 
 
 ll 
 
 1^ 
 
 C 
 
 <J 
 
 "U ^ 
 
 £ d» 
 
 <X!
 
 148 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 As Manifest in the Heavens. 
 
 Sky and Light- 
 ning 
 
 
 Heavenly Bod- 
 ies and Person- 
 ifications 
 
 star's heat). 
 The burning 
 dog star rises, 
 and saddens 
 the sky with 
 its light. 275. 
 
 Ruebat matura 
 luce dies 
 noctemque 
 fugarat. Day, 
 with her time- 
 ly light arose, 
 and put the 
 night to flight. 
 257- 
 
 Surgens Au- 
 rora Rising 
 Aurora, i. 
 
 Aurora extul- 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 W 
 
 (U 
 
 CO 
 
 Shadow Darkness 
 
 Conditur in 
 tenebras 
 caligine 
 caelum. The 
 sky is hidden 
 
 Opaca silva 
 Shady wood. 
 905- 
 
 § 
 
 .4-* 
 
 <u 
 
 Lucet via 
 longo ordine 
 flammarum. 
 The path 
 shines with 
 
 
 Atris 
 
 ignibus 
 
 Dark 
 
 flames. 
 
 186. 
 
 
 
 <>< <><
 
 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 149 
 
 m 
 
 C 
 
 > 
 
 X 
 
 J3 
 
 f3 
 
 u 
 
 w 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 4; 
 
 s 
 
 c/5 
 
 T3 C 
 O O 
 
 53-0 o 
 
 rt t« rt 
 4) tn <-> 
 
 en 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 
 
 tn 
 
 c 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 -4-1 
 
 u 
 
 
 ^ I- t3 in 
 
 O <u • — 
 
 *-> l- Wi '-' 
 
 rt a o 1^ ^ 
 
 <w 
 
 tn o >-i 
 
 Oi 
 
 
 
 
 >> »> 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 1 
 
 en 
 
 
 
 
 Tf 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 enx 
 
 
 
 HH 
 
 en 3 
 -1-1 ^^ 
 
 £.2 
 
 tn 
 
 •4-1 
 tn 
 
 Roseus Pho 
 bus Hibern 
 
 4J 
 4-1 
 
 rt 
 
 3 
 be 
 
 •4-J 
 
 noctemque 
 reducat. R 
 sun dips hi 
 horses in t 
 
 u 
 
 C 
 rt 
 
 V 
 tn 
 
 4) 
 
 x; 
 
 tn 
 OJ 
 
 u 
 
 -1-1 
 tn 
 
 1 
 
 -4-) 
 
 s 
 
 tn CO 
 
 tU tu "^ 
 
 ^ *3 . 
 
 c >- E 
 
 .S >4-i en 
 
 bo V 
 
 •5 o 
 
 S b£ 
 s rt s 
 
 i.SP* o 
 
 O u 
 C -. > en 
 C 5 .in en 
 
 3 5 rt rt 
 
 O 
 
 en 
 
 45 
 
 c 
 o - 
 
 "*- I 
 
 en j^ 
 
 S s 
 
 S.tZ a « 
 
 
 ^00 .4-1 
 3 rt en 

 
 150 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 
 
 C 
 
 (U 
 .4-* 
 .C 
 
 tn 
 
 <u 
 
 v»-i 
 
 "c 
 a 
 
 -^ 
 
 tn 
 
 < 
 
 Sky and Light- 
 ning 
 
 
 Heavenly Bod- 
 ies and Person- 
 ifications 
 
 
 tn 
 
 3 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 % 
 
 ■s 
 
 «+- 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 < 
 
 03 
 tn 
 
 C 
 
 Q 
 
 latus (vallis) 
 The side (of 
 the gorge) 
 was dark with 
 heavy foliage. 
 523-24. 
 
 Caelum obtex- 
 itur umbra. 
 The sky is 
 hidden by 
 the darkness. 
 611. 
 
 Tenebris 
 nigrescunt 
 omnia. Every- 
 thing blackens 
 in the dark- 
 ness. 8?./\ 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 tJ 
 
 (U 
 
 pes 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 1 5 i 
 
 (/I 
 
 > 
 
 ri 
 
 w 
 
 J3 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 ■4-> 
 
 u 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 "S 
 
 o o 
 
 S-o o 
 
 a! rt rt 
 a> en O 
 
 tJ.S 
 CO 
 
 <n 
 
 •O 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 
 
 Ul 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 C/2 
 
 c 
 
 .2 
 
 u 
 <u 
 
 Pi 
 
 Ul 
 
 
 o S 
 
 .— I « 
 
 C/3 4-1 
 
 Cf 3< 
 
 AIM 
 
 (y Uj 
 O § 
 
 
 f 
 
 u=} bjo 
 
 M 
 
 c 
 
 
 S.2 • 
 
 be 
 
 
 »— " 
 
 W) s . 
 
 IJ 
 
 Sur 
 sun 
 
 
 00 
 
 > 
 
 '^ffi 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 ^ 3.2 s > 
 
 _.22 <u > " 
 
 t:^ c is u.s 
 
 ^^ 4-j .-< rt .« K_, 
 
 Ul 
 
 <o 00 
 
 Dies summos 
 spargebat 
 lumine montis 
 Day sprinkled 
 the mountain 
 tops with 
 light. 113. 
 
 
 
 
 Ardentes 
 orbes Shin- 
 ing eyes. 670 
 
 Immissi 
 
 diversis 
 
 partibus 
 
 ignes in 
 
 silvam 
 
 Fires, 
 
 scat- 
 
 <u 
 u 
 w 
 
 here and 
 there in 
 the for- 
 
 to 
 
 Flammis 
 inter 
 tabulata 
 volutus 
 
 <!'-! 
 ^X
 
 152 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 J3 
 
 
 C 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 'S 
 
 J3 
 
 -o.S 
 
 CO 
 
 O O 
 
 g-O O 
 
 c3 ™ cfl 
 <U en O 
 
 K Si* 
 
 tn 
 
 X) 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 D 
 
 c 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 rt 
 C/5 
 
 
 u. m i-i ' 
 O rtP rt'TS 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 rt «J "^ 
 
 iT) 
 
 rn *■ 
 
 tn 10 
 
 w moo 
 
 ? 3 C 
 
 >- u h 
 
 
 
 _ i«!.tl C bo 
 d <u a JS.S 
 
 ^a^ 
 
 
 S-^. 
 
 I- u. eo 4) ^. J- 
 
 O O rt 
 
 ■4-" +J > 
 
 tn (fl P 
 
 *-• C > €> 
 
 'X
 
 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 153 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 C 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 C 
 cd 
 
 to 
 
 < 
 
 
 o o 
 
 g-o o 
 
 c3 " rt 
 <u en o 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 C 
 
 ti 
 
 P 
 
 o 
 m 
 
 c 
 
 .2 
 
 u 
 
 V 
 (L) 
 
 u 
 
 C . 
 to 
 </) 
 
 bag 
 
 (U s y .^,13 
 
 
 «<"-• 
 
 ^X
 
 154 ^tudy of Virgirs Descriptions of Nature 
 
 To the sense of sight, including form, color, 
 and light and shade, there are six hundred fifteen 
 appeals — more appeals than are made to any other 
 sense. But this is not surprising in view of the fact 
 that more experience comes through sight than 
 comes through any other sense. 
 
 Touch 
 
 Tothe sense of touch Vergil, in his nature de- 
 scriptions, makes ninety-eight appeals. The ideas 
 of resistance seem strongest in his mind as there 
 are thirty-nine suggestions of it, — sixteen of hard- 
 ness and twenty-three of softness. Next to resist- 
 ance in frequency come the references to surface, 
 thirty-four in all, thirty-one suggesting roughness 
 and three suggesting smoothness. Twenty refer- 
 ences to humidity are found, only two of which 
 refer to dryness. Five times a reference is made to 
 edge, but each time to a sharp edge. Roughness, 
 moisture, softness, have made the strongest appeals 
 to Vergil's touch-sense. To suggest roughness he 
 uses eleven different words. 
 
 asper, lo. 
 
 horridus, 7. 
 
 horrens, 4. 
 
 saetiger, 3. 
 
 saetosus, i. 
 
 hirsutus, i. 
 
 tophus, I. 
 
 squalens, i. 
 
 squameus, i. 
 
 scrupeus, i. 
 
 hirtus, I. 
 For the eighteen moisture appeals seven words 
 are used. 
 
 humidus, 10. 
 roscidus, 3. 
 limosus, I.
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 155 
 
 lentus, I. 
 
 udus, I. 
 
 madeo, i. 
 
 lentesco, i. 
 Softness is suggested in four ways. 
 
 mollis, 18. 
 
 tener, 3. 
 
 mansuesco, i. 
 
 lentus, I. 
 Hardness, to which there are sixteen references, 
 is expressed by four words. 
 
 durus, 13. 
 
 concresco, i. 
 
 lapidosus, i. 
 
 induro, i. 
 The following is the summary of the appeals to 
 touch.
 
 156 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 u 
 o 
 
 bo 
 
 W 
 
 0) 
 
 3 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 u 
 
 CD 
 
 LO 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 J2 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 P 
 
 3 S 
 3 i- 
 
 «u 00 
 •<^ 3 . 
 <^ O U 
 
 O tn 
 
 3 u 
 
 .23 
 
 «-^ 
 
 .|| 
 
 ^c75 
 
 ^ 
 
 <u <u 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 c 
 
 
 o 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 3 4-. 
 
 rt >*- 
 
 ~ O 
 
 qCO 
 
 s 2i 
 
 O w 
 U 3 
 
 .53 
 
 X! 
 
 E~-('5b'0 ^ 
 
 o 
 CO R 
 
 c^i 
 
 10 
 
 ID 
 
 bo 
 
 \^ 
 
 X 
 
 "i_; 
 
 W^ 
 
 Ol-I 
 

 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 157 
 
 bo 
 
 0, 
 C/5 
 
 A cutis 
 
 spinis 
 
 Sharp 
 
 prickles 
 
 39- 
 
 4-> 
 
 c 
 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 be 
 S 
 
 
 Saetosi apri 
 Bristly boar. 
 29. 
 
 Horridior rus- 
 co Rougher 
 than furze. 42. 
 
 Hirsutae cas- 
 taneae Rough 
 chestnuts. 53. 
 
 J3 
 
 s 
 
 (/3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ■t-> 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 _tn 
 '35 
 
 4.4 
 
 Mollibus foliis 
 Soft leaves. 31. 
 
 Molli hyacin- 
 tho Soft hya- 
 cinth. 53. 
 
 Teneras myr- 
 tos Soft myr- 
 tle. 6. 
 
 Tenera arun- 
 dine Soft reed. 
 12. 
 
 Herba mollior 
 Grass, softer 
 (than sleep). 
 45- 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 W> W> W>I
 
 158 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 J3 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 <4-l 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 CO 
 
 <^ O 
 
 ■4-" 
 
 e o 
 
 E? o . 
 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 TO (U 
 
 a. 
 
 O (U ^- 
 
 
 •» CO 
 
 COhJ 
 
 c« 
 O CO 
 
 'S ■•-* 
 
 s o 
 
 to 
 
 3 
 
 CO <; 
 :3 -M 
 
 CO 
 
 s o 
 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 
 rt to 
 
 :c^ 
 
 i:i 
 
 _ O 
 
 , 5 N 
 
 ;C0 ^ 
 
 
 Q 
 
 to 
 
 ^7 to 
 
 o HH ;i: 
 
 (J 4-1 y 
 
 
 to 
 
 3 
 
 (J -73 • 
 
 >- V- a 
 
 3 (-H rt ro 
 
 cr'i-U O u^ 
 
 
 wx' 
 
 o
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 159 
 
 
 S 
 CO 
 
 •5 
 
 a. 
 
 u 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 bo 
 3 
 O 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 in 
 
 
 *; 
 
 3 b 
 
 Q 3"^ 
 
 3 
 
 -^ 3 
 
 O -4-> 
 +-1 Ifi 
 
 be 
 
 S 2 
 
 Sew 
 ^ U en 
 
 c 
 
 (« 
 
 
 S 
 
 tuO 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^.1 
 
 bo 
 
 
 •Ci 
 
 3 
 
 
 t-i 
 
 
 
 
 ^Pi 
 
 ^ 
 
 en en 
 CO 
 
 S poo 
 
 CD 
 
 13 O 
 
 3 
 
 3 oj 
 tn ^ 
 
 <«5 u< 
 
 O 
 01 
 
 '5a 1) k: 
 " tn 
 
 S -3 
 S m h 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 U5 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 (N 
 
 •3 « 
 
 en CO 
 
 O 
 
 !c^ 
 
 o 
 
 3 O 
 rt O 
 
 Ic^ 
 
 f— I in 
 <n — 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 a; 
 
 • «» *-> 
 
 «r> o 
 ^ en 
 
 OS 
 
 •2 en "O en 
 
 
 
 o._;
 
 i6o Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 bo 
 
 'V 
 
 W 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 C/5 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 bo 
 3 
 O 
 Pi 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 V 
 
 o 
 
 G 
 
 erf 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 e 
 
 <U tn ■- 
 
 in 
 in 
 
 3 n!^ 
 
 O bO+^ 
 V 3 vn 
 
 s = - 
 
 *- a bo 
 
 V c 3 • 
 
 o c o 'n 
 
 in 
 
 2 q m 
 >: o s 
 
 311 1-^ 
 
 
 Ui 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 CO 
 
 
 
 « bp 
 
 s fa Jii bo 
 
 * Q-g^ P. 
 
 <u S rt "r 
 
 
 -o 
 
 
 
 -M O 
 
 1^ CO in 
 
 
 rt «« S 
 
 O 
 
 
 i i^ "> c 
 
 (. CA ^ %5 
 
 S S 2 ISvg 
 
 ^ s U5 n 
 
 rt K o <u 
 • --e.5 u m 
 
 CO.~i— ij: en 
 
 Ol-H
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature i6i 
 
 w 
 
 u 
 
 x; 
 in 
 
 Acuta 
 scopulo 
 Sharp 
 rock. 
 
 45- 144 
 
 c 
 
 
 o 
 
 x; 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 Asp era silva 
 Rough wood. 
 384. 
 
 Horridus sus 
 Bristly boar. 
 407. 
 
 Horrentia ter- 
 ga Rough 
 backs (of the 
 bulls). 634. 
 
 Squamea terga 
 Scaly backs. 
 218. 
 
 Asperis senti- 
 bus Rough 
 thorns. 379. 
 
 4-» 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 
 3 
 
 u 
 
 Q 
 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 Lentum gluten 
 Clammy glue 
 from (bark of 
 narcissus). 
 160. 
 
 Humida nox 
 Moist night. 8. 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 +-» 
 tn 
 
 'in 
 
 Ml 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 Mollis acanthi 
 Soft acanthus. 
 137- 
 
 Mollis amara- 
 cus Soft mar- 
 joram. 693. 
 
 
 Duris 
 
 cotibus 
 
 Hard 
 
 cliffs. 
 
 203. 
 
 
 
 JS J^ ^"^ <a
 
 1 62 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 bo 
 
 W 
 
 
 c 
 
 s 
 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 e 
 
 CO 
 
 ^§ . 
 
 O en >> 
 
 ^ ^ P 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 VO 
 
 k 
 
 fco 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 o 
 
 
 en 
 
 <o 
 
 
 
 <1> 
 
 a 
 
 en 
 
 ? 
 
 -Q 
 
 ri-O 
 
 -o 
 
 S 
 
 
 (U 
 
 (U 
 
 03 
 
 Qifc 
 
 <u^ 
 
 >, 
 
 Q 
 
 
 c 
 
 Pi 
 
 o 
 CO 
 
 T3 
 Wi 
 
 c 
 
 
 ^" 
 
 
 
 
 S^ tfi 
 
 tn 
 
 
 <u 
 
 i^i 
 
 •T3 
 
 .- S 
 
 OS 
 
 ►~J s 
 
 <n 
 
 OJ <u 
 
 
 -ox: 
 
 
 Ps 
 
 
 C3^ 
 >0 
 
 G 
 
 n 
 
 ^o 
 
 IS <^ 
 
 
 " '3 e C e 
 
 a o 
 
 o.-a- 
 
 ^■o )iin Svo 
 
 
 •2 'S'cJ "^ 
 
 <> 
 
 <>
 
 Study of Firgil's Descriptions of Nature 163 
 
 bo 
 W 
 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 CO 
 
 
 bo 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 E 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 in 
 
 IN 
 
 h <L> > 
 rii a. CD 
 
 
 
 *-t-i 
 
 
 en 
 
 <u 
 
 03 
 
 
 ^ C 
 
 
 Ss^ 
 
 C 
 
 u en 
 
 
 ■5, ^'5 
 
 
 ^ J3 
 
 
 
 p OJ 
 
 
 2 c 
 ■^3 
 
 
 • « 
 
 rida 
 tolia. 
 capit 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^3 
 
 10 
 
 ^0 o; 
 
 5 
 
 fO 
 
 
 Hor 
 capi 
 The 
 
 3 -M o 
 
 u O M 
 
 ■^ o 
 
 •^ E • 
 
 
 3 
 
 p 
 
 cn^ 
 
 u 
 
 e 
 
 D 
 
 rt 
 
 o 
 
 •a 
 
 Vh 
 CS 
 
 .S E 
 
 > 
 -23 
 
 
 Sfc. ^ l-c +-* 
 
 S^ rt c t- 
 
 <> 
 
 r^ o • 
 
 .2 3-0 
 
 <> 
 

 
 164 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 (L) 
 
 bo 
 
 w 
 
 u 
 
 
 cu 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 J3 
 
 O 
 Pi 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 B 
 m 
 
 Ui 
 
 Q 
 
 
 ~ o.ti 
 
 G 
 O 
 <u 
 
 a! ro 
 
 •M PO 
 
 ten 
 
 a 
 
 
 a 
 
 ^00 
 
 0- 
 
 •^■K 2> 
 
 e 
 
 C,.-, 1-1 
 
 S +-' 
 
 >^ i- 
 
 
 tpq 
 
 
 sues 
 swir 
 
 ^3 
 
 <-5 
 
 :::)Q I 
 
 t^ 
 
 0) 
 
 u 
 
 c 
 
 <L> 
 
 o 
 
 LO 
 
 
 1 -o t^ 
 s a; ^ 
 
 ■^t 03 bo 
 
 , 1^ 
 rt bo 
 
 p. 
 
 
 _0 frj 
 
 .§3 b rt o 3: 
 
 <:x! 
 
 <x
 
 Study of Virgil^ s Descriptions of Nature 165 
 
 •0 
 W 
 
 a. 
 m 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 -a 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 (of the hill.) 
 
 Aspera nem- 
 ora, Rough 
 woods. 902. 
 
 Saetigeri suis, 
 Bristling 
 swine. 170. 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 CO 
 
 
 '•5 
 
 Q 
 
 
 -4-» 
 
 Umida stagna, 
 Moist pools. 
 476. 
 
 c 
 
 '55 
 
 <u 
 
 CO 
 
 
 rt 
 
 robore, 
 Hard 
 oak. 
 893- 
 
 
 
 <^ <g
 
 1 66 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 Temperature 
 
 In temperature cold has received more attention 
 from Vergil than heat has received. There are but 
 twenty-nine references to heat in these pictures of 
 nature, while there are fifty-six references to cold. 
 Of these fifty-six references to cold, twenty-seven are 
 expressed by the root idea in frigidus; eighteen are 
 expressed by gelidus, six by hibernus; and one by 
 each of the following, — tempero, nivalis, hiemps 
 dura, and glacialis. Virgil has used seven words 
 for his fifty-six references to cold. The poet's vo- 
 cabulary for heat was much larger, comprising, as 
 it does, twelve words. 
 
 tepidus 
 
 apricis 
 
 torreo 
 
 aestu 
 
 torridus 
 
 sol 
 
 arens 
 
 igneus 
 
 calor 
 
 coqueo 
 
 ardor 
 
 recaleo. 
 The references to heat and cold are as follows:
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 167 
 TEMPERATURE 
 
 
 Heat 
 
 Cold 
 
 Ec. 
 I 
 
 
 
 Opacum frigus, Shady 
 cold (literally) cool 
 shade. 52. 
 
 Ec. 
 II 
 
 Rapido aestu, Swift- 
 descending heat. 10. 
 Ardenti sole. Burning 
 sun. 13. 
 
 Pecudes captant frigora 
 et umbras, Herds enjoy 
 the cool and shade. 8. 
 
 Ec. 
 III. 
 
 
 
 Frigidus anguis, Cold 
 snake. 93. 
 
 Ec. 
 V. 
 
 
 
 Frigida flumina, Cool 
 streams. 25. 
 
 Ec. 
 VII. 
 
 Torrida acstas, Burn- 
 ing summer. 47. 
 Ager aret. The field 
 is parched. 57. 
 
 Frigora Boreae curamus. 
 We regard the cold of 
 Boreas. 51. 
 
 Ec. 
 VIII. 
 
 
 
 Frigida umbra. Cool 
 shadow. 14. 
 
 Frigidus anguis. Cold 
 snaice. 71. 
 
 Ec. 
 X. 
 
 
 
 Gelidi Lycaei saxa 
 Rocks of cool Lycaeus. 
 
 15- 
 
 Menalcus uvidus de hi- 
 bcrna glande venit. Men- 
 alcus came, wet from the 
 winter acorn-gathering. 
 20. 
 
 Gelidi fontes. Cold foun- 
 tains. 42. 
 
 Georgic 
 I. 
 
 Solent sensit seges. 
 The corn field felt 
 the sun. 48. 
 
 Arva arentia. It 
 cools the parched 
 fields. 
 
 Gelidus humor. Cool 
 moisture. 43. 
 
 Seges frigora sensit. The 
 corn field felt the cold. 
 48.
 
 1 68 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 Georgic 
 I. 
 
 Georgic 
 II. 
 
 Heat 
 
 Georgic 
 III. 
 
 tepido humore. Warm 
 moisture. 117. 
 
 Una zona torrida ab 
 igni. One zone burn- 
 ing from the fire 
 234- 
 
 Tepidum solem. 
 Warm sun. 398. 
 
 Igneus Eurus. Fiery 
 East wind. 450. 
 
 Quaeque (arbor) cal- 
 ores tulerit. Each 
 tree has born the 
 heat. 270. 
 
 Aestifer Canis. Heat- 
 bearing Dog - star. 
 353- 
 
 Aravis aestas. Op- 
 pressive heat. 2)77- 
 
 Torrentem undam 
 Boiling wave. 451. 
 
 Apricis saxis. Sunny 
 rocks. 522. 
 
 Aestibus mediis. 
 Noonday heat. 331. 
 
 Cold 
 
 Ilia (unda) temperat ar- 
 va. The water cools the 
 fields, no. 
 
 Frigidiis imber. 
 shower. 259. 
 
 Cool 
 
 Gclida nocte. Cool night. 
 287. 
 
 Frigida Stella. Cold star. 
 336. 
 
 Frigora taxi (amant) 
 Yew-trees love the cold. 
 113. 
 
 Gelidus ros. Cool dew. 
 202. 
 
 Gclidae pruinae. 
 frosts. 263. 
 
 Cold 
 
 Hibernis flatibus. Wintry 
 blasts. 339. 
 
 Frigora nocuere (ar- 
 bores) colds injure the 
 trees. 376. 
 
 Frigidus Aquilo cold 
 north wind. 404. 
 
 Frigida Tempe. Cool 
 vale. 469. 
 
 Gelidis vallibus. Cold 
 valleys. 488. 
 
 Pluvia frigora (Rainy 
 cold-literally) cold rains. 
 279. 
 
 Frigida glacies. Cold ice 
 298.
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 169 
 
 Cold 
 
 Geo. 
 III. 
 
 Georgic 
 IV. 
 
 Aeneid 
 III. 
 
 Aeneid 
 IV. 
 
 Aeneid 
 V. 
 
 Frigidus Aquarius. Cold 
 Aquarius. 303. 
 
 Nivales ventos. 
 winds. 318. 
 
 Cold 
 
 Ripa invitet decedere 
 calori. Bank invites 
 them to withdraw 
 from the heat. 23. 
 
 Tepefactus humor. 
 Warm moisture. 308. 
 
 Sol acccnderit aestus. 
 The sun has kindled 
 his heat. 401. 
 
 Frigida rura. Cold fields. 
 324- 
 
 Frigidusvesper aera tem- 
 perat. Cold evening cools 
 the air. 336. 
 
 Spirantes frigora Cauri. 
 West winds breathing 
 the cold. 356. 
 
 Apes tecta frigida relin- 
 quint. Bees leave their 
 cold hives. 104. 
 
 Hiems saxa frigore rum- 
 peret. Winter bursts the 
 rocks with the cold. 130. 
 
 Duram hiemem. Pinch- 
 ing winter, 239. 
 
 Torrens 
 Burning 
 425- 
 
 Sirius. 
 dog-star. 
 
 Radii flumina tepe- 
 facta coquebant. 
 Rays of the sun 
 burned the rivers, 
 warmed in their 
 channels. 428. 
 
 Tepido lacte. 
 milk. 66. 
 
 Warm 
 
 Gelidis antris. 
 caves. 509. 
 
 Cold 
 
 Frigida lingua (Or- 
 pheus) cold tongue (of 
 Orpheus.) 525. 
 
 Glacialis hiems. Icy 
 winter. 285. 
 
 Hiberno sidere. Wintry 
 season. 309. 
 
 Hiberni Cori. Wintry 
 west winds. 126.
 
 lyo Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 Heat 
 
 Cold 
 
 Aeneid 
 VI. 
 
 Aeneid 
 VII. 
 
 Aeneid 
 VIII. 
 
 Aeneid 
 X. 
 
 Apricis terris. Sunny 
 lands. 312. 
 
 Serena aestate. In 
 the clear summer. 
 707. 
 
 Gelidas Arctos. Cold 
 north. 16. 
 
 Brumali frigorc. Wintry- 
 cold. 205. 
 
 Prigore autumni. Cold of 
 autumn. 309. 
 
 Aristae torrentur 
 novo sole. Corn is 
 parched by the early 
 sun. 720. 
 
 Humus tepebat caede 
 The ground was 
 warm with blood. 
 196. 
 
 Frigidus annus, 
 season. 311. 
 
 Cold 
 
 Sirius ardor. The 
 heat of the Dog-star. 
 273- 
 
 Hibcrnas noctes. Wintry 
 nights. 355. 
 
 Gelidum Anienem. Cold 
 Anio. 683. 
 
 Frigida Nursia. Cold 
 Nursia. 715. 
 
 Hibernis undis. Cold 
 waves. 719. 
 
 Gclidi aetheris. Cold 
 sky. 28. 
 
 Cyllenae gelido vertice. 
 Cold summit of Cyllena. 
 139- 
 
 Gclidos fines Arcadiae 
 cold boundaries of Arca- 
 dia. 159. 
 
 Gclida rupe. 
 343- 
 
 Cold rock. 
 
 Gelidmn amnem. 
 stream. 597. 
 
 Gelido 
 stream. 
 
 flumine. 
 610. 
 
 Cold 
 
 Cold
 
 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 171 
 
 
 Heat 
 
 Cold 
 
 Aeneid 
 
 Tepido 
 
 aggere terrae. 
 
 Gelidam umbram. 
 
 Cool 
 
 XL 
 
 Warm 
 earth. 
 
 mound 
 212. 
 
 of 
 
 shade. 
 
 210. 
 
 
 Aeneid 
 
 Fluenta recalcnt 
 
 san- 
 
 GcUdi 
 
 FTebri. Cold 
 
 He- 
 
 XII. 
 
 guine 
 
 Rivers 
 
 are brus. 
 
 331. 
 
 
 
 warm with blood 
 
 ,1S- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gclidis 
 
 nubibus. 
 
 Cold 
 
 
 
 
 
 clouds 
 
 796. 
 
 
 Taste 
 
 In the descriptions under study there are forty- 
 eight appeals to taste. Fourteen of these are to 
 bitterness; four to mellowness; thirteen to sweet- 
 ness; six to sourness; live to saltiness; and six to the 
 general, abstract idea of taste and thirst. Because 
 the appeals to the sense of taste are few, it does 
 not follow that Vergil's sense of taste was de- 
 ficient. The scarcity of appeals to taste is probably 
 due to the fact that little experience comes througa 
 that sense in comparison with the experience wnich 
 comes through the senses of sight, of hearing, or 
 of motion. 
 
 The appeals to the sense of taste are outlined as 
 follows :
 
 172 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 
 
 u 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 -" 5 =" — 
 
 •:? tS rt g 
 
 10 
 
 •** 
 
 
 In. 
 
 H* 
 
 (« 
 
 10 
 
 i; 
 
 
 
 
 be 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 i> 
 
 
 u 
 
 t-i 
 
 
 ffiH 
 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 in 
 
 H 
 
 (U 
 
 o 
 
 
 m 
 
 ^ <u 
 
 qc^^ 
 
 n Co 
 
 
 !^ 
 
 i = 
 
 V <" h 
 
 ?^ 3 "^ 
 
 Hn 
 
 q^c^-5 
 
 
 > ID 
 
 en 
 
 «.S o 
 
 > f5 
 
 u 
 
 U3 
 
 
 J^ 
 
 
 
 
 Vi 
 
 
 
 'r, 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 CI 
 
 
 
 !^ 
 
 1-t 
 
 
 n 
 
 ■y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'x;cQ 
 
 R 
 
 |pq 
 
 
 >. 
 
 n 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 ;> 
 
 i-> 
 
 ama 
 bitte 
 68. 
 
 1 lu H 
 
 V. CJ ^H 
 
 o fc «^ 
 
 5t w rt 
 
 U5 O 
 
 *^ >- fe 
 
 Q (U O 
 
 cS^ 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 173 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 81 
 
 
 
 
 g-^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .^15 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 1> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 5 f^ « 
 
 
 
 
 en •*-' 
 
 IS .iiS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arva ' 
 siti. F 
 ing w 
 353- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 oj d 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 rn "^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 0) 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 On 
 
 It 
 
 ■1-" 
 
 *c3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 13 1; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u s 
 
 0)00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OiCO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 en • 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A cidis 
 Sour b 
 380. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 be 
 
 
 a; 
 
 
 
 /ci uligine 
 eet mois- 
 e. 184. 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 dj c/i 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 •*^ 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 ■4-) 
 
 lU 
 (U 
 
 
 
 
 
 >. CO 
 
 3 J- 
 
 CO 
 
 s 
 
 •— * 
 
 ^ 
 
 "^ 
 
 1 
 
 tn 
 
 
 
 
 Is. 
 
 
 
 ^ 4-. 
 
 
 jg 
 
 en 
 
 
 
 S ^ i; 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 s & :2 
 
 
 
 S ^ 12 
 
 
 —^ 
 
 'c 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 in 
 
 
 Qoo ^ 
 
 
 
 Cic/) 4 
 
 & 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 a. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "i! 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■** 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 SI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-. 
 
 ■4-» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 C 
 O 
 
 3. 
 
 3 
 
 
 «3 
 
 »— • -4-) 
 
 -t-J 
 
 IS 
 
 j^ 
 
 ■* 
 w 
 
 = en 
 
 ■pq 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g- 
 
 
 u. 
 
 
 g - 
 
 
 
 
 •« U, "^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •^ 4-' 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 
 Q ^ . 
 
 s 
 
 tn 
 
 3- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^m^ 
 
 
 s: -t-;00 
 
 en 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 0^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6>^ 
 
 
 V|_4 
 
 
 
 
 «tj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0^
 
 174 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 
 
 C 
 O 
 
 -4 
 
 a*. "* o 
 ^ o o m 
 
 CO 
 
 Is 
 
 .«? to 
 
 VJ r- 00 
 
 •~ r" lo 
 
 c/3 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 (U 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 o< a. 
 
 en CO 
 
 n 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 c« en 
 
 ■if <u 
 s & . 
 
 ClCOvO 
 
 S § 
 
 g > hH 
 
 5 J5 ^ 
 ^ ^ . 
 
 
 .if <u . 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 4) 
 
 a> 
 
 * P 
 
 Q 
 
 r 03 
 
 Cl, en 
 rt Pi 
 <n -*-» 
 
 iSJr> 
 
 0-- 
 
 s> 
 
 < 
 
 5' 
 <1 

 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 175 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ui 
 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 
 
 C3 
 
 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -l-> 
 
 ■M ^O 
 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 'rt °^ 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 wave. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 uj 
 
 
 
 
 c/i 
 
 3 „ . 
 
 
 
 
 "J ^ 
 
 
 
 
 \^ 
 
 -0 ° 
 
 3 > t^ 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 rt^ 
 
 q^ a 
 
 
 
 
 
 > rt 
 
 ^ rC 
 
 
 
 c/l 
 
 Salsa 
 Salt sh 
 I158. 
 
 Salsos 
 Salty 
 182, 23 
 
 
 
 •4-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (U 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 .22 « 
 
 J_, 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 p 
 
 C, rt 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 
 M-i n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Amaro 
 Bitter s 
 588. 
 
 A maris 
 Bitter 1 
 766. 
 
 
 T3 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U . 
 
 
 'S 1— < 
 
 
 
 g> 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 < 

 
 176 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 Smell 
 
 To the sense of smell there are but twenty-eight 
 appeals. Twenty-five of these were evidently 
 pleasing to Vergil, and three of them distinctly 
 disagreeable. Few of these appeals are concrete. 
 Usually the words "odoratus" or "olentes" are 
 used with the general idea of scented, and only 
 from the context can we get a concrete experience. 
 Occasionally the adverbs "male," "bene," "grave," 
 are used limiting the idea of "odoratus," and they 
 assist the reader in forming the percept. The 
 meagerness of Vergil's vocabulary for smell is not 
 surprising. Man has not yet so fully developed a 
 sense of smell that he may analyze and group ap- 
 peals made to it. 
 
 The following are the references to smell:
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 177 
 SMELL 
 
 
 Pleasant 
 
 Distinctly 
 Unpleasant 
 
 Ec. 
 II. 
 
 Olentes herbas. Scented herbs 
 (probably sweet-scented). 11. 
 
 Bene olentis anethi. Sweet- 
 scented anise. 48. 
 
 Suave s odores. Sweet smell of 
 the myrtle and laurel. 55. 
 
 
 Geo. 
 I. 
 
 Croceos odores. Saffron odors. 
 
 56. 
 
 Olentes ramos Fragrant 
 
 branches of the almond. 188. 
 
 Virosa castorea 
 Strong smelling 
 castor. 58 
 
 Geo. 
 IL 
 
 Odorato ligno. Fragrant wood 
 of the balsam. 118. 
 
 Si non iactaret alium or dor em, 
 fuerat laurus. If it had not 
 breathed out another scent, one 
 would think it was a laurel. 
 130. 
 
 Thuriferis harenis. Incense- 
 bearing sands. 139. 
 
 
 Geo. 
 III. 
 
 Odoratam cedrum. Scented 
 cedar. 414. 
 
 Galbanco nidore. Scent of 
 resinous gum. 415. 
 
 
 Geo. 
 IV. 
 
 Serpylla late olentia. Thyme, 
 scenting the air far around. 30. 
 
 Thymbrae spirantis graviter. 
 Heavily scented savory. 31. 
 
 Horti halantcs croceis floribus. 
 Gardens, scented with saffron 
 flowers. 109. 
 
 Fragrantia mella redolent thy- 
 mo. Fragrant honey is redol- 
 ent with thyme. 169. 

 
 lyS Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 
 Pleasant 
 
 Distinctly 
 Unpleasant 
 
 Geo. 
 IV. 
 
 Galbaneos odores. Resinous 
 smell. 264. 
 
 Grave olentia centaurea. 
 Heavy scented centaury. 270. 
 
 Odorato Baccho. Fragrant 
 wine. 275. 
 
 
 Aeneid 
 I. 
 
 Arae Sabaeo ture calent 
 halantque sertis. Altars 
 glowed with incense and were 
 scented with fresh garlands. 
 416-417. 
 
 Fragrantia mella thymo redo- 
 lent. Fragrant honey is redo- 
 lent with thyme. 436. 
 
 Amaracus aspirans dulci um- 
 bra. Majoram, breathing upon 
 him with her fragrant shad- 
 ows. 694. 
 
 
 Aeneid 
 II. 
 
 Loca fumant sulphnre. The 
 places smoke with sulphur. 
 698. 
 
 
 Aeneid 
 VI. 
 
 
 Graveolentis 
 Averni noise- 
 some Avernus. 
 201. 
 
 Aeneid 
 VII. 
 
 Odoratam cedrum. Fragrant 
 cedar. 13. 
 
 
 Aeneid 
 XI. 
 
 lent em cedrum. Fragrant ce- 
 dar. 137. 
 
 
 Aeneid 
 XII. 
 
 Odorifcra panacea. Fragrance- 
 bearing panacea. 419. 
 
 Ater odor vol- 
 vitur. Heavy 
 odor (of 
 smoke) rolls 
 from the dwell- 
 ings. 591.
 
 Study of Virgirs Descriptions of Nature 179 
 
 , Motion 
 
 Very few of Vergil's descriptions are without 
 some suggestion of motion, either a waving forest, 
 a shuddering oak, or a foaming sea. Of the one 
 hundred fifty-five descriptions under analysis, there 
 are only fifteen which are entirely devoid of 
 suggestions of motion. Twelve of these are in- 
 cidental and very short. The descriptions without 
 motion are as follows : 
 
 Incidental 
 
 
 
 Static 
 
 
 Eclogue 
 
 VII, 
 
 49. 
 
 Aeneid 
 
 VIII, 
 
 190 
 
 Eclogue 
 
 X, 
 
 14. 
 
 Aeneid 
 
 VIII, 
 
 597 
 
 Georgic 
 
 I, 
 
 209. 
 
 Aeneid 
 
 XII, 
 
 861 
 
 Georgic 
 
 I, 
 
 340. 
 
 
 
 
 Georgic 
 
 I, 
 
 430- 
 
 
 
 
 Georgic 
 
 III, 
 
 45- 
 
 
 
 
 Georgic 
 
 IV, 
 
 49. 
 
 
 
 
 Aeneid 
 
 I, 
 
 310. 
 
 
 
 
 Aeneid 
 
 IV, 
 
 461. 
 
 
 
 
 Aeneid 
 
 V, 
 
 145- 
 
 
 
 
 Aeneid 
 
 VIII, 
 
 26. 
 
 
 
 
 Aeneid 
 
 VIII, 
 
 305- 
 
 
 
 
 Not all the words which suggest motion are 
 picturesque. In Aeneid VI, 179, for example, the 
 expression "itur in silvam" is used. "They go into 
 the woods." But while the verb suggests motion 
 f liere is nothing pictorial in it. Such suggestions of 
 motion as this are very numerous, and are not in- 
 cluded in the list of references to motion given 
 below. Therefore the following list is not intended 
 to be exhaustive. It is merely a summary of pic- 
 turesque suggestions.
 
 i8o Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 o 
 U 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 [« 
 
 
 e8 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 >. 
 
 
 E 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 /--N 
 
 
 T3 
 
 o 
 
 C 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 rr 
 
 O 
 
 <u 
 
 
 rt 
 
 <fi 
 
 
 lU 
 
 w 
 
 -w 
 
 >o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 ■♦.a 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 o 
 o 
 
 (U 
 
 •d 
 
 H 
 
 G 
 
 
 ? 
 
 o 
 
 
 u 
 
 (U 
 
 b-c 
 
 rC 
 
 -♦-» 
 
 a 
 
 
 <u 
 
 <u 
 
 N 
 
 u. 
 
 
 o 
 
 V 
 
 4H 
 
 fi 
 
 w 
 
 ■*-4 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 rt 
 
 ^ 
 
 « 
 
 ;^ 
 
 u 
 
 
 X3 
 
 rt 
 
 
 U3 
 O 
 
 clod 
 44- 
 
 ^ 
 
 be 
 
 C 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 <o 
 
 v> 
 
 T3 
 
 V 
 
 C 
 
 <u 
 
 rt 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 u-< 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 <n 
 
 CO 
 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 to 
 
 I 
 
 0\ 
 
 > 
 
 
 s 
 
 • *?* 
 
 &bc 
 
 N.S 
 
 3 
 > 
 
 C 
 
 "5b 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 a; 
 
 K 
 
 S 
 
 e 
 
 3 
 
 ■ ~ ID 
 
 »^ OJ 
 
 o > 
 
 > 
 
 bo 
 
 e 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 ^ ;5 
 
 rt 
 
 J-. 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 '^j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *h. 
 
 (Z) 
 
 •^ 
 
 <D 
 
 S hH 
 
 ■4-^ 
 
 s:2 
 
 > 
 
 3 <u 
 
 
 u 
 
 W 
 
 - ^> ^> ^^ ^SS ^^>< ^ 
 
 MX" .§HH
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 1 8 1 
 
 at 
 
 a 
 
 c3 
 
 *- o 
 
 «^ 
 
 6-1 
 
 rt ^ " 
 
 1 c ^ 
 0-5 c 
 
 o 
 5 
 
 < 
 
 & . 
 
 >» l-C 
 
 E d 
 
 ^ <L) 
 
 rt 
 O 
 
 C 
 rt 
 
 m 
 
 3 
 o 
 1-. 
 
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 a- 
 o 
 
 to 
 «-s 
 8 
 
 u::' 
 
 15 
 
 rt 
 
 s 
 
 <0 frj 
 
 
 to 
 
 rt't, 
 
 -^ >, 
 
 p a 
 
 zS in 
 
 "p ° 
 'a hoo 
 
 fa "0 CO 
 
 
 
 
 ua 
 
 ■1-4 
 
 
 3 . 
 
 pa 
 
 & 
 
 O l^ 
 
 
 U lO 
 
 tn 
 
 
 H f^ 
 
 S^ 
 
 H 
 
 .2 rt 
 
 C CO 
 
 
 O. . 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 4J 
 
 
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 o 
 
 QCKM 
 
 s 
 
 U5 
 
 
 3 
 
 ^a: ^ 
 
 Oi in 
 
 o 
 
 (A 
 
 ^^ o 
 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 in 
 
 bo 
 
 c 
 
 s 
 "=> 2 
 
 rt 
 V 
 v> 
 
 6 (u 
 
 rt •!-> 
 XI P 
 « O 
 
 ■*-* U 
 
 s o 
 
 in in 
 
 a (u 
 ■5 > 
 
 rt 
 
 "' o 
 
 •a <u 
 
 ^5-
 
 1 82 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 a 
 u 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 ^« 
 
 jaq3 "2 
 
 2s" . 
 
 *" 5:; <U 
 ^a O o 
 
 ox: § 
 
 J- 
 
 O 
 
 o -<t 
 
 -l-t 
 
 c 
 
 "a 
 
 * C 
 en-" 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 C 
 
 ■M 
 
 01 
 
 •n- 
 
 e 
 s 
 
 §< 
 
 S 
 
 CycOO 
 
 O 3 
 
 c ^ 
 
 •n be 
 
 W.S 
 
 (U rt 
 
 I 
 > 
 
 e 
 O 
 
 
 3 
 an 
 
 bo 
 
 .s 
 
 (A 
 
 Im 
 
 to 
 
 4) /-"N 
 
 0*0 
 
 .o o 
 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 
 < 
 
 S 
 
 Co <n 
 
 V. o . 
 
 .2.2 >> 
 
 s.s ^ 
 
 ^ ^ tn 
 
 t/5 .^ . w 

 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 183 
 
 01 
 
 C 
 
 6 
 
 S ay 
 o goo 
 
 s s S 
 
 ■'^^^ 5 
 § 9 
 
 ii 
 
 <U 
 
 S 
 
 St) 
 
 C O 
 
 ■-^ o 
 
 e2 
 
 "I ^,^" 
 
 C8-5 -' 
 
 ♦^ t/3 ti 
 ii ^^ 5 
 
 C 00 
 en ^' 
 
 5^ 
 
 " bfi-O 
 c c 
 
 ^ § 
 o 
 
 ^§ 
 
 n 
 a o 
 
 a 
 
 Q 
 
 ^ oi I-) 
 
 s > o 
 
 Co ? o 
 
 0\ 
 10 
 
 <L> 
 
 6 
 
 a; rt 
 
 a^ 
 
 a •" 
 § bo 
 
 1-1 
 
 E <" 
 
 bo 
 
 .s 
 
 <u 
 H 
 
 .2 
 "> 
 
 3 
 qn . 
 
 •^ 
 u in 
 
 Q O 
 
 u 
 
 C 
 C 
 
 05 
 
 s 
 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 en 
 
 pq 
 
 00 s 
 
 4; 
 
 en 
 
 ICO 
 
 
 1- . 
 «J tn 
 
 •O bo 
 
 c c 
 a ^ 
 
 O 
 C 
 
 a! 
 
 tn 
 
 <u 
 o 
 
 to 
 s 
 
 3 
 t< bo 
 
 &. !* 
 •^ I 
 
 3 3 
 
 UU bo 
 
 bo 
 
 _C 
 
 "u 
 CU 
 ■*-» 
 ■+-» 
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 H 
 
 J2 
 
 en 10 
 
 03 
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 S 
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 10 
 
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 eu 
 
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 en 
 
 
 
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 rt 
 
 
 
 
 >-~.^ 
 
 tn 
 
 > 
 
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 eu j3 
 _^ bO 
 
 u 
 
 9,^ 
 
 ^^
 
 184 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 en 
 (4 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 U 
 
 
 00 tn 
 
 ^ . ft 
 
 
 
 ^§ 
 
 a 
 
 |vd 
 
 »> . 
 
 •J- M 
 
 r-H U- 
 
 c« O 
 
 rt en 
 
 o « S 
 7: '^ n. 
 
 +j 3ty^ 
 
 I— 1 42 ^ 
 
 bo 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 CO '^ 
 
 12; o 
 
 w 
 en 
 
 |s 
 
 3 t- 
 ^.►^ 
 
 Ih 
 
 > 
 
 bo 
 
 C8 
 O 
 
 en 
 
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 Eli 
 
 tn • 
 
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 > 
 
 
 bo 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 -o 
 
 .0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 v 
 
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 ii 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 03 
 
 tin 
 
 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 
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 3 
 
 rt in 
 
 o< to 
 
 bo 
 
 bo 
 bo 
 3 
 u 
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 tn 
 
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 c 
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 s • 
 
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 bo 
 
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 rt flj 
 
 1-. 
 
 c 
 
 ca 01 
 
 c ^ 
 
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 3 
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 en ^-» 
 
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 t;co o 
 
 ■^ o . 
 
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 en 
 
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 15 
 c 
 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 
 
 4> • 
 
 bo 
 
 CO 
 E 
 
 w 
 3 
 bo 
 
 c 
 
 rt 
 
 §00 
 
 a . 
 
 i "* 
 C~H en
 
 Study of VirgU's Descriptions of Nature 185 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 U 
 
 Hi* 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 3 
 
 rt 
 
 cr V 
 
 (« 
 
 (/I 
 
 
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 lU 
 
 
 s? 
 
 CO 
 
 > 
 
 
 
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 >■ in 
 
 be 
 
 c 
 
 B 
 a 
 o 
 
 ^^ 
 
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 s 
 
 2 en 
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 B 
 
 O 
 
 to 
 
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 o 
 
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 bo 
 'u 
 
 
 >. 
 
 *^ bfl 
 
 « ^ ,A 
 
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 s « 
 
 *: S C 
 
 tLI 
 O 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 :S1 
 
 in 
 
 K 
 
 '^ . 
 
 ^ > 
 
 !^ 
 
 C/l 
 
 C V 
 
 3 CO 
 
 tn C 
 
 a, <u 
 
 .a 3 
 
 o 
 
 K 
 
 u 
 
 bfl 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 s 
 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 a. 
 
 o 
 
 !3 •-' fe 
 
 ^2 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 s 
 
 r>. 
 
 H-.^ 
 
 en 
 
 
 
 
 ^IJ 
 
 "O 
 
 IW 
 
 <u 
 
 -u 
 
 3 
 tn 
 
 C/) 
 
 CO 
 
 s 
 
 •a 
 
 > 
 
 in 
 in 
 
 
 be 
 
 c 
 15 
 
 <u 
 
 S 
 
 <H 
 
 C I— I 

 
 1 86 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 o> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ •H 
 
 • i-t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -o 
 
 c4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 lU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 *-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 a 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 ^^ 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •X3 
 
 "2 
 
 • 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Is 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (U . 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 ■B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ != 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ & 
 
 o* o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pt3 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .^'~"~ 
 
 
 
 M^ 
 
 v 
 
 <!,\6 
 
 <L> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .S o\ 
 
 bo 
 
 t— ( 
 
 tn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6^ 
 
 a 
 
 u^ 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03^ 
 
 en 
 
 T3 
 
 w bo 
 
 <V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 c-ra rt-r 
 
 ■Bjc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 3 
 
 o <^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U (« 
 
 O „ en 
 
 ^ <u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n (U 
 
 
 CO 'n -M 
 
 on With 
 App 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 anh'o lit( 
 3 (Connot 
 
 s 
 
 onnotes 
 ►if^w all 
 apping i 
 
 +-» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 2^3 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s <u 
 
 • WH 
 
 s-'-Q 
 
 § 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 I- 
 
 II 
 
 c 
 
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 t 
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 be 
 
 c 
 
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 TS 
 
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 4-» 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 c 
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 C 
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 S 
 
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 3 
 t/3 
 
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 C 
 
 
 
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 ^ (N 
 
 
 
 3 
 Oh 
 
 ruunt de rr 
 h from th 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 3 
 
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 3 
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 O 
 
 c 
 
 3 
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 .4-J 
 
 ,bo 
 
 em nodis 
 g serpent. 
 
 
 
 
 ILI 
 
 c 
 
 1-1 
 
 13 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 Undosi 
 ter. 31 
 
 -M 
 
 
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 O 
 
 aj 
 
 12.3 
 
 5:3 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7) 
 
 3 
 
 
 
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 \~- o 
 
 '-, 1-. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 0)^ • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 187 
 
 en 
 u 
 
 n 
 o 
 U 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 en 
 
 <u 
 
 
 j: 
 
 <U 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 ai 
 
 •e* 
 
 )h 
 
 "Q 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 «a N 
 
 ;-l 
 
 K 
 
 
 •d 
 
 (« D 
 
 0^^ 
 
 3 P. 
 
 Flat 
 stop 
 
 >— 1 tn 
 
 C (U 
 
 
 -M 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 dj c 
 
 
 ^ c 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 en 
 
 tn 
 
 lU 
 ■♦-» 
 O 
 
 c 
 c 
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 u 
 
 
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 o 
 
 IT) 
 
 i-i 
 
 > 
 
 CO 
 
 <u o 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 .S ce 
 
 S 
 
 Sx; 
 
 ^3 
 
 U CO 
 
 > 
 
 O 
 .e^ o 
 
 
 J3 ro 
 05 03.2 
 
 o 
 +-> 
 
 C 
 
 6 
 o 
 
 3 
 U3 
 
 S 
 
 be 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 o< 
 
 ^— t 
 
 
 <U 
 
 bn 
 
 & 
 
 C 
 
 C/i 
 
 u 
 O 
 > 
 
 
 3 
 
 (J 
 
 3 
 
 en 
 
 ^00 
 s 
 
 "Ski 
 
 s > 
 
 bo 
 6 
 
 u 
 
 c 
 
 B 
 
 3 
 
 .*- be 
 
 < 
 

 
 1 88 Study of Virgtl's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 en 
 
 n 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 <u 
 
 
 tfl 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 tn 
 
 
 u. 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 j: 
 
 
 -*-* 
 
 
 O 
 
 rt 
 
 
 lU 
 
 j: 
 
 a 
 
 <<-) 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 < 
 
 c 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 ■M 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 15 
 
 '3 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 o 
 
 cr 
 a 
 
 ^2 
 
 <^^ 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 V 
 
 o 
 U 
 
 Ha 
 8 w 
 
 *' c 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 (U 
 
 3 
 
 e 
 
 o 
 
 t>0 
 
 c 
 
 bo 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 t to 
 
 j^ > 
 
 0\ 
 
 Q 4) 
 
 •^^ -o 
 
 
 en 
 
 C^ 
 
 tn 
 
 s 
 
 
 <^> 
 
 bo 
 c 
 
 'S 
 
 ;~ bo 
 
 rtlc'rt 
 
 Q2 ^ 
 
 E . 
 
 s = 
 
 3 = 
 
 ^ c 
 
 3 
 <u en 
 
 Ere 
 
 I— X5 
 
 Id 
 
 < 
 
 o K 
 
 cnvo 
 
 S^ s 
 
 tn P lu 
 
 ■£ u6 
 
 3-^ 
 
 C <^ C 
 
 3 s-r 
 
 1n +- 
 
 C te 
 
 o 
 
 tn c 
 
 " en 
 
 V Ij p^ 
 
 ►o bo 
 
 ■2 .^ « 
 
 Q OJ !n 
 
 en -w 
 
 ^ Ji 
 
 b; cj aj 
 
 
 en 
 
 o 
 
 bo 
 c 
 
 en 
 en 
 
 <U 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 > 

 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 189 
 
 en 
 
 •M 
 C 
 
 o 
 U 
 
 c 
 
 C/3 
 
 J3 
 
 Crt 
 J3 a, 
 
 ^< 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 vS' 
 
 T3 
 
 lU 
 
 J3 
 
 ^■>^ 
 
 "^ n G 
 
 !? ^ IZ3 
 
 5 5 • 
 
 s ? "^ 
 
 o 3 S i- 
 c« E >^ 
 
 r-" ^ 
 
 
 
 
 2 tn C 4J 
 
 "la-go 
 
 < 
 
 0! 
 
 |-§ 
 
 <u en CD 
 
 t* (n 
 
 tn _^ bfi 
 > l-.S 
 <'.5 ^ 
 
 > 
 
 
 C 
 
 E 
 
 S 
 
 Q-cj 5 bo 
 
 
 tn 
 
 O 
 
 a* 
 
 be 
 
 G 
 
 It 
 
 a 
 
 O 
 
 bfi 
 
 .S 
 '> 
 
 en 
 
 
 
 fO rs 
 
 s 
 
 tn 
 
 O 
 
 
 s 
 

 
 190 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 Hearing 
 
 Of the two-hundred fifty-six appeals to the sense 
 of hearing which Vergil gives in his descriptions, 
 thirty-four are echo descriptions, sixty are onoma- 
 topoetic, seventeen suggest sound by describing 
 silence; and one hundred forty-five are general 
 appeals to the sense of hearing as in Eclogue I, 57, 
 Canet frondator — The vine dresser will sing. 
 
 The onomatopoetic effects have in many cases 
 been heightened by alliteration, as: Aeneid I, 245, 
 murmure montis — the murmur of the mountain; 
 and Aeneid II, 209, Sonitus fit sale spumante — The 
 sound of the seething sea. 
 
 The grace and polish of Vergil's suggestions of 
 sound place them among the best of his appeals to 
 the senses. The following table summarizes the ap- 
 peals to the sense of hearing as they are found in 
 the descriptive passages.
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 191 
 
 u 
 
 ta 
 o 
 U 
 
 < 
 
 (5 
 
 4; 
 
 en 
 «5 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 ■*-» 
 
 C 
 
 o . 
 u be 
 
 "^ S 
 ^ —I 
 
 u <u <u 
 3 en > 
 
 o <u u , 
 
 joo 
 
 
 ^ (1) 
 
 
 <u 
 
 O 
 
 u- 
 
 O rt 
 
 (J ro 
 
 
 en 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 Oi o 
 S '-' 
 
 •^H be 
 
 en 
 .(J en 
 
 n1 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 B 
 
 ). 
 
 •0 
 
 >t 
 
 c 
 
 •** 
 
 a! 
 
 S 
 
 rf] 
 
 S 
 
 •0 
 
 
 cy 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 t/3 
 
 •S 
 
 o 
 ex 
 o 
 
 15 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 O 
 
 be 
 C 
 
 V 
 Ck 
 en 
 
 c 
 
 ^-^ IT) 
 
 o o 
 v~ 
 ?^ 
 
 O) o 
 
 be . 
 5. 
 
 cj^tn 
 = "2 
 
 "= a. 
 "« ^ 
 
 > u 
 
 *-> 
 en 
 
 ^ 
 
 O 
 
 X! 
 
 W 
 
 en 
 
 ca 
 
 ^ U »/) 
 Q en . 
 
 2 S « 
 
 «^ O 3 
 
 O 
 en 
 
 en V 
 
 
 3 
 
 J3 
 
 > 
 
 
 fH) 
 
 k. 
 
 u 
 
 
 rt 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 •0 
 
 Sj3 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 •J 
 
 
 
 ^j 
 
 
 en 
 
 CkrJiS 
 
 
 c2^ 
 
 &it! uis bi^" 
 
 en . 
 
 ejj t^ O 
 
 ^S
 
 192 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 *•> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bo 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c"5 
 
 
 1 = 
 
 
 
 M-r 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 '5) 
 
 
 ■4-> 
 
 ■t-> 
 
 
 bo 
 
 c 
 
 'bo 
 
 
 en 
 
 C 
 cS 
 
 ^00 
 
 .5 ID 
 
 bo 
 
 
 en 
 
 C 
 CIS 
 
 
 rt 
 
 E 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 en 
 
 [3) 
 
 
 
 
 bo 
 
 U5 
 
 13 
 
 
 bo 
 
 u 
 
 
 'rXi 
 
 
 (U 
 C 
 
 
 c?5 
 
 
 en 
 
 bo 
 c 
 
 •fa 
 
 'S 
 
 c 
 
 
 a. 
 
 
 C/3 
 
 
 tn 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 ■I 
 
 c 
 
 £ 
 
 S 
 
 
 3 
 pa 
 
 < 
 
 C 
 
 
 Cu 
 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 E 
 
 <u 
 
 c 
 s 
 
 0» 
 
 s 
 
 
 S 
 (J 
 >> 
 
 04 
 
 en 
 U 
 
 "o 
 
 H E 
 
 ^ en 
 
 3 
 3 
 c 
 
 s . 
 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 's 
 
 X 
 
 w 
 
 3 
 Si 
 
 tn 
 
 U3 
 
 
 <i3 
 > 
 
 u 
 bo 
 
 C/5 
 
 3 
 C 
 
 
 S 
 
 5 
 
 en 
 
 C 
 03 
 
 en 
 
 1 • 
 
 a be 
 
 ~ (U 
 -^ en 
 
 
 en 
 
 3 
 u 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 en 
 tn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •4-) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 'e 
 
 
 J3 
 
 0, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e,°° 
 
 
 to Pi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •C^ 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 bo 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 -Ci en 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0) 
 en 
 
 C 
 < 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 t-bo 
 
 
 a u 
 
 cq.S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 J3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 2^ 
 
 
 
 (O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 v^ c 
 
 <u 
 
 (J <u 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 (U 
 
 Ui 
 
 
 
 Si 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u. 
 
 ^«-4 U-4 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 w2 
 
 
 fS'x- 
 
 6 . 
 

 
 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 193 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 ^ . 
 
 bo 
 
 C 
 
 3 
 
 C 
 O 
 
 E 
 
 U. 
 
 > 
 
 ^ I- 
 
 Eh" 
 
 
 s 
 
 O rt 
 
 J E 
 
 fO 
 
 V 
 
 rf} 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 ri 
 
 rt 
 
 
 4-1 
 
 C 
 
 
 y 
 
 ifi 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 <v 
 
 < 
 
 4-> 
 
 ^ 53 
 
 S O 
 
 
 be nj 
 I- l-l 
 V o 
 
 ^ J3 — C "5 Tf 
 
 OJ r- ^ 
 
 ;3 3 U OJ= > 
 
 ■^ "^ 4; j-> -u !?
 
 194 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 c 
 o 
 U 
 
 
 u 
 
 m 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 Q 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 bo 
 o 
 
 
 rtOO 
 
 
 00 
 
 o bO 
 
 I- G 
 
 
 1^ 
 S 2 
 
 ■Ci. ^ 
 
 
 4^ rt rt 
 
 ~ 4^ «, 
 g J= 
 «— ■'^ 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 ■5 s:^ 
 
 o c t« 
 ii U.E.t; 
 
 «5 o 
 
 o 
 
 ."lis 
 
 !> 
 
 3 
 (J <U 
 
 2:h 
 
 C ro 
 
 o 2. 
 
 
 be u 
 rt 3 K 
 
 O" •'- 
 OJ «J O 
 
 3 ^;-9 
 
 Zt3 tn 

 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 195 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 x; 
 
 be 
 
 c 
 
 "i 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 

 
 196 Study of Virgil* s Descriptions of Nature 
 
 C4 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 ■ is <n 
 
 6 o 
 
 »-^ ■*-» 
 a; 
 
 " c 
 
 ■-5 S 
 
 s 
 
 rt O 
 
 N 
 N 
 
 3 
 I 
 
 in 
 
 rt . 
 
 Kg 
 
 V- ■ 
 
 re (L» 
 <o C 
 O 
 
 od.2 
 
 •^ O 
 
 -8^ 
 
 a! 
 
 > aj ■ ■ 
 
 rt O C 
 
 
 3 O 
 
 bo 
 
 in 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 I-. 
 
 s 6 
 
 J5 O 
 ^-55 
 
 en 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 03 
 
 u 
 
 s 
 
 bo 
 
 c 
 
 
 S 
 
 Vi 
 
 « 
 
 a 
 
 a:SN 
 
 en 
 
 G 
 
 o 
 
 pq 
 
 d 
 
 -0 
 
 
 bo 
 
 O a; 
 
 .S^- 
 
 o i 
 
 g'o g-o" 
 
 10 
 
 ^3 *^ 
 
 OS JS 1^ S-C 
 
 5 o 
 
 o 
 ■ (J 
 
 a 
 
 C 
 bO 
 
 o 
 o • 
 
 <3 V 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 U 
 
 
 ■3 ^ 
 
 2! ■*■♦• 
 
 C3< O 
 <3.H 
 
 rt- 
 
 
 bo<N 
 
 en 
 
 04 
 
 ! "O <u 
 
 ^ 
 
 (n O >% r- 'fjn 
 
 W 53 jn 3 
 
 S 
 O o 
 
 o • 
 
 Oi-"
 
 ^ 
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 197 
 
 
 tl I" -S "" c c J*-^ '^ -d 
 
 2^ s o "5 2; w 
 
 .2 rt4;> bed 215 H.yS S'wlrn S-S 5^ 
 
 
 en *J 
 
 r^^ E 
 
 H 3 o; +^ -^ 
 
 Cfi TO t/3 .3 
 
 ^ a s-s . ^ . 
 
 s 5 s s ^ ^ "^ 
 
 <u 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 <u t<> S s S.-^ <u 3 2-c-S >- .B- S c C o u 

 
 198 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 
 
 ei 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 .2 
 'C 
 o 
 
 o. 
 o 
 
 E 
 o 
 
 c 
 O 
 
 
 >. 
 
 1 
 
 
 -0 
 
 
 
 hi) 
 
 
 bC 
 
 
 bo 
 
 bo 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 en 
 
 N 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 (N 
 
 Vl 
 
 
 •r) 
 
 
 Ui 
 
 
 
 ■* 
 
 
 e 
 
 ,a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4; 
 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 
 rt 
 
 )-• 
 
 
 en 
 
 a 
 
 ^§8 
 
 e 
 
 in 
 
 c 
 
 
 u 
 
 Q 
 
 
 <n 
 
 2 
 
 .4-4 
 
 rt 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bo 
 c 
 
 tn 
 
 < 
 
 a; > 
 
 in -2 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ID 
 
 
 
 
 
 s ^ 
 
 A 
 
 
 w^ 
 
 •** 
 
 
 5 
 
 c^ 
 
 ^. 
 
 C 
 3 
 
 ?=r 
 
 3 
 
 
 SR 
 
 ■5 s 
 
 • 
 
 C 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 In 
 
 ^ 
 
 t3 
 
 15 
 
 CO 
 
 
 fo 
 
 K '^ 
 
 a 
 
 
 Densis fr 
 ing. 216 
 
 Gravior 
 is heard. 
 
 rt 
 
 s 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 u 
 I-. 
 
 0. 
 en 
 
 a 
 
 en 
 
 (U 
 
 Hypanis. 
 
 Acrem 
 sound of 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 W 
 
 8>
 
 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 199 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^ 
 §-• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 . 
 
 
 
 
 r^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S c 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 c4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 ♦» 
 
 
 
 
 (« ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^S 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 gls 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •'S*' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •a c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 " 1 
 
 C 
 )-< 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 be 
 .S 
 
 c 
 P 
 
 
 <u 
 
 -4-* 
 
 be 
 
 .S 
 'u 
 
 
 en 
 
 en 
 
 E 
 
 •0 
 
 en 
 
 60 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 
 en 
 
 
 
 
 bo 
 
 
 
 +-» 
 CD 
 
 Q 
 
 "?. 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 4) 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 1-H 
 
 
 §: 
 
 S TJ- 
 
 a 
 
 IT) 
 
 l-l 
 
 t/i 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 u 
 
 «0 
 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 •-* 
 
 en 
 
 
 u 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 I- fj 
 <u ii 
 <n m 
 
 S 
 
 tn 
 
 _^ 
 
 on 
 
 +-» 
 C 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 "3 
 
 a 
 S ^ 
 
 IS 
 
 
 c 
 
 £ 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 *> . 
 
 L) E 
 
 8 
 
 •** 
 
 "4; 
 
 u 
 
 (Xi 
 
 
 
 1— t 
 
 -M 
 
 en 
 lU 
 
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 0. 
 g 
 
 If 
 
 a <u 
 
 C 
 <v 
 u 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 «4H 
 
 en 
 
 
 <u 
 
 bo 
 
 
 
 <^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 X. i/i 
 
 _c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 en 
 
 13-E 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c« 
 
 • *•* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 u 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 E « 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 J3 
 
 
 
 
 
 S-s 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 PEJ C 
 
 
 
 
 a*' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 •** 
 
 "o 
 
 (X, 
 
 u 
 •a 
 
 3 
 
 ^E 
 a 
 
 en 
 
 05 
 a 
 
 S 
 
 CO 
 
 en 
 
 bo 
 c 
 
 
 en^ 
 en 
 
 en 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (n <D 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <oPii 
 
 bO§ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P^ 
 
 
 
 
 ij 
 
 n 
 ■5 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,■=> 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <>) a 
 
 « u. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J^ 
 
 
 
 <■-• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <s 

 
 200 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 
 
 -4-* 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 U 
 
 u a; , 
 
 
 
 <n 
 
 
 -o 
 
 
 
 -v 
 
 
 k< 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 4) 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 i 
 
 J=od 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 fi<^ 
 
 
 CN 
 
 in 
 
 1 
 
 U ro 
 
 m 
 
 CN 
 
 
 1 
 
 -C 
 
 n! 
 
 «N 
 
 
 
 U5 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 
 bo 
 
 o. 
 
 -""^ 
 
 ■t-t 
 
 
 c 
 
 < 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 en 
 <U 
 
 u 
 
 
 ^'i 
 
 "rt 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 
 b2 
 
 u. 
 
 a! 
 
 cB 
 
 
 ii 
 
 u 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 x; 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 k. 
 
 -4-» 
 
 d) 
 
 ^4-1 
 
 
 rt 
 
 g^^ 
 
 C5 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 S 
 
 u 
 
 S bo 
 
 
 (A 
 
 T<< 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 rt 
 O 
 
 L< 
 
 en 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 a 
 <^ 
 
 > . 
 
 CO Tt 
 
 tn 
 C 
 
 O 
 
 bo 
 
 
 O. O a! 
 Di 3:! 
 
 X 5 *- 
 
 bo _ 
 rt tu JJ 
 4J ^ (n 
 
 tn 
 
 u 
 o 
 
 O 
 > 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 bo 
 o 
 
 Pi 
 
 e 
 
 i-i 
 
 O 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 1i 
 
 c 
 
 !n 
 
 o 
 
 
 in 
 to 
 
 
 o 
 
 n en 
 
 .2 
 
 "S 
 o 
 a. 
 o 
 +-» 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 O 
 
 
 J5 " 
 
 H 
 
 c^ 
 
 tn 
 
 > 
 H 
 
 SE 
 
 ^ k< 
 Q I- 
 
 ;^ 
 
 5 'u 
 
 UJ 3 
 
 :3l 
 
 Q 
 S 
 
 
 c 
 
 X 3 o 
 
 rt O O 
 
 en en L- 
 
 <H 
 
 ^ (—1
 
 Study of Firgil's Descriptions of Nature 201 
 
 
 CO 
 
 1^13 
 
 o bO 
 
 a c 
 
 
 0) 
 
 10 
 
 
 ^\ 
 
 
 <U g 
 
 en rt 
 
 1- 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 03 
 
 -*-> 
 
 
 c ^ 
 
 a! 
 
 
 W.b 
 
 
 
 w rt 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 -*-* 
 
 
 
 !n 
 
 
 ~ t>. 
 
 
 
 5 t^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 tn C 
 
 C 
 
 (U 
 
 < 
 
 
 Cum 
 rock 
 groa 
 
 C8 
 
 C 
 
 -4-» 
 
 w 
 
 
 2'S 
 
 < 2 
 
 
 
 J2 
 
 5 
 
 o O 
 
 O aj 
 V a u 
 
 
 o 
 
 o '-' 
 tn 
 
 OJ 1 T3 
 Son! 
 •T3 be 
 
 r,'^ o 
 
 <" O (« 
 
 ^ ^ "^ 
 
 tn 
 
 aj 
 
 4-) 
 O 
 
 bo . 
 c <^ 
 
 si 
 
 OS 
 
 tn 
 
 O 
 
 S 
 
 •- ;2 <« « c 
 
 (u bo. a 2 r> 
 
 3 C a! 2 C 
 
 a.2 a-oiS 
 
 03 t/i 
 
 £§ 
 
 So 
 
 a"" 
 
 a> 
 (i> bo 
 
 J3 
 E 
 
 bo 
 
 ffi 
 
 
 p. 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 urmure. Dt 
 the cominj 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 "i 
 s 
 
 (-1 
 
 Ih 
 
 
 
 U3 
 
 
 
 
 Magno m 
 ling (of 
 160. 
 
 
 ■|o 
 
 
 
 Nymp 
 shriek 
 
 Stride 
 string 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 . 
 
 to <U 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;oP:3 bo 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 5'oMon 
 pulos. 
 sound] 
 
 
 ^ 1— 1 
 
 
 
 
 <>
 
 202 Study of VirgiVs Descriptions of Nature 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 u 
 
 <u 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 bo 
 
 U2 
 
 1^ 
 
 -2 
 
 c 
 
 'O So 
 
 a o 
 
 c 
 
 6C O 
 O 
 
 ON 
 IT) 
 
 42 c 
 
 I r- a; '-' 
 
 p w rt *^ 
 
 ^ q^ Co 
 
 o ?^ 
 
 
 
 P OJ 00 
 
 be 
 c 
 
 H 
 
 
 O 
 U 
 
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 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 21^ 
 Summary 
 
 It is not to be expected that any one descriptive 
 passage would appeal to all the senses and their 
 subdivisions, and there are no passages which em- 
 brace an appeal to every sense. Aeneid III, 548, 
 makes appeal to the senses of hearing, form, color, 
 light and shade, and motion. Aeneid VI, 199, 
 suggests motion, sound, smell, touch, temperature, 
 color, and light and shade. There are many other 
 descriptions which have as wide an appeal as these 
 cited. 
 
 The frequency and concreteness of these appeals 
 to the various senses have given the poems much of 
 their interest. Here, from the standpoint of 
 technique, the work most nearly strikes the modern 
 note in literature.
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 Conclusion 
 
 From the standpoint of technique, which alone 
 we are considering in this investigation, the nature 
 descriptions of Vergil are worthy of study and 
 imitation. As regards points-of-view, personal, 
 local, and temporal, only five per cent, of the de- 
 scriptions suffer any change. We may, therefore, 
 establish as a part of Vergil's literary creed the 
 principle that the point of view, once fixed, should 
 not be violated. In centering and outlining his 
 pictures, however, the poet does nothing. 
 
 In his appeals to the different senses Vergil is 
 varied and concrete. He is rational here too, as a 
 comparison of the various tables would show. For 
 to sight, the sense which brings the most experience, 
 he appeals the most frequently. And to smell, 
 the sense which brings the least experience, he ap- 
 peals the least frequently. In the study of these 
 sense appeals it is of interest to note also how much 
 Vergil dwells upon the beautiful and the pleasing; 
 and how little he refers to the ugly or disagreeable. 
 Among the thirty-eight suggestions of form, thirty- 
 seven refer to curves, the form that art has always 
 considered the most beautiful. In appeals to the 
 sense of touch, softness is more frequently sug- 
 gested than hardness ; moisture, than dryness. Yet 
 roughness is much more commonly referred to than 
 is smoothness. References to coolness are brought 
 into the descriptions almost one hundred per cent, 
 oftener than are references to heat. In taste there 
 are more suggestions of mellowness and sweetness, 
 than of sourness and bitterness. And sourness is 
 not of necessity an unpleasant taste. Of the twenty- 
 
 214
 
 Study of Virgil's Descriptions of Nature 215 
 
 eight appeals made to the sense of smell, twenty- 
 five are undoubtedly pleasant, while only three are 
 distinctly disagreeable. Of color and sound noth- 
 ing definite can be said, for beauty of coloring and 
 pleasantness of sound are largely questions of per- 
 sonal and not of absolute taste. From the preced- 
 ing study a second principle of technique may be 
 deduced; namely, that sense appeals should be 
 numerous, varied, concrete and pleasurable. 
 
 This same demand for the pleasurable is appar- 
 ent from the moods of these descriptions. For 
 tenderness and sympathy, most frequently of all 
 moods, envelope these sketches. To be sure, a 
 shade of melancholy is not infrequently traced in 
 these pictures, but melancholy is very closely allied 
 to extreme tenderness. 
 
 In summary, therefore, it may be said that in 
 regard to the technique of centers and outlines the 
 poet gives us nothing. But his work, is very well 
 constructed in regard to points-of-view and in re- 
 gard to sense appeals. It is likewise very strong 
 in the mood of the sketches which emphasizes the 
 pleasurable above the painful. And the insistence 
 with which Vergil dwells upon the beautiful and 
 the pleasure-giving is of no little interest in these 
 days of realism.
 
 INDEX 
 
 Abrumpo, 196 
 
 Abruptus, 182 
 
 Abundo, 189 
 
 Accendo, 189 
 
 Acid us J 173 
 
 Active Descriptions, 3, ii, 
 
 12. Tables, 68-71 
 Acutus, 157, 161, 162 
 Aestas, 167, 170 
 A est if er J 168 
 
 Aestus, 166, 167, 168, 169 
 .^^/Vo, 181 
 Albeo, 107 
 
 Albesco, 84, 89, 96, lOl 
 y^/^z/y, 75, 78, 82, 86, 87, 89, 
 
 90, 93, 97, 102, 103, 
 
 104, 106, 107, 108 
 Allabor, 188 
 Alliteration, 190 
 Amarus, 1 72, 1 73, 174, 1 75 
 Anhelo, 207 
 Anhelus, 193 
 Apricus, 113, 119, 166, 168, 
 
 170 
 Arctos, 114 
 ^rcaf, 133 
 Ardeo, 116, 118, 123, 132, 
 
 134, 138, 149, 151, 167 
 Arens, 166, 167, 1 68 
 Areo, 167 
 Argenteus, 75, 1 03 
 Argentum, 104 
 Argutus, 192, 194, 204 
 ^^^^r, 154, 156, 158, 159, 
 
 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 
 
 174 
 Aspero, 185 
 
 A strum J 128, 132 
 
 Ater, 76, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 
 
 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 
 97, 98, 100, 103, 105, 
 106, 107, 123, 124, 126, 
 127, 130, 133, 135, 138, 
 139, 141, 146, 149, 151 
 
 Auratus, 95, 105 
 
 Aureus, 76, 79, 82, 84, 85, 
 87, 92, 94, 97, 99, 100, 
 loi, 102, 106 
 
 A uricomus, 99 
 
 Aurora, 117, 123, 131, 134, 
 137, 140, 145, 148, 151 
 
 Aurum, 86, 91, 94, 97, 100, 
 lOI, 103 
 
 Balatus, 192, 197, 207 
 Bitterness, 171, 204. See 
 
 tables, 172-175 
 Black, 75. See tables 78- 
 
 109 
 Blue, 75. See tables 78-109 
 
 Cado, 184, 185 
 
 Caecus, 76, 102, 120, 126, 
 
 129, 135, 141 
 Caelum, 114 
 Caeruleus, 75, 83, 91, 94, 
 
 95, 97, lOl, 102, 103, 
 
 105, 107 
 Caligo, 118, 146, 148, 151 
 Calmness, 1 5 
 Color, 166, 168, 169 
 Camur, 73 
 Candens, 97, 105 
 Candidus, 81, 82, 88, 90, 99, 
 
 103, 115 
 Candor, 95, 108 
 
 217
 
 2l8 
 
 Index 
 
 Caneo, 86, 87, 89 
 
 Cano, 191, 192, 194, 198, 
 
 205, 212 
 Conor, 197 
 Canorus, 2o6 
 
 Cantus, 194, 197, 204, 207 
 Canus, 75, 79, 83, 85, 91, 
 
 103 
 Carmen, 199, 20I 
 Cavatus, 73 
 Cflz^Mf, 72, 73, 84 
 Centre, 13, 214, 215. See 
 
 tables 16-46 
 Changes in Point of View, 
 
 II, 12 
 Circus, 74 
 Citus, 189 
 Clamor, 193, 197, 199, 200, 
 
 202, 208, 209, 210, 211 
 Clangor, 200 
 Clear, 75 
 Cloud, 75. See table, iii- 
 
 153 
 
 Cold, 166, 214. See tables, 
 167-171 
 
 Color, 72, 74-77, 214. Ta- 
 bles, 78-109 
 
 Color, 80, 82, 83, 86, 93, 
 
 97. 99 
 Coloro, 92 
 
 Comantem, 189 
 Cometes, 147 
 Concresco, 155, 160 
 Concutio, 181, 183, 186 
 Congemo, 200 
 Conluceo, 133, 149 
 Consono, 202, 206 
 Contorqueo, 1 82 
 Contrasting Mood, 14 
 Convexus, 73, 74 
 Coqueo, 166, 169 
 Coruscus, 115, 143, 181, 
 
 184, 189 
 Crepito, 192, 193, 202, 203, 
 
 204, 209 
 Croceus, 76, 80, 85, 94, 96, 
 
 100, 104 
 Cruentus, 76, 84, 104 
 Curvatus, 73 
 Curved surfaces 72, 214. 
 
 See tables, 72-74. 
 Curvus, 72, 73, 74 
 
 Dark, 75. See tables, 78- 
 109 
 
 Darkness, 1 10. See tables, 
 111-153 
 
 Definite points of view, 9-10 
 
 Dehisco, 184 
 
 Descriptions, 3. Tables 16- 
 71. (See under Active, 
 Formal, Static, Inciden- 
 tal). 
 
 Discolor, 100 
 
 Dryness, 214. See tables, 
 156-165 
 
 Dulcis, 172, 173, 174, 178 
 
 Durus, 155, 158, 159, 160, 
 161, 162, 163, 164, 174 
 
 Ebur, 85 
 Echo, 190 
 Effervo, 181 
 Effulgeo, 144 
 Enitesco, 118 
 Erro, 180, 182, 184 
 Excutio, 189 
 Exulo, 185 
 
 Ferveo, 130, 181 
 Fervidus, 1 40 
 Ferrugineus, 75, 92 
 Fire, no. See tables, iii- 
 153
 
 Index 
 
 219 
 
 Flagro, 114 
 
 Flamtna, 115, 116, 118, 125, 
 127, 130, 133, 136, 146, 
 148, 151 
 
 Flammo, 120 
 
 Flaveo, 92, I02 
 
 Flavesco, 80 
 
 Flavus, 76, 84, 97, loi, 105 
 
 Fluo, 180 
 
 Form, 72, 214. Tables, 72-74 
 
 Formal Descriptions, 3, 13. 
 Tables, 16-46. 
 
 Formlessness, 72. See ta- 
 bles, 72-74. 
 
 Fragor, 193, 2o6, 207, 208 
 
 Fremitus, 1 95, 1 98 
 
 Fremo, 184, 186, 192, 206, 
 
 207, 209, 211 
 Frequentative point of view, 
 
 13 
 
 Frigidus, 166, 167, 168, 169, 
 
 170 
 Frigus, 167, 168, 169, 170 
 Fugo, 185 
 
 Fulgeo, 130, 140, 142, 143 
 Fulgor, 134, 144 
 Fulvus. 76, 89, 93, 95, 96, 
 
 98, 100, 102, 105, 107, 
 
 108 
 Fumo, 140, 178 
 Furiae, 188 
 Furo, 188, 189 
 Fury, 14 
 Fuscis, 76, 103 
 
 Garrulus, 198 
 
 Gelidus, 166, 167, 168, 169, 
 170, 171 
 
 Gemitus, 200, 201, 203, 204, 
 
 208, 210, 211 
 Gemo, 197, 203, 209, 210 
 
 General Outline. See Out- 
 line. 
 
 General Point of View, lO 
 
 General Suggestions of 
 Sound, 190. See tables, 
 191-214 
 
 General Suggestions of 
 Taste, 171. See tables, 
 172-175 
 
 Glacialis, 166, 169 
 
 Glaucus, 76, 86, 93, 100, 
 
 105 
 Graveolens, 178 
 Green, 75, 76. See tables, 
 
 78-109 
 
 Halo, 177, .78 
 
 Hardness, 214. See tables, 
 
 156-165 
 Hearing, 72, 190, 214. Ta- 
 bles, 191-211 
 Heat, 166, 214. See tables, 
 
 167-171 
 Heavenly Bodies, no. See 
 
 tables, 111-153 
 Hibernus, 166, 167, 168, 
 
 169, 170 
 H temps Dura, 166, 169 
 Hinnitu, 196 
 Hirsutus, 154, 156 
 Hirtus, 160 
 Hollowed Bodies, 72. See 
 
 tables, 72-74 
 Horrens, 154, 160, 161, 164 
 Horridus, 154, 156, 159. 
 
 160, 161, 162, 163, 164 
 Human Misery, Mockery 
 
 of, 15 
 Human Mood, 15 
 Humidity, 154. See tables, 
 
 156-165 
 Humidus, 154, 158, 159, 161
 
 220 
 
 Index 
 
 Igneus, 132, 142, 166, 168 
 Ignis, llT, 118, 119, 123, 
 
 127, 128, 130, 143, 148, 
 
 149, 151 
 Imago, 197 
 Immugio, 201 
 Immurmuro, 1 97 
 Impello, 183 
 Incanesco, 87 
 Incendium, 125 
 Incendo, 134 
 Incidental Descriptions, 3, 
 
 179. See tables, 47-67 
 Increpo, 194 
 
 Indefinite Point of View, 12 
 Indefinite Suggestions of 
 
 Color, 75. See table 
 
 78-109 
 Induro, 155, 160 
 Informis, 74 
 Infremo, 208 
 Ingemo, 191, 192 
 Inhorresco, 185 
 Insono, 204, 209 
 Instabilis, 183 
 Insulto, 189 
 Intono, 199, 207 
 Inumbro, 122 
 
 Lactens, 76, 84 
 
 Lapidosus, 155, 162 
 
 Latebrosus, 15 1 
 
 Latratus, 211 
 
 Latro, 205 
 
 Lentesco, 155, 159 
 
 Lentus, 155, 161, 163, 187 
 
 Levis, 180 
 
 Levis, 158, 159 
 
 L/^o, 172, 174 
 
 Light and Shade, 73, 1 10. 
 
 Tables, 111-153 
 Lightning, 1 10. See tables, 
 
 111-153 
 
 Limosus, 154, 156 
 Liqiddus, 75, 91, 92, 195 
 Lividus, 99 
 Local point of View, 11-12. 
 
 See tables, 16-67 
 Loquax, 196, 209, 210 
 Loquor, 191, 192, 195 
 L«ceo, 137, 145, 148 
 Lucidus, 75, 85, 115 
 Lucifer, 125, 143 
 Luctor, 184 
 Lumen, 115, 128, 130, 131, 
 
 137, 140, 141, 143, 144, 
 
 145, 151 
 Luna, 116, 121, 127, 128, 
 
 130, 131, 137, 140 
 Lustro, 130, 141, 184 
 Luteolus, 78 
 Luteus, 76, 101 
 L«a;, 115, 122, 125, 134, 
 
 137, 142, 146, 149, 151 
 
 Madeo, 155, 160 
 Mansuesco, 155, 159 
 Melancholy, 15, 215 
 Mellowness, 171, 214, See 
 
 tables, 172-175 
 Mitis, 172, 173 
 Mockery of human misery, 
 
 15 
 
 Mollis, 115, 156, 157, 158, 
 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 
 164, 172 
 
 Mood, 14, 15, 215. See ta- 
 bles, 16-71 
 
 Moisture, 154, 214. See 
 tables, 156-165 
 
 Motion, 72, 179. Tables, 
 
 180-189 
 Mo to, 180 
 Motus, 184 
 Moveo, 182
 
 Index 
 
 221 
 
 Mugio, 203, 206, 207 
 Mugitus, 195, 196, 209 
 Murix, 77, 80 
 Murmur, 193, 199, 201, 
 203, 204, 208, 209, 211 
 Murmuro, 2o8 
 Musso, 197, 210 
 Mutus, 209 
 
 Nidor, 177 
 
 Niger, 76, 81, 84, 85, 87, 
 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 
 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 
 104, 105, 106, 107 
 
 Nigrae Violae, 77, 83 
 
 Nigrans, 95, 97, lOO 
 
 Nigra Vaccinia, 77, 83 
 
 Nimbosus, 128 
 
 Nimbus, 127 
 
 M^^o, 115, 137 
 
 Nitidus, 118, 141 
 
 Nivalis, 94, 109, 166, 169 
 
 Mreuj, 75, 76, 81, 83, 88, 
 90, 91, 94, 99, lOI 
 
 Nixor, 186 
 
 Noctivagus, 147 
 
 Nocturnus, 119, 140 
 
 A^ojf, 114, 116 , 120, 122, 
 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 
 130, 132, 133, 134, 136, 
 
 137, 138, 139, 140, 143. 
 
 144, 145, 146, 148, 149 
 Nubes, 123, 130, 133 
 Nubilum, 114, 117, 120, 
 
 127, 141 
 
 Obedience, 14 
 
 Objective Point of View, 9 
 
 Obscuro, 151 
 
 Obscurus, 116, 126, 127, 
 
 130, 131, 132, 136 
 Obumbro, 152 
 
 Odor, 177, 178 
 Odoratus, 176, 177, 178 
 Odorifer, 178 
 Olentes, 176, 177, 178 
 Onomatopoetic, 190. See 
 
 tables, 191-211 
 Opaco, 118, 137, 143 
 Opacus, 76, 83, 99, 100, 
 
 127, 132, 138, 140, 145, 
 
 146, 148 
 Ostro, 77, 107 
 Outline, 13. See tables, 16- 
 
 46 
 
 Fallens, 76, 79, 80, 81, 92 
 Pal I id us, 75, 85 
 Pando, 181, 183 
 Personal Point of View, 9- 
 
 II 
 Phaethon, 134 
 Phoebus, 130, 147, 149 
 Piceus, 76, 95, 118 
 P ictus, 89, 95 
 Place. See Local Point of 
 
 View. 
 Placidus, 187, 188 
 Plango, 193 
 Plaiido, 186 
 Point of View, 9-13, 215. 
 
 See tables, 16-71. 
 Proruptus, 1 84 
 Protective Interest, 14-15 
 Pullis, 76, 91 
 Pulso, 202 
 
 Puniceus, 76, 80, 89, 108 
 Purple, 75, 76, 77 
 Purpura, 92 
 Purpureus, 77, 80, 83, 86, 
 
 91, 92, 97, 99, 104, 107 
 Purus, 75, 90, 91, lOl 
 
 Quatio, 187 
 Quest us, 199
 
 222 
 
 Index 
 
 Quiesco, 185 
 Quietus, 202 
 
 Radius, 117, 134, 144 
 Rainbow, 1 10. See tables, 
 
 111-153 
 
 Rapax, 183 
 
 Rapidus, 181, 187, 189 
 
 Raucus, 191, 193, 197, 203, 
 
 206, 207 
 Reboo, 196 
 RecaleOj 166, 1 71 
 Reclamo, 196 
 Red, 75, 76 
 Redoleo, 177, 178 
 Refero, igi, 197, 207 
 Reflections, 1 10. See tables, 
 
 111-153 
 Refulgeo, 125, 136 
 Remugio, 196, 207, 210 
 Remit to J 210 
 Remurmuro, 208 
 Renideo, 118 
 Repercutio, 143 
 Resido, 187 
 Resistance, 154. See tables, 
 
 156-165 
 Resolvo, 180. 
 Resons, 191, 192, 193, 194, 
 
 200, 204 
 Resplendeo, 152 
 Responso, 2lO 
 Resulto, 202, 206 
 Retego, 132, 134 
 Rosctdus, 154, 156, 163 
 Rosens, 76, 99, lOi 
 /?o^o, 188 
 Roughness, 154, 214. See 
 
 tables, 156-165 
 Rubeo, 79, 80, 83, 85, 86, 
 
 87, 91, 105, 107 
 Ruber, 76, 89 
 
 Rubesco, 86, 94, lOi, 102 
 
 Rubicundus, 84 
 
 Rubor, 85, 108 
 
 Rudo, 200 
 
 Rumor, 206 
 
 Rumpo, 183, 187 
 
 i?tto, 186 
 
 Rutilo, 144 
 
 Rutilus, 76, 102, 122 
 
 Saetiger, 154, 163, 164, 165 
 
 Saetosus, 154, 156 
 
 Saevio, 204 
 
 5fl/. 175 
 
 5«/fo, 180, 181 
 
 Salsus, 173, 175 
 
 Saltiness, 171, 214. See ta- 
 bles, 172-175 
 
 Sandyx, 76, 80 
 
 Sanguineus, 76, 81, 83, 94, 
 97, 105, 107 
 
 5'G/)or, 173 
 
 5c«^^r, 154, 159 
 
 Scrupeus, 154, 163 
 
 5eco, 188 
 
 Sense Appeals, 3, 72, 213, 
 214, 215. See tables 
 under various senses. 
 
 Shade. See Light and Shade. 
 
 Shadow, no. See tables, 
 111-153 
 
 Sharpness, 154. See tables, 
 156-165 
 
 Sibilo, 209 
 
 Sibilus, 196, 202 
 
 Siccus, 158, 159, 174 
 
 Sidereus, 128, 146 
 
 Sidus, 118, 120, 131, 133, 
 
 135 
 Sight, 72, 154, 214 See ta- 
 bles under Color, Form 
 and Light and Shade.
 
 Index 
 
 223 
 
 Silence, 190. See tables, 191- 
 
 211 
 Sileo, 192, 195, 197. I99> 
 
 201, 204, 207, 208 
 Sirius, 123, 147 
 Sitio, 172 
 Sitis, 173 
 Sky, no. See tables, iii- 
 
 153 
 Smell, 72, 176, 214, 215. 
 
 Tables, iT]-i1^ 
 
 Smoothness, 154, 214. See 
 tables, 156-165 
 
 Softness, 154, 214. See ta- 
 bles, 156-165 
 
 Sol, 115, 116, 117, 118, 
 120, 122, 123, 136, 
 137, 142, 143, 144, 146, 
 151, 166, 167 
 
 Sonitus, 193, 195, 196, 197, 
 198, 199, 200, 205, 207, 
 208, 209, 210, 211 
 
 Sono, 192, 193, 195, 196, 
 197, 198, 199, 203, 204, 
 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 
 210, 212 
 
 Sonor, 196 
 
 Sonorus, 199 
 
 Sonus, 198 
 
 Sourness, 171, 214. See ta- 
 bles, 172-175 
 
 Spar go, 186 
 
 Spiro, 177, 181 
 
 Splendeo, 140 
 
 Splendesco, 114 
 
 Spumeus, 184 
 
 Spumo, 183, 185, 186, 189 
 
 Squalens, 1 54, 1 59 
 
 Squarneus, 154, 163 
 
 Static Descriptions, 3, ii, 
 12. Tables, 16-67 
 
 Stella, 132, 133, 138, 149 
 
 Sterno, 186 
 
 Strepito, 193 
 
 Strepo, 192, 204 
 
 Strideo, 191, 198, 199, 200, 
 201, 207, 208, 209, 210, 
 211, 212 
 
 Stridor, 194, 195, 199, 201, 
 203, 205, 206, 211, 212 
 
 Stridulus, 210 
 
 Suavis, 1 74 
 
 Subjective Point of View, 9- 
 10 
 
 Subluceo, 122 
 
 Subsido, 186 
 
 Susurro, 197 
 
 Susurrus, 191 
 
 Sweetness, 171, 214. See ta- 
 bles, 172-175 
 
 Taceo, 20 1 
 
 Tacitus, 199, 200, 203, 206, 
 
 208 
 Taeda, 140, 145 
 Taste, 72, 171, 214. See ta- 
 bles, 172-175 
 Temperature, 72, 166, 214. 
 
 Tables, ib^-iTi 
 Tempero, 166, 168 
 Temporal Point of View, 
 
 12-13. See tables, 16- 
 
 67. 
 Tenderness, 14, 215 
 Tenebrae, 114, I20, 128, 
 
 134, 137, 143, 145, 146, 
 
 148, 150 
 Tenebrosus, 136 
 Tener, 155, 156, 157 
 Tepefacio, 169 
 Tepeo, 170 
 
 Tepidus, 166, 168, 169, 171 
 Teres, 163 
 Texo, 180
 
 224 
 
 Index 
 
 Thirst, 171. See tables, 172- 
 
 175 
 
 Thumb-nail Sketches, 3 
 
 Thurifer, 177 
 
 Time. See Temporal Point 
 of View. 
 
 Titan, 132 
 
 Tonitrus, 20I, 202 
 
 Tono, 194, 196, 201, 202, 
 207, 208, 211 
 
 Torqueo, 183, 187, 188 
 
 Torreo, 166, 168, 169, 1 70, 
 180 
 
 Torridus, 167, 168 
 
 Touch, 72, 154, 214. Ta- 
 bles 156-165 
 
 Tremulus, 187 
 
 Trepidus, 187 
 
 Tristis, 173 
 
 Tumeo, 184, 187 
 
 Turbidus, 1 86 
 
 Turbo, 182 
 
 IJdus, 155, 160, 162 
 
 Vlulo, 193, 201, 203, 204 
 
 Umbra, ill, 1 12, 113, 1 14, 
 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 
 124, 125, 127, 131, 132, 
 
 136, I37> 138, 139, 141, 
 145, 146, 149, 150, 152, 
 
 153 
 Umbrifer, 137 
 
 UmbrOj 130 
 
 JJmbrosus, 76, I02, ill, 
 120, 144 
 
 Umeo, 162 
 
 Umidus, 162, 164, 165. See 
 
 Humidus 
 Uncus, 73 
 Undefined Point of View, 
 
 10 
 Undo, 182, 183, 185 
 Undosus, 186 
 Urgeo, 181 
 Uro, 140 
 
 Vaccinia, 77 
 
 Vaccus, 76, 96 
 
 Ventosus, 1 80 
 
 Verbero, 188, 189 
 
 Vesper, 1 12, 115, 120, 134 
 
 FfZro, 188 
 
 Violae, 77, 83 
 
 Violet, 77. See tables, 78- 
 
 109 
 V ire eta, 1 00 
 
 Fir^o, 82, 89, 91, 99, 100 
 Viridis, 76, 78, 81, 82, 83, 
 
 86, 89, 90, 92, 93. 94, 
 
 95, 97. 98, 99, 102, 103 
 Viridor, 98, lOl 
 Virosus, 177 
 Voco, 194, 197 
 Volubilis, 187 
 Fo/t^o, 183, 185 
 Vox, 194, 195, 197, 200, 
 
 201, 202, 203, 205, 209 
 Vulcanus, 143 
 
 Yellow, 75, 76. See tables, 
 78-109
 
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