UC-NRLF 
 
 SB ES3 173 
 
 1! GARDNER 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 '-*.'" ' . 
 
 Deceived. DEC 14 1892 lS 9 
 
 Accessions No. UQ.TM S , C/^ss No. 7 tf V? 
 
 
 
A SHORT AND EASY 
 MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR 
 
A SHORT AND EASY 
 
 MODEKN GREEK GRAMMAR 
 
 WITH 
 
 GRAMMATICAL AND CONVERSATIONAL EXERCISES, 
 
 IDIOMATIC, PROVERBIAL PHRASES, AND 
 
 FULL VOCABULARY. 
 
 AFTER THE GERMAN OF CARL WIED 
 
 MARY GARDNER 
 
 WITH A PREFACE BY 
 
 ERNEST GARDNER, M.A. 
 
 FELLOW OF GONVILLE AND CAITJS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, 
 AND DIRECTOR OF THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ATHENS 
 
 Of TOF, 
 
 DAVID NUTT 270 AND 271 STRAND 
 
 1892 
 

 RICHARD CLAY AND Sox^, LIMITED, 
 
 LONDON AND BUKGAY. 
 
 ights reserved.) 
 
^373 
 
 TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 MY very hearty thanks are due to all who have so kindly helped 
 me in my slight task. First I must thank Mr. Wied, and take 
 the opportunity to ask his pardon for the amount of alteration 
 and rearrangement of his text which I have found it impossible 
 to avoid. Mr. Legrand has also my gratitude and thanks for 
 his invaluable dictionaries French-Greek, and Greek-French ; 
 their ample information and clear arrangement were a great 
 help. 
 
 To Mr. Noel of Euboea I am indebted for his kindness in 
 putting an extensive knowledge of the vernacular idioms to use 
 in looking over and correcting those cited, and to Mr. William 
 Loring for similar help with the vocabulary ; while Dr. Walter 
 Leaf lias completed the tale of my indebtedness by looking over 
 the proofs. Others who have helped me I need not mention by 
 name ; but it is not out of place to acknowledge here my thanks 
 to my husband, Mr. Ernest Gardner, to whose constant help 
 alone the book owes its existence. 
 
 I hope that the book will be useful to all who visit Greece ; 
 I should have been glad of something of the sort myself some 
 years ago. 
 
 MARY GARDNER. 
 
 ATHENS, Nor. 1891. 
 
TJITIVEESITT 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 IT is hoped that this translation of a Grammar of the Modern 
 Greek or Romaic language, as it is spoken in the Levant, will 
 supply a need in England. The condition of the language 
 presents innumerable difficulties even to Greeks themselves, 
 much more therefore to foreigners who would learn to speak and 
 read Modern Greek. And the absence of any fixed and recog- 
 nised standard of grammatical accuracy, of accidence, of syntax, 
 of vocabulary, or of style, has led many to make the assertion 
 that there is no such thing as a Modern Greek language at all. 
 Strange to say, it is among the Greeks themselves that this 
 assertion has found the strongest supporters. Their method is 
 to ignore the Modern Greek or Romaic tongue as dialectical and 
 hybrid, and to fix on some arbitrary standard of past times, say 
 the Greek of the New Testament or even of Xenophon ; they 
 admit indeed that the future, the infinitive, and perhaps the 
 dative, have fallen out of use ; but even these they are anxious 
 to restore, and, with these exceptions, they would make a pro- 
 fessedly Modern Greek Grammar identical, to all intents and 
 purposes, with a grammar of the Ancient Greek KOLVTJ. And it 
 must be admitted that many newspapers and books are published 
 in Greece which are intelligible to any scholar who is familiar 
 with Ancient Greek, and has learnt some few idioms and peri- 
 phrases which even the strictest imitators of Classical Greek 
 
viii PREFACE. 
 
 find indispensable in modern usage. For the student who wishes 
 to learn this artificial language the present Grammar is not 
 intended. But he must not imagine that he will find his 
 knowledge of much use to him in travelling in Greece, or in any 
 other part of the Levant. He may be able to converse with an 
 educated Athenian who has learnt this same artificial tongue 
 and who is sure also to be able to speak French, Italian, or 
 English. But with shopkeepers and servants, muleteers, boat- 
 men, and peasants all indeed with whom he will wish to speak 
 in his travels outside the pale of European languages and 
 civilisation, he will find himself quite unable to communicate. 
 
 This Grammar, on the other hand, endeavours to teach Modern 
 Greek as it is spoken by the common people. The attempt is a 
 difficult one ; there is, as has been said, no fixed standard of 
 correctness, and the dialectical variation from place to place is 
 considerable. But a peasant of the Morea would not really 
 have a difficulty in making himself understood if he found 
 himself in Smyrna or Cyprus, though his speech and pronun- 
 ciation might seem peculiar ; and if this book can give some 
 notion of the common and living basis which underlies the whole 
 spoken tongue of Greece, it will not be useless. Doubtless the 
 student will notice small variations from the forms or rules here 
 laid down in almost any place where he may find himself ; but these 
 will seldom prevent him from being understood when he speaks, or 
 from recognising the meaning of what he hears. Thus, if he re- 
 quires the simplest necessaries of life, say bread and wine, the , 
 words if/topi and /cpacrt will find them for him wherever there are 
 Greeks to hear; but the ancient words apros and oTvos, which he will 
 find in some books and newspapers, will certainly not be under- 
 stood, even though he may ask in an Athenian shop with apro- 
 jroietov or oivoTTioXtiov written in ' archaic letters ' over the door. 
 
 This Grammar, in its English form, is intended to be useful 
 especially to classical scholars who possess already some famili- 
 
PREFACE. ix 
 
 arity with Ancient Greek, and are anxious to learn the modern 
 language either for the sake of facility in travelling, or from 
 interest in the historical development of the language and its 
 modern literature. At the same time no knowledge of 
 Ancient Greek is assumed except in dealing with forms, usages, or 
 idioms which properly belong to the classical language. Thus 
 the Grammar may be used also by those who, without a previous 
 knowledge of Ancient Greek, wish to acquire a practical acquain- 
 tance with the modern tongue. 
 
 A few words may be added as to the relation of the study of 
 Ancient and Modern Greek. It has sometimes been asserted 
 that a conversational acquaintance with Modern Greek would be 
 useful as a basis for the acquisition of Classical Greek, or at 
 least as a help to its study. But it must in the first place be 
 remembered that by Modern Greek those who adopt this view 
 do not mean the language as spoken by the common people, 
 but that artificial semi-classical dialect written by some, and 
 spoken by a few. Still, even this dialect might be taught. But 
 the fact is that the whole tendency of Modern Greek is so 
 different from that of Ancient that it is much to be doubted 
 whether a knowledge of one would greatly facilitate the 
 acquisition of the other. Modern Greek, with its compound 
 tenses and resolved cases, is an analytical language just as 
 English is. And even those who are most careful in the selec- 
 tion of a purely classical vocabulary cannot escape the influence 
 of French and German idioms, which destroy the character of 
 the language, and are most difficult to avoid if once become 
 familiar. Thus there is .little left of that exquisitely perfect 
 inflexional instrument of expression, the Ancient Greek lan- 
 guage ; and the intellectual training offered by its accurate and 
 scientific acquisition completely disappears, if it be taught 
 merely as an analytical language in a transitional stage : to the 
 student of the history of language such a stage is most inter- 
 
x PREFACE. 
 
 esting and instructive ; but not so to a beginner whose mind is 
 to be trained in a new and accurate method of expression. 
 
 The future of the Greek language will be watched with the 
 utmost interest ; it is exposed to most serious danger ; for there 
 is some doubt whether it is strong enough to survive the attempt 
 at a classical and artificial renovation that is now being made 
 an attempt not only to reject all words of foreign origin, but to 
 return to the accidence and the idiom of classical times. Such 
 a rude amputation of the growth of 2000 years cannot safely 
 be performed. Should the advocates of classical revival attain 
 their object in Greece, then Greeks will cease to be mutually 
 intelligible throughout the Levant, except in an artificially 
 constructed dialect ; and no people has ever yet consciously 
 invented a language, or restored a dead one to the life of popular 
 speech, after it had followed the ordinary course of decay and ana- 
 lytical regeneration which has produced nearly all the languages 
 spoken in Europe at the present day. Many of the best edu- 
 cated Greeks are fully aware that any reform and purification of 
 the Romaic tongue must start from the language now learnt by 
 the people at their mother's knee, and enrich its vocabulary 
 without altering its essential nature ; and it is to be hoped that 
 the more moderate counsels of this body may prevail over the 
 rash experiment of the extreme purists. 
 
 The analogy of another language that has passed through the 
 same stage is instructive. In the days of Dante there were 
 many purists who despised the vulgar tongue of Italy, and 
 thought that ancient Latin was the only language fit for an 
 educated man to speak or write. Had not the monumental 
 work of the great Florentine at once raised the vernacular to a 
 literary language, it is even possible that a frigid pseudo-classical 
 Latin might have first strangled the popular tongue and then 
 died a natural death. In Greece there are many songs and 
 ballads, and even some prose works written in the true language 
 
PREFACE. xi 
 
 of the people ; and the influence of all is needed to strengthen 
 that language in the dangers it is now passing through. There 
 are already many indications that the popular tongue is begin- 
 ning to prevail in the struggle. If its development, which has 
 been retarded during the last fifty years by the classical mania, 
 be once again allowed its free course, there is little doubt that 
 it will be very rapid ; Modern Greek only requires a little 
 organisation and academic acknowledgment on the part of 
 educated Greeks to take its due place among the analytical 
 modern languages of Europe : and then its position will be 
 unique, bearing as it does almost the same relation to Ancient 
 Greek which the Romance languages bear to Latin. 
 
 The difficult question of pronunciation cannot here foe entirely 
 passed over, especially as those who advocate learning Ancient 
 Greek by means of Modern often assert the identity of pronun- 
 ciation between the two. In the pronunciation of consonants 
 the divergence in principle is not so great, though the weakening 
 and assimilation that has taken place in Modern Greek involves 
 considerable changes, and is very confusing to a learner, when 
 e.g. he finds he must pronounce Bc/Mrep as the German name Weber 
 or that Byron's name is represented by Mw-atptov, or when he 
 recognises in the modern 8eWpo (tree) a familiar word, of which 
 the first 8 is a soft th, while the second has only saved its sound 
 by changing its written symbol. But it is two points chiefly that 
 are matters of controversy ; the pronunciation of vowels and 
 the pronunciation according to accent. 
 
 That any should seriously assert that the Modern Greek 
 pronunciation of vowels, in which 77, i, v, ei, ot, VL, are all abso- 
 lutely identical in sound, is the same as the Ancient Greek 
 pronunciation, may seem incredible to any English scholar yet 
 this system, for Ancient Greek, is actually upheld as correct by 
 many Greeks and some Englishmen, so that it may not be super- 
 fluous to note one or two arguments on the other side. First, as 
 
xii PREFACE. 
 
 to euphony let any one pronounce after the Modern Greek 
 fashion ' ot viol e^Giei/ TT)V vyietav (which may be transliterated ee 
 ee-ec ehee-en teen eeyei'-ee-an), and then assert, if he can, that 
 Greek in this form is a language likely to be tolerated by a 
 people with a keen appreciation for beauty ; then, as to ambiguity, 
 is it probable that there was no distinction in pronunciation 
 between the first and second person plural of the pronoun, that 
 ' we ' and * you ' were identical ? Yet according to the modern 
 pronunciation ry/xets and V/ACIS are both eemeess. But the 
 unanswerable argument is this : if there were no distinctions in 
 pronunciation, how did distinctions in spelling arise, and how were 
 they preserved 1 Any student of early inscriptions knows that 
 the Greeks, by a gradual and tentative process, adopted the 
 Phoenician symbols to express their speech, not according to- 
 philological rules of derivation, but according to the sound ; and 
 each dialect adapted the characters to express the sound it used ; 
 e.fl. some dialects denoted ov by O, others by O Y, according to the 
 breadth of their pronunciation. Yet there is not a shadow of 
 epigraphical evidence for any general confusion, during the 
 classical period, between the different symbols used to denote 
 the sounds which in Modern Greek have become identical. So 
 soon as the confusion began in speech, it penetrated also into- 
 writing, as was inevitable; thus KCU is often written KE after 
 the third century A.D., and locally a little earlier. That 
 this confusion did take place at this period, and not before, in 
 writing may be taken as an unanswerable proof that it did not 
 exist before in speech. Yet, strange to say, this very fact is 
 quoted by some to prove that in classical times the pronunciation 
 was confused. Which is the true inference may fairly be left to 
 the decision of any unprejudiced reader. On the other hand ei 
 and i, which must always have been similar sounds, are confused 
 in writing in Boeotia and sometimes even in Attica as early as 
 the fourth century B.C. That a similar confusion does not occur 
 
PREFACE. xiii 
 
 in other sounds that have since become identical, except in a few 
 late or dialectical inscriptions in which the beginning of this 
 tendency can be seen, is a sufficient proof that in the common 
 Greek of the best period no such confusion existed. 
 
 We English are at a disadvantage in discussing this matter, 
 because the system now used in our schools and universities 
 is obviously incorrect, in substituting our thin English 
 vowel scale of a e i for the broader sounds almost universal 
 among other languages (it would be a simple change 
 to pronounce a always as in father, and so on). But 
 even in spite of this drawback, we do at least preserve the 
 distinction between the different vowels, and keep their relative 
 values approximately correct ; and therefore our pronunciation, 
 even without reform, is superior to one which sinks all the vowels 
 to e; while a slight reform would bring our system very near to 
 correctness by restoring the true Erasmian pronunciation. 
 
 When we approach the question of pronunciation by accent, 
 we are on more delicate ground ; for here the practice of many 
 foreign scholars is with the modern Greeks against us. And we 
 must at once acknowledge that it is our English practice to 
 ignore the accents altogether in speech, so that they become purely 
 conventional signs, and a vexation of spirit to the learner and 
 even sometimes to the advanced student of Ancient Greek. 
 That a familiarity with Modern Greek pronunciation would be a 
 great help in this respect cannot be denied ; but whether this 
 pronunciation affords a true indication of classical usage is 
 quite another question. Whether the accent in Ancient Greek 
 was a pitch accent, or of some other nature not easy for modern 
 ears to detect and follow, is a difficult and complicated question 
 which cannot here be discussed. But there are very clear indi- 
 cations that it was not in classical times a stress accent, such as 
 that now used in Modern Greek and Modern English. Where 
 there is a fixed system of stress accents, the long and short 
 
xiv PREFACE. 
 
 quantity of vowels must at once disappear, as in Modern Greek, 
 where o and to for instance are indistinguishable in pronunciation. 
 The evidence of poetry seems conclusive on this matter. If 
 pronounced by stress accent, any Ancient Greek verse is indistin- 
 guishable from prose ; and in reading Ancient Greek poetry the 
 order of the words may be and is often inverted by a Modern 
 Greek without any discomfort either to reader or to hearer. 
 The fact is, that as soon as a stress accent becomes predominant 
 in pronunciation, all scansion of verse must be by that and that 
 alone, as it is in English and in Modern Greek; and as it came 
 to be in Greek when this change had taken place. And there- 
 fore, in Byzantine writers, as in Modern Greek, accent alone 
 rules the verse ; pronounced by accent, Sophocles' 
 
 TL Kea-rjKOva-as r/ ere 
 is pure prose, and only such a line as Tzetzes' 
 'Ayopa/cpiTa> 
 
 can be scanned as verse. That all classical poetry was scanned 
 by an arbitrary system, which had no relation to the actual 
 pronunciation of the language, is surely a paradox which is not 
 worth discussing. And this certainly would have been the case, 
 if the pronunciation of the accented syllable in Ancient Greek 
 was similar to that heard in Modern Greek speech. 
 
 Thus much has been said upon some points of controversy, 
 because they are usually raised by the advocates of the advantage 
 of learning Modern Greek ; and by putting this study upon a 
 false footing, they either attract students for mistaken reasons, 
 or repel them by assertions which a classical scholar will resent. 
 Now apart from these erroneous considerations, Modern Greek is 
 of the greatest utility and interest ; and in its present developed 
 stage it may well attract many to study the living language. 
 On the other hand, to have remained 2000 years without change 
 
PREFACE. xv 
 
 or development in grammar or pronunciation, as some imagine 
 to be the case with Modern Greek, would be a proof of death 
 rather than of vitality in a language. 
 
 Nothing could be more arbitrary than the distinction made by 
 some of the purists in Greece, who apparently define development 
 or improvement as ' a change which took place in the classical 
 age or in the present century,' and corruption as 'a change 
 which took place during mediaeval times.' 
 
 It may not be superfluous to add a few words, from a practical 
 point of view, as to the utility of a knowledge of Ancient Greek 
 in learning the Modern language. It is obvious that such 
 knowledge must be a very great help, and is indeed indispensable 
 for a thorough and scientific study of the Romaic tongue. Yet, 
 paradoxical as it may seem, I have known several instances in 
 which those who started without any knowledge of Ancient 
 Greek made even more rapid progress at first than others who 
 enjoyed the same facilities for learning, and a knowledge of 
 the Ancient language as well. Nor do I believe this result to 
 have been due entirely to accident. Often, while the classical 
 student is ransacking his memory for the ancient word or idiom 
 which seems to him most simple or most likely to survive, or 
 while he is trying to fit the sounds he ears into the spelling of 
 some ancient form, his apparently less well-equipped companion 
 will have learnt or recognised the word commonly used by the 
 people he is among. To make quick progress in first beginning 
 Modern Greek two things are necessary first, to learn it by ear 
 and not by eye ; otherwise the confusing spelling and the variety 
 of symbols that may denote one sound will make it almost 
 impossible to recognise at first any spoken word ; and secondly, 
 to forget, until the most familiar words and idioms are mastered, 
 that any such language as classical Greek exists. In a short 
 time, of course, those who are familiar with classical Greek will 
 find their knowledge invaluable for enlarging their vocabulary 
 
xvi PREFACE. 
 
 and for explaining usages not to speak of reading books and 
 newspapers. But it must be borne in mind that all dialects now 
 in use for any purpose vary between the two extremes of classical 
 Greek and the Romaic of popular speech ; and that anybody who 
 knows both will find he can by the help of his knowledge under- 
 stand any compromise or mixture that he may come across ; 
 while if he learns only what is itself a compromise, he is always 
 liable to meet some new dialect constructed on different lines or 
 compounded in different proportions. 
 
 It is impossible to find any Modern Greek which can be set up 
 as a universally recognised standard ; but the classical scholar 
 who has learnt the true spoken tongue need never be unable to 
 explain any of the phenomena he may meet, or to understand 
 and make himself understood in any written or spoken dialect 
 which he may have occasion to use. 
 
 ERNEST GARDNER. 
 
 ATHENS, JYwi?. 1891. 
 
REMARKS. 
 
 THE following rules must be borne in mind by any foreigner 
 trying to pronounce Modern Greek, especially if he be already 
 familiar with ancient Greek. 
 
 (1) All words are pronounced entirely by accent, quantity 
 being completely ignored ; the accent is a stress accent in 
 Modern Greek, and practically to a foreign ear lengthens the 
 vowel on which it falls. 
 
 (2) There is consequently apart from accent no distinction 
 between short and long vowels, whether so by nature or position ; 
 thus of the two forms o, <o, one is superfluous ; c and 77, as will 
 be seen, differ in kind, not merely in length. 
 
 (3) In pronunciation, there is absolutely no distinction between 
 at and e, nor between , 77, t, ot, v, vi : the diphthongs proper have 
 all sunk to simple vowels. Thus the only vowel sounds in the 
 language are the five simple vowels a, e, t, o, and ot; ; all others 
 being merely different manners of writing the same sounds. 
 
 (4) There is no distinction in pronunciation between the rough 
 breathing ( ' ) and the smooth ( ' ). 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PACK 
 
 THE ALPHABET . . 1 
 
 VOWELS : ........... 2 
 
 DIPHTHONGS : .......... 2 
 
 CONSONANTS T .......... 3 
 
 THE ARTICLE AND THE NOUN ........ 9 
 
 THE ADJECTIVE ........... 19 
 
 PRONOUNS 23 
 
 THE VERB 31 
 
 EXERCISES IN CONJUGATION ... ..... 44 
 
 PREPOSITIONS 7S 
 
 ADVERBS ............ 83 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS . . . . . . .87 
 
 IDIOMS .......... .91 
 
 VOCABULARY 111 
 
I J5h 
 
 tmti&r 
 
 
 A SHORT AND EASY 
 MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 THE ALPHABET. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Small letters. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Pronunciation. 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 v AX<^a 
 
 alpha. 
 
 B 
 
 /3 
 
 Brjra 
 
 veeta. 
 
 r 
 
 7 
 
 Fa/x/xa 
 
 ghamma. 
 
 A 
 
 S 
 
 AeXra 
 
 dhelta. 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 "Ei/^tXov 
 
 aipsilon. 
 
 Z 
 
 t 
 
 Z^ra 
 
 zeeta. 
 
 H 
 
 77 
 
 T HTa 
 
 eeta. 
 
 
 
 <9 
 
 ^ra 
 
 theeta. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 'Icora 
 
 ee<5ta. 
 
 K 
 
 K 
 
 KctTTTTa 
 
 kappa. 
 
 A 
 
 X 
 
 Aa/x^Sa 
 
 lamvdha. 
 
 M 
 
 /* 
 
 Mv 
 
 mee. 
 
 N 
 
 V 
 
 N 
 
 nee. 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 HZ 
 
 xee. 
 
 
 
 
 
 "O/XIKpOV 
 
 oinicron. 
 
 n 
 
 7T 
 
 nr 
 
 pee. 
 
 - p 
 
 P 
 
 'Pw 
 
 rho. 
 
 2 
 
 0% 
 
 2ty/xa 
 
 sigma. 
 
 T 
 
 T 
 
 Tav 
 
 taf. 
 
 Y 
 
 V 
 
 "Yi/^tXoi/ 
 
 eepsilon. 
 
 <l> 
 
 
 
 <j>r 
 
 fee. 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 xr 
 
 khee. 
 
 ^ 
 
 \j/ 
 
 ^L 
 
 psee. 
 
 n 
 
 w 
 
 v O/>teya 
 
 omeghn. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR, 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 N.B. The following table is put in a definite way for the 
 sake of clearness ; though the vowel-sounds vary irregularly 
 between the two extreme sounds given in each case. 
 
 The vowels are seven in number. 
 
 They are pronounced as follows, each vowel varying in sound 
 according to accent and circumstances : 
 
 f accented, like a in father, e.g. yaAa, milk ; pron. ghala. 
 \ unaccented, ,, a Fr. malle, KoAos, good ; kaloss. 
 
 f accented, like a in name, e.g-x^ph hand ; pron. hai'ri. 
 
 \ unaccented. ,, e met, 8wSeKa, twelve ; ,, dhodheka. 
 
 77] f accented, like ee in meet, r^pw?, hero ; pron. eeros. 
 
 ?, nose ; ,, meeti. 
 
 ) yt'Sa, goat ; yeedha. 
 '*'' eye ; ,, mati. 
 
 (3pvo-i, fountain ; pron. vreessi. 
 unaccented, like i in hit, ' yXvKvs, sweet ; ,, ghlikeess. 
 
 \ ( accented, like au in autumn ^ fva. t8w, let me see, 
 
 >b thJ > J pron. na idhaii. 
 
 C ] unaccented, like o in on ( '&' i 0X05, all, pron, 
 
 ( aiilos. 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 The simple vowel-sounds are often represented in writing by 
 two vowels. 
 
 at is pronounced like ai in aim, and ] e.g. ^a^alpi, knife, pron. 
 is therefore equivalent to e J makhairi. 
 
 ct \ ( e/ceu/0, that ; pron. ekeeno. 
 
 01 > =ee or i, e.g. -' /xotpa, fate ; ,, meera. 
 
 VL I ) [ fj.vla, fly ; ,, meea. 
 
 i, or, VL are therefore equivalent to r/, t, v. 
 1 vi is not common. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 :', 
 
 In these the first vowel has its 
 usual sound, the second sounds 
 like v before vowels and the 
 consonants /3, y, 8, , /., v, p, and 
 like f before the other conso- 
 nants. 
 
 e.g. 
 
 av / \ avya, 
 
 pron. avgha. 
 aura, these j 
 
 pron. afta. 
 uayyeA.ioy, gospel j 
 
 pron. evanghelion. 
 euAoyta, small-pox ; 
 
 pron. evloghia. 
 euKoAos, easy ; 
 
 pron. efkolos. 
 rjvpa, I found ; 
 
 pron. eevra. 
 
 6v is pronounced like 00 in moon, e.g. KOVVW, I shake, pron. koonau. 
 
 When the second of two vowels has a diaeresis over it, each 
 vowel is pronounced as it would be if alone, e.g. /cav/xeVos, poor 
 fellow, pron. kaemainos. 1 
 
 Any i-sound followed by an accented vowel is pronounced as 
 the semi-vowel y, and is written i, ei, <fec. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 The consonants are pronounced as follows : 
 
 Letters. Pronunciation. 
 S = v. 
 
 gh or rather half-way } 
 \ between g and y. 
 
 ~ \ y before t or e sounds. 
 
 ^ ng before , x> y- 
 8 = tli in though, flat tli. 
 
 = tli in think, sharp tli. 
 k. 
 
 kh before e and t 
 sounds. 
 
 g after v and y. 
 
 
 Examples. 
 /?aAA.o>, I throw. 
 
 \ yara, cat. 
 f yv'vaT/ca, woman. 
 
 Pronunciation, 
 vallo. 
 
 ghata. 
 yinaikn. 
 
 ayyeA.05, angel. 
 8eKa, ten. 
 
 yairos. 
 anghelos. 
 dheka. 
 
 /7ra>, I desire. 
 
 zitau. 
 
 Ovyarepa, daughter. 
 KaA.o5, good. 
 
 thighataira. 
 kaloss. 
 
 I Kupta, lady. < 
 J 
 
 khireea. 
 
 f rov Kvpiov, master 
 \ (ace.). 
 Xtovoj, I melt. 
 
 ton girion. 
 liauno. 
 
 1 This is a true diphthong. Another example may be seen in such words 
 as &po\6yio, when the g, which is not heard in pronunciation, still serves to 
 keep the vowels o, i from coalescing into ot. 
 
 B 2 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 malama. 
 nay. 
 
 /xaAa/x/xa, gold, 
 vcu, yes. 
 be- 1 
 
 n'n- V TO 
 
 fn. 
 
 j m in the article be- 
 
 | fore a word begin- J- rov TroAc/uo, the war. torn baulemo. 
 \ nine: with 
 
 (> : 
 
 nmg 
 
 [ b after //, and v. 
 trilled r. 
 
 o(o, get out ! 
 
 TTaTTas, priest. 
 
 e/x7ropos, merchant. 
 
 ptt^TT^?, tailor. 
 f o-apavra, forty. 
 ( w?, as. 
 
 , Smyrna. 
 
 ss (hard s). 
 
 z (soft s), before /?, ] 
 
 8, A, /x, v, p. J 
 
 t. rwpa, now. 
 
 d after v. TTCVTC, five. 
 
 d at the beginning \ 
 
 of a word preceded ( 8ev rcupiaci, 
 
 by the v of the f doesn't fit. 
 
 article or by SeV. / 
 ch in ^oc/i, or kh. 
 
 oxo. 
 
 papahss. 
 
 emboros. 
 
 rahftis. 
 
 saranda. 
 
 auss. 
 
 Zmi'rnee. 
 
 tora. 
 pende. 
 
 it dhen deriabzi. 
 
 ) softer, like a gut- ] 
 
 '', 1 7 i p 
 
 </> = 
 
 = ps. 
 
 >, I lose. 
 
 khano. 
 
 hand. 
 
 hairi. 
 
 j, I bring, 
 i, bread. 
 
 fero. 
 psomee 
 
 tural h before 
 and i sounds. 
 
 . 
 
 Though double consonants are written in modern Greek, e.g. 
 /3aAAw, this doubling has no effect on the pronunciation, except 
 in the case of yy. 
 
 IOTA SUBSCMIIPT. 
 
 77 (and a) in literary forms) is sometimes written with an iota 
 subscript, which is not pronounced, va ypa^s, that you may 
 write, pron. na grafis. 
 
 ROUGH AND SMOOTH BREATHINGS. 
 
 In Modern Greek the ancient marks continue to exist in writing, 
 according to the ancient usage, but are ignored in speaking. 
 
 E.g. aytos, holy, pron. ah-yos. 
 
 etSere, you saw, pron. eedhete. 
 
 , tailor, pron. rahftis. 
 ia, thoughtlessness, pron. anoisseea. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 5 
 
 ELISION AND CBASIS : APOSTROPHE. 
 
 When two vowels come together in different words, it is cus- 
 tomary in speech and also sometimes in writing that either 
 elision or crasis should take place ; in either case an apostrophe 
 (or breathing) is inserted in writing. 
 
 E.g. rov '/Veye for TOV eAeye 
 
 (TOV TOVTTO. for (TOV TO flTTO. 
 
 for TO eVa. 
 
 ACCENTUATION. 
 
 The accent of a Modern Greek word cannot be placed further 
 from the end of the word than the antepenultimate syllable, or 
 the penultimate when the last vowel is originally long by 
 nature. 
 
 An apparent exception to this rule is found in such forms as 
 e/3paSaao-e, evening came on. But in such words cia is pronounced 
 as one syllable, e.g. evradhyassay. To indicate this the mark ^ is 
 often placed under the letters : 
 
 There are three accents : the acute ('), the grave ( v ), the cii- 
 cumflex ("). 
 
 The acute may stand on any of the three last syllables. 
 E.g. av#pto7ros, man, pi^vw, I throw, KaXos, good. 
 The grave may only be placed on the last syllable. 
 
 It is used instead of the acute when a word with an acute 
 accent is followed by other words in the same sentence. 
 
 E.g. TO fjiLKpo TTLO.TO, the little plate, instead of TO fjuKpo Tridro. 
 
 * 
 
 The circumflex may only be placed on the last and penultimate 
 syllables ; on the last only when it is long, and on the penulti- 
 mate only when it is long and the last short. 1 
 
 E.g. arvyx<*>pu, I forgive. x<V a > earth. 
 
 1 All rules as to the circumflex accent are purely literary, since it cannot be 
 distinguished from the acute in pronunciation. 
 
(5 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR, 
 
 For the purposes of accentuation 77, co, and the diphthongs count 
 as long syllables ; e and o short ; while a, t, and v may be either- 
 long or short. 
 
 N.B. This distinction of long and short syllables is a survival 
 from ancient Greek, in which it was made in pronunciation. In 
 Modern Greek it exists only in writing, and its use in deciding 
 the accentuation is therefore arbitrary . The rules of accentuation 
 are, as might be expected under the circumstances, frequently 
 violated in popular spoken Greek, especially when a word changes 
 its accent from rule in declension. 
 
 PROCLITICS AND ENCLITICS. 
 
 The few words without accent falling into the class of pro- 
 clitics are, for the purposes of accentuation, considered as part of 
 the word following them. 
 
 They are the article 6, 17, ot, 77 (at), and the preposition eis. 
 
 The enclitics throw their accents back on the preceding word, 
 unless they begin a sentence. 
 
 The genitive and accusative cases of the personal pronoun are 
 examples of enclitics. 
 
 RULES. 1. If the preceding word has a circumflex accent on 
 the last syllable, or an acute accent on either of the last two 
 syllables, the enclitic loses its accent. 
 
 TO Kpao-i fjiov instead of TO Kpacri pov, my wine. 
 
 TOV TraiStoi) TOV ,, ,, TOV TratStoi) TO>, of his child. 
 
 TO (TTTLTL O~aS ,, ,, TO (TTrtTL <TttS, yOUT 
 
 2. If the preceding word has a circumflex on the penultimate 
 syllable, or an acute accent on the antepenultimate, the enclitic 
 transfers its accent to the last syllable of the preceding word, and 
 that accent becomes acute. 
 
 E.g. TO ypouj/ijj.ov TOV instead of TO ypa^i/xov TOV, his hand- 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 7 
 
 PUNCTUATION. 
 
 The semicolon ( ; ) is used as the mark of interrogation ; and 
 for the semicolon a dot placed above the line is used ( ). 
 
 The other marks of punctuation are used as in English. 
 
 EXERCISE IN READING. 
 
 N.B. The following transliteration must be regarded as 
 merely approximate, as the sounds in English and Modern Greek 
 differ so widel : 
 
 rat? Trpo aAAais cts rfjs AiaKOV/xxs rot's 
 Xaplomamos taiss pro alless eess teess Lyakoorass tooss 
 
 laiifooss 
 
 may teem blaiiska mooss to hairi, 
 
 <j>a.VTa.(r6r]KaL TTWS ^/xow /xe rovs yepovs pov 
 
 efandasthika pauss eemoon may tooss yairooss moo 
 
 sindraiifouss 
 
 Trpomx 's TO \r)fj,pi. 
 kathaiiss praiita sto limairi ; 
 
 \a(j>pa TOV vovv jaov cT^e TO yXvKO Kpacri 
 elafra ton noon moo eehay to gliko krassee sikaussi 
 
 Ttt TraXyd /xas K' i//aAXa 's ryv KaOc Soo-t 
 enthimoomoon ta palyd mas kaipsala steen kathe dhaussi 
 
 5) TL cyetvav TTOV etvat 
 au tee ai-yinan poo eenay 
 
 at ry^tepat /w.as e/cetvat. 
 ay eemairay mass ekeenay. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 MV TO BaA.TT(Tt /X6 TCUS 8a<miS TOV 
 
 embrosta moo to Valtetsi may taiss dhafness too efahni, 
 Kat 6 MapKOS oYav firrjpe TCOI/ /xapTvpcoi/ TO crre^ave, 
 kay o Marcos aiitan epeeray taun marteeron to stefahni, 
 
 kay teess Amblaneess ay mavress apo Toorkooss paidhiadhess, 
 Kat T^? KXeiVo^as at 8eKa TWV 'Apa/?wi/ ^t\ia8ats, 
 kay teess Kleessovass ay dheka taun Aravaun hilyadhess, 
 
 /cat 6 Kapafo-Kos oTav 's rrjv 'Apa^ojSav VIKOVO-C, 
 kay o Karai'skos autan steen Arakhovan nikoossay, 
 
 KCU TOV Ktt/tTTOV epOJTOVCTa, Kttt 6 Ktt/XTTOS />t' Cpa>TOVO" 
 
 kay taun gambon airotoossa, kay o cambos m' airotoossay 
 
 u> Tt eyewav TTOV ctvat 
 au tee ai-yinan poo eenay 
 
 ai rjfJiepaL /xa? f/cetvat. 
 ay eemairay mass ekeenay. 
 
 12 
 Au seemaya teess Elladhos ! palaya kay dhoxazmainee 
 
 '9 rrjv Ka\vj3a /x,ov o>s TTOTC ^e i/a 
 steeng galeeva moo auss pautay thay ua staikeess skonizrnainee 1 
 
 fjiavpe fjiov aV8pi<joyu,ej/e, cts TOV o*Ta{5Ao /xov yepvc^s 
 
 mavray moo andhreeaumainay, eess ton stavlo moo yerniihss 
 
 K^ ap^icres TOV rovfaiaov JJLOV rrjv fipovrrjv va, Xrjorfjiovas, 
 
 kyarkheessess too toofekyoo moo teen vronteen na leesmonahss, 
 
 ets rrjv P<*-X L " ou A 66 
 xaikhassess pauss kavallareen eess teen rakhee soo may eekhes 
 
 ycat o-av ai/e/xos TreToo-cs /xe yp 
 
 kay sahn ahnemauss petoossess may aghreeaumainess 
 
 treekhess. 
 
A SHOUT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 < ri eyetrav TTOV etrat 
 au tee ai-yinan poo eenay 
 
 at ?7//,epat //,as e/cetrat. 
 ay eemairay mass ekeenay. 
 
 THE " ARTICLE " AND THE " NOUN." 
 
 Gender. There are three genders, masculine, feminine, neuter. 
 Number. There are two numbers, singular and plural. 
 
 Case. There are four cases, nominative, accusative, vocative, 
 genitive. 
 
 The dative is wanting, and is replaced by the genitive or 
 accusative, or the accusative with a preposition. 
 
 THE "ARTICLE." 
 
 There is a definite and an indefinite article. 
 The definite article is declined as follows : 
 
 /Singular. 
 
 Masc. Fern. Neut. 
 
 Nom. 6 rj TO 
 
 ACC. TO(V) Tr)(y) TO 
 
 Gen. TOV TTJ<S TOV 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Masc. Fern. Neut. 
 ot at, 77 Ta 
 
 TOVS Tats, 
 
 Tto(v) T(o(v) 
 
 N.B. The final v of the article is only retained before vowels, 
 and the consonants K, , TT, T, ^, but even then it is often 
 dropped. 
 
 The indefinite article is declined as follows : 
 
 Masc. Fern* Neut. 
 
 Nom. eras fjitd cva 
 
 Ace. va(v) /xia(i/) era 
 
 Gen. ei/oCs, evos, era /xtas evovs, evds, cva 
 
10 
 
 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 to 
 
 j$ 
 I 
 
 <D 
 
 _a 
 H 
 
 
 t<r 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 sT 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 o 
 
 \, 
 
 V J 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 {25 
 
 g 
 
 t- 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 -a 
 
 *5 
 
 1 
 
 
 cs 
 
 O3 
 
 g" 
 
 S3 
 
 
 '< 
 
 
 S 
 S 
 
 CO 
 
 i g - 
 
 ~i 
 
 
 If 
 
 
 o 
 
 gj. 
 
 ii 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 e-i "" ; 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 to 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 On 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 efi 
 
 
 
 *^ 
 
 
 .2 
 
 o 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 M 
 
 CO 
 
 6-2 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 -* 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 II 3 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 ' 1 x 
 
 o 
 
 'rt ^ 
 
 
 co 
 
 "S 
 
 o 
 
 fl 
 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 fe; 
 
 <J 
 
 o 
 
 PH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <5 B 
 
 
 e 
 
 C5 
 
 
 
 "" 
 
 
 S3 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 r-i 
 
 f-i 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 
 CO 
 
 era 
 
 
 c3 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 2 
 
 c 
 
 
 O 
 
 Sto-d 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 02^ 
 
 
 f 
 
 rt 
 
 B 
 
 w 
 
 -H ^ s 
 
 '"T; 7^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 S 0) o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 cu 
 
 1^5 
 
 
 <3 
 
 
 <1 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 *"" 
 
 (f 
 
 ,_; 
 
 rH 
 
 aT^j 
 
 CN 
 
 co 
 I 
 
 . nouns i 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 3! 
 
 
 CO 
 
 S3 
 
 o 
 
 q 
 
 ^ S 
 
 
 ctf 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 c*r 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 (? t 
 
 
 
 C3 
 
 ft ^ 
 
 . 
 
 
 (8 
 
 -uT 
 
 o 
 
 O M 
 
 3 
 
 
 .S 
 
 .3 
 
 
 ^3 T3 
 
 to 
 
 ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 nouns 
 
 CO 
 
 is 
 
 Si 
 
 a> 
 O 
 
 
 O > 
 CO * 
 
 rj 
 
 Q-S 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 
 c5 * 
 
 S 
 
 ^ M 
 
 03 
 
 O 
 
 S 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 11 
 
 FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 The first declension contains masculine nouns ending in as, >)? 
 s, ovs, and feminine nouns in e and ov. 
 
 Skeleton Declension of a Noun of First Declension. 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Masc. Nouns. Fern. Nouns. Buth 
 
 Nom. $ Sats 
 
 Ace. (v) (v) Scus 
 
 Yoc. Sais 
 
 Gen. 9 Swv 
 
 The dash stands for the stem of the word. The final v follows 
 the same rule as in the article. 
 
 It is thus visible that the masc. nouns form the Genitive singular by 
 dropping 3- from Nora., the feminine by adding s to the Nom.; both masc. 
 and fern, add v to the stem for the Ace. ; the Vocative in both masc. and fern. 
 is simply the stem of the word. The plural is formed in both in the same 
 way ; by adding Sou to the stem for the Nom. Voe. and Ace. cases ; and 
 Sccv for the Genitive. 
 
 Examples* 
 tra-iras, the priest. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Nom. o TraTras, the priest. 
 
 Ace. TOV TraTra(v), the priest. 
 
 Voc. TraTra, priest. 
 
 Gen. rov TraTTtt, of the priest. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 01 TraTraSats, the priests. 
 
 TraTraSais, the priests. 
 
 priests. 
 TraTraSwv, of the priests. 
 
 fi dXcTroi), the fox. 
 
 Nom. rj dXeTroS, the fox. 
 
 Ace. r-^(v) a\7rov(v), the fox. 
 
 Yoc. dAeTrm), fox. 
 
 Gen, T>}s- aXcTjrovs,, of the fo-x. 
 
 at a.\C7rovoat<s 
 
 rat? 
 
12 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR, 
 
 Compound words like 1/01*0*7^779, ' master of the house,' are 
 similarly declined ; the only difference being in the accent, which 
 is not on the last syllable. 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 The second declension contains masculine nouns ending in 77?, 
 and feminine words ending in a, 77. 
 
 Skeleton Declension. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Masc. Fern. Both. 
 
 Nom. 9 at9 
 
 Acc. (v) (v) at9 
 
 Voc. at? 
 
 Gen. ? wv accented. 
 
 From this it is visible that for the Genitive the masculine nouns drop their 
 Nom. final s, while the feminine nouns add a final s to the Nom. ; both masc. 
 and fern, add v to the stem for the Accusative, and have simply the stem for 
 the Vocative ; to form the plural both masc. and fein. nouns take ais for 
 Nom., Voc., Acc., and u>v always accented for the Gen. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 6 K\^>T779, the thief. 77 $aAao-o-a, the sea. 
 
 Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. KXec^TTfs KA.e<^>Tai9 Nom. $aA.ao~o~a $aA.ao~o~ai9 
 
 Acc. KA.(TT?V ,, Acc. @a.\.a.crcra(v) ,, 
 
 Voc. 0aA.ao-crtt 
 
 v Gen. 0aAao-o~a9 
 
 77 KapSia, the heart. 77 (JLVTYJ, the nose. 
 
 Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. KapSia KapSiai? Nom. 
 
 Acc. Kap8ta(i/) Acc. 
 
 Voc. Ka/oSia Voc. 
 
 Gen. KapStas /capSiwi/ Gen. jjLVTrjs JJLVTWV 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 13 
 
 Words ending in i are declined similarly ; they differ only in spelling, not 
 in pronunciation. They have no genitive plural. 
 
 NOTE. Feminine words ending in t are often written is by educated Greeks, 
 c.rf. Kv0epi>7)<ris, government, and declined according to classical usage. 
 
 17 ppvvi, the spring (fountain). 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. j3pv(Tt 
 
 ACC. (3pV(TL(v) 
 
 Voc. ftpvo-i 
 Gen. j3pv<ris 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 The third declension contains masculine words in as and femi- 
 nine words in a. 
 
 The words belonging to this declension differ from those in the 
 second by having no v in the Ace. Sing., and having the wv of 
 the Gen. Plur. accented in only a few instances. 
 
 Skeleton Declension. 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Masc. Fern. Both. 
 
 Nom. s at? 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Yoc. 
 Gen. s an/ mostly unaccented. 
 
 From this it is seen that the masc. words form the sing. Ace. , Yoc. , Gen. , 
 by cutting off the s ; the fern, take 5 in the gen.; while the plural endings are 
 ais for Nom., Aco., Yoc., and cav (unaccented mostly) for the Gen. 
 
 -f A u l*ci )(i .,t..tiw ;.u., ... i; 
 
 M ; t! -.--.H 3->^ k . 
 
14 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 Examples, 
 rj eATTi'Sa, hope. rj 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. eA-TTi'Sa eATrt'Scus Nom. vv 
 
 Acc. ,, ,, Acc. ,, 
 
 Voc. Voc. 
 
 Gen. eATri'Sa? eATriSwv Gen. vv 
 
 Acc. Trarepa 
 Voc. 
 Gen. ,, 
 
 6 Trare'pas, the father. 
 
 /^m^r. P/wr. 
 
 TraTepas 7rarepai9 Nom. 
 
 ,, Acc. /x^i/a 
 
 6 ^va?, the month. 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 ira/repiov 
 
 Voc. 
 Gen. 
 
 FOURTH DECLENSION. 
 
 The fourth declension contains masc. words in o?, and neuter 
 words in o and t. 
 
 This declension contains the greatest number of words. 
 
 /Skeleton Declensions. 
 
 Masc. words in 05. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. os 01 
 
 Acc. o(v) ovs 
 
 VOC. Ot 
 
 Gen. - ov oov, tor 
 
 Neuter words in o. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. o(v) a 
 
 Acc. o(v) a 
 
 Voc. o(v) a 
 
 Gen. ov u>v 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 15 
 
 Neuter words in i. Neuter words in i. 
 
 Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. i to Nom. i id 
 
 Ace. i La Ace. t ia 
 
 Yoc. t ta Yoc. t ta 
 
 Gen. LOV twv Gen. lov toiv 
 
 Examples. 
 
 6 aV#p(07ros (a#pco7ros), the man. TO @t/3\io(v). 
 
 Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. aV$pw7ros avOpwTroi Nom. 
 
 Ace. aV$pa)7ro(v) avOpiaTTOvs Ace. 
 
 Yoc. avBpwTTf. avOpiDTTOi Yoc. 
 
 Gen. avOpwTTOv dv^pooTrwv Gen. 
 
 TO x^P 1 ' ^ ne nan( ^- TO TrovXt, the bird (fowl). 
 
 Nom. x^P 1 X^P ta Nom. 
 
 Ace, ,. ,, Ace. 
 
 Yoc. Yoc. 
 
 Gen. \epiov VOLWV Gen. 
 
 FIFTH DECLENSION. 
 
 The fifth declension includes neuter nouns in a, os, 
 
 Skeleton Declensions. 
 
 Words in a. Words in o?. 
 
 Sing. Plur. Sing. 
 
 Nom. a ara Norn. os 
 
 Ace. a <rra Ace. os 
 
 Yoc. a aTa Yoc. o? 
 
 Gen. a/ros aTw(v) Gen. ovs 
 
16 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 Words in L/J.OV. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. t/xov tfta.ro. 
 
 Ace. t/xov ifj^ara 
 
 Voc. L/JLOV t/xa.Ta 
 Gen. i/xaTos, i/xaTou 
 
 Examples. 
 
 TO Trpay/Jia (Trpaya/xa). TO CTOS, the year. 
 
 Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. Trpay/xa Trpay^iaTa Nom. TOS CTT; 
 
 Ace. Ace. ,, 
 
 Vnp VHP 
 
 V UC. ,, r UU. ,j ,, 
 
 r ^ f TTpay/XttTO? , / \ Gen. tTOUS CTO)V 
 
 Gen. -j r ^ir 7rpay/xaTw(v) 
 
 TO ypdif/ifjiov, the writing. 
 
 Nom. Voc. Ace. ypai/a/xov 
 Gen. v/>a^ 
 
 WORDS FOR EXERCISE IN THE DECLENSIONS. 
 
 1st. 
 
 i//a)/xas, the baker. 6 Koo-Ktva?, the sievemaker. 
 
 ;/}?, the shoemaker. o TeveKe?, the tin. 
 es, the coffee. 97 /xat/xov, the ape. 
 
 2nd. 
 
 17 o-eipa, the row. 17 o-KaXa, the stair. 
 
 17 yLteXto"O"a, the bee. 17 o~Ttyyu.T^, the moment. 
 
 17 yXwo-o-a, the tongue. 17 TrdAt (770X19). the town. 
 
 3rd. 
 
 7) ywcuKa (gen. wv), the woman, o depa?, the air, wind. 
 17 Aa/xTraSa, the torch. 17 <povTi'Sa, the care. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. ]7 
 
 4th. 
 
 o ttSeA.<os, the brother. TO v\ov, the wood. 
 
 o <jf>t'Aos, the friend. TO /cAeiS/, the key. 
 
 o 7roTa/xo?, the river. TO //.cm, the eye. 
 
 TO <f>v\Xo(v), the leaf. TO \ov\ovoi, the flower. 
 
 5th. 
 
 TO 8co/xa, the terrace. TO Macros, the thicket, 
 
 TO Kpeas, the meat. 1 TO /3yciA.o-t/xov, the dislocation. 
 
 ro avOos, the flower. TO <epo-i/xov, the freight, behaviour. 
 
 NOTES ON THE DECLENSIONS. 
 
 Several words are of different genders in the singular and 
 plural, eg. 
 
 o 7rA.oirros, wealth ; TO, TrXovrr), riches. 
 6 ^POT/OS the year TO. xpoVia, the years. 
 
 Other words have two plural forms, e.g. rj vv<>r), the bride : at 
 yv<^ats and at vv^aSais. Others again have two forms in some of the 
 cases : TO> /OIT/VO? and TOV fjuqva, two Genitive forms of 6 
 
 Plural Nom. ot jjifjvoi and ot 
 ,, Ace. TOV? Arvovs and 
 
 o yepos (occasionally 6 ye'poi'Tas), the old man. 
 Gen. TOV yepov, TOV yepovTa, TOV jpovTov. 
 
 o ^tao~Topa?, the craftsman. 
 Gen. TOV yw,tto~Topa, and /jLa.o~Topov. 
 
 DIMINUTIVES. 
 
 Modern Greek has several endings like our English kin in 
 lambkin, ling in darling &c., but they are more commonly used, 
 and may in fact be added to almost any words. Diminutives 
 are often used as terms of endearment. 
 
 1 Genitive /ce'cn-os. 
 
IS A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 The most important are : 
 
 (1) to form masc. words a* 779, ovXrjs, e.g. IleVpos, Iler- 
 Krjs, Peter, Peterkin ; aWpas, avr/aov/V^s, man, mannikiu. 
 
 (2) to form fern, words ouAa, tra, e.g. 
 sister, little sister ; ire'rpa, 7reTpiVa, stone, pebble. 
 
 (3) to form neuter words a/a, dpi (this is the most common), 
 e.g. TTIO.TO, TrtaTUKt, plate, little plate ; TratSt, TrouSapt, child, 
 little child. 
 
 AMPLIATIVES. 
 
 There are also several endings for amplifying words : 
 
 (1) to form masc. words, o 9, or a p o 5, added to words of fern, 
 or neuter gender, e.g. /xu'ro?, or /xuVapos, big nose, from pvry], nose. 
 
 (2) a, a pa, o u K X a to form feminine words, e.g. x*P a > 
 from ^ipLj hand. 
 
 PATRONYMICS. 
 
 Patronymics commonly end in 6 TT o v X. o 5, a B r/ 9, e i 8 / s, t 8 T; 5. 
 e.</. ' ApyvpotrovXos, 'AvacrracrtttS^?, ' 
 
 FORMATION OF THE FEMININE. 
 
 The common endings for the formation of corresponding femi- 
 nine words are tor era and pa. 
 
 e.g. Safr/caAo?, teacher ; fern. Sa<7KaAicrcra. 
 , washerman ; fern. irAvtrrpa. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 19 
 
 THE ADJECTIVE. 
 
 The adjective has different endings for each of the three 
 genders : we divide adjectives into three declensions. 
 
 FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 The adjectives of this declension end in 09, 77 (a), o(v). 
 
 The feminine form ends in a when the termination is preceded 
 by a vowel or liquid, but sometimes even in this case the ending 
 is 77. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 KaAos, good. 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fein. Neut. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 KaAos 
 
 KaXr) KaAd(v) 
 
 KttAot 
 
 KaAat's 
 
 KaAa 
 
 Ace. 
 Voc. 
 Gen. 
 
 KttAoV 
 
 KttAe 
 
 KttAoi) 
 
 K.aXr}(v} KaAo(v) 
 KaAr^ KaAo(v) 
 KaArls KaAov 
 
 KaAov? 
 
 KttAot 
 
 KaAaiv 
 
 KaAat? 
 KaAats 
 
 KaAa 
 
 KttAtt 
 KttA(?JI^ 
 
 Singular. 
 
 ayto?, holy. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 aytos 
 
 ay 10. 
 
 aytov 
 
 aytot 
 
 aytat? 
 
 ayta 
 
 Ace. 
 
 aytov 
 
 * / \ 
 ayta^vj 
 
 aytov 
 
 aytovs 
 
 aytats 
 
 ayta 
 
 Voc. 
 
 ayie 
 
 ayta 
 
 aytov 
 
 aytot 
 
 aytats 
 
 ayta 
 
 Gen. 
 
 aytov 
 
 aytas 
 
 aytou 
 
 aytwv 
 
 aytaji/ 
 
 ayioi.j> 
 
 The following are similarly declined 
 
 ?, little. 
 bad. 
 
 /xarJpo?, black. 
 jaeyaAo?, great. 
 
 yvo)0"T05, known. 
 KOKKIVO?, red. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 The second declension contains adjectives ending in 779, a, IKO(V) 
 and in 775, uro-a (tSicrcra), IKO(V). 
 
 Ex. ?iXia/>775, jealous. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Fein. Neut. Masc. Fern. Nc.ut. 
 
 A. ^Xtap77( 
 
 V. r)\idprj 
 
 CT. tflhidptr) %fl\iapas t^XiaipiKov QjXiapGw fyXiap 
 
 avOdSrjs, headstrong, avOdSia-cra, auOdSiKov, is similarly declined. 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 The third declension contains adjectives ending in vs, eta, v. 
 
 us, sweet. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Masc. Fern. Ne,ut. Masc. Fern. Neut. 
 
 yXt;Ki;s yXvKeta yXvKv yXvKetg yXvKetou? yA,vKa 
 
 Acc. yXvKv(v) ,, 
 
 Voc. yXvKv yAv/ceta 57 ,, ,, 
 
 Gen. yXvxv yXvKetds yXvKeuov yXiKeov 
 
 The following are similarly declined : 
 
 s, heavy. ^>opSu5 r broad. 
 
 ;s, fat. ^ta/cpi;?, long. 
 
 The adjectives in vs have also a collateral form in o 
 
 Ty, yXv/co, 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 The adjective TroAvs has TroXX^ for the fem. It is declined as 
 follows : 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 J/asc. 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 TToAvS 
 
 TroAAry 
 
 7TO\V 
 
 TToAAot 
 
 TToAAttl's 
 
 TToAAd 
 
 Ace. 
 
 TToAu(v) 
 
 TToAA^v) 
 
 ,, 
 
 TToAAoTJS 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 Voc. 
 
 TToAv 
 
 TroAAry 
 
 55 
 
 TroAAot 
 
 ., 
 
 ,, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 TToAAoV 
 
 TToAA??? 
 
 TToAAoD 
 
 7ToAA(JL)l/ 
 
 TToAAcol/ 
 
 TTC'AAc I* 
 
 Exercise 1. A. 
 
 Ta AovAouSta eu/e, w/xop^)a. To O-TT^TI rov TraTrovr^ eTve vraAryo. 
 Aotre TOV Kopir^iov eva KaAo /SifiXto. 'O <^>tAos roS Trarepa clve 
 appcocrros. Ta wpata TreptySoAta ro9 e/JLTropov. "Hrave TroAAot av^pwTro/. 
 Kt. Ilocra ^povta eKa^tcre? 's TT/V AtyvTrro ; <E>epe 8vo Ka<f>&aLs 
 yAvKets. At ^vyarepat? ro) votKOKvprj e^ow aKpt/Sa ^>ope/x,ara. Avrat 
 at yuvatKats et 
 
 T& AouAoGSz, the flower. e/ce?, there. 
 
 eli/e, is, are. Trotra, how much. 
 
 &/ji.op<f>os, pretty. eVa^to-es, thou hast dwelt. 
 
 ri <rirri>n, the house. 7? AI^UTTTOS, Egypt. 
 
 TruATjds, old. <^eV 6 j brii)g. 
 
 Socre, give. Swo, two. 
 
 rb Kopir^i, the girl. T/ dvyarepa, the daughter. 
 
 rb y8i/3\to, the book. X OL|I/ J have. 
 
 6 (f)i\os, the friend. a.Kpi&6s, dear. 
 
 &ppuffTos, ill. (pope/bta, dirss. 
 
 wpaTos, beautiful. aural ai, these. 
 
 T-5 Trepi^oAt, the garden. r) <p(A7j^a5a, the friend (f.). 
 
 6 fj.iropos, the merchant. 'EAeVr/, Helen. 
 
 tfrav, were. 
 
 NOTE. Proper names often have the definite article placed 
 before them. 
 
 Exercise 1. B. 
 
 The merchants have beautiful houses. Give the little girl a 
 
 pretty flower. Are you not afraid of thieves 1 (use the sing. 
 pron. and verb). Have you lived long in Constantinople 
 
22 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 Ladies' clothes are dear. Ink is black. His handwriting is not 
 good. She is not ill. The weather is very bad to-day. On the 
 first day of the year. 
 
 are you not afraid of, Sey <o3a<rcu a-n-6 black, 
 
 with Ace. she is not, Sev five. 
 
 long say, much time (time = *at/>os). the weather, & Kcup6s. 
 
 in Constantinople, trans, hy els with to-day, 0"rj/xepa. 
 
 Ace. The Greeks usually call on, trans, simply by Ace. 
 
 Constantinople, TJ iro\is. first, TTP&TOS. 
 
 ihe ink, rb /j.f\avi. flay, TJ r;,uepa (r/ fjifpa). 
 
 DIMINUTIVES. 
 
 The most common diminutive endings for adjectives are OVTIKO<S, 
 o 'T-^LKYJ, OUTIKO, and ovA.7^5, ovAa, oC'Ai. 
 
 ], KaAoirriKo, rather good. 
 dcr7rpot'A.>7S, dcnrporXa, dcnrpovXi, whitish. 
 
 COMPARISON. 
 
 The ancient comparative suffix repos, rtp-n, repo(v), still exists, 
 and is occasionally used ; but lias for the most part given way to 
 the word TT/VIO (TTIO), more, placed before the adjective. 
 
 e.g. TTIO oj/xopc^o, prettier. /xt/cporepos, smaller. 
 
 The suffix form is preferred by literary dialect ; w or o is then written 
 before the suffix according to the ancient rule. 
 
 The following adjectives form their comparatives irregularly : 
 
 pveyaXos, great ; jueyoAryrepog, greater (/xeyoAetWpos). 
 KoAos, good ; KaX^repos ( 
 KOXOS, bad ; ^eiporepog [/c 
 vsj much j 7Tpto~(ro'Tepo?. 
 
 The English than after the comparative is usually translated 
 by a. with the Ace. or sometimes by irapd with the Nom. : 
 
 elvf yueyoActrepos diro rov KapoXo, he is bigger than Charles. 
 
 The superlative is expressed by placing the definite article 
 before the comparative : 6 KoAAiYepos, or 6 TTIO KoAo?, the best. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
 
 1st. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Emphatic. Unemphatic. Emphatic. Unemphatic. 
 ey<o c/xets 
 
 Eva(vc) /xe e/xa? /xas 
 
 jtxou e/xas /xa? 
 
 2nd. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Gen. e/xou, /xevov 
 
 Nom. rru, eoru 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 ere 
 
 (TOV 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Nom. avrds 
 Ace. avrov(e) 
 (4en. avrov, a{ 
 
 (aur^voT;) 
 
 3rd. Emphatic Form. 
 
 Singular. 
 Fern. 
 
 avrrj 
 
 OLVTOV, avrovvor 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Nom. avroL (avT-qvoi) 
 Ace. CLVTOVS, O.VTOVVOVS 
 
 (avr^vovs) 
 Gen. avTwvft 
 
 Fern. 
 
 avrcu? 
 
 aurai'g (arr^vat?) 
 
 aurwv, 
 
 Neut. 
 
 ai;ra, avrara 
 
 curra avrra 
 
24 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 3rd. (Jnemphatic Form. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Masc. Fein. Neut. Masc. Fein. Neut. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 Ace. ToV(e) r-tjv(e) TO rovs rat? (TTJS) rd 
 
 Gen. TOU Tr/<? rov TOJV (TOVS) TOOV (TOVS) TOL>V (rov?) 
 
 1 If the subject of the verb is a personal pronoun, it is 
 usually not expressed; as it is made clear by the verbal termi- 
 nation which person is meant. 
 
 e.g. Ae'yoo, I say ; /Veyeis, thou sayest ; Ae'yet, he says. 
 
 The pronoun must be inserted if the subject is to be empha- 
 sized. 
 
 e.g. eyw Ae'yw, I say ; ecru Ae'yeis, thou sayest. 
 
 2. In order to further emphasize the pronoun, the emphatic 
 and the enclitic forms are often used together in the oblique 
 
 e.y. e/^eVtt fie e/jets ; do vou know me ? 
 
 3. When the pronoun to be emphasized is the indirect object 
 of the verb, it is often used with the preposition eis. 
 
 e.<j. et? eVras rwTra (TO elTra), I said it to you (it was to you I 
 said it). 
 
 4. The oblique cases of the enclitic pronoun stand immed- 
 iately before the governing verb, except when the verb is in the 
 imperative mood, in which case they follow it. 
 
 e.g. rove e'pw, I know him ; TOT;? etSa, I saw them ; SeV TO 
 /3A.e7ro), I do not see it ; Trap TO, take it ; as TOVC, let him be. 
 
 5. In the compound tenses of a verb the oblique cases of the 
 pronoun stand either between the auxiliary and the participle, or 
 before the auxiliary. 
 
 e.g. rov ^x a e " r '- or *X a TOJ/ e " r ^ I nac * told him. 
 
 6. When a verb has both a direct and an indirect object, the 
 indirect always comes first. 
 
 e.g. rov r&ira (rov TO elira), I told it to him. 
 TOV? TO e'oWa, I gave it to them. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 TOUTOS, rovrrj, rouro, this. 
 curros, aurr/, avro, this. 
 e/<eu/os, eKeLvrj, IKGLVO, that. 
 
 TOVTOS is declined regularly. e/<etvos is declined like the em- 
 phatic pronoun avro?. 
 
 The demonstrative pronouns have the definite article after 
 them. 
 
 e.g. OUTOS 6 Ka9pe(j>Tr)<;, this looking-glass ; eKtivrj ry 
 that woman. 
 
 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 o, r), TO ...... IJLOV, my. ot, at (17), TO, ...... /xov, my. 
 
 ...... orov, thy. ,, ,, ...... orov, thy. 
 
 ( ,> ...... TOV, his. ,, ,, ...... TOV, his. \ 
 
 -\ n ...... T-^S, her. ,, ...... T^s, her 
 
 I,, ,, ,, ...... TOU, its. ,, ,, ,, ,, ...... rov, its. ' 
 
 ...... ftas, our. ...... /xas, our. 
 
 > ...... o-a?, your. ,, ...... o-as, your. 
 
 ,, ,, ,, ...... TWV, their. ,, ,, ,, ...... TWV, their. 
 
 (1) The possessive adjectives are thus expressed by the geni- 
 tive of the personal pronoun. 
 
 e.g. 6 Trarepas /xov, my father ; r; fjiryrepa TWV, their mother ; TO 
 oyt o-ov, thy watch. 
 
 (2) "When the possessive adjective is emphatic, the adjective 
 SIKOS (eSuco's, etSiKos, i8t/<o?, own) is used together with the 
 genitive of the pers. pron. 
 
 This form is always used when in English the possessive pro- 
 noun stands alone. 
 
 e.g. TO SLKO fj.ov TO KcnreXo elve TTIO wfjiopcfro O-TTO TO OLKO crov. 
 My hat is prettier than yours. 
 
 NOTE. The repetition of the article, as above, is not absolutely necessary. 
 
26 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 TTOV, who, which (indeclinable). 
 
 o OTTOIOS, fj oTrota, TO 677-010, which (in written language only). 
 
 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 7TOIOS, TTOtO, TTOtO ; wllO 1 which 1 
 
 TI"; what] 
 
 TTOIOS is declined regularly. The genitive has the collateral forms 
 TTOIOLVOV, TToiav^?, Troiavwv. TL is indeclinable ; when it occurs 
 alone it means ivJiat ? e.g. TL Kai/et?; what are you doing ] In con- 
 junction with another word, it means also ivhat kind of, e.g. TI' 
 u'o cTve avTo ; what kind of book is that, or what book is that ( 
 
 is used both alone and with a substantive. 
 
 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 1. The reflexive pronoun eavroi/ is used in the compound ex- 
 pression TOV favTo(v) fj,ov, myself; TOV ecurrov <rou, thyself; rov 
 iavrov TOV. himself, itself, TOV ecurroV T//9, herself. This form may 
 b intensified by adding t8ios. 
 
 e.g. ei/T/acVov/xat aTro TOV 1810 TOV ectvTo fjiov. I am ashamed of 
 myself. 
 
 2. The reflexive pronoun is only expressed when it is to be 
 emphasized, otherwise it is understood in the verb. 
 
 e.g. TrXwo/xcu, I wash myself. 
 
 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. 
 
 1 . oTrotos, oVota, OTTOIO ; he or she who, whoever, whatever. 
 e.g. o?ro(.o? o-e Loy Oa yeAao-^, whoever sees you will laugh. 
 
 OTTOIOS sometimes has KOU av used together with it. 
 e.g. O7roio5 KOL av t\6r), whoever may come. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 2. KdOe, every (indeclinable), is always used as an adjective, 
 e.g. KaOt TTpayua, everything ; Ka#e '//,epa, every day ; KO.OC n, 
 everything : KaOe TL rov epeOt&i, everything annoys him. 
 
 Ka$eVas, every one, (compound of KaOc and evas, one). 
 e.g. /cameras TO epet, every one knows it. 
 
 KaOf is also used with other numbers to denote recurrence. 
 e.g. KaOc TreVre '/xepats every five days. 
 
 oAos, oXy, oAo, all, has the article following as in English. 
 
 oAa ra Trpay/xara, all the things. 
 
 oAoi ot /u,a#/7TaSaig, all the students. 
 
 KaTrctos, KaTroia, Ka7roio, some one, a certain. 
 Ka/A7roo-os, Ka/xTToo-^, Ka/x7roo-o, a certain number, a good 
 many. 
 
 e.#. "Hravc Ka/xTroo-o? KOO-/XO? cts TO Oearpov. There were a 
 good many people in the theatre. (KOO"/XO? = French 'monde.') 
 
 TeToios, TtTota, TcVoto, such a. 
 
 ;oo-os, 00-77, oo-o, how much, how many, how great. 
 TOO-OS, TO'O-T/, TOO-O, so much, so many, so great. 
 KOLTL, some, is used in the singular with neuter words only. 
 in the plural with words of all three genders. 
 
 e.g. KOLTL cnrovSauov Trpiirti va cu/e, it must be something im- 
 portant. 
 
 KOLTI o-TpaTto)Tat5, some soldiers. KO.TL TL, something. 
 Od a-ov etTTw KOLTL Ti, I will tell you something. 
 
 o 8^a(s), y Secva, TO Sctva ) gQ and uch an Qne 
 o TaO(s), >) Taoe, TO Ta6c J 
 
 6 8etva Kat 6 TaSe, such an one and such another. 
 
 some. 
 
 4. /cai/ems or Kavet?, Ka/x/xta, Kaveva, any one (no-one) is used in 
 negative and interrogative sentences like the French aucun. 
 
 e.g. Tjvpes Kaveva ct? TO O-TT^TI ; did you find any one in the 
 house (at home) 1 
 
 Sev rjvpa Kaveva or xavsVa 8ev T^upa, I found no-one, or (by 
 ellipsis) KaveVa ; no-one. 
 
28 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 TiVore (riWra, TtVores), anything, nothing, used like 
 
 e.<7. etTres rtTrore; did you say anything ? Sev etTra TLTTOTC, I said 
 nothing, or TtVore, nothing. 
 
 5. 6 iStos, 17 tSia, TO 1810, the same. 
 
 avTos 6 iStos TO elTre, he said it himself. 
 
 /jiovrj, fjiovo, or /xova^o?, /xova^yy, /xoi/a^o, alone, is used 
 with the genitive of the personal pronoun ; it means by myself, 
 yourself, (fee. 
 
 e.(j. fj,6vos TOV TO e/<a/xe, he did it by himself. 
 
 aAAos, aAAr/, aAAo, other. 
 
 MODE OF ADDHESS. 
 
 The second person singular is usually used in addressing a per- 
 son. In consequence of foreign influence those who wish to be 
 very polite frequently use the 2nd. pers. plur. The true Modern 
 Greek form of polite address is to use TOV A.oyou o-ot> to define the 
 person spoken to, e.y. TTOV yevi^$ryKs, TOU Aoyov o-ov ; where 
 were you born 1 
 
 The forms TOU Aoyou TOV, &c. are also used. 
 
 e.(j. TOV Xoyov TOV eTve taTpos, he is a doctor (this gentleman is 
 a doctor). 
 
 TOV Aoyov T>7 etW yetToVio"0"d /xas, she (or this lady) is our 
 neighbour. 
 
 After the prepositions ets (o-e) into, 8id,for, and a7r6,fro?n, the 
 article is omitted in the form mentioned above, e.g. SLO. Aoyov TOV 
 ypa^xo, I am writing for him. 
 
 TOV Aoyov /xov is also used as a reflexive form. 
 alcrOdvop.a.L TOV Aoyov /xov xaAAiVepa, I feel better. 
 
 Exercise 2. A. 
 
 Mov AeVe Trtus avre^ave. AeV fte ^epet. 'Eo-ets Oa Tra/re, e/x,ts Sey 
 ^a Tra^te. a TOVS aTetAw ei? T^V 2/u-i'pv^v. a Traw /xa^v <ra9. a 
 TOV TO et7Ttij7 He? TO / rpai^eTe TO / 'A? T^VS. i/a 4>vyr]. 'Eo"eVa 7ra>9 
 
 t 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 (Tov (fraiverai ; Tov Xoyov arov Sev rove. epeis. Avros ypa<ct 
 ei. Tt crovVe ( = o~ov etTre). 'HA.$e Kai/ei's ; "O^t, Ka 
 TO ypa/mfJia TTOV 'rrr]pa Trpo^res ; Nat, TO e8ia/3ao~a, a 
 
 TOVS SwTTys Ta f3i/3X.ia j MaA,io~Taj $a TOVS Ta 8wo"w. AVTOS 6 /cvpios 
 
 tj/e yi/u>o~TO9 ytxov. 
 
 AeVe, (they) say. l e V eS ? Y 011 know. 
 
 TTOJS, that, how. ypd<pi, (he, she) writes, 
 
 airedavf, (he, she) is dead. 5m/3aei, (he, she) reads. 
 
 5eV, not. flTre, (he, she) said. 
 
 |V 6t > (^ ie ' s ^ ie ) knows. ?i\6e, (lie, she) came. 
 
 0a Trare, (you) will go. u^i, no. 
 
 0a Tra^c, we shall go. iSidfiatres, (you) read. 
 
 0a o-re/Aw, (I) shall send, (the interrogative is indicated by the 
 
 tis, into, to. tone.) 
 
 ?7 2,uupj/T7, Smyrna. TO ypd/j.fj.a, the letter. 
 
 fla ?raa>, I shall go. 'nil pa, 1 received. 
 
 ,ua^i> and junCi; ^e, with. Trpo^rfs, the day before yesterday. 
 
 0a e^Traj, I shall say. i/ai, yes. 
 
 ire'y, say. iSid&affa, T have read. 
 
 7pai//eTe, write. 0a SWO-T/S, you will give, 
 
 Y As, let. yuaAio-Ta, certainly. 
 
 ^o (^77;, that she may go away. 6d Suxrw, I shall give. 
 
 TTOJS ; how ? K^jpios, gentleman (sir). 
 
 cpaivfTtti, it appears, seems. yvuxrrds /uou, an acquaintance of mine, 
 
 Exercise 3. A. 
 
 To Kp(WL fjias eTi/e KaXXcrepov O.TTO TO SIKO <ras. AvTo? eTl/e 
 repos (XTTO T^V dSep^r; TOV. EepeTe KO.TTOLOV 'AvTwvto 
 Trof' /xevei ets T^V ^/JLVpvrjv ; "AXAa fiijBXia Sev e^eTe ; Tov Aoyou rrov 
 8ev eio"ai Fep/xavd? ; "O^t, eT/xat "AyyXos. "Hrave TroXv? Koo*yao? '? To 
 Kovrtfpro. Tt wpa eti/e / ITotos o~a? TO etTre ; Iloiot' eu/e e/tetvot ot 
 veot ; Tov eSojcres TtVoTe; "Op(i, TtVoTe, Aev /xov eTTre TITTOTC Sia eo-ag. 
 T ^ v yvw/x^v rov. Hotavov To clrre ; AeV TO etrre 
 
 TO7TO? t TO. WlJid TOV, 
 
 the wine. Spa, hanr. 
 
 (<5:5eA</>yj), the sister. TI wpa e^e; what o'clock is it ? 
 
 e, you know. elTre, (he, she, it) said. 
 
 i, (he, she) remains. o i/eos, the 3 T ovmg man. 
 
 e, you have. etiuaes., you gave. 
 
 , you are. Sta, for. 
 
 no. exet, (he, she, it) has. 
 
 , 1 am. ^/ 71/^77, the opinion. 
 
 6 "A77Aos, the Englishman. 6 TOTTOS, the place. 
 
 tyrai/e, (he, she, it) was. rb ZQipov, the custom. 
 TO Kovr^epro, the concert. 
 
30 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 Exercise 2. B. 
 
 Tell it to me. To whom have you given the wine 1 Are you 
 Hot from Constantinople ? Do you know this gentleman 1 Who 
 read the letter to you ] He himself. I shall give you nothing. 
 I have no other books. Did you find any one at home 1 No one. 
 These pens are worse than mine. We will go with you. I will 
 tell you something. Ask him what o'clock it is. 
 
 from, atr6 with Ace. at home, 's rb <nrf?Tt. 
 
 read, 8ta$a<re. the pen, TJ irevva. 
 
 %X U , (J) have. ask, p"wT7j<re, (o>T7je). 
 you found, Tjupere. 
 
 Exercise 3. u. 
 
 He who has money is not always happy. We will give botli 
 the letters to you. No one has seen us. I love only you. We 
 know it, but you do not know it. We go to Mytilene every three 
 weeks. Have you any acquaintances there? The lady there is 
 my cousin. He does not feel well. He is as stupid as he is 
 rich. 
 
 / 
 
 money, irapdSais. (we) go, in]ya.ivop.e(v). 
 
 always, irdvTOTe. there, ^e?. 
 
 happy, eurux^s. the lady, y fcvpia. 
 
 we shall give, 0a $6crop.i(v). the cousin, 7; e|a5ep<pr;. 
 
 both, KO.\ TCL 5vo. she is my cousin, elre f|aSep^>7j /JLOV. 
 
 (he &c.) saw, e/8e. (the article is riot used in cases like 
 
 1 love, ayairw. this.) 
 
 only, fj.6vov. (he, she) does not feel, 5ei/ alaOavfTat. 
 
 (we) know, ^pone(v). (say, in Greek, ' feel himself well.') 
 
 three, Tpe?s. well, Ka\d. 
 
 week, ej85o,uaSa. stupid, KOVTOS. 
 
 to, tis with Ace, rich, ir\ov(rios. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 31 
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 Voices. The verb has two voices : 
 
 The active, e.g. ypa<w, I write. 
 The passive, ypa^erai, it is written. 
 
 Moods. There are three moods : 
 
 Indicative, e.g. yptt</>, I write. 
 Subjunctive, ,, va ypd<f>r], that he may write. 
 Imperative, ,, ypa</>e, write. 
 
 There is no infinitive proper. It is expressed by means of the 
 particle vd. with the subjunctive : e.g. Sev '/xTropw va ypai//w, I cannot 
 write. Two abbreviated infinitives are in use as participles ; 
 these will be discussed under the formation of the compound 
 tenses. 
 
 Tenses. There are three simple tenses : 
 
 Present, e.g. ypac^w, I write. 
 Imperfect, 2ypa<a, I was writing. 
 Aorist, cypai/ra, I wrote. 
 
 There are four compound tenses : 
 
 Perfect, e.g. e^w -ypdif/ei, I have written. 
 
 Pluperfect, et^a ypai^ei, I had written. 
 
 Future, T ,, Oa ypai//w, I shall write. 
 
 Future Perfect, Oa e^w ypctyei, I shall have written, 
 
 There are two participles : 
 
 Present Active, e.g. ypa</>oi/ras, writing. 
 Perfect Passive, ,, ypa/x,/xeVos, written. 
 
32 A SHOUT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 Classification. There are two kinds of verbs: (1) simple, and 
 (2) contracted. 
 
 In contracted verbs the a or e preceding the termination 
 coalesces with the vowel of the termination, e.g. 6/x.tXw for 6/xtXaw, 
 I speak. 
 
 The letter immediately preceding the termination is called the 
 characteristic letter. 
 
 Personal Endings of the Verb. 
 
 Present Indicative. Present Subjunctive. 
 
 Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. 
 
 U) OjlAe (oi>/Xe) OJ (Otte 
 
 ets ere 779 ere 
 
 ow (owe) y ow (owe) 
 
 ( i 
 
 N.B. There is no difference in pronunciation between Indie. Fres. and 
 Subj. Pres. 
 
 Imperfect Indicative. Future Indicative. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 a a/xe Oa is placed before the Subjunctive 
 
 es - ere (are) to express the Future. 
 - e av(e) 
 
 Conditional, 
 rjOeXa with infinitive ending in ei. 
 
 I NOTE. The English conditional may also be translated by the particle Qd 
 with Imperfect or Pluperfect: e.g. da elxa, I should have. 
 
 6d comes from 0e- (a shortened form of fle'Aei) and vd. It is also used in 
 this form : e.g. 0e vd fiXtirto, I shall see. 
 
 Imperative, 2nd pers. sing. c, plur. ere. Instead of these 
 forms, and for the other persons, vd or as with the subjunctive is 
 used. 
 
 Present Participle. 
 ovras (indeclin.). 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 THE AUXILIARIES e^ou AND eT/u,<u. 
 
 Before proceeding to the conjugation of the regular verb, it is 
 necessary to give the irregular auxiliaries. These possess only 
 the present, imperfect and future tenses. 
 
 Present Indicative. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 'xw, I have. 
 
 "EX<O, I have. 
 
 Present Subjunctive. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 (va) ex<*>, that I may have, (va) 
 
 Imperfect Indicative. 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 had. 
 
 ex ow ( c ) 
 Future Indicative. 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 6a ew, I shall have. 
 
 Conditional. 
 I should have. 
 
 Imperative. 
 va. or as with Subjunctive. 
 
 Present Participle. 
 ?, having. 
 
 NOTE. The perfect of x w i g sometimes rendered by another verb t\a0a, I 
 have got. The third pers. of ?x w i g use d impersonally to mean there is; it 
 takes the Ace. e.g. #x ei Kavcva larpbv ^SoS ; is there no doctor here ? 
 
 Note also rl ex ts > what is the matter with you ? 
 
34 A SHORT AND EASV MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 Exercise 4. A. 
 
 'Ex<D TO /2i/3A.to. "E^ets rrarcpa KOLL /zr/repa; "Ex^t TroAAovs 
 <tA.ous. v E^oyu.ev oA.tyous 7rapu8ats. Aef e^ere eva wpauo o~KvAaKt. 
 Tt e^owe ot <t'A.oi (ras ; Aef *X a X a P Tt/ * Elx^? T^V aSeta rou. 
 El^e ei/a Trtaro KCU eva Trrjpovvi. Mia <f>opa et^a/xe eva ya.ra.Ki KO.L eva 
 (rKv\.a.Ki. Aei/ ei^are Kaipov va Trare ; Tt' et^ave ot d8eA<^oi o-as ; 
 Katpo, aXA.' avpio 60. l^a>. a c^w/xe ypdfjLfJiara ; Na 
 Et^e ?roA.w KOCT/AOV e/<et ; Aev t^et /caXAtrepo ^>ayt 
 O.TT' auro. *Ar *X a XP 7 7/ jtaTa ^"^ *X a Ka ^ ^ >l/ ^- oi; ?- *Av tT^es Odppos Oct. 
 t^e? TrapaSatg. ToG Aoyoi; aou 8e^ X ets ^ va ^ e *- 
 To ;(T ; Aei' TO e^o/zei'. "E^oi;ve TO. ^3t/5A.t'a ; Aei/ 
 
 > &t0\io, the book. <T7Jfcepa, to-day. 
 
 /j.T)Tfpa, the mother. afyuo, to-raorrovv. 
 
 <j)i\os, the friend. T& ypd/j.fj.a, the letter. 
 
 beautiful. inro/j-ovf], patience. 
 
 ffKvX&Ki, the little dog. Sev, not. 
 
 x a P Tt/ > the paper. TroXi/s /coVyuos, many people. 
 
 fiSeta, the permission. eVe?, there. 
 
 TTiaTo, the plate. T^> ipcryi', the food. 
 
 -nripovvt, the fork. T& XP^/XOTO, the money. 
 
 a <f>op&, once (one time). T& Odppos, the courage. 
 
 70Ta/cf, the little cat. *ai, and. 
 
 Kaip6s, the time. 6 0eios, the uncle. 
 
 TraTe, to go. T> Bifvvr), Vienna. 
 a5eA<pJs, the brother. 
 
 Exercise 4. B. 
 
 Who has the best knife? He has no patience. Had they 
 much to do ? Will you have time to-morrow ] When shall we 
 have the letter 1 If I had more time, I should have more money. 
 Have you courage ? Were there many people in the theatre ? 
 She will have paper and ink to-morrow. Have you not time 
 now 1 This evening I shall not have much to do. If they had 
 friends, they would have greater hopes. Good luck to him 
 (trans, may he have good luck). Had you (TOV Xoyov o-ov) not a 
 house 1 Yes, I have it still. Have you the ticket "? Yes, I 
 have it in my pocket. Had he it? No, he had not. There is 
 not a better book than yours. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 the knife. rJ> fj.axaipi. this evening, airotyf. 
 
 much to do, say much work. hope, T\ t\iriSa. 
 
 work, T] SovAeta. good luck, f) ri/xr}. 
 
 time, & Kaip6s. yet, O/C^/ITJ. 
 
 the theatre, rb Ofa.Tpo(v). the ticket, rb 
 
 the ink, rb /j-eXdvi. yes, va.1 or juaAi 
 
 I am. 
 
 j 
 
 Present Indicative, Present Subjunctive. 
 
 Plur. Sing. Plur. 
 
 , I am. et/zao-re (va) ^/xat, I may be. (va) yf 
 
 elfrat 
 
 etv five Tjve ,, yve 
 
 Imperfect Indicative. Future Indicative. 
 
 Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. 
 
 6a Tjuat, ^a 
 
 I was. I shall be. 
 
 Conditional. 
 $a r^u-owa, I should be. 
 
 Imperative. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 va ypacrTe, let us be. 
 va ^(rat, be. va yarre, be ye. 
 
 va yvfj let him be. va yv, let them be. 
 
 or as yo-ai, <fec. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 ovras, being. 
 
 D2 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 The missing tenses of el//.ai are sometimes supplied from the 
 Aorist of irrcKOfJuu, to stand. (See under the irregular verbs.) 
 
 ccrTa.@r)Ka, I was. 
 
 x<o a-raOy, I have been. 
 
 et^a <rra$7, I had been. 
 
 Oa e^o) a-raOrj, I shall have been. 
 
 Exercise 5. A. 
 
 's TO cTTnJTi ; Iloia 6iW O,UTT/ 17 Kvpia ; E?ve </Si A.?; /xov. Ilota 
 elve avra TO, TratSta ; Iloijo-ai, TraiBi ; HOT) rjo-ovva 'i^es Cx^ S ) ' 
 ]c Tpi? /x^vats TTOV ^a eTo-at ; ATUTOS ^rave /xeyaAeirepos aTro crevave. 
 (^)a eTve 's TO cnrYJTi avpto ; "Av tl^a Tas yva)O"t? Tro^et CLVTOS Oil 
 T/?. 2av -^Tave vea, Ta /xaXXia T>;S ^Tave /zavpa' Twpa 
 Tov Xoyov o*ov 8ev i^o-owa /xta <^opa \ rov Mt^aAr; TO 
 H/xowa ypa/i,/xaTtK05 ets Iva /?t/?AiO7rtoA.eto. "OAot 
 Aupiov 's Tats e^t wpais ^a ^/xat eSto. Na ^o~at 
 As -^v eAeu^epos. "A/XTTOTC va r//Aowa yepos ! ITavTOTe va 
 
 's T^ (rirrjTt, at home, 
 ia, the lady. 
 
 , my friend, a friend of mine. 
 rt> iraiSi, the child, young fellow, 
 
 waiter, &c. 
 irov<rai = Trov elffai, usual way to call a 
 
 waiter. 
 
 'ij/e's, ye.sterday. 
 o", in (here 
 rpets, three. 
 
 /j.ya\firepos, bigger, older. 
 7; yvwa-i, the acquaintance. 
 fvrvx^s, fortunate, lucky. 
 ffav, when. 
 
 vta, young girl. 
 
 ra /j.a\\id, the hair. 
 
 pavpos, hlack. 
 
 airirpos, white. 
 
 6 ypafj./j.ariK6s, the secretary, clerk. 
 
 rb &i&\ioTru\e'ioi>, the bookshop. 
 
 &pp(i)ffTOS, ill. 
 
 's rals e^t &pais, at six o'clock, 
 quiet, 
 free. 
 &/j.iroT, if only. 
 yepos, strong. 
 TravroTf, always. 
 Ka\d, well. 
 
 Exercise 5. B. 
 
 He was not at home yesterday. Why is she not here now ? 
 Where do you come from ? I come from Germany. I was very 
 ill. At such a time they will not be at their shop. Was he not 
 a relative of Mr. Argyropoulos 1 No, he was the son of Michael, 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 37 
 
 the baker. Athens was a village sixty -five years ago, now it is 
 a large and beautiful city. May you always be well and happy ! 
 If he were not so uneducated he would now have a place. Where 
 is the gentleman who was in your house yesterday ? He is from 
 London. I shall be at the shop at five o'clock. We were at the 
 theatre with them. 
 
 why ? Start ; yiari ; Athens, ai ' Adyvat (y 'Arqi/a). 
 
 from where ? airb TTOV ; sixty-five years ago, OTT' e'5<i Ka.1 t 
 
 Germany, 7? rep/xcwa. TreWe frr?. 
 
 very, TTO\V. the village, rb 
 
 at such a time, rfrota &pa. the city, y v6\i. 
 
 the shop, rb /uayatf. uneducated, aypd/jLfj.aros. 
 
 the relative, 6 ffvyyev^s. now, riapa. 
 
 the gentleman, 6 Kvptos. the place, y 0e<n. 
 
 no, ox>- at five o'clock, 's ras TreVre Si^ais. 
 
 the son, 6 vl6s (yios). the baker, 6 i//o>/uis. 
 
 * Note the following idioms : "E^ere TroAw Kanpov e8w ; (Have you 
 much time here 1) Have you been here long ? IIo'o-ov Kaipov ^x Te 
 cSw ; How long have you been here ? T HA.^e 's TO O-TT^TL fj,ov, (H.e 
 came into my house) He has been in my house. Acv yXOe Kaveis, 
 No one has been here. 'E?r^ya cis TO cnrrjri TOV, I have been in his 
 house. 'ETrrjyaTe 's TT/V Pw/x,^v ; Have you been in Rome ? 
 
 THE REGULAR VERB. 
 
 ypa(co, I write. 
 
 Active Voice. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 ypou^o), I write. ypa0o/>t(v), y/otit^ov/xc 
 
 y/oa^ets 
 
 Imperfect Tense. 
 
 !ypa<a, I was writing. 
 
33 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 Aorist. 
 
 cypcu/'a, I wrote. (e)y/3a^a/Ae(v) 
 
 typci^e? (c)ypa^crc, (e)ypctyaTe 
 
 2ypai//e lypa^av 
 
 Perfect. Pluperfect. 
 
 *X (t> 7/xtyet, I have written. el^a ypd\f/ei, I had written. 
 
 Future. 
 
 $a ypddxii. or 1 r , ,, ., /i\ / , 
 
 rr -r \ shall write. 6a ypa<f>o)[jt,f, ypa 
 
 Oa. ypauf/w, j 
 
 0a ypa<^>^9, ypa^? 
 
 ^a ypa^>7/, ypai/aj ^ 
 
 F'uture Perfect. 
 
 0a l^w ypai//ct, T shall have written. 
 
 Conditional. 
 6*a eypa<a, I should write. ^a eypa^o/xe (ypa 
 
 or 
 
 ypdcfxi 
 
 Past Conditional. 
 ypai^ei, I should have written. i7$eA.a/xe ypd 
 
 or ^a ti^a ypai^ei, I should have written. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 Present. 
 
 (va) ypa</>a>, that I may write (j/a) ypa^xo/ze (ypa^ov^te) 
 
 ypa</>ere 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 39 
 
 Aorist. 
 
 (va) ypai//w, that I may write. (va) ypai//oty/,e, ypa^otyxc 
 
 ypai/oys ypai//Te 
 
 ypoaprf^ ,, ypa^ow(e) 
 
 Imperative. 
 Present. 
 
 ypa<e, write. ypa^ere, write (ye). 
 
 a? ypa</>T/, let him write. as ypa<owe, let them write. 
 
 Aorist. 
 
 ypai^e, write. ypai^ere, ypai^rc. 
 
 as ypouf/y, let him write. as ypd\povv(e). 
 
 Infinitive (used only in the compound tenses). 
 Present. ypa<ei. Aorist. 
 
 Present Participle, ypa^ovras, writing. 
 
 Passive Voice. 
 Present. 
 
 /S^wgr. 
 ypa<o/u, ypa^ODftat, I am written, <fcc. ypa<f>ovfJia<rT 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 (.)ypd<f>o(jiovv(a), I was written. 
 , (f)ypa<f)6crovva 
 
 Aorist. 
 (e)ypa<0r7/ca (ypd<f>Tr)Ka), I was written. (t)ypa<f>6r)Kafj,f 
 
 Perfect. l^w ypa<f>0fj, I have been written. 
 
 Pluperfect, el^a ypa<#}, I had been written. 
 
40 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 Future. 
 Oa ypa^w/xat, or ypa<$co, Oa ypa^wo/^ao-re, 
 
 I shall be written. 
 a.<frtcra.i, ypa<f>0rj<s 
 
 i, ypa.<f>0fj , 
 
 Future Perfect, ^a e^w ypa<f>6vj, I shall have been written. 
 
 Conditional. 
 
 Sing. 
 Oa eypa^o/AOvv, I should be written. 
 
 or ^eAa ypa^>^, I should be written. 
 Past Conditional. 0ot el^o. ypafflr), I should have been written. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 Present. 
 
 ( va) ypa$a>/xai, that I may be written . (va) ypa<ayxacrT, ypa<ov/za<rTe 
 
 i ,, ypd<j>ovvTat 
 
 Amorist. 
 (va) ypa^^oi, that I may be written. (va) 
 
 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 ypd<f>ov, be written. ypd^ecrre 
 
 as ypa^>rat, let him be written. as ypa^owrat (ypa<wvrai) 
 
 Aorist Infinitive. Perfect Participle. 
 
 ypa.<f>0r) ypaya/xevos, written 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 CONTRACTED VERBS. 
 
 Most contracted verbs end in dw , there are also some in 
 but the people usually conjugate them like verbs in dw. 
 
 d TT a r d w, to deceive. 
 
 Active Voice. 
 Present Indicative. 
 
 aTrardw, aTraTco, I deceive. 
 aTrardei?, aTrara? 
 
 <X7TttT<Xlj (ZTTClTCt 
 
 Imperfect. 
 aTraroOcra, I was deceiving. 
 
 aTrarao/xe, 
 ttTraraere, aTTa/rare 
 
 Aorist. 
 
 , I deceived. 
 
 aTraroucraj/ 
 
 a7raTr;cra/xe 
 
 Perfect. 
 I'^w aTrarrJoret, I have deceived. 
 
 Future. 
 > I shall deceive. 
 
 aTrdrrjcrav 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 aTrarTJoret, I had deceived. 
 
 Future Perfect. 
 
 Jcret | 
 
 shall have 
 deceived. 
 
 Conditional. 
 ?a aTrarovo-a or riOcXa 
 
 Present, 
 (va) aTraToi 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Past Conditional. 
 
 Aorist. 
 (va) a. 
 
42 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 Imperative. 
 Present. Aorist. 
 
 uTTCLTtte, aTTara ctTrarare a/TraT^cre aTTor^o'ere, a 
 
 us aTrarar;, as aTrara a? a/7raTow() a? aTrarr/oT/ as a.7ra,Tr/(row(e) 
 
 Aorist Infinitive. aTrarryoet Pres. Participle. a 
 
 Passive Voice. 
 
 Present Indicative. 
 
 aTrarov/xat, I am deceived. aTrarou/xacrre 
 
 aTraracrat 
 ttTrararat 
 
 Imperfect. 
 (a), I was being deceived. 
 
 cLTrarovvrav aTrarovvrar 
 
 Some verbs have the following endings for the Pres. Indie. : 
 
 tou/xat, //"/,/. iovfjLa.(TT, tojuacrre 
 
 iccrat iov<TTe, tecrre 
 
 loiWai 
 
 e.^. y8aptoJ}/xai, to be weary. 
 
 Present Indicative. 
 
 , ^3apt/xat, I am weary. y8apiovyu,acrT, 
 
 /Japtecrat ftapiovcrTe, ySaptecrre 
 
 Imperfect. 
 (e)/3apiov/JLOw(a), I was weary. 
 
 ( t)/3apto wrav(e) (c)^aptowrav(c) 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 43 
 
 Aorist. Perfect. Pluperfect. 
 
 Future. Future Perfect. 
 
 Oa d 
 
 Conditional. Past Conditional. 
 
 or fjOeXa aTrarrjOrj 6a cl^a, a.7raTr)6jj 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 Present, va aTraroi'/xat Aorist. va a.7raTY]Oio. 
 
 Imperative. 
 Present. Aorist. 
 
 d-jrardov aTraracrrf. aTrar^crov 
 
 a? (XTraTttTat as aTraTOWTa as aTraTrjOrj as 
 
 Aorist Infinitive, aira.^^ Perfect Participle. 
 
 YEKBS IN ew. 
 
 ^appw, I believe. 
 
 Active Voice. 
 
 Oa.ppa.Tf. 
 Oa.ppf.1 Oappovv 
 
 Passive Voice. 
 
 This usually has the forms in ie/x,at, &c., cited above. Occasion- 
 ally the following endings occur : 
 
 ctrat ovvrat 
 
 The remaining forms follow the aw conjugation. 
 
44 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 EXERCISES IN CONJUGATION. 
 
 ON THE PRESENT TENSE (ACTIVE). 
 Endings for uncontracted forms : 
 
 The Active Present of the following verbs is conjugated as 
 above (like ypa<o>) : 
 
 Sux/3aw, I read. Tpe'^w, I run. 
 
 pi'xvo), I throw. o-epvu), I pull. 
 
 Endings for contracted forms : 
 
 for the forms in e'o> we have 
 
 for aw we have w to 
 
 ,, acts ,, as ets 
 
 ,, aov/xe ,, oiyAe(j/) oiyAe(v) 
 
 ,, acre ,, are ciVe 
 
 ,, aowf ., oui'(e) ow(e) 
 
 Both the forms in aa> and w are often used indifferently in the 
 singular ; verbs in <o are only used in the contracted forms. 
 
 Conjugate the following verbs like aTraraw : 
 
 (e)pa)Taw, I ask ; yeXaw, I laugh ; dyaTraoj, ^atpcracu, I salute ; 
 (6)/AtAaa>, I speak ; <<Aaw, I kiss. (The two last are more often 
 conjugated like $appw.) 
 
 aa>, I live, is conjugated as follows : u>, r/s, ^, ^ov/xe, ^re, 
 ^ow(e). 
 
 The Subjunctive is the same as the Indicative, except that 
 for ei, whenever it occurs in the termination, rj is written. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 45 
 Exerc ise 6 . A . 
 
 Iloto fii{3\io ive avTo TTOv Siafldfas ; Ftart 
 cTvf dpya axd/xiy. To epet avro? ; Ftart SeV TO pt^veis Karto ; 2as 7retpaei 
 avro ; "O^t, SeV //,e 7reipaei Ka$oXov. Fpa^o/ze Ka$e '/x,epa '9 TOV 
 TraTepa /xa.9. 'M<Aa<? pw/xatKa ; Sepco oX/'ya. AeV ra 6/>uXa> KaXa. Fiart 
 8eV TOV epooras ; 'AyaTrare aurous rot's veovs ; MttAio~ra, rovs ayairovfjie 
 TroXv. 'H jjirjTepa fMov ore ^atperaet. Tt' Ka/xvet ; etve KaXa ; KaXa 
 etvc, o~e ev^apto-Ta). To. Koptr^ta ycXowc. HOT) rpe^ere; Ata^a^ovi/ 
 eva, ypa/x,yu,a. Ti o"a? ypa^et o Trarepa? 0*0.9 ; Tt' /?ao"ra9 7 9 TO ^epi ; Ti" 
 Ka//,vet9 ; ela'at /caXa ; KaXa, ev^aptorra). Tc' Ka/xi/eT ; eto'Tf /caXa ; 
 KaXa, 0*019 
 
 8eV a/co^r/, not yet. aAa, well. 
 
 ap-ya, late. (f)pwTw, I ask. 
 
 e'pcu. I know. 5 feos, the young man. 
 
 frixw, -I throw. jLtcxAto-To, certainly ; yes, indeed. 
 
 /CCITCO, below, down. Ka/j-vw, I do. T: Koifj.vei<{, TL Koiveis ; how 
 -7!-etpa(fet (impersonal), it matters. do yon do ? 
 
 Sei/ Ka.Q6\ov, not at all. evxapurru, thank you. 
 
 /cafle >e'po, every day. T> Kopirfr, the girl. 
 
 iicd, modern Greek. jSoo-raJ, I hold, carry. 
 , little. 
 
 fixer cise 6. B. 
 
 Who is that young man who is laughing ? He is my cousin. 
 Do you like music? How do you know that 1 ? Never mind 
 (It does not matter). How is your brother ? Is he well ? There 
 he is just passing. To whom are you writing 1 I am writing a 
 letter to Malvina. What do you want, madam 1 ? We pass his 
 shop every day. Do you speak Modern Greek ? Yes, but I 
 cannot speak the fine language they have in the newspapers in 
 Athens. I speak very little. Do you like wine? Who is knock- 
 ing at the door ? Beer spoils my appetite. Will you change 
 me a Turkish pound 1 What do they ask you for ? He loves you. 
 What are you whispering? When do you shut your shop 7 
 The girl kisses her mother. 
 
 the cousin, o e|a5eA0os. there he is just passing, va. irov 
 the music, ^ /ULOWIKT). rrepvdei (vd = there he is). 
 
 how ? TTWS. the lady, ?f Kvpia. 
 
 to pass, Trepvao). very, TTO\V. 
 
46 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 the language, T) yXwa-tra. the appetite, rj ope|t. 
 
 fine, cbpatos. to change, x ^"^- 
 
 the newspaper, 7; f(prjfj.fpiSa. a Turkish pound, pia \lpa TOV(>KIKT}> 
 
 the wine, rb Kpaai. to whisper, Kpv<poiJ.i\d<a. 
 
 the door, r> Tc6pra. to shut, <r<pa\v(o. 
 
 to spoil, x a ^ v <*>- to kiss, <pi\co. 
 
 the beer, 7) /j.irtpa. 
 
 ON THE IMPERFECT. 
 
 To form the imperfect, the augment e is usually placed before 
 the verb ; and the proper terminations, given below, are affixed. 
 eg. ypd<f>o>, e 
 
 Exceptions : 
 
 1. Contracted verbs usually neglect the augment. /3acrrov(ra, 
 1 kept ; for f3ao-Toixra. 
 
 2. Of the uncontracted verbs, those of more than two 
 syllables usually do not take the augment. KaraXaySatVo), I un- 
 derstand ; KaraXa.fta.Lva. 
 
 3. Verbs beginning with vowels commonly neglect the aug- 
 ment ; but the rule, when observed, is that the initial vowel 
 lengthens from a and e to rj, and from o to co ; while at always 
 remains unchanged. Examples : 
 
 Pres. Imp. 
 
 O.KOVIO, I hear. aKova or yKova. 
 
 e'yyi'u>, I touch. eyyta or -^yyt^a. 
 
 o/xiXo>, I speak. o/uA.or5cra or a>/uA.ot>(ra. 
 
 evptV/cw, I find. fvpuTKa or 
 
 From this list of exceptions, it is obvious that the only verbs 
 which usually take the augment are those which are dissyllabic, 
 and also begin with a consonant ; but most of the verbs in or- 
 dinary use belong to this class. A.eyw, eAeya. 
 
 The augment -q is used in the verb fle'Aoo (originally 0e'Ato), and 
 also in many other cases from false analogy, e.g. ?}A.eya, rjypa</>a. 
 
 NOTE. In the case of verbs compounded with prepositions, 
 the augment, if used, is affixed before the preposition ; not after, 
 as in ancient Greek. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 47 
 
 ENDINGS OF THE IMPERFECT. 
 
 For uncontracted verbs. For contracted verbs. 
 
 Pers. Sing. Plur. Pers. Sing. Plur. 
 
 afjif. 1 ovara over ape, 
 
 are or ere 2 oixres ovcrere 
 
 av 3 ovcre ovcrav 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Imperfect like ypu<u>. Imperfect like 
 
 vo/u'a>, I think. yeAw, I laugh. 
 
 I drink. TrpoTt/xw, I prefer. 
 
 8ta/3ao>, I read. TrepTrarcu, I walk. 
 
 yi>pito, I turn. /V^oyxovo), I forget. 
 
 >, I wear. 
 oij I hold. 
 
 The Imperfect is used like the French Imperfect to denote an 
 action or state in past time which is repeated or lasts a certain 
 time. 
 
 / I used to walk. 
 
 J I often walked. 
 e-ff'Trepm a< \ I W as walking for some time. [happened. 
 
 ( I was walking at the time when something else 
 
 lypa</>a, I used to write &c. 
 
 Exercise 7. A. 
 
 To Trpwt VeptTrarovcrav Bvo copcus, TO /*,eo-?7/xept ypa,</>av 
 *Ow,tXovo"aT /cat 'yeXovo*aTe. 'Avro KCIVO^ rov Kaipo fjiavpa 
 <f>opovcr. Ka^e Trpau e7repvoi5o"e CXTTO TO /Jiaya^i p:a?. TT)V wpa TTOV 
 
 Tr/v 
 
 rb Trpwf, in the morning. pavpos, black. 
 
 T] &pa, the hour. <p<$pe,ua, dress. 
 
 Svo, two. irepvco airb, I call (in) at. 
 
 T& ftecTTj^tept, at mid-day. T)\V 8>pa irov, while. 
 
 curb, since. 
 
43 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 Exercise 7. B . 
 
 Every morning we used to read the newspaper, then we drank 
 coffee. At eight o'clock we went for a walk in the garden and 
 spoke of various things. Was he not wearing a white hat '{ We 
 called at their house every day. While you were laughing and 
 talking I was reading and writing. When I was returning from 
 the village, I used to smoke a cigar. 
 
 then, &TCITO. white, &<rirpo. 
 
 the coffee, 6 /cage's. the hat, rb KaireXo. 
 
 at eight o'clock, 's rats OXTW Spots. when 1 was returning, the pres. part, of 
 
 the garden, rb irpif3o\i. yvpifa. 
 
 different, Stdtyopos, I smoke, <f>ov/j.dp<t>. 
 
 the thing, rb irpnyfj.a. the cigar, rb irovpo. 
 
 I speak of, 6pi\u> yid. 
 
 ON THE AORIST. 
 The rules for the augment are the same as in the Imperfect. 
 
 Aorist endings. 
 
 Pers. Sing. Plur. 
 
 1 (To. 
 
 2 cres 
 
 The characteristic letter of the verb undergoes a change when 
 brought into conjunction with the cr of the Aorist ending : 
 
 1. ft, TT, <f> combine with the o- to form \j/ : 
 
 ejj. Kpvf3iO) I hide ; 
 
 ft<i<f>o), I dye ; pa.\f/a. 
 
 NOTE. The verbs in cvw having v (in pronunciation = < before 
 <r) as characteristic letter also form their aorist in \j/ : 
 
 e.g. TTujTe^w, I believe ; en-a 
 
 yvpevw, I seek ; eyvpei/^a. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 49 
 
 2. y, K, x combine with the a- to form : 
 
 e.g. (f>vXdy<i), I guard j e<vXaa. 
 TrXe/cw, I plait, knit ; 7rXea. 
 
 3. occasionally changes to : 
 
 e.<7. <covctw, I call ; e<(oi/aa. 
 
 vvcrra&jo, I am sleepy j 
 Traced), I play ; 
 
 4. Verbs in <o, 0w, and those that have a vowel as character- 
 istic letter, have the Aorist endings added directly after the 
 vowel : 
 
 e.g. <rxta>, I tear ; co^icra. 
 yve$w, I spin ; cyvecra. 
 d/covco, I hear ; aKovcra. 
 
 NOTE. (a) The ending era changes the characteristic a and e of 
 contracted verbs into 77 : 
 
 e.g. a.7ra.Tona 
 
 Exceptions to the above rule : 
 
 7Tivaa>, I am hungry ; eTretVacra. 
 
 8ti^aa), I am thirsty \ eSt^acra. 
 
 <^>opea), <opa), I wear (clothes, &C.) ; e^opecra. 
 
 yeXaw, I laugh ; eyeXacra. 
 (e)/x7ro/Dco, 1 can j 
 Trpocr/caAw, I invite ; 
 
 (^8) A few contracted verbs have in their Aorist (as if formed 
 from a Present in ) : 
 
 e.g. <waco, I blow ; <j>vcrr]a. 
 Tpa/?aa>, I pull ; e 
 
 5. (a) Verbs whose characteristic letter in the Present is v 
 preceded by c, a, or o, lose the v before the Aorist termination era, 
 and o is written o> in the Aorist : 
 
 e.g. 8ev(i>, I bind ; 
 
 I scold j e/i,aXX<ocra. 
 o, I bite j eSayKacra. 
 
50 A SHOET AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 (5) Verbs whose characteristic letter in the Present is r pre- 
 ceded by <, or v preceded by ^, lose the r or v, and the < or ^ 
 combines with the a- of the Aorist termination to form \\i or : 
 
 e.<7- Kocf>T(D, I cut ; eKoi^a. 
 I show ; eSeia. 
 
 6. Verbs in AAw, /xw, pw, and some in i/w, have no cr in the 
 Aorist ; the characteristic letter remains the same as in the 
 Present, but if e is the letter preceding it is generally changed 
 to et : 
 
 e.g. (rre'AAw, I send ; lo-raAa. 
 <e'pa>, I bring ; cc^epa. 
 //,eva>, I remain ; l/xctva. 
 
 NOTE. Verbs in Aw and pw have a popular form for the 
 Present in vw : 
 
 e.g. o-reAvco for 
 
 ,, o-u'pw, I drag ; Aorist Ivvpa. 
 
 7. Verbs in atVw have ava in the Aorist : 
 eo"TcuVo), I warm 5 e^e 
 
 8. Many verbs in t^w, and some others, have a collateral form 
 for the Present in vao> ; but the Aorist always comes from the 
 first form : 
 
 e.g. yupw, yupvaw, I turn ; (e)yt>pt<Ta. 
 aw, I shut ; (e)o-^>aAicra 
 
 Some other verbs, again, having only the form i/aw in the 
 Present, form their Aorist as from a Present in atVw or avw : 
 
 .(7. Ktpvaw, I serve wine ; e/cepao-a. 
 , I hang up ; e/cpe//,a<Ta. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 51 
 
 USE OF THE AORIST. 
 
 The Aorist indicates indefinite past action : e.g. eoretAa, I sent. 
 It is distinguished on the one hand from the Imperfect, which 
 denotes repetition or continuance, and on the other from the 
 Perfect, which denotes action completed at the present time. It 
 occupies therefore the same position as the French passe indefini, 
 and is often used where the English idiom prefers the Perfect : 
 e.g. eo-TiAa TO ypa/^a, I have sent the letter. 
 
 In verbs whose Present expresses a state or condition, the 
 Aorist expresses the beginning of that state as past : 
 
 , I am hungry ; eireivao-a, I have got hungry, I am hungry. 
 <D, I am sleepy ; eWo-Taa. 
 
 In particularly vivid speech the Aorist is used to express 
 future action ; the action is represented as so near and certain as 
 to be practically past : 
 
 e.g. <f>vy 77 ere cr/coTeofra, go away, or I'll kill you (or you're a 
 dead man). 
 
 NOTE. It will be observed that the above rules are merely 
 practical ; and the philologist may take exception to the lack of 
 explanation of the forms given ; but such explanations would 
 necessitate a knowledge of ancient Greek only possessed by those 
 to whom the explanations would be superfluous. In many cases 
 the ancient Greek rule, based on philological reasons, is violated 
 from the influence of analogy : 
 
 e.g. 
 
 Exercise 8. A. 
 
 TO j3i/3\LO. "Avaij/av TO, Krjpid. Ttarl Se 
 avails) TT) Aa/X7ra ; "E/coi^es TO X*P L (rov > 'Eppai//a/ze T 
 
 o~as TroAAcus </>opat? : yiaTt Ta o-^t^eTe ; Etcrat 
 av Ta /3apaa <ayta. Tov eyupei^a Trai/Tov. Me yvpei//e 
 
 rr) vv^ra. Ilocrats '/xepais e 
 
 E ^ 
 
52 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 ffKiKpro), I bend, stoop. #Aa<f>Tco, I injure. 
 
 fff]K6v(a, I lift. lippcao'Tos, ill. 
 
 avd<t>T<0, I light. jSapus, heavy. 
 
 rb Krjpi, the candle. yvpfvw, I look for, ask for. 
 
 T] \d/j.ira, the lamp. iravToO, everywhere. 
 
 K<$</>TO>, 1 cut. Xop 6 ^* I dance. 
 
 rb x 6 '?'* the hand. T\ vvxra, the night. 
 
 pd<prcti, I sew. <i(Aos, all. 
 
 <j>6pefj.a, the dress. Aefrrco, I am absent. 
 tear. 
 
 Exercise 8. B. 
 
 She lighted the lamp. Why have yon not written the letter ? 
 I have cut my finger. Have you sewn the dress 1 The heavy 
 wine has done you harm. I bent down and lifted up the ticket. 
 Some one asked for you. How long did you dance ? Have you 
 heard the story 2 He did not believe it. They were a year 
 away. 
 
 the finger, 6 SaxTuAos. the year, 6 xp^vos. 
 
 the story, }) Icrropia. 
 
 Exercise 9. A. 
 
 17 SovAa ra Tndra ; Mov ISci^e TO o-TnJri TOV. 
 ^apria; Ma? tK\\j/av eva wpoXoyt. "Eppt^e TO p,7racrTovvi 
 o^w a7ro TO ira.pa.Qvpi. Aei/ e<f>vX.daT TO ^(TTLKO. ITotos /xe ^cova^e ; 
 Aev eo-ta^e? TT)V Ka/xapa aKOfir] Tprjyopa evvo-Ta^e?- Sev elvc O^TW 
 aKOfJiT). "Eo-<ie TO ^ept /xov. "AXXa^e 7roA.ii 17 01/^1 o-ov. "Avot^av 
 TO fjL7Taov\i ; Aev avot^e TO, juaTta TOV. IIo9 erpe^av TO, TratSia ; 
 AtaTt o-7rpa)^9 TO OTKuAt ; Aev /x' e/cvTTa^e K<x$oA.ov. Tov 
 KaAa KaAa. FiaTt 
 
 , I clean, make clean. OXT^, eight. 
 
 T? SoGAo, the maidservant. o-^^w, I press, squeeze. 
 
 x a P r/i ) the card, the paper. oAAa^cw, to change. 
 
 (0, I steal. T/ ity') the appearance. 
 
 ri wpoA^t, the watch, clock. avofyw, I open. 
 
 rb jUTroaroOfi, the stick. T^ ^TroouAi, the box. 
 
 rb Tra.pa.8vpi (y irapddvpa), the window. TO /xarf, the eye. 
 
 y|a> atr6, out of. ffvpuxvw, I push. 
 
 <t>v\dyw, to keep, to guard. r<5 o-wuAi, the dog. 
 
 rb /J.V0TIK6, the secret. /curTa^, I gesv &*&'* "i 
 
 o-iaCw, to put to rights, to tidy up. KaAa waAa, very well, thoroughly. 
 
 the room. rpofidfa, I am afraid. 
 , quickly, soon. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 53 
 
 Exercise 9. B. 
 
 We opened all the doors and windows. They called him. I 
 shall change my clothes. Have we not kept the secret ? I am 
 sleepy (use the Aorist). She threw the hook on the ground. 
 The children ran home. The smoke suffocated her. She sighed 
 and squeezed my hand. "We have not seen her at all. The maid- 
 servant heard the noise and was afraid. 
 
 on the ground, x/"ou. I suffocate, irviyca. 
 
 home, els TO GIT'ITI rSiv. 1 sigh, crrevoifa. Aor. ea"TeVa|a. 
 
 the smoke, 6 Ka-nvos. the noise, 6 Kp6ros. 
 
 Exercise 10. A. 
 
 'ESia/?a<re TO ypa/x/xa /cat TO V^tcre (TO eo-^io-e). "A/<ovo-es rrj 
 tf'povT-rj 'ASeiao-a/xe TO Trorfjpi. "ESeo-e TO aXoyo o~e /xta ecu7ro/OTa. 
 Hoios eoWe avra TO. /3ifi\ia ; Tiarl <f>wvdei TO TratoY ; To 8ayKao-e 
 era cTKiAt'. *E7rtao"e TO o~KV\l arro TO O.VTL. Ti ojpa iyvpLcrz '$ TO 
 Tt yvpeijets; e^ao-a TO 7ropTO^>oXt JJLOV. ' Kpyicrav TO. 
 TT/V Tropra /cat c^acre TO KAeiSi'. IIoTe <f>6a<T. 
 
 7} Ppovrr), the thunder. rd avri, the ear. 
 
 aSeicx^w, I empty. TI wpa, what o'clock. 
 
 TO Trorrjpi, the glass. TO iropTO(f>6\i, the portfolio. 
 
 SeVco, I bind. apX''<>, I begin. 
 
 TO ^Aoyo, the horse. T<) /j.ddr]ij.a, the lesson. 
 
 o-e (ets, J s), to. TO /cA.et8i, the key. 
 
 7) e^TropTo, the door, the gate. TO X 0air6pi, the steamboat. 
 
 7naj/a>, 1 seize. (pQavw, I arrive. 
 
 CITT^, (here) on. 
 
 Exercise 10. B. 
 
 He turned the leaf. Did you ever hear or read anything like 
 that 1 ? We emptied the glasses and filled them agaiu. He came 
 back from the market at eleven o'clock. The glass is broken. 
 We have lost the ring. They have forgotten it. The play has 
 not begun yet. When did you shut the shop ] Where did you 
 buy these cigars 1 His father arrived yesterday. Have you put 
 out the light ? Have you forgotten the name 1 He has left his 
 handkerchief here. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 I turn, yvpifa. 
 the leaf, TO <uAAo. 
 I fill, 7/tia>. 
 I refill, avayfj.i&. 
 
 at eleven o'clock, 's Tals eV8e/ca (Spots). 
 the market, T\ ayopd. 
 I break, <nra.v<a (is broken, fo-nao-e). 
 the ring, TO SaxrvXiSt. 
 the play (say the representation), 
 r) TrapdiTTacri. 
 
 I buy, ay o pa fa. 
 cigar, TO Trovpo. 
 the light, TO (poos. 
 
 I put OUt, (T/3lW. 
 
 the name, TU ovo/aa. 
 the handkerchief, TO 
 I leave, o.$T\v<a. 
 heie, eSoJ. 
 
 Exercise 11. A. 
 
 "Hpy^o-es TroAv 
 p(OTr;o-av av r^uowa aTro 
 
 'H 
 
 AeV a-ov '/u'A^crc Kaveis. 
 TO 7rai6Y TT^S. Me 
 
 TOI/ veov. Tov ^V7ri/r)cra/xe 's Tttis recro-epai?. 
 
 TO ^e/xa ; BoGAooora ei/a Soi/Tt. Aev lo-apuaa.^ TT/V Koi/jLepa. 
 t, fKpv<o<ra Sward. Hoto? iKovvrja-f. TO TpaTre^t ; Iloora V 
 8ia TO yu,7riAieVo ; "Eo-TttAeS TO, ypa//,/x,aTa Trov-ypauf/a. ; "Eo-vpe TO 
 (TCLKKO Vio-w TOV. Ot o-TpaTtwTats (o-oASaVais) eSeipave TOV 
 
 O TTttTTOVT^S ^)pe TCt TTaTTOUT^ia /XOH. 
 
 apyeu, apyw, to be late. 
 
 ff-hpepa, to-day. 
 
 ayairu), I love. Aorist, I have got 
 
 fond of. 
 
 6 j/e'os, the young man. 
 virvc> (vTrvd(a), I waken. 
 SiopOovw, I correct, 
 ri) 0eVa, the exercise. 
 &ou\6i>(i), I seal, stop ; &ov\<affa, I 
 
 have had (a tooth) stopped, 
 rb 5<^VTt, the tooth. 
 o~apovci), I sweep. 
 T& <ruvaxi, the cold in the head. 
 Kpv6v<a, I catch cold. 
 
 i, badly (lit. strongly). 
 1 move. 
 
 the table. 
 TT \rip6fw, I pay. 
 Sict, 7m, for. 
 <TT(Xv<a, I send. 
 6 ffditKos, the sack. 
 07n<ro>, 'TTIO-CO, behind. 
 6 crrpaTtwTTjs (<roA5aTos), the soldier. 
 Se'pycu, I strike, beat. 
 6 \r)<rT"f]s, the robber, 
 rb TraTToDrCt, the boot, shoe. 
 6 TTOTTOUT^S, the shoe-maker. 
 
 Exercise 11. B. 
 
 We asked the gentleman if he was a German. When did you 
 wake this morning 1 They stayed out late yesterday. He had 
 a tooth stopped. He caught cold. He pulled my hair. We 
 have kept this book for him. We paid twenty-five drachmas. 
 Mr. Stilianopoulos has sold his house. I have not sent the 
 letters yet. Have they brought the newspaper 1 They quarrelled. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 55 
 
 if, &v. I keep, /cpareo). 
 
 the German, 6 Tep/j.av6s. twenty-five, ei 
 
 when ? ir6r the drachma, y 
 
 at what o'clock ? ri &pa; I sell, trovXa. 
 
 this morning, rb Trpcof. I quarrel, fj.aXX6v<a. 
 the hair, TO. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE, IMPERATIVE, CONDITIONAL. 
 
 On the compound tenses, and the conjunctions which introduce 
 
 tliem. 
 
 Both the present and the Aorist Subjunctive have the same 
 endings as the Present Indicative, but it is usual to write 77, co in 
 the Subjunctive instead of the , o, of the Indicative. The 
 Aorist Subjunctive has the same characteristic letter as the In- 
 dicative. 
 
 The particle va is usually followed by the Subjunctive, and 
 may be translated into English in the following various ways. 
 
 1. By the Infinitive, with or without to preceding it. 
 
 Sev 'epo> vo. Sia/3ao> TovpKiKa. I cannot read Turkish. 
 0e'A.<o i/a <j>vyw. I wish to go away. 
 
 2. By the Imperative. 
 
 va rove Kvrrct^s KaXa /coAa ! Watch him well. 
 vet TO ypd(f>r) avros ! Let him write it. 
 
 NOTE. In this case and the following va seems to be used after 
 some verb understood like TrpeTra (il faut). 
 
 3. By some equivalent of the verb ought. 
 
 va TO y/oa<a> ; am I to write it ? 
 
 va ToVe TTpoo-KaAeVw ; Ought I to invite him ] 
 
 va crov $Lafidcrr) TO ypd^a ; Is he to read the letter to you ? 
 
 4. By some equivalent of the verb to wish. 
 
 6 AVKOS ! The deuce take him (6 A.VKOS = wolf). 
 
56 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 A wish may also be expressed with va omitted. 
 
 6 #eos <j>v\drj. God forbid, 
 va occurs in oaths. 
 
 va x a P*** T ^ pdria fj.ov I Bless my eyes. 
 The particle Od with the Subjunctive is used for the Future. 
 
 8ev Od TOV ;(ao-u) TTOT* /xov. I shall never forget him. 
 The Subjunctive is also used after a large number of particles : 
 
 e.g. yia. vd in order that, so that, 
 -yia va /x^, lest, 
 'crav, if. 
 
 and after the indefinite pronoun and adverb, 
 
 OTTOIOS, who-ever. 
 OTTOV, wherever. 
 
 and after to-cos, perhaps, instead of the future. 
 
 e.g. (TOV TO Aeyo) yta va /XT) vo/xi'^s TTWS elve Ka/cos av^pWTro?. 
 I tell you, lest you should think that he is a bad man. 
 
 lo-ws fXOri OTTO'I/^ he will perhaps come this evening. 
 OTTOIOV <%s Tre? TOV TTois , whoever you see, tell him that . 
 
 The compound tenses (perfect, pluperfect, future perfect) are 
 formed from the tenses of e^w and the Aorist Infinitive. The 
 ending for the present and Aorist infinitive is ct. 
 
 The Conditional is expressed by the particle Od or (Pres. Cond. 
 only) by the imperfect of the verb fle'Aw, I wish (Imperfect rjtfeAa, 
 Aorist rjOcX-rjcra) and the Imperfect or Pluperfect of the verb. 
 Occasionally the third person of the Imperfect of 0e'A.u> is used 
 instead of the particle 6?a. 
 
 e.g. Od r/xao-Te c*ruxs ) e h 
 
 ^ J 
 
 The Imperfect Conditional of a dependent clause in English is 
 translated by the Greek Imperfect Indicative. 
 
 If I were, av r//xow. 
 
A SHOET AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 57 
 
 In dependent clauses containing either a perf . cond. or pluperf. 
 conditional verb, the verb is always translated into Greek by the 
 Imperf. Conditional. 
 
 e.g. av TO r/epa Od TO eAeyov may mean either if I knew it I 
 should say it or if I had known it, I should have said it. 
 
 The Imperative 2nd person (Pres. and Aorist endings , ere) 
 may only be used in affirmative sentences, in negative sentences 
 /ATJ (fJLrjv) with the Subjunctive is used. 
 
 e.g. ypdd>. vpdil/e. write ! < ^? P^rV* j o no ^ wr ite ! 
 
 I M 
 
 The particle as with the Subjunctive is the usual rendering of 
 the Imperative for the first and third persons ; but it is not used 
 for the second. 
 
 as elcreXOr), let him come in. 
 as ypdi//a>/x,e, let us write. 
 as ypdif/rj, let him write. 
 
 Must is translated by TrpeVei with va following ; like the French 
 il faut que. 
 
 e.g. TrpeTrei i/a Tove TrA^pwcr^s, you must pay him. 
 
 Exercise 12. A. 
 
 liov eTve 6 KdpoAos ; Tov yvpevei 6 tarpos* eXe6 va. o/uAiyo-?? Sia 
 rr^v 7rovX.rj(TL TOV o~7rr)Tiov. TL va ypai^w TOV aSeA.<o{) fjtov ; Tpdipc TOV 
 OTL e<j)@ao~ o Trarepas /xou KOL ^aiperr^cre TOV O.TTO /xepos /JLOV. 2e vrapa- 
 KaXw va /x,r) TO ^^do-y<;. Tt ^eAcTe va dyopa'^Te / Hepet yep^tavt/ca ; 
 IIoTe ^a (f)0do-y TO /3a7ropi ; eXeTe va TrovA^cr^Te TO, aAoya o~as ; 
 Ata/3ao-e TOVTO TO ypajLtjaa. MT)V d/co-ucr^s OT6 Aeyow avTOL. "AKOvae 
 OTL Sia/3ao//,ev, dAAa /XT) '/xtAas. ^-^/xepa /xas O"TeiAav eva wpaio 
 Kpaorl OLTTO Trjv ^dfjiov. eAeis vd TO Soia^ao-T/s ; ^Av '/x,7ropeo-co $d o-ov 
 o-TiAo) vrapaSes' J EAei;^epos ^eAw va ^w. Aev 'fjiiropovv va ^e^do-ow 
 avTrjv Trjv larropia. MT)V Tpe^Tjs* e^o/xe Kaipov. Tpe^e ! Tpee ! dAAws 
 ^a apytjo-ys. ' N As aKOVcrto/xe eva aTro TO, TpayouSta TTOU ^epets. IIpeTret 
 vd TOV yvpei^to/xe. 
 
58 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 6 Iarp6s, the doctor. yep/j.aviKoi, German. 
 
 T] irovXTjo-i, the sale. SoKifj-dfa, 1 try, taste. 
 
 a-jrb fiepos /J.QU, for me. e'Aeuflepos, free. 
 
 TrapoKaAe'o)^ I beg, request, rb rpayovSt, the song. 
 
 Trapa/caAw / (form for please}. SAAws, otherwise. 
 
 Exercise 12. B. 
 
 May I bring you a glass of wine (trans, by i/a and Subj.) ? 
 Do you wish (Od and Subj.) to read the book that I have bought 1 ? 
 When will he send you the money 1 Do not forget (va) to invite 
 him. Take care ; the dog will bite you. If he does not pay me 
 I shall have no money to-morrow. As soon as you have read it 
 you will believe it. (As soon as = d^ou, use Aor. Subj.). Can he 
 swim ? Have you not cut your hand ? Run quickly, so as not 
 to come too late. We will not sell the horse so cheap. He has 
 forgotten to fix the hour. Ask him whether he is a Persian or a 
 Turk. We cannot believe such a thing. He must take the 
 letters to the post. May she open the window ? Shut the 
 window. Go (TrepiTrara)) quickly. Don't cut the paper. Don't 
 laugh. He will be angry if (6'rav and Subj.) he hears it. When 
 will the lectures begin 1 ? I shall speak to him (Gen.) about (yta) 
 them. Call your brother. Do not conceal it. When am I to 
 expect them to-morrow ? You must take care not to take cold. 
 Let us go quicker. What can I offer you ? 
 
 I take care, 7rpo(re'xa>. I cut, K<<TO>. 
 
 I swim, KoAu/iTraa). I am angry, 6u/j.6v<t). 
 
 to come too late, dpyecu. I conceal, Kpv&w. 
 
 cheap, <prit]va.. I expect, irpotr/j-fvca. Aor. fTrp6o-/j.eva. 
 
 the Persian, 6 Ilepcnjs. ,, Kaprepw. Aor. (e)KapT(p'ricra. 
 
 such a thing, reVoto -n-pay/jia, I offer, Trpocrcpfpca. 
 
 the post, T? 7T(Wa. 
 
 PASSIVE FORM. 
 
 The Passive proper seldom has its original meaning. Many 
 verbs occur only in this form, and then have mostly an active 
 meaning, e.g. ep^o/xat, I come. 
 
 Some verbs occur in both active and passive form. Some of 
 these have the ordinary active and passive signification of the 
 verb ; but the majority have 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 59 
 
 1. A reflexive force : ^revt^w, I comb; ^revt'^ov/xat, I comb my 
 
 hair. 
 
 2. A reciprocal force : dvra/Ao/xecrTa, we met each other. 
 
 Present. 
 Endings : 
 Pers. Sing. 
 
 1 o/xat (oiyxat) o/ACorra 
 
 2 ecrat 
 
 3 era 6 ovrai ( ODvrat) 
 
 Endings for contracted verbs in aw : 
 
 Pers. Sing. Plur. 
 
 1 OV/JLCLL ovyLtatrre 
 
 2 acrai acrre 
 
 3 arat ovvrai 
 
 For contracted verbs in e'w and many in aco : 
 Pers. Sing. Plur. 
 
 1 tou/xat ( te/xat) 
 
 2 ucrai teo-re (tovcTTe) 
 
 3 leVat towrat 
 
 Imperfect. 
 7 J er5. /Si'n^. P^r. 
 
 1 OfJLOVV OVfJiCLCTTG ( (OjU-aCTTe) 
 
 2 ovcrovv ( oo-oi>v[a]) ovcracrTe ( oo-ao-re) 
 
 3 owrav ( oTav[e]) OVVTCLV ( ovTOVcrav) 
 
 For contracted verbs in cxw : 
 
 Pers. Sing. Plur. 
 
 1 ovjjiovv ov/otao-re 
 
 2 oi!croi;v(a) 
 
 3 
 
 For some contracted verbs in eo> and aw the same as above 
 with i prefixed, e.g. LOV^OVV, LOVO-OW, &c. 
 
60 
 
 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 Conjugate the Present and Imperfect Passive of the following 
 verbs : 
 
 , I wash myself (TrXevw, I wash). 
 , I am lost, I perish (^avw, I lose). 
 I sleep. 
 
 , I sit down. 
 
 I am straitened, compel). 
 Aorist. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Endings (Indicative) : 
 Pers. Sing. 
 
 1 OrjKa 
 
 2 - 0H)KS 
 
 3 OifjK 
 
 The Aorist Passive is formed from the stem of the Aorist 
 Active, the above Passive terminations being substituted for the 
 era, o-as, &c., of the Active, and affecting the preceding consonant 
 differently from the Active Aorist cr. The following table shows 
 these differences : 
 
 Present. 
 
 e.g. 
 
 e.g. ypa^xo 
 
 , 6 
 e.g. cr^t^a) 
 
 vowel or v* 
 e.g. ^avoi 
 
 Aorist Act. 
 
 * 
 
 7reipaa 
 
 Aorist Pass. 
 
 xe 
 
 (e)Tretpa^^Ka, to annoy. 
 <f>6 
 
 eypa^^ry/ca, to write. 
 
 o-O 
 (e)crp(t'cr^K, to tear. 
 
 
 
 (e)^a^7y/<a, to lose. 
 a.ya.TnjO'tjKa, to love. 
 
 dO 
 
 (e)^o-Ta^/ca, to warm. 
 
 XO and p^ 
 f(f>p6r)Ka, to carry. 
 
 * NOTE. Exceptions occur, such as d/cotxo, OLKOVO-CL, a 
 to listen. 
 
 O.LV 
 e.g. ^ecrratva) 
 
 X and p 
 
 <r 
 ecr^tfra 
 
 cr 
 
 e^acra 
 ayoLTrrjcra 
 
 av 
 
 X and p 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 61 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 The Present has the same endings as the Indicative in pro- 
 nunciation ; but in writing it is customary to substitute to for o 
 in the first person singular, according to the ancient rule. 
 
 The Aorist has the following : 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 - CO - OV/X6 
 
 fjs - tJTfi 
 
 77 owe 
 
 These endings are affixed to the verb, after the Indicative 
 ending rjKa has been taken away, e.g. Indicative, aKovo-OrjKa, I was 
 heard ; Subj. i/a 
 
 The Passive Subjunctive is used and the Future formed in the 
 same way as in the Active, e.g. Oa aKovo-Ou, I shall be heard. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 Present endings : ov 
 
 atrre 
 
 Aorist : The second person singular of the Passive Aorist 
 Imperative has the same characteristic letter as the Active, when 
 that letter is or, i/r, or . 
 
 Present. Act. Aorist. Imperat. Aor. Pass. 
 
 e.g. ypd<j)<j) eypai/^a ypdif/ov 
 
 Verbs which have no active take s, if/, or in the Pass. Aor. 
 Pass, in the same way, if the Aorist Active would have taken one 
 of these letters. 
 
 Pres. Act. Aor. (not used). Imperat. Aor. Pass. 
 e.g. /cot/Aou/mi tKoi/jLacra KOL/JLOLO-OV 
 
 Verbs in X, p take cr : 
 
 Pres. Act. Aorist. Imperat. Aor. Pass. 
 
 e.g. 
 
62 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 The second person plural is the same as the Passive Aorist 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 N.B. It will be observed that this Imperative is derived from 
 the ancient Middle Aorist, and not from the Passive. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 The Aorist is used in the formation of compound tenses, and 
 is the same as the third person of Aorist Subjunctive in pro- 
 nunciation, the 77 of the Subjunctive becoming 77 in the Infinitive. 
 
 Pres. Pass. Aorist. Aorist Infinitive. 
 
 e.g. 8aveio/Aai (e)Savei(r$?7Ka Savr#>7, to borrow. 
 
 COMPOUND TENSES. 
 
 The formation of these and the Conditional is obvious, and 
 may be seen in the table. 
 
 PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 
 
 The ending is /xeVos (fj^vrj, yu,cVo). The Perfect Participle is 
 formed from the Passive Aorist in the following manner : 
 
 1. v6 in the Passive Aorist becomes o-/xevos in the Perfect 
 Participle : 
 
 Pres. Act. Aor. Pass. Aor. Perf. Pass. Part. 
 
 e.g. (r^t^w, I tear. 
 
 2. \9 becomes 
 
 e.g. 7mpau>, I annoy. e7rei'paa (e)7reipa^^Ka 7retpay//,eVos 
 
 3. <J>6 becomes ^,/Aevos : 
 
 e.g. ypa<a>, I write, eypai/^a jpd(f>0r]Ka. 
 
 4. usually becomes /xeVos : 
 e.g. TVTTOVW, I press. ervTrwcra 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 63 
 
 Some verbs in a<o have 
 
 co, I thirst. 
 a), I huDger. 
 
 The Perfect Passive Participle is often used instead of the 
 Aorist Infinitive in active or passive compound tenses. Instead 
 of i\a ypd{f/i, we have et^o, ypa/x/x-ei/o, I had written ; and instead 
 of et^e ypa(j>6r], we more commonly have r/rave ypa/x/xeVov, it had 
 been written. 
 
 Intransitive verbs may have a Perfect Passive Participle 
 (cf. 8n//ao> and Tretvaw above). Trepvaco, I pass, has TrepaoyxeVos. 
 
 Examples of some verbs in the Passive Yoice (where the 
 Active is not given there is none) : 
 
 Pres. Aorist. Aor. Imp. Perf. Part. Active. 
 
 ^aarov ^a/xevo? X&vw, 
 
 I lose. 
 
 I draw. 
 (cruAAoyiov/Acu), I consider. (thoughtful, pensive). 
 
 (I am afraid) (I make afraid) 
 
 KOL/JLOV/JLCLl, 
 
 I sleep. 
 
 I throw. 
 
 Kovpacr/xevo? /covpaw, 
 I tire. 
 
 * The ending OrjKa is often pronounced rrjKa t especially 
 after v, d>, a-. 
 
64 
 
 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 (I dislike) 
 Xepvo/xat 
 
 (loathsome) 
 
 Xepwo-ov Xepo/xevos Xepovco, 
 
 (dirty) I soil. 
 
 I shave. 
 
 Ovfj-rjcrov 
 
 (I remember) 
 
 (I need) 
 
 (I go to bed) 
 
 I stretch. 
 
 Exercise 13. A. 
 
 Tove <o/?acrai ; o^t, Scv rove ^>o/?oi)/xat Ka^oXov. Tov /caipo OTTOV 
 rjfjLovva 's T^ Svpo 8ev TOV e^>o^ovyu,ovv, dXXa eSw rov <j>o(3r]@r)Ka. MT; 
 TOV (f)o(3acraL ! e7ve KaXos av^pooTros' Sev ^a o-e Tretpa^. "OT6 /cat av 
 t8w 8ev ^a </>o/3oiyxai. Koi/xaTat 6 
 aKOfJLf], A<f>ov eTo-at /<ovpao-/xevos va 
 /xr/ Xepo)^?' eTvc Xao-Trcus '9 Tov8po//,o. To /xavSvXt o-ov elve Xepto/xevo. 
 To o~KvXt /xa? } -^dOr)K. Na X a ^W s ' ^a-Kapa ! M^v d^)^cr^s TO. 
 ypotjU/xaTa 's TO TpaTre^t, ytaTt ^a ^a^ovv. 'Tpa/3rJx^ Ke '? T V Ka/x,apa 
 /xov. Tt o-uXXoyteo-at ; SuXXoyt'^o/xat TOV <i'Xo /xov Aev TTIVO) TrXio 
 Kpacri' TO 'cri^dOrjKa. 6 K\<fm]S pl^Or]K Vava) TOV Kat TOV eo-KOTwo-e. 
 Tc wpa ^a KOtjJirjO'fjs ; vfJiacraL TOV veov CKetvov TTOV '/xtXo^orc TO. 
 'Ap/xevt/ca ; IIov Koi/x,ao~Te ; 'E/cctvo TOV Kcupov e^8picrKOTave 's TT) 
 
 , no. 
 Katpbv ttirov, when. 
 
 , Syros. 
 a, but. 
 #TJ /col Sv, whenever. 
 KVTrdfa, I look. 
 7/ Xoa-TTTj, the mud. 
 6 Sp6p.os, the way, road. 
 
 i, the handkerchief. 
 
 > a curse (may you be lost). 
 6 pacrKapas, masker fool, zany. 
 Sey TrAtd, no more. 
 6 /cAe^TTjs, the thief, robber. 
 (TKO'r6vu> ) I kill. 
 TO 'Ap/jLviKa, Armenian. 
 '0pt(TKo/j.ai, (evpiaKOfjLai) I am (Je 
 
 BieVi/r?, Vienna. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 65 
 
 Exercise 13. B. 
 
 I am afraid of him (A.cc.) (use Aorist of verb). Now I am 
 thinking of your friend (use Aor. of crt>AAoyto/>iai or Ov/jLovfjiai). 
 You ought to consider that. The letters are all lost. I have 
 been reading and writing the whole day ; now I am tired. I 
 was in Nauplia last week (say the past week). He was dressed 
 in black. Dress yourself. He is not dressed yet. I could not 
 go to sleep. He will get shaved. He stretched himself on the 
 ground (^a/xov) and fell asleep. Do you want (crov xpeia^erai) the 
 knife still ? Lie down on the sofa. They met one another. 
 
 Nauplia, ra Navir\ta. the sofa, & 
 
 I dress, VriW (eVSiW). to meet one another, Tnavo/mat (from 
 
 I dress myself, 'vrvvop.a.i. Aorist, Tridvca, I take). Aorist, Vi 
 
 'vrvQriKa. Imperat. Aor. 'VTVCTOV. Perf. Pass. Part., tnaa^vos. 
 
 Participle Perf. Pass. '* 
 
 VERBS WITH CONTRACTED PRESENT (INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE) 
 AND AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 In speaking some verbs are contracted in the tenses above 
 referred to. The contractions are as follows : 
 
 Present Contracted Present Contracted 
 
 Indie. form. Indie. form. 
 
 Aeyw, I say. Aew Trayco, I go. 
 
 Aeyeis A,es Trayei? 
 
 A eye i Ae'ei Trayet 
 
 Aeyoyue Ae/x,e 7rayo/x, 
 
 Aeyere Acre Trayere 
 
 Aeyowe AeVe Trayow(e) 
 
 NOTE. The shortened forms are also used for the Aorist 
 Subjunctive, e.g. TTOV va Trato ; where shall I go ? 
 
 F 
 
G6 
 
 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 Present 
 Tndic. 
 Tpwyw, I eat. 
 
 Contracted 
 form. 
 
 Aorist 
 Subj. 
 
 (Vtt 
 
 Tpwet 
 
 TptOTC 
 
 Tpwycts 
 
 Tpwyet 
 
 Tpu>yo/A 
 
 TpwyeTe 
 
 Tpwyow(c) 
 
 Present Contracted 
 
 Indie. form. 
 
 0e'Xo>, I wish. 
 tfe'Xcts 0es 
 
 6e\ci Bt 
 
 (fidyovve 
 
 Contracted 
 form. 
 
 <jf>a<o, used as Aor. Subj. 
 of Tpcoyoo. 
 
 Aorist Contracted 
 Subj. form. 
 
 (/cXatyo)) I weep. 
 K\CU<S 
 
 /cXou'ere 
 
 K\OLT 
 
 <^Taiw, I am wrong, is contracted like KXatco. 
 
 Exercise 14. A. 
 
 Hov 6a Trots (XTToi/'e ; a Traco 's TO Oearpo ; 2e TTOIO Ozarpo ; 
 TO Oearpo T^S 'AXa/x/?pas. 'ETretVao-a* Tra/xe va <^a/te. Tt 
 <^>av o-rj/x,epa ; At^Tot 8ev Tpwve TTOTC <f)povra. AiaTi 
 ) TOVS j3\auf;r). Tt ^es ; ^eXw va 7rXvo-o> TO, X*P La f jiov ' 
 
 ; Me e8ay/cao-e TO <TKvXi. ^v <^>Tats, Sev 
 Ilotos Xeet OTt c</>^ao-c 6 virovpyos ; 'E/xets TO Xe/xc. 
 
 TO (^poCro, the fruit. 
 ir\vv<i> (wAeVa), 1 wash. 
 , I bite. 
 
 ffirp(t>xv(a, I push. 
 
 6 virovpy6s, the (cabinet) minister. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 67 
 
 Exercise 14. B. 
 
 Let us go and dine (say eat). Where is he going 1 He is 
 going to get shaved. What are you eating 1 I am eating fruit. 
 What would you like (rL $es) to eat? Shall I go home nowl 
 What are you crying for 1 We have lost our money. You dine 
 very late. What do you say ? I say that you are wrong. No, 
 your brothers are wrong. 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 Present A . Aorist Aorfet Perf. Pass. 
 
 Indie. Subj. Imperative. Part. 
 
 Sing, Phir. 
 
 , f 
 
 aBaivQ}) K 
 yfalvw) } 
 
 (avaBalvoa) [-1 go up 
 (aviiBab 
 
 airoOaivw 1 T j- f airtQava, ~\ 
 
 VI di<~ 
 
 ttpfffto) I please fxpeffa, apf<ria 
 
 v t I leave &<pi)o'(t atpi^ffo) 
 
 (j8aA.\&?) [-1 put, lay 
 (favu) } ] 
 
 &s 
 
 lay 
 (0dvaa) } Pass. (i)0d\$i)ica 
 
 /I pull out 
 Pass. 
 fiyaivw, I go out 
 
 ^^870 /3yo!) 
 
 jSAeTroj, I see e!8a iSu 
 
 5ta> 
 
 Bpfjfoa, I wet ^pe|a )8pe| 
 
 Pass. 
 
 ( T)Spo fipoa 
 
 I find -I fipriKa 
 
 (fvpiffKw) } \ (fvpr)Ka) fvpw evpc cvpTJre 
 
 Pass. Bpee-rjica 
 
 '/3yaAAa> is derived by metathesis from e'K/?aAAoD, and 
 similarly '/3-yaivta from 1/c/fcuW. 
 
 F 2 
 
68 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 Exercise 15. A. 
 
 IIoios eu/e Karoo ; Eu/e o Kvp Mt^aX^g. " v As dvefifj //(A 
 Aev ' yu,7Topa> va a.vai/3ci>, ytart ?rovet TO 7ro8apt p:ou. 2ou apeo~e 6 
 TrepiVaros ; Ma/Vio-Ta, /xo9 apecre TroAi;. To KaTreAo /xoi> '^dOrjKe' 8ev 
 TO /^AeVa) TrovOfvd. MryTreos TO a^r/o-e? 's Tr)v Ka/xapa /AOV ; Tvpei^e 
 TO va TO/3pr)S (TO /^pr/s). AeV TO 7;upa /cat 8ev 7rrTeva> OTI ^a TO/3pa>. 
 Na TO' 17 8o'Xa TO et^e /3aA.ei 's TO ap/x,api. a Tras 's TO 
 Tcopa ; /Sapiov/jLai va 7rao>' eive /xa/cpeia. Bape^^/ca T^ ^o>^. 
 va /3yaX.r)S avro TO Kap^i'; Byatvet /ca^e (3pa8v '<s Tai9 O 
 
 CITT' e/cet va o~e t8a>. ElSe? TOV dScA.<ov /x,ov. "O^i, 8ev TOV cT8a 
 o"^/u,pa. To /xavSvAt /xou clve ^pe/x/xevo' o-Teyvwo-e TO. 
 e8w ; (How is it you are here ?) 'O TraTepas o-ov ^ 
 aTTo^ave aTr' eSoi Kai 8uo ^povta. 
 
 Kara), downstairs. T^> ap/u.dpt, the cupboard. 
 
 /cup, abbreviation of /cupios. fiaKpfid, far. 
 
 Ti (TTi^/iT), the moment. 77 C"''^? the life. 
 
 7ro/<i, I liurt. r5 ap4>i, the nail. 
 
 Tb TnoSapt, the foot. rb ^pa5u, the evening. 
 
 6 Trepiiraros, the walk. 0^671/01/0), I diy. 
 
 Scv irovBfvd, nowhere. OTT' e'ScD /cal Suo xp6via, two years ago. 
 
 p.T]irus, perhaps. 
 
 Exercise 15. B. 
 
 Have you found my ring I What ring ? I never saw you 
 with (a) ring. Yes, I forgot that I had not shown it to you ; I 
 bought it yesterday evening. I have left it (lying) about some- 
 where (7rou0eva), but I don't remember where. Did he find the 
 way alone 1 The flowers pleased me very much. I shall have a 
 tooth pulled out (use Active). We saw him yesterday with his 
 father. That is impossible, his father is not here ; it must have 
 been his brother (#a T/TO, &c.). When will you go out to-morrow 
 evening 1 I shall not go out ; I have too much to do (translate 
 much work). Do you see this scarf -pin 1 ? is it not pretty ? I am 
 thoroughly tired of that sort of thing. 
 
 never, $ei> TTOTC. the tooth, . 
 
 yesterday evening, tj/e's T> &pd$v. the work, TJ Sov\id. 
 the flower, rb \ov\ovSi. scarf-pin, 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 69 
 
 Present 
 Indie. 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS (continued}. 
 
 Aorist Aorist 
 
 Aorist. 
 
 I happen, \ 
 become J 
 
 epxo/icu, I come 
 
 sit, live 
 I burn 
 
 ( fScaffa 
 1 5a>/ca 
 
 IICO ^ 
 
 tuw J 
 
 Pass. 
 
 Kdl 
 
 , make 
 
 KaTa\a&aivQ)\I under- \ 
 /caraAaySaj / stand / 
 KaTa/3aivo>, I go down, like ava&aivca 
 K\a((a, I weep 
 
 ivca j 
 Xfju, 1 say 
 
 HaOaivca ( I learn, \ 
 /j.av9dvca \ experience J 
 
 I collect 
 j, 1 get drunk 
 
 e/Tra 
 
 vrpeTTO/uat 
 (eWpe'Troyuai) 
 
 I feel shy, 
 
 I am 
 ashamed 
 
 Subj. Imperative. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 yeivov 
 
 86s 86(rere 
 
 Ka\l/e 
 
 epdw 
 
 Pass. 
 Kaca 
 
 Perf. Pass. 
 Part. 
 
 8o(r/j.4vos 
 
 ires 
 f tires 
 
 7T7)T6 
 
 t7T6T 
 
 JSxercise 16. A. 
 
 Udre eyive avro ; Ta 7roproyaXA.ta 8ei/ cTi/e d/co/x?; yivco/xeva (ripe). 
 a <re Sctpw av TO TTTJS ere Kaveva aXXov. Aocre /xov eva (XTT' avra ra 
 wpata rpiai'Ta<vAAa. a crov 8wo-co oXa. Se cv^aptcrrio. 2 Trapa/caXaJ 
 va.fj.ov owa-rjs TO /u,7rtA ICTTO. 'Avro TTOT) ep^ecrat ; "Ep^o/xat aTro TO 
 CTTT^TI /cat TTCXW'S TO cr^oAeio. A^ r}\.6av OLKcfJirj ol ^>tAot o-as*; Ox i > 
 Sei/ yXOav. IloVe Oapflys va /x tS^s ; 'EXaTe 'Sw, ^a ere TTW KOLTI TI. 
 llov KaOecraL rwpa. ; Ka^o/xat 's TOV ^payKOyaa^aXXa. KctT^e (ojXiyo 
 va O"OT; SiaySacrw eVa TrotTy/xa. IIoo"ov Kapcv 
 
70 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 avTO TO ypati/xa yia va fArj TO fipfj Kavels KCLL TO oia/3do~r). To 
 (i}Ka.rjKf.. Tt Oa Ka/x-rys a,7roi// ; a />tetVw 's TO O-TT^TC. Acv epw 
 va Traw. KaraXa/3es TI o-ovVa ( = 0-ov flira) ; MaXio-ra, KaraXa- 
 , dAAa 8ei/ /x,7ropa> va o" aTravrryo-w. a TO '-77779 TOV oao-KaX.ov ; 
 MaAio~Ta, $a TOV TO 'TTCO. Urn) l/xa^es TO, pw/jiatKa ; Tajtxa^a (TO. 
 e/jta$a) '5 T^V -TToAt /cat '5 Ta? 'A^r^vas. ETve appa)o"Tos avTos 6 
 
 ^O^t, iW /xovov /x^vo-/xeVos* Ka^e J3oofJidoa Svo 
 E/J.TTCL f*,(ra ! "O^t, rrpeTro/xat VOL/XTTW. FiaTi 
 
 b Troproyd\\i, the orange. 6 *pa7/co,uaxa\A.as, the Frankish 
 
 J> Tpiai/rd(pv\\o, the rose. quarter. 
 
 uxap'^Tw, I thank. rj> 7roir;/io, the poem. 
 
 5 0-xoA.e^, the school. airaj/raj, I answer. 
 
 the week. | 
 
 Exercise 16. p. 
 
 You have come (too) late ; I have no time now to speak to 
 (with /xe) you. Come to me (say to my house) at ten o'clock to- 
 morrow, but do not forget the hour. Can you tell me where 
 Mr. Zamacopoulos lives? Come with me and I will show you 
 the house. Tell him not to come to-morrow (use subj.) Pick 
 up all the letters that are (lying) on the ground and burn 
 them. Give me the key. Haven't I given it to you ? 
 Shall I say anything else (aAAo TITTOTC) to your brother 1 
 Yes, give him this bottle of wine, and ask him to try it. We 
 did not understand what he said. He speaks so quickly that 
 (oVou) no one can understand him (/caveis Sev). I learnt to-day, 
 that the church was burnt (down). Do not go in : the dog will 
 bite you. Tell me, are the ladies of Smyrna beautiful ? Indeed 
 (eli/e a\rj6ua OTL) I have never seen prettier women anywhere. 
 About a hundred people were gathered together on the spot 
 where the murder took place. We have lived four years in this 
 house. Sit down for a little ! Thank you, I won't sit down, I 
 I haven't time. Come down out of that tree (say from), you 
 young rascal, or I will give you the stick. Please give (va and 
 subj.) rne ink and paper; I want to write to my brother. Do 
 not leave the wine on the table ; I know quite well (o-tyovpa) that 
 he will get drunk if he finds it. 
 
 at ten o'clock, 's Tals Se'/co >pats. the murder, 6 <p6vos. 
 
 the hour, ri &pa. four, reWctpa. 
 
 I try, 5o/ci/..a"- the tree, rb 5eV5po (Sevrpo). 
 
 about a hundred, Ka^ia tKaToarapia. 1 give the stick, O-OTTI^W d-n-b v\ov. 
 
 the spot, rb fj.epos. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 71 
 
 IRREGULAR YERBS (continued). 
 
 Pres. 
 Indie. 
 
 iraQalva), I suffer 
 iraipvw, I take 
 
 Aorist 
 Indie. 
 
 tiraOa 
 
 , I go 
 
 TTII/OJ, I drink 
 
 TreQTw, I fall 
 7rA.eco, I sail 
 ew, I breathe 
 
 I s well 
 
 Aorist Aorist 
 
 Subj. Imperative. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 irddca irdOe ird6fTt 
 
 irdpvo irdpe irdpre 
 
 Passive Passive 
 
 Pres. Subj. 
 Trdca 
 
 CTTIO, 
 
 ijtria 
 
 j, I lift up 
 Passive. 
 <rriK6vojj.ai, I stand up 
 
 I erect, \ 
 
 set up / 
 
 /I stand, 
 
 irvevow 
 
 (TT7KOU 
 (TTJ/COJ 
 
 p<t>a), I nourish 
 , I run 
 
 , I eat 
 
 Pass. 
 , I happen 
 
 I promise 
 , I appear (e'^ai/rj/ca 
 , I go awuy $<pvya 
 
 (TT007JT6 
 
 Pres. Imper. 
 
 6p\l/ere 
 Tpe^e Tpe|6T 
 Pres. Imperative. 
 
 (pdyca 
 
 <pvyco 
 
 <pavov 
 
 (pvye 
 
 Pres. Imperative. 
 
 Perf. Pass. 
 Part. 
 
 drunken 
 
72 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR, 
 
 Exercise 17. A. 
 
 *E:reo-a Kara) KOL e^ruTr^o-a TO K<j>d\L (JLOV. Tie7ra$es; (What has 
 happened to you ') IIo<o? V>}pe TO. o-iyapa /JLOV ; Aev ra V^pe /caret's. 
 Mr) Trapes TO i/faAi'St, ytaTt TO xpetao/xat. Iloo-a /covSuAta /xov ex ts 
 Trap/xeVa a>s Toupa ; TrpeVet va elve Ka/x/xta Se/capta. Ilr/yatve ypr;yopa ! 
 Aev e;(0/xe /catpov va ^ao-a>/>te (to lose). Me '/cevT^o-e /xta yaeAtcro-a Kai 
 Vp^o-TT^Ke TO ^ept yaoti. To /3eXovt e7reo-e KCITW cr^/ccoore TO. 
 crrjKov ! oeKa wpats (e^KOi/x.ry^Ke?. 2av TOV eTSa a,7ro /xa/cpeia Z 
 
 Tpe^a yp-^yopa ! <epc yu-ov TO ^>ay t ! "ETU^e /xta /xe'pa va 
 ToG V7ro(T^Or)Ka vd TOV TrA^pojo-w avpiov. Mot) e^)avr;Ke KCCTTOOS 
 Trapa^evos. 'E^dpr^Ka TTO\V TTOV (when) a/co^o-a TTWS 6 TraTe'pas o~ov 
 eyive KaAa. 2^/xepa </)aya TroAv Kat /x' oAo TOVTO 8ev 
 
 XTI/TTW, I strike. rb ftf\6vi, the needle. 
 
 rj) 0({At, the head. tr^v, when. 
 
 rb fftydpo, the cigarette. Kpv&ca, I hide. 
 
 T& ^oA/5t, the scissors. M a C^> together. 
 
 T^ ov5uA, the pen. <i7r&>s, somewhat. 
 
 Kafj.fj.ia SeKapid, about ten. irapalej/os, wonderful. 
 
 Kfvrdw, I sting. ^' clAo TOI)TO, in spite of that. 
 77 /xe \iffffa, the bee. 
 
 JSxercise 17. B. 
 
 Take the knife ; I do not want it any longer. Take care that 
 you don't fall. There is no lamp on the stairs. Your hand is 
 swollen. What has happened to you ? A bee stung me. Why 
 is he not up yet ? It is past seven o'clock (elve at e<^Ta Trepao-- 
 He must get up every morning at six o'clock. Stop ! 
 Where are you going ? No one is allowed to go 
 in there. Do not run so quickly, or you will fall. You promised 
 me to come. Why did you not keep your word 1 Make no 
 promises (promise nothing) that you cannot keep. I beg of you 
 not to go away. He appears to be an Englishman. How (TI) 
 do you do ? I am very well, thank you. I am glad, (to hear it). 
 That seems wonderful to me. 
 
 the stairs, ^ (T/caAa. I keep, wpara), Kpareca. 
 
 seven o'clock, IC/JTO wpats. the Englishman, 6 "Ayy\os, 'O ' 
 
 no one is permitted, Sev e'TnTpe'Trerat os. 
 
 ffe Kavtva. well, /caAa. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 73 
 
 IMPERSONAL VERBS. 
 
 Pres. Indie. Aorist. Aorist Subj. 
 
 ao-Tpd(f)Ti, it lightens. acrrpa^e 
 
 /3pa8eiaa, it grows late. 
 
 it rains. tfipte A> e/ ?7 
 
 i, night comes on. 
 /3povra, it thunders. 
 
 , it snows. 
 
 ei, it drizzles. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 it is necessary. (IVpeTrc, no Aorist). 
 
 it concerns. 1/xeXe ,, 
 
 L, it concerns (ri crt VOLOL^L ; What does it matter to you ?) 
 
 Aorist. 
 it displeases. 
 
 Exercise 18. A. 
 
 Aiart oev /JycuVeis; MoC ^xxcWrat 77009 OOL 
 oev yiovLj^ti (Tv^ya. 'EySpaSetacre, TrpeTret va 
 oiKO/Air) oXtyo* to~a /xe (till) rats eVSeKa c'x Te Kaipov. No. TTOI) 7re<^)Ti 
 fipoxTJ (There is rain falling already). Bpovra Kal acrrpa</)Tt. 
 Aev /xov /xeAet 8t' avrd (That does not matter to me). 
 
 MX, often. 
 
 Exercise 18. B. 
 
 I am sorry (it displeases me) that I cannot give you an 
 umbrella; it is raining hard. It has been thundering and 
 lightening. You must get off, before night comes on, so that you 
 may not lose your way. It does not matter so much to me for 
 (<5ta) the money, as for the friend 1 have lost. 
 
 tlie umbrella, T/ ofiTrp/AAa. hard, rpo/j.pd. 
 
74 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 Cardinals. Ordinals. 
 
 1. eVas, {JLLOL, era Trporros, 
 
 7rpurro(v), first 
 
 2. 8vo (8vd) Scvrepos, ?y, o(v) 
 
 3. rpet?, rpta rptros, 77, o(v) 
 
 4. T<r(TpoL (recrcrepts), recra-apais, Tecro-epa Terapros, >;, o(v) 
 
 5. 7TVT 7Te<^>TO, ^, o(v) 
 
 6. ^t KTOS 
 
 8. d^ro) oySoos 
 
 9. evvta evvaros 
 10. 
 
 11. 
 12. 
 
 1 3. SeKaTpets, SeKarpi'a ScKaro? rptros 
 
 14. SfKarecrcrepoi (StKarecrfrcptsy, 8fKa- rerapros 
 
 recro-epes, SeKarecrcrapa 
 15. 
 16. 
 17. 
 18. 
 19. 
 20. 
 
 21. cucocri evas, tKoo*t yu,ta, euco<Ti ei/a CIKOCTTOS Trpwro? 
 
 22. eiKocrt 8vd ,, Sevrepos 
 
 23. eiKocrt Tpet9, et/cocrt rpia 
 
 24. tKoo"t Tcr(rapot (recrcrapts, recrcrapais, 
 
 TtVo-apa) 
 
 25. IKO(T6 TTtVre 
 
 26. et 
 
 27. (/>ra 
 
 28. d x rw 
 
 29. eVvta 
 
 30. rptavra rptaKocrTos 
 40. crapdvTa 
 
 50. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 Cardinals. Ordinals. 
 
 80. oySuWa 
 90. ivf.vr)vra. 
 
 100. iKa.ro 
 
 101. fjiid 
 
 102. 8v'o 
 
 110. 8e/ca 
 i on v 
 
 1ZU. ,, eiKO(Tl 
 
 200. OLaKocnoL, SiaKooriais, SiaKocrta 
 
 300. rpaKOCTLOl, &C. 
 
 400. rerpa/cdcrtot 
 
 500. 
 
 600. 
 
 700. <^)TaKoVt06 
 800. OXTttKOO-tOt 
 
 900. evi/ea/cd(Tiot evca/cocrtoo-rds 
 
 1,000. 
 2,000. 
 
 3,000. rpets 
 4,000. 
 
 10,000. 8eVa 
 100,000. kKaro 
 1,000,000. eVa fJiiXiowi 
 va 
 
 The Cardinals 1 4 are declined, and also from 200 upwards, 
 has already been declined as the indefinite article. 
 
 has a genitive ovovwv. rpets, recro-apes are declined as 
 follows : 
 
 Masc. Fern. Neut. 
 
 Nom. and Ace. rpets rpets rpia 
 
 Gen. rpttov rpicov 
 
 Masc. Fern. Neut. 
 
 recrcrapoL ^ecro-apis; Tecrcrapais recrcrapa 
 
 Acc. rccrcrapovs (Teo"crapts) ,, i 
 
 Gen. reorcrapwv rccrcrdpwv Tcrcra.p<av 
 
 The numbers above 200 are declined regularly. 
 
76 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 The ordinals above 30 are most commonly expressed by 
 means of the cardinals. 
 
 Numeral nouns may be formed by adding one of the suffixes 
 -apia, -apa, -apt, -aprjs. 
 
 ScoSe/capia, a dozen. 
 
 o-apavrapta, number of forty two score. 
 
 Trevrapa or Trcvrapi (a piece of money of five lepta), a halfpenny. 
 
 8e/<api (ten lepta), a penny. 
 
 a person thirty years old. 
 , a, person fifty years old. 
 
 DISTRIBUTIVE AND FRACTIONAL NUMERALS. 
 
 Distributives are expressed by means of the cardinals with the 
 preposition airo prefixed, e.g. a-rro Svo, two apiece, aaro et/cocri, 
 twenty apiece. 
 
 Fractions are expressed as follows : 
 
 , half (adj.), TO /Micro, the half (noun) ; TO TptVo, the third ; 
 TO TeVapTo, the quarter (also TO /capTo) ; TO TT</TO(V) the fifth ; &c. 
 
 The Days of the Week. The Months. 
 
 7] Kvpia/oy, Sunday. 6 'lavovapios, January. 
 
 fj AeuTepa, Monday. 6 ^e/^povaptos, February. 
 
 Y] TptVr/, Tuesday. 6 MapTtos, March. 
 
 f) TerdpTY] (TeTpdSr)), Wednesday. 6 'ATrptAto?, April. 
 
 rj He<f>Tr) (Ile/Aimy), Thursday. 6 Mcuos, May. 
 
 fj HapacrKevr/, Friday. 6 'lowto?, June. 
 
 TO ^d/Sparo, Saturday. 6 'loijA-ios ('AAwvapT/s), July. 
 
 6 AvyoucTTos, August. 
 
 6 ^7TTfjif3pLo^, 2e^>Te/x/8pto5, Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 6 'O/cTco^ptos, October. 
 
 6 No/x/3ptos, November. 
 
 6 Ae/c/x,/?pio5, December. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 77 
 
 Idiomatic and other expressions concerning time: 
 
 The first of March, 's rr)v Trporn? Maprton ; the second of 
 March, 's rat? Suo Mapriou ; on the fifteenth of March, 's rats 
 SeKctTrevre Maprtdv. What day of the month is to-day 1 TroVais e^et 
 6 /x?Ji/as o~>7/xepa ; or 7roo~ats rov /XTyvos e^o/xe o~?7/xepa ; a fortnight, 
 8e/ca7reVre /xepat? ; a week to-day, o^uepa o^ra> /xepats. 
 
 It is one o'clock. eu/e /xta wpa. 
 
 It is ten minutes past one. elve /xta Kat SeKa. 
 
 It is a quarter past one. etW /jti'a Kat rerapro (Ka'pro). 
 
 It is half past one. eu/e /ju.d/JLicrr) (wpa). 
 
 It is a quarter to two. et^e 8^0 Trapa rerapro (Kapro). 
 
 It is five minutes to two. elW Sv'o Trapa TreVre. 
 
 It is two o'clock. eti/e 8io wpat?. 
 
 At three o'clock. 's rats rpets. 
 
 Exercise 19. A. 
 
 Ai TrpooraAS /xepai?. Avo e^8So^taSai5. Tpet? Avails. At reVcrapais 
 wpat? rov erovs etve TO KaXoKa^pt, TO ^^ivoTTtopo, 6 ^eijuawas, 17 avot^t. 
 Ae/ca ^tXtaSat? KOLTOLKOI- Mta 8pa^/x7y f'x et KttTO AeTTTa. Ot To/cot 
 (Iva^atVow et? 7revTa/<oo~iai5 o"apavTa Tpels Spa^/xats Kat Tpidvra Tpta 
 A.7TTa. 'E^a ypdo~t e^ei crapdvra Trapaoat?. O SeTJTepo 
 rpirov TOV<;. Ttwpaetve; 'E^rvTnyo-av at TrevTe/xto-r/. a 
 Tat? Tpiavra Avyovcrrov. 
 
 ri &pa rov TOVS, the season of the rb AeTrrJy, the centime. 
 
 year. ot T^KOJ, the interest. 
 
 rb Ka\oKcupi, summer. avafBaivovv ets, amounts to. 
 
 rb (pOivoTToopo, the autumn. TO yp6(ri, the piastre (Turkish). 
 
 6 x et M I/as ) the winter. d Trapas, the para (Turkish). 
 
 r/ ^voi|t, the spring. X TU7r "j I strike. 
 d /coTot/coy, the inhabitant. 
 
 Exercise 19. B. 
 
 The fourth day of the eighth week. "We live in the year 
 1889 ('s TO, . .). Three eighths are the half of three quarters. 
 This is my fifth glass. What o'clock is it ? It is a quarter past 
 eleven. How many times have you been there (eV?jyaTe Vet) 1 
 At what o'clock (TI wpa) do you go to bed 1, How old is he 1 
 
78 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 xpovwv ^ >) He is forty years old (eTve a-apavra 
 He will arrive on the eighteenth of February. The year has 
 twelve months, the month thirty days, the day twenty-four hours, 
 the hour sixty minutes, and the minute sixty seconds. How 
 much (TTOO-OV) did you give for it? I gave six pounds for it 
 (say for how much did you buy it 1 I bought it for six pounds). 
 
 the glass, TO irorripi. the second, TO 
 
 to go to bed, Tr\ayidfa. the pound (money), 7) 
 
 the minute, ri> \eirr6. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 All usually take the Accusative Case after them. 
 
 'AVTI (dvTi's), instead of. yu,e, with. 
 
 dTro', of, from. Trapa, than. 
 
 Sx, on account of, during. Trpo, before. 
 
 tis, at, to, in, for, by. Trpos, towards. 
 
 Kara, by. ^copts, 8t^w?, without. 
 
 ptTd, with. 
 
 a vr L <s, instead of, used with Ace. and occasionally Gen. With 
 the Accusative the form dvrts occurs oftenest. 
 
 E.g. dvrts avrov rj\6' 6 d8eA<os rov : his brother came instead of 
 him. 
 
 dm'? is also used in conjunction with the preposition Sia (yta). 
 
 E.g. e/xaAAwo-e e/xeva dvrts yta e/cetvov : he scolded me instead of 
 him. 
 
 is or dvrts ytd is often used with i/a and the subjunctive ; 
 e.g. dvrts yta va Sia^a^T/, 7raiei : instead of reading he plays. 
 
 O.TT 6 has several distinct meanings : it is used to indicate : 
 
 (1) of place, from, e.g. ep^o/xat aTro rr; AoVrpa, I come from 
 London. 
 
 (2) of time, from, after, since, 's rats Svo aTro TO yc^/xa, two 
 hours after dinner. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 79 
 
 (3) in a partitive sense, some of, e.g. lino, SLTTO OLVTO TO /c 
 drank some of this wine. 
 
 (4) in a distributive sense, e.g. Ka$eyas eTnype a7r6 Svo 
 they received two dollars apiece. 
 
 (5) of material, made of, e.g. Kov-n-a O.TTO /x,aAAa/m, a cup made 
 of gold. 
 
 (6) of cause or origin, of, from, e.g. TO ZXafia GLTTO TOV Trarepa 
 fjiov, I received it from my father ; d7re'0ai/ airo TYJ xoAepa, he 
 died of cholera. 
 
 (7) of comparison, than, e.g. TOVTO eti/e KaXXiTepo OLTTO /cetvo, this 
 is better than that. 
 
 Idioms : 
 
 L, I call at a shop. 
 
 (XTTO TO Mdva^ov, I passed through Munich. 
 O-TTO '8w ! let us go this way. 
 aTTo rrov TO 'Trapes ; where did you buy it 1 
 O.TT eSoi /cat /xia aipa, an hour ago. 
 
 A t a (yta) takes the acccusative and means : 
 
 (1) on account of, e.g. yta TO, xprj//,ara eytvai/ 6'Xa aira, all that 
 happened on account of money. 
 
 (2) during, e.g. evoi'/oacra TO O-TT^TI yta Svo ^povta, I hired the 
 house for two years. 
 
 Idioms : 
 
 Sia Tt (yta Tt), why ? 
 8ta va, SO that. 
 Sta va fjirj, lest, so that not. 
 
 TO '7rovXr)o-a yta rpio. TaAX^pa, I sold it for three dollars. 
 (o))/x,tX(o yta VeVa, I am speaking of you. 
 0<x <j)vy<D yta T^V TroAi, I shall go away to Constantinople. 
 SeV IJLOV /ute'Aet yt' a^To, It does not concern me. 
 Sta, Trotov TO AeycTe, whom do you mean 1 (of whom do you say 
 that Q 
 
80 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GKEEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 i s ('s, (et)" e/ > o-e) takes the Ace. and means : 
 
 (1) motion to a place, e.g. Tr^yaiVw '5 ryv Mayv^criav, I am going 
 to Magnesia. 
 
 (2) rest in a place, e.g. KaOerat '? TO O-TT^TI TOU (f>i\ov JJLOV, he 
 lives in my friend's house. 
 
 (3) time, '? rai? Se/caTreWe 'lovXtov, on the fifteenth of July. 
 
 (4) purpose, (e)Ka0io-a/xe 's TO </>ayi, we sat down to table 
 (food). 
 
 (5) in oaths, \ TO 0eo, by God. 
 
 Idioms : 
 
 iSe's TO 's TO <^>co9, look at it in the light. 
 Ka/xa era yupo '9 TO <eyyapi, I took a walk by moonlight. 
 KdOerai 's TOV Few/ay tov, he lives at George's house (TO O-TT^TI is 
 understood). 
 
 's TT/V apci'Sa, in turn. 
 's TO Tt'Ao?, in the end. 
 
 Kara takes the Ace. and means : 
 
 (1) direction, e.g. cTr^ycuve KOTO, TT/V TrpoKu/Acuav, he went along 
 the jetty. 
 
 (2) manner, e.g. Kara Ttr^v, by chance. 
 
 (3) definition and distinction, e.g. Kara TOVS TOTTOUS, according 
 to the respective places ; Kara TOV KeupoV, according to the 
 weather. 
 
 NOTE. KaTcit when used in the literary and polite dialect oc- 
 casionally takes the Gen. and means against, e.g. w/xt'A^cre Kara 
 a-ov, he spoke against you. 
 
 , is not common in the spoken tongue. 
 
 It takes the Genitive in the expression /xeTa x a P<*-s> joyfully 
 (with joy). 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 81 
 
 When used with the Ace. it means : 
 
 (1) with, e.g. /xera '/xeva, with me j /XCTO, Vva, with you; /XCTO. 
 '/cetvove, with that one. 
 
 (2) after, e.g. /xera Se'/ca '/xepais, after ten days. The usual 
 expression for this is however vcrrepa d^ro Se'/ca '/xepcus. 
 
 /x e is the shortened form of /xera and means : 
 
 (1) with, in the sense of accompanying, e.g. eVepTraroro-e /xe 
 TOV dSeA<oV TOV, he went for a walk with his brother. 
 
 (2) with, of manner, /xe /3id, with violence, haste. 
 
 (3) with, of instrument, /xe exTuV/yo-e tte TO /xTraorrowi, he struck 
 me with the stick. 
 
 (4) in spite of, /x' 6'A.o TOVTO, in spite of all that. 
 
 TT a p d is used in comparisons to indicate than, e.g. KaAAiVepo 
 Trapa TO aAAo, better than the other. 
 
 NOTE. It is often considered a conjunction in this use. It is 
 also used as an adverb with the accent on the first syllable to 
 mean too, e.g. Trdpa TroXv, too much. 
 
 Trpo, before (takes the genitive in the literary dialect). 
 TT p o s, towards, for : 
 
 e.g. TTpos TTOV ; in what direction 1 8eia, Trpos TO TaSe ^wpLov, on 
 the right, on the way to such a village ; TO TrwXw Trpo? rpia 
 <f>pdyi<a, I am selling it for three francs ; eVa Trpos eVa, one by one. 
 
 X w p i <;, 8 i x w s, without (take Ace.), ^w/ais avTov Sev ^a Traw, I 
 shall not go without him. 
 
 Exercise 20. A. 
 
 ir eSw ; "O^i, Kvpte, eT/xat aTro TO, Meyapa. 'ATTO TTOV 
 Ep^o/xat a,7ro TO <Tirr)Ti. 'E/xto-ei^av diro aAAov 8po/xov '5 
 TOI/ TOTTOV TOI;?. 'AvTo^ave O.TTO TO (fro/So TOV. eAtTe va -jrapeTe TO 
 ypa/x/xa /xa^v o~as ; Ox 1 ' a ^/ l T O Trpcot ^a Trepacrw va TO Trdpa). Ai J 
 
82 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 avrov TOV Xoyov Sev r/X0a. "AXX^/v wpav Oa. o/jaXrjvov/J,* 8i O.VTO TO 
 Trpaytia. <J>uXae TO KaXa yia va yu,r) X a ^H' ^ TroXXa ptpr) rfjs 
 'AvaToX?}? e^owe o-Ta<vXia TTOU eive KaXXiVepa O.TTO rovra. 2e TTOCTO 
 '/XTropw va 7rao> eKet ; Tov eyvtopto-a '9 TO TaeiSi. Ot e^^pot 
 Kara TO (frpovpiov. A.VTO 8ev ^t va Ka.fj.rj jae eKelva TTOV elTre 
 Ta8a (TO, eTSa) /xe Ta fj.oi.TLa fj.ov. Aev '/XTropai va SiafSdord) /x,e 
 TO ^>a>5. Me TOI/ /AT/VO, ^ /xe Tr)v e/38o/i-a8a ZvoiKiacres Trjv Kayaapa ; 
 ITov Tret? /xe Terota {f/v^pa ; Me TOV Kaipov Oa. ^e^ao-ry *ai avTo. 
 
 fj.iffeva>, I travel. rb ftepos, the part, region. 
 
 o <j)6&os, the fear. 6 ^x^p^s, the enemy. 
 
 a(/pto T^ irpau, early to-morrow ri <(>povptov, the fort. 
 
 morning. T </>wy, the light. 
 
 6 A-^yos, the reason. ij tyvxpa, tiie cold. 
 
 Exercise 20. B. 
 
 We asked him where he was (trans, is). I worked from eight 
 o'clock in the morning till seven in the evening, He wept for 
 joy (say, for his joy). I recognized him by his voice. In every 
 house there were ten soldiers. I knew that better than you. 
 Which of the two is your brother ? Let us go this way. He 
 went by Vienna. Tell him that he may speak with me at 
 eight o'clock. He does not do it for the sake of money. He 
 went away (elve <evyctTos) an hour ago. For how long (yia 
 TTO'O-OV KaipoV) have you hired the room 1 He is going to Smyrna 
 next month (TOV aXXo fj.r}va). He will be here in ten minutes. 
 They will never go with you. He does it with his own hands 
 (say hand). You will do well to hire the room by the month. 
 In spite of his industry (/xe 0X77 TT/V eVi/xeXeia TOV) he did not 
 succeed. Will you lend me a thousand drachmas at four per 
 cent, (say, for the hundred) 1 
 
 until, is. I recognize, yvwpifa. 
 
 in the morning, rb irpwf. the voice, ^ 
 
 in the evening, TO PpdSu. Vienna, TJ 
 
 the joy, T\ x a pd' to succeed, 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 83 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 Many adverbs of time and place are used as prepositions ; e.g, 
 u, together ; /*.au /xov, with me. Only monosyllabic pronouns, 
 however, are thrown into the Genitive ; in other cases the adverb 
 is used together with another preposition ; e.g. paty /xe rovs 
 , with the others. 
 
 ADVERBS OF PLACE. 
 
 Vavw, above, up, (e)7rava) (aTroTrdVto). IA.a Vavw, come up. eTve 
 he is upstairs. 
 
 K a T to, below, down. iiTroKarw (d-n-OKarw), used with caro 
 following as a preposition, below, beneath. eAa KCXTW, come down. 
 TO ypafjifia r/rave aTroKarw aTro TO /2i/?Aio, the letter was under the 
 book. 
 
 "E o> (ow), out, a7roa> aTro, outside of, e.g. etve o<o, he is 
 out. a,7rou) d,7ro TO cnrfJTL, outside of the house. 
 
 Idiomatic usage ; fjaOatvw otTr' e^w, I learn by heart. 
 
 Meo-a, in, inside, a-Tro /xeo-a, /AtVa's, 6.</. A.a /xeo-a, come in. 
 Tt elve /xeo-a 's TO Trorrjpi ; what is in the glass ? elve Kpaarl /xeo-a, 
 there is wine in it. KoTricurre /xecra ! please (come) in ; this way, 
 please. 
 
 'E /u, 7T p 6 5, forward, before, opposite (6^u,7rpos, 5 /x7rpoo-Ta et?), e.^. 
 '/jLTTpoard o-ov, or ^Trpoorra '? eo-eva, before you, in your presence. 
 ' /JLTrpocrra 's TO O-TT^TI, before the house. '/X7rpoo-Ta 's avrov eya> 8eV 
 f t/xat TtVoTe, in comparison with him I am nothing. 'E/x,7r/3os ! 
 forward ! come in ! go on ! 
 
 , behind, back, after, obr' oTriVw a7ro, behind, 
 e.^. d.7r' oTTtVa) a.7ro TO <nrfJTi rjrave eVa TrepiySoXi, behind the house 
 there was a garden, yvptfa oTrto-co, I return, turn back. 
 
 M a K p c t a, far, distant. aTro /x.a/cpeia, from afar. IIoVo 
 a etve ; how far is it 1 7ro\X.a /iaKpeta, very far. 
 
 K. o v T a, crijua, d.7ro KOVTCI, near, KOVTO, 's, close to j also as an 
 adverb of time, rwpa KOVTO., just now. TrX.-rjywOrJKave 
 
 G2 
 
84 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 nearly fifty were wounded. (KOVTCVOU, I am near ; Kovrevw va 
 rcAetwcrw, I have nearly finished ; ei<6vTt\f/a va TTCO-W, I nearly 
 fell.) 
 
 Aeia, to the right. 
 'Apto-Tepa (ep/?a), to the left. 
 
 w, here, hither. 
 
 et, there, thither. 
 
 u, between, among, e.g. ava/jLtra^v TOVS Sev c^ovv 
 a, they have no secrets between them. 
 
 AVTOV, there. 
 
 'AAA.OV, elsewhere, elsewhither. O.TT dAAoi), from elsewhere ; 
 KCITTOV dXXov, anywhere else. 
 
 K a TT o v, anywhere, any whither, somewhere, &c. 
 
 II o v c v a (ITovTrera) anywhere, somewhere (in interrogative 
 sentences), nowhere (in negative sentences). 
 
 II o v, where. 
 
 "O TT o v, where (relative), e.g. oirov KO! av yve, wherever he 
 may be. 
 
 'Os, as far as, commonly used together with ets, e.g. ws 's TO 
 cnrjJTLj as far as the house, ws also means about, e.g. r/rave CKCI 
 ws et/coa-i av^pcoTToi, there were about twenty people there. 
 
 He pa, over, beyond, is used with eSto and e/cct, over here, over 
 there ; TO iripa /xe/aog, the further side. 
 
 ADVERBS OF TIME. 
 , to-day. 
 Avpto(v), to-morrow. 
 
 Me0av/Ho(v), the day after to-morrow, some time. 
 / 5)> (*Y e/< ?> ^ e/ 5)j yesterday. 
 
 es), the day before yesterday, lately. 
 ts), early. 
 'Apya, late. 
 
 (e^wpas), late. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 85 
 
 Twpa, now. 
 
 'AKO'/XT?, yet. 
 
 Tore, Tores, CTOTCS, then ; O.TTO Tore, since then. 
 
 ^ s '( ^ s ) I immediately. 
 
 AfJL(T(t)<S ) 
 
 ILavTore, always. 
 Here, when. 
 
 Here TTOTC, now now. 
 
 IIoTc, in interrogative sentences ever, in negative sentences 
 never. Zlore is often used with the genitive of the personal pro- 
 noun placed after it : 
 
 e.g. TOV eiSare Trore crag ; have you ever seen him 1 Aev rov etSa 
 /xov. I have never seen him. 
 sooner. 
 
 a af terwards later on> 
 
 tt j 
 
 '<I>ero9 (e^cVos), this year. 
 last year. 
 
 t, the year before last. 
 IIaA.i, again. 
 Tov xpoVov, next year. 
 
 ADVERBS OF MANNER. 
 
 Most of the adverbs of manner have the termination a and 
 are formed from adjectives in s, e.g. pupd'cKa, in modern Greek. 
 
 v Eri, so, thus. 
 
 Tprjyopa (yX^yopa), quickly. 
 
 KaAa, well. 
 
 1 badly. 
 a J 
 
 a, secretly. 
 MoXts, scarcely. 
 ws, how ? 
 
 as (with Ace.). 
 
86 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 ADVERBS OF DEGREE. 
 
 IloXXa (TroXv), much, very. 
 ('O)Xt'ya, little. 
 
 ('O)XiyaKi, very little, rather. 
 'Ap/cera, enough, tolerably. 
 
 Mova X " 1 , 
 MoVo j 7 
 
 Ka0dXov, at all (in interrogative sentences), not at all (in nega- 
 tive sentences). 
 
 ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION AND NEGATION. 
 Nat' 
 
 NatO-K ^ 
 
 MaXto-Ta, certainly. 
 
 v o ^ 1 . > no, not (in negativing a single word), e.g. o^t TOVTO, 
 
 not this. 
 
 AeV, not (only to negative verbs). 
 OVTC, nor. 
 Ovre OVTC, neither nor. 
 
 Exercise 21. A. 
 
 To <nrr)Ti rov Kvpcov TpiavTa<vAAi'8r; elvf fJM.Kpc.LCL O.TT tSw ; " 
 five KOVTO.. 'E^wSe^c KOVTO. cra.pa.vra. Xtpats. Ila/xc ctTro TO, Sc 
 noo"ov Kaipov X eT *^ * AUTO TTOV o~as elT 
 IIov etve TO fiavSvAt ; 'E/cet TO a<^>r;o-e9. Acv j3pL<rij) TO, 
 fjiov. Aev Ta 'Trfjpt Kavet's- ^a eti/e KOLTTOV 's TO <nrrJTi. '}2yvpe\f/<s 
 ; MaXto-Ta, lyvpttya. 's oAats Tats /ca/zcpats, ctAAa SeV Ta eTSa 
 d. Me Vpoo*KaAeo-e va SeiTri/ryo-to /xa^v TOV avpiov. eXeTe va 
 Ttopa ; Ka^o~T d/co/xry oXryo, Scv cTvc TroXXa ^wpa?. ToO 
 
 Trpo O^TO!) fjpepwv O.TTO Tore 8ev TOV cTSa. Ilepvo-t 
 TroXXa <f>povra. Kpu<a e8tay8acrc TO 
 
 uw, I spend, uej/w, I remain. T& irairoCT^t, the shoe, boot. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 87 
 
 Exercise 21. B. 
 
 I saw her from far off. Is he cleverer than his brother? Far 
 away from here. We have lost nearly eighty dollars. I had 
 almost forgotten the affair. He turned to the left. Is Mr. 
 Manos downstairs ? What is under the plate ? Is my brother 
 in the office ? No, he has gone away somewhere else. I shall 
 find him, wherever he may be. To-day I have nothing to 
 do, to-morrow my work begins. The wedding took place 
 yesterday. I go to bed early, and get up early. Finish your 
 work first (Trpwra), then I shall speak to you. Tell him that he 
 must bring me the book at once. Have you ever heard anything 
 like that? Will you go to Germany this year? Don't go 
 (TrepTrarw) so quickly. What do they call (TTWS AeVe) this in 
 modern Greek ? How will you bring that to pass ? 
 
 clever, irpo/co/^ieVos. the wedding, 6 yd.fj.os. 
 
 the affair, T\ v-nodftri. I take place, yivw. 
 
 I turn, yvpifa. 1 finish, 
 the office, TO ypcupslov. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 K a t, and. It is a common Greek idiom to coordinate two 
 clauses with Kat, instead of subordinating one of them with 
 * when ' or ' while.' /AT) /fyovras Kat Oa Kot/M?0<o, make no noise 
 and I will sleep. CUCO/M; Sev et^a eftyr) Kat ire'^ret TO 
 scarcely had I gone out, when the house fell. TOV aVovcra 
 roXeye, I heard him say so. 
 
 Kat is used to give emphasis, e.g. rt '^e/jw Kat 'y<6 ; how do / 
 know ? It is also used after cra'v, e.g. Sci/ efytat TrAovVtos oW Kat 
 au-roV, I am not as rich as he. 
 
 r;, or. 
 
 7; rj, either or. 
 ovrt ovr, neither nor, 
 but. 
 
 that : e.g. JJLOV etTrav, TTWS (on) c<uye. They told me that 
 he had gone away. 
 
88 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 on also means 'as soon as.' on fie e$oWes ^A.0a, as soon as 
 you called me I came. 
 
 Sometimes on stands instead of fioAis, just, scarcely. TTOV 
 elv 6 d8eA<o9 aov ; on ffiyfjKt. Where is your brother ? He has 
 just gone out. 
 
 M'oAov on (/xoAovoTi), although, is followed by the Indicative. 
 ft' oAov on ocv <ras yi/a>pito, Oa. (ras Sojtrw TO, ^p^ftara. 
 
 Although I do not know you, I will give you the money. 
 AotTroV, (well) then. 
 
 o TT o v, where, since, rwpa OTTOV fias aTrar^cre e/ce/Vos TI $a Ka/xw/xev ; 
 what shall we do now that he has betrayed us ? 
 
 It sometimes stands for oxrrc, (so) that. roVov eSovAei^e OTTOV 
 , he worked so much that he was ill. 
 
 W . 
 
 w . ' Xa w as soon as. 
 
 A/xa oTrovJ 
 
 'A<ov, when, as soon as, since, (tvOvs a.(f>ov). 
 
 c^aya Vry/cw^Ka Kat l^vya, when I had eaten, I got up 
 and went away. 'A<OT) TOV t&Jre Od TO -mo-reif/cre, as soon as you 
 see it, you will believe it. 'A<f>ov TO tfe'Acre, since you wish it. 
 
 K a to s, as, as soon as, e.g. KaBw ftov eiTrav, as they told me. 
 
 Ka$a>5 aKovcra avTo, as soon as I 
 heard that. 
 
 2av (o~a) (1), as. TO. dyaTToi rai/ TO, TratSta ftov, I love them as 
 my own children, o-dv occasionally has a prepositional force and 
 governs the Accusative. ow crav TOV<S dypt'ous, they live like 
 savages. 
 
 (2) if (the verb following takes the Subjunctive). 
 o-av Z\6y, if he should come, if he comes. 
 
 (3) when, crav f^owa ve'os, when I was young. 
 
 (jav va as if, o-av va /XT;, as if not. crai/ va fji-fj TO ^epe, as if he 
 did not know. 
 
 "A v, if. av ZX6ri, if he comes ; av TO r?e/m, if I knew it (or had 
 known it). 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 89 
 
 o r a v, when, if. 6Vav TO fJidOrj, if he will learn ; orav rov e78a, 
 when I saw him. 
 
 NOTE. The English when is often translated by rov Katpov oVov 
 (the time when) or rrjv wpav OTTOV (the hour when). 
 
 TOV Katpov OTTOV r/Tave 6 HdXfjifpcrTov vTrovpyos, when Lord 
 Palmerston was minister. Tryv wpa OTTOV rjX.@a eya>, a^ros ^rave 
 </>euyaros, when I came, he had gone away. 
 
 Up iv, before, commonly used with vo. and the Subjunctive. 
 Trplv i/a o-retAw TT)V aTravr^cn, before I send the answer. 
 TTpo TOV va in another form instead of TrpiV va. 
 
 'O TT o r a v, as often as, whenever. oTrorav ex T Sta^ecri, when- 
 ever you feel disposed. 
 
 '12 5 o TT o v, until, till. $a /camera) eSw a>s OTTOV reXetajfrw, I shall 
 stay here till I finish. 
 
 'Ay/caXa (av KaAa), although. 
 
 I\a va, SO that. 
 
 I\a va ^T;, SO that not, lest. 
 
 AlO 
 
 1 
 
 p , because. 
 
 Tl 1 
 
 , ^ 
 
 "Ocrre, so that. 
 A^AaS^, namely, viz. 
 
 INTEEJECTIONS. 
 A ! & \ ah ! oh ! 
 
 A^ore (vi) 1 WQuld th 
 Ma/capi (va) J 
 
 AAAot/x-ovov ! Woe ! 
 
 Hilloa ! 
 \ Ugh ! 
 ?o ! Bravo ! 
 
 NOTE. The word fj.7rpd(3o is very often used and sometimes 
 means Right ! Good 1 
 
90 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 Exercise 22. A. 
 
 3ex'po> ort fJi eyeAao-av. 'A<ov e7repao- 17 Tcraprr; (rcrpaS^) Scv 
 TrAeov eATrt'Sa va eTrto-Tpei^Ty. 'O/xtXct crav va ^TO 6 SouA/ravo?. 
 A.0-J7 6 'AA.eavSpos TTCTC TOV va /xeiVr/ w? OTTOU eTrio-rpei^co. Ka0u)s 
 crr)K(!)0r}Ka Kal t<uya. IIpo roO va o-TeiA^s TO, ypa/xyu,ara 
 Sds yutov ra va ra 8ta/3ao"a>. a Kpar^cro) TO wpoXdyt TOU d)5 OTTOV /xc 
 7r\r)p(i)<rr). 'AyKaXa cti/e veo? ^cpet T^/V SovXeia TOV KaXa. "EKa^e TO 
 yta va /x^ Treo-Ty 's TO, X*P La TOV 
 
 , the day breaks. 6 /nda-ropTjs, the master. 
 
 , I take possession of. 
 
 Exercise 22. B. 
 
 They say that the king will arrive to-morrow. Where is your 
 father ? He has just gone out. It is many years (ago) since 
 (<l<ov) the theatre was burnt. He looks like an Indian. They 
 live like slaves. If you hear anything of it (yt' avTo), tell it to 
 me. As soon as I saw him I drew my pistol from my pocket. 
 Before he came to Vienna, he did not know a word of German. 
 As soon as he had learnt (Aorist), he wrote to his father. Put 
 the buttons away, so that they may not be lost. 
 
 the king, 6 0affi\evs. the pistol, ri irtar6\i. 
 
 I burn, Kaio/j.ai. the pocket, T\ Ttr 
 
 the Indian, 6 'IvSos. I learn, /j.aOaivu). 
 
 the slave, 6 SoDAoy, 6 ffK\dfios. the button, 
 I draw out, &yd\\co air6. 
 
 REPETITION OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. 
 
 Adjectives and adverbs are often repeated for the sake of 
 emphasis. 
 
 r}\@c Trpon Trpojt. He came very early. 
 
 eTve KttTw KOLTW. It is away down below. 
 
 TO i/fw/x,! etve <pe'ovco ^peWo. The bread is quite fresh. 
 
 POSITION OF WORDS. 
 
 The position of words in modern Greek is much the same as in 
 English. Words fall into their places naturally without the aid 
 of rules. A few rules have been given under the pronouns, but 
 one learns most from observation and practice. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 IDIOMS. 
 
 01 
 
 dyaTTw, I love. 
 
 Tt dyaTrare ; 
 
 av dyaTras. 
 de'pa, air, wind. 
 
 avra eli/e Aoyta 's roi/ depa. 
 
 what do you require ? 
 if you like. 
 
 (these are words to the wind) 
 that is mere talk. 
 
 I hear. 
 
 TO ^OJ O.KOt>O~Ta,. 
 
 Sev r oLKOvo) avrd. 
 dXXaa>, I alter. 
 
 O.VTO dXXa^et. 
 dXXo?, other. 
 
 @a eX$<o ^wpis aXXo. 
 dvajSaiVw, I go up. 
 
 6 Xoyaptao-//.os avafiaiveL ere the bill amounts to 3,000. 
 
 I have it on hearsay. 
 
 I won't hear a word of it. 
 
 that is a different thing. 
 I shall come in any case. 
 
 averjKav TO. otKia. 
 6 dve/xos, the wind. 
 
 a? TTCI^ 's TOV a^e/xo. 
 
 0X17 17 TTtpiovcria. vr^ye 
 
 dve/xov. 
 dvotyw, I open. 
 
 auro TO ^pw^ta dvotyci. 
 
 ^voi^e 17 ope^i's /AOV. 
 ry a.7r6<pa(TL, the decision. 
 
 TO 
 
 dpao dpaoa, turn* 
 
 /x-e T^V dpdSa. 
 a(f>avL<D, I destroy. 
 
 eT/xat d^>avto-/xeVos aTro 
 
 /xe d^>avto- 17 
 a<j>iv<a (d^vw), I leave. 
 
 7roo~ov 
 
 rent has gone up. 
 
 he may go to the deuce (wind). 
 the whole property is squandered 
 (scattered to the wind). 
 
 this colour fades. 
 I am hungry. 
 
 I know the worst (I take it as 
 
 final). 
 in turn, successively, one after 
 
 the other. 
 
 I am tired to death. 
 the heat is killing me. 
 
 I place myself in your hands. 
 ho w much will you take off for me ? 
 
 Only used in this expression. 
 
92 
 
 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 yeveca JJLOV. 
 a.ff>r)(T on five. dypay 
 
 fj a^vr}, smoke, foam. 
 
 AAw, I place, put. 
 .KoJir 8e 
 
 aw rais avats. 
 8eV TO /?aei 6 vo>s /zov. 
 
 /8aA.Aw ra 
 
 y3aA.' TO KaAa et? TOV 
 
 0"OV. 
 
 , deep. 
 
 s, heavy. 
 eTve ap/3wo~TOS 
 j3apiovfjia.i va. Trout). 
 8tf fiapucrai ! 
 
 (3acrTa), I carry, hold. 
 /?aorco T^V dvaTrvor/ 
 
 TO ^pco/xa 8ev 
 
 va TO KOL/JUD. 
 TTOCTOV Katpo f3a.(TTq. TO 
 /xe oAryv TOU T^V i^ 
 
 nirai KaXd. 
 
 I will let my beard grow, 
 not to mention that he is un- 
 educated. 
 
 he did not say a word. 
 
 have you not yet got sense ? 
 
 I will do all I can. 
 
 I give in (I throw down my 
 
 arms). 
 I call out. 
 that beats me (my mind can't 
 
 take it in), 
 he has fallen out with you, he 
 
 has a crow to pluck with you. 
 I put my boots on. 
 take good heed of it. 
 
 he was fast asleep. 
 
 he is very ill. 
 
 I dont care to go. 
 
 nonsense (lit. you don't trouble 
 
 yourself), 
 strong wine, 
 severe illness, 
 the flower has a strong scent. 
 
 I hold my breath. 
 I cannot bear the cold. 
 opaScus. I have no money on me. 
 
 this colour is not fast. 
 ov I cannot find it in my heart to 
 
 do it. 
 
 5i; how long does the journey take? 
 a-- in spite of his great age he is 
 
 still active (wears well), 
 (also), he has ample means. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 93 
 
 TO /?eAovi, needle. 
 
 /?eAoVl &V 7T(J3T KOTO). 
 
 /2Aa7TTw, I hurt. 
 
 Sev /?Aa</>Ta. 
 /SAeTrw, I see. 
 
 8ev /3Ae7ru) TT/V ajpa va 
 
 eo) ovapo. 
 o~e eTSa 's TOV VTTVO. 
 6 tarpo? rove /3Ae7rei. 
 i/a tow. 
 TO TrapaOvpi /3A?m '? 
 
 TO crirrTL KOVTevet vet 
 
 uT(o, I dip. 
 
 /xeo-' s TOV T8 
 
 eti/e ySovTry/xevos ct? TO, 
 
 <i>, I boil. 
 TO Kpaat y8paei 's TO /3apeAi. 
 
 d^tl (XTTO TOV ^U/XO TOU. 
 
 e^et, it rains. 
 
 OTI f3per) a? Ka.Ta.L/3d(rr). 
 
 [fall, 
 there was not room for a pin to 
 
 never mind ! 
 
 I am impatient to get away 
 
 (I can't see the time to go). 
 I dream. 
 I dreamt of you. 
 the doctor is visiting him. 
 I'll see, I shall think it over. 
 TO the window looks on the street. 
 
 see there now ! 
 
 I overturn. 
 
 the house is nearly falling down. 
 
 bathed in sweat, 
 he is deep in debt. 
 
 the wine is fermenting in the 
 
 cask, 
 he is boiling with rage. 
 
 let come what may. 
 
 Lve fipvKoXa- this house is haunted. 
 
 yeAai, I laugh. 
 
 /xe eyeAao-es. 
 
 TOV eyeAoi)o-e /xe TO 
 
 Kat /xe TO avpio. 
 yi'vo/xai, I become. 
 
 TTWS ytvcTat va ...... 
 
 eytve KaAa. 
 
 Tt ytveTat 6 dSeA^os o 
 
 Tt eytve 6 ^>iAos o-as ; 
 
 ytvo/>tat avw KO.TW. 
 
 TL Oa yivco ; 
 
 a>5 eyiva 
 
 WS cytve 17 KapSia 
 
 you have cheated me. 
 
 he put him off: from day to day. 
 
 how comes it that ? 
 
 he has recovered, 
 how is your brother getting on ? 
 what has become of your friend 1 
 I am upset (beside myself), 
 what will become of me? 
 imagine what my feelings were ! 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 is grown in 
 
 TO KaAAiVepo Kpacri ywerai eis the best wine 
 
 rrjv KvTrpo. Cyprus. 
 
 TTOV 6a ytvr] 6 ya/xos ; where will the wedding come 
 
 off? 
 
 he has turned merchant, 
 the grapes are not ripe yet. 
 ripe, born. 
 I escape, get off, rescue. 
 
 yXvTwo-a/xe. we got off cheap. 
 
 :. scarcely had he arrived in 
 Athens. 
 
 eyirai/ /co/XTy TO, 
 
 .i9 eyXvrwcre cis ra? ' 
 
 yi'<opio>, I know, recognise. 
 yvu>pieis d,7ro ota/xavTia. 
 TTOV yv(jL>pia6r]KaTf. ; 
 
 ovpt<T TO. yeveia TOV yia va 
 
 /xr/ yvwpt'^cTat. 
 TO yovSt, mortar. 
 TO yovSo^ept, pestle. 
 TO yov8t TO 
 I write. 
 
 ypa<^> 
 
 oXtyoc. 
 
 I show, teach, seem. 
 eyw a TOV oWw. 
 TO Kpacrl Sef^y^i crav va 
 e aAXo. 
 (ayptov) Trpoo-cozrov. 
 
 7TpOO-(07TOV. 
 
 I bind. 
 
 KaXa TOI/ ycuSapoV TOV 
 
 I8co~ 
 
 a /xe 
 
 are you a judge of diamonds ? 
 where did you get acquainted 
 
 with one another 1 
 he has shaved his beard, so as 
 
 not to Ipe recognized. 
 
 always the same old story. 
 
 he is illiterate (cannot read and 
 
 write). 
 
 it was my fate. 
 
 how do you write your name ? 
 a few were entered. 
 
 I will give him a lesson. 
 
 the wine seems as if it were 
 
 mixed with another. 
 I sulk (show temper). 
 I give a good reception to. 
 you look like a corpse. 
 
 I bind a book. 
 
 I set a ring (with jewels). 
 
 he has feathered his nest (he has 
 
 tied up his donkey well so that 
 
 it won't run away). 
 I have bound him by oath. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 8eia, to the right. 
 
 TO. Trpdy/JLara rov rjXOav 8eia. 
 8ia/?aa>, I read. 
 
 8ia/?aa> eis era. 
 
 orav e8ia7?aa ets ras 'A^ 
 8i'8w, I give. 
 
 86'8(D T07T01/. 
 
 8i'8a> Tpa7ret. 
 6 $os va /A?? TO 8000-17. 
 TO 8oi/Ti, tooth. 
 
 TO TreuSt /?yaei Sovrta. 
 avTo Sa> eu/e 8ta TO, 8ovTia o 
 
 w, I work. 
 
 TO epyao-Trypi TOV 8ev SovXevct. 
 
 TO a)poA.oyt TOV Sev SouXevet. 
 
 j^ Tr\r)yr) TOV SovXcvci, 
 rj SouXeia, business, work. 
 
 e^co 8ovXeta. 
 
 avTo etve 8tK^ JJLOV SovXeta. 
 
 Tr^yatve et<? T^V 8ovXetai/ o~ov. 
 TO 8pa/x,i, drachm (measure). 
 
 8ev e^et 8pa/xt /xvaXo. 
 /3yaa), I take out. 
 
 /3yaXe TO TroSapt TOV. 
 
 TO 
 
 TOV 8oOXov. 
 
 a ySyaXo) eva SOVTI. 
 cv TO j3yda). 
 
 ^oo Ta TTOLTTOVT^LCL. 
 
 everything went well with him. 
 
 I teach children. 
 I am taking lessons from so-and- 
 so, 
 when I was studying in Athens. 
 
 I make way. 
 
 I give a dinner-party. 
 
 God forbid. 
 
 the child is cutting his teeth, 
 that is not for you (meat for your 
 master). 
 
 I keep the wound open, irritate 
 
 a wound. 
 
 his shop is doing no business, 
 his watch has stopped, 
 his sore runs. 
 
 I have work to do. 
 that is my own affair, 
 go about your business. 
 
 he has not a grain of sense. 
 
 he has dislocated his foot. 
 
 I earn my bread. 
 
 he gains nothing (by it). 
 
 he dismissed his servant. 
 
 they set him free. 
 
 I'll show you are a liar, I will 
 prove you to be mistaken. 
 
 he put fruit on the table, pro- 
 duced fruit. 
 
 I will have a tooth out. 
 
 I cannot understand it. 
 
 I am taking off my boots. 
 
96 
 
 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 e'/fyaiVu), I go out. 
 
 O.TT avTrj TT] BovXeia Sev jByaivci nothing will come of that 
 
 TiVore. business. 
 
 TL epyrJKc ; what came of that ? 
 
 TO pov^o 8ev /SyatVet Sta Svo the stuff wont run to two dresses 
 
 </>opo~ieus. (be enough for two dresses). 
 
 eSai, here. 
 
 6 Kupto? O-TT' eSco. 
 tt/covo-' eSw ! 
 
 , I am. 
 
 (TV IO~(U ; 
 
 rj 
 
 ra TratSta <rov eive ; 
 cTi/ Sta va fayy, 
 
 va /xa^a> TTOJ 
 i/a CTKacrry 
 
 eras 
 
 c/A/?cuV(u, jjLTTaivia, I go in. 
 6 av^/3(07ros 
 
 TOl /JL7rJK CIS TO 
 
 avros /j.f3rJKfv ei? rr/v 
 s TOV 
 
 // ci/vota, care. 
 
 u>, out. 
 
 TO $VpW V.TT f.^0i. 
 ^(0 07TOV. 
 6 C^WTIKOS. 
 
 , above. 
 7rav(o Kara). 
 ep^o/xat, I come. 
 
 SeV /xov ep^crai KaAa. 
 
 this gentleman. 
 
 look here ! (listen here ! lit.) 
 
 it is cold or hot. 
 
 is it you 1 
 
 who is it ? 
 
 are these your children ? 
 
 he is on the point of setting off. 
 
 I sent to ask how he was. 
 
 it is enough to send one crazy 
 
 (lit. make one burst). 
 a year ago. 
 how are you ? 
 
 that man interferes everywhere. 
 
 he has taken it into his head. 
 
 I become surety. 
 
 he set to work. 
 
 you are exposing yourself to 
 
 danger. 
 he set up as tailor. 
 
 mind your own business ! 
 
 I know it by heart. 
 besides that. 
 the ghost. 
 
 about (thereabout). 
 
 it does not commend itself to 
 me, it is not convenient to me. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 r>7 
 
 Sev fJiov ep^erat et? TOV vovv. 
 :Xa cis TOV vovv o-ov. 
 
 eyw Sev ep^o/xat ets airrd. 
 TO ITOS, year, 
 ets IVr; TroXXa ! 
 
 ftS TToXXa Try) ' 
 
 , I have. 
 
 oev ra e^o> KaAo. /xa^v TOV. 
 
 T6 TO 
 
 Sev a> va Ka 
 7roo"o 
 TO, ^ 
 8ev e 
 
 ^e uytciav 
 
 /me TTOIOV TO, 
 
 Sev e^et jutaTta va /xe tSy. 
 
 ^(U KtttpOV VCt TOV tStO. 
 
 ^OUTTW, I press. 
 
 TOV eov7rir)<r TrapaSats. 
 
 avTos TO, e^ov7r7yo- oAa. 
 ^w, I live. 
 
 va g ! 
 
 ^ T7/xepo8ovXt rjfjiepo^ayt 
 
 va ^ovv Ta /xaTia /Jtov ! 
 ffjLTTOput, I can. 
 
 8ev 
 
 TO 0appos, courage, confidence. 
 /AC oXov TO 0cfy 
 
 be good enough to leave me in 
 
 peace. 
 
 it does not occur to me. 
 calm yourself (come to your 
 
 senses). - 
 
 they came to blows. 
 I don't meddle with that. 
 
 long life to you ! (many years to 
 
 you) answered by 
 the same to you. 
 
 how do you do ? 
 
 I am not on good terms with 
 
 him. 
 what does that matter 1 ? what 
 
 has that to do with it 1 
 it is a custom of ours. 
 I have nothing to do with you. 
 how much does this cost ? 
 he is crazy. 
 I am ashamed to (lit. I have not 
 
 the face to). 
 
 good health to you ! farewell, 
 who are you angry with 1 
 he hates the sight of me. 
 I have not seen him for a long 
 
 time. 
 
 he got money out of him. 
 he consumed everything. 
 
 may you live ! please. 
 
 he lives from hand to mouth. 
 
 bless my soul ! (bless my eyes !) 
 
 I am ill. 
 possibly. 
 
 without ceremony. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 $e'Aa>, I wish. 
 
 $eAet TO KaAoV JJLOV. 
 
 Sev o-ou @\(jt) TrAeov TITTOTG. 
 iStatVepos, special. 
 
 TOV cTrrjpe tSiatTepa>9. 
 iSpoVw, I sweat. 
 
 d-Tr' auTa TO aurt yuov Sty tSpoVei. I don't trouble myself about that 
 to-ta, just, exactly. 
 
 et)u,e0a t<rta ets TO. ^poVta. 
 
 to-ta ets TTyv topav. 
 
 Lena to~ta avro Aeyw. 
 
 eifAcOa i(ria to-ia. 
 Ka/3aAa, on horseback. 
 
 TO rjyopa&c Aca/3aA.a. 
 
 /ca#e, every, each, 
 
 KaOc n or KoiOt Trpuy/xa. 
 
 Ka.f. 
 
 KOL@ TOO~O /cat AtyaKi. 
 
 a.7ro 
 
 /ca$e 
 KaAa, well. 
 
 KaAa /cat Tj/Jtovv e/cet. 
 
 /caAa o-e rovAeya eyu>. 
 KaAos, good. 
 
 KaAo 's TOV ! 
 
 yat'a /cat /caA^. 
 
 t9 TO KttAoV ! 
 
 eya) ytVo/>tat KaAo?. 
 /caAe, Tt /xe Aes ; 
 
 , I make. 
 
 Tt 
 
 /ca/xe Tpets yuepat? 
 
 Ka/mvu) KOLI 
 
 TO tSto 
 
 he wishes me well. 
 
 I owe you nothing more. 
 
 he took him aside. 
 
 we are the same age. 
 
 just in time. 
 
 that is just what I am saying. 
 
 we are quits. 
 
 he bought it without looking at 
 it (he bought a pig in a poke), 
 
 everything, 
 every other day. 
 every now and then, 
 of every kind, 
 every year, yearly. 
 
 luckily I was there. 
 I told you so. 
 
 welcome, 
 once for all. 
 farewell, au revoir. 
 I stand surety (go bail), 
 good heavens, what are 
 me ! 
 
 TTOO-OV /ca/xvet? atiTo TO </>ope/xa ; 
 
 you 
 
 how do you do ? 
 
 he was three days on the way. 
 
 I cannot get on without him. 
 
 it is all the same. 
 
 that does not suit me. 
 
 it is no good. [that dress? 
 
 how much do you charge for 
 
 be quick ! make haste ! 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 99 
 
 it occurred to him to go away. 
 
 , I smoke. 
 
 TOV e/caTTVure va (f>vyrj. 
 , somewhere. 
 
 K0.7TOV K0.7TOV. 
 
 KOLTTOV Se/ca <f>opats. 
 KaTa/?aw, I bring down. 
 
 Sev @a Ka.Tai/3d(rr) riVore. 
 
 OOL TOV KaTai/3ao~a) yutav.* 
 KaToViv, alter. 
 
 eTrecre KCLTOTTW TOV. 
 
 /x,e Traipvei atcovKos Karovriv 
 Karco, below. 
 
 ava> 
 
 near. 
 
 KOVTCI va /^ao-tXevcr^ 6 77X101?. 
 TOV TTType aTTO Kovra. 
 Kovra s TOV vow. 
 K07naa>, I exert myself. 
 
 ^)T(0, I CUt. 
 
 curny 17 8oi;Xeia ^a. 
 
 now and then, 
 about ten times. 
 
 he will not lower the price. 
 
 I will give him a box on the ear. 
 
 he dogged his steps. 
 
 he is always following me about. 
 
 you have turned everything 
 topsy-turvy. 
 
 shortly before sunset. 
 he ran after him. 
 of course ' } obviously. 
 
 come in, please. 
 
 eV TOV KO^)Tt 
 
 W, I shake. 
 a^To TO 8ovTt 
 
 KVTTCt^W, I look. 
 
 TO XdOos, mistake. 
 
 6/<aTov this affair will cost a hundred 
 
 francs, 
 that is all the same to him. 
 
 the tooth is loose. 
 
 mind your business. 
 
 look out ! be on your guard ! 
 
 ^ Xa/c/ca, hole, pit. 
 
 TOV a^ryo-av ets Tryi/ XciK/ca. 
 7} Xao~7r?y, dirt. 
 
 e'^a TroXXats XacrTrats e^oj. 
 
 TO KOl^6 
 
 X.a.(T7nrj rj 
 
 * If Spaxwv is understood with 
 take a drachma off.' 
 
 you are mistaken. 
 
 they left him in the lurch. 
 
 it is very muddy out of doors, 
 he has cut and run. 
 it is a poor business, it is a 
 failure. 
 
 av' the phrase means ' I will make him 
 H 2 
 
100 
 
 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 Aeyw, I say. 
 
 TL Bo. '7777 avro ; 
 
 cupa TO, Ae//,. 
 
 AoiTroV, ra 
 Ae's; 
 
 7TWS TOV AeV ; 
 
 as 'Trov^te on elve TI. 
 TO ypajU/xa TI eAeye. 
 TO ACTTTOV, centime (tenth part 
 (of time). 
 
 &V f.\(.l ACTTTOV. 
 
 /zov 0eAet KOITI AeTTTct. 
 Aoy^s (r^s). Nom. not used : 
 TI AoyJJs Kpatrl lx t? * 
 Aoy^s. 
 
 6 Aoyos, the word. 
 Scv e^et Aoyov. 
 
 Aoyos. 
 
 a.7ro Aoyoi'. 
 avTO elvc cvas Aoyos- 
 (3d,<j) Ao'yov. 
 aAAa Aoyia. 
 Aoyov \a-pW' 
 fit Aoyov. 
 6 AovTpos, the bath. 
 
 fjC a(f>r)crev tts TO, Kpva TOV 
 
 Xovrpov* 
 
 TO Awpt, strap, thong, harness. 
 eSo> Trat'^ei Awpi'. 
 
 /txa^dvw, I collect. 
 vw TO, Trpay/xaTa /xov. 
 , far, distant. 
 
 what does that mean ? 
 
 we'll talk about that another 
 
 time. 
 
 well, that is settled, 
 do you think so ? 
 what is he called ? 
 let us suppose that it is so. 
 so the letter said, 
 of a Greek penny), also a minute 
 
 he hasn't a penny, 
 he owes me a small sum. 
 kind (of), sort (of), 
 what kind of wine have you ? 
 all kinds, 
 one kind. 
 
 it is certain (there is no need to 
 
 talk about it). 
 the rumour has spread, 
 he won't listen to reason, 
 that is easily said. 
 I make a speech, 
 let us change the subject, 
 for example, 
 reasonably. 
 
 he left me in the lurch. 
 
 TO fjja.XXi, hair. 
 
 a,7ro TO, /xaAAta. 
 
 he is playing false. 
 
 I am packing up. 
 
 you are wide of the mark. 
 
 they took hold of each other's 
 hair (they fought like two 
 cats). 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 101 
 
 TO /xart, eye 
 Sev e 
 
 va TOV ta>. 
 
 KttKO fJiOLTL. 
 
 yaarta TTOV Sev <aivovTat 
 yopa XrjcrfJLovovvTai. 
 
 /nan yu,e /JLO.TL. 
 
 /xarta /xou. 
 
 T<5oa (TO etoa) /xe ra jotarta 
 
 va ^apw ra /xarta /xov. 
 , I stay, remain. 
 s /xeVet rojpa /xovov va 
 
 TO ypaya/xa. 
 Va, inside. 
 
 TOV e/?aXav 
 
 TOV. 
 et? rpiavTa 
 
 } pecrr), the middle. 
 
 ? T fJL(T7] 
 
 o5, little. 
 elve /xi/cpoT/3O5 ctTro 
 
 aTTO fJLLKpOS. 
 
 ), I divide. 
 ev e^o/xe TiVoTe va 
 
 7TOIOS (JiOLpd^fL ; 
 
 TO /xovo-Ke/x/xa, the wetting. 
 
 et/xat fjLova-KCfjLjjLa. 
 r/ /avta (//vtya), the fly. 
 
 TOV eVtao-e 17 /xvtya. 
 
 fa, I smell, emit an odour 
 TTOIOS /jLTTopovcre va TO /jLvpL(rOrj 
 Sev fj.ov fjivpt^ti TITTOTC. 
 
 I cannot endure him. 
 
 he cast the evil eye on you, he 
 
 took an ill-will to you. 
 out of sight out of mind. 
 
 face to face. 
 
 my darling. 
 
 I saw it with my own eyes. 
 
 as I value my eyes (an oath). 
 
 all we have to do now is to send 
 oft the letter. 
 
 they imprisoned him ; also, they 
 
 have taken him in, i.e. cheated 
 
 him. 
 he is possessed of a devil (like 
 
 one possessed). 
 he said to himself, 
 within thirty days, 
 the means (i.e. the wherewithal ) ; 
 
 also, the influence. 
 
 I interfere. 
 
 he left me in the lurch. 
 
 he is younger than I. 
 from childhood. 
 
 [another. 
 
 we have nothing to dp with one 
 whose deal is it 1 
 
 I am wet. 
 
 he has a bee in his bonnet, 
 he does nothing (ct.gobe-mouches}. 
 (in passive I perceive an odour), 
 who could have found that out 1 
 I smell nothing. 
 
TO 
 
 y] fJivrrj, the nose. 
 
 rr) /xirny TOV. 
 
 aet TTOLVTOV TYJ 
 *fJLL\a jLie TY] fJLVTYJ. 
 
 TO vepo, the water. 
 TO tvpa) o~av vepo 
 rj 8ovA.eia 
 
 vepo. 
 
 102 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR, 
 
 a, the smell. 
 
 vpooSia. he has got wind of it. 
 
 he turns up his nose (he has got 
 
 on the high horse). 
 he interferes in everything, 
 he speaks through his nose. 
 
 I have it at my fingers' ends, 
 this business pays, has poten- 
 tialities (raises water). 
 
 you are always thinking of it. 
 I said it to myself, 
 where were your thoughts (wits) 1 ? 
 he is not very sharp. 
 
 from head to foot. [tip-toe), 
 
 he gives himself airs (walks on 
 
 leave me alone. 
 
 he is upset a little. 
 
 the weather became unfavourable. 
 
 a sour face. 
 
 - that pleasure has cost me dear. 
 
 6 vo9s crov eTi/e TravTOTe 
 eA.eya 's TO vov pov. 
 
 7TOV 1^69 TO VOV (TOV j 
 8eV KO<^>TCt 6 VOVS TOU. 
 
 TO v^t, the nail. 
 
 ttTTO T^ KOpV(f>7J CO? TO. 
 7Tp7raTL '? TO, VU^ltt. 
 
 , I unload. 
 
 i/t^o), I turn sour. 
 TO. '^vvio-e oAtyo. 
 
 6 KCU/30? TO, ' 
 
 , sour. 
 
 all. 
 /xe TOL oAa 
 oA.a 6'Aa. 
 oAo 
 
 /xe oAov TOVTO. 
 
 /Lt 6'A.OV 07TOV. 
 
 /a' oAov oTt elrai o-o0os. 
 77 6/x-iXtia, speech. 
 dvotyw o/JuXiav. 
 
 w, I confess, affirm. 
 '/xoAoyas 
 
 in earnest. 
 
 on the whole, in the main. 
 
 he keeps on crying. 
 
 in a mass, in a lump. 
 
 however, nevertheless. 
 
 although. 
 
 wise as he is. 
 
 I begin a speech. 
 
 [are talking nonsense, 
 you are proving nothing, you 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 103 
 
 TO oi/oaa, the name. 
 
 TO oi/o/xa TOV. 
 
 KttT OVOfJia. 
 
 Teo"o~apa ov 
 >} opei, the appetite. 
 
 opiw, I define, command, fix. 
 
 p lOTC. 
 
 OTI scarcely, just. 
 OTI e<vye. 
 
 I suffer. 
 
 TT/V 
 
 7ratu>, I play. 
 /caAa p-ov TT^V eTr 
 I take. 
 
 OL^V fJLOV. 
 
 Tratpvco oTTiVw TOV Xoyo /xov. 
 
 TO Tratpvo) cTravo) jitoi;. 
 
 TO Tratpvet eTravco TOV. 
 
 Tratpvio ets TO X^P l< 
 
 /xe '7r>}pe 6 VTTVOS. 
 
 0,77' auTa eyw 8ev Tratpva). 
 
 Trape TOV eva x 7 "^ 77 " - T^ A.Xo. 
 
 TO 'Tryjpa a,7ro^)ao~i. 
 TTOIOS eTr^pe (TO TratyvtSi) ; 
 V^pe TO ypa//,//,a, /x,ou. 
 TO 'vnypa TroXv t^TTpa. 
 7roo~a ^a /xov Traprys oY 
 Tratpvw ai/x,a. 
 Tratpvco Savet/ca. 
 avTOS Tryv 
 
 to-day is his name day (^.e. the 
 festival of the saint after 
 whom he is named). 
 
 by name. 
 
 four persons. 
 
 as if I had nothing else to do (as 
 
 if I had no other taste). 
 I take away the appetite. 
 
 welcome ! 
 
 what is your pleasure? come in, &c. 
 
 he has just gone out. 
 
 what is the matter with you ? 
 he has come ,to grief. 
 
 he played me a nice trick. 
 
 I take with me. 
 
 I take back. 
 
 I take back my word. 
 
 I take it upon me. 
 
 he takes too much upon himself. 
 
 I cheat. 
 
 I fell asleep. 
 
 I won't have that. 
 
 the one is as good as the other 
 
 (take one and strike the other). 
 I resolved. 
 
 who won (the game) 1 
 he received my letter. 
 I got it very cheap, 
 how much will you take for that ? 
 I have myself bled. 
 I borrow money, 
 he took the responsibility (lit. 
 
 shame). 
 
104 
 
 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 j, lower. 
 
 Sev TO Si'Sei 7rapa.Ko.Td). 
 6 TraTepas, the father. 
 
 etg TOV TraTepa o-as. 
 7reipa, I provoke, annoy. 
 Sev 
 elve .. 
 
 :o5, transitory. 
 Trepao-Tt/ca. 
 
 , I pass. 
 
 he will not give it for less. 
 go to the deuce. 
 
 it does not matter, 
 he is angry. 
 
 I hope you will soon be well 
 again. 
 
 Trepvto TTJ> 
 /SeXoVi. 
 
 TOV KCUpO p^OV. 
 
 va. Trepao"^ 6 /coupo? 
 
 oXovs a? TO he put them all to the sword. 
 
 UTTO TO I thread a needle. 
 
 va Trcpcrr] /xe rpia.vra. 
 <^>pay/ca cos TO. Meyapa. 
 Vepao-e 6 Katpos. 
 8ei/ tTrepao-e eva? 
 r/ /xoveSa 8e 
 Trepacre 6 
 
 ey8Soyota8a. 
 
 TreTpta, the stone -throw. 
 
 ^1 T^V TTCTpia OTt . . . 
 
 KaOevas l^et TI)V TreTpca TOV 
 e^et p;ta TreTpta. 
 , I fly, throw. 
 
 TTCTtt (XTTO T^ X a P' TOV< 
 TttTe Ttt TOV^CKta O"tt 
 
 TO. OTTra^ia o-a9. 
 
 I pass my time. 
 
 to pass the time (to kill time). 
 
 I read a book through. 
 
 he is over (past) fifty (years old). 
 
 how are you getting on 1 how 
 
 d'ye do 1 
 he hoped to get as far as Megara 
 
 for thirty francs, 
 the time (season) is past, 
 not a year ago. 
 
 this money is no longer current, 
 my headache is gone, 
 last week. 
 I have trouble enough to get 
 
 along (I am in straitened 
 
 circumstances) . 
 
 it is his crotchet that . . . 
 every one has his hobby, 
 he has a bee in his bonnet. 
 
 he jumps for joy. 
 throw down your 
 
 your swords, 
 he drew his dagger. 
 
 guns, 
 
 draw 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 10; 
 
 TTC^TO), I fall. 
 
 errecre eTrava) TOV. 
 
 /cat TOVS 
 
 eecre TO 
 Kwcre 
 
 Treo~e ? TTyv TrayiSa. 
 dvdo-/ceXa. 
 
 (re TTQIOV eVeo-c 6 
 
 eis TO fiepiSiov TOV. 
 
 Vco, I go. 
 
 TTirvatva va TTW. 
 
 \ /i / 
 va aTroc/avc. 
 
 va \o.cry TOV vow TOV. 
 
 Sev o-ov Tract aTo TO 
 TT^yatve ei? TO 
 eTO-t Tract. 
 xvw, I take, seize, 
 
 TOV 7TiaO-e (XTTO TO 
 
 Troo"a if/apLa eTTtaof 
 TTtavw SofXet'a. 
 yit' 7rtao"e Ke^>aA OTTOVOS. 
 o-e Trtavet 17 @d\.a<T(ra ; 
 
 6'Xat T^ ^ 
 Trtavto va TO 
 
 6 Trvty/xevos aTro Tfx /xaXXta 
 TOU TriaveTat. 
 
 TO, 8ev8pa. 
 
 7TtaO"V 6 ^V/XOS. 
 
 a^w, I go to bed. 
 6V cos 
 
 he fell upon him. 
 
 a thunderbolt fell. 
 
 the house fell and buried them 
 
 all. 
 
 he fell into the snare, 
 he fell on his back, 
 he fell on his head, 
 on whom has the lot fallen ? 
 it fell to his share. 
 I turn lazy (cf. Eng. fall ill). 
 
 I was (just) going to say. 
 
 he was near dying. 
 
 he was near losing his senses. 
 
 it is near mid-day. 
 
 that hat does not suit you. 
 
 farewell. 
 
 that is the way of it. 
 
 he took his hand. 
 
 how many fish have you caught ? 
 
 I set to work, take in hand. 
 
 I have a headache. 
 
 are you ever sea-sick 1 (does the 
 
 sea affect you ?) 
 I shall hire another room, 
 it takes up a lot of room. 
 I have you there (now I've 
 
 caught you). 
 
 all the places were taken. 
 I am going to do it. 
 they fell out with one another, 
 the drowning man clutches at a 
 
 straw. 
 
 the trees have taken root. 
 I lost my temper. 
 
 as you make your bed you must 
 lie on it. 
 
 
 
106 
 
 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 , 1 suffocate, strangle. 
 
 etvc TTViy/xevos fjifcr s TO 
 cTTViy^Ke TO Ka.pa.fiL. 
 
 TO TToSdpl (7To8t) the foot. 
 
 /xe TO, TToSdpia. 
 
 O-l/KOVtO 19 TO TToSt. 
 
 TO Trora/xt the river. 
 
 TOV V?7pe TO TTOTtt/Xl. 
 
 TO. /xaTia TOD e7n;ycumi' 
 
 vrX^povo), I pay. 
 
 6 $eos vd crou TO TrXrjpwa-rj I may God requite you. 
 
 TOV TO VXrypwo-e. he paid him back (for it). 
 
 7rX>7o-ida>, I approach, draw near. 
 
 he is near sixty. 
 
 he got drowned, 
 he is deep in debt, 
 the ship has sunk. 
 
 on foot. 
 
 I set on foot, set the world agog. 
 
 he is in a sad pickle, 
 he shed floods of tears, 
 a torrent of tears. 
 
 what is that ? 
 
 they gave him a drubbing, 
 
 we have made a nice business of 
 
 it (i.e. a mess). 
 he is a clever fellow. 
 
 [see him. 
 
 I did not come early enough to 
 I cannot have them all finished. 
 
 we have not time to finish this 
 evening. 
 
 tell that to the horse-marines 
 (sell that elsewhere). 
 
 you are going in search of a 
 beating (your skin itches). 
 
 he puts his tail between his 
 legs (he lets his ears drop in 
 terror). 
 
 TO 7rpayyu,a, the thing. 
 
 TI Trpay/aa ti/' avTO ; 
 7} 7rpo/?eia, the sheepskin. 
 
 TOV TiVaav TT/V 7rpo/? 
 Trpo/co'TTTw, I make progress. 
 
 TO 
 
 ve 7rpoKO/A/Avos 
 )^aiV<o, I arrive, join. 
 v 7rpo^)^ao-a va TOV i8 
 i/ '/XTTOpai vd 
 oXa. 
 
 ai, I sell. 
 dXXov vd Ta 
 
 , the back. 
 Tptuyet 17 
 
 , I throw. 
 T' avTid 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 107 
 
 rov eppie TO aAoyo. the horse threw him. 
 
 ptX VL T0 cr</>aA/x,a ets e/x,eVa. he throws the blame on me. 
 eppte KCLTW TO. fjiOLTia TT/S. she lowered her eyes. 
 
 TO. eppie eu>. he throws it up, gives it up. 
 
 crepvto, I draw. 
 
 '? Trj SovXeid vov. go about your business. 
 
 I lift. 
 
 Travta. I hoist sail. 
 
 TT/V 7ro\LopKLav. I raise the siege. 
 
 TOV eo-^/coxrav. they took him up, deposed him. 
 
 otv cn/Kovti xopaTa. he can't take a joke. 
 
 avTo. eyeo 8eV Ta CT^KOVOO. I won't stand that. 
 
 cr^KoVco TO TpaTre^t. I clear the table. 
 
 crrjKova) TroXe/xoi/. I declare war. 
 
 (rrjKw@r)Kav TO. yaaXXia. my hair stood on end. 
 
 cr^KoVeo TO rov(f)Ki. I take up the gun. 
 
 TO TrXotov crrjKovei 8e/x TroSapta the vessel draws ten feet of 
 
 vepo. water. 
 
 Ttopa la-rjKuOrjKa. I have just got up. 
 
 o-T/KoVofiai aTTo /xtW dppwo-TtW. I recover from a sickness. 
 
 CLTTO TOV VTTVOV. I awake. 
 t, to-day. 
 
 >. eight days hence, this day 
 
 week, 
 still. 
 
 a.7ro o-tyavo TroTa/xt /xa/cpeia Ta still waters run deep (keep your 
 povya crov. clothes out of a silent river). 
 
 I burst. 
 
 O-KO.VW O.TTO ra yeAia. I burst with laughing, 
 
 cr/cavco avro TO KOLKO [AOV. I burst with anger. 
 
 o-Kao-e. get out ! go to the deuce ! (burst 
 
 yourself). 
 rj o-Ka^, trough. 
 
 Aeyw T^V o-/ca<?7 o-Ka^. I call a spade a spade. 
 6 O-KOTTOS, the motive. 
 
 fjie KaXoV O-/COTTOV. well-intentioned. 
 
 Sev TO etTre /xe /oxKoV O-KOTTOV. he said it without any ill mean- 
 ing. 
 
 I break. 
 
 a-Trdvw TO Ke^aXt /x.oi>. 1 rack my brains. 
 
108 
 
 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 (TTKW, I stand (also cr 
 
 o-TCKerat /caAa '? TO a\oyo. 
 
 TO WpoAdyi TOV OTa&fKe. 
 
 o~Te'A.vw, I send. 
 
 60. o~Tt / A.(o Sia TOV torpor. 
 (D, I bend. 
 
 TO cnrvpi, the grain. 
 
 Sev l^et cnrvpl jjuaXo. he has not a grain of sense. 
 
 a trifle. 
 
 he has a good seat on horseback, 
 his watch has stopped. 
 
 I shall send for the doctor, 
 the thing goes wrong. 
 
 I make the bed. 
 
 I set the table. 
 
 he lay down on the grass. 
 
 I pave the street. 
 
 I fix my eyes upon. 
 
 I make my toilette, dress. 
 i, the liver. 
 
 TO O-UKO>TI fjiov Si' I don't fret myself to fiddle- 
 strings over that. 
 7} avjjiTrdOfia, forgiveness, sympathy (o-tyA7ra#eiov). 
 /xe o~u/XTra$eia. pardon me. 
 
 09, correct, exact. 
 
 TO, O"OOO~Ta O"Ol>. 
 
 o~Tpa>vco, I spread. 
 
 TO 
 
 TO 
 
 
 Ke 5 TO 
 
 TOI/ 
 
 I prop up. 
 TO. /xaTta 
 I order. 
 
 Sev 
 
 I finish. 
 
 TO TpL (raipi) the equal. 
 Sev e^ei Te'pi. 
 
 (Tacptd^et), I fit. 
 Sev 
 
 TL 
 
 6 TOTTO?, the place. 
 Kpa.cn TOV TOTTOV. 
 w I draw. 
 
 rpd/3a 
 
 rpa/3S) KOLTTVOV. 
 
 in earnest. 
 
 ready. 
 
 he is beyond compare. 
 
 it does not fit. 
 what fits 1 
 
 wine of the country. 
 
 I give up, I withdraw, 
 go on ! 
 I smoke. 
 
 and Tpa/3iov/zai. I withdraw. 
 
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 109 
 
 I make (a person) mad. 
 TpeAAaiVeTcu. he is madly in love with her. 
 
 I run. 
 
 TOV. his eyes stream (with tears). 
 
 6 Aoyos [MOV rpe'^a eis TO I have the word on the tip of my 
 
 tongue, 
 what is up ? what is going on ? 
 
 (TTO/Xtt. 
 
 6 TpoVos, the way, manner. 
 TI TpoVos Civ OLVTOS ; 
 
 , I eat. 
 rpcoyet TO, Aoyia TOV. 
 
 avTO TO i/foo/xi 8ev 
 yaov e<ay Ta 
 avTO TrAeov 8ev 
 
 TpcoyTac yae TO. pov^ai TOV. 
 ^>Aos, blind. 
 
 , I seem. 
 
 appwo-Tos, aAAa 
 
 TO <jxj.pjjLa.KL, the poison. 
 7roo~a 
 
 TO (fracrovXi, the bean. 
 <f>a(rovA.i 
 
 I go away. 
 OTTOV <j6vy^ <f>vyrj. 
 
 yy ^aAao-Tpa, the breach. 
 
 /AOV cKayu-e ^aAao"Tpa. 
 ^aAvai, I spoil. 
 
 ^aAva) eva <f>pdyKO. 
 
 TO. 
 
 what sort of behaviour is that 1 
 
 he eats his words. 
 
 he got a beating. 
 
 this bread is not fit to eat. 
 
 he talked my head off. 
 
 that wont do any longer ; that 
 
 is too much, 
 there is no pleasing him. 
 
 blind alley. 
 
 How does it seem to you ? what 
 
 is your opinion ? 
 TOV he was ill, but he does not appear 
 
 so. 
 what an idea ! 
 
 how many a bitter pill I have 
 had to swallow ! what I have 
 had to put up with ! 
 
 , TO many a little makes a mickle, 
 (bean upon bean fills the bag). 
 
 every one for himself (let him 
 flee who can.) 
 
 he has upset my plans. 
 
 I change a franc. 
 
 our friendship is broken off. 
 
110 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 6 Kaipos e^dXao-e. the weather has broken. 
 
 E TO o-To/xd^t IJLOV. my stomach is out of order. 
 
 rj KapSt'o. fjiov. my heart is breaking. 
 
 TOV ex$pov. they have put the enemy to 
 
 flight. 
 iroXv e^dXao-es d-Tro eKetvo OTTOV you have changed much from 
 
 T/O-OW. what you (once) were. 
 
 e^dXaora TT/V v^o-Teiav. I have broken my fast. 
 
 TO Kpacri apxtcrf. vd ^aXdcr^. the wine is beginning to turn. 
 
 ), I lose. 
 
 TO. xdva>. I lose my head. 
 
 Si' avro xdvo/iai. I am dying for it, I must have it. 
 
 TO x*P L > "kh hand. 
 
 Ttova ^epi VITTTCI TaXXo. one must give and take (one 
 
 hand washes the other). 
 
 eive 's TO ^epi TOU. the affair lies in his hands. 
 
 Sev e^w 's TO x e 'p l> ^ have no money in hand, I am 
 
 out of money. 
 
 TrevTe x e '/ la ' fi ye times. 
 
 6 Yodvo9, tjie year. 
 
 povo vd^i7 ! bad luck to him. 
 
 Xpo'vwv etve ; how old is he 1 
 
 TOV xpovov. next year. 
 
 separate. 
 Sev TOV x^ptfa d?ro doeX^>ov. I treat him as a brother. 
 
 eo), x M P^' hold, have room for. 
 TOVTO Sev TO x w P ^ vo ^5 /MOV. my mind can't take that in. 
 TO i/fw/ju, the bread. . 
 
 j3ydw TO if/w/jii fji-ov. I earn my bread, 
 
 ee^dya/xe i//w/xi Kai dXaVi (JLOL^V. we have eaten bread and salt 
 
 together (i.e. we are old 
 friends). 
 17 wpa, the hour. 
 
 Tt wpa etve ; what o'clock is it 1 
 
 KO.TO. Trjv ojpav. for the present, 
 
 oopav TT)V wpav. from minute to minute, 
 
 wpais wpais. from time to time. 
 
 Trdcrav wpav. at any time. 
 
 KOLKrj ojpa vd TOV ev'pfl. plague take him ! 
 
 wpa KaX^. good-bye. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 A. 
 
 able, to be, (e)/j.iropu> 
 
 about, nearly, (e)irdv<a Kara 
 
 about, concerning, Trepj, yid 
 
 about four o'clock, Trepl 
 
 above, e-jravw 
 
 absent, be, AetTrw 
 
 accept, 5e'xo,ucu 
 
 accident, Sva-rvx^^a 
 
 accompany, (TwoSevoo 
 
 account, bill, o \oyapia(r/j.6s 
 
 accustom, 
 
 accustomed, 
 
 acid, 6vs 
 
 acknowledge, bfj.o\oyG> 
 
 acorn, TO 0a\avi8i 
 
 acquaintance, knowledge, r\ 
 
 add, 7rpoo"0eTo> 
 
 address, 7) SievQwais 
 
 adjoining, next, SnrAa 
 
 admire, Oav^dfa 
 
 advantage, ux/xFAm 
 
 advantageous, beneficial, w<f)e 
 
 advice, r\ a-v/j.^ovX-t] 
 
 advise, (riiyUjSouAeuw 
 
 advocate, (n.)> 6 8LK-riy6pos 
 
 affair, rb Trpa/na 
 
 afraid, be, ^o^oG^tai, a-Kid^o/nai 
 
 after, vvrepa (ctTrb) 
 
 afternoon, T^aTroyev/j-a, /j.Ta/j.eo"f}/m.@pia 
 
 afterwards, uo-repa, f-jreira, KKTOTTIV 
 
 again, TraAt. a/co^uTj /J.ia (popd 
 
 agent, cTrirpoTros, TrpaKTwpas 
 agree, make an agreement, 
 
 agreement, r\ 
 
 ague, 6 TtvpfTos, 77 C*G rrr l 
 
 (go) ahead, forward, efj.irp6s 
 
 aim (n. ), 6 CTKOTTOS 
 
 aim at, ffKoirfvco 
 
 air, 6 aepas 
 
 aliglit, KaTaftaivoi) 
 
 all, oAos 
 
 Almighty, o 
 
 almond, TO a/nv 
 
 almond-tree, -^ a,{j.vya.\t}d 
 
 almost, Kovrd, Trap' o\iyo 
 
 I almost fell, e'/coVTeiJ/o va TreVco 
 alms (beggar's cry), eAe^o^ore /x 
 alone, /J.OVQS, ^tovax^s(/uou, (rou, &c. ) 
 along, Trapd 
 also, eTria"r)s 
 alter, aAAa(o> 
 although, ayKa\d, kv KO.L 
 always, Travrore 
 ambassador, 7rpeo-/3us 
 among, /aera^v 
 amount, TO TTOO-OI' 
 amuse, entertain, 
 amusement, -^ 8tao"/ceSao"i 
 anchor, &yttvpa, o"t5epo 
 ancient, TraAatos, apxato 
 angel, 6 ^77eAo.9 
 anger, 6 0v/j.6s 
 angry, get. Qvfj.6v(a 
 
114 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 animal, rb S>ov 
 answer (n. ), y a.Trdvrir]<n 
 answer (v.), curavrdw, -c 
 antiquity, 77 avrlKa, rb a 
 anxious, 
 
 anxiety, 77 
 
 (ppovriSa 
 
 any (with neg.), itavfvas 
 any, have you ? %x eLS ^ a ^ TO/ ' 
 appear, $aiVoyucu 
 appetite, 77 op e ' 
 apple, rb /j.rj\o 
 apple-tree, 77 /j.Tj\Tjd 
 approach. Trhfiffidfa 
 apricot, rb &GPVKOKKOV 
 April, 6 'ATrpiAtos 
 apron, 77 iroSid 
 Arab (n.), 6 'APOTTTJS 
 Arabian (a.), 'A.pa&uc6s 
 arm (n.), rb x*P l 
 army, 6 <rrparvs 
 arrange, <ridvca 
 
 ,, (set in order), fid\\a> els 
 
 Tdb 
 
 arrest (v. ), &d\\w s 
 
 arrival, ^ a^i^ts 
 
 arrive, <t>9dvu) 
 
 art, ^ Te'xvr? 
 
 artichoke, y ayyivdpa 
 
 artist, 6 rexvirys 
 
 as, ffdv, us 
 
 as (since), atynv, O'TTCDS, 
 
 as far as, e'ws 
 
 as soon as, oyuo, d</>oC 
 
 (be) ashamed, ' 
 
 ashes, T] ffrdx^f) 
 
 ask, (e)po)Taco, -w 
 
 ask for, fordoa, -co, 
 
 askew, Ao|Js 
 
 asleep, be, Koi/j.ov/uiai 
 
 ass, rb ya'ftovpi 
 
 assure, &&aiovoo 
 
 at, ets 
 
 at all, Kad6\ov, SioAou, /U.TTITI 
 
 attend, 
 
 attentive, 
 
 August, 6 
 
 aunt, ij Qeia (ij 6eid) 
 
 Autumn, oircbpa 
 
 avaricious, <f>i\dpyvpos 
 
 await, /caprepeo), -GO, Tre 
 awake (v. ), '|u7ri/aw, -co 
 awake (a.), Qvirvos 
 axe, o /unra\ras 
 
 B. 
 
 baity, <5 ^Tre^uTres, TO yucopw 
 
 back (backbone), rf pctx^ 
 
 back, behind. OTT'HTW 
 
 bad, /cawos 
 
 bag, rj ffaKKOvka, rj fiaXirara 
 
 (go) bail for, fyyvdopcu, -co/ 
 
 bake, ^TJI/W 
 
 bakehouse, 6 <povpi>os 
 
 baker, \i/co/j.as 
 
 balcony, rb /jira\Kovi 
 
 ball, TJ /iTraAAo, rb roiri 
 
 ball (dance), 6 xpds 
 
 bandit, o K\f<t>ri)s 
 
 banish, Qopifa 
 
 bank, 77 /j.irdyKa, 77 r pd-rre a 
 
 banker, 6 /j.irayKiprjs, rpair 
 
 baptise, fta<prico 
 
 barber, 6 /x.7ropu7rep7js, o Kovpfvs, Kovpeas 
 
 bargain, 77 ffvfjUpwvia 
 
 barley, rb KpiQa.pi 
 
 barrel, 0ape\t 
 
 basket, rb Ka\d8i, rb KCHpivi, rb 
 
 iravepi, r 
 
 bath, TO [Airdvyio, rb \ovrpd 
 bath, take a, KU/U.VCO ^irdvyio^ 
 battle, 77 ^taxTj 
 bay-tree, 77 d(pvr) 
 beam, flash, 77 dxTtVa (attrlva, d/cTt 
 bean, rb <pa<rov\i 
 bear, carry, fiaffrdoj, -co, (pepca 
 beard, TO yeveia 
 beast, rb coov 
 beat, %Ti7rao), -a> 
 beautiful, copatos, o[j.op(pos 
 beauty, 77 /coAAofTj 
 because, yiari, Oion 
 become, yivca, yivofj,at 
 
 bed, TO Kpe@&dri. 
 
 (go to) bed, Tr\ayidCco 
 bedclothes, rb ffrptoffiSi, ra povx<x- 
 
 bee, 77 fieAiffffa 
 beef-tea, broth, rb Cov^i 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 115 
 
 beer, r] /airipa 
 
 before, irplv v6. 
 
 before, TrpoVepof, TrpoT-fjTe 
 
 before (place), efj-irpos, 
 
 beg, ^rjreco, -w, 
 beggar, 6 frriavos 
 begin, apX'C"' 
 behave oneself, 
 behaviour, TO <pepo"tjuo 
 behind, (o)7rio-a> 
 believe, 7no*Teuo>, 6app<2, 
 bell, TO Kovfiovvi 
 bellows, TO (pvffepo 
 belly, f) KoiXid 
 beloved, aya.Trr)/j.evos 
 belt, y CCOJ/TJ 
 bench, TO aKa.fji.vi 
 bend, arpabovw 
 beneath, Karw (OTTO), ctTr 
 benefit (n.), r/ w 
 besides, e/cT 
 bet, wager (n.), TO 
 bet, wager (v.), 
 beti'othal, of appa0vais 
 betrothe, appa@Govio/*ai 
 better, Ka\\irepos 
 
 all the better, ToVo TO Ka\\irepo 
 between, /ueTalu 
 
 beyond, Trepa a?ro (adv.) Trapairepa 
 Bible, r\ ayia ypatpT] 
 big, fj.yd\os 
 bill of fare, r\ \i<rra, u Kard\oyos rcov 
 
 billiards, TO ^.TriAAmpSo 
 
 bil'd, TO TTOUAl, TO TTOl/AaKt 
 
 Birthday, Ta ycvvurovpia 
 
 biscuit, rusk, TO 7rai/ua5i, TO 111*10- 
 
 KOTO 
 
 bishop, o 5eo"7roT7]s, o (f}iri<TKOTros 
 
 (little) bit, Ko/j./j.drL 
 
 bite, 8a7/cai'w, rpooyoo 
 
 bitter, iriKpos 
 
 black, /xaDpos 
 
 black (of boots, v.), Xovffrpdpw, Xova- 
 
 rpovw 
 
 blacking, TJ /Airoyid 
 bless, evAoyifa, -co 
 blind, rv<p\6s, 
 blonde, avdcs 
 
 blood, TO 
 
 blotting-paper, Tt> 
 
 blow (v.), (pvcrdu, -< 
 
 blow up, TreTcw (-w) 's TO^ depa 
 
 blow with a fist, ^ ypodtd 
 
 blue, /jia^s 
 
 blunder (v.), (praica, cpraiyw 
 
 blush, redden, KOKKIV'I^U 
 
 boat, T\ fidpita, TO Ka'tKL 
 
 boatman, o )3ap/caprjs 
 
 body, TO Kop/j.i, TO <r 
 
 bold, yevvaios 
 
 bone, TO 
 
 book, TO &i@\ 
 
 bookbinder, o' 
 
 bCOt, TO TTttTToCT^, TO &Tl{3d\ 
 
 born, yvvri/j.evos 
 
 borrow, Savei^o/nai, iraipvoo 
 
 both, teal of 5io 
 
 bottle, ^ ^TTouTiAia 
 
 boundary, TO o'pm 
 
 bourse, 
 
 box, TO Kovri 
 
 boy, TO TratSi, TO aydpi 
 
 brain, TO jj.va.x6v 
 
 brandy, TO ttovidit 
 
 bread, TO ^/ca/j.i 
 
 break, <rirdvia 
 
 breast, TO 0vi 
 
 brick, TOV&XOV 
 
 bricklayer, o -^riarris 
 
 bride, rj vv<pt] 
 
 bridegroom, 6 ya/j.irpos 
 
 Itridge, TO yf(pvpt 
 
 bridle, TO Kairiffrpi 
 
 brigand, 6 KX^T^S 
 
 bring, ^>epw 
 
 broad, (papSvs, TrXarvs 
 
 bronze, 6 /jLirpovvrfas, rb 
 
 brook, TO pv&Ki, TO pev 
 
 broom, TJ 
 
 broth, TO 
 
 brother, 6 
 
 brother-in-law, 6 
 
 dvSpaSeAcpos, 6 
 brown, 
 brush (n. ), 7) 
 brush (v.), 
 bud, juaTt 
 bug, /copto's 
 
 i 2 
 
116 A SHORT AXD EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 build, x T 'C a ' 
 
 (who) built this house .' iroibs e:a ( ue 
 
 dUTO TO (TTTTJTi ; 
 
 burial. TO Qd^iuo 
 
 luiri), Kaioa 
 
 bury, 0a7TTo> 
 
 bush, o /3dros 
 
 (be) busy, fX^ SouAeia 
 
 butcher, o /cao"ci7r7js, o /cpeoTrwATjs 
 
 butter, TO fiovrvpo 
 
 butterfly, 77 
 
 buy, ayopd{w 
 
 buy food, (o)^/ 
 
 by, 5ia. oTTo 7 , yt 
 
 cab, carriage, ?/ Kap6r<ra, ?; 
 
 cabbage, TO Aa 
 
 cabman, 6 a 
 
 cafe, TO Ka.<p 
 
 calculate, 
 
 calf, TO /j.o(rxdpi 
 
 call (name), A 70? 
 
 call out, 0wi/a"a> 
 
 (what is this) called ? TTWS ovo/j-d^rai 
 
 avTO ; TTWS TO A eve ; 
 calm (n. ), -^ ^<rux' a j T/ yo.xi]vt] (at 
 
 sea) 
 
 calm (v. ), r;o-i/xaC c ' 
 calm (a.), TJOTUXOS? 7oA7jj/o's (at sea) 
 can, (f)/nTTopu> 
 can (n.), 6 revcites 
 candle, TO /c?7pi 
 c.ape, headland, TO a/cpcoTrjpi 
 captain, 6 Aox7os : of a ship, o 
 
 card, TO x a P T ' L 
 
 (play) cards, Tr 
 
 care, r> irpocrox' 
 
 care, take, 
 
 careful, Trpoo-e/cTi/co's 
 
 careless, 
 
 caress, cajole, 
 
 carnival, 
 
 carpenter, 6 fjia.pa.yK6s 
 
 carpet, T^ x A ' 
 
 carriage, -^ a/j.a^a, 77 Kaporcra 
 
 carry, (^e'pco 
 
 case, in any, x^P's aAAo 
 
 cask, TO 0ape\i 
 
 castle, TO TraAaTi, TO Kaffrpo, 6 irvp-yos 
 
 cat, o 7aTos, 7; 7<xTa 
 
 catch, Tridvdi 
 
 catholic, 6 SVTIKOS (6 (ppdytcos) 
 
 cauliflower, TO KowovTriSt 
 
 cedar. 77 icevTpos 
 
 cemetery, TO vsKpoTafyttov, f) fidvSpa 
 
 centime, TO AeTrroV 
 
 certain, /3e&aios 
 
 certainty, 77 a<r(pd\eia 
 
 chain, r) Ka&eva, 77 aAuo-i'Sa 
 
 chair, ^/ /cope/fAa 
 
 chalk, T/ KLjjicaXia, TO Te j u7rfo"ip 
 
 change (n.) (small money), \iavd, 
 
 \}/i\a 
 
 change (money) (v.), xaAao>, a\\d<a 
 charcoal, TO Kap&ovvo 
 charity, T^ eXerjfj.offvi'T) 
 cheap, v6vvos, (prr]v6s 
 cheat (v.), 7eAao>, -w 
 cheek, TO /j.dyov\o 
 cheese, TO Tupt 
 chemist's shop, TO ' 
 
 cherry, TO Kepdcn 
 cherry-tree, rj ttepaffid 
 chest (of the body), TO 
 chicken, TO /COTT^TTOUAO^ 
 
 child, TO TTGUS/, TO TTOtStt/Ci 
 
 chill, TO Kpvo 
 
 ('hin, TO yeveiov 
 
 choke, Trviyia (pass. Trviyo/j.ai) 
 
 cholera, 7^ x^ ea 
 
 Christian, 6 
 
 Christinas, TCC 
 
 church, 7^ eKK\T)(ria (77 KK\rjaid) 
 
 cigar, TO Trovpo 
 
 cigarette, TO viydpo : (ready made) TO 
 
 cistern, T) Se^a/uey-fi, tj ffrepva 
 
 citizen, 6 TTOAITTJS 
 
 city, rj TTo'Ats 
 
 clean (a.), tracrrpiKos, Ka.Qa.p6s 
 
 clean (v.), iraarpsvui, 
 
 clear, Aa^uTrpos 
 
 clerk, 7pa y a / uaTeus 
 
 climate, TO K\i/u.a 
 
 climb, avafiaivw 
 
 cloak. TO Travocpopt 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 117 
 
 clock, TO wpo\6yi. 
 
 cloth, T] Tffoxa, TO Travrj 
 
 clothes, 77 (popeo-ta 
 
 cloud, }] Ka.Ta.xvid>, ">? ffvvve<pia,, TO. 
 
 cloudy, ffvvvf<p-f)s 
 
 coal, TO tcdpfiovvo, 6 ya.idvQpv.Kas 
 
 coarse, xovSpos 
 
 coast, TO TTccpaAi 
 
 coat, TO povxo 
 
 COCk, 6 TTTlv6s 
 
 coffee, 6 /caepes 
 
 coffee-house, TO nafyevtlov 
 
 coin, 5 irapas, TO vop.iafj.a, r) fJLOVeSa 
 
 coins (ancient), ra /napT(re\ia 
 
 cold, catarrh, TO o-iWx< 
 
 cold, to be, Kpv6vco, Kpvaivw 
 
 cold, Kpvos 
 
 (it is) cold, KdfMvei Kpvo, Kap.vfL ^^XP - 
 
 (it is) colder to-day than yesterday, 
 
 collar, TO Ko\api 
 
 collect, 
 
 collection, 
 
 colour, 
 
 column, 6 <TTV\OS, rj KoXovva 
 
 comb (n.), TO %TeV: 
 
 comb (v. ), 
 
 come, 
 
 come in, 
 
 (please) come in, KOTrida-are ue'o-a 
 comedy, TJ Kca/j.(p8ia 
 command (v.), ^ 8ia.Ta.yri 
 command (n.), Siardira-oo 
 commercial, e/^TropiKos 
 common (ordinary), irpoffrvxos 
 companion, 6 <rvvTpo<pos 
 company, rj <rwrpo<pid : (military), TO 
 
 compass, -rj 
 
 compel, oblige, v 
 
 compensate, indemnify, 
 
 complain, ira.paTTovoi>jj.a.L, Kafj.vw irapd- 
 
 irova 
 
 condition, 
 congratulate, 
 conc|uer, viicd(a, -Ha 
 console, comfort, Trapyyopew, - 
 consul, 6 Trpo^evos 
 consulate, TO -Kpo^v^iov 
 
 consult, '<rvfj.fiov\evo/j.ai 
 
 consumption, phthisis, ?? 
 
 content, ei)xapio"T77jueVos 
 
 conversation, ^ 6/j.i\ia, rj 
 
 cook (n.), 6 pdyeipos, 
 
 cook (v. ), /jiayeipevw 
 
 copper (n.), 6 x a ^ K ^, TO xd^Kwaa. 
 
 copy, a.VTiypd(p(a 
 
 cord, ox LV ' L 
 
 COrk, plug, TO (TTOVTrw/AO. 
 
 corn (wheat), criTdpi. 
 
 corn (011 the foot), o /caAos 
 
 corner, y ywvia 
 
 corpse, TO Xetyavov, TO 7TTo;,ua 
 
 correct, O"&;O"TOS 
 
 COSt (V.), KOffTlfa 
 
 cottage, hut, TO /caAu^i 
 
 cotton, cotton wool, TO /Ba^jSa/ci 
 
 (of) cotton, /8af6/3aKepo's fjSaftjSa/ce/jvos) 
 
 cough (n.), 6 j87?x as 
 
 cough (v.), MX 
 
 count, jueTpaw, -a> (fjierpew, -w) 
 
 country, land, r/ x^P a 
 
 I am going into the country, da. 
 
 Tract) 3 s T^IV e|ox^ 
 courage, TO Odppos 
 court, T] ai>\T] 
 cousin, o e|aSeA^os, ?j 
 cover, ffKeirdfa 
 coverlet, TO <TKeTra(r/uia 
 row, rj a7Aa5o 
 crab, o Kafiovpas 
 credit, fj Triffroaffi 
 crew, TO TrA^pw/xa 
 criminal, 6 Katcovpyos 
 crops, TO yvvri/j.ara 
 cross, 6 ffTavpos 
 crown-prince, 6 
 cruel, rude, coarse, tiro's 
 crumb, y $ix a 
 cry out, (puvdfa 
 cry (weep), K\aiw 
 cudgel, yd6pvo/j.a.L 
 
 Cliff, /J,a.VtKTl 
 
 cup, T] <p\iVT^dvi, (pi\T{dvi 
 
 cupboard, TO ap^apt, TO 8ov\dirt 
 
 cure, taTpeuaj, Kd/j.voo ita\d 
 
 curiosity, rj Treptep-yem 
 
 (be) current (of coin). Trepvdw. -& 
 
 curse, 
 
118 
 
 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 cursed, execrable, Kara 
 curtain, Koprtva. 
 cushion, /j.aiA\dpi 
 custom, 77 ffvvi]Qeia 
 customer, 6 (j.ov(TTepris, 
 
 CUt, K6(pTO), KO^CO 
 
 IX 
 
 damage, /3Aa<To> 
 damp, vyp6s, 
 dance (n.), 6 
 dance (v.), 
 danger, 6 KivSwo 
 daring, bold, TOA 
 dark, ffKortivts 
 
 it is dark, eZve 
 
 date (day of the month), 77 
 
 daughter, 77 dvyarepa 
 
 day, 77 (ri)p.spa. 
 
 day before yesterday, 
 
 dead, (a)ireda/j.fii.fvos 
 
 deaf, Kov<p6s 
 
 dealer, 6 Trpay/j.arfvr'ns 
 
 dear, anpi&os 
 
 death, 6 ddi-aros 
 
 debt (n.), XP* OS 
 
 decanter, rb U.TTOVKO.\I 
 
 December, o Ae/ce^ujSptos 
 
 decide, Kpivw 
 
 decision, judgment, 77 
 
 Kp'lffL(s) 
 
 deed, 77' irpais 
 deep, &a6vs 
 delay (v.), apyiw, -u 
 departure, dfoxwpws 
 depth, TO fidOos 
 
 , 
 
 describe, 7rfpiypd<pw 
 desert (n.), 77 eprjuia, TO. 
 despise, TrtpKppovfw, -u> 
 devil, 5 5idfto\os 
 diarrhoea, 77' Stdppoia 
 die (v.), (a.}irbOa.(vca : (of an animal), 
 
 differ, 
 
 difference, 
 
 difficult, 
 
 dig, (TKd(j)TW 
 
 digest, 
 
 digestion, T] xw 
 
 dine, yfv/j.aTifa, rpwyca 
 
 dining-room, 77 rpaire^apia, ri ad\a 
 
 dinner, yevfj.a 
 
 dinner-napkin, 77 
 
 direction, 77 
 
 director, 6 St 
 
 dirt, mud, 77 
 
 dirty, 0pu>/j.iyos 
 
 discover, 
 
 disgrace, shame, 7^ 
 
 disguise, ctAAa^w 
 
 disgust, 7^ a-nSia, 
 
 dish, rb TTiaro 
 
 dismiss, 5iu>xv<*> 
 
 disorder, ara^ia 
 
 disposition, 77 Smflea-i 
 
 ditch, TO av\aKi, 6 oxer^s 
 
 <livide, xP^C w 
 
 do, K&[iV(6 
 
 (how do you) do, TTCOS elcrde ; ri KO-J 
 
 vfTf ; 
 
 (what am I to) do ? ri va 
 doctor, 6 larpos (yiarpos) 
 dog, TO ffKV\i, 6 (TKvXos, (f. ) 77 
 
 TO (TKvXaKl 
 
 loll, 77 KOVK\O, 
 
 dollar, TO rd\\i]pov 
 
 donkey, o ^ai'Sapos, TO 7ai'8oGpi, rb yo- 
 
 pdpi 
 
 door, 77 Tropra 
 doubt (n.), 77 a/ji.<t>i&o\ia 
 doubt (v.), a/j.<ptftd\\w 
 dove, pigeon, TO Trepicrrepi 
 down, Kara 
 
 dozen, 77 vrov^iva, 77 SwSfKas 
 drag, draw, arepvw 
 drawer, TO avprdpt 
 drawers, TO o-c6j8poKo 
 dream (n.), TO uveipo 
 dream (v.), jSAeVw 's rbv virvov 
 dress, TO <popf/ji.a 
 drink, TTIVOJ 
 
 drive, take a, Trrjyaivu ^ue T?y 
 drop, 7 7 ffra\irara 
 drown, aTTOTWY^ 
 druggist, apothecary, o 
 druggist's shop, 7; (nrffrpid, TO <pa.p- 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 119 
 
 drunk, ^Qvcr^vos 
 
 enough (adv. ), /uLTrdara, apiterd 
 
 drunkard, 6 /iTreprjs 
 
 (it is) enough, (prdvei 
 
 drunkenness, -rj /j.40r) r x 
 
 entertain (as a guest), rparrdpu, Treoi- 
 
 dry (a.), o"Te7i'os, rjpo's 
 
 TTOioG/xat 
 
 dry (n. ), o~T67i'dVco 
 
 entrance, 77 efo-oSos 
 
 duck, I) Trdiria 
 
 envelope, 6 (pa/ceAAos 
 
 dumb, /3ou#os 
 
 environs, TO Treptx^pa 
 
 dust, powder, T\ o-/coVrj 
 
 envy, 6 <p0oVos 
 
 duty, TO xp* os > T KaBfiKov 
 
 equal, Ifcros 
 
 dye (v.), ftd<pd> 
 
 estate, KTTHJ.O. 
 
 dye (n.), f) piroyid 
 
 Europe, -^ EupwTrrj 
 
 dysentery, fj SvcrevTepia 
 
 evening, -^ eo-7repo, TO ySpaSi; 
 
 dwarf, 6 vdwos 
 
 (good) evening, aArj(T7repa (croii, a as) 
 
 
 ^this) evening, aTro'^/e 
 
 
 (in the) evening, TO 4o"7re'pas 
 
 E. 
 
 every, /ca0, 6 itaOevas 
 
 
 exact, accurate, o- COO-TO s 
 
 each, 6 KaBevas, KaBe 
 
 (six o'clock) exactly, o-oxTTa 's TCUS e|t 
 
 ear, TO avri 
 
 examine, e'|eTaco 
 
 early, (i)vupis, irpwi 
 
 excavation, r) avaffKa<p'h 
 
 earn, gain, >cep8ioo, iraipvu) 
 
 except, Tropa, e/cTos 
 
 earth, r) yrj 
 
 exception, r^ e|oip6<rt 
 
 earthquake, 6 o-eioyios 
 
 excuse (v. ), <rvyx<0p<*> 
 
 east, T) cWroArj 
 
 exert oneself, /coTTiaC'*' 
 
 Easter, -rj AayUTrpr/ 
 
 exit, r^ ?|o5os 
 
 easy, eu/coAos 
 
 expend, e|o5euco 
 
 eat, rpwyoo 
 
 expense, Ta <|o5a 
 
 edge, rim, T& xetAcs 
 
 explain, elrjye'co, -co 
 
 education, -rj avarpotp-h 
 
 express, e/c<ppa^co 
 
 eel, TO x^ 4 > T0 e7Xf At 
 
 extinguish, o-iW 
 
 egg, TO ai7o 
 either... or, ^...?; 
 
 extravagant, o-TraToAos 
 
 election, ^ fK\oyf] 
 
 eye, TO ^aTi 
 
 electric, r/Ae/cTpi/cos 
 
 eyebrow, TO <ppu5t 
 
 else, ciAAcos 
 
 
 embassy, 77 irpeo-^eia 
 
 
 embroidery, TO wej/TTj^a 
 
 F. 
 
 emperor, 6 avroKpdropas 
 
 
 empress, 7? ctiTO/cpaTopto"o"a 
 
 lace, TO TTpocrutrov, TOC fj.ovTpa 
 
 empty, SSetos 
 
 factory, r^ (pd/jurpiKa 
 
 empty one's glass, dSeta^w T^ irorripi 
 
 fade, dvoi7co 
 
 end (n.), TO TeAos 
 
 faint, A lyoQv^J. e co, -co, Ai7ro0u/ieco, -co 
 
 end (v.), TeAeioVco 
 
 fainting-tit, T) XiyoQvfj.id, rj \nro6v/j.ia 
 
 endure, ySao'Taco, -w, viro<pp<a 
 
 faith, r/ TT'KTTL 
 
 enemy, 6 e'x^pos 
 
 faithful, irurTos 
 
 energetic, irpo/co^ueVos 
 
 fall, TrecpTco 
 
 England, 7/ 3 A77Aio 
 
 fall ill, dppcoo-Teco, -co 
 
 English, 'A77At/cos, 'I>7A.ei/co$ 
 
 false, lying, vJ/euTi/cos 
 
 Englishman, 6''A77Aos, 6 'l77Ae^os 
 
 falsehood, lie (n. )> T ^ ^eV^ a (4' ''A to ) 
 
 enough (adj.), ap/ceTo's 
 
 (speak) falsely, lie, Ae^co ^^aTa 
 
120 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR, 
 
 family, 
 
 famous, Trepicprj/j.os 
 
 fan (n.), 77 )3ei/TctAm, TO pnriSt, 
 
 far, fj.a.Kpdi>, p.a.Kpvd, d\dpya 
 
 fare, TO dywyioi/, (by sea) 6 i/aCAos 
 
 fashion, mode, 77 fj.6Sa, 6 avp/aos 
 
 fast (adv.), ypriyopa, oy\-f]yopa 
 
 fast (v.), vrjffTfvw 
 
 fasting (a.), vrjffrtKos 
 
 fat, stout, TTO.XVS, xoySpo's 
 
 fate, T/ Ti/xf), TO ypafpro 
 
 father, 6 -rrarepas 
 
 fault, sin, Kpl^a. 
 
 feather, TO <prep6 
 
 February, 6 Qefipovdpios 
 
 feel, aicr6dvo/j.ai 
 
 female, 6r)\vs 
 
 fetch, Trriyaivw vd 
 
 fever, 6 irvper6s 
 
 fickle, ^O-TOTOS 
 
 fiddle, rb 0io\i 
 
 field, TO 
 
 fig, TO ffVKO 
 
 fight (v.), TroAe^ueo), -co 
 
 fight (11.), TJ (TV/J.TT \OK~f) 
 
 figure, T) (piyovpa 
 
 fill, 76/Xl^ 
 
 find, Ppia-Kw 
 fine (a.), ACTTTOS, ^os 
 finger, 6 SctxTuAos 
 finish, TeAeioi/w, crwvw 
 
 fir, 7| TTVKT] 
 
 fire (n.), r/ (puna 
 
 (the) fire has gone out. eo-^utre ?/ <pu,rid 
 
 fire (conflagration), ^ irup/coia 
 
 fire-brigade, ot Trvpocrfffffrai 
 
 (at) first, TrpoJTa, TO irpwrov 
 
 fish, TO v//api 
 
 fisher, 6 
 
 fist, 6 
 
 fix, 
 
 flag, banner, r/ 
 
 flame, T^ tp\6ya 
 
 flank (of a person), 
 
 flatter, Ko\aKvco 
 
 flax, TO \ivov 
 
 flea, d i//wAAos 
 
 flee, (pevyca 
 
 fleet (n.), 6 O-TO'AOS 
 
 floor, TO 
 
 florin, TO <piopivi 
 flour, TO aAeDpi 
 flower, TO AouAof'S 
 flute, TO (p\dovTo 
 fly (n.), ?'; /J.v7ya, f 
 fly (v.), TTCTW 
 fog, o^i'xAT? 
 
 fold, SlTTAdVco 
 
 follow, a/coAov^eo.', 
 folly, ?) avo7)ffia 
 food, T^) <payi, TJ 
 fool, o AoupSos 
 
 foot, TO 7T(JSi, TO TToSdpl 
 
 forbid, fj.Tro$i(w, airayoptv 
 force, power, 77 Svya/mi 
 force (v.), di/a7/ca( 1 ' a; 
 forehead, TO KovraXo 
 foreign, |eVos, efareptKos 
 forest, TO Sao~os 
 forgive, ffvyxtop*<*>, ~& 
 
 fork, TO TTT]pOVVl 
 
 former, 
 
 forsake, cKpy 
 
 fortress, TO 
 
 fortune, r/ ri>x"n 
 
 fortune (wealth), ? c ; ireptovaia 
 
 fowl, f) KOTTO, T^ /COTT^TTOfAo 
 
 fox, 77 aAeTToG 
 
 free, e'Aey^epos 
 
 freedom, r/ fXevOepia ((\evdepid) 
 
 freight, fare, TO ayu 
 
 French, TaAAi/cds 
 
 Frenchman, 6 FaAAos 
 
 fresh, (ppeo-Kos 
 
 Friday, TJ Trapaa-Kcvfi 
 
 friend, 6 <{>i\os, ri (pi\7)vd8a 
 
 (he is a) friend of mine, 
 
 friendship, 77 <pi\ia 
 
 fright, o <j)6(3os 
 
 (to) frighten, rpo/ndfa 
 
 frog, 6 fidrpaxos 
 
 from , aTTo 
 
 (in) front, f/unrp6(rde(i>), ^ 
 
 fruit, 6 /caoTros, rd (ppovra 
 
 full, yto/udros, ye/jidros 
 
 functionary, 6 
 
 fur, T/ 7oOz/a 
 furniture, Ta iTtiTrAa 
 further on, Trapairepa 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 121 
 
 gain (n.), TO /cepSos 
 
 gain (v. ), /cep5io> 
 
 game (play), TO iratyviSi 
 
 game (food), TO Kvvriyi 
 
 garden, TO Trepi/So'Ai, o KTJTTOS 
 
 garlic, TO o"Ko'p5o 
 
 garter, 6 /caATo-oSeV^s 
 
 gate, 77 -jropra 
 
 gem, TO TrcTpaSi, T/ TreTptTo-a 
 
 gently, slowly, criyd 0-170, ct7aAia 
 
 dyd A la 
 
 German (n.), rep/j.av6s (f. Tep^aj/tSa) 
 German (a.), repeat -ucos 
 Germany, r) rep/mafia 
 get up, o"r)Koi>ofj.ai 
 girl, TO Kopircri 
 give, SiScc 
 
 give back, eTucrTpffpw 
 glad, vxap<-(n~r)/ji,vos 
 glance, 77' fj.ci.Tid 
 glass, TO yva\i 
 
 glass (for drinking), TO rrorr}pL 
 glass (of window), r^d^i 
 glove, TO ydvri 
 go, 7T777aiVco 
 go on ! /j.np6s ! 
 go away, <pevyu 
 going on, what is ' ri 
 go out, fiyaivw 
 
 god, 6 8eos 
 
 godfather, 6 vowos. 6 KOU/ 
 
 gold, /j.d\afj./ji.a, xP v(r ^ 
 
 golden, fj.aXa/j.fj.a.Tfi'io 
 
 good, kind, /caAos 
 
 goodbye, O.VTLO, wpa /caATJ 
 
 goodbye (say), leave (take one's), 
 
 Good Friday, tj 
 goodness, kindness, rj 
 goose, rj X^l va 
 governmeiit, TJ Kv/Sepv-rj 
 grammar, rj ypa/uL/j.arLKri 
 grandchild, o tyyovos 
 grandfather, o rramrovs 
 grandmother, ?/ 
 grape, TO <rra<pv\ 
 grass, TO 
 
 grateful, evxdpiaros 
 
 grave, o rd<f>os 
 
 grease (n.), TO rrdxos 
 
 Greece, r) 'EAAaSa ('EAAas) 
 
 Greek (n. ), 6"EAArji'(as) 
 
 Greek (a.), 'EAATjvi/co's 
 
 green, Trpdvivos 
 
 greet (v. ), x ai P er ' L fa> -du, -co 
 
 greeting, 6 x al P TL(r l JI - s ( r ^- X ai P T' L(T ~ 
 
 fj.ara) 
 
 grief, rj AUTTTJ 
 grocer, 6 ^Tro/caATjs 
 (on the) ground, %auou. Kardx^P- - 
 grow, {jLtyaXovca 
 guard, be on one's, beware, $uAa- 
 
 guardian, o 
 
 guide, 6 oSrj7o's, 6 d 
 
 guitar, cithern, 77 ittddpa 
 
 glim, TO yKO/jL/uLl 
 
 gun, TO rov(pKi 
 
 gunpowder, rj cntovri, rj rrvpiri^a 
 
 gunshot, rj rovQeicid 
 
 gutter, channel, TO av\di<i, 6 o%6To's 
 
 II. 
 
 habit, custom, TO 
 hail (n.), TO x"^" 
 (it) hails, 7re^)Tt xaAo^i 
 hair, rd /xaAAia, 77 Tpi%a 
 half (n.), TO ^io-o' 
 half (a.), jj.L<r6s 
 hall, saloon, 77 <rd\a 
 hall door, 77' fj.ya\orropra 
 ham, TO xotpo/xe'pi 
 hammer, TO o-tyvpi 
 hand (n. ), TO x 6 'p' 
 handkerchief, TO 
 
 . r] <rvvr]6ia. 
 
 hard, o-/cA77pos 
 
 hare, 6 Aa7o's- 
 
 harm (v.), 
 
 harvest, TO aAcciu 
 
 hasten, &ido/j.ai 
 
 hat, TO /caTre'Ao 
 
 hats off, /caTO) T /cKTreAa 
 
 hat oif, to take the, 
 
122 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 hate (n.), TO 
 
 hate (v.), fjLicr 
 
 hay, TO 
 
 head, TO 
 
 health, 77 (tyyeta 
 
 hear, O.KOVW, aKovyu 
 
 heart, 77 KapStd 
 
 heat, 77 CfffT-t) 
 
 heaven, 6 ovpavos 
 
 heavy, &apvs 
 
 heel, 77 (pTepva 
 
 heel (of stocking), TO TO.KOVVL 
 
 height, TO ttyos 
 
 hell, 77 KoAa<ri 
 
 help, floydta 
 
 hen, 77 KOTTO 
 
 here, eSw 
 
 here ! here I am ! (answer by a 
 
 waiter), fy6a(ra (from 
 
 arrive) 
 
 herring, 77 apiyya 
 hide, skin, 77 TreVo'o, TO 
 hide (v.), K pv0w 
 high, (v^A^y 
 high-way, /3a<Ti\iitbs SPO/.IOS 
 hinder, prevent, 
 hire (v.), 
 history, 77* I 
 hold, Kpareto), -o> 
 hole, 77 Tpvira, Tpovira 
 holiday, 77' fopT-fj, 77 (peffTa, % apyia 
 holy, 07405 
 
 Holy Thursday, 77' /j.fyd\r) 
 home, inland, fffcaTepiitds 
 home, at, 's TO (nrriTi 
 (is he at) home ''. e?j/e 
 honey, TO 
 honour, 77 
 hope (v.), 
 
 hope (n.), 77 e\iriSa 
 horn, TO /ce'pos 
 horse, TO 6X070, 6 Ka@d\\r)s 
 (on) horseback, /ca^aAAa 
 horse-boy, 6 070)71^775 
 hospital, TO vorroK.oiJ.tiov 
 liot, ^eo-Tos 
 hotel, TO vo8ox*?ov 
 hotel-keeper, host, 6 
 hour, 77' &pa 
 house, 
 
 householder, 6 voiKO 
 
 how ? TTWS ; 
 
 how much ? TTOO-OS 
 
 humble, 
 
 hung up, 
 
 hunger, 77 
 
 hunter, o 
 
 hurry, be in a, 
 
 hurt (v.a. ), j8Aa<>T, 
 
 hurt (be in pain), irovea), -w 
 
 husband, 6 crvvyos, o &vTpas 
 
 hush ! 0-170 
 
 hut TO /coAu^t 
 
 1. 
 
 ice, b irdyos 
 
 ice-cream, TO 71-070^0, r\ y\cuTd5a 
 
 idea, 77 t'Seo 
 
 if, &v, o/zo 
 
 if he should (tome, TVXOV va 
 
 ill, &ppw(TTos, dffBfvris 
 
 ill, I feel, fj.ov $px*Tai TO KO.KO 
 
 ill-use, abuse (v. ), 
 
 illegal, Trapdvo/j-os 
 
 illegitimate, ^/euT 
 
 illness, 77 dpptao-Ttd 
 
 immediatelv, d^eVcos 
 
 (he will come) immediately, 
 
 impatient, d 
 
 important, a . 
 
 impossible, dS^oTos 
 
 improvement, 77 /coAAiT^pei/o- 
 
 impudent, avOdSris 
 
 in, /u.f<ra (fls), els 
 
 incessant, a.Ka.TdTra.vo~Tos 
 
 inconvenience (v.), ireipdfa 
 
 indeed, certainly, jSe'jSota. jita, 
 
 indifferent, dS:ci</)opos 
 
 indisposed, KO.KO 
 
 indisposition, 77 
 
 infant, TO /ncapo 
 
 infect, to (with a disease), -oAAa< 
 
 woAAco 
 
 infectious, /COAATJTI/CO'S 
 inform, flooiroiew, -a) 
 information, 77 ir\i]po<popia. 
 (be) informed, Tr\r)po<popovfj.ai 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 123 
 
 7} raftepva, t] 
 
 ingratitude, TJ 
 inhabit, /coToi/ce'co, -co 
 inhabitant, 6 KO.TOLKOS 
 inherit, K\r)povo/j.eu, -co 
 injury, 77 @\d&ii, 77 77/410 
 ink, rb /j.e\dvi 
 inn, T& ei/o8ox 
 
 AO/COPTO 
 
 (wayside) inn, TO 
 innocent, aQQos 
 insane, rpe\\os 
 inscription, TJ 
 instead of, avris 
 instrument, 77 ^77x01/7? 
 insult (v. ), 7rpoo"$oAAco, Trei 
 insurance, a<r<pd\fia 
 international, 5te0frjs 
 interrupt, 5io/coc/>Tco 
 interruption, 77 SJO/COTTTJ 
 intolerable, dfpopijros 
 introduce, Trapowtdfa 
 invent, find out, ecpet/picr/cco 
 invention, 77 ecptvpfa-i, rb 
 investigate, e'eTao> 
 invite, TrpocrKa\fu>, -w 
 iron (n.) } 6 
 iron (a.), 
 iron (v.), 
 island, rb vf\a( 
 Italian (n.), 6 ' 
 Italian (a.), ' 
 Italy, 'IroAia 
 ivory, 
 
 J. 
 
 jam, TO y\i>Kicr/j.a 
 January, 6 'loi/ouaptos 
 jealous, fjjAiopTjs 
 Jew, 6 'EQpaios, 77' 'EQpaia 
 jewel, rb 
 join, kvov(a 
 joke (n.), 6 
 joke(v.), , 
 journey, TO To|i'8t 
 (have you done this) journey ? fKa/j.es 
 avrbv rbv Spo/xo ; 
 
 joy> ? 
 
 judge, 
 
 jug, pitcher, TO 
 July, 6 'louAtos 
 jump, spring, TTTj 
 June, 6 'loui'tos 
 just, 5t/cotos 
 just (exactly), 2<r 
 justice. TO Si/cato 
 
 iVt 
 
 K. 
 
 keep (hold), 
 
 keep (guard), <f>v\dy 
 
 keep (one's word), PCHTTW (rbv 
 
 kettle, 6 TeWepes, 77 T^aiapa 
 
 key, rb /cAetSt 
 
 kick, /cAoTO*co 
 
 kidneys, TO vetypid 
 
 kill, irKorofCD 
 
 kind (a.), /caAos 
 
 kind (description), TO 
 
 king, 6 ^acrtAeos 
 
 kiss (n.), T^ (pi\i]/j(.a 
 
 kiss (v.), (pi\eu, -co 
 
 kitchen, TC> /jLaysipfio 
 
 knee, T^ 7oj/aTo 
 
 knife, TO /j.axcupi : (pen -knife), 
 
 (Tovyid 
 
 knife-thrust, t] /j.axaipid 
 knit, TrAe'/cco 
 knock, XT^Traco, -co 
 knot (n.), 6 KO/ATTOS 
 know, 5 |epco, e|eupco 
 know, recognize, 7J/copt^co 
 known, familiar, 7i/co<rros 
 
 labour, 7? 5ov\eid 
 ladder, 77 <r/caAa 
 lady, 77 Kvpia, 77 
 lake, 77' AiyUi/77 
 lamb, T^ dpft, TO 
 lame, itovrcros 
 lamp, 77 \d/nTra 
 land, 77 77^ 
 language, 77' 
 lantern, T^ Qavdpt 
 large, /j.eyd\os 
 
124 
 
 A SHORT AXD EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 last (v.), /3ao-T, <pddvu 
 
 last (a.), T\6VTCUOS 
 
 lastly, at last, 's TO reAos 
 
 late, apyd 
 
 late (dead), /j.aKapirris 
 
 laugh, yc\dw, -i- 
 
 law, 6 VO/J.QS 
 
 lawyer, 6 8ucr)y6pos 
 
 lay, put, $aC&> 
 
 lay the table, vpuxre TO Tpair^L 
 
 lazy, Te^TreArjs 
 
 lead (v. ), 68r)y4ca, -a>, (pepvw 
 
 lead, TO /j.o\v@t, T~O fio\v/u.i 
 
 lead pencil, T> /uo\vf35oKovdv\oi', TO 
 
 fj.o\v/3i. 
 
 leaf, TO <puAAo 
 learn, /j.adaivw, p.avQdvw 
 learn by heart, naOalvw air' *o> 
 leather, TO TTfTfri, r/ TreVora 
 leave, cuprivw 
 left, opt<TTepo's, ep@6s 
 
 leg, TO TToSi, TO TToSct/Ji 
 
 lemon, TO Ae/xort 
 
 lemonade, ^ \i/u.oi'd8a 
 
 lend, Sayei'^o) 
 
 length, TO xfKos 
 
 Lent, 
 
 less, o 
 
 lesson, TO fj.ddrj/j.a 
 
 let (of a house) (v.;, eVoj/fia^a- 
 
 let, to be, evotKidfeTai 
 
 letter, TO ypd/j./uia, r/ eTri<TTO\ri 
 
 letter of the alphabet, T& ypd/j.fj.a, 
 
 (TTOL^eloV 
 
 letterciise, TO TropTO(f>o\io 
 
 liar, o i|/euTrjs 
 
 liberty, ^ e\ev6fpid 
 
 library, TJ 
 
 lie, (n. ) TO 
 
 lie down, 7r 
 
 life, ?; C^T? 
 
 lift up, 
 
 light, TO (pus 
 
 light (weight;, e\a(ppos 
 
 lightens, it, a<TTpd(pTi. 
 
 lightning, r? aa-Tpatrr) 
 
 like (a.), o^uotos, Tr 
 
 like (v.), 070^0) 
 
 (do you) like it. o-' apeVei ai/To' ; 
 
 likely, 
 
 lime, 6 a 
 
 line, -^ 
 
 linen, canvas, TO \wdpi 
 
 linen from the wash, Ta 
 
 linen (soiled), T 
 
 lion, TO XfovTo.pl 
 
 lip, TO xetAos 
 
 listen, o/couo) 
 
 little, /j.iftp6s, o\iyos 
 
 live, (,"w, Cw 
 
 live (at), Ka.Qojj.ai 
 
 lively, fatipos 
 
 liver, TO crvKWTi 
 
 living, 
 
 load (v.), yef 
 
 load (n.), TO 
 
 lobster, T^> O.O-TO.KL 
 
 lock (n.), T/ K\ei$apid 
 
 lock (v.), (T(pa\ifa 
 
 London, r/ A^Tpa, TO 
 
 long, /j.ai(pvs 
 
 (a) long time, iro\vv 
 
 long for, 7upeuo;, ^VjTecB, -& 
 
 look (V.), Kl/TTa^O) 
 
 look out ! /SdpSa, epirpos 
 
 looking-glass, o /ca0pe7TT7js 
 
 lose, -)(a.vu> 
 
 lottery, T^> Aaxelov 
 
 love (n.), 17 aydirri 
 
 love (v.), aya-nto 
 
 low, -)^ap,f]\6s 
 
 luck, ^ TUX''? 
 
 luggage, Ta TrpdjJ.fj.aTa 
 
 luggage- porter, o x a / J - a ^ r ) s 
 
 luggage-ticket, a7rd8ej|t9 aT 
 
 lunch, mid-day meal, TO irpoyevjua 
 
 M. 
 
 machine, T/ 
 
 mad, TpeAAo's 
 
 Madonna, -^ Il 
 
 maiden, TO 
 
 maid-servant, ^/ SoCAa, r/ utrrjpsTpta, 
 
 make, KO.^.VW 
 
 male, dptrej/t/co's 
 
 man, o avTpas, 6 avOpuoiros 
 
 manner, way, 
 
 many, TroAAot 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 125 
 
 map, 6 
 
 marble, Tb jjia.ffj.apo 
 
 March, 6 Mdprios 
 
 mare, ?? (popdSa 
 
 )iiark (11.), o"nfjLaiov, cr7]/xa8i 
 
 market, 7) ayopd, Tb (^u)-7raapt 
 
 marketing, go, tyowifa 
 
 marriage, r\ (v^TravTpeid 
 
 married, TravTpefj.fj.zvos (vTravSpev/uevos) 
 
 marry, (v)TravTpvofj.ai 
 
 mask, 7] TTpocrwrriSa, 7] fj-owrarovva 
 
 mason, o %Tio"T?7s 
 
 mass, multitude, Tb Tr\r}0os 
 
 mass, service, T) \ciTovpyia 
 
 master, (builder, carpenter, &c. ), 6 
 
 /j.d<TTop7]s 
 mat, T] \]/d6a 
 match, Tb (TTripTO 
 matter, it does not, 5tv Treipa^et 
 mattress, Tb crrpS)fj.a 
 May, 6 Mai'os 
 mayor, o Srjyuapxos 
 meadow, rb Ai/SaSt 
 meal, Tb a\i>pi 
 mean (v. ), ffrifj.aivu 
 meaning, TJ twoia 
 means, medium, T& ^teVo 
 measles, T/ KOKKivdfia, r\ 
 measure, rb ueVpo 
 measure, ^uerpew, -w 
 meat, rb /cpeas 
 medicine, Tb yiaTpmo, Tb 
 mediterranean, /j.e<r6yeios 
 meet, avTa/j.6v&, aTravTaa}, -w 
 meeting, o <rv\\oyos 
 melt, Xvovw 
 mend, 8iop06vu, fyTeidfa'. (of clothes), 
 
 mention (v. ), 
 
 merchandise, Tb efj.-n6piov 
 
 merchant, 6 e^tiropos 
 
 merry, Ka\oKapSos 
 
 metal, Tb ^eraAAo 
 
 methylated spirit, inripTo Ka/j,iveTo 
 
 mid-day. TC> fj,*(rr]/j,pi 
 
 midnight, Tb /UCCTOVVKTI. 
 
 middle, centre, rb /j.4(ro 
 
 mile (league), Tb fj.i\i 
 
 milk (n. ) Tb yd\a 
 
 milk (v.), afj.fpyca 
 
 mill, 6 fj.v\os 
 
 miller, 6 juuAwi/ds 
 
 mind, 6 vovs 
 
 mine, TO /ieraAAetoi/ 
 
 minister (of state), o v-rrovpyos (diplo- 
 
 matic) 6 irpeo-fivs 
 minute (n. ), Tb ACTTTO 
 miracle, rb Qav^a 
 mirror 6 
 
 misery, misfortune, r) Sv 
 miss (unmarried woman), - 
 
 rj Sfcnroivis 
 mistake, Tb \ddos 
 misunderstand, Trapavoeu, -w 
 mix, shuffle, avaKaTovu 
 model, Tb TrapdSeiyfj,a 
 moderate, ^eVptos 
 modern, vzos, vewTepos, (rrj/nepivos 
 moment, 77 aTiy/j.ri 
 Monday, 77 Aeurepa 
 money, o irapas, o! Trapddes, TO. % 
 
 fJ-ttTtt, TO. AeTTTa 
 
 monk, 6 Ka\6yepos 
 
 month, 6 fj.r]vas 
 
 moon, Tb (peyydpi, rj <re\-r}vr] 
 
 moral, 7)9iKos 
 
 more, TrepiaaoTepos 
 
 morning, r\ Trpcoia, Tb irpwi 
 
 morning, in the, rb trpw'i, <rvvTaxa 
 
 mosquito, midge, rb KOVVOVTTI 
 
 mosquito net, TJ Kowovirtepa 
 
 mother, ri ^yjre'pa, r\ fj.dvva 
 
 mother-in-law, ri TrevOepd (ireOepd) 
 
 mother tongue, y ^TPLKT] y\Sxr(Ta 
 
 mount, ava&aivw 
 
 mountain, TO fiowo 
 
 mouse, 6 TTOVTIKOS, TO TTOVTIKKKL 
 
 moustache, Tb ^uoudTa/a 
 
 mouth, Tb (TTo/jia 
 
 move, Kovvfw, -a), o"a 
 
 much, TroAus 
 
 mud, T) Aao-TTT? 
 
 mule, Tb (UouAapi 
 
 murder, 6 <povos 
 
 music, T] f.<.ov<riK7) 
 
 musician, 6 [AOVVIKOS 
 
 muslin, ?? fj.ovffe\iva 
 
 must (n. ), /uLovffTo 
 
 must (v. impers. ), 
 
 mustard, Tb cnvd^L, 7; 
 
126 A SHORT AXD EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 nail, TO icapcpi 
 
 nail (of the finger), TO vi>x i 
 
 naked, yv/j.v6s 
 
 name, TO uvo/uLa 
 
 name, what is your ? irdjy o-e AeVe 
 
 narrow, ffrevos 
 
 nation, rb 
 
 national, 
 
 native, 
 
 native country, T) irarpiSa 
 
 natural, (pvffiicos 
 
 nature, r> <f>v<ri 
 
 near, Kovrd, fftfid 
 
 necessary (it is), eZi/e avdyK-r) 
 
 necessitate, avaytcdfa 
 
 necessity, r) avdyicri 
 
 neck, 6 Aoi/nJs 
 
 need, require, xpeta<V at 
 
 needle, TO &c\6vi 
 
 negro, 6 apd-vys 
 neighbour, 6 yeirovas 
 neither... nor, of/re ... o&re 
 nephew, 6 avetyios 
 nest, T/ <f><i)\td 
 net, ri> irAc/ifiari, rb Si'xTi 
 never, Sty... wore 
 
 new, Kcuvovpios 
 
 new year's day, -^ irpuToxpovia. 
 
 news, 7f etSrjo-i 
 
 newspapers, T? 
 
 nice, 
 
 niece, 
 
 night, 
 
 night, at, 
 
 no, ox* 
 
 noble, fv 
 
 noise, shout, r; 
 
 noon, TO fjLe<ri)/j.pi 
 
 north (n.), 
 
 north (a.), 
 
 nose, 
 
 not, ScV 
 
 not yet, 
 
 note, rb ypa/j-fj-ardKi, y 
 
 nothing, rivora 
 
 notice, TJ cr-nneiuffis 
 
 novel, romance, TO uoOt<TT6piiiJ.a 
 
 November, 6 
 
 now, Tcfya 
 
 number, 6 apidfj.6s 
 
 nurse, ^ Trapajaava, ^ vravrd 
 
 nut (walnut), TO KapvSi : (hazel nut), 
 
 TO (f)OVl'TOVKl 
 
 O. 
 
 oak, -^ SpCs, TO SeVTpoz/, -^ 
 
 (evergreen), TO irovpvdpi 
 oath, 6 opKos 
 oats, TO )8poVi 
 oblige, Ko.iJ.vto x<*-P LV - See also ' com 
 
 pel' 
 
 oblique, Aoos 
 observation, ri irapa.T'fipria'i 
 observe, Traparijpeot), -e?, <rKOTrev(a 
 occupied (of a place), Tna.crp.4vos 
 October, 6 'OitTw&pios 
 offer, Trpocr<p(p(i> 
 
 office, counting-house, TO ypcupelov 
 often, <rvxvd 
 oil, TO Aa5i 
 old, iroXajos 
 old man, o 76^05 
 
 old woman, f/ yppd, r\ yp6vTur(ra 
 older than I, /j.ya\e'iTpos airb /ueva 
 olive (n.), y eA?;ct 
 olive-tree, ^ eA?;a 
 omnibus, TO Xecafyopsiov 
 onion, TO Kpo/u.fjLv8i 
 only, /ULOVOV 
 open (a. ), ai/oix T< ^ s 
 open (v. ), avoiyca 
 opera, T; oirepa [TO ^teA^Spa^a] 
 op>inion, ^ yvca/LLfj 
 opium, TO a(f>i6vi 
 opportunity, ^ evicaipia 
 opposite, airevavri, icap(ri 
 opposite, Sin-Ao 
 opposite the house, SiTrAa's TO o-Trf/Tt 
 
 he lives hard by, KaOerat CCTTO SnrAa 
 oppressive, 0apvs 
 orange, TO TropTo-yaAAt: (mandarin), T 
 
 /j.avrapivt : (bitter), vepdvr^i. 
 orange-tree, ^ iropraya\\id 
 order, badge, TO irapdffriij.ov 
 order, regulation, 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 127 
 
 (give) order for, irapayyf\\a) (aor 
 
 Trapdyyei\a, 
 ornament, rb 
 orphan, rb op<pai>6 
 outside (also, get out), e|o>, o|a? 
 out, he has gone out, eByyice | 
 over, irdv< 
 over a hundred pounds, irap 
 
 aTrb eicarbv \ipais 
 overcoat, rb iravoxpopL 
 owl, 77 KovKKOvfidyta 
 own (a.) [fjSi/cos (/j.ov, aov, &c.) 
 ox, rb #<5i 
 oyster, TO 
 
 P. 
 
 pack, 
 
 packet, TO TrcuctTo, rb Sf/j.a 
 
 pain (n. ), 6 ?roVos 
 
 pain (be in), irovew, -w 
 
 paint (n. ), TO xpw/ia, 77 
 
 paint (v. ), 
 
 painter, 6 
 
 pair, TO ^e 
 
 palace, T^ iraXdri 
 
 pale, u>xpos : (of colours), &VOIKTOS 
 
 paper, rb x a P r/i 
 
 Paradise, 6 ITapaSeto-os 
 
 parasol, TJ o/jurpeXXa 
 
 pardon, I beg your pardon, pe ffv 
 
 irddeia ! vd 
 parents, of 
 Paris, rb Uapio-i 
 parrot, 6 TraTTTr 
 part, TO /j.pos 
 
 parting (of the hair), 77 x ca p' ia ' T P a 
 partridge, y TrepSt/ca 
 pass (of time), irepvaco, -w 
 passport, TO Siafiar'hpi.ov, o 
 past (a.), 
 patch (v.), 
 patience, 77 v- 
 pattern, model, TO Sf7 
 pay (n.), 6 pia-dos. ra 
 pay (v.), irX~rip6vw 
 payment, T] 
 pea, rb Trie 
 peace, rj 
 
 peach, TO poSattivov 
 
 pear, T& diriSi : (wild) TO 
 
 dypairiSi 
 
 pear-tree, TJ O7n5m, (wild) TJ 
 pear], TO ju.apyaptrdpi 
 peasant, o \iapiKos, 6 x 
 
 , rb 
 
 fern. 
 
 peculiar, odd, trfpiepyos, Trapd^evos 
 
 |ien, rb KovSv\i, 7} irtvva. 
 
 penknife. 77 cruvyid 
 
 people, oi avdpcairoi, 6 KOCT/J-OS 
 
 pepper, TO -rrnrtpi 
 
 perfume. 77 /j.vpwSid 
 
 permission, 77 aSem 
 
 permit, eTrirpeTra) 
 
 permitted, it is not, Sey eTTiTpeTrerar 
 
 persevere, fiaffru 
 
 person, man, o avdpoairos, rb irp6<rci}- 
 
 irov 
 
 pet, d7a7T7jTos, xpua'o 
 photograph (n.), rj <pwroypa<l>ia. 
 photograph (v.), <pwroypa<pifa 
 photographer, 6 (p(aroypd<pos 
 photography, 77 (pcaroypcKpia 
 pianoforte, T^ indvo 
 pick (n.), 6 Kov/j.as, 6 /capias 
 picture, 77 elKwva, 77 faypcupta 
 piece, TO Ko/j./j.dn 
 pig, TO yovpovvi 
 pigeon, rb irepiffTepi 
 pilgrim, 6 XO.T&IS 
 pill (n.), rb Ka.ra.Tr6r i 
 pilloAV, T^ fj.a^i\dpL 
 pilot, 6 vavyyos 
 pin, T] KapQiraa 
 pine, 77 Treu/cTj 
 
 pink, gilly-flower, TO yap6(pa\\o 
 pipe (to smoke), T^ To-t^iroD/ct : nar 
 
 ghileh, 6 vapyi\es, 6 dpyi\es 
 pipe (water), 6 
 
 pistol, TO TTtO-ToAi 
 
 pitch, TO Karpdvi ( 
 
 pity (v. ). \VTTOV fj.at 
 
 pity, what a, ri Kp 
 
 place, 6 TOTTOS, T^ / 
 
 plague, 77 TravovK\a, 6 AOI/J.OS 
 
 plain, 6 /ca/iiros 
 
 plan, rb ax^iov 
 
 plank, TO craviSi 
 
 plant (n.), T> <pvrov 
 
128 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 patC, r TTLOLTO 
 
 play, iraifa 
 pleasant, fv 
 please, ctpeW : do you like that 
 
 o"'cipeo~ei O.VTO ; 
 
 if you please, tre 7rapa:aA<i. 
 pleasure, 77 X"P'> 7 '? ei'X a P' ' T7 7 " l ( s ) 
 pleasure, what is your '. opiWe 
 plough, TO dAeVpi 
 pltllll, TO Sa.fj.dffitrivoi' 
 pocket, 77 T(TTrr] 
 point, peak, 77 /u-vrri 
 poison (n.), TO (pap/u.dKi 
 poison (v. ), (papi^dKovui 
 police, ?; a.(TTuvofj.ia 
 policeman, 6 K\r)rripas 
 polite, fv 
 pomade, 7) 
 
 poor, (prwxoi : (wretched), Kav/^fvos 
 pope, 6 ira-jrus 
 poplar, 77 Xfvftr) 
 pork, rb x l p iv 
 
 port, 6 \i/j.fvas, rb iropro, TJ (TKa.\a 
 porter, 6 %a,uaA7jy 
 position, situation, TJ 6ecn. 
 possible, SUVOTOS 
 (it is) possible, (el^Tropel 
 post, 77 -rroffra, rb Ta.x^pojj.f'iov 
 postage-stamp, TO 7po/i y uaT^<r77 ( aoj/ 
 postman, 6 Smro^ueus 
 postpone, ava@a.\\u 
 pot, vessel, TO ayyflov 
 
 pOtatO, 7J TTCTttTa 
 
 ])ound (Urrc), TJ xirpa, of weight ; 7) 
 
 ,\<pa (a77At/c7j), of money 
 pour out, x^w 
 powder, 77 GKOVT] 
 power, 77' Svva/j.is, 77 ^7ropeo"js 
 praise, 
 pray, T 
 
 prefer, TrpoTt/adu>, -< 
 prepare, eTOi^aCco 
 prescription, r/ o-vv 
 present (n.), TO 
 present (v.), xP' 
 pretty, &/u.op<pos 
 prevent, f/jLiroSifa 
 price, 77 Tijurj 
 prick, pierce, Kevrd 
 pride, vTrepr]<pdvfta 
 
 priest, 6 
 prince. 6 
 princess, 77 
 print (v. ), TuTroVa 
 prison, i] <puAa/c7) 
 probable, iriQavos 
 profit, rb KepSos 
 progress, 77 irpoKoi 
 promise (n.), 77' 
 promise (v. ), 1 
 pronounce, 
 
 pronunciation, 17 Trpotpopd 
 proper, regular, TCIKTIKOS 
 property, 7) irepiovait 
 proprietor, 6 U 
 pl'Olld, i>TtpT](pavos 
 
 proverb, adage, 77 Trapoi/j-ia 
 
 provide, 
 
 province, 77 
 
 Prussia, 77 
 
 Prussian, o Upuc 
 
 public, Sij/moTios 
 
 publish, STjyUoo-iet 
 
 pull, TpajSaoi, -a>, _ _ r _ 
 
 pulse (pulsation), 6 (rtpvy/j-os 
 
 pump, 77 r\ov/j.Tra 
 
 punctually, crwcrrd 's rr)v &pa.v 
 
 punish, Ti^uwpe'co, -a), TratSeuw 
 
 punishment, 77 Ti/uwpia 
 
 pure, Kadapos 
 
 purgative, rb KaOdpaiov, TO 
 
 purse, TO 7TOU771 
 
 push (v. ), (rirp&xvu> 
 
 put on (a coat, shoes), /3aAAw, v-rvvo- 
 
 quail, TO opr 
 
 quarrel (v.), 
 
 quart (litre), 77 AtTpo 
 
 quarter, eVa rtrapro (Kovdpro) 
 
 quay, 77 TrpOKv/uiaia 
 
 queen, ?J fiacrihiffaa 
 
 queer, irepiepyos 
 
 question, 77 epoJTTjo-i 
 
 quickly, yp'nyopa, oyX^yopa 
 
 quiet, r)<rvxos 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 129 
 
 R. 
 
 rabbit, TO KouveAt 
 
 rabies, hydrophobia, T? \vo-<ra 
 
 race, TO ysvos 
 
 radish, TO paSiiti 
 
 railway, 6 o-tSr/p^SpOjUos 
 
 railway carriage, TO payovi 
 
 rain, rj jSpoxr? 
 
 rains, it, y8pe%ft 
 
 raise, enj/coVo> 
 
 raisin, ?? o-ra^(Sa 
 
 rare, criravios 
 
 rash, ouflaSr/s 
 
 rat, 6 [j.yd\os TTOJ/TI/CO'S 
 
 raven, o tfSpaitas 
 
 raW, CtVe'lJ/rjTOS, (TK\T]p6s 
 
 razor, TO ovpd(pi, rb vpd(pi 
 
 reach, <p0dvw, (prdvoD 
 
 read, 8ta/3aw 
 
 ready, erotics 
 
 ready money, /xerpajra 
 
 real, actua], irpay/j-artKos 
 
 reap, Oepifa 
 
 reason, o \6yos 
 
 receipt, 17 per^eVa 
 
 recommend, (rvaralvc* 
 
 red, K^KKIVOS 
 
 reed, rush, 6 /caAa^os, T 
 
 reflect, ffv\Xoyi^o^ai 
 
 regiment, T^ cvvrayfj-a 
 
 registered, (rua-TT^ueVos 
 
 regret (v. ), \virov/ji.ai 
 
 rejoice, ;^aipa>, X a 'PM at 
 
 relative (kinsman), 
 
 religion, 77 6pr](rKeia 
 
 remain, fieVco 
 
 remain here, 
 
 remembrance, 
 
 renew, avavedovu), ' avapx<-C<>> 
 
 renown, ^ ^^^ti? 
 
 rent, hire, TO (S)VO'IKI, ra ivo'iicta 
 
 repair, 8iop0oVo>, <pTfidca 
 
 repent, fj-eravoeu, -(a 
 
 repentance, 77 /^erdvota 
 
 reply (n.), air6Kpuris 
 
 reprove, scold, /naA\6vw 
 
 republic, Sr/yuo/cpcma 
 
 reputation, good, rip-fi 
 
 request (v.), Tropo/coAew, -u> 
 
 require, ask for, C 7 J Te/e ) > "> 
 
 rescue, (rct>a> 
 
 resemble, opotdfa (takes /*6 after) 
 
 reservoir, ^ Selo^ej/^ 
 
 resin, y percriva 
 
 resined wine, rb pertnvdro, TO freT 
 
 rest, ^o-uxaC 
 
 restaurant, ^t/oSox^ov 
 
 return, 6irurrp(p<a, yupifa 
 
 revenge, 77 e/cSi/cTjo-i 
 
 (au) revoir, KU\T]V avrd^.taffiv 
 
 reward (for thing lost), TO. 
 
 rheumatism, 6 pev/j.aTicr/j.6s 
 
 ribbon, ^ /copSeAAo 
 
 rice, TO pw(t 
 
 rich, TrAouo'ios 
 
 riches, 6 TT\OVTOS (ra TTAOUTTJ) 
 
 ride, /cajSaAAt/ceuw 
 
 ride, go for a, fiyaivca pe &\oyo 
 
 ridiculous, yf\d<riij.os 
 
 right, <r<a<n6s : (of an account, rightly 
 
 added up), 8i/catos 
 right hand, 5e|^s 
 right hand, on the, 8e|ta 
 ring (v.), xrvirdw, -a> (TO /cou5oOi/i), 
 
 ring (n.), TO 5oxTt/Ai8t 
 
 ripe, /co^coyueVos, yevvoi^vos 
 
 rise, (TTj/coVoyuat 
 
 rising, the sun is, 6 rjAios fryaivti 
 
 risk, /ai/Sui/os 
 
 river, TO TrordfjLi, 6 
 
 road, 6 Sp6/j.os 
 
 roast (v.), ij/rji/cw 
 
 roast (a.), ^TjytieVos, 
 
 roast beef, T^| ^TJTO /3&>5ivo / 
 
 roast meat, Tb \|/TJTJ, TO p<io-To 
 
 rob, K\f(pTOD 
 
 robber, 6 /cAe'<pT7jy, 
 
 rock, 77 n-cVpo 
 
 roof, r; (TTeyri, 
 
 room, TI Kdpapa., TO 
 
 room, space, T^TTOS 
 
 root, ?) pt^a 
 
 rope, TO a"x.oivi 
 
 rose, TO rpiavrd(pvX\o, TO p^So, 7) 
 
 rot (v.), (rairifa 
 
 rotten, adirios 
 
 rough, Tpa%ws 
 
 round, (rrpoyyv\6s 
 
130 
 
 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 round about, rpiyvpw fls 
 
 row, paddle, Aa^i/co 
 
 row (n.), T/ creipd 
 
 royal, &a(ri\iK6s 
 
 rub (v.), rpiftco 
 
 rubbish, rnrordvto Trpdypa 
 
 ruin, Kara(TTpf(p<D 
 
 ruins, TO. tpfiiria, TO, \a\a.ffra, 
 
 ruler (for lines), r\ pyya 
 
 run, rpe'xw 
 
 Russian (n.), 6 'Paxrvos 
 
 Russian (a.), 'Pcotr<TiK6s 
 
 rustic, 
 
 sacrifice, 
 
 sack, 6 
 
 sad, \virri[j.fvos 
 
 saddle, 77 treAAa : (pack-saddle), rb 
 
 (TOV/JLOLpl 
 
 safe, awards 
 
 sail, rb iravi 
 
 sailor, 6 vavr-rfs 
 
 saint, &yios 
 
 salad, TI <ra\dra 
 
 salt (n.), rb a\drt 
 
 salt (v.), aAoTi'Cw 
 
 salted, aA.oTt(r/ieVos 
 
 same, fSios 
 
 sample, rb Sely/jLO. 
 
 sand, T) &fjLfj.os 
 
 sap, juice, rb COV/J.L 
 
 sardine, TJ <rap8e'AAa 
 
 sate, xoprdfa 
 
 sated, xP raa 'l JL * J/os 
 
 satisfied, ei)x a P " Tr ?A ie ' I/os ' 
 
 Saturday, rb Sa^^oro 
 
 sauce, ^ (rd\T(ra 
 
 saucer, rb iriardKi, rj TrtareAAa 
 
 savage, ^yptos 
 
 save, ff(t>(> 
 
 sare, economize, ol/covoytteco, -<, Ka.fj.v<a 
 
 scarcely, 
 
 scarf, ri @\o 
 
 scent, ft juupcoSia 
 
 scholar, student, 6 padrjTris, r/ 
 
 school, rb (rxoAetW (rb <TKo\fi6) 
 
 science, r) eiriffT-hp.fi 
 
 scissors, rb v|/aAt5< 
 
 screw, 7) ;8iSa 
 
 sculptor, 6 7At50T?7s 
 
 sea, -^ $d\a<T(ra 
 
 (are you) seasick? eras Triavei -^ Qd\a<r- 
 
 ffa; 
 
 seal, signet, r/ &ov\a 
 season, ^ Spa 
 seat oneself, Kadopai 
 second (of time), rb 8evTep6\TiTov, >) 
 
 Saviour, 6 
 
 saw, rb irpt^i't 
 
 scales, weighing instrument, r/ (vyapid 
 
 scamp, 6 KaTepydpys, 6 
 
 scarce, ffirdvios 
 
 secret (n.), 
 
 secretary, 6 ypa/uL/jLarevs 
 
 see, )8A7ra) (y\irw} 
 
 I have not seen him for two days 
 
 e%a} Svo fj.pais vd TOV t5o> 
 seed, 6 o"ir6pos, rb (nrepp.a 
 seek, yvpeva) 
 seem, (paivopai 
 seethe, fipdC<0 
 seize, triavw - 
 seldom, airavta 
 sell, TrovActw, -u (irovAew, -w) 
 send, (TTf\va) 
 sense, 6 vovs 
 sentry, 6 o-KOir6s 
 separate, x^P'C'" 
 sermon, K-fipuy/j.a, SiSaxrj 
 serpent, rb tyidi 
 servant, 6 SoGAos, T) $ov\a, d virrjpfrrjs, 
 
 T) vireperpia 
 service, 7; vTrypsaia 
 set, fid\\(a 
 set on fire, avatyrca 
 severe, austere, avarripos 
 sew, pd(pr(a 
 shadow, T] ffKid 
 shake, Kowe<a, -S> 
 shame, 
 
 share, divide, 
 
 sharp, Kotyrepos, a.KOVi<r/J.4vos 
 sharpen, axovifa 
 shave, |oupt^ct), 
 shawl, rb ffd\i 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 131 
 
 sheep, rb 
 
 sheet, rb (rivdovi 
 
 shelter, rb cntfiracrfjLa 
 
 shepherd, 6 rffoirdf-ns. 6 fi\dxos 
 
 shine, vaXtfa 
 
 ship, rb TrXolov, rb tcapot-fti 
 
 shirt, rb (v)iroKa./j.i.(ro 
 
 shoe, rb irairovr^i 
 
 shoemaker, 6 
 
 shoot (v.), rpa/3(ij T 
 
 shop, rb /naya^i, rb 
 
 shore, rb irapdXi 
 
 short, Kovr6s 
 
 shoulder, 6 &/J.QS 
 
 shout, (pcavdfa 
 
 shovel, rb (prudpt 
 
 show, Seix^ca, aTroSe 
 
 shut (v. ), /cAeia), a(pa\vdca, -, 
 
 shut (a.), K\ei(rr6s 
 
 shy, feel, be ashamed, 
 
 sick, appoccrros, a(rdevf]s, 
 
 (be) sick (vomit), ^epvS> 
 
 side, rb fjLepos, 7? TrAeupa 
 
 (on this) side, airb TOVTQ rb p.*pos, UTT 
 
 auTTj rr; [tepid 
 sigh, avacrrevd^ca 
 sight, T& @\e\l/ifj.o 
 silence, GUTTO. ! 
 (be.) silent, oruairat 
 silk (n.), rb /uLfrd^i 
 silken, silk (a.), ^eTao>T(ta 
 silly, \ovp86s 
 
 silver (n.), rb aa"hfj.t, 6 Hpyvpos 
 silver (a. ), do-yj^ueVios, apyvpovs 
 simple, airX^s 
 sin, ri a/jLapria 
 since (conj.), a(pov 
 since (adv.), atrb rore 
 sincere, ei\iKpLvr)s 
 sing, rpayovSeca, -G> 
 singer, 6 rpayovfiiar-fis, r\ rpayovfiicr- 
 
 rpia 
 
 sink, fivQifa 
 
 sir, Mr., master, gentleman, 6 Kvpios 
 sister, ^ dSeA</)^, T^> dSeA0t 
 sister-in-law, 77 yvvaiKa$f\<pir), TJ avSp- 
 
 sit, Ka9o/j.ai 
 
 site, situation, r; 0e'(rt 
 
 size, /j.eyedos 
 
 skill, r) /j.a(rropid 
 
 skilled workman, 6 TexfiTrjs 
 
 skin (n.), rb TTfrai, 17 irtraa, rb 8p,ua 
 
 skin, flay, ydepvw 
 
 skull, cranium, rb Kpaviov 
 
 sky, 6 ovpav6s 
 
 sleep (n.i, 6 VTTVGS 
 
 sleep, fall asleep (v.). Koi/j.ovpai 
 
 sleeve, TO /navixL 
 
 slip, '^ey^HTrpca 
 
 slipper, rj TravrovfyXa 
 
 slow, dp7^s 
 
 sly, Travovpyos 
 
 small, /juicpos 
 
 smallpox, j) evXoyia. 
 
 smart (v. ), Trovdw, -> 
 
 smell, /uii/plfa 
 
 smell (n.), T\ /j.vpco8id, bad smell, 7^ 
 
 aircxpopd 
 
 smile, x a A t 'y e '^'*' 
 smith, o (rifiripovpyos, 6 yixpros 
 smoke (n.), 6 Kairvos 
 smoke (v. ), <pov/ndpu> y Kairvi^to 
 sneeze, (prepvi^o/j-ai 
 snow, rb x i< ^ VL 
 
 (it) snows, x tov ' L C el > Tffyrei x i o^t- 
 snuff, 6 ra/^jSa/cos 
 so, Hri 
 so much, roa-os 
 
 SO that, OTTOV vd, &(TT 
 
 soap, T> rrairovvi 
 
 society, }] eraipia 
 
 sock, 77 /caArcra 
 
 soda, r) Trord(T(Ta 
 
 soft, fj.a,Xa.K6s 
 
 softly (of sound), xM^^ 
 
 soiled, Xpa}/j.ti>os 
 
 soldier, 6 ffo\Saros, 6 rrrpariu>rr)<; 
 
 sole (of a shoe), r/ aoXa 
 
 son, 6 vios 
 
 son-in-law, 6 ya/jLTrp6s 
 
 song, rb rpayovSo 
 
 soon, /tier' oXiyo 
 
 sorrow, r) AUTTTJ 
 
 (be) sorry, Xvirov^ai 
 
 sorry, I am, fj.ov 
 
 sorry, 
 
 soul, 7) 
 
 SOUp, T] (TOVTTO. 
 
 sour, 
 
132 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 south (n.), 6 v6ros 
 
 southerly, southern, v6rtos 
 
 sovereign (pound), f] \ipa ('A.yy\tKri) 
 
 spade, shovel, rb (prvdpi 
 
 Spain, rj 'lairavia 
 
 Spanish, 'Icnraviicos 
 
 speak, (fytiAaco, -w 
 
 specimen, rb lyfj.a 
 
 spectacles, TO, /j.aroyvd\:a 
 
 speech, y fyuAio, 6 \6yos 
 
 spider, T) apax vr l 
 
 spirit, Trvev/ua 
 
 spirit for lamp, rb anripro tcafjuvero 
 
 splendid, \a{j.irp6s, e^aiperos 
 
 splinter, a.ir6crx iff l jt - a 
 
 spoil, xaAi/a&>, - u> 
 
 sponge, rb fffyoyydpi 
 
 spoon, rb Kovrd\i, rb KOVTO.\O.KI 
 
 sport, hunting (n.), rb Ku^yi 
 
 sprain, rb arp^^a. 
 
 spread, '|a7rAji/a> 
 
 spring (of water), T\ 0pv<ri 
 
 spring (season), T\ avoii 
 
 squander, (nroTaA.e'w, -<a 
 
 square, 
 
 squeeze, 
 
 squint, 
 
 squinting, a\\oidwpos 
 
 stable, f> <rra.v\os 
 
 stag, rb \d<f>i 
 
 stage (of theatre), 7? 
 
 stagger, <TKovrov(j>\d<t>, -ca 
 
 staircase, 77 o-/caAo 
 
 stand, (TrfKo/jLat, <TTeKo> 
 
 stand still (v. ), o-Ta^arao;, -w 
 
 star, 6 acrrepas, rb avrpo 
 
 start, (pevyu 
 
 starving, irtivaa^vos 
 
 state, T] TToAtreio 
 
 station, 6 crraQ/jLos 
 
 steady, (rra6ep6s 
 
 statue, &ya\/u.a 
 
 steal, /cAe'4>To> 
 
 steam, 6 arfj.6s 
 
 Steamboat, rb ftairopi, rb 
 
 stench, ij airotyopd, 7) &p(H>/j.a 
 
 step, pace, rb firi/j.a 
 
 stick, rb /j.Tra<rrovvt 
 
 still, aic6/nr) 
 
 stink, fipca[j,d<a, -u> 
 
 stinking, ftpda/ 
 
 stirrup, T\ tr/caAo 
 
 stocking, i) /caAr^a 
 
 stomach, rb ffro/j.dxi 
 
 stone, T] Trerpa, precious stone, r) 
 
 irerpirffa 
 stop, stand, ffra/nardw, -a>, erreKo/j.ai, 
 
 stop (imperative), <rrd(rov 
 
 stopper, cork, rb crrovTrcafji 
 
 store-room, cellar, ^ a 
 
 storm, 77 (poprovva, -rj 
 
 story (of a house), rb Trdrca/j.a 
 
 (on the upper) story, 's rb tvo.v<a 
 
 irdrco/u.a 
 
 stove, T] 6epfj.d<rrpa 
 straight on, tcria, laa 
 stranger, |eVo$ 
 strap, thong, rb \ovpi 
 straw, chaff, rb &x v P( v ) 
 strawberry, rb cppdovAo 
 stream, rb pevpa 
 street, 6 Spopos, ?; 686s 
 strength, power, y 8vi>a/j.t 
 strike, KrvTrdw, -ut 
 string, T^ (rivaya.ro, 6 (nrdyyos 
 string of an instrument, chord, TJ 
 
 C 
 
 strong, vyi-f]s, yepos, 8vvar6s 
 
 strong-box, chest, y Kaaaa 
 
 student, 6 ^O^TJTTJS 
 
 study, (nrovSdfa 
 
 stuff, material, cloth, y rv6xa 
 
 stumble, ffKovrov(p\d(i), -Ha 
 
 stupid, Kovr6s 
 
 suburbs, ra Trfpix^pa 
 
 succeed, eTrtruxaij/cu 
 
 such, roiovros, reroios 
 
 sudden, e^a^os 
 
 suffer, vTTcxpepct) 
 
 suffice, (pQdvta ((prdvca) 
 
 sugar, 77 (dxapi 
 
 suits (it), epx 6TC " 
 
 sulphur, rb n&<pi 
 
 sum, amount, rb Tro(r6v 
 
 summer, rb /caAo/catpi 
 
 sun, 6 r^Atos 
 
 sunset, the sun is setting, 6 r,\ios 
 
 rov T]\iov 
 
 sunrise, 7) 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 Sunday, r\ KvpiaK-fi 
 
 Support (n.), ^ U7TOO-T7JpiiS 
 Support (V.), U7rO(TT77pla> 
 
 surgeon, 6 x l P ov py^ s 
 
 suspend, hang, /cpe^uao?, -> 
 
 swallow (v. ), Karairivca 
 
 swallow (n.), x e ^ to "dVi 
 
 swear, 6pKi(o/m.ai (take an oath) 
 
 sweat, 6 t'Spos 
 
 sweat (v. ), lSp6vw 
 
 sweep (v.), o-apoVw 
 
 sweet, y\vKvs 
 
 sweetheart, 77 epco/xeVT), 77 
 
 swell, (pov(TK6vo/j.ai 
 
 swim, Ko\vju.Trda> 
 
 (can you) swim 1 epets KoA 
 
 Swiss, o 'EAjSero's 
 
 Switzerland, 77 'EAySeria 
 
 sword, TO cnradi 
 
 sympathy, 77 <rv/j.Trddeia. 
 
 symptom, TO o-yjUTrrw/ia, rb 
 
 T. 
 
 table, rb rpairf^i. 
 
 tail, }) ovpd 
 
 tailor, o pacpTTjs 
 
 tailoress, 77 pdcprpia 
 
 take, Traipvco, Aa/Afidvoa 
 
 take, I shall take you there, 6d aas 
 
 Tract) 6/m 
 take off (clothes), take out (tooth), 
 
 /3-yaAAco 
 
 talk, discourse, 6 \6yos 
 tall, fj.eyd\os 
 tame, fj/xepos 
 tar, TO Karpdvi 
 taste, TO 7/coCo"To 
 tax, tribute, 6 (p6pos 
 tea, TO Tffai 
 
 teach, learn, /j-aQaivca, SiSacr/coj 
 teacher, 6 Sacr/caAos 
 tear (n.), rb SaKpv 
 tear (v.), ffxiC< 
 tease, vex, Tretpci^co 
 telegram, (TO rri\ypa/j./j.a} rb TTjAe- 
 
 telegraph (v. ), r^Ae-ypa^ew, -co 
 telegraph-clerk, 6 rrj\fypd(pos 
 
 tell, A tyo) 
 
 terrible, rpofj.fpos, 
 
 test, trj r , SoKi/ndfa 
 
 testament, TJ 
 
 thank (v.), e 
 
 thank you, 
 
 theatre, rb 6ea.rpo(v) 
 
 then, T<$T 
 
 there, e/ce?, e/ce? ire pa 
 
 there is, there are, *x* 1 (with ace. ) 
 
 there he is, vd TOV 
 
 there they are, vd rovs 
 
 thermometer, T& dep/jL6/j.fTpov 
 
 thick, x oj/ ?>p6s 
 
 thief, 6 K 
 
 thimble, 
 
 thin, \eirr6s 
 
 thing, rb Trpay/j.a (rb trpa/na) 
 
 think (meditate), av 
 
 thirst, 77 Stya 
 
 (I am) thirsty, Siv^oj 
 
 thought, T) (r/ce'i|/t, 6 
 
 thread, r) 
 
 through, c 
 
 throw, pix^w (p l/ X Tft >) 
 
 throw away, Treraa;, -w 
 
 thunder, 7? ftpovr-f] 
 
 (it) thunders, Ppovrq 
 
 Thursday, 77 
 
 ticket, rb /j,TnA\iro 
 
 ticket of admission, TO eltrirfiptov 
 
 tie (v.), SeVw 
 
 tie it fast, Ses rb Kct\d 
 
 tied, Se/^e^os 
 
 tiger, 77 riypis 
 
 tile, TO Kfpa/j.i8t 
 
 time. 6 /coupes 
 
 time (so many times), T; ^>optx, 77 oAci 
 
 time-table, TO $po/Lio\6yiot> 
 
 tin can, 6 
 
 tire, 
 
 tired, /co 
 
 tobacco, 6 /COTTJ/O'S 
 
 to-day, enrjjuepa, ff^^iepoi', (rr)/j.epis 
 
 toe, SaxTuAos TOV TroSaptoC 
 
 together, /ua^v 
 
 toil, labour, 6 /coVcs 
 
 tolerate, vircxptpoa 
 
 tomato, 77 vro/mdra 
 
 tomb, <5 rd<pos 
 
134 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 to-morrow, avpio(v) 
 
 (day after) to-morrow, pedavpiov (used 
 
 of any indefinite near future time) 
 to-morrow morning, atipio rb irpu'i 
 tongue, T) y\S)tjffa 
 too, too much, trapairo\v, more com- 
 
 monly omitted, e.y. it is too little, 
 
 flvai 6\iyo 
 tootl), rb Sovri 
 torment, 
 tortoise, 
 
 tortuiv, suffering, rb ftdvavo 
 torture (v.), fiairavifa 
 touch, 
 
 tOWel, T] 
 
 tower, 6 vvpyos 
 
 town, 77 ir6\i(s) 
 
 train, rb rpaivo 
 
 tramway, rb rpd/j.i, rb rpa/j.j3a'i 
 
 transcribe, dvnypdcpoi) 
 
 translate, /j.fra(ppd<i> 
 
 travel, raidevw 
 
 treat (v.), (entertain), rparrdpu 
 
 tree, rb 8eV5po (SeVrpo), rb K\api 
 
 tremble, rpf/jLta 
 
 trench, 6 \O.KKOS, rb XO.VTO.KI 
 
 trial (in court), ^ SI'KTJ 
 
 trip, rb To|i'5i 
 
 ti'ousers, rb iravra.\6vi 
 
 trut 1 , a\T)8iv6s, fiedatos 
 
 trumpet, 77 ffahiriyya 
 
 trunk, rt> jUTTuoDAo 
 
 truth, T) a.\T}Qfia. 
 
 try (test), So/a^aC.'w, (do one's best) 
 
 tumbler, rb 
 
 tune (v.), 
 
 Turk, 6 TovpKos 
 
 Turkey, ri Toup/fia 
 
 turkey, 6 yd\\os, rb ya\\6irov\o 
 
 Turkish, Tovp/tiitos (TovpKiK6s) 
 
 turn, yupifa 
 
 turn, drive (of a mill), rpa&ca 
 
 turn upside down, revolutionize, 
 
 yupi^w a.vu> icdrca, 
 twilight, rb \vKavyes 
 
 uncle, 6 fj.irdpij.ir as, 6 Qelos 
 
 unclean, a/caflapros 
 
 uncleanness, 77 aKadapaia 
 
 under, KCITCO (dir6) 
 
 understand, /caAajSatvw, Kara\a/j./3dvw, 
 
 undo, x a ^ v <*> 
 undress oneself, 'y8uvofj.ai 
 unhappy, Svarvx^s 
 uniform (n.), ?) crro\-^ 
 unknown, aywaros 
 unluckily, Svarux^s 
 unpleasant, 5v<rdp(rros 
 until, ecus, us 
 unusual, crirdvios 
 unwell, Ka.Ko8>d6fros 
 up, ()irdvia 
 uphill, avri<pnpos 
 Upon, (f)Trdvw (ets), els 
 upon the table, 's rb rpair 
 use, make use of, 
 useful, 
 
 ugly, 
 
 umbrella, ^ o/j.irpe\\a 
 
 vacation, rj iravffis, al TtiaKn 
 vaccination, inoculation, o 
 
 /j.6s, rb e/x^oAtaa/io 
 valley, T) Koi\d8a 
 varied, iroini\os 
 vase, rb ayye'iov 
 veal, rb /3t5e'Ao, rb povcrxdpi 
 veil, rb /3e'Ao 
 vein, r; <p\eya, T) (p\ffia 
 velvet, 6 Karicpes 
 venture, ToAyuaco, -<i 
 vermicelli, 6 <pi5ts 
 vermicelli soup, ri aovira. (piSe 
 vernacular, ^ KaQofj.i\ov^vri 
 very, very much, TroAu, TroAAct 
 vest, T& ye\4xi 
 victorv, T/ z/t:7j 
 Vienna, 7; 
 village, r 
 vine, rb d/j.-rre\i : (trellised), rb 
 vinegar, rb |et5i 
 vineyard, ra a^iTre'Ata 
 virtue, r/ apery 
 visit (n.), ^ eirtff/ce^t 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 135 
 
 visit (v.), 
 voice, T] (pwvT) 
 volume, 6 TO/J.OS 
 vomit, |epi/aa7, -<3 
 vote (v.), \J/rKpitw 
 voyage, rb raiSi 
 
 W. 
 
 wages, 6 /niaOos, rb /j.r)Vicuov, TO, \frrrd 
 wait for, await, Trpocryuevo), /mpr^peo) 
 wait till I mount, (TTaerou v'ava&ca 
 wait upon (a sick person), TrepiTrotoD- 
 
 fJLOLl, KVrrd^W 
 
 waiter, T& iraiSi 
 
 waken, 'virv<i(a, -<5 
 
 walk (n. ), 6 TrepnraTos 
 
 walk (v.), Trepan-area;, -a;. ffipyiavifa 
 
 walking-stick, rb /u.Traffrovvi, T) Kavva. 
 
 wall, rb re.'xos, rb vrovfiapi 
 
 walnut, rb KapvSi 
 
 want, xp et L Cf J - ai 
 
 war, 6 Tr6\e/u.os 
 
 warm (a.), fecrros 
 
 warm (v.), &(naiv<a, oneself {effraivo- 
 
 wash, 
 
 washerwoman, 7? TrXixrrpa 
 
 waste, xaAi/aw, -w 
 
 watch, clock, rb wpo\6yi 
 
 watch, keep awake, aypvirvzw, -> 
 
 watchman, guard, sentinel, 6 CTKOTTOS 
 
 water, T^> vep6 
 
 water-pipe, d ffcaX-^vas 
 
 water-closet, rb avayKOiov, 6 
 
 wax, rb Krjpi 
 
 wax-candle, r) (nrep/j,a.rffera 
 
 way, 6 Spo/xos 
 
 weak, afivvaros 
 
 weakness, ^ a8vva/j.ia 
 
 weapon, rb o-nKov 
 
 weather, 6 Kaip6s 
 
 wedding, 6 yd^.os 
 
 Wednesday, T/ TerpaSr?, TerapTTj 
 
 weep, KActiCD, /cAai'yco 
 
 weight, rb &dpos 
 
 welcome, /caAcos oSpttres (wptcrare) ! 
 
 well (a.), /caAa 
 
 (get) well soon ! Trepa<rriKd eras 
 
 well (n.) 
 
 west, 5vTiit6s 
 
 wet, )8pf/^yueVoj, fipey/uevos 
 
 what diiFerence does that make to 
 
 me ? Tt /ie voidfr. i; rt /xe fj.f\fi 
 wheat, rb artrdpi 
 wheel, o 
 wlien ? 
 where ? TTOU ; 
 
 whistle, pipe (v. ), ff<pvpi<a 
 white, aairpos 
 whitsuntide, T] irevr 
 why ? 7ioTi (Stari) ; 
 widow, 
 wife, 77 tru ^1/ 
 wild, aypios 
 will, purpose, 7; fleArjcr: 
 wind, o ave^uos-, 6 aepos 
 window, T& Trapadvpt, -f] TrapdOvpa 
 window-pane, rb rd/j.i 
 wine, T^> /cpatri 
 wing, (prepo 
 wink (v.), 
 winter, 6 
 
 wish, will (v.), 6f\ca, 
 wish (n.), 7; ^inQvp-ia. 
 (to) wit, 5r?Aa57J 
 wither, ^.apaiv 0^.0.1 
 without, %&jpis, Si'xws, a^ey 
 wolf, 6 \VKOS 
 woman, rj ywcuKo. 
 wonder, Oav/Aiifa 
 wood, rb |uAo 
 wooden, v\evios 
 wool, rb juaAAt 
 word, rj Ae|t(s) 
 
 work (v.), SouAeuw, epydo/j.ai 
 work (n.), 7; SouAeta, r) epyaai 
 workman, 6 epydrris 
 workwoman, TJ epyurpia 
 world, 6 K6ff/j.os 
 worm, rb CTKOV^KI 
 worry oneself (v.), voidfrpai 
 worth, rj a|ia 
 (be) worth, a^ifa 
 (it is not) worth while, Stv a^t 
 wound (v. ), 7rA7?7oW 
 wrangle, fj.a\\6vca 
 wreath, T& trrecpaj/t 
 write, ypdcpca 
 
136 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 writing, rb ypd\]/i/j.ov 
 writing-paper, TO 
 
 U.O.TOS 
 wrong, &SIKOS 
 
 yard (25 inches cubit), fj TT 
 (irrix vs ) '- (39gj inches, metre), 
 fj.erpov 
 
 yarn, 77 K\(acrr-fi 
 
 year, 6 XP^" OS (plur. ra xP^'a) 
 
 fTOS 
 
 year, this, tyeros 
 
 (last) year, irepv 
 
 (next) year, TOV 
 
 yellow, Kirpivos 
 
 yes, vai 
 
 yes, indeed ! yuaAttrra, fie/3ata 
 
 yesterday, (e)x0e?, (<=) " ' 
 
 yesterday evening, V< 
 
 yolk (of an egg), 6 
 
 young (a.), veos 
 
 younger 
 
 zeal, T] ffiro 
 zealous, itp6Qvu.os 
 
 Z. 
 
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