UC-NRLF SB E77 ANALYST'S ABOfiATORY COMPA ALFRED E. JOHNS iji n n-- REESE. LIBRARY __n n rv UNIVERSITY. OF CALIFORNIA. stswi^ ' '&; & < t Acce&$io-n'No./& / I CA/s.s .Vo. J ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION: A COLLECTION OF TABLES AND DATA FOR THE USE OF PUBLIC AND GENERAL ANALYSTS, AGRI- CULTURAL, BREWERS' AND WORKS 9 CHEMISTS, AND STUDENTS BY ALFRED E. JOHNSON, A.RC.S.L, F.I.G n SECOND EDITION, ENLARGED AND IMPROVED LONDON J. & A. CHURCHILL 7 GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET 1897 55 S PEEFACE TO SECOND EDITION. IN this Edition numerous additions and' improvements have been made, of which the following are the chief : The list of multipliers required in gravimetric analysis has been largely extended and entirely re-cast. Five-figure logarithms have, after consideration, been adopted in place of the seven-figure logarithms given in the first edition, as they have been found to be quite sufficient for all practical pur- poses. As an improvement in detail it may be pointed out that, to facilitate reference, the factors have now been printed in sets of two or three, instead of en bloc. My thanks are due to Mr E. W. T. Jones, F.I.C., for kindly supplying several of the new factors given. Instead of the table of seven-figure logarithms of numbers 1 to 1000 only, a table of five-figure logarithms is given, by means of which percentages can readily be obtained correctly to two decimal places. This will probably be considered one of the most important improvements in the book. The table given is taken, by kind permission of the authors, from Geipel & Kilgour's Pocket Book of Electrical Engineering Formulae, ; the stereotype plates were supplied by the Electrician Publishing Company. The section devoted to weights and measures has been entirely re- written, the new values adopted being those given in H. J. Chaney's standard work on Our Weights and Measures (1897). The pages dealing with the specific rotatory and cupric reducing powers of the carbohydrates have also been entirely re-written and much extended. The papers by O'Sullivan & Stern (1896), and especially the valuable series by Brown, Morris, and Millar (1897), all published in the Jour. Chem. Soc., have been freely drawn upon in the compilation of this part of the book. VI PREFACE. The table for conversion of nitrogen into albuminoids has been re-calculated, using the modern factor 6 '25 in place of the ancient 6 '33. The new table for the Kjeldahl process will be found a time-saver by all who use that beautiful method of determining nitrogen. The Baum^'s hydrometer table 'for liquids heavier than water' has been replaced by an abridged form of the very complete table given in Lunge & Hurter's Alkali Makers 1 Handbook. At p. 80A will be found two simple and useful rules for obtaining the degree of dilution in the case of watered spirits ; and at p. 80B an exceedingly useful table for correcting the sp. gr. of dilute alcohol for temperature. This latter table by J. F. Liverseege has just appeared in the Analyst (June, 1897), and it has fortunately been found possible to insert it, with an additional column giving the correction for 1 C. The sp. gr. tables, pp. 81-84, remain as in the first edition. If anything further than these is required, the exhaustive tables given in Lunge & Hurter's Alkali Makers' Handbook should be consulted. The tables for butter analysis are new. The milk table on p. 93 is taken from Dr Muter 's Manual of Analytical Chemistry. The " table of reciprocals " (p. 94) will be found of great value in numerous calculations, as by it division becomes converted into simple multiplication. The glycerine table is new. The table on p. 96 will be of service in all exact volumetric work. In addition to the above, the whole book has been very carefully revised throughout, and several other additions and improvements in detail have been made, which will, no doubt, be appreciated by those who use the book regularly. I trust, therefore, that this Second Edition may be found distinctly more useful to chemical workers than its pre- decessor. A. E. JOHNSOK 155 LEA ROAD, WOLVERHAMPTON, August, 1897. CONTENTS. PAGE Atomic "Weights, 1 Notes on Indicators, 2 Precipitating Powers of Common Reagents, .... 3 Molecular "Weights and Percentage Composition of commonly occurring Compounds, ........ 4 "Weight of one Litre of various Gases, 13 Multipliers and their Logarithms required in Gravimetric Analysis, 13 Multipliers and their Logarithms required in Volumetric Analysis, 22 Notes on Logarithms, 25 Table of Logarithms, 28 Useful Factors, 33A Weights and Measures, 33 Signs used in Medical Prescriptions, 39 Useful Data (areas and volumes of bodies), 39 Percentage into cwts., qrs., and Ibs. per ton, &c., . . . 40 Drams per Ib. into Percentage, &c., .41 Tables required in "Water Analysis, 42 Estimation of Nitrates in "Water, 49 Volume and Density of "Water at various Temperatures, . . 53 Barometric Tables, 54 Correction of Volumes of Gases for Temperature, ... 55 Tension of Mercury Vapour, .58 Tables for Beer Analysis, 59 Specific Rotatory Powers of the Carbohydrates, .... 61 Cupric Reducing Powers of the Carbohydrates, .... 63 Phosphate Table, 64 Ammonia and Albuminoids Table, . . . . , . . 71 Kjeldahl Process, 72A Quinine, f .".... 73 Chicory in Coffee, estimation of, 73 V1U CONTENTS. PAGE Quinine Sulphate, 73A Baume^s Hydrometer, 75 Alcohol Tables, 76 Specific Gravity Tables (H 2 S0 4 , HC1, etc.), 81 Thermometric Scales, 85 Butter Analysis 91 Milk Analysis, 93 Reciprocals, 94 Glycerine, 95 Correction of Standard Solutions for Temperature, ... 96 INDEX, 97 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. SYMBOLS AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTS AS USED IN THIS WOKK. Names of Elements. Symbols. Atomic Weights. Names of Elements. Symbols. Atomic Weights. Aluminium, Antimony, Al Sb 27 120 Mercury, . Molybdenum, Hg Mo 200 95'8 Arsenic, . As 75 Nickel, . Ni 58-6 Barium, . Ba 137 Niobium, Nb 94 Beryllium, Be 9-1 Nitrogen, N 14 Bismuth, . Bi 208 Osmium, . Os 193 Boron, Bromine, . B Br 11 80 Oxygen, . Palladium, Pd 16 106-2 Cadmium, Cd 112 Phosphorus, P 31 Caesium, . Cs 1327 Platinum, Pt 197-2* Calcium, . Ca 40 Potassium, K 39 Carbon, . C 12 Rhodium, Rh 104 Cerium, . Ce - 139-9 Rubidium, Rb 85-2 Chlorine, Cl 35-5 Ruthenium, Ru 104-4 Chromium, Cr 52-5 Selenium, Se 78-8 Cobalt, . Co 59 Silicon, . Si 28-3 Copper, . Cu 63-2 Silver, Ag 1077 Didymium, Di 144 Sodium, . Na 23 Erbium, . E 166 Strontium, Sr 87-3 Fluorine, F 19 Sulphur, . S 32 Gallium, . Ga 69 Tantalum, Ta 182 Gold, Au 196'8 Tellurium, Te 125 Hydrogen, H 1 Thallium, Tl 203-7 Indium, . In 113-4 Thorium, Th 231-9 Iodine, I 126-5 Tin, Sn 118 Iridium, . Ir 192-5 Titanium, Ti 48 Iron, Fe 56 Tungsten, W 183-6 Lanthanum, La 138 Uranium, U 240 Lead, Pb 206-5 Vanadium, V 51-2 Lithium, Li 7 Yttrium, . Y 89-6 Magnesium, Mg 24 Zinc, Zn 65 Manganese, Mn 55 Zirconium, Zr 90 * The true atomic weight of platinum appears to be 194-3. The value Pt=197"2 is, however, the one adopted by all the German potash makers, because it gives the most accurate results in analysis : hence it is used in this book. See note on p. 19. 2 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. NOTES ON INDICATORS. I. Litmus solution. A solution of a carbonate whilst being titrated should be boiled to expel the free C0 2 , otherwise it is easy to overstep the exact point of neutrality. The titration cannot be done by gas-light. According to R. Keinitzer (see Abstract Analyst, 1894, p. 255) litmus is the most serviceable indicator when properly prepared. Good litmus should be taken, and the aqueous solution, which contains alkaline carbonate, boiled for seven or eight minutes and then neutralized with HC1, so that the wine-red colour remains even on further boiling. The solution is then cooled, and an equal volume of strong alcohol added. The stock solution should be kept in a bottle with a delivery pipette inserted through the cork. The final change of colour is sharpest when the liquid to be titrated is boiled for seven or eight minutes and then well cooled. II. Methyl orange (para-dimethylaniline-azo-benzone-sulphonic acid). Solution. One gram in a litre of distilled water. Unlike litmus, this indicator is unaffected by C0 2 , SH 2 , boric, arsenious, hydrocyanic, and carbolic acids, &c. It must not be used for organic acids ; nor in the presence of nitrous acid or nitrites, which decompose it. It acts ad- mirably with mineral acids and with ammonia and its salts. Ordinary temperatures should be observed. Colour reaction. Faint yellow if alkaline, pink if acid. III. Phenol-phthalein (C 20 H 14 4 ). Solution. Dissolve 4 grams* in half a litre of strong alcohol, then add gradually with constant stirring an equal volume of distilled water. It is useless for the titration of free ammonia or its com- pounds, or for the fixed alkalies when salts of ammonia are present. Unlike methyl orange, it is specially useful in titrating all varieties of organic acids viz., oxalic, acetic, citric, tartaric, &c. It may be used either in alcoholic solu- tions or in mixtures of alcohol and ether. Colour reaction. Colourless in neutral or acid liquids, but rendered purple-red by faint excess of caustic alkali. IV. Cochineal solution. Solution. Digest one part of powdered cochineal with 10 parts of 25 per cent, alcohol. It is not very much modified in colour by C0 2 , and may be used by gas-light. Most useful in titrating solutions of the alkaline earths, such as lime and baryta-water. Inapplicable in the presence of even traces of Fe or Al compounds or acetates. Colour reaction. Turned violet by alkalies ; the original yellowish-red colour being restored by mineral acids. V. Phenacetolin. Solution. Two grams in a litre of alcohol. * F. Sutton (Volumetric Analysis) recommends a stronger solution, viz., 10 grams instead of 4. THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 3 This indicator may be used to estimate the amount of KHO or NaHO in the presence of K 2 C0 3 or NaaCOs, or of CaO in the presence of CaC0 3 . Colour reaction With NH 3 and normal alkaline carbonates dark pink. bicarbonates intense pink. mineral acids golden yellow. VI. Bosolic Acid (C 20 H 16 O 3 )- Solution. Two grams in a litre of 50 per cent, alcohol. This indicator is excellent for all the mineral, but useless for the organic acids, except oxalic. It may be relied on for the neutralization of S0 2 with ammonia to normal sulphite. Colour reaction. The pale yellow colour is unaffected by acids, but changed to violet-red by alkalies. THE PRECIPITATING POWERS OF A FEW COMMON REAGENTS. 1. Ammonic oxalate. (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 4 , OH 2 . 40 grams per litre. For 1 gram taken 10 c.c. will precipitate 15 '78 per cent. CaO. 28-17 CaC0 3 . 38-31 CaS0 4 . 29-11 Ca 3 P 2 8 . 2. Baric chloride. BaCl 2 , 20H 2 . 100 grams per litre. For 1 gram taken 10 c.c. will precipitate 1311 per cent. S. 32-79 S0 3 . 40-16 H 2 S0 4 . 55-74 CaS0 4 . 3. Hydric disodic phosphate. Na^HPO^ 120H 2 . 100 grams per litre. For 1 gram taken 10 c.c. will precipitate 11-17 per cent. MgO. 23-46 MgC0 3 . 33-51 MgS0 4 . 4. Prepared magnesia solution. Dissolve 40 grams of "Magnesia" in HC1, and add a solution of 150 grams of NH 4 C1 in the least possible quantity of water. Add 0'960 NH 4 HO till a slight precipi- tate forms, and filter. Make the clear filtrate up to 1500 c.c. with distilled water, and add 750 c.c. ! 960 NH 4 HO. Allow the liquid to stand and filter for use. The strength of this solution is usually such that for 1 gram taken 10 c.c. will precipitate 30 per cent. Ca 3 P 2 8 . THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. o I M 02 11 S s PE AND IRING HTS OCC MOLECULAR WEI OF COMMONLY WO 00 ' * Oi ? * CO O tO 05 HU 00 O CO O OS t^ _ . _ _ O CO 00 OS CO ^* ,-H < r- 1 OO OS CN '"' M< CO J-H CD CO "^ m *^ p: o o o co GO SS^rff^rS^s 1 CC CO GO CO GO GO CO o s i o" 6(33 > r2^3r2 2O HH S 15 ? ^'^ CS .^ S CO ^ o r^ r^ ^-? r> ,^ /^ . S ^ p ^ O S THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION". 1 OJ 53 CO o O CO p< a "- 1 fvi ?* r-i 1 5 ^- , 1 i a . i 5 a S SS SSS^gsoO o Q "* O CO C3 fj^ Q Q ^^2 .^t^ o (2 ^^ * * ^_^ % ^^^QO -^OO * Oi o g ss ^s?S2 2 S S 2J fe^: .frSRSoSo^ 1 S S w S3 laaaoooo 6 xp - CO o> 2 ^ 'S., OO "S ** ( J _ ) r-i CO 1 1 o a uT bT to to ^ ^ o o i ^ ^ If EM P^ffi OOOQ OOOOOOOQOO 8 -l 00 ^ "* 1>- D "^ CO rs a EJ s s ^ - g i __J I ,. f OOCOCO O*OOO !>. (N OO **< O5 *O JL 9? O CO CO t^ - OS S CO ?O OS T 1 r rH ~ o rrt ^ .pH _r'2 JJi nH -fJ -S I rHW.S O *-* g * ^ . 9 H ~ 1 f S 5 S 2 g - 'C t^ - * * ^ Q^ * Qu t* *^ ** *^ ^3 I 8 CB * '.S 2 C 'C oT S -6 ^ "S O 3 5"S jz; S -T' 73 a ^ .^, ,=r .3 PM S g,o^ ^'C tf3 J -g 1^ 14 H-S 1 5 g^K^ Moofl ^'^x'S '^^-^ S c^h^ ri'3'd' 8 SoOwOgj oOOM^ > S r ^!'73 -S ^2-"^^ | -*'f5S S w.S2 S S -SSgg '3 ffioos THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. r*-0 00002 ____ CO "* O 00 US PHpL,PHPHPH' &&& (N OO OO OO?O'OOCMOO O Or-((NOCO(MO I ( I 1 I 1 CO F 1 w o fe ^8^0^ 000o,||f Q} Q? O 02 C> O _Q ^Q p ^ ,JO jQ , PH PL, PH PH PH PH PH I nT o fi^sl^ilfil I |M, rf 13l ^i-f^'a-iisi H-g S oT-M^^ 5^'S S'rt'^S'S S S fi .TiSo^JijC 3 ^ ^'Tin'T-tS^clrrtpl S c^S'Soa^ M O O.S^J OQ .2 g.a B r Jf, THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. Jo O" O SSSSSS P O 8j >O 00 . ^"^C^l d ^^ CO 1O O ^O OS i-H 5O ^-^^Cvlijpp OSr-(OpplpOfl JQ* 3 '5*^ "^^ os /-x S** 1 * ^^O O t>- OOOS t^.-*OSOO bo erti-CHP bX3bDbcbtbDbc ._ S ^.^vS^^^ WW ffitEtUffi 55 5 ? i ,LLo> ^I-S^ TO ei ^^ _i_ CO t^* C^ -<, v -^'^;o i_i"O en cr bh " /-s ^ bfii J g _ || |o . V^4 f .-...."... f - - if ai!.fjfl1 SFijfir; ^^ ^1:1 II Plii^lM *W 5 1 11 ii^i-i ^'^ Hi .2 31 1 4 | ^^ III l.*|-:|'8 S |V4^ S j a8 fc t| B I I s a g S 10 THE ANALYSTS LABORATORY COMPANION. nfritf? ooog o .-oo coof* 000 ,_| 8 C 'oV4^ 00^ as?? sEla s a Is I $ s s*1 S- 000 CO -* CO - CO ^ O O O o O OT q,s q. (N CO C.i^OOo co " 00 ^O O-_ O^tNO PH rH^GGOJ^ QpaO-* '- ^rH J'OS '"OO '- Q .~ .^ .^pQ Q ^ ,_, O^H^.L' 2 ^ Aq O O 1 l^ b* -* || O CO t^. OS rH OS O OOOS. t-.COr-l ?O T?0050rH OOOO rH rH rH CO W rH g o" I 1 8 x-x <""* oT c co" ^ S If 'P, .5 .1' " ) eS of 03 60 , .-2 "^Q ' rMf sU I fi'^-fn ^ P.^s 5 _. d B g-S J^ -i5 - -P,. g j, 2. cg^ p'S| o 'S'g^S-S^g COPHOJrQ^ ,J ^.rS g ;C ^ Op^ "^ S^^^-M ^^3 .2 CO Jr'o^5ai CCr ^:o ^ lo'So 5*"S .2 ,-, 12 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. w o CO > CD OO o 5 ^ o w ? TO J-J i S oo oo g a 9 oo to < - tS3 o OO s7 rH 7* T*7* + t>- rH CO ' -^ rH OO vc O (M O CN T-I M" ? * 5 r4* ^? OO OO OOcoO C fl fl C S S3 C S oT ^ (jj- oT * "5 "ft S *"el -2 S3 ^ lo-l-a I? Ill 'i- r ^ i --< ^9 E ** P? 5Sr^ a i SI .2 J i'* 0202 N THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 13 THE MOLECULAR WEIGHTS AND WEIGHTS OF ONE LITRE OF VARIOUS GASES. Name. Formula. Molecular Weight. Weight of 1 litre at C. and 760 mm. Bar. grammes. Ammonia, NH 3 17 0-7616 Carbon monoxide, CO 28 1-2544 ,, dioxide, . Methane, C0 2 CH 4 44 16 1-9774 0-7168 Cyanogen, . Chlorine, cif 2 52 71 2-3296 3-1808 Hydrogen, . Hydrogen bromide, ,, chloride, H 2 HBr HC1 2 81 36-5 0-0896 3-6288 ] -6352 ,, fluoride, HF 20 0-8960 ,, iodide, . HI 127-6 57165 sulphide, H 2 S 34 1-5475 Nitrogen, Nitrous oxide, N*0 28 44 1-2562 1-9774 Nitric ,, NO 30 1-3440 , , peroxide, . Oxygen, N0 2 46 32 2-0608 1-4298 Sulphur dioxide, . Atmospheric air, . s5 2 64 2-8672 1-2932 MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS. Ele- ment. To convert Frac- tional Multi- plier.* Decimal Multiplier. Logarithm (to be added). ALUMINIUM (Al=27'0) Al > AL0 3 into . A1 2 ,, ,, ammonia-alum "nnr m 0-5294 8-8824 1-72379 0-94853 11 j ,, ,, potash-alum A1 2 (P0 4 ) 2 A1 2 3 m m 9-2941 0-4180 0-96821 1-62121 ii tt , , , , ammonia-alum Milligrams of Al 2 P 2 8 per 100 grams bread into grains of ammonia- alum per 4 Ib. loaf, . m 37131 1-0397 0-56974 0-01690 * The figures given in this column are the molecular weights unreduced. 14 THE ANALYST S LABOEATOKY COMPANION. MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS continued. Ele- ment To convert Frac- tional Multi- plier. Decimal Multiplier. Logarithm (to be added). Sb 11 ANTIMONY (Sb = 120) Sb 2 4 into Sb 2 Sb 2 S 3 Sb 2 m m 0-7895 0-7143 1-89734 1-85387 As ii ARSENIC (As = 75) 2NH 4 MgAs0 4) OH 2 into As 2 As 2 3 iff 0-3947 0-5211 0-6053 1-59631 1-71689 1-78194 i) i j Mg 2 As 2 7 As 2 >i 11 As 2 U 3 iff iff m 0-4839 0-6387 0-7419 1-68473 1-80530 1-87037 11 As 2 3 As2 1 0-7576 0-6098 T87942 1-78516 ii As 2 3 AsA iff m 0-8049 0-9350 1-90573 1-97079 Ba 11 BARIUM (Ba= 137) BaS0 4 into Ba BaO BaC0 3 Mi s 0-5880 0-6567 0-8455 1-76936 1-81734 1-92711 i) BaCl 2 BaCl 2) 20H 2 s iff m 0-8927 1-0472 0-1373 1-95071 0-02003 1-13779 11 S0 3 i > i > hU 4 ,1 11 H 2 S0 4 M 0-3434 0-4120 0-4206 1-53573 1-61492 1-62387 ii >i ii CaS0 4 ,, CaS0 4 , 20H 2 K 2 S0 4 iff m m 0-5837 0-7382 0-7468 1-76618 1-86817 1-87319 i) >5 ;; ;; (NH 4 a ) 2 so 4 2KHO 1 0-6094 0-5665 0-4807 1-78493 1-75322 1-68186 II 2BaS0 4 FeS 2 BaC0 3 Ba i 0-2575 0-6954 1-41080 1-84225 BaO C0 3 i 0-7767 0-3046 1-89023 1-48369 THE ANALYST'S LABORATO MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUI ANALYSIS continued. IMETRIC Ele- ment. To convert Frac- tional Multi- plier. Decimal Multiplier. Logarithm (to be added). Bi BISMUTH (Bi = 208) Bi 2 3 into Bi 2 Bi 2 S 3 Bi 2 HI lit 0-8966 0-8125 1-95258 1-90982 B BORON (B = ll) B 2 3 into B 2 H 0-3143 ' 1-49732 Cd ii M CADMIUM (Cd = 112) CdO into Cd CdS Cd CdO m 0-8750 0-7778 0-8889 1-94201 1-89086 1-94885 Ca 11 CALCIUM (Ca=40) CaO into Ca CaCOg CaS0 4 n w 0-7143 1-7857 2-4286 1-85387 0-25181 0-38535 ri ii CaS0 4 , 20H 2 CaCl 2 CaO CaH 2 2 w II 3-0714 1-9822 1-3214 0-48734 0-29714 0-12104 jj j> CaCl 2 CaO CaCOg " Ca f 0-5045 0-6396 0-4 1-70287 1-80594 1-60206 J CaO \\ " COg TQTJ 0-56 0-44 0-6 174819 1-64345 1-77815 M CaS0 4 ,, CaS0 4 , 20H 2 CaS0 4 Ca *tf 100 1-36 1-72 0-2941 0-13354 0-23553 1-46852 II } j CaO CaC0 3 CaS0 4 , 20H 2 1 0-4118 0-7353 1-2647 1-61465 1-86646 0-10199 )> S0 3 Ca 3 P 2 8 CaP 2 6 SI 0-5882 0-6387 1-76955 1-80530 " P 2 5 ?> * 2 m 0-4581 0-2 1-66093 1-30103 16 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS continued. Ele- ment. To convert Frac- tional Multi- plier. Decimal Multiplier. Logarithm (to be added). C JJ CARBON (C = 12) C0 2 into C CaC0 3 0-2727 2-2727 1-43573 0-35655 II Na 2 C0 3 2C0 2 ,, Mn0 2 tt 2-4091 0-9773 0-38185 1-99002 Cl CHLORINE (Cl= 35-5) Cl into HC1 NaCl 1! 1-0282 1-6479 0-01206 0-21693 II C1 2 MgCl 2 o CaCL, ft W 1-3380 0-2254 1-5634 0-12647 1-35286 0-19406 Cr CHROMIUM (Cr=52'5) Cr 2 3 into Cr 2 m 0-6863 1-83650 Co COBALT (Co = 59) CoO into Co H 07867 1-89579 Cu COPPER (Cu= 63 -2) CuO into Cu 2CuO Cu 2 m ttt* 0-7980 0-8990 1-90199 1-95375 Cu 2 O 2CuO Cu 2 (CNS) 2 Cu 2 Hi* 1-1124 0-5215 0-04625 1-71721 F FLUORINE (F = 19) CaF 2 into F 2 H 0-4872 1-68769 H ii HYDROGEN (H = l) H 2 S0 4 into 2HC1 (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 H W 0-7449 1-3470 1-87210 0-12935 H HC1 Cl ii 0-9726 0-2222 1-98794 1-34679 Fe lRON(Fe=56) Fe into FeO FeS0 4 , 70H 2 B W w 1-2857 4-9643 2-1429 0-10914 0-69586 0-33099 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 17 MULTIPLIEKS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSI s continued. Ele- ment. To convert Frac- tional Multi- plier. Decimal Multiplier. Logarithm (to be added). Fe IRON (Fe = 56) continued. Fe 2 into Mn0 2 Fe 2 (P0 4 ) 2 Fe 2 3 m 0-7768 2-6964 1-4286* 1-89030 0-43079 0-15490 ii Fe 2 3 Fe 2 Fe 2 (P0 4 ) 2 3Fe 2 3 2Fe 3 4 SI m 0-7 1-8875 0-9667 T-84510 0-27589 1-98528 t) Fo.S 2 ,, S 2 FeS ,, Fe ii 7 0-5333 0-6364 1-72700 1-80371 > 2FeS Fe 2 3 2Fe(NH 4 ) 2 (S0 4 ) 2) 60H 2 into Mn0 2 m 0-9091 0-1110 1-95861 1-04520 Pb LEAD(Pb = 206'5) PbS into Pb PbO PbS0 4 Pb Illl 0-8658 0-9329 0-6826 1-93743 1-96984 1-83419 tt PbO PbCr0 4 Pb HJ:| 07355 0-6393 1-86660 1-80572 PbO 2PbCr0 4 K 2 Cr 2 7 III 0-6889 0-4567 1-83813 1-65959 Mg I MAGNESIUM (Mg = 24) MgCl 2 into MgO MgO i,' MgC0 3 II M 0-4210 07474 2-1 T-62434 1-87353 0-32222 J . , |, MgCl 2 MgS0 4 Mg(NU 3 ) 2 W 2-375 3 37 0-37566 0-47712 0-56820 " Mg 2 P 2 7 Mg 2 2MgO 2MgC0 3 1 0-2162 tO'3604 0-7568 1-33489 1-55674 1-87896 II ) > 2MgS0 4 ,,2(MgS0 4 ,70H 2 ) CaH 4 P 2 8 Iff 1-0811 2-2162 1-0541 0-03386 0-34561 0-02286 * Or divide by 0'7. t Or use the Phosphate Table, pp. 64-71, subtracting from the Mg 2 P 2 C>5 in it. B found the 18 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS continued. Ele- ment. To convert Frac- tional Multi- plier. Decimal Multiplier. Logarithm i (to be adde(S) Mg 19 MAGNESIUM (Mg = 24) continued. Mg 2 P 2 7 P 2 PA CaP 2 6 ^ m m 0-2793 0-6396 0-8919 1-44604 1-80594 1-95031 H i) Ca 3 P 2 8 MgS0 4 Mg MgO m 1-3964 0-2 0-3333 0-14501 1-30103 1-52288 Mn j j > MANGANESE (Mn = 55) Mn into MnO MnO Mn Mn0 2 Mn H n l7 5 1-2909 07747 0-6322 0-11090 1-88910 1-80084 )i ii Mn 3 4 ,, 3Mn 3MuO MuS Mn m m if 0-7205 0-9301 0-6322 1-85765 1-96854 1-80084 ii > MnO MnS0 4 ,, Mn MnO If rVi T 7 ^ 0-8161 0-3642 0-4702 1-91174 1-56139 1-67228 Hg ii MERCURY (Hg- 200) HgS into Hg HgO W m 0-8621 0-9310 1-93554 1-96J>97 ii ii IW1 2 2Hg Hg 2 m in 0-8493 0-8832 1-92904 1-94607 Mo ) > >> MOLYBDENUM. Ammonic phosphomolybdate into P ,, ,, into P 2 5 . Ca 3 P 2 8 0-0163 0-0373 0815 2-21219 2-57208 2-91116 Ni NICKEL (Ni- 58 -6) NiO into Ni m 07855 I 8951(5 N ii 3) NITROGEN AND AMMONIUM (N = 14) N into NH 3 HK0 3 NaN0 3 H H II 1-2143 4-5 6-0714 0-08432 0-65321 0-78329 KN0 3 ,, ,, Albuminoids W 7-2142 6-25 0-85819 0-79588 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 19 MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS continued. Ele- ment. To convert Frac- tional Multi- plier. Decimal Multiplier. Logarithm (to be added). NITROGEN AND AMMONIUM (N = 14) continued. N N 2 into No0 5 w 3'8572 0-58627 >j N 2 e N 2 & 0-2593 1-41373 ii 2KN0 3 m 1-8704 0-27193 > Ca(N0 3 ) 2 m 1-5185 0-18142 > y II MgCN0 3 ) 2 NH, N HI H 1-3704 0-8235 0-13684 1-91568 NH 4 C1 W 31470 0-49790 > 2NH 3 (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 W 3-8824 0-58910 j NH 4 (J1 N T 0-2617 1-41777 ) j NH 3 #T 0-3178 1-50210 H (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 H 2 S0 4 ^ 0-7424 1-87065 9 ) 2NH 3 A 0-2576 1-41091 M N 2 T 2 5 % 0-2121 1-32658 5) Ammonia-alum ,, Potash-alum t 1-0464 0-01968 PHOSPHORUS (P = 31) P P 2 into P 2 5 W 2-2903 0-35990 9 | PA ,, P 2 T% 0-4366 1-64010 Ca 8 P 8 8 ! 2-1831 0-33907 PLATINUM (Pt-197'2) Pt (NH 4 ) 2 PtC l6 into N 2 ^% 0-0628 2-79763 2NH 3 .^ 0-0762 2-88195 9 J 2NH 4 C1 Ttt.V 0-2398 1-37985 II 2NH 4 TT^-T 0-0807 2-90677 }) (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 iifV 0-2958 1-47104 N K 2 rtci 6 K 2 T A?. T 0-1600 1-20350 >l 2KC1* ^v% 0-3052 1-48459 9 J > > K 2 K 2 S0 4 T H. W.i 0-1925 0-3564 1-28453 1-55195 ) > Pt 2NH 4 C1 W-T 0-5426 1-73448 11 (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 ^V% 0-6694 1-82567 * Using Tatlock's method of determining potash, the following empirical factors have been obtained and are frequently used : (i ) Tatlock's own factor is platinochloride pp. xO'3056 = KC1. (ii.) Dr Dittmar (see Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1887, p. 801) found platinochloride pp. X '30627 = KC1. and Pt. x -76016 = KC1. (iii.) Dr Dyer, as the result of his own determinations, uses the factors : Platinochloride pp. x -1955 = K 2 0. X -3094 = KC1. 20 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS continued. Ele- ment. To convert Frac- tional Multi- plier. Decimal Multiplier. Logarithm (to be added). K POTASSIUM (K=39) K into KC1 2KC1 " K 2 W W AV 1-9103 1-2051 0-6309 0-28109 0-08103 179994 I* KC1 Cl KHT K 2 2KC1 $! Vi 9 0-4765 2-5235 1-5851 1-67807 0-40200 0-20006 K 2 S0 4 2KN0 3 Rochelle salt w w w 1-8511 2-1490 6-0 0-26742 0-33222 0-77815 i 2KHC 4 H 4 6 w w w 1-4681 1-1915 4-0 0-16675 0-07609 0-60206 ii K 2 S0 4 K 2 KN0 3 N t 0-5402 0-1386 1-73258 1-14181 Si SILICON (Si =28 -3) Si0 2 into Si m 0-4693 1-67147 Ag ii SILVER (Ag= 107 7) AgBr into Br AgCl Ag rff.T 0-4262 0-7521 0-2479 T62963 1-87627 1-39429 ii HC1 Agl I m 0-2549 0-5401 1-40635 173250 Na i> SODIUM (Na=23) Na into NaCl Na 2 Na 2 Na-jO 2NaCl ii w 2-5435 1-3478 1-8871 0-40543 0-12963 0-27579 ii i) Na 2 S0 4 w w w 2-2903 1-7097 27419 0-35990 0-2329] 0-43806 i> ii ii 2NaHO NaCl Cl NaHC0 3 IU 1-2903 0-6068 1-4359 0-11070 1-78307 0-15712 THE ANALYST'S LABOEATOEY COMPANION. 21 MULTIPLIEES AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS continued. Ele- ment. To convert Frac- tional Multi- plier. Decimal Multiplier. Logarithm (to be added). Na SODIUM (Na = 23) continued. 2NaCl into Na 2 Na 2 C0 3 STaN0 3 N AV w i* 0-5299 0-9060 0-1647 1-72421 1-95712 1-21671 Na 2 C0 3 Na,C0 3 , 100H 2 Na 2 S0 4 Na 2 Na 2 m TY * 2-6981 0-3239 0-4366 0-43106 1-51047 1-64010 Sr STRONTIUM (Sr=87'3) SrC0 3 into Sr SrS0 4 Sr ^riV ^k 0-5927 0-4763 1-77281 1-67785 S M SULPHUR (S = 32) S0 3 into S CaS0 4 H i> 6 0-4 1-7 1-60206 0-23045 >; > CaS0 4 , 20H 2 K, 2 S0 4 VV w 2-15 1-775 0-33244 0-24920 Sn >> TiN(Sn = 118) Sn0 2 into Sn Sn ,, Sn0 2 Hf ttf 0-7867 1-2712 1-89579 0-10421 Zn M ZINC (Zn = 65) Zn into ZnO ZnCl 2 W w 1-2462 2-0923 0-09557 0-32063 >J |J ZnO Zn ZuS ,, Zn If if 0-8025 0-6701 1-90443 1-82614 Example. 1*327 grams of a substance gave 0*8470 gram BaS0 4 : to find the percentages of S0 3 and S present respectively. Since 1"327 grams give 0*847 gram BaS0 4 100 grams will give 847x100 8470 1-327 "1-327* Taking logs. Log. 84-70 =1-92788 1-327 = 0-12287 (subtracting) 1'80501 Add log. (Ba S0 4 into S0 3 ) 1 "53573 Add log. (S0 3 into S.) 1 -34074 = 21 -92 per cent. SO S . 1-60206 0-94280= 8-77 per cent. S. Rule. First find the weight of the pp. that 100 parts of substance would give, then add the log. of the multiplier to get percentage of sub- stance sought. 2lA THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION'. MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS continued. Ele- men To convert Frac- tional Multi- plier. Decimal Multiplier Logarithm (to be added). THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 2lB MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC AN ALYS is continued. Ele- meni To convert Frac- tional Multi- plier. Decimal Multipliei Logarithm (to be added) 22 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. MULTIPLIERS REQUIRED IN VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS. Logarithms. Normal H 2 S0 4 lc.c.= 0-049 gram H 2 S0 4 . 2-690 1961 =0-048 S0 4 2-681 2412 =0-040 S0 3 2-602 0600 Normal HC1 lc.c.=0'0365 HOI 2-562 2929 =0-0355 01 . 2-550 2284 Normal HN0 3 lc.c.=0'063 HN0 3 . 2-799 3405 =0-062 , N0 3 2-792 3917 =0-054 , N 2 5 . 2-732 3938 Normal H 2 C 2 4 lc.c.=0'063 , H 2 C 2 4 , 20H 2 2799 3405 =0-045 , H 2 C 2 4 . 2-653 2125 Normal NaHO lc.c.=0'040 , NaHO . 2-602 0600 =0-031 , Na/) 2-491 3617 Normal KHO lc.c.= 0-056 , KHO . 2-748 1880 ,, =0-047 , K 2 2-672 0979 Normal Na 2 C0 3 lc.c.= 0*053 , Na 2 C0 3 . 2724 2759 =0-030 , C0 3 . 2-477 1213 =0-022 , C0 2 2-342 4227 Decinormal AgN0 3 Ic.c. = 0-0108 , Ag . 2-033 4238 =0-017 , AgN0 3 . 2-230 4489 ,, =0-00355 , Cl . 3-550 2284 Decinormal NaCl 1 c.c. = 0*00585 , NaCl 3767 1559 CALCIUM (Ca=40) N 1 c.c. YQ permanganate =0'0028 gram CaO . 3-447 1580 =0-0050 gram CaC0 3 3-698 9700 ,, =0-0086 gram CaS0 4 , 20H 2 3-934 4985 ,, normal oxalic acid = 0-0280 gram CaO 2-447 1580 Cryst. oxalic acid xO '444 =CaO 1-647 3830 Double iron salt x 0*07143 = CaO 2-853 8807 CHLORINE (01 = 35-37) N 1 c.c. YO silver solution =0-003537 gram Cl . 3-548 6351 ,, ,, =0-005837 gram NaCl 3766 1897 N 1 c. c. -TQ arsenious or hyposulphite solution =0 '003537 gram Cl 3'548 6351 1 litre of chlorine at C. and 760 mm. weighs 3 '17 grams 0-501 0593 CHROMIUM (Cr=52'4) Metallic iron x 0-31 23 = Cr 1-494 5720 x 0-5981 = Cr0 3 1-776 7738 xO-8784=K 2 Cr 2 7 x 1-926 =PbCr0 4 Double iron salt x 0-0446 = Cr 1-943 6923 0-284 6563 2-649 3349 x 0-0854 = Cr0 3 2-931 4579 xO'1255 = K 2 Cr 2 7 . 1-098 6437 x 0-275 =PbCr0 4 . 1-439 3327 1 c.c. YO solution = '003349 gram Cr0 3 3-524 9151 = 0:00492 gram K 2 Cr 2 7 . 3-691 9651 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 23 MULTIPLIERS REQUIRED IN VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS continued. COPPER (Cu= 63) 1 c.c. TQ solution = 0*0063 gram Cu Iron x 1-125 =copper . Double iron salt x 0*1 607 = copper . CYANOGEN (CN = 26) 1 c. c. T silver solution = 0*0052 gram ,, iodine = 0-0054 gram HCN = 0-01302 gramKCN = 0*003255 gram KCIST POTASSIC FERROCYANIDE (K 4 FeCy 6 , 30H 2 =422) Metallic iron x 7'541 = cryst. potassic ferrocyanide Double iron salt x 1 '077 = , , , , , , POTASSIC FERRIC YANIDE (K 6 Fe 2 Cy 12 =658) Metallic iron x 5 '88 = potassic ferricyanide . Double iron salt x T68 = N JQ Hyposulphite x 0-0329 = GoLD(Au=196-5) 1 c.c. normal oxalic acid = 0*0655 gram gold . . IODINE (I -126 -5) 1 c.c. JQ hyposulphite = 0'01 265 gram iodine . lRON(Fe = 56) 1 c.c. permanganate, bichromate, or hyposulphite = -0056 Fe . =0-0072 FeO . = 0-0080 Fe 2 3 LEAD(Pb = 206'4) 1 c.c. T permanganate '01032 gram lead 1 c.c. normal oxalic acid = 0*1032 gram lead Metallic iron x 1 -842 lead . Double iron salt x 0-263 = . .. MANGANESE (Mn = 55) Metallic iron x 0-491 =Mn . xO-63393 = MnO x 07768 =Mn0 Logarithms. 3799 3405 0-051 1525 1-206 0159 3716 0033 3-732 3938 3-114 6110 3-512 5510 0-877 4289 0-032 2157 0-769 3773 0-225 3093 2-517 1959 2-816 2413 2-102 0905 3*748 1880 3-857 3325 3*903 0900 2-013 6797 1-013 6797 0-265 2896 1*419 9557 1-691 0815 1-802 0413 1-890 3092 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. MULTIPLIERS REQUIRED IN VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS continued. Logarithms. MANGANESE (Mn = 55) continued. Double iron salt x 0-0911 = MnO 2/9595184 x 0-111 =Mn0 2 1-045 3230 Cryst. oxalic acid x 0-6916 = Mn0 2 1-8398550 1 c.c. ^solution = 0-00355 gram MnO . . . . 3*5502284 = 0-00435 gram Mn0 2 . . . . 3-6384893 MERCURY (Hg=200) Double iron salt xO -5104 = Hg 17079107 xO-6914 = Hg01 2 1-839 7294 1 c.c. ^7) solution = 0-0200 gram Hg .... 2 '301 0300 = 0-0208 gram Hg 2 . . . . 2-3180633 = 0-0271 gram HgCL, . . . . 2-4329693 NITROGEN AS NITRATES AND NITRITES N 2 5 =108. N 2 3 =76. Normal acid xO -0540 = N 2 5 27323938 x 0-1011 = KNO 3 1-004 7512 Metallic iron xO *3750 = HN0 3 1'574 0313 xO*6018 = KN0 3 1779 4522 xO-3214 = NoO^ . . 1-507 0459 SILVER (Ag= 107 -66) 1 c.c. - NaCl = 0-010766 gram Ag 0-016966 AgN0 3 SULPHURETTED HYDROGEN (H 2 S = 34) 1 c.c. arsenious solution = '00255 gram H 2 S TjN(Sn = 118) Metallic iron x 1-0536 = tin Double iron salt x 0'1505 = tin .... Factor for T iodine or permanganate solution 0*0059 ZINC (Zn = 65) Metallic iron x '5809 = Zn . ,, 0724 =ZnO . . . Double iron salt x -08298 - Zn 0-1034 =ZnO . 1 c.c. solution = 0*00325 gram Zn 2-032 0544 2-229 5795 3-406 5402 0-022 6758 1-177 5365 3-770 8520 1764 1014 1-859 7386 2-918 9734 1-014 5205 3-511 8834 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 25 NOTES ON LOGARITHMS. Definition. The logarithm of a number N is the value of x which satisfies the equation a*=N, where a is some given number. Thus if a be 10 (which is the base of Briggs' or the ordinary logarithms), the logarithm of 100 is 2, that of 1000 is 3 ; and that of any number between 100 and 1000 will be greater than 2 and less than 3, so that it may be represented by 2 followed by places of decimals. By means of a table of logarithms two numbers may be multiplied powers, is performed by multiplication of the logarithm of the number by the index of the power ; and Evolution, or extraction of roots, by division of the logarithm of the number by the index of the root. The integral part of a logarithm is called the characteristic, the decimal part the mantissa. The characteristic may be either positive or negative (e.g., 2, 2),* but the mantissa is always positive. The mantissse only are registered in the tables, the characteristics always being found by the following simple rules : (1) For numbers greater than unity, the characteristic is one less than the number of digits, and is positive. (2) For numbers less than unity, the characteristic is one greater than the number of ciphers which precede the first significant figure, and is negative.* Ex. Log. 437-58 = 2 "6410575 Log. 43758 =1-6410575 Log. 4-3758 =0-6410575 Log. -43758 =1-6410575 Log. -043758 = 2-6410575 Negative characteristics are calculated according to the ordinary rules of algebraic addition and subtraction. A few examples will show the methods employed. (1) Addition- Add 5-3468541 Add 6'3874654 3-2685427 2'9245636 2-6153968 5*3120290 + 5 added to 3 gives + 2. +6 is increased to + 7 by the 1 carried over from the mantissse, and + 7 added to 2 gives + 5. *Tne negative sign is placed over the characteristic to indicate that it alone is negative. If placed in front, like an ordinary negative sign, both characteristic and mantissa would become negative. 26 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. NOTES ON LOGARITHMS continued. (1) Addition continued. Add 2-5632874 Add 3-3010300 3-2465281 2'9020029 5-8098155 4-2030329 Here the + 1 carried over from the mantissas is added_to 3 giving 2, and 2 added to 2 gives 4. (2) Subtraction Rule. Change the sign of the characteristic in the lower line, and add as above. From 2-6847658 From 2*3468537 Subtract 3 '2468543 Subtract 5 7654626 5-4379115 2-5813911 3 becomes, on changing Here 1 is carried over from the its sign, + 3, and this mantissse, and has to Jbe sub- added to + 2 gives + 5. tracted from 2, giving 3 : then changing the J) into + 5, and adding this to 3, we have + 2. From 5-6843252 Subtract 3-7856310 3-8986942 Here the 1 carried over subtracted from 5 gives 6 ; then changing 3 into + 3 and adding it to 6, we have 3. Proportional Parts. When the logarithm of a number consisting of five figures or less is required, it can be found immediately in the tables ; but if the numbers consist of more than five figures, a little calculation is required in order to find its correct logarithm. This calculation is greatly facilitated by the use of a table of proportional parts. It will be seen, on reference to the tables, that the differ- ences between the logarithms of numbers differing by 1 in the fifth figure remain remarkably constant for a great many successive numbers, except at the beginning of the tables, where the changes are rather rapid. Thus, from 66500 to 67500 the difference between any two consecutive logarithms is uniformly 65 : e.g., log. 66511 ( = 4-8228935) subtracted from log. 66512 (=4*8229000) gives 65. Suppose, then, we require the logarithm of a number consisting of six or seven figures, as for instance 66511*37, how do we proceed to find it ? THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 27 NOTES ON LOGARITHMS continued. This is done as follows : First write down the next lower logarithm. Log. 66511 = 4-8228935, then, since the difference of 1 in the fifth figure makes a difference of 65 in the logarithm, a difference of '37 will make a difference of 65 x -37 -24. .-.. Log. 66511 '37 = 4 -8228935 + 24 = 4 -8228959. In the table of proportional parts, however, the amount to be added for every tenth of a unit is recorded, and by this table the above result may be easily found thus : Log. 66511 =4-8228035 Proportional part for '3 = 20 Proportional part for "07= 46 4-82289596 Conversely, the number to six, seven, or more figures correspond- ing to a given logarithm, is found by a method exactly the converse of that given above. Example. Find the number whose log. is 2-9324547. 2-9324547 2 -9324535 = log. 865 '96 12 10= -002 20= -0004 855 '9624 the number required. In the above example the difference between the given log. and the next lower in the tables being 12, the required number will evidently lie between 855*962 and 855-963, since the proportional part for 2 is 10 and that for 3 is 15. Subtracting that for 2, namely 10, we have 2 left. Annex a cipher to the 2, since the figure to be found will occupy the next decimal place, and the number 20 thus obtained -is the proportional part for the figure 4. 28 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. COMMON LOGARITHMS. o 1 8 9 123 456 789 10 00432 00860 01284 01703 02119 02531 02938 03342 03743 11 04139 04532 04922 05308 05690 06070 06446 068 19! 07188 07555 12 07918 08279 08636 08991 09342 09691 10037 10380 10721 11059 13 11394 11727 12057 12385 12710 13033 13354 13672 13988 14301 14 14613 14922 15229 15534 15836 16137 16435 16732 17026 17319 15 17609 17898 18184 18469 18752 19033 19312 19590 19866 20140 16 20412 20683 20952 21219 21484 21748 22011 22272 22531 22789 17 23045 23300 23553 23805 24055 24304 24551 24797 25042 25285 18 25527 25768 26007 26245 26482 26717 26951 27184 27616 27646 19 27875 28103 28330 2s556 28780 29003 29226 29447 29667 29885 20 30103 30320 30535 30750 30963 31175 31387 31597 31806 32015 2142 64 85 106 127 148 170 191 21 32222 32428 32634 32838 33041 33244 33445 33646 33846 34044 2040 61 81 101 121 141 162 182 22 34242 34439 34635 34830 35025 35218 35411 35603 35793 35984 1939 58 77 97116 135 154 174 23 36173 36361 36549 36736 36922 37107 37291 37475 37658 37840 1837 55 74 92111 129 148 166 24 38021 38202 38382 38561 38739 38917 39094 39270 39445 39620 1835 53 71 89106 124 142 160 25 39794 39967 40140 40312 40483 40654 40824 40993 41162 41330 1734 51 68 85102 119 136 153 26 41497 41664 41830 41996 42160 42325 42488 42651 42813 4297f 1633 49 66 82 98 115 131 148 27 43136 43297 43457 43616 43775 43933 44091 44248 44404 4456( 1632 47 63 79 95 111 126 142 28 44716 44871 45025 45179 45332 45484 45637 45788 45939 46090 1530 46 61 76 91 107 122 137 29 46240 46389 46538 46687 46835 46982 47129 47276 47422 47567 1529 44 59 74 88 103 118 132 COMMON LOGARITHMS -(continued). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 123 456 789 30 47712 47857 48001 48144 48287 48430 48572 48714 48855 48996 14 28 43 57 71 85 100 114 128 31 49136 49276 49415 49554 49693 49831 49969 50106 50243 50379 14 28 41 55 69 83 97110124 32 1 50515 50651 50786 50920 51055 51188 51322 51455 51587 51720 13 27 40 53 67 80 94 107 120 33 1 51851 51983 52114 52244 52375 52504 52634 52763 52892 53020 13 26 39 52 65 78 91 104 117 34 53148 53275 53403 53529 53656 53782 53908 54033 54158 54283 13 25 38 50 63 76 88 101 113 35 54407 54531 54654 54777 54900 55023 55145 55267 55388 55509 12 24 37 49 61 73 86 98110 36 55630 55751 55871 55991 56110 56229 56348 56467 56585 56703 12 24 36! 48 59 71 83 95107 37 56820 56937 57054 57171 57287 57403 57519 57634 57749 57864 122335 465869 81 93104 38 57978 58092 58206 58320 58433 58546 58659 58771 58883 58995 11 23 34 45 56 68 79 90102 39 59106 59218 59329 59439 59550 59660 59770 59879 59988 60097 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 40 60206 41 61278 60314 61384 60423 61490 60531 61595 60638 61700 60746 61805 60853 61909 60959 62014 61066 62118 61172 62221 11 21 32 43 54 64 102131 425263 75 86 97 73 84 94 42 62325 62428 62531 62634 62737 62839 62941 63043 63144 63246 10 20 31 41 51 61 72 82 92 43 63347 63448 63548 63649 637-0 63849 63949 64048 64147 64246 102030 405060 70 80 90 44 64345 64444 64542 64640 64738 64836 64933 65031 65128 65225 10 20 29 39 49 59 68 78 88 45 65321 65418 65514 65610 65706 65801 65896 65992 66087 66181 10 19 29 38 48 57 67 76 86 46 66276 66370 <;<;u; 66558 66652 66745 66839 66932 67025 67117 9 19 28 37 47 56 65 75 84 47 67210 67302 67394 67486 67578 67669 67761 67852 67943 68034 91827 374655 64 73 82 48 68124 68215 6830 68395 68485 68574 68664 68753 68842 68931 91827 364554 63 72 81 49 6902C 69108 6919 6928fi 69373 69461 69548 69636 69723 69810 9 18 26 35 44 53 61 70 79 Note. The tabular logs, of numbers 1 to 10 are the same as those of 10, 20, 30, etc. THE ANALYST'S LABOEATORY COMPANION. 29 COMMON LOGARITHMS (continued). ! 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 123 456 789 50 69897 69984 70070 70157 70243 70329 70415 70501 70586 70672 91726 34 43 52 606977 51 70757 70842 70927 71012 71096 71181 71265 71349 71433 71517 8 17 25 34 42 51 59 67 76 52 71600 71684 71767 71850 71933 72016 72099 72181 72263 72346 81725 33 41 50 58 66 74 53 72428 72509 72591 72673 72754 72835 72916 72997 73078 73159 81624 32 41 49 57 65 73 54 73239 73320 73400 73480 73560 73640 73719 73799 73878 73957 81624 32 40 48 566472 55 74036 74115 74194 74273 74351 74429 74507 74586 74663 74741 81623 31 39 47 55 63 70 56 74819 74896 74974 75051 75128 75205 75282 75358 75435 75511 81523 31 38 46 54 61 69 57 75587 75664 75740 75815 75891 75967 76042 76118 76193 76268 81523 30 38 45 53 60 68 58 76343 76418 76492 76567 76641 76716 76790 76864 76938 77012 71522 30 37 45 52 59 67 59 77085 77159 77232 77305 77379 77452 77525 77597 77670 77743 71522 29 36 44 51 58 66 60 77815 77887 77960 78032 78104 78176 78247 78319 78390 78462 71422 29 36 43 50 57 65 61 78533 78604 78675 78746 78817 78888 78958 79029 79099 79169 71421 28 35 42 495664 62 79239 79309 79379 79449 79518 79588 79657 79727 79796 79865 71421 28 35 42 49 56 63 63 79934 80003 8007'- 80140 80209 80277 80346 80414 80482 80550 71421 27 34 41 48 55 62 64 80618 80686 80754 80821 80889 80956 81023 81090 81158 81224 71320 27 34 40 47 54 61 65 81291 81358 81425 81491 81558 81624 81690 81757 81823 81889 71320 27 33 40 465360 66 81954 82020 82086 82151 82217 82282 82347 82413 82478 82543 71320 26 33 39 46 52 59 67 82607 82672 82737 82802 82866 82930 82995 83059 83123 83187 61319 26 32 39 45 51 58 68 83251 83315 83378 83442 83506 83569 83632 83696 83759 83822 61319 25 32 38 44 51 57 69 83885 83948 84011 84073 84136 84198 84261 84323 84386 84448 61219 26 31 37 44 50 56 COMMON LOGARITHMS -(continued). 1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 S 3 456 789 70 84510 84572 84634 84696 84757 84819 84880 84942 85003 85065 61218 25 31 37 43 49 55 71 85126 85187 85248 85309 85370 85431 85491! 85552 85612 85673 61218 24 30 36 43 49 55 72 85733 85794 85854 85914 85974 86034 86094 86153 86213 86273 61218 24 30 36 42 48 54 73 86332 86392 86451 86510 86570 86629 86688 86747 86806 86864 61218 24 30 35 41 47 53 74 86923 86982 87040 87099 87157 87216 87274 87332 87390 87448 61217 23 29 35 41 47 52 75 87506 87564 87622 87679 87737 87795 87852 87910 87967 88024 61217 23 29 35 40 46 52 76 88081 88138 88195 88252 88309 88366 88423 88480 88536 88593 61117 23 28 34 40 45 51 77 88649 88705 88762 88818 88874 88930 88986 89042 89098 89154 61117 22 28 34 39 45 50 78 89209 89265 89321 89376 89432 89487 89542 89597 89653 89708 61117 22 28 33 39 44 50 79 89763 89818 89873 89927 89982 90037 90091 90146 90200 90255 51116 22 27 33 38 44 49 80 90309 90363 90417 90472 90526 90580 90634 90687 90741 90795 51116 22 27 32 38 43 49 81 90849 90902 90956 91009 91062 91116 91169 91222 91275 91328 51116 21 27 32 37 43 48 82 91381 91434 91487 91540 91593 91645 91698 91751 91803 91855 51116 212632 37 42 47 83 9190S 91960 92012 92065 92117 92169 92221 92273 92324 92376 51016 21 26 31 364247 84 92428 92480 92531 92583 92634 92686 92737 92788 92840 92891 51015 21 26 31 36 41 46 85 92942 92993 93044 93095 93146 93197 93247 93298 93349 93399 51015 20 25 30 36 41 46 86 93450 93500 93551 93601 93651 93702 93752 93802 93852 93902 51015 20 25 30 35 40 45 87 i 93952 94002 94052 94101 94151 94201 94250 94300 94349 94399 51015 20 25 30 35 40 45 88 94448 94498 94547 94596 94645 94694 94743 94792 94841 94890 51015 20 25 29 34 39 44 89 94939 94988 95036 95085 95134 95182 95231 95279 95328 95376 51015 19 24-. 29 34 39 44 30 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. COMMON LOGARITHMS (continued). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 123 456 789 90 95424 95472 95521 95569 95617 95665 95713 95761 ! 95809 95856 51014 19 24 29 34 38 43 91 95904 95952 95999 96047 96095 96142: 96190 96237 96284 96332 5 914 19 24 28 33 38 43 92 96379 96426 96473 96520 96567 96614! 96661 96708 96755 96802 5 914 19 23 28 33 38 42 93 96848 96895 96942 96988 97035 97081 97128 97174 97220 97267 5 914 19 23 28 33 37 42 94 97313 97359 97405 97451 97497 97543 97589 97635 97681 97727 5 914 18 23 28 32 37 41 95 97772 97818 97864 97909 97955 98000 98046 98091 98137 98182 5 914 18 23 27 32 36 41 96 98227 98272 98318: 98363 98408 9845E 98498 98543 98588 98632 5 914 18 23 27 32 36 41 97 98677 98722 98767 98811 98856 98900 98945 98989 99034 99078 4 913 18 22 27 31 36 40 98 99123 99167 99211 99255 99300 99344 99388 99432 99476 99520 4 913 18 22 26 31 35 40 99 99564 99607 99651 99695 99739 99782 99826 99870 99913 99957 4 913 17 22 26 31 35 39 100 00043 00087; 00130 00173 00217 00260 00303 00346 00389 4 913 17 22 26 30 35 39 101 00432 00475 00518 00561 00604 00647 00689 00732 00775 00817 4 913 17 21 26 303439 102 00860 009031 00945 00988 01030 01072 01115 01157 01199 01242 4 813 17 21 25 30 34 38 103 01284 01326 01368 01410 01452 01494 01536 01578 01620 01662 4 813 17 21 25 29 34 38 104 01703 01745 01787 01828 01870 01912 01953 01995 02036 02078 4 812 17 21 25 29 33 37 105 02119 02160 02202 02243 02284 02325 02366 02407 02449 02490 4 812 16 21 25 29 33 37 106 02531 02572 02612 02653 02694 02735 02776 02816 02857 02898 4 812 16 20 24 29 33 37 107 02938 02979 03019 03060 03100 03141 03181 03222 03262 03302 4 812 16 20 24 28 32 36 108 03342 03383 03423 03463 03503 03543 03583 03623 ():;(><;:; 03703 4 812 16 20 24 28 32 36 109 037431 03782 03822 03862 03902 03941 03981 04021 04060 04100 4 812 16 20 24 t 28 32 36 COMMON LOGARITHMS (continued). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 3 456 789 110 04139 04179 04218 04258 04297 04336 04376 04415 04454 04493 4812 16 20 24 28 31 35 111 04532 04571 04610 04650 04689 04727 04766' 04805 04844 04883 4812 16 19 23 27 31 35 112 04922 04961 04999 05038 05077 05115 05154 05192 05231 05269 4812 15 19 23 27 31 35 113 05308 05346 05385 05423 05461 05500 05538 05576 05614 05652 4811 15 19 23 27 31 34 114 05690 05729 05767 05805 05843 05881 05918 05956 05994 06032 4811 15 19 23 27 30 34 115 06070 06108 06145 06183 06221 06258 06296 06333 06371 06408 4811 15 19 23 263034 116 06446 06483 06521 06558 06595 06633 06670 06707 06744 06781 4711 15 19 22 26 30 34 117 06819 06856 06893 06930 06967 07004 07041 07078 07115 07151 4711 15 18 22 26 30 33 118 07188 07225 07262 07298 07335 07372 07408 07445 07482 07518 4711 15 18 22 26 29 33 119 07555 07591 07628 07664 07700 07737 07773 07809 07846 07882 4711 15 18 22 25 29 33 120 07918 07954 07990 08027 08063 08099 08135 08171 08207 08243 4711 14 18 22 25 29 32 121 08279 08314 08350 08386 08422 08458 08493 08529 08565 08600 4711 14 18 21 25 29 32 122 08636 08672 08707 08743 08778 08814 08849 08884 08920 08955 4711 14 18 21 25 28 32 123 08991 09026 09061 09096 09132 09167 09202 09237 09272 09307 4711 14 18 21 25 28 32 124 09342 09377 09412 09447 09482 09517 09552 09587 09621 09656 3710 14 17 21 24 28 31 125 09691 09726 09760 09795 09830 09864 09899 09934 09968 10003 3710 14 17 21 242831 126 10037 10072 10106 10140 10175 10209 102431 10278 10312 10346 3710 14 17 21 24 27 31 127 10380 10415 10449 10483 10517 10551 10585 10619 10653 10687 3710 14 17 20 24 27 31 128 10721 10755 10789 10823 10857 10890 10924 10958 10992 11025 3710 14 17 20 242730 129 11059 11093 11126 11160 11193 11227 11261 11294 11327 11361 3710 12 17 20 23 27 30 1 1 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 31 COMMON LOGARITHMS (continued). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 123 456 789 130 11394 11428 11461 11494 11528 11561 11594 11628 11661 11694 3710 13 17 20 23 27 30 131 11727 11760 11793 11826 11860 11893 11926 11959 11992 12024 3710 13 17 20 23 26 30 132 12057 12090 12123 12156 12189 12222 12254 12287 12320 12352 3710 13 16 20 23 26 29 133 12385 12418 12450 12483 12516 12548 12581 12613 12646 12678 3710 13 16 20 23 26 39 134 12710 12743 12775 12808 12840 12872 12905 12937 12969 13001 3610 13 16 19 23 26 29 135 13033 13066 13098 13130 13162 13194 13226 13258 13290 13322 3610 13 16 19 22 26 29 136 13354 13386 13418 13450 13481 13513 13545 13577 13609 13640 3610 13 16 19 22 25 29 137 13672 13704 13735 13767 13799 13830 13862 13893 13925 13956 36 9 13 16 19 22 25 28 138 13988 14019 14051 14082 14114 14145 14176 14208) 14239 14270 36 9 13 16 19 222528 139 14301 14333 14364 14395 14426 14457 14489 14520 14551 14582 36 9 12 16 19 22 25 28 140 14613 14644 14675 14706 14737 14768 14799 14829 14860 14891 36 9 12 15 19 22 25 28 141 14922 14953 14983: 15014 15045 15076 15106 15137 15168 15198 36 9 12 15 18 21 25 28 142 15229 15259 15290 15320 15351 15381 15412 15442 15473 15503 36 9 121518 21 24 27 143 15534 15564 15594 15625 15655 15685 15715 15746 15776 15806 36 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 144 15836 15866 15897 15927 15957 15987 16017 16047 16077 16107 36 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 145 16137 16167 16197 16227 16256 16286 16316 16346 16376 16406 36 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 146 16435 16465 16495 16524 16554 16584 16613 16643 16673 16702 36 9 121518 21 24 27 147 16732 16761 16791 16820 16850 16879 16909 16938 16967 16997 36 9 12 15 18 212426 148 17026 17056 17085 17114 17143 17173 17202 17231 17260 17289 36 9 121518 20 23 26 149 1*319 173481 17377 17406 17435 17464 17493 17522 17551 17580 36 9 12 15 17 20 23 26 i COMMON LOGARITHMS (continued). .1 i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 123 456 T8, ! 150 17609 17638 17667 17696 17725 17754 17782 17S11 17840 17869 369 12 14 17 20 23 26 151 17898 17926 17955 17984 18013 18041 18070 18099 18127 18156 369 11 14 17 20 23 26 152 18184 18213 18241 18270 18298 18327 18355 18384 18412 18441 369 11 14 17 20 23 26 153 18469 18438 18526 18554 18583 18611 18639 18667 18696 18724 368 11 14 17 20 23 25 154 18752 18780 18808 18837 18865 18893 18921 18949 18977 19005 368 11 14 17 202225 155 19033 19061 19089 19117 19145 19173 19201 19229 19257 19285 368 11 14 17 20 22 25 156 ! 19312 19340 19368 19396 19424 19451 19479 19507 19535 19562 368 11 14 17 19 22 25 157 19590! 19618 19645 19673 19700 19728 19756 19783 19811 19838 368 11 14 17 19 22 25 158 19866J 19893 19921 19948 19976 20003 20030: 20058 20085 20112 358 11 14 16 19 22 25 159 20140 20167 20194 20222 20249 20276 20303 20330 20358 20385 358 11 14 16 19 22 25 160 I 20412 20439 20466 20493 20520 20548 20575 20602 20629 20656 358 11 14 16 19 22 24 161 20683 20710 20737 20763 20790 20817 20844 20871 20898 20925 358 11 13 16 19 22 24 162 20952 20978 21005 21032 21059 21085 21112; 21139 21165 21192 358 11 13 16 19 21 24 163 21219 21245 21272 21299 21325 21352 21378 21405 21431 21458 358 11 13 16 19 21 24 164 21484 21511 21537 21564 21590 21617 21643 21669 21696 21722 368 11 13 16 18 21 24 165 i 21748 21775 1 21801 21827 21854 21880 21906 1 21932 21958 21985 358 10 13 16 18 21 24 166 1 22011] 22037 22063 22089 22115 22141 22167 22194 22220 22246 358 10 13 16 18 21 23 167 1 22272] 22298 22324 22350 22376 22401 22427 22453 22479 22505 358 10 13 16 18 21 23 168 ! 22531 22557 225831 22608 22634 22660 22686, 22712 22737 22763 358 10 13 15 18 21 23 169 I 22789 22814 22840 1 22866 22891 22917 22943 22968 22994 23019 358 10 13 15 18 20 23 1 I 1 I 1 32 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. COMMON LOGARITHMS. (continued). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 123 456 789 170 23045 23070 23096 23121 23147 23172 23198 23223 23249 23274 358 10 13 15 18 20 23 171 23300 23325 23350 23376 23401 23426 2345? 23477 23502 23528 358 10 13 15 18 20 23 172 23553 23578 23603 23629 23654 23679 23704 23729 23754 23779 358 101315 18 20 23 173 23805 23830 23855 23880 23905 23930 23955 23980 24005 24030 358 10 13 15 18 20 23 174 24055 24080 24105 24130 24155 24180 24204 24229 24254 24279 257 10 12 15 17 20 22 175 24304 24329 24353 24378 24403 24428 24452 24477 24502 24527 257 10 12 15 17 20 22 176 24551 24576 24601 24625 24650 24674 24699 24724 24748 24773 257 10 12 15 17 20 22 177 24797 24822 24846 24871 24895 24920 24944 24969 24993 25018 257 10 12 15 17 20 22 178 25042 25066 25091 25115 25139 25164 25188 25212 25237 25261 257 10 12 15 17 19 22 179 25285 25310 25334 25358 25382 25406 25431 25455 25479 25503 257 10 12 15 17 19 22 180 25527 25551 25575 25600 25624 25648 25672 25696 25720 25744 257 10 12 14 17 19 22 181 25768 25792 25816 25840 25864 25888 25912 25935 25959 25983 257 91214 17 19 22 182 26007 26031 26055 26079' 26102 26126 26150 26174 26198 20-221 257 91214 17 19 21 183 26245 26269 26293 26316! 26340 26364 26387 26411 26435 26458 257 91214 17 19 21 184 26482 26505 26529 26553 26576 26600 26623 26647 20670 26694 257 91214 16 19 21 185 26717 26741 26764 26788 26811 26834 26858 26881 26905 26928 257 91214 16 19 21 186 26951 26975 26998 270211 27045 27068 27091 27114 27138 27161 257 9 12 14 16 19 21 187 27184 27207 27231 27254' 27277 27300 27323 27346 27370 27393 257 91214 16 19 21 188 27416 27439 27462 27485 ' 27508 27531 27554 27577 27600 27623 257 91214 16 18 21 189 27646 27669 27692 27715 27738 27761 27784 27807 27830 27852 257 91114 16 18 21 COMMON LOGARITHMS (continued). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 123 456 789 190 191 192 193 194 27875 28103 28320 28556 28780 27898 28126 28353 28578 28803 27921 28149 28375 28601 28825 27944 28171 28398 28623 28847 27967 28194 28421 28646 28870 27989 28217 28443 28668 28892 28012 28240 28466 28691 28914 28035 28262 28488 28713 28937 28058 28285 28511 28735 28959 28081 28307 28533 28758 28981 257 257 257 247 247 91114 91114 91114 91113 91113 16 18 21 16 18 20 16 18 20 16 18 20 16 18 20 195 196 197 198 199 29003 29226 29447 29667 29885 29026 29248 29469 29688 29907 29048 29270 29491 29710 29929 29070 29292 29513 29732 29951 29092 29314 29535 29754 29973 29115 29336 29557 29776 29994 29137 29358 29579 29798 50016 29159 29380 29601 29820 30038 29181 29403 29623 29842 30060 29203 29425 29645 29863 30081 247 247 247 247 247 91113 91113 91113 91113 91113 16 18 20 15 18 20 15 18 20 151820 15 17 20 Base of Common Logarithms = 10. Hyp. Log. z= \ Com. Log. z. M Base of Hyperbolic Logarithms = e = 2-71828. Com. Log. z = M Hyp. Log. z. Number. Com. Log. Number. Com. Log. e= 2-71828 0-434 2945 T = 3-14159 0-497 1499 1 = 2-30259 0-362 2157 ~= 0-785398 T'895 0899 M=0'434294 T-637 7843 ~ =0-52359 o T-718 9986 Va- = 1-77245 0-248 5749 33A THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. VARIOUS USEFUL FACTORS. To convert : Grams per litre into grains per cubic foot ,, ounces (av.) lb. ,, ,, grains per fluid oz. ,, ,, grains per gallon Grains per gallon into cwts. per million gallons ,, ,, grams per litre Percentage into grains per fluid oz. Litres into cubic feet ... ... 1 kilogrammetre = 7'2331 foot-pounds 1 foot-pound -=013825 kilogrammetres Multiplier. 4^7-00 0-99884 0-06243 0-43847 70-155 Logaritlnn. 2-640 4762 1-999 4981 2795 3781 1-641 9391 1-846 0591 1-2755 0-014254 0-105 6839 2-153 9409 4-375 0-640 9781 0-035315 2-547 9562 0-859 3196 1-140 6804 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 33 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. I. IMPERIAL SYSTEM. Avoirdupois Weight. 16 drams =1 ounce (oz.) = 437"5 grains* I log. 437 '5 = 2 '640 9781 16 ounces =1 pound (lb.) = 7000 ,, | log. 7000 =3 '845 0980 14 pounds =1 stone 28 pounds =1 quarter (qr.) 4 quarters = 1 hundred weight (cwt) = 112 Ibs. I log. 112 = 2'049 2180 20 cwt. =1 ton =2240 Ibs. | log. 2240 = 3*350 2480 1 dram (avoirdupois) = 27 '34375 grains (log. 1'436 8581). Troy Weight.. 24 grains* 1 pennyweight (dwt.) 20 penny weights = 1 ounce (oz.) = 480 grains 12 ounces = 1 pound (lb.) = 5760 ,, To convert Ibs. avoirdupois into Ibs. troy ,, Ibs. troy into Ibs. avoirdupois log. 480-2-681 2412 log. 5760 = 3760 4225 Multiplier. Logarithms. 1-2153 I 0-084 6755 0-82286 1-915 3245 Apothecaries' Weight. 20 grains (gr. ) = 1 scruple O) 3 scruples or 60 grains = 1 drachm (3). 8 drachms or 480 grains = 1 ounce () 12 ounces or 5760 grains =1 pound (lb.) Apothecaries' Measures. 60 minims (min.) = l fluid drachm (fl. dr. or/ 3). 8 fluid drachms =1 fluid ounce (fl. oz. or/3j). 20 fluid ounces = 1 pint (0) t 8 pints =1 gallon (C) delations of Apothecaries' Measures to Weights. (All liquids to be measured at 60 Fah.) minim is the measure of fluid drachm fluid ounce pint 0'91 grain weight of water 54 '68 grains 437-5 1*25 pounds 8750 grains 70,000 1 gallon 1 pint = 34-6829 cubic inches 1 gall on = 277 '463 1 gallon = 0-16057 cubic foot To convert cubic inches into pints multiply by 0*02883 gallons ,, 0*003604 ,, cubic feet into gallons ,, 6 '228 J^ogarithms. 1-959 0414 1-737 8285 2-640 9781 0-096 9100 3-942 0081 4-845 0980 1-540 1149 2-443 2049 1-205 6612 2-459 8851 3-556 7951 0-794 3388 * The grain is common to both Avoirdupois and Troy Weights. t = octarius, i.e., one-eighth. J C = (Roman) Congius. According to H. J. Chancy One gallon once distilled water weighs 70000-5 grains. twice 70000-0 well water weighs 70066-6 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES continued. Long Measure. 12 lines = 1 inch 12 inches = 1 foot 3 feet = 1 yard 6 feet =1 fathom 5 yards =1 rod, pole, or perch 4 poles = 1 chain 40 poles = 1 furlong 8 furlongs =1 mile = 1760 yards Square Measure. 144 square inches = 1 square foot 9 feet-1 yard 301 yards = 1 40 ,, poles = 1 rood yaru rod, pole, or perch poles = 1 rood 4 roods = 1 acre = 4840 square yards 640 acres = 1 mile Cubic or Solid Measure. 1728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot 27 feet =1 ,, yard log. 1728 = log. 27 = 1 cubic inch of water* at 62 Fahr. weighs 252 '286 grains 0-57665 ozs. (av.) 0-036041 Ibs. 1 cubic foot 996-458 ozs. 62-2786 Ibs. 28*2491 kilograms 1 cubic yard 075068 tons Wine and Spirit Measure. 4 gills = 1 pint 2 pints -= 1 quart 4 quarts = 1 gallon 63 gallons = 1 hogshead 84 gallons == 1 puncheon 2 hogsheads = 1 pipe or butt = 126 gallons 4 hogsheads = 1 tun =252 gallons Ale, Beer, and Porter Measure. 4 gills = 1 pint 2 pints = 1 quart 4 quarts = 1 gallon 9 gallons = 1 firkin 2 firkins =1 kilderkin = 18 gallons 2 kilderkins = 1 barrel = 36 3 ,, =1 hogshead == 54 3 hogsheads =1 butt =108 ,, * i.e., distilled water freed from air. 3-237 5437 1-431 3638 Logarithms. 2-401 8931 1-760 9150 2-556 7951 2-998 4587 1-794 3388 1-451 0046 1-875 4546 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 35 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES continued. Dry Measure. 4 gills = I pint 2 pints =1 quart 4 quarts =1 gallon 2 gallons = 1 peck 4 pecks =1 bushel 8 bushels =1 quarter 4 quarters = 1 chaldron 5 ,, =1 weigh or horse-load 2 weighs =1 last II. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF THE METRIC SYSTEM, 1 milligram 1 centigram 1 decigram 1 gram 1 decagram 1 hectogram 1 kilogram 1 millilitre = 1 centilitre = 1 decilitre = Weights. = the thousandth part of one gram or O'OOl gram = the hundredth ,, ,, O'Ol = the tenth ,, ,, O'l = the weight of a cubic centimetre of water at 4 C. I'O = ten grams 10 '0 = one hundred grams 100 '0 = one thousand ,, 1000 "0 Measures of Capacity. 1 cubic centimetre or the measure of 1 gram of water 10 ,, ,, 10 grams 100 1 litre = 1000 100 1000 Measures of Length. 1 millimetre = the thousandth part of one metre or O'OOl metre 1 centimetre = the hundredth ,, O'Ol ,, 1 decimetre =the tenth ,, O'l 1 metre =the ten-millionth part of a quarter of the meridian of the earth TABLES FOR THE CONVERSION OF METRIC INTO IMPERIAL MEASURES AND vice versa. A. Linear Measure. Metric into Imperial. _Logarithtns. 1 millimetre (mm.)* 0-0393701 inches 2*595 1666 1 centimetre (cm.) = 0'393701 1'595 1666 1 decimetre (dm.) = 3'937011 0'595 1666 1 metre (m.) = 39'370113 1-5951666 = 3-280843 feet 0'515 9855 ,, = 1-093614 yards 0'038 8642 1 kilometre (km.) = 1093'61426 ,, 3'038 8642 ,, = 0-621372 mile 17933515 *** 33 cm. =13 inches, correct to 1 part in 1630. Note. A. micron (denoted by /x) is one-thousandth of a millimetre (or nearly 0-00004 inch). 36 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES continued. Imperial into Metric. linch = 2-5399978 centimetres 1 foot =30-47997 ,, 1 yard = 0*9143992 metre 1 mile = 1 -6093426 kilometres * * 13 inches = Logarithms. 0-404 8333 T484 0146 1-961 1359 0-206 6484 centimetres, correct to 1 part in 1630. mm. Inches. 1= '03937 2= -07874 3=-11811 4= -15748 5= -19685 6 ='23622 7 = '27559 8= '31496 9 = '35433 Metres. Feet. 1= 3-2808 2= 6-5616 3= 9-8424 4 = 13-1232 5 = 16-4040 6 = 19-6848 7 = 22-9656 8 = 26-2464 9 = 29-5272 Inches, mm. 1= 25-4 2= 50-8 3= 762 4 = 101-6 5 = 127-0 6 = 152-4 7 = 177-8 8 = 203-2 9 = 228-6 Feet. Metres. 1 = 0-3048 2 = 0-6096 3 = 0-9144 4 = 1-2192 5 = 1-5240 6 = 1 8288 7 = 2-1336 8 = 2-4384 9 = 27432 B. Square Measure. Metric into Imperial. 1 square decimetre (dm 2 . ) = 15*50006 square inches 1 square metre (m 2 .) or centiare= 10*76393 square feet ... = 1-195992 square yards 1 are (100 square metres) =119-59921 ,, ,, = 0-0247106 acres Imperial into Metric. 1 square inch = 6 "451589 square centimetres 1 square foot =9*29029 square decimetres ... 1 square yard = 0*8361 26 square metres 1 acre =0 '40468 hectare Logarithms. 1*190 3333 1*031 9708 0*077 7283 2*077 7283 2*392 8833 0*809 6667 0*968 0293 1*922 2717 1*607 1117 C. Cubic Measure and Measures of Capacity. Metric into Imperial, etc. 1 cubic centimetre* (c.c.)= 0*061024 cubic inches ... | 2*785 5000 ,, =16-891 minims j 1-227 6564 ,, = 0*28152 fluid drachms ... \ 1*449 5051 ,, = 0*03519 fluid ounce 2-5464151 1 litre =61-0349 cubic inches 1-7855782 ., =35-1960 fluid ounces 1*5464933 = 1 -75980 pints 0-2454633 = 0-219975 gallons 1-3423733 1 cubic metre (m 3 .) =35 '31476 cubic feet 1'5479562 = 1-307954 cubic yards 0'116 5924 * The standard litre is the volume of a kilogram of pure water at 4 C. It was oiigi ally intended to be a cubic decimetre, but is actually somewliat greater. Hence parts of a litre decilitre, centilitre and millilitre (ml.) are not strictly equivalent to 100, 10 and 1 c.c. respectively. THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 37 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES continued. c.c. Cubic Inches. 1 = 0-061024 2 = 0-122048 3 = 0-183072 4 = 0-244096 5 = 0-305120 6 = 0-366144 7 = 0-427168 8 = 0'488192 9 = 0-549216 Litres. Fluid Ounces. Pints. Gallons. 1= 35-1960= 1-7598 = 0-22000 2= 70-3920= 3-5196 = 0-43995 3 = 105-5880= 5-2794 = 0-65993 4 = 1407840= 7-0392 = 0-87990 5 = 175-9800= 8-7990 = 1-09988 6 = 211-1760 = 10-5588 = 1-31985 7 = 246-3720 = 12-3186 = 1-53983 8 = 281-5680 = 14-0784 = 1-75980 9 = 316-7640 = 15-8382 = 1-97978 Imperial into Metric. 1 cubic inch = 16'38702 cubic centimetres 1 cubic foot = 28-316^7 cubic decimetres 1 cubic yard = 0*76^455285 cubic metre 1 minim = 0*05919* cubic centimetres 1 fluid drachm = 3*55153 cubic centimetres 1 fluid ounce = 28*4123 cubic centimetres 1 pint =568*25 cubic centimetres ... 1 quart = 1 '13649 litres 1 gallon = 4-5459631 litres Logarithms. 1-214 5000. 1*452 0437 1-883 2-772 0-550 1-453 2754 0-055 0*657 4075 2483 4155 5064 5394 5656 6260 Cubic Inches. Cubic Centimetres. 1= 16-387 2= 32774 3= 49-161 4= 65-548 5= 81 935 6= 98-322 7 = 114*709 8 = 131-096 9 = 147-483 Fluid Ounces. Cubic Centimetres. 1= 28*4123 2= 56-8246 3= 85-2369 4 = 113-6492 5 = 142-0615 6 = 170-4738 7 = 198-8861 8 = 227-2984 9 = 255-7107 Pints. Litres. 1 = 0-56825 2 = 1-13650 3 = 1-70475 4 = 2-27300 5 = 2-84125 6 = 3-40950 7 = 3-97775 8 = 4-54600 9 = 5-11425 Gallons. Litres. 1=4 54596 2= 9-09192 3 = 13-63788 4 = 18-18384 5 = 22-72980 6 = 27-27576 7 = 31-82172 8 = 36-36768 9 = 40-91364 38 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES continued. Metric into Imperial. 1 milligrain= 0*01543 grain 1 centigram = 0*15432 grain 1 decigram = 1 '54324 grains 1 gram =15 '43236 grains = '564383 dram avoirdupois = '035274 ounce avoirdupois = 0-25721 drachm = Q'0321507 ounce troy Ik logram = 15432*35639 grains = 35*2740 ounces avoirdupois = 2*2046223 Ibs. avoirdupois = 32*15074 ounces troy = 2*67923 Ibs. troy _Logarithms. 2-188 4324 4324 4324 4324 5739 4547 2878 1905 4324 4547 3341 1910 1*188 0'188 1-188 1-751 2-547 1-410 2-507 4-188 1-547 0-343 1-507 0-428 0100 Grams. Grains. 1= 15-43236: 2= 30-86472: 46-29708: 61-72944 = 77*16180: 92-59416: = 108-02652 = = 123-45888 = = 138-89124: o 4 = 5 = 6 = Ozs. (Av.). :0'035274: =0-070548: = 0-105822: =0*141096: =0*176370: :0-211644= =0-246918: =0*282192: :0'317466: Ozs. (Troy). =0*0321507 :0'0643014 :0*0964521 :0'1286028 :0*1607535 = 0*1929042 =0*2250549 :0-2572056 =0*2893563 Kilograms. Pounds. 1= 2*20462 2= 4-40924 3= 6*61386 4= 8-81848 5 = 11*02310 6 = 13*22772 7 = 15-43234 8 = 17*63696 9 = 19-84158 1 grain 1 drachm 1 ounce troy 1 pound troy Imperial into Metric. = 0-064799 gram ... = 3-88794 grams ... = 3T10348 grams ... = 373-24176 grams ... 1 dram avoirdupois = 1*77185 grams ... 1 ounce avoirdupois = 28*34953 grams ... 1 pound avoirdupois = 453*59243 grams ... 1 stone (14 Ibs.) = 6*35029 kilograms 1 quarter (28 Ibs.) = 12*70059 kilograms 1 cwt. = 50*80235 kilograms 1 ton =1016 '04704 kilograms Logarithms. 2'8] 1 5683 0'589 7196 1-492 8090 2-571 9903 0*248 1*452 2*656 0*802 1-103 1*705 3*006 4270 5459 6658 7935 8240 8838 9138 Grains. Grams. 1=0*06480 2 = 0'12960 3 = 0-19440 4 = 0-25920 5 = 0-32399 6 = 0-38879 7 = 0*45359 8 = 0-51839 9 = 0*58319 Ounces. (Av.) Grams. 1= 28*3495 2= 56'6990 3= 85-0485 4 = 113'3980 5 = 141*7475 6 = 170-0970 7 = 198*4465 8 = 226*7960 9 = 255*1455 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION". 39 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES continued. Pounds to Kilograms. 1 = 0-45359 2 = 0-90718 3 = 1-36077 4 = 1-81436 5 = 2-26795 6 = 2-72154 7 = 3-17513 8 = 3-62872 9 = 4-08231 Hundredweights to Kilograms. 1= 50-8024 2 = 101-6048 3 = 152-4072 4 = 203-2096 5 = 254-0120 6 = 304-8144 7 = 355-6168 8 = 406-4192 9 = 457-2216 TABLE SHOWING THE SIGNS USED IN WRITING MEDICAL PRESCRIPTIONS. 4 grain .. 1 drachm 1 ,, J-2 .. gr. j, orgr. i. .. gr. iss. 2 drachms 2 grains . . .. gr. ii, orgr. ij. 3 24 - .. gr. iiss. 34 , 4 .. .. gr. iv. 74 5 4 scruple .. gr. viii, or gr. viij. .. 3ss. | ounce 1 , 1 .. 3i, or3j. 14 , 14 .. 3 iss. 4 Pint 2 scruples .. 3 ii, or 3 ij 1 .. 0. USEFUL DATA. I. Areas and Volumes of Bodies. Area of a circle =7rr 2 Volume of a sphere = Vl o Volume of a cylinder = irr 2 h Surface of sphere = 47rr 2 r= radius 7r = 3-1415926 -1^ = 4-1888 3 r = radius of a base h = height 47r = 12'5664 II. Specific Gravity. To convert (1) Degrees of Twaddle's hydrometer into sp. gr. (water = 1000) multiply by 5 and add 1000 (2) Sp. gr. (water = 1000) into degrees of Twaddle's hydrometer subtract 1000 and divide by 5 (3) Sp. gr. (air = l) to sp. gr. (H = l) multiply by 14-438 (4) Sp. gr. (H = l) to sp. gr. (air = 1) multiply by 0-06926 Logarithms. 0-497 1499 0-622 0886 1-099 2099 1-159 5070 2-840 4825 40 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. USEFUL DATA continued. III. Various useful Factors. To convert (1) Grams per litre into grains per gallon multiply by 70 (2) Grains per gallon into grams per litre multiply by 0-014286 (3) Parts per 100,000 into grains per gallon multiply by 07 (4) Grains per gallon into parts per 100,000 divide by (5) Grams per fluid drachm into grains per fluid ounce multiply by 123*46 Logarithms. 1-845 0980 2-154 9020 1-845 0980 1-845 0980 2-091 5221 TABLE FOR THE CONVERSION OF PERCENTAGE INTO CWTS., QRS., AND LB. PER TON, AND INTO QRS. AND LB. PER CWT. Per cent. Per ton. Per cwt. Per cent. Per ton. Per cwt. cwt. qrs. lb. qrs. lb. cwt. qrs. lb. qrs lb. 1 ... 22-4 1-12 26 5 22-4 1 1-12 2 ... 1 16-8 ... 2-24 27 5 1 16-8 1 2-24 3 ... 2 11-2 3-36 28 5 2 11-2 1 3-36 4 3 5-6 ... 4-48 29 5 3 5-6 1 4-48 5 "i ... ... 5-60 30 6 1 5'60 6 i ... 22-4 ... 672 31 6 ... 22 '-4 1 672 7 i 1 16-8 ... 7-84 32 6 i 16-8 1 7-84 8 i 2 11-2 ... 8-96 33 6 2 11-2 1 8-96 9 i 3 5-6 ... 10-08 34 6 3 5-6 1 10-08 10 2 ... 11-20 35 7 1 11-20 11 2 ... 22-4 12-32 36 7 22 '-4 1 12-32 12 2 1 16-8 13-44 37 7 i 16-8 1 13-44 13 2 2 11-2 ... 14-56 38 7 2 11-2 1 14-56 14 2 3 5-6 ... 15-68 39 7 3 5-6 1 15-68 15 3 ... ... 16-8 40 8 ... ... 1 16-8 16 3 ... 22"-4 ... 17-92 41 8 22 ; 4 1 17-92 17 3 "i 16-8 19-04 42 8 1 16-8 1 19-04 18 3 2 11-2 ... 20-16 43 8 2 11-2 1 20-16 19 3 3 5-6 21-28 44 8 3 5-6 1 21-28 20 4 ... ... 22-40 45 9 ... 1 22-40 21 4 ... 22 : 4 23-52 46 9 ... 22 : 4 1 23-52 22 4 i 16-8 24-64 47 9 1 16-8 1 24-64 23 4 2 11-2 2576 48 9 2 11-2 1 25-76 24 4 3 5-6 26-88 49 9 3 5-6 1 26-88 25 5 ... i 50 10 ... 2 Per cent. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lb. per cwt. 112 224 336 448 56 672 784 896 1-008 lb. per ton 2-24 4-48 672 8-96 11-2 13-44 15-68 17-92 20-16 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 41 TABLE FOR THE CONVERSION OF PERCENTAGE INTO CWTS., QRS., AND LB. PER TON, AND INTO QRS. AND LB. PER CWT. continued. Pei- cent. Per ton. Per cwt. i Per cent. Per ton. Per cwt. cwt. qrs. lb. qrs. lb. cwt. qrs. lb. qrs. lb. 51 10 22-4 2 1-12 76 15 22-4 3 1-12 52 10 "i 16-8 2 2-24 77 15 "i 16-8 3 2"24 53 10 2 11-2 2 3'36 78 15 2 11-2 3 3-36 54 10 3 5'6 2 4'48 79 15 3 5-6 3 4-48 55 11 2 5-60 80 16 ... 3 5-60 56 11 22 ; 4 2 6'72 81 16 22 '4 3 6-72 57 11 "i 16-8 2 7-84 82 16 i 16-8 3 7-84 58 11 2 11-2 2 8-96 83 16 2 11-2 3 8-96 59 11 3 5-6 2 10-08 84 16 3 5-6 3 10-08 60 12 2 11-20 85 17 ... 3 11-20 61 12 ... 22-4 2 12-32 86 17 ... 22-4 3 12-32 62 12 i 16-8 2 13-44 87 17 1 16-8 3 13-44 63 12 2 11-2 2 14-56 88 17 2 11-2 3 14-56 64 12 3 5-6 2 15-68 89 17 3 5-6 3 15-68 65 13 ... 2 16-8 90 18 ... ... 3 16-8 66 13 22 : 4 2 17-92 91 18 22-4 3 17-92 67 13 1 16-8 2 19-04 92 18 "i 16-8 3 19-04 68 13 2 11-2 2 20-16 93 18 2 11-2 3 20-16 69 13 3 5'6 2 21-28 94 18 3 5-6 3 21-28 70 14 2 22-40 95 19 ... 3 22-40 71 14 ... 22-4 2 23-52 96 19 ... 22-4 3 23-52 72 14 "i 16-8 2 24-64 97 19 1 16-8 3 24-64 73 14 2 11-2 2 25-76 98 19 2 11-2 3 2576 74 14 3 5-6 2 26-88 99 19 3 5-6 3 26-88 75 15 ... ... 3 100 20 ... ... 4 ... Per cent. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lb. per cwt. 112 224 336 448 56 672 784 896 1-008 lb. per ton 2-24 4-48 672 8'96 11-2 13-44 15-68 17-92 20-16 TABLE FOR THE CONVERSION OF DRACHMS PER LB. INTO PERCENTAGE AND INTO LB. PER TON. Drachms perlb. (av.) Per cent. Lb. per ton (2240 lb.). Drachms per lb. (av.) Per cent. Lb. per ton (2240 lb.). i 0-097656 2-187494 li 488 10-94 (or O'l nearly) 1| 586 13-12 i ' 195 4-37 If 683 15-31 | 293 6-56 2 781 17-50 1 390625* 8'75t 2i 879 19-68 * Log. 1-5917600. t Log. 0-9420000. 42 THE ANALYST'S LABOEATOEY COMPANION. TABLE FOR THE CONVERSION OF DRACHMS PER LB. INTO PERCENTAGE AND INTO LB. PER TON continued. Drachms per Ib. (av.) Per cent. Lb. per ton i (2240 Ib.). Drachms per Ib. (av.) Per cent Lb. per ton (2240 Ib.). 21 976 21-87 5 1-953 4375 2| 1-074 24-06 10 3-906 87-50 3 1-172 26-25 15 5-859 131-25 3 1-269 28-43 20 7-812 175-00 8f 1-367 30-62 25 9765 218-75 3| 1-465 32-81 30 11-719 262-50 4 1-562 35-00 35 13-672 306-25 4i 1-660 3719 40 15-625 350-00 4 1-753 39-38 45 17-578 393-75 4 1-855 41-56 50 19-531 437-50 TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS. I. Tension of Aqueous Vapour in Millimetres of Mercury from, to 35 C. c. mm. C. mm. C. mm. C. mm. c. am. o-o 4-600 2-5 5-491 5-0 6-534 7'5 7751 10-0 9-165 1 633 6 530 1 580 6 804 I "227 2 667 7 569 2 625 7 857 2 288 3 700 8 608 3 671 8 910 3 350 4 733 9 647 4 717 9 964 4 412 0-5 767 3'0 5-687 5-5 763 8-0 8-017 10-5 474 6 801 1 727 6 810 1 072 6 537 7 836 2 767 7 857 2 126 7 601 8 871 3 807 8 904 3 181 8 665 9 905 4 848 9 951 4 236 9 728 i-o 4-940 3-5 890 6-0 6-998 8-5 291 ll'O 9-792 1 975 6 930 1 7-047 6 347 1 857 2 5-011 7 972 2 095 7 404 2 923 3 047 8 6-014 3 144 8 461 3 989 4 082 9 056 4 193 9 517 4 10-054 1-5 118 4-0 6-097 6-5 242 9'0 8-574 11-5 120 6 155 1 140 6 292 1 632 6 187 7 191 2 183 7 342 2 690 '7 255 8 228 3 226 8 392 3 748 8 322 9 265 4 270 9 442 4 807 9 389 2-0 5-302 4-5 313 7-0 7-492 9'5 865 12-0 10-457 1 340 6 357 1 544 6 925 1 526 2 378 7 401 2 595 7 985 2 596 3 416 8 445 3 647 8 9-045 3 665 4 454 9 490 4 699 9 105 4 734 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 43 TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS. TABLE I. continued. c. mm. C. mm. C. mm. C. mm. C. mm. 12-5 10-804 17-1 1 14-513 217 19-305 26-3 25-438 30-9 33-215 6 875 2 605 8 423 4 588 31-0 33-405 7 947 3 697 9 541 26'5 738 1 596 8 11-019 4 790 22-0 19-659 6 891 2 787 9 090 17'5 882 1 780 7 26-045 3 980 13-0 11-162 6 977 2 901 8 198 4 34-174 1 235 7 15-072 3 20-022 9 351 31-5 368 2 309 8 167 4 143 27'0 26-505 6 564 3 .383 9 262 22-5 265 1 663 7 761 4 456 18-0 15-357 6 389 2 820 8 959 13-5 530 1 454 7 514 3 978 9 35-159 6 605 2 552 8 639 4 27136 32-0 35-359 7 681 3 650 9 763 27-5 294 1 559 8 757 4 747 23-0 20-888 6 455 2 760 9 832 18-5 845 1 21-016 7 617 3 962 14-0 11-908 6 945 2 144 8 778 4 36-165 1 986 7 16-045 3 272 9 939 32-5 370 2 12-064 8 145 4 400 28-0 28-101 6 576 3 142 9 246 23-5 528 1 267 7 783 4 220 19-0 16-346 6 21-659 2 433 8 991 14-5 298 1 449 7 790 3 599 9 37-200 6 378 2 552 8 921 4 765 33-0 37-410 7 458 3 655 9 22-053 28-5 931 1 621 8 538 4 758 24-0 22-184 6 29-101 2 832 9 619 19-5 861 1 319 7 271 3 38-045 15-0 12-699 6 967 2 453 8 441 4 258 1 781 7 17-073 3 588 9 612 33'5 473 2 864 8 179 4 723 29-0 29-782 6 689 3 947 9 285 24-5 858 1 956 7 906 4 13-029 20-0 17-391 6 996 2 30-131 8 39-124 15-5 112 1 500 7 23-135 3 305 9 344 6 197 2 608 8 273 4 479 34-0 39-565 7 281 3 717 9 411 29-5 654 1 786 8 366 4 826 25-0 23-550 6 833 2 40-007 9 451 20-5 935 1 692 7 31-011 3 230 16-0 33-536 6 18-047 2 834 8 190 4 455 1 623 "7 159 3 976 9 369 34-5 680 2 710 8 271 4 24-119 30-0 31-548 6 907 3 797 9 383 25-5 261 1 729 7 41-135 4 885 21-0 18-495 6 406 2 911 8 364 16-5 972 1 610 7 552 3 32-094 9 595 6 14-062 2 724 8 697 4 278 35-0 827 7 151 3 839 9 842 30-5 463 8 241 4 954 26-0 24-988 6 650 9 331 21-5 19-069 1 25-138 7 837 17-0 14-421 6 187 2 288 8 33-026 1 44 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS continued. II. Reduction of Cubic Centimetres of Nitrogen to Grams. Log, 0-0012562 (1+ -003672) 760 for each tenth of a degree from to 30 C. * C. o-o 01 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8 0-9 6-21824 808 793 777 761 745 729 713 697 681 1 665 649 633 617 601 586 570 554 538 522 2 507 491 475 459 443 427 412 396 380 364 3 349 333 318 302 286 270 255 239 223 208 4 192 177 161 145 130 114 098 083 067 051 5 035 020 004 *989 *973 *957 *942 *926 *911 *895 6 6-20879 864 848 833 817 801 786 770 755 739 7 723 708 692 676 661 645 629 614 598 583 8 567 552 536 521 505 490 427 459 443 428 9 413 397 382 366 351 335 320 304 289 274 10 259 244 228 213 198 182 167 151 136 121 11 106 090 075 060 045 029 014 *999 *984 *969 12 619953 938 923 907 892 877 862 846 831 816 13 800 785 770 755 740 724 709 694 679 664 14 648 633 618 603 588 573 558 543 528 513 15 497 482 467 452 437 422 407 392 377 362 16 346 331 316 301 286 271 256 241 226 211 17 196 181 166 157 136 121 J06 091 076 061 18 046 031 016 001 *986 *971 *956 *941 *926 *911 19 6-18897 882 867 852 837 822 807 792 777 762 20 748 733 718 703 688 673 659 644 629 614 21 600 585 570 555 540 526 511 496 481 466 22 452 437 422 408 393 378 363 349 334 319 23 305 290 275 261 246 231 216 202 187 172 24 158 143 128 114 099 084 070 055 041 026 25 012 *997 *982 *968 *953 *938 *924 *909 *895 *880 26 6-17866 851 837 822 808 793 779 764 750 735 27 721 706 692 677 663 648 634 619 605 590 28 576 561 547 532 518 503 489 475 460 446 29 432 417 403 388 374 360 345 331 316 302 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS continued. III. Loss of Nitrogen by Evaporation of NH 3 with Sulphurous Acid. Parts per 100,000. NII 3 Loss ofN NH 3 Loss of N NH 3 Loss of N NH 3 Loss of N NH 3 Loss of N NH 3 Loss of N 6'0 1-727 4-8 1-451 3-6 977 2-4 503 1-2 250 09 014 5-9 1707 47 1-411 3-5 937 2'3 463 1-1 238 08 013 5-8 1-688 4-6 1-372 3-4 898 2-2 424 1-0 226 07 012 5-7 1-668 4-5 1 -332 3-3 858 2'1 384 0-9 196 06 010 5-6 1*648 4-4 1-293 3-2 819 2-0 345 8 166 05 009 5-5 1-628 4-3 1-253 31 779 1-9 333 7 136 04 007 5-4 1-609 4-2 1-214 3-0 740 1-8 321 6 106 03 006 5-3 1-589 4-1 1-174 2-9 700 1-7 309 5 077 02 004 5-2 1-569 4-0 1-135 2-8 661 1-6 297 4 062 01 003 5'1 1-549 3-9 1-095 2-7 621 1-5 285 3 047 009 001 5-0 1-530 3-8 1-056 2-6 582 1-4 274 2 032 4'9 1-490 3*7 1-016 2-5 542 1-3 262 1 0-17 IV. Loss of Nitrogen by Evaporation of NH 3 with Hydric Metaphosphate. Parts per 100, 000. Volume evaporated. NH 3 Loss of N Volume evaporated. NH 3 Loss of N Volume evaporated. NH 3 Loss ofN 100 c.c. 10-0 483 100 C.C. 8'3 424 100 C.C. 6-6 365 fj 9-9 480 8-2 421 6-5 361 9-8 476 i 81 417 6-4 358 9-7 473 8-0 414 6-3 354 9-6 469 7-9 410 6'2 351 9-5 466 7'8 407 6-1 348 JJ 9-4 462 77 403 6'0 345 9-3 459 7-6 400 5-9 341 - 9'2 455 7-5 396 5-8 337 >J 9-1 452 7'4 393 57 333 I 9-0 448 7'3 389 5-6 330 8-9 445 7-2 386 5-5 326 8-8 441 7-1 382 5-4 322 - 8-7 438 7-0 379 5'3 318 j 8-6 434 6-9 375 5'2 314 > 8-5 431 6-8 372 5-1 310 > 8-4 428 67 368 5-0 306 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS. TABLE IV. continued. Volume evaporated. NH 3 Loss of N Volume evaporated. NIL, Loss of N Volume evaporated. t* NH 3 Loss of N 100 C.C. 4'9 302 100 c.c. 2-9 211 250 c.c. 9 096 4'8 298 2'8 205 8 080 47 294 27 200 7 070 4-6 291 2-6 195 6 060 4-5 287 2-5 190 500'c.c. 5 050 4-4 283 2-4 184 4 040 4-3 279 2-3 179 ?> 3 030 4-2 275 2-2 174 1000 c.c. 2 020 41 271 2-1 169 j> 1 010 4-0 267 2-0 164 09 009 3-9 262 1-9 158 35 08 008 3-8 257 1-8 153 07 007 37 252 17 148 06 006 3-6 247 1-6 143 > 05 005 3'5 242 1-5 137 04 004 3'4 236 1-4 132 }> 03 003 3-3 231 1-3 127 )) 02 002 3'2 226 1-2 122 II 01 001 3-1 221 1-1 117 3-0 216 i-o 112 V. Loss of Nitrogen by Evaporation of NH Z with Sulphurous Acid. Parts per 100,000. Nas NH 3 Loss of N Nas NH 3 Loss of N Nas NH 3 Loss of N Nas NH 3 Loss ofN Nas NH 3 Loss ofN Nas NH 3 Loss ofN 5'0 1741 3'9 1-425 2'9 946 1-9 466 9 237 08 017 4-9 1717 3-8 1-378 2-8 898 1-8 418 8 217 07 015 4-8 1-693 37 1-330 27 850 17 370 7 181 06 013 47 1-669 3-6 1-282 2-6 802 1-6 338 6 145 05 on 4-6 1-645 3-5 1-234 2-5 754 1-5 324 5 109 04 009 4-5 1-621 3-4 1-186 2-4 706 1-4 309 4 075 03 007 4'4 1-598 3-3 1-138 2'3 658 1-3 295 3 057 02 005 4'3 1-574 3-2 1-090 2'2 610 1-2 280 2 038 01 003 4'2 1-550 3-1 1-042 2-1 562 1-1 266 1 020 008 002 4-1 1-521 3-0 994 2-0 514 1-0 252 09 018 007 001 4-0 1-473 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 47 TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS continued. VI. Loss of Nitrogen by Evaporation of NH% with Hydric Metaphosphatc. Parts per 100,000. Volume evaporated. Nas NH 3 Loss of N Volume evaporated. Nas NH 3 Loss of N Volume evaporated. Nas NH 3 Loss of N 100 C.c. 8'2 482 100 C.C. 51 352 100 C.C. 2-1 192 ii 81 477 j> 5-0 347 a 2-0 186 8-0 -473 4-9 343 1-9 180 > 7-9 469 )> 4-8 338 ) 1-8 *i7a 7'8 465 47 334 > 17 167 > > 77 '461 }> 4-6 329 1-6 161 7'6 456 4-5 324 > 1-5 154 7-5 452 4-4 319 ) 1-4 148 7'4 448 3) 4-3 315 1-3 142 ) 7'3 444 )) 4-2 310 > 1-2 136 7'2 440 | 4-1 305 1-1 129 7'1 435 4-0 301 1-0 123 7-0 431 > 3-9 296 j-j 9 117 JS 6-9 427 > 3-8 291 5 J 8 111 > 5 6-8 423 > 37 286 250 c.c. 7 038 67 419 > 3*6 281 5 ? 6 073 1) 6-8 414 > 3-5 277 y j 5 061 ) 6-5 410 3'4 272 500 c..c. 4 049 J 6-4 406 ) 3-3 267 H 3 036 6-3 402 3-2 261 1000 c.c. 2 024 ) 6-2 398 > 3-1 255 > > 1 012 6'1 394 > 3-0 249 > 09 on ) 6-0 389 | 2-9 242 ft 08 010 I 5'9 385 9 2'8 236 y J 07 008 5-8 381 > 27 230 > 06 007 J 57 377 > 2'6 223 TJ 05 006 > 5-6 373 ) 2-5 217 > 04 005 J 5'5 368 2-4 211 03 004 5'4 364 } 2-3 205 02 002 J 5-3 360 2/2 198 J J 01 001 5'2 356 VII. Table of Hardness. (50 c.c. of water used.) Volume of Soap solu- tion. CaC0 3 per 100,000 Degrees of Hard- ness.* Volume of Soap solu- tion. CaC0 3 per 100,000 Degrees of Hard- ness. Volume of Soap solu- tion. CaC0 3 per 100,000 Degrees of Hard- ness. C.C. C.C. C.C. 07 o-oo o-oo 1-3 0-95 0-67 1-9 1-82 1-27 0-8 0-16 O'll 4 I'll 078 2-0 1-95 1-37 0'9 0-32 0-22 5 1-27 0-89 1 2-08 1-46 1-0 0-48 0-34 6 1-43 i-oo 2 2-21 1-55 1 0-63 0-44 7 1-56 1-09 3 2'34 1-64 2 079 0'55 8 1-69 1-18 4 2'47 173 Each degree of hardness indicates one grain of CaC0 3 per gallon. THE ANALYSTS LABORATORY COMPANION. TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS. TABLE VII. continued. Volume of Soap solu- tion. CaC0 3 per 100,000 Degrees of Hard- ness.* Volume of Soap solu- tion. CaC0 3 per 100,000 Degrees of Hard- ness. Volume of Soap solu- tion. CaC0 3 per 100,000 Degrees of Hard- ness. C.C. C.C. C.C. 2-5 2-60 1-82 7-1 9-00 6-30 117 15-95 11-17 6 273 1-91 2 914 6-40 8 16-11 11-28 7 2-86 2-00 3 9-29 6-50 9 16-27 11-39 8 2-99 2-09 4 9-43 6-60 12-0 16-43 11-50 9 3-12 2-18 5 9-57 6-70 1 16-59 11-61 3-0 3-25 2-28 6 971 6-80 2 1675 11-73 1 3-38 2-37 7 9-86 6-90 3 16-90 11-83 2 3-51 2-46 8 10-00 7-00 4 17-06 11-94 3 3-64 2-55 9 10-15 7-11 5 17-22 12-05 4 377 2-64 8-0 10-30 7-21 6 17-38 12-17 5 3-90 273 1 10-45 7-32 7 17-54 12-28 6 4-03 2'82 2 10-60 7-4-2 8 17-70 12-39 7 4-16 2-91 3 1075 7-53 9 17-86 12-50 8 4-29 3'00 4 10-90 7-63 13-0 18-02 12-61 9 4-43 3-10 5 11-05 774 1 18-17 1272 4-0 4-57 3-20 6 11-20 7-84 2 18-33 12-83 1 471 3-30 7 11-35 7-95 3 18-49 12-94 2 4-86 3-40 8 11-50 8-05 4 18-65 13-06 3 5-00 3-50 9 11-65 8-16 5 18-81 13-17 4 5-14 3-60 9-0 11-80 8-26 6 18-97 13-28 5 5-29 370 1 11-95 8-37 7 19-13 13-39 6 5-43 3-80 ! 2 12-11 8-48 8 19-29 13-50 7 5 '57 3'90 j 3 12-26 8-58 9 19-44 13-61 8 5-71 4-00 : 4 12-41 8-69 14-0 19-60 13-72 9 5-86 4-10 ! 5 12-56 879 1 19-76 13-83 5-0 6-00 4-20 6 12-71 8-90 2 19-92 13-94 1 614 4-30 7 12-86 9-00 3 20-08 14-06 *2 6-29 4-40 8 13-01 9-11 4 20-24 14-17 3 6-43 4-50 9 13-16 9-21 5 20-40 14-28 4 6-57 4'60 10-0 13-31 9-32 6 20-56 14-39 5 671 470 1 13-46 9-42 7 2071 14-50 6 6-86 4-80 2 13-61 9-53 8 20-87 14-61 7 7-00 4-90 3 1376 9-63 9 21-03 14-72 8 7'14 5-00 4 13-91 974 15-0 21-19 14-83 9 7-29 5-10 5 14-06 9-84 1 21-35 14-95 6-0 7-43 5-20 6 14-21 9-95 2 21-51 15-06 1 7-57 5'30 7 14-37 10-06 3 21-68 15-18 2 7-71 5-40 8 14-52 10-16 4 21-85 15-30 3 7-86 5-50 9 14-68 10-28 5 22-02 15-41 4 8-00 5-60 ll'O 14-84 10-39 6 22-18 15-53 5 8-14 570 1 15-00 10-50 7 22-35 15-65 6 8-29 5-80 2 15-16 10-61 8 22-52 15-76 7 8-43 5-90 3 15-32 1072 9 22-69 15-88 8 8-57 6-00 4 15-48 10-84 16-0 22-86 16-00 9 8-71 6-10 5 15-63 10-94 7-0 8-86 6-20 6 1579 11-05 * Each degree of hardness indicates one grain of CaCOs per gallon. THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 49 TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS continued. VIII. Clark's Table of Hardness of Water. Degrees of Hardness. Measures of Soap solution. Differences for the next 1 of Hardness. Degrees of Hardness. Measures of Soap solution. Differences for the next 1 of Hardness. (distilled 8 17-5 1-9 water) 1-4 1-8 9 19'4 1-9 1 3'2 2-2 10 21-3 1-8 2 5'4 2-2 11 231 1-8 3 7'6 2'0 12 24-9 1-8 4 9-6 2-0 13 267 1-8 5 11-6 2-0 14 28-5 1-8 6 13-6 2-0 15 30-3 17 7 15-6 1-9 16 32-0 ... Each measure equals 10 grains, the quantity of water operated upon equals 1000 grains, and each "degree of hardness" indicates 1 grain of calcic carbonate per gallon. THE ESTIMATION OF NITRATES IN WATER BY SPRENGEL'S METHOD. Solutions required. (1) Phenol- Sufyhonic Acid. Mix together 2 parts by measure of phenol and 5 parts of pure concentrated sulphuric acid, and heat in a porcelain basin on the water-bath for about 8 hours. When cool, add 1^ volumes of water and \ volume strong hydrochloric acid to each volume of the phenol-sulphonic acid. Convenient quantities are 80 c.c. phenol, 200 c.c. H 2 S0 4 ; 420 c.c. water and 140 c.c. HC1, producing 840 c.c. of a light brown solution, which is ready for immediate use. (2) Standard Potassium Nitrate. 0'0722 gram KN0 3 crystals are dissolved in a litre of water.* 10 c.c. = 0-0001 gram N, or 1 part of N in 100,000 of water when 10 c.c. are evaporated. The estimation is made as follows : 10 c.c. of the water under examination and 10 c.c. standard KN0 3 are pipetted into two small beakers and evaporated nearly to dryness on a hot iron plate, the operation being completed on the top of a water-oven. As this operation usually takes about an hour and a half, it is better, when time is an object, to evaporate to dryness in a platinum dish over steam. The residue in each case is treated with 1 c.c. of the phenol- sulphonic acid, which is brought into contact with the whole of the residue, and the beakers are placed on the top of the water- * The best plan is to dissolve 07220 gram KN0 3 in a litre of distilled water ; then, keeping this as a stock strong solution, dilute 100 c.c. of it to 1 litre for use as required. 49A THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. oven. When nitrates are present in quantity, the liquid speedily assumes a red colour, which, in the case of a good water, will not appear for about 10 minutes. After 15 minutes' standing, the beakers are removed, the contents ot each washed out successively into a 100 c.c. graduated measure, a slight excess (about 20 c.c. of 0'96) of ammonia added, the 100 c.c. made up by the addition of water and the yellow liquid transferred to a Nessler glass (6 in. x 1| in.). The more strongly coloured liquid is then partly transferred to the measure again and the tints compared a second time. In this way the tints are adjusted, the volume of the stronger liquid being, for final comparison, made up to 100 c.c. In the case of very good waters, 20, 50, or more c.c. should be evaporated in a short, wide beaker to a small bulk, rinsed into a small beaker, and evaporated to dryness and treated as above only 5 c.c. of the standard potassium nitrate ( = 0'5 N in 100,000 of water on the basis of 10 c.c. water taken) being used for comparison. In the case of very bad waters, 10 c.c. should be pipetted into a 100 c.c. measuring flask and made up to the mark with distilled water: then 10 c.c. of the well mixed liquid ( = 1 c.c. original water) are withdrawn and treated as above. According to A. H. Gill, this process does not estimate the nitrogen present as nitrite, as the action of nitrous acid results in the formation of nitrosophenol C 6 H 4 (NO)(OH), which is colourless in dilute solutions (see abstract in Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1895, P- 71). THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 50 TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS continued. IX. Estimation of Nitrogen as Nitrates by SprengeVs Method (for waters containing more than one part of N in 100,000). No. of c.c. of Nitrogen as Nitrates. No. of c.c. of Nitrogen as Nitrates. yellow solu- yellow solu- tion equal to the standard Parts per Grains per tion equal to the standard Parts per Grains per 100 c.c. 100,000. gallon. 100 c.c. 100,000. gallon. 100 1-00 0-70 50 2-00 1-40 95 1-05 0-74 48 2-08 1-46 90 I'll 078 46 217 1-52 85 1-18 0-83 45 2-22 1-55 80 1-25 0-88 44 2-23 1-56 78 1-28 0-90 42 2'38 1-67 76 1-32 0-92 40 2-50 175 75 1-33 0-93 38 2-63 1-84 74 1-35 0-95 36 278 1-95 72 1-39 0-97 35 2-86 2'00 70 1-43 1-00 34 2-94 2-06 68 1-47 1-03 32 3-13 2-19 66 1-51 1-06 30 3-33 2-33 65 1-54 1-08 28 3-57 2-50 64 1-55 1-09 26 3-85 270 62 1-61 1-13 25 4-00 2-80 60 1-67 1-17 24 4-17 2-92 58 172 1-20 22 4-55 3-19 56 178 1-25 20 5-00 3-50 55 1-82 1-27 18 5-55 3-89 54 1-85 1-30 16 6-25 4-38 52 1-92 1-34 15 6'67 4-67 X. Table for the Conversion of Parts per 100,000 into Grains per Gallon. Parts per 100,000. Grains per gallon. Parts per 100,000. Grains per gallon. Parts per 100,000. Grains per gallon. Parts per 100,000. Grains per gallon. 1 07 9 6-3 17 11-9 25 17-5 2 1-4 10 7-0 18 12-6 26 18-2 3 2-1 11 77 19 13-3 27 18-9 4 2-8 12 8-4 20 14-0 28 19-6 5 3-5 13 9-1 21 147 29 20-3 6 4-2 14 9-8 22 15-4 30 21-0 7 4-9 15 10-5 23 16-1 31 217 8 5'6 16 11-2 24 16-8 32 22-4 51 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS. TABLE X. continued. Parts per 100,000. Grains per gallon. Parts per 100,000. Grains per gallon. Parts per 100,000. Grains per gallon. Parts per 100,000. Grains per gallon . 33 231 78 54-6 123 861 168 117-6 34 23-8 79 55'3 124 86-8 169 118-3 35 24-5 80 56-0 125 87-5 170 119-0 36 25'2 81 567 126 88-2 171 1197 37 25-9 82 57-4 127 88-9 172 120-4 38 - 26-6 83 581 128 89-6 173 1211 39 27'3 84 58-8 129 90-3 174 121-8 40 28-0 85 59'5 130 91-0 175 122-5 41 287 86 60-2 131 917 176 123-2 42 29-4 87 60-9 132 92-4 177 123-9 43 30-1 88 61-6 133 931 178 124-6 44 30-8 89 62-3 134 93-8 179 125-3 45 31-5 90 63-0 135 94-5 180 126-0 46 32-2 91 637 136 95-2 181 1267 47 32-9 92 64-4 137 95-9 182 127-4 48 33'6 93 651 138 96-6 183 1281 49 34-3 94 65-8 139 97-3 184 128-8 50 35-0 95 66-5 140 98-0 185 129-5 51 357 96 67'2 141 987 186 130-2 52 36-4 97 67-9 142 99-4 187 130-9 53 37-1 98 68-6 143 1001 188 131-6 54 37-8 99 69-3 144 100-8 189 132-3 55 38-5 100 70-0 145 101-5 190 133-0 56 39-2 101 707 146 102-2 191 1337 57 39-9 102 71'4 147 102-9 192 134-4 58 40-6 103 721 148 103-6 193 135-1 59 41-3 104 72-8 149 104-3 194 135-8 60 42-0 105 73-5 150 105-0 195 136-5 61 427 106 74-2 151 1057 196 137-2 62 43-4 107 74-9 152 106-4 197 137-9 63 44-1 108 75'6 153 1071 198 138-6 64 44-8 109 76-3 154 107-8 199 139-3 65 45-5 110 77-0 155 108-5 200 140'0 66 46-2 111 777 156 109-2 201 140-7 67 46-9 112 78-4 157 109-9 202 141-4 68 47-6 113 791 158 110-6 203 142-1 69 48-3 114 79-8 159 111-3 204 142-8 70 49-0 115 80-5 160 112-0 205 143-5 71 497 116 81-2 161 1127 206 144-2 72 50-4 117 81-9 162 113-4 207 144-9 73 511 118 82-6 163 114-1 208 145-6 74 51-8 119 83-3 164 114-8 209 146-3 75 52-5 120 84*0 165 115-5 210 147-0 76 53-2 121 847 166 116-2 211 117-7 77 53-9 122 85-4 167 116-9 212 148-4 UNIVERSITY THE ANALYST'S LABOKATORY TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS. TABLE X. continued. Parts per 100,OUO. Grains per gallon. Parts per 100,000. Grains per gallon. Parts per 100,000. Grains per gallon. Parts per 100,000. Grains per gallon. 213 149-1 223 156-1 233 1631 243 170-1 214 149-8 224 156-8 234 163-8 244 170-8 215 150'5 225 157-5 235 164-5 245 171-5 216 151-2 226 158-2 236 165-2 246 172-2 217 151-9 227 158-9 237 165-9 247 172-9 218 152-6 228 159-6 238 166-6 248 173-6 219 153-3 229 160-3 239 167*3 249 174-3 220 154-0 230 161-0 240 168-0 250 175-0 221 1547 231 1617 241 1687 222 155-4 232 162-4 242 169-4 CALCULATION OF THE RESULTS or WATER ANALYSIS. Substance estimated. Quantity of Water taken. To get Grains per gallon. Logarithms. NasNH0 3 (Crum) NH 3 (copper zinc) (aluminium) Free or alb. NH 3 absorbed Total solids 250 c.c. 100 c.c. 50 c.c. 500 c.c. 250 c.c.+lO c.c. K 2 Mn 2 8 250 c.c. +15 c.c. K 2 Mn 2 8 250 c.c. *c.c. of NO x 0-175 = N grams of NH 3 X 576 -45 = N xll52'9 = N c.c. standard NH 4 ClX'0014 = NH, n. ? /s-wy 1-243 03SO 2-760 7616 3-061 716 3-146 1280 2-447 1580 0-os /l'5S-W\t \ ; grams x 280 * Or thus. Let v = vol. of NO obtained from 250 c.c. of the water b= height of Bar. w= tension of aqueous vapour at the observed temperature (see Table I.). Then N in grains per gallon =tXy 6( w 1 + .Q 0367 ^X(fttc)xl40. 0012562 For logs, of 760(1 + 003671) for different val "es of t see Table II. Log. 140=2-146 1280. t S =c.c of Xa 2 S 2 03 corresponding to 10 c.c. K 2 Mn 2 8 . W = required by the water under exdinination. 53 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. VOLUME AND DENSITY OF WATER AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES. Temp. Sp. gr. of Water (at = 1). Vol. of Water (atO = l). Sp. gr. of Water (afc>=l). Vol. of Water (at4 = l). i-oooooo 1-000000 999871 1-000129 1 1-000057 0-999943 999928 1-000072 2 1-000098 999902 999969 1-000031 3 1-000120 999880 999991 1-000009 4 1-000129 999871 1-000000 1-000000 5 1-000119 999881 0-999990 1-000010 6 1-000099 999901 999970 1-000030 7 1-000062 999938 999933 1-000067 8 1-000015 999985 999886 1-000114 9 0-999953 1-000047 999824 1-000176 10 999876 1-000124 999747 1-000253 11 999784 1-000216 999655 1-000345 12 999678 1-000322 999549 1-000451 13 999559 1-000441 999430 1-000570 14 999429 1-000572 999299 1-000701 15 999289 1-000712 999160 1-000841 16 999131 1-000870 999002 1-000999 17 998970 1-001031 998841 1-001160 18 998782 1-001219 998654 1-001348 19 998588 1-001413 998460 1-001542 20 998388 1-001615 998259 1-001744 21 998176 1-001828 998047 1-001957 22 997953 1-002049 997826 1-002177 23 997730 1-002276 997601 1-002405 24 997495 1-002511 -997367 1-002641 25 997249 1-002759 997120 1-002888 26 996994 1-003014 996866 1-003144 27 996732 1-003278 996603 1-003408 28 996460 1-003553 996331 1-003682 29 996179 1 -003835 996051 1-003965 30 995894 1-004123 995765 1-004253 35 99431 1-00572 99418 1-00586 40 99248 1-00757 99235 1-00770 50 98833 1-01181 98820 1-01195 60 98351 1-01677 98338 1-01691 70 97807 1-02243 97794 1-02256 80 97206 1-02874 97194 1-02887 90 96568 1-03554 96556 1-03567 100 95878 1-04300 95865 1-04312 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. THE BAROMETER. I. Inches into Millimetres. Inches. Milli- metres. Inches. Milli- metres. inches. Milli- metres. Inches. Milli- metres. 27-5 698-49 28-4 721-35 29-3 744-21 30-2 767-07 6 701-03 5 723-89 4 746-75 3 769-61 7- 703-57 6 726-43 5 749-29 4 772-15 8 706-11 7 728-97 6 751-83 5 774-69 9 708-65 8 731-51 7 754-37 6 777-23 28-0 711-19 9 734-05 8 756-91 7 77977 1 71373 29-0 736-59 9 759-45 8 782-31 2 716-27 1 739-13 30-0 761-99 9 784-85 3 718-81 2 741-67 1 764-53 Inches. '01 02 -03 04 -05 -06 07 '08 -09 Millimetres, '25 51 -76 1-02 1-27 1-52 1-78 2-03 2-29 II. Millimetres into Inches. Mm. Inches, Mm. Inches. Mm. Inches. Mm. Inches. Mm. Inches. 700 27-56 718 28-27 735 28-94 752 29-61 769 30-28 701 60 719 31 736 98 753 65 770 32 702 64 720 35 737 29'02 754 69 771 36 703 68 721 39 738 06 755 73 772 39 704 72 722 43 739 10 756 76 773 43 705 76 723 47 740 13 757 80 774 47 706 80 724 50 741 17 758 84 775 51 707 84 725 54 742 21 759 88 776 55 708 88 726 58 743 25 760 92 777 59 709 91 727 62 744 29 761 96 778 63 710 95 728 66 745 33 762 30-00 779 67 711 99 729 70 746 37 763 04 780 71 712 28-03 730 74 747 41 764 08 781 75 713 07 731 78 748 45 765 12 782 79 714 11 732 82 749 49 766 16 783 83 715 15 733 86 750 53 767 20 784 87 716 19 734 90 751 57 768 24 785 91 717 23 55 THE ANALYST'S LABOKATORY COMPANION. TABLE FOR CORRECTION OF VOLUMES OF GASES FOR TEMPERATURE, GIVING THE DIVISOR FOR THE FORMULA. V x B 760 x 003665 I 760 x Log. [760 X (1+SOJ- I 760 X Log. [760 X (1+501- o-o' 760-0000 2-8808136 4-0 771-1416 2-8871341 1 760-2785 9727 1 771-4201 2909 "2 760-5571 2-8811318 2 771-6987 4477 3 760-8356 2908 3 771-9772 6045 4 761-1142 4498 4 772-2558 7612 0-5 761-3927 6087 4-5 772-5343 9178 6 761-6712 7675 6 772-8128 2-8880743 7 761-9498 9263 7 773-0914 2308 8 762-2283 2-8820850 8 773-3699 3872 9 762-5069 2437 9 773-6485 5436 1-0 762-7854 2-8824024 5-0 773-9270 2-8887000 1 763-0639 5610 1 774-2055 8563 2 763-3425 7195 2 774-4841 2-8890125 3 763-6210 8779 3 774-7626 1687 4 763-8996 2-8830363 4 775-0412 3248 1-5 764-1781 1946 5-5 775-3197 4808 6 764-4566 3528 6 775-5982 6368 7 764-7352 5111 7 775-8768 7927 8 765-0137 6692 8 776-1553 9486 9 765-2923 8273 9 776-4339 2-8901044 2-0 765-5708 2-8839854 6-0 776-7124 2-8902602 1 765-8493 2*8841434 1 776-9909 4159 2 766-1279 3013 2 777-2695 5716 3 766-4064 4591 3 777-5480 7272 4 766-6850 6169 4 777-8266 8828 2 "5 766-9635 7747 6-5 778-1051 2-8910383 6 767-2420 2-8849324 6 778-3836 1938 7 767-5206 2-8850901 7 778-6622 3492 8 767-7991 2477 8 778-9407 5045 9 768-0777 4052 9 779-2193 6597 3-0 768-3562 2'8855626 7-0 779-4978 2-8918149 1 768-6347 7199 1 7797763 9701 2 768-9133 8772 2 780-0549 2-8921252 3 769-1918 2-8860345 3 780-3334 2802 4 769-4704 1918 4 780-6120 4352 3-5 769-7489 3490 7'5 780-8905 5901 6 770-0274 5062 6 781-1690 7450 7 770-3060 6633 7 781-4476 8998 8 770-5845 8203 8 7817261 2-8930546 9 770-8631 9772 9 782-0047 2093 THE ANALYST'S LABOKATOKY COMPANION. 56 TABLE FOR CORRECTION OF VOLUMES OF GASES continued. 760 X Log. [760 X 760 X Log. [760 X t (1+60. (l+)]. t (1+60. (1+60]- C. C. 8-0 782-2832 2-8933640 12-5 794-S175 2-9002674 1 782-5617 5186 6 795-0960 4196 2 782-8403 6732 7 795-3746 5717 3 783-1188 8277 8 795-6531 7238 4 783-3974 9821 9 795-9317 8758 8-5 783-6959 2-8941365 13-0 796-2102 2-9010277 6 783-9544 2908 1 796-4887 1796 7 784-2330 4451 2 7967673 3315 8 784-5115 5993 3 797-0458 4833 9 784-7901 7535 4 797-3244 6350 9-0 785-0686 2-8949076 13-5 797-6029 7867 1 785-3471 2-8950617 6 797-8814 9384 2 785-6257 2157 7 798-1600 2-9020900 3 785-9042 3697 8 798-4385 2415 4 786-1828 5236 9 798-7171 3930 9-5 786-4613 6774 14-0 798-9956 2-9025444 6 786-7398 8311 1 799-2741 6957 7 787-0184 9848 2 799-5527 8470 8 787-2969 2-8961385 3 799-8312 9983 9 787-5755 2921 4 800-1098 2-9031495 10-0 787-8540 2-8964457 14-5 800-3883 2-9033007 1 788-1325 5993 6 800-6668 4518 2 788-4111 7528 7 800-9454 6029 3 788-6896 9062 8 801-2239 7539 4 788-9682 2-8970595 9 801-5025 9049 10'5 789-2467 2128 15-0 8017810 2-9040558 6 789-5252 3660 1 802-0595 2066 7 789-8038 5192 2 802-3381 3574 8 790-0823 6723 3 802-6166 5081 9 790-3609 8254 4 802-8952 6588 11-0 790-6394 2-8979784 15-5 803-1737 8095 1 790-9179 2-8981314 6 803-4522 9601 2 791-1965 2843 7 8037308 2-9051106 3 791-4750 4372 8 804-0093 2611 4 7917536 2-8985900 9 804-2879 4115 11-5 792-0321 7428 16-0 804-5664 2-9055619 6 792-3106 8955 1 804-8449 7122 7 792-5892 2-8990482 2 805-1235 8625 8 792-8677 2008 3 805-4020 2-9060127 9 793-1463 3533 4 805-6806 1628 12-0 793-4248 2-8995058 16-5 805-9591 2-9063129 1 7937033 6582 6 806-2376 4630 2 793-9819 8106 7 806-5162 6130 3 794-2604 9629 8 8067947 7630 4 794-5390 2-9001152 9 807-0733 9129 57 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. TABLE FOR CORRECTION OF VOLUMES OF GASES continued. t 760 X (1+80- Log. [760 X (1+60]- t 760 X (1+80- Log. [760 X (1+80]. 17-0 807-3518 2-9070628 21-5 819-8861 2-9137535 1 807-6303 2126 6 820-1646 9010 2 807-9089 3624 7 820-4432 2-9140485 3 808-1874 5121 8 820-7217 1960 4 808*4660 6618 9 821-0003 3434 17-5 8087445 8114 22-0 821-2788 2-9144907 6 809-0230 2-9079609 1 821-5573 6380 7 809-3016 2-9081104 2 821 -8859 7852 8 809-5801 2598 3 822-1144 9323 9 809-8587 4092 4 822-3930 2-9150794 18-0 810-1372 2-9085586 22-5 822-6715 2265 1 810-4175 7079 6 822-9500 3735 2 810-6943 8571 7 823-2286 5205 3 810-9728 2-9090063 8 823-5071 6674 4 811-2514 1554 9 8237857 8143 18-5 811-5299 3045 23-0 824-0642 2-9159611 6 811-8084 4535 1 824-3427 2-9161079 7 812-0870 6025 2 824-6213 2546 8 812-3655 7515 3 824-8998 4013 9 812-6441 9004 4 825-1784 5479 19-0 812-9226 2-9100492 23-5 825-4569 6945 1 813-2011 1980 6 8257354 8410 2 813-4797 3467 7 826-0140 9875 3 813-7582 4954 8 826-2925 2-9171339 4 814-0368 6440 9 826-5711 2802 19-5 814-3153 7926 24-0 826-8496 2-9174265 6 814-5938 9411 1 827-1281 5728 *7 814-8724 2-9110896 2 827-4067 7190 8 815-1500 2380 3 827-6852 8652 9 815-4925 3864 4 827-9638 2-9180114 20-0 815-7080 2-9115347 24-5 828-2423 1575 1 815-9865 6830 6 828-5208 3035 2 816-2651 8312 7 828-7994 4495 3 816-5436 9794 8 829-0779 5954 4 816-8222 2-9121275 9 829-3565 7412 20-5 817-1007 2756 25-0 829-6350 2-9188870 6 817-3792 4236 1 829-9135 2-9190328 7 817-6578 2-9125716 2 830-1921 1785 8 817-9363 7195 3 830-4706 3242 9 818-2149 8674 4 830-7492 4699 21-0 818-4934 2-9130152 25-5 831-0277 2-9196155 1 8187719 1630 6 831-3062 7610 2 819-0505 3107 7 831-5848 9065 3 819-3290 4583 8 831-8633 2-9200520 4 819-6076 6059 9 831-1419 1974 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 58 TABLE FOR CORRECTION OF VOLUMES OF GASES continued. t 760 x (1+50- Log. [760 X (1+501- 1 760 X (1+50- LOST. [760 x (1+50L 26-6 832-4204 2-9203427 28 -1 838-2697 2-9233838 1 832-6989 4880 2 838-5483 5281 2 832-9775 6333 3 838-8268 6723 3 833-2560 7785 4 839-1054 8165 4 833-5346 9237 28-5 839-3839 2-9239606 26-5 833-8131 2-9210688 6 839-6624 2-9241047 6 834-0916 2189 7 839-9410 2488 7 834-3702 3589 8 840-2195 3928 8 834-6487 5038 9 840-4981 536S 9 834-9273 6487 29-0 8407766 2-9246807 27-0 835-2058 2-9217936 1 841-0551 8246 1 835-4843 9384 2 841 -3337 9684 2 8357629 2*9220832 3 841-6122 2-9251122 3 836-0414 2279 4 841 -8908 2559 4 836-3200 3725 29-5 842-1693 3995 27-5 836*5985 5171 6 842-4478 5431 6 836-8770 6617 7 842-7264 6866 7 837-1556 8062 8 843-0049 8301 8 837-4341 9507 9 843-2835 9736 9 837-7127 2-9230951 30-0 843-5620 2-9261171 28-0 837-9912 2-9232395 i i TABLE SHOWING THE TENSION OF MERCURY VAPOUR. c. Millim. C. Millim. c. Millim. C. Millim. 100 746 210 26-35 320 36873 430 2533 110 1-073 220 34-70 || 330 450-91 440 2934 120 1-534 230 45-35 340 548-35 450 3384-35 130 2-175 240 f>8-82 350 663-18 460 3888 140 3-059 250 75-75 360 79774 470 4450 150 4-266 260 96-73 370 954-65 480 5062 160 5-900 270 123-01 380 1195-65 490 5761 170 8-091 280 155-17 390 1346-71 500 6520-25 180 11-000 290 194-46 400 1587-96 510 73o4 190 14-84 300 242-15 410 1864 520 8265 200 19-90 310 299-69 420 2178 59 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. TABLES REQUIRED IN THE ANALYSIS OF BEER. Spirit Indication, with corresponding Degrees of Gravity lost in Malt Worts, by the ''Distillation Process." Degrees of Spirit Indi- cation. o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 o-o 0-3 0-6 0-9 1-2 1-5 1-8 2-1 2'4 27 1 3-0 3-3 37 4-1 4-4 4-8 5-1 5-5 5-9 6-2 2 6-6 7-0 7'4 7-8 8-2 8-6 9-0 9-4 9-8 10-2 3 107 11-1 11-5 12'0 12-4 12-9 13-3 13-8 14-2 147 4 15-1 15-5 16-0 16-4 16-8 17'3 177 18-2 18'6 19-1 5 19-5 19-9 20-4 20-9 21-3 21-8 22-2 227 23-1 23-6 6 24-1 24-6 25-0 25-5 26-0 26-4 26-9 27-4 27-8 28'3 7 28-8 29-2 297 30-2 307 31-2 317 32-2 327 33-2 8 337 34-3 34-8 35-4 35-9 36-5 37-0 37-5 38-0 38'6 9 39-1 397 40-2 407 41-2 417 42-2 427 43-2 437 10 44-2 447 45-1 45-6 46-0 46-5 47-0 47-5 48-0 48-5 11 49-0 49-6 501 50-6 51-2 517 52-2 527 53-3 53-8 12 54-3 54-9 55-4 55-9 56-4 56-9 57'4 57-9 58-4 59-9 13 59-4 60-0 60-5 61-1 61-6 62-2 627 63-3 63-8 64-3 14 64-8 65-4 65-9 66-5 67-1 67-6 68-2 687 69-3 69-9 15 70-5 71-1 n. 72-3 72-9 73-5 741 747 75-3 75-9 Spirit Indication, with corresponding Degrees of Gravity lost in Malt Worts, by the "Evaporation Process." Degrees of Spirit Indi- cation. o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 7 i-o 1-4 17 2-1 2-4 2'8 3-1 1 3" 5 3'8 4'2 4'6 5-0 5-4 5-8 6-2 6-6 7-0 2 7'4 7-8 8'2 87 9-1 9-5 9-9 10-3 107 11*1 3 11-5 11-9 12-4 12-8 13-2 13-6 14-0 14-4 14-8 15-3 4 15-8 16-2 16'6 17-0 17'4 17'9 18'4 18-8 19-3 19-8 5 20-3 207 21-2 21-6 22-1 22-5 23-0 23-4 23-9 24-3 6 24-8 25-2 25-6 26'1 26-6 27-0 27-5 28-0 28-5 29'0 7 29-5 30-0 30-4 30-9 31'3 31-8 32-3 32-8 33-3 83-8 8 34-3 34-9 35-5 36-0 36-6 37-1 377 38-3 38-8 39-4 9 40-0 40-5 41-0 41-5 42-0 42-5 43-0 43-5 44-0 44-4 10 44-9 45'4 46-0 46-5 47-1 47-6 48-2 487 49-3 49-8 11 50-3 50-9 51-4 51'9 52-5 53-0 53-5 54-0 54-5 55-0 12 55-6 56-2 567 57'3 57'8 58-3 58'9 59-4 59-9 60-5 13 61-0 61-6 62-1 627 63-2 63-8 64-3 64-9 65-4 66-0 14 66-5 67'0 67-6 68-1 687 69-2 69'8 70-4 70-9 71-4 15 72-0 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 60 TABLE FOR ASCERTAINING THE VALUE OF THE ACETIC ACID. Corresponding Degrees of "Spirit Indication."" Excess per cent, of Acetic Acid 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 in the Beer. o 02 04 06 07 08 09 11 12 13 1 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 26 2 27 28 29 31 32 33 34 35 37 38 3 39 40 42 43 44 46 47 48 49 51 4 52 53 55 56 57 59 60 61 62 64 5 65 66 67 69 70 71 72 73 75 76 6 77 78 80 81 82 84 85 86 87 89 7 90 91 93 94 95 97 98 99 1-10 1-02 8 1-03 1-04 1-05 1-07 1-08 1-09 1-10 I'll 1-13 1-14 9 1-15 1-16 1-18 1-19 1-21 1-22 1-23 1-25 1-26 1-28 1-0 1-29 1-31 1-33 1-35 1-36 1-37 1-38 1-40 1-41 1-42 TABLE FOR SALT IN BEER. Salt in Grains per Gallon, corresponding to c. c. 's of Decinormal AgNO%. 25 c.c. of Beer to be employed. c.c.^AgN0 3 Grains NaCl per gallon. c.c.^AgN0 3 Grains NaCl peY gallon. c.c.*AgN0 3 Grains NaCl per gallon. O'l 1-64 2-2 36-04 4-2 68-80 0'2 3-28 2'3 37'67 4-3 70-43 0-3 4-91 2-4 39-31 4-4 72-07 0-4 6-55 2-5 40-95 4-5 73-71 0'5 8-19 2-6 42-59 4-6 75-35 0-6 9-83 27 44-23 4-7 76-99 07 11-47 2-8 45-86 4-8 78-62 0-8 13-10 2-9 47-50 4-9 j 80-26 0-9 1474 3-0 49-14 5-0 81-90 1-0 16-38 31 50-78 5-1 83-54 1 18-02 3-2 52-42 5'2 85-18 2 19-66 3-3 54-05 5-3 86-81 3 21-29 3-4 55-69 5-4 88-45 4 22-93 3'5 57-33 5-5 90-09 5 24-57 3-6 58-97 5-6 9173 6 26-21 37 60-61 5-7 93-37 7 27-85 3-8 62-24 5-8 95-00 8 29-48 3-9 63-88 5-9 96-64 1-9 31-12 4-0 65-52 6-0 98-28 2-0 32-76 4-1 6716 6-1 99-92 2-1 34-40 61 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. SPECIFIC ROTATORY POWERS OF THE CARBOHYDRATES. Definition The specific rotatory power of an optically active substance in solution may be denned as the angle through which a plane polarized ray of light of definite refrangibility is rotated by a column one decimetre in length of a solution containing one gram of the substance in 1 c.c. If the rotation is observed through a tube I decimetres in length and the solution contains c grams of substances in 100 c.c., then, if a be the angle of rotation, the "specific rotatory power" is given by the formula, Observations are usually made either with a polarimeter, such as that of Laurent, for which a sodium flame is used as the means of illumination ; or with a Ventzke-Scheibler instrument, which is adapted for use with white light illumination from oil or gas lamps. Specific rotatory power as determined with reference to the ray D of the solar spectrum (sodium flame) is indicated by [a] D ; whilst, as determined by the Ventzke-Scheibler instrument, it is indicated by [a]y, where j is the transition tint (i.e. from the blue to the red) and is the ray complementary to the medium yellow or jaune moyen hence the j. This jaune moyen ray is the true medium yellow of the solar spectrum : its wave-length is 0*0005608 millimetres (or A 0-0005608). The Ventzke-Scheibler polarimeter is adjusted to the Ventzke scale, which is such that 100 divisions of the scale equal the amount of rotation caused by passing through a solution of pure cane-sugar 200 mm. in length, containing 26'048 grams of pure cane-sugar per 100 c.c. at 17'5 C. Such a solution has a sp. gr. of almost exactly 1100 (water at 17'5 = 1000). The readings for cane-sugar in this instrument consequently correspond to the sp. gr. of the solution less 1000. Relation of [a]? to [a] D . The relation [4, : [a]j :: 21-67 : 24 :: 1 : 1-107 holds for substances whose rotatory dispersion does not differ sensibly from that of cane-sugar. Cane-sugar, however, appears to be slightly less dispersive than maltose, dextrose, etc.: hence it has been very carefully determined by experiment* that I'll I is the more correct factor for converting [ ] D into [ a ]j- We have, there- fore, the following rules : To convert [ a ] D into [a] y multiply by I'll 1 (log. 0*04571), or simply add one-ninth_ To convert [a] y into [a] D multiply by 0'900 (log. 1'95429), or simply deduct one-tenth. Thus, if fain = 202-0, then [ ] ,-=202 + 22-4 = 224'4 [a] y =57, then [a] D = 57 - 5'7 = 51'3. * See series ol papers by Brown, Morris, and Millar in the Jour. Chem. Soc., 1897. THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 62 SPECIFIC ROTATORY POWERS OF THE CARBOHYDRATES continued. in the Ventzke-Scheibler polarimeter 100 divisions of the scale equal 38 '43 of arc or 1 scale-division =0-3843 a/, (log. 1 '58467). The values representing specific rotation vary directly as the sp. gr. divisor (D) used. Thus, if 150 be the specific rotation of mal- tose for [a]j 3-86 (that is, on the basis of the 3'86 divisor) the speci- fic rotation where the divisor 3 '93 is used must be taken as 150 x 3-93 o 3-86 The number of grams per K)0 c.c. of a solution of a carbohydrate of which the sp. gr. (water =1000) is known is found by dividing the sp. gr. minus 1000 by a constant given in the subjoined table. This constant is usually denoted by D. TABLE SHOWING THE SPECIFIC ROTATORY POWERS or THE CARBOHYDRATES. Divisor Substance. Formula. to get grams per Specific rotatory power (absolute). Specific rotatory power reduced to the common divisor 3-86. lOOc.c.* D [1 [a] D [a]/3-86 [o]i>3-86 Dextrin (C 12 H 2o 10 ) n 3'95 + 221 + 198 D '9 + 216 + 194-4 Sucrose 3-85 + 73-8 + 66-6 + 74 + 66-8 Maltose " 3-92 + 153-3 + 138-0 + 151 + 135-9 Lactose 3-99 + 61-6 + 55-4 + 59-6 + 53-6 (anhyd.) Lactose CjaH^On. 3'99 + 58-5 + 52-6 + 56-6 + 50-9 (cryst. ) H 2 Dextrose C 6 H ]2 6 3-83 + 57 + 51-3 + 57-4 + 51-7 Laevulose . 3-93 -106 - 95-4 -104-1 - 937 atl5'5C. at 15-5*0. Invert Sugar] C 6 H 12 O fi + 3-88 - 24-5 - 22-0 - 24-4 - 21-9 UHiA atl5'5C. atl5-5C. Bi-rotation. In some cases a freshly-prepared solution of a sugar turns the plane of polarization almost twice as much as one which has been kept for some hours or heated to boiling. This pheno- menon is known as bi-rotation. Multiplier. Logarithm. 20 lo convert doHooO,, into doHo.,0 , = 1-053 '02228 > C 12 H 24 12 Q, s> To=' 90 1-97773 0-04576 1-95424 * The figures given in this column are such as will be found most useful in actual work. For a complete series of Absolutely correct divisors for various concentrations the valuable papers by Brown, Morris, and Millar in the Jour. Chem. Soc., 1897 must be consulted. 62 A THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. SPECIFIC ROTATORY POWERS OF THE CARBOHYDRATES continued. Ventzke-Scheibler Saccharimeter. 1 gram in 100 c.c. of absolute Number of scale-divisions of deviation with 200 mm. tube (transition tint)* Dextrin + 11-55 Sucrose + 3'84f Maltose , + 7-98 Dextrose + 2-97 Laevulose . - 5-52 Invert sugar - 1-28 Lactose (cryst. ) . + 3-04 Formula for calculating the amount of cane-sugar present in a mixture of cane-sugar and dextrose when the specific rotatory power before and after inversion are known. Let R& be the specific rotatory power before inversion R a be the specific rotatory power after inversion x be the percentage of cane-sugar present. Then 100 R 6 = 73'8o;+(100-a057, and 100 R a = - 24'5x+ (100 - z)57 ~~lbO(R 6 -R a )=98-3z. ~ -983 Similarly to find the amount of cane-sugar present in a mixture of cane-sugar and dextrose from the scale degrees before and after inversion, the 200 mm. tube being used Grams of cane-sugar per 100 c.c. of solution = b ~ a . o'12 * The figures given in this column are obtained by dividing the [a]j by 19-215 (log. 1-283C4). f When inveued this becomes - 1-35. THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 63 CUPRIC OXIDE REDUCING POWERS OF THE CARBOHYDRATES. Definition, " Dextrose being the type of reducing bodies and the substance for which the amount of cupric oxide reduced was first determined, I use it as the standard to which to refer all other reducing carbohydrates or mixtures of reducing with non-reducing ones. I take the cupric oxide reducing power (or ' cupric reducing power') of a body or mixture to be the amount of cupric oxide, calculated as dextrose, which 100 parts reduce : it is designated by the letter K." (0' Sullivan). Briefly, we may define " K " as the specific cupric reducing power of a substance referred to dextrose as standard (100). The divisor is often added : thus K V86 = 25 means that the cupric reducing power of the substance is one-fourth that of dextrose when the solid matter is determined by the 3'86 divisor. Preparation of Fehling's Solution for Gravimetric Estimations. Dissolve 34*6 grams of pure recrystallized copper sulphate in dis- tilled water and make up the volume to 500 c.c. Then dissolve 173 grams Rochelle salt and 65 grams anhydrous sodium hydroxide in separate beakers, mix the solutions, and make up the volume with distilled water to 500 c.c. These two solutions are kept in separate bottles and are mixed in equal volumes, to form Fehling's solution, immediately before use. Method of making an estimation of cupric reducing power. Fifty c.c. of the freshly mixed Fehling's solution are placed in a beaker of about 250 c.c. capacity, and having a diameter of 7'5 cm. (=3 inches). This is placed in a boiling water bath, and when the solution has attained the temperature of the water, the accurately weighed or measured volume of the sugar solution is added, and the whole made up to 100 c.c. with boiling distilled water. The beaker, which is covered with a clock glass, is then returned to the water bath and the heating continued for exactly twelve minutes. The precipitated cuprous oxide is now rapidly filtered off through a Soxhlet tube, washed first with hot water, then with alcohol and ether, and finally dried. When dry, the cuprous oxide is reduced to metallic copper by gently heating in a stream of hydrogen, and weighed ; or it may be oxidized in a stream of oxygen and weighed as CuO. Sometimes the Cu 2 is weighed as such, after being dried in a water oven (see O'Sullivan and Stern, Jour. Chem. Soc., 1896, p. 1692). As spontaneous reduction of Fehling's solution invariably takes place, the amount of this must be carefully determined for every fresh batch* of the solution and allowed for in each determination of cupric reducing power. It usually amounts to 0'002 to 0'003 gram CuO per 50 c.c. of Fehling's solution used. It is of great importance, in making the above estimation, that an amount of the reducing sugar is taken that will give a weight of CuO lying between 0'15 and 0'35 gram. It must be carefully borne in mind that the values given in the following tables are correct only when the preparation of the 63A THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. Fehling's solution, and the manner of carrying out the determina- tion of cupric reducing power conform exactly with the directions given on p. 63. It has been shown that the amount and nature of the alkali in Fehling's solution exercises a great influence on the quantity of copper reduced by a given weight of maltose or of the starch-transformation products ; but with dextrose and laevulose the influence is far less. Glendinning has proved that an equiv- alent amount of potassium hydroxide may be substituted for the sodium compound without causing any alteration in the reducing power. In the case of dextrose and laevulose the variant which has the greatest influence is the state of dilution of the Fehling's solution. When the dilution is greater than that prescribed in the standard method, the reducing power is appreciably lower, and the greater the dilution the greater the difference. In the two following tables the values adopted are such as will be found to give correct results when the quantities of carbohydrates taken are those most commonly used in actual determinations. THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 63B EH ^ g SK S o II II il II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II a to w I 8 I a II . -- ^006066606060006000060060 gxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II a i I 8 9 ? s s t< O i o ** s Oeo a II a I ii I! b3c THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. H g z t> pg II Q P 3 g B 0000 00 0000 C 00000000000000 Sr352^2-*^S^;^o^.(NpJOOcOOOM . II I! 5 I M I ! ! > i ! s s . S j S J 2 1 S = | r. J s J = "-| " g 3 5 a I I 2 IT ri ge8$Sg$!:$$g3BCS8SSg ^.S|||| (?*8S -r--T OOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOO gxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx S ' '-! S s THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. TABLE FOR PHOSPHATES. Mg 2 P 2 7 Ca 3 P 2 8 CaP 2 6 P 2 5 P 2 Mg 2 P 2 Ca 3 P 2 8 CaP 2 6 P 2 5 P 2 O'l 014 0-09 0-06 0-028 4-1 573 3-66 2-62 1145 '2 0-28 0-18 0-13 0-056 2 5-87 375 2-69 1-173 3 0-42 0-27 0-19 0-084 3 6-00 3-84 2-75 1-201 4 0-56 0-36 0-26 0112 4 614 3-93 2-82 1-229 5 070 0-45 0-32 0140 5 6-28 4-01 2-88 1-257 6 0-84 0-54 0-38 0168 6 6-42 410 2-94 1-285 "7 0-98 0-62 0-45 0196 7 6-56 419 3-01 1-313 8 1-12 071 0-51 0-223 8 670 4'28 3-07 1-341 9 1-26 0-80 0-58 0-251 9 6-84 4-37 314 1-369 1-0 1-40 0-89 0-64 0-279 5-0 6-98 4-46 3-20 1-396 1 1-54 0-98 070 0-307 1 712 4-55 3-26 1-424 2 1'68 1-07 077 0-335 2 7-26 4-64 3-33 1-452 3 1-82 116 0-83 0-363 3 7-40 473 3-39 1-480 4 1-96 1-25 0-90 0-391 4 7-54 4-82 3-45 1-508 5 2-09 1-34 0-96 0-419 5 7-68 4-91 3-52 1-536 6 2-23 1-43 1-02 0-447 6 7-82 5-00 3-58 1-564 7 2-37 1-52 1-09 0-475 7 7-96 5-08 3-65 1-592 8 2-51 1-61 1-15 0-503 8 810 517 371 1-620 9 2-65 170 1-22 0-531 9 8-24 5-26 377 1-648 2-0 279 178 1-28 0-559 6-0 8-38 5-35 3-84 1-676 1 2-93 1-87 1-34 0-587 1 8-52 5-44 3-90 1704 -2 3-07 1-96 1-41 0-614 2 8-66 5-53 3-97 1732 3 3-21 2-05 1-47 0-642 3 8-80 5-62 4-03 1760 4 3'35 2-14 1-54 0-670 4 8-94 571 4-09 1787 5 3'49 2'23 1-60 0-698 5 9-08 5-80 416 1-815 6 3-63 2-32 1-66 0726 6 9-22 5-89 4-22 1-843 7 377 2-41 173 0754 7 9-36 5-98 4-29 1-871 8 3-91 2-50 179 0782 8 9-50 6-07 4-35 1-899 9 4-05 2-59 1-86 0-810 9 9-64 615 4-41 1-927 3-0 4-19 2-68 1-92 0-838 7-0 977 6-24 4-48 1-955 1 4-33 277 1-98 0-866 1 9-91 6-33 4-54 1-983 2 4-47 2-85 2-05 0-894 2 10-05 6-42 4-61 2-011 3 4-61 2'94 2-11 0-922 3 1019 6-51 4-67 2-039 4 475 3-03 2-18 0-950 4 10-33 6-60 473 2-067 5 4-89 3-12 2-24 0-978 5 10-47 6-69 4-80 2-095 6 5-03 3-21 2-30 1-006 6 10-61 6-78 4-86 2-123 7 5-17 3'30 2-37 1-033 7 1075 6-87 4-93 2151 8 5-31 3-39 2-43 1-061 8 10-89 6-96 4-99 2178 9 5-45 3-48 2-50 1-089 9 11-03 7-05 5-05 2-206 4-0 5-59 3-57 2-56 1117 8-0 1117 714 512 2-234 r Mg P 9 7 -01 -02 -03 '04 -05 06 07 08 09 Ca 3 P 2 8 -01 -03 -04 '06 '07 08 10 11 13 CaP 2 6 -01 -02 -03 "04 -05 05 06 07 08 P 2 5 -01 -01 -02 '03 -03 04 05 05 06 P 2 '003 -006 -008 'Oil -014 017 020 022 025 65 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. TABLE FOR PHOSPHATES continued. Mg 2 P 2 7 Ca 3 P 2 8 CaP 2 6 P-/> 5 P 2 M g2 P 2 7 Ca 3 P 2 8 CaP 2 6 P 2 5 P 2 8'1 11-31 7-22 5-18 2-262 127 1773 11-33 8-12 3-547 2 11-45 7-31 5-25 2-290 8 17-87 11-42 8-19 3-575 3 11-59 7-40 5-31 2-318 9 18-01 11-51 8-25 3-603 4 1173 7-49 5-37 2-346 13-0 18-15 11-60 8-32 3-631 5 11-87 7-58 5-44 2-374 1 18-29 11-68 8-38 3-659 6 12-01 7-67 5-50 2-402 2 18-43 1177 8-44 3-687 7 12-15 776 5-57 2-430 3 18-57 11-86 8-51 3714 8 12-29 7-85 5-63 2-458 4 1871 11-95 8-57 3742 9 12-43 7-94 5-69 2-486 5 18-85 12-04 8-64 3770 9-0 12-57 8-03 576 2-514 6 18-99 12-13 870 3798 1 1271 8-12 5-82 2-541 7 19-13 12-22 876 3-826 2 12-85 8-21 5-89 2-569 8 19-27 12-31 8-83 3-854 3 12-99 8-30 5-95 2-597 9 19-41 12-40 8-89 3-882 4 13-13 8-38 6-01 2-625 14-0 19-55 12-49 8-96 3-910 5 13-27 8-47 6-08 2-653 1 19-69 12-58 9-02 3-938 6 13-41 8-56 6-14 2-681 2 19-83 12-67 9-08 3-966 7 13-55 8-65 6-21 2709 3 19-97 12-76 9-15 3-994 8 13-69 8-74 6-27 2737 4 20-11 12-84 9-21 4-022 9 13-83 8-83 6-33 2765 5 20-25 12-93 9-28 4-050 10-0 13-96 8-92 6-40 2793 6 20-39 13-02 9-34 4-078 1 14-10 9-01 6-46 2-821 7 20-53 13-11 9-40 4-105 2 14-24 9-10 6-52 2-849 8 20-67 13-20 9-47 4-133 8 14-38 9-19 6-59 2-877 9 20-81 13-29 9-53 4-161 4 14-52 9-28 6-65 2-905 15-0 20-95 13-38 9-60 4-189 5 14-66 9-37 672 2-932 1 21-09 13-47 9-66 4-217 6 14-80 9-45 678 2-960 2 21-23 13-56 9-72 4-245 7 14-94 9-54 6-84 2-988 3 21-37 13-65 9-79 4-273 8 15-08 9-63 6-91 3-016 4 21-50 13-74 9-85 4-301 9 15-22 972 6-97 3-044 5 21-64 13-83 9-92 4-329 11-0 15-36 9-81 7-04 3-072 6 21-78 13-91 9-98 4-357 1 15-50 9-90 7-10 3-100 7 21-92 14-00 10-04 4-385 2 15-64 9-99 7-16 3-128 8 22-06 14-09 10-11 4-413 3 15-78 10-08 7-23 3-156 9 22-20 14-18 10-17 4-441 4 15-92 10-17 7-29 3-184 16-0 22-34 14-27 10-23 4-469 5 16-06 10-26 7-36 3-212 1 22-48 14-36 10-30 4-496 6 16-20 10-35 7-42 3-240 2 22-62 14-45 10-36 4-524 7 16-34 10-44 7-48 3-268 3 2276 14-54 10-43 4-552 8 16-48 10-53 7-55 3-296 4 22-90 14-63 10-49 4-580 9 16-62 10-61 7-61 3-324 5 23-04 1472 10-55 4-608 12-0 1676 1070 7-68 3-351 6 23-18 14-81 10-62 4-636 1 16-90 1079 774 3-379 7 23-32 14-89 10-68 4-664 2 17-04 10-88 7-80 3-407 8 23-46 14-98 1075 4-692 3 1718 10-97 7-87 3-435 9 23-60 15-07 10-81 4720 4 17-32 11-06 7-93 3-463 17-0 2374 15-16 10-87 4748 5 17-46 11-15 8-00 3-491 1 23-88 15-25 10-94 4776 6 17-60 11-24 8-06 3-519 2 24-02 15-34 11-00 4-804 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 66 TABLE FOR PHOSPHATES continued. Mg 2 P 2 7 Ca 3 P 2 8 CaP 2 6 P 2 5 P 2 Mg 2 P 2 7 Ca 3 P 2 8 CaP 2 6 P 2 5 P 2 17-3 24-16 15-43 11-07 4-832 21-3 29-74 19-00 13-62 5-949 4 24'30 15-52 11-13 4-860 4 29-88 19-09 13-69 5-977 5 24-44 15-61 11-19 4-887 5 30-02 19-18 13-75 6-005 6 24-58 15-70 11-26 4-915 6 30-16 19-27 13-82 6-033 7 2472 15-79 11-32 4-943 7 30-30 19-35 13-88 6-060 8 24-86 15-88 11-39 4-971 8 30-44 19-44 13-94 6-088 9 25-00 15-97 11-45 4-999 9 30-58 19-53 14-01 6-116 18-0 25-14 16-05 11-51 5-027 22-0 30-72 19-62 14-07 6-144 1 25-27 16-14 11-58 5*055 1 30-86 19-71 14-14 6-172 2 25-41 16-23 11-64 5-083 2 31-00 19-80 14-20 6-200 3 25-55 16-32 11-71 5-111 3 3114 19-89 14-26 6-228 4 25-69 16-41 11-77 5-139 4 31-28 19-98 14-33 6-256 5 25-83 16 -50 11-83 5-167 5 31-42 20-07 14-39 6-284 6 25-97 16-59 11-90 5-195 6 31-56 20-16 14-46 6-312 7 26-11 16-68 11-96 5-223 7 31-70 20-25 14-52 6-340 8 26-25 1677 12-03 5-250 8 31-84 20-34 14-58 6-368 9 26-39 16-86 12-09 5-278 9 31-98 20-43 14-65 6-396 19-0 26-53 16-95 12-15 5-306 23-0 32-12 20-51 14-71 6-423 1 26-67 17-04 12-22 5-334 1 32 -26 20-60 1478 6-451 2 26-81 17-12 12-28 5-362 2 32-40 20-69 14-84 6-479 3 26-95 17-21 12-35 5-390 3 32-54 2078 14-90 6-507 4 27-09 17-30 12-41 5-418 4 32-68 20-87 14-97 6-535 5 27-23 17-39 12-47 5-446 5 32-82 20-96 15-03 6-563 6 27-37 17-48 12-54 5-474 6 32-96 21-05 15-10 6-591 7 27-51 17-57 19- -60 5-502 7 33-09 21-14 15-16 6-619 8 27-65 17-66 12-67 5-530 8 33-23 21-23 15-22 6-647 9 2779 1775 1273 5-558 9 33-37 21-32 15-29 6-675 20-0 27-93 17-84 12-79 5-586 24-0 33-51 21-41 15-35 6-703 1 28-07 17-93 12-86 5-614 1 33-65 21-50 15-42 6-731 2 28-21 18-02 12-92 5-642 2 3379 21-58 15-48 6-759 3 28-35 18-11 12-99 5-669 3 33'93 21-67 15-54 6787 4 28-49 18-20 13-05 5-697 4 34-07 21-76 15-61 6-814 5 28-63 18-28 13-11 5-725 5 34-21 21-85 15-67 6-842 6 2877 18-37 13-18 5-753 6 34-35 21-94 1574 6-870 7 28-91 18-46 13-24 5-781 7 34-49 22-03 15-80 6-898 8 29-05 18-55 13-31 5-809 8 34-63 22-12 15-86 6-926 9 29-19 18-64 13-37 5-837 9 34-77 22-21 15-93 6-954 21-0 29-32 1873 13-43 5-865 25-0 34-91 22-30 15-99 6-982 1 29-46 18-82 13-50 5-893 1 35-05 22-39 16-06 7-010 2 29-60 18-91 13-56 5-921 2 35-19 22-48 16-12 7-038 Mg 2 P a 7 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 06 07 08 09 Ca 3 P 2 8 -01 -03 -04 '06 '07 08 10 11 13 CaP 2 6 -01 -02 -03 '04 '05 05 06 07 08 Po0 5 -01 '01 -02 -03 -03 04 05 05 06 P 2 '003 -006 -008 -Oil -014 017 020 022 025 67 THE ANALYST S LABOEATOKY COMPANION. TABLE FOR PHOSPHATES continued. Mg 2 P 2 7 Ca 3 P 2 8 CaP 2 6 P 2 5 P 2 Mg 2 P 2 7 Ca 3 P 2 8 CaP 2 6 P 2 S P 2 25-3 35-33 22-57 16-18 7-066 29'9 4175 26-67 19-13 8-351 4 35-47 22-66 16-25 7-094 30-0 41-89 26-76 19-19 8-378 5 35-61 2274 16-31 7122 1 42-03 26-85 19-25 8-406 6 3575 22-83 16-38 7-150 2 42-17 26-94 19-32 8-434 7 35-89 22-92 16-44 7-178 3 42-31 27-03 19-38 8-462 8 36-03 23-01 16-50 7-205 4 42-45 27-11 19-45 8-490 9 36-17 23-10 16-57 7-233 5 42-59 27-20 19-51 8-518 26-0 36-31 23-19 16-63 7-261 6 42-73 27-29 19-57 8-546 1 36-45 23-28 16-70 7-289 7 42-87 27-38 19-64 8-574 2 36-59 23-37 16-76 7-317 8 43-01 27-47 1970 8-602 3 36-73 23-46 16-82 7-345 9 43-15 27-56 19-77 8-630 4 36-87 23-55 16-89 7-373 31-0 43-29 27-65 19-83 8-65S 5 37-00 23-64 16-95 7-401 1 43-43 2774 19-89 8-686 6 37-14 2372 17-02 7-429 2 43-57 27-83 19-96 8-714 7 37-28 23-81 17-08 7-457 3 43-71 27-92 20-02 8742 8 37-42 23-90 17-14 7-485 4 43-85 28-01 20-09 8-769 9 37-56 23-99 17-21 7-513 5 43-99 28-10 20-15 8797 27-0 37-70 24-08 17-27 7-541 6 44-13 28-18 20-21 8-825 1 37-84 24-17 17-33 7-569 7 44-27 28-27 20-28 8-853 2 37-98 24-26 17-40 7-597 8 44-41 28-36 20-34 8-881 3 38-12 24-35 17-46 7-624 9 44-55 28-45 20-41 8-909 4 38-26 24-44 17-53 7-652 32-0 44-69 28-54 20-47 8-937 5 38-40 24-53 17-59 7-680 1 44-82 28-63 20-53 8-965 6 38-54 24-62 17-65 7708 2 44-96 28-72 20-60 8 '993 7 38-68 24-71 17-72 7-736 3 4510 28-81 20-66 9-021 8 38-82 24-80 17-78 7-764 4 45-24 28-90 20-72 9-049 9 38-96 24-88 17-85 7-792 5 45-38 28-99 20-79 9-077 28-0 39-10 24-97 17-91 7-820 6 45-52 29-08 20-85 9-105 1 39-24 25-06 17-97 7-848 7 45-66 2917 20-92 9-133 2 39-38 25-15 18-04 7-876 8 45-80 29-26 20-98 9-160 3 39-52 25-24 18-10 7-904 9 45-94 29-34 21-04 9-188 4 39-66 25-33 18-17 7-932 33-0 46-08 29-43 21-11 9-216 5 39-80 25-42 18-23 7-959 i^ 46-22 29-52 21-17 9-244 6 39-94 25-51 18-29 7-987 2 46-36 29-61 21-24 9-272 7 40-08 25-60 18-36 8-015 3 46-50 29-70 21-30 9-300 8 40-22 25-69 18-42 8-043 4 46-64 29-79 21-36 9-328 9 40-36 25-78 18-49 8-071 5 46-78 29-88 21-43 9-356 29-0 40-50 25-87 18-55 8-099 6 46-92 29-97 21-49 9-384 1 40-64 25-95 18-61 8-127 7 47-06 30-06 21 -56 9-412 2 40-78 26-04 18-68 8-155 8 47-20 30-15 21-62 9-440 3 40-92 2613 18-74 8-183 9 47-34 30-24 21-68 9-468 4 41-06 26-22 18-81 8-211 34-0 47-48 30-33 2175 9-496 5 41-19 26-31 18-87 8-239 1 47-62 30-41 21-81 9-523 6 41-33 26-40 18-93 8-267 2 4776 30-50 21-88 9-551 7 41-47 26-49 19-00 8-295 3 47-90 30-59 21-94 9-579 8 41-61 26-58 19-06 8-323 4 48-04 30-68 22-00 9-607 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 68 TABLE FOR PHOSPHATES continued. Mg 2 P 2 7 Ca 3 P 2 8 CaP 2 6 P 2 5 P 2 Mg 2 P 2 7 Ca 3 P 2 8 CaP 2 6 P 2 S P 2 34-5 48-18 30-77 22-07 9-635 38-5 53-76 34-34 24-63 10752 6 48-32 30-86 22-13 9-663 6 53-90 34-43 24-69 10-780 7 48-46 30-95 22-20 9-691 7 54-04 34-52 2475 10-808 8 48-60 31 -04 22-26 9719 8 54-18 34-61 24-82 10-836 9 4874 31-13 22-32 9747 9 54-32 34-70 24-88 10-864 35-0 48-87 31-22 22-39 9-775 39-0 54-46 3478 24-95 10-892 1 49-01 31-31 22-45 9-803 1 54-60 34-87 25-01 10-920 2 49-15 31-40 22-52 9-831 2 5474 34-96 25-07 10-948 3 49-29 31-49 22-58 9-859 3 54-88 35-05 25-14 10-976 4 49-43 31-57 22-64 9-887 4 55-02 3514 25-20 11-004 5 49-57 31-66 22-71 9-914 5 5516 35-23 25-27 11-032 6 4971 31-75 22-77 9-942 6 55-30 35-32 25-33 11-060 7 49-85 31-84 22-84 9-970 7 55-44 35-41 25-39 11-087 8 49-99 31-93 22-90 9-998 8 55-58 35-50 25-46 11-115 9 50-13 32-02 22-96 10-026 9 5572 35-59 25-52 11-143 36-0 50-27 32-11 23-03 10-054 40-0 55-86 35-68 25-59 11-171 1 50-41 32-20 23-09 10-082 1 56-00 3577 25-65 11-199 2 50-55 32-29 23-16 10-110 2 56-14 35-85 2571 11-227 3 50-69 32-38 23-22 10-138 3 56-28 35-94 25-78 11-255 4 50-83 32-47 23-28 10-166 4 56-42 36-03 25-84 11-283 5 50-97 32-55 23-35 10-194 5 56-55 36-12 25-91 11-311 6 51-11 32-64 23-41 10-222 6 56-69 36-21 25-97 11-339 7 51-25 3273 23-48 10-250 7 56-83 36-30 26-03 11-367 8 51-39 32-82 23-54 10-278 8 56-97 36-39 26-10 11-395 9 51-53 32-91 23-60 10-306 9 57-11 36-48 26-16 11-423 37-0 51-67 33-00 23-67 10-333 41-0 57-25 36-57 26-23 11-451 1 51-81 33-09 23-73 10-361 1 57-39 36-66 26-29 11-478 2 51-95 33-18 23-80 10-389 2 57-53 36-75 26-35 11-506 3 52-09 33-27 23-86 10-417 3 57-67 36-84 26-42 11-534 4 52-23 33-36 23-92 10-445 4 57-81 36-93 26-48 11-562 5 52-37 33-45 23-99 10-473 5 57-95 37-01 26-55 11-590 6 52-51 33-54 24-05 10-501 6 58-09 37-10 26-61 11-618 7 52-64 33-62 24-12 10-529 7 58-23 37-19 26-67 11-646 8 52-78 33-71 24-18 10-557 8 58-37 37-28 2674 11-674 9 52-92 33-80 24-24 10-585 9 58-51 37-37 26-80 11702 38-0 53-06 33-89 24-31 10-613 42-0 58-65 37-46 26-87 11730 1 53-20 33-98 24-37 10-641 1 5879 37-55 26-93 11758 2 53-34 34-07 24-43 10-669 2 58-93 37-64 26-99 11786 3 53-48 34-16 24-50 10-696 3 59-07 3773 27-06 11-814 4 53-62 34-25 24-56 10724 4 59-21 37-82 2712 11-842 Mg 2 P 2 7 -01 -02 '03 -04 '05 06 07 08 09 Ca s P 2 8 -01 '03 '04 '06 '07 CaP 2 6 -01 -02 '03 '04 '05 08 05 10 06 11 07 13 08 P 2 5 -01 -01 -02 -03 -03 04 05 05 06 P 2 '003 '006 -008 'Oil '014 017 020 022 025 69 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. TABLE FOR PHOSPHATES continued. Mg 2 P 2 7 Ca 3 P 2 CaP 2 6 LP 2 5 P 2 Mg 2 P 2 Ca 3 P 2 CaP 2 P 2 5 P 2 42-5 59-35 37-91 27-19 11-869 47-1 65-77 42-01 30-13 13-154 6 59-49 38-00 27-25 11-897 2 65-91 42-10 30-19 13-182 7 59-63 38-08 27-31 11-925 3 66-05 42-19 30-26 13-210 8 59-77 38-17 27-38 11-953 4 66-19 42-28 30-32 13-238 9 59-91 38-26 27-44 11-981 5 66-33 42-37 30-38 13-266 43-0 60-05 38-35 27-51 12-009 6 66-47 42-45 30-45 13-294 1 60-18 38-44 27-57 12-037 7 66-61 42-54 30-51 13-322 2 60-32 38-53 27-63 12-065 8 66-75 42-63 30-58 13-350 3 60-46 38-62 2770 12-093 9 66-89 42-72 30-64 13-378 4 60-60 38-71 27-76 12-121 48-0 67-03 42-81 30-70 13-405 5 60-74 38-80 27-83 12-149 1 6717 42-90 3077 13-433 6 60-88 38-89 27-89 12-177 2 67-31 42-99 30-83 13-461 7 61-02 38-98 27*95 12-205 3 67-45 43-08 30-90 13-489 8 61-16 39-07 28-02 12-232 4 67-59 43-17 30-96 13-517 9 61-30 39-16 28-08 12-260 5 67-73 43-26 31-02 13-545 44-0 61-44 39-24 28-14 12-288 6 67-87 43-35 31-09 13-573 1 61-58 39-33 28-21 12-316 7 68-00 43-44 31-15 13-601 2 61-72 39-42 28-27 12-344 8 68-14 43-53 31-22 13-629 3 61-86 39-51 28-34 12-372 9 68-28 43-61 31-28 13-657 4 62-00 39-60 28-40 12-400 49-0 68-42 4370 31-34 13-685 5 62-14 39-69 28-46 12-428 1 68'56 43-79 31-41 13-713 6 62-28 39-78 28-53 12-456 2 68-70 43-88 31-47 13-741 7 62-42 39-87 28-59 12-484 3 68-84 43-97 31-53 13-769 8 62-56 39-96 28-66 12-512 4 68-98 44-06 31-60 13-796 9 6270 40-05 2872 12-540 5 69-12 44-15 31-66 13-824 45-0 62-84 40-14 28-78 12-568 6 69-26 44-24 31-73 13-852 1 62'98 40-23 28-85 12-596 7 69-40 44-33 31-79 13-880 2 63-12 40-31 28-91 12-624 8 69-54 44-42 31-85 13-908 3 63-26 40-40 28-98 12-651 9 69-68 44-51 31-92 13-936 4 63-40 40-49 29-04 12-679 50-0 69-82 44-60 31-98 13-964 5 63-54 40-58 29-10 12707 1 69-96 44-68 32-05 13-992 6 63-68 40-67 29-17 12735 2 70-10 4477 3211 14-020 7 63-82 40-76 29-23 12-763 3 70-24 44-86 32-17 14-048 8 63-96 40-85 29-30 12-791 4 70-38 44-95 32-24 14-076 9 64-10 40-94 29-36 12-819 5 70-52 45-04 32-30 14-104 46-0 64-23 41-03 29-42 12-847 6 70-66 45-13 32-37 14-132 1 64-37 41-12 29-49 12-875 7 70-80 45-22 32-43 14-160 2 64-51 41-21 29-55 12-903 8 70-94 45-31 32-49 14-187 3 64-65 41-30 29-62 12-931 9 71-08 45-40 32-56 14-215 4 64-79 41-38 29-68 12-959 51-0 71-22 45'49 32-62 14-243 5 64-93 41-47 2974 12-987 1 71-36 45-58 32-69 14-271 6 65-07 41-56 29-81 13-015 2 71-50 45-67 3275 14-299 7 65-21 41-65 29-87 13-042 3 71-64 45-76 32-81 14-327 8 65-35 4174 29-94 13-070 4 7178 45-84 32-88 14-355 9 65-49 41-83 30-00 13-098 5 71-91 45-93 32-94 14-383 47-0 65-63 41-92 30-06 13-126 6 72-05 46-02 33-01 14-411 1 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 70 TABLE FOE, PHOSPHATES continued. Mg 2 P 2 0; Ca 3 P 8 8 CaP 2 6 P 2 5 P 2 Mg 2 P 2 7 Ca 3 P 2 8 CaP 2 6 P 2 5 P 2 517 72-19 46-11 33-07 14-439 557 7778 49-68 35-63 15-556 8 72-33 46-20 83-13 14-467 8 77-92 4977 35-69 15-584 9 72-47 46-29 33-20 14-495 9 78-06 49-86 3576 15-612 52-0 72-61 46-38 33-26 14'523 56-0 78-20 49-95 35-82 15-640 1 72-75 46-47 33-33 14-551 1 78-34 50-04 35-88 15-668 '2 72-89 46-56 33-39 14-579 2 78-48 50-12 35-95 15-696 3 73:03 46-65 33-45 14-606 3 78-62 50-21 36-01 15724 4 73-17 46-74 33-52 14-634 4 7876 50-30 36-08 15751 5 73-31 46-83 33-58 14-662 5 78-90 50-39 36-14 15-779 6 73-45 46-91 33-65 14-690 6 79-04 50-48 36-20 15-807 7 73-59 47-00 3371 14-718 7 7918 50-57 36-27 15-835 8 7373 47-09 33-77 14746 8 79-32 50-66 36-33 15-863 9 73-87 47-18 33-84 14774 9 79-46 5075 36-40 15-891 53-0 74-01 47-27 33-90 14-802 57-0 79-60 50-84 36-46 15-919 1 74-15 47-36 33-97 14-830 1 7974 50-93 36-52 15-947 2 74-29 47-45 34-03 14-858 2 79-87 51-02 36-59 15-975 3 74-43 47-54 34-09 14-886 3 80-01 51-11 36-65 16-003 4 74-57 47-63 34-16 14-914 4 8015 51-20 3672 16-031 5 74-71 4772 34-22 14-911 5 80-29 51-28 3678 16-059 6 74-85 47-81 34-29 14-969 6 80-43 51-37 36-84 16-087 7 74-99 47-90 34-35 14-997 7 80-57 51-46 36-91 16-115 8 75-13 47-99 34-41 15-025 8 80-71 51-55 36-97 16-142 9 75-27 48-07 34-48 15-053 9 80-85 51-64 37-04 16-170 54-0 75-41 4816 34-54 15-081 58-0 80-99 5173 37-10 16-198 1 75-55 48-25 34-61 15-109 1 81-13 51-82 37-16 16-226 2 75-69 48-34 34-67 15-137 2 81-27 51-91 37-23 16-254 3 75-83 48-43 3473 15-165 3 81-41 52-00 37-29 16-282 4 75-97 48-52 34-80 15-193 4 81-55 52-09 37-36 16-310 5 76-10 48-61 34-86 15-221 5 81-69 52-18 37-42 16-338 6 76-24 4870 34-93 15-249 6 81-83 52-27 37-48 16-366 7 76-38 4879 34-99 15-277 7 81-97 52-35 37-55 16-394 8 76-52 48-88 35-05 15-305 8 82-11 52-44 37-61 16-422 9 76-66 48-97 35-12 15-333 9 82 -25 52-53 37-68 16-450 55-0 76-80 49-06 35-18 15-360 59-0 82-39 52-62 3774 16-478 1 76-94 49-14 35-24 15-388 1 82-53 5271 37-80 16-505 2 77-08 49-23 35-31 15-416 2 82-67 52-80 37-87 16-533 3 77-22 49-32 35-37 15-444 3 82-81 52-89 37-93 16-561 4 77-36 49-41 35-44 15-472 4 82-95 52-98 38-00 16-589 5 77 -50 49-50 35-50 15-500 5 83-09 53-07 38-06 16-617 6 77-64 49-59 35-56 15-528 6 83-23 53-16 38-12 16-645 Mg 9 P 7 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 06 07 08 09 Ca 3 P 2 8 -01 -03 -04 '06 '07 08 10 11 13 CaP 2 6 -01 -02 '03 '04 '05 05 06 07 08 P 2 5 -01 -01 -02 -03 '03 04 05 05 06 P 2 '003 '006 -008 -Oil -014 017 020 022 025 71 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. TABLE FOR, PHOSPHATES continued. Mg 2 P 2 7 Ca 3 P 2 8 CaP 2 6 P 2 5 P 2 Mg 2 P 2 ; Ca 3 P 2 8 CaP 2 6 P 2 5 P 2 597 83-37 53-25 38-19 16-673 61-0 85-18 54-41 39-02 17-036 8 83-51 53-34 38-25 16701 62 86-58 55-30 39-66 17-315 9 83-65 53-43 38-32 16729 63 87-97 56-19 40-30 17-595 60-0 8378 53-51 38-38 16757 64 89-37 57-08 40-94 17-874 1 83-92 53-60 38-44 16785 65 9077 57-97 41 -58 18-153 2 84-06 53-69 38-51 16-813 66 92-16 58-87 42-22 18-433 3 84-20 53-78 38-57 16-841 67 93-56 5976 42-86 18712 4 84-34 53-87 38-63 16-869 68 94-96 60-65 43-50 18-991 5 84-48 53-96 3870 16-896 69 96-35 61-54 44-14 19-270 6 84-62 54-05 3876 16-924 70 97-75 62-43 4478 19-550 7 8476 54-14 38-83 16-952 71 99-14 63-33 45-41 19-829 8 84-90 54-23 38-89 16-980 100-00 63-87 45-81 20-OOC 9 85-04 54-32 38-95 17-008 TABLE FOE THE CONVERSION OF NITROGEN INTO AMMONIA AND ALBUMINOIDS ( = Nx6"25). Albumin- Albumin- Albumin- N. NH 3 . oids N. NH 3 . oids N. NHg. oids (NX 6 -25). (NX 6 -25). (Nx 6 -25). o-i 0-12 0'63 1-9 2-31 11-88 37 4-49 23-13 2 24 1-25 2-0 2-43 12-50 8 4-61 23-75 3 36 1-88 1 2-55 13-13 9 4-73 24-38 4 49 2-50 2 2-67 1375 4-0 4-86 25-00 5 61 3-13 3 279 14-38 1 4-98 25'63 6 73 375 4 2-91 15-00 2 5-10 26-25 7 85 4-38 5 3-04 15-63 3 5-22 26-88 8 97 5-00 6 3-16 16-25 4 5-34 27-50 9 1-09 5'63 7 3-28 16-88 5 5-46 28-13 1-0 1-21 6-25 8 3-40 17-50 6 5-58 28-75 1 1-34 6-88 9 3'52 18-13 7 571 29-38 2 T46 7'50 3-0 3-64 18-75 8 5-83 30-00 3 !'58 8-13 1 376 19-38 9 5'95 30-63 4 170 875 2 3-88 20-00 5'0 6'07 31-25 5 1-82 9-38 3 4-01 20-63 1 6-19 31-88 6 1-94 10-00 4 4'13 21-25 2 6-31 32-50 7 2-06 10-63 5 4-25 21-88 3 6'43 33-13 8 2-19 11-25 6 4-37 22-50 4 6-56 3375 N -01 02 -03 '04 '05 06 -07 -08 -09 NH 8 -01 02 -04 -05 -06 07 '09 -10 -11 Albuminoids '06 13 '19 -25 -31 38 '44 '50 -56 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. TABLE FOE, THE CONVERSION OF NITROGEN INTO AMMONIA AND ALBUMINOIDS continued. Albumin- Albumin- Albumin- N. NH 3 . oids N. NH 3 . oids N. NH 3 . oids (NX 6 -25). (NX 6-25). (Nxti'25). 5-5 6-68 34-38 9-1 11-05 56-88 12-6 15-30 78-75 6 6'80 35-00 "2 11-17 57-50 7 15-42 79-38 7 6-92 35-63 3 11-29 58-13 8 15-54 8U-00 8 7-04 36-25 4 11-41 58-75 9 15-66 80-63 9 7-16 36-88 5 11-53 59-38 13-0 15-78 81-25 6-0 7-28 37-50 6 11-65 60-00 1 15-90 81-88 1 7-41 38-13 7 11-78 60-63 2 16-02 82-50 2 7'53 3875 8 11-90 61-25 3 16-15 83-13 3 7-65 39-38 9 12-02 61-88 4 16-27 83-75 4 7-77 40-00 10-0 12-14 62T>0 5 16-39 84-38 5 7-89 40-63 1 12-26 63-13 6 16-51 85-00 6 8-01 41-25 2 12-38 63-75 7 16-63 85-63 7 8 13 41-88 3 12-50 64-38 8 16-75 86-25 8 8'26 42-50 4 12-63 65-00 9 16-87 86-88 9 8'38 43 13 5 12-75 65-63 14-0 17-00 87-50 7-0 8-50 43-75 6 12-87 66-25 1 17-12 88-13 1 8-62 44-38 7 12-99 66-88 2 17-24 88-75 2 8-74 45-00 8 13-11 67-50 3 17-36 89-38 3 8'86 45-63 9 13-23 68-13 4 17-48 90-00 4 8'98 46-25 11-0 13-35 68-75 5 17-60 90-63 5 9-11 46-88 1 13-48 69-38 6 17-72 91-25 6 9'23 47 50 2 13-60 70-00 7 17-85 91-88 7 9-35 48 13 3 1372 70-63 8 17-97 92-50 8 9-47 48 75 4 13-84 71-25 9 18-09 93-13 9 9-59 49 38 5 13-96 71-88 15-0 18-21 93-75 8-0 971 50-00 6 14-08 72-50 1 18-33 94-38 1 9-83 50-63 7 14-20 73-13 2 18-45 95-00 2 9-95 51-25 8 14-33 73-75 3 18-57 95-63 3 10-08 51-88 9 14-45 74-38 4 18-70 96-25 4 10-20 52-50 12-0 14-57 75-00 5 18-82 96-88 5 10-82 53-13 1 14-69 75-63 6 18-94 97-50 6 10-44 53-75 2 14-81 76-25 7 19-06 9813 7 10-56 54-38 3 14-93 76-88 8 19-18 98-75 8 10-68 55-00 4 15-05 77-50 9 19-31 99-38 9 10-80 55-63 5 15-18 78-13 16-0 19-43 100-00 9-0 10-93 56-25 N -01 02 '03 -04 -05 -06 -07 '08 -09 NH 3 -01 Albuminoids *06 02 -04 -05 -06 -07 '09 '10 '11 13 -19 -25 -31 -38 '44 -50 '56 72A THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. TABLE FOR KJELDAHL PROCESS : 1 GRAM OF SUBSTANCE BEING USED. 1 c.c. acid = '0028 gram N= '0034 gram NH 8 . No. of No. of 7.N. No. of %N. cc N C.C.- cc N C.C.- cc N %N. % NH 3 . 7oNH 3 . c.c. 5 % NH 3 . acid acid acid used. used. used. 1 0-28 0-34 21 5- 88 7-14 41 11- 48 13-94 2 0-56 0-68 22 6- 16 7-48 42 11- 76 14-28 3 0-84 1-02 23 6- 44 7-82 43 12- 04 14-62 4 1-12 1'36 24 6' 72 8-16 44 12-32 14-96 5 1-40 1-70 25 7'00 8-50 45 12- 60 15-30 6 1-68 2-04 26 7- 28 8'84 46 12' 88 15-64 7 1-96 2-38 27 7- 56 9'18 47 13' 16 15-98 8 2'24 2'72 28 7- 84 9-52 48 13-44 16-32 9 2-52 3-06 29 8- 12 9'86 49 13' 72 16-66 10 2'80 3-40 30 8' 40 10-20 50 14-00 17-00 11 3-08 374 31 8- 68 10-54 51 14- 28 17'34 12 3'36 4-08 32 8- 96 10-88 52 14- 56 17-68 13 3-64 4-42 33 9' 24 11-22 53 14- 84 18-02 14 3-92 4-76 34 9-52 11-56 54 15" 12 18-36 15 4-20 5-10 35 9-80 11-90 55 15' 40 1870 16 4-48 5'44 36 10-08 12-24 56 15- 68 19-04 17 476 5'78 37 10- 36 12 58 57 15- 96 19-38 18 5-04 6-12 38 10-64 12-92 58 16 24 19-72 19 5 32 6'46 39 10- 92 13-26 59 16' 52 20-06 20 5'60 6-80 40 11- 20 13-60 60 16 80 20'40 C.c. H acid O'l 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0'8 0'9 5 % N '03 06 08 11 '14 17 20 22 -25 % NH 3 '03 i -07 10 14 '17 20 24 27 '31 log. -0028 = 3-44716. log. -0034 = 3-53148. 73A THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. NOTE ON CRYSTALLIZED QUININE SULPHATE. When crystallized quinine sulphate is freely exposed to air at the ordinary temperature, it rapidly effloresces until it attains the composition of a sulphate containing 2 (instead o; 7-|) molecules of water, or 4*6 per cent. This air-dried sulphate has the following composition : Molecular Per Weight. Cent. (C^H^A)* 648 82-87 H 2 S0 4 ... 98 12-53 2H 2 ... 36 4-60 782 100-00 Freshly crystallized quinine sulphate contains 7 molecules of water of crystallization, which are expelled at a temperature of 100 C. When the dehydrated sulphate is freely exposed to air at the ordinary temperature, it rapidly absorbs water until it has the composition of a sulphate with 2 molecules of water ; but when access of air is retarded, the amount of water of crystallization in the salt is variable, and bears no constant relation to the dry sulphate until 2 molecules of water have been absorbed. (A. J. Cownley in Pharm. Jour., 19th Dec. 1896.) THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. QUININE. Hydrochlorate of Quinine, (LH^NA, HC1, 20H 2 . = 324 + 36-5 + 36 = 396-5 Percentage composition. CooH^NaOa . . 81-715 HC1 .... 9-205 OH 9 . . . 9-080 100-000 Sulphate of Quinine. 2[(C 20 H 24 N 2 2 ) 2 .H 2 S0 4 ], = 1296 + 196 + 270 = 1762 Percentage composition. C 20 H 24 N 2 2 . . 73-55 H,,S0 4 . . . 11-12 OH 9 . 15-33 100-00 To convert C 20 H 24 N 2 2 into CjoHaiNA, HC1, 20H 2 2[(C 20 H 24 N 2 2 ) 2 .H 2 S0 4 ], 150H 2 Grams of Quinine per fluid drachm into grains of Hydrochlorate of Quinine per fluid ounce Tincture of Quinine, B.P., contains 8 grains of hydrochlorate of quinine in the fluid ounce. Multiplier. 1-224 1-360 151-09 Log. to be added. 0-087 698-2 0-133 4009 2-179 2203 E. W. T. JONES'S METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF CHICORY IN MIXTURES OF COFFEE AND CHICORY. The sample is dried in the water-oven, and 5 grams are weighed into a large porcelain dish. About 200 c.c. of water are added, and boiled for 15 minutes. After allowing a minute or two for settling, the liquid is strained through a piece of copper gauze placed in a funnel into a 250 c.c. measuring flask, care being taken to disturb the grounds as little as possible. The latter are now treated with about 50 c.c. of water, boiled for 5 minutes, and the liquid strained off as before. The flask is then cooled, made up to the mark, well agitated and filtered, the liquid being poured on a dry filter; 50 c.c. of the filtrate ( = 1 gram of the coffee mixture) are then pipetted into a weighed, flat-bottomed glass dish, evaporated to dryness over a steam-bath, and finally dried in the water- oven. The results are returned to the nearest percentage of chicory (see Table on p. 74). Treated as above, chicory gives a mean percentage extract of 70 ; while coffee gives a remarkably constant percentage extract of 24. To determine the percentage of chicory from the weight of extract obtained, we proceed as follows : Let x = percentage of chicory. ..100-03= ,, coffee.* and let E= ,, extract found. .'. 07a;+ -24(100 -a?) = E. "24=E. 46a;=E-24. E-24. Puttingaj=l, we find E = 24'46, and the table on page 74 is in this way easily calculated. 74 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. TABLE SHOWING THE PERCENTAGE OF CHICORY WITH COFFEE FROM THE PERCENTAGE OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT. Extract per cent. Chicory per cent. Extract per cent. Chicory per cent. Extract per cent. Chicory per cent. 24-46 1 40-10 35 55-28 68 92 2 56 36 74 69 25-38 3 41-02 37 56-20 70 84 4 48 38 66 71 26-30 5 94 39 57-12 72 76 6 42-40 40 58 73 27-22 7 86 41 58-04 74 68 8 43-32 42 50 75 28-14 9 78 43 96 76 60 10 44-24 44 59-42 77 29-06 11 70 45 88 78 52 12 45-16 46 60-34 79 98 13 62 47 80 80 30-44 14 46-08 48 61-26 81 90 15 54 49 72 82 31-36 16 47-00 50 62-18 83 82 17 46 51 64 84 32-28 18 92 52 63-10 80 74 19 48-38 53 56 86 33-20 20 84 54 64-02 87 66 21 49-30 55 48 88 34-12 22 76 56 94 89 58 23 50-22 57 65-40 90 35-04 24 68 58 86 91 50 25 51-14 59 66-32 J2 96 26 60 60 78 93 36-42 27 52-06 61 67-24 94 88 28 52 62 70 95 37-34 29 98 63 68-16 96 80 30 53-44 64 62 97 38-26 31 90 65 69-08 98 72 32 54-36 66 54 99 39-18 33 82 67 70-00 100 64 34 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 75 BATJME'S HYDROMETER. Table, for Liquids heavier than Water.* B. Tw. Sp. gr. B. Tw. Sp. gr. B. Tw. Sp. gr. 1 1-4 1-007 23 38 1-190 45 90-6 1-453 2 2-8 1-014 24 40 1-200 46 93-6 1-468 3 4-4 1-022 25 42 1-210 47 96-6 1-483 4 5-8 1 -029 26 44 1-220 48 99-6 1-498 5 7'4 1-037 27 46-2 1-231 49 103 1-515 6 9 1-045 28 48-2 1-241 50 106 1-530 7 10*2 1-052 29 50-4 1-252 51 109-2 1-546 8 12 1-060 30 52-6 1-263 52 112-6 1-563 9 13-4 1-067 31 54-8 1-274 53 116 1-580 10 15 1-075 32 57 1-285 54 119-4 1-597 11 16-6 1-083 33 59-4 1-297 55 123 1-615 12 18-2 1-091 34 61-6 1-308 56 127 1-635 13 20 1-100 35 64 1 -320 57 130-4 1-652- 14 21-6 1-108 36 66-4 1-332 58 134-2 1-671 15 23-2 1-116 37 69 1-345 59 138-2 1-691 16 25 1-125 38 71-4 1-357 60 142 1-710 17 26-8 1-134 39 74 1-370 61 146*4 1-732 18 28'4 1-142 40 76-6 1-383 62 150-6 1-753 19 30-4 1-152 41 79-4 1-397 63 155 1-775 20 32-4 1*162 42 82 1-410 64 159 1-795 21 34-2 1-171 43 84-8 1-424 65 164 1-820 22 36 1-180 44 87-6 1-438 66 168-4 1-842 * This is the Baume"s hydrometer mostly used on the Continent of Europe : but othor scales are in use there as well, and quite another scale for Baume"'s hydrometer is used in America (Lunge & Hurter, Alkali Makers' Handbook). Table for Liquids lighter than Water. 15. ' Sp. gr. B. Sp. gr. B. Sp. gr. 10 i-ooo 27 0-896 44 0-811 11 0-993 28 0-890 45 0-807 12 0-986 29 0-885 46 0-802 13 0-980 30 0-880 47 0-798 14 0-973 31 0-874 48 0794 15 0-967 32 0-869 49 0789 16 0-960 33 0-864 50 6785 17 0-954 34 0-859 51 0-781 18 0-948 35 0-854 52 0-777 19 ' 0-942 36 0-849 53 0773 20 0-936 37 0-844 54 0-768 21 0-930 38 0-839 55 0764 22 0-924 39 0-834 56 0760 23 0-918 40 0-830 57 0-757 24 0-913 41 0-825 58 0-753 25 0-907 42 -820 59 0749 26 0-901 43 0-816 60 0-745 Twaddell's Hydrometer. To convert degrees Twaddell into specific gravity (water = 1000): multiply the number by 5, and add 1000 to the product. To reduce specific gravity (water =1000) to Twaddell: deduct 1000, and divide the remainder by 5 76 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. ALCOHOL TABLE. Sp. gr. at 60 F. Per cent, of Alcohol by weight. Per cent, of Alcohol by volume. Per cent under Proof. V F . at Per cent, of Alcohol by weight Per cent, of Alcohol by volume Per cent. under Proof. i-oooo o-oo o-oo 100-00 9775 15-25 18-78 67-10 9995 0-26 0-33 99-42 9770 15-67 19-28 66-20 9990 0-53 0-66 98-84 9765 16-08 19-78 65-34 9985 079 0-99 98-26 9760 16-46 20-24 64-53 9980 1-06 1-34 97-66 9755 16-85 20-71 63-72 9975 1-37 1-73 96-97 9750 17-25 21-19 62-87 9970 1-69 2-12 96-29 9745 17-67 21-69 62-00 9965 2-00 2-51 95-60 9740 18-08 22-18 61-13 9960 2-28 2-86 95-00 9735 18-46 22-64 60-32 9955 2-56 3-21 94-40 9730 18-85 23-10 59-52 9950 2'83 3-55 93-78 9725 19-25 23-58 58-67 9945 3-12 3-90 93-16 9720 19-67 24-08 57-80 9940 3'41 4 '27 92-50 9715 20-08 24-58 56-93 9935 371 4-63 91-87 9710 20-50 25-07 56-06 9930 4-00 5-00 91-23 9705 20-92 25-57 55-20 9925 4-31 5-39 90-55 9700 21-31 26-04 54-37 9920 4-62 5-78 89-87 9695 21-69 26-49 53-57 9915 4-94 6-17 89-20 9690 22-08 26-95 5277 9910 5-25 6-55 88-50 9685 22-46 27-40 51-98 9905 5-56 6-94 87-84 9680 22-85 27-86 51-18 9900 5'87 7-32 87-16 9675 23-23 28-31 50-38 9895 6-21 774 86-43 9670 23-62 28-77 49-60 9890 6-57 8-18 85-65 9665 24-00 29-22 48-80 9885 6-93 8-63 84-88 9660 24-38 29-67 48-00 9880 7-27 9-04 84-15 9655 2477 30-13 47-20 9875 7'60 9-45 83-43 9650 25-14 30-57 46-44 9870 7'93 9'86 82-70 9645 25-50 30-98 45-70 9865 8"29 10-30 81-96 9640 25-86 31-40 44-97 9860 8-64 1073 81-20 9635 26-20 31-80 44-27 9855 9-00 11-17 80-42 9630 26'53 32-19 43 -60 9850 9-36 11-61 79-65 9625 26-87 32-58 42-90 9845 971 12-05 78-90 9620 27-21 32-98 42-20 9840 10-08 12-49 78-10 9615 27-57 33-39 41-47 9835 10-46 12-96 77-30 9610 27-93 33-81 40-74 9830 30-85 13-43 76-46 9605 28-25 34-18 40-10 9825 11-23 13-90 75-64 9600 28-56 34-54 39-47 9820 11-62 14-37 74-82 9595 28-87 34-90 38-84 9815 12-00 14-84 74-00 9590 29-20 35-28 38-18 9810 12-38 15-30 7318 9585 29-53 35-66 37-50 9805 12-77 15-77 72-36 9580 29-87 36-04 36-83 9800 13-15 16-24 71'54 9575 30-17 36-39 36-23 9795 13-54 16-70 70-73 9570 30-44 3670 35-68 9790 13-92 17-17 69-90 9565 30-72 37-02 35-13 9785 14-36 17'70 68-97 9560 31-00 37-34 34-57 9780 14-82 18-25 68-00 9555 31-31 37-69 33-95 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 77 ALCOHOL TABLE continued. Sp. gr. at 60 F. Per cent, of Alcohol by weight. Per cent, of Alcohol by volume. Per cent. under Proof. Sp. gr. at 60 F. Per cent, of Alcohol by weight. Per cent, of Alcohol by volume. Per cent. under Proof. 9550 31-62 38-04 33-32 9325 43-48 51-07 10'50 9545 31-94 38-40 32-70 9320 43-71 51-32 10-05 9540 32-25 3875 32-08 9315 43-95 51-58 9-60 9535 32-56 39-11 31-46 9310 44-18 51-82 9-20 9530 32-87 39-47 30-84 9305 44-41 52-06 8-77 9525 33-18 39-81 30-24 9300 44-64 52-29 8-36 9520 33-47 40-14 29-66 9295 44-86 52-53 7-94 9515 3376 40-47 29-08 9290 45-09 52-77 7-52 9510 34-05 4079 28-52 9285 45-32 53-01 7-10 9505 34-29 41-05 28-06 9280 45-55 53-24 670 9500 34-52 41-32 27-60 9275 4577 53-48 6-27 9495 34-76 41-58 27-13 9270 46-00 5372 5-86 9490 35-00 41-84 26-67 9265 46-23 53-95 5-45 9485 35-25 42-12 26-20 9260 46-46 54-19 5-03 9480 35-50 42-40 2570 9255 46-68 54-43 4-62 9475 35-75 42-67 25-22 9250 46-91 54-66 4-20 9470 36-00 42-95 24-74 9245 47-14 54-90 3'80 9465 36-28 43-26 24-20 9240 47-36 55-13 3-38 9460 36-56 43-56 23-66 9235 47-59 55-37 2-97 9455 36-83 43-87 23-12 9230 47-82 55-60 2-56 9450 37-11 44-18 22-58 9225 48-05 55-83 2-15 9445 37-39 44-49 22-04 9220 48-27 56-07 1-74 9440 37-67 44-79 21-50 9215 48-50 56-30 1-33 9435 37-94 45-10 20-96 9210 4873 56-54 0-92 9430 38-22 45-41 20-43 9205 48-96 56-77 0-50 9425 38-50 45-71 19-89 9200 49-16 56-98 0-14 9420 38-78 46-02 19-36 9198 49-24 57-06 Proof 9415 39-05 46-32 18-83 9195 49-39 57-20 0-25 9410 39-30 46-59 18-36 9190 49-64 57-45 0-68 9405 39-55 46-86 17-88 9185 49-86 57-69 1-10 9400 39-80 47-13 17-40 9180 50-09 57-92 1-51 9395 40-05 47-40 16-93 9175 50-30 58-14 1-89 9390 40-30 47-67 16-46 9170 50-52 58-36 2-28 9385 40-55 47-94 15-98 9165 5074 58-58 2-66 9380 40-80 48-21 15-50 9160 50-96 58-80 3-05 9375 41-05 48-48 15-04 9155 51-17 59-01 3-41 9370 41-30 48-75 14-57 9150 51-38 59-22 378 9365 41-55 49-02 14-10 9145 51-58 59-43 4-14 9360 41-80 49-29 13-63 9140 51-79 59-63 4-50 9355 42-05 49-55 13-16 9135 52-00 59-84 4-87 9350 42-29 49-81 1270 9130 52-23 60-07 5-27 9345 42-52 50-06 12-27 9125 52-45 60-30 5-67 9340 4276 50-31 11-82 9120 52-68 60-52 6-07 9335 43-00 50-57 11-38 9115 52-91 60-74 6-47 9330 43-24 50-82 10-94 9110 53-13 60-97 6-86 78 THE ANALYST S LABORATORY COMPANION. ALCOHOL TABLE continued. Sp.gr. at 60 F. Per cent, of Alcohol by weight. Per cent. of Alcohol by volume. Per cent. over Proof. Sp. gr. at 60 F. Per cent, of Alcohol by weight. Per cent, of Alcohol by volume. Per cent. over Proof. 9105 53-35 6119 7-23 8880 63-26 70-77 24-02 9100 53-57 61-40 7-61 8875 63-48 70-97 24-37 9095 5378 61-62 7-99 8870 63-70 71-17 2473 9090 54-00 61-84 8-36 8865 63-91 71-38 25-09 9085 54-24 62-07 878 8860 64-13 71-58 25-44 9080 54-48 62-31 9-20 8855 64-35 7178 25-79 9075 5471 62-55 9'62 8850 64-57 71-98 26-15 9070 54-95 62-79 10-03 8845 64-78 72-18 26-50 9065 55-18 63-02 10-44 8840 65-00 72-38 26-85 9060 55-41 63-24 10-84 8835 65-21 72 -58 27-19 9055 55-64 63-46 11-24 8830 65-42 72-77 27-52 9050 55'86 63-69 11-64 8825 65-63 72-96 27-85 9045 56-09 63-91 12-03 8820 65-83 73-15 28-19 9040 56-32 64-14 12-41 8815 66-04 73-34 28-52 9035 56-55 64 -36 12-80 8810 66-26 73-54 28-87 9030 56-77 64-58 13-18 8805 66-48 7373 29-22 9025 57-00 64-80 13-57 8800 6670 73-93 29-57 9020 57-22 65-01 13-92 8795 6G-91 74-13 29-92 9015 57-42 65-21 14-27 8790 6713 74-33 30-26 9010 57-63 65-41 14-62 8785 67-33 74-52 30-59 9005 57-83 65-61 14-97 8780 67-54 7470 30-92 9000 58-05 65-81 15-33 8775 6775 74-89 31-25 8995 58-27 66-03 15-72 8770 67-96 75-08 31-58 8990 58-50 66-25 16-11 8765 68-17 75-27 31-90 8985 58-73 66-47 16-49 8760 68-38 75-45 32-23 8980 58-95 66-69 16-88 8755 68-58 75-64 32-56 8975 59-17 66-90 17-25 8750 68-79 75-83 32-89 8970 59-39 67-11 17-61 8745 69-00 76-01 33-21 8965 59-61 67-32 17-98 8740 69-21 76-20 33-54 8960 59-83 67-53 18-34 8735 69-42 76-39 33-86 8955 60-04 67-73 18-70 8730 69-63 76-57 34-19 8950 60-26 67-93 19-05 8725 69-83 7676 34-51 8945 60-46 68-13 19-39 8720 70-04 76-94 34-84 8940 60-67 68-33 19-74 8715 70-24 77-12 35-14 8935 60-88 68-52 20-08 8710 70-44 77-29 35-45 8930 61-08 6872 20-42 8705 70-64 77-46 3576 8925 61-29 68-91 2077 8700 70-84 77-64 36-07 8920 61-50 69-11 21-11 8695 71-04 77-82 36-37 8915 6171 69-30 21-45 8690 71-25 78-00 36-69 8910 61-92 69-50 2179 8685 71-46 78-18 37-01 8905 62-14 69-71 22-16 8680 71-67 78-36 37-33 8900 62-36 69-92 22-53 8675 71-88 78-55 37-65 8895 62-59 70-14 22-91 8670 72-09 78-73 37-98 8890 62-82 70-35 23-29 8665 72-30 78-93 38-32 8885 63-04 70-57 23-66 8660 72-52 79-12 38-65 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. ALCOHOL TABLE continued. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Sp. gr. of Alcohol of Alcohol over Sp. gr. of Alcohol of Alcohol over at 60 F. by weight. by volume. Proof. at 60 F. by weight. by volume. Proof. 8655 7274 79-31 38-99 8430 82-15 87-24 52-90 8650 72-96 79-50 39-32 8425 82-35 87-40 53-16 ^8645 ^8640 73-17 73-38 79-68 79 -8fi 39-64 39-96 8420 8415 82-54 8273 87-55 87-70 53-43 5370 8635 73-58 80-04 40-27 8410 82-92 87-85 53-96 8630 73-79 80-22 40-60 8405 83-12 88-00 54-23 8625 74-00 80-40 40-91 8400 83-31 88-16 54-50 8620 74-23 80-60 41-26 8395 83-50 88-31 54-75 8615 74-45 80-80 41-61 8390 83-69 88-46 55-02 8610 74-68 81-00 41-96 8385 83-88 88-61 55-28 8605 74-91 81-20 42-31 8380 84-08 88-76 55-55 8600 75-14 81-40 42-66 8375 84-28 88-92 55-83 8595 75-36 81-60 43-00 8370 84-48 89-08 56-10 8590 75-59 81-80 43-35 8365 84-68 89-24 56-38 8585 75-82 82-00 43-70 8360 84-88 89-39 56-66 8580 76-04 82-19 44-04 8355 85-08 89-55 56-93 8575 76-25 82-37 44-35 8350 85-27 8970 57 20 8570 76-46 82-54 44-66 8345 85-46 89-84 57-45 8565 76-67 8272 44-97 8340 85-65 89-99 57-71 8560 76-88 82-90 45-28 8335 85-85 90-14 57-97 8555 77-08 83-07 45-60 8330 86-04 90-29 58-23 8550 77-29 83-25 45-90 8325 86-23 90-43 58-48 8545- 77-50 83-43 46-20 8320 86-42 90-58 58-74 8540 7771 83-60 46-51 8315 86-62 9073 59-00 8535 77-92 83-78 46-82 8310 86-81 90-88 59-26 8530 78-12 83-94 47-11 8305 87-00 91-02 59-51 8525 78-32 84-11 47-40 8300 87-19 91-17 59-77 8520 78-52 84-27 4770 8295 87-38 91-31 60-02 8515 7872 84-44 47-98 8290 87-58 91-46 60-28 8510 78-92 84-60 48-27 8285 87-77 91-60 60-53 8505 79-12 84-77 48-56 8280 87-96 9175 60-79 8500 79-32 84-93 48-84 8275 88-16 91-90 61-05 8495 79-52 85-10 49-13 8270 88-36 92-05 61-32 8490 79-72 85-26 49-38 8265 88-56 92-21 61-60 8485 79-92 85-42 49-67 8260 8876 92-36 61-86 8480 80-13 85-59 50-00 8255 88-96 92-51 62-12 6475 80-33 8577 50-31 8250 89-16 92-66 62-38 8470 80-54 85-94 50-61 8245 89-35 92-80 62-63 8465 80-75 86-11 50-91 8240 89-54 92-94 62-88 8460 80-96 86-28 51-21 8235 89-73 93-09 63-13 ' -8455 81-16 86-45 51-50 8230 89-92 93-23 63-38 8450 81-36 86-61 51-78 8225 90-11 93-36 63-62 8445 81-56 8677 52-06 8220 90-29 93-49 63-84 8440 81-76 86-93 52-34 8215 90-46 93 -62 64-06 8435 81-96 87-09 52-62 8210 90-64 93-75 64-30 80 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. ALCOHOL TABLE continued. Pei- cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Sp. gr. of Alcohol of Alcohol over Sp. gr. of Alcohol of Alcohol over at 60 F. by weight by volume Proof. at 60 F. by weight by volume Proof. 8205 90-82 93-87 64-51 8065 95-86 97-39 70-67 8200 91-00 94-00 6474 8060 96-03 97-51 70-88 8195 91-18 94-13 64-96 8055 96-20 97-62 71-07 8190 91-36 94-26 65-18 8050 96-37 97-73 71-26 8185 91-54 94-38 65-40 8045 96-53 97-83 71-45 8180 9171 94-51 65-62 8040 9670 97-94 71-64 8175 91-89 94-64 65-85 8035 96-87 98-05 71-83 8170 92-07 94-76 66-07 8030 97-03 98-16 72-02 8165 92-26 94-90 66-30 8025 97-20 98-27 72-20 8160 92-44 95-03 66-53 8020 97-37 98-37 72-40 8155 92-63 95-16 6676 8015 97-53 98-48 72-58 8150 92-81 95-29 67-00 8010 97-70 98-59 72-77 8145 93-00 95-42 67-23 8005 97-87 98-69 72-95 8140 93-18 95-55 67-46 8000 98-03 98-80 73-14 8135 93-37 95-69 67-70 7995 98-19 98-89 73-30 8130 93-55 95-82 67-92 7990 98-34 98-98 73-47 8125 93-74 95-95 68-15 7985 98-50 99-07 73-64 8120 93-92 96-08 68-38 7980 98-66 99-16 73-81 8115 94-10 96-20 68-60 7975 98-81 99-26 73-97 8110 94-28 96-32 68-80 7970 98-97 99-35 74-14 8105 94-45 96-43 69-00 7965 99-13 99-45 74-31 8100 94-62 96-55 69-20 7960 99-29 99-55 74-50 8095 94-80 96-67 69-40 7955 99-45 99-65 74-66 8090 94-97 96-78 69-61 7950 99-61 9975 74-83 8085 95-14 96-90 69-82 7945 9978 99-86 75-01 8080 95-32 97-02 70-03 7940 99-94 99-96 75-18 8075 95-50 97-15 70-25 Absolute Alcohol 8070 95-68 97-27 70-46 7938 100-00 100-00 75-25 According to the provisions of "The Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875," Brandy, Whisky, and Rum may be 25 U.P. and Gin 35 U.P. 25 U.P. = 0-9473 sp. gr., 35'85 per cent, alcohol, by weight ; 4278 per cent, alcohol by volume. 35 U.P. -0-9564 sp. gr., 3078 per cent, alcohol by weight ; 37'08 per cent, alcohol by volume. "Rectified spirit, B.P.," is alcohol with 16 per cent, water, sp. gr. 0-8380; 55'55 over Proof. It contains 84'08 per cent, by weight and 8876 per cent, by volume of alcohol. " Proof spirit " has the sp. gr. 0-9198. It contains 49 '24 per cent, by weight and 57 '06 per. cent, by volume of alcohol. THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 80A Simple rules for finding the percentages of added water in the case of diluted spirits. I. Brandy, Whisky, or Rum (25 U. P. allowed). Let a sample be N U. P. Therefore in 100 volumes we have N volumes of water, and (100 - N) volumes of proof-spirit. Let x be the percentage of water by volume added to spirit of 25 U. P. to produce a sample N U. P. Then equating amounts of water we have Hence we have the following rule : To get percentage of added water by volume in the case of diluted brandy, whisky, or rum, increase the excess of degrees U. P. above 25 by one-third. II. Gin (35 U. P. allowed). Reasoning exactly as in I., we have (100-^)^ + ^ = ^. 35 - -a a?!- 1-54(1^-35).. Hence the rule : To get percentage of added water by volume in diluted gin, multiply the excess of degrees U. P, above 35 by 1'54. V Tne above rules I owe to Mr E. W. T. Jones, who discovered them empirically and used them simply for checking results obtained by the usual method of calculation from the percentage of alcohol present. The proofs I have given above established the accuracy of Rule I., and gave the correct factor 1'54 in Rule II. in place of the 1J previously used for checking. A. E. J. 80B THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. CORRECTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF DILUTK ALCOHOL FOR TEMPERATURE. Specific Gravity. 1 Fab. 1C. Specific Gravity. 1 Fah. 1C. 794--S64 0-00046 0-00083 965- -966 0-00026 0-00047 864--S89 45 81 966- '967 25 45 889- "902 44 79 967- '968 24 43 902- '912 43 77 968- '969 23 41 912--921 42 76 969- -970 22 40 921--928 41 74 970- -971 21 38 92S--935 40 72 971- '973 20 36 935--940 39 70 973- -974 19 34 940--943 38 68 974- -975 18 32 943-'946 37 67 975- -976 17 31 946-'949 36 65 976- '977 16 29 949- -951 35 63 977- '978 15 27 951--953 34 61 978- -980 14 25 953--95S 33 59 980- -981 13 23 955--P57 32 58 981- '983 12 22 957-'959 31 56 983- -985 11 20 959--961 30 54 985- -987 10 18 961--962 29 52 987- '990 00009 16 962-*963 28 50 990- '995 8 14 963- '965 27 49 995-1-000 7 13 Rule. To obtain correct sp. gr. at 60 Fah. (-15 '5 C.), multiply the factor given in the table opposite to the observed sp. gr. by the difference in temperature, and add if the recorded temperature is above 60 F., or substract if it is below 60. Ex. The sp. gr. at 60 Fah. of dilute alcohol of sp. gr. 0'952 at 64 Fah. is 0-952 + (0-00034x4) = 0-95336. VARIOUS METHODS OF STATING ALCOHOLIC STRENGTHS. on Squibb's absolute alcohol of sp. gr. 0'7935, Proof spirit containing 49 '2 / of this alcohol, and having a sp. gr. of 0-9198, and using c.c. to indicate the volume of 1 gram of water at 60 F., we have the formulae given below. Let S = sp. gr. at 60/60 F. / o = grams of absolute alcohol per 100 grams. / C.C. absolute alcohol per 100 c.c. i0/i> = grams of absolute alcohol per 100 c.c. P = c.c. proof spirit per 100 c.c. then o, _v/vx -7935 _tg/g_Px -4525 /0 S S S v/v-l x 1-262 8 = 1-262 w/v = 0-5703 P w/i>=7 x S =-'7935 vjv =0-4525 P P = %x2'21 S =1753 vfv =2 "21 w/v grains per fluid ounce = w/v x 4 '3756. THE ANALYST'S LABORATOKY COMPANION. 81 OTTO'S TABLE SHOWING THE PERCENTAGES OF H 2 S0 4 CORRESPONDING TO THE DILUTE ACID OF VARIOUS SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT 15 C. Per cent, of H 2 S0 4 . Specific Gravity. Per cent, of H 2 S0 4 . Specific Gravity. Per cent, of H 2 S0 4 . Specific Gravity. Per cent, of H 2 S0 4 . Specific Gravity. 100 1-8426 75 1-6750 50 1-3980 25 1-1820 99 1-8420 74 1-6630 49 1-3866 24 1-1740 98 1-8406 73 1-6510 48 1-3790 23 1-1670 97 1-8400 72 1-6390 47 1-3700 22 1-1590 96 1-8384 71 1-6270 46 1-3610 21 1-1536 95 1-8376 70 1-6150 45 1-3510 20 1-1440 94 1-8356 69 1-6040 44 1-3420 19 1-1360 93 1-8340 68 1-5920 43 1-3330 18 1-1290 92 1-8310 67 1-5800 42 1-3240 17 1-1210 91 1-8270 66 1-5860 41 1-3150 16 1-1136 90 1-8220 65 1-5570 40 1-3060 15 1-1060 89 1-8160 64 1-5450 39 1-2976 14 1-0980 88 1-8090 63 1-5340 38 1-2890 13 1-0910 87 1-8020 62 1-5230 37 1-2810 12 1-0830 86 1-7940 61 1-5120 36 1-2720 11 1-0756 85 1-7860 60 1-5010 35 1-2640 10 1-0680 84 1-7770 59 1-4900 34 1-2560 9 1-0610 83 1-7670 58 1-4800 33 1-2476 8 1-0536 82 1-7560 57 1-4690 32 1-2390 7 1-0464 81 1-7450 56 1-4586 31 1-2310 6 1-0390 80 1-7340 55 1-4480 30 1-2230 5 1-0320 79 1-7220 54 1-4380 29 1-2150 4 1-0256 78 1-7100 53 1-4280 28 1-2066 3 1-0190 77 1-6980 52 1-4180 27 1-1980 2 1-0130 76 1-6860 51 1-4080 26 1-1900 1 1-0064 TABLE SHOWING THE STRENGTH OF HC1 OF DIFFERENT SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT 15 C. PR URE. ) Per Per Per Specific Gravity. Per cent, of HC1 cent, of Acid of 1-20 Specific Gravity. Per cent, of HC1 cent, of Acid of 1-20 Specific Gravity. Per cent. ofHCl cent, of Acid of 1-20 sp. gr. sp. gr. sp.gr. 1-2000 40-777 100 1-1857 37-516 92 1-1701 34-252 84 1-1982 40-369 99 1-1846 37'108'f 91 1-1681 33-845 83 1-1964 39-961 98 1-1822 36700 90 1-1661 33-437 82 1-1946 39-554 97 1-1802 36-292 89 1-1641 33-029 81 1-1928 39-146 96 1-1782 35-884 88 1-1620 32-621 80 1-1910 38-738 95 1-1762 35-476 87 1-1599 32-213 79 1-1893 38-330 94 1-1741 35-068 86 1-1578 31-805 78 1-1875 37-923 93 1-1721 34-660 85 1-1557 31-398 77 82 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. TABLE SHOWING THE STRENGTH OF HC1 OF IUFFERENT SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT 15 C. continued. Specific Gravity. Per rent. of HC1 Pei- cent. of Acid of 1-20 sp. gr. Specific Gravity. Per cent, of HC1 Per cent, of Acid of 1-20 sp. gr. Specific Gravity. Per cent. of HC1 Pei- cent. of Acid of 1-20 sp. gr. 1536 30-990 76 1-1000 20-388 50 1-0477 9786 24 1515 30-582 75 1-0980 19-980 49 1-0457 9-379 23 1494 30-174 74 1-0960 19-572 48 1-0437 8-971 22 1473 29-767 73 1-0939 19-165 47 1-0417 8-563 21 1452 29-359 72 1-0919 18757 46 1 -0397 8-155 20 1431 28-951 71 1-0899 18-349 45 1-0377 7747 19 1-1410 28-544 70 1 -0879 17-941 44 1-0357 7-340 18 1-1389 28-136 69 1-0859 17-534 43 1-0337 6-932 17 1-1369 27728 68 1-0838 17-126 42 1-0318 6-524 16 1-1349 27-321 67 1-0818 16718 41 1-0298 6-116 15 1-1328 26-913 66 1-0798 16-310 40 1-0279 5709 14 1-1308 26-505 65 1 -0778 15-902 39 1-0259 5-301 13 1-1287 26-098 64 1-0758 15-494 38 1-0239 4-893 12 1-1267 25-690 63 1-0738 15-087 37 1-0220 4-486 11 1-1247 25-282 62 1-0718 14-679 36 1-0200 4-078 10 1-1226 24-847 61 1-0697 14-271 35 1-0180 3-670 9 1-1206 24-466 60 1-0677 13-863 34 1-0160 3-262 8 1-1185 24-058 59 1-0657 13-456 33 1-0140 2-854 7 1-1164 23-650 58 1-0637 13-049 32 1-0120 2-447 6 1-1143 23-242 57 1-0617 12-641 31 1-0100 2-039 5 1-1123 22-834 56 1-0597 12-233 30 1-0080 1-631 4 1-1102 22-426 55 1-0577 11-825 29 1-0060 1-224 3 1-1082 22-019 54 1-0557 11-418 28 1-0040 816 2 1-1061 21-611 53 1-0537 11-010 27 1-0020 408 1 1-1041 21 -203 52 1-0517 10-602 26 1-1020 20796 51 1-0497 10194 25 TABLE SHOWING THE STRENGTH OF GRAVITIES. The numbers marked * are the results of others are obtained by interpolation. OF VARIOUS SPECIFIC direct observations ; the HN0 3 per cent. Specific Gravity HN0 3 per cent Specific Gravity HN0 3 per cent. Specific Gravity At At 15 AtO At 15 AtO At 15 100-00 1-559 1-530 93-01* 1-533* 1-506* 84-00 1-499 1-474 99-84* 1-559* 1-530* 92-00 1-529 1-503 83-00 1-495 1-470 99-72* 1-558* 1-530* 91-00 526 1-499 82-00 1-492 1-467 99-52* 1-557* 1-529* 90-00 522 1-495 80-96* 488* 1-463* 97-89* 1-551* 1-523* 89-56* 521* 1-494* 80-00 484 1-460 97-00 1-548 1-520 88-00 514 1-488 79-00 481 1-456 96-00 1'544 1-516 87-45* 513* 1-486* 77-66 476 1-451 95-27* 1-542* 1-514* 86-17* 507* 1-482* 76-00 469 1-445 94-00 1-537 1-509 85-00 503 1-478 75-00 1-465 1-442 I UNIVERSITY THE ANALYST'S TABLE SHOWING THE STRENGTH OF HN0 3 OF VARIOUS SPECIFIC GRAVITIES continued. HN0 3 per cent. Specific Gravity HN0 3 per cent. Specific Gravity HN0 3 per cent. Specific Gravity AtO At 15 AtO At 15" AtO At 15 74-01* 1-462* 1-438* 55-00 1-365 1 -346 33-86* 1-226* 1-211* 73-00 1-457 1-435 54-00 1-359 1-341 32-00 1-214 1-198 72-39* 1-455* 1-432* 53-81 1-358 1-339 31-00 1-207 1-192 71-24* 1-450* 1-429* 53-00 1-353 1-335 30-00 1-200 1-185 69-96 1-444 1-423 52-33* 1-349* 1-331* 29-00 194 1-179 69-20* 1-441 1-419* 50-99* 1-341* 1-323* 28-00* 187* 1-172* 68-00 1-435 1-414 49-97 1-334 1-317 27-00 180 1-166 67-00 1-430 1-410 49-00 1-328 1-312 25-71* 171* 1-157* 66-00 1-425 1-405 48-00 1 -321 1 -304 23-00 153 1-138 65-07* 1-420* 1-400* 47-18* 1-315* 1-298* 20-00 132 1-120 64-00 1-415 1-395 46-64 1-312 1-295 17-47* 1-115* 1-105* 63-59 1-413 1-393 45-00 1-300 1-284 15-00 1-099 1-089 62-00 1-404 1-386 43-53* 1-291* 1-274* 13-00 1-085 1-077 61-21* 1-400* 1-381* 42-00 1-280 1-264 11-41* 1-075 1-067* 60-00 1-393 1-374 41-00 1-274 1-257 7-22* 1-050 1-045* 59-59* 1-391* 1-372* 40-00 1-267 1-251 4-00 1-026 1-022 58-88 1 -387 1-368 39-00 1-260 1-244 2-00 1-013 1-010 58-00 1-382 1-363 37-95* 1-253* 1-237* o-oo 1-000 0-999 57-00 1-376 1-358 36-00 1-240 1-225 56-10* 1-371* 1-353* 35-00 1-234 1-218 OF CAUSTIC POTASH OF VARIOUS SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT 15 C.* Per cent, of K 2 Per cent, of KHO Specific Gravity. Per cent, of K 2 Per cent, of KHO Specific Gravity. 5658 0-674 1-0050 23764 28-303 1-2648 1-697 2-021 1-0153 24-895 29-650 1-2805 2-829 3-369 1-0260 26-027 30-998 1-2966 3-961 4-717 1-0369 27-158 32-345 1-3131 5-002 5-957 1-0478 28-290 33-693 1-3300 6-224 7-412 1-0589 29-34 34-94 1-30 7-355 8760 1-0703 3074 36-61 1-32 8-487 10-108 1-0819 32-14 38-28 1-34 9-619 11-456 1-0938 33-46 39-85 1-36 10750 12-803 1-1059 3474 41-37 1-38 11-882 14-151 1-1182 35-99 42-86 1-40 13-013 15-498 1-1308 37-97 45-22 1-42 14-145 16-846 1-1437 40-17 47-84 1-44 15-277 18-195 1-1568 42-31 50-39 1-46 16-408 19-542 1-1702 44-40 52-88 1-48 17-540 20-890 1-1839 46-45 55-32 1-50 18-671 22-237 1-1979 48-46 5771 1-52 19-803 23-585 1-2122 50-09 59-65 1-54 20-935 24-933 1-2268 51 -58 61-43 1-56 21-500 25-606 1-2342 53-06 63-19 1-58 22-632 26-954 1-2493 Tiinnermann and Richfer. 84 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. TABLE SHOWING THE PERCENTAGE OF Na 2 IN SOLUTIONS OF CAUSTIC SODA OF VARIOUS SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT 15 C.* Per cent, of Na 2 Specific Gravity. Per cent, of Na 2 Specific Gravity. Per cent, of Na^O Specific Gravity. 302 1-0040 10-879 1-1630 21-154 1-3053 604 1 -0081 11-484 - 1-1734 21758 1-3125 1-209 1-0163 12-088 1-1841 21-894 1-3143 1-813 1-0246 12-692 1-1948 22-363 1-3198 2-418 1-0330 13-297 1-2058 22-967 1-3273 3-022 1-0414 13-901 1-2178 23-572 1-3349 3-626 1-0500 14-506 1 -2280 24-176 1-3426 4-231 1-0587 15-110 1-2392 24-780 1-3505 4-835 1-0675 15-714 1-2453 25-385 1-3586 5-440 1-0764 16-319 1-2515 25-989 1-3668 6-044 1-0855 16-923 1-2578 26-594 1 -3751 6-648 1-0948 17-528 1-2642 27-200 1-3836 7-253 1-1042 18-132 1-2708 27-802 1-3923 7-857 1-1137 18730 1-2775 28-407 1-4011 8-462 1-1233 19-341 1-2843 29-011 1-4101 9-066 1-1330 19-945 1-2912 29-616 1-4193 9-670 1-1428 20-550 1-2982 30-220 1-4285 10-275 1-1528 TABLE SHOWING THE PERCENTAGE OF NH 3 IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF THE GAS OF VARIOUS SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT 14 C. (CARIUS.) Specific Gravity. NH 3 per cent. Specific Gravity. NH 3 per cent. Specific Gravity. NH 3 per cent. 0-8844 36 0-9133 24 0-9520 12 0-8864 35 0-9162 23 0-9556 11 0-8885 34 0-9191 22 0-9593 10 0-8907 33 0-9221 21 0-9631 9 0-8929 32 0-9251 20 0-9670 8 0-8953 31 0-9283 19 0-9709 7 0-8976 30 0-9314 18 0-9749 6 0-9001 29 0-9347 17 0-9790 5 0-9026 28 0-9380 16 0-9831 4 0-9052 27 0-9414 15 0-9873 3 0-9078 26 0-9449 14 0-9915 2 0-9106 25 0-9484 13 0-9959 1 RULES FOR THE CONVERSION OF THERMOMETRIO DEGREES FROM ONE SCALE INTO ANOTHER. To Convert F. into C. F. into R. C. into F. C. into R, R. into F. R. into C. Rules. First subtract 32, then multiply by 5 and divide by First subtract 32, then multiply by 4 and divide by Multiply by 9 and divide by 5, then add 32. Multiply by 4 and divide by 5. Multiply by 9 and divide by 4, then add 32. Multiply by 5 and divide by 4. Tiinnerrrann. THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 85 CONVERSION OF THE DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES. TABLE I. FAHR. Reaum. Cent. FA HE. Reaum. Cent. FAHR. Reaum. Cent. 500 208 260 452 1867 233-3 404 165-3 2067 499 207-6 259-4 451 186-2 232-8 403 164-9 206-1 498 2071 258-9 450 185-8 232-2 402 164-4 205-6 497 2067 258-3 449 185-3 2317 401 164 205 496 206-2 257-8 448 184-9 231-1 400 163-6 204-4 495 205-8 257 -2 447 184-4 230-6 399 163-1 203-9 494 205-3 256-7 446 184 230 398 1627 203-3 493 204-9 256-1 445 183-6 229-4 397 162-2 202-8 492 204-4 255-6 444 183-1 228-9 396 161-8 202-2 491 204 255 443 182-7 228-3 395 161-3 201-7 490 203-6 254-4 442 182-2 227-8 394 160-9 201-1 489 203-1 253-9 441 181-8 227-2 393 160-4 200-6 488 2027 253-3 440 181-3 2267 392 160 200 487 202-2 252-8 439 180-9 226-1 391 ' 159-6 199-4 486 201-8 252-2 438 180-4 225-6 390 159-1 198-9 485 201-3 251-7 437 180 225 389 1587 198-3 484 200-9 251-1 436 179-6 224-4 ?388 158-2 197-8 483 200-4 250-6 435 179-1 223-9 387 157-8 197-2 482 200 250 434 1787 223-3 386 157-3 1967 481 199-6 249-4 433 178-2 222-8 385 156-9 196-1 480 199-1 248-9 432 177-8 222-2 384 156-4 195-6 479 198-7 248-3 431 177-3 2217 383 156 195 478 198-2 247-8 430 176-9 221-1 382 155-6 194-4 477 197-8 247-2 429 176-4 220-6 381 155-1 193-9 476 197-3 246-7 428 176 220 380 1547 193-3 475 196-9 246-1 427 175-6 219-4 379 154-2 192-8 474 196-4 245-6 426 175-1 218-9 378 153-8 192-2 473 196 245 425 1747 218-3 377 153-3 1917 472 195-6 244-4 424 174-2 217-8 376 152-9 191-1 471 1951 243-9 423 173-8 217-2 375 152-4 190-6 470 194-7 243-3 422 173-3 2167 374 152 190 469 194-2 242-8 421 172-9 216-1 373 151-6 189-4 468 193-8 242-2 420 172-4 215-6 372 151-1 188-9 467 193-3 2417 419 172 215 371 1507 188-3 466 192-9 241-1 418 171-6 214-4 370 150-2 187-8 465 192-4 240-6 417 171-1 213-9 369 149-8 187-2 464 192 240 416 1707 213-3 368 149-3 1867 463 191-6 239-4 415 170-2 212-8 367 148-9 186-1 462 191-1 238-9 414 169-8 212-2 366 148-4 185-6 461 190-7 238-3 413 169-3 2117 365 148 185 460 190-2 237-8 412 168-9 211-1 364 147-6 184-4 459 189-8 237-2 411 168-4 210-6 363 147-1 183-9 458 189-3 2367 410 168 210 362 1467 183-3 457 188-9 236-1 409 167-6 209-4 361 146-2 182-8 456 188-4 235-6 408 167-1 208-9 360 145-8 182-2 455 188 235 407 1667 208-3 359 145-3 1817 454 187-6 234-4 406 166-2 207-8 358 144-9 181-1 453 187-1 233-9 405 165-8 207-2 357 144-4 180-6 86 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. CONVERSION OF THE DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES. TABLE I. continued. FAHR. Reaum. Cent. FAB Reaum. Cent. FAUE. Reaum. Cent. 356 144 180 308 1227 153-3 260 101-3 126-7 355 143-6 179 4 307 122-2 152-8 259 100-9 126-1 354 143-1 178-9 306 121-8 152-2 258 100-4 125-6 353 1427 178-3 305 121-3 151-7 257 100 125 352 142-2 177-8 304 120-9 151-1 256 99-6 124-4 351 141-8 177-2 303 120-4 150-6 255 99-1 123-9 350 141-3 1767 302 120 150 254 987 123-3 349 140'9 176-1 301 119-6 149-4 253 98-2 122-8 348 140-4 175-6 300 119-1 148-9 252 97-8 122-2 347 140 175 299 1187 148-3 251 97-3 1217 346 139-6 174-4 298 118-2 147-8 250 96-9 1211 345 139-1 173-9 297 117-8 147-2 249 96-4 120-6 344 1387 173-3 296 117-3 1467 248 96 120 343 138-2 172-8 295 116-9 1461 247 95-6 119-4 342 137-8 172-2 294 116-4 145-6 246 951 118-9 341 137-3 1717 293 116 145 245 947 118-3 340 136-9 171-1 292 115-6 144-4 244 94-2 117-8 339 136-4 170-6 291 115-1 143-9 243 93-8 117-2 338 136 170 290 1147 143-3 242 93-3 1167 337 135-6 169-4 289 114-2 142-8 241 92-9 116-1 336 135-1 168-9 288 113-8 142-2 240 92-4 115-6 335 134-7 168-3 287 113-3 1417 239 92 115 334 134-2 167-8 286 112-9 141-1 238 91-6 114-4 333 133-8 167-2 285 112-4 140-6 237 91-1 113-9 332 133-3 1667 284 112 140 236 90-7 113-3 331 132-9 166-1 283 111-6 139-4 235 90-2 112-8 330 132-4 165-6 282 111-1 138-9 234 89-8 112-2 329 132 165 281 1107 138-3 233 89-3 111-7 328 131-6 164-4 280 110-2 137-8 232 88-9 1111 327 131-1 163-9 279 109-8 137-2 231 88-4 110-6 326 1307 163-3 278 109-3 1367 230 88 110 325 130-2 162-8 277 108-9 136-1 229 87-6 109-4 324 129-8 162-2 276 108-4 135-6 228 87-1 108-9 323 129-3 161-7 275 108 135 227 867 108-3 322 128-9 161-1 274 107-6 134-4 226 86-2 107-8 321 128-4 160-6 273 107-1 133-9 225 85-8 107-2 320 128 160 272 1067 133-3 224 85-3 1067 319 127-6 159-4 271 106-2 132-8 223 84-9 106-1 318 127-1 158-9 270 105-8 132-2 222 84-4 105-6 317 1267 158-3 269 105-3 131-7 221 84 105 316 126-2 157-8 268 104-9 1311 220 83-6 104-4 315 125-8 157-2 267 104-4 130-6 219 83-1 103-9 314 125-3 1567 266 104 130 218 827 103-3 313 124-9 156-1 265 103-6 129-4 217 82-2 102-8 312 124-4 155-6 264 103-1 128-9 216 81-8 102-2 311 124 155 263 102-7 128-3 215 81-3 1017 310 123-6 154-4 262 102-2 127-8 214 80-9 101-1 309 123-1 153-9 261 101-8 127-2 213 80-4 100-6 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 87 CONVERSION OF THE DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES. TABLE I. continued. FAHR. leanm. Cent. FAHR. Reaum. enf FAHR. leaum. Cent. 212 80-0 lOO'O 164 587 73-3 116 37-3 467 211 79-6 99-4 163 58-2 72-8 115 36'9 46-1 210 791 98-9 162 57-8 72-2 114 36-4 45-6 209 787 98-3 161 57-3 717 113 36'0 45-0 208 78-2 97-8 160 56-9 711 112 35'6 44-4 207 77-8 97'2 159 56-4 70-6 111 351 43-9 206 77-3 967 158 56-0 70-0 110 347 43-3 205 76-9 961 157 55-6 69-4 109 34-2 42-8 204 76-4 95-6 156 551 68-9 108 33-8 42-2 203 76-0 95-0 155 547 68-3 107 33-3 417 202 75-6 94-4 154 54-2 67'8 106 32-9 411 201 751 93-9 153 53-8 67-2 105 32-4 40-6 200 747 93-3 152 53-3 667 104 32-0 40-0 199 74-2 92-8 151 52-9 661 103 31'6 39-4 198 73-8 92-2 150 52-4 65-6 102 311 38-9 197 73-3 91-7 149 52-0 65-0 101 307 38-3 196 72-9 911 148 51-6 64-4 100 30-2 37-8 195 72-4 90-6 147 511 63-9 99 29'8 37-2 194 72-0 90'0 146 507 63-3 98 29'3 367 193 71-6 89-4 145 50-2 62-8 97 28'9 361 192 71-1 88-9 144 49-8 62-2 96 28-4 35-6 191 707 88-3 143 49-3 617 95 28-0 35-0 190 70-2 87'8 142 48'9 611 94 27-6 34-4 189 69-8 87'2 141 48-4 60-6 93 271 33-9 188 69-3 867 140 48-0 60-0 92 267 33-3 187 68-9 861 139 47-6 59-4 91 26-2 32-8 186 68-4 85-6 138 471 58-9 90 25-8 32-2 185 68-0 85-0 137 467 58-3 89 25-3 317 184 67-6 84-4 136 46-2 57-8 88 24-9 311 183 67-1 83-9 135 45-8 57-2 87 24-4 30-6 182 667 83-3 134 45'3 567 86 24-0 30-0 181 66-2 82-8 133 44-9 561 85 2 6 29-4 180 65-8 82-2 132 44-4 55-6 84 231 28'9 179 65-3 817 131 44-0 55-0 83 227 28-3 178 64-9 811 130 43-6 54-4 82 22-2 27'8 177 64-4 80-6 129 431 53-9 81 21-8 27-2 176 64-0 80-0 128 427 53-3 80 21-3 267 175 63-6 79-4 127 42-2 52-8 79 20-9 261 174 631 78-9 126 41-8 52'2 78 20-4 25-6 173 627 78-3 125 41-3 517 77 20-0 25-0 172 62-2 77-8 124 40-9 511 76 19-6 24-4 171 61-8 77-2 123 40-4 50-6 75 191 23-9 170 61-3 767 122 40'0 50-0 74 187 23-3 169 60-9 761 121 39'6 49-4 73 18-2 22-8 168 60-4 75-6 120 391 48-9 72 17-8 22"2 167 60-0 75-0 119 387 48-3 71 17-3 217 166 59-6 74-4 118 38-2 47-8 70 16'9 211 165 591 73-9 117 37-8 47-2 69 16-4 20-6 88 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. CONVERSION OF THE DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES. TABLE I. continued. FAHR. Reaum. Cent. FAHR. Reaum. Cent. FAHR. Reaum. Cent. 68 16-0 20-0 34 0-9 11 -14-2 -17'8 67 15'6 19'4 33 0-4 0-6 - 1 -147 -18-3 66 15-1 18-9 32 o-o o-o - 2 -15-1 -18-9 65 147 18-3 31 - 0-4 - 0-6 - 3 -15-6 -19-4 64 14-2 17-8 30 - 0-9 -11 - 4 -16-0 -20-0 63 13-8 17-2 29 - 1-3 - 17 - 5 -16 4 -20-6 62 13-3 167 28 - 1-8 - 2-2 - 6 -16-9 -21-1 61 12-9 16-1 27 - 2-2 - 2-8 - 7 -17-3 -217 60 12-4 15-6 26 - 27 - 3-3 - 8 -17-8 -22-2 59 12-0 15-0 25 - 3-1 - 3'9 - 9 -18-2 -22-8 58 11-6 14-4 24 - 3-6 - 4-4 -10 -187 -23-3 57 111 13-9 32 - 4-0 - 5-0 -11 -19-1 -23-9 56 107 13-3 22 - 4-4 - 5-6 -12 -19-6 -24-4 55 10-2 12-8 21 - 4-9 - 6-1 -13 -20-0 -25-0 54 9-8 12-2 20 - 5'3 - 67 -14 -20-4 -25-6 53 9-3 117 19 - 5-8 - 7'2 -15 -20-9 -26-1 52 8-9 111 18 - 6-2 - 7'8 -16 -21-3 -267 51 8-4 10-6 17 - 67 - 8-3 -17 -21-8 -27-2 50 8-0 10-0 16 - 7-1 - 8-9 -18 -22-2 -27-8 49 7-6 9-4 15 - 7'6 - 9-5 -19 -227 -28-3 48 7-1 8-9 14 - 8-0 -10-0 -20 -23-1 -28-9 47 67 8'3 13 - 8-4 -10-6 -21 -23-6 -29-4 46 6-2 7'8 12 - 8-9 -11-1 -22 -24-0 -30-0 45 5-8 7-2 11 - 9-3 -117 -23 -24-4 -30-6 44 5-3 67 10 - 9-8 -12-2 -24 -24'9 -31-1 43 4-9 6-1 9 -10-2 -12-8 -25 -25-3 -317 42 4-4 5-6 8 -107 -13-3 -26 -25-8 -32'2 41 4-0 5'0 7 -111 - 13 '9 -27 -26-2 -32-8 40 3-6 4-4 6 -11-6 -14-4 -28 -267 -33-3 39 31 3-9 5 -12-0 -15-0 -29 -27-1 -33-9 38 27 3-3 4 -12-4 -15-6 -30 -27'6 -34-4 37 2-2 2'8 3 -12-9 -16-1 -31 -28-0 -35-0 36 1-8 2-2 2 -13-3 -167 35 1-3 17 1 -13-8 -17-2 CONVERSION OF THE DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES. TABLE II. CENT. Reaum. Fahr. CENT. Reaum. Fahr. CENT. Reaum. Fahr. 260 208 500 252 201-6 485-6 ?,44 195-2 471-2 259 207-2 498-2 251 200-8 483-8 243 194-4 469-4 258 206-4 496-4 250 200 482 242 193-6 467-6 257 205-6 494-6 249 199-2 480-2 241 192-8 465-8 256 204-8 492-8 248 198-4 478-4 240 192 464 255 204 491 247 197-6 476-6 239 191-2 462-2 254 203-2 489-2 246 196-8 474-8 238 190-4 460-4 253 202-4 487-4 245 196 473 237 189-6 458-6 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 89 CONVERSION OF THE DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES. TABLE II. continued. CKNT. Reaum. Fahr. CENT. Reaum. Fahr. CENT. Reaum. Fahr. 236 188-8 456-8 188 150-4 370-4 140 112 284 235 188 455 187 149-6 368-6 139 111-2 282-2 234 187-2 453-2 186 148-8 366-8 138 110-4 280-4 233 186-4 451-4 185 148 365 137 109-6 278-6 232 185-6 449-6 184 147-2 363-2 136 108-8 276-8 231 184-8 447-8 183 146-4 361-4 135 108 275 230 184 446 182 145-6 359-6 134 107-2 273-2 229 183-2 444-2 181 144-8 357-8 133 106-4 271-4 228 . 182-4 442-4 180 144 356 132 105-6 269-6 227 181-6 440-6 179 143-2 354-2 131 104-8 267-8 226 180-8 438-8 178 142-4 352-4 130 104 266 225 180 437 177 141-6 350-6 129 103-2 264-2 224 179-2 435-2 176 140-8 348-8 128 102-4 262-4 223 178-4 433-4 175 140 347 127 101-6 260-6 222 177-6 431-6 174 139-2 345-2 126 100-8 258-8 221 176-8 429-8 173 138-4 343-4 125 100 257 220 176 428 172 137-6 341-6 124 99-2 255-2 219 175-2 426-2 171 136-8 339-8 123 98-4 253-4 218 174-4 424-4 170 136 338 122 97-6 251-6 217 173-6 422-6 169 135-2 336-2 121 96 -S 249-8 216 172-8 420-8 168 134-4 334-4 120 96 248 215 172 419 167 133-6 332-6 119 95-2 246-2 214 171-2 417-2 166 132-8 330-8 118 94-4 244-4 213 170-4 415-4 165 132 329 117 93-6 242-6 212 169-6 413-6 164 131-2 327-2 116 92-8 240-8 211 168-8 411-8 163 130-4 325-4 115 92 239 210 168 410 162 129-6 323-6 114 91-2 237-2 209 167-2 408-2 161 128-8 321 -8 113 90-4 235-4 208 166-4 406-4 160 128 320 112 89-6 233-6 207 165'6 404-6 159 127-2 318-2 111 88-8 231-8 206 164-8 402-8 158 126-4 316-4 110 88 230 205 164 401 157 125-6 314-6 109 87-2 228-2 204 163-2 399-2 156 124-8 312-8 108 86-4 226-4 203 162-4 397-4 155 124 311 107 85-6 224 -6 202 161-6 395-6 154 123-2 309-2 106 84-8 222-8 201 160-8 393-8 153 122-4 307-4 105 84 221 200 160 392 152 121-6 305-6 104 83-2 219-2 199 159-2 390-2 151 120-8 303-8 103 82-4 217-4 198 158-4 388-4 150 120 302 102 81-6 215-6 197 157-6 386-6 149 119-2 300-2 101 80-8 213-8 196 156-8 384-8 148 118-4 298-4 100 80 212 195 156 383 147 117-6 296-6 99 79-2 210-2 194 155-2 381-2 146 116-8 294-8 98 78-4 208-4 193 154-4 379-4 145 116 293 97 77-6 206-6 192 153-6 377-6 144 115-2 291-2 96 76-8 204-8 191 152-8 375-8 143 114-4 289-4 95 76 203 190 152 374 142 113-6 287-6 94 75-2 201-2 189 151-2 372-2 141 112-8 285-8 93 74-4 199-4 90 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. CONVERSION OF THE DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES. TABLE II. continued. CENT. Reaum. Fahr. CENT. Reaum. Fahr. CENT. Reaum. Fahr. 92 73-6 197-6 49 39-2 120-2 6 4-8 42-8 91 72-8 195-8 48 38-4 118-4 5 4 41 90 72 194 47 37'6 116-6 4 3-2 39-2 89 71-2 192-2 46 36-8 114-8 3 2-4 37-4 88 70-4 190-4 45 36 113 2 1-6 35-6 87 69-6 188-6 44 35-2 111-2 1 0-8 33-8 86 68-8 186-8 43 34-4 109-4 32 85 68 185 42 33-6 107-6 -1 -0-8 30-2 84 67-2 183-2 41 32-8 105-8 _ o -1-6 23-4 83 66-4 181-4 40 32 104 -3 -2-4 26-6 82 65-6 179-6 39 31-2 102-2 -4 -3-2 24-8 81 64-8 177-8 38 30-4 100-4 -5 -4 23 80 64 176 37 29-6 98-6 -6 -4-8 21-2 79 63-2 174-2 36 28-8 96-8 -7 -5-6 19-4 78 62-4 172-4 35 28 95 -8 -6-4 17-6 77 61-6 170-6 34 27-2 93-2 ' -9 -7-2 15-8 76 60-8 163-8 33 26-4 91-4 -10 -8 14 75 60 167 32 25-6 89-6 -11 -8-8 12-2 74 59'2 165-2 31 24-8 87-8 -12 -9-6 10-4 73 58-4 163-4 30 24 86 -13 -10-4 8-6 72 57-6 161-6 29 23-2 84-2 -14 -11-2 6-8 71 56-8 159-8 28 22-4 82-4 -15 -12 5 70 56 158 27 21-6 80-6 -16 -12-8 3-2 69 55-2 156-2 26 20-8 78-8 -17 -13-6 T4 68 54-4 154-4 25 20 77 -18 -14-4 -0-4 67 53-6 152-6 24 19-2 75-2 -19 -15-2 -2-2 66 52-8 150-8 23 18-4 73-4 . -20 -16 -4 65 52 149 22 17-6 71-6 -21 -16-8 -5-8 64 51-2 147-2 21 16-8 69-8 -22 -17-6 -7-6 63 50-4 145-4 20 16 68 -23 -18-4 -9-4 62 49-6 143-6 19 15-2 66-2 -24 -19-2 -11-2 61 48-8 141-8 18 14-4 64-4 -25 -20 -13 60 48 140 17 13-6 62-6 -26 -20-8 -14-8 59 47-2 138-2 16 12-8 60-8 -27 -21-6 -16-6 58 46-4 136-4 15 12 59 -28 -22-4 -18-4 57 45-6 134-6 14 11-2 57-2 -29 -23-2 -20-2 56 44-8 132-8 13 10-4 55-4 -30 -24 -22 55 44 131 12 9-6 53-6 31 -24-8 - 23 '8 54 43-2 129-2 11 8'8 51-8 -32 -25-6 -25-6 53 42-4 127-4 10 8 50 -33 -26-4 -27-4 52 41-6 125-6 9 7-2 48-2 -34 -27-2 -29-2 51 40-8 123-8 8 6-4 46-4 -35 -28 -31 50 40 122 7 5-6 44-6 THE ANALYST'S LABOKATORY COMPANION. 91 BUTTER ANALYSIS. 5 Grams Butter Fat being taken for Saponification. c.c. acid used (1 c.c. = -028 gram KHO.). Grams of KHO re- quired for 1000 grams of Fat. Saponiflcation Equivalent.* % Margarine.f + 1 c.c. = +0'6 + -lc.c.= -r8 34-9 195-4 286-5 100- 35-0 196-0 285-7 98-3 2 197-1 284-1 94-8 4 198-2 282-5 91-3 6 199-4 280-9 87-5 8 200-5 279-3 84-0 36-0 201*6 277-8 80-5 2 2027 276-2 77-0 4 203-8 274-7 73-5 6 205-0 273-2 69-7 8 206-1 2717 66-3 37*0 207-2 270-3 62-8 2 208-3 268-8 59-3 4 209-4 267'4 55-8 6 210-6 265-9 52-0 8 211-7 264-5 48-5 38-0 212-8 263-2 45-0 "2 213-9 261*8 41-5 4 215-0 260-5 38-0 6 216-2 259-0 34-2 8 217-3 257-7 307 39-0 218-4 256-4 27-3 2 219-5 255-1 23-8 4 220-6 253-9 20-3 6 221-8 252-5 16-5 8 222-9 251-2 13-0 40-0 224-0 250-0 9-5 2 225-1 248-8 6-0 4 226-2 247-6 2-5 6 227*4 246-8 8 228'5 245-1 ... 41-0 229-6 243-9 ... 2 230-7 242-7 ... 4 231-8 241-6 ... 6 233-0 240-3 ... * That is, the number of grams of fat that would be saponified by 1 litre of a normal solution of any alkali. It is the quotient obtained by dividing 56000 by " grams of KHO required by 1000 grams of fat." f The figures given in this column are useful approximate values, calculated from Koettstorfer's formula, =3'17 (227-n), where a;=percentage of margarine sought, and n= number of grams of KHO required for 1000 grams of fat. Accord- ing to Koettstorfern may lie between 232'4 and 22V5 for butter, the mean being 227, whilst for margarine the value may be taken to be 195'5. 92 THE ANALYSTS LABORATORY COMPANION. BUTTER ANALYSIS. 5 Grams Butter Fat being taken. c.c. * Alkali. % Soluble or Volatile Acids.* c.c. Altai % Soluble or Volatile Acids. c.c. *A,k.U. /. Soluble or Volatile Acids. 1-0 0-18 13-5 2'38 26-0 4-58 1-5 0-26 14-0 2'46 26-5 4-66 2'0 0-35 14-5 2-55 27-0 475 2'5 0-44 15'0 2-64 27'5 4-84 3-0 0-53 15-5 2-73 28-0 4-93 3-5 0'62 16-0 2-82 28-5 5-02 4'0 0-70 16-5 2-90 29-0 5-10 4'5 0-79 17'0 2-99 29-5 5-19 5-0 0-88 17-5 3-08 30-0 5-28 5-5 0-97 18-0 3-17 30-5 5-37 6'0 1-06 18-5 3"26 31'0 5-46 6'5 1-14 19-0 3-34 31-5 5-54 7-0 1-23 19-5 3-43 32-0 5-63 7'5 1-32 20-0 3-52 32-5 572 8-0 1-41 20-5 3-61 33-0 5-81 8'5 1-50 21-0 370 33 '5 5-90 9-0 1-58 21-5 378 34-0 5-98 9-5 1-67 22-0 3-87 34-5 6-07 10-0 176 22-5 3-96 35-0 6-16 10-5 1-85 23-0 4-05 ll'O 1-94 23-5 4'14 O'l 0-02 11-5 2-02 24-0 4-22 0-2 0-04 12-0 2-11 24-5 4'31 0-3 0-05 12'5 2-20 25-0 4-40 0'4 0-07 13-0 2-29 25-5 4-49 ' Calculated as Butyric Acid, C4H 8 2 =88. THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 93 CO CO Oi > 4 1-0016 7 M ii 5 1-0014 8 If p| 7 1-0013 9 9 1-0011 10 998-5 1-0015 999-0 1-0010 11 5J 2 1-0008 12 998-4 1-0016 4 1 -0006 13 3 1-0017 6 1-0004 14 2 1-0018 8 1-0002 15 1 1-0019 1000-0 1-0000 16 997'9 1-0021 2 0-9998 17 8 1-0022 4 0-9996 18 7 1-0023 6 0-9994 19 5 1-0025 8 0-9992 20 3 1-0027 1001-1 0-9989 21 2 1-0028 3 0-9987 22 997-0 1-0030 6 0-9984 23 996-8 1*0032 8 0-9982 24 6 1-0034 1002-0 0-9980 25 3 1-0037 3 0-9977 INDEX. PAGE Acetic Acid in Beer, Value of, . . . . . 60 Albuminoids, Table for, . . . ... . . 71 Alcohol Tables, . . . .. ..... . . 76 Alcohol, Correction for Temperature, . . . . . . 80s Ammonia, sp. gr. Table, 84 Aqueous Vapour, Tension of, 42 Areas and Volumes of Bodies, ....... 39 Atomic Weights, 1 Barometric Tables, 54 Baume's Hydrometer 75 Bi-rotation, 62 Butter Analysis Tables, . 91 Calibrating Instruments, Table for, . . . . . . 96 Chicory in Coffee, . 73 Cupric reducing Power, 63 Data, Useful (Areas and Volumes of Bodies), . . . . 39 Drams per Ib. into Percentage, etc. , . . . . . . 41 Factors, Various Useful, . 33A, 40 Fehling's Solution, 63 Gases, Correction of Volumes for Temperature, . . . . 55 Gases, Weight of one Litre of Various, 13 Glycerine, sp. gr. Table, . . 95 Hardness of Water, . . . .'.,.... . 47 Hydrochloric Acid, sp. gr. Table, ... . . . 81 Indicators, Notes on, . . . . . .. . . 2 Kjeldahl Table, . ...-., 72A Logarithms, Notes on, . . . . . . . 25 Logarithms, Table of, . . . . ; . . . . 28 Mercury Vapour, Tension of, 58 Micron, - . .'-.*'. 35 (note) Milk Analysis, . .- . . . . . ... . 93 Multipliers required in Gravimetric Analysis, . . . . 13 Multipliers required in Volumetric Analysis, * . . 22 98 (whole number 108) INDEX. PAGE Nitrates in Water, Estimation of, 49 Nitric Acid, sp. gr. Table, 82 Nitrogen into Ammonia 71 Nitrogen, Loss by Evaporation of NH 3 with S0 2 , etc., . . 45-47 Nitrogen, Reduction of c.c. to Grams, 44 Parts per 100,000 into Grains per Gallon, 50 Percentage into Cwts. per Ton, etc., 40 Percentage Composition of Compounds, 4 Phosphate Table, . 64 Potash, sp. gr. Table, 83 Precipitating Powers of Reagents, 3 Prescriptions, Signs used in, 3 Proof Spirit, 80 Quinine, 73, 73A Reciprocals, 94 Rectified Spirit, 80 Salt in Beer, 60 Soda, sp. gr. Table, 84 Specific Gravity of Gases, Factors for, 39 Specific Rotatory Power, 61 Spirit Indication in Beer, 59 Spirits, Rules for finding Dilution of, 80.4 Standard Solutions, Correction of Volume of, .... 96 Sulphuric Acid, sp. gr. Table, . . . . . . . 81 Thermometric Tables, 81 Twaddell's Hydrometer, 39, 75 Water Analysis, Calculation of Results of, 52 Water, Volume and Density at different Temperatures, . . 53 Water, Weight of 1 Cubic Inch, Foot, and Yard of, . . . 34 Weights and Measures, 33 PIUKTED BY NEILL AND COMPANY, EDINBURGH. 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. fApr'GOFK REC'D LD 24 lat>0 2jtm'60VO 2Jun'6lCK REC'D LD MAY & 8 1961 LD 21A-50m-4,'59 (A1724slO)476B General Library University of California Berkeley J6