UC-NRLF
SB E77
ANALYST'S
ABOfiATORY COMPA
ALFRED E. JOHNS
iji n n--
REESE. LIBRARY
__n n rv
UNIVERSITY. OF CALIFORNIA.
stswi^ ' '&; &
< t Acce&$io-n'No./& / I CA/s.s .Vo.
J
ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION
THE ANALYST'S
LABORATORY COMPANION:
A COLLECTION OF TABLES AND DATA FOR THE USE
OF PUBLIC AND GENERAL ANALYSTS, AGRI-
CULTURAL, BREWERS' AND WORKS 9
CHEMISTS, AND STUDENTS
BY
ALFRED E. JOHNSON, A.RC.S.L, F.I.G
n
SECOND EDITION, ENLARGED AND IMPROVED
LONDON
J. & A. CHURCHILL
7 GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET
1897
55
S
PEEFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
IN this Edition numerous additions and' improvements have
been made, of which the following are the chief :
The list of multipliers required in gravimetric analysis has
been largely extended and entirely re-cast. Five-figure
logarithms have, after consideration, been adopted in place of
the seven-figure logarithms given in the first edition, as they
have been found to be quite sufficient for all practical pur-
poses. As an improvement in detail it may be pointed out
that, to facilitate reference, the factors have now been printed
in sets of two or three, instead of en bloc. My thanks are
due to Mr E. W. T. Jones, F.I.C., for kindly supplying
several of the new factors given.
Instead of the table of seven-figure logarithms of numbers
1 to 1000 only, a table of five-figure logarithms is given, by
means of which percentages can readily be obtained correctly
to two decimal places. This will probably be considered one
of the most important improvements in the book. The table
given is taken, by kind permission of the authors, from Geipel
& Kilgour's Pocket Book of Electrical Engineering Formulae, ;
the stereotype plates were supplied by the Electrician
Publishing Company.
The section devoted to weights and measures has been
entirely re- written, the new values adopted being those given
in H. J. Chaney's standard work on Our Weights and
Measures (1897).
The pages dealing with the specific rotatory and cupric
reducing powers of the carbohydrates have also been entirely
re-written and much extended. The papers by O'Sullivan &
Stern (1896), and especially the valuable series by Brown,
Morris, and Millar (1897), all published in the Jour. Chem.
Soc., have been freely drawn upon in the compilation of this
part of the book.
VI PREFACE.
The table for conversion of nitrogen into albuminoids has
been re-calculated, using the modern factor 6 '25 in place of
the ancient 6 '33.
The new table for the Kjeldahl process will be found a
time-saver by all who use that beautiful method of determining
nitrogen.
The Baum^'s hydrometer table 'for liquids heavier than
water' has been replaced by an abridged form of the very
complete table given in Lunge & Hurter's Alkali Makers 1
Handbook.
At p. 80A will be found two simple and useful rules for
obtaining the degree of dilution in the case of watered spirits ;
and at p. 80B an exceedingly useful table for correcting the
sp. gr. of dilute alcohol for temperature.
This latter table by J. F. Liverseege has just appeared
in the Analyst (June, 1897), and it has fortunately been found
possible to insert it, with an additional column giving the
correction for 1 C.
The sp. gr. tables, pp. 81-84, remain as in the first edition.
If anything further than these is required, the exhaustive
tables given in Lunge & Hurter's Alkali Makers' Handbook
should be consulted.
The tables for butter analysis are new. The milk table on
p. 93 is taken from Dr Muter 's Manual of Analytical
Chemistry.
The " table of reciprocals " (p. 94) will be found of great
value in numerous calculations, as by it division becomes
converted into simple multiplication.
The glycerine table is new.
The table on p. 96 will be of service in all exact volumetric
work.
In addition to the above, the whole book has been very
carefully revised throughout, and several other additions and
improvements in detail have been made, which will, no doubt,
be appreciated by those who use the book regularly.
I trust, therefore, that this Second Edition may be found
distinctly more useful to chemical workers than its pre-
decessor.
A. E. JOHNSOK
155 LEA ROAD,
WOLVERHAMPTON, August, 1897.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Atomic "Weights, 1
Notes on Indicators, 2
Precipitating Powers of Common Reagents, .... 3
Molecular "Weights and Percentage Composition of commonly
occurring Compounds, ........ 4
"Weight of one Litre of various Gases, 13
Multipliers and their Logarithms required in Gravimetric Analysis, 13
Multipliers and their Logarithms required in Volumetric Analysis, 22
Notes on Logarithms, 25
Table of Logarithms, 28
Useful Factors, 33A
Weights and Measures, 33
Signs used in Medical Prescriptions, 39
Useful Data (areas and volumes of bodies), 39
Percentage into cwts., qrs., and Ibs. per ton, &c., . . . 40
Drams per Ib. into Percentage, &c., .41
Tables required in "Water Analysis, 42
Estimation of Nitrates in "Water, 49
Volume and Density of "Water at various Temperatures, . . 53
Barometric Tables, 54
Correction of Volumes of Gases for Temperature, ... 55
Tension of Mercury Vapour, .58
Tables for Beer Analysis, 59
Specific Rotatory Powers of the Carbohydrates, .... 61
Cupric Reducing Powers of the Carbohydrates, .... 63
Phosphate Table, 64
Ammonia and Albuminoids Table, . . . . , . . 71
Kjeldahl Process, 72A
Quinine, f .".... 73
Chicory in Coffee, estimation of, 73
V1U CONTENTS.
PAGE
Quinine Sulphate, 73A
Baume^s Hydrometer, 75
Alcohol Tables, 76
Specific Gravity Tables (H 2 S0 4 , HC1, etc.), 81
Thermometric Scales, 85
Butter Analysis 91
Milk Analysis, 93
Reciprocals, 94
Glycerine, 95
Correction of Standard Solutions for Temperature, ... 96
INDEX, 97
THE
ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
SYMBOLS AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTS AS USED IN
THIS WOKK.
Names of Elements.
Symbols.
Atomic
Weights.
Names of Elements.
Symbols.
Atomic
Weights.
Aluminium,
Antimony,
Al
Sb
27
120
Mercury, .
Molybdenum,
Hg
Mo
200
95'8
Arsenic, .
As
75
Nickel, .
Ni
58-6
Barium, .
Ba
137
Niobium,
Nb
94
Beryllium,
Be
9-1
Nitrogen,
N
14
Bismuth, .
Bi
208
Osmium, .
Os
193
Boron,
Bromine, .
B
Br
11
80
Oxygen, .
Palladium,
Pd
16
106-2
Cadmium,
Cd
112
Phosphorus,
P
31
Caesium, .
Cs
1327
Platinum,
Pt
197-2*
Calcium, .
Ca
40
Potassium,
K
39
Carbon, .
C
12
Rhodium,
Rh
104
Cerium, .
Ce -
139-9
Rubidium,
Rb
85-2
Chlorine,
Cl
35-5
Ruthenium,
Ru
104-4
Chromium,
Cr
52-5
Selenium,
Se
78-8
Cobalt, .
Co
59
Silicon, .
Si
28-3
Copper, .
Cu
63-2
Silver,
Ag
1077
Didymium,
Di
144
Sodium, .
Na
23
Erbium, .
E
166
Strontium,
Sr
87-3
Fluorine,
F
19
Sulphur, .
S
32
Gallium, .
Ga
69
Tantalum,
Ta
182
Gold,
Au
196'8
Tellurium,
Te
125
Hydrogen,
H
1
Thallium,
Tl
203-7
Indium, .
In
113-4
Thorium,
Th
231-9
Iodine,
I
126-5
Tin,
Sn
118
Iridium, .
Ir
192-5
Titanium,
Ti
48
Iron,
Fe
56
Tungsten,
W
183-6
Lanthanum,
La
138
Uranium,
U
240
Lead,
Pb
206-5
Vanadium,
V
51-2
Lithium,
Li
7
Yttrium, .
Y
89-6
Magnesium,
Mg
24
Zinc,
Zn
65
Manganese,
Mn
55
Zirconium,
Zr
90
* The true atomic weight of platinum appears to be 194-3. The value Pt=197"2 is,
however, the one adopted by all the German potash makers, because it gives the most
accurate results in analysis : hence it is used in this book. See note on p. 19.
2 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
NOTES ON INDICATORS.
I. Litmus solution. A solution of a carbonate whilst being
titrated should be boiled to expel the free C0 2 , otherwise
it is easy to overstep the exact point of neutrality. The
titration cannot be done by gas-light.
According to R. Keinitzer (see Abstract Analyst, 1894, p. 255) litmus is
the most serviceable indicator when properly prepared. Good litmus should
be taken, and the aqueous solution, which contains alkaline carbonate,
boiled for seven or eight minutes and then neutralized with HC1, so that the
wine-red colour remains even on further boiling. The solution is then
cooled, and an equal volume of strong alcohol added. The stock solution
should be kept in a bottle with a delivery pipette inserted through the cork.
The final change of colour is sharpest when the liquid to be titrated is boiled
for seven or eight minutes and then well cooled.
II. Methyl orange (para-dimethylaniline-azo-benzone-sulphonic
acid).
Solution. One gram in a litre of distilled water.
Unlike litmus, this indicator is unaffected by C0 2 , SH 2 ,
boric, arsenious, hydrocyanic, and carbolic acids, &c. It
must not be used for organic acids ; nor in the presence of
nitrous acid or nitrites, which decompose it. It acts ad-
mirably with mineral acids and with ammonia and its salts.
Ordinary temperatures should be observed.
Colour reaction. Faint yellow if alkaline, pink if acid.
III. Phenol-phthalein (C 20 H 14 4 ).
Solution. Dissolve 4 grams* in half a litre of strong
alcohol, then add gradually with constant stirring an equal
volume of distilled water.
It is useless for the titration of free ammonia or its com-
pounds, or for the fixed alkalies when salts of ammonia are
present. Unlike methyl orange, it is specially useful in
titrating all varieties of organic acids viz., oxalic, acetic,
citric, tartaric, &c. It may be used either in alcoholic solu-
tions or in mixtures of alcohol and ether.
Colour reaction. Colourless in neutral or acid liquids, but
rendered purple-red by faint excess of caustic alkali.
IV. Cochineal solution.
Solution. Digest one part of powdered cochineal with 10
parts of 25 per cent, alcohol.
It is not very much modified in colour by C0 2 , and may
be used by gas-light. Most useful in titrating solutions of the
alkaline earths, such as lime and baryta-water. Inapplicable in
the presence of even traces of Fe or Al compounds or acetates.
Colour reaction. Turned violet by alkalies ; the original
yellowish-red colour being restored by mineral acids.
V. Phenacetolin.
Solution. Two grams in a litre of alcohol.
* F. Sutton (Volumetric Analysis) recommends a stronger solution, viz., 10 grams
instead of 4.
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 3
This indicator may be used to estimate the amount of
KHO or NaHO in the presence of K 2 C0 3 or NaaCOs, or of
CaO in the presence of CaC0 3 .
Colour reaction
With NH 3 and normal alkaline carbonates dark pink.
bicarbonates intense pink.
mineral acids golden yellow.
VI. Bosolic Acid (C 20 H 16 O 3 )-
Solution. Two grams in a litre of 50 per cent, alcohol.
This indicator is excellent for all the mineral, but useless
for the organic acids, except oxalic. It may be relied on for
the neutralization of S0 2 with ammonia to normal sulphite.
Colour reaction. The pale yellow colour is unaffected by
acids, but changed to violet-red by alkalies.
THE PRECIPITATING POWERS OF A FEW COMMON
REAGENTS.
1. Ammonic oxalate. (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 4 , OH 2 .
40 grams per litre.
For 1 gram taken
10 c.c. will precipitate 15 '78 per cent. CaO.
28-17 CaC0 3 .
38-31 CaS0 4 .
29-11 Ca 3 P 2 8 .
2. Baric chloride. BaCl 2 , 20H 2 .
100 grams per litre.
For 1 gram taken
10 c.c. will precipitate 1311 per cent. S.
32-79 S0 3 .
40-16 H 2 S0 4 .
55-74 CaS0 4 .
3. Hydric disodic phosphate. Na^HPO^ 120H 2 .
100 grams per litre.
For 1 gram taken
10 c.c. will precipitate 11-17 per cent. MgO.
23-46 MgC0 3 .
33-51 MgS0 4 .
4. Prepared magnesia solution.
Dissolve 40 grams of "Magnesia" in HC1, and add a
solution of 150 grams of NH 4 C1 in the least possible
quantity of water. Add 0'960 NH 4 HO till a slight precipi-
tate forms, and filter. Make the clear filtrate up to 1500 c.c.
with distilled water, and add 750 c.c. ! 960 NH 4 HO. Allow
the liquid to stand and filter for use.
The strength of this solution is usually such that for 1
gram taken
10 c.c. will precipitate 30 per cent. Ca 3 P 2 8 .
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
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THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
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THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION".
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CARBON (C =
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"*"* ^
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a
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1
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THE ANALYST S LABORATORY COMPANION.
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THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
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THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
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THE ANALYSTS LABORATORY COMPANION.
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12
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
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THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
13
THE MOLECULAR WEIGHTS AND WEIGHTS OF ONE LITRE OF
VARIOUS GASES.
Name.
Formula.
Molecular
Weight.
Weight of
1 litre at C. and
760 mm. Bar.
grammes.
Ammonia,
NH 3
17
0-7616
Carbon monoxide,
CO
28
1-2544
,, dioxide, .
Methane,
C0 2
CH 4
44
16
1-9774
0-7168
Cyanogen, .
Chlorine,
cif 2
52
71
2-3296
3-1808
Hydrogen, .
Hydrogen bromide,
,, chloride,
H 2
HBr
HC1
2
81
36-5
0-0896
3-6288
] -6352
,, fluoride,
HF
20
0-8960
,, iodide, .
HI
127-6
57165
sulphide,
H 2 S
34
1-5475
Nitrogen,
Nitrous oxide,
N*0
28
44
1-2562
1-9774
Nitric ,,
NO
30
1-3440
, , peroxide, .
Oxygen,
N0 2
46
32
2-0608
1-4298
Sulphur dioxide, .
Atmospheric air, .
s5 2
64
2-8672
1-2932
MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC
ANALYSIS.
Ele-
ment.
To convert
Frac-
tional
Multi-
plier.*
Decimal
Multiplier.
Logarithm
(to be added).
ALUMINIUM (Al=27'0)
Al
>
AL0 3 into . A1 2
,, ,, ammonia-alum
"nnr
m
0-5294
8-8824
1-72379
0-94853
11
j
,, ,, potash-alum
A1 2 (P0 4 ) 2 A1 2 3
m
m
9-2941
0-4180
0-96821
1-62121
ii
tt
, , , , ammonia-alum
Milligrams of Al 2 P 2 8 per 100 grams
bread into grains of ammonia-
alum per 4 Ib. loaf, .
m
37131
1-0397
0-56974
0-01690
* The figures given in this column are the molecular weights unreduced.
14
THE ANALYST S LABOEATOKY COMPANION.
MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC
ANALYSIS continued.
Ele-
ment
To convert
Frac-
tional
Multi-
plier.
Decimal
Multiplier.
Logarithm
(to be added).
Sb
11
ANTIMONY (Sb = 120)
Sb 2 4 into Sb 2
Sb 2 S 3 Sb 2
m
m
0-7895
0-7143
1-89734
1-85387
As
ii
ARSENIC (As = 75)
2NH 4 MgAs0 4) OH 2 into As 2
As 2 3
iff
0-3947
0-5211
0-6053
1-59631
1-71689
1-78194
i)
i j
Mg 2 As 2 7 As 2
>i 11 As 2 U 3
iff
iff
m
0-4839
0-6387
0-7419
1-68473
1-80530
1-87037
11
As 2 3 As2
1
0-7576
0-6098
T87942
1-78516
ii
As 2 3
AsA
iff
m
0-8049
0-9350
1-90573
1-97079
Ba
11
BARIUM (Ba= 137)
BaS0 4 into Ba
BaO
BaC0 3
Mi
s
0-5880
0-6567
0-8455
1-76936
1-81734
1-92711
i)
BaCl 2
BaCl 2) 20H 2
s
iff
m
0-8927
1-0472
0-1373
1-95071
0-02003
1-13779
11
S0 3
i > i > hU 4
,1 11 H 2 S0 4
M
0-3434
0-4120
0-4206
1-53573
1-61492
1-62387
ii
>i
ii
CaS0 4
,, CaS0 4 , 20H 2
K 2 S0 4
iff
m
m
0-5837
0-7382
0-7468
1-76618
1-86817
1-87319
i)
>5
;; ;; (NH 4 a ) 2 so 4
2KHO
1
0-6094
0-5665
0-4807
1-78493
1-75322
1-68186
II
2BaS0 4 FeS 2
BaC0 3 Ba
i
0-2575
0-6954
1-41080
1-84225
BaO
C0 3
i
0-7767
0-3046
1-89023
1-48369
THE ANALYST'S LABORATO
MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUI
ANALYSIS continued.
IMETRIC
Ele-
ment.
To convert
Frac-
tional
Multi-
plier.
Decimal
Multiplier.
Logarithm
(to be added).
Bi
BISMUTH (Bi = 208)
Bi 2 3 into Bi 2
Bi 2 S 3 Bi 2
HI
lit
0-8966
0-8125
1-95258
1-90982
B
BORON (B = ll)
B 2 3 into B 2
H
0-3143 '
1-49732
Cd
ii
M
CADMIUM (Cd = 112)
CdO into Cd
CdS Cd
CdO
m
0-8750
0-7778
0-8889
1-94201
1-89086
1-94885
Ca
11
CALCIUM (Ca=40)
CaO into Ca
CaCOg
CaS0 4
n
w
0-7143
1-7857
2-4286
1-85387
0-25181
0-38535
ri
ii
CaS0 4 , 20H 2
CaCl 2
CaO CaH 2 2
w
II
3-0714
1-9822
1-3214
0-48734
0-29714
0-12104
jj
j>
CaCl 2 CaO
CaCOg " Ca
f
0-5045
0-6396
0-4
1-70287
1-80594
1-60206
J
CaO
\\ " COg
TQTJ
0-56
0-44
0-6
174819
1-64345
1-77815
M
CaS0 4
,, CaS0 4 , 20H 2
CaS0 4 Ca
*tf
100
1-36
1-72
0-2941
0-13354
0-23553
1-46852
II
} j
CaO
CaC0 3
CaS0 4 , 20H 2
1
0-4118
0-7353
1-2647
1-61465
1-86646
0-10199
)>
S0 3
Ca 3 P 2 8 CaP 2 6
SI
0-5882
0-6387
1-76955
1-80530
"
P 2 5
?> * 2
m
0-4581
0-2
1-66093
1-30103
16
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC
ANALYSIS continued.
Ele-
ment.
To convert
Frac-
tional
Multi-
plier.
Decimal
Multiplier.
Logarithm
(to be added).
C
JJ
CARBON (C = 12)
C0 2 into C
CaC0 3
0-2727
2-2727
1-43573
0-35655
II
Na 2 C0 3
2C0 2 ,, Mn0 2
tt
2-4091
0-9773
0-38185
1-99002
Cl
CHLORINE (Cl= 35-5)
Cl into HC1
NaCl
1!
1-0282
1-6479
0-01206
0-21693
II
C1 2 MgCl 2
o
CaCL,
ft
W
1-3380
0-2254
1-5634
0-12647
1-35286
0-19406
Cr
CHROMIUM (Cr=52'5)
Cr 2 3 into Cr 2
m
0-6863
1-83650
Co
COBALT (Co = 59)
CoO into Co
H
07867
1-89579
Cu
COPPER (Cu= 63 -2)
CuO into Cu
2CuO Cu 2
m
ttt*
0-7980
0-8990
1-90199
1-95375
Cu 2 O 2CuO
Cu 2 (CNS) 2 Cu 2
Hi*
1-1124
0-5215
0-04625
1-71721
F
FLUORINE (F = 19)
CaF 2 into F 2
H
0-4872
1-68769
H
ii
HYDROGEN (H = l)
H 2 S0 4 into 2HC1
(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4
H
W
0-7449
1-3470
1-87210
0-12935
H
HC1 Cl
ii
0-9726
0-2222
1-98794
1-34679
Fe
lRON(Fe=56)
Fe into FeO
FeS0 4 , 70H 2
B
W
w
1-2857
4-9643
2-1429
0-10914
0-69586
0-33099
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
17
MULTIPLIEKS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC
ANALYSI s continued.
Ele-
ment.
To convert
Frac-
tional
Multi-
plier.
Decimal
Multiplier.
Logarithm
(to be added).
Fe
IRON (Fe = 56) continued.
Fe 2 into Mn0 2
Fe 2 (P0 4 ) 2
Fe 2 3
m
0-7768
2-6964
1-4286*
1-89030
0-43079
0-15490
ii
Fe 2 3 Fe 2
Fe 2 (P0 4 ) 2
3Fe 2 3 2Fe 3 4
SI
m
0-7
1-8875
0-9667
T-84510
0-27589
1-98528
t)
Fo.S 2 ,, S 2
FeS ,, Fe
ii 7
0-5333
0-6364
1-72700
1-80371
>
2FeS Fe 2 3
2Fe(NH 4 ) 2 (S0 4 ) 2) 60H 2 into Mn0 2
m
0-9091
0-1110
1-95861
1-04520
Pb
LEAD(Pb = 206'5)
PbS into Pb
PbO
PbS0 4 Pb
Illl
0-8658
0-9329
0-6826
1-93743
1-96984
1-83419
tt
PbO
PbCr0 4 Pb
HJ:|
07355
0-6393
1-86660
1-80572
PbO
2PbCr0 4 K 2 Cr 2 7
III
0-6889
0-4567
1-83813
1-65959
Mg
I
MAGNESIUM (Mg = 24)
MgCl 2 into MgO
MgO i,' MgC0 3
II
M
0-4210
07474
2-1
T-62434
1-87353
0-32222
J
. , |, MgCl 2
MgS0 4
Mg(NU 3 ) 2
W
2-375
3
37
0-37566
0-47712
0-56820
"
Mg 2 P 2 7 Mg 2
2MgO
2MgC0 3
1
0-2162
tO'3604
0-7568
1-33489
1-55674
1-87896
II
) >
2MgS0 4
,,2(MgS0 4 ,70H 2 )
CaH 4 P 2 8
Iff
1-0811
2-2162
1-0541
0-03386
0-34561
0-02286
* Or divide by 0'7.
t Or use the Phosphate Table, pp. 64-71, subtracting from the Mg 2
P 2 C>5 in it.
B
found the
18
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC
ANALYSIS continued.
Ele-
ment.
To convert
Frac-
tional
Multi-
plier.
Decimal
Multiplier.
Logarithm i
(to be adde(S)
Mg
19
MAGNESIUM (Mg = 24) continued.
Mg 2 P 2 7 P 2
PA
CaP 2 6
^
m
m
0-2793
0-6396
0-8919
1-44604
1-80594
1-95031
H
i)
Ca 3 P 2 8
MgS0 4 Mg
MgO
m
1-3964
0-2
0-3333
0-14501
1-30103
1-52288
Mn
j
j >
MANGANESE (Mn = 55)
Mn into MnO
MnO Mn
Mn0 2 Mn
H
n
l7 5
1-2909
07747
0-6322
0-11090
1-88910
1-80084
)i
ii
Mn 3 4 ,, 3Mn
3MuO
MuS Mn
m
m
if
0-7205
0-9301
0-6322
1-85765
1-96854
1-80084
ii
>
MnO
MnS0 4 ,, Mn
MnO
If
rVi
T 7 ^
0-8161
0-3642
0-4702
1-91174
1-56139
1-67228
Hg
ii
MERCURY (Hg- 200)
HgS into Hg
HgO
W
m
0-8621
0-9310
1-93554
1-96J>97
ii
ii
IW1 2 2Hg
Hg 2
m
in
0-8493
0-8832
1-92904
1-94607
Mo
) >
>>
MOLYBDENUM.
Ammonic phosphomolybdate into P
,, ,, into P 2 5
. Ca 3 P 2 8
0-0163
0-0373
0815
2-21219
2-57208
2-91116
Ni
NICKEL (Ni- 58 -6)
NiO into Ni
m
07855
I 8951(5
N
ii
3)
NITROGEN AND AMMONIUM (N = 14)
N into NH 3
HK0 3
NaN0 3
H
H
II
1-2143
4-5
6-0714
0-08432
0-65321
0-78329
KN0 3
,, ,, Albuminoids
W
7-2142
6-25
0-85819
0-79588
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
19
MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC
ANALYSIS continued.
Ele-
ment.
To convert
Frac-
tional
Multi-
plier.
Decimal
Multiplier.
Logarithm
(to be added).
NITROGEN AND AMMONIUM (N = 14)
continued.
N
N 2 into No0 5
w
3'8572
0-58627
>j
N 2 e N 2
&
0-2593
1-41373
ii
2KN0 3
m
1-8704
0-27193
>
Ca(N0 3 ) 2
m
1-5185
0-18142
> y
II
MgCN0 3 ) 2
NH, N
HI
H
1-3704
0-8235
0-13684
1-91568
NH 4 C1
W
31470
0-49790
>
2NH 3 (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4
W
3-8824
0-58910
j
NH 4 (J1 N
T
0-2617
1-41777
) j
NH 3
#T
0-3178
1-50210
H
(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 H 2 S0 4
^
0-7424
1-87065
9 )
2NH 3
A
0-2576
1-41091
M
N 2
T 2 5 %
0-2121
1-32658
5)
Ammonia-alum ,, Potash-alum
t
1-0464
0-01968
PHOSPHORUS (P = 31)
P
P 2 into P 2 5
W
2-2903
0-35990
9 |
PA ,, P 2
T%
0-4366
1-64010
Ca 8 P 8 8
!
2-1831
0-33907
PLATINUM (Pt-197'2)
Pt
(NH 4 ) 2 PtC l6 into N 2
^%
0-0628
2-79763
2NH 3
.^
0-0762
2-88195
9 J
2NH 4 C1
Ttt.V
0-2398
1-37985
II
2NH 4
TT^-T
0-0807
2-90677
})
(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4
iifV
0-2958
1-47104
N
K 2 rtci 6 K 2
T A?. T
0-1600
1-20350
>l
2KC1*
^v%
0-3052
1-48459
9 J
> >
K 2
K 2 S0 4
T H.
W.i
0-1925
0-3564
1-28453
1-55195
) >
Pt 2NH 4 C1
W-T
0-5426
1-73448
11
(NH 4 ) 2 S0 4
^V%
0-6694
1-82567
* Using Tatlock's method of determining potash, the following empirical factors have
been obtained and are frequently used :
(i ) Tatlock's own factor is platinochloride pp. xO'3056 = KC1.
(ii.) Dr Dittmar (see Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1887, p. 801) found platinochloride pp.
X '30627 = KC1. and Pt. x -76016 = KC1.
(iii.) Dr Dyer, as the result of his own determinations, uses the factors :
Platinochloride pp. x -1955 = K 2 0.
X -3094 = KC1.
20
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC
ANALYSIS continued.
Ele-
ment.
To convert
Frac-
tional
Multi-
plier.
Decimal
Multiplier.
Logarithm
(to be added).
K
POTASSIUM (K=39)
K into KC1
2KC1 " K 2
W
W
AV
1-9103
1-2051
0-6309
0-28109
0-08103
179994
I*
KC1 Cl
KHT
K 2 2KC1
$!
Vi 9
0-4765
2-5235
1-5851
1-67807
0-40200
0-20006
K 2 S0 4
2KN0 3
Rochelle salt
w
w
w
1-8511
2-1490
6-0
0-26742
0-33222
0-77815
i
2KHC 4 H 4 6
w
w
w
1-4681
1-1915
4-0
0-16675
0-07609
0-60206
ii
K 2 S0 4 K 2
KN0 3 N
t
0-5402
0-1386
1-73258
1-14181
Si
SILICON (Si =28 -3)
Si0 2 into Si
m
0-4693
1-67147
Ag
ii
SILVER (Ag= 107 7)
AgBr into Br
AgCl Ag
rff.T
0-4262
0-7521
0-2479
T62963
1-87627
1-39429
ii
HC1
Agl I
m
0-2549
0-5401
1-40635
173250
Na
i>
SODIUM (Na=23)
Na into NaCl
Na 2 Na 2
Na-jO 2NaCl
ii
w
2-5435
1-3478
1-8871
0-40543
0-12963
0-27579
ii
i)
Na 2 S0 4
w
w
w
2-2903
1-7097
27419
0-35990
0-2329]
0-43806
i>
ii
ii
2NaHO
NaCl Cl
NaHC0 3
IU
1-2903
0-6068
1-4359
0-11070
1-78307
0-15712
THE ANALYST'S LABOEATOEY COMPANION.
21
MULTIPLIEES AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC
ANALYSIS continued.
Ele-
ment.
To convert
Frac-
tional
Multi-
plier.
Decimal
Multiplier.
Logarithm
(to be added).
Na
SODIUM (Na = 23) continued.
2NaCl into Na 2
Na 2 C0 3
STaN0 3 N
AV
w
i*
0-5299
0-9060
0-1647
1-72421
1-95712
1-21671
Na 2 C0 3 Na,C0 3 , 100H 2
Na 2 S0 4 Na 2
Na 2
m
TY
*
2-6981
0-3239
0-4366
0-43106
1-51047
1-64010
Sr
STRONTIUM (Sr=87'3)
SrC0 3 into Sr
SrS0 4 Sr
^riV
^k
0-5927
0-4763
1-77281
1-67785
S
M
SULPHUR (S = 32)
S0 3 into S
CaS0 4
H
i> 6
0-4
1-7
1-60206
0-23045
>;
>
CaS0 4 , 20H 2
K, 2 S0 4
VV
w
2-15
1-775
0-33244
0-24920
Sn
>>
TiN(Sn = 118)
Sn0 2 into Sn
Sn ,, Sn0 2
Hf
ttf
0-7867
1-2712
1-89579
0-10421
Zn
M
ZINC (Zn = 65)
Zn into ZnO
ZnCl 2
W
w
1-2462
2-0923
0-09557
0-32063
>J
|J
ZnO Zn
ZuS ,, Zn
If
if
0-8025
0-6701
1-90443
1-82614
Example. 1*327 grams of a substance gave 0*8470 gram BaS0 4 : to
find the percentages of S0 3 and S present respectively.
Since 1"327 grams give 0*847 gram BaS0 4 100 grams will give
847x100 8470
1-327 "1-327*
Taking logs.
Log. 84-70 =1-92788
1-327 = 0-12287
(subtracting) 1'80501
Add log. (Ba S0 4 into S0 3 ) 1 "53573
Add log. (S0 3 into S.)
1 -34074 = 21 -92 per cent. SO S .
1-60206
0-94280= 8-77 per cent. S.
Rule. First find the weight of the pp. that 100 parts of substance
would give, then add the log. of the multiplier to get percentage of sub-
stance sought.
2lA
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION'.
MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC
ANALYSIS continued.
Ele-
men
To convert
Frac-
tional
Multi-
plier.
Decimal
Multiplier
Logarithm
(to be added).
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
2lB
MULTIPLIERS AND THEIR LOGARITHMS REQUIRED IN GRAVIMETRIC
AN ALYS is continued.
Ele-
meni
To convert
Frac-
tional
Multi-
plier.
Decimal
Multipliei
Logarithm
(to be added)
22
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
MULTIPLIERS REQUIRED IN VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS.
Logarithms.
Normal H 2 S0 4 lc.c.= 0-049 gram H 2 S0 4 .
2-690 1961
=0-048 S0 4
2-681 2412
=0-040 S0 3
2-602 0600
Normal HC1 lc.c.=0'0365 HOI
2-562 2929
=0-0355 01 .
2-550 2284
Normal HN0 3 lc.c.=0'063 HN0 3 .
2-799 3405
=0-062 , N0 3
2-792 3917
=0-054 , N 2 5 .
2-732 3938
Normal H 2 C 2 4 lc.c.=0'063 , H 2 C 2 4 , 20H 2
2799 3405
=0-045 , H 2 C 2 4 .
2-653 2125
Normal NaHO lc.c.=0'040 , NaHO .
2-602 0600
=0-031 , Na/)
2-491 3617
Normal KHO lc.c.= 0-056 , KHO .
2-748 1880
,, =0-047 , K 2
2-672 0979
Normal Na 2 C0 3 lc.c.= 0*053 , Na 2 C0 3 .
2724 2759
=0-030 , C0 3 .
2-477 1213
=0-022 , C0 2
2-342 4227
Decinormal AgN0 3 Ic.c. = 0-0108 , Ag .
2-033 4238
=0-017 , AgN0 3 .
2-230 4489
,, =0-00355 , Cl .
3-550 2284
Decinormal NaCl 1 c.c. = 0*00585 , NaCl
3767 1559
CALCIUM (Ca=40)
N
1 c.c. YQ permanganate =0'0028 gram CaO .
3-447 1580
=0-0050 gram CaC0 3
3-698 9700
,, =0-0086 gram CaS0 4 , 20H 2
3-934 4985
,, normal oxalic acid = 0-0280 gram CaO
2-447 1580
Cryst. oxalic acid xO '444 =CaO
1-647 3830
Double iron salt x 0*07143 = CaO
2-853 8807
CHLORINE (01 = 35-37)
N
1 c.c. YO silver solution =0-003537 gram Cl .
3-548 6351
,, ,, =0-005837 gram NaCl
3766 1897
N
1 c. c. -TQ arsenious or hyposulphite solution =0 '003537
gram Cl
3'548 6351
1 litre of chlorine at C. and 760 mm. weighs 3 '17 grams
0-501 0593
CHROMIUM (Cr=52'4)
Metallic iron x 0-31 23 = Cr
1-494 5720
x 0-5981 = Cr0 3
1-776 7738
xO-8784=K 2 Cr 2 7
x 1-926 =PbCr0 4
Double iron salt x 0-0446 = Cr
1-943 6923
0-284 6563
2-649 3349
x 0-0854 = Cr0 3
2-931 4579
xO'1255 = K 2 Cr 2 7 .
1-098 6437
x 0-275 =PbCr0 4 .
1-439 3327
1 c.c. YO solution = '003349 gram Cr0 3
3-524 9151
= 0:00492 gram K 2 Cr 2 7 .
3-691 9651
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
23
MULTIPLIERS REQUIRED IN VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS continued.
COPPER (Cu= 63)
1 c.c. TQ solution = 0*0063 gram Cu
Iron x 1-125 =copper .
Double iron salt x 0*1 607 = copper .
CYANOGEN (CN = 26)
1 c. c. T silver solution = 0*0052 gram
,, iodine
= 0-0054 gram HCN
= 0-01302 gramKCN
= 0*003255 gram KCIST
POTASSIC FERROCYANIDE (K 4 FeCy 6 , 30H 2 =422)
Metallic iron x 7'541 = cryst. potassic ferrocyanide
Double iron salt x 1 '077 = , , , , , ,
POTASSIC FERRIC YANIDE (K 6 Fe 2 Cy 12 =658)
Metallic iron x 5 '88 = potassic ferricyanide .
Double iron salt x T68 =
N
JQ Hyposulphite x 0-0329 =
GoLD(Au=196-5)
1 c.c. normal oxalic acid = 0*0655 gram gold . .
IODINE (I -126 -5)
1 c.c. JQ hyposulphite = 0'01 265 gram iodine .
lRON(Fe = 56)
1 c.c. permanganate, bichromate,
or hyposulphite
= -0056 Fe .
=0-0072 FeO .
= 0-0080 Fe 2 3
LEAD(Pb = 206'4)
1 c.c. T permanganate
'01032 gram lead
1 c.c. normal oxalic acid = 0*1032 gram lead
Metallic iron x 1 -842 lead .
Double iron salt x 0-263 = . ..
MANGANESE (Mn = 55)
Metallic iron x 0-491 =Mn .
xO-63393 = MnO
x 07768 =Mn0
Logarithms.
3799 3405
0-051 1525
1-206 0159
3716 0033
3-732 3938
3-114 6110
3-512 5510
0-877 4289
0-032 2157
0-769 3773
0-225 3093
2-517 1959
2-816 2413
2-102 0905
3*748 1880
3-857 3325
3*903 0900
2-013 6797
1-013 6797
0-265 2896
1*419 9557
1-691 0815
1-802 0413
1-890 3092
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
MULTIPLIERS REQUIRED IN VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS continued.
Logarithms.
MANGANESE (Mn = 55) continued.
Double iron salt x 0-0911 = MnO 2/9595184
x 0-111 =Mn0 2 1-045 3230
Cryst. oxalic acid x 0-6916 = Mn0 2 1-8398550
1 c.c. ^solution = 0-00355 gram MnO . . . . 3*5502284
= 0-00435 gram Mn0 2 . . . . 3-6384893
MERCURY (Hg=200)
Double iron salt xO -5104 = Hg 17079107
xO-6914 = Hg01 2 1-839 7294
1 c.c. ^7) solution = 0-0200 gram Hg .... 2 '301 0300
= 0-0208 gram Hg 2 . . . . 2-3180633
= 0-0271 gram HgCL, . . . . 2-4329693
NITROGEN AS NITRATES AND NITRITES
N 2 5 =108. N 2 3 =76.
Normal acid xO -0540 = N 2 5 27323938
x 0-1011 = KNO 3 1-004 7512
Metallic iron xO *3750 = HN0 3 1'574 0313
xO*6018 = KN0 3 1779 4522
xO-3214 = NoO^ . . 1-507 0459
SILVER (Ag= 107 -66)
1 c.c. - NaCl = 0-010766 gram Ag
0-016966
AgN0 3
SULPHURETTED HYDROGEN (H 2 S = 34)
1 c.c. arsenious solution = '00255 gram H 2 S
TjN(Sn = 118)
Metallic iron x 1-0536 = tin
Double iron salt x 0'1505 = tin ....
Factor for T iodine or permanganate solution 0*0059
ZINC (Zn = 65)
Metallic iron x '5809 = Zn .
,, 0724 =ZnO . . .
Double iron salt x -08298 - Zn
0-1034 =ZnO .
1 c.c. solution = 0*00325 gram Zn
2-032 0544
2-229 5795
3-406 5402
0-022 6758
1-177 5365
3-770 8520
1764 1014
1-859 7386
2-918 9734
1-014 5205
3-511 8834
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 25
NOTES ON LOGARITHMS.
Definition. The logarithm of a number N is the value of x which
satisfies the equation a*=N, where a is some given number.
Thus if a be 10 (which is the base of Briggs' or the ordinary
logarithms), the logarithm of 100 is 2, that of 1000 is 3 ; and that of
any number between 100 and 1000 will be greater than 2 and less
than 3, so that it may be represented by 2 followed by places of
decimals.
By means of a table of logarithms two numbers may be multiplied
powers, is performed by multiplication of the logarithm of the number
by the index of the power ; and Evolution, or extraction of roots, by
division of the logarithm of the number by the index of the root.
The integral part of a logarithm is called the characteristic, the
decimal part the mantissa. The characteristic may be either positive
or negative (e.g., 2, 2),* but the mantissa is always positive. The
mantissse only are registered in the tables, the characteristics always
being found by the following simple rules :
(1) For numbers greater than unity, the characteristic is one less
than the number of digits, and is positive.
(2) For numbers less than unity, the characteristic is one greater
than the number of ciphers which precede the first significant figure,
and is negative.*
Ex. Log. 437-58 = 2 "6410575
Log. 43758 =1-6410575
Log. 4-3758 =0-6410575
Log. -43758 =1-6410575
Log. -043758 = 2-6410575
Negative characteristics are calculated according to the ordinary
rules of algebraic addition and subtraction. A few examples will
show the methods employed.
(1) Addition-
Add 5-3468541 Add 6'3874654
3-2685427 2'9245636
2-6153968 5*3120290
+ 5 added to 3 gives + 2. +6 is increased to + 7 by the 1
carried over from the mantissse,
and + 7 added to 2 gives + 5.
*Tne negative sign is placed over the characteristic to indicate that it alone is
negative. If placed in front, like an ordinary negative sign, both characteristic
and mantissa would become negative.
26 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
NOTES ON LOGARITHMS continued.
(1) Addition continued.
Add 2-5632874 Add 3-3010300
3-2465281 2'9020029
5-8098155 4-2030329
Here the + 1 carried over from the
mantissas is added_to 3 giving
2, and 2 added to 2 gives 4.
(2) Subtraction
Rule. Change the sign of the characteristic in the lower line, and
add as above.
From 2-6847658 From 2*3468537
Subtract 3 '2468543 Subtract 5 7654626
5-4379115 2-5813911
3 becomes, on changing Here 1 is carried over from the
its sign, + 3, and this mantissse, and has to Jbe sub-
added to + 2 gives + 5. tracted from 2, giving 3 : then
changing the J) into + 5, and
adding this to 3, we have + 2.
From 5-6843252
Subtract 3-7856310
3-8986942
Here the 1 carried over
subtracted from 5 gives
6 ; then changing 3
into + 3 and adding it
to 6, we have 3.
Proportional Parts. When the logarithm of a number consisting
of five figures or less is required, it can be found immediately in the
tables ; but if the numbers consist of more than five figures, a little
calculation is required in order to find its correct logarithm. This
calculation is greatly facilitated by the use of a table of proportional
parts. It will be seen, on reference to the tables, that the differ-
ences between the logarithms of numbers differing by 1 in the fifth
figure remain remarkably constant for a great many successive
numbers, except at the beginning of the tables, where the changes
are rather rapid. Thus, from 66500 to 67500 the difference between
any two consecutive logarithms is uniformly 65 : e.g., log. 66511
( = 4-8228935) subtracted from log. 66512 (=4*8229000) gives 65.
Suppose, then, we require the logarithm of a number consisting of
six or seven figures, as for instance 66511*37, how do we proceed to
find it ?
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 27
NOTES ON LOGARITHMS continued.
This is done as follows : First write down the next lower
logarithm.
Log. 66511 = 4-8228935,
then, since the difference of 1 in the fifth figure makes a difference
of 65 in the logarithm, a difference of '37 will make a difference of
65 x -37 -24.
.-.. Log. 66511 '37 = 4 -8228935 + 24 = 4 -8228959.
In the table of proportional parts, however, the amount to be added
for every tenth of a unit is recorded, and by this table the above
result may be easily found thus :
Log. 66511 =4-8228035
Proportional part for '3 = 20
Proportional part for "07= 46
4-82289596
Conversely, the number to six, seven, or more figures correspond-
ing to a given logarithm, is found by a method exactly the converse
of that given above.
Example. Find the number whose log. is 2-9324547.
2-9324547
2 -9324535 = log. 865 '96
12
10= -002
20= -0004
855 '9624 the number required.
In the above example the difference between the given log. and
the next lower in the tables being 12, the required number will
evidently lie between 855*962 and 855-963, since the proportional
part for 2 is 10 and that for 3 is 15. Subtracting that for 2, namely
10, we have 2 left. Annex a cipher to the 2, since the figure to be
found will occupy the next decimal place, and the number 20 thus
obtained -is the proportional part for the figure 4.
28
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
COMMON LOGARITHMS.
o
1
8
9
123
456
789
10
00432
00860
01284
01703
02119
02531
02938
03342
03743
11 04139
04532
04922
05308
05690
06070
06446
068 19! 07188
07555
12 07918
08279
08636
08991
09342
09691
10037
10380 10721
11059
13 11394
11727
12057
12385
12710
13033
13354
13672 13988
14301
14 14613
14922
15229
15534
15836
16137
16435
16732 17026
17319
15 17609
17898
18184
18469
18752
19033
19312
19590 19866
20140
16 20412
20683
20952
21219
21484
21748
22011
22272 22531
22789
17 23045
23300
23553
23805
24055
24304
24551
24797
25042
25285
18 25527
25768
26007
26245
26482
26717
26951
27184
27616
27646
19 27875
28103
28330
2s556
28780
29003
29226
29447
29667
29885
20 30103
30320
30535
30750
30963
31175
31387
31597
31806
32015
2142 64
85 106 127
148 170 191
21 32222
32428
32634
32838
33041
33244
33445
33646
33846
34044
2040 61
81 101 121
141 162 182
22 34242
34439
34635
34830
35025
35218
35411
35603
35793
35984
1939 58
77 97116
135 154 174
23 36173
36361
36549
36736
36922
37107
37291
37475
37658
37840
1837 55
74 92111
129 148 166
24 38021
38202
38382
38561
38739
38917
39094
39270
39445
39620
1835 53
71 89106
124 142 160
25 39794
39967
40140
40312
40483
40654
40824
40993
41162
41330
1734 51
68 85102
119 136 153
26 41497
41664
41830
41996
42160
42325
42488
42651
42813
4297f
1633 49
66 82 98
115 131 148
27 43136
43297
43457
43616
43775
43933
44091
44248
44404
4456(
1632 47
63 79 95
111 126 142
28 44716
44871
45025
45179
45332
45484
45637
45788
45939
46090
1530 46
61 76 91
107 122 137
29 46240
46389
46538
46687
46835
46982
47129
47276
47422
47567
1529 44
59 74 88
103 118 132
COMMON LOGARITHMS -(continued).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
123
456
789
30 47712
47857
48001
48144
48287
48430
48572
48714
48855
48996
14 28 43
57 71 85
100 114 128
31 49136
49276
49415
49554
49693
49831
49969
50106
50243
50379
14 28 41
55 69 83
97110124
32 1 50515
50651
50786
50920
51055
51188
51322
51455
51587
51720
13 27 40
53 67 80
94 107 120
33 1 51851
51983
52114
52244
52375
52504
52634
52763
52892
53020
13 26 39
52 65 78
91 104 117
34 53148
53275
53403
53529
53656
53782
53908
54033
54158
54283
13 25 38
50 63 76
88 101 113
35 54407
54531
54654
54777
54900
55023
55145
55267
55388
55509
12 24 37
49 61 73
86 98110
36 55630
55751
55871
55991
56110
56229
56348
56467
56585
56703
12 24 36! 48 59 71
83 95107
37 56820
56937
57054
57171
57287
57403
57519
57634
57749
57864
122335 465869
81 93104
38 57978
58092
58206
58320
58433
58546
58659
58771
58883
58995
11 23 34 45 56 68
79 90102
39 59106
59218
59329
59439
59550
59660
59770
59879
59988
60097
11 22 33
44 55 66
77 88 99
40 60206
41 61278
60314
61384
60423
61490
60531
61595
60638
61700
60746
61805
60853
61909
60959
62014
61066
62118
61172
62221
11 21 32 43 54 64
102131 425263
75 86 97
73 84 94
42 62325
62428
62531
62634
62737
62839
62941
63043
63144
63246
10 20 31 41 51 61
72 82 92
43 63347
63448
63548
63649
637-0
63849
63949
64048
64147
64246
102030 405060
70 80 90
44 64345
64444
64542
64640
64738
64836
64933
65031
65128
65225
10 20 29
39 49 59
68 78 88
45 65321
65418
65514
65610
65706
65801
65896
65992
66087
66181
10 19 29
38 48 57
67 76 86
46 66276
66370
<;<;u;
66558
66652
66745
66839
66932
67025
67117
9 19 28 37 47 56
65 75 84
47 67210
67302 67394
67486
67578
67669
67761
67852
67943
68034
91827 374655
64 73 82
48 68124
68215 6830
68395
68485
68574
68664
68753
68842
68931
91827 364554
63 72 81
49 6902C
69108
6919
6928fi
69373
69461
69548
69636
69723
69810
9 18 26 35 44 53
61 70 79
Note. The tabular logs, of numbers 1 to 10 are the same as those of 10, 20, 30, etc.
THE ANALYST'S LABOEATORY COMPANION.
29
COMMON LOGARITHMS (continued).
!
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
123
456
789
50
69897
69984
70070
70157
70243
70329
70415
70501
70586
70672
91726
34 43 52
606977
51
70757
70842
70927
71012
71096
71181
71265
71349
71433
71517
8 17 25
34 42 51
59 67 76
52
71600
71684
71767
71850
71933
72016
72099
72181
72263
72346
81725
33 41 50
58 66 74
53
72428
72509
72591
72673
72754
72835
72916
72997
73078
73159
81624
32 41 49
57 65 73
54
73239
73320
73400
73480
73560
73640
73719
73799
73878
73957
81624
32 40 48
566472
55
74036
74115
74194
74273
74351
74429
74507
74586
74663
74741
81623
31 39 47
55 63 70
56
74819
74896
74974
75051
75128
75205
75282
75358
75435
75511
81523
31 38 46
54 61 69
57
75587
75664
75740
75815
75891
75967
76042
76118
76193
76268
81523
30 38 45
53 60 68
58
76343
76418
76492
76567
76641
76716
76790
76864
76938
77012
71522
30 37 45
52 59 67
59
77085
77159
77232
77305
77379
77452
77525
77597
77670
77743
71522
29 36 44
51 58 66
60
77815
77887
77960
78032
78104
78176
78247
78319
78390
78462
71422
29 36 43
50 57 65
61
78533
78604
78675
78746
78817
78888
78958
79029
79099
79169
71421
28 35 42
495664
62
79239
79309
79379
79449
79518
79588
79657
79727
79796
79865
71421
28 35 42
49 56 63
63
79934
80003
8007'-
80140
80209
80277
80346
80414
80482
80550
71421
27 34 41
48 55 62
64
80618
80686
80754
80821
80889
80956
81023
81090
81158
81224
71320
27 34 40
47 54 61
65
81291
81358
81425
81491
81558
81624
81690
81757
81823
81889
71320
27 33 40
465360
66
81954
82020
82086
82151
82217
82282
82347
82413
82478
82543
71320
26 33 39
46 52 59
67
82607
82672
82737
82802
82866
82930
82995
83059
83123
83187
61319
26 32 39
45 51 58
68
83251
83315
83378
83442
83506
83569
83632
83696
83759
83822
61319
25 32 38
44 51 57
69
83885
83948
84011
84073
84136
84198
84261
84323
84386
84448
61219
26 31 37
44 50 56
COMMON LOGARITHMS -(continued).
1
2
8
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 S 3
456
789
70
84510
84572
84634
84696
84757
84819
84880
84942
85003
85065
61218
25 31 37
43 49 55
71
85126
85187
85248
85309
85370
85431
85491! 85552
85612
85673
61218
24 30 36
43 49 55
72
85733
85794
85854
85914
85974
86034
86094
86153
86213
86273
61218
24 30 36
42 48 54
73
86332
86392
86451
86510
86570
86629 86688
86747
86806
86864
61218
24 30 35
41 47 53
74
86923
86982
87040
87099
87157
87216
87274
87332
87390
87448
61217
23 29 35
41 47 52
75
87506
87564
87622
87679
87737
87795
87852
87910
87967
88024
61217
23 29 35
40 46 52
76
88081
88138
88195
88252
88309
88366
88423
88480
88536
88593
61117
23 28 34
40 45 51
77
88649
88705
88762
88818
88874
88930
88986
89042
89098
89154
61117
22 28 34
39 45 50
78
89209
89265
89321
89376
89432
89487
89542
89597
89653
89708
61117
22 28 33
39 44 50
79
89763
89818
89873
89927
89982
90037
90091
90146
90200
90255
51116
22 27 33
38 44 49
80
90309
90363
90417
90472
90526
90580
90634
90687
90741
90795
51116
22 27 32
38 43 49
81
90849
90902
90956
91009
91062
91116
91169
91222
91275
91328
51116
21 27 32
37 43 48
82
91381
91434
91487
91540
91593
91645
91698
91751
91803
91855
51116
212632
37 42 47
83
9190S
91960
92012
92065
92117
92169
92221
92273
92324
92376
51016
21 26 31
364247
84
92428
92480
92531
92583
92634
92686
92737
92788
92840
92891
51015
21 26 31
36 41 46
85
92942
92993
93044
93095
93146
93197
93247
93298
93349
93399
51015
20 25 30
36 41 46
86
93450
93500
93551
93601
93651
93702
93752
93802
93852
93902
51015
20 25 30
35 40 45
87
i 93952
94002
94052
94101
94151
94201
94250
94300
94349
94399
51015
20 25 30
35 40 45
88
94448
94498
94547
94596
94645
94694
94743
94792
94841
94890
51015
20 25 29
34 39 44
89
94939
94988
95036
95085
95134
95182
95231
95279
95328
95376
51015
19 24-. 29
34 39 44
30
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
COMMON LOGARITHMS (continued).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
123
456
789
90
95424
95472
95521
95569
95617
95665
95713
95761 ! 95809
95856
51014
19 24 29
34 38 43
91
95904
95952
95999
96047
96095
96142: 96190 96237
96284
96332
5 914
19 24 28
33 38 43
92
96379
96426
96473
96520
96567
96614! 96661
96708
96755
96802
5 914
19 23 28
33 38 42
93
96848
96895
96942
96988
97035
97081 97128 97174
97220
97267
5 914
19 23 28
33 37 42
94
97313
97359
97405
97451
97497
97543
97589
97635
97681
97727
5 914
18 23 28
32 37 41
95
97772
97818
97864
97909
97955
98000
98046
98091
98137
98182
5 914
18 23 27
32 36 41
96
98227
98272
98318: 98363
98408
9845E
98498
98543
98588
98632
5 914
18 23 27
32 36 41
97
98677
98722
98767 98811
98856
98900
98945
98989
99034
99078
4 913
18 22 27
31 36 40
98
99123
99167
99211 99255
99300
99344
99388
99432
99476
99520
4 913
18 22 26
31 35 40
99
99564
99607
99651 99695
99739
99782
99826
99870
99913
99957
4 913
17 22 26
31 35 39
100
00043
00087; 00130
00173
00217
00260
00303
00346
00389
4 913
17 22 26
30 35 39
101
00432
00475
00518 00561
00604
00647
00689
00732
00775
00817
4 913
17 21 26
303439
102
00860
009031 00945 00988
01030
01072
01115
01157
01199
01242
4 813
17 21 25
30 34 38
103
01284
01326
01368 01410
01452
01494
01536
01578
01620
01662
4 813
17 21 25
29 34 38
104
01703 01745
01787 01828
01870
01912
01953
01995
02036
02078
4 812
17 21 25
29 33 37
105
02119 02160
02202 02243
02284
02325
02366
02407
02449
02490
4 812
16 21 25
29 33 37
106
02531 02572
02612 02653
02694
02735
02776
02816
02857
02898
4 812
16 20 24
29 33 37
107
02938 02979
03019 03060
03100
03141
03181
03222
03262
03302
4 812
16 20 24
28 32 36
108
03342 03383
03423 03463
03503
03543
03583
03623
():;(><;:;
03703
4 812
16 20 24
28 32 36
109
037431 03782
03822
03862
03902
03941
03981
04021
04060
04100
4 812
16 20 24
t
28 32 36
COMMON LOGARITHMS (continued).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
12 3
456
789
110
04139
04179
04218
04258
04297
04336
04376
04415
04454
04493
4812
16 20 24
28 31 35
111
04532
04571
04610
04650
04689
04727
04766' 04805
04844
04883
4812
16 19 23
27 31 35
112
04922
04961
04999
05038
05077
05115
05154 05192
05231
05269
4812
15 19 23
27 31 35
113
05308
05346
05385
05423
05461
05500
05538
05576
05614
05652
4811
15 19 23
27 31 34
114
05690
05729
05767
05805
05843
05881
05918
05956
05994
06032
4811
15 19 23
27 30 34
115
06070
06108
06145
06183
06221
06258
06296
06333
06371
06408
4811
15 19 23
263034
116
06446
06483
06521
06558
06595
06633
06670
06707
06744
06781
4711
15 19 22
26 30 34
117
06819
06856
06893
06930
06967
07004
07041
07078
07115
07151
4711
15 18 22
26 30 33
118
07188
07225
07262
07298
07335
07372
07408
07445
07482
07518
4711
15 18 22
26 29 33
119
07555
07591
07628
07664
07700
07737
07773
07809
07846
07882
4711
15 18 22
25 29 33
120
07918
07954
07990
08027
08063
08099
08135
08171
08207
08243
4711
14 18 22
25 29 32
121
08279
08314
08350
08386
08422
08458
08493
08529
08565
08600
4711
14 18 21
25 29 32
122
08636
08672
08707
08743
08778
08814
08849
08884
08920
08955
4711
14 18 21
25 28 32
123
08991
09026
09061
09096
09132
09167
09202 09237
09272
09307
4711
14 18 21
25 28 32
124
09342
09377
09412
09447
09482
09517
09552
09587
09621
09656
3710
14 17 21
24 28 31
125
09691
09726
09760
09795
09830
09864
09899
09934
09968
10003
3710
14 17 21
242831
126
10037
10072
10106
10140
10175
10209
102431 10278
10312
10346
3710
14 17 21
24 27 31
127
10380
10415
10449
10483
10517
10551
10585
10619
10653
10687
3710
14 17 20
24 27 31
128
10721
10755
10789
10823 10857
10890
10924
10958
10992
11025
3710
14 17 20
242730
129
11059
11093
11126
11160 11193
11227
11261
11294
11327
11361
3710
12 17 20
23 27 30
1 1
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
31
COMMON LOGARITHMS (continued).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
123
456
789
130
11394
11428
11461
11494
11528
11561
11594
11628
11661
11694
3710
13 17 20
23 27 30
131
11727
11760
11793
11826
11860
11893
11926
11959 11992
12024
3710
13 17 20
23 26 30
132
12057
12090
12123
12156
12189
12222
12254
12287
12320
12352
3710
13 16 20
23 26 29
133
12385
12418
12450
12483
12516
12548
12581
12613
12646
12678
3710
13 16 20
23 26 39
134
12710
12743
12775
12808
12840
12872
12905
12937 12969
13001
3610
13 16 19
23 26 29
135
13033
13066
13098
13130
13162
13194
13226
13258 13290
13322
3610
13 16 19
22 26 29
136
13354
13386
13418
13450
13481
13513
13545
13577 13609
13640
3610
13 16 19
22 25 29
137
13672
13704
13735
13767
13799
13830
13862
13893 13925
13956
36 9
13 16 19
22 25 28
138
13988
14019
14051
14082
14114
14145
14176
14208) 14239
14270
36 9
13 16 19
222528
139
14301
14333
14364
14395
14426
14457
14489
14520
14551
14582
36 9
12 16 19
22 25 28
140
14613
14644
14675
14706
14737
14768
14799
14829
14860
14891
36 9
12 15 19
22 25 28
141
14922
14953
14983: 15014
15045
15076
15106
15137
15168
15198
36 9
12 15 18
21 25 28
142
15229
15259
15290 15320
15351
15381
15412
15442
15473
15503
36 9
121518
21 24 27
143
15534
15564
15594 15625
15655
15685
15715
15746
15776
15806
36 9
12 15 18
21 24 27
144
15836
15866
15897
15927
15957
15987
16017
16047
16077
16107
36 9
12 15 18
21 24 27
145
16137
16167
16197
16227
16256
16286
16316
16346
16376
16406
36 9
12 15 18
21 24 27
146
16435
16465
16495
16524
16554
16584
16613
16643
16673
16702
36 9
121518
21 24 27
147
16732
16761
16791
16820
16850
16879
16909
16938
16967
16997
36 9
12 15 18
212426
148
17026
17056
17085 17114
17143
17173
17202
17231
17260
17289
36 9
121518
20 23 26
149
1*319
173481 17377
17406
17435
17464
17493
17522
17551
17580
36 9
12 15 17
20 23 26
i
COMMON LOGARITHMS (continued).
.1 i
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
123
456
T8, !
150
17609 17638
17667
17696
17725
17754
17782 17S11
17840
17869
369
12 14 17
20 23 26
151
17898
17926
17955
17984
18013
18041
18070
18099
18127
18156
369
11 14 17
20 23 26
152
18184 18213
18241
18270
18298
18327
18355
18384
18412
18441
369
11 14 17
20 23 26
153
18469 18438
18526
18554
18583
18611
18639
18667
18696
18724
368
11 14 17
20 23 25
154
18752
18780
18808
18837
18865
18893
18921
18949
18977
19005
368
11 14 17
202225
155
19033
19061
19089
19117
19145
19173
19201
19229
19257
19285
368
11 14 17
20 22 25
156
! 19312
19340
19368
19396
19424
19451
19479 19507
19535
19562
368
11 14 17
19 22 25
157
19590! 19618
19645
19673
19700
19728
19756 19783
19811
19838
368
11 14 17
19 22 25
158
19866J 19893
19921
19948
19976
20003
20030: 20058
20085
20112
358
11 14 16
19 22 25
159
20140
20167
20194
20222
20249
20276
20303 20330
20358
20385
358
11 14 16
19 22 25
160
I 20412
20439
20466
20493
20520
20548
20575 20602
20629
20656
358
11 14 16
19 22 24
161
20683 20710
20737
20763
20790
20817
20844 20871
20898
20925
358
11 13 16
19 22 24
162
20952 20978
21005
21032
21059
21085
21112; 21139
21165
21192
358
11 13 16
19 21 24
163
21219 21245
21272
21299
21325
21352
21378 21405
21431
21458
358
11 13 16
19 21 24
164
21484
21511
21537
21564
21590
21617
21643 21669
21696
21722
368
11 13 16
18 21 24
165
i 21748
21775 1 21801
21827
21854
21880
21906 1 21932
21958
21985
358
10 13 16
18 21 24
166
1 22011] 22037
22063
22089
22115
22141
22167 22194
22220
22246
358
10 13 16
18 21 23
167
1 22272] 22298
22324
22350
22376
22401
22427 22453
22479
22505
358
10 13 16
18 21 23
168
! 22531
22557
225831 22608
22634
22660
22686, 22712
22737
22763
358
10 13 15
18 21 23
169
I 22789 22814
22840 1 22866
22891
22917
22943 22968
22994
23019
358
10 13 15
18 20 23
1
I 1
I
1
32
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
COMMON LOGARITHMS. (continued).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
123
456
789
170
23045
23070
23096
23121
23147
23172
23198
23223
23249
23274
358
10 13 15
18 20 23
171
23300 23325
23350
23376
23401
23426
2345?
23477
23502
23528
358
10 13 15
18 20 23
172
23553 23578
23603
23629
23654
23679
23704
23729
23754
23779
358
101315
18 20 23
173
23805
23830
23855
23880
23905
23930
23955
23980
24005
24030
358
10 13 15
18 20 23
174
24055
24080
24105
24130
24155
24180
24204
24229
24254
24279
257
10 12 15
17 20 22
175
24304
24329
24353
24378
24403
24428
24452
24477
24502
24527
257
10 12 15
17 20 22
176
24551
24576
24601
24625
24650
24674
24699
24724
24748
24773
257
10 12 15
17 20 22
177
24797
24822
24846
24871 24895
24920
24944
24969
24993
25018
257
10 12 15
17 20 22
178
25042
25066
25091
25115 25139
25164
25188
25212
25237
25261
257
10 12 15
17 19 22
179
25285
25310
25334
25358
25382
25406
25431
25455
25479
25503
257
10 12 15
17 19 22
180
25527
25551
25575
25600
25624
25648
25672
25696
25720
25744
257
10 12 14
17 19 22
181
25768
25792
25816
25840 25864
25888
25912
25935
25959
25983
257
91214
17 19 22
182
26007
26031
26055
26079' 26102
26126
26150
26174
26198
20-221
257
91214
17 19 21
183
26245
26269
26293
26316! 26340
26364
26387
26411
26435
26458
257
91214
17 19 21
184
26482
26505
26529
26553
26576
26600
26623
26647
20670
26694
257
91214
16 19 21
185
26717
26741
26764
26788
26811
26834
26858
26881
26905
26928
257
91214
16 19 21
186
26951
26975
26998
270211 27045
27068
27091
27114
27138
27161
257
9 12 14
16 19 21
187
27184
27207
27231
27254' 27277
27300
27323
27346 27370
27393
257
91214
16 19 21
188
27416
27439
27462
27485 ' 27508
27531
27554
27577 27600
27623
257
91214
16 18 21
189
27646
27669
27692
27715
27738
27761
27784
27807
27830
27852
257
91114
16 18 21
COMMON LOGARITHMS (continued).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
123
456
789
190
191
192
193
194
27875
28103
28320
28556
28780
27898
28126
28353
28578
28803
27921
28149
28375
28601
28825
27944
28171
28398
28623
28847
27967
28194
28421
28646
28870
27989
28217
28443
28668
28892
28012
28240
28466
28691
28914
28035
28262
28488
28713
28937
28058
28285
28511
28735
28959
28081
28307
28533
28758
28981
257
257
257
247
247
91114
91114
91114
91113
91113
16 18 21
16 18 20
16 18 20
16 18 20
16 18 20
195
196
197
198
199
29003
29226
29447
29667
29885
29026
29248
29469
29688
29907
29048
29270
29491
29710
29929
29070
29292
29513
29732
29951
29092
29314
29535
29754
29973
29115
29336
29557
29776
29994
29137
29358
29579
29798
50016
29159
29380
29601
29820
30038
29181
29403
29623
29842
30060
29203
29425
29645
29863
30081
247
247
247
247
247
91113
91113
91113
91113
91113
16 18 20
15 18 20
15 18 20
151820
15 17 20
Base of Common Logarithms = 10.
Hyp. Log. z= \ Com. Log. z.
M
Base of Hyperbolic Logarithms = e = 2-71828.
Com. Log. z = M Hyp. Log. z.
Number.
Com. Log.
Number.
Com. Log.
e= 2-71828
0-434 2945
T = 3-14159
0-497 1499
1 = 2-30259
0-362 2157
~= 0-785398
T'895 0899
M=0'434294
T-637 7843
~ =0-52359
o
T-718 9986
Va- = 1-77245
0-248 5749
33A
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
VARIOUS USEFUL FACTORS.
To convert :
Grams per litre into grains per cubic foot
,, ounces (av.)
lb. ,,
,, grains per fluid oz.
,, ,, grains per gallon
Grains per gallon into cwts. per million gallons
,, ,, grams per litre
Percentage into grains per fluid oz.
Litres into cubic feet ... ...
1 kilogrammetre = 7'2331 foot-pounds
1 foot-pound -=013825 kilogrammetres
Multiplier.
4^7-00
0-99884
0-06243
0-43847
70-155
Logaritlnn.
2-640 4762
1-999 4981
2795 3781
1-641 9391
1-846 0591
1-2755
0-014254
0-105 6839
2-153 9409
4-375
0-640 9781
0-035315
2-547 9562
0-859 3196
1-140 6804
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
33
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
I. IMPERIAL SYSTEM.
Avoirdupois Weight.
16 drams =1 ounce (oz.) = 437"5 grains* I log. 437 '5 = 2 '640 9781
16 ounces =1 pound (lb.) = 7000 ,, | log. 7000 =3 '845 0980
14 pounds =1 stone
28 pounds =1 quarter (qr.)
4 quarters = 1 hundred weight (cwt) = 112 Ibs. I log. 112 = 2'049 2180
20 cwt. =1 ton =2240 Ibs. | log. 2240 = 3*350 2480
1 dram (avoirdupois) = 27 '34375 grains (log. 1'436 8581).
Troy Weight..
24 grains* 1 pennyweight (dwt.)
20 penny weights = 1 ounce (oz.) = 480 grains
12 ounces = 1 pound (lb.) = 5760 ,,
To convert Ibs. avoirdupois into Ibs. troy
,, Ibs. troy into Ibs. avoirdupois
log. 480-2-681 2412
log. 5760 = 3760 4225
Multiplier. Logarithms.
1-2153 I 0-084 6755
0-82286 1-915 3245
Apothecaries' Weight.
20 grains (gr. ) = 1 scruple O)
3 scruples or 60 grains = 1 drachm (3).
8 drachms or 480 grains = 1 ounce ()
12 ounces or 5760 grains =1 pound (lb.)
Apothecaries' Measures.
60 minims (min.) = l fluid drachm (fl. dr. or/ 3).
8 fluid drachms =1 fluid ounce (fl. oz. or/3j).
20 fluid ounces = 1 pint (0) t
8 pints =1 gallon (C)
delations of Apothecaries' Measures to Weights.
(All liquids to be measured at 60 Fah.)
minim is the measure of
fluid drachm
fluid ounce
pint
0'91 grain weight of water
54 '68 grains
437-5
1*25 pounds
8750 grains
70,000
1 gallon
1 pint = 34-6829 cubic inches
1 gall on = 277 '463
1 gallon = 0-16057 cubic foot
To convert cubic inches into pints multiply by 0*02883
gallons ,, 0*003604
,, cubic feet into gallons ,, 6 '228
J^ogarithms.
1-959 0414
1-737 8285
2-640 9781
0-096 9100
3-942 0081
4-845 0980
1-540 1149
2-443 2049
1-205 6612
2-459 8851
3-556 7951
0-794 3388
* The grain is common to both Avoirdupois and Troy Weights.
t = octarius, i.e., one-eighth. J C = (Roman) Congius.
According to H. J. Chancy
One gallon once distilled water weighs 70000-5 grains.
twice 70000-0
well water weighs 70066-6
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES continued.
Long Measure.
12 lines = 1 inch
12 inches = 1 foot
3 feet = 1 yard
6 feet =1 fathom
5 yards =1 rod, pole, or perch
4 poles = 1 chain
40 poles = 1 furlong
8 furlongs =1 mile = 1760 yards
Square Measure.
144 square inches = 1 square foot
9 feet-1 yard
301 yards = 1
40 ,, poles = 1 rood
yaru
rod, pole, or perch
poles = 1 rood
4 roods = 1 acre = 4840 square yards
640 acres = 1 mile
Cubic or Solid Measure.
1728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot
27 feet =1 ,, yard
log. 1728 =
log. 27 =
1 cubic inch of water* at 62 Fahr. weighs 252 '286 grains
0-57665 ozs. (av.)
0-036041 Ibs.
1 cubic foot 996-458 ozs.
62-2786 Ibs.
28*2491 kilograms
1 cubic yard
075068 tons
Wine and Spirit Measure.
4 gills = 1 pint
2 pints -= 1 quart
4 quarts = 1 gallon
63 gallons = 1 hogshead
84 gallons == 1 puncheon
2 hogsheads = 1 pipe or butt = 126 gallons
4 hogsheads = 1 tun =252 gallons
Ale, Beer, and Porter Measure.
4 gills = 1 pint
2 pints = 1 quart
4 quarts = 1 gallon
9 gallons = 1 firkin
2 firkins =1 kilderkin = 18 gallons
2 kilderkins = 1 barrel = 36
3 ,, =1 hogshead == 54
3 hogsheads =1 butt =108 ,,
* i.e., distilled water freed from air.
3-237 5437
1-431 3638
Logarithms.
2-401 8931
1-760 9150
2-556 7951
2-998 4587
1-794 3388
1-451 0046
1-875 4546
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
35
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES continued.
Dry Measure.
4 gills = I pint
2 pints =1 quart
4 quarts =1 gallon
2 gallons = 1 peck
4 pecks =1 bushel
8 bushels =1 quarter
4 quarters = 1 chaldron
5 ,, =1 weigh or horse-load
2 weighs =1 last
II. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF THE METRIC SYSTEM,
1 milligram
1 centigram
1 decigram
1 gram
1 decagram
1 hectogram
1 kilogram
1 millilitre =
1 centilitre =
1 decilitre =
Weights.
= the thousandth part of one gram or O'OOl gram
= the hundredth ,, ,, O'Ol
= the tenth ,, ,, O'l
= the weight of a cubic centimetre of
water at 4 C. I'O
= ten grams 10 '0
= one hundred grams 100 '0
= one thousand ,, 1000 "0
Measures of Capacity.
1 cubic centimetre or the measure of 1 gram of water
10 ,, ,, 10 grams
100
1 litre
= 1000
100
1000
Measures of Length.
1 millimetre = the thousandth part of one metre or O'OOl metre
1 centimetre = the hundredth ,, O'Ol ,,
1 decimetre =the tenth ,, O'l
1 metre =the ten-millionth part of a quarter of the meridian of the
earth
TABLES FOR THE CONVERSION OF METRIC INTO IMPERIAL
MEASURES AND vice versa.
A. Linear Measure.
Metric into Imperial. _Logarithtns.
1 millimetre (mm.)* 0-0393701 inches 2*595 1666
1 centimetre (cm.) = 0'393701 1'595 1666
1 decimetre (dm.) = 3'937011 0'595 1666
1 metre (m.) = 39'370113 1-5951666
= 3-280843 feet 0'515 9855
,, = 1-093614 yards 0'038 8642
1 kilometre (km.) = 1093'61426 ,, 3'038 8642
,, = 0-621372 mile 17933515
*** 33 cm. =13 inches, correct to 1 part in 1630.
Note. A. micron (denoted by /x) is one-thousandth of a millimetre (or nearly 0-00004
inch).
36
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES continued.
Imperial into Metric.
linch = 2-5399978 centimetres
1 foot =30-47997 ,,
1 yard = 0*9143992 metre
1 mile = 1 -6093426 kilometres
* * 13 inches =
Logarithms.
0-404 8333
T484 0146
1-961 1359
0-206 6484
centimetres, correct to 1 part in 1630.
mm. Inches.
1= '03937
2= -07874
3=-11811
4= -15748
5= -19685
6 ='23622
7 = '27559
8= '31496
9 = '35433
Metres. Feet.
1= 3-2808
2= 6-5616
3= 9-8424
4 = 13-1232
5 = 16-4040
6 = 19-6848
7 = 22-9656
8 = 26-2464
9 = 29-5272
Inches, mm.
1= 25-4
2= 50-8
3= 762
4 = 101-6
5 = 127-0
6 = 152-4
7 = 177-8
8 = 203-2
9 = 228-6
Feet. Metres.
1 = 0-3048
2 = 0-6096
3 = 0-9144
4 = 1-2192
5 = 1-5240
6 = 1 8288
7 = 2-1336
8 = 2-4384
9 = 27432
B. Square Measure.
Metric into Imperial.
1 square decimetre (dm 2 . ) = 15*50006 square inches
1 square metre (m 2 .) or centiare= 10*76393 square feet ...
= 1-195992 square yards
1 are (100 square metres) =119-59921
,, ,, = 0-0247106 acres
Imperial into Metric.
1 square inch = 6 "451589 square centimetres
1 square foot =9*29029 square decimetres ...
1 square yard = 0*8361 26 square metres
1 acre =0 '40468 hectare
Logarithms.
1*190 3333
1*031 9708
0*077 7283
2*077 7283
2*392 8833
0*809 6667
0*968 0293
1*922 2717
1*607 1117
C. Cubic Measure and Measures of Capacity.
Metric into Imperial, etc.
1 cubic centimetre* (c.c.)= 0*061024 cubic inches ... | 2*785 5000
,, =16-891 minims j 1-227 6564
,, = 0*28152 fluid drachms ... \ 1*449 5051
,, = 0*03519 fluid ounce 2-5464151
1 litre =61-0349 cubic inches 1-7855782
., =35-1960 fluid ounces 1*5464933
= 1 -75980 pints 0-2454633
= 0-219975 gallons 1-3423733
1 cubic metre (m 3 .) =35 '31476 cubic feet 1'5479562
= 1-307954 cubic yards 0'116 5924
* The standard litre is the volume of a kilogram of pure water at 4 C. It was
oiigi ally intended to be a cubic decimetre, but is actually somewliat greater. Hence
parts of a litre decilitre, centilitre and millilitre (ml.) are not strictly equivalent to
100, 10 and 1 c.c. respectively.
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
37
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES continued.
c.c. Cubic Inches.
1 = 0-061024
2 = 0-122048
3 = 0-183072
4 = 0-244096
5 = 0-305120
6 = 0-366144
7 = 0-427168
8 = 0'488192
9 = 0-549216
Litres. Fluid Ounces. Pints. Gallons.
1= 35-1960= 1-7598 = 0-22000
2= 70-3920= 3-5196 = 0-43995
3 = 105-5880= 5-2794 = 0-65993
4 = 1407840= 7-0392 = 0-87990
5 = 175-9800= 8-7990 = 1-09988
6 = 211-1760 = 10-5588 = 1-31985
7 = 246-3720 = 12-3186 = 1-53983
8 = 281-5680 = 14-0784 = 1-75980
9 = 316-7640 = 15-8382 = 1-97978
Imperial into Metric.
1 cubic inch = 16'38702 cubic centimetres
1 cubic foot = 28-316^7 cubic decimetres
1 cubic yard = 0*76^455285 cubic metre
1 minim = 0*05919* cubic centimetres
1 fluid drachm = 3*55153 cubic centimetres
1 fluid ounce = 28*4123 cubic centimetres
1 pint =568*25 cubic centimetres ...
1 quart = 1 '13649 litres
1 gallon
= 4-5459631 litres
Logarithms.
1-214 5000.
1*452 0437
1-883
2-772
0-550
1-453
2754
0-055
0*657
4075
2483
4155
5064
5394
5656
6260
Cubic Inches. Cubic Centimetres.
1= 16-387
2= 32774
3= 49-161
4= 65-548
5= 81 935
6= 98-322
7 = 114*709
8 = 131-096
9 = 147-483
Fluid Ounces. Cubic Centimetres.
1= 28*4123
2= 56-8246
3= 85-2369
4 = 113-6492
5 = 142-0615
6 = 170-4738
7 = 198-8861
8 = 227-2984
9 = 255-7107
Pints. Litres.
1 = 0-56825
2 = 1-13650
3 = 1-70475
4 = 2-27300
5 = 2-84125
6 = 3-40950
7 = 3-97775
8 = 4-54600
9 = 5-11425
Gallons. Litres.
1=4 54596
2= 9-09192
3 = 13-63788
4 = 18-18384
5 = 22-72980
6 = 27-27576
7 = 31-82172
8 = 36-36768
9 = 40-91364
38
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES continued.
Metric into Imperial.
1 milligrain= 0*01543 grain
1 centigram = 0*15432 grain
1 decigram = 1 '54324 grains
1 gram =15 '43236 grains
= '564383 dram avoirdupois
= '035274 ounce avoirdupois
= 0-25721 drachm
= Q'0321507 ounce troy
Ik
logram = 15432*35639 grains
= 35*2740 ounces avoirdupois
= 2*2046223 Ibs. avoirdupois
= 32*15074 ounces troy
= 2*67923 Ibs. troy
_Logarithms.
2-188 4324
4324
4324
4324
5739
4547
2878
1905
4324
4547
3341
1910
1*188
0'188
1-188
1-751
2-547
1-410
2-507
4-188
1-547
0-343
1-507
0-428
0100
Grams. Grains.
1= 15-43236:
2= 30-86472:
46-29708:
61-72944 =
77*16180:
92-59416:
= 108-02652 =
= 123-45888 =
= 138-89124:
o
4 =
5 =
6 =
Ozs. (Av.).
:0'035274:
=0-070548:
= 0-105822:
=0*141096:
=0*176370:
:0-211644=
=0-246918:
=0*282192:
:0'317466:
Ozs. (Troy).
=0*0321507
:0'0643014
:0*0964521
:0'1286028
:0*1607535
= 0*1929042
=0*2250549
:0-2572056
=0*2893563
Kilograms. Pounds.
1= 2*20462
2= 4-40924
3= 6*61386
4= 8-81848
5 = 11*02310
6 = 13*22772
7 = 15-43234
8 = 17*63696
9 = 19-84158
1 grain
1 drachm
1 ounce troy
1 pound troy
Imperial into Metric.
= 0-064799 gram ...
= 3-88794 grams ...
= 3T10348 grams ...
= 373-24176 grams ...
1 dram avoirdupois = 1*77185 grams ...
1 ounce avoirdupois = 28*34953 grams ...
1 pound avoirdupois = 453*59243 grams ...
1 stone (14 Ibs.) = 6*35029 kilograms
1 quarter (28 Ibs.) = 12*70059 kilograms
1 cwt. = 50*80235 kilograms
1 ton =1016 '04704 kilograms
Logarithms.
2'8] 1 5683
0'589 7196
1-492 8090
2-571 9903
0*248
1*452
2*656
0*802
1-103
1*705
3*006
4270
5459
6658
7935
8240
8838
9138
Grains. Grams.
1=0*06480
2 = 0'12960
3 = 0-19440
4 = 0-25920
5 = 0-32399
6 = 0-38879
7 = 0*45359
8 = 0-51839
9 = 0*58319
Ounces. (Av.) Grams.
1= 28*3495
2= 56'6990
3= 85-0485
4 = 113'3980
5 = 141*7475
6 = 170-0970
7 = 198*4465
8 = 226*7960
9 = 255*1455
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION".
39
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES continued.
Pounds to Kilograms.
1 = 0-45359
2 = 0-90718
3 = 1-36077
4 = 1-81436
5 = 2-26795
6 = 2-72154
7 = 3-17513
8 = 3-62872
9 = 4-08231
Hundredweights to Kilograms.
1= 50-8024
2 = 101-6048
3 = 152-4072
4 = 203-2096
5 = 254-0120
6 = 304-8144
7 = 355-6168
8 = 406-4192
9 = 457-2216
TABLE SHOWING THE SIGNS USED IN WRITING MEDICAL
PRESCRIPTIONS.
4 grain ..
1 drachm
1 ,,
J-2
.. gr. j, orgr. i.
.. gr. iss.
2 drachms
2 grains . .
.. gr. ii, orgr. ij.
3
24 -
.. gr. iiss.
34 ,
4 ..
.. gr. iv.
74 5
4 scruple
.. gr. viii, or gr. viij.
.. 3ss.
| ounce
1 ,
1
.. 3i, or3j.
14 ,
14
.. 3 iss.
4 Pint
2 scruples
.. 3 ii, or 3 ij
1
.. 0.
USEFUL DATA.
I. Areas and Volumes of Bodies.
Area of a circle =7rr 2
Volume of a sphere = Vl
o
Volume of a cylinder = irr 2 h
Surface of sphere = 47rr 2
r= radius
7r = 3-1415926
-1^ = 4-1888
3
r = radius of a base
h = height
47r = 12'5664
II. Specific Gravity.
To convert
(1) Degrees of Twaddle's hydrometer into sp. gr. (water
= 1000) multiply by 5 and add 1000
(2) Sp. gr. (water = 1000) into degrees of Twaddle's
hydrometer subtract 1000 and divide by 5
(3) Sp. gr. (air = l) to sp. gr. (H = l) multiply by
14-438
(4) Sp. gr. (H = l) to sp. gr. (air = 1) multiply by
0-06926
Logarithms.
0-497 1499
0-622 0886
1-099 2099
1-159 5070
2-840 4825
40 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
USEFUL DATA continued.
III. Various useful Factors.
To convert
(1) Grams per litre into grains per gallon multiply by 70
(2) Grains per gallon into grams per litre multiply by
0-014286
(3) Parts per 100,000 into grains per gallon multiply
by 07
(4) Grains per gallon into parts per 100,000 divide by
(5) Grams per fluid drachm into grains per fluid ounce
multiply by 123*46
Logarithms.
1-845 0980
2-154 9020
1-845 0980
1-845 0980
2-091 5221
TABLE FOR THE CONVERSION OF PERCENTAGE INTO CWTS., QRS., AND
LB. PER TON, AND INTO QRS. AND LB. PER CWT.
Per
cent.
Per ton.
Per cwt.
Per
cent.
Per ton.
Per cwt.
cwt.
qrs.
lb.
qrs.
lb.
cwt.
qrs. lb.
qrs
lb.
1
...
22-4
1-12
26
5
22-4
1
1-12
2
...
1
16-8
...
2-24
27
5
1
16-8
1
2-24
3
...
2
11-2
3-36
28
5
2
11-2
1
3-36
4
3
5-6
...
4-48
29
5
3
5-6
1
4-48
5
"i
...
...
5-60
30
6
1
5'60
6
i
...
22-4
...
672
31
6
...
22 '-4
1
672
7
i
1
16-8
...
7-84
32
6
i
16-8
1
7-84
8
i
2
11-2
...
8-96
33
6
2
11-2
1
8-96
9
i
3
5-6
...
10-08
34
6
3
5-6
1
10-08
10
2
...
11-20
35
7
1
11-20
11
2
...
22-4
12-32
36
7
22 '-4
1
12-32
12
2
1
16-8
13-44
37
7
i
16-8
1
13-44
13
2
2
11-2
...
14-56
38
7
2
11-2
1
14-56
14
2
3
5-6
...
15-68
39
7
3
5-6
1
15-68
15
3
...
...
16-8
40
8
...
...
1
16-8
16
3
...
22"-4
...
17-92
41
8
22 ; 4
1
17-92
17
3
"i
16-8
19-04
42
8
1
16-8
1
19-04
18
3
2
11-2
...
20-16
43
8
2
11-2
1
20-16
19
3
3
5-6
21-28
44
8
3
5-6
1
21-28
20
4
...
...
22-40
45
9
...
1
22-40
21
4
...
22 : 4
23-52
46
9
...
22 : 4
1
23-52
22
4
i
16-8
24-64
47
9
1
16-8
1
24-64
23
4
2
11-2
2576
48
9
2
11-2
1
25-76
24
4
3
5-6
26-88
49
9
3
5-6
1
26-88
25
5
...
i
50
10
...
2
Per cent.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
lb. per cwt.
112
224
336
448
56
672
784
896
1-008
lb. per ton
2-24
4-48
672
8-96
11-2
13-44
15-68
17-92
20-16
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
41
TABLE FOR THE CONVERSION OF PERCENTAGE INTO CWTS., QRS., AND
LB. PER TON, AND INTO QRS. AND LB. PER CWT. continued.
Pei-
cent.
Per ton.
Per cwt.
i
Per
cent.
Per ton.
Per cwt.
cwt.
qrs.
lb.
qrs.
lb.
cwt.
qrs.
lb.
qrs.
lb.
51
10
22-4
2
1-12
76
15
22-4
3
1-12
52
10
"i
16-8
2
2-24
77
15
"i
16-8
3
2"24
53
10
2
11-2
2
3'36
78
15
2
11-2
3
3-36
54
10
3
5'6
2
4'48
79
15
3
5-6
3
4-48
55
11
2
5-60
80
16
...
3
5-60
56
11
22 ; 4
2
6'72
81
16
22 '4
3
6-72
57
11
"i
16-8
2
7-84
82
16
i
16-8
3
7-84
58
11
2
11-2
2
8-96
83
16
2
11-2
3
8-96
59
11
3
5-6
2
10-08
84
16
3
5-6
3
10-08
60
12
2
11-20
85
17
...
3
11-20
61
12
...
22-4
2
12-32
86
17
...
22-4
3
12-32
62
12
i
16-8
2
13-44
87
17
1
16-8
3
13-44
63
12
2
11-2
2
14-56
88
17
2
11-2
3
14-56
64
12
3
5-6
2
15-68
89
17
3
5-6
3
15-68
65
13
...
2
16-8
90
18
...
...
3
16-8
66
13
22 : 4
2
17-92
91
18
22-4
3
17-92
67
13
1
16-8
2
19-04
92
18
"i
16-8
3
19-04
68
13
2
11-2
2
20-16
93
18
2
11-2
3
20-16
69
13
3
5'6
2
21-28
94
18
3
5-6
3
21-28
70
14
2
22-40
95
19
...
3
22-40
71
14
...
22-4
2
23-52
96
19
...
22-4
3
23-52
72
14
"i
16-8
2
24-64
97
19
1
16-8
3
24-64
73
14
2
11-2
2
25-76
98
19
2
11-2
3
2576
74
14
3
5-6
2
26-88
99
19
3
5-6
3
26-88
75
15
...
...
3
100
20
...
...
4
...
Per cent.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
lb. per cwt.
112
224
336
448
56
672
784
896
1-008
lb. per ton
2-24
4-48
672
8'96
11-2
13-44
15-68
17-92
20-16
TABLE FOR THE CONVERSION OF DRACHMS PER LB. INTO PERCENTAGE
AND INTO LB. PER TON.
Drachms
perlb. (av.)
Per cent.
Lb. per ton
(2240 lb.).
Drachms
per lb. (av.)
Per cent.
Lb. per ton
(2240 lb.).
i
0-097656
2-187494
li
488
10-94
(or O'l nearly)
1|
586
13-12
i '
195
4-37
If
683
15-31
|
293
6-56
2
781
17-50
1
390625*
8'75t
2i
879
19-68
* Log. 1-5917600.
t Log. 0-9420000.
42
THE ANALYST'S LABOEATOEY COMPANION.
TABLE FOR THE CONVERSION OF DRACHMS PER LB. INTO PERCENTAGE
AND INTO LB. PER TON continued.
Drachms
per Ib. (av.)
Per cent.
Lb. per ton i
(2240 Ib.).
Drachms
per Ib. (av.)
Per cent
Lb. per ton
(2240 Ib.).
21
976
21-87
5
1-953
4375
2|
1-074
24-06
10
3-906
87-50
3
1-172
26-25
15
5-859
131-25
3
1-269
28-43
20
7-812
175-00
8f
1-367
30-62
25
9765
218-75
3|
1-465
32-81
30
11-719
262-50
4
1-562
35-00
35
13-672
306-25
4i
1-660
3719
40
15-625
350-00
4
1-753
39-38
45
17-578
393-75
4
1-855
41-56
50
19-531
437-50
TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS.
I. Tension of Aqueous Vapour in Millimetres of Mercury from,
to 35 C.
c.
mm.
C.
mm.
C.
mm.
C.
mm.
c.
am.
o-o
4-600
2-5
5-491
5-0
6-534
7'5
7751
10-0
9-165
1
633
6
530
1
580
6
804
I
"227
2
667
7
569
2
625
7
857
2
288
3
700
8
608
3
671
8
910
3
350
4
733
9
647
4
717
9
964
4
412
0-5
767
3'0
5-687
5-5
763
8-0
8-017
10-5
474
6
801
1
727
6
810
1
072
6
537
7
836
2
767
7
857
2
126
7
601
8
871
3
807
8
904
3
181
8
665
9
905
4
848
9
951
4
236
9
728
i-o
4-940
3-5
890
6-0
6-998
8-5
291
ll'O
9-792
1
975
6
930
1
7-047
6
347
1
857
2
5-011
7
972
2
095
7
404
2
923
3
047
8
6-014
3
144
8
461
3
989
4
082
9
056
4
193
9
517
4
10-054
1-5
118
4-0
6-097
6-5
242
9'0
8-574
11-5
120
6
155
1
140
6
292
1
632
6
187
7
191
2
183
7
342
2
690
'7
255
8
228
3
226
8
392
3
748
8
322
9
265
4
270
9
442
4
807
9
389
2-0
5-302
4-5
313
7-0
7-492
9'5
865
12-0
10-457
1
340
6
357
1
544
6
925
1
526
2
378
7
401
2
595
7
985
2
596
3
416
8
445
3
647
8
9-045
3
665
4
454
9
490
4
699
9
105
4
734
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 43
TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS. TABLE I. continued.
c.
mm.
C.
mm.
C.
mm.
C.
mm.
C.
mm.
12-5
10-804
17-1
1
14-513
217
19-305
26-3
25-438
30-9
33-215
6
875
2
605
8
423
4
588
31-0
33-405
7
947
3
697
9
541
26'5
738
1
596
8
11-019
4
790
22-0
19-659
6
891
2
787
9
090
17'5
882
1
780
7
26-045
3
980
13-0
11-162
6
977
2
901
8
198
4
34-174
1
235
7
15-072
3
20-022
9
351
31-5
368
2
309
8
167
4
143
27'0
26-505
6
564
3
.383
9
262
22-5
265
1
663
7
761
4
456
18-0
15-357
6
389
2
820
8
959
13-5
530
1
454
7
514
3
978
9
35-159
6
605
2
552
8
639
4
27136
32-0
35-359
7
681
3
650
9
763
27-5
294
1
559
8
757
4
747
23-0
20-888
6
455
2
760
9
832
18-5
845
1
21-016
7
617
3
962
14-0
11-908
6
945
2
144
8
778
4
36-165
1
986
7
16-045
3
272
9
939
32-5
370
2
12-064
8
145
4
400
28-0
28-101
6
576
3
142
9
246
23-5
528
1
267
7
783
4
220
19-0
16-346
6
21-659
2
433
8
991
14-5
298
1
449
7
790
3
599
9
37-200
6
378
2
552
8
921
4
765
33-0
37-410
7
458
3
655
9
22-053
28-5
931
1
621
8
538
4
758
24-0
22-184
6
29-101
2
832
9
619
19-5
861
1
319
7
271
3
38-045
15-0
12-699
6
967
2
453
8
441
4
258
1
781
7
17-073
3
588
9
612
33'5
473
2
864
8
179
4
723
29-0
29-782
6
689
3
947
9
285
24-5
858
1
956
7
906
4
13-029
20-0
17-391
6
996
2
30-131
8
39-124
15-5
112
1
500
7
23-135
3
305
9
344
6
197
2
608
8
273
4
479
34-0
39-565
7
281
3
717
9
411
29-5
654
1
786
8
366
4
826
25-0
23-550
6
833
2
40-007
9
451
20-5
935
1
692
7
31-011
3
230
16-0
33-536
6
18-047
2
834
8
190
4
455
1
623
"7
159
3
976
9
369
34-5
680
2
710
8
271
4
24-119
30-0
31-548
6
907
3
797
9
383
25-5
261
1
729
7
41-135
4
885
21-0
18-495
6
406
2
911
8
364
16-5
972
1
610
7
552
3
32-094
9
595
6
14-062
2
724
8
697
4
278
35-0
827
7
151
3
839
9
842
30-5
463
8
241
4
954
26-0
24-988
6
650
9
331
21-5
19-069
1
25-138
7
837
17-0
14-421
6
187
2
288
8
33-026
1
44
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS continued.
II. Reduction of Cubic Centimetres of Nitrogen to Grams.
Log,
0-0012562
(1+ -003672) 760
for each tenth of a degree from to 30 C.
* C.
o-o
01
0-2
0-3
0-4
0-5
0-6
0-7
0-8
0-9
6-21824
808
793
777
761
745
729
713
697
681
1
665
649
633
617
601
586
570
554
538
522
2
507
491
475
459
443
427
412
396
380
364
3
349
333
318
302
286
270
255
239
223
208
4
192
177
161
145
130
114 098
083
067
051
5
035
020
004
*989
*973
*957
*942
*926
*911
*895
6
6-20879
864
848
833
817
801
786
770
755
739
7
723
708
692
676
661
645
629
614
598
583
8
567
552
536
521
505
490
427
459
443
428
9
413
397
382
366
351
335
320
304
289
274
10
259
244
228
213
198
182
167
151
136
121
11
106
090
075
060
045
029
014
*999
*984
*969
12
619953
938
923
907
892
877
862
846
831
816
13
800
785
770
755
740
724
709
694
679
664
14
648
633
618
603
588
573
558
543
528
513
15
497
482
467
452
437
422
407
392
377
362
16
346
331
316
301
286
271
256
241
226
211
17
196
181
166
157
136
121
J06
091
076
061
18
046
031
016
001
*986
*971
*956
*941
*926
*911
19
6-18897
882
867
852
837
822
807
792
777
762
20
748
733
718
703
688
673
659
644
629
614
21
600
585
570
555
540
526
511
496
481
466
22
452
437
422
408
393
378
363
349
334
319
23
305
290
275
261
246
231
216
202
187
172
24
158
143
128
114
099
084
070
055
041
026
25
012
*997
*982
*968
*953
*938
*924
*909
*895
*880
26
6-17866
851
837
822
808
793
779
764
750
735
27
721
706
692
677
663
648
634
619
605
590
28
576
561
547
532
518
503
489
475
460
446
29
432
417
403
388
374
360
345
331
316
302
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS continued.
III. Loss of Nitrogen by Evaporation of NH 3 with Sulphurous Acid.
Parts per 100,000.
NII 3
Loss
ofN
NH 3
Loss
of N
NH 3
Loss
of N
NH 3
Loss
of N
NH 3
Loss
of N
NH 3
Loss
of N
6'0
1-727
4-8
1-451
3-6
977
2-4
503
1-2
250
09
014
5-9
1707
47
1-411
3-5
937
2'3
463
1-1
238
08
013
5-8
1-688
4-6
1-372
3-4
898
2-2
424
1-0
226
07
012
5-7
1-668
4-5
1 -332
3-3
858
2'1
384
0-9
196
06
010
5-6
1*648
4-4
1-293
3-2
819
2-0
345
8
166
05
009
5-5
1-628
4-3
1-253
31
779
1-9
333
7
136
04
007
5-4
1-609
4-2
1-214
3-0
740
1-8
321
6
106
03
006
5-3
1-589
4-1
1-174
2-9
700
1-7
309
5
077
02
004
5-2
1-569
4-0
1-135
2-8
661
1-6
297
4
062
01
003
5'1
1-549
3-9
1-095
2-7
621
1-5
285
3
047
009
001
5-0
1-530
3-8
1-056
2-6
582
1-4
274
2
032
4'9
1-490
3*7
1-016
2-5
542
1-3
262
1
0-17
IV. Loss of Nitrogen by Evaporation of NH 3 with Hydric Metaphosphate.
Parts per 100, 000.
Volume
evaporated.
NH 3
Loss
of N
Volume
evaporated.
NH 3
Loss
of N
Volume
evaporated.
NH 3
Loss
ofN
100 c.c.
10-0
483
100 C.C.
8'3
424
100 C.C.
6-6
365
fj
9-9
480
8-2
421
6-5
361
9-8
476
i
81
417
6-4
358
9-7
473
8-0
414
6-3
354
9-6
469
7-9
410
6'2
351
9-5
466
7'8
407
6-1
348
JJ
9-4
462
77
403
6'0
345
9-3
459
7-6
400
5-9
341
-
9'2
455
7-5
396
5-8
337
>J
9-1
452
7'4
393
57
333
I
9-0
448
7'3
389
5-6
330
8-9
445
7-2
386
5-5
326
8-8
441
7-1
382
5-4
322
-
8-7
438
7-0
379
5'3
318
j
8-6
434
6-9
375
5'2
314
>
8-5
431
6-8
372
5-1
310
>
8-4
428
67
368
5-0
306
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS. TABLE IV. continued.
Volume
evaporated.
NH 3
Loss
of N
Volume
evaporated.
NIL,
Loss
of N
Volume
evaporated.
t*
NH 3
Loss
of N
100 C.C.
4'9
302
100 c.c.
2-9
211
250 c.c.
9
096
4'8
298
2'8
205
8
080
47
294
27
200
7
070
4-6
291
2-6
195
6
060
4-5
287
2-5
190
500'c.c.
5
050
4-4
283
2-4
184
4
040
4-3
279
2-3
179
?>
3
030
4-2
275
2-2
174
1000 c.c.
2
020
41
271
2-1
169
j>
1
010
4-0
267
2-0
164
09
009
3-9
262
1-9
158
35
08
008
3-8
257
1-8
153
07
007
37
252
17
148
06
006
3-6
247
1-6
143
>
05
005
3'5
242
1-5
137
04
004
3'4
236
1-4
132
}>
03
003
3-3
231
1-3
127
))
02
002
3'2
226
1-2
122
II
01
001
3-1
221
1-1
117
3-0
216
i-o
112
V. Loss of Nitrogen by Evaporation of NH Z with Sulphurous Acid.
Parts per 100,000.
Nas
NH 3
Loss
of N
Nas
NH 3
Loss
of N
Nas
NH 3
Loss
of N
Nas
NH 3
Loss
ofN
Nas
NH 3
Loss
ofN
Nas
NH 3
Loss
ofN
5'0
1741
3'9
1-425
2'9
946
1-9
466
9
237
08
017
4-9
1717
3-8
1-378
2-8
898
1-8
418
8
217
07
015
4-8
1-693
37
1-330
27
850
17
370
7
181
06
013
47
1-669
3-6
1-282
2-6
802
1-6
338
6
145
05
on
4-6
1-645
3-5
1-234
2-5
754
1-5
324
5
109
04
009
4-5
1-621
3-4
1-186
2-4
706
1-4
309
4
075
03
007
4'4
1-598
3-3
1-138
2'3
658
1-3
295
3
057
02
005
4'3
1-574
3-2
1-090
2'2
610
1-2
280
2
038
01
003
4'2
1-550
3-1
1-042
2-1
562
1-1
266
1
020
008
002
4-1
1-521
3-0
994
2-0
514
1-0
252
09
018
007
001
4-0
1-473
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
47
TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS continued.
VI. Loss of Nitrogen by Evaporation of NH% with Hydric Metaphosphatc.
Parts per 100,000.
Volume
evaporated.
Nas
NH 3
Loss
of N
Volume
evaporated.
Nas
NH 3
Loss
of N
Volume
evaporated.
Nas
NH 3
Loss
of N
100 C.c.
8'2
482
100 C.C.
51
352
100 C.C.
2-1
192
ii
81
477
j>
5-0
347
a
2-0
186
8-0
-473
4-9
343
1-9
180
>
7-9
469
)>
4-8
338
)
1-8
*i7a
7'8
465
47
334
>
17
167
> >
77
'461
}>
4-6
329
1-6
161
7'6
456
4-5
324
>
1-5
154
7-5
452
4-4
319
)
1-4
148
7'4
448
3)
4-3
315
1-3
142
)
7'3
444
))
4-2
310
>
1-2
136
7'2
440
|
4-1
305
1-1
129
7'1
435
4-0
301
1-0
123
7-0
431
>
3-9
296
j-j
9
117
JS
6-9
427
>
3-8
291
5 J
8
111
> 5
6-8
423
>
37
286
250 c.c.
7
038
67
419
>
3*6
281
5 ?
6
073
1)
6-8
414
>
3-5
277
y j
5
061
)
6-5
410
3'4
272
500 c..c.
4
049
J
6-4
406
)
3-3
267
H
3
036
6-3
402
3-2
261
1000 c.c.
2
024
)
6-2
398
>
3-1
255
> >
1
012
6'1
394
>
3-0
249
>
09
on
)
6-0
389
|
2-9
242
ft
08
010
I
5'9
385
9
2'8
236
y J
07
008
5-8
381
>
27
230
>
06
007
J
57
377
>
2'6
223
TJ
05
006
>
5-6
373
)
2-5
217
>
04
005
J
5'5
368
2-4
211
03
004
5'4
364
}
2-3
205
02
002
J
5-3
360
2/2
198
J J
01
001
5'2
356
VII. Table of Hardness.
(50 c.c. of water used.)
Volume
of Soap
solu-
tion.
CaC0 3
per
100,000
Degrees
of Hard-
ness.*
Volume
of Soap
solu-
tion.
CaC0 3
per
100,000
Degrees
of Hard-
ness.
Volume
of Soap
solu-
tion.
CaC0 3
per
100,000
Degrees
of Hard-
ness.
C.C.
C.C.
C.C.
07
o-oo
o-oo
1-3
0-95
0-67
1-9
1-82
1-27
0-8
0-16
O'll
4
I'll
078
2-0
1-95
1-37
0'9
0-32
0-22
5
1-27
0-89
1
2-08
1-46
1-0
0-48
0-34
6
1-43
i-oo
2
2-21
1-55
1
0-63
0-44
7
1-56
1-09
3
2'34
1-64
2
079
0'55
8
1-69
1-18
4
2'47
173
Each degree of hardness indicates one grain of CaC0 3 per gallon.
THE ANALYSTS LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS. TABLE VII. continued.
Volume
of Soap
solu-
tion.
CaC0 3
per
100,000
Degrees
of Hard-
ness.*
Volume
of Soap
solu-
tion.
CaC0 3
per
100,000
Degrees
of Hard-
ness.
Volume
of Soap
solu-
tion.
CaC0 3
per
100,000
Degrees
of Hard-
ness.
C.C.
C.C.
C.C.
2-5
2-60
1-82
7-1
9-00
6-30
117
15-95
11-17
6
273
1-91
2
914
6-40
8
16-11
11-28
7
2-86
2-00
3
9-29
6-50
9
16-27
11-39
8
2-99
2-09
4
9-43
6-60
12-0
16-43
11-50
9
3-12
2-18
5
9-57
6-70
1
16-59
11-61
3-0
3-25
2-28
6
971
6-80
2
1675
11-73
1
3-38
2-37
7
9-86
6-90
3
16-90
11-83
2
3-51
2-46
8
10-00
7-00
4
17-06
11-94
3
3-64
2-55
9
10-15
7-11
5
17-22
12-05
4
377
2-64
8-0
10-30
7-21
6
17-38
12-17
5
3-90
273
1
10-45
7-32
7
17-54
12-28
6
4-03
2'82
2
10-60
7-4-2
8
17-70
12-39
7
4-16
2-91
3
1075
7-53
9
17-86
12-50
8
4-29
3'00
4
10-90
7-63
13-0
18-02
12-61
9
4-43
3-10
5
11-05
774
1
18-17
1272
4-0
4-57
3-20
6
11-20
7-84
2
18-33
12-83
1
471
3-30
7
11-35
7-95
3
18-49
12-94
2
4-86
3-40
8
11-50
8-05
4
18-65
13-06
3
5-00
3-50
9
11-65
8-16
5
18-81
13-17
4
5-14
3-60
9-0
11-80
8-26
6
18-97
13-28
5
5-29
370
1
11-95
8-37
7
19-13
13-39
6
5-43
3-80 !
2
12-11
8-48
8
19-29
13-50
7
5 '57
3'90 j
3
12-26
8-58
9
19-44
13-61
8
5-71
4-00 :
4
12-41
8-69
14-0
19-60
13-72
9
5-86
4-10 !
5
12-56
879
1
19-76
13-83
5-0
6-00
4-20
6
12-71
8-90
2
19-92
13-94
1
614
4-30
7
12-86
9-00
3
20-08
14-06
*2
6-29
4-40
8
13-01
9-11
4
20-24
14-17
3
6-43
4-50
9
13-16
9-21
5
20-40
14-28
4
6-57
4'60
10-0
13-31
9-32
6
20-56
14-39
5
671
470
1
13-46
9-42
7
2071
14-50
6
6-86
4-80
2
13-61
9-53
8
20-87
14-61
7
7-00
4-90
3
1376
9-63
9
21-03
14-72
8
7'14
5-00
4
13-91
974
15-0
21-19
14-83
9
7-29
5-10
5
14-06
9-84
1
21-35
14-95
6-0
7-43
5-20
6
14-21
9-95
2
21-51
15-06
1
7-57
5'30
7
14-37
10-06
3
21-68
15-18
2
7-71
5-40
8
14-52
10-16
4
21-85
15-30
3
7-86
5-50
9
14-68
10-28
5
22-02
15-41
4
8-00
5-60
ll'O
14-84
10-39
6
22-18
15-53
5
8-14
570
1
15-00
10-50
7
22-35
15-65
6
8-29
5-80
2
15-16
10-61
8
22-52
15-76
7
8-43
5-90
3
15-32
1072
9
22-69
15-88
8
8-57
6-00
4
15-48
10-84
16-0
22-86
16-00
9
8-71
6-10
5
15-63
10-94
7-0
8-86
6-20
6
1579
11-05
* Each degree of hardness indicates one grain of CaCOs per gallon.
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
49
TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS continued.
VIII. Clark's Table of Hardness of Water.
Degrees of
Hardness.
Measures
of Soap
solution.
Differences
for the next 1
of Hardness.
Degrees of
Hardness.
Measures
of Soap
solution.
Differences
for the next 1
of Hardness.
(distilled
8
17-5
1-9
water)
1-4
1-8
9
19'4
1-9
1
3'2
2-2
10
21-3
1-8
2
5'4
2-2
11
231
1-8
3
7'6
2'0
12
24-9
1-8
4
9-6
2-0
13
267
1-8
5
11-6
2-0
14
28-5
1-8
6
13-6
2-0
15
30-3
17
7
15-6
1-9
16
32-0
...
Each measure equals 10 grains, the quantity of water operated upon equals 1000 grains,
and each "degree of hardness" indicates 1 grain of calcic carbonate per gallon.
THE ESTIMATION OF NITRATES IN WATER BY SPRENGEL'S METHOD.
Solutions required.
(1) Phenol- Sufyhonic Acid. Mix together 2 parts by measure of
phenol and 5 parts of pure concentrated sulphuric acid, and heat in
a porcelain basin on the water-bath for about 8 hours. When cool,
add 1^ volumes of water and \ volume strong hydrochloric acid to
each volume of the phenol-sulphonic acid.
Convenient quantities are 80 c.c. phenol, 200 c.c. H 2 S0 4 ; 420
c.c. water and 140 c.c. HC1, producing 840 c.c. of a light brown
solution, which is ready for immediate use.
(2) Standard Potassium Nitrate. 0'0722 gram KN0 3 crystals are
dissolved in a litre of water.*
10 c.c. = 0-0001 gram N, or 1 part of N in 100,000 of water when
10 c.c. are evaporated.
The estimation is made as follows : 10 c.c. of the water under
examination and 10 c.c. standard KN0 3 are pipetted into two small
beakers and evaporated nearly to dryness on a hot iron plate, the
operation being completed on the top of a water-oven. As this
operation usually takes about an hour and a half, it is better, when
time is an object, to evaporate to dryness in a platinum dish over
steam. The residue in each case is treated with 1 c.c. of the phenol-
sulphonic acid, which is brought into contact with the whole of
the residue, and the beakers are placed on the top of the water-
* The best plan is to dissolve 07220 gram KN0 3 in a litre of distilled
water ; then, keeping this as a stock strong solution, dilute 100 c.c. of it to 1
litre for use as required.
49A THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
oven. When nitrates are present in quantity, the liquid speedily
assumes a red colour, which, in the case of a good water, will not
appear for about 10 minutes. After 15 minutes' standing, the
beakers are removed, the contents ot each washed out successively
into a 100 c.c. graduated measure, a slight excess (about 20 c.c. of
0'96) of ammonia added, the 100 c.c. made up by the addition of
water and the yellow liquid transferred to a Nessler glass (6 in. x
1| in.). The more strongly coloured liquid is then partly transferred
to the measure again and the tints compared a second time. In
this way the tints are adjusted, the volume of the stronger liquid
being, for final comparison, made up to 100 c.c.
In the case of very good waters, 20, 50, or more c.c. should be
evaporated in a short, wide beaker to a small bulk, rinsed into a
small beaker, and evaporated to dryness and treated as above only
5 c.c. of the standard potassium nitrate ( = 0'5 N in 100,000 of
water on the basis of 10 c.c. water taken) being used for comparison.
In the case of very bad waters, 10 c.c. should be pipetted into a
100 c.c. measuring flask and made up to the mark with distilled
water: then 10 c.c. of the well mixed liquid ( = 1 c.c. original
water) are withdrawn and treated as above.
According to A. H. Gill, this process does not estimate the
nitrogen present as nitrite, as the action of nitrous acid results in
the formation of nitrosophenol C 6 H 4 (NO)(OH), which is colourless
in dilute solutions (see abstract in Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1895,
P- 71).
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
50
TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS continued.
IX. Estimation of Nitrogen as Nitrates by SprengeVs Method (for waters
containing more than one part of N in 100,000).
No. of c.c. of
Nitrogen as Nitrates.
No. of c.c. of
Nitrogen as Nitrates.
yellow solu-
yellow solu-
tion equal to
the standard
Parts per
Grains per
tion equal to
the standard
Parts per
Grains per
100 c.c.
100,000.
gallon.
100 c.c.
100,000.
gallon.
100
1-00
0-70
50
2-00
1-40
95
1-05
0-74
48
2-08
1-46
90
I'll
078
46
217
1-52
85
1-18
0-83
45
2-22
1-55
80
1-25
0-88
44
2-23
1-56
78
1-28
0-90
42
2'38
1-67
76
1-32
0-92
40
2-50
175
75
1-33
0-93
38
2-63
1-84
74
1-35
0-95
36
278
1-95
72
1-39
0-97
35
2-86
2'00
70
1-43
1-00
34
2-94
2-06
68
1-47
1-03
32
3-13
2-19
66
1-51
1-06
30
3-33
2-33
65
1-54
1-08
28
3-57
2-50
64
1-55
1-09
26
3-85
270
62
1-61
1-13
25
4-00
2-80
60
1-67
1-17
24
4-17
2-92
58
172
1-20
22
4-55
3-19
56
178
1-25
20
5-00
3-50
55
1-82
1-27
18
5-55
3-89
54
1-85
1-30
16
6-25
4-38
52
1-92
1-34
15
6'67
4-67
X. Table for the Conversion of Parts per 100,000 into Grains per
Gallon.
Parts per
100,000.
Grains per
gallon.
Parts per
100,000.
Grains per
gallon.
Parts per
100,000.
Grains per
gallon.
Parts per
100,000.
Grains per
gallon.
1
07
9
6-3
17
11-9
25
17-5
2
1-4
10
7-0
18
12-6
26
18-2
3
2-1
11
77
19
13-3
27
18-9
4
2-8
12
8-4
20
14-0
28
19-6
5
3-5
13
9-1
21
147
29
20-3
6
4-2
14
9-8
22
15-4
30
21-0
7
4-9
15
10-5
23
16-1
31
217
8
5'6
16
11-2
24
16-8
32
22-4
51
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS. TABLE X. continued.
Parts per
100,000.
Grains per
gallon.
Parts per
100,000.
Grains per
gallon.
Parts per
100,000.
Grains per
gallon.
Parts per
100,000.
Grains per
gallon .
33
231
78
54-6
123
861
168
117-6
34
23-8
79
55'3
124
86-8
169
118-3
35
24-5
80
56-0
125
87-5
170
119-0
36
25'2
81
567
126
88-2
171
1197
37
25-9
82
57-4
127
88-9
172
120-4
38 -
26-6
83
581
128
89-6
173
1211
39
27'3
84
58-8
129
90-3
174
121-8
40
28-0
85
59'5
130
91-0
175
122-5
41
287
86
60-2
131
917
176
123-2
42
29-4
87
60-9
132
92-4
177
123-9
43
30-1
88
61-6
133
931
178
124-6
44
30-8
89
62-3
134
93-8
179
125-3
45
31-5
90
63-0
135
94-5
180
126-0
46
32-2
91
637
136
95-2
181
1267
47
32-9
92
64-4
137
95-9
182
127-4
48
33'6
93
651
138
96-6
183
1281
49
34-3
94
65-8
139
97-3
184
128-8
50
35-0
95
66-5
140
98-0
185
129-5
51
357
96
67'2
141
987
186
130-2
52
36-4
97
67-9
142
99-4
187
130-9
53
37-1
98
68-6
143
1001
188
131-6
54
37-8
99
69-3
144
100-8
189
132-3
55
38-5
100
70-0
145
101-5
190
133-0
56
39-2
101
707
146
102-2
191
1337
57
39-9
102
71'4
147
102-9
192
134-4
58
40-6
103
721
148
103-6
193
135-1
59
41-3
104
72-8
149
104-3
194
135-8
60
42-0
105
73-5
150
105-0
195
136-5
61
427
106
74-2
151
1057
196
137-2
62
43-4
107
74-9
152
106-4
197
137-9
63
44-1
108
75'6
153
1071
198
138-6
64
44-8
109
76-3
154
107-8
199
139-3
65
45-5
110
77-0
155
108-5
200
140'0
66
46-2
111
777
156
109-2
201
140-7
67
46-9
112
78-4
157
109-9
202
141-4
68
47-6
113
791
158
110-6
203
142-1
69
48-3
114
79-8
159
111-3
204
142-8
70
49-0
115
80-5
160
112-0
205
143-5
71
497
116
81-2
161
1127
206
144-2
72
50-4
117
81-9
162
113-4
207
144-9
73
511
118
82-6
163
114-1
208
145-6
74
51-8
119
83-3
164
114-8
209
146-3
75
52-5
120
84*0
165
115-5
210
147-0
76
53-2
121
847
166
116-2
211
117-7
77
53-9
122
85-4
167
116-9
212
148-4
UNIVERSITY
THE ANALYST'S LABOKATORY
TABLES REQUIRED IN WATER ANALYSIS. TABLE X. continued.
Parts per
100,OUO.
Grains per
gallon.
Parts per
100,000.
Grains per
gallon.
Parts per
100,000.
Grains per
gallon.
Parts per
100,000.
Grains per
gallon.
213
149-1
223
156-1
233
1631
243
170-1
214
149-8
224
156-8
234
163-8
244
170-8
215
150'5
225
157-5
235
164-5
245
171-5
216
151-2
226
158-2
236
165-2
246
172-2
217
151-9
227
158-9
237
165-9
247
172-9
218
152-6
228
159-6
238
166-6
248
173-6
219
153-3
229
160-3
239
167*3
249
174-3
220
154-0
230
161-0
240
168-0
250
175-0
221
1547
231
1617
241
1687
222
155-4
232
162-4
242
169-4
CALCULATION OF THE RESULTS or WATER ANALYSIS.
Substance
estimated.
Quantity of Water taken.
To get Grains per gallon.
Logarithms.
NasNH0 3 (Crum)
NH 3 (copper zinc)
(aluminium)
Free or alb. NH 3
absorbed
Total solids
250 c.c.
100 c.c.
50 c.c.
500 c.c.
250 c.c.+lO c.c. K 2 Mn 2 8
250 c.c. +15 c.c. K 2 Mn 2 8
250 c.c.
*c.c. of NO x 0-175 = N
grams of NH 3 X 576 -45 = N
xll52'9 = N
c.c. standard NH 4 ClX'0014
= NH,
n. ? /s-wy
1-243 03SO
2-760 7616
3-061 716
3-146 1280
2-447 1580
0-os /l'5S-W\t
\ ;
grams x 280
* Or thus. Let v = vol. of NO obtained from 250 c.c. of the water
b= height of Bar.
w= tension of aqueous vapour at the observed temperature (see Table I.).
Then N in grains per gallon =tXy 6( w 1 + .Q 0367 ^X(fttc)xl40.
0012562
For logs, of 760(1 + 003671) for different val "es of t see Table II.
Log. 140=2-146 1280.
t S =c.c of Xa 2 S 2 03 corresponding to 10 c.c. K 2 Mn 2 8 .
W = required by the water under exdinination.
53
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
VOLUME AND DENSITY OF WATER AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES.
Temp.
Sp. gr. of Water
(at = 1).
Vol. of Water
(atO = l).
Sp. gr. of Water
(afc>=l).
Vol. of Water
(at4 = l).
i-oooooo
1-000000
999871
1-000129
1
1-000057
0-999943
999928
1-000072
2
1-000098
999902
999969
1-000031
3
1-000120
999880
999991
1-000009
4
1-000129
999871
1-000000
1-000000
5
1-000119
999881
0-999990
1-000010
6
1-000099
999901
999970
1-000030
7
1-000062
999938
999933
1-000067
8
1-000015
999985
999886
1-000114
9
0-999953
1-000047
999824
1-000176
10
999876
1-000124
999747
1-000253
11
999784
1-000216
999655
1-000345
12
999678
1-000322
999549
1-000451
13
999559
1-000441
999430
1-000570
14
999429
1-000572
999299
1-000701
15
999289
1-000712
999160
1-000841
16
999131
1-000870
999002
1-000999
17
998970
1-001031
998841
1-001160
18
998782
1-001219
998654
1-001348
19
998588
1-001413
998460
1-001542
20
998388
1-001615
998259
1-001744
21
998176
1-001828
998047
1-001957
22
997953
1-002049
997826
1-002177
23
997730
1-002276
997601
1-002405
24
997495
1-002511
-997367
1-002641
25
997249
1-002759
997120
1-002888
26
996994
1-003014
996866
1-003144
27
996732
1-003278
996603
1-003408
28
996460
1-003553
996331
1-003682
29
996179
1 -003835
996051
1-003965
30
995894
1-004123
995765
1-004253
35
99431
1-00572
99418
1-00586
40
99248
1-00757
99235
1-00770
50
98833
1-01181
98820
1-01195
60
98351
1-01677
98338
1-01691
70
97807
1-02243
97794
1-02256
80
97206
1-02874
97194
1-02887
90
96568
1-03554
96556
1-03567
100
95878
1-04300
95865
1-04312
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
THE BAROMETER.
I. Inches into Millimetres.
Inches.
Milli-
metres.
Inches.
Milli-
metres.
inches.
Milli-
metres.
Inches.
Milli-
metres.
27-5
698-49
28-4
721-35
29-3
744-21
30-2
767-07
6
701-03
5
723-89
4
746-75
3
769-61
7-
703-57
6
726-43
5
749-29
4
772-15
8
706-11
7
728-97
6
751-83
5
774-69
9
708-65
8
731-51
7
754-37
6
777-23
28-0
711-19
9
734-05
8
756-91
7
77977
1
71373
29-0
736-59
9
759-45
8
782-31
2
716-27
1
739-13
30-0
761-99
9
784-85
3
718-81
2
741-67
1
764-53
Inches. '01
02 -03
04 -05 -06
07 '08 -09
Millimetres, '25
51 -76
1-02 1-27 1-52
1-78 2-03 2-29
II. Millimetres into Inches.
Mm.
Inches,
Mm.
Inches.
Mm.
Inches.
Mm.
Inches.
Mm.
Inches.
700
27-56
718
28-27
735
28-94
752
29-61
769
30-28
701
60
719
31
736
98
753
65
770
32
702
64
720
35
737
29'02
754
69
771
36
703
68
721
39
738
06
755
73
772
39
704
72
722
43
739
10
756
76
773
43
705
76
723
47
740
13
757
80
774
47
706
80
724
50
741
17
758
84
775
51
707
84
725
54
742
21
759
88
776
55
708
88
726
58
743
25
760
92
777
59
709
91
727
62
744
29
761
96
778
63
710
95
728
66
745
33
762
30-00
779
67
711
99
729
70
746
37
763
04
780
71
712
28-03
730
74
747
41
764
08
781
75
713
07
731
78
748
45
765
12
782
79
714
11
732
82
749
49
766
16
783
83
715
15
733
86
750
53
767
20
784
87
716
19
734
90
751
57
768
24
785
91
717
23
55
THE ANALYST'S LABOKATORY COMPANION.
TABLE FOR CORRECTION OF VOLUMES OF GASES FOR TEMPERATURE,
GIVING THE DIVISOR FOR THE FORMULA.
V x B
760 x
003665
I
760 x
Log. [760 X
(1+SOJ-
I
760 X
Log. [760 X
(1+501-
o-o'
760-0000
2-8808136
4-0
771-1416
2-8871341
1
760-2785
9727
1
771-4201
2909
"2
760-5571
2-8811318
2
771-6987
4477
3
760-8356
2908
3
771-9772
6045
4
761-1142
4498
4
772-2558
7612
0-5
761-3927
6087
4-5
772-5343
9178
6
761-6712
7675
6
772-8128
2-8880743
7
761-9498
9263
7
773-0914
2308
8
762-2283
2-8820850
8
773-3699
3872
9
762-5069
2437
9
773-6485
5436
1-0
762-7854
2-8824024
5-0
773-9270
2-8887000
1
763-0639
5610
1
774-2055
8563
2
763-3425
7195
2
774-4841
2-8890125
3
763-6210
8779
3
774-7626
1687
4
763-8996
2-8830363
4
775-0412
3248
1-5
764-1781
1946
5-5
775-3197
4808
6
764-4566
3528
6
775-5982
6368
7
764-7352
5111
7
775-8768
7927
8
765-0137
6692
8
776-1553
9486
9
765-2923
8273
9
776-4339
2-8901044
2-0
765-5708
2-8839854
6-0
776-7124
2-8902602
1
765-8493
2*8841434
1
776-9909
4159
2
766-1279
3013
2
777-2695
5716
3
766-4064
4591
3
777-5480
7272
4
766-6850
6169
4
777-8266
8828
2 "5
766-9635
7747
6-5
778-1051
2-8910383
6
767-2420
2-8849324
6
778-3836
1938
7
767-5206
2-8850901
7
778-6622
3492
8
767-7991
2477
8
778-9407
5045
9
768-0777
4052
9
779-2193
6597
3-0
768-3562
2'8855626
7-0
779-4978
2-8918149
1
768-6347
7199
1
7797763
9701
2
768-9133
8772
2
780-0549
2-8921252
3
769-1918
2-8860345
3
780-3334
2802
4
769-4704
1918
4
780-6120
4352
3-5
769-7489
3490
7'5
780-8905
5901
6
770-0274
5062
6
781-1690
7450
7
770-3060
6633
7
781-4476
8998
8
770-5845
8203
8
7817261
2-8930546
9
770-8631
9772
9
782-0047
2093
THE ANALYST'S LABOKATOKY COMPANION.
56
TABLE FOR CORRECTION OF VOLUMES OF GASES continued.
760 X
Log. [760 X
760 X
Log. [760 X
t
(1+60.
(l+)].
t
(1+60.
(1+60]-
C.
C.
8-0
782-2832
2-8933640
12-5
794-S175
2-9002674
1
782-5617
5186
6
795-0960
4196
2
782-8403
6732
7
795-3746
5717
3
783-1188
8277
8
795-6531
7238
4
783-3974
9821
9
795-9317
8758
8-5
783-6959
2-8941365
13-0
796-2102
2-9010277
6
783-9544
2908
1
796-4887
1796
7
784-2330
4451
2
7967673
3315
8
784-5115
5993
3
797-0458
4833
9
784-7901
7535
4
797-3244
6350
9-0
785-0686
2-8949076
13-5
797-6029
7867
1
785-3471
2-8950617
6
797-8814
9384
2
785-6257
2157
7
798-1600
2-9020900
3
785-9042
3697
8
798-4385
2415
4
786-1828
5236
9
798-7171
3930
9-5
786-4613
6774
14-0
798-9956
2-9025444
6
786-7398
8311
1
799-2741
6957
7
787-0184
9848
2
799-5527
8470
8
787-2969
2-8961385
3
799-8312
9983
9
787-5755
2921
4
800-1098
2-9031495
10-0
787-8540
2-8964457
14-5
800-3883
2-9033007
1
788-1325
5993
6
800-6668
4518
2
788-4111
7528
7
800-9454
6029
3
788-6896
9062
8
801-2239
7539
4
788-9682
2-8970595
9
801-5025
9049
10'5
789-2467
2128
15-0
8017810
2-9040558
6
789-5252
3660
1
802-0595
2066
7
789-8038
5192
2
802-3381
3574
8
790-0823
6723
3
802-6166
5081
9
790-3609
8254
4
802-8952
6588
11-0
790-6394
2-8979784
15-5
803-1737
8095
1
790-9179
2-8981314
6
803-4522
9601
2
791-1965
2843
7
8037308
2-9051106
3
791-4750
4372
8
804-0093
2611
4
7917536
2-8985900
9
804-2879
4115
11-5
792-0321
7428
16-0
804-5664
2-9055619
6
792-3106
8955
1
804-8449
7122
7
792-5892
2-8990482
2
805-1235
8625
8
792-8677
2008
3
805-4020
2-9060127
9
793-1463
3533
4
805-6806
1628
12-0
793-4248
2-8995058
16-5
805-9591
2-9063129
1
7937033
6582
6
806-2376
4630
2
793-9819
8106
7
806-5162
6130
3
794-2604
9629
8
8067947
7630
4
794-5390
2-9001152
9
807-0733
9129
57 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLE FOR CORRECTION OF VOLUMES OF GASES continued.
t
760 X
(1+80-
Log. [760 X
(1+60]-
t
760 X
(1+80-
Log. [760 X
(1+80].
17-0
807-3518
2-9070628
21-5
819-8861
2-9137535
1
807-6303
2126
6
820-1646
9010
2
807-9089
3624
7
820-4432
2-9140485
3
808-1874
5121
8
820-7217
1960
4
808*4660
6618
9
821-0003
3434
17-5
8087445
8114
22-0
821-2788
2-9144907
6
809-0230
2-9079609
1
821-5573
6380
7
809-3016
2-9081104
2
821 -8859
7852
8
809-5801
2598
3
822-1144
9323
9
809-8587
4092
4
822-3930
2-9150794
18-0
810-1372
2-9085586
22-5
822-6715
2265
1
810-4175
7079
6
822-9500
3735
2
810-6943
8571
7
823-2286
5205
3
810-9728
2-9090063
8
823-5071
6674
4
811-2514
1554
9
8237857
8143
18-5
811-5299
3045
23-0
824-0642
2-9159611
6
811-8084
4535
1
824-3427
2-9161079
7
812-0870
6025
2
824-6213
2546
8
812-3655
7515
3
824-8998
4013
9
812-6441
9004
4
825-1784
5479
19-0
812-9226
2-9100492
23-5
825-4569
6945
1
813-2011
1980
6
8257354
8410
2
813-4797
3467
7
826-0140
9875
3
813-7582
4954
8
826-2925
2-9171339
4
814-0368
6440
9
826-5711
2802
19-5
814-3153
7926
24-0
826-8496
2-9174265
6
814-5938
9411
1
827-1281
5728
*7
814-8724
2-9110896
2
827-4067
7190
8
815-1500
2380
3
827-6852
8652
9
815-4925
3864
4
827-9638
2-9180114
20-0
815-7080
2-9115347
24-5
828-2423
1575
1
815-9865
6830
6
828-5208
3035
2
816-2651
8312
7
828-7994
4495
3
816-5436
9794
8
829-0779
5954
4
816-8222
2-9121275
9
829-3565
7412
20-5
817-1007
2756
25-0
829-6350
2-9188870
6
817-3792
4236
1
829-9135
2-9190328
7
817-6578
2-9125716
2
830-1921
1785
8
817-9363
7195
3
830-4706
3242
9
818-2149
8674
4
830-7492
4699
21-0
818-4934
2-9130152
25-5
831-0277
2-9196155
1
8187719
1630
6
831-3062
7610
2
819-0505
3107
7
831-5848
9065
3
819-3290
4583
8
831-8633
2-9200520
4
819-6076
6059
9
831-1419
1974
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
58
TABLE FOR CORRECTION OF VOLUMES OF GASES continued.
t
760 x
(1+50-
Log. [760 X
(1+501-
1
760 X
(1+50-
LOST. [760 x
(1+50L
26-6
832-4204
2-9203427
28 -1
838-2697
2-9233838
1
832-6989
4880
2
838-5483
5281
2
832-9775
6333
3
838-8268
6723
3
833-2560
7785
4
839-1054
8165
4
833-5346
9237
28-5
839-3839
2-9239606
26-5
833-8131
2-9210688
6
839-6624
2-9241047
6
834-0916
2189
7
839-9410
2488
7
834-3702
3589
8
840-2195
3928
8
834-6487
5038
9
840-4981
536S
9
834-9273
6487
29-0
8407766
2-9246807
27-0
835-2058
2-9217936
1
841-0551
8246
1
835-4843
9384
2
841 -3337
9684
2
8357629
2*9220832
3
841-6122
2-9251122
3
836-0414
2279
4
841 -8908
2559
4
836-3200
3725
29-5
842-1693
3995
27-5
836*5985
5171
6
842-4478
5431
6
836-8770
6617
7
842-7264
6866
7
837-1556
8062
8
843-0049
8301
8
837-4341
9507
9
843-2835
9736
9
837-7127
2-9230951
30-0
843-5620
2-9261171
28-0
837-9912
2-9232395
i
i
TABLE SHOWING THE TENSION OF MERCURY VAPOUR.
c.
Millim.
C.
Millim.
c.
Millim.
C.
Millim.
100
746
210
26-35
320
36873
430
2533
110
1-073
220
34-70 || 330
450-91
440
2934
120
1-534
230
45-35
340
548-35
450
3384-35
130
2-175
240
f>8-82
350
663-18
460
3888
140
3-059
250
75-75
360
79774
470
4450
150
4-266
260
96-73
370
954-65
480
5062
160
5-900
270
123-01
380
1195-65
490
5761
170
8-091
280
155-17
390
1346-71
500
6520-25
180
11-000
290
194-46
400
1587-96
510
73o4
190
14-84
300
242-15
410
1864
520
8265
200
19-90
310
299-69
420
2178
59
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLES REQUIRED IN THE ANALYSIS OF BEER.
Spirit Indication, with corresponding Degrees of Gravity lost in Malt
Worts, by the ''Distillation Process."
Degrees of
Spirit Indi-
cation.
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
o-o
0-3
0-6
0-9
1-2
1-5
1-8
2-1
2'4
27
1
3-0
3-3
37
4-1
4-4
4-8
5-1
5-5
5-9
6-2
2
6-6
7-0
7'4
7-8
8-2
8-6
9-0
9-4
9-8
10-2
3
107
11-1
11-5
12'0
12-4
12-9
13-3
13-8
14-2
147
4
15-1
15-5
16-0
16-4
16-8
17'3
177
18-2
18'6
19-1
5
19-5
19-9
20-4
20-9
21-3
21-8
22-2
227
23-1
23-6
6
24-1
24-6
25-0
25-5
26-0
26-4
26-9
27-4
27-8
28'3
7
28-8
29-2
297
30-2
307
31-2
317
32-2
327
33-2
8
337
34-3
34-8
35-4
35-9
36-5
37-0
37-5
38-0
38'6
9
39-1
397
40-2
407
41-2
417
42-2
427
43-2
437
10
44-2
447
45-1
45-6
46-0
46-5
47-0
47-5
48-0
48-5
11
49-0
49-6
501
50-6
51-2
517
52-2
527
53-3
53-8
12
54-3
54-9
55-4
55-9
56-4
56-9
57'4
57-9
58-4
59-9
13
59-4
60-0
60-5
61-1
61-6
62-2
627
63-3
63-8
64-3
14
64-8
65-4
65-9
66-5
67-1
67-6
68-2
687
69-3
69-9
15
70-5
71-1
n.
72-3
72-9
73-5
741
747
75-3
75-9
Spirit Indication, with corresponding Degrees of Gravity lost in Malt
Worts, by the "Evaporation Process."
Degrees of
Spirit Indi-
cation.
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
3
7
i-o
1-4
17
2-1
2-4
2'8
3-1
1
3" 5
3'8
4'2
4'6
5-0
5-4
5-8
6-2
6-6
7-0
2
7'4
7-8
8'2
87
9-1
9-5
9-9
10-3
107
11*1
3
11-5
11-9
12-4
12-8
13-2
13-6
14-0
14-4
14-8
15-3
4
15-8
16-2
16'6
17-0
17'4
17'9
18'4
18-8
19-3 19-8
5
20-3
207
21-2
21-6
22-1
22-5
23-0
23-4
23-9
24-3
6
24-8
25-2
25-6
26'1
26-6
27-0
27-5
28-0
28-5
29'0
7
29-5
30-0
30-4
30-9
31'3
31-8
32-3
32-8
33-3
83-8
8
34-3
34-9
35-5
36-0
36-6
37-1
377
38-3
38-8
39-4
9
40-0
40-5
41-0
41-5
42-0
42-5
43-0
43-5
44-0
44-4
10
44-9
45'4
46-0
46-5
47-1
47-6
48-2
487
49-3
49-8
11
50-3
50-9
51-4
51'9
52-5
53-0
53-5
54-0
54-5
55-0
12
55-6
56-2
567
57'3
57'8
58-3
58'9
59-4
59-9
60-5
13
61-0
61-6
62-1
627
63-2
63-8
64-3
64-9
65-4
66-0
14
66-5
67'0
67-6
68-1
687
69-2
69'8
70-4
70-9
71-4
15
72-0
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
60
TABLE FOR ASCERTAINING THE VALUE OF THE ACETIC ACID.
Corresponding Degrees of "Spirit Indication.""
Excess per
cent, of
Acetic Acid
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
in the Beer.
o
02
04
06
07
08
09
11
12
13
1
14
15
17
18
19
21
22
23
24
26
2
27
28
29
31
32
33
34
35
37
38
3
39
40
42
43
44
46
47
48
49
51
4
52
53
55
56
57
59
60
61
62
64
5
65
66
67
69
70
71
72
73
75
76
6
77
78
80
81
82
84
85
86
87
89
7
90
91
93
94
95
97
98
99
1-10
1-02
8
1-03
1-04
1-05
1-07
1-08
1-09
1-10
I'll
1-13
1-14
9
1-15
1-16
1-18
1-19
1-21
1-22
1-23
1-25
1-26
1-28
1-0
1-29
1-31
1-33
1-35
1-36
1-37
1-38
1-40
1-41
1-42
TABLE FOR SALT IN BEER.
Salt in Grains per Gallon, corresponding to c. c. 's of Decinormal AgNO%.
25 c.c. of Beer to be employed.
c.c.^AgN0 3
Grains NaCl
per gallon.
c.c.^AgN0 3
Grains NaCl
peY gallon.
c.c.*AgN0 3
Grains NaCl
per gallon.
O'l
1-64
2-2
36-04
4-2
68-80
0'2
3-28
2'3
37'67
4-3
70-43
0-3
4-91
2-4
39-31
4-4
72-07
0-4
6-55
2-5
40-95
4-5
73-71
0'5
8-19
2-6
42-59
4-6
75-35
0-6
9-83
27
44-23
4-7
76-99
07
11-47
2-8
45-86
4-8
78-62
0-8
13-10
2-9
47-50
4-9 j
80-26
0-9
1474
3-0
49-14
5-0
81-90
1-0
16-38
31
50-78
5-1
83-54
1
18-02
3-2
52-42
5'2
85-18
2
19-66
3-3
54-05
5-3
86-81
3
21-29
3-4
55-69
5-4
88-45
4
22-93
3'5
57-33
5-5
90-09
5
24-57
3-6
58-97
5-6
9173
6
26-21
37
60-61
5-7
93-37
7
27-85
3-8
62-24
5-8
95-00
8
29-48
3-9
63-88
5-9
96-64
1-9
31-12
4-0
65-52
6-0
98-28
2-0
32-76
4-1
6716
6-1
99-92
2-1
34-40
61 THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
SPECIFIC ROTATORY POWERS OF THE CARBOHYDRATES.
Definition The specific rotatory power of an optically active
substance in solution may be denned as the angle through which a
plane polarized ray of light of definite refrangibility is rotated by a
column one decimetre in length of a solution containing one gram
of the substance in 1 c.c.
If the rotation is observed through a tube I decimetres in length
and the solution contains c grams of substances in 100 c.c., then, if
a be the angle of rotation, the "specific rotatory power" is given
by the formula,
Observations are usually made either with a polarimeter, such
as that of Laurent, for which a sodium flame is used as the means
of illumination ; or with a Ventzke-Scheibler instrument, which is
adapted for use with white light illumination from oil or gas
lamps. Specific rotatory power as determined with reference to
the ray D of the solar spectrum (sodium flame) is indicated by [a] D ;
whilst, as determined by the Ventzke-Scheibler instrument, it is
indicated by [a]y, where j is the transition tint (i.e. from the blue
to the red) and is the ray complementary to the medium yellow or
jaune moyen hence the j. This jaune moyen ray is the true
medium yellow of the solar spectrum : its wave-length is 0*0005608
millimetres (or A 0-0005608).
The Ventzke-Scheibler polarimeter is adjusted to the Ventzke
scale, which is such that 100 divisions of the scale equal the
amount of rotation caused by passing through a solution of pure
cane-sugar 200 mm. in length, containing 26'048 grams of pure
cane-sugar per 100 c.c. at 17'5 C. Such a solution has a sp. gr. of
almost exactly 1100 (water at 17'5 = 1000). The readings for
cane-sugar in this instrument consequently correspond to the sp.
gr. of the solution less 1000.
Relation of [a]? to [a] D . The relation
[4, : [a]j :: 21-67 : 24
:: 1 : 1-107
holds for substances whose rotatory dispersion does not differ
sensibly from that of cane-sugar. Cane-sugar, however, appears to
be slightly less dispersive than maltose, dextrose, etc.: hence it has
been very carefully determined by experiment* that I'll I is the
more correct factor for converting [ ] D into [ a ]j- We have, there-
fore, the following rules :
To convert [ a ] D into [a] y multiply by I'll 1 (log. 0*04571),
or simply add one-ninth_
To convert [a] y into [a] D multiply by 0'900 (log. 1'95429),
or simply deduct one-tenth.
Thus, if fain = 202-0, then [ ] ,-=202 + 22-4 = 224'4
[a] y =57, then [a] D = 57 - 5'7 = 51'3.
* See series ol papers by Brown, Morris, and Millar in the Jour. Chem. Soc., 1897.
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
62
SPECIFIC ROTATORY POWERS OF THE CARBOHYDRATES continued.
in the Ventzke-Scheibler polarimeter 100 divisions of the scale
equal 38 '43 of arc or
1 scale-division =0-3843 a/, (log. 1 '58467).
The values representing specific rotation vary directly as the sp.
gr. divisor (D) used. Thus, if 150 be the specific rotation of mal-
tose for [a]j 3-86 (that is, on the basis of the 3'86 divisor) the speci-
fic rotation where the divisor 3 '93 is used must be taken as
150 x 3-93 o
3-86
The number of grams per K)0 c.c. of a solution of a carbohydrate
of which the sp. gr. (water =1000) is known is found by dividing
the sp. gr. minus 1000 by a constant given in the subjoined table.
This constant is usually denoted by D.
TABLE SHOWING THE SPECIFIC ROTATORY POWERS or THE
CARBOHYDRATES.
Divisor
Substance.
Formula.
to get
grams
per
Specific rotatory
power (absolute).
Specific rotatory
power reduced to the
common divisor 3-86.
lOOc.c.*
D
[1
[a] D
[a]/3-86
[o]i>3-86
Dextrin
(C 12 H 2o 10 ) n
3'95
+ 221
+ 198 D '9
+ 216
+ 194-4
Sucrose
3-85
+ 73-8
+ 66-6
+ 74
+ 66-8
Maltose
"
3-92
+ 153-3
+ 138-0
+ 151
+ 135-9
Lactose
3-99
+ 61-6
+ 55-4
+ 59-6
+ 53-6
(anhyd.)
Lactose
CjaH^On.
3'99
+ 58-5
+ 52-6
+ 56-6
+ 50-9
(cryst. )
H 2
Dextrose
C 6 H ]2 6
3-83
+ 57
+ 51-3
+ 57-4
+ 51-7
Laevulose
.
3-93
-106
- 95-4
-104-1
- 937
atl5'5C.
at 15-5*0.
Invert Sugar] C 6 H 12 O fi +
3-88
- 24-5
- 22-0
- 24-4
- 21-9
UHiA
atl5'5C.
atl5-5C.
Bi-rotation. In some cases a freshly-prepared solution of a sugar
turns the plane of polarization almost twice as much as one which
has been kept for some hours or heated to boiling. This pheno-
menon is known as bi-rotation.
Multiplier. Logarithm.
20
lo convert doHooO,, into doHo.,0 , = 1-053 '02228
> C 12 H 24 12
Q,
s>
To=' 90
1-97773
0-04576
1-95424
* The figures given in this column are such as will be found most useful in actual
work. For a complete series of Absolutely correct divisors for various concentrations
the valuable papers by Brown, Morris, and Millar in the Jour. Chem. Soc., 1897 must
be consulted.
62 A THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
SPECIFIC ROTATORY POWERS OF THE CARBOHYDRATES continued.
Ventzke-Scheibler Saccharimeter.
1 gram in 100 c.c. of absolute
Number of scale-divisions of deviation
with 200 mm. tube (transition tint)*
Dextrin
+ 11-55
Sucrose
+ 3'84f
Maltose ,
+ 7-98
Dextrose
+ 2-97
Laevulose .
- 5-52
Invert sugar
- 1-28
Lactose (cryst. ) .
+ 3-04
Formula for calculating the amount of cane-sugar present in a
mixture of cane-sugar and dextrose when the specific rotatory
power before and after inversion are known.
Let R& be the specific rotatory power before inversion
R a be the specific rotatory power after inversion
x be the percentage of cane-sugar present.
Then 100 R 6 = 73'8o;+(100-a057,
and 100 R a = - 24'5x+ (100 - z)57
~~lbO(R 6 -R a )=98-3z.
~ -983
Similarly to find the amount of cane-sugar present in a mixture
of cane-sugar and dextrose from the scale degrees before and after
inversion, the 200 mm. tube being used
Grams of cane-sugar per 100 c.c. of solution = b ~ a .
o'12
* The figures given in this column are obtained by dividing the [a]j by 19-215 (log.
1-283C4).
f When inveued this becomes - 1-35.
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 63
CUPRIC OXIDE REDUCING POWERS OF THE CARBOHYDRATES.
Definition, " Dextrose being the type of reducing bodies and the
substance for which the amount of cupric oxide reduced was first
determined, I use it as the standard to which to refer all other
reducing carbohydrates or mixtures of reducing with non-reducing
ones. I take the cupric oxide reducing power (or ' cupric reducing
power') of a body or mixture to be the amount of cupric oxide,
calculated as dextrose, which 100 parts reduce : it is designated by
the letter K." (0' Sullivan).
Briefly, we may define " K " as the specific cupric reducing power
of a substance referred to dextrose as standard (100). The divisor
is often added : thus K V86 = 25 means that the cupric reducing
power of the substance is one-fourth that of dextrose when the solid
matter is determined by the 3'86 divisor.
Preparation of Fehling's Solution for Gravimetric Estimations.
Dissolve 34*6 grams of pure recrystallized copper sulphate in dis-
tilled water and make up the volume to 500 c.c. Then dissolve 173
grams Rochelle salt and 65 grams anhydrous sodium hydroxide in
separate beakers, mix the solutions, and make up the volume with
distilled water to 500 c.c. These two solutions are kept in separate
bottles and are mixed in equal volumes, to form Fehling's solution,
immediately before use.
Method of making an estimation of cupric reducing power. Fifty
c.c. of the freshly mixed Fehling's solution are placed in a beaker of
about 250 c.c. capacity, and having a diameter of 7'5 cm. (=3 inches).
This is placed in a boiling water bath, and when the solution has
attained the temperature of the water, the accurately weighed or
measured volume of the sugar solution is added, and the whole
made up to 100 c.c. with boiling distilled water. The beaker,
which is covered with a clock glass, is then returned to the water
bath and the heating continued for exactly twelve minutes. The
precipitated cuprous oxide is now rapidly filtered off through a
Soxhlet tube, washed first with hot water, then with alcohol and
ether, and finally dried. When dry, the cuprous oxide is reduced to
metallic copper by gently heating in a stream of hydrogen, and
weighed ; or it may be oxidized in a stream of oxygen and weighed
as CuO. Sometimes the Cu 2 is weighed as such, after being dried
in a water oven (see O'Sullivan and Stern, Jour. Chem. Soc., 1896,
p. 1692).
As spontaneous reduction of Fehling's solution invariably takes
place, the amount of this must be carefully determined for every
fresh batch* of the solution and allowed for in each determination
of cupric reducing power. It usually amounts to 0'002 to 0'003
gram CuO per 50 c.c. of Fehling's solution used.
It is of great importance, in making the above estimation, that
an amount of the reducing sugar is taken that will give a weight of
CuO lying between 0'15 and 0'35 gram.
It must be carefully borne in mind that the values given in the
following tables are correct only when the preparation of the
63A THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
Fehling's solution, and the manner of carrying out the determina-
tion of cupric reducing power conform exactly with the directions
given on p. 63. It has been shown that the amount and nature
of the alkali in Fehling's solution exercises a great influence on the
quantity of copper reduced by a given weight of maltose or of the
starch-transformation products ; but with dextrose and laevulose
the influence is far less. Glendinning has proved that an equiv-
alent amount of potassium hydroxide may be substituted for the
sodium compound without causing any alteration in the reducing
power. In the case of dextrose and laevulose the variant which
has the greatest influence is the state of dilution of the Fehling's
solution. When the dilution is greater than that prescribed in the
standard method, the reducing power is appreciably lower, and the
greater the dilution the greater the difference.
In the two following tables the values adopted are such as will
be found to give correct results when the quantities of carbohydrates
taken are those most commonly used in actual determinations.
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
63B
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THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
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THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLE FOR PHOSPHATES.
Mg 2 P 2 7
Ca 3 P 2 8
CaP 2 6
P 2 5
P 2
Mg 2 P 2
Ca 3 P 2 8
CaP 2 6
P 2 5
P 2
O'l
014
0-09
0-06
0-028
4-1
573
3-66
2-62
1145
'2
0-28
0-18
0-13
0-056
2
5-87
375
2-69
1-173
3
0-42
0-27
0-19
0-084
3
6-00
3-84
2-75
1-201
4
0-56
0-36
0-26
0112
4
614
3-93
2-82
1-229
5
070
0-45
0-32
0140
5
6-28
4-01
2-88
1-257
6
0-84
0-54
0-38
0168
6
6-42
410
2-94
1-285
"7
0-98
0-62
0-45
0196
7
6-56
419
3-01
1-313
8
1-12
071
0-51
0-223
8
670
4'28
3-07
1-341
9
1-26
0-80
0-58
0-251
9
6-84
4-37
314
1-369
1-0
1-40
0-89
0-64
0-279
5-0
6-98
4-46
3-20
1-396
1
1-54
0-98
070
0-307
1
712
4-55
3-26
1-424
2
1'68
1-07
077
0-335
2
7-26
4-64
3-33
1-452
3
1-82
116
0-83
0-363
3
7-40
473
3-39
1-480
4
1-96
1-25
0-90
0-391
4
7-54
4-82
3-45
1-508
5
2-09
1-34
0-96
0-419
5
7-68
4-91
3-52
1-536
6
2-23
1-43
1-02
0-447
6
7-82
5-00
3-58
1-564
7
2-37
1-52
1-09
0-475
7
7-96
5-08
3-65
1-592
8
2-51
1-61
1-15
0-503
8
810
517
371
1-620
9
2-65
170
1-22
0-531
9
8-24
5-26
377
1-648
2-0
279
178
1-28
0-559
6-0
8-38
5-35
3-84
1-676
1
2-93
1-87
1-34
0-587
1
8-52
5-44
3-90
1704
-2
3-07
1-96
1-41
0-614
2
8-66
5-53
3-97
1732
3
3-21
2-05
1-47
0-642
3
8-80
5-62
4-03
1760
4
3'35
2-14
1-54
0-670
4
8-94
571
4-09
1787
5
3'49
2'23
1-60
0-698
5
9-08
5-80
416
1-815
6
3-63
2-32
1-66
0726
6
9-22
5-89
4-22
1-843
7
377
2-41
173
0754
7
9-36
5-98
4-29
1-871
8
3-91
2-50
179
0782
8
9-50
6-07
4-35
1-899
9
4-05
2-59
1-86
0-810
9
9-64
615
4-41
1-927
3-0
4-19
2-68
1-92
0-838
7-0
977
6-24
4-48
1-955
1
4-33
277
1-98
0-866
1
9-91
6-33
4-54
1-983
2
4-47
2-85
2-05
0-894
2
10-05
6-42
4-61
2-011
3
4-61
2'94
2-11
0-922
3
1019
6-51
4-67
2-039
4
475
3-03
2-18
0-950
4
10-33
6-60
473
2-067
5
4-89
3-12
2-24
0-978
5
10-47
6-69
4-80
2-095
6
5-03
3-21
2-30
1-006
6
10-61
6-78
4-86
2-123
7
5-17
3'30
2-37
1-033
7
1075
6-87
4-93
2151
8
5-31
3-39
2-43
1-061
8
10-89
6-96
4-99
2178
9
5-45
3-48
2-50
1-089
9
11-03
7-05
5-05
2-206
4-0
5-59
3-57
2-56
1117
8-0
1117
714
512
2-234
r
Mg P 9 7 -01 -02 -03 '04 -05
06
07
08
09
Ca 3 P 2 8 -01 -03 -04 '06 '07
08
10
11
13
CaP 2 6 -01 -02 -03 "04 -05
05
06
07
08
P 2 5 -01 -01 -02 '03 -03
04
05
05
06
P 2 '003 -006 -008 'Oil -014
017
020
022
025
65
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLE FOR PHOSPHATES continued.
Mg 2 P 2 7
Ca 3 P 2 8
CaP 2 6
P-/> 5
P 2
M g2 P 2 7
Ca 3 P 2 8
CaP 2 6
P 2 5
P 2
8'1
11-31
7-22
5-18
2-262
127
1773
11-33
8-12
3-547
2
11-45
7-31
5-25
2-290
8
17-87
11-42
8-19
3-575
3
11-59
7-40
5-31
2-318
9
18-01
11-51
8-25
3-603
4
1173
7-49
5-37
2-346
13-0
18-15
11-60
8-32
3-631
5
11-87
7-58
5-44
2-374
1
18-29
11-68
8-38
3-659
6
12-01
7-67
5-50
2-402
2
18-43
1177
8-44
3-687
7
12-15
776
5-57
2-430
3
18-57
11-86
8-51
3714
8
12-29
7-85
5-63
2-458
4
1871
11-95
8-57
3742
9
12-43
7-94
5-69
2-486
5
18-85
12-04
8-64
3770
9-0
12-57
8-03
576
2-514
6
18-99
12-13
870
3798
1
1271
8-12
5-82
2-541
7
19-13
12-22
876
3-826
2
12-85
8-21
5-89
2-569
8
19-27
12-31
8-83
3-854
3
12-99
8-30
5-95
2-597
9
19-41
12-40
8-89
3-882
4
13-13
8-38
6-01
2-625
14-0
19-55
12-49
8-96
3-910
5
13-27
8-47
6-08
2-653
1
19-69
12-58
9-02
3-938
6
13-41
8-56
6-14
2-681
2
19-83
12-67
9-08
3-966
7
13-55
8-65
6-21
2709
3
19-97
12-76
9-15
3-994
8
13-69
8-74
6-27
2737
4
20-11
12-84
9-21
4-022
9
13-83
8-83
6-33
2765
5
20-25
12-93
9-28
4-050
10-0
13-96
8-92
6-40
2793
6
20-39
13-02
9-34
4-078
1
14-10
9-01
6-46
2-821
7
20-53
13-11
9-40
4-105
2
14-24
9-10
6-52
2-849
8
20-67
13-20
9-47
4-133
8
14-38
9-19
6-59
2-877
9
20-81
13-29
9-53
4-161
4
14-52
9-28
6-65
2-905
15-0
20-95
13-38
9-60
4-189
5
14-66
9-37
672
2-932
1
21-09
13-47
9-66
4-217
6
14-80
9-45
678
2-960
2
21-23
13-56
9-72
4-245
7
14-94
9-54
6-84
2-988
3
21-37
13-65
9-79
4-273
8
15-08
9-63
6-91
3-016
4
21-50
13-74
9-85
4-301
9
15-22
972
6-97
3-044
5
21-64
13-83
9-92
4-329
11-0
15-36
9-81
7-04
3-072
6
21-78
13-91
9-98
4-357
1
15-50
9-90
7-10
3-100
7
21-92
14-00
10-04
4-385
2
15-64
9-99
7-16
3-128
8
22-06
14-09
10-11
4-413
3
15-78
10-08
7-23
3-156
9
22-20
14-18
10-17
4-441
4
15-92
10-17
7-29
3-184
16-0
22-34
14-27
10-23
4-469
5
16-06
10-26
7-36
3-212
1
22-48
14-36
10-30
4-496
6
16-20
10-35
7-42
3-240
2
22-62
14-45
10-36
4-524
7
16-34
10-44
7-48
3-268
3
2276
14-54
10-43
4-552
8
16-48
10-53
7-55
3-296
4
22-90
14-63
10-49
4-580
9
16-62
10-61
7-61
3-324
5
23-04
1472
10-55
4-608
12-0
1676
1070
7-68
3-351
6
23-18
14-81
10-62
4-636
1
16-90
1079
774
3-379
7
23-32
14-89
10-68
4-664
2
17-04
10-88
7-80
3-407
8
23-46
14-98
1075
4-692
3
1718
10-97
7-87
3-435
9
23-60
15-07
10-81
4720
4
17-32
11-06
7-93
3-463
17-0
2374
15-16
10-87
4748
5
17-46
11-15
8-00
3-491
1
23-88
15-25
10-94
4776
6
17-60
11-24
8-06
3-519
2
24-02
15-34
11-00
4-804
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
66
TABLE FOR PHOSPHATES continued.
Mg 2 P 2 7
Ca 3 P 2 8
CaP 2 6
P 2 5
P 2
Mg 2 P 2 7
Ca 3 P 2 8
CaP 2 6
P 2 5
P 2
17-3
24-16
15-43
11-07
4-832
21-3
29-74
19-00
13-62
5-949
4
24'30
15-52
11-13
4-860
4
29-88
19-09
13-69
5-977
5
24-44
15-61
11-19
4-887
5
30-02
19-18
13-75
6-005
6
24-58
15-70
11-26
4-915
6
30-16
19-27
13-82
6-033
7
2472
15-79
11-32
4-943
7
30-30
19-35
13-88
6-060
8
24-86
15-88
11-39
4-971
8
30-44
19-44
13-94
6-088
9
25-00
15-97
11-45
4-999
9
30-58
19-53
14-01
6-116
18-0
25-14
16-05
11-51
5-027
22-0
30-72
19-62
14-07
6-144
1
25-27
16-14
11-58
5*055
1
30-86
19-71
14-14
6-172
2
25-41
16-23
11-64
5-083
2
31-00
19-80
14-20
6-200
3
25-55
16-32
11-71
5-111
3
3114
19-89
14-26
6-228
4
25-69
16-41
11-77
5-139
4
31-28
19-98
14-33
6-256
5
25-83
16 -50
11-83
5-167
5
31-42
20-07
14-39
6-284
6
25-97
16-59
11-90
5-195
6
31-56
20-16
14-46
6-312
7
26-11
16-68
11-96
5-223
7
31-70
20-25
14-52
6-340
8
26-25
1677
12-03
5-250
8
31-84
20-34
14-58
6-368
9
26-39
16-86
12-09
5-278
9
31-98
20-43
14-65
6-396
19-0
26-53
16-95
12-15
5-306
23-0
32-12
20-51
14-71
6-423
1
26-67
17-04
12-22
5-334
1
32 -26
20-60
1478
6-451
2
26-81
17-12
12-28
5-362
2
32-40
20-69
14-84
6-479
3
26-95
17-21
12-35
5-390
3
32-54
2078
14-90
6-507
4
27-09
17-30
12-41
5-418
4
32-68
20-87
14-97
6-535
5
27-23
17-39
12-47
5-446
5
32-82
20-96
15-03
6-563
6
27-37
17-48
12-54
5-474
6
32-96
21-05
15-10
6-591
7
27-51
17-57
19- -60
5-502
7
33-09
21-14
15-16
6-619
8
27-65
17-66
12-67
5-530
8
33-23
21-23
15-22
6-647
9
2779
1775
1273
5-558
9
33-37
21-32
15-29
6-675
20-0
27-93
17-84
12-79
5-586
24-0
33-51
21-41
15-35
6-703
1
28-07
17-93
12-86
5-614
1
33-65
21-50
15-42
6-731
2
28-21
18-02
12-92
5-642
2
3379
21-58
15-48
6-759
3
28-35
18-11
12-99
5-669
3
33'93
21-67
15-54
6787
4
28-49
18-20
13-05
5-697
4
34-07
21-76
15-61
6-814
5
28-63
18-28
13-11
5-725
5
34-21
21-85
15-67
6-842
6
2877
18-37
13-18
5-753
6
34-35
21-94
1574
6-870
7
28-91
18-46
13-24
5-781
7
34-49
22-03
15-80
6-898
8
29-05
18-55
13-31
5-809
8
34-63
22-12
15-86
6-926
9
29-19
18-64
13-37
5-837
9
34-77
22-21
15-93
6-954
21-0
29-32
1873
13-43
5-865
25-0
34-91
22-30
15-99
6-982
1
29-46
18-82
13-50
5-893
1
35-05
22-39
16-06
7-010
2
29-60
18-91
13-56
5-921
2
35-19
22-48
16-12
7-038
Mg 2 P a 7 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05
06
07
08
09
Ca 3 P 2 8 -01 -03 -04 '06 '07
08
10
11
13
CaP 2 6 -01 -02 -03 '04 '05
05
06
07
08
Po0 5 -01 '01 -02 -03 -03
04
05
05
06
P 2 '003 -006 -008 -Oil -014
017
020
022
025
67
THE ANALYST S LABOEATOKY COMPANION.
TABLE FOR PHOSPHATES continued.
Mg 2 P 2 7
Ca 3 P 2 8
CaP 2 6
P 2 5
P 2
Mg 2 P 2 7
Ca 3 P 2 8
CaP 2 6
P 2 S
P 2
25-3
35-33
22-57
16-18
7-066
29'9
4175
26-67
19-13
8-351
4
35-47
22-66
16-25
7-094
30-0
41-89
26-76
19-19
8-378
5
35-61
2274
16-31
7122
1
42-03
26-85
19-25
8-406
6
3575
22-83
16-38
7-150
2
42-17
26-94
19-32
8-434
7
35-89
22-92
16-44
7-178
3
42-31
27-03
19-38
8-462
8
36-03
23-01
16-50
7-205
4
42-45
27-11
19-45
8-490
9
36-17
23-10
16-57
7-233
5
42-59
27-20
19-51
8-518
26-0
36-31
23-19
16-63
7-261
6
42-73
27-29
19-57
8-546
1
36-45
23-28
16-70
7-289
7
42-87
27-38
19-64
8-574
2
36-59
23-37
16-76
7-317
8
43-01
27-47
1970
8-602
3
36-73
23-46
16-82
7-345
9
43-15
27-56
19-77
8-630
4
36-87
23-55
16-89
7-373
31-0
43-29
27-65
19-83
8-65S
5
37-00
23-64
16-95
7-401
1
43-43
2774
19-89
8-686
6
37-14
2372
17-02
7-429
2
43-57
27-83
19-96
8-714
7
37-28
23-81
17-08
7-457
3
43-71
27-92
20-02
8742
8
37-42
23-90
17-14
7-485
4
43-85
28-01
20-09
8-769
9
37-56
23-99
17-21
7-513
5
43-99
28-10
20-15
8797
27-0
37-70
24-08
17-27
7-541
6
44-13
28-18
20-21
8-825
1
37-84
24-17
17-33
7-569
7
44-27
28-27
20-28
8-853
2
37-98
24-26
17-40
7-597
8
44-41
28-36
20-34
8-881
3
38-12
24-35
17-46
7-624
9
44-55
28-45
20-41
8-909
4
38-26
24-44
17-53
7-652
32-0
44-69
28-54
20-47
8-937
5
38-40
24-53
17-59
7-680
1
44-82
28-63
20-53
8-965
6
38-54
24-62
17-65
7708
2
44-96
28-72
20-60
8 '993
7
38-68
24-71
17-72
7-736
3
4510
28-81
20-66
9-021
8
38-82
24-80
17-78
7-764
4
45-24
28-90
20-72
9-049
9
38-96
24-88
17-85
7-792
5
45-38
28-99
20-79
9-077
28-0
39-10
24-97
17-91
7-820
6
45-52
29-08
20-85
9-105
1
39-24
25-06
17-97
7-848
7
45-66
2917
20-92
9-133
2
39-38
25-15
18-04
7-876
8
45-80
29-26
20-98
9-160
3
39-52
25-24
18-10
7-904
9
45-94
29-34
21-04
9-188
4
39-66
25-33
18-17
7-932
33-0
46-08
29-43
21-11
9-216
5
39-80
25-42
18-23
7-959
i^
46-22
29-52
21-17
9-244
6
39-94
25-51
18-29
7-987
2
46-36
29-61
21-24
9-272
7
40-08
25-60
18-36
8-015
3
46-50
29-70
21-30
9-300
8
40-22
25-69
18-42
8-043
4
46-64
29-79
21-36
9-328
9
40-36
25-78
18-49
8-071
5
46-78
29-88
21-43
9-356
29-0
40-50
25-87
18-55
8-099
6
46-92
29-97
21-49
9-384
1
40-64
25-95
18-61
8-127
7
47-06
30-06
21 -56
9-412
2
40-78
26-04
18-68
8-155
8
47-20
30-15
21-62
9-440
3
40-92
2613
18-74
8-183
9
47-34
30-24
21-68
9-468
4
41-06
26-22
18-81
8-211
34-0
47-48
30-33
2175
9-496
5
41-19
26-31
18-87
8-239
1
47-62
30-41
21-81
9-523
6
41-33
26-40
18-93
8-267
2
4776
30-50
21-88
9-551
7
41-47
26-49
19-00
8-295
3
47-90
30-59
21-94
9-579
8
41-61
26-58
19-06
8-323
4
48-04
30-68
22-00
9-607
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
68
TABLE FOR PHOSPHATES continued.
Mg 2 P 2 7
Ca 3 P 2 8
CaP 2 6
P 2 5
P 2
Mg 2 P 2 7
Ca 3 P 2 8
CaP 2 6
P 2 S
P 2
34-5
48-18
30-77
22-07
9-635
38-5
53-76
34-34
24-63
10752
6
48-32
30-86
22-13
9-663
6
53-90
34-43
24-69
10-780
7
48-46
30-95
22-20
9-691
7
54-04
34-52
2475
10-808
8
48-60
31 -04
22-26
9719
8
54-18
34-61
24-82
10-836
9
4874
31-13
22-32
9747
9
54-32
34-70
24-88
10-864
35-0
48-87
31-22
22-39
9-775
39-0
54-46
3478
24-95
10-892
1
49-01
31-31
22-45
9-803
1
54-60
34-87
25-01
10-920
2
49-15
31-40
22-52
9-831
2
5474
34-96
25-07
10-948
3
49-29
31-49
22-58
9-859
3
54-88
35-05
25-14
10-976
4
49-43
31-57
22-64
9-887
4
55-02
3514
25-20
11-004
5
49-57
31-66
22-71
9-914
5
5516
35-23
25-27
11-032
6
4971
31-75
22-77
9-942
6
55-30
35-32
25-33
11-060
7
49-85
31-84
22-84
9-970
7
55-44
35-41
25-39
11-087
8
49-99
31-93
22-90
9-998
8
55-58
35-50
25-46
11-115
9
50-13
32-02
22-96
10-026
9
5572
35-59
25-52
11-143
36-0
50-27
32-11
23-03
10-054
40-0
55-86
35-68
25-59
11-171
1
50-41
32-20
23-09
10-082
1
56-00
3577
25-65
11-199
2
50-55
32-29
23-16
10-110
2
56-14
35-85
2571
11-227
3
50-69
32-38
23-22
10-138
3
56-28
35-94
25-78
11-255
4
50-83
32-47
23-28
10-166
4
56-42
36-03
25-84
11-283
5
50-97
32-55
23-35
10-194
5
56-55
36-12
25-91
11-311
6
51-11
32-64
23-41
10-222
6
56-69
36-21
25-97
11-339
7
51-25
3273
23-48
10-250
7
56-83
36-30
26-03
11-367
8
51-39
32-82
23-54
10-278
8
56-97
36-39
26-10
11-395
9
51-53
32-91
23-60
10-306
9
57-11
36-48
26-16
11-423
37-0
51-67
33-00
23-67
10-333
41-0
57-25
36-57
26-23
11-451
1
51-81
33-09
23-73
10-361
1
57-39
36-66
26-29
11-478
2
51-95
33-18
23-80
10-389
2
57-53
36-75
26-35
11-506
3
52-09
33-27
23-86
10-417
3
57-67
36-84
26-42
11-534
4
52-23
33-36
23-92
10-445
4
57-81
36-93
26-48
11-562
5
52-37
33-45
23-99
10-473
5
57-95
37-01
26-55
11-590
6
52-51
33-54
24-05
10-501
6
58-09
37-10
26-61
11-618
7
52-64
33-62
24-12
10-529
7
58-23
37-19
26-67
11-646
8
52-78
33-71
24-18
10-557
8
58-37
37-28
2674
11-674
9
52-92
33-80
24-24
10-585
9
58-51
37-37
26-80
11702
38-0
53-06
33-89
24-31
10-613
42-0
58-65
37-46
26-87
11730
1
53-20
33-98
24-37
10-641
1
5879
37-55
26-93
11758
2
53-34
34-07
24-43
10-669
2
58-93
37-64
26-99
11786
3
53-48
34-16
24-50
10-696
3
59-07
3773
27-06
11-814
4
53-62
34-25
24-56
10724
4
59-21
37-82
2712
11-842
Mg 2 P 2 7 -01 -02 '03 -04 '05
06
07
08
09
Ca s P 2 8 -01 '03 '04 '06 '07
CaP 2 6 -01 -02 '03 '04 '05
08
05
10
06
11
07
13
08
P 2 5 -01 -01 -02 -03 -03
04
05
05
06
P 2 '003 '006 -008 'Oil '014
017
020
022
025
69
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLE FOR PHOSPHATES continued.
Mg 2 P 2 7
Ca 3 P 2
CaP 2 6
LP 2 5
P 2
Mg 2 P 2
Ca 3 P 2
CaP 2
P 2 5
P 2
42-5
59-35
37-91
27-19
11-869
47-1
65-77
42-01
30-13
13-154
6
59-49
38-00
27-25
11-897
2
65-91
42-10
30-19
13-182
7
59-63
38-08
27-31
11-925
3
66-05
42-19
30-26
13-210
8
59-77
38-17
27-38
11-953
4
66-19
42-28
30-32
13-238
9
59-91
38-26
27-44
11-981
5
66-33
42-37
30-38
13-266
43-0
60-05
38-35
27-51
12-009
6
66-47
42-45
30-45
13-294
1
60-18
38-44
27-57
12-037
7
66-61
42-54
30-51
13-322
2
60-32
38-53
27-63
12-065
8
66-75
42-63
30-58
13-350
3
60-46
38-62
2770
12-093
9
66-89
42-72
30-64
13-378
4
60-60
38-71
27-76
12-121
48-0
67-03
42-81
30-70
13-405
5
60-74
38-80
27-83
12-149
1
6717
42-90
3077
13-433
6
60-88
38-89
27-89
12-177
2
67-31
42-99
30-83
13-461
7
61-02
38-98
27*95
12-205
3
67-45
43-08
30-90
13-489
8
61-16
39-07
28-02
12-232
4
67-59
43-17
30-96
13-517
9
61-30
39-16
28-08
12-260
5
67-73
43-26
31-02
13-545
44-0
61-44
39-24
28-14
12-288
6
67-87
43-35
31-09
13-573
1
61-58
39-33
28-21
12-316
7
68-00
43-44
31-15
13-601
2
61-72
39-42
28-27
12-344
8
68-14
43-53
31-22
13-629
3
61-86
39-51
28-34
12-372
9
68-28
43-61
31-28
13-657
4
62-00
39-60
28-40
12-400
49-0
68-42
4370
31-34
13-685
5
62-14
39-69
28-46
12-428
1
68'56
43-79
31-41
13-713
6
62-28
39-78
28-53
12-456
2
68-70
43-88
31-47
13-741
7
62-42
39-87
28-59
12-484
3
68-84
43-97
31-53
13-769
8
62-56
39-96
28-66
12-512
4
68-98
44-06
31-60
13-796
9
6270
40-05
2872
12-540
5
69-12
44-15
31-66
13-824
45-0
62-84
40-14
28-78
12-568
6
69-26
44-24
31-73
13-852
1
62'98
40-23
28-85
12-596
7
69-40
44-33
31-79
13-880
2
63-12
40-31
28-91
12-624
8
69-54
44-42
31-85
13-908
3
63-26
40-40
28-98
12-651
9
69-68
44-51
31-92
13-936
4
63-40
40-49
29-04
12-679
50-0
69-82
44-60
31-98
13-964
5
63-54
40-58
29-10
12707
1
69-96
44-68
32-05
13-992
6
63-68
40-67
29-17
12735
2
70-10
4477
3211
14-020
7
63-82
40-76
29-23
12-763
3
70-24
44-86
32-17
14-048
8
63-96
40-85
29-30
12-791
4
70-38
44-95
32-24
14-076
9
64-10
40-94
29-36
12-819
5
70-52
45-04
32-30
14-104
46-0
64-23
41-03
29-42
12-847
6
70-66
45-13
32-37
14-132
1
64-37
41-12
29-49
12-875
7
70-80
45-22
32-43
14-160
2
64-51
41-21
29-55
12-903
8
70-94
45-31
32-49
14-187
3
64-65
41-30
29-62
12-931
9
71-08
45-40
32-56
14-215
4
64-79
41-38
29-68
12-959
51-0
71-22
45'49
32-62
14-243
5
64-93
41-47
2974
12-987
1
71-36
45-58
32-69
14-271
6
65-07
41-56
29-81
13-015
2
71-50
45-67
3275
14-299
7
65-21
41-65
29-87
13-042
3
71-64
45-76
32-81
14-327
8
65-35
4174
29-94
13-070
4
7178
45-84
32-88
14-355
9
65-49
41-83
30-00
13-098
5
71-91
45-93
32-94
14-383
47-0
65-63
41-92
30-06
13-126
6
72-05
46-02
33-01
14-411
1
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 70
TABLE FOE, PHOSPHATES continued.
Mg 2 P 2 0;
Ca 3 P 8 8
CaP 2 6
P 2 5
P 2
Mg 2 P 2 7
Ca 3 P 2 8
CaP 2 6
P 2 5
P 2
517
72-19
46-11
33-07
14-439
557
7778
49-68
35-63
15-556
8
72-33
46-20
83-13
14-467
8
77-92
4977
35-69
15-584
9
72-47
46-29
33-20
14-495
9
78-06
49-86
3576
15-612
52-0
72-61
46-38
33-26
14'523
56-0
78-20
49-95
35-82
15-640
1
72-75
46-47
33-33
14-551
1
78-34
50-04
35-88
15-668
'2
72-89
46-56
33-39
14-579
2
78-48
50-12
35-95
15-696
3
73:03
46-65
33-45
14-606
3
78-62
50-21
36-01
15724
4
73-17
46-74
33-52
14-634
4
7876
50-30
36-08
15751
5
73-31
46-83
33-58
14-662
5
78-90
50-39
36-14
15-779
6
73-45
46-91
33-65
14-690
6
79-04
50-48
36-20
15-807
7
73-59
47-00
3371
14-718
7
7918
50-57
36-27
15-835
8
7373
47-09
33-77
14746
8
79-32
50-66
36-33
15-863
9
73-87
47-18
33-84
14774
9
79-46
5075
36-40
15-891
53-0
74-01
47-27
33-90
14-802
57-0
79-60
50-84
36-46
15-919
1
74-15
47-36
33-97
14-830
1
7974
50-93
36-52
15-947
2
74-29
47-45
34-03
14-858
2
79-87
51-02
36-59
15-975
3
74-43
47-54
34-09
14-886
3
80-01
51-11
36-65
16-003
4
74-57
47-63
34-16
14-914
4
8015
51-20
3672
16-031
5
74-71
4772
34-22
14-911
5
80-29
51-28
3678
16-059
6
74-85
47-81
34-29
14-969
6
80-43
51-37
36-84
16-087
7
74-99
47-90
34-35
14-997
7
80-57
51-46
36-91
16-115
8
75-13
47-99
34-41
15-025
8
80-71
51-55
36-97
16-142
9
75-27
48-07
34-48
15-053
9
80-85
51-64
37-04
16-170
54-0
75-41
4816
34-54
15-081
58-0
80-99
5173
37-10
16-198
1
75-55
48-25
34-61
15-109
1
81-13
51-82
37-16
16-226
2
75-69
48-34
34-67
15-137
2
81-27
51-91
37-23
16-254
3
75-83
48-43
3473
15-165
3
81-41
52-00
37-29
16-282
4
75-97
48-52
34-80
15-193
4
81-55
52-09
37-36
16-310
5
76-10
48-61
34-86
15-221
5
81-69
52-18
37-42
16-338
6
76-24
4870
34-93
15-249
6
81-83
52-27
37-48
16-366
7
76-38
4879
34-99
15-277
7
81-97
52-35
37-55
16-394
8
76-52
48-88
35-05
15-305
8
82-11
52-44
37-61
16-422
9
76-66
48-97
35-12
15-333
9
82 -25
52-53
37-68
16-450
55-0
76-80
49-06
35-18
15-360
59-0
82-39
52-62
3774
16-478
1
76-94
49-14
35-24
15-388
1
82-53
5271
37-80
16-505
2
77-08
49-23
35-31
15-416
2
82-67
52-80
37-87
16-533
3
77-22
49-32
35-37
15-444
3
82-81
52-89
37-93
16-561
4
77-36
49-41
35-44
15-472
4
82-95
52-98
38-00
16-589
5
77 -50
49-50
35-50
15-500
5
83-09
53-07
38-06
16-617
6
77-64
49-59
35-56
15-528
6
83-23
53-16
38-12
16-645
Mg 9 P 7 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05
06
07
08
09
Ca 3 P 2 8 -01 -03 -04 '06 '07
08
10
11
13
CaP 2 6 -01 -02 '03 '04 '05
05
06
07
08
P 2 5 -01 -01 -02 -03 '03
04
05
05
06
P 2 '003 '006 -008 -Oil -014
017
020
022
025
71
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLE FOR, PHOSPHATES continued.
Mg 2 P 2 7
Ca 3 P 2 8
CaP 2 6
P 2 5
P 2
Mg 2 P 2 ;
Ca 3 P 2 8
CaP 2 6
P 2 5
P 2
597
83-37
53-25
38-19
16-673
61-0
85-18
54-41
39-02
17-036
8
83-51
53-34
38-25
16701
62
86-58
55-30
39-66
17-315
9
83-65
53-43
38-32
16729
63
87-97
56-19
40-30
17-595
60-0
8378
53-51
38-38
16757
64
89-37
57-08
40-94
17-874
1
83-92
53-60
38-44
16785
65
9077
57-97
41 -58
18-153
2
84-06
53-69
38-51
16-813
66
92-16
58-87
42-22
18-433
3
84-20
53-78
38-57
16-841
67
93-56
5976
42-86
18712
4
84-34
53-87
38-63
16-869
68
94-96
60-65
43-50
18-991
5
84-48
53-96
3870
16-896
69
96-35
61-54
44-14
19-270
6
84-62
54-05
3876
16-924
70
97-75
62-43
4478
19-550
7
8476
54-14
38-83
16-952
71
99-14
63-33
45-41
19-829
8
84-90
54-23
38-89
16-980
100-00
63-87
45-81
20-OOC
9
85-04
54-32
38-95
17-008
TABLE FOE THE CONVERSION OF NITROGEN INTO AMMONIA AND
ALBUMINOIDS ( = Nx6"25).
Albumin-
Albumin-
Albumin-
N.
NH 3 .
oids
N.
NH 3 .
oids
N.
NHg.
oids
(NX 6 -25).
(NX 6 -25).
(Nx 6 -25).
o-i
0-12
0'63
1-9
2-31
11-88
37
4-49
23-13
2
24
1-25
2-0
2-43
12-50
8
4-61
23-75
3
36
1-88
1
2-55
13-13
9
4-73
24-38
4
49
2-50
2
2-67
1375
4-0
4-86
25-00
5
61
3-13
3
279
14-38
1
4-98
25'63
6
73
375
4
2-91
15-00
2
5-10
26-25
7
85
4-38
5
3-04
15-63
3
5-22
26-88
8
97
5-00
6
3-16
16-25
4
5-34
27-50
9
1-09
5'63
7
3-28
16-88
5
5-46
28-13
1-0
1-21
6-25
8
3-40
17-50
6
5-58
28-75
1
1-34
6-88
9
3'52
18-13
7
571
29-38
2
T46
7'50
3-0
3-64
18-75
8
5-83
30-00
3
!'58
8-13
1
376
19-38
9
5'95
30-63
4
170
875
2
3-88
20-00
5'0
6'07
31-25
5
1-82
9-38
3
4-01
20-63
1
6-19
31-88
6
1-94
10-00
4
4'13
21-25
2
6-31
32-50
7
2-06
10-63
5
4-25
21-88
3
6'43
33-13
8
2-19
11-25
6
4-37
22-50
4
6-56
3375
N -01
02 -03 '04 '05
06 -07 -08 -09
NH 8 -01
02 -04 -05 -06
07 '09 -10 -11
Albuminoids '06
13 '19 -25 -31
38 '44 '50 -56
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLE FOE, THE CONVERSION OF NITROGEN INTO AMMONIA AND
ALBUMINOIDS continued.
Albumin-
Albumin-
Albumin-
N.
NH 3 .
oids
N.
NH 3 .
oids
N.
NH 3 .
oids
(NX 6 -25).
(NX 6-25).
(Nxti'25).
5-5
6-68
34-38
9-1
11-05
56-88
12-6
15-30
78-75
6
6'80
35-00
"2
11-17
57-50
7
15-42
79-38
7
6-92
35-63
3
11-29
58-13
8
15-54
8U-00
8
7-04
36-25
4
11-41
58-75
9
15-66
80-63
9
7-16
36-88
5
11-53
59-38
13-0
15-78
81-25
6-0
7-28
37-50
6
11-65
60-00
1
15-90
81-88
1
7-41
38-13
7
11-78
60-63
2
16-02
82-50
2
7'53
3875
8
11-90
61-25
3
16-15
83-13
3
7-65
39-38
9
12-02
61-88
4
16-27
83-75
4
7-77
40-00
10-0
12-14
62T>0
5
16-39
84-38
5
7-89
40-63
1
12-26
63-13
6
16-51
85-00
6
8-01
41-25
2
12-38
63-75
7
16-63
85-63
7
8 13
41-88
3
12-50
64-38
8
16-75
86-25
8
8'26
42-50
4
12-63
65-00
9
16-87
86-88
9
8'38
43 13
5
12-75
65-63
14-0
17-00
87-50
7-0
8-50
43-75
6
12-87
66-25
1
17-12
88-13
1
8-62
44-38
7
12-99
66-88
2
17-24
88-75
2
8-74
45-00
8
13-11
67-50
3
17-36
89-38
3
8'86
45-63
9
13-23
68-13
4
17-48
90-00
4
8'98
46-25
11-0
13-35
68-75
5
17-60
90-63
5
9-11
46-88
1
13-48
69-38
6
17-72
91-25
6
9'23
47 50
2
13-60
70-00
7
17-85
91-88
7
9-35
48 13
3
1372
70-63
8
17-97
92-50
8
9-47
48 75
4
13-84
71-25
9
18-09
93-13
9
9-59
49 38
5
13-96
71-88
15-0
18-21
93-75
8-0
971
50-00
6
14-08
72-50
1
18-33
94-38
1
9-83
50-63
7
14-20
73-13
2
18-45
95-00
2
9-95
51-25
8
14-33
73-75
3
18-57
95-63
3
10-08
51-88
9
14-45
74-38
4
18-70
96-25
4
10-20
52-50
12-0
14-57
75-00
5
18-82
96-88
5
10-82
53-13
1
14-69
75-63
6
18-94
97-50
6
10-44
53-75
2
14-81
76-25
7
19-06
9813
7
10-56
54-38
3
14-93
76-88
8
19-18
98-75
8
10-68
55-00
4
15-05
77-50
9
19-31
99-38
9
10-80
55-63
5
15-18
78-13
16-0
19-43
100-00
9-0
10-93
56-25
N -01
02 '03 -04 -05 -06 -07 '08 -09
NH 3 -01
Albuminoids *06
02 -04 -05 -06 -07 '09 '10 '11
13 -19 -25 -31 -38 '44 -50 '56
72A
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLE FOR KJELDAHL PROCESS : 1 GRAM OF SUBSTANCE
BEING USED.
1 c.c. acid = '0028 gram N= '0034 gram NH 8 .
No. of
No. of
7.N.
No. of
%N.
cc N
C.C.-
cc N
C.C.-
cc N
%N.
% NH 3 .
7oNH 3 .
c.c. 5
% NH 3 .
acid
acid
acid
used.
used.
used.
1
0-28
0-34
21
5-
88
7-14
41
11-
48
13-94
2
0-56
0-68
22
6-
16
7-48
42
11-
76
14-28
3
0-84
1-02
23
6-
44
7-82
43
12-
04
14-62
4
1-12
1'36
24
6'
72
8-16
44
12-32
14-96
5
1-40
1-70
25
7'00
8-50
45
12-
60
15-30
6
1-68
2-04
26
7-
28
8'84
46
12'
88
15-64
7
1-96
2-38
27
7-
56
9'18
47
13'
16
15-98
8
2'24
2'72
28
7-
84
9-52
48
13-44
16-32
9
2-52
3-06
29
8-
12
9'86
49
13'
72
16-66
10
2'80
3-40
30
8'
40
10-20
50
14-00
17-00
11
3-08
374
31
8-
68
10-54
51
14-
28
17'34
12
3'36
4-08
32
8-
96
10-88
52
14-
56
17-68
13
3-64
4-42
33
9'
24
11-22
53
14-
84
18-02
14
3-92
4-76
34
9-52
11-56
54
15"
12
18-36
15
4-20
5-10
35
9-80
11-90
55
15'
40
1870
16
4-48
5'44
36
10-08
12-24
56
15-
68
19-04
17
476
5'78
37
10-
36
12 58
57
15-
96
19-38
18
5-04
6-12
38
10-64
12-92
58
16
24
19-72
19
5 32
6'46
39
10-
92
13-26
59
16'
52
20-06
20
5'60
6-80
40
11-
20
13-60
60
16
80
20'40
C.c. H acid O'l
0-2
0-3
0-4 0-5
0-6
0-7
0'8 0'9
5
% N '03
06
08
11 '14
17
20
22 -25
% NH 3 '03 i -07
10
14 '17
20
24
27 '31
log. -0028 = 3-44716.
log. -0034 = 3-53148.
73A THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
NOTE ON CRYSTALLIZED QUININE SULPHATE.
When crystallized quinine sulphate is freely exposed to air at
the ordinary temperature, it rapidly effloresces until it attains the
composition of a sulphate containing 2 (instead o; 7-|) molecules of
water, or 4*6 per cent. This air-dried sulphate has the following
composition :
Molecular Per
Weight. Cent.
(C^H^A)* 648 82-87
H 2 S0 4 ... 98 12-53
2H 2 ... 36 4-60
782 100-00
Freshly crystallized quinine sulphate contains 7 molecules of
water of crystallization, which are expelled at a temperature of
100 C. When the dehydrated sulphate is freely exposed to air at
the ordinary temperature, it rapidly absorbs water until it has the
composition of a sulphate with 2 molecules of water ; but when
access of air is retarded, the amount of water of crystallization in
the salt is variable, and bears no constant relation to the dry
sulphate until 2 molecules of water have been absorbed. (A. J.
Cownley in Pharm. Jour., 19th Dec. 1896.)
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
QUININE.
Hydrochlorate of Quinine,
(LH^NA, HC1, 20H 2 .
= 324 + 36-5 + 36 = 396-5
Percentage composition.
CooH^NaOa . . 81-715
HC1 .... 9-205
OH 9 . . . 9-080
100-000
Sulphate of Quinine.
2[(C 20 H 24 N 2 2 ) 2 .H 2 S0 4 ],
= 1296 + 196 + 270 = 1762
Percentage composition.
C 20 H 24 N 2 2 . . 73-55
H,,S0 4 . . . 11-12
OH 9 . 15-33
100-00
To convert
C 20 H 24 N 2 2
into CjoHaiNA, HC1, 20H 2
2[(C 20 H 24 N 2 2 ) 2 .H 2 S0 4 ], 150H 2
Grams of Quinine per fluid drachm into grains of
Hydrochlorate of Quinine per fluid ounce
Tincture of Quinine, B.P., contains 8 grains of hydrochlorate of
quinine in the fluid ounce.
Multiplier.
1-224
1-360
151-09
Log. to be added.
0-087 698-2
0-133 4009
2-179 2203
E. W. T. JONES'S METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF CHICORY IN
MIXTURES OF COFFEE AND CHICORY.
The sample is dried in the water-oven, and 5 grams are weighed into
a large porcelain dish. About 200 c.c. of water are added, and boiled
for 15 minutes. After allowing a minute or two for settling, the liquid
is strained through a piece of copper gauze placed in a funnel into a 250
c.c. measuring flask, care being taken to disturb the grounds as little as
possible. The latter are now treated with about 50 c.c. of water, boiled
for 5 minutes, and the liquid strained off as before. The flask is then
cooled, made up to the mark, well agitated and filtered, the liquid being
poured on a dry filter; 50 c.c. of the filtrate ( = 1 gram of the coffee
mixture) are then pipetted into a weighed, flat-bottomed glass dish,
evaporated to dryness over a steam-bath, and finally dried in the water-
oven. The results are returned to the nearest percentage of chicory
(see Table on p. 74).
Treated as above, chicory gives a mean percentage extract of 70 ;
while coffee gives a remarkably constant percentage extract of 24.
To determine the percentage of chicory from the weight of extract
obtained, we proceed as follows :
Let x = percentage of chicory.
..100-03= ,, coffee.*
and let E= ,, extract found.
.'. 07a;+ -24(100 -a?) = E.
"24=E.
46a;=E-24.
E-24.
Puttingaj=l, we find E = 24'46, and the table on page 74 is in this
way easily calculated.
74
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLE SHOWING THE PERCENTAGE OF CHICORY WITH COFFEE FROM
THE PERCENTAGE OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT.
Extract per
cent.
Chicory per
cent.
Extract per
cent.
Chicory per
cent.
Extract per
cent.
Chicory per
cent.
24-46
1
40-10
35
55-28
68
92
2
56
36
74
69
25-38
3
41-02
37
56-20
70
84
4
48
38
66
71
26-30
5
94
39
57-12
72
76
6
42-40
40
58
73
27-22
7
86
41
58-04
74
68
8
43-32
42
50
75
28-14
9
78
43
96
76
60
10
44-24
44
59-42
77
29-06
11
70
45
88
78
52
12
45-16
46
60-34
79
98
13
62
47
80
80
30-44
14
46-08
48
61-26
81
90
15
54
49
72
82
31-36
16
47-00
50
62-18
83
82
17
46
51
64
84
32-28
18
92
52
63-10
80
74
19
48-38
53
56
86
33-20
20
84
54
64-02
87
66
21
49-30
55
48
88
34-12
22
76
56
94
89
58
23
50-22
57
65-40
90
35-04
24
68
58
86
91
50
25
51-14
59
66-32
J2
96
26
60
60
78
93
36-42
27
52-06
61
67-24
94
88
28
52
62
70
95
37-34
29
98
63
68-16
96
80
30
53-44
64
62
97
38-26
31
90
65
69-08
98
72
32
54-36
66
54
99
39-18
33
82
67
70-00
100
64
34
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
75
BATJME'S HYDROMETER. Table, for Liquids heavier than Water.*
B.
Tw.
Sp. gr.
B.
Tw.
Sp. gr.
B.
Tw.
Sp. gr.
1
1-4
1-007
23
38
1-190
45
90-6
1-453
2
2-8
1-014
24
40
1-200
46
93-6
1-468
3
4-4
1-022
25
42
1-210
47
96-6
1-483
4
5-8
1 -029
26
44
1-220
48
99-6
1-498
5
7'4
1-037
27
46-2
1-231
49
103
1-515
6
9
1-045
28
48-2
1-241
50
106
1-530
7
10*2
1-052
29
50-4
1-252
51
109-2
1-546
8
12
1-060
30
52-6
1-263
52
112-6
1-563
9
13-4
1-067
31
54-8
1-274
53
116
1-580
10
15
1-075
32
57
1-285
54
119-4
1-597
11
16-6
1-083
33
59-4
1-297
55
123
1-615
12
18-2
1-091
34
61-6
1-308
56
127
1-635
13
20
1-100
35
64
1 -320
57
130-4
1-652-
14
21-6
1-108
36
66-4
1-332
58
134-2
1-671
15
23-2
1-116
37
69
1-345
59
138-2
1-691
16
25
1-125
38
71-4
1-357
60
142
1-710
17
26-8
1-134
39
74
1-370
61
146*4
1-732
18
28'4
1-142
40
76-6
1-383
62
150-6
1-753
19
30-4
1-152
41
79-4
1-397
63
155
1-775
20
32-4
1*162
42
82
1-410
64
159
1-795
21
34-2
1-171
43
84-8
1-424
65
164
1-820
22
36
1-180
44
87-6
1-438
66
168-4
1-842
* This is the Baume"s hydrometer mostly used on the Continent of Europe : but othor
scales are in use there as well, and quite another scale for Baume"'s hydrometer is used
in America (Lunge & Hurter, Alkali Makers' Handbook).
Table for Liquids lighter than Water.
15.
' Sp. gr.
B.
Sp. gr.
B.
Sp. gr.
10
i-ooo
27
0-896
44
0-811
11
0-993
28
0-890
45
0-807
12
0-986
29
0-885
46
0-802
13
0-980
30
0-880
47
0-798
14
0-973
31
0-874
48
0794
15
0-967
32
0-869
49
0789
16
0-960
33
0-864
50
6785
17
0-954
34
0-859
51
0-781
18
0-948
35
0-854
52
0-777
19 '
0-942
36
0-849
53
0773
20
0-936
37
0-844
54
0-768
21
0-930
38
0-839
55
0764
22
0-924
39
0-834
56
0760
23
0-918
40
0-830
57
0-757
24
0-913
41
0-825
58
0-753
25
0-907
42
-820
59
0749
26
0-901
43
0-816
60
0-745
Twaddell's Hydrometer. To convert degrees Twaddell into specific gravity (water =
1000): multiply the number by 5, and add 1000 to the product.
To reduce specific gravity (water =1000) to Twaddell: deduct 1000, and divide the
remainder by 5
76
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
ALCOHOL TABLE.
Sp. gr. at
60 F.
Per cent,
of Alcohol
by weight.
Per cent,
of Alcohol
by volume.
Per cent
under
Proof.
V F . at
Per cent,
of Alcohol
by weight
Per cent,
of Alcohol
by volume
Per cent.
under
Proof.
i-oooo
o-oo
o-oo
100-00
9775
15-25
18-78
67-10
9995
0-26
0-33
99-42
9770
15-67
19-28
66-20
9990
0-53
0-66
98-84
9765
16-08
19-78
65-34
9985
079
0-99
98-26
9760
16-46
20-24
64-53
9980
1-06
1-34
97-66
9755
16-85
20-71
63-72
9975
1-37
1-73
96-97
9750
17-25
21-19
62-87
9970
1-69
2-12
96-29
9745
17-67
21-69
62-00
9965
2-00
2-51
95-60
9740
18-08
22-18
61-13
9960
2-28
2-86
95-00
9735
18-46
22-64
60-32
9955
2-56
3-21
94-40
9730
18-85
23-10
59-52
9950
2'83
3-55
93-78
9725
19-25
23-58
58-67
9945
3-12
3-90
93-16
9720
19-67
24-08
57-80
9940
3'41
4 '27
92-50
9715
20-08
24-58
56-93
9935
371
4-63
91-87
9710
20-50
25-07
56-06
9930
4-00
5-00
91-23
9705
20-92
25-57
55-20
9925
4-31
5-39
90-55
9700
21-31
26-04
54-37
9920
4-62
5-78
89-87
9695
21-69
26-49
53-57
9915
4-94
6-17
89-20
9690
22-08
26-95
5277
9910
5-25
6-55
88-50
9685
22-46
27-40
51-98
9905
5-56
6-94
87-84
9680
22-85
27-86
51-18
9900
5'87
7-32
87-16
9675
23-23
28-31
50-38
9895
6-21
774
86-43
9670
23-62
28-77
49-60
9890
6-57
8-18
85-65
9665
24-00
29-22
48-80
9885
6-93
8-63
84-88
9660
24-38
29-67
48-00
9880
7-27
9-04
84-15
9655
2477
30-13
47-20
9875
7'60
9-45
83-43
9650
25-14
30-57
46-44
9870
7'93
9'86
82-70
9645
25-50
30-98
45-70
9865
8"29
10-30
81-96
9640
25-86
31-40
44-97
9860
8-64
1073
81-20
9635
26-20
31-80
44-27
9855
9-00
11-17
80-42
9630
26'53
32-19
43 -60
9850
9-36
11-61
79-65
9625
26-87
32-58
42-90
9845
971
12-05
78-90
9620
27-21
32-98
42-20
9840
10-08
12-49
78-10
9615
27-57
33-39
41-47
9835
10-46
12-96
77-30
9610
27-93
33-81
40-74
9830
30-85
13-43
76-46
9605
28-25
34-18
40-10
9825
11-23
13-90
75-64
9600
28-56
34-54
39-47
9820
11-62
14-37
74-82
9595
28-87
34-90
38-84
9815
12-00
14-84
74-00
9590
29-20
35-28
38-18
9810
12-38
15-30
7318
9585
29-53
35-66
37-50
9805
12-77
15-77
72-36
9580
29-87
36-04
36-83
9800
13-15
16-24
71'54
9575
30-17
36-39
36-23
9795
13-54
16-70
70-73
9570
30-44
3670
35-68
9790
13-92
17-17
69-90
9565
30-72
37-02
35-13
9785
14-36
17'70
68-97
9560
31-00
37-34
34-57
9780
14-82
18-25
68-00
9555
31-31
37-69
33-95
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
77
ALCOHOL TABLE continued.
Sp. gr.
at 60 F.
Per cent,
of Alcohol
by weight.
Per cent,
of Alcohol
by volume.
Per cent.
under
Proof.
Sp. gr.
at 60 F.
Per cent,
of Alcohol
by weight.
Per cent,
of Alcohol
by volume.
Per cent.
under
Proof.
9550
31-62
38-04
33-32
9325
43-48
51-07
10'50
9545
31-94
38-40
32-70
9320
43-71
51-32
10-05
9540
32-25
3875
32-08
9315
43-95
51-58
9-60
9535
32-56
39-11
31-46
9310
44-18
51-82
9-20
9530
32-87
39-47
30-84
9305
44-41
52-06
8-77
9525
33-18
39-81
30-24
9300
44-64
52-29
8-36
9520
33-47
40-14
29-66
9295
44-86
52-53
7-94
9515
3376
40-47
29-08
9290
45-09
52-77
7-52
9510
34-05
4079
28-52
9285
45-32
53-01
7-10
9505
34-29
41-05
28-06
9280
45-55
53-24
670
9500
34-52
41-32
27-60
9275
4577
53-48
6-27
9495
34-76
41-58
27-13
9270
46-00
5372
5-86
9490
35-00
41-84
26-67
9265
46-23
53-95
5-45
9485
35-25
42-12
26-20
9260
46-46
54-19
5-03
9480
35-50
42-40
2570
9255
46-68
54-43
4-62
9475
35-75
42-67
25-22
9250
46-91
54-66
4-20
9470
36-00
42-95
24-74
9245
47-14
54-90
3'80
9465
36-28
43-26
24-20
9240
47-36
55-13
3-38
9460
36-56
43-56
23-66
9235
47-59
55-37
2-97
9455
36-83
43-87
23-12
9230
47-82
55-60
2-56
9450
37-11
44-18
22-58
9225
48-05
55-83
2-15
9445
37-39
44-49
22-04
9220
48-27
56-07
1-74
9440
37-67
44-79
21-50
9215
48-50
56-30
1-33
9435
37-94
45-10
20-96
9210
4873
56-54
0-92
9430
38-22
45-41
20-43
9205
48-96
56-77
0-50
9425
38-50
45-71
19-89
9200
49-16
56-98
0-14
9420
38-78
46-02
19-36
9198
49-24
57-06
Proof
9415
39-05
46-32
18-83
9195
49-39
57-20
0-25
9410
39-30
46-59
18-36
9190
49-64
57-45
0-68
9405
39-55
46-86
17-88
9185
49-86
57-69
1-10
9400
39-80
47-13
17-40
9180
50-09
57-92
1-51
9395
40-05
47-40
16-93
9175
50-30
58-14
1-89
9390
40-30
47-67
16-46
9170
50-52
58-36
2-28
9385
40-55
47-94
15-98
9165
5074
58-58
2-66
9380
40-80
48-21
15-50
9160
50-96
58-80
3-05
9375
41-05
48-48
15-04
9155
51-17
59-01
3-41
9370
41-30
48-75
14-57
9150
51-38
59-22
378
9365
41-55
49-02
14-10
9145
51-58
59-43
4-14
9360
41-80
49-29
13-63
9140
51-79
59-63
4-50
9355
42-05
49-55
13-16
9135
52-00
59-84
4-87
9350
42-29
49-81
1270
9130
52-23
60-07
5-27
9345
42-52
50-06
12-27
9125
52-45
60-30
5-67
9340
4276
50-31
11-82
9120
52-68
60-52
6-07
9335
43-00
50-57
11-38
9115
52-91
60-74
6-47
9330
43-24
50-82
10-94
9110
53-13
60-97
6-86
78
THE ANALYST S LABORATORY COMPANION.
ALCOHOL TABLE continued.
Sp.gr.
at 60 F.
Per cent,
of Alcohol
by weight.
Per cent.
of Alcohol
by volume.
Per cent.
over
Proof.
Sp. gr.
at 60 F.
Per cent,
of Alcohol
by weight.
Per cent,
of Alcohol
by volume.
Per cent.
over
Proof.
9105
53-35
6119
7-23
8880
63-26
70-77
24-02
9100
53-57
61-40
7-61
8875
63-48
70-97
24-37
9095
5378
61-62
7-99
8870
63-70
71-17
2473
9090
54-00
61-84
8-36
8865
63-91
71-38
25-09
9085
54-24
62-07
878
8860
64-13
71-58
25-44
9080
54-48
62-31
9-20
8855
64-35
7178
25-79
9075
5471
62-55
9'62
8850
64-57
71-98
26-15
9070
54-95
62-79
10-03
8845
64-78
72-18
26-50
9065
55-18
63-02
10-44
8840
65-00
72-38
26-85
9060
55-41
63-24
10-84
8835
65-21
72 -58
27-19
9055
55-64
63-46
11-24
8830
65-42
72-77
27-52
9050
55'86
63-69
11-64
8825
65-63
72-96
27-85
9045
56-09
63-91
12-03
8820
65-83
73-15
28-19
9040
56-32
64-14
12-41
8815
66-04
73-34
28-52
9035
56-55
64 -36
12-80
8810
66-26
73-54
28-87
9030
56-77
64-58
13-18
8805
66-48
7373
29-22
9025
57-00
64-80
13-57
8800
6670
73-93
29-57
9020
57-22
65-01
13-92
8795
6G-91
74-13
29-92
9015
57-42
65-21
14-27
8790
6713
74-33
30-26
9010
57-63
65-41
14-62
8785
67-33
74-52
30-59
9005
57-83
65-61
14-97
8780
67-54
7470
30-92
9000
58-05
65-81
15-33
8775
6775
74-89
31-25
8995
58-27
66-03
15-72
8770
67-96
75-08
31-58
8990
58-50
66-25
16-11
8765
68-17
75-27
31-90
8985
58-73
66-47
16-49
8760
68-38
75-45
32-23
8980
58-95
66-69
16-88
8755
68-58
75-64
32-56
8975
59-17
66-90
17-25
8750
68-79
75-83
32-89
8970
59-39
67-11
17-61
8745
69-00
76-01
33-21
8965
59-61
67-32
17-98
8740
69-21
76-20
33-54
8960
59-83
67-53
18-34
8735
69-42
76-39
33-86
8955
60-04
67-73
18-70
8730
69-63
76-57
34-19
8950
60-26
67-93
19-05
8725
69-83
7676
34-51
8945
60-46
68-13
19-39
8720
70-04
76-94
34-84
8940
60-67
68-33
19-74
8715
70-24
77-12
35-14
8935
60-88
68-52
20-08
8710
70-44
77-29
35-45
8930
61-08
6872
20-42
8705
70-64
77-46
3576
8925
61-29
68-91
2077
8700
70-84
77-64
36-07
8920
61-50
69-11
21-11
8695
71-04
77-82
36-37
8915
6171
69-30
21-45
8690
71-25
78-00
36-69
8910
61-92
69-50
2179
8685
71-46
78-18
37-01
8905
62-14
69-71
22-16
8680
71-67
78-36
37-33
8900
62-36
69-92
22-53
8675
71-88
78-55
37-65
8895
62-59
70-14
22-91
8670
72-09
78-73
37-98
8890
62-82
70-35
23-29
8665
72-30
78-93
38-32
8885
63-04
70-57
23-66
8660
72-52
79-12
38-65
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
ALCOHOL TABLE continued.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Sp. gr.
of Alcohol
of Alcohol
over
Sp. gr.
of Alcohol
of Alcohol
over
at 60 F.
by weight.
by volume.
Proof.
at 60 F.
by weight.
by volume.
Proof.
8655
7274
79-31
38-99
8430
82-15
87-24
52-90
8650
72-96
79-50
39-32
8425
82-35
87-40
53-16
^8645
^8640
73-17
73-38
79-68
79 -8fi
39-64
39-96
8420
8415
82-54
8273
87-55
87-70
53-43
5370
8635
73-58
80-04
40-27
8410
82-92
87-85
53-96
8630
73-79
80-22
40-60
8405
83-12
88-00
54-23
8625
74-00
80-40
40-91
8400
83-31
88-16
54-50
8620
74-23
80-60
41-26
8395
83-50
88-31
54-75
8615
74-45
80-80
41-61
8390
83-69
88-46
55-02
8610
74-68
81-00
41-96
8385
83-88
88-61
55-28
8605
74-91
81-20
42-31
8380
84-08
88-76
55-55
8600
75-14
81-40
42-66
8375
84-28
88-92
55-83
8595
75-36
81-60
43-00
8370
84-48
89-08
56-10
8590
75-59
81-80
43-35
8365
84-68
89-24
56-38
8585
75-82
82-00
43-70
8360
84-88
89-39
56-66
8580
76-04
82-19
44-04
8355
85-08
89-55
56-93
8575
76-25
82-37
44-35
8350
85-27
8970
57 20
8570
76-46
82-54
44-66
8345
85-46
89-84
57-45
8565
76-67
8272
44-97
8340
85-65
89-99
57-71
8560
76-88
82-90
45-28
8335
85-85
90-14
57-97
8555
77-08
83-07
45-60
8330
86-04
90-29
58-23
8550
77-29
83-25
45-90
8325
86-23
90-43
58-48
8545-
77-50
83-43
46-20
8320
86-42
90-58
58-74
8540
7771
83-60
46-51
8315
86-62
9073
59-00
8535
77-92
83-78
46-82
8310
86-81
90-88
59-26
8530
78-12
83-94
47-11
8305
87-00
91-02
59-51
8525
78-32
84-11
47-40
8300
87-19
91-17
59-77
8520
78-52
84-27
4770
8295
87-38
91-31
60-02
8515
7872
84-44
47-98
8290
87-58
91-46
60-28
8510
78-92
84-60
48-27
8285
87-77
91-60
60-53
8505
79-12
84-77
48-56
8280
87-96
9175
60-79
8500
79-32
84-93
48-84
8275
88-16
91-90
61-05
8495
79-52
85-10
49-13
8270
88-36
92-05
61-32
8490
79-72
85-26
49-38
8265
88-56
92-21
61-60
8485
79-92
85-42
49-67
8260
8876
92-36
61-86
8480
80-13
85-59
50-00
8255
88-96
92-51
62-12
6475
80-33
8577
50-31
8250
89-16
92-66
62-38
8470
80-54
85-94
50-61
8245
89-35
92-80
62-63
8465
80-75
86-11
50-91
8240
89-54
92-94
62-88
8460
80-96
86-28
51-21
8235
89-73
93-09
63-13
' -8455
81-16
86-45
51-50
8230
89-92
93-23
63-38
8450
81-36
86-61
51-78
8225
90-11
93-36
63-62
8445
81-56
8677
52-06
8220
90-29
93-49
63-84
8440
81-76
86-93
52-34
8215
90-46
93 -62
64-06
8435
81-96
87-09
52-62
8210
90-64
93-75
64-30
80
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
ALCOHOL TABLE continued.
Pei- cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Sp. gr.
of Alcohol
of Alcohol
over
Sp. gr.
of Alcohol
of Alcohol
over
at 60 F.
by weight
by volume
Proof.
at 60 F.
by weight
by volume
Proof.
8205
90-82
93-87
64-51
8065
95-86
97-39
70-67
8200
91-00
94-00
6474
8060
96-03
97-51
70-88
8195
91-18
94-13
64-96
8055
96-20
97-62
71-07
8190
91-36
94-26
65-18
8050
96-37
97-73
71-26
8185
91-54
94-38
65-40
8045
96-53
97-83
71-45
8180
9171
94-51
65-62
8040
9670
97-94
71-64
8175
91-89
94-64
65-85
8035
96-87
98-05
71-83
8170
92-07
94-76
66-07
8030
97-03
98-16
72-02
8165
92-26
94-90
66-30
8025
97-20
98-27
72-20
8160
92-44
95-03
66-53
8020
97-37
98-37
72-40
8155
92-63
95-16
6676
8015
97-53
98-48
72-58
8150
92-81
95-29
67-00
8010
97-70
98-59
72-77
8145
93-00
95-42
67-23
8005
97-87
98-69
72-95
8140
93-18
95-55
67-46
8000
98-03
98-80
73-14
8135
93-37
95-69
67-70
7995
98-19
98-89
73-30
8130
93-55
95-82
67-92
7990
98-34
98-98
73-47
8125
93-74
95-95
68-15
7985
98-50
99-07
73-64
8120
93-92
96-08
68-38
7980
98-66
99-16
73-81
8115
94-10
96-20
68-60
7975
98-81
99-26
73-97
8110
94-28
96-32
68-80
7970
98-97
99-35
74-14
8105
94-45
96-43
69-00
7965
99-13
99-45
74-31
8100
94-62
96-55
69-20
7960
99-29
99-55
74-50
8095
94-80
96-67
69-40
7955
99-45
99-65
74-66
8090
94-97
96-78
69-61
7950
99-61
9975
74-83
8085
95-14
96-90
69-82
7945
9978
99-86
75-01
8080
95-32
97-02
70-03
7940
99-94
99-96
75-18
8075
95-50
97-15
70-25
Absolute
Alcohol
8070
95-68
97-27
70-46
7938
100-00
100-00
75-25
According to the provisions of "The Sale of Food and Drugs Act,
1875," Brandy, Whisky, and Rum may be 25 U.P. and Gin 35 U.P.
25 U.P. = 0-9473 sp. gr., 35'85 per cent, alcohol, by weight ; 4278 per
cent, alcohol by volume.
35 U.P. -0-9564 sp. gr., 3078 per cent, alcohol by weight ; 37'08 per
cent, alcohol by volume.
"Rectified spirit, B.P.," is alcohol with 16 per cent, water, sp. gr.
0-8380; 55'55 over Proof. It contains 84'08 per cent, by weight and
8876 per cent, by volume of alcohol.
" Proof spirit " has the sp. gr. 0-9198. It contains 49 '24 per cent, by
weight and 57 '06 per. cent, by volume of alcohol.
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION. 80A
Simple rules for finding the percentages of added water in the
case of diluted spirits.
I. Brandy, Whisky, or Rum (25 U. P. allowed).
Let a sample be N U. P.
Therefore in 100 volumes we have N volumes of water, and
(100 - N) volumes of proof-spirit.
Let x be the percentage of water by volume added to spirit
of 25 U. P. to produce a sample N U. P. Then equating
amounts of water we have
Hence we have the following rule :
To get percentage of added water by volume in the case of
diluted brandy, whisky, or rum, increase the excess of degrees
U. P. above 25 by one-third.
II. Gin (35 U. P. allowed).
Reasoning exactly as in I., we have
(100-^)^ + ^ = ^.
35 -
-a
a?!- 1-54(1^-35)..
Hence the rule :
To get percentage of added water by volume in diluted gin,
multiply the excess of degrees U. P, above 35 by 1'54.
V Tne above rules I owe to Mr E. W. T. Jones, who discovered them empirically and
used them simply for checking results obtained by the usual method of calculation
from the percentage of alcohol present. The proofs I have given above established the
accuracy of Rule I., and gave the correct factor 1'54 in Rule II. in place of the 1J
previously used for checking. A. E. J.
80B
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
CORRECTION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF DILUTK ALCOHOL FOR
TEMPERATURE.
Specific Gravity.
1 Fab.
1C.
Specific Gravity.
1 Fah.
1C.
794--S64
0-00046
0-00083
965- -966
0-00026
0-00047
864--S89
45
81
966- '967
25
45
889- "902
44
79
967- '968
24
43
902- '912
43
77
968- '969
23
41
912--921
42
76
969- -970
22
40
921--928
41
74
970- -971
21
38
92S--935
40
72
971- '973
20
36
935--940
39
70
973- -974
19
34
940--943
38
68
974- -975
18
32
943-'946
37
67
975- -976
17
31
946-'949
36
65
976- '977
16
29
949- -951
35
63
977- '978
15
27
951--953
34
61
978- -980
14
25
953--95S
33
59
980- -981
13
23
955--P57
32
58
981- '983
12
22
957-'959
31
56
983- -985
11
20
959--961
30
54
985- -987
10
18
961--962
29
52
987- '990
00009
16
962-*963
28
50
990- '995
8
14
963- '965
27
49
995-1-000
7
13
Rule. To obtain correct sp. gr. at 60 Fah. (-15 '5 C.), multiply
the factor given in the table opposite to the observed sp. gr. by the
difference in temperature, and add if the recorded temperature is above
60 F., or substract if it is below 60.
Ex. The sp. gr. at 60 Fah. of dilute alcohol of sp. gr. 0'952 at
64 Fah. is 0-952 + (0-00034x4) = 0-95336.
VARIOUS METHODS OF STATING ALCOHOLIC STRENGTHS.
on Squibb's absolute alcohol of sp. gr. 0'7935,
Proof spirit containing 49 '2 / of this alcohol, and having a
sp. gr. of 0-9198,
and using c.c. to indicate the volume of 1 gram of water at 60 F., we
have the formulae given below.
Let S = sp. gr. at 60/60 F.
/ o = grams of absolute alcohol per 100 grams.
/ C.C. absolute alcohol per 100 c.c.
i0/i> = grams of absolute alcohol per 100 c.c.
P = c.c. proof spirit per 100 c.c.
then
o, _v/vx -7935 _tg/g_Px -4525
/0 S S S
v/v-l x 1-262 8 = 1-262 w/v = 0-5703 P
w/i>=7 x S =-'7935 vjv =0-4525 P
P = %x2'21 S =1753 vfv =2 "21 w/v
grains per fluid ounce = w/v x 4 '3756.
THE ANALYST'S LABORATOKY COMPANION.
81
OTTO'S TABLE SHOWING THE PERCENTAGES OF H 2 S0 4 CORRESPONDING
TO THE DILUTE ACID OF VARIOUS SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT 15 C.
Per
cent, of
H 2 S0 4 .
Specific
Gravity.
Per
cent, of
H 2 S0 4 .
Specific
Gravity.
Per
cent, of
H 2 S0 4 .
Specific
Gravity.
Per
cent, of
H 2 S0 4 .
Specific
Gravity.
100
1-8426
75
1-6750
50
1-3980
25
1-1820
99
1-8420
74
1-6630
49
1-3866
24
1-1740
98
1-8406
73
1-6510
48
1-3790
23
1-1670
97
1-8400
72
1-6390
47
1-3700
22
1-1590
96
1-8384
71
1-6270
46
1-3610
21
1-1536
95
1-8376
70
1-6150
45
1-3510
20
1-1440
94
1-8356
69
1-6040
44
1-3420
19
1-1360
93
1-8340
68
1-5920
43
1-3330
18
1-1290
92
1-8310
67
1-5800
42
1-3240
17
1-1210
91
1-8270
66
1-5860
41
1-3150
16
1-1136
90
1-8220
65
1-5570
40
1-3060
15
1-1060
89
1-8160
64
1-5450
39
1-2976
14
1-0980
88
1-8090
63
1-5340
38
1-2890
13
1-0910
87
1-8020
62
1-5230
37
1-2810
12
1-0830
86
1-7940
61
1-5120
36
1-2720
11
1-0756
85
1-7860
60
1-5010
35
1-2640
10
1-0680
84
1-7770
59
1-4900
34
1-2560
9
1-0610
83
1-7670
58
1-4800
33
1-2476
8
1-0536
82
1-7560
57
1-4690
32
1-2390
7
1-0464
81
1-7450
56
1-4586
31
1-2310
6
1-0390
80
1-7340
55
1-4480
30
1-2230
5
1-0320
79
1-7220
54
1-4380
29
1-2150
4
1-0256
78
1-7100
53
1-4280
28
1-2066
3
1-0190
77
1-6980
52
1-4180
27
1-1980
2
1-0130
76
1-6860
51
1-4080
26
1-1900
1
1-0064
TABLE SHOWING THE STRENGTH OF HC1 OF DIFFERENT SPECIFIC
GRAVITIES AT 15 C. PR URE. )
Per
Per
Per
Specific
Gravity.
Per cent,
of HC1
cent, of
Acid of
1-20
Specific
Gravity.
Per cent,
of HC1
cent, of
Acid of
1-20
Specific
Gravity.
Per cent.
ofHCl
cent, of
Acid of
1-20
sp. gr.
sp. gr.
sp.gr.
1-2000
40-777
100
1-1857
37-516
92
1-1701
34-252
84
1-1982
40-369
99
1-1846
37'108'f
91
1-1681
33-845
83
1-1964
39-961
98
1-1822
36700
90
1-1661
33-437
82
1-1946
39-554
97
1-1802
36-292
89
1-1641
33-029
81
1-1928
39-146
96
1-1782
35-884
88
1-1620
32-621
80
1-1910
38-738
95
1-1762
35-476
87
1-1599
32-213
79
1-1893
38-330
94
1-1741
35-068
86
1-1578
31-805
78
1-1875
37-923
93
1-1721
34-660
85
1-1557
31-398
77
82
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLE SHOWING THE STRENGTH OF HC1 OF IUFFERENT SPECIFIC
GRAVITIES AT 15 C. continued.
Specific
Gravity.
Per rent.
of HC1
Pei-
cent. of
Acid of
1-20
sp. gr.
Specific
Gravity.
Per cent,
of HC1
Per
cent, of
Acid of
1-20
sp. gr.
Specific
Gravity.
Per cent.
of HC1
Pei-
cent. of
Acid of
1-20
sp. gr.
1536
30-990
76
1-1000
20-388
50
1-0477
9786
24
1515
30-582
75
1-0980
19-980
49
1-0457
9-379
23
1494
30-174
74
1-0960
19-572
48
1-0437
8-971
22
1473
29-767
73
1-0939
19-165
47
1-0417
8-563
21
1452
29-359
72
1-0919
18757
46
1 -0397
8-155
20
1431
28-951
71
1-0899
18-349
45
1-0377
7747
19
1-1410
28-544
70
1 -0879
17-941
44
1-0357
7-340
18
1-1389
28-136
69
1-0859
17-534
43
1-0337
6-932
17
1-1369
27728
68
1-0838
17-126
42
1-0318
6-524
16
1-1349
27-321
67
1-0818
16718
41
1-0298
6-116
15
1-1328
26-913
66
1-0798
16-310
40
1-0279
5709
14
1-1308
26-505
65
1 -0778
15-902
39
1-0259
5-301
13
1-1287
26-098
64
1-0758
15-494
38
1-0239
4-893
12
1-1267
25-690
63
1-0738
15-087
37
1-0220
4-486
11
1-1247
25-282
62
1-0718
14-679
36
1-0200
4-078
10
1-1226
24-847
61
1-0697
14-271
35
1-0180
3-670
9
1-1206
24-466
60
1-0677
13-863
34
1-0160
3-262
8
1-1185
24-058
59
1-0657
13-456
33
1-0140
2-854
7
1-1164
23-650
58
1-0637
13-049
32
1-0120
2-447
6
1-1143
23-242
57
1-0617
12-641
31
1-0100
2-039
5
1-1123
22-834
56
1-0597
12-233
30
1-0080
1-631
4
1-1102
22-426
55
1-0577
11-825
29
1-0060
1-224
3
1-1082
22-019
54
1-0557
11-418
28
1-0040
816
2
1-1061
21-611
53
1-0537
11-010
27
1-0020
408
1
1-1041
21 -203
52
1-0517
10-602
26
1-1020
20796
51
1-0497
10194
25
TABLE SHOWING THE STRENGTH OF
GRAVITIES.
The numbers marked * are the results of
others are obtained by interpolation.
OF VARIOUS SPECIFIC
direct observations ; the
HN0 3
per cent.
Specific Gravity
HN0 3
per cent
Specific Gravity
HN0 3
per cent.
Specific Gravity
At
At 15
AtO
At 15
AtO
At 15
100-00
1-559
1-530
93-01*
1-533*
1-506*
84-00
1-499
1-474
99-84*
1-559*
1-530*
92-00
1-529
1-503
83-00
1-495
1-470
99-72*
1-558*
1-530*
91-00
526
1-499
82-00
1-492
1-467
99-52*
1-557*
1-529*
90-00
522
1-495
80-96*
488*
1-463*
97-89*
1-551*
1-523*
89-56*
521*
1-494*
80-00
484
1-460
97-00
1-548
1-520
88-00
514
1-488
79-00
481
1-456
96-00
1'544
1-516
87-45*
513*
1-486*
77-66
476
1-451
95-27*
1-542*
1-514*
86-17*
507*
1-482*
76-00
469
1-445
94-00
1-537
1-509
85-00
503
1-478
75-00
1-465
1-442
I
UNIVERSITY
THE ANALYST'S
TABLE SHOWING THE STRENGTH OF HN0 3 OF VARIOUS SPECIFIC
GRAVITIES continued.
HN0 3
per cent.
Specific Gravity
HN0 3
per cent.
Specific Gravity
HN0 3
per cent.
Specific Gravity
AtO
At 15
AtO
At 15"
AtO
At 15
74-01*
1-462*
1-438*
55-00
1-365
1 -346
33-86*
1-226*
1-211*
73-00
1-457
1-435
54-00
1-359
1-341
32-00
1-214
1-198
72-39*
1-455*
1-432*
53-81
1-358
1-339
31-00
1-207
1-192
71-24*
1-450*
1-429*
53-00
1-353
1-335
30-00
1-200
1-185
69-96
1-444
1-423
52-33*
1-349*
1-331*
29-00
194
1-179
69-20*
1-441
1-419*
50-99*
1-341*
1-323*
28-00*
187*
1-172*
68-00
1-435
1-414
49-97
1-334
1-317
27-00
180
1-166
67-00
1-430
1-410
49-00
1-328
1-312
25-71*
171*
1-157*
66-00
1-425
1-405
48-00
1 -321
1 -304
23-00
153
1-138
65-07*
1-420*
1-400*
47-18*
1-315*
1-298*
20-00
132
1-120
64-00
1-415
1-395
46-64
1-312
1-295
17-47*
1-115*
1-105*
63-59
1-413
1-393
45-00
1-300
1-284
15-00
1-099
1-089
62-00
1-404
1-386
43-53*
1-291*
1-274*
13-00
1-085
1-077
61-21*
1-400*
1-381*
42-00
1-280
1-264
11-41*
1-075
1-067*
60-00
1-393
1-374
41-00
1-274
1-257
7-22*
1-050
1-045*
59-59*
1-391*
1-372*
40-00
1-267
1-251
4-00
1-026
1-022
58-88
1 -387
1-368
39-00
1-260
1-244
2-00
1-013
1-010
58-00
1-382
1-363
37-95*
1-253*
1-237*
o-oo
1-000
0-999
57-00
1-376
1-358
36-00
1-240
1-225
56-10*
1-371*
1-353*
35-00
1-234
1-218
OF CAUSTIC POTASH OF VARIOUS SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT 15 C.*
Per cent,
of K 2
Per cent,
of KHO
Specific
Gravity.
Per cent,
of K 2
Per cent,
of KHO
Specific
Gravity.
5658
0-674
1-0050
23764
28-303
1-2648
1-697
2-021
1-0153
24-895
29-650
1-2805
2-829
3-369
1-0260
26-027
30-998
1-2966
3-961
4-717
1-0369
27-158
32-345
1-3131
5-002
5-957
1-0478
28-290
33-693
1-3300
6-224
7-412
1-0589
29-34
34-94
1-30
7-355
8760
1-0703
3074
36-61
1-32
8-487
10-108
1-0819
32-14
38-28
1-34
9-619
11-456
1-0938
33-46
39-85
1-36
10750
12-803
1-1059
3474
41-37
1-38
11-882
14-151
1-1182
35-99
42-86
1-40
13-013
15-498
1-1308
37-97
45-22
1-42
14-145
16-846
1-1437
40-17
47-84
1-44
15-277
18-195
1-1568
42-31
50-39
1-46
16-408
19-542
1-1702
44-40
52-88
1-48
17-540
20-890
1-1839
46-45
55-32
1-50
18-671
22-237
1-1979
48-46
5771
1-52
19-803
23-585
1-2122
50-09
59-65
1-54
20-935
24-933
1-2268
51 -58
61-43
1-56
21-500
25-606
1-2342
53-06
63-19
1-58
22-632
26-954
1-2493
Tiinnermann and Richfer.
84
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLE SHOWING THE PERCENTAGE OF Na 2 IN SOLUTIONS OF
CAUSTIC SODA OF VARIOUS SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT 15 C.*
Per cent, of
Na 2
Specific
Gravity.
Per cent, of
Na 2
Specific
Gravity.
Per cent, of
Na^O
Specific
Gravity.
302
1-0040
10-879
1-1630
21-154
1-3053
604
1 -0081
11-484 -
1-1734
21758
1-3125
1-209
1-0163
12-088
1-1841
21-894
1-3143
1-813
1-0246
12-692
1-1948
22-363
1-3198
2-418
1-0330
13-297
1-2058
22-967
1-3273
3-022
1-0414
13-901
1-2178
23-572
1-3349
3-626
1-0500
14-506
1 -2280
24-176
1-3426
4-231
1-0587
15-110
1-2392
24-780
1-3505
4-835
1-0675
15-714
1-2453
25-385
1-3586
5-440
1-0764
16-319
1-2515
25-989
1-3668
6-044
1-0855
16-923
1-2578
26-594
1 -3751
6-648
1-0948
17-528
1-2642
27-200
1-3836
7-253
1-1042
18-132
1-2708
27-802
1-3923
7-857
1-1137
18730
1-2775
28-407
1-4011
8-462
1-1233
19-341
1-2843
29-011
1-4101
9-066
1-1330
19-945
1-2912
29-616
1-4193
9-670
1-1428
20-550
1-2982
30-220
1-4285
10-275
1-1528
TABLE SHOWING THE PERCENTAGE OF NH 3 IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
OF THE GAS OF VARIOUS SPECIFIC GRAVITIES AT 14 C. (CARIUS.)
Specific Gravity.
NH 3
per cent.
Specific Gravity.
NH 3
per cent.
Specific Gravity.
NH 3
per cent.
0-8844
36
0-9133
24
0-9520
12
0-8864
35
0-9162
23
0-9556
11
0-8885
34
0-9191
22
0-9593
10
0-8907
33
0-9221
21
0-9631
9
0-8929
32
0-9251
20
0-9670
8
0-8953
31
0-9283
19
0-9709
7
0-8976
30
0-9314
18
0-9749
6
0-9001
29
0-9347
17
0-9790
5
0-9026
28
0-9380
16
0-9831
4
0-9052
27
0-9414
15
0-9873
3
0-9078
26
0-9449
14
0-9915
2
0-9106
25
0-9484
13
0-9959
1
RULES FOR THE CONVERSION OF THERMOMETRIO DEGREES FROM
ONE SCALE INTO ANOTHER.
To Convert
F. into C.
F. into R.
C. into F.
C. into R,
R. into F.
R. into C.
Rules.
First subtract 32, then multiply by 5 and divide by
First subtract 32, then multiply by 4 and divide by
Multiply by 9 and divide by 5, then add 32.
Multiply by 4 and divide by 5.
Multiply by 9 and divide by 4, then add 32.
Multiply by 5 and divide by 4.
Tiinnerrrann.
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
85
CONVERSION OF THE DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES.
TABLE I.
FAHR.
Reaum.
Cent.
FA HE.
Reaum.
Cent.
FAHR.
Reaum.
Cent.
500
208
260
452
1867
233-3
404
165-3
2067
499
207-6
259-4
451
186-2
232-8
403
164-9
206-1
498
2071
258-9
450
185-8
232-2
402
164-4
205-6
497
2067
258-3
449
185-3
2317
401
164
205
496
206-2
257-8
448
184-9
231-1
400
163-6
204-4
495
205-8
257 -2
447
184-4
230-6
399
163-1
203-9
494
205-3
256-7
446
184
230
398
1627
203-3
493
204-9
256-1
445
183-6
229-4
397
162-2
202-8
492
204-4
255-6
444
183-1
228-9
396
161-8
202-2
491
204
255
443
182-7
228-3
395
161-3
201-7
490
203-6
254-4
442
182-2
227-8
394
160-9
201-1
489
203-1
253-9
441
181-8
227-2
393
160-4
200-6
488
2027
253-3
440
181-3
2267
392
160
200
487
202-2
252-8
439
180-9
226-1
391
' 159-6
199-4
486
201-8
252-2
438
180-4
225-6
390
159-1
198-9
485
201-3
251-7
437
180
225
389
1587
198-3
484
200-9
251-1
436
179-6
224-4
?388
158-2
197-8
483
200-4
250-6
435
179-1
223-9
387
157-8
197-2
482
200
250
434
1787
223-3
386
157-3
1967
481
199-6
249-4
433
178-2
222-8
385
156-9
196-1
480
199-1
248-9
432
177-8
222-2
384
156-4
195-6
479
198-7
248-3
431
177-3
2217
383
156
195
478
198-2
247-8
430
176-9
221-1
382
155-6
194-4
477
197-8
247-2
429
176-4
220-6
381
155-1
193-9
476
197-3
246-7
428
176
220
380
1547
193-3
475
196-9
246-1
427
175-6
219-4
379
154-2
192-8
474
196-4
245-6
426
175-1
218-9
378
153-8
192-2
473
196
245
425
1747
218-3
377
153-3
1917
472
195-6
244-4
424
174-2
217-8
376
152-9
191-1
471
1951
243-9
423
173-8
217-2
375
152-4
190-6
470
194-7
243-3
422
173-3
2167
374
152
190
469
194-2
242-8
421
172-9
216-1
373
151-6
189-4
468
193-8
242-2
420
172-4
215-6
372
151-1
188-9
467
193-3
2417
419
172
215
371
1507
188-3
466
192-9
241-1
418
171-6
214-4
370
150-2
187-8
465
192-4
240-6
417
171-1
213-9
369
149-8
187-2
464
192
240
416
1707
213-3
368
149-3
1867
463
191-6
239-4
415
170-2
212-8
367
148-9
186-1
462
191-1
238-9
414
169-8
212-2
366
148-4
185-6
461
190-7
238-3
413
169-3
2117
365
148
185
460
190-2
237-8
412
168-9
211-1
364
147-6
184-4
459
189-8
237-2
411
168-4
210-6
363
147-1
183-9
458
189-3
2367
410
168
210
362
1467
183-3
457
188-9
236-1
409
167-6
209-4
361
146-2
182-8
456
188-4
235-6
408
167-1
208-9
360
145-8
182-2
455
188
235
407
1667
208-3
359
145-3
1817
454
187-6
234-4
406
166-2
207-8
358
144-9
181-1
453
187-1
233-9
405
165-8
207-2
357
144-4
180-6
86
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
CONVERSION OF THE DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES.
TABLE I. continued.
FAHR.
Reaum.
Cent.
FAB
Reaum.
Cent.
FAUE.
Reaum.
Cent.
356
144
180
308
1227
153-3
260
101-3
126-7
355
143-6
179 4
307
122-2
152-8
259
100-9
126-1
354
143-1
178-9
306
121-8
152-2
258
100-4
125-6
353
1427
178-3
305
121-3
151-7
257
100
125
352
142-2
177-8
304
120-9
151-1
256
99-6
124-4
351
141-8
177-2
303
120-4
150-6
255
99-1
123-9
350
141-3
1767
302
120
150
254
987
123-3
349
140'9
176-1
301
119-6
149-4
253
98-2
122-8
348
140-4
175-6
300
119-1
148-9
252
97-8
122-2
347
140
175
299
1187
148-3
251
97-3
1217
346
139-6
174-4
298
118-2
147-8
250
96-9
1211
345
139-1
173-9
297
117-8
147-2
249
96-4
120-6
344
1387
173-3
296
117-3
1467
248
96
120
343
138-2
172-8
295
116-9
1461
247
95-6
119-4
342
137-8
172-2
294
116-4
145-6
246
951
118-9
341
137-3
1717
293
116
145
245
947
118-3
340
136-9
171-1
292
115-6
144-4
244
94-2
117-8
339
136-4
170-6
291
115-1
143-9
243
93-8
117-2
338
136
170
290
1147
143-3
242
93-3
1167
337
135-6
169-4
289
114-2
142-8
241
92-9
116-1
336
135-1
168-9
288
113-8
142-2
240
92-4
115-6
335
134-7
168-3
287
113-3
1417
239
92
115
334
134-2
167-8
286
112-9
141-1
238
91-6
114-4
333
133-8
167-2
285
112-4
140-6
237
91-1
113-9
332
133-3
1667
284
112
140
236
90-7
113-3
331
132-9
166-1
283
111-6
139-4
235
90-2
112-8
330
132-4
165-6
282
111-1
138-9
234
89-8
112-2
329
132
165
281
1107
138-3
233
89-3
111-7
328
131-6
164-4
280
110-2
137-8
232
88-9
1111
327
131-1
163-9
279
109-8
137-2
231
88-4
110-6
326
1307
163-3
278
109-3
1367
230
88
110
325
130-2
162-8
277
108-9
136-1
229
87-6
109-4
324
129-8
162-2
276
108-4
135-6
228
87-1
108-9
323
129-3
161-7
275
108
135
227
867
108-3
322
128-9
161-1
274
107-6
134-4
226
86-2
107-8
321
128-4
160-6
273
107-1
133-9
225
85-8
107-2
320
128
160
272
1067
133-3
224
85-3
1067
319
127-6
159-4
271
106-2
132-8
223
84-9
106-1
318
127-1
158-9
270
105-8
132-2
222
84-4
105-6
317
1267
158-3
269
105-3
131-7
221
84
105
316
126-2
157-8
268
104-9
1311
220
83-6
104-4
315
125-8
157-2
267
104-4
130-6
219
83-1
103-9
314
125-3
1567
266
104
130
218
827
103-3
313
124-9
156-1
265
103-6
129-4
217
82-2
102-8
312
124-4
155-6
264
103-1
128-9
216
81-8
102-2
311
124
155
263
102-7
128-3
215
81-3
1017
310
123-6
154-4
262
102-2
127-8
214
80-9
101-1
309
123-1
153-9
261
101-8
127-2
213
80-4
100-6
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
87
CONVERSION OF THE DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES.
TABLE I. continued.
FAHR.
leanm.
Cent.
FAHR.
Reaum.
enf
FAHR.
leaum.
Cent.
212
80-0
lOO'O
164
587
73-3
116
37-3
467
211
79-6
99-4
163
58-2
72-8
115
36'9
46-1
210
791
98-9
162
57-8
72-2
114
36-4
45-6
209
787
98-3
161
57-3
717
113
36'0
45-0
208
78-2
97-8
160
56-9
711
112
35'6
44-4
207
77-8
97'2
159
56-4
70-6
111
351
43-9
206
77-3
967
158
56-0
70-0
110
347
43-3
205
76-9
961
157
55-6
69-4
109
34-2
42-8
204
76-4
95-6
156
551
68-9
108
33-8
42-2
203
76-0
95-0
155
547
68-3
107
33-3
417
202
75-6
94-4
154
54-2
67'8
106
32-9
411
201
751
93-9
153
53-8
67-2
105
32-4
40-6
200
747
93-3
152
53-3
667
104
32-0
40-0
199
74-2
92-8
151
52-9
661
103
31'6
39-4
198
73-8
92-2
150
52-4
65-6
102
311
38-9
197
73-3
91-7
149
52-0
65-0
101
307
38-3
196
72-9
911
148
51-6
64-4
100
30-2
37-8
195
72-4
90-6
147
511
63-9
99
29'8
37-2
194
72-0
90'0
146
507
63-3
98
29'3
367
193
71-6
89-4
145
50-2
62-8
97
28'9
361
192
71-1
88-9
144
49-8
62-2
96
28-4
35-6
191
707
88-3
143
49-3
617
95
28-0
35-0
190
70-2
87'8
142
48'9
611
94
27-6
34-4
189
69-8
87'2
141
48-4
60-6
93
271
33-9
188
69-3
867
140
48-0
60-0
92
267
33-3
187
68-9
861
139
47-6
59-4
91
26-2
32-8
186
68-4
85-6
138
471
58-9
90
25-8
32-2
185
68-0
85-0
137
467
58-3
89
25-3
317
184
67-6
84-4
136
46-2
57-8
88
24-9
311
183
67-1
83-9
135
45-8
57-2
87
24-4
30-6
182
667
83-3
134
45'3
567
86
24-0
30-0
181
66-2
82-8
133
44-9
561
85
2 6
29-4
180
65-8
82-2
132
44-4
55-6
84
231
28'9
179
65-3
817
131
44-0
55-0
83
227
28-3
178
64-9
811
130
43-6
54-4
82
22-2
27'8
177
64-4
80-6
129
431
53-9
81
21-8
27-2
176
64-0
80-0
128
427
53-3
80
21-3
267
175
63-6
79-4
127
42-2
52-8
79
20-9
261
174
631
78-9
126
41-8
52'2
78
20-4
25-6
173
627
78-3
125
41-3
517
77
20-0
25-0
172
62-2
77-8
124
40-9
511
76
19-6
24-4
171
61-8
77-2
123
40-4
50-6
75
191
23-9
170
61-3
767
122
40'0
50-0
74
187
23-3
169
60-9
761
121
39'6
49-4
73
18-2
22-8
168
60-4
75-6
120
391
48-9
72
17-8
22"2
167
60-0
75-0
119
387
48-3
71
17-3
217
166
59-6
74-4
118
38-2
47-8
70
16'9
211
165
591
73-9
117
37-8
47-2
69
16-4
20-6
88
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
CONVERSION OF THE DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES.
TABLE I. continued.
FAHR.
Reaum.
Cent.
FAHR.
Reaum.
Cent.
FAHR.
Reaum.
Cent.
68
16-0
20-0
34
0-9
11
-14-2
-17'8
67
15'6
19'4
33
0-4
0-6
- 1
-147
-18-3
66
15-1
18-9
32
o-o
o-o
- 2
-15-1
-18-9
65
147
18-3
31
- 0-4
- 0-6
- 3
-15-6
-19-4
64
14-2
17-8
30
- 0-9
-11
- 4
-16-0
-20-0
63
13-8
17-2
29
- 1-3
- 17
- 5
-16 4
-20-6
62
13-3
167
28
- 1-8
- 2-2
- 6
-16-9
-21-1
61
12-9
16-1
27
- 2-2
- 2-8
- 7
-17-3
-217
60
12-4
15-6
26
- 27
- 3-3
- 8
-17-8
-22-2
59
12-0
15-0
25
- 3-1
- 3'9
- 9
-18-2
-22-8
58
11-6
14-4
24
- 3-6
- 4-4
-10
-187
-23-3
57
111
13-9
32
- 4-0
- 5-0
-11
-19-1
-23-9
56
107
13-3
22
- 4-4
- 5-6
-12
-19-6
-24-4
55
10-2
12-8
21
- 4-9
- 6-1
-13
-20-0
-25-0
54
9-8
12-2
20
- 5'3
- 67
-14
-20-4
-25-6
53
9-3
117
19
- 5-8
- 7'2
-15
-20-9
-26-1
52
8-9
111
18
- 6-2
- 7'8
-16
-21-3
-267
51
8-4
10-6
17
- 67
- 8-3
-17
-21-8
-27-2
50
8-0
10-0
16
- 7-1
- 8-9
-18
-22-2
-27-8
49
7-6
9-4
15
- 7'6
- 9-5
-19
-227
-28-3
48
7-1
8-9
14
- 8-0
-10-0
-20
-23-1
-28-9
47
67
8'3
13
- 8-4
-10-6
-21
-23-6
-29-4
46
6-2
7'8
12
- 8-9
-11-1
-22
-24-0
-30-0
45
5-8
7-2
11
- 9-3
-117
-23
-24-4
-30-6
44
5-3
67
10
- 9-8
-12-2
-24
-24'9
-31-1
43
4-9
6-1
9
-10-2
-12-8
-25
-25-3
-317
42
4-4
5-6
8
-107
-13-3
-26
-25-8
-32'2
41
4-0
5'0
7
-111
- 13 '9
-27
-26-2
-32-8
40
3-6
4-4
6
-11-6
-14-4
-28
-267
-33-3
39
31
3-9
5
-12-0
-15-0
-29
-27-1
-33-9
38
27
3-3
4
-12-4
-15-6
-30
-27'6
-34-4
37
2-2
2'8
3
-12-9
-16-1
-31
-28-0
-35-0
36
1-8
2-2
2
-13-3
-167
35
1-3
17
1
-13-8
-17-2
CONVERSION OF THE DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES.
TABLE II.
CENT.
Reaum.
Fahr.
CENT.
Reaum.
Fahr.
CENT.
Reaum.
Fahr.
260
208
500
252
201-6
485-6
?,44
195-2
471-2
259
207-2
498-2
251
200-8
483-8
243
194-4
469-4
258
206-4
496-4
250
200
482
242
193-6
467-6
257
205-6
494-6
249
199-2
480-2
241
192-8
465-8
256
204-8
492-8
248
198-4
478-4
240
192
464
255
204
491
247
197-6
476-6
239
191-2
462-2
254
203-2
489-2
246
196-8
474-8
238
190-4
460-4
253
202-4
487-4
245
196
473
237
189-6
458-6
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
89
CONVERSION OF THE DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES.
TABLE II. continued.
CKNT.
Reaum.
Fahr.
CENT.
Reaum.
Fahr.
CENT.
Reaum.
Fahr.
236
188-8
456-8
188
150-4
370-4
140
112
284
235
188
455
187
149-6
368-6
139
111-2
282-2
234
187-2
453-2
186
148-8
366-8
138
110-4
280-4
233
186-4
451-4
185
148
365
137
109-6
278-6
232
185-6
449-6
184
147-2
363-2
136
108-8
276-8
231
184-8
447-8
183
146-4
361-4
135
108
275
230
184
446
182
145-6
359-6
134
107-2
273-2
229
183-2
444-2
181
144-8
357-8
133
106-4
271-4
228
. 182-4
442-4
180
144
356
132
105-6
269-6
227
181-6
440-6
179
143-2
354-2
131
104-8
267-8
226
180-8
438-8
178
142-4
352-4
130
104
266
225
180
437
177
141-6
350-6
129
103-2
264-2
224
179-2
435-2
176
140-8
348-8
128
102-4
262-4
223
178-4
433-4
175
140
347
127
101-6
260-6
222
177-6
431-6
174
139-2
345-2
126
100-8
258-8
221
176-8
429-8
173
138-4
343-4
125
100
257
220
176
428
172
137-6
341-6
124
99-2
255-2
219
175-2
426-2
171
136-8
339-8
123
98-4
253-4
218
174-4
424-4
170
136
338
122
97-6
251-6
217
173-6
422-6
169
135-2
336-2
121
96 -S
249-8
216
172-8
420-8
168
134-4
334-4
120
96
248
215
172
419
167
133-6
332-6
119
95-2
246-2
214
171-2
417-2
166
132-8
330-8
118
94-4
244-4
213
170-4
415-4
165
132
329
117
93-6
242-6
212
169-6
413-6
164
131-2
327-2
116
92-8
240-8
211
168-8
411-8
163
130-4
325-4
115
92
239
210
168
410
162
129-6
323-6
114
91-2
237-2
209
167-2
408-2
161
128-8
321 -8
113
90-4
235-4
208
166-4
406-4
160
128
320
112
89-6
233-6
207
165'6
404-6
159
127-2
318-2
111
88-8
231-8
206
164-8
402-8
158
126-4
316-4
110
88
230
205
164
401
157
125-6
314-6
109
87-2
228-2
204
163-2
399-2
156
124-8
312-8
108
86-4
226-4
203
162-4
397-4
155
124
311
107
85-6
224 -6
202
161-6
395-6
154
123-2
309-2
106
84-8
222-8
201
160-8
393-8
153
122-4
307-4
105
84
221
200
160
392
152
121-6
305-6
104
83-2
219-2
199
159-2
390-2
151
120-8
303-8
103
82-4
217-4
198
158-4
388-4
150
120
302
102
81-6
215-6
197
157-6
386-6
149
119-2
300-2
101
80-8
213-8
196
156-8
384-8
148
118-4
298-4
100
80
212
195
156
383
147
117-6
296-6
99
79-2
210-2
194
155-2
381-2
146
116-8
294-8
98
78-4
208-4
193
154-4
379-4
145
116
293
97
77-6
206-6
192
153-6
377-6
144
115-2
291-2
96
76-8
204-8
191
152-8
375-8
143
114-4
289-4
95
76
203
190
152
374
142
113-6
287-6
94
75-2
201-2
189
151-2
372-2
141
112-8
285-8
93
74-4
199-4
90
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
CONVERSION OF THE DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES.
TABLE II. continued.
CENT.
Reaum.
Fahr.
CENT.
Reaum.
Fahr.
CENT.
Reaum.
Fahr.
92
73-6
197-6
49
39-2
120-2
6
4-8
42-8
91
72-8
195-8
48
38-4
118-4
5
4
41
90
72
194
47
37'6
116-6
4
3-2
39-2
89
71-2
192-2
46
36-8
114-8
3
2-4
37-4
88
70-4
190-4
45
36
113
2
1-6
35-6
87
69-6
188-6
44
35-2
111-2
1
0-8
33-8
86
68-8
186-8
43
34-4
109-4
32
85
68
185
42
33-6
107-6
-1
-0-8
30-2
84
67-2
183-2
41
32-8
105-8
_ o
-1-6
23-4
83
66-4
181-4
40
32
104
-3
-2-4
26-6
82
65-6
179-6
39
31-2
102-2
-4
-3-2
24-8
81
64-8
177-8
38
30-4
100-4
-5
-4
23
80
64
176
37
29-6
98-6
-6
-4-8
21-2
79
63-2
174-2
36
28-8
96-8
-7
-5-6
19-4
78
62-4
172-4
35
28
95
-8
-6-4
17-6
77
61-6
170-6
34
27-2
93-2
' -9
-7-2
15-8
76
60-8
163-8
33
26-4
91-4
-10
-8
14
75
60
167
32
25-6
89-6
-11
-8-8
12-2
74
59'2
165-2
31
24-8
87-8
-12
-9-6
10-4
73
58-4
163-4
30
24
86
-13
-10-4
8-6
72
57-6
161-6
29
23-2
84-2
-14
-11-2
6-8
71
56-8
159-8
28
22-4
82-4
-15
-12
5
70
56
158
27
21-6
80-6
-16
-12-8
3-2
69
55-2
156-2
26
20-8
78-8
-17
-13-6
T4
68
54-4
154-4
25
20
77
-18
-14-4
-0-4
67
53-6
152-6
24
19-2
75-2
-19
-15-2
-2-2
66
52-8
150-8
23
18-4
73-4
. -20
-16
-4
65
52
149
22
17-6
71-6
-21
-16-8
-5-8
64
51-2
147-2
21
16-8
69-8
-22
-17-6
-7-6
63
50-4
145-4
20
16
68
-23
-18-4
-9-4
62
49-6
143-6
19
15-2
66-2
-24
-19-2
-11-2
61
48-8
141-8
18
14-4
64-4
-25
-20
-13
60
48
140
17
13-6
62-6
-26
-20-8
-14-8
59
47-2
138-2
16
12-8
60-8
-27
-21-6
-16-6
58
46-4
136-4
15
12
59
-28
-22-4
-18-4
57
45-6
134-6
14
11-2
57-2
-29
-23-2
-20-2
56
44-8
132-8
13
10-4
55-4
-30
-24
-22
55
44
131
12
9-6
53-6
31
-24-8
- 23 '8
54
43-2
129-2
11
8'8
51-8
-32
-25-6
-25-6
53
42-4
127-4
10
8
50
-33
-26-4
-27-4
52
41-6
125-6
9
7-2
48-2
-34
-27-2
-29-2
51
40-8
123-8
8
6-4
46-4
-35
-28
-31
50
40
122
7
5-6
44-6
THE ANALYST'S LABOKATORY COMPANION.
91
BUTTER ANALYSIS.
5 Grams Butter Fat being taken for Saponification.
c.c. acid used
(1 c.c. = -028 gram
KHO.).
Grams of KHO re-
quired for 1000
grams of Fat.
Saponiflcation
Equivalent.*
% Margarine.f
+ 1 c.c. = +0'6
+ -lc.c.= -r8
34-9
195-4
286-5
100-
35-0
196-0
285-7
98-3
2
197-1
284-1
94-8
4
198-2
282-5
91-3
6
199-4
280-9
87-5
8
200-5
279-3
84-0
36-0
201*6
277-8
80-5
2
2027
276-2
77-0
4
203-8
274-7
73-5
6
205-0
273-2
69-7
8
206-1
2717
66-3
37*0
207-2
270-3
62-8
2
208-3
268-8
59-3
4
209-4
267'4
55-8
6
210-6
265-9
52-0
8
211-7
264-5
48-5
38-0
212-8
263-2
45-0
"2
213-9
261*8
41-5
4
215-0
260-5
38-0
6
216-2
259-0
34-2
8
217-3
257-7
307
39-0
218-4
256-4
27-3
2
219-5
255-1
23-8
4
220-6
253-9
20-3
6
221-8
252-5
16-5
8
222-9
251-2
13-0
40-0
224-0
250-0
9-5
2
225-1
248-8
6-0
4
226-2
247-6
2-5
6
227*4
246-8
8
228'5
245-1
...
41-0
229-6
243-9
...
2
230-7
242-7
...
4
231-8
241-6
...
6
233-0
240-3
...
* That is, the number of grams of fat that would be saponified by 1 litre of a
normal solution of any alkali. It is the quotient obtained by dividing 56000 by
" grams of KHO required by 1000 grams of fat."
f The figures given in this column are useful approximate values, calculated
from Koettstorfer's formula, =3'17 (227-n), where a;=percentage of margarine
sought, and n= number of grams of KHO required for 1000 grams of fat. Accord-
ing to Koettstorfern may lie between 232'4 and 22V5 for butter, the mean being
227, whilst for margarine the value may be taken to be 195'5.
92
THE ANALYSTS LABORATORY COMPANION.
BUTTER ANALYSIS.
5 Grams Butter Fat being taken.
c.c.
* Alkali.
% Soluble
or Volatile
Acids.*
c.c.
Altai
% Soluble
or Volatile
Acids.
c.c.
*A,k.U.
/. Soluble
or Volatile
Acids.
1-0
0-18
13-5
2'38
26-0
4-58
1-5
0-26
14-0
2'46
26-5
4-66
2'0
0-35
14-5
2-55
27-0
475
2'5
0-44
15'0
2-64
27'5
4-84
3-0
0-53
15-5
2-73
28-0
4-93
3-5
0'62
16-0
2-82
28-5
5-02
4'0
0-70
16-5
2-90
29-0
5-10
4'5
0-79
17'0
2-99
29-5
5-19
5-0
0-88
17-5
3-08
30-0
5-28
5-5
0-97
18-0
3-17
30-5
5-37
6'0
1-06
18-5
3"26
31'0
5-46
6'5
1-14
19-0
3-34
31-5
5-54
7-0
1-23
19-5
3-43
32-0
5-63
7'5
1-32
20-0
3-52
32-5
572
8-0
1-41
20-5
3-61
33-0
5-81
8'5
1-50
21-0
370
33 '5
5-90
9-0
1-58
21-5
378
34-0
5-98
9-5
1-67
22-0
3-87
34-5
6-07
10-0
176
22-5
3-96
35-0
6-16
10-5
1-85
23-0
4-05
ll'O
1-94
23-5
4'14
O'l
0-02
11-5
2-02
24-0
4-22
0-2
0-04
12-0
2-11
24-5
4'31
0-3
0-05
12'5
2-20
25-0
4-40
0'4
0-07
13-0
2-29
25-5
4-49
'
Calculated as Butyric Acid, C4H 8 2 =88.
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
93
CO
CO
Oi
<M
OrH(MCO^*<lOO
OO O i-l CM
Oi
<N
fc
CD
O !*a
I ?
*Ji
2s
94
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
TABLE OF RECIPKOCALS.
No.
Reciprocal.
No.
Reciprocal.
No.
Reciprocal.
No. Reciprocal.
1
1
31
03226
61
01639
91
01099
2
5
32
03125
62
01613
92
01087
3
33333
33
03030
63
01587
93
01075
4
25
34
02941
64
01563
94
01064
5
2
35
02857
65
01539
95
01053
6
16667
36
02778
66
01515
96
01042
7
14286
37
02703
67
01493
97
01031
8
125
38
02632
68
01471
98
01020
9
11111
39
02564
69
01449
99
01010
10
1
40
025
70
01429
100
01
11
09091
41
02439
71
01409
101
00990
12
08333
42
02381
72
01389
102
00980
13
0/692
43
02326
73
01370
103
00971
14
07143
44
02273
74
01351
104
00962
15
06667
45
02222
75
01333
105
00952
16
0625
46
02174
76
01316
106
00943
17
05882
47
02128
77
01299
107
00935
18
05556
48
02083
78
01282
108
00926
19
05263
49
02041
79
01266
109
00917
20
05
50
02
80
0125
110
00909
21
04762
51
01961
81
01235
111
00901
22
04545
52
01923
82
01220
112
00893
23
04348
53
01887
83
01205
113
00885
24
04167
54
01852
84
01191
114
00877
25
04
55
01818
85
01177
115
00870
26
03846
56
01786
86
01163
116
00862
27
03704
57'
01754
87
01149
117
00855
28
03571
58
01724
88
01136
118
00847
29
03448
59
01695
89
01124
119
00840
30
03333
60
01667
90
01111
120
00833
Ex.1. x -01 = = 0-05882.
Ex. 2. lx -02= 1x2= -02326x2 = 0-04652.
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
95
GLYCERINE TABLE.
Per
cent.
Glycer-
ine.
Sp. gr.
15 C. 59 F.
Sp. gr.
20 C. 66 F.
Per
cent.
Glycer-
ine.
Sp. gr.
15 C.
15.
Per
cent.
Glycer-
ine.
SP gr.
15 C.
15.
15 " 69
20 " 68
100
1-26596
1-26348
74
1-19583
40
1-10253
99
1 '26335
1-26085
73
1-19309
35
1-08908
98
1-26072
1-25822
72
1-19035
30
1-07564
97
1-25809
1-25560
71
1-18761
25
1-06236
96
1-25547
1-25297
70
1-18487
20
1-04930
95
1-25285
1-25034
69
1-18212
15
1-03652
94
1-25021
1-24771
68
1-17937
10
1*02409
93
1-24756
1-24508
67
1-17662
5
1-01189
92
1-24487
1-24246
66
1-17387
91
1 'O4.O17
1 '93Q83
K
i .171 1Q
90
J. .^-k^Lt
1-23945
i oyoo
1-23720
Ot)
64
JL JL / 1 JLO
1-16837
89
1-23673
1-23449
63
1-16561
Sp. gr.
88
1-23400
1-23178
62
1-16286
20 C.
87
1-23128
1-22907
61
1-16011
20
86
1-22855
1-22636
60
1-15737
85
1*22583
1*22365
59
1*15462
84
1-22310
1-22094
58
1-15187
83
1-22038
1-21823
57
1-14912
70
1-18293
82
1-21766
1-21552
56
1-14637
60
1-15561
81
1-21493
1-21281
55
1-14362
50
1-12831
80
1-21221
1-21010
54
1-14088
40
1-10118
79
1-20949
1-20737
53
1-13814
30
1-07469
78
1-20677
1-20464
52
1-13539
20
1-04884
77
1-20404
1-20190
51
1-13265
10
1-02391
76
1-20131
1-19917
50
1-12990
75
1-19857
1-19644
45
1-11618
The above table is a combination of "W. W. J. Nicol's excellent tables
for the two temperatures above specified, as given in the United States
Dispensatory, p. 653, and in Watts's Dictionary of Chemistry (most
recent edition in each case). In the former work a complete table from
1-100/ glycerine, at 15 C. is given.
The following formula is useful :
EJE^tateKlgttine-l-OM^ by weight of glycerine .
The divisor "00261 is more accurate, however, for mixtures containing
between 30 and 60% glycerine, and '0025 for those below 30%.
96
THE ANALYST'S LABORATORY COMPANION.
For use in Calibrating
Instruments.
For use with Standard Solutions.
T
ture C.
Weight of 1
Litre of Water.
Volume of 1
Gram of Water.
Volume corres-
ponding with
1 Litre at 15 C.
Volume of 1
c.c. reduced to
15 C.
grams.
c.c.
C.C.
C.C.
5
998-6
1-0014
998-3
1-0017
6
ii
> >
4
1-0016
7
M
ii
5
1-0014
8
If
p|
7
1-0013
9
9
1-0011
10
998-5
1-0015
999-0
1-0010
11
5J
2
1-0008
12
998-4
1-0016
4
1 -0006
13
3
1-0017
6
1-0004
14
2
1-0018
8
1-0002
15
1
1-0019
1000-0
1-0000
16
997'9
1-0021
2
0-9998
17
8
1-0022
4
0-9996
18
7
1-0023
6
0-9994
19
5
1-0025
8
0-9992
20
3
1-0027
1001-1
0-9989
21
2
1-0028
3
0-9987
22
997-0
1-0030
6
0-9984
23
996-8
1*0032
8
0-9982
24
6
1-0034
1002-0
0-9980
25
3
1-0037
3
0-9977
INDEX.
PAGE
Acetic Acid in Beer, Value of, . . . . . 60
Albuminoids, Table for, . . . ... . . 71
Alcohol Tables, . . . .. ..... . . 76
Alcohol, Correction for Temperature, . . . . . . 80s
Ammonia, sp. gr. Table, 84
Aqueous Vapour, Tension of, 42
Areas and Volumes of Bodies, ....... 39
Atomic Weights, 1
Barometric Tables, 54
Baume's Hydrometer 75
Bi-rotation, 62
Butter Analysis Tables, . 91
Calibrating Instruments, Table for, . . . . . . 96
Chicory in Coffee, . 73
Cupric reducing Power, 63
Data, Useful (Areas and Volumes of Bodies), . . . . 39
Drams per Ib. into Percentage, etc. , . . . . . . 41
Factors, Various Useful, . 33A, 40
Fehling's Solution, 63
Gases, Correction of Volumes for Temperature, . . . . 55
Gases, Weight of one Litre of Various, 13
Glycerine, sp. gr. Table, . . 95
Hardness of Water, . . . .'.,.... . 47
Hydrochloric Acid, sp. gr. Table, ... . . . 81
Indicators, Notes on, . . . . . .. . . 2
Kjeldahl Table, . ...-., 72A
Logarithms, Notes on, . . . . . . . 25
Logarithms, Table of, . . . . ; . . . . 28
Mercury Vapour, Tension of, 58
Micron, - . .'-.*'. 35 (note)
Milk Analysis, . .- . . . . . ... . 93
Multipliers required in Gravimetric Analysis, . . . . 13
Multipliers required in Volumetric Analysis, * . . 22
98 (whole number 108) INDEX.
PAGE
Nitrates in Water, Estimation of, 49
Nitric Acid, sp. gr. Table, 82
Nitrogen into Ammonia 71
Nitrogen, Loss by Evaporation of NH 3 with S0 2 , etc., . . 45-47
Nitrogen, Reduction of c.c. to Grams, 44
Parts per 100,000 into Grains per Gallon, 50
Percentage into Cwts. per Ton, etc., 40
Percentage Composition of Compounds, 4
Phosphate Table, . 64
Potash, sp. gr. Table, 83
Precipitating Powers of Reagents, 3
Prescriptions, Signs used in, 3
Proof Spirit, 80
Quinine, 73, 73A
Reciprocals, 94
Rectified Spirit, 80
Salt in Beer, 60
Soda, sp. gr. Table, 84
Specific Gravity of Gases, Factors for, 39
Specific Rotatory Power, 61
Spirit Indication in Beer, 59
Spirits, Rules for finding Dilution of, 80.4
Standard Solutions, Correction of Volume of, .... 96
Sulphuric Acid, sp. gr. Table, . . . . . . . 81
Thermometric Tables, 81
Twaddell's Hydrometer, 39, 75
Water Analysis, Calculation of Results of, 52
Water, Volume and Density at different Temperatures, . . 53
Water, Weight of 1 Cubic Inch, Foot, and Yard of, . . . 34
Weights and Measures, 33
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