f 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 >I FT < 
 
 Accessions 
 
 j 
 
/'.y&/c/. 
 
 '/' - // 
 
 f ' St 
 
. 
 
THE 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OK THE 
 
 RISE, PROGRESS, AND ESTABLISHMENT, 
 
 is 
 
 OFT II E , 
 
 INDEPENDENCE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 AN ACCOUNT OF THE LATE WAR; 
 
 AND OF T H E 
 
 T H I R i E E, IN COLONIES,. 
 
 FROM THEIR ORIGIN TO THAT PERIOD. 
 
 BY WILLIAM GORDON, D. D. 
 
 VERUM ***"* CURO, ET ROGO ET OMNIS IN HOC SUM. 
 
 HORAT. i Ep. i Lib. 
 IN THREE VOLUMES. 
 
 V O L. III. 
 
 N E W - Y R K : 
 PRINTED BY HODGE, ALLEN, AND CAMPBELL; 
 
 AND SOLD AT TKEIR RESPECTIVE BOO K-oTORES, 
 
 ' 
 M. DCC. LXXXIX, 
 
"^nrtiJPI 
 
 SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 
 HON. Samuel Athe, one of the judges of the fupferiof cburfi 
 North-Carolina. 
 James Afhe, efq; (heriffof the city and county of Philadelphia, 
 
 ftate of Pennfylvania. 
 Rev. John Andrews, do. 
 
 James F. Armftrong, Trenton, New-Jerfey, 
 
 David Auflin, Elizabeth-town, 
 Mr. Nicholas Anthony, tanner, New -York. 
 
 John Applegate, do. 
 
 Levy Abrams, Savannah, Georgia. * 
 
 i Henry Aborn, New- York. 
 ^ Allard Anthony, tanner and currier, do;. . 
 
 Jacob J. Ardih, do. 
 Nathaniel Allen, efq; Edenton, N. (J; 
 Mr. James Angus, Albany. 
 
 Jofeph Anthony, merchant, Philadelphia. 
 
 Thomas Abernethie, engraver, Charlefton-, S, C* 
 
 John Aitken, merchant, do; 
 
 lleclor Alexander, grocer, do'. 
 
 David Alexander, painter, do, 
 t Ichabod Atwejj, do. 
 " Richard RufTeTAfhe, planter, do. 
 
 George Arch!bold, attorney, do. 
 
 Guillam Aertfen, city fhenfF, do. 
 
 James Allifon, cooper, do. 
 
 reter Anfpatch, merchant, New-York. 
 
 Abijah Abbot, grocer, do. 
 
 Thomas Arden, merchant, plo. 
 
 Thomas Avery, Palatine townfhip, do. 
 
 B 
 
 Hon. Abraham Baldwin, efq; reprefentative in con^refs from 
 Georgia. 
 
 C Edward 
 
S U B S G R.I B E R S NAMES. 
 
 Edward Burd, efq; prothonotary fupreme court of the {late of 
 
 Pennfylvania. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Beveridge, New-York. 
 John Baffet, Albany, do. 
 William Bingham, North-Carolina. 
 Benjamin Boardman, Hartford, Connecticut, 
 Major Jeremiah Bricen, Newark, New-Jerfey. 
 Mr. Charles Buxton, S. M. New- York. 
 Samuel Beach, efq; Charlefton, South-Carolina, 
 Mr. John Blake, Stamford, Connecticut. 
 
 J- James Burnfide, New-York. 
 C^pt. Jofeph Burnham, Lyme, Connecticut. 
 Mr. George Barwell, New- York. 
 
 Abraham Brinckerhoff, merchant, do. 
 David Brown, coach maker, Philadelphia, 
 Andrew Brown, printer, do. 
 Andrew Boflwick, efq; New-York. 
 Mr. Nicholas Bjevoort, do. 
 Walter Bicker, hatter, do* 
 Samuel Boyd, do. 
 4p*- Paul Richard Bache, do. 
 Meffrs. Robert, and P. Bruce, grocers, do, 
 
 Mr. Bell, Elizabeth-town, N. J. 
 
 William Bedlow/efq; poft matter, New- York, 
 
 Capt. James Black, do. 
 
 Mr. James Bramble, fmith, do. 
 
 Samuel Bell, cabinet-maker, do: 
 John Burger, goldfmith, do. 
 Thomas Brown, Long-Ifland, do, 
 Caleb Boyles, limner, do. 
 ^Calvin Beakman, fchoolmafter, do, 
 
 David Boyd, do. 
 
 Abfalom Blachiey, efq; attorney at law, do. 
 Mr. Jeffe Baldwin, merchant, Newark, N. J. 
 John Burnet, merchant, do. 
 Ifrael Bedell, Staten-Ifland, New-York, 
 David Burns, Orange county, do. 
 Lemuel Brulh, Nine-Partners, do. 
 William Bowdith, Shelter-Ifland, do. 
 Jacob Bo.eardus, Dutchefs county, do. 
 % y Thomas Brown, ftone cutter, do. 
 Samuel Bunce, joiner, do. 
 Lancafter Burling, wheel wright, do. 
 Robert Baker, do. do. 
 Samuel Bowne, merchant, do. 
 David Briflol, Millford, ConneBicut Capt. 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 Capt. Samuel Butler, Edenton, N. C. 
 
 Alexander Black, efq; merchant, do. 
 
 Mr. Ifaac Beers, bookfeiler. New-Haven, 6 copied 
 
 Charles I. Brannon, Greenwich, New- York, 
 el W. Baldwin, Newark, New-Jerfey. 
 
 Nathaniel Beach, dp. do. 
 
 Samuel Bairow, S. M. New- York. 
 
 Ebenezer Beach, Huntingdon, Connecticut. 
 
 James F. Brower, Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 I. Benedix, do. do. 
 
 John Blakely, North-Carolina, 
 ames Burthuck, Schohary, New- York. 
 Hilary Baker, efq; Philadelphia. 
 William-Ball, efq; do. 
 J Mr. Jacob Bright, Jo. 
 
 * Jofeph Buck, efq; fherifF, Cumberland countv, New-Jerfey. 
 Mr. Jeremiah Brooks, Cumberland county, jio. 
 
 Smi.h Bowen, do. do. 
 
 John BaJcer efq; merchant, Charlefton, S. C* 
 John Beale, efq; do. 
 Mr. James Bulgin, merchant, do. 
 Charles Banks, do. 
 
 Morton Brailsford, do. ^ 
 
 Hugh Bethune, do. / /* & 
 
 ^\ Oliver Blackaller, do. 
 ' David Bogie, do. 
 William Barnfield, do.. 
 T. B. Bowen, printer, do. 
 Patrick Burton, do, 
 Samuel Beach, efq; do. 
 Peter Bocquet efq; do. 
 Mr. George Bampfield, do. 
 Samuel Beekman, do. 
 
 William Hardy Bampfield, efq; Dorchefter, S. C. 
 -f JVfr. Ifaac Briggs, Georgia. 
 
 Mofes Bartram, Philadelphia. 
 Robert Bethel, do. 
 Benjamin Betterton, do. 
 Andrew Brown, do. 
 
 Jofiah Bagley, Somerfet countv, Maryland. 
 Francis Bailey, printer, Philadelphia. 
 Alexander Biifland, do. 
 Charles Burrali, efq; New-York. 
 Mr. Thomas Bairow, limner, do. 
 ^S John Beekman, druggiU, do. 
 * John Banks, ofiker oi the cuftoms, do. Jofiah 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES, 
 
 I-;*.' . Jofiah Blakely merchant, New-York. 
 John Bruce, currier, do. 
 Peter Bonnett, tanner, do. 
 Jofeph Bufwell, do. 
 John Bonfall,. lumber merchant, do. 
 Obadiah Bofworth, Chowan, N. C. 
 Col. William Bnckell, Franklin, N. C. 
 Mr. James Barron, Bertie, N. C. 
 dmun,d Blount, efq; Chowan, N. C, 
 ol. Robert Burton, -William {borough, N. C. 
 Mr. Nicholas Bray, Newbern,N. C. 
 
 Jofhua Belden, Weathersfield Connecticut. 
 Luke Bernus, Watertown, Maffachufetts. 
 James Babcock, do. 
 
 Deacon Edward Bucknam, Stoneham, Maflachufetts B 
 Mr. Judith Barns, Briftol, Connecticut. f 
 
 ohn Burton, German-town, New-York, 
 ames Brownfon, Clinton, do. 
 _%L Chriflopher Beekman, Albany, do, 
 
 C 
 
 His excellency George Clinton, efq; governor and commander 
 
 in chief of the ftate of New- York. 
 Hon. Jofeph Clay, fen. Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Jofeph Collins, efq; Edenton, N. C. 
 Gen. James Clinton, efq; Uliter county, New-York. 
 Col. Jaraes ChrifHe, do. A> , 
 
 Major William Crane, Elizabeth-town. 
 
 W. Cunnington, merchant, Charleflon, S. C. 
 Capt. George Crofs, merchant, do. 
 Capu Donald Campbell, do. 
 Joieph Cowperthwait, efq;. late meriff of the city and county of 
 
 Philadelphia, ftate of Pennfylvania, 
 Charles' Ciiauncy, efq; New-Haven. 
 De Witt Clinton, efq; New-York. 
 Pollok Cullen, efq; Edenton, North-Carolina, 
 James Cbchran, ejq; Savannah. 
 L. M. Cutting, efq; attorney at law, New-York. 
 Lemuel -Crecy, efq; Edenton, N. C. 
 John C: Cuyler, Albany, New York. 
 Mr. Jonathan Clarke, Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Charles G. Covie, Charlefton, South-Carolina. 
 
 Younglove Cutler, merchant, Watertown. 
 
 John Currie, Savannah, Georgia, 
 
 Slaughter Cowling, do. 
 
 Jacob Conkline, New-York, John 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES, 
 
 Mr. John Cockle, New^York. 
 
 Stephen Crolsheld, do. 
 
 Daniel Colernan, do. 
 
 Patrick Coffield, Tobacconift, do. 
 / ^Benjamin Cady, Miiiibrd, Connecticut. 
 '/~ Enoch Clarke, do. 
 
 Guiiliam Cornell, merchant, New -York. 
 
 Stephen Cock, do. 
 Calliopes Society, do. 
 Mr. Alexander Cairns, Staten-Ifland, do. 
 
 George Clarke, Montgomery county, New-York. 
 
 Robert Campbell, New-York. 
 
 John Campbell, bookfeller, Wilmington, N. C. 14 copies. 
 
 Robert Campbell, bookfeiler, Pniladelphia. 
 
 Alexander Chriitie, painter, Philadelpia. 
 s**l William Carey, Marietta, weftern territory. 
 
 Samuel Cannon, merchant, Fairfield. 
 
 David Cardogo, Savannah. 
 
 Malcorn Campbell, teacher of languages, New -York. , 
 
 J. Clayton, conveyancer, do. 
 
 George Cummings, do. 
 
 N. G. Carmer, do. 
 
 Jeremiah Cuyler, Savannah. 
 
 Thornas Collins, Bertie, North-Carolina. 
 
 Oris Curtis, Canajohorie, New- York, 
 acob Cuyler, Albany, do. 
 
 ard Cumpfton, do. 
 amejs Caldwell, do. 
 ames Cheftney, do. 
 ohn Chaloner, merchant, Philadelphia. 
 
 Archibald Campbell, vendue-mafter, Charlefton, S. C. 
 
 Willfam Cooke, merchant, do. 
 
 Chriflopher Chapman, planter, do. 
 
 Alexajider Cameron, do. do, 
 
 Alexander Chifholm, do. do. 
 
 Jofeph Compton, do. do. 
 .^Lewis Cameron, grocer, do. / /) /? 
 
 Mofes G. Crofby, do. do. 
 
 Job Colcock, vendue-mafter, do. 
 
 John Cooth, fa6tor, do. 
 
 James Charles, baker, do. 
 
 D 
 
 Simetm De Witt, efq; furveyor general, New-York. 
 
 Jofhua Danforth, efq; Pittsfield, Maflachufetts. 
 
 John Dey, efq; Bergen, New-Jerfey. Stephen 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 Stephen Drayton, efq; Charleflon, South- Carolina, 2 fets. 
 William Doughty, efq; do. 
 
 Henry William Defauifure, efq; attorney at law, do. 
 Capt. James Deas, grocer, New- York. 
 Mr. Gilchrift Dickmfon, merchant, do. 
 James Dunlap, meichant,do. 
 George Duiyee,jun.do. 
 Dan. R. Denning, do. 
 ohn Dei ker, Montgomery, Uliler county. 
 /lo/esDe Witt, Ulifer county. 
 ohn D. Dickinfon, Albany. 
 ohfi Dertz, Ihipwtight, do. 
 
 A 4 ohn Dobfon, blackfmith, do. 
 ohn Dun bar, do. 
 
 ohn DuiEe, grocer, do. . 
 ohn Dean, Hartford, Connecticut. 
 _ ohn Davis, PI) mouth, Maflachufetts. 
 Samuel Dunham, Wellington, Conneclicut, 
 John Down, Millford, do. 
 Ifaac Davis, Cumberland county, New-Jerfey. 
 John Davidlon, Charlelton, South-Carolina. < 
 Thomas Duggan, do. 
 
 Durie, do. 
 
 Gilbert Davidfon, merchant, do. 
 Jofeph Dulles, do. 
 'Robert Douglas, do. 
 Agnus Dallas, do. 
 
 Henry Daggett, vendue-mafter, do. 
 Archibald Duncan, engine-maker, do. 
 James Duncan, fmith, do. 
 Anthony Defverneys, gun-maker, do, 
 John Duvall, carpenter, do. 
 J/Jofeph Drinker, Philadelphia. 
 * Thbmas Dobfon, bookfeller, do. 12 copies. 
 Henry Downs, do, 
 
 John Davis, upholfterer, do. 
 John Dunlap, merchant, New-Yorfc. 
 Nathaniel Davis, Brookhaven, do. 
 William Douglafs, cabinet-maker, do. 
 
 JohnDixon, leather drefler, do. 
 
 John Durand, Newark, New-Jerfey. 
 
 Samuel Downer, merchant, Wettrield, New- York. 
 
 Jonathan Dwight, Springfield, MarTachufetts. 
 timothy Dunning, merchant, Goihen, New-York. 
 
 ^ 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 E 
 
 Rev. B'urgefs Ellifon, Bordentown, New-Jerfey. * 
 Mr. Jofhua Edwards, New-York. 
 
 Anthony Erneft, do. 
 
 Abraham Evening, merchant, do. 
 
 Ebenezer Elmer, efq; Cumberland county, New-Jerfey. 
 Mr. Daniel Evans, painter, Charlefton, South-Carolina. 
 
 John Ellis, do. do. 
 
 Joh,rjiwirig, merchant, do. 
 
 John Edwards, efq; commiflioner of the treafury, do. 
 r. James Elfinow, do. 
 
 Clark Elliott, New-London. 
 
 Rev. Benjamin Fofter, A. M. New- York. 
 
 Richard Furman, Charlefton, South-Carolina. 
 Col. Benjamin Fifhbourn, Savannah, Georgia. 
 Capt. James Fitch, Windfor, Connecticut. 
 John Fo^craft, efq; agent for the Britifh Packets, New- York. 
 Peter Freneau, efq; fecretary of the Hate of South-Carolina. 
 William Frazer, efq; attorney at law, Charlefton, S. Corolina. 
 George Fox, efq; do. 
 
 Jofhua'Fifher, efq; attorney at law, Dover, Delaware. 
 Jonathan Fitch, efq; New-Haven, Connecticut. 
 John Fulton, efq; Eaft Nottingham, Pennfylvania. 
 Mr. John Fifher, New-York. - 
 
 Gabriel Furman, do. 
 
 Cornelius Fifh, do. 
 
 Jofeph Foul k, do. 
 
 Andrew G. Fraunces, do. 
 
 Leonard Fifher, furgeon-barber, do. 
 Ljofeph Fofter, Bofton. 
 
 George Fithiam, Cumberland county, New-Jerfey, 
 
 James Finlay, Charlefton, South-Carolina. 
 
 Jofeph Flint, grocer, do, 
 
 Williiam Tripp, fen. planter, do. 
 
 Daniel Fifher, do. do. 
 
 Feidinanda Fairfax, Virginia. 
 
 Samuel Foulke, for library, Philadelphia. 
 
 Edward Ferris, Weilc heller, county, New- York. 
 
 Hon. William Gibfon, Savannah, Georgia. 
 */ John Fauchercaud Grimkie, elq; one of the afTociate jud- 
 \ ge*s oi South-Carolma. CoL 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 Col. Thomas Grofvenor, Pomfret, Connecticut. 
 Capt. John Geyer, planter, Charlefton, S. Carolina. 
 
 William Barnard Gifford, Flatbufh, New-York. 
 Edward Grefwold, efq; attorney at law, do. 
 Leonard Ganfevoort, efq; Albany, New-York. 
 Henry Gjbbes, efq; attorney at law, Charlefton, S. Carolina. 
 William H. Gibbs, efq; do. 
 Andrew Grifwold, efq; Lyme, Connecticut. 
 Jacob GJen, efq; Scheneftady, do. ^ * * 
 
 *Mr. John Graham, merchant, New-York. f V 
 
 f Rdbert Graham, writing -mafter, do. 
 
 Andrew Gifford, cabinet-maker, do-. 
 
 Robert Greenleaf, do. 
 
 Robert Gofman, mafon, do. 
 
 James Grant, Albany. 
 
 Ifaac Guion, New- York. 
 
 Matthew Goodman, do. 
 
 James Granberry, Edenton, N. Carolina, 
 
 Frederick W. Geyer, jun. Bofton. 
 v^. John Grant, jun. Albany, New-York. 
 * William Gray, brewer, Philadelphia. 
 
 William Garrifon, Cumberland county, New-Jerfey. 
 
 Harry Grant, merchant, Charlefton, South- Carolina. 
 
 Conrad Gabel, merchant, do. 
 
 John Frederick Gunnerick, grocer, do. 
 
 WiWiam Graham, vendue mafter, do. 
 
 Alexander Grant, baker, do. 
 
 John Gourlay, boot and fhoemaker, do. 
 MefTrs. Grierfon, Stewart and co. grocers, dp. 
 
 kMr. John Gordon, faclor, do. 
 John B. Grive, planter, do. 
 James George, (hip-wright, do. 
 ofeph Gaultier, Auctioneer, do. 
 Charles J. Grimbal!, do. 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Geyer, do. 
 Mr. Charles Goldfborough, jun. Philadelphia. 
 Robert Gibfon, Savannah, Georgia, 
 ofeph Gibbons, jun. Savannah, Georgia. 
 . Geoghegan, Charlefton, South-Carolina. 
 
 H 
 
 i. David Huger, reprefentative from South- Carolina. 
 John Slofs Hobart, efq; one of the judges of the fupreme 
 court, New- York. Hon- 
 
SUBSCRIBERS A M E S. 
 
 Hon. Benjamin Huntington, efq; reprefentative incongrefs from 
 Conne&icut. 
 
 James Humphries, efq; Weymouth, MafTachufetts* 
 Col. Geo. Kandiy, Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Jofqph Haberfham, do. 
 
 John Holden, Kentucky. 
 Capt. Robert Hunter, New- York. 
 
 Aarqn Hitchcock, Suffield, Connecticut, 
 
 Pliny Hillyer, Gra'nby, do. 
 James Houftoun, efq; Savannah, Georgia. 
 v~ Ebenezer^ Hazard, efq; poftmafter general, New- York. 
 
 Jofeph rfardy, efq; accomptant of the treafury of the United 
 
 States, do. 
 
 Martin Hoffman, efq;, merchant, do. 
 Jofiaji Ogden x Hoffman, efq; attorney at law, do 
 Daniel Hay wood, efq planter, Charlefton, South-Carolina, 
 Thomas Hale, efq; poft-mafter, do* 
 Robert Heriot, efq; George-town, do. 
 George Heriot, efq; do. 
 John* Hopkins, efq; Richmond, Virginia. 
 James Hillhoufe, efq; New-Haven. 
 
 t^William Halflead, efq; high meriffof Effex county* N. Jerfey* 
 William Harpur, efq; Montgomery county, New-York, 
 John Hallowell, efq; attorney at law, Philadelphia. 
 Rev. Abjel Holmes, Savannah, Georgia. 
 Thomas Hunter, efq; South- Carolina. 
 John Hay, efq; North-Carolina. 
 Dr. Caleb Halftead, Elizabeth-town, New- Jerfey. 
 Mr, Samuel Hitchcock, Vermont. 
 
 John Hamilton, Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 John Hamilton, Elizabeth-town, New-JerfeyY 
 Wjofeph. Howell, jun. New -York. 
 
 Thomas O'Hara, do. 
 
 Caleb D. Howard, North-Carolina. 
 
 William Hopfon, do. 
 
 John H, Hulett, do. 
 
 "David.Hubbill, Greenfield, Conne^cuf, 
 
 Robeu L. Hooper, Newark, New-Jerfey. 
 
 Ifraelr Kcdden, do. do. 
 
 Abel Houfe, houfe carpenter, New-York. 
 
 . Hitchcock, merchant, Chefliire, Connelicut. 
 
 J^ William Halzendorf, Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 John Henry, merchant, New-York. 
 
 Robert Hunter, do. do. 
 
 "George Hunter, do. 
 
 Daniel 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 Ivlr. Daniel Hall, merchant, Charleflon, South-Carolina: 
 
 William Holms, planter, do. 
 
 David Haig, cooper, do. 
 
 Jarrfes Hamilton, merchant, do. 
 
 Jofhua Hargraves, do. do. 
 
 Jacpb Hofner, jun. Philadelphia. 
 v_ Jacob Hoffman, jun. do. 
 ^ Roger Flahaven, jun. brufh-maker, do. 
 
 George Hunter, grocer, New-York. 
 
 Jacob Hallett, merchant, do. 
 
 William Henfon, do. 
 
 David Van Home, merchant, do* 
 
 James Hearn, do. 
 
 Jabe^ Halfey, filverfmith,,do. 
 
 JamS Hayes, glover and breeches-maker^ do, 
 
 Hezekiah Howell, jun. Orange county, do, 
 \ Jarns Harvey, merchant, .do. 
 
 Tlfleodorus James Hamilton, do. 
 
 Thomas Hazard, tanner and currier, do. 
 
 Daniel Hitchcock, carpenter^ do. 
 
 Benjamin F. Hafkin, Duchcfs county, do. 
 
 Zach^iriah Huntington, merchant, Norwich, Connecticut, 
 
 John Hallett, wheelwright, New- York. 
 
 Peter tlopkins, London. 
 
 Abraham Hardenbergh, Hackenfack, NeW-Jerfey. 
 
 Henry Jienfon, New- York. 
 
 W Thomas Horner, Troy, do. . / A 
 
 Robert Hyilop, do. 6 fets. J // if 
 
 James Halfey, Edenton, N. Carolina. 
 Abraham Herring, florekeeper, New- York. 
 John Houfe, Lebahon, Connecticut. 
 Philemon Holt, Willington, do. m , 
 
 Paul Hockirafler, Canajoharie, New- York* 
 Robert Henry, Jan. Albany, do, 
 Daniel Hale, do. do. 
 Samuel Hill, do. do. 
 
 riys Kewibn, do. do. 
 afper W. Hayncs, brewer, Philadelphia. 
 
 y Hayncs, Cumberland county, Mew- Jcrfey. 
 
 I 
 
 Gen. James Irvine, efq; Philadelphia. 
 
 James Jarvis, efq; 
 
 Samuel Jones, efq; attorney at law, New-York, 
 
 SamueJ Jones, jun, efq; do, Samuel 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES, 
 
 Thomas V.Jones, efq; Albany, do. 
 
 Edward Jones, efq; North- Carolina. 
 
 Robert johnfon, efq; Salem county, Weft-Jerfey. 
 
 Mayberry Jolly, efq; Charleiton, South-Carolina. 
 
 i Ives, M. D. New-Haven, Connecticut. 
 Mr. James Johnfton, merchant, New-York. 
 
 Jofeph Jadwin, infpeftor of beef and pork, do. , 
 
 Ebenezer Jackfon, Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Matthew Johnfton, do. do. 
 
 f^feph Jones, Camden, N. Carolina, 
 eonard Jacoby, merchant, Philadelphia. 
 Ifrael Ifrael, inn-keeper, do. 
 "ohn Jacobs, do. 
 
 ames Jacks, watch-maker, Charlefton, South-Carolina, 
 ofeph JoneS, do. 
 actob Jacobs, vehdue-mafter, do. 
 ^acob Jacobs, jun. do. 
 
 Simeon Joceline, mufic mafter, New-Haven. 
 Meflrs. B. and Jacob Judah, merchants, do. 
 Mr. John Jonfton, New- York. 
 
 Jeremiah JefTop, tin-plate worker, do. 
 Benjamin Jones, do, 
 
 K 
 
 John Keefe, efq; notary public, &c. New-York. 
 Capt. John Kent, Suffield, Connecticut, 
 y^ Michael Kahizen.^fq; Charlefton, S. C. 
 Mr. Ridiarcl Kipp, upholfterer, New-York. 
 
 Archibald Kerly, do. 
 
 Bure;t R, Kingfland, S. M. do. 
 
 Ifaac-L. Kipp, S. L. do. 
 
 Alexander Kirpatrick, do. 
 
 Henry Kuhl, do, 
 
 Andrew Kingfburry, Hartford, Connecticut, 
 
 Alexander Kaifon, Bethlehem, do. 
 
 John. Kirk, Albany, New- York, 
 enjamin .Keyfer, grocer, Philadelphia. 
 
 Andrew Kerr, merchant, Charleiton, South-Carolina. 
 
 Sebaftikn Keely, do, do. 
 
 William Kevan, do. do, 
 
 Robert Knox, factor, do. 
 
 William Ki4d, Philadelphia. . 
 . Jonathan Kingfbury, Hampton, Connecticut. 
 Capt. Henry Kermit, New-York. 
 
 Abraham Kir by, Currituck. lion. 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 L 
 
 Hon. Richard H. Lee, efq; fenator from Virginia. 
 
 ^^ Walter Livingflon, efq; one of the commiiiioners of the 
 
 board of treafury, New-York, 
 
 Rev.Br, J, H. Livingfton, theological profeffor, New- York* 
 Di\ William Linn, do. 
 Peter Louw, Flatbufh Long-Ifland, 
 Col. John Lather, do. 
 
 Girkert *R, Livingfton, efq: Dutcbefs county, flateof New-York. 
 Doming k Lynch, efq; merchant New-York. 
 Edmund Living fton, efq; New- York, 
 Thaddeus Leavitt, efq; Suffield, Connecticut. 
 Lambea Lance, efq; attorney at law, Charlefton, S, Carolina, 
 Peter R. Livingfton, jun. efq; New-York. 
 Nathaniel Lawrence, efq; juftice of peace, do, 
 Richard Leake, efq; Savannah, Georgia. 
 Hampton Lillibridge, efq; do. 
 Aaron Loorock, efq; Charlefton, South-Carolina. 
 Solomon Legare, jun. efq; do, 
 Edward Lightwood, efq; planter, do. 
 Aarpn Levy, efq; Northumberland county, Pennfylvania. 
 Morgan Lewis, efq; counfelior at law, New- York. 
 Mof. L'Enfant, major of the corps of engineers, do. 
 
 rs. Hannah Laboyteaux, iio. 
 Mr. Robert Lenox, merchant, New-York. 
 
 James Leamy, New-York. 
 
 David Leavitt, jun. merchant, Bethlehem, Connefticut. 
 
 Jactrb John Lanfing, New-York, 
 
 Nathaniel Ledyard, do. 
 
 ThoKias Lawrence, Mount Pleafant, Weftchefter, do, 
 
 Benjamin Larkin, bookfeller, Boilon, 2^ fets. 
 
 Afa Leon, Pompbret, Connecticut. 
 
 KaaNC Lathrop, Plymoiuh, Maffachufetts. 
 arjrit G. Laoiin, Albany, New-York. 
 
 Lewis, Philadelphia. 
 vSeneea Larkins, Montgomery, Pennfylvania. 
 Hermans J. Lombaert, Philadelphia. 
 Elipfcalet Lyman, W T oodfiock, Connecticut. 
 Abraham Lott, New- York. 
 Geoige Lorillard, tobacconill, do. 
 -- Lindfey, itone cutter, do, 
 Arnout Love, do. 
 
 Samuel Lee, Elizabeth-town New-Jerfey. *\ 
 
 Jofeph Lyon, jun. do. | /" \J 
 
 JDavHcl Lathrian, (hipwright, New-York, / 
 
 John P. Lathrian, ibipwrigbt, do. Abraham 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 Mr. Abraham Leggett, Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Robert Lewis, New-York. 
 
 Solomon Lee, Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 John Peter Lange, do. 
 
 Robert Lewis, Albany, New^York. 
 
 Samuel London, boofeller, do. 7 fets. 
 
 I (ham Lourie, planter, Chadefton, South- Carolina. 
 
 Ifaac Legare, planter, do. 
 
 Daniel Latham, difliller, do. 
 
 William Luyton, merchant, do, 
 
 John Lynes do. do. 
 
 Seth Lothrop, do. do. 
 
 Jofhua Lockwood, do, 
 
 George Leflie, do. 
 
 Aaron Lopez, do. 
 
 Benjamin Lefefne, do. 
 
 William Leflie, carpenter, do. 
 
 James Lenox, do. 
 Maft&r John Cale Ley, do. 
 Mr. Francis Ley, who procured 200 fubfcribers in Charlefton. 
 
 John LangftafF, do. 
 
 Anthony L'Abbe, do. 
 
 M 
 
 His excellency Thomas Miffiin, efq; prefident of the common- 
 wealth of Pennfylvania, 2 fets. 
 Hon. Thomas M'Kean, efq; L. L. D. chief juftice of thefupreme 
 
 court of the flateof Pennfylvania. 
 
 Thomas Miles, efq; member of the fupreme executive coun- 
 cil of Pennfylvania. 
 Dr. James Manning, prefident of the college, Providence, Rhode 
 
 ifland. 
 
 Brigadier .general Malcom, efq; New-York. 
 Rev. Di\ John Mafon, do. 
 
 Dr, Benjamin Moore, do. 
 YV Dr. Donald Macleod, Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Capt. Alia Moulton, Mansfield, Connelicut. 
 Alexander Macomb, efq; New- York. 
 P. J. Munro, efq; do. 
 John M'Kiflbn, efq; attorney at law, do. 
 Henry Machen, efq; Newbern, North-Carolina. 
 John Merrick, efq; attornev at law, Bridgewater Maflachufetts. 
 Matthew M'Connell, efq; Philadelphia. 
 George Mea^J, efq; merchant, do. 
 
 James M'Call, efq; auditor general, Charlefton, South-Carolina, 
 hn M'^Call, efq; city treafurer, do. 
 obert Morris, efq; attorney at law, New-York. Jofcph 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 Jofeph B. M'Kean efq; attorney at law Philadelphia, 
 Archibald Maclaine, efq; North-Carolina. 
 Alfred Moore, efq; do. 
 Mr, Peter Maxwell, do. 
 
 James Muir, bookbinder, Philadelphia. 
 
 A. M'Naughton do. 
 
 James Manning, jun. New-York. 
 
 James M'Kay, do. 
 ^\/T)avid B. Mitchell Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Charles Mitchell, Long-Ifland, New-York. 
 
 George M'Kinnon do. 
 
 Thomas M'Ready, carpenter do. 
 
 William Mooney, upholilerer, do, 
 
 John M'Clellan, merchant, do. 
 
 Benjamin Mix, Half-Moon, do. 
 
 William M'Clellan, Albany, do. 
 
 Robert M'Clellan, do. do/ 
 
 John M'Donald, do. do. 
 
 fames Moore, do. do. 
 
 Anthony Marvine, fludent at law, do. 
 
 Alexander Mills, Stamford, Connecticut. 
 
 Aza r iah Moore, Cumberland county, New-Jerfey. 
 
 David Moore, do. do. 
 Me firs. Cochran and William, M'Cure, merchants, CharleftoQ 
 
 South-Carolina, 
 Mr. George M'Cauley, do. 
 
 Abraham Manley, do. do. 
 
 William M 4 Donald, do. do. 
 A-i-* James Macomb, do. do. 
 
 Andrew Muir, do. do. 
 
 John M'Dowell, do. do. 
 
 John M'Oueen, do. do. 
 
 William Miles, taylor, do. 
 
 James Macbeth, do. 
 
 James Miller, wine merchant, do. 
 
 James Muirhead, flationer, do. 
 
 [John Mitchell, watch maker, do. 
 
 Andrew M'Kenzie, grocer, do. 
 l/Jfaac Mott, jun. do. 
 I James Mackie, cooper, do. 
 
 John H. Mitchell, do. 
 
 John Minnick, do. 
 
 Jacob Mott, grocer, New- York, 
 Rev. James Muir,' A. M. Alexandria. 
 Mr. John Morton, do. 
 
 John J. Meyers, fcriviner, do. 
 . John Midwinter, blackfmith, do. 
 
 Abel Morfe, bookfeller, New-Haven, 6 copies Lemuel 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 . Lemuel Mather, Jim. Lyme, Cenneaicut. 
 
 Patrick M'Davitt", merchant, New- York. 
 
 William M'Clutchie, taylor, do. 
 Rev. Alexander M'Whorter, Newark, New-Jerfey. 
 Jacob Morton, efq; New-York. 
 
 IVJeflrs. John and Leonard Menufi, tanners and curriers do, 
 Capt. James Morgan, South-Amboy. 
 Mr. Duncan Manfon, Savannah Georgia. 
 
 George Miller, do. 
 
 Major Serenus Mayer, South-Carolina. * > / 
 
 Mr. Archibald M'Larchlan, Charlefton, S.. C. / g 
 
 John Marshall, cabinet maker, do. 
 
 Kdward M'Credy, tavern keeper, do. 
 
 Leonard Martin, do. 
 
 John. Chriftopher Martin, do. 
 William -Mafori, efq; do. 
 
 Daniel Mazycke, efq; captain in the late 2d regiment of South- 
 Carolina, continental line, do. 
 
 Stephen Mazycke efq; lieutenant in the late ad regiment of 
 South-Carolina, continental line, do. 
 x. Thomas Mitchell, George-town, South- Carolina. 
 Ifaac Mickle, efq; Ncw-Jerfey. 
 Richard Martin, efq; Philadelphia. 
 Mr. John Mortimer, Virginia. 
 Dr. Samuel Mather, Lyme, Connecticut. 
 Dr. John O'Minor, Groton, do. 
 Mr. Oliver Mildeberger, leather dreffer, New-York, 
 
 Jofeph Macomb, bricklayer, do. 
 
 N 
 
 Rev, William Nixon, Charlefton, South-Carolina. 
 Colonel Humphrey Nichols, Bertie, North-Carolina. 
 /.William Neilfon, efq; merchant, New-York. 
 f Mr. Dan. Newcomb, Dutchefs county, Clinton-town, do 
 
 Samuel Norton, do. 
 
 Mr. George Nixen, do. 
 
 John Nouffe, do. 
 
 Thomas- Nixon, merchant, dp. 
 Daniel Nevip, efq; do. 
 
 Mr. John Nqrcom, Chowan, North-Carolina. 
 . Matthew Noyes, A. M. Lyme, Connecticut. 
 
 Jofeph.Newlands, Albany, New- York. 
 
 Nicholas Norris, grocer, do. 
 
 George Nelfon, merchant, do, 
 
 Ifaac Neufville, do. 
 
 , Peter Marihali Neufvijle, do. Mr. 
 
S U B S C R I B E R S NAMES. 
 
 Mr. Abraham Newton, Albany. 
 
 ElifhaNiles, Chatham, Connecticut, 
 Robert Nichols, New-YorlS 
 jfaac Nichols, cabinet maker, do. 
 Manuel Noah, do % 
 
 - J. H. Nicholfon, ftudent at law, Chefler- town, Maryland, 
 Ifrael Navarro, New- York. 
 
 O 
 
 Mr. James Ortori, New- York. 
 
 Andrew Orrderdonk paper-maker Hempfted-harbour, 
 Long-Ifland. 
 
 Henry Oudinaarde* merchant, New-York* 
 
 Hugh Orr, Albany, do. 
 
 David Oliphamvjun. coach painter, Charlefton, S, C. 
 
 Lewis Ogden, merchant, New-York. 
 
 Owen Owens, Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Jamts O'Hear, Charlefton, South*Carolina. 
 Oxford Library, Pennfylvania. 
 
 Rev. EHhu Palmer, Augufta, Georgia. 
 
 Charles Pettigrew, North-Carolina. 
 John Prntard, efq; New-York. 
 Michael Payne, eiq; Edenton, North- Carolina. 
 Abeal Peafe, efq; Somers, Connecticut. 
 Eliflia Pitkin, efq; aft Hartford, Connecticut. 
 John Pofttll, efq; Charlefton, South-Carolina. 
 John Palmer, efq; Santee, do. 
 Daniel Pheenix, efq; city treafurer, New-York. 
 Mr. William Payne, cafl Hampton. ^ 
 
 y ^ Jonat-han Penny, New-York. 
 
 Mills Philips, merchant, Smith-town, do. 
 
 Alexander Peacock Fletcher, do. 
 
 Nathaniel Patten, bookfeller, Hartford> 14 fets. 
 
 John P. Pearfs, New-Yoik. 
 
 Jotham Poft, do. 
 
 David Poignard, Boflon. 
 
 Colonel Edward Pope, Newbedford, Maffachufefts. 
 Mr. Jofeph Palmer, planter, Charlciton, South-Carolina. 
 
 [ofeph Par fell, furvcyor, do. 
 ^ Thomas Philips faddler, do. i 
 
 William Payne, merchant, do, 
 
 Matthew Pitt, do. 
 
 Clement 
 
S U B S C R I B R S NAMES, 
 
 Mr. Clement Prince, Charlefton, S. C. 
 George Peters, Philadelphia. 
 Thomas M. Potte, Haddonfield, PennMvania. 
 Martin Pierre, hair-dreffer, Philadelphia. 
 James Poupard, engraver, do* 
 John Porter, brufh -maker, do fc 
 Lee Peek, Lvme, Connecticut. 
 
 ^Jofeph Pepoon, Hebron, do. 
 Jofeph 
 
 Prefcott, Painter, New-York. 
 Capt. Jonathan Pearfee, do. 
 
 Gedlon Prior, Orange county, do. 
 
 Benjamin Payne, do. 
 
 William Parker, Sag?-- Harbour, do 
 
 John Pear Fe, joiner, ao. 
 
 Arthur Perry, Newark, New-Jerfey. 
 
 Wi'lliam Pennock, Springfield, Pennfylvania. 
 
 John Platt, Walhington, Connecticut. 
 . Edmund Pen^lcton, Savannah, Georgia. 
 . John- Price, New-York. 
 
 David Pierfon, jun. Morriftown, Nexv-Jerfey. 
 
 Samuel Ouincey, efq ; Roxbury, Manachufetts, 
 Mr. John Quackenbos, New-York. 
 
 R 
 
 Colonel Henry Rutgers, New-York. 
 
 Major John Rogers, Caroline county, Virginia;, 
 
 Samuel Reading, New-Barbadoes, Bergen county, N. J 
 Rev. Dr. John Rodgers, New-York. 
 
 Chavlcs Reichel, Nazareth, Pennfylvaniai 
 
 iatn Rogers, A. M. profeflbr of Englifh and oratory, 
 in the college of Philadelphia, 6 fets. 
 Mr. Richard Rogers, teacher^ Morriftown, New-Jerfey k 
 
 William Ruan, New- York. 
 
 James Ren wick, merchant, do. 
 
 John Remmy, (tone-ware manufacturer, do. 
 
 Henry Remfen, jun. New-York. 
 Meffrs. Henry Rice and co. bookfellers, Philadelphia. 
 Mr. Thomas Rickety miller, Kent county, Delaware. 
 
 James Robertfon, Savannah, Georgia. 
 ,A James Ronalds, carpenter, New-York* 
 | I Peter Riker, do. 
 
 Alexander Robertfon, efq; merchant, do* 
 Mr. John Ramfay, merchant do. 
 
 Alexander Richards, Pompton, New-Jerfey. 
 
 Nicholas Roofevelt, painter, &c. New-Yoik. Mr 
 
 E 
 
< 
 
 T 
 
 SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 Mr. James Ricker, New-York. 
 
 Henry Rofeboom, Albany, do. 
 
 George Reinheart, innkeeper and grocer, Philadelphia. 
 Bromfield Ridley, efq; attorney at law, Granville, North-Carolina: 
 JefFe Root, efq; Hariford, Connecticut. 
 Vy Jacob Rowe, efqj.Bofton. 
 X Captain Daniel Rockwell, Eaft Windfor, Connecticut. 
 
 William Robertfon, Charleflon, South-Carolina. 
 Matter William Gardner Rogers, Philadelphia. 
 Mr. Gracia Rivers, planter, Charlefton, S. Carolina. 
 Lewis Rogers, merchant, do. 
 Chriftopher Rogers, do. 
 Jofeph Righton, cooper, do. 
 William Roufe, tanner, do. 
 Jeremiah Rofe, taylor, do. 
 
 id Rhea, hatter, do. 
 
 William Richards, Philadelphia, 4 fets. 
 Dr. James B. Read, Charlefton, S. C. 
 
 James Ralph, Cheftertown, Maryland. 
 Benjamin Paiggles, Pomfret, Connecticut. 
 John Rattoon-, efq; South-Amboy, New-Jerfey. 
 Mr. Elbert Roofevelt, New-York. 
 Alexander Riddell, merchant, do. 
 John Richardfon, do. 
 Genini Rutgers, do. 
 
 'V/Andrew^Rofs-; Elizabeth-town, New-Jerfey. 
 Richard Randolph, Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 ; S 
 lion. Heclo^ St. John de Crivecour, conful of France, N. York. 
 
 Mr. Smith, reprefentative in congrefs from South-Carolina. 
 
 Samuel Spencer, one of the judges of the fupcrior coin* of 
 
 K'orth-Carolina. 
 .Major John Stagg, New-York. 
 .Don Salvador dc los Monteros, do. 
 Melan6lbn Smith, efq; do, 
 Morriecai Shel'tall, efq; Savannah, Georgia. 
 libis K.Soheuber, efq; do. 
 illiam Stephens, efq; do. 
 Mr- Ifaac Sharplefs, Nc/vV-York. 
 
 Phineas Smith, merchant, Sharon, Connecticut. 
 
 Shcftall Sheitall, Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Mofes Sheftall, do. 
 Dr. David Seth, New-York. 
 Air. B. Swart \vout, jun. do. 
 
 James Saidlcr, infurancc broker, do. 
 
 James Seaman, ftudent of phyfic, do. 
 
 Robert Snow, do. Mr, 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 . Thomas Saunders, fhip chandler, New-York. 
 Pafchal N. Smith, efq; merchant, do. 
 Thomas Stoughton, efq; merchant, do. 
 Mr. James Shuter, grocer, do. 
 
 Doyle Sweeney, do. 
 
 William Stewart, book-binder do, 
 
 Caleb Swan, do. 
 
 James Smith, efq; merchant, do. 
 
 Samuel W. Stockton, efq; counfellor at law, &c. Trenton, N. J. 
 William Seton, efq; cafhier of the bank, New- York. 
 Xv Mr. Thomas Stevenfon, white-fmith, do. 
 rt Thomas Stover, Savannah, Georgia. 
 CoL Jfaac Stoutenburgh, New- York. 
 
 Benjamin Seawell Franklin, North-Carolina, 2 fets. 
 Edward Savage, efq; Salem, New -York. 
 Mr. Samuel Smith, itudent of divinity, Albany, do, 
 
 Harmanus P. Schuyler, dp. do. 
 
 Richard Still, Albany, dp. 
 
 Thomas Stagg, jun. do. 
 
 Robert Smock, merchant, Philadelphia, 
 w^Villiam Sproat, efq; do. 
 
 J John Shepherd, efq ; merchant, Cumberland county, New-Jerfey. 
 Mr. Nathan Sheppard, do. do. 
 Meffrs, Seely & Merfeilles, merchants, do. .do. 
 Mr. John Seabrook, jun. planter, Charleilqn. S. C, 
 
 William Stephens, merchant, do, 
 
 William Shirtliff, do. do. 
 
 H. M. Stromer^ do. do. 
 
 John Seabrook, planter, do. 
 
 James Scott, grocer, do. 
 LjGapt. Caleb Smith, do. 
 * Mr. Charles Snitter, rope-maker, dol 
 
 Conrad Schum, baker, do. 
 
 Richard Savage, M. D. do. 
 
 Cotton M. Stevens, do. 
 
 Daniel Singleton, brick-layer, do. 
 
 Jervis Henry Stevens, organift, do,, 
 
 Richard Smith, New-York. 
 
 Daniel Stanbury, currier, do. 
 
 William Sandford, Newark, New- Jerfeyv /A (} 
 
 fort Sands, efq; merchant, New-York. ^ 
 
 Jofeph Strong, efq; attorney at law, Suffolk countv, do. 
 Noah Smith, efq; attorney at law, Bennington, Vermont. 
 Mr. Benjamin Scudder, jun. Springfield, N. J. 
 
 Peter T. Schenk, Bufliwick, New-York. 
 Mrs. Mary Stockton, Elizabeth-town, Ncw-Jerfey. 
 David Smith, efq; merchant, New-York. ]Vf r , 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES, 
 
 Mr. William Strachan, New-York. 
 
 Frederick Shober, grocer, do. 
 
 Stephen Seaman, jun. Shipwright, do, 
 iX""Wilham Stearns, blackfmith, do. 
 
 Joh,n Stuffern, New-Aftrien, da. 
 
 Cornelius C. Schoonmaker, UHler, do. 
 
 Blames Scott, attorney at law, Cheiter-town, Maryland, 
 
 Charles Sandfon}, Lunenbergh county, Virginia. 
 William Slade, efq; ^ttornsv at law, Newbern, N. C. 
 Mr. Frederick Stanley, Windham, Connecticut. 
 
 George Snowden, jun. New-York. 
 
 John Stolefbur.y, Newark, New-Jcvfey. 
 
 Abraham Sieer>er, Hope, Sullex county, do. 
 .^yTeter Smith, ilojekeeper, Montgomery county, New-Yo:<k. 
 " Henry Sickles, do. 
 
 John Stow, Turner, Philadelphia. 
 
 Joleph Sebring, do. 
 
 James Seagrove, Savannah, Georgia. 
 Thomas Simons, efq; Charlefton, South-Carolina. 
 Col. Oliver Spencer, Elizabeth-rown, N. J, 
 Me (Irs. Sergeant & Cambridge, veiidue-ma(lers, Charlellon, S.C, 
 Jvir. Mofes Sarzcdas, do. 
 
 Thomas Smith, jun. do. 
 
 Samuel Smith, merchant, do, 
 
 John Smith, La'ncafter, Pennsylvania, 
 
 Thomas Seddon, bookfeller, Philadelphia, 6 fets. 
 
 William Spotfwood, bookfeller, do. 8 fets. 
 
 Simon Schneider, efq; Northumberland county, Pennfylva a 
 
 George Shaw, cabinet-maker, Philadelphia, 
 Winthrop Saltonllall, efq; New-London, Conneclicut, v 
 
 |vlr. JefTe Starr, Grotpn, do. 
 
 Pel eg Shaw, Sionington, do. 
 
 Thomas R. Smith, New- York. 
 \^-XVilliam Steele, do. 
 
 Jofcph Sands, do. 
 
 James Sculihorpe, tanner^ &c. do. 
 
 John Stevens, Hoboken, New- Jcrfcy. 
 
 Benjamin Scudder, jun. Springfield, do. 
 
 T 
 
 lion. Cliajlcs Thomfon, efq; New-York. 
 
 George Thatcher, efq; repreientative in congrei r s from 
 
 jXlaliachufeus. 
 
 Mr. James Trenchard, engraver, Philadelphia. 
 Samuel Tomb, New-York. 
 ie Tobler, Savannah. 
 liam Turnbuil, merchant, New- York. 
 John Tboir.ibn, mcrchajU, Ne-\v-York. Mr, 
 
S U B S C R I B E R: 3 N A^ M E S, 
 
 Mr. Samuel Tredwel! v Edenton -'. C. 
 
 Jonathan Thonp.foti, Farmiugtown, Connecticut. 
 William Tudor, efq ; Boiton, 
 
 John Ten Broeck, Albany, New-York. 
 
 John Taylor, do. (io. 
 
 Matthew Trotter, do. do. 
 Capt. JofqphTatur, Philadelphia. 
 Mr. Charles Tew, merchant, Charlefton; S. C. 
 ^(j-arpes Tfiayer, do. do. 
 
 Edward Trefcott, merchant, do. 
 
 James Thompfon, taylor, do. 
 
 Stephen Thomas, do. 
 
 William Tunno, merchant, do. 
 Thomas Turner efq; do. 
 Mr. Peter Thorn fon,jun. Philadelphia. 
 
 Edward Tilghman, do. 
 
 Jofeph Turner, do. 
 
 Ge,orge Taylor, do. 
 John Timiton, carpenter, do. 
 ^Solomon Townfend, merchant, New- York. 
 
 Stephen Tippet, carpenter, do. 
 
 Capt. John Thompfon, New-Brunfwick, New-Jerfey. 
 Mr Peter Taulman, Orange Town. 
 
 William C. Thompfon, parchment manufaclory, N. York. 
 William Terebee, efq; Currituck, 
 Capt. Daniel Tilden, Lebanon, Connc61icut. 
 Mr. Samuel Tallrnage, Rhinebeck. 
 
 Jamss Theus, Charlcllon, South-Carolina. 
 
 Lewis Twiner, Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Jrlenty Ten Broeck, merchant, New- York. 
 VrJfititth Thomas, bookfeller, Worcefter, Maifachufetts, 6 fets. 
 
 Henry Torker, merchant, Gofhen, N. Y. 
 
 Kehemiah Tunis, Elizabeth-town, N. J. 
 
 Chrcftian Till, Hope, Suffex County, do. 
 
 u 
 
 Rev. Thocnas Uftick, Philadelphia, 
 Mr. Robert Underwood, New-York. 
 
 Frapeis Upton, do. 
 
 Mr. Jofejih Y. Viax, fe'cretary to the Spanifh ambalTador, N 
 York. 
 
 afcam Van Gelder, S. M. plo. 
 iel Van Voorhis, jeweller, do. 
 George Van Pelt, Richmond, Staten-Ifland. 
 Rev. John M. E. Van Harlingen, Millilone, New-Jerfey. 
 Mr. K. Van Hariingen, New-York. 
 
 William Vennerfon, Peteifburg, Virginia. 
 
 D. Van Broeck, Undent of divinity, Albany, New- York, 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 John I. Van Renfellaer, efq; Green-Buih, do. 
 Mr. Stephen Van Renfellaer, Albany, do. 
 
 Philip Van Renfellaer do. do, 
 
 Peter Van Bergen, do. do. 
 
 ohn ! Van Scaik, d<p. do. * * 
 
 obert Vardell, taylor, Charlefton, S. C. / V 
 Capt. John Van Dyk, New- York. 
 Mr. Henry Moore Van Solinger, ftudent of phyfic, do. 
 
 Andrew Van Bufldrk, do. 
 Rev. Ulpvanus Van Sinderen, minifter of the Dutch reformed 
 
 Church, King's County, do. 
 Mr. Thomas Payer Van Noftrant, Pump Maker do. 
 
 Jacob Vandail, grocer, do. 
 
 Viner. Van Zandt, Newark,New-Jerfey. 
 ^ ^d. Van Yeverers, Savannah, Georgia. 
 I Michael Varian, New- York. 
 
 Henry Viele, Schagticooke, do. 
 
 W 
 
 Hon. Alex. White, reprefentative in congrefs from Virginia -. 
 Hon. John Williams, one of the judges of the fuperior court, 
 
 North-Carolina. 
 
 Matthias Williamfon, efq; Elizabeth-town, N. J. 
 Mr. James W. Wilkin, attorney at law, Golhen. 
 
 Polydore B. Wifner, New- York. 
 Capt. Henry A. Williams, 
 Rev. Dr. John Witrierfppon, Princeton, N. J. 
 YXRev. Levy Wtiteman, Wellfleet, Cape-Cod, 
 Capt. Simon White, New- York. 
 
 John Williams, efq; Salem, Wafhington county, do. 
 James Watfon, efq; merchant, do. 
 John Watts, efq; do. 
 Dr. Lemuel Wicker, Saratoga, do. 
 Thomas Williams, jun. efq; attorney at law, Bofton. 
 Mr. John Wood, teacher, New- York. 
 
 Francis \yainwright, apothecary, do 
 ^Benjamin Wale, Savannah, 
 V^enjamin Webley, do. 
 Kobert Woodhoufe, do. 
 James Woodhull, grocer, New- York. 
 William Wilfon, merchant, do. 
 Gilbert Woodhull, grocer, do. 
 
 Charles R. Webilcr, printer, Albany, i/jTets. 
 
 Ifaac Webfter, deputy fheriff, Weft-Chelter county, Norui- 
 
 Caflle. 
 
 Nathaniel Woodward, New-York. 
 John Wilfon, baker, do. 
 Timothy Wood, fhoe -maker, New- York. 
 . William W. Woolfey, do. Mr. 
 
SUBSCRIBERS N A M* E & 
 
 . William Williams, &ew-York. -.&ni 
 Hugh Walfli, do. 
 
 jofiah Willard, Weathersfield, Connecticut. 
 Henry A. Williams, Orange, County, New-York. 
 Samuel Webfter Bradford, MafTachufetts. 
 Renfeler Wefterlo, ftudent of divinity, Albany, New-Yor}* 
 Ephraim Whitaken, Hudfon, do. 
 Dudley Welfh, Albany, do. 
 JohnH.Wendill,do.'do. 
 ohn W. Wendill, do. do. 
 id Waters, do. do. 
 
 Wood worth, Albany, New-York, 
 njamin Wallace, do. do. 
 Cafpar Wiftar, M. D. Philadelphia. 
 Philip Wager, merchant, do. 
 John Wharton, furgeon barber, do. 
 George Wefcott, merchant, do. 
 Richard Wells, do. do. 
 
 Ifaac Wrreaton, efq; Cumberland county, New-Jerfey. 
 Mr. Richard Wood, merchant, do. 
 
 Woodruff, do. do. 
 
 . Wightman, merchant, & jeweller, Charleflon, S. C. 
 John Wilfon, merchant, do. 
 Richard Wayne, do. do. 
 Richard Wrainch, do. do. 
 Benjamin Walker, taylor, do. 
 William White, grocer, do. 
 William Wood, do. 
 Nicholas Witzell, do. 
 George Watfori, upholfterer, do. 
 
 homas Winflanley, attorney, do. 
 Theophilous Ward, fchoolmafler, do. 
 James Watfon, gardiner, do. 
 John Williamfon, Charleflon, South-Carolina, 
 Owen Waters, Philadelphia. 
 Benjamin Workman, A. M. do. 
 Matthew Watfon, do. 
 John Wilfon, do. 
 George G. Woelpper, do. 
 William White, do. 
 William Wonderly, do. 
 |/Peter Walter, Ihoe-maker, do. 
 \f Mofes Warren, Lyme, Conneclictzt. 
 David Williams, Woodftock, do. 
 William Wiggin, Lyme, do. 
 John Whi'te, merchant, New- York. 
 Mr. James Walker, merchant, New- York; 
 Rev, Nathan WbodhuII, Huntington, do. J ] 1(1 
 
N A M E S, 
 
 John Warrand, efq; merchant, Bermuda. 
 Mr. Cornelius Williams, Connecticut Farms. 
 
 Alexander P. Waldron, florekeeper, New- York, 
 _ ohn Waikins, efq; attorney at law, do. 
 Jofeph Winter, efq; do. do. 
 
 Capt. Benjamin Winants, Elizabeth-town, New-Jerfey. 
 Dr. Henry Wood, Savannah, Georgia, 
 
 Samuel Wilfon, Charleston, S. C. 
 Mr. Jacob Winants, Elizabeth-town, New-Jerfey, 
 
 Hercules Wendover, grocer, New-York. 
 
 William Watts, marriner, do. 
 
 Nathaniel Williams, Lanfingburgh, do. 
 
 Sarmael Woodbridge, merchant, Norwich. ^ 
 
 \JM=iezekiah Williams, merchant, do. I ff fj 
 
 T Eliphalet Wicker, New-York. 
 
 Robert Watfon, do. 
 
 IfaiahWool, do. 
 
 David Williamfon, Greenwich, do. 
 
 Y 
 
 Col. John Younglove, Cambridge, New- York, 
 Rev. John Yoiing, Scheneclafdy, do. 
 Mr, William Young, bookfeiler, Philadelphia, 30 fets; 
 
 John Young, faddler, New-York. 
 
 Peter Youpgman, Hope, Suffex county, New-Jerfey. 
 
 ADDITIONAL N A M. E Si 
 Mr. Jeronemus Al ity n , j un . New- York. 
 Dr. Mofes Bloomfield, Woodbridge, Connefticut. 
 Rev. Jedediah Chapman, Orange Dale. 
 
 Benjamin Carpenter, Gomen, New-York. 
 
 Griffin Crafts, Cherry-Valley, do. 
 Gen. Dayton, Elizabeth- town, New-Jerfey. 
 Jonathan Dayton, efq; do. 
 Mr. William W. Gale, Gomen. 
 Col. Samuel Hay, Aquakanok, New-Jerfey. 
 K Mr. Lewis Hardenburgh, Somerfet county, do. 
 
 Shepard Kollock, printer, Elizabeth-town, 80 fets. 
 
 Reuben Hopkins, Gomen, New-York. 
 
 John Johnfton, faddler, do. 
 Abraham Kitchel, efq; Morriftown, New-Jerfey 
 Mr. Alexander A. Linn, Somerfet county, do. 
 Col. Seth Marvine, farmer, Gofhen. 
 
 Anthony Marvine, ftudent at law, do. 
 Mr. David Mandeviile, printer, do. 
 jofhua Merfereau, efq; Staten-Ifland, 2 fets. 
 . Thomas Maule, merchant, New- York. 
 Rev. Uzal Ogden, Newark, New-Jerfey. 
 JVaron Ogden, efq; Elizabeth-town, do. 
 Melfrs. Hodge & Wills, printers, North- Carolina, 
 
ADDITIONAL NAMES. 
 
 Hon. Arthur Lee, efq; New -York. 
 
 Samuel Spencer efq; one of the judges of the fupenor 
 court, Anfon, N. C. 
 Col. Robert Rowan, Fayetteville, do. 
 
 John Willis, Lumberton, do. 
 
 David Smith, Cumberland, do. 
 l^JLee Dekeyfer, Fayetteville, do. 
 
 John Porterfield, do. do. 
 
 Thomas Armflrong, Cumberland do. 
 
 Jofeph Heindon, Wilkes, do. 
 
 Gilford Dudley, Fayetteville, do. 
 Major John Cowenhoven, New-York. 
 Capt, Benjamin Walker, Chatham, N. C. 
 Doclor Jofhua Carmen, Fayetteville, do. 
 
 John Sibley, do. do. 
 
 Jos. Maud, New-York. 
 
 Lefferts, efq; New-York. 
 Simon Cortelyou, efq; do. 
 Jacobus L. Lefferts, efq; do. 
 Alexander Work, efq; county of Iredell, N. C. 
 AdlaiOlborn, efq; do. do. 
 Adam Brevard, efq; do. do. 
 David Caldwell, efq; Rowan, do. 
 Alexander Nelfon, efq; Lincoln, do. 
 JefTe Carter, efq; Cafwell, do. 
 Henry Lewis Lutterloh, efq; Chatham, do. 
 JVhtthew Jones, efq; do. do. 
 Alexander Gregory, efq; Cumberland, do. 
 Doft. John Ingram, Fayetteville, do. 
 John Williams, efq; attorney at law, Chatham, do. 
 William England, efq; Fayetteville, do. 
 William Barre Grove, efq; do. do. 
 Henry Lightfoot,efq; do. do. 
 James Hogg, efq; Hillfborough, do. 
 Mr. James Council, Bladen, do. 
 Docl. Patrick Travers, Robinfon, do. 
 
 . F. Strudwick, efq; Orange, do. 
 Mr. Farquer Campbell, Cumberland' do. 
 Alexander Avera, efq; do. do. 
 Mr. Robert Adam, Fayetteville, do. 
 Mr. James Paterfon, Chatham, do. 
 Docl. Jofeph Thomas, Bladen, do. 
 Patrick St. Lawrence, efq; Chatham, do. 
 Maxwell Chambers, efq; Salifbury, do. 
 John Cargill, efq; Wilkes, do. 
 Duncan MacFarland, efq; Richmond, do. 
 
ADDITIONAL NAMES, 
 
 cl Little, efq; Richmond; N. C. 
 William Johnfton, efq; Montgomery, do. 
 Spruce Mac Coy, efq; Salisbury, do. 
 
 larles Jones, efq; Montgomery, do. 
 Mr. Rem Mortifon, New- York. 
 
 jofeph Wheaton, fergeant at arms, to congrefs. 
 Leffert IVJortifon, jun. New- York 
 Nicholas R. Cowenhoven, do. 
 George Sphmelzel, do. - 
 >fohn Mopre, mafon, do. 
 f Tidman^Hull, jun. Poughkeepfie, do. 
 Stepjien Thome, Grenville, Connecticut. 
 Lambert Clayton, county of Iredell, N. C. 
 
 Alexander, attorney at law, Mechlenburgh, dc< 
 Jfaac Serffions, Fayetteville, do. 
 Philemon Hodge, Cumberland, do. 
 John Young, Fayetteville, do. 
 James -Ritchie, merchant, do. do. 
 
 -Burklow, do. do. 
 -Gabriel Dubrutz, do. do. 
 Ifaac Ha-wley, do. do. 
 Thomas. Newman, merchant, do. do. 
 Alexander Biggam, do. do. 
 feph Beale, do. do. 
 harles Fatham, do. do. 
 Stephen Gilmore, do. do. 
 Dancan MacAuflan, merchant, do. do. 
 Samaet Fenno, merchant, do. do. 
 Jame Porterfield. do. do. 
 _Tferlbext Eccles, Cumberland, do. 
 Dugall, Campbell, Fayetteville, do. 
 James Connor, Iredell, do. 
 Daniel MacMurphey, Fayetteville, do* 
 Jam-fs Grant, Hilliborough,do. do. 
 tv^n^rew Clark, merchant, Fayetteville, do. 
 '9 Seba/lian Staiert, do. do. 
 
 William Jackfon, Cumberland, do, 
 John Wilfon, Fayetteville, do. 
 fr Alexander Fergufon, do. do. 
 -Ok R*.Gautier,. Bladcn, do. 
 
 THE 
 
THE GENERAL CONTENTS 
 
 OF THE SEVERAL LETTERS IN VOL-. III. 
 
 LETTER!. P. 17 39. 
 
 THE expedition from Boflon againft the Britifh poft at Pe- 
 nobfcot, p. 17. Gen. Sullivan's expedition againft the In- 
 dians, p. 19. Indian and American expeditions, againft each 
 other, p. 22. The Spanifti governor of Louifiana recognizes 
 American independency, and inarches againft the Britim fettle - 
 ments on the Miflifippi, p. 23. Congrefs conclude upon aa 
 ultimatum, and write to Dr. Franklin, p. 24, Mr. Gerard's 
 private audience of congrefs, p. 26. Congrefs choofe Mr. 
 Jay for their minifter at the court of Madrid, and Mr. John 
 Adams for their minifter to negociate a treaty of peace, and a 
 treaty of commerce with Great Britain, p. 27 they addrefs a 
 long letter to their conftituents on their finances, p. 28. 
 Count d'Eftaing fails from the Weft-Indies for the Americad 
 continent^ p. 30 fummons Savannah to furrender, p. 31. He 
 and general Lincoln are repulfed in an attack upon the town, 
 p. 33. Congrefs refolve to ereft a monument to the memory 
 of count Pulafki, p. 35. The Britim evacuate Rhode-IIland, 
 p. 36. The communications of the French minifter to con- 
 grefs, p. 37. 
 
 L, f ; : _*' . .^'t v ( : '', ''. 
 
 E T T E R II. P. 39 77: 
 
 Congrefs's anfwer to the communications of the minifter of 
 France, p. 39. The fecond conference of the minifter of France 
 $. 41. The diftrefs of Washington's army for want of bread, 
 p. 42. Sir H. Clinton's expedition to South-Carolina, p. 44. 
 The Britifti open their batteries againft Charlefton, p. 47. 
 Colonels Tarleton and Webfter defeat the American horfe, p. 
 47, 49. General Lincoln furreno"ers Charlefton, p. 50. - 
 Tarleton defeats colonel Buford, p. 52. The diftrefled fituati- 
 on of the American commander in chief, p. 54. An unufual 
 darknefs in the New-England ftates, p. 56. A large body of 
 the royal troops crofs from Staten-Ifland to Elizabeth-town, p, 
 58. Mrs. Caldwell killed, ibid. The troops leave Elizabeth- 
 town, and march to Springfield, p. 6>o then flopped by gene- 
 ral Greene, z/W burn Springfield and return to Staten-Ifland, 
 ibid. The efforts of the Philadelphia gentlemen and ladies to 
 relieve Walhington's army, p. 62. The, preamable of the 
 Pennfylvania a 61 againft flavery, 63. A French fleet with 
 troops, arrive at Newport, p. 64. The affairs of South-Caro- 
 lina, p. 66. Lord Cornwallis left in command at Charlefton, p. 
 68. Colonel Sampler, being chofen by a party of South-Caro- 
 
 E Una 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 lina exiles to lead them, returns with them into the ftate, and 
 takes the field againft the victorious Britifh, p. 70. Congrefs 
 unammoufly reiblve, that general Gates ihould take the command 
 of the fouthern department, p. 72. He joins the troops, inarches 
 and encamps on the road to Camden, p. 73. Juftice Pendleton's 
 letter to lord Corn wall is, ibid. Congrefs refolve on deftroying 
 all the old paper emifiion, and on adopting a new emiiTion, 
 p. 74. The Maflachufetis convention agree upon a constitution 
 tor the commonwealth, p. 75. Their general court incorpo- 
 rate a iociety, by the name of The American Academy of Arts 
 and Sciences, p. 76. 
 
 L E T T K R III. P. 7896. 
 
 The affairs of Ireland, p. 78. Captain Fielding not being 
 allowed to examine the Dutch mips under the convoy of count 
 By land, employs force, p. 79. The armed neutrality, p. 80. 
 Sir George Rodney engages and defeats the Spaniih flee-t ander 
 Don Langara, p. 82. Don Galvez's expedition againft Mobile, 
 p. 83. Sir George Rodney engages count de Guichen, p. 84. 
 County petitions for the redrefs of grievances, p. 86. The 
 houfe of commons vote in favor of redreffing the fame, p. 87. 
 All hopes of obtaining redrefs from that houfe are at an end, p. 
 88. Lord George Gordon, the proteftant aflbciation, and the 
 fubfequent convuifiOns, ibid his lordmip conducted to the Tow- 
 er, p. 92. An eventual treaty between the flates of Holland and 
 the United States of America, figned by the direction of Mr. 
 Van Berckel, p. 94. 
 
 L E T T E R IV. P. 96 140 
 
 The military operations in South-Carolina, p. 96. General 
 Gates takes the direct route to Camden, p. 98 joins the mili- 
 tia under general Cafwell,zzdf conducls his army to Clermont, 
 p. 99 marches on toward Camden, p. 101 is unexpectedly 
 met by lord Cornwall^ at the head of the Britiih troops, and is 
 defeated by him, ibid. Baron de Kalb mortally wounded, p. 
 10,5. Tarleton defeats Stimpter, p. 108, The relics of the 
 American army retreat to Salifbutj, ibid ait ordered to Hillf- 
 borough, p. ico. Cornwallis's orders relative to the treatment 
 cf South-Carolina, Hid. A number of the citizens of Charlef- 
 ?on, prifoners under the capitulation, lent to St. Auguitine, 
 ]>. 1 10. General Marion's exertions againft the Britifh adhe- 
 rents, p. 112. Trie arrangement of the broken American 
 rroops, p. 1 14. Major Fergufon ordered to manoeuvre through 
 he northern parts of South-Carolina, and then to join lord 
 Cormvallis at Charlotte, p. 116 is purfued; defeated and {lain, 
 % p. 117. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 p. 117. His lordfhip's letter to general Smallwood, p. 120. 
 Gates's troops march to Salifbury, p. 121. Sampler defeats 
 major Weyms ; is afterward attacked by Tarleton, whom he al- 
 fo defeats, p. 122. Gates moves his head quarters to Charlotte, 
 and there furrenders the army into general Greene's hands, p. 
 123. Lieutenant colonel Wafliington take^ the Britim pofl at 
 Clermont by ftratagem, p. 124. The congtefs refolve refpeft- 
 ing Gates, ibid, Afts of congrefs, pfr 125. General Warn- 
 
 ington's difficulties, p. 127 -he meets courit de Rochambeau 
 
 and admiral Ternay at Hartford, p. 128. The fcheme for 
 delivering Weft-Point into the hands of Sir IHfenry Clinton dif- 
 covered, ibid. Major Andre taken, while on "his way to New- 
 York, p. 130, Arnold, upon receiving information of it, hall- 
 ens on board the Vulture Britim floop of* war, p. 131. Andre 
 
 adjudged to be confidered as a fpy, p. 132 -and dies as fuch, 
 
 univerfally efteemed and regretted, p, 133. Washington's 
 thoughts on the whole affair, p, 134, Sir Henry Clinton fends 
 troops to Virginia, p. 133. A general exchange of prifoners 
 fettled by the Britiih and American generals Philips and Lin- 
 coln, ibid. The refolve of congrefs relative to the three mili- 
 tia men, who took Andre, p, 136, Major Tallmage's expe- 
 dition to Long-Ifland, ibid, Congrefs determine on having a 
 
 permanent army, p. 137 -'take into ferious confideration the 
 
 abfolute neceffity of a large and immediate foreign aid of mo- 
 ney, ibid. The donations ot the daughters of liberty in PhiladeU 
 phia and the neighbourhood, to the American foldiers, p. 138, 
 The Maflachufetts begin their government agreeable to the new 
 conltitution, and John Hancock, efq; is declared to have been 
 elected governor, , ibid. Admiral Ternay dies at Newport, p, 140. 
 
 L E T T E R V. P. 140 149. 
 
 The French and Spanifh fleets, in the Weft-Indie^, form a 
 junction; but effect no capital operation, p. 141. Their com- 
 bined fleets in Europe intercept the Eail and Weft-India convoy, 
 p. 142. Mr. Laurens is taken in his paffage to Holland, p. 
 143. Sir Jofeph Yorke leaves the Hague, ibid. Hurricanes 
 in the Welt-Indies, p. 144. The new parliament meets, p. 
 146, The kindnefs of the Spaniards to the Britifh prifoners, p. 
 349. The inquifition abolifhed in the duke of Modena's domi- 
 nions, ibid, 
 
 LETTER VI. P. 150 .182* 
 
 The Pennfylvania line revolts, p. 1,50, Sir H. Clinton fends 
 agents to treat with them, two of whom are hanged, p. 151.' 
 Part of the Jerfey brigade revolts, p. 153. Lieut, col, John 
 Laurens chofen by congrefs fpecial mmiiier to the court of Ver- 
 
 failJt\% 
 
CONTENT S. 
 
 failles, and general Wafhington's hints to him. p. 154 the gene- 
 ral writes to Dr. Franklin, p. 155. The Virginia houfe of dele- 
 gates' refolve refpecling Gates, p. 156. The returns of Greene's 
 force in South-Carolina, and his concluding on a partifan war, 
 ibid his letter to lord Cornwallis, p. 1^7 he divides his force, 
 p. 158. Lieutenant col. Tarleton is detached after general Mor- 
 gan, by whom he is defeated, p. 160. Lord Cornwaliis pur- 
 fues Morgan, p. 163. Gen. Greene arrives and takes the com- 
 mand -of Morgan's troops, p. 164. The Americans retreat, and 
 iafely crofs the Dan into Virginia, though purfued by his lord- 
 Ihip with the utrnoft eagernefs, it-id. Greene recroffes the Dan, 
 p. 169. General Pickens and lieut. col. Lee cut 'in pieces a 
 large body of royaliits, p. 170. Cornwallis attempts to furprife 
 the American light infantry, p. 171. Greene determines upon 
 fighting his lordQiip, p. 173. His lordfhip attacks and defeats 
 liiin, ibid. His lordfhip retreats toward Crofs Creek, and Greene 
 purfues him to Deep river, p. 175. General Arnold fails for and 
 lands in Virginia, p. 177. General Waihington lays a plan for 
 catching him, ibid. Sir H. Clinton fends gen. Philips, with 
 more troops to take the command in Virginia, p. 179. Acls of 
 congrefs, ibid. Mr. Robert Morris chofen financier, p. 180. 
 The Maryland delegates empowered to fubi'cribe the confedera- 
 tion, which is thereby completed, ibid. General Wafhington 
 giye his decifive opinion upon the neceflity of a timely and pow~ 
 erf ill aid from France, p. 181. 
 
 LETTER VII. P. 182188 
 The attempt of the baron de Rullecourt on the Ifle of Jerfey 
 fruflrated by major Pierfon, p. 182. Lord George Gordon tri- 
 ed and acquitted, p. 184. Gibraltar relieved by the Britifh fleet 
 under admiral Darby, ibid. The Spaniards commence a heavy 
 fire upon the fortrefs, which is returned, ibid. Sir George Rod- 
 ney and general Vaughan take St. Euftatia, St Martin, and Sa- 
 ba, p. 185. The property in Statia confifcated, and many of 
 the iahabitants reduced to penury and transported to St. Kitt's, 
 p. 186. Demarara and lilequibo furrender, p. 187. 
 
 L E T T E R VIII. P. 188230 
 
 General Greene leaves North-Carolina and marches toward 
 Camden p. 188 is defeated by lord Rawdon at Hobkirk's hill, 
 p. 189 his letter to Rawdon, p. 191 to governor Reed of 
 Pennsylvania, p. 192. Lord Rawdon evacuates Camden, p. 
 194. The BritiGi polls are taken by the Americans in quick- 
 fucceUion, ibid. Greene marches againfl the garrifon at Nine- 
 ty-Six, p. 195. is obliged to abandon the fiege, and is purfued 
 by Rawdon, p. 198. He purfues his lordfhip and offers him 
 
 battle. 
 
CONTENTS, 
 
 battle, ibid. Greene's letter concerning Gates, p. 199, The 
 miferies attending the war in South-Carolina, p. 200. Ex- 
 tracts from letters of . lord George Germaine, p. 201. The 
 affair of colonel Hayne, who is executed by the joint order of 
 lord Rawdon and colonel Balfour, p. 202. The operations in 
 Virginia under generals Philips and Arnold, p. 205, The mar- 
 quis de la Fayette makes a rapid march from Baltimore to Rich- 
 mond, p, 200. Lord Cornvvallis joins the Britifti in Virgi- 
 nia, ibid-v& difconcei ted in his attempts to crufh the marquis, 
 p. 207. The marquis joined by the Pennfylvania line under 
 general Wayne, p. 209. His lordlhip commences a renograde 
 movement, p. 210. Wayne attacks his lordlhip, and extri- 
 cates himfelf by means of it, p. 211. General Washington's ar- 
 my in want of provifion, p. 212. Count de Barras arrives at 
 Bofton to take the command of the French fquadron at New- 
 port, p. 213. Wafhington meets Rochambeau at Weathers- 
 field, ibid. Washington's letters intercepted and conveyed to 
 New- York, p. 214. The French troops join the Americans 
 under Wafhington, p. 215. The plan of operations changed, 
 and the allied troops march for Philadelphia, p. 216. The be- 
 haviour of the French troops while at Newport, and on their 
 march to join general Wafhington, p. 218. Don Galvez com- 
 pletes the conqueft of Weft-Florida, p. 219. Sir Samuel Hood 
 and count de GrafTe engage, p. 220. Tobago taken by the 
 French, p. 222. A fubfcription for a loan opened by congrefs 
 for the lupport of the South-Carolinians and Georgians driven 
 from their country by the enemy, p. 223. The heroifm of the 
 whig ladies in Charlefton, p. 224. The treatment of tlie gen- 
 tlemen removed from Charlefton to St. Auguftine, p. 22,5 
 of the continental officers, p. 226. Complaints of feverities ex- 
 ercifed toward the American marine prifon'ers at New- York, 
 ibid. The particular evils produced by the paper currency, p. 
 228 the extinction of it occafions no convulfion, p. 229. A 
 number of the mips from Statia taken by the French, ibid. 
 
 LETTER IX. P. 230 239.' 
 Commodore Johnftone is attacked by Mr. de S.ufTrein, p. 231 
 the commodore takes feveral large Dutch Eaft-India fhips, p. 
 232. Admirals Hyde Parker and Zoutman engage on the Dog- 
 ger-bank, p. 233. Minorca is attacked by the Spaniards and 
 French, p. 237. The combined fleets cruife at the rnouth of the 
 BritiJh channel, ibid. Extracts from fome letters to Mr. Ver- 
 genijes, p. 239. 
 
 L E T E E R X. P. 239 270. 
 
 . Acls of congrefs, p. 240. General Greene demands from 
 the Britilh commanders, the reafons for the execution of Hayne ( 
 
C O N T E N T S. 
 
 Balfour's anfwer, and Greene's replv, ibid. Greene engages 
 lieut. coi. Stewart at the Eutaw Springs, p. 242. Stewart abandons 
 Eutaw, p. 244. Gov. Rudedge retaliates for Balfour's conduft, p. 
 245. Afpirit of mutiny among Greene's troops, ibid his letter 
 10 gen. Gould, p. 246. He marches toward Dorchefter, and by his 
 manoeuvres induces the Britilh garrifon to abandon the place, p. 
 248. General Pickings expedition again ft the Cherokees, 
 ibid. Arnold's enterprife againfl New-London, p. 249. De 
 Barras fails from Rhode-Ifland, p. 2,50. Sir Samuel Hood ar- 
 rives at Sandy-Hook, ibid. De Grade arrives in the Chefapeak, 
 and engages admiral Graves, p. 251. De Barras arrives in the 
 Chefapeak, p. 252. Lord Cornwallis repairs to York-Town 
 and Glouceiter, p. 253. The allied troops arrive at the Head of 
 Elk, p. 2,54 join the troops under the marquis de la Fayette, p. 
 2^5 march and inveft York-Town, ibid. Wafhington's letter to 
 de Graffe, ibid. The trenches opened by the combined armies be- 
 fore York-Town, p. 257. A capitulation fettled, and the pofts of 
 York-Town and Gloucefter furrendered, p. 260. TheBritiih fleet 
 and army deflined for the relief of lord Cornwallis arrive off Chefa- 
 peak after his furrender, and therefore return, 261. De GrafTe fails 
 for the Weft-Indies, p. 262. Acts of congrefs on their hearing of 
 the reduction of the Britifharmy, p. 263. They attend at the Ro- 
 man Catholic chapel, and hear the chaplain to the embafiy, p. 264 
 their refolve relpecting marquis de la Fayette the prefident ad- 
 drefles, general Washington, p. 268. The fubfcnbers to the 
 bank of North-America incorporated, ibid. Improper conduit 
 toward the Britifh prifoners, p. 269. Governor Rutledge exer- 
 cifes his authority airefh in South-Carolina, ibid* 
 
 LETTER XL P. 270290. 
 Mr. Jay delivers in propofitions relative to an intended trea- 
 ty with Spain, p. 270. The king opens the feflion of parliament 
 p. 272. The intended addrefs, remonftrance and petition of the 
 city of London, p. 273. Mr. Laurens difcharged from his 
 confinement in the Tower, p. 27^. Statia furprifed by the mar- 
 quis de Bouille, ibid. Admiral Kempenfelt's fuccefsful cruife, 
 p. 277. The reduction of Minorca, p. 278. General Ccn- 
 v.-av's motion againfl continuing the war in America, p. 281. 
 A new adminiltration formed, p 282, St. Kitt's attacked and 
 taken by the French, p. 283. Mr. J. Adams fucceeds in his ap- 
 plications to the States General, and is acknowledged as the 
 American plenipotentiary, p. 287. His Imperial majefty fa- 
 vors the rights of conference, p. 280.. 
 
 LETTER XII. P. 290 299. 
 Communications from the French mir.iiter plenipotentiary to 
 conrefs, p. 291. The execution of cam. Huddv by the New- 
 
 ''-VI 
 
 ^ o. :; 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 York refugees,-p. 292. Letters to gov. Hancock from the com- 
 mander in chief, and the fmancer, p. 294. Gen. Greene's 
 epiltolary communications, p. 295. 
 
 L E T T E R XIII. P. 299 314. 
 
 The affairs of Ireland, p. 299. Tranfaftions in the Briti'fli 
 parliament, .p. 302. Eaft-India news, p. 303. Admiral Bar- 
 rington's fuccefsful cruife. p. 304. Sir George Rodney and 
 count de Gralfe in the Weft-Indies, p.' 305. They engage, p. 
 306. De Graffe is defeated and taken, p. 309. The combined 
 fleets in Europe mailers of the fea, p. 312. The lofs of admi- 
 ral Kempenfelt and the royal George, p. 313, Eaft-India news, 
 
 P-3 1 -!- 
 
 LETTER XIV. P. 315 334. 
 
 The fteps taken by general Wafhington for retaliating the 
 death of captain Huddy, p. 315. The trial of captain^Lippincot 
 upon the occafion, p. 316. He is acquitted, p. 317. The 
 whole affair referred to congrefs, p. 318. Captain Afgill libe- 
 rated, p. 319. The neceflity of peace for the United States of 
 America, ibid. The New-York loyalifts in the greateft confufion 
 on hearing of the negociations for peace, p. 321. A6rs of con- 
 grefs, p. 322 . General Wayne's operations in Georgia, p. 324. 
 Savannah evacuated by the Britifh, p. 325. General Leflie 
 fends out parties from Charlefton to procure provifions, p. 326; 
 Lieut, colonel Lauvens mortally wounded in oppofmg one of 
 the parties, ibid. Charlefton evacuated by the Britifh, p. 327. 
 The death and character of gen. Lee, p. 328. An account of the 
 Moravian Indians, and the maffacre of many of them by a num- 
 ber of Americans, p. 330. The Indians defeat col. Crawford and 
 his party, and put numbers of them to death, p. 332. Honorary 
 badges of diftinclion eftablifhed by general Waihington, ibid. ' 
 The French troops march to Bofton, and from thence are con- 
 veyed by the French fleet to the Weft-Indies, p. 333. 
 
 L- E T T E R XV. P. 335351- 
 
 The hoftile preparations of the Spaniards for the reduction of 
 Gibraltar, p. 335. The grand attack upon the fortrefs, p. 343. 
 Lord Howe relieves the garrifon and returns home, p. 343. 
 The negociations for peace carrying on at Paris, p. 344. A treaty 
 of amity and commene between Holland and the United States, 
 p. 34^5. Copy of a letter to count de Vergennes, ibid. Mr. Jay's 
 apprehenfions as to the intentions of the French court, p. 347. 
 The negociations continued, and provifional articles figned be- 
 tween the American and Britifh commifiioners, p. 349. The 
 tafs of Britifh men of war bv a ftorm. p. 3.51. 
 
 L E T T E R 
 
O N T **E N T S. 
 
 LETTER XVI. P. 352358- 
 Mr. Dana's application to'the Ruffian minifter at Peterfburgh, 
 Eaft-India news, ibid. Debates in the Britifh parliament 
 upon the preliminary articles of peace, p. 355. The definitive 
 treaties figned, p. 256. Air balloons, ibid. 
 
 LETTER XVII. P. 358 369. 
 
 The addrefs of the American officers to congrefs, p. 358. 
 The defign of throwing the American army into a paroxyfm of 
 rage prevented, p. 359. Copsprefs receive the account of a ge- 
 neral peace, p. 362. The provisional articles; ibid. A conference 
 between general Wafhington and Sir Guy Carleton, p. 367. 
 The general addrefTes a circular letter to the governors and 
 and prefidents of the United States, p. 369, 
 
 LETTER XVIII. 370393. 
 A mutiny among the American foldiers at Philadelphia, p. 
 370. An equeftrian ftatue of general Wafhington to be creeled 
 p. 371. The general waits upon congrefs, p. 372. The treaty 
 of amity and commerce between Sweden and the United States, 
 ibid. A deputation of quakcrs wait upon congrefs, p. 373. 
 Acts of congrefs, p. 374. The Dutch ambafTador has a public 
 audience, ibid. General Walhington's farewell orders to the 
 armies of the United States, p. 375. Sir Guy Carleton receives 
 his final orders for evacuating New-York, ibid. The city eva- 
 cuated, p. 377. General Waihington takes his leave of the 
 continental officers, ibid delivers in his accounts to the Ameri- 
 can comptroller, p. 378. arrives at Annapolis, and refigns his 
 commiffion, p. 379. The definitive treaty between Great-Bri- 
 \j tain and the United States received by congrefs, p. 382. The 
 Society of the Cincinnati, p. 383. Encroachments upon liberty 
 by the Maffachufetts people and general court, p. 386. Cer- 
 tain particulars relating to the war, p. 388. Some ftriftures 
 refpefting his excellency George Wafhington, and the honorable 
 Nathaniel Greene, p. 391. Some account of the refpeftive con- 
 flitutions of the United States, p. 393. 
 
 APPENDIX.- 
 
 Extracts from the Virginia aft for e<lablifhing religious free- 
 dom, p. 399. The conltitution of the United States of Ame- 
 rica, p. 401. 
 
THE 
 
 RISE, PROGRESS, AND CONCLUSION 
 O F T H E 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN REVOLUTION", 
 
 I. 
 
 Roxlury, Jan. 27, 1780. 
 
 BEFORE we enter upon a relation of the expeditions 
 agairift Penobfcot and the Mohawks, let me mention, 
 that in the beginning of Auguft, General Wafliington, to 
 fecure him felt the more effectually from an attack by the 
 enemy, while weakened through the abfence of the detach- 
 ment under General Sullivan, gave to a double fpy, in order 
 to be communicated, the following exaggerated account 
 
 of his ftrength " Fit for duty 17010, exclufive of the 
 
 troops under Sullivan, General Gates to the eaftwan}, and Co- 
 lonel Hazens the total number much greater befides thefe, 
 the new levies, 2000 from Maflachufetts thofe from Con- 
 necticut and other ftates coming in daily a plan fixed, by 
 which the whole ftrength can be drawn together in a few hours 
 upon any great emergency." 
 
 Colonel Francis M'Lean was fent from Halifax to eftablifh 
 a poft at Penobfcot, in the eafternmoft part of the Maflachu- 
 fetts ftate. His arrival [June 16.] gave an alarm to the go- 
 vernment at Bofton, and vigorous meafures were agreed upon 
 for preventing its eftablifhmem. The ftate was to have the 
 whole honor of the expefted fuccefs ; and therefore Gates, 
 who was at Providence, was neither confulted nor applied to 
 for continental troops. General Lovel was to command the 
 militia, with a fmall number of ftate regulars, deftined for the 
 fervice; while Captain Saltonftall, who commanded the War- 
 ren continental frigate, afted as commodore to the whole fleet, 
 
 VOL. III. A confining 
 
i8 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. i 77 g, 
 
 confiding of near 20 fail, including armed ftate veflels and 
 privateers, befides 24 tranfports. An embargo for 40 days 
 was lai J by the general court on all (hipping, that a full fup- 
 ply of feamen might be the more eafily procured. When- the 
 armament was ready for failing, it lay wind bound in Nantaf- 
 ket road for fome days. By the 251!} of July, it appeared off 
 Penobfcot. Colonel M v Lean had gained information of its 
 failing from Bofton four days before. His intended fort was 
 incapable of affording any good defence. Two of the baftions 
 were untouched; the remaining two with the curtains, were 
 in no part above 4 or 5 feet high and 12 thick; the ditch in 
 moft parts not more than 3 feet deep: there was no platform 
 laid, nor any artillery mounted. When the troops had landed, 
 [July 28.] inftead of being put upon vigorous fervice, the ge- 
 neral contented himfelf with fummoning the colonel to furren- 
 der, which being refufed, they were employed two days in e- 
 refting a battery at about 750 yards diftance from the fort. 
 The colonel improved this opportunity, and what followed dur- 
 ing an ineffectual cannonading, for finiihingand (lengthening 
 his works, till he was out of all apprehenfion from being, 
 flormed; which he was informed by a deferter, on the isth of 
 Auguft, was to be in a day or two. Colonel M'Lean, with 
 hisgarrifon, to their aftonifhment, difcovered that the Ameri- 
 cans had totally abandoned the camp and woiks in the night, 
 [Auguft 14.] and had reimbarked. The caufe of this myfte- 
 rious event was foon evident by the appearance of Sir George 
 Collier in the Raifonable, attended with five frigates. While 
 Sir George lay at Sandy Hook, he gained information, on or 
 before the 28th of July, from a Bofton paper, as it is confi- 
 dently afferted, of the expedition againft Penobfcot. He fail- 
 ed for the relict of the place on the 3d of Auguft. It was not the 
 intention cif the Maffachufetts government, that General Lovel 
 fhould fpend much titne againft it; on the contrary, the fpeetly 
 reduction of the place was expecled. The bufinefs being length- 
 ened out, application was made to General Gates for a conti- 
 nental regiment; but before it could reach half way to Penob- 
 fcot, Sir George Collier entered and proceeded up the bay, 
 By eleven o'clock in the morning, the American fleet prelent- 
 ed themfelves to his view, drawn up ieemingly with iwfe defign 
 of difpuung thepaffage; their refoluiion however foon failed, 
 and an ignominious flight took pjace. Sir George deftroyed 
 and took, including two which were captured on his gaffagje, 
 19 armed veffels; befide the tranfports, arid fome provifion vef- 
 lels 
 
_/lD. 1779*] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 19 
 
 i'els. The expedition againft the fort was fo wretchedly con- 
 dueled, as to do no credit either to the general or commodore. 
 The army and failoi s had to explore a great part of their way 
 back by land, through thick woods and defert waftes. 
 
 The Oneidas, and a few others of the fix confederated Indian 
 nations, frequently called the Mohawks, were friendly to the 
 Americans: the reft through the power of prefents, with the 
 influence of Sir John- Johnflorr and fome others, who had in- 
 ter eft among them, departed from the neutrality they had en- 
 gaged to obierve, anddiftinguiflied themfelves in that cruel and 
 deftruclive war, which was carried on againft the back fettle- 
 ments, Their conducl gave rife to that plan of an expedition 
 into their country, wlrch has been already mentioned. When 
 it was to be carried into execution, there were to be only two 
 divifions, the main one under General Sullivan, and the other 
 under General James Clinton, which was to go by the Mo- 
 hawk river. When Sullivan was preparing to proceed, he 
 prefented, to Congrefs a moft expenfive and extravagant lift of 
 enumerated articles, in which was a large number of eggs. He 
 made his detachment equal to 7pco rations per day. . Congrefs 
 were fo difgufted with the great demand, and fome of the fpe- 
 cified articles, that for fpme time they would not order him 
 any. The quantity of rifle powder required, was more than 
 could, on any' calculation, be neceflary. The commander in 
 chief inculcated it upon him, that the fuccefs and efficacy of^ 
 ihe expedition, depended abfolutely on the celerity of his move- 
 ments, and might be defeated, if he did not proceed as light as 
 podibleo The quarter*- mafter generalTupplied him with 1400 
 horfes. When he; reached Wyoming, lie wrqte " Of the falt- 
 ed meat on hand, there is not a fingle pound fit to be eaten. M 
 The next day, [July 22.] the return of the troops, rank and file, 
 was 23 12. Here he waited feveral weeks, for more men, and 
 for prdvifipnF to fupply the lofs of what had been fpoiled 
 through the villainy or carelefTnefs of the commiflaries. When 
 General Clinton, who, came by the Mohawk river without 
 meeting with any oppofition, joined him on the 2iftof Aug, 
 with about 1600 men of every kind, the whole, army with its 
 attendants, battoemen, waggoners, &c. amounted to 5000. 
 Clinton's divifion, would of itfelf, have been fufBcient for the 
 expedition, as the Indians, againft whom they marched, were 
 only ,550, accompanied by~about 250 tories, making no more 
 than 860 in all, headed by Colonel Johnfton, Major Butler and 
 Brandt. They were greatly worn down by their long wait- 
 ing 
 
20 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1779. 
 
 ing for Sullivan's approach, at Newtown, where they had con- 
 flrufted flrong breaft works. The general lived well as he 
 marched, having taken a number of calks of tongues with him, 
 befide live cattle to fupply him with irefh provifion. He kept 
 a moft extravagant table, and entertained all the officers, upon 
 the plea of fecuring his influence among them, while he was 
 making extremely free, in their prefence, with the characters 
 of the Congrefs and the Board of War.' He carried fix light 
 field peices and two howitzers along with him; and would 
 have the morning and evening gun fited oonftantly. At length 
 he arrived [Auguft 29.] at Newtown; and vaunted in the 
 morning what great things he would do with and againft the 
 Indians. He began to engage them, by firing his field pieces 
 at their breaft works; which he continued while he detached 
 General Poor to the right, round the mountain, to fall upon 
 their left flank. Poor had to march a mile and half in full 
 view of the Indians and their aflbciates, who penetrated his 
 defign. They waited, however, lor his approach; but obferv- 
 ing (that when his firing announced his being engaged) other 
 movements were made toward them, they quitted their works, 
 and betook themfelves to a fudden and precipitate flight. To 
 the left of Sullivan there was a river, and a plain on the right fide 
 of it, along which, had a force been fent early, they could have 
 marched round undifcovered, and have fallen in nearly upon the 
 centre of the Indians, by the time Poor came upon their left 
 Hank. A number of riflemen defired to take that route, but 
 were not permitted. At night Sullivan was not a little mor, 
 tified upon finding how completely the enemy had efcaped, 
 He had 7 men killed and 14 wounded in thecourfeof the day. 
 The army marched on the 31 ft for Catharine's town, lying on 
 the Seneca lake. They had to traverfe a-fwamp feveral miles 
 long; topafs through dangerous defiles, with fteep hills on each 
 fide; and to ford a river, emptying itfelf into the lake, confir 
 derably broad in many places, with a ftrong current, and up tq 
 the middle of ihemen: its courfe was io ferpemine, that they 
 had to pals through it feven or eight times. Sullivan was ad- 
 vifed not to enter the fwamp till the next day, but in vain, 
 Clinton who brought up the rear, was fufficiently fatigued by 
 :he time he reached the entrance, and being aflured, that it 
 would kill the horfes and cattle to proceed, defifted from 
 marching forward, 
 
 Notwithftanding Sullivan kept out flanking parties as he 
 advanced, fuch was the fleepncfs of the hills the narrownefs 
 
 and 
 
A.D. 1779-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. si 
 
 and difficulty of the defiles, that twenty or thirty Indians might 
 have thrown his troops into the utmoft confufion. The night 
 was fo exceeding dark, that the men could fee but a little way 
 before them. They were wearied out, fcattered and broken, 
 lofl all their fpirns, lay down here and there, and wifhedto 
 die. Had a body of the enemy fallen on them in this fitua- 
 tion, it might have produced the mofl fatal confequences. 
 Now was the general's mind racked and tortured. It was 
 twelve at night before his troops reached the town. The In- 
 dian fcouts had watched them while it was light; but had no 
 thought of their continuing to march in fo dark a night and to 
 fo late an hour. Before they got to the firft houfe there was 
 a moft dangerous defile, fo formed by nature, that had it been 
 poirefTed by the five and twenty Indians, who were in the town 
 roafting corn, they might have mot down, while ammunition 
 lafted, what Americans they pleafed, when within reach of 
 their guns and the fight of their eyes, without rifking their own 
 perfons. When the troops had fafely finifhed their march, 
 Sullivan declared, he would not have (uch another, night for all 
 his command. The men were obliged to hault all the next 
 day to recruit; and fuffered more in the preceding, than they 
 would have done in a month's regular march. 
 
 General Sullivan continued in the Indian country, fpread- 
 ing defolation and definition among the towns and planta- 
 tions of the enemy, without fparing the orchards of apple and 
 peach trees, which had been raifed from pips and {tones, and 
 in fome places properly planted by the advice of the miffioria- 
 ry who had lived among them. The heat of the climate, and 
 richnefs of the foil, will raife good fruit in a few years from 
 kernels that are produced by fuitable trees. Several offi- 
 cers thought it a degradation of the army to be employed in 
 deftroying apple and peach trees, when the very Indians in 
 their excurfions fpared them, and wiihed the general to retraft 
 bis orders for it. He was told that the trees would, in a little 
 time, be worth to the continent atleaft many thoufand hard dol- 
 lars. He continued relentlefs, and faid--" The Indians {hall fee, 
 that there is malice enough in our hearts to deftroy every thing 
 that contributes toward their fupport." Some of the officers, 
 however, who were fent out with parties to lay wafte the Indian 
 territory, would fee no apple or peach trees ; fo that they were 
 left to bloflbm and bear, for the refrefhment of man or beaft, 
 friend or foe, that might chance to pafs that way. Thus did 
 General Hand and Colonel Durbin do honor to their own cha- 
 racters. 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE - J. D. 1 
 
 79, 
 
 raclers. By the middle of October General Sullivan reached 
 Eafton in Pennfylvania on his return to join the main army. 
 He brought back only 300 horfes out of the 1400 he took with 
 him. During his expedition, there Were eleven Indians kil- 
 led; two old fquaws, a negro, and a white man taken; - 18 
 towns* deftroyed, and 1,50,000 bufhels of corn, befide apple 
 and peach trees. By groundlefs complaints, he difpleafed the 
 Commander in Chief, and gave great umbrage to the Board of 
 War and the Quarter Matter GeneaL The pompous ac- 
 counlt of his military peregrination, which he fent to Congrefs ? 
 rpade him the laugh of the officers in the army remaining un- 
 der General Waihington; one declared it was a little mi f- 
 chievous to print, the whole account: another, when he had 
 read of elegant Indian houfes, was ready to queftion, from the 
 abufe of the epithet, whether he underftood the true meaning 
 of the word. He foon felt himfelf fo diilaisfied, that on the 
 gth of November he begged leave of Congrefs to refign, upon. 
 the plea of bad health ; they, on the la{t of the month, accept- 
 ed his refignation, 
 
 The carrying on of .this expedition did not, however, pre- 
 vent the offenfivc operations of the Indians and their aiToci- 
 ates. On the 2^d of July, a party of 60 Indians, and 27 white 
 men under Jofeph Brandt, fell upon the Minifmk fettlements. 
 and burnt 10 houfes, \2 barns, a fort and two mills, killed and. 
 carried off feveral people with confjdcrable plunder, The mi- 
 litia from Goflien and parts adjacent, to the amount of 149, 
 collected, and purfued them, but without fuflicient caution and 
 neceflaries, fo that they were furprifed and totally defeated ; 
 no more than 30 returned. Many were killed > a number made 
 prifoners ; the reft difperfed and were miffing long after the 
 aftion. Five days after, Captain M'Donald, at the head of 250 
 rnen, a third Britifh, the reft Indians, took Freelarid's fort, on 
 the weft branch of the Sufquehanna; in which were 30 men, 
 and 50 women and children; the captain confented that the 
 laft fhould be fet at liberty, but the men were made prifoners 
 of war. The party, on their way to it, had burnt houfes ami 
 mills, had killed and captivated feveral of the inhabitants. Oii_ 
 
 * Sullivan in his account fays 40: but if a few old houfes which 
 had been deferted for feveral years, v/ere met with and burnt, 
 they were put down for a town. Stables and wood-hoveis, and 
 lodges in the field, when the Indians were called to worJ^ there, 
 Vere all reckoned as houfes. 
 
 j- See the. Remembrancer, vol. ix. p. 158, 
 
 the 
 
A. D. 1779.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 23 
 
 the other fide, General Williamfon, with Colonel Pickens, 
 entered the Indian country about the 22d of Auguft, burnt and 
 deftroyed the corn of eight towns, amounting to more than 
 50,000 bufhels. He would hearken to no propofals from the 
 Indians, nor accept of their friendfhip, but infifted on their re- 
 moving immediately, with their remaining property, into the 
 fettled towns of the Creeks, and refiding among their country- 
 men, to which they agreed. Colonel Broadhead alfo engaged 
 in a fuccefsful expedition againft the Mingo and Munfey In- 
 dians, and the Senecas on ihe Alleghaney river. He left 
 Pittfburg Auguft the nth, with 605 rank and file, including 
 militia and volunteers, and did not return till the 14 of Sep- 
 tember. They went about 200 miles from the fort, deftroyed 
 a number of towns, and cornfields to the amount of 500 acres, 
 and made a great deal of plunder in fkins and other articles. 
 
 The aftive part which the Spaniards have now taken in the 
 prefent conteft, muft iiTue in favor of the American States. 
 The Spanifh Governor of Louifiana, Don Bernardo de Gal- 
 vez, has acknowledged his being apprized of the commence- 
 ment of hoftilities between the courts of Madrid and London, 
 on the pth of A'lguft. The eafieft way of accounting for this 
 extraordinary circumftance, confidering that the Spanifh ma- 
 nifeflo was not delivered till the i6th of June, may be by fup- 
 pofing that the Spanilh admiral had orders immediately upon 
 his joining Count d'Orvilliers, to difpatch a veffel to inform 
 the Spanifh governors in America, that hoftilities were then 
 commencing; and that the faid veflel had fo good a paflageas 
 to admit of Don Galvefc receiving the difpatches on the 9th of 
 Auguft, within forty-fix days after the. junftion of the com- 
 bined fleet. The Governor proceeded to collect t'o whole 
 force of his province at New-Orleans, [Auguft 1910.] and 
 then publicly recognized the independency of the American 
 States by beat of drum. Every thing being in rcadinefs for 
 thepurpofe, he immediately marched againft the Brititli fettie- 
 ments on the Mifliflippi. The whole force, Britiih and Ger^ 
 man, ftationed for their protection, did not amount to ,500 
 ,men: and had no other cover than a newly conftrucled fort, 
 or rather field redoubt. Here, however, Lieutenant Colonel 
 Dickfon flood a liege of nine days, and then obtained condi- 
 tions honorable to the ganifon, [September i i.J and favorable 
 to the inhabitants. Nothing could exceed the good faith with 
 which the Spanifh Governor obfervcd the prefcribed con- 
 ditions; nor the humanity and kindnefs with which he treated 
 
 his 
 
 
2 4 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1779. 
 
 his prifoners. A Spanilh gentleman, Don Juan de Mirailles, 
 has refided at Philadelphia tor fome confiderable time : he ap- 
 pears to be empowered by the court of Madrid to al as their 
 agent, and tranfafts his bufinefs with Congrefs through the 
 medium of the French AmbafTador. Being thus led to men- 
 tion Congrefs, let us quit the operations of the field for the de- 
 terminations of the grand council of the American States. 
 
 Congrefs having at length concluded upon an ultimatum, af- 
 ter much deliberation and debate, [Aug. 14.] they agreed upon 
 inftruftioris to the commiflioner to be appointed to negociate a 
 treaty of peace with Great Britain, and totheminifter plenipo- 
 tentiary at the court of France. They pointed out to the firft the 
 boundaries he was to infill: upon, and -further faid " As the 
 great objecl: of the prefent defenfive war, on the part of the al- 
 lies, is to eftablilh the independency of the United States, and 
 as any treaty whereby this end cannot be obtained muft be on- 
 ly ofterifible and illufory, you are therefore to make it a pre- 
 liminary article to any negociation, that Great Britain (hall 
 agree to treat with the United States as fovereign, free and in- 
 dependent: You (hall take fpecial care alfo, that the inde- 
 pendence of the faid ftates be effectually afTured and confirmed 
 by the treaty or treaties of peace, according to the form and 
 effeft of the treaty of alliance with his Moft.Chriftian Majef- 
 ty ; and you (hall not agree to fuch treaty or treaties, tmlefs 
 the fame be thereby allured and confirmed: Although it is 
 of the utmoft importance to the peace and commerce of theU- 
 nited States, that Canada and Nova Scotia mould be ceded, and 
 more particularly that their equal common right to the fifhe- 
 ries fhpuld be guaranteed to them, yet a defire of terminating 
 the war hath induced us not to make the acquifion of thefe ob- 
 jets an ultimatum on the prefent occafion : You are em- 
 powered to agree to a cefTation of hoftilities during the nego- 
 ciation, provided our ally mall confcnt to the fame, and provid- 
 ed it fhall be ftipulated that all the forces of the enemy (hall be 
 immediately withdrawn from the United States: In all other 
 matters not above-mentioned, you are to govern yourfelf by 
 the alliance between his Moft Chriflian Majefty and thofe 
 ftates, by the advice of our allies, by your knowledge oi our in- 
 terefts, and by your own difcretion, in which we repofe the 
 fulleft confidence." 
 
 To Dr. Franklin the Congrefs wrote "Sir Having de- 
 termined that we would not infill on a direcl acknowledgement 
 by Great Britain of our right in the fifheries, this important 
 
 matter 
 
J.J). 1779.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 25 
 
 matter is liable to an incertitude, which may be dangerous 
 to the political and commercial interefts of the United States, 
 w.e have therefore, agreed and refolved that the common right 
 t>f fa'ming (hail in no cafe be given up ; and that if after a trea* 
 ty of peace wuh great Britain, (he (hall molefl: the citizens or in- 
 habitants of any of the United States, in taking fi(h on the banks- 
 of Newfoundland and other fisheries of the American teas, any 
 where excepting within the diflance of three leagues of the more 
 of the territories remaining to Great Britain at he elofe of the 
 war, fuch moleftation (being in the opinion of congrefs a direct 
 violation and breach of the peace) fhall be a common caufe of 
 the faicl dates, and the force of the union be exerted to obtain 
 redrefs for the parties injured. But notwithftanding thefe pre- 
 cautions, as Great Bfitain may again light up the flames of war, 
 and ufc our exercife of the fisheries as her pretext - f and fince 
 fome doubts may a rife r whether this objecl is fo effectually guard- 
 ed by the treaty of alliance with his mofl chriiHan majefty, that 
 any moleftation therein on the part of Great Britain, is to be 
 confidered as a cajiis feeder is ; you are to endeavour to obtain of 
 his majefty an explanation on that fubjeel:, upon the principle that 
 notwithftanding the high confidence repofed in his wifdom and 
 juftice, yet eonfidering the uncertainty of human affairs, andhovr 
 doubts may be afterward raifed in the breads of his royal fuccef- 
 fors, the great importance of the fimeries renders the citizens of 
 the/e ftates very folicitous to obtain his majefty's fenfe with re- 
 lation to them, as the beil fecurity againft the ambition of the 
 Britilh court. For thi*s purpofe you fhall propo-fe the following 
 articles, in which neverthelefs fuch alterations may be made as 
 the circumftances and (ituation of affairs (hall render convenient 
 and proper. Should the fame be agreed to and executed, you 
 are immediately to tra-nfinu a copy ihereof to our minifler at the 
 court of Spain. 7 * 
 
 " Whereas by tlie treaty of alliance between the moft ehriftian 
 king and the United States of North America, the two parties 
 guarantee mutually from that time and for ever againft all other 
 powers, to wit, the United States to his raofl chnftian majefty 
 the poireflio-n then appeitaining to the crown of France in Ame- 
 rica, as well as thofe which it may acquire by a future treaty* of 
 peace ; and his moft chriilian majefty guarantees on his part to 
 the United States, all their liberty, fovereignty and independence, 
 abfolute and unlimited, as well in matters of government as com- 
 merce, and aifo their polfcdlons and the additions or conquefts 
 that their confederation may obtain during the war, according to 
 ih? faid treaty: And whereas the faid parties did further agree 
 
 Vol. Ill, B a$uJ 
 
s6 THE H I S T O R Y OF THE \_A. D. 1779, 
 
 and declare, that in cafe of a rupture between France and England* 
 the faid reciprocal guarantee mould have its full force and ef- 
 fect the moment fuch war fhould break out; And whereas 
 doubts may hereafter arife how far the faid guarantee extends to 
 this cafe, to wit, that fhould Great Britain moleft or difturb the 
 fubjecls or inhabitants of France, or of the faid ftates, in taking 
 fifh on the banks of Newfoundland, and other the fifhing banks 
 and feas of North America, formerly and ufually frequented 
 by the fubjecls and inhabitants refpeclfuUy : And whereas the 
 faid king and the United States have thought proper to deter- 
 mine with precifion the true intent and meaning of the faid gua- 
 rantee in this refpecl, now therefore as a further demonflration 
 of their mutual good will and afTeclion,it is hereby agreed, con- 
 cluded and determined as follows, to wit. That if after the con- 
 clufion of the treaty or treaties which ihall terminate the pre- 
 fent war, Great Britain mail moleft or difturb the fubje6ts of 
 inhabitants of the faid United States, in taking fifh on the banks, 
 feas and places, formerly ufed and frequented by them fo as no6 
 to encroach on the territorial rights, which may remain to her 
 after the termination of the prefent war as aforefaid, and war 
 fhould thereupon break out between the faid United States and 
 Great Britain : or if Great Britain (hall molefl or difturb the 
 fubjecls and inhabitants of France, in taking fifh on the banks, 
 feas and places formerly ufed and frequented by them r fo as not to 
 encroach on the territorial rights of Great Britain as aforefaid f 
 and war fhould thereupon break out between France and Grea* 
 Britain;, in either of thefe cafes of war as aforefaid, his moil 
 chriftian majefty and the faid United 'States fhall make it a com* 
 mon caufe, and aid each other mutually with their good office*, 
 their councils and their forces, according to the exigence of 
 conjectures, as becomes good ami faithful allies Provided 'aU 
 way that nothing herein contained fhall be taken or underftood^ 
 as contrary to or inconfiftent with the true intent and meaning 
 of the treaties already fubiifting between his moft chriltian ma 
 jefty and the faid ftates, but the fame fhall be taken and under- 
 flood as explanatory of and conformable to thofe treaties." 
 
 The honorable Sieur Gerard, minifter plenipotentiary of 
 France, had a private audience of congrefs [Sept. 17,] in order 
 to his taking leave of them - f when he mentioned in his fpeech his 
 majefty's having fent a new minifter plenipotentiary to America-, 
 that there might be no interruption in his care to cultivate <s 
 mutual friendfhip, and that Monf. the chevalier de la Luzernfi 
 would explain to them his majefty's fentiments. The compii* 
 mental anfwer which followed of courfe need not be related. 
 
 The 
 
A.D. 1779,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 2; 
 
 The day after, the following inftruftions to the minifler pleni- 
 potentiary for negociating with the court of Spain were prepar- 
 pd " Sir Congrefs have come to the following resolution, 
 That if his catholic majefty (hall accede to the treaties between 
 France and the United States of America, and in concurrence 
 with them continue the prefent war with Great Britain for the 
 purpofe expreiled in the treaties aforefaid, he fhall not thereby be 
 precluded from fecuring tohimfelf the Floridas: on the contrary, 
 if he fhall obtain the Floridas from Great Britain, thefe United 
 States will guarantee the fame to his catholic majefty; privided 
 alway that the United States fhall enjoy the free navigation of 
 the river Mifliffippi into and from the fea. You are therefore 
 to communicate to his moft chriftian majefty, the defire of con* 
 grefs to enter into a treaty of alliance, and of amity and com- 
 merce, with his catholic majefty, and to requeft his favorable in- 
 terpofition for that purpofe; at the fame time you are to make 
 ifuch propofals to his catholic majefty as in your judgment, from 
 circumftanpes, will be proper for obtaining for the United States 
 of America, equal advantages withthofe which are fecured to them 
 by the treaties with his moil chriftian majefty, obferving alway the 
 jefolution aforefaid as the ultimatum of thefe United States. You 
 are particularly to endeavour tq obtain fome convenient port or 
 ports below the 31 of north latitude on the river Mfliffippi free 
 for all merchants vefiels. goods, wares and merchandife belong- 
 ing to the inhabitants of thefe Hates. The diftrefifed ftate of our 
 finances,, and the great depreciation o.f our paper money, incline 
 congre& to hope, that nis, cath-oHc majefty, i$ he (hall conclude 
 a treaty with the ftates, will be induced to lend the money ; you 
 are therefore to lepreieru to him the great diftrefs of thefe ftates 
 n that account, and to folicit a loan of five millions of dollars 
 upon the heft terms ia your power, not exceeding fix per cent, 
 per ann. effectually to enable them to co-operate with the allies 
 agairift the common enemy : but before you make any propo- 
 fals to his catholic majefty for a loan, you are to endeavour to 
 G.btain a fubfidy in confideration of the guarantee aforefaid." 
 
 Saturday the 2 c 5th, it was " refolved that Congrefs proceed to 
 the nomination of a proper perfon for negotiating a treaty of 
 peace/' Mr. John Adams and Mr. Jay were propofed ; and an 
 adjournment took place to ten o'clock of the next day, when the 
 members ballotted. The votes were divided, and^there was no 
 tleclion. They ballotted again, and it was the fame: the ballot- 
 ting therefore was poftponed, and Gongrefs," refolved, that a mi- 
 rufter plenipotentiary be appointed to negotiate a treaty of alli- 
 3 and of-airaty and^com-merce, between tlje United State? of 
 
 America 
 
tS THE HISTORY OF rsE [A.D. 1779, 
 
 America and his catholic majefty. Mr, Arthur Lee, Mr. John 
 Adams, and Mr. Jay, were nominated. On the Monday the 
 ballots were taken, and Mr. Jay waselecled. Then followed the 
 choice by ballot of a minifter plenipotentiary for negotiating a 
 treaty of peace and a treaty of commerce with Great Britain, 
 when Mr. John Adams was elected. This election was no 
 ground of joy to Mr. Gerard, H : s wilhes and intereft weie in 
 favor of Mi. Jay's being appointed to negotiate with Great Bri- 
 tain ; while the latter was wrongfully fufpecled by the New En- 
 gland delegates, as being in no wife (lienuoufly difpofed to fecure 
 the fiiberies. Thefe delegates were fixed upon having Mr. J. 
 Adams intruder! with lhat bufinefs, as they could confide in his 
 ileady determination never to lofe fight of it, whatever might be 
 the pleas and pretences of politicians. They could acquiefce in 
 Mr. Jay's election to negotiate with the court of Madrid, as it pa- 
 ved the way for the carrying of their main point. Two days af- 
 ter, Mr, William Carmichael was elecled fecretary to Mr. Jay ; 
 Mr. Francis Dana to Mr. Adams ; and lieut. col. Laurens to Dr. 
 Franklin. Mr. Jay's letter of credence was figned at Philadel- 
 phia the 1,5th of October, when congrefs " refolved, That the 
 following additional inftruclions be given to the minider plenipo- 
 tentiary for negotiating with his catholic majefty " Sir You 
 are to ufe your utmoft endeavors for obtaining permiiTion for the 
 -citizens and inhabitants of thefe dates, to Jade and take on board 
 their veffels, fait at the Ifland of Salt Tortuga ; and alfo to cut, 
 load and bring away, logwood and mahogany in and from the 
 Bay of Honduras and its rivers, and to build on the fhores, ftores, 
 houfes and magazines for the wood cutters and their families, in 
 the extent ceded to his Britannic majefty by the i/th article of 
 the definitive treaty, concluded at Paris, the ioth*of February. 
 1763, or in as great extent as can be obtained." Before the 
 month was out, Mr. Jay failed for Europe in company with Mr-r 
 Gerard. O&ober the 2 lit, the honorable Henry Laurens, Efq* 
 was elecled by ballot to negotiate a loan in Holland: on the firft 
 of the next month he was chofen to negotiate a treaty of amity 
 and commerce with the united provinces of the low countries. 
 
 September the ift, congrefs refolved, that they would, on no 
 account, eifcit more bills of credit than to make the whole amount 
 4>f them two hundred millions of dollars. 
 
 September i^th, they addrefled a long letter to their conftitu- 
 nts upon their finances. By that it appears, that the taxes had 
 brought into the treafury no more than 3,027.560 dollars, and 
 diat all the monies fupplied by the people of America, amounted 
 4aaa more than. 36,7 6 1,66,5 tU>M ars an( ^ 67-90103, that being the 
 
 (uru 
 
4/>-779-3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 119 
 
 fum of the loans and taxes then received. It holds up to the 
 imagination, the ability of the United States to pay their whole 
 national debt, though at the clofe of the war it (hould amount to 
 three hundred millions of dollars, with eafe in the courfe of 
 twenty years ; and while doing it, by inverfe, romantic reafon- 
 irig, reprefents the paper currency as a bleiFing at the expence of 
 iciipture language *' Let it aifo be remembered, that paper mo- 
 ney is the only kind of money which cannot make unto itfdf 
 &vings and jly away : it remains with us, it will not forfake us, it 
 is always ready and at hand for the purpofe of commerce and 
 taxes, and every induftrious man can find it." The letter pro- 
 ceeds to ihow, that the people not only collectively by their re- 
 prefentatives, but individually, have pledged their faith for the re- 
 demption of their bflls, and that they poffefs apolitical capacity of 
 doing it. Then comes a queftion, *' Whether there is any rea- 
 ion- to apprehend a wonton violation of the public faith ?" Con- 
 grefs fay upon it " It is with great regret and relu&ance, that 
 we can prevail upon ourfelvcs to take the leaft notice of a quef- 
 tion, which involves in it a doubt fo injurious to the honor and 
 dignity of America. We Ihould pay an ill compliment to the 
 iinderftanding and honor of every true American, were we to 
 adduce many arguments to (how the bafenefs or bad policy of 
 violating our national faith, or omitting ro purfue the meafures 
 neceiTary to prefcrve it. A bankrupt fakhlefs republic would be 
 a novelty in the political world, and appear, among reputable na- 
 tions, like a common proflitute among chafte and refpeclable 
 matrons. We are convinced, that the efforts and arts of our ene- 
 mies will not be wanting to draw us into this humiliating and 
 contemptible fituation. Impelled by malice, and the fuggeftions 
 of chagrin and difappoimrnent, at not being able to bend our 
 necks to their yoke, they will endeavour to force or feduce us to 
 commit this unpardonable fin, in order to fubjecl us t . 'he pu- 
 nilhment due to it, and that we may thenceforth be a reproach 
 and a by- word among the nations. Apprized of thefe confcquen- 
 ces, knowing the value of national character, and impreffed 
 with a due fenfe of the immutable laws of juftice and honor, it is 
 impoflible that America fliould think without horror of fuch ari. 
 execrable deed. Determine to finiih the contefl as you began it. 
 boneftly and glorioufly. Let it never be faid, that America had 
 no fooner become independent than fhe became iniblvent; or 
 that her infant glories and growing fame were obfcured and tar- 
 niflied by broken contracts and violated faith, in the very hour 
 when all the nations of the earth were admiring, and aJmoft 
 adoring the fplendor of Jber xifiog." This ktier and the refolvei 
 
 preceding 
 
3<> THE HISTORY OF THE [vi D. 177.9* 
 
 preceding it, were probably occafioned by the prevailing fubv 
 jec^s of converiation in Philadelphia, and the movements pf the 
 leading people. A town meeting was called, and a fpecial com- 
 .ttiittee appointed to draw up a memorial, which was figned by the 
 prefident and council in their private characters, the ipeaker and 
 .feverai members of ailembly, the genera! committee of the city, 
 and a refpeHable number of citizens. It was prefented to con- 
 grefs, on or near the day, when they addreiled their conftituents, 
 and was meant to (lop the further emidions of continental bills. 
 The memorialifls fay u Neither can we help exp retting our 
 apprehsnfions, that the e^fe with which money was thus procur- 
 ed, has induced a remiilhefs of inquiries into the reality of its 
 application : all which we hope wi.U, in future,-be remedied by a 
 iyftematical plan of oeconpmy, and a ^regular informauqn of 
 cxpences." 
 
 September 17, Congrefs * refolved, That in confideration ol' 
 the diftinguifhed merit of Lieut. CoK Talbot a . commiflion of 
 -captain in the navy of the United States be given him." They 
 [September 24] "refolved, That a medal of gold, emblernatU 
 cal of the attack of the fort and works at Powle's-hook, be ftruck 
 and prefented to Major Lee. Four days after, upon Mr. Jay'* 
 Dignifying to them his acceptance of the ofEce to which he had 
 been appointed on the 26th, and thereupon refigned the chain, 
 they elected Samuel Huntington, Efq. prefident. Such was tha 
 deficiency of flour in Virginia, that coiigrefs [Ocl. iB.j refolved^ 
 that the governor {hould be informed of its being their opinion, 
 that the convention troops mould be fupplied with meal madeo 
 Indian corn. But he was requeited to inform the commanding 
 officer of thofe troops, .that if the commander in chief of the 
 Britifn forces will order fupplies of flour to be feat to Virginia, 
 paffports will be ordered for the purpofe when applied for, The, 
 cheval' de la Luzerne [Nov. 17.] had his audience of coogrefs, 
 delivered a letter from his moft chriflian majefty, was announ- 
 ced to the houfe, and upon that rofe, and addrefled the congref^. 
 in a fpeech, to which the prefident returned an aafwer. 
 
 Let us change the fcene. 
 
 While couni d'Efbing lay with his fleet at Cape Francois, at, 
 ter the conqueft of Grenada, he received letters from gov. Rut- 
 ledge, gen. Lincoln, the French conful at Charleftown and others, 
 urging him to vifit the American coaff, and propofmg an attack 
 upon Savannah. The general engaged to join him with 1000. 
 men certain ; and promifed that every exertion mould be made to 
 augment the number. The application coinciding with the king's 
 mitru&ions, to aft in concert with the forces of the United States.^ 
 
 whenever 
 
A.D.1179-'] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. $1 
 
 whenever an occafion prefented itfelf, he failed far the America** 
 continent within a few days after it was received. When through 
 the windward pafTagCj hedifpatched two fhipsof the line and three' 
 frigates to Charleftown to announce his coming. On the iftof 
 September^ he arrived with a fleet of 20 fail of the Hne^ two o? 
 fifty guns* and eleven frigates. 
 
 The appearance of the French fleet on the coafts of South 
 Carolina and Georgia was fo unexpected by the Britifh, that the 
 Experiment man of war, of ^o guns, Sir James Wallace Command- 
 er, and three frigates were captured. Nofooner was it known a* 
 Charleftown that the count was on the coaft, than Lincoln march-* 
 cd with all expedition for Savannah with the troops under his 
 command : orders were alfo given for the South Carolina and 
 Georgia militia to rendezvous immediately near the fame place* 
 The Britifh were equally diligent in preparing for their defence* 
 lieut. col, Cruger, who had a frnail command at Sunbury, and 
 lieut/ col. Maitland, who was in force at Beaufort, were ordered 
 to Savannah. As the French frigates approached the bar, the 
 Foweyand Rofe, of 20 guns each, the Keppel and Germain arm- 
 ed veflels, retired toward the town. The battery on Tybee was 
 deftroyed. To prevent the French frigates getting too near, the 
 Rofe and Savannah armed fhips, with four transports, were funk 
 in the channel* A boom was laid acrofs it, and feveral fmali 
 veftels were alfo funk above the town. The feamen were ap- 
 pointed to different batteries. The marines were incorporated 
 with the grenadiers of the i6th regiment ; and great numbers 
 were employed, both by day and night, in Strengthening and ex- 
 tending the lines of defence. Count d'Eftaing made repeated 
 declarations, that be could not remain more than ten or fifteen 
 days on fhore : neverthelefs, the fall of Savannah was confiderpd 
 as infallibly certain. Every aid was given from Charleftown, by 
 fending fmall veflels to aflift the French in their landing ; butar, 
 the large (hips of the fleet could not come near the ftiore, it was 
 not effecled till the i2th. 
 
 General Lincoln's troops were not far diftant ; but before they 
 could join the French, the Count [Sept, 16.] fummoned Gene- 
 ral Prevoft to furrender to the arms of the King of France. 
 Lincoln remonftrated to d'Eftaing on his furnmoning Prevoft to> 
 furrender to the arms of France only, while the Americans were 
 acling in conjunction with him; the matter was foon fettled, 
 and the mode of all future negotiations amicably adjufted. Prr- 
 voft returned a polite letter to the Count, but declined furren- 
 dering on a gen-era 1 fummons, without any fpecific terms; and 
 mentioned, that if fuch were propofed, as he cou.M with honor 
 
 accept, 
 
s THE HISTORY OF THE {A. 8. 
 
 accept, he would then give his anfwer. The Cou nt, in a fecond 
 letter, obferved to him, that it was the part of the befieged to 
 propofe fuch terms as they might defire. Prevofi upon that pro- 
 pofed a fufpenfion of hostilities for 24 hours, as a juft time abfo- 
 jately neceifary for deliberation and the difcufiion of various in- 
 terefts. The Count's third letter, granting the faid truce, was 
 written toward evening. Thus time was gained for the arrival 
 of the whole detachment from Beaufort. An enterprife was un- 
 dertaken to prevent its joining the royal army in Savannah, 
 which proved unfuccefsful, from the pilots not undertaking to 
 conduft, to a proper fbtiori, the frigates deftined to intercept the 
 communication. Maitland availed himfelf of this,circumflance, 
 and by his exertions joined Prevoft with about 400 men before 
 the Count's fecond letter was received: at night r and by noon the 
 next day, all the remainder fit for duty arrived. The fafe arrival 
 of this detachment determined the garrifon to rifk an afTault.. 
 The French and Americans were hereby reduced to the neceflity 
 of ftorming or befieging the garrifon. The refolution of pro- 
 ceeding by fiege being adopted, the attention of the combined- 
 armies was immediately called to the landing of cannon, and the 
 erefting of batteries. The diftance of the fleet from the land- 
 ing-place, together with the want of proper carriages to tranf- 
 port the various warlike articles full five miles, confumed mucb 
 time. The works of the town were, in the mean while, perfec- 
 ting every day by the labor of feveral hundred negroes, directed 
 by Major Moncrieff the engineer. The French and Americans 
 [Sept. 23.] broke ground in the evening: a frnall party of the 
 befieged failied out the next day, but was foon repuifed* The- 
 purfuit was continued fo near to the Britifli intrenchments, that 
 the French were expofed to a heavy fire, by which many of them; 
 fell. On the night of the 2/th, Major M'Arthur, with a party 
 of the Britifh picquets, advanced and fired among the befiegers fa 
 artfully, as to occafion a firing between the French and Ameri- 
 can camps. The bcfiegerjj opened [O61. 4.} with 9 mortars, 37 
 cannon from the land fide, and 16 from the water ; which con- 
 tinued to play for four or five days with fliort intervals, but with- 
 out any confiderable effeft. Major TEnfant, [8.] in the morning, 
 with five men, marched through a brifk fire from the Britifh lines, 
 and kindled the ahbatis; but the dampnefs of the air, and the 
 moifture of the green wood, prevented the fuccefs of this bold 
 undertaking. 
 
 Soon after the commencement of the cannonade, gen. Prevofir 
 folicited for leave to fend the women and children out of town. 
 Tkis humans recpeft was. refit fed from motive* of policy. The 
 
 combined 
 
^.D. 17790 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 33 
 
 combined srmy was fo confident of fuccefs, that it was fufpected 
 a deiire of fecreting the plunder lately taken from the South Ca- 
 rolinians, was a confiderable object covered under the fpecious 
 veil of humanity. That the commanders were fufpicious, con- 
 Fidering the iiratagem Prevoft had pra6lifed after being fum- 
 moned, is not flrange. It wasalfo prefumdd, that a refufal would 
 expedite a fnrrender. The period being long fince elapfed which 
 the Count had affigned for his expedition, and the engineers in- 
 forming him, that more time .muft be fpent if he expected to re- 
 duce the garrifon by regular approaches, it was determined to 
 make an afldulL This meafure was forced on d'Eftaing by his 
 naval officers, who had remonftrated againft his continuing to 
 rifk fo valuable a fleet in its prefent unrepaired condition on fuch 
 a dangerous coaft in the hurricane feafon; and at fo great a dif- 
 tartce from the fhore^ that it might be furprifed by a Britifh fleet. 
 Thefe remonftrances were enforced by the probability of their 
 being attacked by a Britim fleet completely repaired, with their 
 full compliment of men, foldiers and artillery on board, when, 
 the (hips of his Moft Chriftian Majefty were weakened by the 
 abfence of a confiderable part of their crews, artillery and offi- 
 cer?. In a few days, the lines of the befiegers might have been 
 carried into the works of the befieged : but under thefe critical 
 circumftances no further delay could be admitted. To affault, or 
 to raife the fiege, was the only alternative. Prudence dictated 
 the latter : a fenfe of horfor adopted the foirner* The morning 
 of the pth was fixed for the attack. The preceding night, one 
 James Curry, formerly a clerk at Charleftown, but now fer- 
 geant major in their volunteer company, went into Savannah 
 with a plan of the attack, Two feints were made with the coun- 
 try militia ; and a real attack a little before day-light on the 
 Spring-hill battery with 3500 French troops, 600 continentals, 
 and 350 of the Charleftown militia, headed by Count d'Eftaing 
 and General Lincoln. They marched up to the lines with great 
 boldnefs : but a heavy and well-directed fire from the batteries, 
 and a crofs fire from the gallies threw the front of the column 
 into confufion. Two ftandards, however, (one an American) were 
 planted on the Britim redoubts. Count Pulafki, at the head of 
 fioo horfemen, was in full gallop, riding into town between the 
 redoubts, with an intention of charging in the rear, when he re- 
 ceived a mortal wound. A general retreat of the allailants took 
 place after they had flood the enemy's fire for fifty-five minutes. 
 D'Eftaing received two flight wounds; 637 of his troops, and 
 34* continentals were killed or wounded: of the 350 Charlef- 
 VOL. III. * C tawa 
 
 * The returns made to General Liacoln. 
 
34 'THE HISTORY OP THE [^. /). 1779. 
 
 town militia, who were in (he hotteft of the fire, 6 were wound- 
 ed, and a captain killed. General Prevoft and Major Moncrieff 
 have defervedly acquired great reputation by this fuccefsful de- 
 fence. There were not ten guns mounted on the lines on the, 
 day of the fummons, and in a few days the number exceeded 
 80. The garrifon was between 2 and 3000, including 1^0 mi- 
 litia. The damage it fuftained was trifling, as the men fired un- 
 der cover, and few of the affailants fired at nil. It loft no other 
 officer than Captain Taws, who defended the redoubt where the 
 flandards were planted, with the greateft bravery. Inilead of mu- 
 tual reproaches, which too often follow the failure of enterprises, 
 depending upon the co-operation of different nations, the French 
 and Americans had their confidence in and efleem for each other 
 encreafed. It was thought, that the delicacy and propriety of 
 General Lincoln's conduct on every occafion, contributed much 
 to this agreeable circumftance. The militia almoft univerfally 
 returned home, immediately after the unfuccefsful afTault. In 
 about ten days, Count D'Eftaing reimbarked his troops, artillery 
 and baggage, and left the continent; while General Lincoln 
 returned to South Carolina. But the French were fcarcely on 
 board, when a violent gale difperfed the whole fleet ; and th6ugh 
 the Count had ordered feven fhips to repair to Hampton road 
 in the Chefapeak, the Marquis de Vaudreuil was the only officer 
 who was able to execute a part of the order. 
 
 While the liege of Savannah was pending, a remarkable en* 
 terprife was effecled by Colonel John White of the Georgia 
 line. Previous to the arrival of D'Eftaing on the coaft of Geor- 
 gia, a Captain of Delancey's ift battalion had taken poft with a- 
 bout 100 American roy?l regulars near the river Ogeechee, about 
 25 miles from Savannah. There were alfo at the fame place five 
 Britiih veffels, four of which were armed, the largeft with 14 
 guns, the fmaileft with 4, and the whole manned with about 40 
 failors. Colonel White, with fix volunteers, 'including his own 
 fervant, made them all prifoners. On September the 3oth, at ele- 
 ven o'clock at nigh't, he kindled a number of fires in different 
 places, adopted the parade of a large encampment, praclifed a va- 
 riety of other ftratagems, and furnmOned the captain to furrender ; 
 who was fo fully impreffed with an opinion, that nothing but an 
 mftant compliance could fave his men from being cut in pieces 
 by a fuperior force, that he made no defence. The deception 
 was carried on with fuch addrcfs, that all the prifoners, amount- 
 ing to 141, were fecured*; and afterward fafely conduced, by 
 
 three 
 
 General Lincoln's Letter of OSoberthe ad, tp Gov. Rutkdg? 
 
A. D. 1779.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 35 
 
 three of the captors, for 25 miles through the country, to an A- 
 rnerican poft.t 
 
 Count Pulafki died before the end of October. Congrefs have 
 refolved that a monument mould be creeled to his memory. He 
 was a Polander of high birth, and had been concerned in a bold 
 enterprife in his native country. With a few men he had car- 
 ried off king Staniflaus from the middle of his capital, though 
 (urrounded by a numerous body of guards arid a Ruffian army. 
 The king, after being a prifoner for fome time, efcaped by the 
 favor of one of the band, and foon afterward declared Pulafki an 
 out-law. Nothing could be more congenial to his fentiments 
 than to employ his arms in fupport of the American States. He 
 offered his fervice to Congrefs and was honored with the rank of 
 a brigadier general. But the Count was far from beingfatisfied with 
 his employ, as appears from his letter, dated Cnarleftown, Auguft 
 19, in which he wrote " Such has been my lot, that nothing lefs 
 than my honor, which I will never forfeit, retains me in a fer- 
 vice, which ill-treatment makes me begin to abhor. Every pro- 
 ceeding refpeHn,g myfelf has been fo thoroughly mortifying 
 that nathing but the integrity of my heart, and the fervency of 
 iny zeal, fupports rre under it." 
 
 Let us turn to New York. 
 
 It was not till Auguft the s^th, that adrn. Arbuthnot arrived 
 with the fleet, which conveyed the reinforcements, camp equi- 
 page, {lores and other nece/Jaries, that were to enable Sir Henry 
 Clinton to aH. with fuitable vigor. The 2ifl of September Sir 
 Andrew Hammond arrived with an additional force of 1500 men 
 from Corke. Thcfe fevoral arrivals however, did not make the 
 Britiih at New York, eafy, when they had the news of count 
 d'Efhing's being on the American coaft. The intelligence oc- 
 cadonedan apprehenfion of a formidable attack by fea and land, 
 fuppofed to have been, conceited between the Count and Gen. 
 Washington, and de.fenfive rr.eafures were thought of. Befide 
 adopting every other mean of a vigorous defence, tranfports were 
 difpatched [Sept. 26] to Rhode Ii]and to bring off the garrifon. All 
 things being in readinefs, the royal troops evacuated Newport on 
 the 2 ^th of Oftober ; embarked in the evening, failed at night, 
 and reached New York on. the ayth. They were in fufficient 
 force while at Newport, to have made predatory excurfions, and 
 to. have done much mifchief ; , notwiihflanding the troops that 
 Gen. Gates, who was itationcd at Providence, had under his com- 
 mand. But Gen. Sir Robert Pigot's humanity might revolt at 
 
 fuch 
 
 f Dr. Pvamfay'sHiftory, vol.ii.p 35-- -43. 
 
36 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1779, 
 
 fucb barbarous expeditions ; which is the mere probable, from 
 the Uriel and pofuive orders he gave for the obfeivance of the 
 Ijiofl exaft regularity and difcipline during the evacuation. As 
 it was bjniverfaily known that he meant to be obeyed, fo obedi- 
 ence was as univerfally pra&ifed. The IT- en were np wife charge-^ 
 able at their quitting the iiland, with any wanton cruelties, or 
 needlefs deihuclion, or with an unjuft feizure of property.*' How- 
 ever, as Gen. Gales could not know but that rnilitaiy commands 
 might require Sir Robert Pigot to ravage the country to the ex- 
 tent of his power, he fecured tp himfelf the mean of gaining the 
 earlieft intelligence pf every capita] movement upon the iflar.d, 
 by the aid of Lieut. Seth Chapin. The lieutenant employed a 
 trufly woman living at Newport to write down all the informa- 
 tion me could procure. A certaip place in a rock near the water 
 fide was agreed upon, where the written intelligence was put. 
 The woman had her particular fignals ; and by putting up poles 
 qr flicks as though only drying linen, and making a ihow of fuch 
 bufmefs in a certain way, notified to the lieutenant on the other 
 fide of the water, that there was ibme fpecia). matter to be com- 
 municated. At night the lieutenant palled over in his boat from 
 Little Compton, landed and brought it away. Through this fet- 
 tled correfpondence, Gates learnt the next day what wheie the 
 movements and talk of the enemy. After the evacuation, the 
 general clefned the lieutenant to mention what confide rat-on 
 would fsjisfy him for the dangerous fervice in which he h, d been 
 engaged. The anfwerwas, *' 1 (hall be fully fatisfieu wi'h 1200 
 dollars for myfelf, and 2 or 300 for fome otheis that were con- 
 cerned."- Such vyas the depieciation then, that the whole* 1500 
 were not worth 75 hard dollars, now they are worth about 30. 
 
 Sir H. Clinton having received certain intelligence of 'he re- 
 pulfe given the combined troops in their attack on Savannah, re- 
 fumed the plan of an expedition, againil South Caiolina, which 
 the appearance of Count d'Eflaing obliged hini to fufpend. Every 
 thing was prepared, and about 7000 troops were ernbaiked, but 
 detained till he had full aflurance of the French fleet's having 
 wholly quitted the American coaff, wi,ien they failed under the 
 fonvoy of Adm. Arbuthnot, on the 26th of December. Their 
 operations xvill be related in a future letter. Congrefs having 
 obtained fatisfaelory evidence of what was in contemplation, had 
 ordered on the loth of November, three of the Continental fri- 
 gates to Chaileflown fpr its defence, 
 
 On 
 
 * This is the fubftanre of what was related to me by diftnterefted 
 perfons at Newport and the neighbourhood, fome (hort time afte? 
 ffts evacuation. 
 
4.D. 1779-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 37 
 
 On the 19111 of November, they refolved that it be earneftly 
 recommended to the feveral ftates forthwith, to enact laws for 
 eftablifhing and carrying into execution a general limitation of 
 prices throughout their refpective juriidictions, on certain pre- 
 fcribed principles, the operation to commence from the iftofnext 
 February by which time the operation may be found to be im- 
 poflible. They concluded on the 2,3d, that bills of exchange be 
 drawn on Mr. Jay for 100,000!. fterling, and on Mr. Laurens 
 or ioo,qopl. payable at fjx months fight, and the fame to be fold 
 at ,the current rate of exchange." They after that direcled the 
 committee of foreign affairs to write to Meffrs. Jay and Lauretis, 
 informing them of the drafts to be made upon them, explaining 
 fully the reafons ;hat urge Congrefs to draw, and directing them 
 to keep up a mutual correfpondence, and to afford each other 
 every afliftance in procuring money to pay the bills. A com- 
 mittee of feven having been appointed by Congrefs to wait on the 
 jninifter of France, and to receive his communications, reported 
 [Dec. 16.] the following extracts and fummary of the communi- 
 cations -That the miniiier of France had it in command from his 
 king, to imprefs on the minds of Congrefs That the Britim ca- 
 binet have an almoft infuperable reluclance to admit the idea of 
 the independence of thefe United States, and will ufe every pof- 
 fible endeavour to prevent it : That they have filled feveral of 
 the courts of Europe with negociations, in order to excite them 
 to a war againft France; or to obtain fuccours, and are employ- 
 ing the molt ftrenuous endeavours to peifuadethe feveral powers, 
 tint the United States are difpofed to enter into treaties of accom- , 
 modation ; that many perfons in America are actually employed 
 in bringing fuch treaties to perfection j and that they have no 
 doubt of tlk-ir fuccefs : That the objecl$ which the Britim ca- 
 binet hope for from thefe meafures are, to deftrqy the fuperiority 
 which France has now at fea, by diverting her powers and re- 
 fources from naval to land operations, and by engaging her in a 
 land war, where fhe muft rifk very important interefts, while 
 England would rifk nothing but money ; or to break or weaken 
 thea lliance by deftroying the confidence, which the allies ought 
 to have in each other : That his Moft Chriflian Majefly gives 
 lio credit to the fuggeilions of Britain relative to the difpofitions 
 of the United States, and that it is neceffary that meafures be 
 taken for the preventing o f other powers from being deceived 
 into a belief of them : That the negotiation of Briiain, as far as 
 could yet be learned, had not fucceeded : That the difpofitions 
 of all the European powers are, as far as can be known, very 
 friendly to France, tut fome of them may be engaged in fecret 
 
 treaties 
 
g8 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1779. 
 
 treaties with Britain, which may oblige them in force event to 
 afliit her with troops, even again!! (heir inclinations ; That fuch 
 event may arife, and if it (hould, it is probable it will produce an 
 armed mediation, the'confequences of which would be, that the 
 allies mud accept of the terms propofed by the mediation, or 
 continue the war under the difadvanrages of having the forces of 
 the mediator united with thtsfeof their enemies ; That in fuch 
 event, it is pofiible the terms propofed will be fuch as Spain offer- , 
 ed, and Britain rejected on the la ft propofed mediation : That 
 though the powers, who may be under fuch engagements by trea- 
 ties to Great Britain, from their friendly difpofuion towaid his 
 Moft Chriftian Majelly, may be very unwilling to give'ailiftancc 
 to his enemies, yet they may find it indifpenfably necefljry in, 
 compliance with their engagements : but it is not improbable that 
 their reluftance, or the di.iance of their dominions, may delay 
 fuch adiftance, if granted at all, fo as to be too late for the next 
 campaign: That (hould the enemy be in pofleffion of any part 
 of the United States at the clofe of the next campaign, it will be 
 extremely difficult to Great Britain to acknowledge their inde- 
 pendence ; and if a mediation (hould be offered while the enemy 
 are in poifeflion of any part, an impartial mediator could not 
 eafily refute the arguments which might be is fed for his retaining 
 fuch poiledions ; and probably a mediator well difpofed toward 
 Great Britain might infift on her holding them, and if not agreed 
 to, the hoflility of fuch mediator would be the neceflary confe. 
 quence : That (hould Great Britain form fuch alliances, or pro- 
 cure fuch aids as are the obje6tscf her prefent negotiations, there 
 will be every reafon to fear a long and an obftinate war, whereof 
 the final event may be doubtful : That the t view of affairs plain- 
 ]y points out, the neceflity for the greateft poflible vigor in the 
 operations of the next campaign, in order to difpoifefs the enemy 
 of every part of the United States, and to put them in a condition 
 to treat of peace and accept of mediation, with the greaiefi ad- 
 vantage ; and the preparations for it ought to be as fpeedy and 
 as effectual as poflible : That Fiance and Spain are prepared to 
 make a very powerful diverfion, and will exert thernfelves mod 
 flrenuoufly for preserving their naval fuperiority, and for em- 
 ploying the powers of the enemy in Europe and the Weft Indies, 
 The minifter declared as from himfelf That he doubted not 
 but his Moft Chriftian Majefty will (pare fome (hips to the Uni- 
 ted States, if it can be done without endangering his fuperiority 
 at fea, and that an application made to the minifter in form is 
 more eligible than to the king ; becaufe it would give his ma- 
 jefty great pain to refufe the requeft, though he might be in no 
 
 condition 
 
A.D. 1779.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 39 
 
 condition to grant it : That at all events fupplies mould be 
 prepared on a fuppofnion that the (hips will be granted, and fuch 
 fupplies fhould be put into the hands of the agent for the marine 
 of France, and be confidered as the king's property. He defires 
 to be informed, as far as Congrefs deem proper, what force the 
 United States can bring into the field the next campaign ? On 
 what refources they rely for their maintenance and neceflary ap- 
 pointments, and what mall be the general plan of the campaign, 
 on fuppofition either of having or not having the aid of mips of 
 war ? He gives it as his opinion, that an application for cloth- 
 ing may be made to his Moft Chriftian Majefty with profpeft of 
 fuccefs ; and although meafures have been taken for fending arms 
 and warlike flores to America, yet it would be prudent in Con- 
 grefs not to neglect any other means for procuring either thole 
 iupplies, or fupplies of clothing. 
 
 Congrefs to promote ceconomy in purchafes of American pro- 
 duce, refolved on the 141!} of December, to call upon the ftates 
 for the neceflary fupplies, for which they are to be credited at 
 equal prices for articles of the fame quality and kind, and for 
 others which they may furnifh in due proportion. 
 
 I (hall conclude with mentioning in a general way, that the 
 American cruifers have continued to be very fuccefsful : Ami 
 that about the middle of September, the French plenipotentiary, 
 in a converfation with Gen. Washington mentioned, that though 
 Spain had been all along well difpofed to the revolution, (he had 
 entered reluclantly into the war, and had not acknowledged the 
 independence of the United States ; and that France defired to 
 enga'ge Spain more firmly in their interefts, by a m&rk of their 
 good will to her. [The mark in view is the lands on the cart- 
 em fide of the Mifliffippi ; which is an affair that the genera! 
 leaves to the wifdorn of Congrefs.] 
 
 LETTER II. 
 
 Roxbury, Aug. 24, 1780. 
 
 /CONGRESS refolved, [Jan. 31.] "that the following an- 
 \^s fwer be given to the communications of the minifler of 
 FranceThat Congrefs entertain the moft grateful fenfe of the 
 
 unremitting 
 
4p THE HISTORY OF THE [A.D.i 77 g, 
 
 unremitting attention given to the interefts of the United States 
 by their illuftrious ally, and confider the communications madfc 
 to them by his minifter under his majefty's ipeeial command, as 
 equally wife and interefting : That the confidence which they 
 repofe in his majefty, in confequence of his fo gcnerouily inte- 
 refting himfelf in the affairs of thefe United States, and of the 
 wifdom and magnanimity of his councils, determine them to give 
 the moft perfe6t information in their power of their refources, 
 their views and their expectations ; That to this end they ftate as' 
 follows* That the United States have expectations, on which 
 they can rely with confidence, of bringing into the field next 
 campaign an srmy of 25,000 effective men exclufive of com- 
 miflioned officers :--^That thisarmycan be reinforced by militia; 
 fo as to be in force fufficient for any enterprife againft the pofts 
 occupied by the enemy within the United States ; That fupplies 
 of provifion for the army in its greateft number, can certainty be 
 obtained within the United States, and the Congrefs, with the 
 co-operation of the feveral ftates, can take effeclual meafures for 
 procuring them in fuch manner, as that no operation will be im- 
 peded : That provifions alfo for fuch of the forces of his Moft 
 Chriftian Majefly, .as may be employed in conjunction or co- 
 operation with thofe of the United States, can be procured un- 
 der the direction of Congrefs ; and fuch provifions (hall be laid 
 up in magazines, agreeably to fuch inftruclions as his majefly's 
 rninifter plenipotentiary (hall give ; and the magazines fhall be put 
 under the direclion of the agent of the marine of France / That 
 Congrefs rely on thecontributionsof theftates by taxes, and on mo- 
 nies to be raifedby internal loans for the pay of the army : That 
 fupplies of clothing, of tents, of arms and warlike ftores, muft be 
 principally obtained from foreign nations, and the United States 
 muft rely chiefly on the adiftance of their ally for them ; but 
 rvery other mean for procuring them is already taken, and will 
 
 be profecuted with the greateft diligence : -That the United 
 
 States, with the adiftance of a competent naval force, would wil- 
 lingly, during the next campaign, carry on the moft vigorous of- 
 fenfive operations againft the enemy in all the pofts occupied by 
 them within the United States: That without fuch naval force, 
 little more can be attempted by them, than ftraitening the quar- 
 ters of the enemy, and covering the interior parts of the country : 
 That their forces muft be difpofedin fuel} manner as to oppofc 
 the enemy with greateft effect, wherefoever their moft confiderable 
 operations may be directed: That at prefent the fouthern ftates 
 feem to be their principal objeft ; and their defign to eftabliih 
 themfelves in one or more of them : but iheir fuperiority at fea 
 over 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 4* 
 
 bver the United States, enables them to change their object and 
 operations with great facility, while thofe of the United States 
 are rendered difficult by the great extent of country they have to 
 defend : That Congrefs are happy to find that his Moft Chrif- 
 tian Majefty gives no credit tb the fuggeftions of the Britifh ca^ 
 binet, relative to the difpofltioris of the United States, or any of 
 them, to enter into treaties of accommodation with Great Bri- 
 tain; and wifh his majefty and all the powers of Europe to be af- 
 fured, that fuch fuggeftions are infidious and without foundation: 
 That it will appear by the confthutions and other public ais of 
 the feveral Mates, that the citizens of the United States, poIFeffeci 
 of arms, pofFeffed of freedoni, rjoiTeffed of political power to 
 Create and direct their rhagiftrates a's they think proper, are unit- 
 ed in their determination^, to' fecure to themfelves and their pof- 
 lerity the bleJIings of liberty, by fupporting the independence of 
 their governments, and obfervirig their treaties and public en- 
 gagements with immoveable firmnefs and fidelity; and the Con- 
 grefs ailure his majefty, that mould any individual in America 
 be found bafe enough to fhow the leaft difpofition for perfuading 
 the people to the contrary, fuch individual would inftantly lofe 
 all power of effecting his purpofe, by forfeiting the confidence 
 and efteem of the people. 
 
 The committee appointed [Feb. 2.] to receive tHe cdmmuni- 
 fcatiorts from the minifier of France, reported, that on their fe- 
 
 cond conference, he cammunicated to them -"That his Moft 
 
 Chriftian Majefty being informed of the appointment of a minif- 
 ter plenipotentiary, to treat of an alliance between the United 
 States and his Catholic Majefty, had fignified to his rniniiicr 
 plenipotentiary to thefe United States, that he wifhes moft earn- 
 eflly for fuch an alliance, and in order to make the way thereto 
 rnore eafy, commanded him to communicate to Congrefs certain 
 articles, which his Catholic Majefty deems of great importance 
 to the interefts of his crown; and ori which k is highly neceflary 
 that thefe United States explain themfelves with fuch precifiori 
 arid moderation as may confift with their eftential rights: That 
 the articles are, i. aprecife and invariable boundary to the U~ 
 nited States 2. the exclufive navigation of the 'iver Miffifippi 
 3. the pofTeffiori of the Florid-is 4. the lands on the left or 
 eaftern fide of the MiiTifippi: That on the ift article it is the 
 idea of the cabinet of Madrid, that the United Stares extend to 
 the weftward no further than the fettlements were permitted by 
 (he royal proclamation, bearing date the day of 1763 : 
 
 That on the 2d, the United States do not confider themfelves a? 
 having right to navigate the river Miffifippi, no territory belong- 
 
 VOL. Ill, B iu 
 
+t THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780. 
 
 ing to them being fituate thereon: That on the 3d, it is probable, 
 the king of Spain will conquer the Floridas during the courfe 
 of the prefent war, and in fuch event every caufe of difpute re- 
 lative thereto, between Spain and thefc United States, ought to be 
 removed : That on the 4th, the lands lying on the eaft fide of the 
 Miffifippi, whereon the fettlements were prohibited by the faid 
 proclamation, are pofleflions of the crown of Great Britain, and 
 proper objeBs againft which the arms of Spain may be employed 
 for thepurpofe of making a permanent conqued for the Spanifh 
 crown ; that fuch conqueft may be made probably during the 
 prefent war; that therefore it would be advifeable to restrain the 
 fouthern dates from making any fettlements or conqueds in thefe 
 territories : that the council of Madrid confider the United States 
 as having no claims to thefe territories, either as not having had 
 poiTeiTion of them before the prefent war, or not having any foun- 
 dation for a claim in the right of the fovereign of Great Britain, 
 whofe dominion they have abjured: That his Moft Chridian 
 Majefty, united to the Catholic King by blood, and by the dncleft 
 alliances, and united wish tbefe ftates in treaties of alliance, and 
 feeling toward them difpdfitions of the mod perfect friendfnip, is 
 exceedingly defirous of conciliating between his Catholic Ma- 
 jelly and the United States the molt happy and lading friendihip : 
 That the United States may repofe the utmofl confidence in 
 his good will to their interefts, and in the juflice and liberality of 
 his- Catholic Majefty: and That he cannot deem the revolution 
 which has fet up the independence of thefe United States, as pad 
 all danger of unfavorable events, until his Catholic Majefty and 
 the faid dates fhall be eftabliihed on thofe terms of confidence 
 and amity, which are the objects of his Mod Chriitian Majefty 's 
 very earned wiflies." 
 
 The information you are now entering upon, may appear fin- 
 gular after reading the anfwer of Congrefs to the minider of 
 Prance, on the article of provifion. In the middle of Decem- 
 ber, a part of General Wafhington's army was feveral days with- 
 out bread; and for the reft he had not, either on the fpot or with- 
 in reach, a fupply fufficient for four days. Reckoning back from 
 January the 8th } and both officers and men were almoft perifhing 
 through want for a fortnight. The deficiency proceeded from 
 the abfolute emptinefs of the American magazines in everyplace, 
 and the total want of money or credit to replenifh them. So that 
 the general was obliged to call upon the magiff rates of the jeifey 
 fiate; to expofe his fituation to them; and to declare Jjp plain 
 terms, that he and his army were reduced to the alternative of 
 diibanding or catering for themfelves,unlefs ibe inhabitants would 
 
 afford 
 
A.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 43 
 
 afLrd them aid. He allotted to each county a certain propor- 
 ition of flour or grain, and a certain number of cattle to be de- 
 livered on certain days. To the honor of the magiftrates and 
 the good difpofition of the people, be it added, that his requifi- 
 tions were punctually complied with, and in many counties ex- 
 .-cceded. Nothing but this great andpatriotic exertion, which claims 
 the particular confideration, and the warmeft acknowledgements 
 of the public, could have faved the army from difTolutionor ftarv- 
 ing, as the troops were bereft of every hope from the commifla- 
 ries. At one time the foldiers eat every kind of horfe food but 
 hay: buck wheat, common wheat, rye and Indian corn, formed 
 .the iompofition of the meal that made their bread. As ari army 
 they bore.it with heroic patience; but fuch fufferings, accompa- 
 nied with the want -of clothes, blankets, Sec. produced frequent 
 .<iefertions, though not a fmgle mutiny,* Would you have ex- 
 peted, that the Commander in Chief mould have been under the 
 necefiity of inserting in general orders of January 29111" The 
 general is aftoniOied and mortified, that notwithftanding the Ia0: 
 order, the inhabitants in the vicinity of the camp are absolutely 
 ,a prey to the plundering and licentious fpiritof the foldicry. Frorfi 
 daily complaints, and a formal representation of the magiftrates, 
 a night fccfrcely pa/Fes y/ithout gangs of foldiers going out of camp, 
 and committing every fpecies of robbery, depredation, and the 
 groffeft perfonal iniults. Thefe violences are committed on the 
 property and perfons of 'thofe, who, on a very late alarming oc- 
 'cafion for the want of provifion, manifefted the warmeft attach- 
 rnent to the army, hy a-fjording it the mod generous jand plentiful 
 jrelief. v 
 
 Congress have given the public a ftate of the expenditures for 
 the laft year. The fums advanced to exchange bills of the emif- 
 fions of May 20, 1777, and April 11, 1778, were 1^5,321,897 * 
 dollars. No more than five millions are fpeciiied in their jour- 
 nals for each of fuch dates. There muft therefore have been if- 
 jfucd from their own prefles more than five millions and an half 
 beyond what was ipecified, or their agents who were to exchange 
 the genuine ones, had not the means of detecling the counter- 
 feits ; the laft is fcarce conceivable. They have alfo fettled a 
 imall penfion on -an Elizabeth Bengin, late an inhabitant of New 
 York, who was indefatigable in relieving the American prisoners, 
 and in facilitating their efcape. The Britifh at length fufpecled, 
 or had proof of her conduct, and fent a party to fecureher. She 
 begged leave t<j drefs herfelf before ftie was carried to the coro- 
 
 mander,; 
 
 * Genera] Wafting ton' s letters of January and February. 
 
44 THE H I $ T O R Y or THE [A. D. i/Bo. 
 
 manclcr, and withdrew to an adjoining room, from whence fhe 
 made her efcape to a friend, and lay fecreted till an opportunity 
 offered of quitting the city. Slip had a frufty v/aterrnan a6ting 
 in confort with her, who in dark nights fafely conveyed away by 
 the help of muffled oais, the officers and privates whom her 
 friendfnip hac} concealed. When (he had .gotten clear off, her 
 circumflances were fp diftreffing, that pen. Wa{]iingtori hear- 
 ing of it, and knowing the part fhe had taken, and the rifk (he 
 Jiad run, recommended her to Congrefs. 
 
 Sir H. Clinton's expedition to South Carolina is next to b^ 
 confidered. ' Though the fleqt and convoy failed from New York 
 on the 2<5th of December, they did not arrive at Savannah till 
 the end of January. x The voyage was alfo very unprofpcrous. 
 Through the tempeftuoufnefs of the weatheV great mifchief wa 
 done among the transports and victuallers. ' Several were loft, 
 others damaged, and a few taken by the Americans. v An ord- 
 nance (hip went down with all her fiores ; and mpii pf the horfes, 
 whether for draught, or appertaining to 'the cavalry, were loft'. 
 Various Delays prevented, fo that the troops did not land before 
 the iith of february, oq the fouth part of John's iiland, about 
 ^o miles diflarit from Charleltown, '^. week before/ Gen. Lin- 
 coln had difpatched Lieut. Col. Ternaht 'to the Hsvarinati, vvith 
 folicitations to the Spanifh governor to contribute his afiiftance 
 againft the Britifh, "The colonel was authorised to promife 2000 
 men to co-operate with the Spaniards in reducing St= Auguftine, 
 Jf they would lend a fufficient force of (hips and troops for' the 
 defence of CharlcflQwn, "The South Carolina ailcmbly was fit- 
 ting when the Britifh landed, and direclly delegated, till ten days 
 after the next fefTiori, to Gov. Rutledge, and fuch of his council 
 as he could conveniently cpnfult, a power to do every thig ne- 
 ceffary for' the public goo'd/except the taking away the life of a 
 citizen without a legal trial ; and then adjourned. ' The gover- 
 nor immediately ordered the militia to rendezvous. Though the 
 iieceflity was great, few obeyed thepreiTmg call. A proclamation 
 was fooniffued, requiring the militia thai were regularly draught- 
 ed, and all the inhabitants and owners of property in the town, 
 to repair to the American ftandard, and join the garrifon with- 
 out delay, under pain of confifcation. This fevere meafure pro- 
 duced little effeft. The country was greatly difpirited, through 
 the repulfe at Savannah the preceding October, ' and the high 
 ideas which that had produced of the power of Britain ; and 
 had Sir H. Clinton pufhed at once for the town, he would pro- 
 bably have poiTeiTed himfelf of it in four days after landing : bet 
 his caution put him upon proceeding by a regular a.ttack v Pre- 
 vious 
 
4. D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 45 
 
 yious to the debarkation of his troops, he had taken care to 
 )iave the harbour blocked up, fp that had the Americans evacua- 
 ted the place, they rnuft have given up not only their fhips, but 
 their baggage, field artillery and {lores, as they could not have 
 procured a number of waggons fuHicient for the tranfportation of 
 the fanje. It was the wi$i of the inhabitants to fave their capital, 
 and they were in hopes of effecting it. pen. Lincoln was de- 
 firous of their being gratified^ and acled accordingly. Though 
 he had then but about 1400 continentals fit for duty, including 
 thofe of South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia, together 
 with about 1000 North Carolina militis ; yet as he had been 
 allured of luccours to complete, his force to n.ear 10,000, he 
 promifed himfelf, that when further opppfition could no longer 
 avail, an evacuation would be -practicable. The apparent defign 
 of Sir Henry Clinton to ri(k nothing, induced him to proceed 
 iknvly. "jEie formed a depot on James iiland, and creeled forti- 
 fications there and on the main, oppofite tq the fouthern and 
 weftcrn extremities of the town. On the cgth of March, his 
 grenadiers, 'light troops, ancj two battalions of infantry, crofled 
 Afliley river : and on the next day appeared before the American 
 lines, and encamped about 3000 yards in front of them. The 
 works thrown up in the fprjng of 1779, had been ftrengthened 
 qnd extended : and lines of defence a/id redoubts continued acrofs 
 Charleftown rieck from Cooper to Afhley river, Qeu. Lincoln 
 had early prefled upon the flatc, thp certainty of an intended in- 
 yafiqn, and the neceffity of flrenupus and timely exertions to 
 provide againft it, ' He ever turned out himfelf, not only to af- 
 fiil on the works, but to fet an example of emulation, that nq 
 one might think it beneath him to give his afliilance. This was 
 His conftant practice, going out with the foremoii in the morn- 
 ing, and returning with the laft in the evening; until the near ap- 
 proach of the enemy called him to other duties. In front of the 
 lines was a ftrong abbatis, and a wet ditch picquetted on the? 
 neareft fide. ' Between the sbbatisand the lines, deep hples were 
 dug at fhort diftances from each other. The lines were made 
 particularly ftrong on the right and left, and fo conftrufted as to 
 rake the wet ditch, in almoft, i's whole extent. In the centres 
 jlrong citadel was, creeled. Works were thrown up on all fides 
 of the town where a landing was practicable. That Gen. 
 Lincoln did not oppofe the enemy's eroding the river, was ow- 
 jng to his not having fufficient force ; his whole ftrength at that 
 time amounted only to 2225, befide the failors in the batteries. 
 It was found upon examination, that the {hips meant for the defence 
 of pharleflown, could not bepofiibly fo itationed as to defend the 
 
 bar 
 
/j6 E HISTORY OF THE [^. D. 4780. 
 
 bar ; and that the enemy, with a leading eafleil.y wind ami flood 
 waking in, would Cater the harbour, and under kill fail, pals the 
 fcontinetar frigates wing in Five Fathom .Hole. Commodoie 
 \Vhipple therefore, With his fmall Seet, confining of the Bricole 
 of 44 guns, the Providence and$oitcu, each of 32, the Queen 
 .of France of 28, L'Avanture and the Truite, each of 2b, the 
 Ranger and brig Gen. Lincoln, -each of 20, and the brig Nutre 
 Dame of 16 guns, abandoned the defence of the bar, and retreat- 
 ,ed to fort Moultrie, On the 2oth of March, Adm. Arbuthnot, 
 with the Renown of $0 guns, the Romulus and Roebuck, each 
 of 44, the Richmond, Le Blonde and Raleigh, each of 3*, and 
 the Sandwich armed (hips, crofted the bar4n front of Rebellion 
 *oad, and anchored in five Fathom Hole* The American flee 
 retreated to Charleftown : and the crews and guns of all the vef- 
 fels, except the Ranger, were put on iliore to reinforce the bat- 
 teries. An enquiry mould have been made before t4ie BritHH 
 ileet appeared oiT the harbour, whether the American (hips could 
 defend the bar, and upon the dkfcovery of their incapability, they 
 Should have been fent away, in time. When the captains and 
 pilots, in their joint letter of February the 2/th to Gen. Lincoln, 
 affigned fuch. incapability as a reafon for their abandoning the de- 
 fence of it, the resolution ihould have been taken to evacuate 
 Charlefiown, and to retreat into the open country, and there 
 \vait for reinforcements, without iujnning the rijk of being com- 
 pletely invefled by the enemy. 
 
 It appeared [April i.J that rhe Britim -had broken ground i$ 
 feveral places about noo yards in front of the Americans. 
 Though the lines were no more than field works, yet Sir H 
 Clinton treated them with the refpeclful homage of three paral- 
 lels, and made his advances with the greateft circumlpeft ion. By 
 the loth, the firft parallel was completed, and direclly upon it the 
 town was fummoned to furrender without effeft. The fame day 
 700 continentals, under Gen. Woodfurd, who had marched ,500 
 miles in 28 days, arrived in Charleftown. But while the fiege 
 was pending, near the fame number of North Carolina militia, 
 quitted the lines and went off, the time of their fervice being ex- 
 pired. The day before the fummoris, Adm. Arbuthnot weighed 
 anchor, and taking advantage of a itrong foutherly wind and 
 flowing tide, pafTed fort Moultrie, which kept up a brifk and fe- 
 vere fire on the fhips in their pafTage, and did the;n fome damage 
 befide killing or wounding 27 feamen. A tranfport ran aground, 
 and was burnt by the crew. The royal fleet anchored within long 
 foot ok the town batteries. To prevent the fhips running up 
 Cooper river, from which they might have enfiladed the lines, 
 
 eleven 
 
J.D.i/So,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 47 
 
 eleven vefTels were funk in the channel. The Ranger fr'vgato 
 and two galiies were (lationed fo as to co-operate with the bat- 
 teries *on <fhore, in defending thefe obftruclions, and to aitaclc 
 any armed veflels that might attempt a palFage through -Hog- 111- 
 and channel. 
 
 On the i2th the Britifh opened their batteries, and a conlrant 
 fire was kept up between both parties until the 2oth, when their 
 fccond parallel, within 300 yards of the American lines, was 
 completed. But the fire of the befiegers was far fuperior to that 
 of the befieged. The former had the advantage of 2 1 mortars 
 and royals ; the latter only of two, and by the 2oih their lines 
 had fuftained great damage in many places. About the time the 
 Britifli opened their batteries, Gov. Rutledge took poft in the? 
 country between the Cooper and the Santee rivers : a work was 
 ordered to be thrown up on the Wando, nine miles from town f 
 and another at the point of Lampriere's, to preferve the com- 
 munication with the country by water : a port was alfo ordered 
 at a ferry over the Santee, to coiled andfecure the boats neceffaiy 
 for the eroding over of the expected fuccours with difpatcb, and 
 for effecting a retreat with facility when requifite. 
 
 Fora few moments the narrative muft be retrofpeclive. The 
 horfes deftined to mount the Britiih cavalry were loft on the paf- 
 fage from New York. When Ueut. Col. Tarleton was landed, 
 he foon obtained a frefh fupply ; and having mounted his cavalry, 
 joined a body of about ,1000 men, who marched through the 
 country from Savannah. On the i8th of March a detachment 
 from his corps furprifed about 80 American militia, killed and 
 wounded feveral, and difperfed the remainder. Five days after, 
 Tarleton with his legion, fell in with another fmall party oi 
 mounted miiitia, who inftantly retreated ; but in the purfuit three 
 were killed, one wounded, and four taken prifoncrs. On the 
 27 th he had a rencounter with Lieut. Co). Wafhington, at the 
 head of his regular corps of horfe. The Americans had the ad- 
 vantage, took feven prifoners, and drove back the cavalry of the 
 Britifh legion ; but durft not purfue them for want of infantry, 
 At the beginning of the fiege, Gen. Lincoln ordered the 300 te- 
 gular cavalry to keep the field, 'and the country militia were u> 
 act as infantry in their fupport. On various pretences the mili- 
 tia refufed ta attach themlelves to the cavalry. The American 
 body of horfe, intended to cover the country,, and to preferve the 
 communication between that and the town, was furprifed at 
 Monk's Corner, [April 14.] by a ftrong party of Britiih, led by 
 Lieut. Cols. Tarleton and Webfter. A negro (lave, for a fuin 
 of money, conduced the BridHi fiom Goofs-Creek; in the ni^h% 
 
 'through 
 
 
$3 THE HISTORY OF THE \_A.D. 1780, 
 
 through unfrequented paths. Although the commanding officer 
 of the American cavalry had taken the precaution of having his- 
 horfes faddled and bridled, and the alarm was given by his videt- 
 tes, pofted at the diftance of a mile in front ; yet, being entirely 
 unfupported by infantry, the Britifh advanced fo rapidly, not- 
 withstanding the dppofition of the advanced guard, that they be- 
 gan their attack upon the main body before the men could put 
 themfelves in a pofiure of defence. About twenty-five were 
 killed or taken ; and they that efcapcd were obliged for feveraf 
 days to conceal themfelves in the fwamps: The Britifh inftantly 
 fell down on the peninfula between the Cooper and the Santee 
 with about 2,50' horfe and 600 infantry. When Gen. Lincoln' 
 was informed ori the i6th of what had happened, he called a: 
 council of war, who were of opinion, that the weak ftate of the 
 garrifon made it improper to detach a riurnber fufficient to attack 
 this feparate corps. On the i8th Sir H. Clinton received a re- 
 inforcement of 3000 men from New York; The only praclica- 
 ble route of an evacuation for the Americans was to the right of 
 the town ; but the befiegers, with their reinforcement,- ftrength- 
 ened the troops ori the peninfula* and took poft on Haddrell'tf 
 point, which obliged the others to abandon Lampriere's. On the 
 2oth and 2 i ft, another council of war was held, to determine 
 upon the meafures that the intereftand fafety of the country call- 
 ed the American officers to piirfue under their prefent circum- 
 ftances. The refult was " As a retreat would be attended with 
 many diftrefling inconveniences, if not altogether impra&icable 
 for the undermentioned caufes, to wit,-!, the civil authority isf 
 averfe to it, and intimated incouncil, that if attempted, they would: 
 counteract the rheafure : 2. it muft be performed iri face of the 
 enemy, much fuperior, acrofs a river three fniles broad, ili large 
 {hips and vefTels, the moving of which muft be regulated by the 
 wind and tide : 3. could thefe obftacles be farmounted, we 
 muft (orce our way through a confiderable body of the enemy,' 
 in full pofTeflion of the pafTes on our route to the Santee, tb< 
 only road by which we can retreat : 4. fuppofing us arrived at 
 that river, new and dangerous difficulties are again to be encoun- 
 tered, from the want of boats to crofs it, with an army wafted and 
 worn down by a&ion, fatigue and famine, and clofely purfued by 
 the enemy -we advife therefore, that offers of capitulation, be- 
 fore our affairs become more critical, fhould be made to Gen.- 
 Clinton, which may admit of the army's withdrawing, and afford 
 fecurity to the perfons and property of the inhabitants" figned 
 William Monhrie and others. The terms when propofed, were 
 inftantly rejecled ; but dill not receded from by the propofers, as 
 
 they 
 
>*.. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 49 
 
 they had hopes of fuccours to open the communication, and give 
 an opportunity of repeating. Though the i ejection of the terms 
 tiifpirited the garrifon, yet they thought, by delaying as long as 
 poftible, the people in the neighbouring Rates would have an op- 
 portunity to roufe and imbody. On the 23d of April, the Bnnfh 
 commenced their third parallel from 80 to 1^0 yards from the 
 Britifh lines. The next day the befieged made a fally, which 
 was conducted by Lieut. Col. Henderfon, who led out 200 men, 
 and attacked the advanced working party of the Britim, killed 
 federal and took eleven prifoners. This was the only faliy made 
 by them, for their inferior numbers would not admit of their en- 
 gaging repeatedly in fuch fervices. On the 26th the propriety 
 of attempting a retreat came again before a council of officers, who 
 were unammoufly of opinion, that it was not expedient as a re- 
 treat was impracticable. While Gen. Lincoln was preffed with 
 a variety of difficulties, .the Britim flag was feen flying on fort 
 Moultrie. When the royal fhips had pafled Sullivan's ifland, 
 Col. Pinkney, with abou; 150 men under his command, was 
 withdrawn from that poft,to reinforce the army in Charleflown. 
 The feeble remainder of the garrifon, rnoflly militia, ^render- 
 ed on the 6th of M:iv to Capt. Hudfon of the Biitifli navy, with- 
 out firing a gun. The fame day the third parallel was completed 
 clofe to the edge of the American canal, and a fap carried to the" 
 dam, which contained its water on the right, by which mean a 
 great part was drained to the bottom. On that day alfo Col, 
 Anthony Walton White, who had taken the command of the 
 remains of the American cavalry after their defeat, experienced 
 a firailar difafter. He had croffed the Santee, and on that day 
 made prifoners a fmall Britifh party, that was conduced to Lan- 
 iieau's ferry, lie had ordered in feafori proper perfons to col- 
 left boats, and to a (Terrible a body of infantry at this place, to cover 
 the American cavalry in their recroffing the Santee, which had 
 not been carred into execution. The zeal of a new fubjccl, who 
 had lately fubmitteu to the royal army, led him to give immedi- 
 ate notice to Lord Corriwallis of White's fituation. Tarletor^ 
 with a party of horfe, was difpatched to the ferry ; arrived there 
 a few minutes after the American cavalry ; and inftantly charg- 
 ed them with a fuperior force. From the want of boats and 
 of infantry, a retre'at was ^impraclicable, and refiftance uhavail- 
 - ing. A rout took place. Major Call and feven others efcaoed 
 on horfeback, by urging their way through the advancing Britifh 
 cavalry. Lieut. Col. Wartiington, Major Jame'fon, and five 
 or fix privates, faved themfelves by fwimming acrofs the Santee. 
 About 30 were killed, wounded or taken. The remainder gol 
 VOL. 111. E off 
 
^o THE HISTORY OF THE [_A. D. 1780. 
 
 off by concealing themfelves in the fwamps. The Britifh prifo- 
 ners, who were in a boat eroding the river, being called upon 
 by their friends to come back, rofe on their guard, and were re- 
 leafed. On the eighth Sir H. Clinton began a correfpondence 
 with Gen. Lincoln, and repeated his former terms and fum- 
 mons. At this time, all the flefh-provifions of the garrifon were 
 not fufficient to furnifh rations for a week. There was no prof- 
 pecl; either of reinforcements or of fupplies from the country. 
 The engineers gave it as their opinion, that the lines could not 
 be defended ten days longer, and that they might at any time be 
 carried by affault in ten minutes. Gen. Lincoln was difpofed to 
 clofewith the terms offered, as far as theyrefpefted his army ; but 
 fome demur was made in behalf of the citizens. Sir H. Clinton 
 infixed on their being ail prifonerson parole, and would promife 
 nothing further, than that the town-property of thofe within the 
 lines fhould not be molefted by the Britifh troops. He alfo evad- 
 ed any determinate anfwer to the article which requefted leave 
 for thofe who did not choofe to fubmit to the Britiih govern- 
 ment, to fell their eflates and leave the province. It was hoped, 
 that upon a proper reprefentation of matters in a free conference, 
 the generofity of the befiegers would foften their demands ; the 
 fame was therefore afked by Gen. Lincoln, without hisdireftly re- 
 fufing what was offered. Contrary to the expectation of the be- 
 fieged, an anfwer was returned, that hoftilities fhould recom- 
 mence at eight o'clock. When the hour arrived, the moft 
 vigorous onfet of the befiegers was immediately expecled by the 
 garrifon. But neither army fired a gun for fotfie time. Both 
 Teemed to dread the confequences of an affault, and to wim foi a 
 continuance of the truce, and a reconfideration of the propofed 
 articles. At nine, firing commenced from the garrifon, and 
 was kept up on both fides for ieveral hours with unufal brifknefs, 
 and did more execution than had taken place in the fame length 
 of time fmce the commencement of the fiege. The BritiQi bat- 
 teries of the third parallel, which were ready on the 6th, opened 
 on this occafion. Shells and carcafes were thrown inc ffantly 
 into altnoft all parts of the town ; and feveral houfes burnt. Be- 
 fide the cannon and mortars which played on the garrifon at a 
 Jefs diftancethan a hundred yards, rifles were fired by the Heffian 
 chaffeurs with fuch effecl, that very few efcaped who mowed 
 themfelves above the lines. The Britifh advanced [May n/J 
 within twenty-five yards of the fame, having croffed the wet 
 ciitch by fap ; and commenced their preparations for making a 
 general affault by fea and land. The principal inhabitants or the 
 town, and a number of the country militia, now addrefled Gen. 
 
 Lincoln : 
 
A.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 51 
 
 Lincoln : fignified to him, that the terms which Sir H. Clinton 
 had offered, ib far as they related to them, were fatisfaclory ; and 
 requeued his acceptance of them : the Lieut. Governor and coun- 
 cil alfo defired, that the negociations might be renewed. The 
 moment for it was come. The town militia had thrown down 
 their arms. The citizens in general were difcontented and 
 clamorous. Many of the American cannon were difmounted, 
 $nd others fiienced for want of (hot. AH expectations of fuc- 
 cour was at an end. No hope remained ; but what little arofe 
 from the bare poflibility, that the flower of the Britifh army on 
 the continent, 9000 ftrong, fluihed by rheir fuccefsful operations, 
 and feconded by a naval force, might be repulfed while attempt- 
 ing a ftorm, by a garrifon, worn down with hard fervice, and 
 under 3000 men. Gen. Lincoln wrote to Sir H. Clinton, and 
 ^fFered to accept the terms before propofed to him. The Britifh 
 commanders, averfe to the extremities of a ftorm, confented. 
 The articles of capitulation were figned the next day by B. Lin- 
 coln, H. Clinton, and M. Arbuthnot. It was ftipulated, that the 
 continental troops and failors mould remain prifoners of war un- 
 til exchanged j and be Tupplied with good aijd wholefome provi- 
 fions, in fuch quantity as is ferved out to the Britifh troops. 
 The militia were to return home as prifoners on parole ; which, 
 as long as they obferved, was, to fecure them from being mole^ed 
 in their property by the Britifh troops. The officers of the ar- 
 my and navy were to keep their (words, piftols and baggage, 
 which was not to be fearched, and were to retain their fervams : 
 but their horfes were not to go out of town, but might be dif- 
 pofed of by a perfon left for the purpofe. Th^ garrifon, v at an 
 hour appointed, was to march out of the town, to the ground 
 between the works of the place and the canal, where they were 
 to depofit their arms. The drums were not to be^t a Britifh 
 march, nor the colours to be uncafed. All civil officers and ci- 
 tizens, who had borne arms daring the fiege, were to be prifon- 
 ers on parole, and with refpect to their property in the city, were 
 to have the fame terms as the militia ; and all other perfons indie 
 town, not defcribed in any article, were notwithflanding to bv: 
 prifoners on parole. It was left to future difcuffion whether or 
 no, a twelvemonth's time mould be allowed to all fuch as do not 
 choofe to continue under the Britith government, to difpofe of 
 their effects, real and per Tonal, in the ftate, without any molefta- 
 tion whatever, or to remove Tuch part thereof as they choofe, as 
 well as themfelves and families and whether, during that time, 
 tV,ey or any of them ftp u Id have it in their option to refide oc- 
 cafionalty in town or country. The French conful, the fubjecls 
 
 of 
 
52 THE HIS TORY or THI [4. D. 1780. 
 
 of France and Sp4n, with their houfes, papers, and other move- 
 able property, were to b,e prote6ied and untouched ; but they 
 \veie to confider themfelves as priforiers on parole. 
 
 The. return of the prifoners tranfmnted to Great Britain is 
 fwelled to upward of 5000, by comprehending every adult free- 
 man of the town, between 2 and 3000 failuis taken from the 
 {hipping and put into the batteries, and thofe militia of both Ca- 
 rolirias that were in garrifo.n. But the proper ganifon did not 
 amount to quite 2^00 at the time of furrender. The real num- 
 ber of privates in the continental army was 1977, of whom ^oq 
 were in the bpfpitals. The captive officers were greatly out of 
 proportion to them; and confiftcd of i major general, 6 briga- 
 diers, 9 colonels, 14 lieut. colonels, 15 majors, 84 captains and 
 capt. het.uen.ants, 84 lieutenants, 32 fecond lieutenants and en- 
 figns. The commanders of the militia from the country were; 
 ittoflly of the firft rank, and in honor icpaired to the defence of 
 the town, though they coiild not bring with them privates equal 
 to their refjpeftive cqmmands. The continental, regiments were 
 completely oflicered, while the adequate number of privates was 
 greatly deficient. The fupernumeiary regular officers were re- 
 tained in the garrifun, frr.*n an apprehenfion that their being or- 
 dered out would have difpirited the army, and from an expecta- 
 tion in the early pans of the fiege, that their fervices would be 
 v/anted to command the large reinforcements of militia that had 
 been promifed. During the 30 days fiege, only 20 American fol- 
 diers deferted. The militia and failors fla'ioned in the batteries 
 fufTered little. Of ihe continentals who manned, the lines, 89 
 \vere killed and 138 wounded; and of the Charleftown militia ar- 
 tillery flationed there, 3 were killed and 8 wounded. About 20 
 inhabitants were killed in their houfes by random {hot. Upward 
 of 30 houfes were burnt, and others greatly damaged. The total 
 lofs of the ^oyal forces is (rated at 7$ killed and 189 wounded. A 
 prodigious artillery v.-as taken, conluierably more than 400 pieces, 
 including every fort, and. thofe in the forts and ftiips.^ 
 
 The capital having furrenriered, the next object with the $n- 
 tifli was to fecure the general fubrniffion of the inhabitants. To 
 jfhis end they pofted ganifons in different parts of the country, 
 and marched a large body of troops over the Santee toward that 
 extremity of the ftate, which borders on the /noft populous 
 
 jfettlements 
 
 * General Lincoln's letters and papers, and other MRS, befide Pr. 
 Hamfay's Hiftory and different publications, have been confulted in 
 drawing up the fcbove account of the operations re^pet^ing Charlef- 
 
A. D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. $3 
 
 fetdements of North Carolina. This caufed an immediate re- 
 treat of fume American parties who had advanced into the upper 
 pans of South Carolina, with the expeclation of relieving 
 Charleftown, Among the corps which had come forward with 
 that view, there was one confiding of about 300 continentals, the 
 rear of the Virginia line, commanded by Colonel Buford. Tarle- 
 ton, with about 700 horfe and foot, was fent in queft of this party, 
 Having mounted his infantry, he marched 105 miles in 34 hours, 
 came up with them at the Waxhaws, and demanded their furren- 
 der on terms fimilar to thofe granted to the continentals at Charlef- 
 town. While the flags were paffing and repaying on this bufi- 
 nefs, Tarleton kept his men in motion, and when the truce was 
 ended, had nearly furrounded his adverfaries. An a&ion [May 
 29.] inflantly enfued. The continental party, having partaken 
 of the general confternation occafoned by the Britifti fuccefles, 
 made but a feeble refinance, and fooh begged quarter. A few, 
 however, continued to fire. The Britim cavalry advanced, but 
 were not oppofed by the main body of the continentals, who con- 
 feived themfelves precluded by their fubmiflion. The accident- 
 al firing of the few, was an argument, however, for directing the 
 Britim legion to charge thofe who had laid down their arms. In 
 confequence of this order, the unrefiiting Americans, praying for 
 quarters, were chopped in pieces. By Tarleton's official account 
 pf this bloody fcene, 113 were killed, 150 badly wounded, un- 
 able to travel, and left on' parole; and 53 made prifoners: while 
 they made fuch ineffectual oppofition as only to kill feven and 
 wound twelve of the Britiib. Lord Cornwallis beftowed on 
 Tarleton the higheft encomiums for this enterprife, and recom- 
 mended him in a fpecial manner to royal favor. Tar letons quar- 
 ters is become proverbial; and in fubfequent battles a fpirit of re- 
 venge will give a keener edge to military refentments. 
 
 Scarce had Admiral Arbuthnot's fleet, with the troops under 
 Sir Henry Clinton, taken his departure from Sandy Hook for 
 the reduclion of Charleftown, ere an intenfe froft, with great falls 
 of fnow, fhut up the navigation of the New York port from the 
 fea. The encreafing feverity of the weather, toward the middle 
 of January, entirely cut off all communication with the city by 
 water, and foon after deprived the illand of New York, and the ad- 
 joining iflands, of all the defenfive benefits of their infular fitua- 
 tion. The North River, with the ftreights and channels, by 
 which they aredivided and furrounded, were every where clothed 
 with ice of fuch a ftrength and thicknefs, as would have admitted 
 the paflage of armies, wiih their heavieft carriages and artillery. 
 In ihis fuuation the royaj generals and officers at New York took 
 
 the 
 
54 THE HISTORY OF THE [^. D. 1780. 
 
 the inoft prudent and fpecdy meafures for the common defence. 
 All orderi of men in the city were embodied, armed and oflicer- 
 ed, fo that the whole force, including feamen, amounted to near 
 6000. General Wafhingion, however, was in no condition to 
 profit by "he unlocked for event of a harder winter than was 
 known even in that climate within the memory of man. He had 
 weakened his army by detachments to the foiuhward, for the re- 
 lief of Charleftown.. An ineffectual attempt was made indeed 
 by Lord Stirling, with the troops under his command, upon 
 Staten liland on the i^th of January; but as the royahfls re- 
 treated to their ftrong holds, and the ice afforded a bridge for re-r 
 inforcernents from New York, his lordllup retreated at night. 
 
 The diilrelled fuuation of the American Commander in Chief, 
 may be conjectured from the following account. A more gener 
 ral and alarming diflatisia&ion appeared in his army, than ever 
 before in any flage of the war. About the commencement of 
 April it wore, in particular inftances, features of a very dange- 
 rous complexion ; produced partly by a diverfity in the terms of 
 the men's inliftment, partly by the inequality of the rewards giv, 
 en for entering into the fervice, btitmoftly by the difparity in th$ 
 provifion made by the feveral ftates for their refpeftive troops. 
 The uneafmefs continued increafing, from the army's receiving 
 for a confiderable time no more than a half, a quarter, or aa 
 eighth of their allowance. They bore long with the greateft pa- 
 tience their diftrefs, and every thing was due to the officers for 
 encouraging them to it, both by exhortation and example. But 
 on the a^th of May, at night, two regiments mutinied; however, 
 after feveral expoftulations and exertions by the officers, they re- 
 turned to their huts. A fortnight before, General Greene wiote 
 [May 11.] to his excellency "1 have little piofpecl either of 
 providing for the march of the Maryland troops to the fouthward, 
 or of putting this army in motion. Many ftores contracted for 
 on advantageous terms, and which I had hopes of poflcffing, have 
 iince been fold at private fale for want of money to fulfil our 
 contracts. Many engaged in the manufactory of a variety of ar- 
 ticles, feeing but little profpeft of our being able to fulfil the con- 
 ditions on our part, have declined going on. A great number 
 of waggons on which we depended for this army have been fold, 
 and others left unfinifhed. All our public horfes, which have 
 been out to winter and recruit, have been nigh unto ftarving, 
 and many have actually perifhed for want of proper fupplies of 
 forage. The ftores that we have provided at Boilon, Pennfyl- 
 vania and elfewhere, we find ourfelves unable to get forward. 
 Nuraberlefs eiiibarraifments lie before me, fuch as ftate 
 
 vulgar 
 
vf/Xi/So.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 35 
 
 vulgar prejudices, want of money and fupport, as well as he<jvy 
 demands againft the department." The diilrefles of his depart- 
 ment were the fubjefts of another letter ten days after, in which 
 he faid " Private emolument has been but a feeondary objeft 
 with far the greateft part of the ftaff officers. The numbers who 
 have been benefitted by their appointments are very {mall, while 
 hundreds have fuffered both in character and fortune from their 
 employments, and are now loaded with heavy debts, without the 
 remoteft profpecl of being able to pay them, and have every ob- 
 ftacle thrown in the way of fettling their accounts, to prevent 
 their demands being fixed." Well might another general ad- 
 drefs the Commander in Chief on the lalt of May, with "Dear 
 Sir, I am very fenfible of the embarraiTments and perplexities you 
 mention in your private letter. They would, I am certain, have 
 deprefled, and perhaps fubduedalmoft any mind but yours; and I 
 have often thought and frequently faid, that the difficulty of your 
 fituation and command gave you more intrinfic merit, than the 
 victories others have obtained. This I doubt not hiftory will 
 hereafter teftify to the world, when your enemies are forgotten." 
 General Wafhington, however had fome confolation ftom the 
 arrival of the Marquis de la Fayette at head quarters about the 
 12th of May. During his voyage from Bofton to France he had 
 a narrow efcape, a dangerous confpiracy of the Britifh Jailors, 
 whocompofed a great proportion of the Alliance's crew, having 
 nearly fucceeded. On his fafe arrival, without authority to fo- 
 licit afliftance in troops, he, through zeal for the American Unit- 
 ed States, devoted hirnfelf to obtain it. He boldjy applied for 
 fuch aid, and took upon himfelf all confequences on each fide of 
 the Atlantic. He alfo afliduoufly employed himlelf in procuring 
 loans of money and fuccour of every kind. When be bad fo 
 far pievailed with the French court, that be could announce, in 
 America, that he Jhould be followed by a fleet and corps of 
 French troops, he commenced his return to this continent. Th<* 
 fpecial news he brought with him, he was only at liberty to men- 
 tion to Congrefs and General Washington. Having communi- 
 cated it to the general, he proceeded on the igth for Philadel- 
 phia, and laid the fame before Congrefs ; who, three days after, 
 paifed a very honorable refolve concerning him, without hinting 
 at the intelligence they had received. The people, though to- 
 tally ignorant of his laft fervices, exprefled their great joy at the 
 Marquis's return. That propriety might exift in reference 10 the 
 intended aid from France, when arrived, General WaOuogton has 
 been appointed lieutenant general of his Moil Chriftian Majefiy's 
 troops iii America, and vice-admiral of the w-hile flag. On Friday 
 
 the 
 
5 6 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780, 
 
 the jgth Cbngrefs refolved, " That bills be immediately drawn on 
 Dr. Franklin ior 25,000 dollars, and on Mr. Jay for 2^,000 dol- 
 lars, payable at 60 days fight ; and that the money be applied 
 folely to the bringing of the army into the field, arid forwarding 
 their fupplies in fuch a manner, as the exigency and nature of the 
 fervice may require." 
 
 This day has been rendered very remarkable by an extraordi- 
 nary phenomenon, which demands a particular relation. An 
 unufual darknefs came on between the hours often and eleven in 
 the morning, and continued to increafe. Your friend, having 
 been accoftomed to dark days at London, and frequently obferv- 
 ed from his ftudy, the bright mining fun gradually, and at length^ 
 totally eclipfed as it defcended behind the thick vapor which 
 hangover the city, regarded it with no fpecial attention (ill cal- 
 led to do it by his neighbours, who were much alarmed. He 
 dined by candle-light about one. After that it grew much lighter; 
 and he walked about five o'clock to a tavern, a mile diflant on 
 the road to Bofton, to meet a felecl committee of Roxbury on 
 fpecial bufinefs. When they had finifhed about eight at nighty 
 he fet out for home, not fufpefting but that, being fully acquaint- 
 ed with every foot of the road, he mould eafily return notwith^ 
 Handing its being extremely dark. 
 
 There were houfes ail the way, though at a corifiderable dif- 
 tance from each other. He marked the candle-light of one, and 
 with that in his eye went forward till he go; up to it; but re- 
 marked that the appearance of the place was fo different from 
 what was ufual, that he could not have believed it to be what it 
 was, had it not been from his certain knowledge of its fituation. 
 He caught the light of a fecond houfe wjiich he alfo reached; 
 and thus on. At length the light being removed from the laft 
 he had gained a fight of, ere he was up with it; he found himfelf 
 in fuch profound darknefs as to be incapable of proceeding, and 
 therefore returned to the houfe he had paiTed^ and procured a 
 lantern. Several of the company having farther to go were on 
 horfeback. The horfes could not fee to direct themfelves ; and 
 by the manner in which they took up and put down their feet ort 
 the plain ground, appeared to be envoivedin total darknefs, and 
 to be afraid left the next flep mould plunge them into an abyfs. 
 The gentlemen foon ftopt at another tavern, and waited forthfc 
 benefit of the moon : but after a while finding that the air recei- 
 ved no acceflion of light from it, when they were certain it 
 was rifen, they had recourfe to candles toafnft them in getting 
 home. In fome inftances horfes felt the forcible operation of 
 the darknefs fo flrongly, that they could not be compelled by 
 
 their 
 
A. D. 1780.3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. & 
 
 their mafters to quit the liable at night when wanted for particu- 
 lar fervice. Tlie (hming of the wind put an end to it, and at 
 midnight it was fuccetded by a bright moon and ftar light. The 
 degree 10 which it arofe was different indifferent places. In moil 
 paits of the country it was lo great in the day-time, that the peo- 
 ple could not tell the hour by either watch or clock, nor dine, 
 uor manage their domeftic bufmeis without the light of candles. 
 The birds having fung their evening fongs difappeared, and were 
 filent: pigeons and fowls retired to rooll : the cocks crew as at 
 day-break ; objects could not be diftinguiftied but at a very liitle 
 diftance ; and every thing bore the appearance and gloom of 
 night. The extent of this darknefs was extraordinary. I was 
 obferved as far eaft as Falmouth. To'ihe well ward it reached to 
 the fun heft part of Connecticut, and to Albany. To the fouth- 
 ward, it was obferved along the fea coails; and to the north as 
 far as the American ieulements e::tend. We are told that a vef- 
 fel at fea found her felt enclofcd for a whilein a cloud of this dark- 
 nefs, and as fhe failed, pafled inftantly from the verge ot it into 
 a clear light. 
 
 This phenomenon appears to have been owing to the clouds 
 being highly charged with fmoke, which they had been collecting 
 for days, from the fires in the back country. It is the Ameri- 
 can cuftom to make large fires in the woods, for the purpole of 
 clearing the lands in the ne-.v fettlements. This was practiled in 
 the fpring of the prefent year, in a much greater degree than 
 ufual, through the interruption that had been given to thai bufi- 
 ncfs for a few years by the war. In the county of York, in the 
 weftern parts of New Hampfhire and MafTachuTeus, and in Ver- 
 mont, uncommonly large fires had been kept up to the extent o 
 many fcore miles, all round the frontiers. Thus the people in 
 the new towns had been employed for two or three weeks: be- 
 fidc, fome large and exrenfive rues had raged in the woods for fe- 
 veral days before they could be extinguifhed. The weather be- 
 ing clear, the air weighty, and the winds fmall and variable for 
 fevera! days; thefmokc, inflead of difperfing, rofe and conftantly 
 collected in the air, till the atmofphere was loaded with fuch an 
 uncommon quantity of it, as proved in combination with other 
 vapors the parent of the preceding darknefs.* 
 Let us proceed to our military narrative, 
 
 Eleven days [June 6.} previous to Sir Henry Clinton's ar- 
 rival at New York from CbarleuWn, the Generals Knyphaufen, 
 VOL. III. F Robertfon, 
 
 * See Memoirs, of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 
 vol. i. p. 234. Boilon printed, 1785* 
 
5& THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D> 1780. 
 
 Robertfon, Tryon and Sterling, paffed over by night, with 5000 
 men, from Staten Ifland to Elizabeth-town Point. Colonel Day- 
 ton, who commanded fome militia, hearing that they were com- 
 ing in force, went and reconnoitred, and placed a guard of twelve 
 men in advance, whom he ordered to oppofe the enemy as long 
 as they could, and then retire. Sterling being the youngeft ge- 
 neral, commanded the advanced corps, and was fired upon and 
 wounded in the knee by the twelve, fhortly after the debarkation : 
 this, however occafioned no long delay. The royai troops enter- 
 ed Elizabeth-town [June/.] very early in the morning; where they 
 obferved ftrift difcipline and great decorum. They then advanc- 
 ed to Connecticut Farms about five miles diftant. In this neigh- 
 bourhood lived the Rev. Mr. James Caldwell, the Prefbyterian 
 minifter of Elizabeth-town. The aclive part he had taken in fup- 
 portof the American caufe, and his fuccefsful influence in fpirit- 
 ing up the Jeriey people to oppofe the Eritifh forces, rendered 
 him an object of their keenefl refentmem, and made it infecure 
 for him to refide in his own town. Upon the news of the ene- 
 my's advancing, he withdrew from his prefent habitation; and 
 fuppofmg that it might be done with fafftty, left his wife and child- 
 ren behind. Mrs. Caldwell, however, was afterward fearful of 
 flaying, left there fhould be firing in the ftreet, till Col. Dayton 
 advifed her to continue, as he mould not fuffer it in his troops, 
 which would prevent the danger, of it from the enemy. He ac- 
 cordingly marched the militia from the Farms, on to a pafs lead- 
 ing to Springfield, of which he pofTeffed himfelf. Soon after, 
 the royal forces arrived in the neighbourhood of the Farms, when 
 a foldier came to thehoufe, and putting his gun to the window of 
 the room where Mrs. Caldwell was fitting, (with her children, and 
 a maid .with an infant in her arms along fide of her) fired, and 
 (hot her inftantly dead. The body, at the earneft requeft of an 
 officer of the new levies, was, with fome difficulty, fufYered to be 
 carried to a fmall houfe at a diilance, before Mr. Cald well's dwell- 
 ing was let on lire and confurned, together with every thing be- 
 longing to him. The enemy burnt about a dozen other houfes, 
 and the Prelbyterian meeting, and then marched toward Spring- 
 field. Colonel Dayton, with the militia that joined the few tak- 
 en with him, fought them fora while at the pafs he had occupied. 
 On their approaching the bridge near the town, they found a 
 fmall body of continental troops under General Maxwell, and a 
 number of militia nattily collected within a few hours, polled at 
 the'place: they therefore halted, and continued on the fame ground 
 till night, when thedcfign of attacking Springfield was given up, 
 and ihey returned to Elizabeth-town in a degree of confufion. 
 ; No 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 59 
 
 No fooner had intelligence of their excurfion reached Morris- 
 town, than a detachment of the American army was ordered to 
 Springfield: this, however, when joined to the force already 
 there, would have been no wife equal to the royal army. The 
 whole number of continentals did not exceed two thoufand five 
 hundred men. It was thought by the Americans, that the ene- 
 my's intentions, when they came out, were to drive General 
 Wdfhington from Morris-town, and to fpread defolation through 
 that part of the country. General Greene, confiderirjg the 
 ft rength of the enemy and the weaknefs of the continental army, 
 was defirousthat the Commander in Chief would change hvs po- 
 fnion, under the plea of marching to guard the heights of the 
 North river, on the affumed fuppofition, that the real deflgn ot 
 the enemy was againft them, and that Kriyphaufen's attack was 
 only meant as a feint: but the fudden return of the latfer to Eliza- 
 beth-town, rendered the meafure for the prefentunneceffary. The 
 murder of Mrs. Caldwell may be viewed as the aft of a (ingle fol- 
 dier; but the burning of houfes muft be placed to the account of 
 the commanding officers. Thefe events excited fuch an enthufi- 
 aftic rage, that the militia turned out with remarkable fpirit, and 
 did themfelves great honor. The Commander in Chief, in his 
 fubfequent general orders, highly commended the behaviour of 
 the militia and all the corps concerned in oppofing Knyphaufen, 
 and faid " Colonel Dayton merits particular thanks." The ene- 
 my had been told, before they entered on the trial, that mould they 
 march ^ooo men into Jerfey, the inhabitants, difpirited to the ut- 
 mofl on account of the misfortune at the fouthward, would fub- 
 mit without refinance, and that the foldiery of the continental 
 army would defert to them on every occafion. This army, with- 
 out fullering by defertions, would not have been able to have kept 
 the field, but for the affiftance of the Jerfey militia. Its weak- 
 nefs was occafioned by the numbers who had left it when their in- 
 liltment was out ; by i?s not having been joined by a fingle draught, 
 nor received two hundred recruits from all the ftates call of Mary- 
 land ; and by the troops that had been fent on for the protection 
 ot the Carolines. It received no other reinforcements but mili- 
 tia, till after the deftru&ion of Springfield. 
 
 The rpyal forces remained at Elizabeth-town. Sir H. Clin- 
 ton on his arrival at New York, determined to improve on the 
 original defign, and to afford tbem an opportunity of aling with 
 efTecl, for this purpofe troops were embarked, and fuch prepara- 
 tions made, as indicated aa immediate expedition up the North 
 River. Upon this, General Wa ihingt on, to be ready in cafe of 
 any real defign again 11 Wed Point, or other fliong holds in th 
 
 Highlands 
 
60 THE HISTORY OF THE [J. D. 1780. 
 
 Highlands, marched with the greatefl part of the army toward 
 Pnmpronfen the 2 ift, leaving about 700 men with the horfe im 
 <dei the command of General Greene. His march was fo (low 
 (a& he meant not to increafe his diftance from Greene beyond 
 v hat was necelTary) that he was only about eleven miles from 
 Morris-town the next day. In the afternoon Greene fent off an 
 exprefs to him with this note " June 22d, Springfield, 5 o'clock, 
 
 Mr. this moment returned from Elizabeth-town, fays, 
 
 that the Britiih army will be in motion this evening. The gen- 
 tleman is to meet the Britifh at the Weft Farms this evening a 
 little back of Newark. He left the enemy at three o'clock this 
 afternoon, and appears to be in great trepidation." It was in <* 
 few hours followed by a fecond- 10 o'clock. I have been im- 
 patiently waiting in confequence of the intelligence fioni M. 
 
 P 1. He {ays he is employed by your excellency. May not 
 
 the enemy be apprized of his being a double fpy, and endeavour to 
 play him off accordingly?" The third put General Wafhingion 
 out of all turthe fufpence * 23d, 6 o'clock. The enemy are 
 out on their match toward this place m full force, having received 
 a confiderable reinforcement lafr night.'* When it got to hand, 
 his excellency ordered a part of his troops to return and fupport 
 Greene; but the aclion was over, and the enemy retreated, before 
 it could reach him, 
 
 1 he royal army advanced from Elizabeih-town about 5 in the 
 morning. Their march was rapid and coropacl, and in two co- 
 lumns, one on the main road leading to Springfield, the other on 
 thi. Vauxhall-road. The American troops were neceiTai ily fo ex- 
 tended, that General Greene had fcarce time to collect them at 
 Springfield, and make the necefiary difpofitions, ere the enemy 
 appeared befoic the town, when a cannonade commenced on each 
 flue. They continued ^manoeuvring in Greene's front for up- 
 wards of two hours. He difpofed of the troops in the beft man- 
 nei hecottld, to guard his flanks, fecure a retreat, and oppoie the 
 advance of their columns. Colonel Angell, with his regiment, 
 and feveral fmall detachments, and oi-e piece of artillery, was 
 polled to fecure the bridge in front of the town. Col. Sh neve's 
 regiment was drawn up at the fecond bridge, to cover the retieat 
 ofthofe poOed at the firft. Major Lee, with his dragoons and 
 the picque's, were pofted at Little-bridge on the Vauxhall-road, 
 and Col. Ogden was detached to fupport them. The remaii-der 
 of General Maxwell's and Stark's brigade were drawn up on high 
 grounds. The militia were on the flanks. While the enemy 
 were making appearances ot operation on their left, their right co- 
 lumn advanced ojx Major Lee. ,The bridge was difputed with 
 
 great 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 61 
 
 great obftinacy; but the enemy, by fordingthe river.and gaining 
 the point of a hill, obliged the Major, wiih his party, to give up 
 the pals. A'* this, inftant, their left column began the attack oa 
 Colonel Angell: the action was fevere,and lafted about forty mi- 
 nutes, when fupenor numbers overcame obilinate bravery, and 
 forced the Americans to retire over the fecond bridge, where the 
 enemy were warmly received by Colonel Shrieve's regiment; 
 but as they advanced in gi eat force, with a large train of artil- 
 lery, he had ordeis to join the brigade. Greene would have made 
 a detachment in time for the fupport of Angell, but was in ex- 
 pectation that the royalifts would ford the river, the dangerous 
 confequence of which was to be guarded againft. The advan- 
 tages they had now gained, made it advifeable for Gen. Greene 
 to take poll with his troops upon a range of hills, where the road? 
 are bt ought fo near to a point, that fuccour can readily be given 
 from one to the other, Being thus commodioufly pofted, the ge- 
 neral hoped that they would have attempted to gain the heights ; 
 but they declined it, and began firing the town. Near fifty dwell- 
 ing hotifes were bunt, and the whole village, excepting four 
 houfes, was leduced to aihes. This conflagration clofed the en- 
 terprife. The ftrength ot Greene's 'fnuation, the difficulties of 
 tie approach, an ignorance of his real force, and the bold defence 
 made at the bridge, might feverally concur in preventing all fur- 
 ther attempt to penetrate through the intervening hills and de- 
 files, that they might gain poireflion of Morris-town, and deftroy 
 the American Itgies, magazines and defences there and in the 
 neighborhood, which appears to have been their firft objecl. 
 They madr^ a feconH retreat from Springfield, being purfuedvvith 
 great fpirit and redoubled animofity by the militia (who were 
 highly enraged at the conflagration that they had juft beheld) iill 
 they entered Elizabeth-town, which was about fun-fet. They 
 palled on to klizabeth-town Point, where they continued until 
 twelve at night, and then began to crofs to Staten Ifland ; by fix 
 the next morning they had totally evacuated the point/ and re-' 
 Ynoved their bridge. They fufTered confiderably on the 23d, but 
 Greene's lofs was trifling, not more than twenty killed, and a- 
 bout fmy wounded. The American Commander in Chief, in 
 general orders of the a6th, returned hi* warmefl thanks to Ge- 
 neral Gieene and all the officers, for the good conduct and gal- 
 iruitry they had difplayed; and took particular notice of Colonel 
 Ansdl and his regiment. 
 
 When Congrefs had received information from the Marquig" 
 de la Fayeite, of the preparation his Moil Chrillian Majefty was 
 making to aid the United States with a powerful naval and mili- 
 tary 
 
6-2 THE HISTORY OF THE {A. D. 1780. 
 
 tary force; they appointed a committee to write to the different 
 governments, requiring them to fill up the continental armv and 
 forward f applies, in order to a readinefs for co-operating with 
 the expected afliftance. The Commander in Chief and other po- 
 pular officers, joined in flimulating them by every motive, to tur- 
 niih fpeediiy their refpefciive quotas. The difgrace of appearing 
 contemptible in the eyes of their great ally, and the mifchiei which 
 muft be the confequence, were ftjongly urged. The people were 
 pailioraately called upon, not to fufTer the curfe of another cam- 
 paign to reli upon America. They were told that the eyes of all 
 Europe were upon them; and that their future independence, for- 
 tune and happinefs depended upon their prefent exertion. Not- 
 \vithftanding thefe joint efforts, General Wafnington had to com- 
 plain "It is with infinite chagrin and mortification, I find that 
 at this day, the fourth of July, more than fix weeks fmce the firft 
 application to the Hates for the fuccour neceffary for the intended 
 co-operation, not more than thirty levies have, to my knowledge, 
 joined any part of the army: nor have I any information what 
 has been effe6ted in ihisrefpecl by any one of the ftates. Some 
 of them have not even informed me what they intend to do." 
 The MafTachufetts general court had indeed ordered, by their re- 
 (blves of June the ^th and 23d, a reinforcement to be fent on, but 
 it had not arrived. A voluntary fubfcription was likcwife begun 
 about the beginning of the fame month in Philadelphia, for the 
 raifingof a fund of hard money, to be given as bounties to fill up 
 the full quota of the Pennfylvania line. The general afiembly of 
 thatllate had,, on the firft of June, provided for thofe exigencies 
 in war, that might require fudden and extraordinary exertions, by 
 refolving unanimoufly, that during the recefs of the houfe, mould 
 it be neceffary, theprefident (Jofeph Reed, Elq; wbofe name has 
 often occured) or vice prefident in council, be empowered to de- 
 clare martial law for the public fecurity, and the fafety of the citi- 
 zens of that commonwealth. A bank was alfo eftablifhed for fup- 
 plying the army with provifions; and a number of gentlemen 
 engaged to fupport it with 189,000!. fterling, payable in gold ai*l 
 filver, according to the fum againfl which each fubfcribed his 
 name on the ijth. But the American daughters of liberty in 
 Philadelphia, were defirous of fharing with the gentlemen ,in the 
 fplenders of patriot ifm. They had long afpired to the honor of 
 giving the continental army fome public mark of the efleem they 
 entertained of their virtue : they therefore concluded upon form- 
 ing an aflbciation. To this end '* The fintimcnts of an American 
 Woman' were publifhed in the Gazette of the 12th, and the day 
 following feveral ladies affembled. It was propofed to divide the 
 
 city 
 
A.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 63 
 
 city into ten diftricls, nearly equal in extent, and to invife^thrce 
 or four ladies in each to go to every houie in their ward, and 
 to prefent to each woman and girl, without any diflinftion, a fub- 
 fcription paper meant to procure donations. Forty ladies were 
 invited, who undertook the tafk affigned them with pleafure.con- 
 fidering it as a great honor. The day following the invitation, 
 they fet out on foot, obferving to keep exactly to their own ward. 
 As the caufe of their vifit was known, they were received with 
 all the refpecl due to their commiflion : in the mean time the of- 
 fering intended for the foldiers was prefented to them. They did 
 not omit a fingle houfe : the collection they made was confidera- 
 ble ; but has been much increafed by donations from ladies in 
 the country. It is expecled that their example will be more or 
 lefs followed in other ftates. 
 
 For the honor of the Pennfylvariia ftate, you muft be furnimed 
 with the preamble and parts of an aft paffed the ill of lait March, 
 in the following words " When we contemplate our abhorrence 
 of the condition, to which the aims and tyranny of Great Rn 
 tain were exerted to reduce us when we look back on the varie- 
 ty of dangers to which we have been expofed, and how miracu- 
 loufly our wants, in many inftances have been fupplied, and our 
 deliverances wrought, when even hope and human fortitude have 
 become unequal to the conflict we are unavoidably led to a 
 ferious and grateful fenfe of the manifold bleffings which we 
 have undeservedly received from the hand of that Being, frcrn 
 whom every good and perfeft gift cometh. Impreffed with thefe 
 ideas, we conceive that it is our duty, and we rejoice that it is 
 in our power, to extend a portion of that freedom to oihers, 
 which hath been extended to us ; and a releafe from that ilateof 
 thraldom, to which we ourftives were tyrannically doomed, and 
 from which we have now every prof peel: of being delivered, li 
 is not for us to enquire why, in the creation of mankind, the in- 
 habitants of the feveral parts of the earth were diftinguifhed by a 
 difference in feature or complexion. It is infficieru to know, that 
 all are the work of an Almighty hand. We find in the difli-ibu- 
 tion of the human fpecies, that the moft feriile as well as the 
 molt barren parts of the earth, are inhabited by men oi complex- 
 ions different from ours, and from each other ; from whence we 
 may reafonably as well as religioufly, infer, that he who placed 
 them in their various fituationvS, hath extended equally his care 
 and protc61ion to all, and that it becorneih not us to counteract 
 his mercies. We eiteem it a peculiar bleflirij granted to us, that 
 we are enabled in this day to add one more flep to univerfai 
 civilization, by removing, as much as poffible, the forrows of 
 
 tbofo 
 
64 THE HISTORY OF THE {A. D. 1780. 
 
 thofe who have lived in undeferved bondage, and from 
 by the aflumed authority of the kings of Great Britain, no effec- 
 tual, legal relief could be obtained. Weaned by a long courfe 
 of experience from thofe narrow prejudices and partialities we 
 had imbibed, we find our hearts enlarged with kindnefs and be- 
 nevolence toward men of all conditions and nations : and we 
 conceive ourfelves, at this particular period, extraordinarily call- 
 ed upon, by the bleflings which we have received, to manifeft 
 the finceriiy of our profeflion, and to give a fubftaniial proof of 
 our gratitude." 
 
 " And whereas the condition of thofe perfons, who have here- 
 tofore been denominated negro and mulatto flaves, has been 
 attended with circumftances which not only deprived them or the 
 common bleflings that they were by nature entitled to, but has 
 cad them into the deepeft afflictions, by an unnatural feparation 
 and fale of hufband and wife from each other, and from their chil- 
 dren, an injury, the grcatnefs of which can only be conceived 
 by fuppofing that we were in the fame unhappy cafe : In juftice, 
 therefore, to perfons fo unhappily circurnfLtnced, and who, hav- 
 ing no profpecl before them whereon they may reft their forrows 
 and hopes, have no reafonable inducement to render their fer- 
 vice to" fociety, which otherwife might;, and alfo in grateful 
 commemoration of our own happy deliverance from that ftate of 
 unconditional fubmifllon, to which we were doomed by the ty- 
 ranny of Britain Be it enacled, that no child born hereafter 
 fhall be a fiave that negro and mulatto children (ball be fervants 
 only till twenty-eight years of age that all flaves {hall be regif- 
 tered before the ift of November next that negroes, &c. {hall 
 be tried like other inhabitants that none fhall be deemed flav( s 
 but thofe regiflered that flaves carried away, &c. from this Hate, 
 may be brought back and rendered ^nd that no negroes or mu- 
 lattoes, other than infants, (hall be bound for longer than feven 
 years." 
 
 The expected fuccour from France arrived at length in the even* 
 ing of Monday, July the loth, at Rhode Ifland. The chevalier de 
 Ternay commands the fleet, confifting of two (hips of 80 guns, 
 one of 74, four of 64, two frigates of 40,3 cutter of 20, an hof-, 
 pital ftiip, pierced for 64, a bomb (hip and 32 transports. The 
 land forces confift of four old regiments, befide the legion de 
 Liuzun, and a battalion of artillery*, amounting to about 6000 
 
 men, 
 
 * The lift is gi vsa from the Providence pap?r of July, publifhed 
 the week after their arrival at Newport ; and differs from the Eng- 
 lifh publications, which mention in the lift one 84 and two 74 gun 
 fiiips, five frigates and two armed fhips. 
 
A.D. i 7 8o.J AMERICAN REVOLUTION. $5 
 
 men, under the command of Lieutenant General Count de Rcr 
 chambeau. The inhabitants of Newport illuminated the town 
 upon the occrj^on. General Heath was prefent to receive the 
 troops upon their landing, and to put them into polIefTion of the 
 forts and batteries upon the ifland. On the s^ih, a committee 
 from the general aflembly of the ftate, then fitting in the town, 
 waited on the Count with a complimentary addrcfs. Rocham- 
 beau declared in his anfwer, that he only brought over the van 
 guard of a much greater force deftined for their aid; and that he 
 was ordered by the king to affure them, that his whole power 
 fhould be exerted for their fupport. "The French troops," he 
 faid, " are under the ftrifteft difcipline; and, acling under the or- 
 ders of General Wafhington, will live with the Americans as their 
 brethren. I am highly fenfibie of the marks of refpeft fhown me 
 by the general affembly, and beg leave to aflure them, that as breth- 
 ren, not only my life, but the lives of the troops under my com- 
 mand, are entirely devoted to their fervice." The French admi- 
 ral was complimented in like manner. Four days before, the A- 
 merican Commander in Chief ftrongly recommended to the offi- 
 cers of the continental army, in general orders, the wearing of 
 black and white cockades (the ground being of the firft colour, 
 and the relief of the fecond) as a compliment to, and a fymbol of 
 friendfliip and affeftion for their allies. The Marquis de laFay- 
 ette arrived at Newport from head quarters, the fame day that the 
 addrefles were prefented to the French commanders; and un- 
 doubtedly carried with him the fentiments of Gen. Wafhington 
 on the movements then making on the part of the Britifh. Though 
 Admiral Arbuthnot had only four fail of the line at New York, 
 on the loth July, he was within a very few days fo ftrengthened by 
 the arrival of Admiral Greaves, with fix fhips of the line from 
 Great Britain, that he had no longer any apprehenfions of an at- 
 tack from the French .fquadron. The Britifh commanders had 
 indeed fo decided a fuperiority of force, that they loft no time in 
 preparing to aft offensively, both by fea and land. Sir H. Clin- 
 ton embarked about 8000 men, and proceeded to Huntington 
 Bay in Long Ifland, mean while the militia from MafTachufetts 
 and Connecticut were ordered to Rhode Ifland; fo that the 
 French regretted his flopping fhort, and declined to pay them a 
 vifit, as they were well prepared to give him a warm reception. At 
 the fame time General Wafhington defigned availing himfelfof Sir 
 Henry's abfence, by attacking New York. He had received con- 
 fiderable reinforcements, and fudden)y croffed the North River 
 end marched toward Kings-bridge. Sir Henry perceiving what 
 was intended, dropped his expedition to Rhode-Ifland, and failed 
 Vot. III. G for 
 
 fr -b* T: 
 
66 THE HISTORY OF THE [VI D. 1780. 
 
 for New York on the 31(1, after having lain feveral days in Hun- 
 tington Bay. General Wafliington propofed to General Arnold 
 his having a command in the defigned attack on New York. The 
 propofal threw him into no fmall confufion; .but Wafliington had 
 Ho fufpicions raifed by it, for though he thought him mercenary, 
 he had not the leaft idea of his being wanting in fidelity. Arnold 
 afterward made his objections to forne of Wamington's fuite, and 
 urgedhis being lame as difqualifying him for activity in field duty. 
 The objeclions being reported to the Commander in Chief, Arnold 
 was ordered to proceed to Weil Feint, and take the command of 
 that poft and its dependencies. 
 
 We muft now attend to an event, Which could not be related 
 in chronological order without difturbing the preceding narrative. 
 General Wafhington being informed, that there was a confidera- 
 ble number of cattle and horfes on Bergen Neck, detached Gen. 
 Wayne, on the 2oth of July, with the ift and 2d Pennfylvania 
 brigade, four pieces of artillery, and Col. Moyland's regiment of 
 dragoons to bring them off. He contemplated alfo the deftruc- 
 tion of a block-houfe, which gave fecurity to a body of refugees, 
 who committed depredations on the well affefted inhabitants for 
 miles round. Wayne having provided againft the enemy's inter- 
 cepting his retreat, and fent down the cavalry to drive off the 
 flock, proceeded to the block-houfe, which was furrounded with 
 an abbatisand ftockade. He tried the effefts of his field pieces ; 
 but found them too light to penetrate the logs. The troops be- 
 ing galled the mean while, by a conftant fire from the loop holes 
 of the houfe, and feeing no chance of making a breach with the 
 cannon, two regiments rufhed through the abbatis to the fooi of 
 the ftockade, with a view of forcing an entrance, which was im- 
 practicable. This intemperate valor occafioned the lofs of 3 of- 
 ficers wounded, 15 non-com miffioned and privates killed, and 46 
 non-commiflioned and privates wounded. The ftock. in the mean 
 time was driven off. 
 
 Let us now turn our eyes to South Carolina and its neigh- 
 bourhood: where the Britifh troops fpread themfelves, and plun- 
 dered by fyftem, forming a general ftock, and appointing com- 
 mifTaries of captures. Spoil thus collected was difpofed of for 
 the benefit of the royal army. The quantity brought to market 
 was fo gre.at, that though it fold uncommonly low, yet the divid- 
 end of a Major General was upward of 4000 Britifh guineas. 
 The private plunder of individuals, on their feparate account, was 
 often mo;e than their proportion of the public ftock. Over and 
 above what was fold in Carolina, feveral ve-ffels werefeut abroad 
 to roaikct, loaded with rich fpoil taken from the inhabitants. Up- 
 
 wasd 
 
^.Z>.i 7 8o.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 67 
 
 ward of two thoufand negroes were (hipped off at one embarka- 
 tion. 
 
 When Charleftown had furrendererl, the nextobjeft with the 
 Britifh was to fecure the general fubmiflioa of the inhabitants. 
 To this end they polled garrifons in different parts of the sountry, 
 and marched a large body of troops over the Santee toward that 
 extremity of the ftate, which borders on the mod populous fettlo 
 merits of North Carolina. This caufed an immediate retreat of 
 fome American parties, that had advanced into the upper parts of 
 South Carolina, with the expectation of relieving Charleftown. 
 The total rgut or capture of all the fouthern continental troops 
 in the ftate, together with the univerfal panic occafioned by the 
 furrender of the capital, fufpended, for about fix weeks, all mili* 
 tary oppofition to the progrefs of the Britifh army. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton, a week before the defeat of Colonel BH- 
 ford by TaHeton, had, in a proclamation, denounced vengeance 
 againft thofe of the inhabitants, who ihould continue, by force of 
 arms, to oppofe the re-eftabliftiment of Britifli government. 
 On the ift of June, he and Admiral Arbuthnot, ascommiflioners 
 for reftoring peace to the revolted colonies, offered, by procla- 
 mation, to the inhabitants, with a few. exceptions, pardon for paft 
 offences, and a reinftatement in the poffeflion of all the rights 
 and immunities they had heretofore enjoyed under a free Britifh 
 government, e&mfttjirom taxation, except by their own legijlature> 
 as foon as the fituation of<the province would admit. Thefe of- 
 fers, in the prefent fituation of affairs, induced the people in the 
 coufttry to abandon all fchemes of further refiftance. The mili- 
 tia to the fouthward of Charleftown fent in a flag to the Britifh 
 commanding officer at Beaufort, and obtained terms fimilar to 
 thofe granted to the inhabitants of the capital. At Camden the 
 inhabitants met the P>ritifh wi;h a flag, and negociated for them- 
 felves. The people of Ninety Six aflembled to deliberate what 
 courfe they ihould take. Being informed that the Britifli were 
 advancing, they fent a flag to the commanding officer, from whom 
 they learned, that Sir Henry Clinton had delegated full powers to 
 Captain Richard Pearis to treat with them. Articles were pro- 
 pofed and foon after ratified, by which they were promifed the 
 fame fecurity for their perfons and property which Britifli fub- 
 jetls enjoyed. They fubmitted under a miftaken opinion, that 
 agreeable to a proclamation previous to the furrender of Charlef- 
 tovvri, they were to be either neutrals or prifooers on parole. Ex- 
 cepting the extremities of the ftate bordering on North Carolina, 
 the inhabitants continuing in the country preferred fubrriffion tQ 
 refiftance, 
 
 Sir 
 
68 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton, about the time that Cbarleftown furrender- 
 ed, received intelligence, that a large number of land forces anrla 
 Trench fleet, commanded by M. de Ternay, might foon be ex- 
 pefted on the American coaft. This induced him to reimbark 
 for New York early in June, with the greater! part of his army, 
 which otherwise was to have remained, and been employed in 
 the conqueft of the adjacent Hates. But before he failed, all the 
 inhabitants of the province, and prifoners upon parole, and not in 
 the military line (excepting thofe taken by capitulation, or in con- 
 finement at the furrenderof Charleflown) were, by proclamation 
 of June the 3d, freed from all fuch paroles from a::<i after the 
 sotli of the month; and in cafe of their afterward neglecYmg to 
 ret. >rn ;o their allegiance and his majeily', government, were to 
 be confide ed as enemies and rebels to the fame, and to be treated 
 s"-<ndmgly. It was drfigned, by this aibitrary change of their 
 relative condition, to oblige them, without their confent, to take 
 *t\ aElwe part in fettling and fecuring the royal government. 
 Prior to this proclamation, the fubmiifion of the South Carolina 
 inhabitants was acceded on eafy terms. All, with a few excep- 
 tions, on applying, obtained either paroles as prifoners, or pro- 
 teclions as Britiih fubjecls: the latter were requiied to fubfcnbes. 
 declaration of their allegiance to the king; this, however, was 
 frequently omitted in the hiury of bunneis. An unufual calm 
 followed. But the proclamation produced afloniihment and con- 
 fufion; efpecially as the parties referred to were required to en- 
 rol themfelvesas militia under the royal ftandard. Numbers, con^ 
 fidering themfelves as releafed from their parole by the procla- 
 mation, conceived that they had a right to arm againft the B'i- 
 tifh ; and were induced fotodo, from the very menace ufedagainfl 
 them, that they who did not enrol thernfelves as Britifh fubjecls, 
 mufl expecl to be treated as enemies. Many more, however, for 
 convenience, exchanged their paroles for protections, and enrolled 
 themfelves as militia; feveral undoubtedly with an intention of 
 breaking through the compulfory tie, as foon as a proper oppor* 
 tunity prefented. 
 
 When Sir H. Clinton departed from Charleftowii, LordCorn- 
 wallis was left in command with about 4000 men, who were 
 deemed fully fufficient for extending the Bikifh conquefls, after 
 the adoption of the above meafuies to oblige the inhabitants of the 
 country to be aclive in fecuring the royal government now ef- 
 tabliflied. On the ^th, two days before he failed, two hundred 
 and ten of the principal inhabitants, congratulated him and the 
 admiral upon their fuccefTes. The greater part of them had been 
 in arms againft the Britifh during the ficge, and a few had beea 
 
 leaders 
 
^.D.i;8<x] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 6? 
 
 leaders in the popular government. In anfwer to their addrefs, 
 they were promifed the privileges and protection of Britifh fub- 
 ]e6>s, on fubfcribing a teft of their allegiance, and wiilingnefs to 
 iuppoit the royal caufe. Many of their fellow citizens icon fol- 
 lowed their example of exchanging paroles for protections. 
 Thofe who owned eftates in the* country, had no fecurity by ca- 
 pitulation for any property out of the lines, unlefs they became 
 fubjects. Such as declined doing it met with every difcourage- 
 inent. A numerous c!?fs of people were reduced to the alterna- 
 tive of flarving or fuing for protection. Traders and fhopkeep- 
 ers, after having contracted large debts, by purchafmgof the Brit* 
 ifh merchants who came wiih the conquering army, were preclud- 
 ed by Lord Cornwaliis's proclamation of July the 2,5th, from felling 
 the goods they had purchafed* unlefs they affirmed the name and 
 characler of Britiih fubje&s. Thus were multitudes prefled into a* 
 fervicc, which they were ready to defert upon every occafion. 
 But its triumphant ftate made the royalifts, in both Carolina*, 
 confident of Britifh protection, and greatly increafed them by 
 accedions from thofe who alway fide with the ftrongeft. A 
 large body of them collelcd under the command of Col. Moore 
 in North Carolina, on the 2 ad ot June. The greateft part had 
 taken the oath of allegiance to that ftate, and many had done 
 militia duty in the American fervice. Their premature infurrec.. 
 tion, contrary to Lord Cornwallis's advice to his friends, which 
 was to remain inactive tiU he had advanced into their fettlements, 
 fu 1 je6r.ed them to an immediate difperfion. Gen. Rutherford 
 inftamly marched againft thefe infurgents, but was fo fhort of 
 lead that he could arm only 300 men. Col. Lock advanced with 
 this detachment twenty-five miles ahead to obferve them, while 1 
 the main body halted for a fupply of ammunition. The colonel, 
 though greatly inferior in fbrce, was reduced to the neceflity of 
 attacking or being attacked. He chofe the former ; and Capt. 
 Falls, with a party of horfe, rufhed into the middle of the royal- 
 ifts, and threw them into confufion. Twenty-two of the wig 
 militia were killed or wounded : among the former were fix of 
 their officers, who were fingled out by riflemen among the in- 
 furgents. The captain was one of the fljin. Col. Moore pro- 
 pofedto Col. Lock a ceffation of all hoftilities for an hour, which 
 being agreed to, the former ran off with his whole party. Scarce 
 was this infurreclion quelled, ere another party of North Carolina 
 royalitls under Col. Brian, marched down on <he eaft fide of the 
 Yadkin, and joined the Britiih army at Camden. 
 
 As the Britiih advanced to the upper part of South Carolina, 
 a confidcrable number of the determined friends of independence 
 
 retreated 
 
70 THE HISTORY OF THE \A. D. 1780. 
 
 retreated before them, and took refuge in North Carolina. In 
 this clafs was Col. Sumpter, who formerly commanded a contu 
 nental regiment, and was known to poifefsa great {hare of bra^ 
 very and other military talents. Soon after he had left his home, 
 a Britifh detachment turned his wife and family out of doors, 
 and burned his houfe and every thing in it. . A party of fcouth 
 Carolina exiles, who had convened in North Carolina, made 
 choice of him for a leader. At the head of this4ittle hand of 
 patriots, he foon returned to his own ftate, and took the field 
 againft the victorious Britifh, at a time when the inhabitants had 
 generally abandoned the idea of fupporting their own indepen- 
 dence. Col. Sumpter had every difficulty to encounter. His 
 followers were in a great meafure unfurnifhed with arms and am- 
 munition, and had no magazines from which they could draw a 
 fupply. The iron tools on the neighbouring farms, were work- 
 ed up for their ufe by common blackfmiths into rude weapons of 
 war. They fupplied themfelves with bullets, by melting the 
 pewter with which they were furnifhed by private housekeepers. 
 When the colonel at the head of thefe volunteers penetrated into 
 his own ftate, and re-commenced a military oppofition to the 
 Britim, after it had been fufpended about fix weeks ; all the in- 
 dignant paffions of the royal officers were roufed againft the in- 
 habitants. Without taking any fhare of the blame to themfelves, 
 for their miftaken policy in conftraining men to an involuntary 
 fubmiflion, they charged them with ftudied duplicity and treachery, 
 and laid afide lenient meafures for thofe that were dictated by re- 
 venge. They were further irritated, by a fufpicion that the in- 
 habitants connived at, if not facilitated the efcape of deferters 
 who were become numerous. An apprehenfion of that kind 
 wrought fo upon Lord Rawdon, that he threatened [July i.J 
 to punifh either by whipping, imprifonment, or tranfportation 
 to the Weft Indies, there to ferve his majefty, any perion who 
 fhould meet a foldier ftraggling without a written pafs beyond the 
 picquets, and not do his utmoft to fecure him ; or who fhould 
 fhelter fuch ftraggling foldiers, ferve them as a guide, or furnifli 
 them with any other affiftance. To encourage the country peo- 
 ple in putting a ftop to defertions, he promifed to give them ten 
 guineas for the head of any deferter belonging to the volunteers 
 of Ireland, and five guineas only if they brought him in alive ; 
 and a reward, though not to that amount, for fuch defeiters as 
 they might procure belonging to any other regiment. 
 
 Col. Sumpter having taken the field, a party of his corps 
 
 Bfuly i2.]confifting of 133 men, engaged a detachment of the 
 ritifti troops, and a large body of tories, commanded by Capt. 
 
 Huck, 
 
A. D. 1780,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 71 
 
 Huck, in the upper parts of South Carolina. The royalifts were 
 pofted in a lane, both ends of which were entered at the fame 
 time by the Americans. They were fpeedily routed and dif- 
 perfed. Col. Fergufon of the Britifh militia, Capt. Huck, and 
 feveral others were killed. This was the firtt advantage gained 
 over the royal forces fmce their landing in the beginning of the 
 year. At the moment the attack was made, a number of women 
 were on their knees vainly foliciting Capt. Huck in behalf of 
 their families and property. During his command, he in a very 
 particular manner difplayed his enmity to the prefbyierians, by 
 burning the library and dwelling-houfe of their clergymen, and 
 all bibles containing the Scotch tranflation of the pfalms, which 
 is held in the higheft veneration by the generality of the Scotch 
 and Irifh prefbyterians, and their defcendants, through the Unit- 
 ed States. Thefe proceedings infpired the numerous devout peo- 
 ple of the diftricl; with an unufual animation. They generally 
 arranged themfelves under Col. Sumpter, and oppofed ihe Britifh 
 with the enthufiafm of men called upon to defend, not only their 
 civil liberties but their holy religion. The cffecls of this ardor 
 were very fenfibly felt, for the colonel was foon reinforced to 
 the number of 600 men. 
 
 No fooner did Gen. Gates hear of the commencement of Sir 
 H. Clinton's operations to the fouthward, but he wrote in the 
 beginning of March to Mr. Matthews, a South Carolina delegate 
 at Congrefs, " From the arrival of Sir H. Clinton and Lord 
 Cornwallis in the Savannah, and their landing the army upon 
 the Carolina fide of the river, it can be no longer doubted, 
 that it has been refolved at St, Jame&'s, to remove the theatre 
 of the war to the fouthern flates." He then pointed out as 
 the meafures to be immediately taken the fending all the troops 
 raifed weft of the Delaware, inflantly by the water route to James 
 river, and marching them direclly crofs North Carolina to meet 
 the enemy. Mr. Matthews received the letter on the i3th of 
 March juft as he was going to the houfe : when there, he ftated 
 the contents of it as a matter of information and not of opinion, 
 with a view of attracting more effectually the attention of Con- 
 grefs. He then took the liberty of proposing the plan of opera- 
 tions for the fouthern campaign agreeable to Gates's ideas. The 
 propofal was not duly regarded ; and it was not till afterward 
 that the refolution was taken to fend forward the Maryland and 
 Delaware lines. Thefe amounted only to 1400 effective men. 
 They marched from head quarters at Morris-sown on the i6th 
 of April, under the command of Baron de Kaib, embarked at the 
 Head of Elk in May, landed Ibon at Pe.terfburgh in Virginia, 
 
 and 
 
72 THE HISTORY OF THE \_A.D. 1780. 
 
 and from thence proceeded by land toward South Carolina. Vir- 
 ginia made great and effectual exertions to expedite their move- 
 ments : but in North Carolina little or no preparations were 
 made for fupporting the troops or tranfporting their baggage. 
 The baron was under the neceflity of halting on Deep River the 
 6th of July. He received frequent aflurances of fupport ; , but 
 found no refources except in making frequent detachments for 
 collecting provifions, which were inadequate to the neceflities of 
 the troops, who fubfifted principally upon lean cattle collected 
 in the woods. The commiffaries and quarter rnafters complain- 
 ed, that the want of cam and of credit were infuperable obitacles 
 to t^e difcharge of their duty. 
 
 Upon Gen. Lincoln's being made prifoner at Charleftown, the 
 forces of the fouthern diftrift devolved on Baron de Kalb. His 
 experience and abilities were allowed to be great ; but as he was 
 a foreigner, unacquainted with the country, and unaccuftomed to 
 the temper of undifciplined troops, who were to conftitute the 
 major part of ihe army, thefe and other reafons wrought in favor 
 of Gen. Gates, who was confidered in common as the beft quali- 
 fied for the command ; and it was unanimoufly refolved in Con- 
 grefs on the i3th of June, " that Major Gen. Gates do immedi- 
 ately repair to and take the command of the fouthern depart- 
 ment :" the next day he was empowered to take fuch meafures 
 for the defence of the fouthern Rates as he might think mod: pro- 
 per. He received the refolves of Congrefs at Traveller's Reft 
 in Virginia, a few miles from Shepherd's-Town, on the 2oth, 
 and fet out on Monday the 2 6th. He foon felt for himfelf, 
 finding that he fucceeded to the command, of an army without 
 flrength, of a military cheft without money, of a department ap- 
 parently deficient in public fpirit, and in a climate that increafed 
 defpondency, inftead of animating the foldier's arm. He had 
 before him the mod; unpromifing profpecl his eyes ever beheld. 
 He arrived at the camp on the 2,5th of July ; and at a review 
 of the troops the next day, was in every refpeft received by the 
 Baron with marks of the greateft diftinftion. In return he treat- 
 ed his predeceflbr with due confideration, confirmed his landing 
 orders, and requefted that he would keep the command of his 
 divifion as formerly in the grand army. The Baron's divifion 
 confided of all the Maryland and Delaware troops : thefe with # 
 fmall legionary corps under Col. Armand, confiding of about 
 60 horfe and as many foot foldieis, who arrived a few days be- 
 fore, and three companies of artillery, condituted the whole ol 
 the army. The Baron with great fatisfa&ion complied with 
 Gates's requed. A. confiderable body of North Carolina rnilitia 
 
 had 
 
A. D. 17*0.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 73 
 
 h;vJ taken the field under Gen. Cafwell. His appointment and 
 iuitruciions to join and co-operate with the regular forces had 
 been announced to the Baron, who daily expected his arrival, and 
 with him a considerable fupply of provifions. Cafwell however* 
 upon the plea of preventing fome difaffecled inhabitants from 
 taking arms in favor of the enemy, excufed his not complying 
 with the inftruftions ; and as to the fupply though promifed, no 
 part of it ever arrived. On the morning of July the 2/th, Gen. 
 Gates marched at the head of the army, to effecl a junction of 
 the regular and irregular forces, to affume an appearance of hof- 
 tile views upon the enemy's advanced pofls, and in expectation 
 of (luring With the militia the fupplies they received from the 
 ftate. -The troops paffed Deep-River at the Buffalo- ford, and 
 encamped in the afternoon at Spinks's farm on the road to Cam- 
 den. 
 
 Here we fhall leave them till time and future operations yield 
 us the materials for proceeding in the hiftory of the fouthern de- 
 partment. However we rhuft not quit North Carolina without 
 mentioning, that Mr. Jnftice Pendleton (rated to lord Cornwal- 
 lis, in a letter dated Newbern, July 20, the reafons that urged 
 him to leave Charleftown without the peraoiffion of the comman- 
 dant, Icil the fame mould be reprefented as a breach of his parole, 
 ? r id of courfe infamous and dishonorable. The letter relates, 
 -that the morning of the day the juftice left the town, he was in- 
 formed, that the preceding night a party had afTembled together 
 to take him out of his houfe, $nd put him to death; and that it 
 would certainly have been affected, had not a Britifh officer, Capt, 
 Confbble, prevailed on them to confider further of the matter. 
 To (how his utmuft reliance on his lordfliip's honor, he fays in it 
 ' " I will immediately return to my parole in Charleftown, if I 
 obtain your promife that no farther injury or infult fhall be of- 
 fered me. ! require no other fecurity," He then adds" Ther*, 
 are many Englifh officers, my lord, that have intelligent and ge- 
 nerous fpirits, ,that know it is impoffible to fix any immutable 
 ftandard of opinion in politics, any more than feligion j and there- 
 fore not im'poilibie that a very upright and virtuous jrian may be 
 a member of Congrefe, governor, judge, &c, notwithftanding the 
 common epithet of rebel fo freely beftowed on them* Such men 
 (u is no matter which fide their principles lead them to embrace) 
 behold human rnifery in every fhape, or from whatever caufe 
 derived, with pity and concern, and by companion and politenefs 
 endeavour to foftenancl mitigate it: but the malignity and vio- 
 lence of Scotch (with fome few exceptions) and American refugee 
 officers (with none at all) whether in a civil or military line, jj 
 
 Vol. III. H fingularly 
 
74 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780. 
 
 fingularly confpicuous throughout this war, and cannot be defcri- 
 bed but in term soffen five to the pen of a gentleman." 
 
 The proceedings of Congrefs muft now again engage our at- 
 tention. 
 
 The grand council of the American ftates called upon each, in 
 February, for fpecific Supplies of provifion and forage. But be- 
 fore thefe could be brought in, fuch advantage was taken of the 
 public wants, that the nominal debt of the continent was encrea- 
 fed beyond calculation, Depreciation was rapid. The enemy 
 took courage, and fet every engine to work, by counterfeiting and 
 multiplying their bafe emifiions, to decry the credit of the paper 
 currency. Congrefs, to baffle their defigns and curb inteftine 
 avarice, refolved on the i8th of March, to call in by taxes in the 
 courfe of one year, and to burn all the paper bills heretofore emit- 
 ted to the amount of 200 million of dollars, and in lieu thereof, to 
 iffue ten millions of new money, which was to be ifiued as fait 
 and no fafter than the old was brought in. For every 20 dollars 
 of the old, one dollar of the new emiflion was to be perfecled, and 
 lodged in the continental loan offices in the refpeftive ftates. 
 Thefe new bills were to be redeemable in fpecie, within fix years 
 after the prefenr, and to bear an intereft at the rate of 5 per cent, 
 to be paid alfo in fpecie at the redemption of the bills, or at the 
 election of the owner annually, in fterling bills of exchange on 
 the American commiffioners in Europe, at four (hillings and fix- 
 pence per dollar. The new bills were to ifTue on funds of indi- 
 vidual ftates, eftablifhed for the gjurpofe. As the faid bills were 
 completed, the ftates refpeftively on whofe funds they iflued were 
 to receive fix-tenths of them, and the remainder was to be fubjel 
 to the orders of the United States, and credited to the ftates on 
 whofe funds they iiTued. Thefe bills were to be receivable in the 
 payment of the monthly quotas or taxes of each ftate, at the fame 
 rate with fpecie, or of one Spanifh milled dollar, in lieu of forty 
 dollars of the oid bills ftill in circulation. By this political con- 
 trivance of Congrefs, various effecls were produced. The value 
 of the new bills was to be really double to that of the old. The 
 laft were eftirnated at forty fora fpecie dollar, the firfl at par with 
 fpecie : thus ten millions of new were equivalent to 400 millions 
 of the old. The feveraJ ftates had a bait held out to them to in- 
 duce their adoption of the plan; in that each was to receive fix- 
 tenths of the new for its own ufe, while the remaining four were 
 fubjeft to the orders of Congrefs. Thofe who had amaffed large 
 quantities of the old, were difappointed in their hopes of convert- 
 ing it into fpecie, dollar for dollar; notwithftanding all the fine 
 and expreilive language in the circular letter of Congrefs the laft 
 
 September, 
 
A.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 7,5 
 
 September, ftrongly tending to encourage fuch hopes. The real 
 iniLiftice of fabje&ing all the inhabitants to the redemption of the 
 old paper in fpecie at par, when the generality of the holders re- 
 ceived it at a confiderable depreciation, and when a large quantU 
 ty of it was not circulated in the firft inftance but in a depreciat- 
 ed condition, was fo apparent; that the avoidance of it by the re- 
 folution of Congrefs produced no convulfion, though there was a 
 violation of public faith. Many fuffering individuals complain- 
 ed loudly, but the meafure was peaceably adopted. Congrels have 
 alfo fixed the value of certificates given for money loaned from 
 September '1777 to March 1780, fo rating the value of the con- 
 tinental paper between thofe two periods, as that the iende; might 
 receive the value of what was lent, and the public not be loaded 
 with a debt for which it had not an equivalent. On the aoth of 
 March, they refojved upon recommending it to the itaies, to re- 
 vife their laws, making the continental bills a tender for the dif- 
 charge of debts and contracts, and to amend the fame fo as (hall 
 be judged moll ^Miiducive tojufticeip thepiefent ftate of the pa 
 per currency 
 
 A few paniculars that chiefly refpccl the MaiTachufetts and 
 New Hampihire itates remain to be related. 
 
 When the Hampfhire houfe of aflembly (about fixty reprefent- 
 atives being prefent) debated atvExeter in what way to raife their 
 quota of rr.en, a certain made was proppfed. About a dozen 
 yoted for it ; however, no perfons voting againft it when called 
 upon, the acl of the former wa*declared to be a vote, and the mea- 
 fure eltablifhed. But in cafe of its proving difguftful to their con- 
 flitueuts, almoft every member of the houfe could fay, that he 
 did not vgte for it, which would pafs with the iqauentive for a 
 fuffident apology. 
 
 The towns and diftrifts of the MafTachufetts, by the direction of 
 the general court, made choice of delegates for the foie purpofe o 
 fettling a cotjlitutionfor the LommoniL^alth^ who met in conven- 
 tion at Cambridge on the ift of September, 17/9, and continue4 
 by adjournments to the zd of laft March: -when, having agreed 
 upon s form of government, they fubrrjitted it to the revifion of 
 their conftituerits, in order to the completing of the fame at a fef- 
 fion to be held at Boflon for that purpofe, on the firft Wednefday 
 of the following June. Copies were ordered to be fent to the 
 fde&men of each town, and the committees of each plantation, 
 to be laid before their refpeclive inhabitants. If the major part 
 of them, when legally aflembled on thebufinefs, difapp roved of any 
 particular claufe, they were to ftate their obje6tions diftinclly, 
 with the reafons. The fame were to be tranfmitted to the fecre- 
 
 tary. ^ 
 
\ 
 76 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780. 
 
 tary of the convention, together with the number of voters in 
 the faid town and plantation meetings, on each fide of every quei- 
 lion; that fo the convention, at the adjournment, m ght collect 
 the general fenfe of their conftituems on the ievera! pyjts of the 
 propofed conflitution. If their did not appear to be two-thirds 
 of their condiments in favor of it, the convention were to alter 
 it fo as that it might be agreeable to the fentiments of two-thirds 
 of the voters through the flate. It was alfo recommended to the 
 inhabitants to empower their delegates, at the next fefTion, to a. 
 gree upon a time when the form of government (hould take place, 
 without returning the fame again to the people; provided, that 
 two-thirds of the male inhabitants of the age of twenty-one yeats 
 and upward, voting in the fcveral meetings, agreed to the fame, 
 or the convention conformed it to the fentiments of two-thirds of 
 their condiments. When the convention met on the /th of June 
 as propofed, vhey agreed upon the laft Wednefday of October, 
 the 25th, for the commencement of the new foim of govern- 
 ment; as it appeared upon examination, that more than two- 
 thirds of the voters approved of it. Directions have been given 
 for the election of governor, lieut. governor, &c. according to 
 the mode prefcribed by it againft that memorable day. The con*- 
 ilitution confifts of two parts a declaration of rights and the 
 frame of government. Upon reading it, you will probably pro? 
 riounce it equal, if not fuperior to any upon the continent,, 
 
 Notwithstanding all the anxieties and avocations attending the 
 war wherein they were engaged, the Mafiachufetts general court 
 pafTedan acl [May 4.] to incorporate and eilablim a fociety for 
 the cultivation and promotion of the arts and fcicnces, by the 
 
 name of THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS A.ND 
 
 Sci ENCES, The number of the faid academy, who are inhabi- 
 tants of the flate, are not to be at any time more than two hun- 
 dred, nor lefs than forty. A bill to the like purpofe was brought 
 into the houfe in a former feflion; but the names of the gentle- 
 men inferted being unintentionally arranged by the perfonf 
 draughting it, fo as feemingly to give pre-eminence to another be- 
 fore Mn Hancock, the laft declared in the houfe againO having 
 any concern in it, and it fell to the ground: but an alphabetical 
 arrangement in the new one removing the umbrage, the fame 
 paffed into an aft. 
 
 June 7, the court agreed upon railing 3934 men for the conti- 
 nental army for fix months; and on the 22d, 4726 more for 
 three months, and the men were to be paid in gold or filver, or 
 bills equivalent thereto. The feleclmen of the feveral towns were 
 ordered to colieR fhirts, ihoe*, iiockings, &c. and fubje&ed t* 
 
A. D. 1780. ~j AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 77 
 
 penalties in cafe of non-compliance. They were alfo directed to 
 draught and procure men. But notwithfbnding thefe promifing 
 .exertions, the geneial court will not have furnifhed Gen. Wafh- 
 iugion by the beginning of Auguft with men fufficient to make 
 good the Hate deficiency ; for by his returns of the 23d, ,5117 
 were wanting to complete the Maflachufetts battalions. That 
 they might furniih the provifions required by Congrefs, they 
 determined [June 19.] to borrow hard money upon the eftates 
 or the parts of eltates of absentees, wherewith to make the pur- 
 chafes ; and on the fame day refolved, that in cafe the monthly 
 Supplies or beef and grain agreed upon, could not be procured by 
 purchafe, the fame ihould be imprefled. It was high time for 
 iornething effectual to be done: for the Maffachufeits and New 
 Hampfliire lints at and about Weft Point, though but a handful 
 of men, had, at times, been many days without bread, on others 
 .without meat, and a long while on half allowance; and the offi- 
 cers in the fame condition with the privates, having no money to 
 puichafe neceifaries. New York, though confurning at both ends. 
 and bleeding at every pore, had her compliment of continental 
 troops in the field; befide having raifed in the month of May 
 800 new levies to guard the frontiers. On the 2ift of that 
 month, Sir John Johnilon made his appearance at Johnflon-hall. 
 He and his party the next day burnt about 33 houfes and out- 
 houfes, together with a mill; deftroyed cattle and fheep ; and 
 killed about a dozen perfons. After digging up his plate, he 
 marched off. 1 While New York wa* thus fuffering, and flill ex- 
 citing herfelf, feveral of her fifler ftates that were in full and 
 peaceable polfeffion of their territories, feemingly flept in fecuru 
 *)*, and had not a third of their quota of men in the field. 
 
 The American cruifers have been fending in occafionally va- 
 luable prizes to different ports; and the people of Bofton parti- 
 cularly have been lately i high fpirits, having heard within (his 
 fortnight, that nineteen (hips of a very rich outward-bound Que- 
 bec fleet were captured, and that the privateers were in purfuit of 
 the remainder. Several of them will undoubtedly be brought faf^ 
 ur other of the Hates.* 
 
 LETTER 
 
 About fourteen were brought in. 
 
7 8 THE HISTORY OF THE [> D. 1780. 
 
 LETTER III. 
 
 Rotterdam, Aug. 26, 1780. 
 FRIEND G. 
 
 HIS Britifh Majcfty.' [Nov. 2,5. 1779.] went to tbehoufeof 
 peers, and opened ihe feliion oi pailiamem. The royal 
 fpeech was totally fiicnt with refpecl to America and the 'Weft 
 Indies: but filled the prefcnt, one of the moft dangerous confe- 
 deracies that ever was lornied again ft :he crown and people of 
 Great Britain. It recommended 10 the lords and commons the 
 confideration of what further advantages might be extended to 
 the kingdom of Ireland, by iuch regulations as may effectually 
 promote the interefls oi ail the Brinih dominions. The necefiv? 
 ty of the recommendation was evident from what had already 
 happened upon the meeting of the infii parliament in O61ober t 
 The further proceedings of the people of Ireland dtfcoveved a 
 determination to fecurt 10 themfelves fubftantial benefits from a 
 crifis fo peculiarly favorable to the views of the patriotic party. 
 The affociators being jealous, that if the fupplies were granted as 
 ufual for two years, a fudden prorogation of parliament would 
 put an end to all hope of amicable addrefs for the prefent, called 
 out for a (hort money bill of fix months only, and it became the 
 general cry of Ireland. The reptefentatives at length found, that 
 it was indifpenfably requifite for them to comply, and the Ihort 
 money bill was accordingly pafled. A neceiTuy equally convinc- 
 ing, fecured the paiTage of that humiliating and mortifying aft in 
 Great Britain on the I7th of December. Six days alter, the 
 king gave his aflent to a bill for granting a free trade to Ireland. 
 The golden opportunity admitting of it, the people of that king- 
 dom have proceeded fo far as abfohuely to deny the right of the 
 Britifh parliament to bind that country in any cafe whatever. 
 
 Government received advice on the i8th of December, that 
 the fort of St. Ferdinando de Omoa, the key to the Bay of Hon- 
 duras, had been taken about the 2oth of Oftober, by the troops 
 tinder the command of Capt. William Dalrymplo, who had been, 
 fent by the governor of Jamaica to the Mufquito more. The 
 men by the help of ladders fcaled the walls, though 98 fee? high, 
 and thus made themfelves matters of. the fort. Two regilier 
 (hips, with the cargoes of other veffds of note, worth three mil. 
 lions of dollars, were alfo taken. All was gained with the lofs on- 
 ly of about 20 killed and wounded on the Britifh fide, and very 
 few more on the lide of the Spaniards, 
 
 Intelligence 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 79 
 
 Intelligence having been tranfmitted to the Britifn adminiilra- 
 tion, [by fonie, it is thought, whole duty bound ihem to keep 
 the iecrets of the Dutch councils J ihat a number of Dutch (hips, 
 laden with timber and naval ft ores tor trie French fervicc, in or- 
 der to efcape the danger of Briuih cruifers, accompanied count 
 Byiand, who was to efcort a convoy to the Mediterranean, Capt. 
 Fielding was fent out with a proper force to examine the convoy, 
 and to feize any veffeis containing thofe articles, which the 
 Batifh deemed contrab?^-- On the meeting of the fleets, Capt. 
 Fielding defired permifiior* :; vifit the merchant (hips ; being 
 refufed, he difpatched his boats for that purpofe, which were 
 fired at : the captain then fired a (hot ahead of the Dutch admi- 
 ral, who anfwered it by a broadfide. Count Byiand having re- 
 ceived another in return, and being in no condition to purfue the 
 conteft further, immediately ftruck his colours. Moft of the 
 Ihips which occasioned the conteft, had already, through the 
 length and darknefs of the night, and by keeping in with the 
 (hore, efcaped the danger, and proceeded without interruption 
 to the French ports. The few that remained with naval (lores on- 
 board were flopped ; and the Dutch admiral was then informed, 
 that he might hoift his colours and profecute his voyage : he did 
 the firft, but declined the other, and accompanied the Britifh 
 fquadron to Spithead the fourth of January ; where he remained 
 till he received frefh inllruclions from his mafters. 
 
 The right (whether fuppbrted by aclual treaties or not) which 
 the Britiih claimed and exercifed over the veflels of foreign 
 powers, though not at war with them, when they fufpeSed or 
 found that they were laden either with naval ftores, and bound 
 to the ports of their enemies, or with the property of the latter, 
 fuggeiled the idea of an armed neutrality. One of the diploma- 
 tic body afTured my friend at Pans, that the fagacious king of 
 Sweden communicated the fnft hint of it to count Pauin, with 
 whom it flept for fome time before it was mentioned to the emp- 
 refs of Ru(JJ3. At length it was matured ; and on the s6ih of 
 February, the court of Petei (burgh iiTued a manifefto or decla* 
 ration, which h<is been the mean of forming, under the name of an 
 armed neutrality, a naval and military alliance and confederacy be- 
 tween Rudia and other neutral powers. The g: eat principle o 
 the piece, and of the confederacy to which it has given birth, is, 
 that/r<? bottoms make fret goods \ and is thus particularized 
 " Neutral (hips mall enjoy a free navTgation even from port to 
 port, and on the coafts of the belligerent powers : All effects 
 belonging to the fubjecls of the faid belligerent powers (hall be 
 looked upon as free, on board fuch neutral (hips, except only 
 
 fuch 
 
So THE HISTORY OF THE \A. D. 
 
 fuch goods as are flipulated contraband : In order to determine 
 what chara&erizes a port blocked up [into which neutral fhips are 
 not to have. free ingrefsj that denomination ihaii not be granted/ 
 but to fuch places, before which there are actually a number of 
 enemy's (hips ftationed near enough, fo as to make its entry 
 dangerous." Great Britain is not in a fituation directly to con- 
 travene this grand principle, fo that it will probably be henceforth 
 fettled as a part of the law of nations, in many refpets efTentially 
 differing from what has, for feveral hundred years, been eflab- 
 lifhed among commercial kingdoms, 
 
 The courts of France and Spain have expreiTed the of moil 
 approbation of the Ruffian fyftem contained in the errrprefs's de- 
 claration, fo exaclly calculated, and immediately fuited to their 
 own views. The court of London being obliged to fupprefs her 
 indignation at an injury, which fhe was neither able to refer. t nor 
 remedy, worded the anfwer to the declaration, fcnt to the Britiih 
 envoy at Peterfburgh on the i^th of April, wiih the greatefi 
 caution, and promifed to " redrefs every hardship that may hap- 
 pen, in fo equitable a manner, that her Imperial. Ma jcity {hall be 
 perfectly fatisfied, and acknowledge a like fpirit of jultice which 
 fhe herfelf pofiefles." On the 3^ of April, Prince Galiitzin, the 
 Ruffian envoy extraordinary at the Hague, remitted to the pre<- 
 fident of the States General a memorial with the copy o th 
 declaration, inviting their High Mightinefles to accede to an 
 armed neutrality, and acquainting them, that the like invitation 
 had been given to the courts of Copenhagen, Stockholm and 
 Lifbon. But the court of London determined upon adopting 
 fpecial meafures, in order TO prevent the acceflion of the rep; 
 to the confederacy, and to induce her to afford the fuccours that- 
 had been demanded : an order of the king in council was there- 
 fore publifhed on the i/th. It relates, that though their High 
 MightinefTes had been ftrongly called upon by a mcmqrial of --he 
 sift of March, to grant the fuccouis ftipulated by treaty, tbey 
 had not fignified any intention of complying. The non perform- 
 ance of the ftipulated en/ragements is ..ronounced a defertion of 
 the alliance fubfifling between the tvfo countries ; and it is thence 
 declared, that upon every principle of wifdom and juttice, tb 
 republic muft be confidered on the fame footing with other neu- 
 tral ftates not priviletiged by treaty. The otcler therefore fuf- 
 pends, provifionally aa<) till furf her orders, nil the particular ili- 
 pulations refpecling the fuhje6rs of the Scares General, containercl 
 in the feveral treaties now f;ihfif!inor. The pubiication did not 
 produce the defired effefts. The different provinces, after conti- 
 nued deliberations, were .unanimoufly cf opinion, that it was 
 
 neceffary 
 
A.& i/So.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 8x 
 
 neceffary for their High MightinefTes to excufe themfelves frorri 
 furnifhing the fuccours claimed by Great Britain; that eonvoys 
 fhould be granted to protect effjthiaily all trading ihips bearing 
 the, flag of the republic, whatever may be their cargoes, except" 
 ing only fuch goods as are properly expreifed in the treaties to be 
 contraband; and that the invitation of the cmprefs of Ruflia 
 thould ba accepted with gratitude. They highly refent in gene- 
 ral the violence committed upon their convoy by Captain Field- 
 ing, in the execution of his orders, and the condemnation of the 
 (hips and cargoes carried by him into the Britifh ports* 
 
 Different tranfaftions now demand our notice. 
 
 A convoy of about 26 (liips failed from Mai feilles for the We(i 
 Indies under the care of the Aurora* Between 8 and 9 in the 
 morning on the i8th of December, they were difcovercd by the 
 I'reftori, being between Martinico and St. Lucia: upon her mak- 
 ing the fignal for a fleet, the Britifh (hips in Grofs Iflet Bay flip- 
 ped their cables by order of Sir Hyde Parker and chafed. Before 
 four in the afiernobn, about ten of the convoy rim themfelves on 
 more, and were fet on fire by the men of war's boats* The next 
 mornirig the Boreas was engaged vnth the French frigate in Fort 
 Royal bay. On that, Mr. de la Motte Piquet fuddenly flipped 
 his cables, put out to fea with three (hips, bore down upon and 
 obliged the Boreas to flieer off. By this dexterous manoeuvre he 
 faved th? Aurora and fome of the merchant (Tups. The French 
 admiral then hauled his wind in good time, and kept plying for 
 the road, which he gained. TheBritim, however, had captured 
 nine fail, befide thofe they burnt. Within a few days after they 
 took three French frigates of 42^ 36 and 28 guns, on their 
 paflage from St. Vincent's to Martinico. On the 2oth of March, 
 as the French admiral was convoying a number of merchant 
 (hips, with four flaps of the line and a frigate, he fell in with 
 Captain Cornwallis off Monti Chrifti, whom he chafed and came 
 up wi h in the evening. Ke maintained a running fight with the 
 Britifh (hips, of 64, 50 and 44 guns during the whole night. 
 The next morning a general engagement took place, which lafted 
 between two and three hours. The French fuffered fo that they 
 were obliged to lie by and repair. They then renewed the chafe, 
 and continued it during the night. But the appearance of the 
 Ruby man of war of 64 guns, with two Britifh frigates, the fol- 
 lowing day, changed the face of affairs. The French were now 
 chafed in turn for feveral hours, as they declined coming to ac- 
 tion. They were fuperior in the fize of their fhips, and the weight 
 and number of their guns ; but as the Britifh had a {hip more, the 
 VOL IIL \ admiral 
 
82 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780. 
 
 admiral would not rifk the lofs of any of his convoy, by renewing 
 the engagement. 
 
 Sir George Rodney was appointed to the chief command in 
 the Weft Indies; and had orders to proceed in his way thither, 
 with a ftrong fquadron to the relief of Gibraltar; which had 
 been fo clofely blockaded by the Spaniards ever fmce the com- 
 mencement of hoftilities between them and the Britiih, that the 
 garrifon was reduced to confiderable diftrefs, as well with refpeft 
 to provifions, as to military and garrifon (lores. After being a 
 few days at fea, he fell in with a confiderable convoy, bound from 
 St. Sebaftian to Cadiz, confiding of 15 fail of merchantmen, un- 
 der the guard of a 64 gun (hip, 4 frigates from 26 to 32 guns, 
 and two fmaller armed veflels. The whole fleet [Jan 8.] was 
 taken. The capture was exceedingly fortunate, much the greater 
 part of the veffels being laden with wheat, flour and other provi- 
 fion, the remainder with bale goods and naval ftores. The Ad- 
 miral fen t the former to Gibraltar, the latter to Great Britain. 
 About a week after, [16.] he fell in with a Spanim fquadron of 
 eleven fiiips of the line under Don Jwan Langara, off Cape St. 
 Vincent. The enemy being much inferior in force, endeavour- 
 ed to avoid an engagement. On that Sir George threw out the 
 fignal for a general chafe, with orders to engage as the mips 
 came up by rotation, taking at the fame time the lee gage, to 
 prevent the enemy's retreat into their own ports. The engage- 
 ment was begun by the headmoft mips about four o'clock in the 
 evening: their fire was returned by the Spaniards with great fpi- 
 ritand refolution. The night was dark, tempefluous and difmal, 
 and the fleet being nearly involved among the fhoals of St. Lu- 
 car, rendered the afpecl more terrible. Early in the aclion, the 
 Spanifh fhip San Domingo, of 70 guns and 600 men, blew up, 
 and all on board perifhed. The aftion and purfuit continued till 
 two in the morning, when theheadmoft of the enemy's line itruck 
 to Sir George. The Spanim Admiral's fhip of 80 guns, with 
 three of 70, were taken and carried fafely into port. The San 
 Julian of 70, commanded by the Marquis de Medina, was taken; 
 the officers were fhirted, and a lieutenant with 70 Britifh feamen 
 put on board; but by running on fliore the vittors became pri- 
 foners. Another (hip of the fame force was aifo taken, and af- 
 terward totally loft by running upon the breakers. Two moie 
 efcaped greatly damaged, and two lefs fo into Cadi/.. 
 
 The Spanim admiral behaved with the greateft gallantry. He 
 was himfelf forely wounded; and before he ft ruck, to Captain 
 Mscbride, his fhip the Phoenix was neaily a wreck. A malig- 
 nant kind of fmall pox prevailing on board the Bienfai&nt, Capt. 
 
 Macbridej 
 
/?.Z).i 7 8o.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 83 
 
 Macbride, that humane and brave officer, difdaining to convey 
 infedion even to an enemy, and perhaps confidering the peculiar 
 terror with which it is regarded by the Spaniards, and the gene- 
 ral ill afpet it bears to that people, acquainted Don Langara 
 with the circumftance and his own feelings on the fubjeft; and 
 at the fame time offered (that fo the danger which would attend 
 (hitting the prifoners might be prevented) to truft to the admi- 
 ral's honor, that neither his officers nor men, amounting to a- 
 bove feven hundred, fhould, in cafe of feparation orotherwife, ini 
 any degree interrupt the Britifh feamen fent on board, whether 
 with refpecl: to navigating the (hip, or defending her againil what- 
 ever enemy. The propofal was thankfully embraced, and ihe 
 conditions ftriftly adhered to by the Spanifh admiral: for though 
 there was ab other fhip but the Bienfaifam in fight, and though 
 the fea and weather were exceedingly rough, his people gave e- 
 very aflHlance in refitting the Phoenix, and in navigating her to 
 the Bay of Gibraltar. 
 
 Sir George having executed his commiflion at Gibraltar, pro- 
 ceeded about the middle of February to the Weft Indies, leaving 
 the bulk of the fleet, together with the Spanifh prizes, on their 
 way to Great Britain, under the conduct of Admiral Digby. 
 The returning fleet fell in with a confiderable French convoy, 
 rnoft of which efcaped, only the Prothee of 64 guns and two or 
 three veflels laden with military ftores being taken. 
 
 The Spanifh governor of Louifiana, Don Bernardo de Galvez, 
 having fucceeded in his expedition againfl the Britifh fettlements 
 and forces on the MifTjffippi, extended his views and concerted 
 a plan with the governor of the Havannah, in purfuance of 
 which he was to be reinforced early in the prefent year, by a con- 
 fiderable embarkation from that place. De Galvez, concluding 
 that the expected force was on its pafTage, embarked all the force 
 he could raife, and proceeded on his expedition under the convoy 
 of fome fmall frigates and other armed veflels. After a con- 
 tinued ftruggle with adverfe and ftormy weather, and other im- 
 pediments for near a month, fix fhips ran upon a fand bank in 
 the channel of the Bay of Mobille, three of which were loft 
 though the crews were faved. The commander had the further 
 mortification, on reviewing his troops, to find, that there were 
 about 800 who had been fhipwrecked and had faved only their 
 perfons. The greateft part of the whole were naked, and much 
 of the provifion, ammunition and artillery, was loft. The Spa- 
 niards bore their misfortunes with patience ; and inftead of fhrink- 
 ing under difcouragements, endeavoured to convert their lofs in- 
 to a benefit, by breaking up their wrecked vcfTels, and framing 
 
 out 
 
8} THE HISTORY OF THE [> D. 1780. 
 
 out of them ladders and other machines necelTary for an efcaladp. 
 Thofe who had preferved their arrns, divided them with fuch as- 
 had none, fo as to make them ihe mo(l ufeful: and they that fliii 
 remained unarmed, undertook the laborious fervice of the army, 
 De Galvez had no >eafon to repent his perfeverance. He was 
 ilrengthened by the arrival of four armed veffels. from the Ha- 
 vannah, with a part of the regiment of Navarre on board. This 
 arrival, with a quanrjiy o.f artillery, (lores, and various r.eceiTaries,, 
 afforded a fudden renovation, of vigor and life tq every thing. 
 The former troops were fpeedily reimbarkeci, and after a frefh en- 
 counter with new ftorrns, difficulties ary! dangers, the whole were 
 landed [Feb. 25. J within three leagues of Mohille. Mr. Durn- 
 ford, a captain of engineers and lieutenant governor of Well 
 Florida, commanded the poor garrifon, amounting to 284, in- 
 cluding regulars, royaliih, artillery men, feamen,^ inhabitants, 
 and 51 armed negroes,. On the 12th of March the Spaniard^ 
 opened their battery, confiding of eight 18, and one 2^ pounder. 
 By fun fet the garrifon hung out a white flag; the capitulation, 
 however, was not {igned till the i^th in the morning, when they 
 furrendered prifoners of war. The funender appeared inevitable, 
 tut was attended with circumftances exceedingly vexatious to the 
 Bntim. General Campbell had marched from Penfacola, (as the 
 Spaniards fay) with i \oo regulars and fome artillery for their re- 
 lief, and was accompanied by foine Indians. The van of Camp- 
 bell's force was at no great diilanc^ from the Spanifh camp, when, 
 the fort was capitulating; and the Spaniards ufed (he utmoft pre- 
 caution and expedition, in taking poileilion of and covering them, 
 felves with the works, that they rnight be fecured againil an at T 
 tack. De Galvez boafled, that the Britilh forces in the field and 
 garrifon were fuperior in number to his own ; and fcrupled no^ 
 to declare openly, that with thefmallelt activity and vigor in their 
 works, the garrifon might have made good their defence unti\, 
 the arrival of the fuccour. But it feems as though the lieutenant 
 governor had not, from the beginning, the fmalleft idea of any at- 
 tempt -being made for the relief of the pbce ; and accordingly., 
 on the appearance of the ensniy, he cpnfidered its Ipfs as a mat- 
 ter of courfe, and inevitable necefEty, 
 
 Sir George Rodney arrived at Grpfs Iflet Bay on the 27th of 
 March. The French admiral de Guicheo, having put to fea from 
 Martinico with a fleet of 23 fa.il pf the line and a 50 gun (hip, 
 Sir Geqrge fpeedily purfued him with 20, fhips of the line and 
 the Centurion. The French were brought to aHon [April 17.^ 
 by fome of his headmoft (hips, a little before one o'clock : and a- 
 l?out the fame hour, he himfelf, in the Sandwich of 90 guns, 
 
 commenced 
 
4-D* 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 85 
 
 commenced the aiion in the centre. After beating three (hips 
 out of the line, he was at length encountered alone by Mr. cle 
 Ouichen in the Couronneof the fame force, fupported by his two 
 feconds. The Sandwiph fuftained the unequal combat for an 
 hour and a half, when the French commander, with his feconds, 
 bore away, whereby the French line of battle was totally broke m 
 the centre. The great diftance of the Biitifh van and rear from 
 their own centre, and the crippled condition of feveral of their 
 (hips, and the particularly dangerous ftate of the Sandwich, ren- 
 dered an immediate purfuit impoflible. The French took fhelter 
 under Guadeloupe, and Sir George his ftation off Fort Royal* 
 In his public letter he fpoke of de Guichen as a brave and gallant 
 officer, and as having the honor of being nobly fupported during the 
 Whole atlion ; but commended none of the Britiih officers, except 
 thofe of the Sandwich ; though it appears from his lift, that while 
 the Sandwich had j8 killed and 51 wounded, the Cornwall, Capt, 
 Edwards, had 21 killed and 49 wounded; the Trident, Captain 
 Molloy, had 14 killed and 26 wounded; and the Conqueror, 
 Admiral Rowley's fhip, Captain Watfon, had 13 killed and 36 
 wounded ; Captain St. John of the Intrepid, and three of his 
 lieutenants, were killed, out of feven belonging to faid fhip. Sir 
 George kept his ftation for fome time, and then returned to St, 
 Lucia. On receiving frefh intelligence of de Guichen's ap- 
 proach to the windward o( Martinico, he put to fea and got fight 
 of his fleet the loth of May. TheFrenchhad itconftantlyin their 
 power to bring on an engagement, and as conftantly avoided it ; 
 but in the courfe of their manoeuvring they had nearly been en- 
 tangled, and werefaved from aclofe and general aftion only by a 
 critical fhift of the wind ; and even with that aid, and ail the 
 fails they could carry, then rear was not entirely preferved from 
 conflict about feven in the evening of the 1,5th, After this they 
 took care to keep at a greater diftance. The vigorous efforts of 
 Sir George fo involved the fleets on the 19111, that the French, 
 for the prefervation of their rear, were under the neceflity of ha- 
 yarding a partial engagement, by which, having extricated their 
 rear, they bore away with ail the fail they could poflibly prefs., 
 and got into M<minico. Sir George fent three of his fleet to St. 
 Lucia, and flood, with the remainder, toward Barbadoes. 
 
 Before the Chriftirias recefs of parliament, the Duke of Rich- 
 mond made a fpeech on the neceffity of praclifing the moft rigid 
 economy, in order to extrica.e the country from its many diffi- 
 culties ; which was followed bv a motion for an addrefs to his 
 , reprefenting that a considerable reduction of his civil lift 
 he an example well becoming his paternal affection for his 
 
 people, 
 
$6 THE H I S T O R Y OF THE [,4. D. 1780. 
 
 people, and his own dignity. The motion was rejefted by a ma- 
 jority of more than two to one. This was followed iomedays 
 after, by a fuccefsfti! motion of Lord Shelburne, the purport of 
 which was, to confider of the appointment of a committee for 
 inquiring into the feveral parts of the public expenditure, as alfo 
 of the reductions or favings that could be made with confiilency. 
 In the houfe of commons Mr. Burke propofed a plan of ccono> 
 my and reform; and gave notice of his intending to bring it 
 Ihortly before them, as a bufinefs that was become indifpeufible. 
 Schemes of ceconomy and reform were highly adapted to the pre- 
 vailing tafle of the nation as was foon apparent; for during the 
 recefs of parliament, the bufinefs of public meetings, of petitions 
 to the houfe of commons, and of aflbciations for the rcdrefs of 
 grievances, was commenced. The adoption of thefe means for 
 procuring a reform in the executive department of the ftate foon 
 became very general ; and the minds of the public being agitated 
 and warmed by thefe meetings, the views of many perfons of no 
 mean weight and confequence were extended {till further. The^ 
 gradually began to confider, that nothing lefs than fhortening the 
 duration of parliament, and the obtaining a more equal reprelenta- 
 tion of the people, could reach to a-perfeft cure of the prefent, 
 and afford an effectual prefervative againft the return of funilar 
 evils. 
 
 The large, populous and opulent county of York, led the way 
 and fet the example to the reft of the kingdom. A very numerous 
 and refpeable meeting of the gentlemen, clergy and freeholders, 
 including perfons of the firft confederation and property, was held 
 at the city of York on the 3oth of laft December, Their peti- 
 tion to the houfe of commons was unanimoufly agreed upon ; 
 and accompanied with a refolution, that a committee of fixty-one 
 gentlemen be appointed, to carry on the neceffary correfpondence 
 for effectually promoting the objeft of the petition; and likewife 
 to prepare a plan of an afTociation, on legal and conftitutional 
 grounds, to fupport a laudable reform, arid fuch other meafurcs as 
 may conduce to reftore the freedom of parliament. 
 
 Jan. 7. The counties of Middlefex and Hants ftood forth as the 
 feconds of Yorkfhire; and adopted fimilar measures. The ex- 
 ample was foon followed by the county palatine of Chefter; and 
 in a clofe fucceflion of time, by the counties of Herts, SufTex, 
 Huntingdon, Surrey, Cumberland, Bedford, Eflex, Somerfet, 
 Gloucefter, Wilts, Dorfet. Devon, Norfolk, Berks, Bucks, Not- 
 tingham, Kent, Northumberland, Suffolk, Hereford, Cambridge 
 and Deroy. The Welfh counties of Denbigh, Flint and Breck- 
 nock, likewife petitioned, as did the cities of London, Weftmin- 
 
 fter, 
 
A. D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 87 
 
 fter, York, Briftol, Glouceftcr, and Hereford, with the towns of 
 Nottingham, Reading, Cambridge, Bridgewater, and Newcaftle 
 upon Tyne. Nomhamptonfhire declined petitioning, but voted 
 refolutionsand inilruftions to their reprefentatives, including the 
 purport of the petitions. The meafure of forming committees 
 and entering into adbciations, was a great (tumbling block in fome 
 of the counties, and was omitted by feveral. The members of 
 adminiftration and men in office, were not wholly deficient in 
 their endeavours to prevent the county meetings : but they were 
 generally overbo* ne by the torrent. 
 
 Feb. 8. The YorkQiire petition, fubfcribed by upward of eight 
 thoufand freeholders, was the firft prefemed. Sir George Saville 
 introduced it, and in his fpeech faid " It was firft moved in a 
 meeting of fix hundred gentlemen and upward. In the hall where 
 that petition was conceived, there was more property than in the 
 walls of this houfe" of commons. The freeholders comprifed 
 within the compafs of that (ingle hall, poflefied landed property to 
 the amount of eight hundred thoufand pounds fterling a year. 
 The houfe of commons [April 6.] took into confideration the pe- 
 titions of the people of England and Wales, amounting to about 
 forty, and fjgned by above a hundred thoufand electors. Mr. 
 Dunning opened the bufinefs in an accurate and weighty fpeech,, 
 and then moved "That the influence of the crown has increaf- 
 ed, is increafing, and ought to be diminifhed." The Lord Ad- 
 vocate of Scotland, to obtain a negative, moved an amendment in 
 the following words ' That it is now neceflary to declare ;" the 
 oppofition readily agreed to it, and the queftion thus amended 
 was carried by a majority of 18 233 to 2 15. Mr. Dunning 
 then moved a fecond proportion " That it is competent to this 
 houfe to examine into, and to correct abufes in the expenditure of 
 the civil lift revenues, as well as in every other branch of the pub- 
 lic revenue, whenever it (hall feem expedient to the wifdom of 
 this houfe fo to do; which was carried without a divifion. Mr. 
 Thomas Pitt then moved the following resolution" That it is 
 the opinion of this committee, that it is the duty of this houfe to 
 provide, as far as may be, an immediate and effectual redrefs of 
 the abufes complained of in the petitions prefented to this houfe, 
 from the different counties, cities and towns in this kingdom ;'* 
 which was carried in the affirmative without any apparent dif- 
 fent. 
 
 The houfe, which had been in a committee, being refumed, 
 Mr. Fox moved that the refolutions fiiould be immediately re- 
 ported. This was oppofed by the miniiler with all the force he 
 yet retained j but the flream was too ftrong to be refifted. The 
 
88 THE H I S T O R Y OF IHE [A. D. i 7 8 v 
 
 refolutions were feverally reported and received, agreed to and 
 confirmed by the houfe without a divifion. Such was the com- 
 plete and decifive victory gained fay the oppofuion, in behalf of 
 the petitions on that extraordinary and memorable day. Without 
 doors, the joy and triumph in rnoft parts of England was great 
 and general ; and perhaps would fcarcely have been exceeded oil 
 occafiori of the completed viclory over a foreign enemy. 
 
 April 24. A motion of Mr. Dunning's which had been poftpont- 
 ed was taken up. It was for an addrefs to his majeily, requeuing 
 that he would not diflblve the parliament, nor prorogue the pre- 
 fent fefTion, until proper meafures fhould be taken by that houfe, 
 to diminifh the influence of the crown, and to correct the other 
 evils complained of in the petitions of the people. After great 
 and long debates the motion Was rejected by a majority of 51 - 
 254 to 203. Thus all hopes of obtaining any redrefs for the peo- 
 ple in that houfe, was at an end. But though \hefreemen of Eng- 
 land could obtain no relief from their burdens by a houfe of re- 
 prefentadves ; the non-fresmen of France were relieved by their 
 grand monarch, who ifiued feveral edifts fo'r the better adminif- 
 tration of his finances, and for the fuppreffion of divers places and 
 offices. 
 
 The committee in London for raifing and applying monies for 
 the relief of the American prifoners, began in March to call upon 
 the public afrem for new fubfcriptions, as the war continued be- 
 yond expectation : the fame was readily made. Many individuals 
 exhibited a companion and liberality to (he Americans, that does 
 honor to human nature. 
 
 On the 28th of April, Don Jofeph Solano failed from Cadiz; 
 \vith 12 mips of the line and feveral frigates, and convoyed a fleet 
 of 83 transports, having eight regiments of Spanift infantry, of 
 two battalions each, and a confiderable train of artillery on 
 board: the whole land force, including loo engineers, amounted 
 to 11, 460 effective men. They are to join the French in the Weft 
 Indies ; and in that cafe will bring the Brififli fleets and ifiandc 
 into the moft imminent danger. Jamaica is generally fuppofed 
 to be the firft and principal objecT:. 
 
 In the beginning of June, the cities of London and Weflmin- 
 Iter were convulfed from end to end, by forne of the moil extra- 
 ordinary rifings that ever happened. When the law for relieving 
 the Englifh Roman Catholics waspaffedin May 1778, a number 
 of perfons in Scotland, actuated by a miflaken zeal, afibciated for 
 the prefervation of the Proteftant religion, and called themfclves 
 a Protejlant Affociation^ at the head of which was a Lord George 
 Gordon. The affociators became fo formidable, that the Sccu.^ 
 
 papifta 
 
A.D.ifto.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. % 
 
 papifts were greatly alarmed, and begged that the laws relating 
 to them might not be altered. The fuccefs which had attended the 
 aflociation in North Britain, might give the hint for forming a 
 fimilar one in London, to thofe whofe jealoufy for the Proteftant 
 imereft was increased by the apparent growth of Popery, which 
 of late years had been efteemed very confiderable. A fociety ac- 
 cordingly was formed in the metropolis, which in a few months 
 gathered great confequence from the numbers that profefTed their 
 adherence to the caufe it fupported; and Lord George Gordon 
 was elefted prefidenL The firft obje& of the affociation, after a 
 committee had been chofen, was to draw up and prefent a peti- 
 tion to the houfe of commons, requeuing a repeal of the above 
 lawi The petition was publicly advertifed to be figned by all 
 who approved of it. The alarm which the al gave, had reached 
 various parts of the kingdom, and (imilar petitions came from 
 many of them, moft of which were prefented to the houfe by Lord 
 George. The affociators met [May 29,] at Coachmaker's hall, 
 when theprefideht addreffed them for half an hour. His fpeech 
 was received with the loude^ft acclamations, on which his lord- 
 fliip moved the following resolution "That the whole body of 
 the Proteftant Affociation do attend in St. George 's-fields, on 
 Friday next at ten o'clock in the morning, to accompany his 
 lordfliip to the houfe of commons, on the delivery of the Proteft- 
 ant petition j which was carried unanimoufly. His lordfhip then 
 informed them, that if he was attended by lefs than 20,000 men 
 on the appointed day, he would not prefent their petition. He 
 alfo direcled that they fhould be formed in four divifions, three 
 of which were to anfwer to their belonging either to London, to 
 Weftminfter or Southwark, the fourth was to be compofed whol- 
 ly of his own countrymen the Scotch, refident in London and its 
 environs. To prevent miftakes, the whole were to be difiin* 
 gui fried by blue cockades. 
 
 June 2. The grand divifions of the affociators being drawn 
 by different routes from the rendezvous, filled the ways through 
 which they marched in ranks, with a multitude that excited won- 
 der and alarm. When arrived at the place of deftination, they 
 occupied the flreets and avenues to both houies, and foon began 
 to compel the members to cry out " no popery/' to wear blue 
 cockades, and fome to promife their alii/lance for the repeal of 
 the new popery aft, as they called it. Upon the appearance of 
 the prelates and court lords, their violence increafed to the high- 
 eft pitch; and feveral of them were treated with the greateft in- 
 dignities : the lives of two were jn imminent danger. It is im- 
 poilible to defcribe the aftoniihment, fenfeef degradation, horror 
 VQL. III. X and 
 
90 THE H I S T O R Y OF THE [A< D. 1780, 
 
 and difmay, which prevailed in both houfes. Mean while Lord 
 George Gordon having obtained leave to bring up the petition, 
 afterward moved for its being taken into consideration. This 
 brought on a debase, and the afibciators being in pofleffion of the 
 lobby, the commons were kept confined for feveral hours before 
 they could divide on the queftion. The arrival of the magiitrates 
 and guards having removed the impediment, it was rejeBed by a 
 majority of 196 to fix only. Before the rifmg of the houfe, fe- 
 veral parties filed off, and proceeded to the demolition of the in- 
 iides of the chapeis belonging to the Sardinian and Bavarian mi- 
 niilers. The commons adjourned to the 6th; but the lords met 
 on the following day, and agreed on an addrefs, requeuing the 
 king to give immediate orders for profecuting the authors and a- 
 bettors of the outrages. On the ^th the mob affembled in and 
 about Moorfields, and repeated their outrages on a Romim chap- 
 el and fchool in the neighbourhood. The military were prefent, 
 having been fern for; but the lord mayor, through timidity, 
 would neither order them to aft, nor venture to interfere with 
 the civil power that attended him. Toward the evening of the 
 next day, different parties collected Snd attacked various houfes. 
 Between twelve and one o'clock at night, a large body affembled 
 before Sir George Saville's houfe, and after breaking all the win- 
 dows, ftripped it of the moft valuable furniture, which they burnt 
 before the door. They difperfed on the arrival of a party of 
 horfe. 
 
 June 6. About two hundred members had the courage to- 
 make their way into the houfe, through the vaft crowds that fil- 
 led the fheets, and that were interlaced and furrounded by large; 
 detachments of the military on foot and horfeback. They palled 
 fome refblutions; but intelligence being received of the confla* 
 grations which were commenced in the city, a- haity adjournment 
 took place. Some of the lords met, but foon adjourned to the 
 I0,th. It was obferved of the mob which furrounded the parliament 
 houfe this day, that it confided of different perfons from thofe 
 \vho attended the petition on the Friday, being compofed almoft 
 wholly of men and boys of the loweft rank. Early in the after- 
 noon, the keeper of Newgate was informed by a fmall party, that 
 the jail would be forced open, if the rioters confined in it, were not 
 releafed at a- certain hour when applied for. H acquainted his- 
 civil fuperiors with it, who negleled the precaution of fending a 
 few armed men, who, with a fufficient Hock of powder and ball,, 
 might, from the top of the prifon walls, have defended it againft 
 all the rioters. About feven in the evening, they came and de- 
 Branded the releafe of their comrades; which not being corn- 
 
 plied 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 91 
 
 plied with, they took all the jailer's furniture, piled it before the 
 prifon door and burned it : they alfo fired his houfe, carried off 
 their comrades in triumph, fet at liberty all the other prifoners 
 to (he number of about 300, and tired the infide of the jail which 
 was wholly confumed. They afterward went to New-prifon Clerk- 
 enwell, and to Clerkenwell Bridewell, and releafed the feveral 
 pri Toners at thefe places. From the moment that the great num- 
 ber of prifoners was let loofe, the fpirit of the depredations took 
 a different turn. Religion was no longer the fole fubjeft of re- 
 fentment; the jails, the police, and plunder were alfo incentives. 
 A party appeared before Juftice Fielding's houfe about midnight, 
 and breaking into every room, feized all they could meet with, 
 brought the fame into the ftreet, and making three fires, the 
 whole was confumed. Another party went to Lord Mansfield's. 
 -All the furniture, his lordihip's invaluable papers and library of 
 books, his pictures, and every moveable, was brought into trie 
 jftreet and burnt; after which the houfe itfelf was fet on fire. Aparty 
 of the guards fired on the mob feveral times, and a few were kil- 
 led and feveral wounded ; but the conflagration was not thereby 
 prevented, nor would the rioters difperfe till the deftniclion was 
 completed. Many other houfes belonging to Papifts were alfo 
 defhoyed. 
 
 The directors of the bank took the precaution to obtain, in 
 time, a party of foldiers to fecurc that grand repofitory of the na- 
 tional treafure: which was a happy circumftance, as the attention 
 of the mob was invited toward it by a paragraph in one of the 
 public papers, mentioning that the Papifts had carried all their 
 plate to the bank for fecurity : though this was falfe, the affertion 
 was calculated to produce the fame effects, as if true. It is faicf, 
 that the officer who commanded the foldiers was jealous, whether 
 he coulcl depend upon them in cafe of an emergency, becaufe of 
 their being chiefly Scotch, and poffeffing the national bigotry of 
 their country againft the a6t for relieving the Papifts. He was 
 glad when freed from his apprehenfions, by the arrival of the mi- 
 litia in the metropolis. 
 
 June 7. The houfe of commons met at twelve, but inftantly 
 adjourned to the ic/th. Though the military were pouring into 
 the town on every fide, the mob continued, even during the day- 
 ti;ne, in different parties. In the evening and night, the capital 
 exhibited fuch a dreadful fpeclacle of calamity and horror, and 
 experienced fuch real danger, terror and diftrefs, as it had never 
 before known. Avail number of rioters affembled before the 
 Fleet prifon in the evening, and fet fire to- its different apartments, 
 fo that it was wholly confumed. A party went from thence and 
 
 burnt 
 
0* THE HISTORY OF TH? [A.D. 178. 
 
 burnt the diftilleries and dwellings of Mr. Langdale in Holborn, 
 who was a Roman Catholic. The flames communicated to a num- 
 ber of adjacent hpufes, which were alfo confumed. Another party 
 repaired to the King's Bench prifon, 1 which was burned after, the 
 prifoners had removed their effecls, A different party that had 
 affernbled to the eaft of the city, and had burnt feme houfes in 
 Whitecrofs-ftreet, Kouridfditch, &c. proceeded into it, and down 
 Threadrieedle-ftrect with an intent of attacking the bank, but were 
 fired upon by the fojdiers, who killed feveral, and drove the reft 
 back. Government obferving that the magiftracy o.f the city did 
 not exert themfelves in fu-pprefFing the riots (though individuals 
 united in forming a military aflbciation which was of fervice) or- 
 ders were ifTued from the adjutant-generaP-s office, in obedience to, 
 an order of the king's council, for the military to aft without 
 waiting for directions from the civil magiftrates, and to ufe force 
 for difperllng the illegal and tumultuous alTemblies of the people. 
 When once the troops began to aft with vigor agreeable to thefc 
 orders, the different mobs were fpeedily fuppreffed, and the rioters 
 fcattered. But in th? efTecling of this fervice, 210 were killed^ 
 and 248 wounded, 75 of whom have died ip hofpitals. 
 
 During the night, the city was beheld from one (pot, as report- 
 ed, blazing in 36 different pari. Some of thefe conflagrations 
 were truly tremendous fr.om their magnitude. Of tliefe, the buni- 
 \H9 remains of Newgate, the King's Bench prifon, the new Bride,- 
 well in St. George's- fields, the Fleet prifon, and the houfes ari4 
 great difiilleriespf Mr. Langdale, prefented fpeclacles of the moil 
 <ireac]l"al nature. The natural dar^neis of the night, the gleam of 
 the diflant fires, the dreadful fhouts of the riote.s in different quar- 
 ters, the frequent firings of the foldiers, and the groans of the dy- 
 ing formed altogether a fcene fo dreadful that no defcriptipii can 
 eafily reach. 
 
 London, the next day, ["June 8.] prefented in many places, the 
 image of a city recently fjormed and facked. All bufinefs was 
 at an end j houfes and (hops were fnut up; the Royal Exchange, 
 other public buildings, and the ilreets, were pofTelTed and occu- 
 pied by the troops; ruins were ilill burning and fmqking; and a 
 dreadful void and filence reigned^ where fcenes of the greateft 
 hurry, and noife, and bufinefs were habitual. From this day the 
 riots were totally at an end, and every thing remained quiet. A 
 number pfperfons were taken up; and about five o'clock in the 
 afternoon of Saturday the loth, Lord George Gordon was fecur- 
 ed, conveyed to the Horfe Guards, and between nine and ten 
 to the Tower* 
 
 The 
 
4. D. 1780,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 93 
 
 The news of the taking of Charleftown arrived [June 15.] 
 very opportunely for miniftry a few days afier, and ferved in a 
 confiderable degree to erafe the memory of pad difappointments, 
 and to revive ail the fanguine hopes of the fpeedy fubjugation of 
 the United States. But it did not prevent adminiftration's being 
 feverejy cenfured on account of the preceding disturbances. The 
 mifchiefs that had happened were charged to their neglect and 
 delay, in not calling forth the civil power in time, and in not em- 
 ploying the military until it was too late. The cenfure pafled 
 upon them was amply counterbalanced by other effefts that the 
 riots produced. The fcenes of enormity exhibited by the rioters, 
 ilruck all men with horror; and infpinng a prevailing dread of 
 popular meetings, however peaceable or legal, threw a general 
 damp on all endeavours whatever for reformation, Thus the 
 caufe of miniftry was eventually ftrengthened by a moft difgrace- 
 ful tumult, which for a while appeared to threaten the fubverfion 
 pf all government. 
 
 Notwithftanding Sir George Rodney's fuccefs in January, the 
 ege of Gibraltar has been continued. The vigilance and induf~ 
 try pf the Spaniards, in their endeavours to cut of all relief by 
 fea, were redoubled ; and the difficulty of fupplying the garrifon 
 was continually increafing. They attempted, by means of feven 
 fire (hips, to burn the Panther and Experiment men of war, and 
 a royal {loop that lay in th^ bay; of which theBritifli command- 
 ers had not the fmallelt notice, till they were alarmed at one in the 
 morning of June the jth, by the approaching flames of the burn- 
 ing vedels. The captains, with the moft immediate prefence of 
 mind, inilantly manned their boats \ and the officers and feamen, 
 >vith their ufual intrepidity, met and grappled the firemips ; an4 
 then, amid the burfting of fhells, and the horrors of a fcene teem- 
 ing with definition, boldly towed them off, and ran them on dif- 
 ferent parts of the more, after much labor and expence had beer* 
 bellowed upon their equipment. 
 
 The Emprefs of Ruffia, having accompanied the Great Duke 
 and Duchefs on their wayno make the tour of Europe, proceed- 
 ?d, according to a concerted appointment, to Mokilow in Poland, 
 where me had an interview with the Emperor of Germany in the 
 jnonth of June. After fome ftay there, the emperor accompani- 
 ed the Czarina on her return to Peterfburgh. When he had con- 
 tinued for awhile in that city, he returned to Vienna, and was vifit- 
 ed by the Prince Royal of Pruflia. The King of Sweden made a 
 vifit about the fame time to Holland. 
 
 Admiral Geary failed from Spithead early in June with 23 
 Clips pf the lin,an,d was afterward joined by five or fix more; but 
 
 he 
 
94 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780. 
 
 he was not in time to prevent the junction of the French fleet 
 from Breft with the Spaniaids at Cadiz, by which the two na- 
 tions had acquired fuch a fuperiority as affords them the apparent 
 dominion of the European Teas. The admiral, however, on the 
 ||th of July, fell in with a rich convoy from Port-au-Ptince, of 
 which he took 12 merchantmen; the reft, with the Ihips of war, 
 efcaped. 
 
 July 16. The Belle Poule frigate, commanded by the Cheva- 
 lier Kergariou, was taken by the Nonfuch of 64 guns, Sir James 
 Wallace captain, after an obftinate defence ot more than two 
 hours. The Chevalier and 24 men weiekiUed; and about 40 
 wounded. 
 
 Mr. John Adams and Mr. Francis Dana his fecretary, arrived 
 in Spain about the middle of laft December, after a verv narrow 
 efcape. The frigate on board of which they were, it was thought 
 would have foundered at fea in lefs than 48 hours more. Alter a 
 fhort flay they proceeded to France. Mr. Adams is now at Am- 
 Jterdam, where he will undoubtedly employ his abilities in for- 
 warding a treaty of commerce between the United Provinces of 
 Holland, and the United States of America, which has been in a- 
 gitation now near about two year-. As Mr. William Lee, whom 
 Congrefs had appointed commiflioner to the courts of Vienna and 
 Berlin, was on his way to the laft city, with his fecpetary, Mr. 
 Samuel W. Stockton, he accidentally put up at an hotel in Aix- 
 la-Chapelle, where Mr. John de Neufville happened to be, who 
 hearing of them, and learning that they were Americans, joined 
 company with them. Mr. de Neufville difcourfed upon the fub- 
 je6l of a commercial treaty. Mr. Lee had no powers to negoti- 
 ate or fign any thing of the kind with the province or dates of 
 Holland: but he atnd his fecretary agreed between thernfelves, 
 that the meafure fhculd be ventured upon, could it be executed, 
 as they had no doubt of its meeting with the approbation of Con- 
 grefs. Mr. de Neufville confulted Mr. Van Bcrkel, the coun- 
 fellor and penfionaryof Amilerdam, and having received his di- 
 reclions, proceeded to fign on the 4th of September 1778, the 
 plan of a treaty of amity and commerce, as deftined to be con- 
 cluded hereafter between the Hates of Holland and the United 
 States of America. Mr. de Neufville, being properly authorized 
 by the regency of Amfterdam, further engaged, that as torig as 
 America fhould not acl; contrary to the intereft of the ftates of 
 Holland, the city of Amfterdam would never adopt any meafure 
 that might tend to oppofe the intereft of America, but would, on 
 the contrary, ufe all its influence upon the ftates of the Seven 
 United Provinces of Holland, to efieft the defired connexion. 
 
 Though 
 
A. D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 95 
 
 Though fev.eral copies of the plan were early fent lo America, 
 and the whole bufinefs has been for Jome time known to many, 
 yet it appears to be ftill concealed from the Britiih adrniniftrati- 
 on ; while it is evidently different with refpecl to fome of their 
 councils. Mr. Adams wrote to Congreis from Amfterdam ori 
 the 23d of Auguft " Orders are fent to profecute the war with 
 vigor in North Carolina and Virginia the enfuing fall, winter 
 and fpring. Britain will yield to France and Spain very great 
 things to carry her point againft America ; but all will not do. 
 France and Spain are now reiponfible for their conduct to the reft 
 of Europe ; befides, the feparation of America from England,, 
 is an objeci of more prefTmg importance than any conceiftons 
 England can make them,*' 
 
 LETTER IV. 
 
 Roxbury, January 1 1, 
 
 T"^HE military operations in South-Carolina require an im* 
 mediate detail. Col. Sumpter auhe head of his party, mads 
 afpirited, though unfuccefsful attack on the Britifh poft at Roc- 
 ky-mount, on the goth of July. He marched in queft of other 
 royal detachments without delay, and, on the yth of Auguft, 
 fucceeded in an attack on their poft at the Hanging-rock, where 
 was a confiderable force of regulars and tories. The prince of 
 Waks's regiment, which defended the place, was nearly anni- 
 hilated ; and a large body of tories, that had advanced from 
 North-Carolina under Col. Brian, was completely difperfed. 
 Col. Sumpter's party was fo fhort of ammunition, that when the 
 action commenced, not a man of it had more than ten bullets* 
 In the latter part of the fight, the arms and ammunition taken 
 from th Britiih and tories who fell in the beginning, were turned 
 againft their ailbciates. 
 
 It being known that an American army was marching from 
 the northward for the relief of their foul hern brethren, the whig 
 militia, on the extremities of the ftate, formed themfelves into 
 fmall parties under leaders of their own choice, and at times at- 
 tacked detachments of the Britifh army, but rnoft frequently thofe 
 af their own countrymen, who were turning out as a royal militia. 
 Thefe American parties feverally acted from their own impulfe, 
 
 and 
 
96 THE HISTORY OF f H& [A. D. 178^ 
 
 and fet themfelves to oppofe the Britifh, without either the know- 
 ledge of each others motions, or any preconcerted general pian, 
 Col. Williams, of ;he diftrift of Ninety-Six,, was particularly 
 iudefatigable in collecting and animating the friends of Congrefs 
 in that fettlement ; and with thefe he frequently baraffed the 
 conquerors. 
 
 A confiderable number of North- Carolina militia toak the' 
 field, and agreed to rendezvous at Anfon court-houfe on the 2oth 
 of July, that they might he in readinefs to co-operate with the 
 continental army. On the approach of the Americans, Major 
 M'Arthur, who commanded on ihe Peedee, called in his detach- 
 ments, abandoned his poft on the Cheraw hiH, and marched di- 
 rectly to join the main body of the royal army at Camden. On 
 the day the Britifh relinquifhed this part of the country, the in- 
 habitants, diftrefled by their depredations, and difgufled with their 
 conduft, generally took arms. Lord Nairne and 106 Britifh 
 invalids, going down the Peedee, were made prifoners by a party 
 of the Americans commanded by Major Thomas, who had been 
 lately received as loyal fubjecls. A large boat coming up from 
 George-town, well ftored with neceflaries for Major M'Arthur's 
 party, was feized for the ufe of the American army. All the 
 jiew made Britifh militia officers^ excepting Col. Mills, were 
 made prifoners by their own men. The retreat of the Britiih 
 from their out-pofts to Camden, and the advance of the Ameri- 
 can army, joined to the impolitic conducl of the conquerors to- 
 ward their new fubjecls, concurred to produce a general revolt 
 in favor of Congrefs. 
 
 On the 28-th of July (the day after the American army en- 
 camped at Spink's farm, on the road to Camden) Col. Otho K. 
 Williams repeated to General Gates the advice he had given in 
 fubflance to Baron de Kalb, more than a fortnight before ; which 
 was to deviate from the direct road to Camden to order Gene- 
 ral Cafwell to join him at the mouth of Rocky river on Peedee, 
 and from thence to fend his heavy baggage, women and invalids 
 to Salifbury (a Hay's march higher up the country) and there ef- 
 tabliih an hofpital and magazines to march all his effective 
 troops from the mouth of Rocky river to Charlotte, where 
 a magazine, hofpital, and, if neceffary, an armory might be fe- 
 curely eftabliihed -and from Charlotte to march byway of Wax- 
 haws toward Camden. By this route the army might have pro- 
 ceeded without impediment through a well cultivated country* 
 whofe inhabitants were attached to the common caufe. Maga- 
 zines and hofpitals might have bej^n eftablifhed in the rear, fecure 
 from furprife, and direBly upon the old fading road from Phi- 
 ladelphia 
 
A.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVaLUTlON. $> 
 
 ladelphia to Chavleftown, by which the (applies from the north 
 might have followed the army without danger. Not only fo, but 
 the army woald have been followed by numerous bands of faith- 
 ful friends, able and willing both to furniih fupplies and to affiit 
 with arms, in (I cad of being encompaiTed with a hofl of fugitive 
 tones, whofe poverty afforded no fubfiftence, and whofe perfidy- 
 prevented fecrecy. A council was called upon the oecafion * 
 but the opinion did not pievail : The firfi motives preponderated, 
 and the army purfued the direct route for Camden. It was joined 
 by Lieut. Col. Porterfield, an officer of diftinguifhed merit, with 
 about 100 Virginia foldiers. He had by his iingular addrefs anci' 
 good conducl, found means, not only to avoid the haplefs fate, 
 of the other corps which had retreated after the furrender o 
 Charleftown ; but to fubfift his men, and keep up the femblance 
 of a poffeffion of that part of South Carolina. 
 
 The army foon felt the fcarcity of provifions ; and their fatigue* 
 fading and repeated difappointments as to fupplies, (p exafperated 
 them, that their murmurs became very audible. The afpecl o 
 mutiny was almoft in every countenance ; but as there was no 
 objeft to be feized upon or facrificed, the conciliating arguments 
 of the officers, who (hared the calamity without difcrimination, 
 induced the foldiers to forbear and rely upon legal expedients 
 and a good providence for fuccour. The principal means o 
 fubfiftence found on the march were lean cattle accidentally pick- 
 ed up in the woods. Me^al and flour were fo very icarce, that 
 the whole army was obliged to make ufe of green corn and 
 peaches, as the beft fubiUtutes for bread the country afforded, 
 Dyfentries afflicled the troops in confequence of fuch diet. It 
 was however the lead of two evils. They had no other relict* 
 from famine, which, added to the intenfe heat of the feafon, 
 and unheakhinels of the climate, threatened deftruclion to the 
 army. Starvation became a cant term upon the occafion. Per- 
 haps the burlefque introduced by the ignorance of fame and the 
 policy of others, to fhow a contempt for their fufferings, contri- 
 buted nota little to the refolute iloumefs that now diicovered itfelf* 
 
 In the afternoon of the^th of Auguft, the American general 
 was informed from General Cafwell, that he recant to furprife 
 or attack a poft of the enemy, on little Lynch's creek. This made 
 Gates the more anxious for a junction, as he apprehended fome 
 injudicious adventure might deprive him of the affiftance whicU 
 the- militia were capable of affording. The next morning intelli- 
 gence arrived from the fame authority, which increafecl his anxi- 
 c'v to a painful degree; it was, that the enemy juft mentioned, 
 itatcd an aitack upon the rruliiiain theirencampmcnt. Sucha 
 
 UL j, 
 
$8 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780. 
 
 fhow of enterprife, and fuch marks of intimidation fuch a con- 
 trariety of intentions and apprehenfions perplexed the command- 
 ing officer, and made the junction ftill more defirable. Gates 
 therefore gave orders for the troops to clean their arms and to 
 have every thing ready for action ; and then proceeded with his 
 deputy adjutant general and aids to the encampment of the mili- 
 tia, whom he found to be a fine body of men, deficient only in 
 drfcipline and military arrangements. Whether Cafwell found 
 his vanity gratified in a feparate command, or wiihed to precipi- 
 tate the army into an aiion with the enemy, was not difcovera- 
 ble : the faft is, he poftponed a junction until he faw the perplex- 
 ity and danger in which his ambition or indifcretion had involved 
 the army. When it was too late for meafures to be changed, he 
 complied more through neceflity than inclination. 
 
 At Deep-creek [Auguft 6.] the troops received a fupply of 
 good beef, and half a pound of Indian corn meal per man. They 
 eat their mefs ; drank of the flream contentedly ; and the next 
 day with great cheerfulnefs marched to the Crofs-roads, where 
 they were joined by the militia, and the whole were encamped 
 together. A good understanding appeared to fubfift among the 
 officers of all ranks, and the common foldiers vied with each other 
 in fupporting their fpirits and defpifing their fatigues, which they 
 appeared to forget. The expectation of this junction had induced 
 the commanding officer of the poft on Lynch's creek to retire 
 the day before, under the mafk of offenfive operations, which cauf- 
 cd the alarm above related. 
 
 Being now in a country of Pine-barrens, extenfive fand-hills, 
 and impenetrable fwamps, unable to collect: provifions and forage 
 from the lower and more fertile parts of the country, which were 
 covered by the enemy's advanced pofis, the army could not re- 
 main more than a day in this fituation, though a large reinforce- 
 ment of militia from Virginia was expected every hour. Gates 
 therefore prefled forward ; and finding the enemy difpofed to dif- 
 pute his paflageof Lych's creek, while he kept up an appearance 
 of taking that route, he marched the army by the right toward 
 Ciermont (better known by the name of Rugeley's mills) where 
 the enemy had a fmall garrifon. His intentions being difcovered, 
 both pofts were abandoned with fome precipitation on the i ith, 
 the officers fearing either that their march to Camden would be 
 intercepted, or that they ihould be attacked on their retreat. Lord 
 Rawdon, who commanded the advanced poiisof the Britifh army, 
 afTcmbled all his forces at Camdcn, and fuffered General Gates, 
 without any material interruption, to conducl his army to Cler- 
 joont, about 13 miles from Camden, where his troops encamped 
 
 oa 
 
A.D. 1780,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 99 
 
 on the J3th. The next day Brigadier General Stevens arrived 
 with a refpeclable reinforcement of 700 Virginia militia. An ex- 
 prefs alfo arrived the fame day from Colonel Su.npter, who re- 
 ported to Gates, that a number of the South Carolina niiliiia had 
 joined him on the well fide of the Wateree ; and that an elcort of 
 clothing, ammunition and other ftores for the garrifon at Camden, 
 was on the way from Charleftown, and muft pdfs the Wateree at 
 a ferry about a mile from Camden, und-er cover of a fmall redoubt 
 occupied by the enemy, on the oppofite bank of the river. 
 
 A detachment of the Maryland line, confifting of 100 regular 
 infantry and a company of artillery, with two brafs field pieces, 
 and 300 North Carolina militia, were immediately forwarded un- 
 der the command of Lieut. Col. Woolford to join Col. Sumpter, 
 who had orders to reduce the redoubt arid intercept the convoy. 
 General Gates Was preparing at the fame time to advance ftill 
 nearer to Camden, and if neceffary, to take a portion- on fomer 
 good grounds in its vicinity; but he was not without hope that 
 Lord Rawdon would evacuate that poft as he had' the others ; and 
 if hefhould not, thq profpecl was, thai the multitudes of militia 
 expefted from the t*f>per counties we<uld cut off his fupplies from 
 all quarters, and leave the garrifon aneafy prey tothe army. -Af- 
 ter making fome convenient arrangements, having the arms-dean- 
 ed, and diitributing fome provifions, which had been* eollecled, 
 Gates convened his general officers, of xvhich grade there was not 
 lefs than thirteen in that little army, the mi'litia brigades of North 
 Carolina having far more than fufBcient ;. and after a conference 
 with them, he diiecled the deputy adjutant general, Col. Wil- 
 liams, to iiTue the following orders, with the intention as well to 
 take the advantage of the time when Colonel Sumpter was to ex- 
 ecute his enterprise, as to be prepared for aclion himfelf, in cafe 
 it fhould be offered "Camp, Clermont, i^th of Augufr, 1780. 
 After general orders- The fick, the extra- artillery floies, the 
 heavy baggage, and fuch quarteF matter's (lores as are not imme- 
 diately wanted, to march this evening, under a guard, to Wax- 
 haws; To this order the general requefts the brigadiers general r 
 to fee that thofe under their command pay the raoft exal andfciu- 
 pulous attention." 
 
 " Lieut Col. Edmonds, with the remaining guns of the park, 
 wfll take pofi and march with the Virginia brigade under Gene- 
 ral Stevens : he will direB, as any deficiency happens in the ar- 
 tillery amxed to the other brigades, to fupply it immediately: his 
 military (laff and a proportion of his officers, with forty of his 
 men, are to await him and attend his orders. The troops will be 
 to march precifely u ten o'clock in the following order, 
 
 viz. 
 
loo THE H I S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 1780. 
 
 viz. Col. Armani's advance Cavalry commanded by Col. Ar- 
 mand CoJ. Porterfield's light infantry upon ihe right flank of 
 Colonel Armand, in Indian file, 200 yards from the road Major 
 ArrnDrong's infantry in the fame ordei as Col. Porterfieid's, upon 
 the left flank of the legion : -Advance guard of foot, compofed 
 
 of the advanced piquets Firft brigade of Maryland Second 
 
 brigade of Maryland Divifion of North Carolina Virginia di- 
 vifion : Rear guard Volunteer cavalry upon flanks of the hag- 
 gage equally divided. In this order the troops will proceed on 
 their march this night. In cafe of an attack by the enemies ca- 
 valry in front, the light infantry upon each flank will infiantly 
 inarch up, and give and continue the mod galling fire upon the 
 enemy's horfe. This will enable Colonel Armand not only to 
 fupport the fhock of the enemy's charge, but finally to rout them. 
 The colonel will therefore confider the order to Oand the attack 
 of the enemy's cavalry, be their number what they may, as pofi- 
 tive." 
 
 " General Stevens will immediately order one captain, two 
 lieutenants, one enfign, three fergeants, one drum and 60 lank 
 and file, to join Colonel Porterrleld's infantry : thefe are to be 
 taken from the moft experienced wood fm en, and men every way 
 fhtefl for the fervice. General Cafwell will likewife complete 
 Major Arm ftrong's light infantry to their original number : thefe 
 niuil be immediately marched to the advanced pods of the arrny. 5> 
 ' The troops will obferve the piofoundeft filence upon their 
 inarch, and every foldier who offers to fire without the command 
 of his officer mull be inflantly put to death. When the ground 
 will admit of it, and the near approach to the enemy lenders it 
 neccITaiy, the army \\ill (when ordered) march in columns. The 
 aitillery at the head of their refpecltve brigades, and ihe baggage 
 in the rear. The guard of the heavy baggage will .be cornpoled 
 of the remaining officers and foldiers of the artillery, one captain, 
 two fubalterns, four fergeants, one drum and fixty rank arid file ; 
 and no per ion whatever is to prefurne to fend any other foldier 
 upon 4hat fervice. All hat-men, waiters, &c. who are foldiers 
 taken from the line, are forthwith to join their regiments, and 
 acl with their mailers while they are upon duty The tents of the 
 whole army to be llruck at tattoo." 
 
 Vv'hen the deputy adjutant general received thefe orders, he 
 fhowed Gates an abilraft of the field returns of the different corps, 
 which he had juir. bcvn digeiling into a general return. From 
 thence it appeared, that the whole American army, officers in- 
 cluded, amounted only to 3663 (exclufive of the troops detached 
 to Colonel Sampler) be fide Colonel Porterfi'jld 1 *and-M-j or Arm- 
 
 , Irene's- 
 
A.D. 1780'.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 101 
 
 flrong's light infantry, amounting to 250, and Colonel Armand s 
 kgion to 120, altogether 370, and a few volunteer cavalry. 
 There were about 900 continental infantry, rank and file, and 70 
 cavalry. This force was inferior to what ihe general imagined : 
 his plan however was adopted, and he thought it too late to le- 
 treat. The army marched about ten at night, and had proceed- 
 ed to within half a mile of Sander's creek, about half way to 
 Camden, when a firing commenced in front. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis, unknown to General Gates, arrived the day 
 before at Camden. His inferior force, con fi ft ' rig of about 1700 
 infantry and' 300 cavalry, would have juflified a retreat: but 
 confidering that no probable events of an ation could be more 
 injurious to the royal intereft than that meafure, he refolved upon 
 taking the firft good opportunity of attacking the Americans ; and 
 learning that the fituation of their encampment at Clermont was 
 difadvantageous, he marched about the fame time the Americans 
 did, with a full determination to attack them in their camp at day 
 break. About half an hour paft two in the morning, [Aug. 16. j 
 the advanced parties of both armies met in the woods, and a fil- 
 ing commenced. Some of the cavalry of Armand's legion being 
 wounded by the firft fire, threw the others into diforder, and the 
 whole recoiled fo fuddenly, that the firil Maryland regiment, in 
 front of the column, was broken, and the whole line of the army 
 thrown into a general confternation. This firft impreflion flruck 
 deep. The light infantry however executed their orders; and 
 particularly thofe under Porterfield behaved with fuch fpirit, that 
 the enemy was no lefs furprifed at this unexpected meetfng. A 
 few prifoners were taken on both fides, by whofe information the 
 refpeclive commanders derived a knowledge of circumftances, of 
 which both, till then, were ignorant. Perterfield, in whofe abili- 
 ties and aftivity Gates hadjuftly placed great dependence, re- 
 ceived a mufket ball, which mattered the bones of his leg, and 
 was under the neceffitytof fubmitting to be canied into the rear. 
 A part of the light infantry ftill kept their ground, and being 
 fupported by t'he van-guard and the legion infantry, which dif- 
 covered much bravery, the American army foon recovered its or- 
 der. Cornwallis alfo kept his ground; and frequent fkirmiOies 
 enfued during the night, with fcarce any other efTe6t than to dif- 
 cover the fituation of the'armies, to evince the intentions of the 
 generals, and to ferve as a prelude to what was to occur in the 
 morning. 
 
 Immediately after the alarm, the American army was formed 
 in the following manner the fecond Maryland brigade, under 
 
 General -Gift, on the right of the line, flanked by a morafs ; 
 
 the 
 
io2 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780* 
 
 the North Carolina divifion under General Cafwell, in the cen- 
 tre; and the Virginia brigade, under General Stevens, on the 
 left, flanked by the North Carolina militia light infantry arid a 
 morals: thus bosh flanks were well covered. The artillery was 
 pofted on the moft advantageous ground, near the main road, 
 which was about the centre of the line. Colonel Armand's corps 
 was ordered to the left, to fupport the left flank, and oppofe the 
 enemy's cavalry. Baron de Kalb commanded on the right of 
 incline; and General Smallwood the firft Maryland brigade, 
 which was potted as a corps-de-referve two or three hundred 
 yards in the rear. Gates then called his general officers toge- 
 ther, and defired Colonel Williams to communicate the informa- 
 tion which he had collected from the captives, which being done, 
 the general faid, " Gentlemen, you know our fituation, what arc 
 your opinions?" General Stevens anfwered, " It is now too 
 late to retreat." Silence enfuing, and no reply being made, the 
 general, after a paufe, pronounced, "Then we muft fight: gen- 
 tlemen, pleafe to take your pofts." No more was faid in coun- 
 cil : but it was afterward declared to be the private opinion o-f 
 fome then prefent, that it was injudicious to rifk a general bat- 
 tle, and that a retreat was by no mean impracticable. It was noX 
 to f he credit of any officer to make fuch declaration. Whoever 
 is called to a council of war, and declines giving his own opi- 
 nion, if he has any, als below the courage of a foldier, and 
 {hould thenceforward fcreen either his cowardice or treachery, by 
 keeping the matter a profound fecret. 
 
 The Britim army was thus difpofed the divifion on the right 
 confifted of a fmall corps of light infaetry, the 2$d and ggd regi- 
 ments under Lieut. Col. Webfter ; the divifion on the left was 
 formed of the volunteers of Ireland, the infantry of the legion, 
 and part of Lieut. Col. Hamilton's North Carolina regiment, un- 
 der Lord Rawdon, with two fix and two three pounders, com- 
 manded by Lieut M'Leod; the 71(1 regiment with a fix pound- 
 er, com po fed the referve, one battalion in the rear of the right 
 divifion, the other of the left; and the cavalry of the legion waa 
 Rationed in the rear, clofe to the 71(1 regiment. This difpofitioii 
 was made at break of day: but before it took place the Britiffo 
 appeared in column about 200 yards in front of the American 
 artillery, while General Gates was with his corps-de-referve. 
 Colonel Williams ordered the artillery to be fired upon them,, 
 which was inftantly obeyed ; and then went to inform Gates of 
 the occafion of the firing, and of the enemy's having the appear- 
 ance of fpreading and forming a line by their right, " which,'* 
 ftrid the colonel, " gives us a favorable opportunity of comrnenc- 
 
A. D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. i< 9 
 
 ing the attack of infantry with Stevens's brigade." The general 
 anfwered, " Very proper, let it be done." Orders were immedi- 
 ately given to Stevens, who advanced with his brigade in excel- 
 lent order and with great alacrity. The enemy had, however, 
 formed their line before he got near enough for action. Both 
 lines were advancing, and had come within firing diftance of each 
 Oiher, when Stevens, encouraging his men, put them in mind ol" 
 their bayonets, which they had received only the day before, calling 
 out to them, " My brave fellows, you have bayonets as well as 
 they, we'll charge them/' 
 
 Col. Williams had advanced in front of the brigade, from which 
 he had taken a few volunteers, intending, by a partial fire, to ex- 
 tort that of the enemy at fome diftance, in expectation that the 
 militia would ftand the firft elifcharge, and be brought to cloler 
 aclion with their loaded mufkets. But the advantage was loth 
 Lord Cornwallis obferving the movement of the Virginians under 
 Stevens, gave orders to Lieut. Col. Webfter to begin an attack. 
 The Britilh infantry upon that ruihed through the thin fire of the 
 militia with great intrepidity, and fimoully charged the brigade 
 with a cheer. The intimidated militia threw down mdft of their 
 arms, bayonets and all, and with the utmoft precipitation and tre- 
 pidation fled from the field, and were followed by the North Ca- 
 rolina militia light infantry. The whole North Carolina divifiori 
 being panic-ftruck, imitated the ihameful example ; except one 
 regiment commanded by Col. Dixon, nxt in the line of battle to 
 the continental regulars, which fired feveral rounds : indeed. 
 General Gregory's brigade, to which that regiment belonged, 
 paufed longer than the others : but at laft all fled, and the majority 
 without their arms, or firing a fingle (hot. It cannot appear ex- 
 cefTively ftrange, that inch raw rrilitia could not ihnd before bar- 
 onets, when it is conlidered, that for fome time they had fubfifted 
 on fruit fcarcely ripe, without any regular rations of flell), flour, 
 or fpirituous liquors ; that their ftrength and fpirits weredeprei- 
 fed by fuch preceding low regimen ; and that, after an unexpec- 
 ted meeting of the enemy, they had to lie for hours on their anus, 
 attended with the apprelienfion of immediate danger, and the hoi- 
 rors of the night. 
 
 All the militia who compofed the left wins: and centre bein^ 
 routed, the fecond continental brigade, confining of Maryland 
 and Delaware troops, making the right wing, and the corps-de- 
 reierve, were left to fight or retreat ; but as they had no orders 
 for the latter, they maintained their pofition with great lefolutior . 
 and gave the Britifh an unexpected cherk. The fecond brigade, 
 even gained ground, anJ took mi lefs than ,p prifoners. Bu^ 
 
 the 
 
544 THE HISTORY OF THE [J. D. 1780, 
 
 the corps-de-referve being considerably out flanked, were thrown 
 into diiorder: they were loon rallied by their officers, and renew- 
 ed the aflion with much fpirit. Overpowered by numbers they 
 were again broken : but the brave examples and exertions of the 
 officers induced them to form afreih. The gallantry of this corps 
 covered, in a great meafure, the left of the lecond brigade, which 
 was in a manner blended with the enemy's line on their left, 
 where the conflict was defperate. The Americans thinking them- 
 lelves mailers of the field, difpated with the Brttifn who mould 
 conquer and retain the other as prifoners of war. At length thc ; 
 enemy direting their whole force again!! theie two devoted corps,, 
 the fire of the muiketry became yet more tremendous, and was 
 continued with equal perfeverance and obftinacy, till Lord Corn- 
 wallisobferving that there was no cavalry oppofed to him, pufhcd 
 forward his dragoons, and charging with his bayonets at the fame 
 moment, put an end to the conteit. Never did men behave bet- 
 ter than the continentals in the whole of the aHon ; b,ut all at- 
 tempts to rally the militia were ineffectual. Lieut. Col. Tarie- 
 ton's legion charged them as they broke, and purfued them as 
 they were fleeing. Without having it in their power to defend 
 themfelves, they fell in great numbers under the legionary fabreSr 
 General Gates was borne off the field by a torrent of difmayed 
 militia. They conftituted fo great a part of his army, that when 
 he faw ihern break and flee with fuch precipitation, he loft every 
 hope of viclory ; and his only care was, if poffible, to rally a fuf- 
 ficient number, to cover the retreat of the regular troops : he re- 
 tired with General Cafwell to Clermont, in hope of halting them 
 at their late encampment. But the further they fled, the more 
 they difperfed, and the generals giving up all as lolt, retired with 
 a very lew attendants to Charlotte. On their, retreat, an officer 
 from Col. Sumpter overtook them, and reported to Gates, that 
 the Colonel had fucceeded fully in his enterpritc the evening be- 
 fore againft the enemy's poll on the Wateree ; had reduced the 
 redoubt and captured the guard ; and had intercepted theefcorfi 
 with the (lores, which were all taken, with about 40 waggons 
 and upward of 100 prifoners. Gates however could take no ad- 
 vantage of this fnccefs : the enemy were at his, heels^ and his 
 victorious friends on the oppofite fide of a river too diftant to 
 form a junftion in time to prevent his fate. 
 
 Moil of the Virginia militia returned to Hillfborough by the 
 route they came to camp ; and General Stevens found means to 
 iiop a confiderable number at that place : but the term for which 
 they had taken the field being nearly expired, all who had not de- 
 IVted were foon afterward discharged. The North Carolin 'an* 
 
 fled 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 105 
 
 different ways, as their hopes led or their fears drove them, 
 and many were intercepted by their diiafTeclted countrymen, who 
 but a few days before had generally fubrnitted to Gates, by whom 
 they were generoufly fent to their homes, upon a promife of re- 
 maining neutre or of following his colours. Several confiderable 
 parties had actually taken arms with a profefTed defign of joining 
 the Americans ; but fo foon as they heard of their defeat, they 
 became active in the purfuit of the fugitives, and killed or cap- 
 tured all that came in their way. 
 
 Baron de Kalb, while exerting himfelf with great bravery to 
 prevent the defeat of the day, received eleven wounds. His aid 
 de camp, Lieut. Colonel du BuyiTon, embraced him, announced 
 his rank and nation to the furrounding foe, and begged that they 
 would fpare his life. While he generouOy expofed himfelf to 
 fave his friend, he received fundry dangerous wounds, and was 
 taken prifoner. The baron expired in a fhort time, though he 
 received the moft particular affiitance from the Britifh. He fpent 
 his laft breath in dictating a letter, expreilive of the warmeft af- 
 fe&ion for the officers and men of his $ivifion of the greateft 
 fatisfaction in the teflimony given by the Britifh army of the 
 bravery of his troops of his being charmed with the firm oppo- 
 fition they made to fuperior force, when abandoned by the reil 
 of the army of the infinite pleafure he received from the gallant 
 behaviour of the Delaware regiment, and the companies of artil- 
 lery attached to the brigades- and of the endearing fenfe he en- 
 tertiiined ot the merit of the whole divifion he commanded. 
 The Cotigrefs refolvedon the i.jth of Oftober, that a monument 
 ihnuld be erefted to his memory in Annapolis, the metropolis o 
 Maryland, with a very honorable infcription. General Ruther- 
 ford furrendered to a party of the Britifn legion. All the other 
 general officers efcaped ; but were feparated from their refpeftive 
 commands, and obliged to flee with precipitation. Every corps 
 was broken, and difperfed through the woods. The bogs and 
 brufh, which in a degree fcreenecl them from the fury of their 
 foes, laid them under the neceiTny of ieparating from each other. 
 Major Anderfon, of the 3d Maryland regiment, was the only 
 infantry officer, whole efforts to rally the men, after the total rout, 
 were in any degree effectual. A few individuals of feveral com- 
 panies joined him at fome'diftance from the field, and others ad- 
 ded to that fmall number by falling into his ranks on the march. 
 The removal of the heavy .baggage to Waxhaws was delayed till 
 the morning of the alion, contrary to Gates's exprefs orders the 
 day preceding: fo that the greateft part, together with all that 
 followed the army, fell into the hands of the enemy, or .was plim- 
 
 VOL. lii. M ,dered 
 
io6 THE H I S T O R V OF THE [A. D. 1780. 
 
 dered in the route by thofe who went off early, and could take 
 time for fuch bafenefs. A general transfer of property took 
 place: even that which efcaped the foe fell not again into the 
 hands of the right owners, except fome fmall part of the officers 
 baggage, which was recovered at Charlotte. The baegage wag- 
 gons indeed of General Gates and Baron de Kalb, being 
 furniihed with flout horfcs and clever drivers, who underftood 
 their bufinefs and knew the roads, were fully preferved. All the 
 baron's baggage and papers were faved : as were Gates's, and 
 every paper and private letter of all the gentlemen belonging to 
 his family. The purfun was rapid for more than twenty miles ; 
 and fo great was the difmay of tire retreating troops (the cries of 
 the murdered in the rear, being echoed by the women and woun- 
 ded men with increafing terror) that at the diftance of forty miles, 
 whole teams of horfes were cut out of the waggons to accelerate 
 the flight. Many wounded officers and foldiers were got off by 
 like expedients : fome of whom gave aftonifhing proofs of what 
 pain, fatigue and want, the human conftitution can bear. The 
 road by which the troops Sed, was covered with arms, b'aggage, 
 the fick, the wounded, and the dead. Gates was perfuaded by 
 all that he faw and heard, that the regular troops were entirely 
 cut off, and the whole either killed or captured; and that there 
 was no profpecT of collecting a force at Charlotte (where he arri- 
 ved la:e in the night) adequate to the defence of the country : he 
 therefore left General Cafvvell at Charlotte to alTemble the mi- 
 litia of Meek 1 en burgh county, and proceeded with ail poffible 
 difpatch to Hillfborough, to devife forne plan of defence in con- 
 junction with the legislative body of North-Carolina. He con- 
 fidered not, that by (hortening his journey, and remaining at 
 Charlotte or Saliibury, appearances would be lefs unfavorable to 
 liis perfonal reputation, though lefs beneficial to the public caufe. 
 
 <Lord Cornwallis's vi6lory was complete. The Americans loft 
 eight field pieces, the whole of their artillery, with all their am- 
 munition waggons, befide 150 others, a confiderable quantity 
 of military flores, and the greateft part of their baggage. The 
 numbers (lain cannot be precifely afccriained, no returns of the 
 militia ever being made after the aciion. Three hundred of the 
 North Carolina militia, befide 63 wounded, were made pnfoners. 
 Only three of the Virginia militia were left wounded un the field 
 of battle : owing to their making no Hand, and being fir 11 in 
 flight, but few of them were captured. From the abilra6l of mui- 
 ter and infpeclion, taken at HilliborougbOclober the ift, it ap- 
 pears that, exclufive of Baron de Kalb and General Rutherford, 
 the numbers of killed, captured and milling, in the actions of the 
 
 i6th 
 
A.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTI ON. 10; 
 
 1 6th and i8th, were 4 lieutenant colonels, 3 majors, 14 captains, 
 4 captain lieutenants, 16 lieutenants, 3 enfigns, 4 ftaff, 78 fubal* 
 terns, and 604 rank arid file. The impoflibiiity of accounting 
 with certainty for thofe who felt in battle, and thofe who fell into 
 the handsof the enemy, obliged the officers to make many miffing, 
 who were probably killed, or piifouers. Though Gornwaiiis's 
 vi&ory was complete, yet from the accounts which the Britiih 
 gave of the action, it may be inferred that it was dearly bought. 
 Gates apprehended early in September, that he had. eftabliihed it 
 as a certain facr, that more than ^oo of their old troops were kill- 
 led and wounded. 
 
 On the i/th and i8th of Auguft, brigadiers- Smallwood ani 
 Gilt, with feveral other officers, arrived at Charlotte (full 80 miles 
 from the place of ar.ion) where upward of an hundred regular 
 infantry, Col. Armand'scavalry, anda Major Davie'sfmall partizan 
 corps of horfe from the Washaw fettiement had collected. Small- 
 wood had been feparated frm thefirft Maryland-brigade, after the 
 men had been engaged a while, by the enterpofal of the enemy ; 
 and finding it impracticable to rejoin them, as well as apprehend- 
 ing they muft be overpowered and could not retreat, rode ofFfor 
 perfonal fafety. The little provifion which the troops met with 
 at Charlotte, proved a moft feafonable refreilament. The droop- 
 ing fpirits of the officers began to revive; and hopes were enter- 
 tained, that a refpe6table force might foon be again aiTembled from 
 the country militia, and ff-om the addition ol Col. Sumpter's vic- 
 torious detachment. All thefe profpecls however were foon ob- 
 fcured, by intelligence on the 191)1 of the complete difperfion of 
 that corps. On hearing of Gen. Gates's defeat, Cpl.Sumpter be- 
 gan to retreat up the fouth fide of the Wateree, with his prifon- 
 ers and captured ftores. Lord Cornwallis on the morning of 
 the i/th, difpatched Tarleton with his legion and a detachment 
 of infantry, to purfue him. This was done with fo much celerity 
 and addrefs, that he was overtaken the next day at Fifhing-creek. 
 The Britifh horfe rode into the camp before he was prepared for 
 defence. The Americans having been four days without deep 
 or provifions, were more obedient to the calls of nature, than 
 attentive to her firft law of felf-prefervation. Col. Sumpter had 
 taken every prudent precaution to prevent a furprife, but his vi- 
 dettes were fo fatigued that they neglecled their duty. With 
 much difficulty he got a few of his corps to make a fhort (land, 
 but the greater part lied to the river or to the woods. The Bniiih 
 prifoners, about 300. were all retaken and conducted to Camden. 
 The colonel loft all his artillery, and the whole detachment was 
 either killed, captured or di [perfect. 
 
io8 THE HISTORY OF THE {A. D. 1780. 
 
 Every hope from that quarter being thus banifhefl, and the 
 militia not expecled to alfemble in leis than three days, the officers 
 and foldiers at Charlotte began to think their fituation again dan- 
 geroufly critical. No order had yet taken place among thofe who 
 had fortuitoufly met there. The troops were half famifhed ; and 
 there was no flore of provifions in the town, which was open oft 
 all fides, and no more defenfible than a plain. There was nothing 
 to oppofe or impede the approach of the enemy, for the Wateree 
 was fordab'e. In facl there were reafons fufhcient to apprehend 
 that the wretched remnant of an unfortunate army might be cut 
 to pieces before night. The officers therefore were generally of 
 opinion, that no time fhould be loft in making a retreat toward 
 Salifbury ; and the whole were prepared to march at the moment 
 when General Srnallwood, who quartered at a fmall diflance from 
 the town, came to take the command. Col. Williams, the de- 
 puty adjutant general, and one of the brigade majors, took the 
 route toward Camden, to direct thofe coming that road to hie ofT 
 for Salifbury, as alfo to get further intelligence of the enemy. 
 The neceffary information was fent by exprefs to Major Anderfon. 
 The troops were followed by a number of whig families, and the 
 \vhole tribe of the Catawba Indians, in number about 300, of 
 which thete were about 60 warriors. There was greater plenty 
 of provifions in this part of the country, than in that through, 
 which the army had advanced. The troops fupplied themfelves 
 under the direction of the officers, there being no magazines. In 
 fuch circumftances a ftri6r_ regularity could not be preferved, and 
 the inhabitants neceflarily felt the effects of the general diftrefs. 
 
 A minute reprefentation of the retreat from Charlotte to Sa- 
 lifbury, would be the image of complicated wretchednefs. Care, 
 anxiety, pain humiliation and dejeclion, poverty, hurry and con- 
 fufion, promifcuouflv marked the mocking fcene. Painful ob- 
 jects prefented themfelves to view feveral men without an arm 
 ibme with but one and many ftanding in need of kind and 
 powerful affi fiance. 
 
 The exertions of Colonel Williams of Ninety Six on the fide 
 of Congrefs have been already noticed : it rnuft now be men- 
 tioned, that on the day Sumpter was furprifed, he engaged 
 a confiderable party of Britilh and iories, at Mufgrove's 
 mills, on the Enoree river. On the i/th, he marched, with 
 Colonels Shelby and Clark, and a party of about 200 South Ca- 
 rolinians and Georgians, to attack a body of 200 tories. Thefe 
 \vere reinforced at night by 100 more and 200 regulars. The 
 next day they advanced upon the whig party; every man of 
 which was ordered to take his tree for defence, not to fire til! 
 
 the 
 
A. D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 109 
 
 the enemy was within 8 yards, and then to be fure of his objeft. 
 A warm fire began: after a while the enemy was obliged to 
 retreat, having 60 men killed, moftly Britilh, and 70 wounded: 
 the others had 3 killed and 8 wounded. 
 
 Major Anderfon, having obtained intelligence of Lieut. Col. 
 Tarleton's retiring after furprifmg Sumpter, moved flowly in or- 
 der to give the fugitive foldiers an opportunity of joining him; 
 and continued his march toward Charlotte as the neareft place of 
 repofe and refrefhment, of which his littlfe party was in gieat want. 
 From Charlotte the major fent an exprefs to General Smallwood 
 at Salifbury, to inform him of his arrival, the fituation of the 
 enemy, and the wifh of the people in that neighbourhood, that he 
 would continue with his party among them. He alfo acquainted 
 the general, that it was the requefl of the militia, that he would 
 return and take the command of them, Cafwell having left Char- 
 lotte, before the time appointed for their meeting. The general 
 declined the honor of the invitation, confidering the feeblenefs of 
 his force, that the men were worn down with fatigue and failing* 
 were deftitute of all neceflaries, and therefore inadequate to the 
 needful affiftance, in cafe the Britifh mould advance. He fent al- 
 fo the particular friend of Major Anderfon to haften his departure 
 from Charlotte, and to conduct him to Salifbury, where he con- 
 tinued with the effective foldiers who had joined him from time to 
 time. After the major's arrival at Salifbury, Smallwood receiv- 
 ed an order from Gates to" advance toward Hillfborough, which 
 order he had anticipated by having crofTed the river before he re- 
 ceived it: The troops were halted for a day or two at Guildford 
 court-houfe, and then upon frelh orders from Gates marched on 
 to Hillfborough, where they arrived the 6th of September. A 
 few officers and men had arrived there before by a different 
 route.* 
 
 Lord Cornwallis, notwithftanding the completenefs of his vic- 
 tory, was reftrained for fome time from purfuing his conquefts, 
 through the lofs he had fullained in the battle, the extreme he.at 
 of the weather, the fickliriefs of the feafon, and the want of ne. 
 ceffary fupplies; he therefore remained at Camden. But he dif- 
 patched proper people to North Carolina the day after the aftion, 
 with directions to the loyalifls .to take arms and afTemble immedi- 
 ately; and promifed to march without lofs of time to their fup- 
 port. Till he could advance toward that ftate, his attention was 
 engaged in adopting meafures to crufh all future oppofuion to the 
 
 royal 
 
 * In compiling the above narrative from July the 28th recourfe 
 has been had to a detail of fads written by the deputy adjutant gene- 
 ral, Col. Otho H. Williams. 
 
no THE HISTORY OF THE [^..1780.. 
 
 royal government, which betrayed him into a flill feverer policy 
 than had hitherto been adopted. 
 
 On the i8th of Anguft he thus addreffed Lieut. Col. duger, 
 the commandant of the Britifh garrifon at Ninety Six " I have 
 given orders that all the inhabitants of this province who had fub- 
 rnitted, and who have taken a part in this revolt, mould be puniih- 
 ed with the greateit rigor, that they mould be imprifoned, and 
 their whole property taken from them or deilroyed. I have like- 
 -wife directed, that compenfation mould be made out of their ef- 
 fects to the perfons who have been plundered and oppreffed by 
 them. 1 have ordered, in the moft pofitive manner, that every 
 militia man, who had bore arms with us, and had afterward join- 
 ed the enemy, fhouid be immediately hanged. I have now, Sir, 
 only to defire, that you will take the moft vigorous meafures to 
 extinguifh the rebellion, in the diilricl in which you command, 
 and that you will obey in the ftriclefl manner, the direclions I 
 have given in this letter, relative to the treatment of this coun- 
 try."* Similar orders were addreffcd to the commanders of dif- 
 ferent pofts. Executions and feverities followed, which inftead 
 of extinguishing what his lordfliip pronounces rebellion, will on- 
 ly caufe it to rage in the breafts of the determined friends to Con- 
 grefs, till it burfts forth with redoubled fury whenever a promif- 
 ing opportunity offers. 
 
 Notwithstanding the triumph of the Britim arms in the con- 
 fpieft, firtt of the capital and then of the ftate of South Carolina, 
 feveral of the inhabitants, refpeclable for their numbers, but more 
 fo for their weight and influence, had continued firm to the caufe 
 of independence : though reftrained by their paroles from doing 
 any thing injurions to the intereft of his Britannic majefty, yet 
 by their (ilent example they had induced many to decline ex- 
 changing their paroles as prifoners, for the protection and privi- 
 leges of Britifh fubjecls. To remove every bias of this kind, and 
 to enforce a general fubmiflion to royal government, Lord Corn- 
 wallis gave orders to fend out of the {rate a number of fuch prin- 
 cipal perfons, prifoners on parole in Charleftown. On the 27*1!! 
 ofAuguft, Chriftopher Gadfden, Efq; the lieutenant governor, 
 moft of the civil and militia officers, and fome others of the hearty 
 friends of America, were taken early in the morning out of their 
 houfes and beds by armed parties, and brought to the exchange, 
 from whence, when collected together, they were removed on 
 board the Sandwich guardftiip, and from thence tranfported, in a 
 few days, to St. Augufline. The manner in which the order was 
 
 executed, 
 
 * It was fen t to General Green as a genuine copy of the order, by 
 
 his lordihip in a letter of December 27, 1780. 
 
A.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. us 
 
 executed, was not lefs painful to the feelings of gentlemen, than 
 the order itfelf was injurious to the rights ot prifoners, entitled to 
 the benefits of a capitulation. Guards were left at their refpeftive 
 houfes. The private papers of fome were examined. Reports 
 were immediately circulated to their difadvamage, and every cir- 
 cumftance managed foas to induce a general belief, that they were 
 all apprehended for violating their paroles, and for concerting a 
 fcherne for burning the town, and maffacteing the loyal fubjecis, 
 On the very day of their confinement, they remonflrated to 
 Lieut. Col. Balfour, the commandant of Charleflown, averting 
 their innocence, and challenging their accufers to appear face to 
 face, with their charges a^ainft them. To this a mefFage from 
 the commandant was delivered officially, in which he acknow- 
 ledged that this extraordinary itep had been taken " from motives 
 of policy." On the firit of September Gen. Moultrie, as the 
 fenior continental officer, that was a piifoner under the capitula- 
 tion, demanded a releafe from the prifon-fhip, of thofe gentlemen 
 particularly, who were entitled to the benefit of that aft; and re- 
 quefted, that if the demand could not be complied with, he might 
 have leave to fend an officer to Congrefs to reprefent the griev- 
 ance. The commandant, under the pretence that the terms of 
 the letter were very exceptionable and unwarrantable, declined 
 returning an anfwer; and cleared himfelf of a bufinefs that he was 
 not capable of defending, by declaring, in a note from a major of 
 brigade, that he would not receive any further application from 
 the geneial on the fubjecl. 
 
 The Britifli endeavoured to juTcify the fending of the citizens 
 to St. Auguftine, by alledging the right of captors to remove 
 prifoners whitherfoevei theypleafe, without regarding their con- 
 venience. It was generally conceived, that the right of the citi- 
 zens of Char le (lawn to refideat their homes, was riot only ftrong- 
 jy implied, but plainly exprefled in the capitulation ; however as 
 the article refpefting the inhabitants of the town, only promifed 
 that they fiiould be prifoners on parole, and did not immediately 
 add in Charleflown, the Britifli commanders took the advantage 
 or it for removing gentlemen, charged with no breach of the ca- 
 pitulation, from their houfes, wives and children, by offering 
 them that parole in St. Auguftine, to which they had an undoubt- 
 ed right in Charleftown, upon the eftablifhed rule among civili- 
 zed nations, to conftrue capitulations, where ambiguous, in fa- 
 vor of the vanquished. The fuffering individuals might juflly 
 complain upon the occafion ; but Congrefs could not, confider- 
 ing what had taken place with regard to the convention troops 
 under General Burgoyne. 
 
 On 
 
 
ai2 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780. 
 
 On the i6th of September, Lord Cornwallis proceeded to the 
 fequeftration of all eftates belonging to the decided friends of A- 
 nierican independence, In the execution of this bufinefs, John 
 Cruden, Efq; was appointed to take poiTeflion of the ellates of 
 particular perfons, defignated in warrants iffued by his lordlhip 
 or the commandant of Charleflown. Many will pronounce this 
 fequeftration, by his proclamation, as juftifiable as the confifca- 
 tion of real and perfonal property of the feveral American ftates, 
 upon the recommendation of Congrefs in 1777. 
 
 The numbers of real .royalifts, together with the occafional 
 ones who joined the train of the conqueror, bore fo large a pro- 
 portion to the remaining inhabitants of South Carolina, that 
 Lord Cornwallis, with his fuperiority in arms, might reafonably 
 cxpeft, that the patrons of American independence would be ut- 
 terly incapable of giving him further trouble in that ftate: but e, 
 vents were different. Col. Marion had retired from Charleftown 
 during the fiege, his leg being fraftured, which difabled him from 
 commanding his regiment. After the furrender of the capital, 
 he retreated to North Carolina. He was promoted by Gov. Rut- 
 ledge to the rank of brigadier general, about the ti.ne that Sump- 
 ter was honored in like manner; which was foon after the latter 
 had penetrated into South Carolina, and recommenced a military 
 oppofition to Britifn government though he has hitherto, been fpo- 
 ken of under his continental title of colonel. Marion fucceis- 
 fully profecuted, in the north eaftern extremities of the ftate, the 
 fame plan with Sumpter. On the advance of Gen. Gates, he 
 procured the command of fixteen men: with thefe he penetrated 
 through the country, and took a pofition near the Santee. From 
 this ftation he tallied out and captured a frnall Britiih guard, and 
 refcued ijo foldiers of the Maryland and Delaware corps, who, 
 having been taken on the ibthof Auguft, were on their way from 
 Camden to Charleftown. He releafed the prifoners, paroled his 
 caotives, and then took himfelf to the woods. The defeat of 
 Gates however obliged him to quit the ftate; but after an abfence 
 of a few days he returned. In his letter from Peedee of Auguft 
 the 2()th he wrote to Gates " As the militia is not under any 
 command, fome days I have not more than a dozen with me." 
 In fubfequent ones he expreffed himfelf as follows " On Sep- 
 tember the ^th, marched with 3 to attack a body of 200 tories, 
 who intended to furprife me: furprifed a party of 45, killed and 
 wounded all but 15, who efc aped: met and attacked the main 
 bodv, and put them to flight, though they had 200 men." 
 ' Marched to Black Mtngo September the 24th, where was a 
 guard of 60 men of the militia : attacked ihcm on the 2 8th : 
 
 killed 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 113 
 
 killed three, wounded and took 13 prifoners. I had i captain, 
 and i private killed ; 1 captain, i lieutenant, and 6 privates 
 wounded : feveral of the enemy have fince been found dead in 
 a fvvamp to which they took. S j many of my men were defirous 
 of feeing their wives and families.which have been burnt out, that 
 I found it neceflary to retreat the next morning. The prifoners 
 taken are men of fortune and family, which I hope will check 
 the militia from taking arms againfl us. Capt. Murphy's party 
 have burnt a great number of houfes on little Peedee, and intend 
 to go on in that abominable work, which I am apprehenfive 
 may be laid to rne; but I allure you, that there is not one houfe 
 burnt by my orders, or by any of my people : it is what I deteft, 
 to diftrefs poor women and children." The manner of Marion's 
 exprefling himfelf, points out Murphy for an anti-royalift. Ma- 
 ny of the profeffed whigs difgraced themfelves, by the burnings, 
 plunderings and cruelties, that they praclifed in their turn upon 
 the royalifts. They changed fides at times, as appears by Ma- 
 rion's letter of Oclober the i8th " I have never yet had more 
 than feventy men to aft with me, and fometimes they leave me 
 to 20 or 30. Many who had fought with me, I am now ob- 
 liged to fight againft." He wrote to Gates " Nov. the 4th. I 
 crofled Peedee the 24th of Oft the next night came up with 
 two hundred men under Col. Tyne, whom I iurprifed: killed 6, 
 wounded 14, and took prifoners 23, and got 80 horfesand fad- 
 dies, and as many ftand of arms. The colonel made his efcape ; 
 but, fending a party to the High Hills of Santee, he fell into 
 our hands, with feveral other prifoners, and fame who have 
 been very aftive againfl us and great plunderers. The militia 
 are now turning out better than they have done. At prefent I 
 have upwards of 200, and expect that in three or four days it will 
 be double." " Black river, Nov. the 9th. Col. Tarleron [with 
 his corps] has burnt all the houfes, and deOroyed all the corn, 
 from Camden down to Nelfon's ferry: has behaved to the poor 
 women with great barbarity; beat Mrs. Richardfon, the relift o 
 Gen. Richardfon, to make her tell where I was; and has not 
 left her a change of raiment. He not only deflroyed all the corn, 
 but burnt a number of cattle in the houfes he wed; It is diftref- 
 fingto fee the women and children fining in \he open air round 
 a fire without a blanket, or any clothing but what they had on, 
 and women of family, and that had ample fortunes : for he fpares 
 neither whig nor tory. Moil of the inhabitants to the fouth- 
 ward are ready arid ea^er to take up arms again ft their tafk maf- 
 ters." "Nov. the 21 ft. Col. Tarleton retreated to Camden af- 
 ter deftroving rriofi of the houfes and provifions on the High 
 VOL. Ill, K Hills 
 
THX HISTORY OF THE A. D. 17*0 
 
 Hills of San tee. Many of my people have left me and gone 
 over to the enemy: for they think we have no army coming 
 on, and that they have been deceived, as we have heard nothing 
 fram you for a great while. Gen. Harrington has not done any 
 fervice with the troops he commands, while I have been obliged 
 to aft with fo few, as not to have it in my power to do any thing 
 effectual, for want of men and ammunition." So much was he 
 diftrefTed for ammunition, that he has engaged when he had not 
 three rounds to each man of his party. At other times he brought 
 liis men into view, though without ammunition, that he might 
 make a fhow of numbers to the enemy. The faws of mills were 
 converted into horfemen's fwords for his defence. For months 
 he and his party flept in the open air, and flickered themfelves 
 in the thick recefTes of deep fwamps ; from whence he lallied out, 
 whenever an opportunity of harrafling the enemy, or of ferving 
 his country prefented itfelf. He paid the greateft regard to pri- 
 vate property, and retrained his men from every fpecies of 
 plunder. 
 
 Oppofition to royal government cannot be faid to have been* 
 at any time, altogether extinft in the extremities of South Caro- 
 lina. The inhabitants of a part of the ftate, called the New Ac- 
 quifition, never were paroled asprifoners, nor did they take pro- 
 teclion as fubjefts. A confiderable part of Sumpter's men, after 
 their difperfion on the i8th of Auguft, repaired to that fettle- 
 ment, and generally kept in fmall parties for their own defence. 
 Some of them joined Major Davie at the head of about fifty 
 volunteers, who had equipped themfelves as dragoons, and was 
 the only American corps which at that time had Sot been beaten 
 or difperfed. Let us now repair to Hillfborough. 
 
 General Gates feeing the wretched relics of hfcnfortunate 
 centinental army deft itute of every thing, did all that Was poflibie 
 to procure them provifions and clothing. He ufed the moft 
 prefling felicitations to Governor Nam and the atfembly of North- 
 Carolina. They being prefent, faw and lamented the haplefs fate 
 of thofe brave rnen, who had been deferted in danger by the peo- 
 ple they meant to proteft. Humanity, gratitude, pelicy and felf- 
 defence, diftated the mofl vigorous exertions. Such were the exi- 
 gencjes of the whig party, that every man felt and fubmitted to 
 the neceflity of giving all his affiftance, as well on the prefent 
 occafron, as to provide againft contingent misfortunes. The le- 
 giflature therefore unanimoufly concurred in the meafure of tak- 
 ing arms, ammunition, and clothing, wherever to be found in the 
 ftate, on the credit of the ftate : for paper money had fcarce any 
 value, and they had DO other. They alfo ordered, that a clafs 
 
 of 
 
A D, 17*0,3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 
 
 of their militia fhould be draughted, and marsh immediately to* 
 ward Salifbury, for which place it was thought Lord Cornwallis 
 was preparing to advance with his army. A comfortable fupply 
 of freih meat and roeal, or flour, was procured for the hofpital ; 
 and beef was better and more plenty at Hillfborough than it ufcd 
 to be in camp. An arrangement of the broken troops took place 
 upon an agreement of a council of general and field officers, and 
 by order of the commanding officer* The firft, third, fifth and 
 feventh Maryland regiments, formed together one battalion, called 
 the firft, and was commanded by Major Anderfon. The fecond, 
 fourth and fuith Maryland regiments, with the Delaware, confti- 
 tuted the fecond battalion, and was commanded by Major Hard- 
 man. Thefe two battalions were completely officered and formed 
 one regiment, commanded by Col. Otho Holland Williams, 
 and Lieut. Col. Howard. The troops being without pay, cloth- 
 ing, and fometimes provifion, many temptations were u fed to 
 feduce them from their duty, and to defer t to the Britim army, 
 which was well clothed and fed, and duly fupplied with rum, a 
 thing of no fmall confidei ation with common men : yet fuch was 
 their fidelity, that very few left the field, even to return to their 
 families : and they feveral times feized and brought before their 
 officers, thofe who would have conducted them to Camden, and 
 have rewarded them for their treachery* They were, after a time, 
 encamped about a mile out of town, though without tents, by the 
 help of fence-rails, poles, bruin and Indian corn-tops- The offi- 
 cers fuffered no circumftance of humiliation or diftrefs, to induce 
 them into a remiffion of difcipJine ; and being alway with theitf 
 refpeclive commands and fharing their fate, a mutual confidence 
 and affection, and at the fame time a due fubofdinatioa prevailed 
 throughauj t$2 line. Col Buford having recruited his regiment, 
 (which had been fo cruelly handled by Tarleton's legion) to about 
 200 men, arrived from Virginia on the i6th of September : but 
 they were badly armed, and almoft deftitute b! clothing. Near 
 the fame time, fixty Virginia militia arrived ; as- did about fifty 
 of Porterfield's light infantry on the i8th : thefe joined Buford'i 
 corps. The regiments commanded by him and Williams were 
 formed into one brigade by general orders^ and the command 
 given to General Smallwood. 
 
 Eadyin September Col. Clark collected, a number of Ameri- 
 cans, and marched through the upper parts of South-Carolina on 
 his way to Georgia. A few joined him in Ninety Six, but the 
 more prudent difcouraged him from his ill-timed enterprife. He 
 however profecuted his deGgn ; and by the i^th arrived at An- 
 gufta with about 500 men. He fooii engaged Lieut. Col. Browa 
 
 the 
 
THE HISTORY OP THE [/}. D. 1780. 
 
 the commandant ; who with his fmall garrifon and a few Indians, 
 defended himfeif bravely, till he got poffeilion of the Garden 
 hill : then the acliori became warm for about a quarter of an hour, 
 when the Americans gave way, on which he took poft at the 
 houfes. At one the next clay about 50 Cherokee Indians mow- 
 ed themfelves on the oppofi e hill, and got into the garrifon ; and 
 as foori as they were furnimed with arms and ammunition, the 
 Americans were difcovered advancing. A warm engagement 
 followed foon after, and continued till night. Clark afterward 
 fummoned Brown to furrencier, and* received for anfwer, " I fhall 
 do my duty as an officer by deferring myfelf to the laft extremity." 
 Brown was then threatened in a fecond letter, and replied to 
 Clark, " If you have nothing further to offer, upon the return of 
 the flag hoftilities will commence afrefh." B>own exp lfd to 
 be relieved, which took place on Monday morning the i8th, by 
 the arrival of Lieut. Col. Cruger from Ninety Six, with a party 
 of regular troops and militia, on the oppbfite hi)!. By he time 
 Crugerhad crofled the firft of his people over the river, part of 
 the garrifon fallied out upon the Americans, and brought in two 
 pieces of aitillery and fume prifuners, one of whom (Hen r y Dukes) 
 \vas inftantly hanged. Brown was wounded in boih ; highs at the 
 beginning of the action. The lofs was confiderahle on the fide 
 of the rovalifls; though more fo on that of the Americans. When 
 the laft had left Aug.ifta, the inhabitants who had joined Clark, 
 or were fuppofed to favor his defign, were treated wi h the ut- 
 ipoft feverity (Brown hanged about thirty) which has greatly dif- 
 gufted, and prepared the minds of the people for a determined 
 revolt. 
 
 In confequence of meafures taken by the governor and affem- 
 bly of North Carolina, a fmalTquantity of clothing was obtained ; 
 and in a few days four companies of light infantry were equip- 
 ped and felecled from the line. The remains of the fit ft and 
 third regiment^ of cavalry came to camp 'he ad of C6tober, com- 
 manded bv Lieut. Cols. Wafhingron and White. Ou the fame 
 day Col. Morgan, who had been but a few days ai rived, was in- 
 vefted with the command of the light troops, confjfling of the 
 cavalry under \Va(hington. four companies of regular infantry 
 under Howard, and a fmall body of riflemen fron> Virginia. Mor- 
 gan had orders to march immediately toward Salifbury, and aft 
 in concert with the militia of North Care lira, whom :he legislature 
 had fubjecled to the command of General Smailvvood. 
 
 While Lord Cornwallis was reftrained from ahve operations, 
 by the excefiive heats and unhealthy feafon which followed his 
 viclory at Camden, Major Fergufon, of the /ifl Britifh re^in:cnt, 
 
 undertook 
 
jf.D.i;8o.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 117 
 
 undertook perfonally to vifit the feulements of the difaffecled to 
 the, American caufe, and to train their young mea for iervice 
 in the ficid. With thefe, at a proper feafon, he was to join his 
 lordihip, who advanced with his army irom Camden to Waxhawx 
 about the 8th of Scp ember. Fergufon having collected a con- 
 fiderablc body of troops, principally from new raifed corps, was 
 detached by way of Burke's court-houfe to manoeuvre thibugb 
 the northern parts of South Carolina, and to join Cornwalhs at 
 Chariot, e, of which place his lordihip took poffeftion on the 
 s.6(h of September ; but not without being oppofed on his route 
 by the North and South Carolina militia. Major Davie alfo, 
 with his volunteer corps of hoife, which ferved the militia as a 
 van guard, contributed considerably fo annoy him and infult his 
 power. Fergufon extended his route into Tryon county in North 
 Carolina, and bv proclamation, and threats induced many to join 
 him. He had under him a confiderable proportion of thole li- 
 centious people, who, having collected from all parts of Ameri- 
 ca into thefe remote countries, were willing to take the oppor- 
 tunity of the prevailing confufionto carry on their ufual depreda- 
 tions. As they marched, they plundered the whig inhabitants. 
 Violences of this kind frequently repeated, induced many perfons 
 to conlult their own fafety by flying beyond the mountains. By 
 fuch lively reprefentations of their fuffei ings, as (he diftrefled are 
 alway ready to give, they added to that alarm and terror, which 
 the total rout of Gates's army had fpread through the molt diftant 
 parts of North Carolina. The people conceived that iheir fecu- 
 rity depended upon their taking arms, and keeping the war as 
 far from home as poflible. Fergufon was tempted to ftay near 
 to the weftern mountains longer than necefTary, under the hope 
 of cutting off Clark in his retreat from Georgia. This delay gave 
 an opponunity for the junction of feveral corps of militia, which 
 proved his ruin. Col. Williams of Ninety Six purfued him with 
 4,50 hoife. The inhabitants about the weflein waters (north of 
 North Carolina and weft of the Alleghaney and Virginia) volun- 
 tarily muttered under their refpetive colonels in the different 
 quarters where they lived. Being all mounted, and unencumber- 
 ed with baggage, their motions were rapid. Each man fet out with 
 his blanket, knapfack, and gun, in queft of Major Fergufon, in, 
 the fame manner he was ufed to purfue the wild beads of the for- 
 eft. At night the earth afforded ihem a bed, and the heavens a 
 covering : the running ftream quenched their thirft, while a few- 
 cattle, driven in their rear, together with the fupplies acquired by 
 their guns, fecured them provifion. They were under the com- 
 mand of cqlonels Campbell, Cleveland, Shelby and Sfcvier. The 
 
 fiifl 
 
ii8 THE HISTORY OF THE [AD. 1780. 
 
 firft junftion of thefe mountaineers was accidental. Williams 
 was informed, on the zd of Oftobcr, by one cxprefs from Shelby, 
 rhat 1500 were upon their march, and by another from Cleve- 
 land, that he was within ten miles with 800 men. When they 
 had all joined near Gilbert-town, they amounted to near 3000. 
 They foon found out Fergufon's encampment. This was on an 
 eminence of a circular bafe, known by the name of King's Moun- 
 tain, fuuated near the confines of North and South Carolina. It 
 being apprehended, that Fergufon was haftening his marchdown 
 the country to join Cornwallis, the Americans feJefted nine hun- 
 dred and ten of their beft men, and mounted them on their fleeteft 
 horfes. With this force they came up with Fergufon on the 
 y th of Oclober. Some difpute had arifen about the right of 
 command ; but it was finally agreed to be given to Campbell. 
 The enterprife however was conduced without regular military 
 fubordination, under the direction of Campbell, Cleveland, Shel- 
 by, Sevier and Williams, each of whum refpeclively led on hit 
 own men. As they approached the royal encampment, it was 
 agreed to divide their force. Some afcended the mountain, while 
 others went round its bafe in oppofite directions. Cleveland, in. 
 his progrefs round with one of the detachments, difcovered an 
 advanced piquet of the roy^l troops. On this occafion he addref- 
 fed his men in the following language " My brave fellows, we 
 have beat the tories.^and we can beat them. They are all cowards. 
 If they had the fpirit of men, they would join with their fellow 
 citizens, in fupporting the independence of their country. Whea 
 engaged, you are not to wait for the word of command from me. 
 i will mow you by my example how to fight. I can undertake 
 BO more. Every man muft confider himfelf as an officer^ and al 
 from his o*vn judgment. Fire as quick as you can, and ftand 
 your ground as long as you can. When you can do no better, 
 get behind trees or retreat ; but I beg of you not to run quite off, 
 Jf we are repulfed, let us make a point to return and renew the 
 fitfht. Perhaps you may have better luck in the fecond attempt 
 than the fir ft. If any of you are afraid, fuch have leave to retire, 
 and they are requested immediately to take themfelves off." 
 
 The firing commenced about four o'clock in the evening, 
 The picquet gave way, and were purfued as they retired up the 
 mountain to the main body. Fergufon, with the greateft bra- 
 very ordered his men to charge. The Americans retired from 
 the approaching bayonet. Soon after thefe had retreated, Shel- 
 by with the other detachment, having completed the defigned cir- 
 cuit, opportunely arrived, and from an unexpected quarter pour- 
 ed in a well directed fire. Feigufon defifled from the purluit, 
 
 and 
 
A. D. i7*o.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 and engaged his new adverfaries. The Britifti bayonet was again 
 fuccefsful, and caufed them alfo to fail back. By this time the 
 party commanded by Campbell had afcended the mountain, and 
 renewed the attack from that eminence. Fergufon prefented a 
 new front, and was again fuccefsful ; but all his exertions were 
 unavailing. At this moment Cleveland's men, having been ral- 
 lied, renewed their fire. As often as one of the American parties 
 was driven back, another returned toitsftation. Fergufon's un- 
 conquerable fpirit refufed to furrender. However, after having 
 repulfed a fucceflion of adverfaries, pouring in their fire from 
 new directions, this officer received a mortai wound. No chance 
 of efcape being left, and allprofpeft of fuccefsful refiftance being 
 at an end, the fecond in command fued for quarters. The bloody 
 conflict continued forty-feven minutes. The brave major, with 
 j^o of his men, fell in the aclion ; 810 including regulars, were 
 made prifoners, 150 of whom were wounded; the remainder about 
 440 efcaped. The whole number of Britifli regulars was fhort 
 of an hundred. The Americans took 1500 ftand of arms. Their 
 lofs of men killed in the field was only about twenty ; but they 
 had a great many wounded. That diftinguiihed militia officer, 
 who has been repeatedly mentioned, Col. Williams, was mor- 
 tally wounded. 
 
 Major Fergufon was overfeen in making his ftand on the 
 mountain, which being much covered with woods, gave the mi- 
 litia who were all riflemen, the opportunity of approaching near 
 with greater fafety tothemfelves, than if they had been upon plain 
 open ground. The major however might have made good his 
 retreat, if not with the whole, at leaft with a great part of his 
 men, had he purfued his march immediately upon his charging 
 and driving the firft detachment ; for though the militia afted 
 with fpirit for undifciplined troops, it was with difficulty that they 
 could be prevailed upon to renew their attack, after being charg- 
 ed with the bayonet. They kept aloof, and continued popping : 
 then gathered round, aud crept nearer, till at length they levelled 
 the major with one of their ihot, 
 
 Ten of the men who had furrendered were hanged by the 
 conquerors. Col. Cleveland had early given out, that if he 
 caught certain perfons, who had forfeited their lives by the laws 
 of the land, he would execute them. Among thofe whom he 
 doomed to execution was a militia officer, who had taken a Bri- 
 tifh commiilion, though he had before been in the ferviceof the 
 ftate. The Britiih officers finding what was to be the fate of the 
 party, would have remonftrated. The colonel cut them fhort 
 with, " Gentlemen you are Britifh officers am? {hall be treated 
 
120 THE HISTORY OF TUB [A. 
 
 accordingly: therefore give your paroles, and march off imme- 
 dia.eiy: the other perfon is a fubjeft of the fhte." The fpi- 
 rited mountaineers having demolifhed their enemy returned 
 home. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis was fo confident of thefuccefs of his fcbemes, 
 that he did not wait the arrival of Major Fergufon at Charlot- 
 te; but advanced toward Sahfbury, and obliged the militia for 
 fecurity to c rolls the Yadkin and take poft on its north bank : he 
 was deliberately however in his march. He halted fliort of Sa- 
 lifbury; and upon hearing of Major Fergufon's fate, faced about 
 and returned to Charlotte. About the 14th Ottober, he re- 
 treated to Wynfborough. This was the more needful, as Major 
 >avie's corps being greatly increafe'l, frequently enterceptedhis 
 lordfhip's foraging parties and convoys. Riflemen alfo often 
 penetrated near his camp, and from behind trees took care to 
 make fure of their objeci. Thus the late conquerors found their 
 fituation very uneafy, being expofed to unfeen danger if they at- 
 tempted to make an excuifion of only a lew hundred yards from 
 their encampment. As his lordfhip retired, the militir, took 
 feveral waggons, loaded with ftores and the knapfacks of the 
 light infantry and legion, and (ingle men repeatedly rode up with- 
 in gun (hot of his army, difcharged their pieces, and made their 
 cfcape. 
 
 On the loth of November, Lord Cornwallis wrote to Gen. 
 Smallwood " 1 mult now obferve, that the cruelty exerciftcl on 
 the prifoners taken under Major Fergufon is fhocking to huma- 
 nity ; and the hanging poor old Col. Mills, who was always a 
 fair and open enemy to your caufe, was an art of the moft favage 
 barbarity. It has alfo been reported to me, that Capt. Gates of 
 Col. Gray's militia, who was taken near the Peeclee, was la?ely 
 put to death without any crime being laid to his charge. From 
 the characler which I have heard of you, Sir, I cannot fuppofe 
 that you can approve of thefe moft cruel murders: but 1 hope 
 you will fee the necefTity of interpofmg your authority to flop 
 this bloody fcene, which muft oblige me in juftice to the fuffeis> 
 ing loyalifts, to retaliate on the unfortunate perfons now in my 
 power. I am not confcious, that any perfons have hitherto been 
 executed by us, unlefs for bearing arms, after having given a mi- 
 litary parole to remain quietly at home ; or for enrolling them- 
 {elves voluntarily in our militia, receiving arms and ammunition 
 from the king's ftore, and taking the fir ft opportunity of joining 
 our enemies. The only perfons who were hanged at Camden, 
 after the aftion of the i6ih and,i8th, except feme defeners from 
 our army, were two or three of the latter defcription,; who were 
 
AD.iyBo.-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 12 t 
 
 picked out from about thirty convicted of the like offence, on 
 account of fome particular aggravating circumftaaces which at- 
 tended their cafe." Notwithstanding it was manifeft, that there 
 was a powerful party in the fhte, whkh was determined to op- 
 pofe the elfablifhing of -royal government ; yet to convince the 
 inhabitants, that the Britifh were ferioufly refolved to remove 
 {torn the country all who refufed to become fubjecls, a further 
 number of twenty-two citizens, who ftill remained prifoners on 
 parole, was (hipped off about the i6th of November for St. Au- 
 guftine, to whom were abided Gen. Rutherford and Col. Ifaacs 
 of North Carolina, who were taken near Camden in Auguft. 
 Thefe were treated with more politenefs than the firft fet. The 
 only charge exhibited againft them, as the reafon of their exile 
 was, that " they difcovered no difpofition to return to their alle~ 
 giance, and would, if in their power, overturn the Britifti go- 
 vernment." 
 
 Gen* Gates wrote to theprefidentbf Congrefs [Oft. 16.] "The 
 enemy have, fo far, the worlt of the campaign, having loft con- 
 fiderably more men, officers and arms, than your army ; and even 
 loft, ground, as they had feveral^pofts at the beginning of the 
 campaign on Peedee, all which are now evacuated." General 
 Smallwood having left Hi llfbo rough, to take the command at Sa- 
 lifbury, the command of the-brigade at the firft place devolved on 
 Col. Williams ; officers and foldiers were impatient for taking the 
 Held: every exertion was ufed ; an'd the clothing being wrought 
 np, old fuits mended, and the blankets proponionably distributed, 
 report thereof was made to headquarters; when the general 
 pave orders for the brigade to march on the 2d of November, 
 uith the artillery, ammunition and baggage, under the command 
 of Col. OthoIL Williams. On the 8th the troops reached Sa- 
 lifbury, having marched 100 miles in lefs than eight days, upon 
 three pounds and an half of Indian meal per man and fome beef. 
 Having no tents, they were fortunate in a lucceflionof fine days, 
 till the fourth after their arrival. Gates ha.l now done every 
 thing in his power to repair the injuries of his defeat; and was en- 
 deavoring to recover as much territory to the United States, as 
 thecircumihnces of the war in the fouthern department would ad- 
 mit of, when he received advice from fomeof his friends, but from 
 no one officially, that Congrefs had appointed an officer to fupcr- 
 fede him, and had ordered a court of inquiry to be held on his 
 conduct. He had even a very polite friendly letter from the pre- 
 fident of a later date than thofe which brought the information. 
 Tbis treatment by Congrefs was neither liberal nor candid. And 
 yet fcvere as it feemed to be, both in the manner and matter, it 
 
 VOL. III. O was 
 
THE HISTORY OF THS [A. D. 1780 
 
 was not the moft painful ftroke that the unfortunate general had 
 to fuflfer at that period. His friends had cautioufly kept from him 
 for fome time the knowledge of the death of his fon an only 
 child, an amiable youth of about nineteen, whofe natural genius, 
 improved by education, promifed fervice to his country and ho- 
 nor to his family. Amid the general's other trials, this came 
 fuddenly upon him. He bore all with a firmnefs that would 
 reflect credit on the mo ft philofophic mind; and notwithftanding 
 the indelicacy with which he thought bimfelf treated, he continu- 
 ed to do all he could to promote the ime'reft of the caufe in which 
 he was engaged. He remained at Hillfborough a day or two, to 
 give an account of the meafures he had taken and was about to 
 take, to retrieve the loft country; then went on to the camp at 
 Salilbury, where he arrived on the ixth November with about 
 530 dragoons ; and had the pleafure of hearing within four days 
 ci Gen. Sumpter's fuccefs. 
 
 Sumpter, after the difpeifionof his force on the 1 8th of Auguft, 
 collected a corps of volunteers, and received fuch occafional re- 
 inforcements, as enabled him to keep the field, though there was 
 no continental army in South Carolina for three months. He 
 varied his pofuion from time to time, and had frequent fkirmifhes 
 with his adverfaries. Having mounted his followers, he infefterl 
 the Britifh, beat up their quarters, intercepted their convoys, and 
 fo harrafTed them with fuccefiive alarms, that their movements 
 could not be made but with caution and difficulty. On the i2th 
 be was attacked at Broad river by Major Weyms, command- 
 ing a corps of infantry and dragoons* In this aftion the Britifh 
 were defeated, and the Major taken prifoner, having had his 
 thigh broken. Though he had deliberately hung Mr- Cufack 
 in Cheraw diftrift, and had in his pocket a memorandum of 
 feveral houfes burned by his command, yet he received every 
 indulgence from his conquerors. Gen. Sumpter was afterwards 
 attacked on the 2oth by Lieut. Col. Tarleton. Sumpter being 
 apprized of Tatleto-i's approach, poffefled himfelf of a ftrong poit 
 on Black Stock's hill, clofe lo Tyger river. Tarleton without 
 waiting for the- reft of bis detachment, directed 4 i precipitate at- 
 tack with 170 dragoons and 80 men of the 60d regiment, to that 
 part of the hill which was nearly perpendicular, with a fmall ri- 
 vulet, brufh wood, and a railed fence in front. A confiderablc. 
 divifion of Sumpter's force had been thrown into a large log barn, 
 from which the men fired with fecurity, as the appenures between 
 the logs fcrved them for loop holes. Britifh valor wasconfpicu- 
 ous upon this occafion ; but no valor could furrnount the obfU* 
 cles and difadvantagcs that here itood in iis way. The 6$d was 
 
 roughly 
 
A. A 1780,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 123 
 
 roughly handled ; the commanding officer, two others, with one 
 thiroi of their privates feM, Tarleton obferving their fituation, 
 charged with his cavalry: unable to di (lodge the enemy either 
 from the log barn or the height on his left, he ws obliged to fall 
 back. Lieut. Skinner, attached to the cavalry, covered the re- 
 .treat of the 6$d. Jn this manner did the whole party continue 
 jo retire (till they formed a jun&ion with their infantry, who 
 were advancing to fuflain them) leaving Sumpter in quiet pof- 
 Jellion of the field. The general occupied the hill for feveraj 
 hours; but having received a bad wound, and knowing that the 
 J3riulh would be reinforced the next morning, he thought it ha* 
 zardous to wait. He accordingly retired, and taking his wound- 
 ed men with him, crofled the Tyger. His lofs was very fmall. 
 Tiie wounded c?f the Elritifh detachment wiere left to his mercy, 
 The ftncleft humanity was exereifed towards them and they were 
 fupplied with every comfort in his power.* 
 
 General . Gates moved his head quarters to Charlotte ; Gen, 
 $mallwood with the militia, encamped below at Providence OH 
 the way to Camden ; an4 the light troops under Morgan (raifed 
 by Congrefsthe J3th of October to the rank of a brigadier gene* 
 ral, upon the repeated recommendation of Gates) were further 
 advanced on that route. Gates ordered huts to be built in regu- 
 lar encampment, apprehending that the winter would be too fe- 
 yere a feajbn for military operations in that latitude. Such was 
 the fituation of the fouthern army when Gen. Greene arrived at 
 Charlotte the 2dof December; and delivered to Gates theory? 
 official information of his removal from the command in fo un- 
 ceremonious a manner was he treated ! The army was furren- 
 /jered into Green's hands agreeably to the orders of Coqgrefs, 
 in the following terras the next day *' Head Quarters, Charlotte, 
 gd December 1780. Parole Springfield Counter-fign Green. 
 The Honorable ^Ivjajor General Green, who arrived yefterday 
 .afternoon in Charlotte, being appointed by his Excellency Gene- 
 ral Waihington, with the approbation of the honorable Congrefs, 
 jo the command of the fouthern army, all orders will for the fu- 
 lure ifluefrom him, and all reports are to be made to him.' J 
 
 44 General Gates returns his fincere and grateful thinks to trie 
 fouthern army for their perfeverance, fortitude, and patient 
 * endurance of all the hardihips and fufTe rings they have undergone 
 while uader his command. He anxioufly hopes their misfortunes 
 will ceafe therewith ; and that viclory and the glorious advan- 
 tages attending it may be the future portion of the fouthern army." 
 
 Gen. 
 
 * See Lieutenant Mackenzie's Stridures en Lieutenant Colonel 
 Tarjeron ? b Hiftory, p. 7177. 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [J. Z>. 1780., 
 
 Gen. Greene, on the 4th of December, dignified his general 
 orders with this graceful exprefTion-r " General Greene reruns 
 his thanks to the honorable M^jor General Gates for the polite 
 manner in which he has introduced him to his command in the 
 orders of yefterday, and for his good wifhes for the fuccefs of the 
 fouthern army," The manly refignation of Gates on the one part, 
 end the dilicate difintereilednefsof Greene on the other, prevent-, 
 ed the embarraflments naturally to be apprehended on fuch an oc- 
 cafion, The latter approved and perpetuated the {landing orders 
 of the former, and, treated him with that candid refpeft which 
 teftified his remembrance of the pail fervices of that officer. 
 
 A few hours after Greene took the command of the army, 3 
 Deport was made to Gates of. a foraging by the light troops un- 
 der Morgan toward Camden. After collefting what the enemy 
 Jiad fpared for further occafions in the vicinity of Clermont. that 
 poft was reconnoitred by the cavalry only. Lieut. Col. Wafhr 
 ington faW that it was fortified by a blockhpufe impenetrable to 
 frnall arms, and encompafTed by an abbatis. Its vicinity to Cam- 
 den, from whence it might be fpeedily fuccoqred, rendered a fiege 
 ineligible. Recourfe was had to ilratagem. He advanced his 
 cavalry in fuch a direBion as to {how jiis front without difcov- 
 ering his rear; and (Kfmounting fome of his men, planted the 
 trunk of a pine tree upon fome of its branches (b pointedly lik? 
 a field piece*, that it aclually intimidated the garrifon. A corpo- 
 ral of dragoons was ordered to ride up, and fumpipn the com- 
 rnanding officer, Lieut. Col. Rugeley, to furrender. The lucky 
 nioment was feized on, and the order obeyed with confidence- 
 The garrifon of upward of one hundred officers and foldiers, fur- 
 Tendered at difcretion without a fhot, and the works were de- 
 jrjolimed. This favorable incident, in the juncture of affairs 
 then exifting, through the little fuperftition to which every man 
 is fubjeft, was viewed by the army as an omen of fuccefs under 
 the new commander. 
 
 It was on the 5th of Oclober, that congrefs refolved that the 
 commander in chief order a court of inquiry to be held on th ; e 
 conduftof Gen. Gates. though unaccufed of any military crime, 
 r^his refolve was grounded on a former refolve, that whoever loft 
 a poft mould be fubjecTt to a court of enquiry. Had that refolve 
 Jbeen, that every commanding officer who does not beat the enemy, 
 fhall be recalled and fubjecied to a court of inquiry, whether or 
 no any crime be laid to his charge, Gates might have fubmitted 
 to his fate with as much patience, as officers who fur render a 
 fprt oi lofe a fhip. But he had reafon to complain, that con- 
 grefs, by their fpecial refolve of the th, doomed him to tempo- 
 
A.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 126 
 
 rary difefteem and lofs of confidence. Gen. Wafhingtoti was 
 ordered to appoint another officer to the command of the fouth- 
 ern army. On the 6ui be received a line from a South Carolina 
 delegate, acquainting him, that he was authorized by tr\e dele- 
 gates of the three fouthern ftates to communicate to his excellen- 
 cy their with, that Gen. Greene might be the perfon. He was 
 iixed upon ; not from the influence of their wifh, but from the 
 opinion ihe commander in chief entertained of him, as being the 
 moft fuited to the fervice ; when reported to congrefs he was ap- 
 proved of by them on the 3oth. Gieene, before he let out, ex- 
 preffed his difapprobation of their pafling cenlure upon Gates by 
 removing him, as what tended to take away an officer's cha- 
 racter; which injury could not be repaired, even by an 
 acquital after examination. He added in the converlation with 
 a brother general ** I (hould be very well fatisfied to ferve under 
 Gates." He duly weighed all the circumfhnces attending Gates's 
 iuuation, and formed an opinion very different from that which 
 .occafiened his recall; and as he travelled on to Hillfborough, 
 generoufty reprefented the fame and the reafons for it, to thofe 
 perfons he fell into company with, who were blindly led away, 
 by having only confidered events. Greene found the country 
 through which he palled, fo fully difaffecled to the American in- 
 terefts and in favor of the Britifh, that he was not without appre- 
 henfion for his perfonal fafety, ere he could join the army. Here 
 we take our leave of him for the prefent, and proceed to menti- 
 on fome of the proceedings and a 61s of Congrefs. 
 
 You have met with various charges againft Dr. Shippen.- 
 When Congrefs had the laft year exprefied their fatisfaclion 
 \vith Dr. Morgan's conduct, the laft charged the former with 
 mal-praftices and mifconducl in office. The charges were 
 transmitted to the commander in chief; and a courc martial en- 
 fued. When the proceedings of the latter were before Congrefs 
 in Auguft, a motion was made to infert after W. Shippen, 
 thefe words " Excepting that part of the fecond charge rela- 
 ting to his fpeculating in hofpital flores, on which the court judge 
 him highly reprehenfible" it was rejefled ; and it was refolved 
 " That the court martial having acquitted the faid Dr. Ship- 
 pen, ordered that he be difcharged from arreft." The day after 
 that extraordinary refolve refpecling Gen. Gates, they re-elecled 
 the doclor director general of the hofpital. On the 6th of Sep- 
 tember they recommended to the feveral dates claiming the weft- 
 ern country, to pafsfuch laws, and give their delegates fuch pow- 
 ers as might effectually remove the only obflacle to a final ratifi- 
 of the articles of confederation ; and then refolved, " that 
 
 the 
 
THE -HISTORY OF THE \_A. D. 1780. 
 
 the legiflature of Maryland be earneftly requeued to authorize 
 their delegates in Congrefs to fubfcribe the articles." In the be*, 
 ginning of Oclober they rdlWved, " that the unappropriated 
 lands that may be ceded to the United Srates, be d if poled of for 
 the common benefit of the United States, to be fettled and form- 
 ed into diftricl republican flares." About the fame time they 
 publifhed, that the i ilh and isth articles of the treaty of amity 
 and commerce with France were expunged and fupprefled the ift 
 of September, 1778, agreeable to their defne, The articles ar^ 
 nulled were as follows article the i tth. It is agreed and con- 
 cluded, that there fiiall never be any duty irnpofed en the expor- 
 tation of the molafies that may be taken by the fubjefts of any of 
 the United States, from the iflands of America, which belong or 
 may hereafter appertain to his moft Chrijiian Majefty : article 
 the 12th. In compenfation of the exemption (tipulated by the 
 preceding article, it is agreed and concluded, that there (hall nev- 
 er be any duties impoied on the exportation of any kind of mer- 
 chandife, which the fubjects of his mofl Chriftian fvlajeily may 
 take from the countries and pofTeilions, prefent or future, of any 
 of the Thirteen United States, for the ufe of the iflands which, 
 (hall furnilh molaffes. On the 6th of October the prefident 
 wrote a circular letter to the feveral itates, in which, among o- 
 ther matters " It is recommended to the ftates, in the moft preffr 
 ing manner, to have their regiments completed, ajl^^the field, 
 by the firft day of January next at furtheft." On the i6th Con- 
 grefs refolved, " that the thanks of Congrefs be given to briga- 
 diers Srnallwood and Gift, and to the officers of the Maryland 
 and Delaware lines, the different corps of artillery, Col. Porterr 
 field's and Major Armftrong's corps of light infantry, and Col, 
 Armand's cavalry, for their bravery and good conducl difplayed 
 in the aclion of the i6th of Auguft." Thefe thanks v,*ere not ap- 
 plicable to all with equal propriety. The implied cenfure caft 
 upon Gates in the formation of the refolve and its total filence 
 concerning him, was a ftigma that he ought not to have received, 
 until he had been adjudged to have deferved it, putting all former 
 fervices out of the queftion. It has been obfer ved, that after the 
 difa-fter near Camden, whenever Congrefs publifhed the fuccefles 
 and various operations of the troops, which he commanded, they 
 fcarcely even mentioned his name; whether fuch omiffions were 
 accidental or intended, his character was much injured by them. 
 On the 2ifl Congrefs agreed, that the officers who continued in, 
 the fervice to the end of the war, mould be entitled to half pay 
 during life. At the end of the month Baron Steuben was order- 
 ed to repair to the fouthern department and Maj.oy Lee's corp* 
 
 to 
 
A.D.iyEo.'] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 127 
 
 to proceed immediately to join the fouthern army. A few days 
 after they promoted the major to the rank of lieutenant colonel. 
 We now turn to view the fcenes northward of Philadelphia. 
 
 General Wafhington's difficulties continued- He wrote from 
 Orange-town on the 2oth of Auguft, to Jofeph Reed, Efq. 
 whofe name has fo often occurred in different departments, and 
 who is' now prefident or governor of Pennfylvania- '* With eve- 
 ry exertion, I can fcarcely keep the army in this earnp, entirely 
 continental, fed from day to day. Tis mortifying, that we 
 {hould not at this advanced period of the campaign, have maga- 
 zines ofprovifion for even one half of the men necefFary for our 
 intended operations. I have every afiurance from the French 
 land and fea commanders, that the fecond divifion may, without 
 fome very unexpecled accident, be daily expected. Should we, 
 upon the arrival of this reinforcement, he found (after all our 
 promifes of a co-operating force) deficient in men, provifion, and 
 every other efiential, your excellency can eafily perceive what will 
 be the opinion of our allies, and of all the world, and what will 
 be the confequences in the deranged diftracled ftate of our af- 
 fairs." In another of the fame date were thefe fentiments 
 *' Tome tt will appear miraculous if our affairs can maintain them- 
 felves much longer in their prefent train. If either the temper 
 or the refources of the country will not admit of an alteration, 
 we may carpcft foon to be reduced to the humiliating condition 
 of feeingdLe caufe of America upheid in America by foreign 
 arms. It may eafily be mown, that all the misfortunes we have 
 met with in the military line are to be attributed to fhort inlifl- 
 rnents. A great part of the embarraiTments in the civil flow 
 from the fame fource. The derangement of our finances is f- 
 fentially to beafcribed to it. The expences of the war, and the 
 paper emiflions, have been greatly muhiplyed by it. We have 
 had a great part of the time two fets of men to feed and pay, the 
 difcharged men going home, and the levies coming; in. The 
 difficulties and coil of engaging men have increafed a' every fc- 
 eeflive attempt, till among the prefent levies, we find there are. 
 fome who have received a hundred and fifty dollars in fpecif 
 1 331 1 5 S> fterling] for five months fervice, while our officers are 
 reduced to the disgraceful neceflhy of performing the duties of 
 drill fergeants,tothem. The frequent calls upon the militia hive 
 alfo interrupted the cultivation of their lands ; and of courfe have 
 leflened the quantity of the produce, occafioned a fcarcity, and 
 enhanced the prices. In an army lo unfiable as ours, order and 
 ceconomy have been .impracticable. The di (contents of the 
 Hoops have been gradually matured to a dangerous extremity. 
 
 Something 
 
128 THE HISTORY OF THE \_A. D. 1780* 
 
 Something fatisfaclory muft be done, or the army rnuft ceafe to 
 exift at the end of the campaign : or it will exhibit an example 
 of more virtue, fortitude, felt denial and perfeverance, than has 
 perhaps ever been paralleled in the hiftory of human enthufiafm.'* 
 
 General Wafhington, in compliance with a prior appointment, 
 fet out with his fuite, Gen. Knox and the Marquis de la Fayette, 
 to meet Count de Rochambeau and Admiral Ternay at Hart- 
 ford. The general with the reft of the company muitered 
 up and borrowed all the money they could, in order to pay 
 their expences. They could procure no more than eight thou- 
 fand paper dollars. Such was thefcarcity even of that deprecia- 
 ted commodity at camp. Before they quitted the New-York 
 Hate, they had expended more than half their flock; and weie 
 Dot a little pained with the idea of their being foon incapable of 
 difcharging the landlord's demand* They put on a good coun- 
 tenance when in Conneclicut ; called for what they wanted, and 
 were well fupplied : but the thought of reckoning with their hoft 
 damped their pleafure. However to their great joy, when the 
 hills were called for, they were informed, that the governor of 
 Conneclicut had given orders k that they fhould pay nothing in 
 that ftate, but mould be at free coft. They met the French ge- 
 neral and admiral on Thurfday the 21 ft of September at the 
 place appointed. Gen. Wafhington in his conference with the 
 count, ftated the army, in the quarter he commanded, for the 
 next campaign, at fifteen thoufand operative continental troops, 
 On the idea of 15,000, a memorial with a plan of the next cam- 
 paign has been tranfmitted to the court of France. On Friday 
 morning Count de Rochambeau and Adm. Ternay fet off on their 
 return to Newport, and on Saturday morning the American 
 gentlemen commenced their return to the camp. During their 
 abfenceadifcovery of the utmoft importance had been made, viz, 
 a fcheme for delivering Weft Point into the hands of Sir Henry 
 Clinton. Gen. Arnold, who had the command of that poir, 
 was brave hot mercenary, fond of parade and extremely defirous 
 of acquiring money to defray the expences of it. When he en- 
 tered Philadelphia after the evacuation, he made Gov. Penn's, 
 the beft houfe in it, his head quarters. 
 
 This he furnifhed in a very coftly manner, and lived in a ftile 
 far beyond his income. He continued his extravagant courfe 
 of living; was unfuccefsful in trade and privateering; his funds 
 were exhaufted, and his creditors importunate, while his luft for 
 high life was not in the leaft affuaged. About July, 1779, he ex- 
 hibited heavy accounts and demands againft the public : the com- 
 miflioners, upon examination, reje&ed about one half of the 
 
 amount. 
 
A.D. t 7 8o.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 amount. He appealed to Congrefs, and a committee was ap- 
 pointed, who were of opinion, that the commiiiioners had al- 
 lowed more than the general had a right to expect or demand. 
 This provoked him to outrageous expreffions and proceedings. 
 Di feuded at the treatment he had met with, embarrafled in his 
 circurnilances, and having a growing expenfive family, he tinned 
 his thoughts toward betteiing his fortune by new means. M^jor 
 Andre adjutant general to the Britim army, a rifmg young offi- 
 cer of ^reat hope and merit, had commenced a correfpontjence 
 with Mrs. Arnold in 1779, under the plea of lurrying her with 
 milinary : whether it was continued and covertly improved by 
 the genera!, without her being in the leaft privy to it, till ripened 
 into the (cheme of giving up Wed-Point, is not yet afcert^med. 
 But the defign is generally thought to have been fometime in a- 
 gitation. 
 
 For the fpeedy completion of the negotiation that was carry- 
 ing on between Sir Henry and Gen. Arnold, the Vulture iloop of 
 war was ftationed in the North River, at fuch a diftance from the 
 American pods, as without exciting fufpicton, would ferve for the 
 neceffary communication. Before this, a written correfpon- 
 dence, through other channels, had been maintained between 
 Arnold and Andre at New- York, under the names of Guftavus 
 and Ariderfon. The neceffary arrangements being made, A 
 boat \\asfentatnight from the ftnre to the Vulture to fetch 
 Major Andre, which brought him to the beach without the 
 polls of either army, where he met Arnold. Day light approach- 
 ing, he was told thai he mil ft be concealed urftii the next night. 
 In order to it, he was conducted within on: of the American pofts, 
 againft his previous ftipulaiion, intention and knowledge. He 
 continued with Atnold during the following day. The next 
 night the boatmen rcfufmg to conducl him back, to the Vul- 
 ture, which had mifted her pofition, as me layexpofedto the 
 fire of a cannon fent to annov her, he was ob.'iged to concert his 
 efcape by land. He quitted his uniform, which he had hith-" 
 erto worn under a furtout, fora common coat ; and .u'asfurniflj- 
 ed with a horfe, and under the name of John Anclerfon with a 
 paifport from Arnold, to go to the lines at White Plains, or low- 
 er if he thought proper, he being on public bufmefs. He pur- 
 fued his journey alone to New- York, parted all the guards and 
 pods on the road without fufpicion, and was much elated as he 
 travelled on the next day, with the thought of his having fucceed-." 
 ed. But unhappily for him, 'hough providentially for the Ame- 
 ricans, three of the New- York militia, John Pautiii?*. Kwid 
 Williams, and IfaacV&n Vt,rt> were with others out on famuingj 
 V<*L. III. ' .P between 
 
THE HI S T O R Y OF THE \_A. D. 1780. 
 
 between the out-pofts of the two armies. One of them fprang 
 from his covert, and feized Andre's horfe by the bridle. 1'he 
 xnajor, inftead of inftantly producing his pafs, afked the man 
 where he belonged to, who anfwered, to below. Andre fufpeft- 
 ing no deceit faid, Jo do /; then declared himfelf a Britim of- 
 ficer, and preflfed that he might not be detained, for that he was 
 upon urgent bufinefs. Upon the other two coming up and join- 
 ing their comrade, he difcovered his miftake. The confufion 
 that followed was apparent, and they proceeded to fearch him 
 till they found his papers. He offered the captors a considerable 
 purfe of gold, and a very valuable watch, to let him pafs: but 
 they nobly difdained the temptation, befide the fafcinating offers 
 of permanent provifion, and even of future promotion, on con- 
 dition of their conveying and accompanying him to New-York. 
 They conducted him to Lieut. Col. Jamefon, the continental of- 
 ficer, who had the command of the fcouting parties, amounting 
 to 800 men, chiefly militia. Arnold's conduft with regard to 
 this body of men, and in other refpefts, had excited fuch fuf- 
 picions in the breads of the lieut. colonel and the reft of the offi- 
 cers, that they had determined upon feizing the general at all ad- 
 ventures, had he came down and ordered them nearer the enemy. 
 Jamefon, notwithftanding his ftrongjealoufy of Arnold, was in 
 the ifTue the occafion of his efcape. 
 
 When Andre appeared before him, it was under the name of 
 Anderfon ; which he fupported, choofing to hazard the greatefl 
 clanger, rather than let any difcovery be made which could in- 
 volve Arnold, before he had time to provide for his fafety. 
 With a view to the general's efcaping he requefted that a line 
 might be fent to acquaint him with Anderfon's detention, which 
 Jamefon through an ill-judged delicacy granted. The papers, 
 which were found in the major's boot, were in Arnold's hand 
 writing, and contained exaft returns of the flate of the forces, 
 ordnance and defencer-a't Weft-Point and its dependencies, with 
 the artillery orders,critical remarks, on the works, an eftimate of the 
 number of men that were ordinarily on duty to man them, and the 
 copyofaftateof matters that had been laid before a council of war by 
 the commander in chief, on the fixth of the month. Thefe pa- 
 pers were enclofed in a packet to Gen. Walhington, accompanied 
 with a letter from the prifoner, avowing himfelf to be Major 
 John Andre, adjutant general to the Britim army, relating the 
 manner of his capture, and endeavouring to fhow that he did not 
 come under the defcription of a fpy ; and were forwarded by 
 Jamefon. Wafhington was upon his return from Hartford, and 
 the meffcnger miffed him by taking a diflercnt road from that on 
 
 which 
 
A.D, 1780,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 131 
 
 which the general was. Through this accident and the man'i be- 
 ing obliged to make a circuit, the letter to Arnold, informing 
 him of Anderfon's capture, reached him fonie hours before Wafh- 
 ington arrived at his quarters. No fooner had he received it, than 
 he haftened on board the Vulture, which Isy forae miles below 
 Stoney and Verplank's points. The commander in chief eroded 
 over to Weft Point, and expe&ed to meet him there : when he 
 returnee], the caufe of Arnold's abfence was foon difcovered 
 upon opening the packet from Jamefon, which had arrived in 
 the mean while. His excellency immediately ordered two brU 
 gades from the main army t theie pofts, and took ample meafure* 
 tor their fecurity. Andre had been full forty. eight hours in cuf- 
 tody, before Arnold's defign was known in camp. Had it fue- 
 ceeded, the confequences muft have been ruinous in the higheft 
 degree. The plan for delivering up the ports feems to have been 
 that of engaging in a ihamdefence at the defiles, while a large body 
 of the enemy took a circuit and poflefTed tbernfelves of the fort, 
 Arnold on the 8th of Auguft had written to Gen.- Wafhington r 
 cxprefling, his wifh, that a map of the country from Robinfon's 
 houfe td New-York, particularly on the eaft fide of the river, 
 might be fent him. He added " The Maflachufetts troop* 
 ^militia 1234] are good a-nd well armed. Would it not be better 
 to continue a part or the whole of the New-York brigade a* this 
 poft[WeftPoint]whofeofficerscar>be depended upon, and thetroops- 
 have in general bad arms and few bayonets. The Maflachufett&or 
 Harnpfhire troops will be better in the field from this circumfta/i ce 
 in their arms." In converfation with one of the officers under him, 
 he aflced which he thought would be the beft mode of defence iti 
 cafe of an attack, whether to defend the works, or to go and fight 
 the enemy in the defiles as they advanced. The officer laid, to> 
 defend the works: Arnold declared for the other. The fc thingi 
 were recollected, and fuppofed to have had a particular meaning, 
 when his main projeft was difcovered. Had the execution of 
 that been completed, the forces under his command m.uft probably 
 have either laid down their arms or have been cut to< pieces. 
 Their lofs and the immediate poffeffion of Weft Point, and aH 
 its neighbouring dependencies, muft have expofed the remainder 
 of Washington's army fo to the joint exertion of the Briti(^i for- 
 ces, by land and water, that nothing but final ruin could have 
 been the refult with refpeclt to the Americans. * Such a ftroke 
 could fcarcely Have been recovered. Independent of the lofs of 
 artillery and ftores, fuch a deftruclion of their disciplined force, 
 and many of their beft officers, muft have been fatal. The Bru 
 .iiih might alfo have turned their whole force againft. the Frencb 
 
 fleet 
 
'13* THE HISTORY OF THE [.4. !D. 1780. 
 
 fleet and troops at Rhode Ifland : for they had received a confid- 
 erable naval reinforcement by the arrival of Adm. Rodney with 
 f'everal Ihips of the line from the \Veil-Indies, on the igth of 
 September. Whether his coming to New-York WHS in the leaft 
 under the influence of flattering profpecls, upon Weft Point's 
 being delivered into the hands of the Britifh, will be matter of 
 conjecture among many. 
 
 General Wafhington appointed a board of fourteen general 
 officers [September 29] (of whom were the Marquis de la Fayette 
 and Baron de ' Sieuben) with the ailiflance of the judge advo- 
 cate general, John Laurence, to examine into and 10 report 
 apiecife ftate of Major Andre's cafe ; and to determine what 
 light he was to be confidered in, and to what puniihment he 
 V;as liable. Andre diidairiing all fubterfuge and evafion, and lludy- 
 ingonly to plac^ his character in fo fair a light, as might prevent 
 its being fhaded by prefent circumftances, voluntarily confeffed 
 more. than he was afked ; and fought not to palliate any thing 
 relating to hirnfelf, while he concealed, with the molt guarded 
 and fcrupulous nicety, whatever might involve others. Being 
 interrogated by the board, with refpett to his conception cf com- 
 ing on more under the fanclion of a flag, he faid with a noble 
 franknefs of mind, that if he had, he might certainly have return- 
 ed un-.lcr it. The board was exceedingly fliuck with his candor and 
 magnanimity ; and Efficiently (howed how much they felt for his 
 fituation. They treated him with fuch delicacy at the opening of 
 examination, as to defire that he would not anfwer any interro- 
 gatory which would at all ernbarrafs his feelings. Every pofii- 
 ble mark of indulgence, and the utmoil attention and poliienefi 
 were exercifed toward him : fo that the major himfelf, deeply fen- 
 fibleof the liberality of their behaviour, declared that he flattered 
 biiiiicif lie had never been illiberal ; but that if there were any 
 remains of prejudice in his mind, his prefent experience mud ob- 
 literate thenj. The board did not examine a Tingle witnefs: 
 but founded their report merely upon his- own confefTion. In 
 that, after a rtdtal of a few fafis, they declared, that Major An- 
 dre ought to be confidered as a fpy from the enemy ; and that, 
 agreeably to the law and ulage of nations, it is their opinion he 
 ought to fuffer death. 
 
 Genera! W-'.lhington wrote a fhort anfwer to Sir H. Clinton's 
 letter of the 2610, reclaiming the major, in which he flaicd, that 
 though the major was under fuch ciicumllances as would have 
 justified the molt fummary proceedings againfl him, he had re- 
 iejied Ins cafe to the examination and decifion oi A board of ge- 
 neral officers, whcfe report, founded on his free and 
 
A.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 133 
 
 confeffion of his letters, was enclofed. This drew anoiher let-' 
 ter from Sir Henry, who propofed to fend Gen. Robertlon and 
 two other gentlemen, as well to give his excellency a true Hate 
 of facls, as to explain to him his own fenriments on the fubjecl. 
 The gentlemen were to be at Dobb's ferry on the following 
 morning, to wait for Washington's permiflion and fafe conduct, 
 and to meet himfelf, or whoever he fhoulcl appoint. He urged 
 it as a matter of the highefr, moment to humanity, that the gene- 
 ral fhould fully underfland the whole ftate of the bufmefs, before 
 he proceeded to carry the judgment of the board into execution. 
 Gen. Greene, who had been prefident of it, was appointed to 
 meet Robertfon, but the others were not permitted to come on 
 {hore. Robertfon ufed his utmoft ingenuity to (how, that An- 
 dre did not come within the character and defcription of a fpy. 
 As Greene was far from admitting either his facls or concluju 
 ons, Robertfon wiihed that the opinions of difintereiled gentle, 
 men might be taken on the fubjecl, and propofed Knyphaufen and 
 Rochambeati as proper perfons. Humanity was the lafl firing 
 touched. Robertfon faid, he wiihed an intercourfe of fuch ci- 
 yilities as might lefTen the horrors of war; and quoted inilances 
 of Clinton's merciful difpofition. He held out, that Major An- 
 dre poffdled a great fhare of that gentleman's efteem; and that 
 he would be infinitely obliged if he was fpared. He offered, it 
 the former was admitted to return with him to New-York, to 
 engage that any perfon whatever, who was named, fhould be fet 
 at liberty. Gen. Robertfon having failed in his other attempts, 
 prefented a long letter from Arnold to Gen. Washington, " filled 
 with threats in cafe Andre fhould fuffer, and infolently mak- 
 ing the American commander anfwerable for the torrents of 
 blood that might be fpilt, in confequence of his difregarding the 
 warning, and ordering the execution of Andre. The prefent- 
 ment of fuch a letter was confidered as no lefs an abfurdity thaft 
 the writing of it. 
 
 On October the 2d the tragedy was clofed. The major was 
 fuperior to the terrors of death : but the difgraceful mode of dy- 
 ing, which the ufage of war had annexed to his unhappy fitu- 
 ation, was infinitely dreadful to him. He was defirous of being 
 indulged with a profeiTional death; and accordingly had written, 
 the day before, a pathetic letter, fraught with all the feelings of a 
 man of fentiment and honor, in which he requeued- of .Gen. 
 Wafhington, that he might not die on a gibbet. The general 
 "confulted his officers on the fubjefr. Pity and efieem wrought 
 fo powerfully, that they were all for (hooting him, till Greene in- 
 JaAed on it, that his crime was that of a common fpy ; that the 
 
 public 
 
THE H IS TO RY OF THE [A. .1780 
 
 public good required his being hanged ; and that was he fhot, the 
 generality would think there were favorable circumftances entit- 
 ling him to notice and lenity. His obfervations convinced thttn, 
 that there would be an impropriety in granting the major's re- 
 queft; while lendernefs prevented its being divulged. When 
 Major Andre was led out to the place of execution, as he went 
 along he bowed himfelf familiarly to all thofe with whom he had 
 been acquainted in his confinement. A fmile of complacency 
 expreffed the ferene fortitude of his mind. Upon feeing the pre- 
 parations at the fatal fpot, he aflked with fome emotion " Muft 
 I die in this manner ?" He was told it was unavoidable. He re- 
 plied " I am reconciled to my fate, but not to the mode." 
 Soon after, recollefting himfelf, he added " It will be but a mo- 
 mentary pang;" and fpringing upon the carr, performed the laft- 
 offices to himfelf, with a compofure that excited the admiration, 
 and melted the hearts of all the fpeftators. Being told the final 
 moment was at hand, and afked if he had any thing to fay, he 
 anfwered " Nothing but to requeft that you will witnefs to the 
 xvorld, that I die like a brave man." He died univerfally efteem- 
 ed and regretted. The fyrnpathy he had excited in the Ameri- 
 can army was perhaps unexampled, under any fimilar circum- 
 fiances. 
 
 General Wafhington thus exprefTed himfelf upon this whole 
 bufmefs in a private letter [Oft. 13.] " In no inltance fince the 
 commencement of the war, has the interpofuion of Providence 
 appeared more remarkably confpicuous, than in the refcue of the 
 poft andgarrifon of Weft Point 
 
 How far Arnold meant to involve me in the cataftrophe of this 
 place, does not appear by any indubitable evidence; and I am 
 rather inclined to think, he did not wifli to hazard the more impor- 
 tant obje6l , by attempting to combine two events, the 
 leffer of which might have marred the greater. A combination 
 of extraordinary circumftances, and unaccountable deprivation 
 of prefence of mind in a man of the firft abilities, and the virtue 
 of three militia men, threw the adjutant general of the Britifh 
 forces (with full proof of Arnold's intention) into our hands ; and 
 but for the egregious folly, or the bewildered conception of Lieut. 
 Col. Jamefon, who feemedloft in aflonifhment, and not to have 
 known what he was doing, I mould undoubtedly have gotten Ar- 
 nold. Andre has met his fate, and with that fortitude which was 
 to be expecled from an accomplifhed man and a gallant officer: 
 but lam miltaken if Arno'd is not undergoing at 'this time, the tot- 
 incntsof a mental hell." The unhappy event of which Arnold's pro- 
 jecl was productive, the death of Major Andre, deeply affecled the 
 
 whole 
 
A. D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 whole royal army. Arnold was made a Britifh brigadier general 
 in America : and it was hoped, that with the aid of the loyalifU 
 and the difcontented of all forts, he would raife aconfiderable bo- 
 dy of forces, to aft under his own feparate command : but neither 
 an addrefs of his to the inhabitants of America, nor his procla- 
 mation infcribed to the officers and foldiers of the continental 
 army, had any effecl. Notwithftanding the difcontents among 
 the American troops, through their various difficulties, Arnold's, 
 example and endeavours were fo far from being the means of 
 bringing over, even a fmall body or detachment, that they do not 
 appear to have produced the defertion of a fingle foldier, much 
 lefs of an officer. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton in obedience to the orders fent him [Oclo- 
 ber 15] to profecute the war with vigor in North Carolina and 
 Virginia, difpatched Gen. Leflie from New-York to the bay of 
 Chefapeak, with near 3000 choice troops. He was to co-ope- 
 rate with Lord Cornwallis, who was expected to have been far 
 advanced toward, if not to have reached Virginia. Within a fe\v 
 days the fleet arrived in the bay. The troops were landed in dif- 
 ferent parts of Virginia. In the beginning of November, Leflie 
 was engaged in eftablifhing a port at Portfmoutb, till he could 
 hear from his lordfhip, according to whofe orders he was to aft 
 in all cafes. It was fome time before he learned for a certainty 
 where Cornwallis was : but at length inftrucYions were received 
 from his lordfhip, for the fleet and troops to proceed without de- 
 lay to Charleftown. While in Virginia they poffefled them- 
 felves of fome tobacco and ft ores; but the veflels feized in 
 the harbours and rivers were the mofl valuable part of the booty, 
 About the time that Leflie landed at Portfmouth.Sir H. Clinton; 
 fent to Charleftown all the recruits belonging to the fouthern 
 army, amounting to near 800, which he reckoned would place 
 under Cornwallis's orders full 11,306 effective rank and file, in- 
 cluding Leflie's corps. 
 
 General Wafhington made a proportion to Sir H. Clinton for 
 <he exchange of a number of officers, which was not acceded to. 
 A general exchange being what the other fincerely wifhed, a pro- 
 pofition to that purpofe was returned. The Britifh General 
 Phillips, and the American General Lincoln, were employed for 
 the fettling of a cartel. The former fuppofed, that the reafon 
 why the Americans declined the exchange of privates, was an 
 imwillingnefs to throw into the hands of their enemy, in the mill- 
 die of an active compaign, fuch a reinforcement as they would 
 receive by an exchange of all the privates. To obviate this dif- 
 ^culfy, Phillips mentioned, that the exchange of the privates 
 
 might 
 
536 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780? 
 
 might be poftponed to fomc future day that might be agreed on. 
 Lincoln, on the s^th of September, expreiled' his dcfire in writ- 
 ing, that this might remove the objections which had exiited 
 agdinft an exchange of privates. He wrote on October the lit 
 to the Maflachufetts and South Carolina delegates, and to Gen. 
 Sullivan, noxv one of the New Hampfhire reprefentatives in Con- 
 grefs " The enemy have made a propofition for a general ex- 
 change. I think policy, juflice and humanity demand it on our 
 part. I cannot but hope you will be with me in opinion : if fo 
 the propofition will have your fupport and intereft." At length 
 an exchange of all officers, prifoners of war, on both fides, in- 
 cluding fuch as were upon their paroles in New York or in 
 Great Britain, was fettled. The exchange comprehended alfo 
 an equivalent of Britifii and German foldiers, prisoners of war, 
 for thofe Americans that were at New York. In the courfe of 
 the negotiation, an ineffectual effort was made on the part of the 
 Britifti for the releafe of the privates of the convention troops. 
 
 On the 3d of November it was refolved, " That Congrefs 
 have a high fenfe of the virtuous and patriotic conduct of John 
 Paul ding* David Williams, and Ifaac Van Vert: in teftimony 
 whereof, ordered, that each of them receive annually two hun- 
 dred dollars in fpecie, or an equivalent in the current money of 
 thefe dates during life; and that the board of war be directed to 
 procure for each of them a filver medal, on one fide of which 
 {hall be a fhield with this infcription FIDELITY, and on the 
 other the following motto, VINCIT AMOR PATRICE, and 
 forward them to the commander in chief, who is requeued to 
 prefcnt me fame, with a copy of this refolution, and the thanks 
 of Congrefs for their fidelity, and the eminent fervice they have 
 rendered their country." The next day they recommended to 
 the feveral dates, to levy a tax equal to fix millions of filver dol- 
 lars, to be paid partly in fpecific articles, and the refidue in gold 
 or filver, or bills of credit, emitted purfuant to the refolution of 
 the i8th of March laft. On the 28th, they had before them an 
 account of Major Talmadge of the light dragoons, having fur- 
 prifed and taken fort St. George on Long Ifland, with the gar- 
 rifon ; they extolled the enterprise as planned and conduced with 
 wifdoin and great gallantry, and executed with intrepidity and 
 complete fuccefs by the officers and foldiers of his detachment. 
 Such commendations not only reward, but excite to military ad- 
 ventures. The major croffed the found to the ifland with 80 
 men ; left 20 to g uar ^ tne boats ; made a circuitous route of 20 
 miles to the fort, and reduced it almoft inftantly. The enemy 
 fca.4 b killed and wounded. Pie captivated i iieut. colonel, i cap- 
 fa io, 
 
wf. Z>, 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 137 
 
 tain, and 55 privates ; deftroyed 400 tons of hay, and returned 
 without further lofs than one private wounded. Congrefs have 
 at length determined upon having a peimanent army. They 
 ought before to have gotten rid of an error, which the. experi- 
 ence of ail mankind h.is explored, viz. the carrying on a war 
 with militia, or which is nearly the lame, temporary levies. 
 America has been amuied al molt out of her liberties. The be- 
 havior of the militia upon one and another occafion, has been 
 unreafonabiy extolled, by men who judge only from the (urface, 
 by others who had particular views in rnifrepiefenting, ana by 
 vifionary men whole credulity eafily fwallowed every vague ilory, 
 in fupport of a favorite hypothefis. Some of the fir ft generals in 
 the American fervice, are ready folemniy to declare, that they ne- 
 ver were witnefFes to a fingle initance during this conteft, that 
 can countenance an opinion of militia or raw troops being fit for 
 the real bufmtfs of fighting. How little dependence can be had 
 upon fupplies by new levies, the laft campaign may ferve to 
 fhow. 
 
 By a return on the i6th of Auguft it appeared, that General 
 Wamirigton had received from New Hampihire to Pennfylvania 
 inclufive, no more than 6,143; an( ^ tnat ^ ie deficiency within 
 the fame circuit was 10,397. Rhode Ifland was the leaft defici- 
 ent in proportion to its numbers, and Pennfylvania the, mod. 
 MerTachufetts had in the army double the number of any other 
 of the ftates norih of Maryland. What few troops the general 
 bad with him, pleafed him however by the rapid progrefs they 
 made in military difcipline. 
 
 The obfolute neceiTuy of a large and immediate foreign aid of 
 money, for the continuance of the war, came at length under the 
 ferious confideration of Congrefs. Gen. Walhington was fo 
 ftrowgly convinced of its being an object of the utmoft import- 
 ance, that he gave hisfentimenis upbn it to the minifterof France 
 in the mod explicit manner. The recommendations of Con- 
 grefs for fpecific articles were not fufficiently operative. On the 
 gth of December the general faid " It is happy for us, that the 
 feafon will probably compel bofh armies to continue in aftateof 
 inactivity, fince ours is fo much reduced by difcharging the le- 
 vies which compofe a confiderable part of it, even before their 
 time of fervice was expired. This expedient we were forced to 
 adopt, from the prefent total want of flour, and the precarious 
 profpecl of a fupply of that article." Had it not been for a moffc 
 vigorous flep that the American Gov. Clinton ventured to take, 
 the army muft ha^e dif banded for want of bread, ^s the maga- 
 were exhaufled, and tranfportation by land was impracHca, 
 
 VOL. III. Q blc 
 
138 THE HISTORY OF THK \A. D. t 7 8o. 
 
 ble had there been any thintr to aft upon. The governor feized 
 feveral hundred barrels in the hands of private merchants, which 
 they had purcbafed up to exchange for other articles. General 
 Wafhinqton, while travelling in the neighbourhood of Pitt's 
 Town, fell in with a parcel of cattle that were going to be Slaugh- 
 tered and failed. Befide being immenfely poor, they were fo 
 frnall, that they would not average 175 Ibs. the nett quarters. 
 Some could not exceed a hundred weight, and others were mere 
 calves. Thefe pafs by the head, and the ftaie or ftates that fur- 
 n f{h them will have the reputation of fupplying that number of 
 merchantable bullocks, when the facl is, that next fummer a 
 flarving man would fcarely eat the beef they were about to put 
 up, after the fait had extracted the little fat and juices that were 
 in it. The general faw about a hundred, and his information 
 extended to about 800 more of the fame kind in the neighbour- 
 hood. He directed the commitTary to ieleft the beft for fairing, 
 and to let the other be eaten, as it would be a wafie of fait, bar- 
 rels and time, to put the fame up. Many other inftances of a 
 fimilar impofition to what has been related might be given.* 
 
 The generous exe tions of the American daughters of liberty 
 in Philadelphia and the neighbourhood, to befriend the conti- 
 nental foldiers, are a perfeft contraft to it. Mention was made 
 of them in my laft letter. Their donations purehafed a fufficient 
 quantity of cloth, and their hands made the fame into two thou- 
 fanJ one hundred and feven fhirts, which were delivered to the 
 perfon appointed to receive them by Gen. Washington. Penn- 
 fylvahia furnifhed the whole quantity, except feventy-feven, which 
 were the produce of the Jcrieys. The daughters of this laft ftate 
 made a further prefent of three hundred and eighty pair of flock- 
 ings. 
 
 The board of royal refugees at New York have for many 
 months back pofHfed fomething like a fleet of fmall privateers 
 andcnnfers; by the aid of which they have committed various 
 depredations, and great exceffes in different places, fiom peculiar 
 perfonal animofity ; and thereby have irritated their adverfaries 
 to retaliate in like manner. Thus the feelings of humanity have 
 been fufpended on both fides ; fcenes of wafte and havock have 
 followed ; and a predatory war been carried on. tending neither 
 to fubjugation nor reconciliation, but the reverfe. While thefe 
 have been the operations upon the maritime coafts of the conti- 
 nent, the back fettlements and inland frontiers have been ravaged 
 by the inimical Indians, their tory aflbciates, and a number of 
 
 Biiiiib 
 * The general's letter of Dec. 26,1780. The general's papri. 
 
A. D, 1780,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Britim regulars. The New York ftate differed the molt, bf par- 
 ties under Major Carletori, Sir John Johnfon, and Capt. Brandt. 
 In the beginning of Aujjuft, they burnt more than ,50 houfcsand 
 47 barns, the principal part of Canijohary, a fine fet dement 
 about fifty fix miles from Albany. They defhoyed 27 hou- 
 fes at Schoharie; and at Norman's Creek 20. In October their 
 irruptions were renewed. Stone Arabia and Canaghfioragd 
 were attacked, and Schoharie afreih; and a great extent of coun- 
 try about the Mohawk'river was laid walie. A number of the 
 feitlers were killed and more madepiifoncrs. Sir John Johnfon 
 was obliged to fight them repeatedly ; but was careful, Indian 
 like, not to (lay long enough in any one place, to admit of his 
 enemy's collecting a^fufhcient force to bring on a decifive action, 
 My next will moil probably contain an account of depredations 
 in another quarter, as Gen. Arnold failed from Sandy Hook on 
 the 2 lit of December, with a body of troops under his command 
 on an expedition. 
 
 October the th< the Madachufetts general court adjourned. 
 The laft a6l they patfed was '* An a6t to incorporate an academy 
 in the town of Andover, by the name of Phillips'* academy. >x 
 No buiinefs requiring another meeting, they ceafed of courfe,. 
 The Wednefday three weeks, the 25 th of that month, was the 
 day appointed for the general election agreeable to the new con- 
 flitution. It was ufhered in by the ringing of bells, firing of can- 
 uon, and other demonirrations of the public rejoicing. When 
 the two houfes were formed, a committee was appointed to ex- 
 amine the returns of the feveral towns for a governor, though 
 it was before known on whom the choice had fallen. They re- 
 ported that his excellency John Hancock, Efq. was clewed go- 
 vernor by agreat majority of votes. A commitieeof both houfes 
 wauled upon him to inform him of it, and requefl his attendance at 
 the council chamber. After he had gone thiQUgh qll the forraa- 
 lities required to qualify him for his office, the fecretary, from,, 
 the'uaicony of the iiate-ho-.jfe, declared, to the attending crowds 
 in the fireet, his excellency John Hancock, Efq. Governor of 
 the MafFdchufetts' commonwealth^ which was repeated by the fhe- 
 riffof the county of Suffolk. A grand &u de joie was given by 
 tlie militia companies. Thirteen cannon were fired by the ar- 
 tiller) 7 , and three vollies by the independent company. The can- 
 non at the Cafl-e and Fort Hill, and on board the fhipping in the 
 harbour were fired upon the occafion. The governor, fenare 
 and houfe of reprefematives, then attended divine fervice, agree- 
 able to ancient etlablifhed cuftom, at the Old Krick Meeting- 
 koufe. Tlic Rev. Dr, Samuel Cooper delivered a fukabi and 
 
 ac.cepiable 
 
J4Q THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780. 
 
 acceptable difcourfe from the following words in the 30111 of 
 Jeremiah " Atid their congregation fhall be eftablifhed ; and 
 their nobles fhall be of then-felves; and rheir governor fhall 
 proceed out of the rnidft of them." When fervice was finiihed, 
 they proceeded to Faneuil-hall, amidft a great concourfe of peo- 
 ple, where an elegant entertainment was provided, and a large 
 number of refpetab!e gentlemen of all orders afTembled. In the 
 courie of the convivial meeting, thirteen loalls we>e drank, each 
 being accompanied with the firing of a cannon. No gentleman 
 being elected heut. governor by the majority of the people, the 
 fenate and houfe on the 301:1, made choice of James Bowdoin, 
 Eiq. who declined ihe honor partly on account of his not being 
 clv.'frn by the votes of the freer* en, bui chiefly becaufe of his 
 continued ill flate of health. The next perfon fixed upon was 
 the prefident of the council, Thomas Cufhing, Efq. who ac- 
 cepted. 
 
 On the i8th of December died at Newport, his Excellency 
 Charles Louis DeTei nay, knight of St. John of Jerusalem, late 
 governor of the iflands of France and Bourbon, and chief com- 
 mander of the French fquadron in the American feas. His re- 
 mains were the next day interred in Trinity church-yard of laid 
 town, attended with military honors. 
 
 LETTER V. 
 
 Rotterdam, December 30, 178*. 
 
 FRIEND GORDON, 
 
 MY former letter mentioned the failing of a large Spanifh 
 fleet under Don Jofeph Solano. Capt. Mann of the Cer- 
 berus frigate, falling in with it, and rightly judging of its dcflina- 
 tion. from the courfe it fleered and other circumftances, confi- 
 ier?d v.'ith great propiiety, that the public good and the impor- 
 tance of the ohjec) fhouid fupply the defeft of particular orders, 
 fend that the limited defign of his crnife could not compare with 
 the in. mediate application of the knowledge he had accidentally 
 acquired. The captain therefore inftantly proceeded to the Wefl 
 Indies, to communicate (he intelligence to Sir George Rodney, 
 then at Btirbadoes, Upon receiving it, Sir George uftd the uu 
 
 moft 
 
A. D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 inoft diligence in putting to fea, in order to intercept the Spanifli 
 iieet and convoy before they could join the French, then in Fort 
 Royal bay Martinico. But his views were fruftrated through 
 the precaution of the Spanifh admiral. Don Solano, apprehen- 
 five though not informed of the danger, inflead of proceeding to 
 Fort Royal bay, prudently flopped fhort on his approach to the 
 neareft iflands ; and difpatched a frigate to inform Count de Gui- 
 chen of his fituation, and to require a fpeedy junction of the fleets 
 where he then was. The French commander failed direclly, 
 [June lo.J with 18 (hip? of the line, and keeping clofe to leeward 
 ot the iflands, joined the Spaniards under Dominique. 
 
 The combined fleets amounted to 36 fail of the line, which 
 with their united land forces, formed iuch an apparent fuperiori- 
 ty, as nothing in thole leas or iflands feemed capable of refilling. 
 But the Spanifti troops being too much crowded on board their 
 tranfports, together with the length of the voyage, the change of 
 climate and diet, and other circumflances, a moft mortal and con- 
 tagious diforder was generated, which n'rft infefted their own 
 feamen, at length fpread, though not entirely with fo fatal an ef- 
 feft, through the French fleet and land forces. Befide the great 
 mortality on the paflage, the Spaniards landed no lefs than 1200 
 fick on their firft arrival at Dominique, and a much greater num- 
 ber afterward at Guadaloupe and Martinico. Thus the fpirit of 
 enterprife was damped, and forne part of the means taken away. 
 Still the combined forces had a fuflicient fuperiority to enable 
 them to proceed to offenfive operations with the profpecl; of fuc* 
 cefs. Sir George Rodney on the junclion of the enemies fleet* 
 retired to St. Lucie, where he was equally well fituated, either for 
 oblerving their motions and counteracting, according to his abil- 
 ity, their defigns on the other iflands; or for felf-defence (hould 
 they venture upon an attack. But they remained totally inactive 
 in Fort Royal bay till the^th of July, when they put to fea in the 
 night, without making fignals or (bowing lights. Had they im- 
 proved their oppon unity, Jamaica muft undoubtedly have fallen; 
 but a mifundei {landing between the Spanifh and French admi- 
 rals, rendered their junclion and fuperiority of little importance. 
 Count de Guichen accompanied Don Solano as far as St. Domin- 
 go, and then left the Spanifli fleet to proceed fingly to the Ha- 
 vannah, while he with the French put in at Cape Francois. 
 Here he remained till a large convoy was collecled from the 
 French iflands, with which he proceeded directly for- F.urope* 
 Sir George Rodney, entertaining a miihke n apprehenflon either 
 irom his own conjecture or from information, that de Guichen 
 was bound to North America in otder to join Adm. Ternay at 
 
 Rhode 
 
THE HISTORY or THE [4. D. 1780. 
 
 Rhode Ifland,had no fooner received certain intelligence of his 
 jdeparture from Cape Francois, than he (ailed himfdf wiih ele 
 ven capital (hips and four frigates for New York. 
 
 The combined fleets in the European feas have been more 
 fuccefsful. A rich and confide fable convoy for the Eaft and 
 Weil Indies failed from Portfmouth in the latter end of July, 
 under the conduct of Capt. Moutray of the Ramiilies and two 
 frigates ; the whole were intercepted on the 9th of Auguft by 
 the combined fleets under Don Louis de Cordova. The convoy 
 included, befide the merchantmen, eighteen victuallers, ftore- 
 iliips and tranfports, defined for the fervice in the Weil Indies. 
 Five Eaft Indiamen made a part of it, and together with aims, 
 ammunition, and a train of artillery, conveyed a large quantity 
 of naval ftores, for the fuppiy of the Britifli fquadron in that 
 quarter. The Eaft India and fitty Weft India fhips, inc lading 
 thofe upon governmental account, were taken. The Ramillies, 
 with the frigates, and a few Weft India {hips ejcftped. Such 4 
 prize never before entered the harbour of Cadiz. A British fleet 
 of near 60 fhips led captive by a Spaniffi fquadron, was. extreme* 
 ly Battering to a people, to whom naval captures from fuch, ar\ 
 enemy were an unulual fpe&acle. The appearance of the nu- 
 merous prifoners rendered the triumph more complete, and made 
 the fight (till more (ing-alar. They confifted of 1250 fearoen, 
 officers included; of 1255 foldiers, and 74 officers; of 149 wo- 
 men ; and of 137 paflengers of both fexes, among whom were 
 fome married and unmarried ladies of condition. The whole 
 amounted to 286,5 perfons. The value of the fa 1 cable commo- 
 dities was great, but the lofs of the military and naval fnpplies wa$ 
 much more conficierable, as they could not be replaced in time. 
 Advantageous purchafes will undoubtedly be made put of thi$ 
 capture for the fervice of the American army. 
 
 The ilrong appearances of an approaching florm, wish which, 
 adminiftration was threatened, having fubfided; and every thing 
 going on fmooihly and profperoufly, there we. reafon to expect 
 that elections for a new parliament would go greatly in favor of 
 the court. A dillolution of the prefent was therefore determined 
 upon; [Sept. i.] but the defign was kept a profound i'ecret. r 
 When the proclamation for the diflblving of it appeared, it 
 wrought like a thunder clap, with refpetl to fudcieonefs, and fur- 
 prife, on thofe who were unacquainted with the defign. Anew 
 prorogation had taken place wiihin a iew days, which feivcd to, 
 tender the fhock ftill more pnexpecled. The elections went 
 much in favor of the court. One hundred and thirteen new re-. 
 srefentatives obtained feats in parliament. 
 
 Mr. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Mt. Laurens was taken on his way from congrefs to Holland, 
 in the beginning of September, on the banks of Newfoundland. 
 A package of papers, when thrown oveiboard, not finking fud- 
 denly, was faved by the boldnefs and dexterity of a Britifh failor, 
 and moft of them were recovered from the effects of the water, 
 On his arrival in England, [Oft. 6.] he was committed upon 
 a charge of high treafon, as a (late priioner t the Tower, under 
 an order fignedby the three fecretanes of ilate. He claimed 
 the privileges of his public character, as a commiflioner from 
 the United States of America ; and declined anfwering anyquef- 
 tionswhofe tendency he could not immediately perceive, fo that- 
 little information was obtained from him. Bat by the medium 
 of his papers the adminiflration came to the knowledge of the 
 eventual treaty of amity and commerce between America and 
 Holland. The papers relating to this bufmefs were delivered 
 about the beginning of November to the prince of Orange, 
 who on the 5th laid them before the Mates of Holland and Welt 
 Friefland. On the loth Sir Jofeph Yorke preferited to the 
 States General, a memorial concerning them. He demanded irt 
 the name of the king, his mafter, not only a formal difavowal of 
 [what was pronounced] fo irregular a conduct, as that which was 
 charged upon the ftates of Amiterdam, of carrying on a long 
 clandeftine carrefporidence with the American rebels, and of 
 giving inftruclions and powers for entering into a treaty with 
 thofe rebels ; but alfo infilled on a fpeedy fatisfa&ion, and the 
 punifhment of the penfionary Van Berkel and his accomplices. 
 This conduct was declared to be no lefs contrary to the rr.ofl 
 facred engagements of their high rnightineffes, than repugnant to 
 the Dutch conflitution. 
 
 The reference to fuch engagements feems to have been ill 
 timed, as the royal order of ihe i/th of April laft had declar- 
 ed Holland to be on the footing of other neutral powers ; and 
 had difannulled the efficacy of fach engagements for the prefent, 
 by fufpending till further orders all the particular (lipulations re- 
 fpecling the fubje&s of the States General, contained in the fcve- 
 ral treaties then fub fill ing. The Stales General di fa vowed the 
 intended treaty of the city of Amilerdam, and engaged to profe- 
 cute the penfionary according to the laws cf-the country. This 
 not being deemed fatisfatory, Sir Jofeph Yorke received orders 
 to withdraw from the Hague; and on theaoth of December, a 
 manifeflo againit the Dutch was publifiied in a London Gazette 
 Extraordinary, followed by an order of council " That gene- 
 ral reprifal* be granted again!! the lliips, goods and Cubjecls of 
 
 ihe 
 
144 THE HISTORY OF THE {A.D. 1780 
 
 the Slates General." A few days before the publication, the 
 States General had acceded to the confederation of the armed 
 neutrality. 
 
 On Tuefday, Oclober the gd, Jamaica was vifited with a com- 
 plicated calamity. A mofl extraordinary fwell of the fea, tea 
 feet higher than its common level/ fucceeded by an earthquake 
 and hurricane, brought dreadful deftruftiori on particular parts 
 of theifland. Savannah La Mar, a confiderable trading town on 
 the fouth fide of the ifland in Weftmoreland pariih, was totally 
 deftroyed, by the fea's fuddenly burfting through all bounds and 
 furmounting all obftacles. Every thing was fo completely fwept 
 away upon its retreat, as not to leave the fmalleft veftige of 
 man, beaft or habitation behind. About 200 per fons of all co- 
 lours, perifhed by this terrible irruption. The fea flowed up 
 half a mile beyond its ufual fixed limits. This was the prelude- 
 to the fucceeding earthquake and hurricane. The damage in 
 the parifh of Weftmoreland only, amounted to near 700,000!. 
 flerling. ' In that of Hanover, one fourth part of the abfolute 
 property is faid to be 'oft for ever. The merchants of Kingftort 
 generoufly fent down for the immediate relief of the unhappy fuf- 
 ferers, io,oool. value in different kinds of provifion, clothing 
 and other articles. 
 
 A yet more tremendous hurricane began at Barbadoes [Oft. 
 lo.] in the morning, and continued with little intermiflion about 
 48 hours. The mips were driven from their anchors, and obli- 
 ged to encounter all the horrors of a moft outrageous fea. It 
 prevailed chiefly in the night; and Bridge Town, the capital, 
 was nearly levelled with the earth. The inhabitants who efca- 
 ped, anxioufly waited the break of day, flattering themfelves that 
 xvith the light they fhould fee a ceflation of the ftorm. But the 
 ftrongeft colours cannot paint the miferies they were under. 
 The ground was covered with the mangled bodies of their friends 
 and relations. Reputable families wandered through the ruins in 
 fearch of food and fhelter. Meanwhile there was a continual 
 fcene of rapine and confufion. The negroes, inftead of attempt- 
 ing to fave the effefts of the unhappy fufferers, were plundering 
 every part of the town. The tempeft was but little abated. The 
 day Served but to exhibit the moft melancholy profpeft. The 
 devaftation on all fides was terrible not a building ftanding 
 the trees, if not torn up by the roots, ftripped of their leaves and 
 branches the moft luxuriant fpring changed in one night to^he 
 drearieft winter the few public buildings, notwithstanding their 
 ftrength, fallen in the general wreck. The lofs of human lives 
 was greai even among the whites ; but including the blacks was 
 
 eftimatcd 
 
A.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 145 
 
 eftimated at fome thoufands. To increafe the calamity, moft of 
 the living ftock on the ifland, particularly of the horned cattle, 
 periihed. An extraordinary inftance of the united force of the 
 winds arid waves was apparent upon this occafion in the removal 
 of a cannon, a twelve pounder, from the ioulh to the north bat- 
 tery, being a diftance of one hundred and forty yards. The truili 
 of this fa6t and of the others was fupported by public documents, 
 tranfmitted to the fecretary fc of ftate by thegov. of the ifland, and 
 by GeneralVaughari. Be it mentioned to the honor and praifeof 
 Don Pedro St. }<*go, a captain 'of the regiment of Arragon, and of 
 theotiier Spanim prifonersat Barbadoes, who were all under his 
 immediate dire6tion, that they atled the kind part of friends, in- 
 flead of behaving like enemies, or even with indifference, in 
 thisfeafon of calamity; and omitted no labor or fervice in their 
 power, for the afli (lance of the diftrefled inhabitants, ar.d the pre- 
 fervation of public order. 
 
 The iflandsof St. Lucie, Grenada and St. Vincent, were like- 
 wife laid nearly defolate. Moft of the mips of war were (Jdven 
 out to fea from St. Lucie, in the beginning of the hurricane. . 
 The tranfports, victuallers, and traders, were difmafted, and ge- 
 nerally driven on more. A prize of 18 guns was wrecked on 
 the back of the iiland, and all except 17 perimed. The Andro- 
 meda and Laurel of 28 guns each, were loft on the coaft of Mar- 
 It nico ; none of the officers and but few of the crew were faved. 
 The Deal Caftle of 24 guns fufFered the fame fate. The fquad- 
 ron under Admiral Rowley, which convoyed the Jamaica trade 
 on its way to Europe, experienced no lefs calamity, and fuftain- 
 ed ftill greater lofs. The admiral returned to Jamaica with five 
 (hips, moftly difmafted and all difabled. The Sterling Caftle o 
 64 guns, was totally loft on thecoaftof Hifpaniola, and only about 
 o of the crew faved. The Thunderer, Commodore Boyle 
 Walfmgham, was undoubtedly fwallowed up, no traces of her fate 
 having yet come to light. The Phoenix of 44 guns, Sir Hyde 
 Parker, was wrecked on the ifland of Cuba ; but h -r officers and 
 moft of her crew were faved. The Barbadoes and Viftor floops 
 of war, with the Cameleon, Scarborough, ajid La Blanch fri- 
 gates, became likewife, with a partial or total lofs of men and 
 oificers, vi&ims to the rage of this mercilefs feafon. The Fiench 
 iflands appear to have fufFered even more than the Britim, 
 Barbadoes only excepted. At Martinico the public buildings 
 and private houfes of Fort Royal town, to the amount of more 
 fehan fourteen hundred, \\erc blown down, and an incredible num- 
 ber of perfoas loft their lives. Every houfe in St. Pierre fliared 
 the fame&te, and more than a thousand people periihed. The 
 
 VOL. ill, R numbs* 
 
146 TIIE HISTORY OF THE [AID. 1780* 
 
 numbers loft upon the ifland, including negroes, is computed at 
 about 0,000, and the darn^e at 700,000 louis d'ors. Six'>-;wo 
 iail or tranfports from France, which artived that nvrnir,;' at 
 Martinico, with (lores and. 2500 troops on boai\i. w < j ie ail driven 
 out to fea, and feveral were Soft. Trie Expc >r ;*i nt 50 gun p , and 
 thejiiiio of 40, with fome other royal French ffioaies,wi-re defboy- 
 ed ; and 19 fail of loaded Dutch veffels were dallied ro piea<- on 
 Grenada. Theddlruction of people (whites and blacks'} at St. 
 Euliatia, was reputed to be between 4- and 5000. A numbe* of 
 houfes were blown down and wafhefl away with the inhabitants 
 .into the fea. The pecuniary lofs nnift be very great. 
 
 The humanity of the Marquis de Bouiile affords fome relief 
 to thefe fcenee of horror and devaluation. He fern 31 fiiitifli 
 fiilors (the remains that weie faved of the crews of the Laurel 
 and Andromeda) under a Hag of truce to Commodore Hotham at 
 St. Lucie, accompanied with a declaration, that he could not 
 .confider in the light of enemies, men who had fo hardly efca- 
 pcd in a contention with the force of the elements; but that they 
 having, in common with his own people, been partakers of the 
 fame danger, were in like manner entitled to every comfort 
 and relief that could be given, in a feafon o^i fuch universal cala- 
 mity and diftrefs. He only lamented, he faid, that their number 
 \vas fo fmall, and particularly that none of the officers were 
 . favcd. 
 
 The new parliament met on the gift of Oclober. The late 
 fpeaker, Sir Fletcher Norton, having offended the miniftry, by ex- 
 ercifmg too much of an independent fpirit, they dete* mined up- 
 on choofing another perfon in his room. Mr. Dunning. moved, 
 that Sir Fletcher mould be continued, The minitlry pretended, 
 ' that an anxiety for his htraiih was the leal caufe ot moving that a 
 different member mioht be chofen : but Sir Fletcher, .after declar- 
 ing that became there with a full determination not to go again 
 into the chair upon any account, informed the houfe that the 
 kind's miniftershad not held the fmalieR previous communicati- 
 on with him upon tl.e fubjeci ; that he had been in town three 
 days, and had never been afked whether his health would enable 
 . him to continue in the chair, nor had he been applied directly 
 or indireftly, on the fubjecl of choofina; a new fpeaker. He 
 called upon the minillers to declare, why he was thusdifgracefui- 
 .. ly difrmffed. After debates, Lord George Germain's motion 
 for the appointment of Mr. Cornwall was carried by a majority 
 of 203 votes. to 134, who fuppo-'red Mr. Dunning.'** motion. 
 
 The king went i he next day to the houfe of peers, [Nov. i.J and 
 delivered his fpeech to the parliament. In it he Look notice of 
 
 the 
 
A. D< 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. IJT" 
 
 the fignal I cocoes which had attended the progrefs of his arms m 
 Georgia drul Carolina. Thefe he muted would have important 
 conferences in bringing the war to a happy conclufion. When 
 the commons were debating open 'he addrefs, Mr. Fox reprehend- 
 ed the mimfters in (he moil pointed ferms, for having dared to 
 fend orders to officers in all the towns of the kingdom, as well in 
 thole where there had not been the fmalleft prorieneis to UimuU, 
 as in dioie where it had entirely fub Tided and quiet was perfectly 
 reftored, givin-.; fhem power to atl at -discretion, without the au- 
 thority of the civil magi itrate'. Thefc orders, he declared, had 
 not been recalled, till aimoll every election was over. He like- 
 \vi!e arraigned 'he minivers in terms of the utmoft feverity, for 
 the infult which, he (aid, had been offered to the navy, and the 
 prejudices done to that fen.'ice, by the late appointment of Sir 
 Hugh Pallifer to the government of Greenwich Hofpi'al. The 
 addrefs was carried, upon a divifion, by a majority of 212 to' 
 
 ISO- 
 Major Tyler, who ferved formerly in one of the American 
 
 continental regiments, by his irregular purfuit of pleafure, orcaf?- 
 oned an information to be lodged againft himfelf and Mr. John. 
 Trumbull, who was deputy adjutant general with Gates at Ti- 
 conderoga in 1776. Tyler efcaped ; but Trumbull was taken t 
 and committed to prifon on the 2ift of November, being charg- 
 ed with holding a treafonable correfpondence with the enemy. 
 When he was re-examined the next day, three letters were pro- 
 duced and read, one to his father, the governor of Conneftidut, 
 the fecond from Dr. Franklin's grandfon at Pafley, where the 
 doftor refid.es, and the third from a Mr. White ofLyme in Dor-, 
 fetmire. Mr. Trumbull in his an fivers to the queflions afkf.ri 
 him, faid, that he arrived in England in ihe beginning of July ; 
 and that the profefTion he had in view was that of painting, oi: 
 which Mr. B. Weft, the hiftorica painter, could inform the 
 bench fully, as well as of the manner how he tifually fpcnt his 
 time. Nothing appeared particularly cii'xnnal : but circumftatices 
 were fuch, that the bench conceived he was not entitled to his 
 liberty ; they therefore figned his warrant of commitment for New 
 Prifon, on account of- the unrepaired [fate f>f Newgate. Con- 
 finement will be his chief fuiTering ; and his relations may difmifs 
 all apprehenfions of any further danger to his perfonal fa! : ?iv. 
 
 Some de-ached pieces of European intelligence will clofc the 
 prefent epiflle. 
 
 Mr. Jay has been laboring at the court of Madrid to efftfft a 
 treaty between Spain and the United States of America ; but to 
 r/opurpofe. F'Jr particular reafons that court declines making 
 
 ih* 
 
148 THE H 1ST t> R Y OF THE [^.D. 17,80, 
 
 the treaty with France, the bafis of one with them. Congrefs 
 was much overfeen in drawing bills upon him. The importance 
 of Spain to America Should not have been brought forward, at 
 leaf! fhould not have been placed in fuch a glaring point of view. 
 The meafure of drawing, in expectation that the Spaniards would 
 fupply the cafh, was confidered by them as defperate, and a& 
 what congrefs were prompted to by their imbecility. It was in 
 the power of the Spanifh court to have made the loan that was 
 afked : whereas, inftead of furnifhing Mr. Jay with 30 or 40,000!* 
 flerling, the fnm requeiledfor immediate fervice, he was fuppli- 
 cd with only about 4200!. 
 
 On the 29th of September died Maria Therefa, emprefs of 
 Germany, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and archduchefs of 
 Auflria, and natural fovereign of all the widely extended domin- 
 ions appertaining to that great houfe. Her death has occafionedno 
 convulsions in the European fyftem of politics, 
 
 Lord George Germain, in his letter to Lord Cornwallis of 
 November the 9th, commended Cornwall's " determination 
 to inflict exemplary puiiimment on thofe traitors, who had re- 
 peated the violation of their oaths of allegiance, or broken their 
 parole, and taken arms againft the king, as wife and promotive 
 of the great objecl of the war." He added, " 1 have not the leaft 
 doubt, from your lordmip's vigorous and alert movements, the 
 whole country, fouth of the Delaware, will be reftored to the 
 king's obedience in the courfeofthe [nexr.~j campaign." 
 
 The French king this year dignified and for ever rendered his 
 name-day memorable, by a prefent to his iubjefts, worthy the 
 humanity and magnificence of a great and enlightened monarch. 
 It was no lefs than abolifhing for ever, that relic of barbarifm, fo 
 long the approbium of the chriflian name, and a (landing difgrace 
 to the moft civilized and learned quarter of the world the in- 
 human cuilom of putting the qufjlion, as it was called, by torture. 
 It had been fo longeftablifhed and rivetted, that it feemed to be 
 an original and indivifible part of the conftitution of their courts 
 of jr.ilice. The French king didalfo, in order to leifen the bur- 
 dens of his people make a prodigious reform in his lioufhold, In 
 purfuance of the new plan adopted in his court, no lefs than 406 
 officers in that department were abolifhed. 
 
 The orture having been mentioned, let it be remarked that 
 no one is capitally condemned in Holland, till he acknowledges 
 Llmfelf guilty ; and that the torture is praftifed, when needful* 
 to produce fuch acknowledgement. But then it muft be obferv- 
 rd, that no one is put to the torture without that evidence, which 
 would hang him in Great Britain. If the accufed has firmnefa 
 
 of 
 
4.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 149 
 
 of body and mind to fupport under the rack through the whole 
 procefs, he isdifcharged though guilty ; but though innocent, if 
 (overcome by excrutiating pain) he pronounces himfelf guilty, 
 to obtain momentary eafe, execution follows. 
 
 The bounty and kindnefs extended by the bifhop of Lugo to 
 the Britifh prifoners, deferves every degree of praife and grati- 
 tude. 'Although fome of their commanders behaved otherwife 
 the Spanifh nobility and merchants, in general, mowed extraor- 
 dinary marks of friendfhip, and even of affection, to thofe Rritifh 
 gentlemen who fell in their way, while national hoitilities were 
 carrying on. The Spaniards labored hard in pufliing on their 
 works againft Gibraltar, but had often the mortification of fee- 
 ing them when nearly completed , cleftroyed in a few hours by 
 the weight of fire from the batteries. Gen. Elliot would let then* 
 proceed to a certain point, and then at once throw all iheir hope* 
 to the ground. Some judicious and fuccefsful fallies were like^ 
 wife made occafionally though fparingly, by the garrifon. The 
 vexation of being fo baffled by a handful of men, has at length 
 whetted the invention of the Spaniards to a project, that may af- 
 ford much trouble to the garrifon when perfected, and infinitely 
 increafe the difficulties and dangers of the defence. 
 
 The conduct of the duke of Modena, in aboliming the in- 
 quifition in his dominions, muft be enumerated among the re- 
 markable circumftances, that have diftinguifhed the year 1780. 
 It affords a frefh inftance of the progrefs, which liberal ideas, with 
 refpeft to toleration and the rights of confcience, are now mak- 
 ing throughout Europe. Upon the death of the grand inquifnor 
 at Reggio, the prince immediately ordered that tribunal to be for 
 ever abolimed; its revenues to be applied to laudable purpofes; 
 and the prifons and other buildings, which could preferve any 
 memorial of its having ever exifled, to be demolifned. 
 
 In thecourfe of this yeara confiderable number of well-fought 
 and defperate aftions have taken place between Britifli and 
 French frigates ; in which, though the former had almoft conti- 
 nually the advantage when upon equal terms, and the latter were 
 frequently taken ; yet there were fuch inflance^ of profeffionai 
 Ikill, courage and dexterity, coftantly c 1 ' flayed on the part of the 
 French, as were before unknown in their marine. 
 
 The prefent letter will be kept ready to fend off iriftantly, when- 
 ever the opportunity of a faf'e conveyance offers. 
 
 LET- 
 
THE H I S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 1781. 
 
 LETTER VI. 
 
 Roxbury, April 21, 1781. 
 MY GOOD SIR, 
 
 3r lHHE MafTachufetts government was greatly alarmed on the 
 JL 14th of January, by the unexpected arrival of Gen. Knox 
 with an account of the Pennfylvania line's having revolted, and 
 marched oft from Morfiftown. Gov. Hancock had been pre- 
 pared to expecl an event of that kind, though in a different quar- 
 ter: for Gen. Glover wrote to him on the nth of the preced- 
 ing month " It is now four clays fmce your Ime of the army has 
 ea;en one mouthful of bread. We have no money : nor will 
 any body iruft us. The beft of wheat is at this momem felling 
 in the ftate of New York for three fourths of a dollar [33. ^d. 1-2 
 $er!ingj per bufliel, and your army is liarving for want. On the 
 ift of January fomnhing will turn up if not fpeedily prevented, 
 \vhich your officers cannot be anfwerabie for." Several caufes 
 contributed to produce the revolt of the Pennfylvania line. The 
 officers, when they inlifted the men, imagined that the war would 
 not continue more than three years; and thought, at their in- 
 JHtment, of holding them no longer than for that term at furthefr, 
 though they were to be difchatged fooner, was the war ended : 
 the men underftood the agreement in the fame manner. The 
 officers finding the rvar did not clofe as was expected, and re- 
 cruirino; difficult ; the foldiers alfo being well trained by the three 
 years fervicc; they were unwilling to part with them, and impo- 
 ferl a new fenfe upon the original agreement, viz. that the men 
 were held to ferve the whole war, though it lafled beyond two 
 three years. This the men refented as a,i impofition, and fub- 
 mitted to only from neceffiiy, and till the moment fhould offer 
 for the redrefs of fuch an iniquitous grievance. The officers, 
 to footh the foldiers, re' ed in the;*" discipline, which n.^oe the 
 men feel their own importance. Major M'Pherfon having 
 quitted the Britilh fervice in an honorable way, and attached 
 himfelf to the Americans, Gen. Washington, when occafion re- 
 quired his forming a particular corps, gave the command of it to 
 the major in token of refpcfl. and by way of encouragement. 
 Upon that the Pen nfylvaniii officers formed themfeives intopar- 
 lies; combined in an oppofuion to the appointment j arid of- 
 fered 
 
jf.fl.i78i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 15* 
 
 fered to refign their commifTions upon the occafion. They alfi> 
 countenanced the non-commiflioued officers of their line to unite 
 in applying to head quarters for certain favors. Such conduct 
 contributed to firengthen and ripen that difpofiiion which produ- 
 ced ihe revolt. The language which the officers of rank talked 
 upon tUefe occafions, within the hearing of the injured foldiers, 
 was not unnoticed ; but was applied to direcl. the conduct of the 
 latter, while it cheriflied their difcontent : fo that the revolt 
 would have taken place before, had the' opportunity and profpeft 
 of iuccefs been equally favorable. To the capital grievance 
 abovementioned muft be added the total want of pay for near 
 twelve months the want of clothing and not unfrequemly the 
 want of provifion beyond defcripiion. A further aggravation 
 was produced by the arrival in camp of a deputation from the 
 Pcnnfylvania ftate with 600 half joes, to be given, three to each 
 man, as a bounty to each of the fix months levies (whofe time 
 was then expiring) that would inlift again for the war. This 
 was too much for the veterans. The commencement of the new 
 year was to be celebrated, which occafioned the men's t being 
 charged with more than a common allowance of fpirit. The 
 operation of this upon the animal frame, and the other circum- 
 ilduces x confpiririg, thePennfylvania line mutinied. [Jan. i.~] The 
 whole, except three regiments, upcn a fignal for the purpofe, 
 turned out under arms without their officers, and declared for % 
 redrefs of grievances. Gen. Wayne and the other officers did 
 every thing in their.power to quell the tumult. But the troops 
 laid " We neither can, nor will be any longer amufed. We 
 are determined, at every hazard, to march in a body to Con- 
 grefs and obtain redrefs." On Wayne's cocking his piftols, 
 there were a hundred bayonets at his breafl, with 4t We love 
 you, we refpeft you, but you are a dead man if you fire. Do not 
 iniitake us, we are nut going to the enemy: on the contrary, 
 were they now to come out, you mould fee us fight under your 
 orders with as much refolution and alaciity as ever." Several 
 officers were wounded and a captain killed in vainly attempting 
 to reduce them. The three regiments paraded under their offi- 
 cers ; but being called upon by the others to join them, and threat- 
 ened with death in cafe of refufal, and a&ually fired on, they 
 complied. They then feized upon fix field .pieces, and forcing 
 the artillery men who had not joined them, to do it imlantly, un- 
 der penaltv of being every man bayonetted, the mutiny became 
 general. Thev were about 1300, and began their march at night: 
 the next day Wayne forwarded proviiioris after them, to prevent 
 the other wife inevitable depredation which would be made cu 
 
 private 
 
i 5 a THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1781, 
 
 -private property. He and three principal officers, fuppofed high, 
 eft in their efteem, concluded upon following and mixing with 
 them, that they might affift with their advice, and prevent out- 
 rages. They were civilly received, and acquired much of the 
 confidence of the mutineers. Thefe however elefted temporary 
 officers from their own body; and appointed a fergeant major, 
 who had formerly defer ted from the Britifh army, to be their 
 commander. They marched through the country with greater 
 regularity and good conducr., and did lefs damage, than could 
 have been expected. By the third day they were at Princeton. 
 
 When the news of their revolt reached Gen. Waihington, the 
 Pennfylvama government, and the congrefs, they were all much 
 alarmed, left the example mould prove irifetious. The com- 
 mander in chief concluded upon fending off immediately a pro- 
 per perfon to the eaftern flates, to enforce upon them the doing 
 of fomething without delay for the relief and comfort of their 
 refpeclive lines. Hard money was to be found in the hands of 
 v hut one officer, fufficient for the expences of the journey, which 
 could not be other wife performed with a fpeed anfwerable to the 
 emergency. Gen. Knox had obtained a fmall quantity, which 
 was deitined for the procurement of thofe family fupplies which 
 he muft otherwife have wanted. This annexed to his other qua- 
 lifications, made him the beft and the only agent that Gen. Wafh- 
 ington could employ. He readily engaged in the fervice, not- 
 withftanding its being the depth of winter, and carried with him 
 a letter of January the 5th, wherein his excellency faid " It is 
 in vain to think an army can be kept together much longer, under 
 fuch a variety of fufferings as ours have experienced ; and unlefs 
 fome immediate and fpeedy meafures are adopted to furniib at 
 lead three months pay to the troops, in money which will be of 
 fome value to them ; and at the fame time ways and rneansare 
 devifed to clothe and feed them better (more regularly I meanjthe 
 worft that can befal us may be expecled. I refer you to Gen. 
 Knox, &c." His fuccefs was [uch, that Wafhington wrote to 
 him about a month after " The ftates whofe determinations you 
 report, have done themfelves honor by their liberality, and by 
 their ready attention to the objecl of your miffion." 
 
 When Sir Henry Clinton received intelligence of the revolt, 
 he left no means untried that could turn it to the advantage of the 
 Britifh. Hefent two fpies by way of Amboy, and two through 
 Elizabeth town (all Americans) to treat as agents from himfelt 
 %vith the mutineers. The laft two were counter-fpies; who 
 gave information of the others upon being defignedly taken up j 
 and had the propofals with which they were intruited taken from 
 
,*./), i/8i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ij|, 
 
 them. The two that got fafe to Princeton carried fimilar ones to 
 the revolters, viz. " To be taken under the protection* of the 
 Britifh government to have a free pardon for all pafi offences 
 to have the pay due to them from Congrefs faithfully paid, 
 without any expectation of military fervice in return, although it 
 would be received if voluntarily offeredand to lay down their 
 arms, and to return to their allegiance." It was recommended 
 to them to move behind the South river, when a body of Britiih 
 troops fhoul'i be in readinefs for their protefclion as foou as defir- 
 cd. They were requefted to fend perfons to Amboy, to meet 
 others who would be appointed by Sir Henry, to difcufs and fet- 
 tle the treaty, and bring matters to a final conclufion. Mean- 
 while* the Britifh general pa (Ted over to Staten Ifland, with a 
 large body of troops, and took-the neceffary meafures for moving 
 them to the continent, whenever circurnftances might require 
 their afting. Clinton's propofals were rejected, and his meHen- 
 gers feized and delivered up to Gen. Wayne, who put them un- 
 der guard. Soon after, a committee of the Pennfylvania 'coun- 
 cil repaired to Princeton to meet the foldiery* ( They agreed to 
 the difmiilion of all whofe terms of inliftment were completed; 
 and precipitately admitted as proof the oath of the party to be 
 beriefitted ; fo that a great number fraudulently procured dif- 
 charges, and about one half' of the lines was difmifled before 
 the whole bufinefs was concluded, which happened not fof 
 fome days* A committee of Congrefs came as far as Tren- 
 ton, and there remained. The revoiters marched from Prince- 
 ton to that place on the 9th of January. The next day the two 
 fpies were tried and exec ated* By the i^th matters were fo ad- 
 jufted, that the committee of Congrefs returned to Philadelphia* 
 The fame day Congrefs agreed upon a circular letter tothe fiates* 
 They mentioned in i<, that an immediate provifion for the pay 
 of the army was indifpenfibly neceflary. They eflimated die furn 
 to he forwarded by the refpeHve ftatei from Pennfylvania to 
 New-Hampihire inclufive, at 879,342 dollars. It was calculated 
 on fix months pay in fpecie value ; and the advance on one halE 
 without delay, and the remainder by the firft of the following 
 April, were ftrongly urged. 
 
 The fuccefs of the Pennfylv^nia revoiters encouraged about 
 160 of the Jerfey brigade to feck redrefs in a fimilar way on the 
 2oth of the lame month. Their number was not alarming. A 
 temporizing conduct was no longer needfuls -Obedience might 
 he enfoited with fafety. The American general, Robert Howe, 
 was fent off with a large detachment from the main army, with 
 orders to compel the mutineers to unconditional JTubrniirion,anti 
 
 VOL, III. S t 
 
154 THE HISTORY OF 'THE \A. D. 178 j. 
 
 to liOen to no terms while they were in a {rate of refiftance, and 
 on their reduction inftanily to execute a few of the moft aclive 
 and incendiary leaders ; for Gen. Washington preferred any ex- 
 tremity N> a compromife. When he arrived, inflant fubraiffion 
 was required ; and the two ringleaders weredire&ly taken, tried, 
 and executed. The Bntifh wifhed to benefit by this revolt ; and 
 forwaided propofels by one Woodruff; but he inftamly deliver- 
 ed them to the American officers. Thus were the high hopes 
 which Clinton had entertained from the revolt of the Pennfylva- 
 nia line, completely baffled : while a ftriking infhnce prefented 
 itfelf of the prevailing unfavorable difpofition of the fuffering 
 troops, with refpecl to theBritifli government. 
 
 Previous to the military convulfions Congrefshad taken a flep, 
 from which they promifed themfelves future relief, though it 
 could not be obtained immediately. They had on the 2;jd of 
 December, commiffioned Lieut. Col. John Lauiens, as fpecial 
 minifter at the court of Verfailles, to procure the wanted aids. 
 T\vo days before, they di reeled the prefident to write to the mi- 
 niters plenipotentiary at Vcrfailles and Madrid, defiring them to 
 apply to the courts at which they refpeclively refide, to life means 
 for obtaining the rdeafe and exchange of the honorable Henry 
 Laurens, [the lieut. colonel's father] the news of whofe commit- 
 ment to the Tower had reached them. Means were taken to 
 imprefs the Cbevilier dela Luzerne with a fcnfe of the calami tout 
 fituation in which the Uni'ed States were, that fo his infoimation 
 might add weight to the colonel's negociation. Gen. Greene 
 faid to him in a letter of January the o,th " If France lends not 
 a fpeedy aid to this diftreiied people, I fear the country will be 
 for ever loft.'* The commander in chief furnifhed the colonel 
 with the following thoughts on the 151!! of January. * To me 
 it appears evident : i. That confidering the difTufed population 
 of thefe flares, the confequent difficulty of drawing together its 
 refources, the compofition and temper of part of its inhabitants, 
 the want of a fufficient ftock of national ftrength as a foundation 
 for revenue, and the almofl total extinctio^t of commerce, the ef- 
 forts we have been compelled to make for carrying on the war, 
 have exceeded the natural abilities of this country and by degrees 
 brought it to a crifrs,, which renders immediate cfficatious fuc- 
 cours from abroad indifpenfible toils fafety: 2. That, notwitru 
 {landing from the confufion always attending a revolution, from 
 our having had government.* to frame, and every fpecies of civil 
 and military inftitution to create, from that inexperience necef- 
 farily incident to a nation in its commencement, Tome errors may 
 have been committed in the adiuiniHration of our finances, t 
 
 which 
 
**. D. 7 8i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 which a part of our embarrafTments are to be attributed ; yet they 
 are principally to be afcribed to an effential defect of means, tg> 
 the want of a furlicient (lock of wealth, as mentioned in the nrll 
 article, which continuing to operate, will make it impoffible, by 
 any merely interior exertions, to extricate ourfelves from thofe 
 embarrafrments, reflore public credit, and furmfh the funds requi- 
 fite for the fupport of the war : 3. That experience has demon- 
 ilrated the impracticability long to maintain a paper credit with- 
 out funds for its redemption : 4. That the mode which for want 
 of money has been fubflituted for fupplying the armv by aflefiii.g a 
 proportion of the produces of the earth, has hitherto been found 
 ineffectual : 5. That from the beft eftimaies of the annual expence 
 of the war, and the annual revenues which thefe ftates are capa- 
 ble of affording, there is a large balanre to be fupplied by credit. 
 The refource of domeilic loans is inconfidetable: 6. Th- the 
 patience of the army is now nearly exhaufttd, which demon ft rates 
 the abfolute neceffity of a fpeecly relief, a relief not with n the 
 cornpafs of our means: 7. That the people being diiFaiisfied 
 with the mode of fupporting the war, evils actually felt in the 
 profecunon of -it may weaken the fentiments which began it : 
 8. That from all the foregoing confiderauons, refult. firit, the ab- 
 folute neceffity of an immediate a.nple and efficacious fuccour of 
 money, large enough to be a foundation for fubftantial arrange- 
 ments of finance, to revive public credit, and give vigor to fu- 
 ture operations ; fecondly, the vafl importance of a decided ef- 
 fort of the allied arms on this continent the en Cuing campaign, 
 to effectuate once for all the great objects of the alliance 
 the liberty and independence of thefe ftares: 9. That next to a 
 loan of money a conftant fuperiority on thefe coafts is the object 
 moft interesting: 10. That an additional fuccour of troops- 
 would be extremely defirable: 11. That no nation will have it 
 more in its power to repay what it borrows than this: our debts. 
 are hitherto frnall. The people are difcontented, but it is with 
 the feeble and oppreffive mode of conducting the war, not with 
 the war itfelf. A large majority are ftill firmly attached to the 
 independence of thefe ftates." To Dr. Franklin the general wrote 
 the fame day "To me nothing, appears more evident, than that 
 the period of our oppofmon will very fnortly arrive, if our allies 
 cannot afford us that effectual aid, particularly in money and a 
 naval fuperiority, which is now folrcitedl." To what puroofes 
 fuch fuperiority was to be applied, a letter of the loth of Februa- 
 ry declared, which faid " In the conference between Count 
 cle Roc harp beau and myfelf it was agreed, that if by the aid of our 
 allies we can have a naval fuperiority through ^he next campaign, 
 and ar army of thirty thoufiud men (or double the force of the 
 
 enemy 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE \A. D. 1780, 
 
 enemy at New York and its dependencies) early enough in the 
 feafon to operate in that quarter, to prefer if to every ether oj?- 
 jeft; and applications have been made to the court of France in 
 'this fpirit. If we fhodd find ourfelves unable to undertake this 
 more capital expedition; and if we have means equal to it, \ve 
 lliali attempt a fecondary objeft. The reduction of Charleftown, 
 {Savannah, &c. may come into contemplation." The profpeet 
 of giving relief to the fouthein flates, by an operation agamft 
 New York, was the principal inducement for propofing it. 
 
 The (put hern operations have been peculiar. Before they ar@ 
 related, let it be remarked, that when Gen. Gates palled- through 
 Richmond orf his way home, the Virginia houfe of delegates on 
 December the aSth " Refolved, ncmine contradicente, That a 
 committee of four be appointed to wait on Major Gen. Gates a 
 and to allure him of the high regard and efleem of this houfe : 
 That the remembrance of his former glorious fervices cannot b 
 obliterated by any reverfe of fprtune, but that this hpufe, ever 
 jiiindful of his great merit, will omit no opportunity of teftify- 
 ing to the world the giatitude which, as a member of the Ameri- 
 can union, this country owes to him in his military character.'* 
 To this refolve, when communicated by the committee of four^ 
 the general anfwered the fame day- " Sirs, I (hall ever remem- 
 ber with the utmoft gratitude, t,he high honor this day done me^ 
 by the honorable the houfe o.f delegates of Virginia. When I 
 engaged in the noble csufe of freedom and the United States, \ 
 devoted myfelf entirely to the fervice of obtaining the great eri4 
 of their vmion. That I have been once unfortunate is my great 
 inortification ; but let the event of my future fervices be what 
 they may, they will, as they always have been, be directed by the 
 irjoft faithful integrity, and animated by the truefl zeal fpr the ho- 
 nor and intereit of the United States." 
 
 When Gen. Greene entered upon his command, he found 
 lihnfelf under the greateft embarrailments. The numerous whig 
 militia that hsd been kept on foot in North Carolina, had laid 
 waite aloiofl a!i the country. The troops were deftitute of every 
 thing necelfary either for their comfort or convenience. The 
 men were naked ; there were no magazines; and the army wa$ 
 fubfifledby daily colleUpns. Every thing depended upon opin- 
 ion ; and it was equally dangerous for him tp go forward or to. 
 ifond flill ; for if he loft the confidence of the people, he loft all 
 fupport ; and if b.e ruQied on to danger, all was hazarded. The 
 impatience of the people to drive off the enemy, if regarded^ 
 would precipitate him into a thcufand misfortunes. The mode 
 ff conducing the war, inoil to the liking of the inhabitants, was. 
 
 the 
 
vf,#. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 157 
 
 the leaft likely to effeft their falvation*. By the genuine returns 
 on the 8ih of December, it appears, that the infantry then ferv- 
 jng under Greene were, rank and file, prefent and fit for duty, 
 1482, and on command 547, in all 2029 ; of ihefe 821 were 
 continentals, and 1208 militia. Add to thefe 90 cavalry, 60 ar- 
 tillery, and 128 continentals on extra fervice, and his whole ope- 
 rative force was 2307. The feWnefs of his troops, the nature of 
 the country, filled with woods and fwamps, and thinly inhabited, 
 the toryifrn ot numbers, and the want of magazines, led the gene- 
 ral to conclude on a pamzan war. He confidered the maxims 
 pf European generals, but was far from confining himfelf to 
 them; for he oblerved that however they might fuit that part of 
 the world, they were not adapted to the place where he was to aft, 
 only in certain circumftances to which when they occurred, he 
 fiieanttobe attentive. On his arrival at camp, he learned that the 
 troops had made a pracl ice ofgoing home without permiflion, (hy- 
 ing weeks and then returning. Determined to flop fucha danger- 
 ous/cuftom, the general gave out that he would make an example 
 of the fir ft deferter of the kind he caught ; and one was accord- 
 ingly mot at the head of the army drawn up tp be fpeftators of 
 the puniihment. At night he lent officers round the camp to 
 liften to the talk of the foldiers, and was happy to find that the 
 jneafure hau taken its defired efTe6r, and that the language of the 
 men was only " We muft not do as we have been ufed to : it is 
 jiew lords new laws," But it was a mortification to him to learn 
 from another quarter, that by the folly or treacl ery of thofe who 
 had the charge of the prifoners taken at King's Mountain, all ex- 
 cent about 130 had been enlarged upon different conditions ; by 
 which he loll upward qf 600 men, who would have been of the 
 uimoft importance in an exchange with Lord Cornwailis. His 
 lordihip on the ift of December addreiTed to him the following 
 note " I think it proper to reprefent to you, that the officers and 
 men taken at King's Mountain, were treated with an inhumanity 
 fcaicely credible, I find my felf under the difagreeable neceih>/ 
 of making fome retaliation for thofe unhappy men, who were fo 
 cruelly and unjui a ily put to death at Gilbert-ton n." Gen. Greene 
 an f we red to it on the i7th [December] '* I am too much a 
 flranger to the tranfaftions at Gilbert-town to reply fully on that 
 fubjeci. They muft have been committed before my arrival in 
 the department, and by perfons under the charafler of volunteers, 
 who were independent of the army, Howeveiyii there was any 
 thing done in that affair contrary to the principles of humanity and 
 the law of nations, and for which they had riot the condu6^ of 
 jpur army as a precedent, I ihall be ever ready to tefiify my d 
 
 approbation 
 * The general's ownlett&rs-. 
 
i$fr THE H IS TO R Y OF THE [A.D. 1781. 
 
 approbation of it. The firft example was furnifhed on your 
 part, as appears by 'he lift of unhappy fufferers enclofed ; and 
 it might have been expected, that the friends of the unfortunate 
 fhould follow it. Pumfhing capitally for a breach of military- 
 parole is a feverity, that the principles of modern war will not 
 authorize, unlefs the inhabitants are to be treated as a conquered 
 people, and fubjet* to all the rigor of military government. 
 The feelings of mankind will for ever decide, when the rights 
 of humanity areenvaded. I leave them to judge of the tenden- 
 cy of your lordfhip's order toLieur. Col. Baliour after the acli- 
 on near Caniden, of Lord Rawdon's proclamation, and of farle- 
 ton's laying wafte the country and diftreiTingthe inhabifdins, who 
 were taught to expect protection and fecurity, if they obfcrved 
 but a neutrality. Sending the inhabitants of Charlefrown to St. 
 Auguftine, contrary to the articles of capitulation, is a violation 
 \vhich I have alfo to reprefent, and which 1 hope your lordihip 
 will think yourfelf bound to ledrtfs." The lift referred to was 
 this '* William Stroud and Mr. Dowel, executed near Rocky 
 Mount, without a trial, by order of Lieut. Col. Tumhull. - 
 BichardTucker, Samuel Andrews, and John Miles, hanged in 
 Camden by order of Lord Cornwaliis. Mr. Johnfon hanged 
 fince the action of Black S'ocks,by Lieut. Col. Tarleton. About 
 thirty perfons hanged at Augufla by Col. Brown. Adam Cu- 
 fack hanged at Peedee by Col. Mills." 
 
 General Greene perceiving that he could not bring provifions 
 to his army from any diilance, refolved to march his aimy to the 
 proviitons,. The country about Charlotte, and from thence to 
 Camden, was exhaufted, having been long the fcene of military 
 operations. The river Peedee afforded the nearell fupply; and 
 \vha was a considerable inducement to repair thither, ihe cane- 
 breaks in that part of the country afforded good pafturage for the 
 horfes. The only difficulty was, that the fituation propofed to 
 be taken was more diftant from the enemy than Charlotte; and 
 the general hefrated about making his firft motion retrograde. 
 The Confidence of the enemy the diffidence of his troops, and 
 thedefpair of the people, ini^ht all be excited by fiich a manoeu- 
 vre. Such was his dilemma, that he mull either rehnquifh a con- 
 fiderable part of the country, or divide his 1'mall force fo as to 
 render each pan too inconfiderable for the defence of it. He 
 faw the danger of frparating his force, fcut was obliged to fubmit 
 to neceflity. Biigadiei General Morgan, who was invefied wiih 
 the command of the light troops by General Gates, was continued 
 in that command by Greene; and the corps was completed by 
 frefti draughts from the line to 300 iniantiy under Lieut. CoL 
 
 J-Io\vard, 
 
A. A 1781-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Howard, 170 Virginia riflemen under Major Triplctt, and about 
 70 light dragoons under Lieut. Col. Wamington. The light 
 troops watch detached to the weftward of the Wateree into South* 
 Carolina, to wate the motions of (he enemy at Wyn&orougb 
 and Cirndep, and to fhift for them-felves. They took their pofr-. 
 tion on the weftern extremity of the ftate on the 2th of De- 
 cember. 
 
 The command of the North Carolina militia devolved on Bri- 
 gadier Davidfon, Brigadier Smallwood having obtained leave to 
 go home. Gen. Marion was engaged in ftimulatmg his country- 
 men in (he lower parts of South Carolina ; in keeping the tories 
 in awe; in watching the enemy at their potfs of Charl-eftown-, 
 George-town, and neighbouring places; and in gaining intelli* 
 gence. 
 
 General Greene with the remainder of his army, confiftingof 
 the continental brigade under Col. O. Williams, and the Virgi- 
 nia militia brigade under Gen. Stevens, with the artillery and a 
 very few horfe, marched from Charlotte on the aoth of Dec. and 
 arrived at Hicks's Creek on the eafl fide of the Peedee on the 26th, 
 where he remained for fome time. Here the fpirit of ^plunder- 
 ing which prevailed among the inhabitants added much to his 
 difficulties. The .whole country was in danger of being laid 
 wafte by the whigs and tories, who purfued, deftroyed and killed 
 each other, wherever they met, with as much relentlefs fury aa 
 beads of pfey. He regret ted, that mod people appear to be in 
 purfutit of revenge, private gain, or perfonal glory.* 
 
 Morgan on the 2;7th detached Wafhington with his dragoons, 
 and about 200 militia, who marched 40 miles on the aBth, and 
 the next day furprifed a body of tories in Ninety Six, about 1.50 
 of whom were killed and wounded, and 40 made prifoners, and a 
 number of horfes taken, without any lofs on the part of the Ame- 
 ricans. Major M'Dowal, with 190 North Carolina militia, and 
 Col. Pickens with about 70 South, joined the light troops. Pick- 
 ens had lately efcaped from captivity in Ninety Six, where big 
 great worth and popularity influenced many to adhere to the 
 American caufe. OTI the 8th of January Greene fent word to 
 Morgan, shat the enemy had a movement in contemplation ; and 
 eleven days after, forwarded fome advice which will foon be men- 
 tioned. 
 
 Greene had in camp at Hicks's Creek, [Jan. is*.] prefent and 
 fit forduty, 6,50 conti-nentals, a detachment of 303 Virginia troops, 
 and i/,7 Maryland ftatc troops, in all 1110. The next day Col. 
 Lee'k partisan legion arrived from the northward. The corps 
 
 con fi fled 
 * General Greene** letter^. 
 
*6o THE HISTORY of THE \A. D. 
 
 eon fi fled of about one hundred horfemen well mounted, and one? 
 hundred and twenty infantry. On the igth the legion was detached 
 on a fecret expedition. To take off the attention of the enemy 
 and favor the enterprife, Major Anderfon was fent with a fmall 
 command down the Peedee. Lee pufhed on for George-town, 
 which he furprifed the 24th at night. Lieut. Col. Campbell was 
 taken in his quarters and paroled ; feveral other officers alfo wers 1 
 made prifoners and paroled. Major Irwin and a number more 
 of the garrifon were killed ; but the principal part fled to the fort, 
 which Lee was not in a condition to befiege. While this en- 
 terprife was carrying on, the enemy aimed a blow at Morgan. 
 Greene before he heard of Morgan's fuccefs, wrote to him on the 
 191*1 of January" The Peedee rofe 25 feet thfclaft week in 30 
 hours. Put nothing to the hazard. A retreat may be difagree- 
 able, but is not difgraceful. Regard not the opinion of the day, 
 It is not our bufmefs to rifk too much." 
 
 General Leflie in compliance with his orders, left Virginia, 
 and arrived at Charleftown with his troops on the i3th of De^ 
 cember: on the 19th he began his march up the country with 
 about 1530 men, to join Lord Cornwallis, which was effected 
 without difficulty. On the nth of January his mrdfhip advan- 
 ced toward North Carolina. He wiihed to drive Gen. Morgan* 
 from his ftation, and to deter the inhabitants from joining him* 
 The execution of this bufmefs was intruded to Lieut. Col. Tarle- 
 ton; who was detached with the light and legion infantry, the 
 fufileers, the firfl battalion of the jifi regiment, about 3^0 
 cavalry, two field pieces, and an adequate proportion of men from 
 the royal artillery, upward of uoo in the whole. This detach- 
 ment, after a progrefs of fome days, by fatigueing marches, at a- 
 bout ten o'clock on the evening of the l6ih of January, reach- 
 ed the ground which Morgan had quitted but a few hours before. 
 Thepurfuit recommenced by two o'clock the next morning, and 
 was rapidly continued through marines and broken grounds till 
 day light, when the Americans were difccvered in front. Two 
 of their videttes were takan foon after, who gave information 
 that Morgan had halted and prepared for aftion, at a place called 
 the Cowpens, near Pacolet river. The Britifh, befide their field 
 pieces, had thefuperiority in infantry, in the proportion of five to 
 four, and in cavalry of more than three to one. Beficle, nearly two 
 thirdsof the troops underMorgan weremilitia. Morgan had obtained 
 early intelligence of Tarleton's force and advances ; and had drawn 
 up his men in two lines. The whole of the North and South Caro- 
 lina militia prefent was put under the command of Col. PicKens r 
 and formed the firfl line ; which was advanced a few hundred yard* 
 
 before 
 
A.D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 161 
 
 
 
 before the fecond, with orders to form on the right of the fecond 
 when forced to retire. The fecond line confided of the light in- 
 fantry under Lieut. Col. Howard, and the Virginia riflemen. 
 Lieut. Col. WaOim^ton, with his cavalry, and about forty-five 
 militiamen, mounted and equipped with fwords, under Licxut. Col. 
 M'Call, were drawn up at fome diftance in the rear of the whole. 
 The open wood in which they were formed, wus neither ferrured 
 in from, fhnk or rear. Without the delay of a fiugle moment, 
 and in defpite of extreme fatigue, the light legio.n infantry and fu- 
 fiieers were ordered to form inline. Before the order was ex- 
 ecuted, and while Major Nenvmarm, who commanded the latter 
 corps, was p.;. f ii!i- bis officers, the line chough far from complete, 
 was led to the attack by .Tarlecon hirnfelf. The Briiifh advanced 
 with a Ih-juL, ..vid poured in an inceifeint fire of rnufquetry. Col. 
 Pickens duerled the militia not to tire till the Britnh were with- 
 ia forty or fifty yards. This order though executed with great 
 firmnefs and fuccefs, was not fufficient to repel the enemy. Til*? 
 American militia gave way on'all quarters. The firiiifh aclvan- 
 ced rapidiy, arid en^a^ed the fecond line. The continentals, af 
 ter an obftinate conflict, were compelled to retreat to the cavalry. 
 Col. Ogilvie, with his troop of forty men, had been ordered to 
 charge the right flank of the Americans, and was engaged in 
 cutting down the militia ; but b:ing expo fed to a Heavy fire, and 
 charged -at the fame time. by Wamington's dragoons, was forced 
 to retreat in confufion. A great number of the Britim infantry 
 officers, had already fallen, and nearly a proportionable one of 
 privates. The remainder being too few and too much fatigued, 
 could not improve the advantage gained over the continentals ^ 
 and Tarleton's legion cavalry {landing aloof inftead of advancing, 
 Lieut. Col. Howard feized the favorable opportunity, rallied the 
 continentals, and charged with fixed bayonets, nearly at the fame 
 moment when Wafhington made his fuccefsful attack. The ex- 
 ample was inftantty followed by the militia. Nothing could ex- 
 ceed the aftoniftiment of the Biitiih, occafioned by theie unex- 
 pected charges. Their advance fell back, and communicated a 
 panic to others, which foon became general. Two hu.idred and 
 fifty horie which had not been engaged, fled through the woods 
 with the utmoft precipitation, bearing down fuch officers as op- 
 poied their flight; and the cannon were loon icized by the A- 
 mericans, the detachment from the train being either killed or 
 wounded in their defence. Tne greateit contulion now followed 
 among the infantry. In the moment of u Lieut. Col. Howard 
 Called to them to lay down their arms, and piomifed them good 
 <irters. Some hundreds accepted the ofo, and furrendeivu*, 
 Vox.. III. T The 
 
16* THE H 1 S T O R Y OF THE [,/. D. 
 
 The firfl batta'iion of the 71!! regiment, and two Britiih light in- 
 fantry companies laid down their arms to the American militia. 
 The only body of infantry that efcaped, was a detachment left at 
 fame diitance to guard the baggage. Early intelligence of their 
 defeat was conveyed to the officer commanding that corps by 
 iome royalifts. What part of the baggage could not be carried 
 oil he immediately deftroyed ; and with his men mounted on the 
 waggon and fpare hoi fcs, he retreated to Lord Cornwallis. The! 
 Britifn had 10 commiffioned officers, and upward of 100 rank 
 and file killed. Two hundred wounded, 29 commiffioned offi- 
 cers, and above 500 privates prifoners, fell into the hands of the 
 Americans, befide two pieces of artillery (firft taken from the Bri- 
 tith at Saratoga, then retaken by them at Camden, and now recov- 
 ered by the Americans) two fiandards, 800 mufkets, 35 baggage 
 waggons, and upward of 100 dragoon horfes. Wamington pur- 
 fued Tarleton's cavalry for feveiai miles ; but the far greater part 
 of them efcaped. They joined their army in two fe pa rate divi- 
 iions. One arrived in thu neighbourhood of the Britifh encamp- 
 ment upon the evening of the fame day ; the other under Tarle- 
 ton appeared the next morning. Although Tarleton's corps had 
 waged a mofl cruel warfare, and their progrefs had been marked 
 with burnings and devaiiations, not a man of them was killed, 
 wounded, or even intuited after he had fuirendeied. The Ame- 
 ricans had only twelve men killed and fixty wounded. 
 
 General Morgan, together with his officers and troops, have jufl- 
 ]y obtained the univerlal applaufe of their countrymen. The glo- 
 ry and importance of the action have refounded from one end of 
 tlie continent to the other. The defponding friends of America 
 in the fouthern ftates were re-animated; and enjoyed a feeming 
 refurreBion from the dead. When it was known by Congrefs^ 
 that the ibuthern army had fafely croffed the Dan into Virginia, 
 they returned on the 9th of March the thanks of the United States 
 to Gen. Morgan, and the officers and men under his command. 
 They refolved alfo to honor the general with a gold medal, Col. 
 Wamington with a filver one, Col. Howard with another, andCoL 
 Pickens with a fword. 
 
 Several of the Britiih officers cenfure TarleJon for not halting 
 "his troops before he engaged ; that fo they might have been re~ 
 frefhed, and lime have b^en given for the detachment with the 
 baggage, together with batmen and officers fervants to come up 
 and join in the aclion. They charge him with un-officer-liks 
 impetuofuy in directing the line to advance before it was proper- 
 ly formed, and before the referve had taken its ground. They 
 xronounccd him guilty of an error in omitting to give difcretion. 
 
J.D. 1781.]- AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 ary powers to the commander of the referve to 'advance, when the 
 from line was in pmfuit of the militia; but chiefly in not bring- 
 ing up a column of cavalry to fupport and improve the advanta- 
 ges he had gained whn the American infantry were compelled to 
 retreat. Tai leton's impetuous attacks had ani'wered in former in-, 
 ftances ; but in the prefent action, he did not furprife his enemy ; 
 and engaged an officer, Morgan, who had faced the troops under 
 Burgoyne, and ferved under Wafhington and Gates. 
 
 Lord Cornwaliis, with the expectation of regaining the prl- 
 foners, and of demolifhing Morgan's corps, infiarnly concluded 
 on a purfuit. Morgan, aware of the confequences ot delay, fent 
 on the militia with the prifoners, and to cover their retreat ma- 
 nocuvred in their rear with his cavalry and regular infantry. 
 Cornwaliis, that he might march with more eafe and rapidity, on 
 the 2^th of January, began to deftroy all his fupe'fluous bag- 
 gage; and even all the waggons, except thofe with hofpital (tores, 
 fait and ammunition, and four others which were refer v.ed emp- 
 ty for the fick and wounded. The fame day, Greene ordered 
 Stevens to march with his brigade of Virginia militia (whofe time 
 was nearly expired) byway of Charlotte, and take the prifoners 
 under his care to Charlotte Ville in Virginia, to which place 
 Morgan had inflruiiotis to. fend them. Greene concluded that 
 being prefent with Morgan, he could fo order the movements of 
 bothdivifions for forming a junction, as would excel any direc- 
 tion?, which could otherwife be given. He therefore left the camp 
 at Hicks's Creek, under the command of Gen. Huger and Co). 
 Otho Williams, and fet forward on the 28th, attended by one 
 aid de camp and two or three militia men, armed and mounted. 
 The firft intelligence he gained on his route was, that Cornwal- 
 iis was marching after Morgan with great expedition. His 
 lordfhip gained upon the latter, after the deflruchon of :he bag- 
 gage. Greene immediately fent off an exprefs to Huger and 
 Williams, with directions for them to march with all pofuble 
 difpatch to form a junction with the ligth troops at Charlotte or 
 Sahfbury, as circumftances would admit. They marched tha 
 next day. Greene proceeded; and on the 31^, after a journey 
 of 150 miles, joined the light troops encamped at Sherrard's 
 Ford, on the north fide of the Catawba. They had reached the 
 Catawba on the 28th; and by the evening of the next day they 
 and their prifoners had paffed it without any difficulty. About 
 two hoars alter Morgan had croiTed, the Britiili advance arrived, 
 It rained hard that night, and the river rofe fo high a? to prevent 
 Lord Cornwallis's getung over. The rife was owing chielly to 
 (be rains which had fallen before in the mountains. Had the 
 
 rib 
 
164 THE HISTORY OF THE \_A. D. 1781, 
 
 rife taken place a few hours earlier, Morgan, with his whole de- 
 tachment and five hunched prifoners, would fcarcely have had a 
 chance efefcapingf. His lord (hip could not crofs for two days ; 
 which gave an opportunity of fending the' prifoners foiward with 
 fnfety. The anival of Gen. Greene, was no lefs providential 
 than the rife of the river. Gen. Morgan was for retreating over 
 the mountains, a different route from what Greene propo'ed. 
 He was fo attached to his own opinion, that he declared he 
 w.ould not be anfwerable for confequenccs if it was not followed. 
 Greene replied " Neither will you ; for I (hall take the meafurc 
 upon myfeSi ' " and gave directions accordingly. The event has 
 fhown, that the other route muf! have proved fatal; and that .the 
 Junclion of the light troops with the main army under Huger and 
 Williams could 1 not have been effected by it. As foon as the 
 paffage of ihe Catawba was practicable, Cornwallis made prepar- 
 ations for eroding. The more effectually to deceive the Ameri- 
 cans he made a feint of pafling at different fords ; but the real at- 
 tempt was made early in the morning of the lit of February, at a 
 joid near M'Cowan's. Gen. Davidfon, with about 300 militia, 
 arrived at this poft the evening before. Greene, apprehenfive 
 of Cornwallis's real intention, advifed Davidfon to | encamp his 
 troops clofe in with the fide of the river, that he might be rea- 
 dy to give the enemy a vigorous oppofition. The advice was ne- 
 glected. Davidfon (rationed only a fmall number on the bank, 
 while the main body was at a dh'lance. The party on the bank, 
 jnade what oppofuion they could to the Britifh; who marched 
 through the river upward of five hundred yards wide, and about 
 three feet deep, without returning their fire, till after landing. The 
 firing brought Davidfon toward the fpot. But the Britilh were 
 formed ; and he was foonflhpt dead in attempting to make 5 more 
 ffFeftual oppofition to them. The militia throughout the neigh- 
 bouring fettlements were now totally difnirited. Few of them 
 rould be perfuaded fen take or keep the field. A frnall party col- 
 lected about ten miles from the ford; but was foon difperfed by 
 Tar'eton. All the fords were abandoned ; and the whole royal 
 armv crofled over without any further oppofuion. 
 
 A military race now Commenced between the pnrfuing Bri- 
 tlfh under Lord Corn walls and the fleeing Americans under' 
 jren. Greene. The latter retreated as expeditioufly as poflible, 
 and crofted ilie Yadkin partly in flats and partly by fording, on 
 the 20 and ;ul of the month, and fecured th boats on the north 
 fine. Though Cornwallis was fo clofe in the rear, as that a ftnart 
 ikirmi'h hardened between a party of riflemen and his advance, 
 yet a-wauroi boats, and the rapid rifmg of the riyer from prc- 
 
vf. Z>, 1781-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. .165 
 
 ceding rains, made his eroding impoGible. This fecond hair- 
 breadth efcape was confidered as a frefh evidence of their being 
 favored by Heaven. They viewed it with pious gratitude; and 
 frequently marked, that if the rifing of the river, had heen a le-y 
 hours fooner, Morgan's whole detachment would have been in 
 *he power of a greatly fuperior army; if a few hours later, that 
 Cornwallis would have effecled his paflage, fo as to have enabled 
 him to get between the two divifions of the American army, 
 which might have proved the deiiruclion of both. That the 
 Americans fiiould effect their paflage in two fuccefliye infhnces, 
 while theBritifh (whofe advance was often in fight of the Ame- 
 rican re.ar) were providentially reftrained, affected the devout in- 
 habitants of the neighbouring Settlement with lively thanks to 
 the Moft High, and added frefli vigor to their, exertions in be- 
 half of their country. 
 
 On the ^th of Feb. Greene wrote to Huger " I intend, if we 
 can find a good pofition, to prepare to receive the enemy's attack. 
 It is not improbable, from Lord Cornwallis's pufhing difpofition, 
 and the contempt he has for our army, we may precipitaie hirri 
 into fome capital misfortune. If Cornwallis knows his true in- 
 tereft he will purfue our army. If he can difpeife that, he, com- 
 pletes the reduction of the Hate ; and without it he will do nothincr 
 to effecl." His lordfhip being obliged to march his troops a- 
 bout 2,5 miles to the upper fords, which are generally paffoble, 
 gave time for the junction of the two divifions of the American 
 army on the yth, near Guilford court houfe; circumflances not 
 having admitted of its being done either at Charlotte or Sa- 
 liPoury. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis's firft object, that of retorting the fatal blow 
 given by Morgan at the Cowpens and of recovering the cap. 
 fives, being fruflrated; and the Britim army being without tents, 
 and like the Americans, ^dependent for fubfiflence on what could 
 be nattily picked up by detachments on a rapid march ; it was 
 doubted whether his lorfhip would profecute his enterprife fur. 
 ther : fo that Gen. GreeneJpent the 8th of Februarv in refrefh- 
 ingallhis regular forces at Guilford court houfe, which was 
 much wanted. The light troops had not time, afier the battle, to 
 take care of their wounded or even breathe, (furgeons were left on 
 the field) and their retreat of 150 miles was effecled under diffi- 
 culties that barrafied them exceedingly. The retreat of the bat- 
 talions from the Peedee under Huger, was conduced for mo 
 miles under circumflances requiiing the ntmoft patience. 7"he 
 xvorfl waggons, with the pooreft teams, and mofl ufelefs pan of 
 the baggage, were early fent ofTby Col. O. Williams to Hiitf- 
 
 borough ; 
 
THE HISTORY OF TIIS [A. D. i 7 tffc 
 
 borough; but the beft, and even the artillery, was an encumbrance 
 in their fituation, They were fome times without meat, often 
 without flour, and alw?y without fpiritous Kquois. Notwith- 
 flanding the wintry feafon, and their having little clothing, they 
 Ivere daily reduced to the necefhty of fording deep creeks, and 
 t>f remaining wet without any change of raimenf/ tiii the heat of 
 their bodies and oceafjonal fiie? in the woods, dried their tatter- 
 Ted rags. Their route lay through a barren country, which 
 fcarcely afforded neceff?ries for a few flraggling inhabitants. 
 They were retarded by h^avy rains, broken bridges, bad roads and 
 poor horfes. Many cf them marched without fbocs over the 
 i'rozen ground, and through flinty roads, which fo gaflied their 
 feet, that the blocd maikcd rvery ftepof their progrefs. All ibcfc 
 bardfhips were endured wifrfout the iofs of a Tingle feriiinel by 
 clefertion. Ltr'? paviizan legion had undergone extreme fervice, 
 through their sHdithmai expedition to George Town, 75 miles 
 'cliftant from the poi?.jt where the retreat of the battalions com- 
 menced. 
 
 Though the toils and fufTerings of the Arcerirans exceeded, 
 ihofe of the royal ?.rrny were far from trifling. The Bririfli had 
 in common with i.he others bad roads, heavy rains, a want of co- 
 ver, deep creeks and rivers through which to pafs in the depth of 
 winter: but then they were well fupplied in the articles ot (hoes 
 and clothes. The difficulties and evils arifm from Lord Corn- 
 Avallis's deftrcying the fupei fluous baggage and waggons were not 
 fmall : but they were fubmiued to with the moil -general and 
 cheerful acquiescence, from his lordfhip's fetting the example. 
 
 On the gth of February Gen. Greene wrote to Gen. Sumpter 
 " I ihall avoid a general aclion if pofTible : but I am afraid it 
 will not be in my power. Our force is fo fmall and in fuch dif* 
 tiefs, that I have little to hope, and every thing to rear." The 
 'troops preferit and fit for action were 1426, befide riflemen and 
 ethers, amounting to 397, and 176 cavalry, in all 1999. But 
 -vcre greatly fatigued, and in general much difpuited. The 
 forces under Cornwallis (as Greene then thought and fa id in his 
 Jetter to Gen. \Vaihington) confiiled of between 2500 and 3000, 
 including near 300 dragoons and their mounted infamiy. Thefe 
 were well clothed, ? : ' equipped, and confident of every ad- 
 vantage. In the morn;; . .-f war was called ; of which 
 
 Greene fent the fo'iowing accour.t to Governor Nam of North 
 Carolina*-" It was the unanimous opinion of a council of war 
 this day, that it would be inevitable ruin to the army, and no Ids- 
 ruinous to the American c.: ^fe, to nax.i(i * eneral aiion : the 
 c-juncii therefore advifed to out c rolling the Dan. immediately." 
 
 The 
 
..il.JD.i78i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. id/ 
 
 i 
 
 The proper meafurcs were inflantly taken. A light army wa*. 
 formed out of Co!. Lre's legion, the regular batraiion of infantty 
 under Col. Howard, the cavalry under Col. Washington, and a, 
 fmall corps of Virginia riflemen under Major Campbell, amount- 
 ing 10 about 700 men.the flower of the fomhern American'Army. 
 Gen. Morgan being rendered totally unfit for command, or even to 
 inarch with his corps, by the great fatigue he had differed, and 
 ihe torment he was irr with the rheumatifm, Greene wa* embar- 
 j-afTed in the appointment of an olHcer to fucceed him. lie finally 
 refoived to confer that honor upon the deputy adjutant general, 
 Col. Otho H. Williams, who entered upon his command on the 
 loth; when Greene marched with the main army from Guil- 
 ford court houfe, toward the Dan, which forms the boundary be- 
 iween North Carolina and Virginia. 
 
 Lord Cornwaliis well knowing the inferiority of the American 
 army, conceived hopes of getting between Greene and Virginia, 
 and of reducing him to the necefiity of either fighting or abandon- 
 ing his communication wiih that ftate, and likewife of running 
 the rifk of being hemmed in between the grat rivers in the well, 
 the fea on the eaft, Lord Raw don in the Couth, and the main roy- 
 al army in the north. To this end Cornwaliis kept the upper 
 country, (where only the riverg are fordnble) as he Cuppofed that 
 the Americans could not make good their paffage in the deep 
 \vater from the want of a fufficiem number of flats. In cafe they 
 attempted it, he expecled to overtake and force thej) to an acli- 
 on before they could crofs. But the advantages reCulting from 
 the feafon of the year, and from the face of the country, iruerfeU 
 ed with rivers and creeks, were io improved by Greene as com- 
 pletely to batfle his lordihip. The better to avoid a rapid puiTuit, 
 the main and light army took different routes. "The next day the 
 latter had a rencounter with the van of the Britifh army, in which 
 an officer and half a dozen privates of Tarleton's legion were 
 made prifoners, and feveral killed. Frequent fkiimiflies, and the 
 manoeuvres praftifed to mi Head Cornwaliis, had the de fired ef- 
 fel, and gave Greene time to fend forward his baggage. On the 
 morning of the 13th, Greene wrote to Williams "It is very 
 evident the enemy intend to pufh us in croiling the river. The 
 night before laft, as Coon as I got your letter, I Cent off the bag- 
 gage and {lores, with orders to crofs as fa ft as they got to the 
 river. The North Carolina militia have all deCerted us, except 
 'about 80 men. Majors and captains are among the defer rers. 
 You have the ilower of the army, don't expofe the men too much, 
 left our fuuation fliould grow more critical. Finding Gen. Lilling- 
 {|p had delayed fo icuch lime, s IQ reader cur juacliou critical. 
 
x68 THE H I S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 1781. 
 
 I gave him orders to file off to Crofs Creek. I thought his go- 
 ing there at,this moment, might keep down the tones ; and his 
 reinforcement would be too mconfiderable to enable us to make 
 a i'tand, and would only add to our difficulties in getting over the 
 river." The next morning Feb. 14.] he fent an exprefs to him 
 with this note li 4 o'clock. Follow our route, as a divifion of 
 our force may encourage the enemy to pufh us further than they 
 will Jare to do, if we are together. I have not flept four hours 
 fmcc you left me, fo great has been my foiicitude to prepare for 
 the worlt. I hive great reafon to believe, that one of Tarleton's 
 officers was in our camp the night before lail." Again " 2 
 D 'clock in the afternoon. The greater part of our waggons are 
 over, and the troops are croifmg." The communication between 
 Greene and Williams clofed for the prefent wuh " Irwin's fer- 
 ry, 1-2 paft 5 o'clock. All our troops are over, and the flage is 
 clear. The infantry will crofs here, the horfe below. Major 
 Hardman has polled his party in readinefs on thisfthe iouth] fide, 
 and' the infantry and artillery are polled on the other, and I am 
 ready to receive and give you a hearty welcome." Greene had 
 the pleafurc of feeing all the light army fafe over that night, 
 though in the day they had been pufhed forty miles by Cornwal- 
 lis's army, whofe van arrived juft as the American rear had crof- 
 fed. The next day Greene difpatched the following letters To 
 Governor JefTerfon of Virginia ; " On the Dan river, almoft fa- 
 tigued to death, having had a retreat to conduct for upward of 200 
 miles, manoeuvring conilantly in the face of the enemy, to give 
 time for the militia to turn out and getoffour (lores." To Barori 
 Steuben ; " Col. Williams, with the light infantry, Lieut. CoL 
 Lee's legion, and the cavalry of the ift and 3d regiments, has 
 covered our retreat, and conducted with great propriety in the molt 
 ciitical fituation. Cornwallis's movements are fo rapid, that few- 
 er no militia join us. He marches from 20 to 30 miles in a 
 day ; and is organized to move with the fame facility as a light 
 infantry corps. Should he continue to pufh us, we muft be final- 
 ly ruined without reinforcements." To Gen. Wifhington ; 
 ' The miferable fituation of the troops for want of clothing has 
 rendered the march the rnoft painful imaginable, many hundreds 
 of the foldiers marking the ground with their bloody feet. The 
 Britilh army is much flronger than I had calculated upon in my 
 laft. I have not a (hilling of money to obtain intelligence with,, 
 notwithilanding my application to Maryland for thai particular 
 purpofe. Our army is in good fpirits, notwithstanding their fuf- 
 ierings and exceifive fatigue." Some days after he informed Ba- 
 ron Stcubeu '* We have been aflonifhingly fuccefsful in our 
 
 late. 
 
] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 late, great, and fatiguing retreat, and have never loft, in one in- 
 fiance, any thing of the leaft value." It was with inexpreilibls 
 grief and vexation, that theBritiih difcovered, on the 15 th, that all 
 their exeitions had been in vain, and thai all their hopes were fruf- 
 trated. Lord Cora wallis however had ihis to confole him, that 
 there was no force in North Carolina to prevent the royalifts 
 from making good their proraiie of a general riling in favor of 
 Britilh government. 
 
 Dining the tranfactions above related, General Marion de- 
 fended himfelf with a few faithful militia in the fwamps and mo- 
 raifes of the fettlements near Charleftown ; and was frequently 
 fallving out from his hiding places, and enterprifing.iomething 
 in behalf of his country. Having mounted his followers, he in- 
 feiJed the Britilh out-pofts, intercepted their convoys, deftroyed 
 their flores, beat up their quarters, and lo harafied them with a- 
 larms, that they were obliged to be alway upon their guard. On 
 the other fide, Col. Balfour, who commanded at Charleftown, 
 projeclcd an expedition againft Wilmington in North Carolina. 
 A fmall naval force was equipped, arid Major Craig difpatched 
 on the fervice with about 300 foldiers. The troops were landed 
 about nine miles fhort of Wilmington ; and the town being a- 
 bandoned by its defenfive force of about 1^0 men, was takea 
 
 without refinance. It has fince been nude a poft of fome 
 
 ftrength. 
 
 Lieut. Col. Lee's legion recroiTed the Dan on the iBth Febru-. 
 ary, agreeably to the wiih of Gen. Greene, to watch the motions 
 of Cornwallis's army; which, after having collected a quantity 
 of provifion, began on the morning of the igih to move {lowly 
 toward Hiil&orough. There his lordlhip erected the royal itand- 
 ard, and by proclamation on the aoth, invited all his friends to 
 repair to it. Greene being informed that numbers had joined 
 his lordfhip, and that the North Carolinians were repairing ta 
 him in fhoals to make their fubtniflion, was appreheriu've. 
 that unlefs fome fpirited meafure was immediately taken 
 the whole country would be loft to the American caufe. 
 He concluded therefore upon returning to North Carolina. The 
 light troops recroiTed the Dan on the 21 ft, and on the next day 
 were followed by the main body, accompanied with 600 Virginia 
 militia under General Stevens. Greene, the more effectually to 
 alarm Cornwallis and difcourage the royaliils, rode with his aid 
 de camp twenty-one miles toward the enemy and within about 
 fifteen of his lordfhip. The report of his'being within that diftance 
 foon reached his lordfhip ; who inferred that the American army 
 was equally near. The light infantry hu;^ round his lord(hip' s 
 
 y quarters, 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 
 
 quarters, while the main army advanced (lowly, keeping in viev* 
 the route to the upper parts of the country, the more effectually 
 to avoid an aclion, and to form a junction with the militia of the 
 Weftern Wateis under Col. Campbell and others, who were ex- 
 peeled in conGderable numbers. 
 
 Lieut. Col. Tarleton with the Britifh Tegiorr was detached from 
 Hilllborough, crofs the Haw river, to Major O'Neil's plantation, 
 to proteft a confiderablfc number of royalifts appointed to meet 
 thereon the 24th. General Pickens and Lieut. Col. Lee, who 
 had intelligence of Tarleton's movements concerted meafures to 
 bring him to aclion. Lee's cavalry were to attack frhofe of 
 Tavleton's command, while Pickens's militia difperfed the coljec- 
 ted royalifts. Thefe happened to be paraded on the night of the 
 s^th February, in a long lane leading toward O'NeiPs houfe. Lee 
 led his cavalry into the lane, miftaking the royalifls for a part of 
 Picken's militia, which he fuppofed had arrived there before him, 
 After he difcovered the diftinguifhing red rag in their hats, he with 
 great preience of mind paJFcd on, intending to leave them to the 
 treatment of their countrymen under Pickens. When thefe came 
 tip, and a firing had commenced between them and the royalifls. 
 L,ee with his cavalry returned and fell upon the latter; who not 
 having feen Tarleton's dragoons, miftook Lee's cavalry for them* 
 While laboring under this miftake, he cut them down as they 
 \vere making ardent pro'eftations of loyalty, and' afTerting " that 
 they were the very beft friends to the king." A horrid flaugh- 
 ter was made of them, between two and three hunched being cut 
 to pieces. Tarleton was refrefhing his legion about a mile from 
 the fcene. Upon hearing the alarm, he ordered his men to mount; 
 precipitately recroiTed the Haw; and returned to Hilliborough^ 
 On his retreat, he alfo cut down fcveral of the royalifts as they 
 were advancing tojoin the Britffh army, miftaking them for rebel 
 militia of the country. This event, together with Greene's hav- 
 ing recroiled the Dan, broke all Cornwallis's meafures. The tide 
 of public fentiment was now no longer in his favor. The re- 
 cruiting fervice declined and was ftopped, which had it proceed, 
 ed a fortnight longer, would have fo ftrengthened his lordfhip, 
 that he muft have held the country. The advocates for royal 
 government were difcouraged, and could not be induced to aci 
 \vith confidence. Confiderable numbers who were, on their way 
 to join his lordfhip, returned home to wait for further events. 
 
 On the 2/th Lord Cornwallis retired from Hillfborough in 
 two columns. The fame day Lee's legion and Pickens's militia join- 
 td the main body of American light infantry, which was now confi* 
 derably reinfoiced by volunteer boric and riflemen from Virgi* 
 
 aia; 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 nia: and the whole corps pafTed the Haw (a branch of Cape Fear 
 river) at night. Greene, with the main army, augmented by the 
 Nonh Carolina militia, c rolled it the next morning, and marched 
 with all his force toward Ailamance. In the evening it was dif- 
 covered that Cornwallis, with the Britim army was near it. The 
 American light infantry encatnped within about three miles of 
 him, and Greene halted within feven, on a road leading immediate- 
 ly to his lordfhip's camp. Though Greene meant to aflame the 
 mod confident appearance, he coniidered this lunation extremely 
 ineligible; as it was in a manner forcing his lordlhipto alion> 
 for which he himfelf was by HO means prepared ; but to retire 
 precipitately would betray his apprehenfions of danger. He hop- 
 ed that Lord Cornwallis meant to retire, though reluftantiy, to 
 Crofs Creek on Cape Fear river. He therefore wiflied only to 
 wait onhirn, and partially to attack him on the march, for which 
 the light troops were perfectly calculated. Greene's objefct was 
 to wear away the time, till all the expected reinforcements mould 
 arrive, and his army could be properly organized and prepared 
 for aclion. On the 2d of March there was a (light fkirmifh in, 
 the morning, between a detachment under Tarleton and a part 
 of the militia under Williams, within one mile of the Britifh en- 
 campment. 
 
 After various movements ef the American light infantry, Lord 
 Cornwallis taking the advantage of a thick fog on the 6th of 
 March, marched early in the morning with his whole force, in- 
 tending to furprife them and bring Greene to a general action : 
 but the vigilance of the light troops difappointed his lorridiip's 
 firft hope, and then gallantly defeated his fecond. About eioht 
 o'clock the patroles of Williams's brigade brought intelligence of 
 his lordmip's being within two miles of his encampment, .on thq 
 road leading to Gen. Pickens^ quarters, and from thence to 
 Whitfell's mill, an important pafs on Reedy Fork creek, imme- 
 diately between the American light infantry and the main army. 
 His lordmip's defigns were manifeft, and no time was to be loft. 
 Difpatches went oif to apprize Pickens. He being gone to head 
 cjuarters, and Lieut. Col. Lee, who was of that brigade and fecond 
 in command, having received information of his lordmip's ap- 
 proach, retired before him. Col. Williams marched his brigadq 
 immediately for Whitfcll's mill. The light fkirmifhing of fome 
 fmall parties on the flanks of the Britim army, gained time for 
 the removal of certain impediments, fo that a junction of the two 
 brigades was formed about a mile from the mill. Col. William* 
 then ordered Col. Campbeil, who had joined the light infantry 
 iviih 4 number of rifksuen frgm the Wcfleia Waters, and Lieut* 
 
 Col. 
 
HISTORY OF THK [^.,1781, 
 
 Col. W^fliingtQn to move How, and give time for the reft of the 
 tioops to gain the pafs, if polTibte, without fi (king their com- 
 mands, which *,vas effected. A covering party was formed of 
 aoovst i^o Virginia militia. The main body of the militia patted 
 i'ner the horfes and waggons, and formed on the oppofite 
 f the watery then the regular infantry under Lieutenant 
 Coi. He-ward ; atier that Lee's legion, infantry and cavalry. 
 Campbell ?nd Wafhmgton filed oft about half a mile horn (he 
 mill, eroded and rejoined ihe rell on the other fide oi the neck. 
 Col. 'VebiK'r, with about icoo Bntifh infantry, attacked the co- 
 ay, which gave him a brifk fire, and then retired over 
 the iorli. The Britiih infantry followed with great precipitation, 
 and met a fevere ialute from the fire of Campbell's rifles and 
 Lee's legion infantry, which were judiciouily difpoled for that 
 purpofe. Webfter being funpo'rted by the chafTeurs and Hef- 
 fiajQrS, and Cornwaliis planting his field pieces on commanding 
 grounds, difmayed the militia fo manifeftly, that Williams gave 
 them uiders to retire; and then followed with Howard's batta- 
 lion, flanked by a company of Delaware infantry and the infan- 
 try of the legion, ihe whole covered by Washington's cavalry. 
 The c-.jvalry of ihe legion covered the baggage and ammunition 
 waggons, which accidentally took a different route. Thus ended 
 the tieftgns of Lord Cornwaliis for that day, which was too far 
 fpent to admit of the execution of any important manoeuvre. 
 The lofs of the Americans was about kiiled and wounded, that 
 of the Britiih probably much greater, as they twice iuttained the 
 unexpected fire of the former. Col. Williams retired three miles, 
 and formed to await the enemy ; but as they did not advarce he 
 proceeded further, and encamped that evening about feven miles 
 from ihe place of action. It may be thought woith\ of being re- 
 corded, that Mr. Perry, fergeant major, and Mr. Lunsford, quar- 
 ter m-ifler fergeant of the ;}d American regiment of dragoons, 
 two fjViritcd young fellows, being fenarateiy detached with each 
 four dragoons, as parties of observation on the retreat; faw 16 
 or 18 hoifemen of the Britiih army in new levy uniforms ride 
 into a farm-houfe yard ki an irregular manner; and fomeofthem 
 difmounted. They inDantly joined their fmall force, feized the 
 occafi;n. f 'fiar^ed the horfemen, and in fiL'ht cf the Britifh legion, 
 which was on the contrary fide of the fence, cut every man down, 
 and then retired without a fear. 
 
 Wr.ile Greene was really unequal to even defenflve opera- 
 tions, and waited to have his army flrengthened, he lay for feven 
 days within ten miles of Cornwall's camp: but he took a new 
 pofitiori every night; and kept it as a profound fecret with him- 
 
 feif 
 
A. D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 17^ 
 
 felf where the next was to be ; fo thai his lordfliip could not 
 gain intelligence of his fituation in time to avail himfelf of it. 
 During thefe manoeuvres Greene wa often obliged to afk bread 
 of the common loldiers having none of his own. Cornwaliis 
 made a ftroke at him twice hut miffed his aim. At length Greene 
 was reinforced, wiih ano her brigade of militia from Virginia 
 under General Lawfon,and two from North Carolina under Ge- 
 nerals Butler and Eaton, and 400 regulars raifed for itf months; 
 this enabled him to diflolve the conftitution of the light army on 
 the loth of March. Th* fame day he wrote to Governor Jef- 
 ferfon " Hitherto I have been obliged topraclife that by fineffe, 
 which I dared not to attempt by force. I know the people have 
 been in anxious fufpenfe, waiting the event of a general a6tion : 
 but be the confequence of cenfure what it may, nothing fhall 
 hurry me into a meafure, that is not fuggefted by prudence, or 
 connects not with it the intereft of the fouthern department." 
 
 Lord Cornwaliis not immediately urging his plan of bringing 
 on a general a&ion, but moving toward New Garden, alias the 
 Quaker meeting-houfe, gave Greene the opportunity of arrang- 
 ing his army a-new, and of making every preparation for an en- 
 gagement. This he now determined to venture upon, as he 
 thought himfelf iufficiently ftrong ; and forefaw that by delaying 
 any time he mould probably be weakened through the withdraw* 
 mentof many militia men; befide, there would be a great diffi- 
 culty of fubfifting long in the field in fo exhauiled a country. On 
 the 14111 he marched his army to Guildford court-houfe, and 
 took a pofition within eight miles of Cornwallis's encampment. 
 His force confifted of Kugar's brigade of Virginia continentals, 
 778 prefent and fit for duty ; of Williams's Maryland brigade 
 and Delawares, 630; and of the infantry of Lee's partizan legi-' 
 on, 82 total of continental regulars, 1490: befides thefe there 
 were 1060 militia from North Carolina, and 1693 from Virgi- 
 nia, in all 2753. The whole army confifted of 4243 foot, and 
 of 161 cavalry, including Wafhington's light dragoons 86. and 
 of Lee's legion 7^. Before the engagement began, the Marquis 
 of Bretagney joined the army with about 40 horfe', very few ac- 
 'centred as hoi femen, but mounted srs infantry. On the morning 
 of the i^h the Americans were fupplied with provifions, and a 
 gill of rum per man ; and orders were ifTued for the -whole to be 
 in perfect readinefs for aftion. 
 
 Lord Cornwaliis, being convinced from Gen. Greene's move- 
 ments that he intended to venture an engagement, fent off his 
 baggage under a proper efcort on the 141}! of March; and the 
 next morning at day break, marched with the remainder $f his 
 
 .army, ' 
 
174- THE HISTO R Y OF THE [^. 
 
 army, amounting to about 2400 men, chiefly troops grown vete- 
 ran in victories, either to meet Greene on the way, or to attack 
 liim in his encampment. By this, Greene's defign of attacking 
 his lordfliip was anticipated. About three miles from the Ame- 
 rican army* the Britiih advance guard under Tarletori fell in with 
 Lee's legion, Campbci? and Lynch's riflemen. Lee's dragoons 
 killed about fifty of Taileton's, and the riflemen arc thought to 
 have killed and wounded more than 100 infantry. This fknmifh 
 gave Greene time to fo:ni his anny, within about a mild ancf a 
 quarter of Guild ford couri-hpui'e. The Britifh advanced through 
 a field beyond which was a fence and a thick wood. In the ikirts 
 of this wood next to the field, the fiift American line was drawn 
 up, confifting of the North Carolina miliiia. The fccond line 
 behind that was formed of the Virginia militia. The third and 
 la line confided of the Maryland and Virginia continentals under 
 Huger- and Williams. Walhington with his cavalry, and a corps 
 of Delaware light infantry and fome riflemen under Col. Lynch, 
 covered the right flank ; and Lee with his legion and fome rifle- 
 rnen under Col. Campbell, the left. The whole were fo ilrongly 
 polled that Greece was fearful left Cornwallis ihould not attack 
 them in front, but change his pofuion and fall upon their flanks. 
 The front line was only in fight; the two others being covered 
 by the wood in which they were ported. The Americans had 
 two pieces of capnon in the field before them. After a briik can- 
 nonade between them and the Britith, which lafted from about 
 half an hour after one till two, the latter advanced in three co- 
 lumns, the Medians on the right, the guards in the centre, and 
 Webfter's brigade on the left. The whole moved on toward the 
 North Carolinians, who waited the attack, until the enemy got 
 within 140 yards, when part of them fired once, while a great 
 number run away without firing or being fired upon. Ail the 
 exertions of their officers to rally them were ineffectual. They 
 deferted the mofl advantageous poft Greene ever faw, and let in 
 the enemy upon the fecond line compofed of the Virginia militia 
 under Stevens. He had the addrefs to prevent his brigade from 
 receiving any bad impreffions from the retreating North Caroli- 
 nians, by giving out that they had orders td retire after difcharg- 
 ing their pieces. Tocherifn this idea he ordered his men to open 
 their fi'es to favor their panV,". The Virginians behaved much 
 better than the Carolinians, did r//eat execution, and kept up their 
 fire till they were ordered to retreat. Stevens had polled forty 
 f iflemen at equal diflances, twenty paces in the rear of his brigade, 
 with orders to Miuot every man who ihould leave his poft. That 
 officer, though wounded through the thigh, did not quit 
 
 the 
 
,4 1X1781.3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 the field. The continental troops were laft engaged, and fought 
 with great fpirit. The conteft was long and fevere : but the Bri- 
 ti(h carried their point by fuperior difcipline. They broke the 
 fecond Maryland regiment, turned the American left flank, and 
 got into the rear of the Virginia brigade, and appeared to be gain- 
 ing Greene's right, which would have encircled the whole oi the 
 continental troops, fo that he thought it advifable to order a re- 
 treat. About this time Washington made a charge with the 
 horfeon a part of the brigade of Britifh guards, and the firft re- 
 giment of Marylanders following the hoife with their bayonets,, 
 near the whole of the parly fell a facnnce. Huger with the Vir- 
 ginia brigade was the laft that engaged ; and gave the enemy a 
 check. After a hard battle of near two hours the American re- 
 treated in good order to the Reedy Fork, arid crofTed the river, 
 about three miles from the field of aftion. They halted, drew; 
 op till they had collecled moft of the ftragglers, and then retired 
 to Speedwell's Iron Works, ten miles diftant from Guilford. 
 Greene loft his artillery (the two fix pounders that Morgan had 
 lately recovered, with two others) and two ammunition waggons, 
 the greateft part of the horfes being killed before the retreat be* 
 gan. 
 
 This victory coft the Britifh dear. Their killed and wound* 
 ed exceeded 600 men, befide officers. The guards loft Colonel 
 Stuart, with the Captains Schutz, Maynard and Goodriche, be- 
 fide fubaherns. CoK Webfter, a brave experienced and diftiti- 
 guimed officer, died of his wounds to the regret of the royal aiv 
 my. Brigadier Generals O'Hara and Howard, and Col. Tarle* 
 ton, with feveral other officers, were wounded. 
 
 About 3.00 of the continentals and 100 of the Virginia militia 
 were killed an<l wounded, among the former was Major Ander- 
 fon of the Maryland line, a moft valuable officer. Among the 
 Jatter was Huger, beiide Stevens already mentioned. Of the 
 North Carolina militia fix were killed and three wounded, and 
 5 2 miffing. Of the Virginia miliiia 294 were miffing. Few 
 of the miffing were made prifoners. They returned home, and 
 never rejoined the camp ; fo that Gen. Greene's army fuftained 
 a greater diminution than the Britim. It was however foon ap- 
 parent, that the advantages of the engagement were on his fide. 
 
 Though Lord Cornwallis ilfued out a proclamation [March 
 18,] three days after the battle, fetting forth his complete vidory, 
 and calling on all loyal fubjels to iland forth and take an active 
 part in reftoring good government, and offering pardon and pro^ 
 teclion to all rebels, murderers excepted; yet on the lyth he de- 
 "mropec^ abandoning all hi* boafted advantages, and his hofpital at 
 
 he, 
 
i;6 THE HISTORY OF TUB '[^.D. 1781, 
 
 the Quaker meeting-houfe, containing between 70 and 80 wound- 
 eel Bntiih officers and foldiers. He alfo left behind him all the 
 wounded Americans taken on the i5th, and retreated toward 
 Crofs Crec;k. Greene expected that he would have advanced, 
 and therefore had prepared for another action ; but upon hearing 
 thai hi's lordihip was attempting to avoid it, he purfued him the 
 next day with all poflible expedition, Greene having no means 
 of providing for the wounded of his own and the Bmifh forces, 
 wrote a letter to the neighbouring inhabitants of the quaker per- 
 fuafion, in which he mentioned his being brought up a quaker, 
 and obferved that an opportunity offered for the exercife of their 
 humanity, without confining themfelves to either party, by taking 
 careot the wounded both BritiOi and Americans, who muft other- 
 wife per^ih. His recommendations and arguments prevailed, and 
 the quakers fupplicd the hofpitals with all that was wanting till 
 the fick and wounded recovered. 
 
 So great was the avidity of the Americans to renew the con- 
 flict with Cornwallis, that not with (landing the weather was very 
 wet and the roads deep, they marched almoft conitantiy without 
 any regular fupply of provifions. On the morning of the 28th 
 they arrived at Ramfay's mills on Deep river, a ftrong pofnion 
 which his lordfhip evacuated a few hours before, by cioffing the 
 river on a bridge ere6ted for that purpofe. Evident figns of pre- 
 cipitation were found in and about his lordfhip's encampment. 
 Several of tr^e dead were left on the ground unburied. Beef in 
 quarters was found, in the {laughter- pen, on which the hungry 
 continentals fed greedily ; but that not being fufficient to allay 
 their keen appetites, they eat without a murmur the garbag 
 which was meant for the buzzards. * Cornwallis had now fairly 
 the flart of Greene, and was in a fituation to maintain his ad- 
 vantage. He was on the fouth fide of Deep river, with Cape 
 Fear on his left, and fupplies for his army in front : whereas 
 Greene was too far advanced to expecl: any immediate fuccour 
 from the country behind him ; he was therefore under the necef- 
 fity of giving up the purfuit. f Nothing but blood and Daughter 
 has prevailed among the wfaigs and tories in that part of the coun- 
 try which has been the fceneof the late tranfaclions, and their in- 
 veteracy againil each other mud depopulate it if continued. 
 
 Here 
 
 * Colonel O. H. Williams's MS. 
 
 f The ad vantages of Colonel O. H. Williams's official papers, of 
 private letters, and of fubfequtnt converfation with General Greene, 
 for tht purpofe of information, has occafioned a variation in divers 
 of the fibove ru/rative frocci D/. R.am&y and others. 
 
&.D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 177 
 
 Here let us clofe our account of the operations under Lord 
 Coi nwallis and General Greene, and enter upon thofe that relate 
 to Virginia. 
 
 General Arnold, with near ,50 fail of veflels, arrived in the 
 Chefapeak by the end of December. He landed, with about 
 1500 men and a few light horfe, fifteen miles below Richmond, 
 and marched into that town about 12 o'clock on the th of Ja- 
 nuary. The public ftores and buildings were deftroyed ; together 
 with the rope walk, and the rum and fait in the merchants hands. 
 The troops went on eight miles to deftroy the founderyand ma- 
 gazine at Weft-Ham ; but the arms and ammunition had been re- 
 moved to Manchefter, in Powhatan county, where the governor 
 was, with Baron Steuben,who had arrived from the northward by 
 the beginning of December. The next day at noon they retreated 
 the fame way they came ; with the defign of committing thofe 
 deilruclions in other places, that might difable the ftate as far as 
 pofliblefrom making effectual oppofition to the plans of the Bri- 
 tiih miniflry. They afterward landed on the i^th and marched 
 to Smithfield ; and from thence they proceeded to Portfmouth 
 by land. Here Arnold took poft, andl>egan to fortify by the 
 soth, as the militia were collecting apace, under Baron Steuben, 
 Generals Nelfon, Weedon and Muhlenburgh : but it was the 
 unhappinefs of the flate to be deilitute of arms, and (by bad man* 
 agement) of almoft every thing elfe neceflary for defence. Gen. 
 Wafliington laid apian for catching Arnold and his detachment, 
 which . was ferviceable, though unfuccefsful in the main point. 
 The general was the more eager in it, having been confirmed by 
 letters found on board captured veflels, in the intelligence he had 
 before received of a Britifh project, to make a lafting eflablifli- 
 xnent in Virginia. Four (hips of the Britifli fleet, which had 
 been lying for fome time in Gardener's-bay, failed on the 22(1 
 as far eaftward as Narraganfet-bay. A gale of wind and a very- 
 thick fn.ow coming on at night, the Culloden was totally loft, and 
 the Bedford difma (led, each carrying 74 guns. No fooner did 
 the general receive a certain account of the fame, than he put ia 
 motion, under the command of the Marquis de la Fayette, 1200 
 light infantry, as large a part of his frnall force as he could, with, 
 prudence, detach to Virginia. He at the fame time intimated 
 to Count de Rochambeau the poflibility and importance of im- 
 proving the opportunity in an attempt upon Arnold ; and requdt- 
 cd of him and the Chevalier d'Eftouches (to whom the command 
 of the French fleet had devolved upon the death of Admiral Ter- 
 nay) to fend the whole fleet, and a detachment of&eirland force 
 VOL. Ill, X to 
 
THE HISTORY OF rna . [A, D. 
 
 to the Chefapeak. Inftead of the whole, a part only of the fleet 
 \vas fent ; the EveJMie a 64 gun (hip, and two frigates, under 
 the command of Monf. Tilly. They failed from Newport on ihe 
 9th of February, with orders to go to the Chefapeak, and at- 
 tempt the deftruclion of the Britifh mips there, and the frigates, 
 that protected them. They returned on the 2,510 without ao 
 complifhing the objecl of their million, through the precaution 
 taken by the enemy. They however took or defh oyed ten veffels, 
 and brought to Newport the Romulus of 44 guns, which they 
 captured at the entrance of the bay. Wellington, defirous of 
 Hopping the progrefs of the enemy in Virginia, proceeded to 
 Newport, that he might difcourfe with the French commanders 
 on the meafures proper to be purfued. He went firft on board 
 d'Eftouches' fhip in the forenoon of March the 6th, where Ro- 
 chambeau met him. It was agreed that d'Eftouches fhould fail 
 immediately ; and that Rochambeau fhould fend on board the 
 men of war, a detachment of the army under the Baron de Vio- 
 rneuil. After fpending an hour or two on board, Wafhington 
 and Rochambeau landed at Newport about one o'clock. The 
 neceflary meafures were taken to expedite the fleet; but inftead 
 of failing the next day when the wind was as favorable for the 
 Jrench, and as adverfe to the Britifh as it could blow, they were 
 delayed 24 hours for want of fupplies. They failed on Thurfday 
 evening the 8th of March. They were followed on the Satur- 
 day by the Britifh from Gardener's bay under Admiral Arbnthnot, 
 who made fuch expedition as to intercept them off Cape Henry 
 on the i6th. The two fleets were well poifed in point of ftrength, 
 the fuperioiity of a few guns on the fide of the Britilh, being coun- 
 terbalanced by the greater number of men on the other. The line 
 was compofed of eight, (hips on each fide, including the Romulus 
 of 44. guns in the French, and Adamant of 50 in the Britifh. A 
 partial engagement took place. Each fide claimed the advantage : 
 but the French abandoned their defign of fuccouring Virginia, 
 and returned to Newport on the 2bth. Had they gained the 
 Chefapeak before overtaken by the Britifh, Wafhington is of 
 opinion, that the plan againft Arnold could not have failed of 
 fpccefs. The return of the French difconcened the Marquis de 
 la Fayette. On his arrival at Annapolis in Maryland, he left his 
 troops there, and haftened down the Chefapeak to get a body of 
 jmilitia in readinefs for co-operation : but upon hearing what had 
 taken place, he marched back with his detachment to the Head of 
 41k. 
 
 $i* Henry Clinton* to fupport the fouthern operations and 
 
 increafe 
 
4. A 17&'-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. i 79 
 
 increafe their fuccefs, forwarded a convoy to the Chefapeak, with 
 about 2000 choice troops on board under General Phillips, whom 
 he appointed to the chief command in Virginia. They arrived 
 on the 2&h of March. Among the greatell misfortunes to the 
 American caufe occafioned by the irivafion of this itate, muft be 
 reckoned the obilructions it has thrown on every preparation for 
 the fuppon of the fouthern army. It has kept back the raifmg of 
 recruits and every fupply. 
 
 Certain acb and concerns of Congrefs remain to be related. 
 The capture of Mr. Laurens by the Britiih made it neceifary 
 for Congrefs to appoint another gentleman to fupply his place. 
 They therefore cornmiffioned Mr. John Adams, on the firft of 
 January, to be their miniiter plenipotentiary to the States Gene- 
 ral of the Dutch United Provinces. He was alfo empowered to 
 negociate a loan of money among the Hollanders ; and in con-, 
 fidence of his fuccefs they directed, on the 3d of January, bills of 
 exchange to be drawn upon him at fix months fight. On the 3<i 
 of February they agreed " That 'it be recommended to the feve- 
 veral ftates', as indifpenfably neceffary, that they veil a power in 
 Congrefs, to levy for the uie of the United States, a duty of five 
 per cent, ad valorem, at the time and place of importation, uponv 
 all gtods and merchandifes of foreign growth and manufaclures, 
 \vhich may be imported into any of the faid flates from any fo- 
 reign port, ifland or plantation, after the ferft day of May, 1781-, 
 except arms, ammunition, clothing, and other articles imported 
 on account of the United States, or any of. them; and except 
 wool cards and cotton cards, ,nd wire for making them ; and al- 
 fo except fait, during the war; Aifoa like duty of five per cenU 
 on all prizes and prize goods, condemned in the court of admiral- 
 ty of any of thefe flates as lawful prize : That the money arifing 
 from the faid duties be appropriated to the difcharge of the prin- 
 cipal and intereft of the debts already contracted, or which may 
 be contracted, en the faith of the United States, for fupporting the 
 prefentwar: That the faid duties be continued until the faid 
 iebts fhall be fully and finally difchargecL" Some gentlemer* 
 object to the recommendation, or at lead a compliance with it, 
 and fay" Drawing money mfenfibly from the people by impofts 
 may be a favorite fcheme in monarchies and ariftocraciey; buc 
 in republican governments, fuch as are eftablifhed in America, is 
 inexpedient, if not dangerous. When money is drawn from ihe 
 people infenfibly, they are lefs attentive to abufes in the expendi- 
 ture : but when they are called upon for taxes and feel the burden 
 of them, they are more watchful to fee that they are properly ap,. 
 
 plied 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1781. 
 
 plied, and to prevent the rulers from bribing the people with their 
 own money, and fubverling the public liberty by the means put 
 into their hands for fecuring and defending it." It will be long 
 before the feveral Hates can be prevailed upon to veft Congreis 
 with the defired power. 
 
 Congrefs, on the 6th of February, ordered that the drawing of 
 the fourth arid laft clafs of the United States lottery mould begin 
 on the 2d of April. Through the Amazing depreciation of the 
 paper currency, the whole will turn out a fimple piece of bufinefs, 
 and difappoint the original hopes both of the fortunate adventur- 
 ers and of ".Congrefs. 
 
 February soth, they proceeded by ballot to the election of a, 
 fupenntendant of finance, to examine into the ftate of the public 
 debts, expenditures, and revenue: to digeft and report plans for 
 improving and regulating the finances, and for eftablifning order 
 and economy in the expenditure of the public money: and to 
 the exercife of many other powers neceflary to complete the fi- 
 nancier. Robert Morris, Efq; of Philadelphia was unanimously 
 elected. 
 
 The 27th, they palTed a commendatory refolution refpecling 
 Captain John Paul Jones ; and further refolved, that Dr. Frank- 
 lin mould acquaint his Moil Chriilian Majefty, that his majefty's 
 offer of adorning Captain Jones with ihe crofs of military merit 
 was highly acceptable to Congrefs. The fma'l fquadron which the 
 captain commanded in 1779, was fi tte d out at the expence of his 
 Moft Chriilian Majefty, who honored him with a French com- 
 xnifficn. Monf. deSartine, the minifler of the marine, icqneft- 
 ed Dr. Franklin to ftrengthen th: fquadron by ordering the Al- 
 liance to join it, which was immediately done. 
 
 On the 12th of February the Maryland delegates laid before 
 Congrefs an aft of their (late, empowering the.m to fubfcribe and 
 ratify the aiticles of confederation. The -i ft of March was af- 
 terward fixed upon for their doing it. Maryland having no vacant 
 xveftern territory, contended, with great juilice, that the unappro- 
 priated weftern country fhould be the common property of the u- 
 nion, and pledged as a fund ior finking the continental debt ; and 
 declined acceding to the confederation till feme fatisfaclion fhould 
 be given upon that fubjeft. But Congrefs having recommended 
 it to the (rates, "claiming fuch country, to remove the only obfia- 
 cle to a final ratification ; and then earnelTiy requeued the legifla- 
 ture of Maryland to empower their delegates, they accordingly 
 did fo on the goth of laft January. They concurred in the mea- 
 fure, as well from a defire to perpetuate and ftrengthen the union, 
 as from a confidence in the juilice and gcnerofity of the large/ 
 
 itatcs, 
 
yf,. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 181 
 
 ihtes, and that fuperior to local interefts, they would confent to 
 fuch arrangements of the unappropriated lands, included in their 
 refpeftive charters, as good policy required, and the great exer- 
 tions of their own Hate in the common caufe had fo highly de- 
 ferved. When the ift of March was arrived, the New York 
 delegates, by virtue of the powers with which their legiflature 
 had intruded them, proceeded by an official afcl in Congrefs to li- 
 mit and reftritt the boundaries of that ftate, and to relinquifh all 
 right, jurifdi6ion and claim, to all lands to the northward and 
 weftward of the fame, to be difpofed of as the Congrefs of the 
 confederated ftates fhould direcl. The Maryland delegates then 
 proceeded to fign and ratify the articles of confederation. This 
 important event has been communicated to the executives of the 
 feveral ftates ; and the American rainifters in Europe have been 
 ordered to notify it to the refpe&ive courts at which they re- 
 fide. 
 
 Though a longer delay on the part of Maryland might have 
 been produHve of bad confequences, yet there are feveral mem- 
 bers of Congrefs, who are fenfible of its having been highly be- 
 neficial upon many occasions. As feven ftates were a majority, 
 \vhenever that number met it was confidered as the reprefentative 
 body of the thirteen; and if four out of the feven* agreed, it paf- 
 fed for the voice of the United States, even in thofe cafes, which 
 by the confederation required the concurrence of nine ftates. 
 The want of fuch concurrence, had the confederation been per- 
 fecled at a very early date, would have prevented the execution 
 of much bufinefs of the higheft importance. 
 
 March i6th, Congrefs refolved '* That it be, and hereby is re- 
 commended to the feveral ftates, to amend their laws making the 
 bills of credit emitted, under the authority of Congrefs, a legal 
 tender, fo that fuch bills (hall not be a tender in any other manner 
 than at their current value compared with gold or filver." The 
 fame day they refolved *' That the ftates be immediately called 
 upon to furnifh for the public expences, and for carrying on the 
 war, their proportion of one million five hundred thoufand dol- 
 lars quarterly, the firft quarterly payment to be made on the ift 
 day of June next." Neither of thefe refolves will be fufficiently 
 productive. 
 
 This mall clofe with an extracl from a letter of General Wafh- 
 ington, written the beginning of April " I give it decifively as 
 my opinion, that without a foieign loan our prefent force, which 
 
 is 
 
 ^* When Congrefs cqiifirmed the fentence of the court martial on 
 General Lte ; it was by d vote of four cut of eleven prefent. 
 
i8a THE HISTORY OF THI* [A. D. 
 
 is but the remnant of an army, cannot be kept togefher this 
 campaign, much lefs will it be increafed, and in readjnefs for an- 
 other. If France delays a timely and powerful aid in the critical 
 poflure of our affairs, it will avail us nothing fhould (lie attempt 
 it hereafter. We are at this hour fufpended in the balance : we 
 cannot tranfport the provifions from the llates in which they are 
 affefTed, to the army, becaufe we cannot pay the teamilers who. 
 will no longer work for certificates. In a word we are at the end 
 of our tether, and now or never our deliverance mull come." 
 
 L E T T E R VII. 
 
 Rotterdam, May 5, 1781. 
 FRIEND G. 
 
 AS foon as the rupture between Greit Britain and Holland 
 was known at Verfailles, the king gave immediate orders 
 that all the Dutch veflels in any of the French ports mould be 
 made acquainted with it; and accordingly a circular letter was 
 written by the Marquis de Caflries on the c^th of laft Decem- 
 ber, and fem to the fevei al ports. The firft material capture made 
 by the Britifh, after the hoflile manifefto againft the Dutch, was 
 that of the Rotterdam of 50 guns and 300 rren belonging to the 
 States General, by the Warwick, Captain Elphinitone, on the^th 
 of January. 
 
 On the gth the Dutch council of flate propofed, that the ma-^ 
 rineof the republic mould confifl of 94 mips and armed veflels, 
 and 18,430 feamen. There were to be 1 1 (hips of the line, 15 
 of 50 guns and 2 of 40. Three days afier, the States General 
 publiflied a placart, granting letters of marque againft the Britifh. 
 This was followed after a time by an anfwer to the Britiih mani- 
 
 fefto. 
 
 Notwithftanding the neceflary increafe of national expences 
 in Great Britain by the Dutch war, yet toward the end of Janu- 
 ary, the houfe of commons hearkened to the calls of humanity, 
 and in confequence of different petitions, voted for the relief of 
 the fufferers by the hurricane at Barbadoes 8o,oool. and at Ja- 
 maica 40,000!. 
 
 A fecoml attempt has been made on the Ifle of Jerfey. The 
 Baron de Rullecourt, at the head of about 2000 men, conducted 
 it By the badnefs of the weather near half his troops were driv- 
 
 en 
 
<AZ>.i 7 8i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. i3 
 
 en back to France., and never joined him. He at length however 
 made his way with difficulty, through the rocks of la Roque- 
 Platte; and landed a number in the dark, three miles from St. 
 Helier, the capital of the iiland ; though five veffels were loft, 
 and 200 of his men perifhed., A fmall party of militia, meant 
 for the guard of a redoubt in the place, werefeized afleep by the 
 enemy, who were thus, for feveral hours, on the ifland without 
 an alarm's being given. The baron, leaving about 120 men irt 
 the redoubt, marched to St. Helier. He fecured the avenues of 
 the town, furprifed the guards in the dark, and poffefTed the mar- 
 ket place without noife. The inhabitants were aftonifhed at 
 break of day, on finding thcmielves in the hands of an enemy. 
 Mrijor Corbet, the deputy governor, with the magiftrates and 
 principal people, being brought prifoners to the court-houfe, the 
 Trench commander wrote terms of capitulation, which he pro- 
 pofed to have figned ; and by which the ifland was to be fuiren- 
 dered to France, and the troops to lay down their arms and be 
 fent to Great Britain. It was in vain remonftrated, that 'no acl: 
 of the Jieut. governor's could have the fmalleft validity in his pre- 
 fent fituation. Rullecourt was peremptory, and Corbet too in- 
 advertently figned. The French commander then fummoned E- 
 lizabeth caflle under the terms of the capitulation. Captains 
 Aylward and Mulcafter, having eicaped thither on the firft alarm, 
 and being now in a degree prepared againft a fudden attack, re- 
 jefted the fummons, and relufed paying the fmalleft regard to the 
 capitulation, or any orders iffued by the lieut. governor in the 
 prefent circumltances. The French placing Corbet in their 
 front, advanced toward the gate, but were fired upon with fucli- 
 vigor from the ca'ftte, that they Icon made the belt of their way 
 back to the town for fhelter. 
 
 Mean while the alarm extended, and the neareft troops and 
 militia advanced toward the point of danger, and formed on the 
 heights near the town under Major Pierfon, who inftantly fecur- 
 ed a hill of great advantage, Which the enemy had overlooked. " 
 Rullecourt fent to the major, requiring his compliance with the 
 terms of the capitulation ; and received for anfwer, " that if he 
 and his troops did not lay down their arms within twenty mi- 
 nutes, and furrender themfelves prifoners of war, at the expiration- 
 of that time, they might be certain of an attack," Pierfon was 
 punctual to his word : and made an aflault on the town in all ac- 
 oeffible parts with fuch impetuofity, that the enemy were driven 
 rapidly upon the centre of their force in the market place, where 
 the aclion was fdon decided ; for Rullecourt being mortally 
 irounded, the next in command feeing the hopeleflbefs of their fi- 
 
THE HISTORY or TH [A.D. 1781. 
 
 tuation, requefted the lieutenant governor to refume his authority, 
 and to accept of their furrender asprifonersof.war. The fatisfac- 
 tion arifing from fo fudden a deiiveiance, arid fo brave an exer- 
 tion, was damped by the fall of Major Pierlon, who was (hot 
 through the heart in the inftant of vitory. The extraordinary 
 military abilities difpiayed by fo young an officer (for he was on- 
 ly five and twenty) rendered his death an object of general re- 
 gret. During the engagement the redoubt was retaken with fix- 
 ed bayonets, and without firing a (hot, by the grenadiers of the 
 3d regiment. Thus the whole French party, amounting to near 
 800, were either killed or taken. 
 
 On the 24th of January, Lord George Gordon was privately 
 taken from the Tower to Weftminfter-hall, arraigned, and order- 
 ed to prepare for trial on Monday the ^th of February. When 
 he came to be tried, though the crowd was very large, order was 
 obferved, and there was no mifchief or violence. About five the 
 next morning he was acquitted. On the news of his acquittal, 
 there were rejoicings and illuminations at Glafgow, Paifley, Dun- 
 bar, Montrofe, Brechin, and a great number of other towns and 
 villages in Scotland. The proteftant ailbciation at Glafgow 
 inade a fubfcription of feveral hundred pounds, toward defraying 
 his lordihip's expences. It has been fuggefted, that government 
 did notwifh to convict his lordfhip for fear of offending too ma- 
 ny or' the Scots. 
 
 The garrifon and inhabitants of Gibraltar, having received no. 
 fupplies of provifion from Great Britain fince the beginning of 
 the preceding year, nor from the Barbary fhores, nor the mod 
 diftant coafts of Africa, were reduced to extreme diftrefs. The 
 governor, ever fmce Oftober, made a reduclion ot a quarter of a 
 pound from each man's daily allowance of bread. Their meat 
 was reduced to a pound and a half in the week, and at length was 
 fcarcely eatable. The inhabitants had to pay for bad fhip bif- 
 cuit, full of worms, a (hilling a pound ; the fame for flour in no 
 better condition; eighteen pence for fait, the fweeping of (hips 
 bottoms and ftore-houfes ; half a crown for old Iriih fait butter ; 
 and the fame for the worft brown fugar. When the arrival of 
 the veflels from the Mediterranean opened a market for frefh 
 provifions, turkies fold fur 3!. 125. apiece ; fucking pigs at two 
 guineas ; ducks at half a guinea ; and fmall hens at nine (hillings. 
 A guine awas refufed for a calf's pluck; and one pound feven (hil- 
 lings for an ox-head. The intereft and honor of Great Britain 
 were deeply engaged in the timely relief of that fortrefs. It was 
 accordingly one of the firil objecls of government in the com-, 
 fnencement of the year; and the grand fleet under the conduct of 
 
 Adms, 
 
4* > i;8i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 183 
 
 Adms. Darby, Digby, and Sir J. Lockhart Rofs, was fitted out 
 early for this fervice: but only 28 fail or the line could be fpared. 
 The French had, at the fame time, a fleet little inferior either in 
 number or force, nearly ready for fea at Breft. 
 
 The Briiim fleet failed [March 13.] wLh the great Eaft and 
 Weft India convoys : but met with a delay on the coaft of Ire- 
 land, in waiting for the victuallers from Corke, which were to 
 proceed with them to Gibraltar. The Eaft and Weft India con- 
 voys having proceeded on their refpeftive voyages, the Britifh 
 fleet with 97 tranfports, ftorefhips and victuallers, arrived off Ca- 
 diz the i2th of April. Don Cordova with the Spanifh fleet, had 
 put into the harbour ; and Adm. Darby having explored the fame, 
 forwarded the convoy to Gibraltar, with fome men of war and 
 frigates to cover them, while he cruifed with the main body o 
 the fleet off the Straits mouth to watch the enemy. The Spani- 
 ards had been for fome time employed in confttufting a number 
 of gun and bomb boats. The gun boats carried each a long 26 
 poundsr, which threw (hot further than any (hip's guns could 
 reach. This force was rendered ftill more dangerous by the addi- 
 tion of the bumb boats upon a fimilar conftruciion. With thefe 
 they cannonaded and bombarded the Britifh {hips every morn- 
 ing, till the wind, at its ftated hour, began to fpring up, when they 
 fl:d and were purfned in vain. But they failed in their grand 
 objeft, and no material damage was done to any part of the 
 (hipping. 
 
 Nothing could be more grievous to Spain than this relief. 
 She fcems to have fet her heart fo entirely on the recovery of Gi- 
 braltar, as not to have had another objeclin the war. The whole 
 naval and military force of the kingdom, and its refources of eve- 
 ry fort, appear to have been directed mainly to that fingle point. 
 Thefe various powers were called into aftion, and the unfortu- 
 nate town, with its miferabie inhabitants, were the victims of her 
 indignation. One hundred and feventy pieces of cannon, of the 
 heavieft metal, and eighty mortars, difgorged their tremendous 
 torrents of fire all at once upon that narrow fpot. This dread- 
 ful cannonade arid bombardment was continued night and day, 
 for a confiderable time without intermiffion. Nothing could be' 
 more fplendidly magnificent, or dreadfully fublime, than the view 
 and report of this tremendous fcene, to thofe who obferved them 
 from thejneighbouring hills of Barbary and Spain'during the .ni#ht ; 
 efpecially in the beginning, when the cannonade of the cnemv 
 being returned by Gen. Elliot, with ftill fuperior power and 
 greater fiercenefs, the whole rock feemed to vomit out fire, and 
 all diftinftionof parts was loft in flame aud frnpk.e. The artilleiy 
 
 VOL. Ill, X g{ ' 
 
THE HISTORY OP THE [A. B. 1781. 
 
 efiecls at St. Eufbtius could only be lodged as a depofit to fuppty 
 the neceffities of their king and their country's enemies. The 
 ifland was Dutch, every thing in it was Dutch, every thing was 
 under the protection of the Dutch flag, and as Dutch it ihall be 
 treated." Mr. Glanville made a fenfible reply on the i3th of 
 March, and obferved " That if the king's enemies were fupplied, 
 by the trade of his fuhjecls through St. Euflatius, they were like- 
 \vife fupplied, through the fame channel, by thefale of prizes cap- 
 tured by his majejiysjldps of war. The one faci is as notorious as 
 the other, and equally criminal." 
 
 After the furrender of Euftatia, the Jews who were numerous 
 and wealthy were the firft fufTerers. Several of them were torn 
 from their habitations with many indignities, and banimed without 
 knowing the place of their deflinatiori ; and were, in that flats 
 of wretchednefs which followed the feizure of their property, 
 tranfported as outlaws, and landed at St. Kitt's. The aflembly, 
 to their great honor, infhmly paiTed an aft for their prefent re- 
 lief and future provifion, until they mould have time to recover 
 irom their calamitous fituation. The Jews were foon followed 
 by the Americans, fome of whom had been obliged to fly their 
 native country, through the part which they had taken in fup- 
 port of the Brit ifh caufe. Thefe alfo were fent to St/Kitt's. in 
 jnuch the fame flate with the former; and were received and en- 
 tertained with the fame humanity and liberality by the people and 
 JegiOature of that ifland. The French merchants and traders 
 \vere next banifhed; and at length the Amfrerdammers met with 
 the fame fate. Mean while public (ales were advertifed, invita- 
 tion given, and protection afforded to purchafcrs of all nations 
 and clafies; and the ifland exhibited one of the greateft auHons 
 that ever was opened in theuniverfe. Never was a better market 
 for buyers. The goods were foid for a trifling proportion of their 
 value; and by report, the French agents made ihe greater! and 
 rnoil lucrative purchafes. Molt of the goods were conveyed to 
 French and Danifh iflands ; and left to find their way to tfoofe e- 
 pemies for having fupplied whom, in the ordinary commerce, 
 Euilaiia fufferedio feveiely. This whole bufmefs, from beginning 
 to end, has brought upon Great Britain the odium of all Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 A fquadron of privateers, moftly belonging to Briilol, upon 
 bearing of the rupture with Holland, boldly entered the rivers of 
 Demarara and lilequ'ibo, and with no fmall degree of courage and 
 cntcrprife, brought out fiom under the Dutch forts and batteries, 
 alrnolt all the veffels of any value in either river. The prizes 
 ; but Admiral llodney, ia his official letter o 
 
A. D. 1781-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 187 
 
 the i7th of March, obferved in thepoftfcript " The Dutch fhips 
 feized by the* privateers at Demarara are droits to the admiralty, 
 the privateers having no comrniffion to take them." He men- 
 tioned alfo the furrender of the French iflarid of St. Bartholomew 
 on the i6th. 
 
 The inhabitants of the two Dutch colonies of Demarara and 
 Ilfequibo, fenfible of their defencelefs fituation, had already made 
 a tender of their fubmiffion to the governor of Barbadoes, re- 
 quiring no other terms but a participation of thofe which had 
 been granted to Euftatia and its dependencies. A deputation wat 
 fent to Admiral Rodney and General Vaughan to learn what wer 
 thefe terms. The deputies found that the colonies' had made an 
 improvident demand, as in effecl the terms which they required 
 were, that they might be defpoiled of all their goods, and baniuV 
 cd from their habitations. But a nice line of diftinclion was 
 drawn between the horiefty and good properties of Dutchmen 
 inhabiting the continent, and of thofe living in Euftatia : and tht 
 continental colonifts were accordingly fully fecured in their pro- 
 perty, and had every indulgence granted, which could have been 
 fairly expected. However their countrymen, the Euftatian Ifl- 
 anders, have been obliged to undergo the opprobrium, of having 
 the atrocious crime of perfidioufnefs publicly charged and re- 
 corded againft them in the London gazettes ; and therefore of 
 being unworthy of any degree of protection, much lefsof indul- 
 gence. 
 
 The Dutch war prevented the fending of the fecond French 
 naval divifion to the affiftance of the United States of America 
 as at firft intended ; and put the court of Verfailles upon the 
 plan of augmenting their fleet in the Weft Indies, fo as to fecura 
 it a fuperiority over the Britiih. Accordingly Count de GrafTe fail- 
 ed from Breft the 2 2d of March, with a fleet of 25 fail of the line, 
 the Sagittaire of 54 guns, 6000 land forces, and a prodigious con- 
 voy, amounting to between 2 and 300 mips; the whole com- 
 pofingone of the Jargeft and richeft fleets that ever failed from 
 France. Of this formidable armament, five mips of the line 
 under Mr. de Suffrein, with part of the land forces, weredeftined 
 for the Eaft- Indies ; with a view likewife of intercepting Com- 
 modore Johnftone's fquadron and convoy on their way; the laft 
 failed from Spithead on the icjth of the fame month, in com- 
 panv with- the Britifh grand fleet under Admiral Darby. 
 
 The Eaft India Company received advice, about the middle of 
 April, that in July of laft year, Hyder Ally entered the Carnatic 
 in different places ; that fome of their troops were afterwards at- 
 tacked aud defeated j tfrat Sir Eyre Coote left Calcutta and fail- 
 ed 
 
THE HISTORY OF f HZ [A. D. 178*. 
 
 ed with a reinforcement to Fort St. George, where he arrived 
 the ^th of November, two days after Arcot had furrendered to 
 Hyder. Their affairs in that quarter have but a threatening af- 
 jpecl; ; but Sir Eyre is attempting all in his power to retrieve 
 them. 
 
 Mr. John Adams prefented to their High Mightinefles, the 
 States General of the United Provinces of the Low Countries, a 
 memorial dated Leyden, April 19, 1781. In which he informed 
 them, that the United States of America had lately thought fit 
 to fend him a commiiTion (with full powers and inftruclions) to 
 confer with them concerning a treaty of amity and commerce; 
 and that they had appointed him to be their minifter plenipoten- 
 tiary to refide near them. Similar information was communi- 
 cated at the fame time to the Stadtholder, his Serene Highnef* 
 the Prinqe of Orange. Mr. Adams meant to conciliate the af- 
 fections of all parties; that fo they might unite in fupporting.tht 
 tneafure he willed to obtain. 
 
 LETTER VIII. 
 
 Roxbury, Sept. 15, 1781. 
 
 LORD Cornwallis having eroded the Deep river, General 
 Greene refolved on carrying the war without delay into 
 South Carolina; thereby to oblige the enemy to follow him, or 
 to endanger their pofts in that ftate. He expefted that if the for- 
 mer took place, North Carolina would not continue the feat of 
 war ; if the latter, that they would lofe more than they could 
 gain in this lad ftate ; and that, did he remain in it, they would 
 hold their pofleflions in both. Hedifcharged all his militia; re* 
 frefhed his regular troops ; collected a few days provifion ; march- 
 ed on the th of April toward Camden ; and in the morning of 
 the 2oth, encamped at Log-town within fight of the enemy's 
 works. On this march Lieut. Col Lee, with hispariizan legion, 
 was detached to join General Marion with a few volunteer South 
 Carolina militia on a fecret expedition. To fecure the provi-, 
 fions that grow on the banks of the Santee and Congarce rivers 
 the Britiih had erected a chain of polls in their vicinity. One 
 of the moft important was on Wright's-blufF, and called Fort 
 Watfon. To the furprife of the Britifh it was clofely invefted 
 $n the 15th. Neither Lee nor Marion had any other means of 
 
 annoyance 
 
wlD.iySi.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. i8f 
 
 annoyance or defence but mufketry. The ground on which th 
 fort ftood was an Indian mount, 30 or 40 feet high: the befieg- 
 crs however creeled, in a few days, on an unufual plan, a work 
 pnuch higher. From thence the American riflemen fired into 
 the fort with fuch execution, that the befleged durft not mow 
 themfelves. On the 23d, the ganifon of 114 men furrendered 
 by capitulation. 
 
 Camden was covered on the fouth and eaft fides by the Wa- 
 teree, and a creek which empties itfelf into that river : on the 
 weftern and northern by fix ftrong redoubts. It was defended by 
 Lord Rawdon with about 900 men. The American army con- 
 fifted of 84$ continental infantry, befide 56 cavalry and 31 dif- 
 mounted dragoons ; together with 254 North Carolina militia 
 who had joined them by the 25th. It was Unequal to the talk 
 of carrying the place by florin, as alfo of completely invefting 
 it. On the 2ift Greene received intelligence, that Lieut. Col. 
 Watfon, who had made an incurfion to Peedee, was on his retura 
 to Camden with 4 or 500 men *. upon which he fent his baggage 
 and artillery, which could not follow him y under a guard of mi- 
 litia, to a fecure pofition, and threw all his regular troops below 
 the town, where appearances indicated more forcible hoftilities 
 againft the garrifon ; and frequent fkirmifhes evinced the enemy ' 
 apprehenfions of danger upon that quarter : but the principal 
 defign of Greene, to intercept Watfon, was prevented by his de- 
 lay, and a report of his having eroded the Santee. 
 
 On the 24th the army returned to the north fide of the town, 
 orders being previoufly fent for the artillery and baggage to rejoin 
 it at Hobkirk's hill, about a mile from Camden. The army took 
 poft on the hill, the better to improve the opportunity that any 
 Ibrtie might afford ; and by its being more remote than the pofi- 
 tion formerly occupied, to imprefs the enemy with an idea of the 
 Americans beginning to be apprehenfive of their own danger. 
 The precaution of calling the rolls often' v was taken ; notwith- 
 flanding which, one Jones, a drummer, eluded the attention of the 
 officers and the vigilance of the guards, and got fafe into town. 
 But nothing was apprehended from that circLunftance, as the 
 army was well potted, and defned nothing more than a field ac- 
 tion. 
 
 On the morning of the 2,5th of April, this order was iflued 
 - " The troops are to be furnifhed with two days provifion, 
 and a gill of fpirirs per man as foon as the ftores arrive." The 
 provifions were iflued ; but the fpirits being in the rear of the 
 baggage train, did not arrive at the moment when they were moil 
 neceilary, Loiu Rawdon concluding that General Greene was 
 
 not 
 
ago THE HISTORY OF THE [J. D. i 7 S(. 
 
 not prepared for an alion, and that a favorable moment offered,, 
 marched out to attack him. 
 
 The Americans were cooking their vicluals, and Greene was 
 at breakfaft, about ten o'clock, when fome of his advanced fen- 
 tinels, half a mi'e in front of the camp, fired upon the van of 
 the Britiih. The American troops were foon formed, and wait- 
 ed with cheerful countenances the approach of the enemy : Col. 
 O. Williams then road to head quarters, 2 or 300 yards in the 
 rear of the line, and returned before they engaged. All the bag- 
 gage, as is cuftomary in general actions, was ordered off. The 
 cavalry (which was unfaddled and feeding, on the firit alarm) was 
 now ready: and fo certain was Greene of fuccefs, that without 
 the leaft hefiration, he ordered Lieut. Col. Wafhington to turn 
 the right flank of the Britiih, and to charge in their rear. By 
 this time the fire between the Britim van, and the American 
 light infantry picquets became very lively ; and the Maryland 
 troops (who had been ordered to fit down) flood up and made 
 ready. The fecond regiment, being on- the left of the line, was 
 ordered to advance and attack the Britifh on their right flank, 
 which was done by Lieut. Col. Ford, who leceived a mortal 
 wound in the action : the firft regiment, commanded by Col. 
 Gunby, was ordered to charge the enemy in front. The two 
 Virginia regiments were, ordered toaci in a fimilar manner upon 
 the left of the Britim, and were led on by Greene in perfon, aid- 
 ed by Gen. Huger, Lieut. Cols. Campbell and Hawes. The 
 artillery was well potted and doing great execution, and a fmall 
 body of militia was coming into action, when fuddenly a number 
 of the Americans began to retire, though the danger was not ap- 
 parently great, and every body feemed ignorant of the cauie. 
 Col. Williams was at this indanl near the centre of the Mary- 
 land brigade, and with the afiiitance of Col. Gunby and other 
 officers, endeavored to rally the men. They halted and gave a 
 few fires ; but could not be brought again to charge. A general 
 retreat 'ook place. Wafhington, in the execution of the order 
 riven him, had at one time poffeffed himfelf of near 200 prifon- 
 ers: but he relinqui(hed the greateft part on feeing the army re- 
 tire. The officers he paroled on the field of battle ; and then 
 collecting his men, wheeled round, made his own retreat good 
 with the lofs of three men, and carried off with him fifty prifon- 
 ers. The fortune of the day was irretrievable: b 'Greene, 
 with his ufual firmnefs, inftandy took meafures to prevent Raw- 
 don's improving the fuccefs he had obtained. The retreat was 
 conducted with fuch order and deliberation, thatmoft of the Amq- 
 rjcaq. wounded, all their artillery and all their baggage, were 
 
*f.D, i;* 1 -] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 fafely carrieil off, together with fix royal cotnmiflioned officers, 
 befide Waftiington's prifoners. The atlion was continued with 
 intervals, till about four in the afternoon, arid till the Americans 
 had retreated about four miles; when a detachment ot the in- 
 fantry and cavalry, under Washington, were ordered to advance 
 and annoy the Britifh. The York volunteers, a handfome corps 
 of horfe, being a little advanced of the Britiih infantry, Warn* 
 ington with great intrepidity, inftamiy charged them, killed a 
 number and difperfed the reft. The Britifti army, without at- 
 tempting any thing further, retired to Camden, and Greene en- 
 camped the Americans about five miles from their former pofui- 
 on. The field of battle was occupied onlv by the dead. The 
 lofs of the Americans in killed, wounded and miffing, was 264.* 
 Among thefirft was Capt. Bearty of ihe Maryland line, one o 
 the heft of officers, and an ornament to his profeilion. Many 
 of the mifling returned. 
 
 The next day Greene in general orders commended the exerti- 
 ons of feveral corps ; but implicitly and by filence cenfured the 
 infantry of the battalions ; which would not have been done had 
 he known the real caufe of their apparent mifconduft. The vir- 
 tual cenfure was feverely felt, and the difTatisfaclion of the troops 
 upon the occafion, who faid they were ordered to retire, and 
 the complaints of many of the officers who acknowledged they 
 had communicated fuch orders, at length produced, at them/ranee 
 of Colonel Gunby, a court of inquiry. It then appeared that 
 Gunby received orders to advance and charge bayonets without 
 firing: this order was inftantly communicated to the regiment; 
 which advanced cheerfully for fome diftance, when a firing began. 
 on the right, and in a fhort lime became general through the 
 whole regiment. Soon after, two of the right hand companies 
 gave way, when Gunby ordered the other four to be brought 
 off. This was done, and they joined Gunby at the foot of the 
 hill, where he was exerting himfelf in rallying the other two 
 companies, and at length effecled it. The regiment was again 
 formed, and gave a fire or two as above related. Greene in. 
 general orders pronounced Gunby 's fpirit and activity unexcepti- 
 onable ; but his order for the regiment to retire extremely im- 
 proper and unmilitary; and declared that to be the only probable 
 caufe why they did not obtain a complete victory. 
 
 On the 28th of April, Gen. Greene thus expreiTed himfelf in a 
 letter to the Chevalier de la Luzerne "This diftrefFed country I 
 am fure cannot ftruggle much longer, without more tffeclual fup- 
 VOL. III. *Z port. 
 
 * The return to the Board of War, 
 
Spa THE HISTORY OF THE [,f. . 17$ j; 
 
 port. They may 'ftruggle a little while longer, but hey mull fall j 
 and i fear their fall will lay a train to fap the independence or 
 the reit of America. I have, agreeable to your excellency's 
 advice, impreiFed the dates all in my power with a fenfe of their 
 danger ; but they have not the means to make the neteffary exer- 
 tions. We fight, get beaten, rife and fight again. The whole 
 country is one continued fcenc of blood and daughter." On the 
 lit of May he wrote to the Marquis de la Fayetie " You may 
 depend upon it, that nothing can equal the fufferings of our little 
 army, but their merit. Let not the love of fame get the better 
 of your prudence ; and plunge you into a misfortune in too eager a 
 purfuit after glory. This is the voice of a friend, and not the 
 caution of a general." Captain Smith of the Americans was 
 deprived of the common indulgence allowed to prifoners, on a 
 charge brought againft him by deferters from Greene's army, of 
 murdering an officer and three privates belonging to the guards 
 after the action of Guildford. Greene complained of it to Lord 
 Rawdon in a letter of May the 3d, and faid " Nothing can be 
 more foreign to the truth than the charge. I have only to obferve 
 upon it, that had fuch a charge been made againft any of your 
 officers, whom the fortune of war had thrown into our hands, 
 before I fhould have treated them with any peculiar marks of in- 
 dignity* I (hould firft have made the inquiry, and had the faft bet- 
 ter eftabliOted. It is my wifli that the war fhould be conduced 
 upon the moil liberal, national and generous principles; but I 
 will never fuffcr an indignity or injury to be offered to our offi- 
 cers without retaliation." % 
 
 Soon after the aiion with his lordfhip, Greene knowing that- 
 the Britiih garrifon in Camden could not fubfift long without 
 frefh fupplies from Charleftown or the country, detached a re- 
 inforcement to Marion on the road to Nelfon's ferry ; and on the 
 X}d of May crofTed the Wateree, and took occafionally fuch po- 
 iitions as would moil effectually prevent fuccours from going into 
 the town from that quarter. On the ^th he wrote to governor 
 Reed of Pennfylvania " Thofe whofe trueintereil it was to have 
 informed congrefs and the people to the northward with the real 
 itate of things, have joined in the deception, and magnified the 
 Strength and refources of this country infinitely above their abili- 
 ty. Many of thofe who adhere to our party, aie fo fond of plea- 
 iure, that they cannot think of making the neceflary facrifices to 
 iupport the revolution. There are many good and virtuous people 
 to the fouthward ; but they cannot animate the inhabitants iri 
 general, as you can to the northward. When ruin appearsto ap- 
 proach any flaie, they are alarmed and begin to think of exerting 
 
 then Jelves j, 
 
ff.D.i7i-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 193 
 
 themfelves; but its approach no fooner receives a check, than 
 they fink back into a carelefs inattention. Virginia has exerted 
 herfelf in giving a temporary fupport to the army ; but her p!ea- 
 fure and her policy prevent her giving us fuch permanent aid, as 
 
 her ftrength and refources are capable or affording. Maryland 
 
 has done nothing, nor can I hear of any exertions there equal to 
 the emergency of war. Delaware has not anfwered rny letters. 
 - Thefe ftates have few men here, and thofe they have are daily 
 
 ffifcharged. North Carolina has got next to no regulars in the 
 
 field, and few militia, and thefe the worft in the world, for they 
 have neither pride nor principle to bind them to any party, or to 
 a difcharge of their duty. Generals Marion and Surnpter have a, 
 few people who adhere to them, perhaps more from a defne and 
 the opportunity of plundering, than from any inclination to pro- 
 mote the independence of the United Slates. I have been play- 
 ing the moft hazardous game to keep up appeal ances in this quar- 
 ter, until more effectual fupport could be afforded. But our num- 
 ber is reduced to a mere (hadow. The war to the northward is 
 nothing. It is a plain bufme/s. Here the war rages like a fire ; 
 and the enterprise arid aclivky of the enemy almott exceed belief. 
 J have run every rifk and hazard, and find the difficulties thicken 
 upon me daily ; and you know I am not of a defporiding fpirit or 
 idle temper. If our good friends the Fiench cannot lend a help- 
 
 ing uand to fave thefe finking flates, they muft and will fall. 
 
 Here we are contending with more than five times our number, 
 and among a people much more in the enemy's inter ell than 
 ours." Greene complains in this letter of the Mary-landers; but 
 they had raited ,500 regulars, who might have joined him in A- 
 pril, if proper pains had been taken by the executive power. 
 
 On the jth of May Lord Rawdon received a'confiderable re- 
 inforcement by the arrival of the detachment under Watfon. 
 \\ r ith this increafe of ftrength he attempted the next day to com- 
 pel General Greene to another aclion, which he found to be im- 
 praclicable. Failing in his defign he returned to Camden ; and 
 on the ioth burned the jail, mi/lls, many private houfes, and a 
 great deal oFhis own baggage, He then evacuated the pod, and 
 retired with his whole arrny to the fouth of the Santee, leav- 
 ing about 30 of his own fick and wounded, and as many of the 
 Americans. Greene's return to the fouthward being unexpected, 
 the ftoves of the garrifon were not provided for a fiege; but the 
 evacuation was battened, as Greene apprehended, from an alarm 
 that a meafure of his had given them. While in the neighbour, 
 hood of Camden, he hanged in one day eight foldiers, who had 
 Jefeilsl from bi-s army, -and were afterward taken prifoners. This 
 
 execution, 
 
J94 THE HISTORY OF THE [J.D. 1781. 
 
 execution, according to the information given him,almoft bred a 
 mutiny in tlie gairifon, which was compofed very much of de- 
 ferters. It had a ftrong effecl on his own troops, from whom 
 there was no defertion for three months. Rawdon had the ho- 
 nor of faving his men, though he Jolt the poft, the country, and 
 the confidence of the tories. lie offered every afliftance in his 
 power to the friends of Britifh government who would accompa- 
 ny him, which was the choice of feveral families. 
 
 The evacuation of Camden animated the friends of Congrefs, 
 ?nd daily increafed their numbers; while the Britifh pofts fell in 
 quick fucceflion. The day after the evacuation, the garriibn of 
 Orangeburgh, confiiling of 70 Britim militia and 12 regulars, 
 funendered to Sumpter, Marion and Lee, after the capture of 
 port Watfon, crofTed the Santee and moved up to Fort Motte, 
 \vhich lies above the Fork on the fouth fide of the Congaree, 
 \vhere they arrived on the 8th of May. The Britifh had built 
 their works round Mrs. Motte's dwelling houfe which occafioned 
 }ier moving to a neighbouring hut. She was informed that firing 
 the houfe was the eafiefr. mode of reducing the garrifon: upon 
 that {he prefented the befiegers with a quiver of African arrows, 
 to be employed in the fervice. Skewers armed with combuftible 
 m.^eriais were alfo ufed, and with more effecl. Succefs foon 
 crowned thefe experiments, 3nd her joy was inexpreffible upon 
 finding that the reduction of the port had been expedited, though 
 ?u the expence of her property. The firing of her houfe com- 
 pelled the garrifon of 165 men, to furrender at difcretion on the 
 12th of May, after a brave defence. TWO days after, the Britifh 
 evacuated their poft at Nelfon's ferry. On the i^th, Fort Gran-. 
 by, about 30 miles to the weftward of Fort Motte, was reduced,, 
 The preceding night Lee creeled a battery within 600 yards of its 
 Out-works, on which he mounted a fix pounder hailily brought 
 from Fort Moite. After the third difcharge from this field piece, 
 Major Maxwell capitulated. His force confifted of 352 men, a 
 great part royal milivia. Very advantageous terms were given 
 them, in confequence of information that Lord. Rawdon was 
 parching to their relief. They had the offer of fecurity to their 
 baggage, in which was included an immenfe quantity of plunder. 
 This haftened the furrender. The American militia were much 
 tfifgufied, that the garrifon was fo favored. They indicated an in- 
 clination for breaking the capitulation, and killing the prifoners. 
 When Greene heard of it, he folemnly declared that he would put 
 to death any one that fhould be guilty of fo doing. 
 
 The day after the furrender of Fort Granby, Lee began his 
 S3- r cb to join Pkkens who, with a body of militia, was in the 
 
 Neighbourhood 
 
A. D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 195 
 
 neighbourhood of Augufta ; and in four days completed it. On 
 the 21 ft of May, the Britifh poft at Silver Bluff, called Fort 
 Dreadnought, with fix committioned officers and 70 ftaff, non- 
 commiffioned and privates, befide a field piece and a large quan- 
 tity of ftores, furrendered to a detachment of the legion under 
 Capt. Rudolph. Pickens and Lee had for their object the r,e- 
 du6lion of Fort Cornwallis at Augufta, where Col. Brown com- 
 manded. The approaches were conducted with judgment and 
 rapidity ; but no advantage could be gained over the brave and 
 vigilant Brown. In the courfe of the fiege, feveral batteries 
 were erected whieh overlooked the fort. From thefe the Ame- 
 rican riflemen mot into the infide of the works with fuccefs. 
 Thegarrifon buried themfelves in a great meafure under ground; 
 and obftinately refufed to furrender, till every man who attempt- 
 ed to fire upon the befiegers was inftantly mot down. On the 
 th of June, the fort with about 300 men furrendered by capitu- 
 Jation. The Americans had about 40 killed and wounded dur"- 
 jng the fiege. Lieut. Col. Grierfon, who was greatly obnoxious 
 to them, was after the furrender put to death by fome unfeen 
 rnarkfman. A reward of a hundred guineas was offered for the 
 perpetrator of this perfidious deed, who notwithftanding remain- 
 ed undifcovered. Brown would probably have (hared a fimilar 
 fate, had not his conquerors furnifhed him with an efcort to the 
 royal garrifon in Savannah ; for on his way he had to pafs thro* 
 the inhabitants whofe houfes he had burned, whofe relations he 
 had hanged, and fome of whofe fellow citizens he had delivered 
 to the Indians, from whofe hands they fuffered all the tortures, 
 which favagenefs has contrived to give poignancy to the pains of 
 death. 
 
 General Greene, the mean while, had proceeded with the main 
 army to Ninety Six, wh'-ch was of more confequence than the o- 
 ther pofts, and was defended by a confiderable force under the 
 command of Lieut. Col. Cruger. Greene arrived before the town, 
 on the 22d of May, and two days after opened his firft batteries. 
 The approaches were carried on with unremitting affiduity, day 
 and night. Greene's regular force was fomewhat fuperior to that 
 of the garrifon.* The militia in that diftrift abated their habitual 
 
 ardor 
 
 * Mr, M'K>nxie in his ftriftures on Tarleton's hiftory fays, the 
 
 American army amounted to upward of four thonfand men - 
 
 p. 146. The American deputy adjutan*- general; Col. O. Williams, 
 ftated them thus in his return, prefent fit for duty, rank and file, 
 Maryland brigade 427, Virginia ditto 43 1 , North Carolina battalion. 
 66, Delaware ditto 60, in all 984 ; and made no mention of militia* 
 
THE HISTORY OF THK [A. D. i 7 gfj 
 
 ardor for deflroying each other, and waited the event of the fiege* 
 The Americans not Finding the aid they expe6}ed from them ; but 
 on the contrary being obliged to fend large convoys with the wag- 
 gons, that went only a few tniles from camp for provifions or fo- 
 rage, the bufinefs became extremely irkfome, and the event dubi- 
 ous : however the fiege was profecuted with indefatigable induf- 
 try. The garrifon defended ihemfelves with fpirit and addrefs ; 
 and frequent rencounters happened with various fuccefs. Rifle- 
 men were employed on both fides, who immediately levelled at 
 every perfon that appeared in fight, and feldom miffed their oh j eft. 
 The additional force of Lee's legion after ;he furrendtr of fort 
 Cornwallis, was highly feafonable; as moft of the American mi- 
 litia had withdrawn, either to carry home their plunder, or to fe- 
 cure their families from the ravages of the royalifts, who began 
 to get rid of their apprehenfions, on a report that a large rein- 
 forcement from Europe had arrived at Cbarleflown, and that 
 Lord Rawdon was marching to the relief of Ninety Six. 
 
 On the 3d of June, a fleet arrived from Ireland, having oa 
 board the 3d, ipth, and 30th Britifh regiments, a detachment 
 from the guards, and a confidcrabSe bodv of recruits, the 
 \v hole commanded by Lieut. Col. Gould. This was a feafonable 
 arrival ; for the royal army had loft a number of brave officers 
 and foldiers, through the fudden and unexpected attack of the A- 
 mericans upon their detached pofts in different parts of the coun- 
 try. On the yth, Rawdon marched from Charleftown with a 
 number of thefe newly arrived troops, in order to relieve the gar- 
 rifon at Ninety Six. Great were the difficulties they had to en- 
 counter, in rapidly marching under the rage of a burning fun 
 through the whole extent of South Carolina ; but much greater 
 xvas their aftonifhrnent, when they were told, that their fervices 
 in the field were neceffary to oppofe the yet uniubdued rebels in 
 the province. They had been amufed with hopes, that nothing 
 remained for them to do, but to fit down as fettlers on the for- 
 feited lands of a conquered country. General Greene's army 
 had advanced their approaches very near that critical point, after 
 which further refiOance would have been temerity. At this in- 
 terefting moment, intelligence was received, that Lord Rawdoa 
 was nigh at hand, with a reinforcement of at leaft 1700 foot, and 
 
 1,50 
 
 Mr. M'Kenrte Rates the garrifon at about 150 men of DHancey'* 
 battalion, 200 Jerfey volunteers, and about 200 loyal militia, in all 
 550, if full, ami no more than about the number fpecined. Bur if* 
 fni Uke in the account of the garrifon, an y wife fimilar to that of the 
 American array, has been committed, the difproport iou betweejl 
 fc.oih souft be much greater, tiiaa that of 550 and 904. 
 
if.JD.i78j.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 150 horfe. An American lady, lately married to an officer in the 
 garrifon, had been prevailed upon by a large fum of money to 
 convey a letter to Cruger, with the news of their approach. At- 
 tempts had been made to retard their march, but without the de- 
 fired effect. Their vicinity made it neceffary either to raife the 
 fiege, or make a bold attempt for the reduction of (he place. The 
 American army was eager for this effort, in which every one 
 knew and defpifed the danger. But Greene confidered the con-- 
 fequences of a repulfe, and inftead of a general aflault, ordered 
 [June 18.] the batteries to be well manned and a furious cannon- 
 ade to commence, while the troops lined the trenches and parallel 
 lines with all the appearances of a meditated coup-de-main. One 
 of the redoubts was quickly abandoned, and Lee's light infantry 
 took poffeilion of it. Immediately afterward, a fe!e6l party from 
 the Maryland brigade under Lieut. Duval, and anoiher from the 
 Virginia brigade under Lieut. Selden, followed by a number of 
 pioneers provided with intrenching tools and grapples, entered the 
 ditch of the ftrongeft work called the Star fort, and endeavored to 
 pull down the fand bags and to make a lodgment. The aflonim- 
 rnent of the enemy at firfl'rnade iheir oppofition feeble ; but the 
 ftrength of their works requiring much time to reduce them, fome 
 ef their troops who had abandoned the poll were brought back to 
 its defence, and parties were thrown into theditch to charge the Ame- 
 ricans on each flank, who were repulfed with lofs.andthen fucceed- 
 ed by others that fufferedalfo, while thofe within fought entirely un- 
 der cover. The American parties in the ditch were enfiladed 
 and galled exceedingly by the fire from the flank angles of their 
 fort. The enterprife however was not foon relinquimed. Ex- 
 pofed as they were, with their nofes almoil touching the muz- 
 zles of the enemy's mufketry, flanked on both fides, and fighting 
 foot to foot, they bravely maintained poffeffion of the ditch, and 
 vigoroufly urged the daring defign, till they were ordered tore- 
 tire. The conflict continued near an hour, when' Greene ob- 
 ferving that every thing had been attempted which could promife 
 fuccefs, directed the furviving affailants to be called off. * About 
 one third fell in the ditch, and near as many were brought off 
 wounded. Duval and Selden were both wounded. During 
 the attack, the ift Maryland regiment, commanded by Capt. Ben- 
 fon (which was to fuftain theadvanced parties in cafe they penetra- 
 ted the fort] manned the advanced parallel line, and both lines, 
 of approach, which were within a few feet of the enemy's works. 
 The officers could not be at once neighbours and Grangers to dan- 
 ger. They frequently obferved the fituation of affairs, and fome^ 
 ordered their foldiers to rife up and firs, over the heads 04 
 
 their 
 
tgB THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1781, 
 
 their companions, to prevent the enemy from looking and firing 
 over their fand bags. Capt. Armflrong received a ball through 
 the head, and Capt. Benfon a very dangerous wound through the 
 left moulder and neck. Rawdon's near approach obliged Greene 
 to raife the fiege on the evening of the ipth, after having loft, 
 fmce the 2ad of May, about 1,50 men in killed, wounded and 
 miffing. 
 
 It was a mortifying circumftance to the Americans, to be ob- 
 liged to abandon the fiege, when in the grafp of viflory to be 
 compelled, when nearly matters of the whole countrv, to retreat 
 to its extremity. On this fudden turn of affairs, Greene was 
 advifed by fome perfons to leave the ftate, and retire with his re- 
 maining force to Virginia. To fuch fuggeftions he nobly an- 
 fweied " I will recover the country, or die in the attempt." On 
 the 2oth of June, the American army crolTed the Saludaand retired 
 toward Broad river. They reached the Enoree on the 24th.- 
 Thus far Lord Rawdon purfued them ; when finding it impofli- 
 ble to overtake them, he faced about and returned. Heconfoled 
 himfelf with the apprehenfion that they were gone to North Ca- 
 rolina or Virginia. But they halted and refreihed themfelves 
 near the Crofs roads, till Greene was informed that his lorcifhip 
 -with about half his army was marching to the Congaree. Upon 
 this the American invalids and heavy baggage filed off toward 
 Camden, and all the effeFtive infantry marched by way of Wynf- 
 borough to meet his lordfhip at fort Granby. The cavalry was 
 previoufly detached to watch his motions; and did it fo effeclual- 
 Jy, that a part of them charged and took a captain, a lieutenant, a 
 cornet, and 45 privates of the Britifh dragoons, with all the hor- 
 fes and accoutrements, one mile from their encampment. The 
 day following, the 4th of July, his lordfhip marched from the 
 Congaree to Orangeburgh, where he was joined by the 3d re- 
 giment under Lieut. Col. Stewart, with a convoy of provifions. 
 Greene, after collecting the militia under Sumpter and Marion, 
 and attaching them to the continentals, offered him battle on the 
 12th. His lordfhip, fecure in his ftrong pofition, would not ven- 
 ture out, and Greene was too weak to attack him with any prof- 
 peel of fucccG. Advice being received that Cruger bad evacua- 
 ted Ninety Six, and was marching with his troops to join Raw- 
 don, Greene ordered the Americans to retire about fevcn miles 
 that evening. The next day the cavalry of the legion, the ftate 
 troops and militia weredetached to make a Jiverfjon towardCharlef- 
 town, and the reft of the army was ordered to the High-Hills of 
 Santee. The fame day Rawdon and Cruger formed a j^nBion. 
 A few days after, his lordfhip left Orangeburgh with a confider- 
 
 ablc 
 
A.D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 able detachment and a great number of waggons, and marcbed to 
 Charleftown. His lordthip intends returning to Great Britain. 
 His ill ftate of health will fully juitify his ufmg that leave of ab- 
 fence which has been granted; while the nature of thefervice in 
 the Carolinas can be no inducement for him to remain. 
 
 The evacuation of Camdsn having bean partly effected by 
 finking at the pofts below, Greene was for trying how far the 
 like meaiures might induce the Britim to leave O.angeburgb. 
 The detachment was fent off" to Monk's Corner and Dorcheiter, 
 and moved down by different roads ; in three days they commen- 
 ced their operations. Lee took all the waggons and waggon hor- 
 fes belonging to a convoy of pt ovidoas. Lieur. Col. WadeHamr 
 ton, with the ftate cavalry, charged a party of Britifh diagoor.s 
 within five miles of Chai leftown. He alfo took ^50 prifoners at 
 Strawberry ferry, and burned four veflels loaded with valuable 
 itores for the Britifh army. Sumpter appeared before the gar- 
 rifon at Biggin's church, confiding of ,500 infantry and upward 
 of 100 cavalry. Lieut. Col. Coates who commanded there, after 
 repu!fin<T Sumpter's advanced party, on the next evening defray- 
 ed his /lores and retreated toward Charleftown. He was clofe- 
 ly purfued by Lee's legion and Hampton's ftate caval.y. The 
 legion came up with them, and took their rearguard and all their 
 baggage. Sumpter and Marion came up with the main body af- 
 ter fome hours ; but by this time the Britifli had fecured them- 
 felves by taking an advantageous potl in a range of houfes. An 
 attack was however made, and continued with fpirit till upward 
 of 40 were killed or wounded by the fire from the houfes. The 
 Britifli loft in thefe different engagements 140 prifoners, befide 
 feveral killed and wounded, all the baggage of the 19 th regiment, 
 andiabove 100 horfesand feveral waggons. 
 
 General Greene with the main army reached the High Hills 
 of Santee on the i6thof July, and there repofed them till the 
 22d of Auguft. In a letter from thence of the 8th of Auguft, to 
 a friend at Philadelphia, he thus expreffed himfelf "Gen. Gates 
 left this country under a heavy load ; and I can affure you he did 
 not defrve it. If he was to be blamed for any thing at all, it 
 was for fighting, not for what he did, or did not do in or after 
 the at : on. I have been upon the ground where he was defeated, 
 and think it was well chofen, and the troops properly drawn up; 
 and had he halted after the defeat at Charlotte, without doing ;h e 
 leaft thing, I arn perfuaded there would have been as little murmur- 
 ing upon that occafion, as in any inftance whatever, where the 
 public meet with a misfortune of equal magnitude. I think the 
 Her of Congrefs for an inquiry was premature, and am con ft. 
 
 VOL. Ill, A a dent 
 
THE HISTORY OF tnt [A. D. 17*1; 
 
 dent he will acquit himfelf with honor, whenever he is brought 
 to trial. But it I could have my wifh, he fhould be acquitted 
 without an inquiry, unlefs he chofe it himfelf." 
 
 That you may form a clearer conception of the miferie s at- 
 tending the war in South Carolina, you are prefented with a few 
 extracts from General Greene's letters. While before Ninety 
 Six he wrote to Col. Davies, the 23d of May "The animofity 
 between the whigs and tories of thi ftate renders their fituation 
 truly deplorable. There is not a day paffes, but there are more 
 or leis who fall a facrifice to this favage difpofition. The whig* 
 ieem determined to extirpate the tories, and the tories the whigs. 
 Some thoufands have fallen in this way in this quarter, and the 
 vil rages with more violence than ever. If a flop cannot be foor* 
 put to thefe mairacres, the country will be depopulated in a few 
 months more, as neither whig nor lory can live." Thus with- 
 out charging, he rebuked Davies for a crime of which he was wo- 
 lully guilty, and advifed him to a better conduct. Weighty rea- 
 fons, though not a fimilar one, induced Greene to write to Pick- 
 ens, on the ^th of June " The inhabitants near Parker's Fo?d, 
 on theSaluda, are in great diftrefs from the favage conduct of a 
 party of men belonging to Col. Hammond's regiment. This par- 
 ty plunders without mercy, and murders the defencelefs people, 
 juft as private pique, prejudice or perfonal refentments diclate. 
 Principles of humanity as well as policy require, that proper mea- 
 fures fliould be immediately taken to reftrain thefe abufes, heal 
 differences, and unite the people as much as poflible. No vio- 
 lence fhould be offered to any of the inhabitants, unlefs found in 
 arms. The idea of exterminating the tories is no lefs barbarous 
 than impolitic. I hope you will exert yourfelf to bring over the 
 tories to our intereft, and check the growing enormities which 
 prevail among the whigs, in plundering as private avarice or a 
 bloody difpofition flimulates them." July the ^oth, the general 
 
 thus expreffed hirnfelf to the fameperfen " I am exceedingly 
 
 diftreffed, that the practice of plundering flill continues to rage. 
 If a check is not put to this fatal practice, the inhabitants will think 
 their miferies rather increafed than leflened." While Greene 
 remained on the High Hills of Santee, he received from the Prefi- 
 dent of Conojrefs, Mr. M'Kean, the following extracts from let- 
 ters of Lord Geo. Germaine. To the commiilioners for reflor- 
 ing peace. " March the 7th. Your declaration of trie 29th of 
 December, will, I truft, be productive of good effefts. The nar- 
 row limits to which you have reduced your exceptions, and the 
 generality of the afTurance you have given of refloration of the 
 former confutations, were, I doubt not, well confidcred, and judg- 
 ed 
 
a. . 17813 AMERICAN REVOLUTION, tot 
 
 cd necefiary and expedient : but as there are many things in th 
 conftitutions of fome of the colonies, and fome things in all, 
 which the people hare always wifhed to be altered, and others 
 which the common advantages of both countries require to be 
 changed, it is neceiTary to be attentive, that neither your afts nor 
 declarations preclude any dififuifition of fuch fubjecb or prevent 
 fuch alterations being made in their conftitution as the people 
 may folicit or confent to." [Thus it appears that the miniftrr 
 meant that the commiflioners mould be fo guarded in their afti 
 and declarations, as that the American conftitutions might not 
 obtain from the fame, (lability and permanency.] To Sir Henry 
 Clinton. ** February the 7th. It gave his majefty fatisfaclion to 
 find you had determined to replace General Leilie's detachment in 
 Elizabeth river, by one under General Arnold, with pofitive or- 
 ders to eftablifh a permanent poft there." To Sir H. Clinton. 
 
 ' March the/th. It is a pleafing, though at the fame time a mor- 
 tifying refle6tion, which arifes from the view of the return of the 
 provincial forces you have tranfmitted, that the American levies 
 in the king'* fervice are more in number, than the whole of the 
 inlifted troops in the fervice of the Congrefs. I hope in the 
 courfeof the fummer, the admiral and you will be able to fpars 
 a force fufficient to effdft an eftabliihment at Cafco Bay, and re- 
 duce that country to the king's obedience. As the exchanges (as it 
 appears from Mr. Wafhington's laft letter to you) will not be car- 
 ried on further, the meafure of enliftingyourprifoners for fervice 
 in the Weft Indies mould be adopted immediately, and indeed fuch 
 has been the mortality of the troops there from ficknefs, that I 
 do not fee any other means of recruiting them. The prevalency 
 of wefterly winds thefe laft two months has prevented the War- 
 wick and Solebay, with their convoy, from getting further than 
 Plymouth, where they are all detained. " The Prefident wro ein 
 his letter of July the i/th, which accompanied the above extracts. 
 41 It further appears from thefe letters, that Arnold has received 
 bills of exchange for five thotifand pounds fterling on London, 
 
 which have been paid, and the money invefted in the flocks. 
 
 This was probably the certain reward, the reft may have been e- 
 ventual. Congrefs are pofFeffed of the originals." The follow- 
 ing of May the 22d, is thought alfo to have been fent to Greene 
 by a member of Congrefs " Congrefs this day received a moft 
 affectionate and friendly letter from the king of France. He 
 gives us every aflurance of the moft fjbftantial aid, as far as his 
 
 abilities and the exigencies of his affairs in Europe will admit. f 
 
 K i^eaks in the io& lender aad feeling manner on the diftref. 
 
 iing 
 
 
ac* THE H I S T O R Y OF THE {A. D. 178*. 
 
 flng fituation of our affairs; and fays, be will rifk embarraflfing 
 liis own affairs in order to afford us fome relief." 
 
 After Lord Rawdon's return to Charleftown an affair took 
 place, which has roufed the indignation of the Americans, and 
 may receive a fairer difculfion in fome future period, when im- 
 partiality ihull be more prevalent than at prefent. The whole 
 truth, and nothing but 'be truth, fo far as it has come to my know- 
 ledge mall be now laid before you. During the fiege of Charlef- 
 town, Col. Hayne ferve^ his country in a corps of militia horfe. 
 After the capitulation, rio alternative was left but either to aban- 
 don his farnily and property, or to furrender to the conqnerois. 
 He ffonduded that inilead of waiting to be captured, it would be 
 both more fafe and more honorable 10 go within the Britim lines, 
 and furrendcr bimfelf a voiuirary prifoner. He therefore repaired 
 to Char ltd own, and offered to bind himfeif by the honor of an 
 Amen an officer, to do nothing prejudicial to the Britifh intereft 
 till he mould be exchanged. Repot ts made of his fuperior abi- 
 lities and influence, uniformly exerted in the American caufe, o- 
 perated with the conquerors to refufe him a parole, though they 
 \vere daily accuftomed to grant that indulgence to other inhabi- 
 tants. He was told that he muft either become a Britim fubjeft, 
 or fubmit to clofe confinement. To be arrefted and detained in 
 the capital, was not to himfeif an intolerable evil; but to aban- 
 don his family both to the ravages of the fmall-pox, then raging 
 in their neighbourhood, and to the infults and depredations of 
 the royaiifls, was too much for the tender hufband and fond pa- 
 rent. To acknowledge himfeif ihe fubjecl of a government which 
 he had from principle renounced, was repugnant to his feelings ; 
 but without this he was cut off from every profpecl of a return 
 to his family. In this embarraflTmg fituation he waited on Doclor 
 Ramfay with a declaration to the following effect " If the Bri- 
 tiih would grant me the indulgence, which we, in the day of our 
 pov;er, gave to their adherents, of removing my family and pro- 
 perty, I would feek an afyhim in the remoter! corner of the Unit- 
 ed States, rather than fubmit to their government ; but as they 
 allow no other alternative than fubmiffion or confinement in the 
 capital, at a diflance from my wife and family, at a time when 
 they are in ihe moft prefling need of my prefence and fupport, I 
 muft for the prefent yield to the demands of the conquerors. I* 
 requefl you to bear in mind, that, previous to my taking this ftep, 
 1 dec'are that it is contrary to my inclination, and forced on me 
 by hard neceffity, I never will bear arms againft my country. My 
 new mailers can require no fervice of me, but what is enjoined by 
 the old militia law of the province, which fubftitutes a fine in lieu 
 
 Qf 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 of perfonal fervice. That I will pay as the price of my protec- 
 tion. If my conduft (houlcl be cenfured by my countrymen, -I 
 l>e<r that you would remember this converfation, and bear witnefs 
 for rne, that I do not mean to defert the caufe of America." 
 
 In this ftate of perplexity, Col. Hayne fubfcribed a declaration 
 of his allegiance to the king of Great Britain; but not without 
 exprefsly objecting to the claufe which required him with his arms 
 toftipport the royal government. The commandant of the-garri- 
 ibn, Brigadier General Patterfon, and James Simpfon, Efq; in- 
 tendant of the Britifh police, allured him that this would never 
 be required ; and added further, that when the regular forces 
 could not defend the country without the aid of its inhabitants, 
 it would be high time for the royal army to quit it. Having fub- 
 nritted to the royal government, he was permitted to return to hw 
 family. Notwithstanding what had palled at the time of his fub- 
 Jhiflion, he was repeatedly called upon to take arms againft his 
 countrymen, and finally threatened with clofe confinement in cafe 
 of a further refufal. This he confidered as a breach of central ; 
 and it being no longer in the power of the Britiih to give hint 
 that protection, which was to be the compensation of his allegi- 
 ance; he viewed hirnfelf ars releafed from all engagements to their 
 commanders. The inhabitants of his neighbourhood, who had 
 alfo revolted, petitioned General Pickens to appoint him to the 
 command of their regiment, which was done, and the appointment 
 accepted. 
 
 Colonel Hayne having thus refumed his arms, fent out in July 
 a fmall party to reconnoitre ; which penetrated within feven mile* 
 of Charleftown, took General Williamfon prifoner, and retreated 
 to the head quarters of the regiment. This was the fame WiU 
 liamfon, who was an aclive officer in the South Carolina militia 
 from the commencement of the war to the furrender of Charlef- 
 town ; foon after which event he became a Britifh fubje6. Such 
 was the anxiety of the Britifh commandant to refcue Williamfon, 
 that he ordered out his whole cavalry on the bufinefs. Hayne 
 fell into their hands. He was carried to the capital, and confin- 
 ed in the provoft's prifon, for having refurned his arms after ac- 
 cepting Britifh protection. At firft he was promifed a trial, and 
 had council prepared tojuftify his conducl by the laws of nations 
 and ufages of war : but this was finally refufed, and he was or- 
 dered for execution by Lord Rawdon and Lieutenant Col. Bal- 
 four. The royal lieut. gov. Bull, and a great number of inhabi- 
 tants, both royalifts and Americans, interceded for his life. The 
 ladies of Charleftown generally figned a petition in his behalf, in 
 which was introduced every delicate fentimem that was likely to 
 
 operate 
 
THE HISTORY or THE \A. D. 1781. 
 
 eperate on the gallantry of officers, or the humanity of men. His 
 children, accompanied by fome near relations (the mother had 
 died of the fmall pox) were prefented on their bended knees, as 
 humble fuitors for their father's life. Such powerful intercefli- 
 ons were made in his favor as touched many an unfeeling heart, 
 and drew tears from many an hard eye ; but Lord Rawdon and 
 Balfour continued firm to their determination. 
 
 The colonel was repeatedly vifited by his friends, and converf- 
 cd on various fubje6is with a becoming fortitude. He particu- 
 larly lamented that, on principles of retaliation, his execution 
 would probably be an introduction to the medding of much in- 
 nocent blood. He requefted thofe in whom the fupreme power 
 tvas veiled, to accommodate the mode of his death to his feelings 
 as an officer : but this was refufed. On the laft evening of his 
 life, be told a friend, that he was no more alarmed at the thoughts 
 of death, than at any other occurrence which was neceflaiy and 
 unavoidable. 
 
 On receiving his fummons in the morning of Auguft the 4th t 
 to proceed to the place of execution, he delivered to his eldefl fon, 
 a youth of about 13 years of age, feveral papers relative to his 
 cafe, and faid " Prefent thefe papers to Mrs. Edwards, with my 
 requeft that me would forward them to her brother in Congrefs. 
 You will next repair to the place of execution ; receive my body, 
 and fee it decently interred among my forefathers." They took 
 a final leave. The colonel's arms were pinioned, and a guard 
 placed round his perfon. The proceflion began from the Ex- 
 change in the forenoon. The fireets were crowded with thou- 
 fands of anxious fpeftators. He walked to the place of executi- 
 on with fuch decent firmnefs, compofure and dignity, as to awa- 
 ken the companion of many, and command refpecl from all. 
 When the city barrier was paft, and the inftrurnent of his cataf- 
 trophe appeared in full view, a faithful friend by his fide obferved 
 to him, that he hoped he would exhibit an example of the man- 
 ner in which an American can die. He anfwered with the ut- 
 moft tranquillity " I will endeavour to do fo." He afcended the 
 cart with a firm (tep and ferene afpeft. He inquired of the exe- 
 cutioner, who was making an attempt to get up to pull the cap 
 over his eyes, what he wanted. On being informed, the colonel 
 replied " I will fave you the trouble," and pulled the cap over 
 hirnfelf. He was afterward afked, whether he wifhed to fay any- 
 thing, to which he anfwered " I will only take leave of my 
 friends, and be ready." He then affectionately Ihook hands with 
 three gentlemen, recommending his children to their care, and 
 gave the fmnal for -the cart to move, 
 
 Thu* 
 
j|.D.i7j.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Thus fell Col. Ifaac Hayne in the bloom of life, furnifhingf 
 that example in death, which extorted a conieflion from his ene- 
 mies, that though he did not die in a good caufe, he muft at leaft 
 have acied from a perfuafion of its being fo.* The world will 
 judge whether his death was ftri&ly according to law; and if fo, 
 whether the legality was not of that kind to which the maxim ia 
 to be applied -Jummumjusjumma injuna. 
 
 The operations in Virginia (hall be now related. 
 
 The jun61ion of General Phillips's force to General Arnold 7 * 
 at Portfmouth, greatly increafed their power of diftrefling the 
 ftate, which they failed not to improve as far as pofTible. In 
 April, the troops to the amount of about 2500, embarked and 
 proceeded to James river. By the 24th they ran up to City 
 Point, below Peterfburgh, where Baron de Steuben was with a 
 number of militia. Their whole force landed at fix in the even- 
 ing ; and the next day marched at ten in the morning. The Ba- 
 ron was fully convinced that Peterfburgh was their firft object. 
 Having been obliged to fend away large detachments, he had not 
 more than 1000 men to oppofe their advance. He had many 
 reafons againft rifking a total defeat, the lofs of arms was a prin- 
 cipal one : on the other hand, to retire without fome (how of re- 
 fiftance, would intimidate the inhabitants, and encourage the 
 Britim to further incui fions. He therefore determined to do 
 what he could without hazarding too much. He made choice of 
 Blandford (about a mile diftantj for the place of defence, and a 
 neighbouring bridge for a retreat. The Americans pafled the 
 night under arms. Toward noon of the 25th, the Britim came 
 in fight, formed and extended their line to their left. It was near 
 three o'clock before the firing commenced, which continued 
 from poft to poft till paft five, when the fuperiority of the enemy, 
 and want of amunition, obliged the Baron to order a retreat, and 
 the bridge to be taken up ; which were executed with great regu- 
 larity notwithftanding the fire of the.Britifh cannon and muiketry. 
 The Americans difputed the ground inch by inch, and executed 
 their manoeuvres with much exaclnefs. The Baron retired to 
 Chefterfield court-houfe, ten miles from Peteifburgh. The next 
 day the Britim deftroyed at Peterfburgh 400 hogfheads of tobacco, 
 a {hip, and a number of fmall veflels. On the 2/th Arnold 
 marched to Ofborn's, four miles above which place the Virgtni. 
 ans had a confiderable marine force, with which they meant to 
 oppofe him. Arnold fent a flag to treat with the commander, 
 who declared that he would defend his fleet to the laft. Arnold 
 advanced with fome artillery, and at length overpowered him. 
 feamen took to their boats and efcaped, but not before they 
 
 had 
 
 *< gr. JUmfay'sHi:lory,Yol. II. p. 277484. 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1781, 
 
 had fcuttled and fet fire to feveral of their fhips. The militia 
 were driven from the oppofitc fhore. Two fhips and ten fmaiier 
 veflels, loaded with tobacco, cordage, flour and other articles, fell 
 'into Arnold's hands. Four fhips, five brigaruines, and a number 
 of fmall veffds, were either burnt or funk. The whole quantity 
 of tobacco taken ordeftroyed in this fleetexceeded 2ooohog(heads, 
 The Britifh by the 3oth reached Manchefter, wheie they deftroy- 
 cd 1200 hogi'heads of tobacco : the Marquis de la Fayette, with 
 his troops, who arrived at Richmond, on the oppofue fide, the 
 preceding evening, being fpeclators of the conflagration. The 
 royal army on their return made great havoc at Warwick. Be- 
 fide the fhips on the flocks and in the river, a large range of rope 
 waiks, a magazine of flour, a number of warehoufes, containing 
 tobacco and oiher commodities, tan-houfes full of hides and bark, 
 and feveral fine mi41s, were deftroyed or confumed in one general 
 conflagration. The aimy then returned to the fhipping, and the 
 whole fell down toward the mouth of the river. While this force 
 was fufficient for deftroying every fpecies of property to an al- 
 mond incredible amount, and for accumulating a great deal of 
 fpoil for the parties commanding it, the main purpofe was not an- 
 fwered : it was incapable of bringing matters to any decifive con- 
 clufion. Here, and in the Carolines, the veteran battalions were 
 worn down and confumed, without producing any permanent 
 advantage. 
 
 The Marquis de la FayeUe has been mentioned as prefent in 
 Virginia. When he had marched back to the head of Elk, he 
 received an order from Gen. Wafhirgton to go on to Virginia, 
 that he might oppofe Gen. Phillips. His troops were in want of 
 almolfc every thing, however they proceeded to, and arrived at 
 Baltimore on the -17^ of April. Here he was under ihe greateft 
 embarraffment for want of fhoes; there not being a pair in his 
 whole command. But the love and confidence he had excited, 
 enabled him to borrow of the merchants two thoufand guineas 
 upon his own credit; with which he procured fuch neceflaries as 
 were wanting for the forwarding of his detachment. The Mar- 
 quis, being jealous that Richmond was Phi'lips's object, made a 
 forced march of 200 miles, and arrived at that place the evening 
 before the latter reached Manchefter. During the night, which 
 was fpent in making difpofitions of defence, the Marquis was 
 joined by ibme militia under Baron Steuben. His prefence with 
 fuch a body of troops fecured Richmond from the hoftile attack 
 of the Britifh, and faved the military ftores with which it was then 
 filled. The Marquis, with a very inferior force, kept on the 
 jjorth Hue of James river ; and *6led fo entirely on the/icfer 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. s 
 
 and at the fame time made fo judicious a choice of pofts, andl 
 Showed fuch vigor and defign in his movements, as prevented any 
 advantage being taken of his weaknefs. Upon the falling dwwn 
 of the Briti'h forces to the mouth of ihe river, with a viev of 
 collecting contributions at Will.iarnibufgh and in the neighbour- 
 hood, the marquis difcovered no ftnall activity in counteracting 
 them. On their fiidden return up James river, he conceived their 
 object to be the forming a junclion with Lord Cornwaliis, of 
 whofc marching through North Carolina he had received fome 
 faint intelligence. He therefore made a rapid movement, that 
 he might get before them to Peterfburgh; hut was foiled in hii 
 defign, through the vigilance of the Bntifh commanders. The 
 Jalt aft of Gen. Phillips was the taking pofleffion of tnis placa 
 late in the night of May the o,th : on the igtfo he died. 
 
 Lord Cornwaliis after the action with Greene near Guilford 
 court-houfe, eroding Deep river, marched for Wilmington, and 
 arrived in the neighbourhood on the /-.h of April. He conclud- 
 ed upon marching to Virginia, and endeavouring a junclion with 
 Phillips. The troops were now to encounter a new march of 300* 
 miles; while fo deilitute of necdlanrs, that the cavalry might bo 
 faid to want every thing, and the infantry every thing but moes. 
 Neither were in any fui table condition to move, even the day* 
 before marching. His lord/hip provided for- every pofiible con- 
 tingency as far as in his power; and then began his march on 
 the fl^th of April. He arrived at Peteriburgh on the 2oih o 
 May. Here he received the unwelcome news of Phillips's death? 
 but had the confolation of meeting with afreih reinforcement of! 
 about 1800 men, whom Sir Henry Clinton had fern to fupport tho 
 war with vigor. Lord Cornwaliis, on taking the command, felt 
 himTclf fo fuperior to the American force, that he exulted in tho 
 profpecl of fuccefs; and defpifing the youth of his opponent, un- 
 guardedly wro*e to Gieat Britain "the boy cannot efcape mt^~- 
 The marquis's little army confided of 1000 continentals, sooa 
 militia, and 60 dragoons. Cornwaliis proceeded frorn Petei (burgh 
 to James river, which he croffed in order to diflodge Favetto 
 from Richmond: it wag evacuated on the 2/th, His lordfhip 
 then marched through Hanover county, and crofted the South 
 Anna river, Fayette conitantly following his motions, but at a 
 guarded difhnce in every part of his progrefs. His I6rdfliip at 
 one time planned the furprifal of the marquis, while on the fame 
 tide of James river with hirnfelf ; but was diverted from hismton- 
 tion by a fpy, whom Fayette had fent infb his camp. The mar- 
 quis was very defirous of obtaining full intelligence concerning 
 liLs lordmip; and concluded upon prevailing, if poflible, upoa 
 
 VOL. III." JU 
 
THE HISTORY or TH [A D. i 7 3i,. 
 
 one Charles (generally called Charly) Morgan, a Jerfey foldier, 
 of whom he had entertained a favorable opinion, to turn deferter, 
 and go over to the Britiih army, in order to his executing the bu- 
 finefs of a fpy more effectually. Charly was fent for, and agreed 
 to undertake the hazardous employ ; but infifted, that in cafe he 
 fhould be difcovered and hanged, the marquis, to fecure his repu- 
 tation, mould have it inferted in the Jerfey paper, that he was 
 fent upon the fervice by his commander. Charly deferted, and 
 \vhen he had reached the royal army, was carried before his lord- 
 fliip; who inquired into the reafon of his deferring, and received 
 
 for anfwer " I have been, my lord, with the American army 
 
 from the beginning, and while under Gen. Washington was fatis- 
 fied ; but being put under a Frenchman, I do not like it, and 
 have left the fervice." His lordihip commended and rewarded 
 his conduct. Charly was very diligent in the difcharge of hia 
 military duty, and was not in the leait fufpecled; but at the fame 
 time carefully ohferved a|l that paffecL One day while on par- 
 ticular duty with his comrades, Corn wall is, in clofe comerfation 
 with fome officers, called Charly to him, and faid "How long 
 time will it take the marquis to crofs James river? Charly paufed 
 a moment, and anfwered " Three hours, my lord." His lordfhir> 
 exclaimed ** Three hours ! why.it will lake three days." " No t 
 my lord," faid Charly, " the marquis has fo many boats, and each 
 boat will carry fo many men. If your lordfhip will be at the 
 trouble of calculating, you will find he can crofs in tbres hours." 
 His lordihip turned to the officers, and in the hearing of Charly 
 remarked " The fcheme will not do." Charly c uvluded thia 
 was the moment for his returning to the marquis. He, as foon as 
 poffible, plied his comrades with grog,* till they were well warm- 
 ed, and then opened his mafked battery. He complained of the 
 wants that prevailed in the Britiih camp, commended the fupplies 
 with which the American abounded, expreffed his inclination to 
 return, and then afked " What fay you, will you go with me ?' f 
 They agreed. It was left with him to manage as to the fentries^ 
 To the firft he offered, in a very friendly manner, the taking a 
 draught of rum out of his canteen. While the fellow was drink-. 
 
 ing, 
 
 * A mixture of rum and water, which gained its name in the fol- 
 lowing way. When Admiral Vernon commanded in the Weft Indies? 
 to preferve the health and lives of the fiilors, he ordered their aUow- 
 anceofrumto be mixed with a proper quantifier" water, and the 
 liquor to be put upon deck for their ufe. 7'he faiiors refented the al- 
 teration : but the refolution of the admiral obliged them to drink the 
 mixture or go without. It fo happened that hegeneially wore on 
 board an old grograra coat : the failors took occafion from thenci t* 
 
 Us 
 
&D. 1781.]' AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 209, 
 
 ing, Charly fecured his arms ; and then propofed bis deferring 
 with them ; to which he confented through neceflity. The fe- 
 cond was ferved in like manner. Charly Morgan, by his manage- 
 ment, carried ofi feven deferters with him. When he had reach- 
 ed the American army, and was brought to head quarters, the 
 marquis, upon feeing him, cried out, " Ha ! Charly, are you got 
 back?" " Yes, and pleafe your excellency, and have brought feven 
 more with me," was theanfwer. When Gharly had related tha 
 reafon of his returning, and the obfervations he had made, the 
 marquis offered him money ; but he declined accepting it, and 
 only defired to have his gun again. The marquis then propofed 
 to promote 4iim to the rank of a corporal or fergeant. To this 
 Morgan replied " I will not have any- promotion. 1 have abi- 
 lities for a common foldier, and have a good character ; mould I 
 be promoted my abilities may not anfwer, and I may lofe my 
 character." He however nobly requefted for his fellow foldiejrs,' 
 who were-not fo well fupplied with Ihoes, {lockings and clothing 
 as himfelf, that the marquis would promife to do what he could to> 
 relieve their diftrefTes; which he eafily obtained. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis, meeting with a plentiful fupply of fine hor- 
 fes in the ilables of private gentlemen, mounted a confjderable 
 body of troops. Cols. Tarleton and Simcoe were difpatchccf 
 from the South Anna with feparate detachments to fcour the in- 
 terior country. They penetrated into the recefles, which had 
 been hitherto free from fpoilers, and might have done confidera- 
 ble more mifchief to the inhabitants. They deftroyed a number 
 of arms under repair, feme cannon, a quantity of gunpowder, 
 fait, harnefs and other matters, defigned for or capable of being 
 applied to military fei vices.. Had their deftruclive operations of 
 this nature been ever fo considerable, imlead of trifling, they mu& 
 have efcaped all cenfure ; and the Americans would have had no 
 juft ground of complaint ; but it was other wife in various inilan- 
 ces. Baron Steuben, who was at the Point of Fork with ,500 
 regulars of the Virginia new levies and a few militia, retired up- 
 on the approach of Simcoe. He had been feparated from the 
 marquis, in confequence of an order from Greene for the baron 
 to come and join him. The baron had proceeded to the borders 
 of North Carolina. This left the marquis fo weak, that he was 
 obliged to fall back as Cornwailis advanced, till he r (houlcl be re- 
 inforced. His lordihip's march to Virginia made the revocation 
 of Greene's order neceffary. Tarleton penetrated, by a forced 
 inarch, as far as Charlotte-ville ; and had nearly furprifed and 
 taken the whole affembly of Virginia prifoners. They had re- 
 jcoved irora Richmond to Chai!otte~vi!!e to be out of the w.ay of 
 
 Cornwall^ - 9 
 
SID THE HISTORY OF THE O . 178*., 
 
 Cornwsllis; and received information of Tarleton's approach 
 but juil time enough to elcape his legion. They now crofted the 
 mountains, and convened at Stanton, The Britiih convention 
 priion< M .'s had been e^rly marched irom Charlotte- vjlle toward 
 Pennfylvania. 
 
 Loid Cornwallis not having any immediate occafion for Gen. 
 Ainoid, dilpenfed with his aofence, fo that he returned to New 
 York about the beginning or June. His lordfhip finding it im- 
 pofTible to force the Marquis de la F<iyette to an action, endea- 
 voured to prevent his junction with Wayne; who had been or- 
 dered by Gen. Wafliingion to marcji irom the northward with 
 the Pennfylvania line, amounting to 800, with a f iew to that event. 
 It wjs effected without loi's at RJCUCII ford on the ji\\ of June. 
 But while this junction was making, hu lordfhip obtained an 
 opening lor placing him fell berwecn the marquis and his ftores. 
 The lore's, which .were an object wuh both armies, had been re- 
 moved fiom Richmond to Albernarle old court-houfe above the 
 Poim of Fork. His lordlhip was fo far advanced, as that within 
 the cotiife of two days he muft have gained poiTeflion of them. 
 At the fame moment, he found that the marquis, by an unexpected 
 and rapid match, WHS v.-.ihin a few miles of his army. This at 
 firil might be m?uei of joy t.ohim ; as he faw no practicable way 
 for the marquis to get between him and the ftores, but by a road, 
 in palling which the Americans might be attacked to great ad- 
 van rage. However, contrary to his lore- (hip's expectation, the 
 marquis difcovercd a nearer road to Alberoarre. It had been 
 long difufed, and tljcreiore was much embarrailed. Fayette had 
 it opened in the night; and to the aflonilhment of Cornwallis, 
 fixed birrt'elf the next day in a ilrong pofnion between the Bri- 
 tiih army and the .American ftores. 
 
 His lordihip now commenced a retrograde movement; and in 
 two nights matches meafiucd back upward of ^o miles. He was 
 accompanied with his detachments under Tarleton and Simcoe. 
 Bv about the 17111 of June he entered Richmond; the marquis 
 preffing hard after hirr. On the i8<h the Britifli moved toward 
 the Americans, feemingly with the defign of ftriking a detached 
 coips. But upon the marching f the light infantry and Pennfyl- 
 vanians, they rtiurred into the town. The next day fhe .marquis 
 was joined by Stcuben's troops : and on the night of the 20th, 
 Richmond was evacuated. H)S lordfhip, under an apprehenfion, 
 that the marquis was much flranger than was really the cafe, haf- 
 tened to Williamfrnirgh ; where he occupied a ftrong y>oft, was 
 under the protection of his fhipplng^ and received a reinforce- 
 frgra l^rtiinuuth. On the s6th of June, the day after tha 
 
;i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION sn 
 
 t 
 
 main body of the Britim army arrived at Williamfburgh, their 
 tear was attacked within fjx miles of the place, by an American 
 light corps under Colonel Butler; and had 33 killed and wound- 
 ed. According to a private letier of Fayene to the Prefidcm of 
 Congiefs, his own troops at this period confided only of 1500 re- 
 gulars, 400 new levies, and about 2000 militia, in all 3900 j while 
 Ctfrnwailis's amounied to 4000 regulars, 800 of whom were 
 mounied. 
 
 In the conrfe of thefe movements, befide articles fnnilar to 
 thofe already fpecified, the Britith dellroyed above 2000 hogf- 
 heads of tobacco, with fome braf* and a number of iron f *rdnance. 
 But they were joined by no great number of inhabitants, and 
 fcarcelyby any of the native Virginians. Lord Carnwaliis, in 
 his. marches from Charleftown to Camden, from Camden to the 
 Dan river, from the Dan through North Carolina to Wilming- 
 ton, from Wilmington to Richmond, and from Richmond to 
 William Iburgh, made a route of more than eleven hundred miles, 
 without computing deviations. 
 
 The Marquis de !a Fayette kept with hi* body about 18 or 20 
 
 miles diilant from Lord Cornwallis, while his advanced corps was 
 
 within 10 or 12, with an intention of infulting the Bruifli rear 
 
 guard, when they mould pafs James liver. His lordihip evacu- 
 
 ated Williamfburgh on the 4111 of July. On the 6th at noon he 
 
 received intelligence t hat the Americans were approaching. Per- 
 
 fuadsd they would not venture an attack, except under the im- 
 
 preflion, that only a rear guard was left on that fide of the river, 
 
 he ufed all proper means to encourage that opinion of his weak- 
 
 nefs. General Wayne reiying upon the affu.rances of a country- 
 
 man, that the main body had eroded, puttied fo/ward with Boo 
 
 inen, chiefly Pennfylvynians and fome light infantry, and to his 
 
 furpiife dilcovered the Britim army drawn up ready to receive 
 
 him about funfet. 'He infiaritly conceived that the only mode of 
 
 extricating himfelf from his perilous fnuation, was by boldly at- 
 
 tacking and engaging them fur a while, and then retreating with 
 
 the utmoft expedition. He prelfed on with the greateft intrepi- 
 
 dity. His whole force, with which N he began to engage the Bri- 
 
 tifli, at no greater diftance than twenty-five yards, did not exceed 
 
 five hundred men, all Pennfylvanians.* After behaving with he- 
 
 roic bravery for a time, they faced about, and leaving their can- 
 
 non behind, hurried off the field in hafle toward fome n'ght in- 
 
 fantry battalions, that by a moil rapid move had arrived within 
 
 about half a mile of them. Lord Cornwallis would admit of no 
 
 * General Wayne's letter to General Greene. 
 
THE HISTORY OP THS [J. D. 
 
 purfuit, for he conjefiured, from the flrangenefs of circumftances 
 that the whole was a fcherne of Fayette to draw him into an am- 
 bufcade. The Britifii paffed the river at night, arid retired to 
 Portfmouth ; and the marquis chofe that moment for refting the* 
 American troops. 
 
 However we fh'all not quit Virginia without mentioning that 
 early in the fpring, a Britifii frigate went up the Patomak, and 
 landed a party of men, who fet fire to zgd dcftroyed fome gentle- 
 men's hoafeson the Maryland fide of the river, in fight of Mount 
 Vernon, General Wafhington's feat. The captain fent to Mr. 
 Lund Washington, (who iupplied the place of a fie ward) and de- 
 manded a quantity of provi(:ons, with which he was furnifhed, 
 to prevent worfe conferences. This compliance did not meet 
 with the general's approbation ; and in a letter of April the 3oth t 
 he exprelled to Mr. Lund Wafhington his uneafmefs at his hav- 
 ing gone en board the frigate, and furniflred provifions ; and faid, 
 ' that he would rather it had been left to the enemy to take what 
 they would by force, though at the rifk of burning his houfe and 
 property." 
 
 We now proceed to the department under Gen, Wafhington's 
 immediate command. 
 
 A publication in the New York paper about the month of 
 April, excited the general to write to a particular friend '* Ri- 
 vington, or the infpeclor of his Gazette, publifhed a letter from 
 me to Gov. Hancock and his anfwer, which never had an ex- 
 iftence but in the Gazette. The enemy fabricated a number of 
 letters for me formerly as is well known." The following ex- 
 tracts from his genuine letters will give you the bed account of 
 the particulars to which the fame relate. " May the ift. I had 
 ftrained imprefs by military force to that length, I trembled for 
 the confequences of the execution of every warrant which I had 
 granted for the purpofe; fo much are the people irritated by the 
 frequent calls which have hecn made upon them in that way." 
 41 The 8th. Diftrdled beyond expreffion at the prefent fnuation 
 and future profpeB of the army with regard to provifion, unlefc 
 an immediate and regular fnpply can be obtained, 1 have deter- 
 mined to make one great effort more, by reprefentations and re- 
 quifitions to the New England flates." " The loth. From the 
 pods of Saratoga to that of Dobbs's ferry inclufivc, I believe 
 there is not (by the reports and returns I have received) at this 
 moment on hand, one day's fupply of meat for the army." " The 
 nth. I am fending Gen. Heath purpcfely ta the eaftern flates 
 lo reprefent our diflreffcs, and fix a plan for our regular fupply 
 for the future." Thiec days before, the general wrote to Govv 
 
4. D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. si*. 
 
 Livingfton " Intelligence has been fent me by a gentleman, 
 \vho has an opportunity of knowing what pafles among the ene- 
 my, that four parties had been fent out with orders to take or af- 
 fafimate your excellency, Gov. Clinton, ine, and a fourth perfon 
 name unknown." . The general at the fame time, did not believe 
 that the enemy had any defign of aflaflinatirig, though declared 
 by one who faid he was engaged. The representation made to 
 the Miiflachufetts general court of the army diftreffes, put them 
 upon thofe exertions that were beneficial though infufficient. 4 On 
 the i^th of May, Wafhington was pained with an account, that 
 Col. Greene, wbo lay near Croton river with a detachment of 
 the arrny, had been furprifed in the morning, about fun rife, by a 
 party of Delancey's corps, con filling of 100 cavalry, and about 
 coo infantry. They came firft to the colonel and Major Flagg's 
 quarieis. The major was killed in bed, and the colonel badly 
 wounded. They attempted carrying him off, but finding that he 
 could not march fail enough, they muidered him. His death is 
 much regretted. His bravery was feen and felt in the defence of 
 Red bank againft Count Donop, 
 
 Monfieur de Barras, appointed* (o the command of the French 
 fquadron at Newport, arrived at Boftan in the Concord frigate on 
 the 6th of May. He brought with him difpttches for the Count 
 de Rochambeau ; which being notified to Wafhirigfon, he with 
 Generals Knox and du Portail fet off for Weathersfield, three 
 miles from Hartford, where they met the Count de Rochambeau 
 and the Chevalier Chaftellux on the 21 ft. At this interview, af- 
 ter combining all prefent eircumftances and future profpecls, the 
 plan propofecl the lafl year at Hartford of attacking New York 
 was adopted. The object was confidered oF greater magnitude 
 and more within their reach than any other. The weaknefs of 
 the garrifon of New York, its central pofuion for drawing 
 together men and fuppHcs, and the fpur which an attempt againit 
 that place would give to every exertion, were among the realons 
 which prompted to the un4.er taking, and promifed fuccefs, unlefs 
 the enemy ihould call a confiderable part of their force from the 
 fouthward. The French troops were to march toward the Nortr> 
 river as foon as circumftances would permit, leaving about 200- 
 men at Providence with the heavy ilores and baggage, and ^oo 
 militia upon Rhode Ifland to fecure the works. On the 24111, 
 letters were addreMed to the executive powers of New Harnp- 
 fhire, Maffachufetts, Connecticut and Jerfey, requiring among o- 
 ther things, militia to the amount of 6200. Wafhington en- 
 forced the requifition with 4t Our allies in this country expeft 
 *nd depend upon being fupported by us, in the attempt we ar 
 
 about 
 
' 1 4 THE HISTORY or THE \A. D. 1781"; 
 
 aj>out to make; and thofe in Europe will be aftomlhed mould we 
 neglect the favorable opportunity which it trow oiFored." The 
 general returned" to his head quarters on the 26 th. The next 
 day he forwarded this information to the proper parfons ' On 
 the calculations I have been able to form, in concert with fume 
 of the rnpft experienced French and American officers, the ope- 
 ration in view \\ill require, in addition to the French army, all 
 the continental battalions from New Harnpihire to New Jerfey 
 to be completed." He added afterward " As we cannot count 
 upon the battalions being full, and as a body of militia will 
 moreover be neceflary, I have called upon the feveral ftatea 
 to hold certain numbers in readinefs to move within a week of 
 the time I may require them." 
 
 The Britifb adjutant general employed one lieutenant James 
 Moody, in attempting to intercept Washington's difpatches. He 
 fucceeded repeatedly, though his efcapes were narrow. He was- 
 urged to renew the fervice after the interview between Warning- 
 ton and Rochambeau had taken place; accordingly, way-laying 
 the mail fome days in the Jerfoys, the opportunity offered for his 
 taking and conveying to New York that very bag which contain* 
 ed the letters that were th objecl of the enterprife. 
 
 Preparations were now making for the American army's tak- 
 ing the field ; and on the 2 id of June they marched for the camp 
 at Peek's-kiSl. On the ift of July, Washington mentioned in a 
 letter *' From the i2th of May to this day, we have receiver! 
 only 312 head of cattle, from New Hampfhire 30, Maffachufens 
 230, and Connecticut 52. Unlefs more ilrenuous exertions are 
 made to feed the few troops in the field, we muft not only relin- 
 quifh our intended operation, but (hall difband for want of fub- 
 fiilence; or which is almofl equally to be lamented, the troops 
 will be obliged to feekit for themfelves where it can be found." 
 The next morning about three o'clock, the afrny marched toward 
 New York with no baggage, but a blanket and clean fhirt each 
 man, and four days provision cooked. General Lincoln having 
 taken poft with four battalions of infantry, and a fmall detachment 
 of the guards, at no great diftance from Fort Independence, wns. 
 attacked on the 3(1 by about 1500 royal troops. The body of 
 the American army, which was at hand, marched to fupport him. 
 Lincoln defigned to draw the enemy to a diftance from their 
 flrong poft at Kingfbridgc and its dependencies, and thereby to 
 luv- given Wafhington and the Duke de Lauzun, with the 
 Fiench legion, and Sheldon's dragoons, the opportunity of turn- 
 ing their fl inks. But it being apparent that Wamington deter- 
 mined to fight at all events, the enemy declined fending out rein- 
 
 forcemcniv 
 
A. A i; X 8j.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 215 
 
 forcements, and foon retired within Kingfbridge. The next day 
 the army marched toward White Plain*; and on the 6th of July, 
 the van of the French troops under RochambedU appeared on the 
 heights about eight o'clock, on the left of the Americans. On 
 the 8th the French encamped near in a line with the Americans, 
 with their left extending toward the Sound. Their whole force 
 confiib of more than thofe who went from Newport ; for about 
 theSih of June, there arrived si Bofton, a French 50 gun ihip, 
 3 frigates, and 14 tranfports, with 1500 men. Thefe marched 
 the i4th of the fame month to join their countrymen under Ro- 
 charriDeau. The British having gained the proper intelligence, 
 planned an expedition, which would have been very prejudicial 
 to the Americans had it fucceeded. The nature and importance 
 of it may be learned from "the general orders of July the i/th. 
 ** The commander in chief is exceedingly pleafed with Ni.qor 
 Gen. Howe, for marching* with fo much alacrity and rapidity to 
 the defence of the ftores at Tan v-tc\wn, and repulfing the ene- 
 my's {hipping from ihence. The gallant behaviour and' fpirited 
 exertions of Col. Sheidron, Capt. Hurlblut of the 2n legimem of 
 dragoons, Capt. Lieut. Miles of the artillery, and Lieut. Shaylor 
 of the 4th Connecticut regiment, previous to the arrival of the 
 tioops, in extinguishing the flames of the veffels which had been 
 fet on fire by the enemy, and refcuing the whole of the ordnance. 
 and y?0/rjfroru deftrution, has the applauie of the general." On 
 the 2itf, the general in a letter to the French admiral thus expref- 
 fed himfelf ** I hope there \vill be no occafun for a movement 
 to the fouthward, for want of force to acl again ft New York, as 
 I flatter mylelf the glory of deftrovingtheBritifh fquadion at New 
 York is referved for the king's fleet under your command, and 
 that of the land force at the fame place for the allied arms." At 
 eight o'clock in the evening of the fame day, he American 
 army (cxclufwe of 20 men to a regiment) and part of the French, 
 marched from their encampments, and continued it with great 
 rapidity and fcarce any halt through the night. At four the nexfi 
 morning, they were drawn up in order of battle, while W*th- 
 ington, Rochambeau, all the general officers and engineers recon- 
 noitred the different pofitions of the enemy's works from right 
 to left. The next morning was alfo fpent in reconnoitring. At 
 four in the afternoon, the troops prepared to maich and return 
 to the camp. They arrived at theit old ground by half after 
 twelve. 
 
 The ftates were all this while very dilatory in fending the num- 
 ber of troops required : they were equally culpable as to the qua- 
 lity of thofe they did fend, which occafioned a Maflachufetts of* 
 V*L. III. C c fices 
 
THE HISTO R Y OF THE [^.Z>. 1781. 
 
 ficer to write from camp as follows on the 26th " A private cha- 
 rafter, whofhould ufe fraud to get rid of his engagements, would 
 be confideicd as a fcounclrel ; while a collective body do not 
 blufh at tranfafctions tor which an individual would be kicked 
 out of fociety. Had the different Hates koneftly complied witli 
 the lequifuions of Congrefs, we ihould at this period have had 
 an army in the field equal to any exigence of fervice. How con- 
 trary has been their conduct! Of their recruits which have come 
 in, to fay nothing of their deficiency in point of number, few of 
 them will be able, befbr the expiration of their inhftmerifs, to per- 
 form the duties of a foldier. When I have feen boys of a yard 
 and an half long paraded for matter, absolutely incapable of fuf- 
 taining the weight or a foldier's accoutrements, and have been 
 told that theie ihadows have been lent as part of the ftates quota, 
 1 have cur fed the duplicity of my countrymen, and pronounced 
 them unworthy the bieffings of freedom. The army at large con- 
 fidered this condu6t of their re:petive dates as a vile hnpofuion ; 
 and we began to fend back the unqualified recruits ; but fo pro- 
 portionably great was the-r number, that we were obliged to retain 
 many, who, though they are not at prefent,yet may in a campaign, 
 or two be in fooie degree ferviceable. This is no exaggerated 
 piclure. It might, by a deeper colouring be made a more flri- 
 iirig likenefs." 
 
 The continental army, by taking a pofition near New York 
 and its feveral movements, confirmed Sir Henry Clinton in the 
 belief of that intelligence he had procured by the interception of 
 Waihington's 'letters, and led him to withdraw a confiderable 
 part of the troops under the command of Cornwallis, as a rein- 
 forcement to his own garrifon. This led Walhington tooblervc 
 on the 3oth " From the change of circumitances with which 
 this withdraw will be attended, we (hall probably entirely change 
 our plan of operations. I conclude the enemy's capital poft will 
 be at Ponfmoutb." By great exertions and powerful aids from 
 the MaiTachufetts and Rhode Ifhnd, the heavy artillery, ftores, 
 &c. were brought to the North river in a manner beyond his ex- 
 peclation ; as he himielf acknowledged on the 2d of Auguft ; 
 but on the fame day he complained *' I am not (Ironger at this 
 advanced period of the campaign, than when the army firft mov- 
 ed from winter quarters. Not a (ingle man has joined me, ex- 
 cept 176 militia from Connecticut, who arrived at Weft Point 
 yefterday, and 80 of the York levies, and about 200 ftate troops 
 of Conne6ticut, both of which corps were upon the lines previous 
 to leaving winter cantonments." However, in cafe the attempt 
 agamft New York rauil be laid afide, he cgnfoled himfelf wit&, 
 
 this 
 
#. i 7 Si.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 217 
 
 this thought " The detachment left in Virginia feems the next 
 objecl, and will be very practicable fhould we obtain a naval fu- 
 periority." It was very diitrefling to find, that the ftatcs either 
 would or could not fill their continental battalions, or afford the 
 aids of militia required from them. At length, a letter from the 
 Count de Graffs, with intelligence that his deitination was fixed 
 to the Chefapeak, fettled the point by leaving no alternative; on 
 which a joint anfwer from General Wamington and Count de 
 Rochambeau was lent to dc Graffe on the 17th of Auguft, to 
 give him notice of their determination to remove the whole of 
 the French army, arid as large a detachment of the Americans as 
 could be fpared to the Cheiapeak, there to meet his excellency. 
 The appearance of an attack upon New York however was ftili 
 continued, an<3 to induce the firmed perfuafion of its being in- 
 tended, ovens were creeled oppofite to Staten Ifland at the mouth 
 of the Raritan for the ufeof the French forces. While this de- 
 ception was playing off againft Sir Henry Clinton, the allied ar- 
 my croffed the North river on the 241!!, and puihed for Phila- 
 delphia, wher^ they arrived on the 3oth about thiee o'clock in 
 the afternoon, and. were faluted by firing of guns and ringing of 
 bells; anc| in the evening with bonfires and illuminations. While 
 the allies were marching, the royalifts at New York werepleafing 
 themfelves with this intelligence publilhed in their Gazette of Aug., 
 the 25111. '* A gentleman juft arrived from Jerfey informs us, 
 that young Laurens lately paffed through that province on his re- 
 turn from'Paris, and has brought the following very inteieflinp- 
 intelligence, that THE EMPEROR OF GERMANY HAD 
 DECLARED HIMSELF THE ALLY OF GREAT BRI- 
 TAIN, [all in large capitals] which threw the court of Verfailles 
 into much confufion, as in confequence of this great event, the 
 French nation mult withdraw all fupport from their new allies, 
 the rebels o-f this continent; and we are informed it has, with a- 
 nother concurring circumftance, occafioned Mr. Wafhington and 
 the Count de Rcchambeau to quit their menacing pofuion at 
 White Plains. We are alfo told, that the French admiral is em- 
 barking all the fick troops on board his fquadron, from which it 
 is fuggefted that their fleet and army are to be withdrawn from 
 Rhode Ifland, to ftrengihen themfelves in the Weft Indies. It is 
 laid, that the French and rebels left their ground the day after 
 Mr. W T a(hington received the mortifying account of the emper- 
 or's alliance with his old friend the court of Great Britain." 
 
 The feafonable arrival of Lieut. Col. Laurens at the northward, 
 and bis journey through Jerfey to Philadelphia, afforded the op- 
 portunity of fabricating fucb information to aflift in difguifing the 
 
 movement 
 
*i8 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1781. 
 
 movement of the allied army.* On the 4th of Septemher, Wafh- 
 ington wrof-e to General Greene " The plan has been totally 
 changed, occafioned by a variety of circumftances, two only need 
 be mentioned, the arrival of more than 2000 Germans at New 
 York, and a certain information that de Grafle would make his 
 firft appearance in, the Chefapeak, commence his operations in 
 Virginia, and could riot continue long on the coafts. I am now 
 advanced to Philadelphia with more than 2000 American infan- 
 try, a regiment of artillery, and fuch apparatus for a fiege as we 
 could command." 
 
 The fubfequent operations of the allied troops mufl be related 
 the next opportunity : only let me mention how the French be- 
 haved, while refiding at Newport, and on their march to Phila- 
 delphia. During their whole Jtay at Newport, they did not da- 
 mage ;he property of the inhabitants to the amount of a hun- 
 dred dollars. The towns people could walk about in the even- 
 ing and at nii r bt, with as much fafety as if there were no troops 
 in the place. Officeis of the firft rank and quality converfed with 
 traders, merchants and gentlemen, whenever the language of ei- 
 ther was enough unde.itood to admit of it, with the utmort affa- 
 bility. Thfir eafy manners ^nd condefcending civility endeared 
 them to ihe citizens among whom they were quartered ; and pro- 
 duced companions between ihem and the bulk of Britiih officers 
 \vho had been before among them, no wife to the advantage of 
 the Liter. Whe.i the ioluiers were encamped out of Newport, 
 the cows gn.'7'ng in the adjoining fields were uever injured, or fo 
 much as milked. They were rather a guard than a nuifanee. 
 The voice of individuals and of the people at large, commended 
 them foi their exemplary behaviour. When they marched thro* 
 tke country i;> their way to the American army, their two co- 
 lumns obferved uncommon regularity ; and a gentleman in a pub- 
 lic changer told me, that when they pafled through his town, 
 they did noi do more damage than if they had been a couple of 
 American corporals guards. The fame conducl was pralifed 
 elfewheie. Every care was taLen to put the inhabitants totheleaft 
 poflibie inconvenience : thefe were agreeably furprifed at finding 
 tljat fuch a number of men in arms could occafion fo little difiurb- 
 anceand trouble. They were welcome guefls too, as they paid 
 pun6iually for all they wanted, with hard money. Here let it be 
 remarked, that the abundance of hard money which was brought 
 into the United States, for the fupport of the French navy and 
 army, furnifhcd a quantity of cadi that was extremely ufeful to 
 
 the 
 
 * A letter to Mr. Jeokinfcn, printed for Debrctt, 1781. 
 
AD. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 219 
 
 the Americans, and in a degree checked the rapid growih of their 
 diftrefles through the expiring (late of the paper currency. The 
 union of thefe feveral particulars, and the expectation of further 
 benefits in military opera >: . ns, placed the Americans and French 
 on the mod friendly footing, though a few years before they had 
 been in the habit f reviling, hating and fighting with each 
 other. 
 
 Accounts of the military and naval operations si Per/acolaand 
 in the Weft Indies having reached the continent, the fame iliall 
 now be related. 
 
 Don Bernardo de Galvez having extended his views to the 
 taking of Penfacola, and thereby completing the coivjuefi of Weil 
 Florida, went to the Havannah to forward and take upon him the 
 command of the force deftined for that fervice. Soon after the 
 fleet had failed, it was nearly ruined by a hurricane. Four capi- 
 tal (hips, befide others, were loft ; and all on board periOied, to 
 the amount of more than 2000. The remainder of the fleet put 
 back to (he Havannah ; the critical arrival of four (lore (hips fiom 
 Spain, enabled them to refit fpeedily; and five foil of the 
 line, with fmalier veiiels, were difpatched to ccndud Don Gal. 
 vez, with between 7 and 8000 land forces, on the expedition. 
 They arrived before Penfacola on the g\h of March, and were 
 followed in time by Don Solano with the remainder of the fleet, 
 the whole amounting to 15 fail of the line. The entrance of the 
 harbour could not be long defended againft fo great a power. 
 The padage was forced ; the landing effected ; the ground broken, 
 and the fiege commenced in form by fea and land.* The gajri- 
 fon was weak ; and compofed of the remains ofBritifh tcgi- 
 ments, of Maryland and Pennf) Iv^nia royaliils, of Waldeckers, 
 failors, marines, inhabitants and negroes. 
 
 By the prudent management of Gen. Campbell, there was not 
 the fmalled difcordance in fo motley a garrifon ; and to theif 
 praife, they behaved bravely and patiently through every part of 
 the ficge. The defence was vigorous. In the firft week of May 
 the Spaniards had done nothing decifive ; and yet they were not 
 {lack in advancing their works. The fate of the place was ine- 
 vitable; but the reduction of it would have coft them confidera- 
 bly more time and trouble, if an accident had not fniftrated tue 
 hopes of the befieged. The falling of a bomb, near the door of 
 the' magazine belonging to the redoubt, and which lay under its 
 centre, decided the fate oi Penfacola. The bur 11 ing of the bomb 
 forced open the door; fet me to the powder within ; and in an 
 inftant the whole redoubt was nearly a heap of rubbifb. Two 
 iUnk works flili remained eniiie; and throrgh the coolnefs ami 
 
 intrepidity 
 
xo THE HI STORY OP THE \A. D. 
 
 intrepidity of the officers who commanded in them, and the ex- 
 cellent ufe ihey made of their artillery, the befiegers, who rumed 
 on to take advantage of the confufion and to ftorm the place, 
 \vereintheirfirft onfet repulied. By this brave exertion, time 
 was obtained to cirry off the wounded, and fuch artillery as was 
 not buried in the ruins. But the enemy bringing on .their whole 
 force to attack the flank works, they were necedarily abandoned. 
 In thefe chcurnftances, and without the moft diftant hope of re- 
 lief, it would have been mad'neTs to contend longer. An honor- 
 able capitulation was obtained by Mr. Chefter the governor, and 
 General Campbell. The place was delivered upon the 9th of 
 May. The Britim troops were allowed to march out with the 
 honors of war ; were to be conduced to one of the por^s belong- 
 ing to Great Britain, the port of Auguftine and the ifland of Ja- 
 niaica only excepted; and were not to ferve again ft Spain or iier 
 allies until properly exchanged. The Americans are not pleafed 
 that the exception was not extended; as it left the Briiiih at li- 
 berty to fend them to New York, where a part of them anived in 
 a polacre on the 4th of July. 
 
 Sir George Rodney, in confluence of information concern- 
 ing the Fiench fleet under the Count de GralTe, detached the ad- 
 mirals, Sir Samuel Hood and Drake, with 17 fail of the line, to 
 cruife off Fort Royal for the purpofe of intercepting him. On 
 the 8ih of April, fomcof Sir Samuel's head mod fhips returned 
 haftily in fight, and with fignals announced the appearance of a 
 luDerior fleet and a numerous convoy to the windward of Point 
 Saiines. The admiral made the fignal for a general chafe to wind- 
 v;ard: and at night it was determined by the admirals to continue 
 the line a-head (which had been previoufly formed) fo that getting 
 as much as poflible to windward, they might clofe in with Fort 
 Royal at day light, and cut off the enemy from the harbour. In 
 the morning the French appeared, their convoy keeping clofe in 
 with .the land, while Count de Graffedrew up his fleet in a line 
 of battle a-breaft for their protection ; not frith ft anting the ut- 
 rnoft exertions of the Britifh, he was joined by four (hips of the 
 line and a fifty from Fort Royal harbour. The Britifh com- 
 manders ufed every manoeuvre to bring him to clofe alipn : but 
 lie being to windward, and fo having the choice, preferred a long 
 (hot diftance. A partial engagement commenced. The van and the 
 siearelt (hips in the center of the Briuili, wereexpofed to a long and 
 lieavy weight of fire in their ft Higgles to clofe the French and get 
 to the windward : but fuffercd chiefly in their malls, hulls and rig- 
 ging. The aclion lafted about three hours; when SirSamne! Hood, 
 n that not one foot in tea of die French^ cached, and that his 
 
 attempts 
 
A. D. i 7 i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 attempts to gain the wind were frmtlefs ceafed firing. Five fhipg 
 were tendered unfit for immediate fervice ; and the RufTel receiv- 
 ed io many fliots between wind and water, thai ihe was obligee! 
 to bear away for Statia. The Count de GraiTe had now a deci- 
 ded fupenonty ; and the following day would have brought on 
 a cloic engagement, which was prevented by the unexpecled 
 manoeuvres of Sir Samuel. After various movements on the 
 pait of the two fleets through the day, the Britim bore away in 
 the night for Antigua. The French purfucd in the morning, 
 came up with the Torbay (which received (everal {hot and fome 
 damage before fhe could be relieved) and continued the purfuit 
 through the reft of the day, but languidly. 
 
 The arrival of the RuiTel indicated to Sir George Rodney 
 the danger of attending longer to the lale of the effefs of Statia, 
 She was repaired with the uimoft expedition, and in three days 
 after her arrival, Adm. P.odney arid General Vaughan, with the 
 Sandwich, Triumph, Rullel, and iom land forces, proceeded to 
 join Sir Samuel Hood and to protect the iflands. After fome 
 time the Britifh fleet faikd from Antigua to Barbadoes. Mean- 
 while the Marquis de Bouille, with a body of troops under the 
 vifcount Damas, landed [May lo.J in the night at St. Lucie, 
 whofe garrifon was weak. The accidental arrival of a frigate, 
 and of two (loops of war, who inftantly landed their feamen\and 
 marines to man the batteries, contributed much to the prefervati- 
 on of the iflan -i. The moil: vigorous preparations were made by- 
 Gen. St. Legerfor the defence of the different pods. The French 
 fleet, of 25 fail of the line, bore down with a view of anchoring 
 in Grofs Iflet Bay ; but were received wiih fo feverea fire, that 
 they retired to leeward. The marquis reimbarked his troops 
 in the night, and the whole flea flood over to Martinico the next 
 morning. 
 
 On the day [23d] Sir George Rodney arrived at Barbadces 
 with the fleet, a 1'maii French fquadron, with about 1200 land 
 forces, appeared off Tobago, and the troops were landed thentxt 
 day. Gov. Feigufon immediately difpatched the Rattlefnake 
 with intelligence to the admiral; and the captain had the good 
 fortune to deliver the difpaich at 12 o'clock on the night of the 
 26th. Rodney not conceiving aright either of the force of the 
 invaders, or the ftrength of the garrifon, contented himfelf with 
 fending Drake with fix fail of the line, fome frigates, a regi- 
 ment, and two additional companies to the relief of the itland. 
 Drake was inflrucled, after landing the forces, and endeavoiing 
 to deftroy the fquadron by which Tobago was in veiled, to rejoin 
 J^odney without a moment's lofs of time. On the day jjjptri] he. 
 
 hft 
 
se2 THE HISTORY or THE [A. D. 1781. 
 
 left Barbadoes, Sir George received information that the French 
 ^rar.d fleet was apparently {landing toward Tcbago. When 
 Drake made it on the morning of the 3oih, he di I covered de 
 Graffe wit!) feveral (hips to leeward, between him and the ifland. 
 He explored the count's Situation and ftrengih ; and on obfervirig 
 ihat it confided of 27 fail of the line, fo that it was impofhble 
 to afford any relief to the ifland, he hauled his wind and failed 
 back; hut was purfued to a considerable diflance, while two of 
 his (wiftefl frigates were difpatched to inform Rodney of his re- 
 turn. D'ake arrived in fight of Carlifle-bay on the 2d of June, 
 but the remainder of the Britifh fleet did not come out til! the 
 following day. The French had landed on the g.iil of May, 
 another body of 1200 men; while the force employed for the 
 defence of Tobago, including regulars, militia and fearoen, 
 amounted only to 427 whites, befide a fmall party of 40 armed 
 negroes. Thefe were encamped on mount Concordia ; where 
 they remained from the 2,5th of May to the ift of June, when 
 they evacuated the poft at one in the morning, and retired to their 
 Jaft faitnefs, the way to which was extremely difficult. The 
 Marquis de Bouilie purfued the garrifcn with the utmoft eager- 
 nefs; but fin ling his troops overcome by the heat, while the 
 fugitives were ftill four mile'*: a-head of him, and that he could 
 not even procure any perfon who would conduct his troops 
 through the intricate ways they had to pafs, he determined upon 
 making terror unite with force in the fhonening of a bufmefs, 
 which might be not only tedious, but prove an hindrance to other 
 great obje6is ftill in view. He accordingly ordered two capital 
 plantations, which were neareft at hand, to be icduced to aides ; 
 and perceiving that their delfruclion did not produce the defued 
 effect, he ordered that four more iV>u!d meet with a fimilar fate 
 at the commencement of every four hours, till a furrender fhould 
 be made to the morning fummons he had fern to the garrifon. 
 The militia now abfolmely refufed to hold out any longer. All 
 the governor's rernouilrances were in vain. The commanding 
 officer of the regulars refufed to obey his orders, and the foldiers, 
 determined to capitulate. The governor was at length prevailed 
 on to confcnt to a capitulation, which tookp'^ceon the ad of June. 
 The conditions were exceedingly favorable arid advantageous to 
 the ifland. 
 
 The Britifh fleet, amounting to 20 or 2 1 fhips of the line, were 
 foon informed on their arrival offTobago of the lofs of the ifland. 
 The next day they were in fight of the French fleet, confining of 
 24 fail of the line. The Britim mips we^e cleared with the ur- 
 moil aiaciity for aclion. Count de Graffe vras to leeward, and 
 
 feemed 
 
J.D.i^i.J AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 feemed more difpofed to feek than to mun an engagement: the 
 option was on the fide of Sir George Rodney, who in the prefent 
 inHance declined fighting, and probably on very warrantable 
 grounds.Soon after, the count failed for Martinico, 
 
 Certain acls of congrefs here deferve to be noticed. 
 
 On the 26th f May, Mr. Morris, twelve days after he had 
 fignified his acceptance of the office of fuperintendant of finance* 
 had the fatisfa)ion of learning, that the congrefs had that day ap- 
 proved of the plan for eftablifhing a national bank in the United 
 States, which he had fubmitted to their confideration of the 171!!. 
 They refolved to promote and fupport it; and that thefubfcribers 
 (hould be incorporated under the name of The pre fid ant, dirtftors 
 andcompany oj the bank of North America. They alfo recommend- 
 ed to the feveral ftates the making of proper law s for the prevention 
 of other banks or bankers being eftabhmed or allowed within the 
 laid ilates refpe&ively during the war. It is thought, that this 
 bank will be of eminent fervice to the United States, and tend 
 greatly to leffen their embarraiTments ; and that it will belno lefs 
 beneficial to the public than to the individual fubfcribers. 
 
 Congrefs agreed [June 14.] " That the minifter plenipotentia- 
 ry at Verfailles, be authorized to offer Lieut. Gen. Burgoyne in 
 exchtnge for the honorable Henry Laurens. On July the Wd, 
 thy refolved " That five fuitablc pcrfons be appointed ancftau- 
 thorizcdto open a fubfcription for a loan of 30,000 dollars, forVh 
 fupport of fuclr of the citizens of South Carolina and Georgia, 
 as have been driven from their country and pofTeffions by the ene-i 
 my, tha faid ftates refpeclively, by their delegates in co 
 pledging their faith for the repayment of thefums fo lent wiijin-. 
 tereft, in proportion to the fums which mail be received by/heir 
 refpe&ive citizens, as foon as the legislature* of the faid/flatea 
 fha!l feverally be in condition to make provifion for fo dotfg, and 
 congrefs hereby guaranteeing this obligation : That fie faid 
 five perfons do alfo receive voluntary and free donatic/s to be 
 applied to the further relief of the faid fuflfcrers : Ord/ed, That 
 the prefiflent fend a copy of the above refolution to theexecutives 
 of the feveral ftates not in the power of the enem/ requeuing 
 them to promote the fuccefs of the faid loan and do*tion in fuch, 
 way as they fhall think bed." 
 
 To your comprehending this refolution, you rryft be informed 
 of the following particulars. In June, a geneal exchange o 
 prifoners was agreed to for the fouthern dates, iywbich the mili- 
 tia on both fides were refpeclively exchanged for/fh other. Not- 
 withdanding every difficulty, a confiderabie nu^ e r of the inhabi- 
 tants had perfevcririgly refufd to become Britj* fubje^is. Thefc 
 
 Vot.HI. Dd bei 
 
tiiE H I S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 178 j* 
 
 being exchanged, were delivered, as well as the continental offi- 
 cers, at the American polls in Virginia and Pennfylvania. The fuf- 
 fering friends of indepedence exulted at the profpeft of their being 
 releafed from confinement, and reftored to activity in their coun- 
 try's caufe : but their profpe&s were obfcured by the diftreiTes 
 brought on their families by this otherwife defirable event. On 
 the 251!! of June the Britiih commandant at Charleftown, Lieut. 
 Col. Balfour, iifued the following order " As many perfons 
 lately exchanged as prifoners of war, and others who have long 
 chofe to refide in the colonies now in rebellion, have, notwith- 
 standing fuch tlieir abfence, wives and families ftill remaining 
 here, the weight of which, on all accounts, it is equally impolitic 
 as inconfiftent fhould longer be fuffered to reft on the govern- 
 ment eftabllmed here and the refources of it The commandant 
 is therefore pleafed to direcl, that all fuch women, children and 
 others as above defcribed, mould quit this town and provence on 
 or before the firil day of Auguft next enfuing ; of which regulation 
 all fuch perfons are hereby ordered to take notice, and to remove 
 themlelves accordingly." 
 
 Here let me introduce an account of the manner in which moil 
 of the whig ladies conducted while they remained in Charleftown. 
 They mowed an amazing fortitude, and the ftrongeft attachment 
 to the caufe of their country, and gloried in the appellation of re- 
 bel ladies. Neither foothing perfuafions, nor menacing hints, 
 nor their own natural turn for gaiety and amufement, could prevail 
 oatheni to grace the ball oraffembly with their prefence, to oblige 
 the Biitifli officers with their hand in a dance, or even to accom- 
 pany them, notwithstanding the engaging qualities that many of 
 themVoffeffed. Bat no fooner was an Ameiican officer introdu- 
 ced as iprifoner, than his company was fought for and his per- 
 ibn treaed with every poffible mark of attention and refpecl. 
 They cveivifited the prifon {hips and other places of confinement 
 to folace heir fufTering countrymen. At other feafons they 
 retired in ar re at meafure from the public eye, wept over the dif- 
 treflcs ot thir country, and gave every proof of the warmed at- 
 tachment toil fuffering caufe. In the height of the Britifh con- 
 quefts, when pverty and ruin feemed the unavoidable portion of 
 every adherent ^ the independence of America, ihey difcovered 
 more finnnefs th n the men. Many of them, like guardian an- 
 gels, preferved t c Jr hufbands from falling in the hour of temp- 
 tation, when inte>ft an d convenience had almoft gotten the bet- 
 ter of honor and pniotifin. Many examples could be produced 
 of their cheerfully fcrting with their fons, hufbands and brothers 
 (iitnong thole who wvg baniflied, and whofc property was feizcd 
 
 by 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 the conquerors) exhorting them to fortitude, and repeatedly en- 
 treating them never to fuffer family attachments to interfere with 
 the duty they owed to their country. Such exemplary patriotifm 
 excited in feveral Britiih officers a mean refentment, which put 
 them upon employing the negroes in rude infultson thofe diftin- 
 guifhed heroines. When the fucce/Tes of General Greene afford- 
 ed the latter an opportunity, they adopted a genteel retaliation 
 by drefling in graen and ornamenting their perfons with green 
 feathers and ribbons, and thus parading the ftreet? in triumph. 
 
 The gentlemen, who had been removed from Charleftown to 
 St. Auguftine, as has been already related, obtained their releafe 
 by the general exchange, and were delivered at Philadelphia. 
 They had fufFered greatly fince they were fent off. Lieut. Gov. 
 Gadfden, to exprefs his indignation at the ungenerous treatment 
 he had met with, refufed to accept an offered parole in St. Au- 
 guftine; and with the greateft fortitude, bore a clofe confinement 
 in the caftle for forty-two weeks, rather than give a fecond pa- 
 role to a power which he confidered as having plainly violated 
 the engagement contained in the firfl. The other gentlemen re- 
 newed their paroles and had the liberty of the town, but were 
 treated with much indignity. As if no dependence could be 
 placed on their honor, they were ordered every day to appear on 
 the public parade, and to anfwer to their names at roll calling. 
 For upward often months they were debarred from correfpond- 
 ing with their wives and families, unlefs they would fubjeft 
 every letter to examination. Deftitute of gold and filver, they 
 could fcarcely fupport themfelves ; and were lefs able to provide 
 for their connections, who were left in want and in the power of 
 the conquerors. The earliefl alleviation of their forrows, after 
 the cartel had been fettled, was denied to them. Though their 
 wives and children, who had been left in Charleftown, were or- 
 dered to Philadelphia at the fame time with themfelves, Balfour 
 gave exprefs direction that they fhouid not be fufFered to touch -at 
 Charleftown. More than a thoufand perfons were, by the mea- 
 fures of the commandant, exiled from their homes, and thrown 
 on the chanty of Grangers for their fupport, Hufoands and 
 wives, parents and children, fome of whom had been for feveral 
 months feparated from each other, were doomed to have their 
 firft interview in a diflant land. To alleviate the diftrefles of 
 thefeand fimilar fufferers, Congrefs pafied the preceding reiblu* 
 tion. The propriety of it was Rill more apparent fome time af- 
 ter, when what had been franfacled at Charleiiown was known. - 
 Several of the exchanged perfons were ov/ners of landed proper- 
 ty in that town ; and by the capitulation had an undoubted right 
 
 19 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [A D. 1781. 
 
 to difpofe of it for their own advantage. They were however 
 debarred that liberty by the following order, ifiued on the i uh of 
 July " The commandant is pleafed todirefct, that no perfon, liv- 
 ing under the rebel government, mall have liberty, or grant pow- 
 er to others for fo doing, to letorleafe any houfe within this town 
 without a fpecral licenie for fo doing, as it is intended to take all 
 fucb houfes as may be wanted for the public fervice, paying to 
 the owners of thofe fecured by the capitulation^ reafonable rent 
 for the lame, as by this means government will he enabled to re, 
 inflate its firm friends in poffefiion of their own houfes within a 
 fhort fpace of time." In confequence of this mandate, the ex- 
 changed fufTerers could make no preient advantage of their pro- 
 perty in Charleftown, and were fubje6led to the pleafurc of the 
 JBritidi for any future compenfation. 
 
 When the general exchange took place in June, out of 1900 
 prifonei; taken at the furrenderof Charleftown, on the 12th of 
 May, 1780, and feveral hundreds more taken afterward at Cam- 
 den and Filhing Creek, on the i6th and i8th of Auguft, only 
 740 wererefloted to the fervice of their country. The unfortu- 
 nate men \\ere crowded on boaid the piifori ihips in fuch num- 
 bers, that feveral were obliged f.o (land up for want of room to lie 
 down. Congiefs could not command hard money for their re- 
 lief* Wine, and fuch like comforts, particularly neceflary for 
 the Tick in fouthern climates, could not be obtained from the Bri- 
 ti(h hofpilals. Many died. But it was not by death? alone that 
 the Americans were deprived of their foldiers. Lord Charles- 
 Grevilie Montague inlilled 30 of them for the Britilh feivice in 
 Jamaica. 
 
 The exchange brought relief to the continental officers taken 
 at Charleftown. They were confined at HaddrcH's Point and its 
 vicinity. Far from friends and derlituie of hard money, they 
 \vere reduced to the greateft (traits. Many of them, though lorn 
 in affluence and habituated to attendance, were compelled to do 
 not only the mod menial offices for thernfelves, but could fcarce- 
 ly procuie the plained necefiaries of life. During a captivity of 
 thirteen months, they icceivedno more from their country than 
 nine days pay. They were debarred the liberty of Efhing for their 
 fupport, though their great leiiure ami many wants made it an cb- 
 je6t not only as an amui'ement, but as a mean of fuppJying their 
 necefluies. After beating thefe evils with fortitude, they were 
 tnfoimed in March, by Lieutenant Colonel Balfor.r, that, by po- 
 fitive orders from Lord Cornwallis, he was to fend them to force 
 one cf the Weil India iflandsi Fin>araticns were made for the 
 
 excoitica 
 
A. D. 1781.3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 execution of the mandate ; but the general exchange of prifoners 
 jeridered them abortive. 
 
 It appearing to Congrefs from the reprefentation of the Ame- 
 rican gov. Clinton and other information, that commiflions had 
 been granted by the Gov. of Connecticut, authorizing the pcrfons 
 to whom t*cy were given, among other things, to go on Long 
 liland and other iflands adjacent, and feize the goods and nierch* 
 andife they mould there find, the property of Bntifh fubjecls ; and 
 that the (aid comrmdions were attended with many abuies dange- 
 rous to the public, as well as diilreifing to the citizens and friends 
 of thefe United States, inhabiting the faid iflands, fome of whom, 
 under pretext of the powers contained in iuch commiflions, had 
 been plundered of their property, and oiherwife badly treated : 
 and that the further continuance of the faid commiflions would 
 impede the public fervice in that quarter, they, " Therefore le- 
 folved, [Auguft 7.] that the Gov. of Connetlicut be, and he is 
 hereby, defired immediately to revoke fuch commifftons, as far as 
 they authorize the feizure of goods on Long Ifland or elfewhere, 
 on land not within the (late of Connecticut." It was high .time 
 to revoke them, for under their cover a fet of unprincipled plun- 
 derers committed greater ravages upon .nany of the faft friends of 
 America, than the words of Congrefs fully exprefs. 
 
 In confequence of inftruclions of Auguft the jd, Gen. Wafh- 
 ington wrote on the 2 ill -*' The almost daily complaints of the 
 feverities exercised toward the American marine prifoners in 
 New York, have induced the Congrefs to direct me to remon- 
 {Irate to the commanding officer of his Bntifh majefty's ihipsup- 
 vn the fubjei. The principal complaint now is, the inadequacy 
 of the room in the piifon (hips, to the number of prifoneis con- 
 fined on board them, which occafions the death of many, and ia 
 the occafion of mod intolerable inconveniencies and Jiftrefles to 
 thofe who furvive." He had written early in the fpiing to SiT 
 H. Clinion " The very healthy condition, in which ail prifon- 
 ers have been returned by us fince the commencement of the war, 
 carries with it a conviclion, that they have been uniformly and 
 comfortably gccommodated and fed on wholefome provifions. So 
 confcious have I been, that the fituation in which we always kept 
 prifoners of war would bear infpe&ion, that I have never been a- 
 verfe to having them vifited by an officer of your own, who might 
 he a witncfs to the propriety of their treatment. A requefl of 
 this nature was a very little time ago refufed to us by the officer 
 commanding the B. itifh navy in the harbour of New York." 
 
 On Auguft the 21 ft, Congrefs authorized Gen. Walhingtonto 
 go into a full exchange of Gcq, Burgoyne, and all the remaining 
 
 officers 
 
228 TriE HISTORY OF THE [A.D.iyfrt. 
 
 officers of the Saratoga convention ; and refolved that the prifo- 
 ners taken by the Bntifh at the Cedars, fhould be confidered as 
 iubjecls of exchange. That day week they ordered the board of 
 \var to make a fale of certain cannon and ftores in the ftate of 
 Rhode Ifland, forjfiecie only. This may be confidered as a de- 
 clarative aft on their partagainfl the further circulation of a paper 
 currency. It has indeed ceafed by common confent. Without 
 it the Americans could not have carried on the war to theprefent 
 period. The public benefit it has been of in this inftarice, will 
 compenfatein the eftimaiion of patriotic politicians, for the im- 
 juenfe evils of which it has otherwife been the occaiion. The 
 tender laws on one hand, and depreciation on the other, rendered 
 it the bane of fociety. All clafTes were infeBed. It produced a 
 rage for fpeculating. The mechanic, the farmer, the lawyer, the 
 phyfician, the member of Congrefs, and even a few of the cler- 
 gy, in fome places, were contaminated, and commenced merchants 
 and fpeculators. The morals of the people were corrupted be- 
 yond any thing that could have been believed prior to the event. 
 All ties of honor, blood, gratitude, humanity and juftice were dif- 
 folved. Old debts were paid in feveral dates when the paper mo- 
 ney was more than 70 for one in hard cafli ; and in Virginia 
 when at 300 for one. Brothers defrauded brothers, children pa- 
 rents and parents children. Widows, orphans and others, who 
 had lived happily on their annual intereft, were impoverifhed by 
 being obliged to take depreciated paper for the fpecie principal 
 that had been lent; creditors were frequently compelled to re- 
 ceive their debts in that currency, from men who confefTed 
 before witnefTes, that the cafii they borrowed faved them and 
 
 their families from ruin. A perfon who had been fupplied 
 
 with fpecie in the jail at Philadelphia, while the Bntifh had 
 pofTeffion of the city, repaid it in paper afterward at a tenth 
 jwrt of its value. No clafs of people fuffered more by the de- 
 preciation than (alary-men, and efpecially the clergy, particular- 
 ly in the New England dates. They were reduced to the greateft 
 difficulties, and were much injured, by having their annual in- 
 comes paid them in paper, without having the badnefs of its quali- 
 ty corr,penfa?edin the quantity allowed them. When in the begin- 
 ning of the year, fome compenfation was voted to them in certain 
 places, the increafed depreciation, ^before the falary was paid, def- 
 roycci in a great rneafure the efficacy of the vote. It has been obferv- 
 ed hv fome.that the quakersand met bod His in Pennfylvania, were 
 faithful to their old engagements, and werenot corrupted by h ami ling 
 paper money. Though tbefe denominations excelled, there were 
 rjany individuals in all religious focieijes through the United States 
 
 that 
 
'AD,i7**-1 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 that preferved their integrity. As a ftriking inftance of the 
 nature and effefts of a depreciating paper currency, the follow- 
 ing is related out of many. A merchant of Bofton fold 
 a hogfhead of rum, for twenty pounds, calk included. The 
 purchafer did not fettle for it, till after the feller applied to him 
 for an empty hogfhead, for which he was charged thirty pounds. 
 When they came to fettle, the merchant found upon examin- 
 ing, that he had to pay a balance of ten pounds on that vejy 
 cafk, which, with the rum it contained, he had fold for twenty. 
 
 The extinction of the paper has occafioned no convulfion ; 
 and thefpecie which the French army and navy have already in- 
 troduced, which the trade now opening with the Spanifh and 
 French Weft India iflands will furnifh, and which the loan from 
 France will fupply this joint quantity added to what will now be 
 brought into ufe by thofe whole precaution led them to {lore up 
 their hard money, will prevent the mKchiefs that muft otherwife 
 have enfued from a total want of a circulating. medium. The 
 extraordinary change of this medium without making the United 
 States to the very foundation, intimates a peculiarity in thecir- 
 cumitances and difpofition of the Americans, diilinguiming.them 
 from the inhabitants of old countries. , 
 
 A few dejftched particulars remain to be related before the. 
 prefent letter is forwarded. 
 
 On the 'nth of Auguft, 3000 German troops arrived at Nevy 
 York from Europe. The fame day the American frigate Trum- 
 bull was carried in by one of the king's fhips. This capture has 
 reduced the naval force of the United S;ate$ to two frigates, the 
 Alliance and theDeane. A number of fine privateers have alfo 
 been taken by the royal navy; but there are ilill a great many 
 from the different flates which have been very fuccefsful. 
 
 By various channels, and particularly the arrival of a French 
 frigate from Breft on the i^th of Auguft, certain advice has been 
 received of the French having captured a. number of mips from 
 Statia. It feerns, that France determining to profit from the ab- 
 ience of the Britifh grand fleet, equipped 7 or 8 ihips of the line 
 at Breft, which were fent out in the beginning of May, under M. 
 de la Motte Piquet, in order to intercept the Statia convoy, freight- 
 ed with the moft valuable commodities taken at that ifland, as well 
 as a rich fleet on its way home from Jamaica. Mr. Piquet fuc- 
 ceeded in the firft part of the delign. Commodore Kotharn had 
 only four mips for the prote6tiori of the Statia convoy. Fourteen 
 of the merchantmen were taken : but the men of war, with the re- 
 mainder of the convoy, (heltered themfelves in fome of the weft-, 
 ern ports of Ireland. The Fi'ench cammander confidering the 
 
 number 
 
THE HISTORY OF THS [A. D. 178*; 
 
 number and richnefs of the prizes, gave up all views upon the 
 Jamaica fleet, and returned immediately to Bieft, by which mean 
 he efcaped falling in with the Biitifh fquadron. We have learn- 
 ed, that the fale of the prizes was advertifed in France for the 
 loth of July laft. 
 
 On the 25th of Auguft, another French frigate arrived in Bof- 
 ton, with two large veilels under lier convoy. They were on 
 their paffage 36 days longer than the frigate which arrived on 
 the 1,5th. They have brought clothing, military (lores, and a 
 quantity of fpecie. Colonel Laurens returned by this convey- 
 ance. He reached France by the middle of March, and executed 
 bis cornmiilion with great difpatch and fuccefs. 
 
 LETTER IX. 
 
 Rotterdam, Oflober 13, 1781* 
 
 *> 
 
 FRIEND G. 
 
 COmmodore Johnflone's fquadron, which failed for the EaMf 
 Indies, confifted of a 47, a 64, and three 50 gua mips, 
 befide feveral frigates, a bomb veflel, fire fhip, and fome (loops 
 of war. A land force, commanded by Gen. Meadows, and 
 compofed of three new regiments of 1000 each, accompanied it. 
 Several outward bound Eaft Indramen, and (tore or ordnance vef- 
 Tels, went out with this convoy ; and the whole fleet, including 
 tranfports and armed (hips, amounted to more than 40 fail. The 
 Dutch war undoubtedly occafioned a change of the objeft of the 
 armament, and the fubftitution of an attempt upon the Cape of 
 Good Hope, inftead of an enterprife againft the Spaniards in 
 South America. This change did not efcape the penetration of 
 France and Holland. The latter therefore applied to her new 
 ally for affiftance, to ward off the danger to which all her Eaft 
 India pofleffions would be expofed, if Johnfrone fucceeded. On 
 that a fquadron of five mips of the line, and fome frigates, wifh a 
 boclv of land forces, were deftined to this fervice, under Mr. de 
 SurFrein, who failed from Breft in company with Count de Grafle. 
 The naval part of the armament was ultimately dcfigned tooppofe 
 the Britifli fleet in the Eaft Indies : but Suffrein's particular 
 inftruftions were topurfue^and counteraft Johnftone, upon every 
 occafion and in every poOible manner, keeping at the fame time 
 
 a c*n~ 
 
A D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. - 23% 
 
 a conftant eye to the effectual protection of the Cape. The court 
 of Verfailles was accurately informed of Johnftone's force, and 
 of all the circumftances attending the convoy ; and might not be 
 totally ignorant of his courfe, any more than of his destination. 
 
 Commodore Johnftone put into the Cape de Verd iflands for 
 water and frefh provifions. There being no particular appre- 
 henfion of an enemy, the ihps lay without much care or order, 
 in an open harbour belonging to the principal town of St. Jago, 
 the moft considerable of the iflands. A great number of the crew* 
 were abfent from the (hips, and were engaged in various occupa- 
 tions, neceffary to the preparation or fupplyof fo many veflels for 
 fo long a voyage. Several officers and men were on more par- 
 taking of the health and recreation of the ifland. In this unpre-r 
 pared ftate, the Ids man of war difcovered ia the morning o 
 April i6, a fquadron approaching the entrance of the harbour, 
 xvhich was foori judged to be French. Signals were inftantly 
 thrown out for unmooring, for recalling the peopl on more, and 
 preparing for aclion. The Britifh fleet was taken at a great dif* 
 advantage* Mr. de Suffrein, leaving his convoy, was foon in the 
 centre of it ; the French (hips firing on both fides as they palled*, 
 The French Hannibal of 74. guris led the way with great intre- 
 pidity, under the command of Mr. de Tremingnon. When as 
 near to the Britifh as he could fetch, he dropped his anchor wittt 
 a noble air of refolution. TheHeros of the fame force, Mr.de 
 SuflTrein'sown (hip, took the next place; and the Artefien of 64* 
 anchored aftern of the Heros. The Vengeur and'Sphynx, of 64 
 guns each, ranged up and down as they could through the crowd 
 of (hips, and fired on either fide at every one they pafTed. Com- 
 modore Johnftone's own fhip, being too far advanced toward the 
 bottom of the bay, and too much intercepted by the veiTels that 
 lay between to take an aclive part in the aclion, he quitted 
 her and went on board another* The engagement lafted about ary 
 hour and a half. Some time after it began, feveral of tfte Ealt 
 India (hips fired with good effecl on the French. , In .about art hour 
 the fituation of the French (hips at anchor became too intolerable 
 to be endured ; and the captain of the Artefien being killed, (he cut 
 her cable, and made the beft of her way out. SuffYein, defertecf 
 by hisfecond aftern, found the danger fo great that he followeo( 
 trie example. The Hannibal was now left alone to ,be fired at 
 by every fhip whofe guns could be brought to bear on her, while 
 fhe hsrfelf was fo injured, that her returns were flow and inef- 
 feftive. She loft her bowfprit and all her mafts, and remained 3 
 mere hulk upon the water. She however joined the other (hip 
 at the month of ^he bay; was towed off and aflifted in ereaing; 
 
 Vut. Ill, E Q jury 
 
^2 , THE-- II I S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 1781. 
 
 jury mads. The commodore purfued, but the damage fuftained 
 by the His, the nature of the winds and currents, vv.ith the latenefs 
 of the day, concurred in preventing Ins renewing the engagement. 
 The Fiench boie away no trophy of the action. ConGdering the 
 clofenefs of it, the fmoothnefs of the water, with the number and 
 crowded fuuation of the {hipping, the lofs of men was very frnail. 
 
 May 2, the Brium fleet failed froai St. Jago, and toward the 
 middle of June, the commodoie difpatched Captain Pigot, with 
 fome of the bed failing frigates and cutters, toward the ibutherii 
 extremity of Africa, to gain intelligence if poflibie of the ftate of 
 the enemy in that quarter, with ini|ruUons to rejoin him at a 
 given point of latitude and longitude. Pigot fell in with and took 
 a large Dutch Eafl India (hip, from Saldanha bay near the Cape. 
 She was laden with ftoies and provifions, had on board 40,090!. 
 in bullion, and was bound for the iile of Ceylon. t Frpm her the 
 commodore learned, that SufTrein, with five (hips of the line, mc{ 
 of his'tranfports, and a conliderable body of troops, had arrived at 
 the Cape on the 2 lit of June ; and that feveral homew.ard bound 
 Dutch Eafl India (hips were then at anchor in Saldanha bay, a- 
 bout 14 leagues to the northward of the Cape town and fort. The 
 timely arrival of the French fquadron having fruftrated the de- 
 figns of the Britifh ^gainfi the Cape, Johnftone determined t 
 profit by what was yet within reach, and to attempt poiTefTing 
 himfel'f of the Dutch fhips in the bay of Saldanha. The fcheme 
 \\-as well condu61ed. 'The Dutch had hardly time,. from the dif- 
 covery to the coming up of the Bruim (hips, to ] oofe their VefJels, 
 cut their cables, and run them on more, .The men of war's boats 
 being inRantly manned, the feamen with great alacrity boarded 
 the Indiamen already fet on fire, extinguiOied the flatries, and fav- 
 ed fou^ large 'ones, from loooto. i.iop tons each. JohnitoneV 
 difpaiches weredriied the 2 ift of Atigufi. 
 
 Several of UieEng'iih counties aflociated and chofe delegates, 
 to give fupport'and efficacy to the fubjecl of their former petitions 
 'to parhament. ,Abo;iu 40 of the delegates met in Lomlon. As 
 aQiiig for their conlhtuents, they prepared a petition to the houfe 
 of commons, in Which the fubl^anceof thofe already prefented be- 
 ing comprefTed within a narrower compufs, the n)att,ers of griev- 
 ance and the redrefs propofed were brought forward in one clear, 
 point of view.' But to obviate difficulties and prevent objeOiins, 
 they figned'the petition merely as individual. freeholders, without 
 any afTumption or avowal of their delegated powers or character. 
 The petition was prefented by Mr. Duncombe, one of the repre- 
 lehtatives of the county of York, and continued for fome weeks. 
 on/the table, till the recovery of Sir George Saville, who was t* 
 
 proceed 
 
AD. 1781.]' AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 proceed with 'the bufinefs. Sir George [8ih] introduced his mo- 
 tion for referring the petition (after the fii it reading) to a com- 
 mittee, with a fpcech of very confiderable length. 'After a long' 
 debate, the motion for committing the petition was overruled by a 
 majority of 160 to 86. 
 
 The war with the Dutch made it neceffary for the Briiim to 
 have a force in the North Seas, capable of injuring their'com- 
 merce on that fide on the one hand, and of protecting their own 
 on the other; asalfd of cuttingx>ff the Dutch from leceivirig fop- 
 plies of. naval ftores wherewith to reftore their marine. This 
 important fervice was intruded to the conducl of Admiral Hyde 
 Parker. The admiral failed from Poitfmouth the beginning of 
 June, with four (hips of the line, and a fifty gun thip ^or the ; 
 North Seas:, Mean- while-Holland ilrained every nerve for the 
 equipment of "\ force, that might be^able to convoy then -outward : 
 bound trade to the Baltic; and to protect its return, if Rot to inter- 
 cept the Bricifh, and become matters of thofe feas. Some days 
 after the middle of July, Admiral Zoutmon and Commodore 
 Kind(bergen failed from the Texei, with a k great convoy und?" 
 their, protection. Their force con fitted of eight fhipsof the"line 
 from 54 too 74 guns, of 10 frigates and 5 floops. Seveial of the 
 frigates were very large. Admiral Parker was on his return 
 with a large convoy from Elfmeur. He had been joined by fe- 
 veral frigates fince his leaving 'Portfmouth, ami. by trie Dolphin ' 
 of 44 guns, aad in this crifis he was reinforced by a- 74. His * 
 fleet confi (led of -an 80 gun fliip, two 74'*, a 64, a 6oj 3^50, a 44, 
 a 40, a jo, a 36, a 32, and a cutter of 10 guns. 
 
 The hoflile fleets came in fight of each other on the Do/rnrer- 
 Bank early in the morning of the ^th of Auguft. One of 'the 
 Duich line of battle (hips had returned to port ; but as a forty-four 
 gun fhip was fubflitiued in her place, their iine (iill confined cf 
 eight two deckers* The Britifh commander perceiving the num- 
 ber and 'ftrength of the Dutch frigates, detached the con-voy with 
 orders to keep their wind, fending his owri ft igafces along with 
 therrl for their .protection, and then threw out a general fignal to 
 the fquadron to chafe. The Dutch likewife few t off their con- 
 voy to a diftance, when they drew up with great coolnefs m or- 
 der of battle, and waited the attack with the utmoft compofurn. 
 
 Neither fide. praciifed any manoeuvre to elude the decifion of ,. 
 naval aftion^ .The parties were equally determined to fio-ht it 
 out. A gtoomy ftlence expreflive f the moft fixed refoluti'on pre- 
 vailed, ar,d not a gun was fired, until the fleets were within' little 
 more than piflol ihot diftance. Admiral Parker in the Fortitude-- 
 -fis,. ranging abrcaft of Admiral Zoutrnaa's fhip, the Ad~^ 
 
034 THE H I S T O R Y OF THE [k D. 
 
 miral de Ruyter of 68, the aclian commenced with the utmoft 
 fury and violence on both fides. The cannonade continued with- 
 out intermiflion for three hours and forty minutes. Some of the 
 Britim (hips fired j^oo ihot each. The effect of the ancient na- 
 val emulation was eminently difplaved in the obftinacy of the 
 battle. In the beginning the Britim fire was remarkably quick, 
 ivhile that of the Dutch was flow; when it clofed, the cafe was 
 reverfed, and. the fire of the Dutch was remarkably quick, while 
 ihat of the Britim was flow. The Britim mips at length were f 
 unmanageable, that though their admiral made an effort to fornv 
 the line that he might renew the aclion, he found it to be imprac- 
 ticable. His fhips were mattered in their mafts, rigging and 
 fails. The Dutch were in a flill worfe condition, fomeof them 
 having received feveral mot under water. Both fquadrons lay 
 to a confiderable time near each other. At laft the Dutch bore 
 away for theTexel ; and the Britiili were in no condition to fol- 
 low them. The Hollandia of 68 guns, one of their beft (hips, 
 went down in the night of the engagement fo fuddenly, that the 
 crew were reduced to the melancholy necefllty of abandoning their 
 wounded when they quitted her. Though me funk in 22 fathomi, 
 her top-malts were (till above water and her pendant flying, which 
 being difcovered in the morning by one of the Britim frigates, was 
 itruckand carried to Admiral Parker as a trophy. When theDutch 
 entered the Te>-el, an officer from the fleet went on board the 
 Charleftown frigate of 36 heavy guns upen one deck, which had 
 been lying there the whole time, and related to the captain the 
 particulars of the aclion. 
 
 The aclion was very bloody. On the fide of the Britim, who 
 were the leaft fufFerers in that refpecr, 104 were killed, and 339 
 wounded in the feven ihips that were engaged. Several brave offi- 
 cers fell on both fides. The Britim regretted much the death of 
 Captain Macartney, who left a widow and large family. His 
 fon, a boy of (even years old, was by his fide when he was killed ; 
 his fortitude, as well upon that occafion as through the whole ac- 
 tion, aftoniihed the boldeft feamen in the (hip. Mr. Harrington, 
 one of Admiral Parker's lieutenants, an officer of 40 years fervice, 
 
 and of the rnoft diftinguifhed merit, was mortally wounded. 
 
 Though of an affluent fortune and too much neglected, he nobly 
 diidained to withdraw his profeffional abilities from the defence 
 of his country in this trying feafon. The Britim admiral's let- 
 ter giving an account of the aclion was concife, and modeft with. 
 refpel to his own fide, while juft in paying full honor to the va- 
 lor of his enemy. In Britain, the condufcl and valor difplayed in 
 the aclion, i#et \vith great and general approbation ; but an appre- 
 hended 
 
vf.J9.i78i,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 235 
 
 bended negle& in government or the admiralty, in not furniftiing 
 the admiial with a larger force, excited no lefs difiatisfaciion. It 
 ivas faid, that, at the very time, as many {hips were lying idie in 
 port, or waiting for orders in the Downs, as would have enabled 
 Parker to capture the whole Dutch fleet and convoy. The ad- 
 iniral's fubfequent conduct, as well as an intimatiea given in his 
 letter to the admiralty, ilrongly confirmed the public opinion, 
 ajid indicated that he was no lefs dilfatisfled at the want of fup- 
 porf, than others were at its not being given. On his arrival at 
 the Nore with his mattered fquadron. he was honored with a roy- 
 aj vifit ; but it was foon underftood, that no further honor or in- 
 tended promotion would be accepted by the fturdy veteran. The 
 king went on board the Fortitude, where he had a levee of all the 
 officers of the fquadron, who were received with the moft graci- 
 ous attention ; and the admiral had the honor of .-dicing with his 
 rnajeily and the prince of Wales on beard the royal yacht. We 
 have been told, that upon that occafion Admiral Parker took an 
 opportunity of hinting (in theprefeiice pf the firft lord of the ad- 
 miralty and a number of naval officers) both his diiTatisfa61ion and 
 intention of retiring, by faying to his (overeign " That he wifh- 
 cd him younger officers and better mips; and that he was grown 
 too eld for the fervice." It was related alfoas an anecdote at the 
 time, that young Macartney being .prcfented on board the Forti- 
 tude, and the royal intention of providing far him, for the fake of 
 his brave father, being declared, the admiral apologized for in- 
 forming his majefty, that he had already adapted him as his own. 
 Admiral Parker resigned his command immediately afier ; but it 
 was probably intended as a mark of favor arid regard to him, t,hat 
 his fon Sir Hyde (who had been befoie knighted for hi$ good 
 conducl in North America and the Weft Indies) was now ap- 
 pointed to the command of a fquadron of frigates, which wers 
 trnployed in blocking up the Dutch ports during the remainder 
 of the feafon for keeping thofe feas. 
 
 TheDutchj befide lofing the Hollandia, had two of their capi. 
 tal (hips fo totally ruined in the aclion, as to be declared incapa^ 
 ble of further fervice. Their lofs of men is thought to. have ex- 
 ceeded 1000 in killed, wounded and funk. The idea of profe. 
 euting the voyage to the Baltic was given up; and their irn- 
 jnenfe carrying trade was annihilated for ihe remainder of the 
 year. The Hollanders however were much elated with the brav- 
 ery of their countrymen. Before the naval battle on Dogger's 
 Bank, every fpriiig was touched to excite popular refentments a- 
 gainft the Americans and French, fo that the regents of Amliejdam 
 were undertbeaecefluy of uking thclikeprecautioPJ which would 
 
 have 
 
*$6 THE HIST O R Y OF THE [A D. 1781, 
 
 have been praclifedhad'anenemy been iri the neighbourhood; and 
 the gitfonri and defpondehcy at the Hague and el few here was ter- 
 rible : after it, the Dutchmen became courageous, and all their app're- 
 hend*ns Teemed to difappear. This alion-bem? the firft of. any. 
 confequettce, in which they have been engaged for the much 
 greater part of a century, the States General were beyond mea-' 
 jure liberal in the pvaife, rewards and honors, which they beftow- 
 ed on their officers. Admiral Zoutman and Commodore Kind f- s 
 bergen were immediately promoted ; and 'moll, if not all of the i 
 firft and (econd captains, as well as feveral of the lieutenants, were 
 either advanced, or flattered with fome peculiar mark ofdiffin'c- 
 tion. Count Bentinck, who boldly fought the Batavia, and -who, 
 though mortally wounded, and informed that his (hip was -in dan- 
 ger of finking, would not liften to a propofal for quitting his Na- 
 tion, was foothed in his lafl moments by every mark of honor and 
 teftimony of regard, which his country arid his prince could be- - 
 flow; and his funeral was not more honorable to the brave dead, 
 than to the grateful living* - But however the Dutclvhave e'xult- 
 ed in that the marine couragfe of their anceltors had not forfaken 
 them, they are much diflatisfied that their fleet was not augment- 
 ed bj two or more mips, which th^y think'would have fecufed lo 
 them a complete victory ov^r the B/&iih admiral, and have put 
 his convoy into their pofieflion. They a^e ready to impute this 
 failure to a' treacheroiwr-ieglefit, originating from' a prevailing at- ; 
 tachment in fome to the intereds of Great Britain. 
 
 The French, to remove all unfavorable jealoufie^ that the Spa-" 
 niards might entertain refpe6ting the attention of their ally' to the 
 Spaniili i mere fts, engaged to co-operate with them in attempting 
 the recovery of Minorca an event which, fhotrld it^take place, ' 
 would be highly pleating to Spain, while it-was no wife injurious 
 to France. The plan being laid, die Duke de Crillon, a French 
 commander of repute, was taken into the Spanim fervice, and 
 appointed to conducl their forces to be employed in executing it. : 
 Count de Guichen failed froin Breft near the end of June, with 
 18 capital thips (four of which carried no guns each) fo join 
 the Spanifh fleet and fupport the invafion. The not endeavor-, f 
 ing to intercept this fleet, or at leaft to prevent a junclion fo full 
 of danger, occafioned'great complaint againft the Britifli admiral- . 
 tv, efpecially the -firft lord of that department. The combined 
 fleets failed from Cadiz,' with about 10,000 Spanifh troops before 
 the end of July. The French had been reinforced by feveral 
 fhips of the line. The Spanifn fleet amounted to about 30 fail or. - 
 the line under Don Lewis de Cordova. The army 'effected its 
 landing at Minorca withqut oppofidon on the.*joda . df Augufl. ; 
 
 and 
 
^.AijSi.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 and was foon joined by fix regiments from Toulon, tinder Major 
 Gen. Count de Falkenhayn, deemed one of the belt, officers. in 
 the French fervice. Thgar,rifoo w, as weak, and co*i(iited only 
 of two Britifli and tuo Hanoverian regiments. But it was conir- 
 manded by Lieut. Gen. Murray and Major Gen. Sir William 
 Draper. 
 
 The combined fleets, after feeing the troops fafe into the Me-- 
 diterranean, returned to eiuifeat the mouth of the Britim channel. 
 No intelligence of this naval manoeuvre was obtained, nor was 
 the defign fufpecled by the Brhifh miniflry, until ihe combined 
 fleets were in the chops of the channel, and had formed a lina 
 from Ufhant to the ides of Sciliy, in order to bar its entrance : 
 fo that Adm. Dai by, who was then at feawith only 21 ihips of 
 the line, was on the p.oint of falling in with. .them, when. the ac- 
 cidental meeting of a neutral velfel afforded him notice , of theic 
 fituation. In tbefe unexpeled circumitances [Aug. 24.] he re- 
 turned to Tprhay, vvheic he moored his fquadron, acrofs the ent- 
 rance, while he waited for inftruclions from the admiralty. As. 
 foon as the commanders of the combined fleets had received intel- 
 ligence of Darby's pofition, and of the inferiority of his force- 
 in point of number, a council of war was : held, on the queftion 
 of attacking him. They, were under orders to fight, if the occa- 
 fmn offered: but the initruciions were thought not to reach the 
 prefent cafe, which would be an attack on the Britiih fquadroa 
 in a bay on their own coafh. Under this change of circumilan- 
 ccs, it was fuppoled, that they \veie left at large, to the freeexcr- 
 cife of their own judgment. 
 
 The Count de Guichen is faid to have contended ftrongly fop 
 an immediate attack. He argued, that if by good fortune and the? 
 valor of the combined navies, along with the powerful aid of fire- 
 fhips, the Britim fleet was deftroyed, the power of Great Britain 
 on the feas would be at an end, and the war decided by the blow. 
 Don Vincent Doz, the third of the Spanifrv commanders,, fup- 
 ported this opinion. He afferted,. that .the. deftroying of Darby's 
 ileet.was veiy practicable, and that it would be difficult to excufe 
 their not making the attempt ; and to give the greater weight to> 
 his fentirnents, he boldly offered to command the van fquadron, 
 and to lead on the attack in his own (hip, 
 
 On the other hand, Mr. de Beauffet, the next in command un- 
 der Guichen, faid "All the advantage which the allies derive 
 from their fuperiorhy of force and number, will be entirely loit 
 by an attack upon Admiral Darby's feel in the prefent. fttua^ 
 tion ; for we cannot bear down upon him in a line of battle 
 abreaft; of courfs we muft form die line of battle a-Lead, artd_g 
 
 dowa 
 
fc 3 8 THE H I S T O R Y OP' THE [A. D. 
 
 down upon the enemy fmgly, by which we (hall run the greateft 
 hazard of being mattered and torn to pieces, before we can get 
 into ourftations, by the fixed aim and angular fire in every direc- 
 tion, of fuch a number of great and well-prorided (hips, drawn 
 up to the greateft advantage, and lying moored and fteady in the 
 water. I conclude therefore, that as the attempt on theBrhifli 
 fleet in Torbay will, in my opinion, be unwarrantable in thedefign, 
 and exceedingly hazardous in the execution, the allied fleets 
 Ihould direci their whole attention to that grand and attainable 
 object of intercepting the Englifli homeward bound Weft India 
 fleets." Don Louis de Cordova, with all the Spanifh flag offi- 
 cers, except Doz, coincided entirely with him in opinion, fo that, 
 the idea of attacking Darby in Torbay was abandoned. 
 
 Mean while a great alarm was fpread in Ireland as well as Bri- 
 tain, with refpe'61 to the apprehended defigns of the enemy. 
 Not only the great outward bound fleet for America and the Weft 
 Indies was fuppofed to be in imminent danger then in the open 
 harbour of Corke; but the city itlelf, being totally unfortified and 
 at the fame time ftored with immenfe quantities of provifion. The 
 regular forces of the kingdom were therefore ordered to the fouth- 
 Ward for the protection of that city and coaft ; and the patriotic 
 volunteers, who had gained fo much honor in fupporting and re- 
 claiming the liberties of their country, mowed no lefs patriotifm 
 in their immediate offer to government of taking the field, and of 
 inarching wherever their fervices mould be neceffary for its de- 
 fence. They had perfected ihemfelves in the military exercife, 
 and had been reviewed in feveral places by the earl of Charle- 
 mont. 
 
 Admiral Darby remained at Torbay ; but was foon reinforced 
 by feveral (hips from different ports, till his fquadron was increak 
 cd to QO fail of the line, with which he was ordered to fea with 
 the utmoft expedition, for the prefervation of the expefted Weft 
 India convoy. The delay however of waiting for the rein force- 
 rner.t and inftruclions in the firft inftance, arid contrary winds 
 afterward, detained the fleet till the i^th of September, notwith- 
 flandinir the urgency of the occafion. Before it failed, the com- 
 bined fleets had feparated. They were in exceeding bad conditi- 
 on. In the firft outlet they were poorly manned, the Spanifh 
 particularly. Befide a great mortality, which had prevailed du- 
 ring the whole cruife, and a prodigious number of Tick in both 
 fleets, a cohfiderable majority of the mips were fcarcely capable, 
 of living at fea in a violent gale. The hard weather therefore 
 that came on in the beginning of September, fruftrated all their 
 views ; fu that abandoning aii hopes of intercepting the 
 
AD. -178-1.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 239 
 
 convoys, they were glad to get into port as foon as poflible. Tho 
 J r rench N fleet returned to Breft the nth of September, and the 
 Spanim proceeded dire&ly home. 
 
 The prefent mall clofe with extracts from fome curious letters 
 To Mr. V T ergennes. Pa fly, Feb. 13, 1781. " I am grown old, 
 and kis probable I mall not long have any more concern in thefe 
 affairs. I therefore take occafion to exprefs my opinion to your 
 excellency, that the prefent conjuncture is critical } that there is 
 fotrre danger left the Congrefs ihould lofe its influence over the 
 people, if it is una'ble to procure the aids that are wanted, and that 
 the whole fyftem of the new government in America may there- 
 by be maken ; and that if the Engliih are f offered once to re- 
 cover the country, fuch an opportunity of effectual operation may 
 
 not occur again in the courfe of ags." To . March 12 
 
 1781. " To give the ftates a fignal proof of his friendfhip, hi's 
 majefty has refolved to grant them the fum of fix millions [of li- 
 tres] not as a loan, but as a free gift. The fum was intended 
 3br the fupply of the army, and it was thought heft to put it into 
 the general s [Wafhington's] hands, that he mould draw for it, 
 that it might not get into thofe of the different boards or com- 
 mittees, who might think themfelves under a neceility of divert- 
 ing it to other purpofes. There was no room to difpute on this 
 point, every donor having the right of qualifying his gift with, 
 fuch terms as he thinks proper. The minifter proceeded to in- 
 form me, that the courts of Peterfburgh and Vienna had offered 
 their mediation. It was not doubted, that congrefs would readily" 
 accept the propofed mediation, from their own fenfe of its bein| 
 ufeful and neceffary. I have paffed my feventy-fifth year. 1 ' 
 {Soon after this was written, Col. Laurens arrived, which gave 
 occafion for mentioning] " July 26, 1781. With regard to 
 the fix millions given by the king in aid of our operations for 
 the prefent campaign, before the arrival of Mr. Laurens, two mif- 
 lion five hundred thoufand of it went in, the fame fhip with him 
 in cam two million two hundred thoufand were ordered bv him 
 and are fhipped-^- one million five hundred thoufand was fent to 
 Jioliand to go in the ihip commanded by Capt. Gillon." 
 
 LETTER X. 
 
 Rvxbury, January 12, 1782* 
 
 refoluticns of Congrefs, as they refer to Colonel 
 V-x -Laurens and the fupjplies from France, (whofe arrival ha* 
 VUL. III. F f been 
 
TUE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 
 
 keen mentioned) nsceiTarily demand our firfl attention. On a 
 report of a committee, to whom was referred a letter of the zd 
 oi iali September, together with fundry papers, containing an ac- 
 count of the ncgociauon with which he was intruded, Congrefs 
 rciblved on the 4th, "That all the clotliing, artillery, arms and 
 military Itores, ihipped in purfuance of the orders of the honor- 
 able John Laurens, for the ufe of the United States', be, upon 
 their arrival in any of the ports of thefe United States, delivered 
 to the oider of the board of war, who are hereby empowered and 
 directed 10 take cha-ge and direclion of the fame: That all the 
 moiK-y (hipped by the order of Mi. Laurens, for the ufe of the 
 United Slates, be, upon its anival, delivered to the order of the fu- 
 periinenddnt ot finance, who is hereby empowered and directed 
 
 to lake charge of the fame." The next day they refolv- 
 
 ed ik That the conduct of Lieut. Col. Laurens, in his million to 
 the court of Versailles, as Ipecial minifter of the United States^ 
 is highly agreeable to Congrefs, and entitles him to public ap- 
 pio'oaiion." To fupply , any deficiency that there might be ia 
 their relolution refpeciujg monies arriving from Europe, they re- 
 foived on the ^d of December *' That the fuperintendant of the 
 fi unces be, and hereby is authorized and direcled to apply and 
 dilpofe of all monies which have been or may be obtained in Eu- 
 rope by fubfidy, loan or othei wile, according to the feveral refo- 
 lutions and atU of Congrefs now exiiling, or which may hereaf- 
 ter be made for the appropria ion of monies belonging lo the U- 
 nited States." However gratefully they thought of the French 
 king's free gift, they could not with any propriety accede to the 
 mode in which it was to be applied to the benefit of the United 
 States. By pa (Ting into the hands of the Commander in Chief^ 
 it would fubject the array to an appearance of being penfioned by 
 France, and when generally known by the troops might loofea 
 their relative dependence upon Congrefs ; they therefore wifely 
 directed, that the military ftoies mould be delivered to the order 
 of the board of war., and that the difpofal cf the monies mould 
 reft with the fupeiimendant, fubjefl to their own appointments* 
 
 We muft now pafs to South Carolina. 
 
 When the continental" officers under Gen. Greene had heard 
 of the manner. in which Col. Hayne was executed, arid that not- 
 \vithftandingthe general cartel, feveral officers of militia were 
 Hill detained in captivity, they made a reprefentation thereof in 
 writing to Greene on the 2oth of Auguft; and recommended, 
 that a itriti enquiry fhould be made into the feveral matters men- 
 tioned, and if afceitained, that he would be plea fed to retaliate in 
 the moll effectual manner, by a fimilar treatment of Btitifh fub- 
 |ecls who were or might be in his potfer. They voluntarily fub-* 
 
 je&di 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 241 
 
 je&ed themfelves to all the confluences, to which they would be 
 xpofed in cafe of capture, A few days afier, Greene iffued from 
 his headquarters at Camden a proclamation, wherein heexprefs- 
 ly declared " It is my intention to make rep life Is for all fuch 
 inhuman infults, as often as they (hall take place." He added, 
 " I further declare, that it is my intention to take the officers of 
 the regular forces, and not the feduced inhabitants who have join* 
 d their army, for the objefts of my rtpnfals," Greene demand- 
 ed alfo from the Britifh commanders their reafons for the ex < -u- 
 tienofHayne. He received a written anfwer, figned N. BaU 
 four, in which there was an acknowledgment, " that it took pi ce 
 by the joint order of Lord Rawdon and himfelf, but in confe- 
 <]uence of the mod exprefs directions fom Lord Cornwallis, to 
 put to death thofs who mould be found in arms, afrer being at 
 their own requefts received as fubjecls, fince the capitulation of 
 Charleftown, and the clear conquer! of the province in the ii<m- 
 iner of 1780." General Greene replied to Lieut. Col. Baifotif 
 on the i9ih of Sep'emberr" Sir, your favor of the ad infiam I 
 have received, and am happy for the honor of Col. Hayne, to 
 find nothing better to warrant his cruel and unjuft execution, 
 than the order of Lord Cornwallis, given in the hour of victory, 
 when he confidered the lives, liberties and property of the people 
 proilrate a* his feet , but I confefs 1 cannot exprefs my afionim- 
 rnent, that you and Lord Rawdon Should give fuch an extract di- 
 nary example of feverity, upon the authority of that order, under 
 fuch a change of circumftances, fo long after it had been remon- 
 flratedagainft, and after a cartel had been fettled, to reftiain im- 
 proper fevcrities, and to prevent the necefluy of retaliation. You 
 will fee by my letter to Lord Cornwallis of the i/th December 
 laft, a copy of which is enclofed, that I informed his lordfhip, 
 his order was cruel and unprecedented ; and that he might expect 
 retaliation from the friends of the unfortunate.- YOU obfcrve, 
 that to authorife retaliation, there (Jiould be a parity of circum^ 
 fiances, to which I can by no means agree. Retaliation prefup- 
 pofes an aft of violence having been committed, and that it is a* 
 dopted to punim the paft and red rain the future; and therefore 
 whatever will produce thefe confequences is warranted by the laws 
 of retaliation.- You obferve, that the inhabitants of any country 
 at war, owe allegiance to the conquering power. The right of 
 conqueft from partial fucceiles, is often made ufe of to levy con- 
 tributions: but I believe there are no inftaaces, where the inha* 
 bitants are puriifhed capitally, for breach of parole given under 
 thefe circumllances,. efpecially where the two powers are con- 
 Sending for empire; and this al of feverity complained of, is the 
 extraordinary as you long Ufl tkat part of the country, an^ 
 
342 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1781. 
 
 upon your own principles the inhabitants owed allegiance to the 
 
 conquering power. The execution of Lieutenant Fulker was 
 
 without my knowledge or confent: nor did I ever hear of it be- 
 fore. 1 underftood there were fome, who fell a facrifice to the 
 violence of- the militia, for the many outrages they had been guil- 
 ty of, and this without the knowledge of the commanding officer, 
 who put a flop toil the moment he difcovered it. But there is a 
 great difference between deliberate executions, and deaths which 
 happen from an enraged people, urged by a fenfe of injury an4 
 oppreflion. I have never authorized or countenanced an executi- 
 on but for the crime of defsrtion : on the contrary, I have taken 
 all the pains in my power to fof ten the refentments of the inhabitants 
 towaid each other, and to prevent as much as poffibie the dreadful 
 calamity of private murders. It has been my objeft to reclaim, 
 not to deftroy,'even fuch of the inhabitants as have been oppofed 
 to the interests of their country ; and I cannot but conhder your 
 remarks refpecHng Col. Grierfon and Major Dunlap, as both 
 illiberal and ungenerous, if you ate acquainted with iacls. If 
 riot, I hope you will be more careful how you cenfure without 
 authoiity for the future. Ahandfome reward wasoffered for the de- 
 tection of the murderers of both thefe perfons. Asyou have refer- 
 red the juftification cf your conduct in the affair of Col. Hayne 
 to Lord Corriwallis, and as his determination upon that matter 
 will govern the bufinefs of future exchanges, 1 can fee no advan- 
 tage in appointing a pcrfon to meet Captain Barry, on the fub- 
 jefcfc ; beficte which, that gentleman is now a prifoner of war, and 
 no longer in a capacity to negociate affairs of this nature. 1 am, 
 
 Sir, your rnoft obedient humble fervant Nathaniel Greene/' 
 
 Bui before the date of this letter, the following important mili- 
 tary operation had taken place. 
 
 General Greene, on hearing that the Britifh were returned to 
 their former flation on the fouth fide of the Congaree, concerted 
 meafures for forcing them a fecond time from their poOs in this 
 quarter. Though the two armies were within fifteen miles of 
 each other on a right line, yet as two rivers intervened, and boats 
 could not be procured, the American army was obliged to take a 
 circuit of 70 miles with a view of more conveniently eroding the 
 \Vatereeand the Congaree. Soon after their crofling thefe liv- 
 ers they were joined by General Pickens with a party of the 
 Ninety Six militia, and by the ftate troops under Lieut. Col. Hen- 
 tierfon. Gen. Marion'alfo joinrd them with his brigade of mili- 
 tia, on the y(h of September. The whole American force being 
 thus collected, Greene proceeded the next morning to attack the 
 Britiih army under Lieut. Col. Stewart, who had retired from 
 the C'jngaree about 40 miles, and taken poft at the Eutaw Springs, 
 
 60 
 
A.B. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 60 miles north of Charleflown. The Americans and Britifh were 
 nearly equal in number, about 2000: hut new raifed levies a-nd 
 militia formed the greater part of the firft.* Greene drew up hi* 
 troops in two lines. The front coniified of tlie militia Trom 
 North and South Carolina, and was commanded by Marion, Pick- 
 ensatodCol.de Maimedy. The fecond condfted of the- conti- 
 nental troops from North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland, and 
 were l^d on by Gen. Sumner, Lieut. Coi. Campbell, and Col. O. 
 Williams-. Lee with his legion covered the right tlan-k, and Hen- 
 derfon with the ftate troops, the left. Washington with hi* 
 owahy, and C.iptairi Kirk wood with the Delaware troops, form- 
 ed a corps de icferve. They marched at 4 o'clock in the morn, 
 ing, and fell in with two advanced parties- of the Britifh about 
 four miles a-headof their main array: thefe being brifkly charg- 
 ed by the legion and (late troops, foon retired. The front line ad^- 
 vanced and continued firing and advancing on the Britiih till the 
 action became general, when they in their turn were obliged to 
 give way. They were well iupported by General Stunner's Nonh; 
 Carolina brigade of continentals, though they had been under dif- 
 cipline only fora few weeks, and were chiefly compofed of mili- 
 tia men, who had been transferred to the continental fervice, to- 
 make reparation for their precipitate flight in former aclions. Irv 
 the hotter! of the engagement, while great execution was doing on 
 both fides, Williams and Campbell, with the Maryland and Vir- 
 ginia continentals, were ordered by Gieene to charge with trail-' 
 ed arms. Nothing could furpafs the intrepidity of both officers* 
 and men on this occafion. They pufhed on in good order, thro' 
 a heavy cannonade, and a mower of mufketry, with fuch unfhak- 
 en refolution, that they bore down all before them-. Lee, with 
 great addrefs and good conduct, turned the left flank of the Britifh, 
 and attacked them at the fame time in the rear. Henderfqn be- 
 ing wounded early in the aclion, the South Carolina flate troops 
 were led on by Lieut. Co!. Hampton, the next in command, to a- 
 very fpirited and fuccefsful chaige, in which they took upward of' 
 100 prifoners. The Bntifh were routed in all quarters. Wafli- 
 ington brought up the corps de referve on the lefr, and charged 
 fo brifkly with his cavalry, and Kirkwood's infantry, as gave the- 
 enemy no time to rally or form. They were clofcly purfued. 
 On their retreat, numbers threw themfelves' into a flrong brick 
 
 houfe ; 
 
 * On Auguft the ift, the whole of the continentals did not a- 
 mount to eight hundred. The field return on the ^th of September, 
 was, total of regulars, rank and file one thoufand two hundred and 
 fifty-fix; South Carolina flate troops infantry feventy-three, and 
 cavalry feventy-two ; total of militia four hundred and f.ft- 
 txci'ifr;e v f Maricn's, of w&icli ihere w;c nc return. 
 
TS T O R Y OF THU [VI J9. 1781, 
 
 fcoufe: others took poll in a picquerted garden and among impe- 
 netrable ihrubs. The cagernefs of the Americans urged ihem to 
 attack the enemy in theie petitions. YVaihington made every 
 pofTible exertion to diflodge them rrom the thickets, but failed, 
 had his horie ihot under him, was wounded and taken priloner. 
 Four fix pounders, two of which had been abandoned by the ene- 
 my, were ordered up before the houfe, and pufhed en fo much 
 under the command of the fire from thence and the thicket^ that 
 they could not be brought off again, when Greene, JLidgJn^ all 
 further efforts improper, ordered the noo^s-to feme. 
 
 The Americans collected all their wounded, except f hpfe under 
 the command of the fire of the houfe, and leuied to the ground 
 from which they marched in the morning, theie being no water 
 r.earer, and the troops ready to faint with the heat and want of 
 refreshment, the action having continued near four hours ; and 
 been by far the hotteft Greene ever law, and themoft bloody, for 
 the numbers engaged. He left a flrong picquet on the field of 
 battle, 
 
 In the evening of the next day, Lieut. Col. S?ewart deflroyed 
 a great quantity of his {tores, abandoned the Eutaw, and moved 
 towards Charleflown, leaving upward of feventy of his wounded, 
 and one thoufand Irand of arms. He was purfued for feveral 
 miles, but without effect. Though Major M Arthur joined hum 
 with a large reinforcement fourteen miles below the Eutaw, ihe 
 station was not renewed. Indeed the lofs of the Britifh was 
 heavy: five hundred were taken prifoners, including the wound- 
 ed left behind them: they fcareely fuffered lefs in killed, and 
 the wounded whom they carried off. Several of their officers 
 were paroled on the field of battle, two were killed, and fixteen 
 wounded, as was the commander ilightly in his left elbow. 
 The Americans had 114 rank and file killed, 300 wounded, and 
 40 miffing, in all 454 : officers killed and mortally wounded 
 2 i beHde a volunteer ; wounded 38, and a volunteer ; in all 61. 
 Among the killed of thefe, Lieut. Col. Campbell of the Virginia 
 line was the theme of univerfal lamentation. While wi'h great 
 ftrmnefs he was leading on his brigade <o that charge which de- 
 termined the fate of the day, he received a mortal wound. Af- 
 ter his fall he inquired who gave way, and being informed the 
 Britifn were fleeing in all quarters, he added " I die contented" 
 and immediately expired. 
 
 The fuccefs of the American army in the firft part of the en- 
 gagement, fpread fuch an alarm, that the Britifh burned their 
 florets at Dorchefier, and evacuated their pofts near Monk's G r*. 
 er, The gates f Charleftown were (hut, and a number of ne- 
 groes 
 
jf. 0.1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 groes employed in felling trees acrofs the road en the neck. The 
 number of Greene's force a&ually engaged was 1400 regulars 
 and 500 militia, in ail 1900 : of thefe 547, including 72 luba!- 
 terns and forge-ants weie killed or wounded. Such was the heat 
 of the ahon, that the officers on each fide fought hand to ham?, 
 and fword to fword. The Britiih could not compel the conti- 
 nentals to give way, though the militia were obliged to retire. 
 Greene however has a high opinion of the Britifh and their valor, 
 and fays " They fight a devilifh hard battle, as every one who 
 fights them will know." O.i October the 291^1, Congrefs refol- 
 ved to honor him with a Britifh ftandard and a gold medal ; and 
 voted their thanks to the different corps and their commanders. 
 
 After the action, the Americans retired to their former pofiti- 
 en on the High Hilis of Samee, and the Britim took poft in the 
 vicinity of Monk's Corner. While they lay there, a fmall party 
 of American cavalry took upward of 80 prifoners within fight 
 of their main army. They no more acled with their ufual vigor* 
 On the fli,hieil appearance of danger, they difcoveied a difpofm- 
 on to flee, not much inferior to what was exhibited the year 
 before by the American militia. 
 
 Such were the promifmg pro.fpefis prior to the battle at utaw v 
 that John Rmled^e, Efq. fet out from Philadelphia on the e3th 
 f June, to refume the reins of government in South Carolina. 
 As foon as circumftances would admit after his arrival* in retalia- 
 tion for Balfour's conduct in exiling fuch numbers from their 
 homes, he ordered the brigadiers of militia to drive the families 
 of ail who adhered to the royal caufe, within the Britiih lines. 
 The wives and children of thofe inhabitants who had retreated 
 with the retreating Eritifli to'avoid the refentments of their coun- 
 trymen, were now compelled to take fhelter within their pofts. 
 In exchange of their comfor able plantations in the country, ma- 
 ny of them were reduced in a little time to the neceility of livt 
 ing in clay ruts in the vicinity of Charleflown. In this for- 
 lorn fitudtion, numbers fpeedily perifhed, being deititute of the 
 comforts of life and overwhelmed with difeafes. 
 
 While Gen. Gieene's troops were on the High Hills of Santce, 
 a dangerous fpirit made its appearance among the Maryland lol- 
 diers. They were uneafy that fomcof the- old officers had been 
 fent away, and wifhed for an opportunity , of feeing their friends 
 at home. They fent feveral petitions to Greene, complained o 
 want of clothing, and recapitulated their fervices. In one of them 
 they mentioned, that out of feven regiments there were fcarce 
 two hundred remaining, and that they had never received any pay. 
 They became difcoatented, left off their ufual fppns, talked ferU 
 
THE HISTORY OF THB [A. D. 1785. 
 
 oully in fqtiads, and of their pay. All this did not pafs unnoticed 
 by the officers, who watched their conduct, and endeavoured to 
 footh them, but ineffectually. On the evening of the 2ift of 
 October, numbers were Teen to go privately out of camp with 
 their arms, &c. The officers alarmed at the circumftance, or- 
 dered their corps to parade, and called over ihcir rolls. Old foldi- 
 ers manage dexteroi'ily among themfelves. Thev had put fpies 
 upon their officers while t'uey were making an experiment, and 
 the moment they difcovercd that they were likely to be detected 
 and apprnhende;! for mutiny, they ilole into camp as fecretly as 
 <hey went out : fome of them were obferved, but fuffeied to pafs 
 unnoticed. It is not alway beft to punifli intended faults before 
 actually commu-ed. A hickle'fs incident which happened to a 
 Timothy G'iffin of the only South Carolina company then in the 
 army, fet all this affair right. While the officers were calling 
 their rolls, and adrnonifhing fome of the men for apparent irregu- 
 larities, Timothy came on the parade drunk; and having heard 
 what the foldiers had previoufiy whifpered among one another, and 
 fuppofing the officers were altercating with the men on thatfubjecl, 
 very imprudently cried out " Stand to it boys. D n my blood, 
 if I would give an inch" and other words to the fame effect. 
 Capt. M'Pherfon of the Maryland lin-e knocked him down, 
 knowing the evil tendency of fuch language. He was inftamly 
 fent to the provoft; the next day tried by a general court martial 
 for encouraging mutiny and defertion ; was found guilty; fenten- 
 cedto fuffer death; and (hot about five o'clock in the afternoon 
 in prefence of the whole army. Examples are never more ne- 
 ceitary in an army than upon fuch dangerous occafions ; and no 
 example was ever mere effectual. The general orders of Greene 
 in eonfequence of this, reprefented the crime of the fuffcrer in 
 fuchftriking colours, as fully to juftify the fentence of the court. 
 Greene at the fame time pafTed ovenhe conducl of the Mary- 
 land troops (which was not public) in fuch a manner as to exone* 
 rate them from any participation of the crime. Speaking of un- 
 worthy characters he faid " One or two of artful difpofuions are 
 fufficient to betray hundreds of well difyofed men into errors. 
 But the general is happy to find, that the Maryland line has no- 
 bly withftood the fecret machinations of fuch as have attempted 
 to miflead them ; nor can he believe that foldiers who have 
 fought fo bravely, and whofe chara61er is univerfally admired, will 
 ever tarnifh their glory by an improper conducV' 
 
 The gen. wrote on the 9th of November to Gen. Gould " I 
 (hould betray ray trufr, and fail in my duty, was 1 to be filem up* 
 on the barbarous cuftona which prevails in your army, uf burning 
 
 houfes 
 
A.D.ifii.'] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 247 
 
 houfcs and defolating the country. I am informed that a party 
 under Co!. Brown and Major Maxwell lately burnt ail the build- 
 ings upon Hilton Head. The initances of burning which have 
 taken place are no lefs favage than unneceifary, and cannot be 
 juftifiecl by the general principles of modern war, nor by the par- 
 ticular circumftances that mark your military operations. You 
 have endeavored to perfuade the world, that the body ot the peo- 
 ple are in your interett. The cartel was an appeal to them, and 
 it is from your difappointment, that the inhabitants feel the cruel 
 ftrokes of pointed refentments. I have made it my ftudy to con- 
 duel the war upon the moft humane principles, and it is my with 
 to continue it fo ; but if your people continue in the practice of 
 burning, I will change that plan, and let favage cruelty rage in 
 all the horrors of uar. It is painful to contemplate the miferies 
 incident to giving no quarter ; but (hocking as it may be to hu- 
 manity, we had better expofe ourfelves to this evil, where our ene- 
 mies will feel it in common with us, than to fuffer them to inflift 
 a punifhment, little lefs fevere, from which they are fecure. I 
 wifh you, Sir, to confider this matter feafonably, and put a flop 
 to the evil we complain of, and noi drive us to the dilagreeable 
 neceflity of adopt ing meafures, no lefs repugnant to our feelings 
 than our wifhes." 
 
 The American army was too weak needlefsly to ri(k another 
 general action; but it was neceffary to move into :he lower coun- 
 try, to cover the collection of provifions for fubfiitence through 
 the winter; and to improve any accidental opportunities. Greene 
 therefore quitted the High Hills on the i8ih of November. 
 Three days after, he wrote to Gen. Wafhington ** I wifh fome- 
 thing decifive may be done refpeiing Col. Hayrie. I wifh your 
 excellency's order and the order of Congrefs thereon ; the latter 
 have fignified their approbation of the meafures I took. But as 
 retaliation did not take place immediately,- (nor did I think my- 
 felf at liberty on a matter of fuch magnitude, but from the moil 
 preGTing neceflity) and as the enemy did not repeat the offence, I 
 have been at a lofs how to aft, with refpecl to the original, not 
 having any officer of equal rank withCol.Hay:ie in- my poiieiiion. 
 I am ready to execute whatever may be thought advifable." On 
 the 2/th he left Col. O. Williams to command the main army, 
 and marched with all the cavalry, 200, and a detachment of 200 
 infantry, toward Dorchefter, through private roads. On the 2pth 
 he went to reconnoitre the Britifh works at that place, which in- 
 duced the enemy's cavalry to fally forth. A rencounter enfued, 
 8 or 10 men were killed or wounded, and a fubaltern and four or 
 five men of the South Carolina Hate troops were taken prifoners, 
 , III Qg 
 
*$8 THE H I S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 178*,. 
 
 The general made fuch appearances of a ferious attack, that the 
 girnfon confiihng ot about 1^50 horfe, 500 regular infantry, and 
 about 200 royaiiiis, abandoned their woiks the night following,, 
 and retreated to the Q larter-hotife on Charleftown neck. By 
 this mean all the rice between Edeito and Aihley rivers was fav- 
 ed to the Americans. The manceuvre induced O. Williams to 
 write to Greene on December the ^th " Your fuccefs at Dor- 
 cheiter would make your enemies hate themfelves, if all circum- 
 ftances were generally known; and the fame knowledge would 
 make your friends admire the adventure even more than they do- 
 I am very happy that you have obtained your wifh, without rifle* 
 ing a general aclion, and I hope you will be able to keep what 
 you have gotten, till the reinforcement under General St. Clair 
 will enable you to take more." The mail; army continued march- 
 ing under Williams till it arrived at Round O on the jth, whers 
 it encamped, and wis joined by Greene t\vo days after. 
 
 We {hall clofethe operations in South Carolina with the fol- 
 lowing narration. 
 
 Early in the year Greene concluded a treaty with the Cherokee- 
 Indians, by which they engaged to obferve a ftricl neutrality,. 
 This was attended with the beneficial eftecls of having the fron- 
 tier fettlements of boih the Carolmas from their incurfions, while: 
 the inhabitants were left at full liberty to concentrate their fores 
 againft the army under Lord Cornwallis. When the co-opera- 
 tion of the Indians could be of the leaft fervice to the Britifh. 
 forces, they were induced to break their engagement. They, with, 
 a number of difguifed whitemen, calling themfelves the king's 
 friends, made ar, incurfjon into the diftrift of Ninety Six, maf- 
 facred foine families, and burned feveiul houfes. General Pick- 
 ens collected a party of the American militia, and penetrated into 
 the fettlemenrs of the Cherokees. This he accomplished in four- 
 teen days, at the head of 394 horfe men. In that fhort fpace he 
 burned 13 towns and villages, killed upward of 40 Indians and 
 took a greater number prifoners. Not one of his party was killed, 
 and only two were wounded. None of the expeditions againft 
 the Cherokees had been fo rapid and decifive as the prefent. 
 Pickens did not expend three pounds of ammunition, and yet 
 only three Indians efcaped, after having been once feen. On this 
 occafion a new and fuccefsful mode of fighung the Indians was- 
 introduced. Inflead 0f firing, the American militia rufhed forward 
 on horfeback, and charged with drawn fworrls. This was the fe- 
 cond time fmce the commencement of the American war, that 
 the Cherokees were chaftifed in their own fettlements, in confe* 
 quence of their fiifFcring therufelves to be excited by Britifli e- 
 
 OiiiTarics- 
 
,*.&. 1781.3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 249 
 
 tnifTaries to commence hoflilities agasnft their white neighbours. 
 They ajiain fued for peace, in the nioft fubmrffive terms, and ob- 
 tained u after promising, that inftcad of Kftening to the advice of 
 the rovahfts inftigating them to war, they would deliver to the 
 ^authority of the ftate, all who vifned their fettiements on that er- 
 rand. 
 
 The return of Gen. Arnold to New York from Virginia, did 
 not fix him in aftate of inactivity. He was fenton an iiuerprifc 
 againft New London, with a fufficient land and marine force. 
 The embarkation having pafied over from Long Ifland fhore in 
 the night, the troops were landed in two detachments on each fide 
 of the harbour, at ten o'clock in *he morning of the 6th of Sep- 
 tember; that on the Groton fide being commanded by Lieut. 
 Col. Eyre, and that on New London fide by the general, who 
 met no great trouble. Fort Trumbull and the redoubt, which 
 were intended to cover the harbour and town, not being tenable, 
 wtre evacuated as he approached, and the few men in them crof- 
 fed the river to Fort Grifwold on GrotoivHill. Arnold proceed- 
 ed to the town, without being otherwise opposed than by the feat- 
 tered fire of fmall parties that had haftily collected. Oiders were 
 fent by the general to Eyre for attacking Fort Grifwold, that fo 
 the pofTeflion of it might prevent the efcape of the American 
 {hipping. The militia, to the amoupt of 157, collected for its 
 defence, but fo haftily as not to be fully furniihed with fire arms 
 and other weapons. As the aiTailants approached, a firing corn-'* 
 tncnced. and the flag ftaff was foon (hot down, from whence the 
 neighbouring fpeclators inferred, that the place had furrendercd, 
 till the continuance of the firing convinced them to the contrary. 
 The garrifon defended thcmfelves with the greateft rcfolution 
 and bravery: Eyre was wounded near the works, and Major 
 Montgomery killed immediately after, fo that the command de- 
 volved on lyl^jor Bromfteld. The Brir.Hh at one time Daggered ; 
 but the fort being out of repair, could not be maintained by a 
 handful of men againft fofuperior a number as that which affault- 
 cd it. After an aftion of about 40 minutes, the refolution of the 
 royal troops carried the place by the point of the bayonet. The. 
 Americans had not more than half a dozen killed, before the ene- 
 my entered the fort ; when a fevere execution took place though 
 refiftance ceafed. The Britifh officer inquired on his entering, 
 who commanded ; Col. Led yard anfwered " I. did, Sir, but you 
 co now;" and prefented him his fword. The colonel was imme- 
 diately run through and killed. The (lain were 73, the wound- 
 *d between 30 and 40, and about 40 were carried oifprifoners. 
 Soon after reducing the fort, the foldicrs loaded a waggon with 
 
 the 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1781, 
 
 the wounded, as faid, by order of their officers, and fet the wag- 
 gon oft from the top of the hill, which is long and very fleep : 
 the waggon went a confiderabie diflance with great force, till it 
 \vas fuddenly itopt by an apple tree, which gave the faint and 
 bleeding men To terrible a (hock, that part of them died inftantly. 
 About 15 veflefs with effects of the inhabitants retreated up the 
 liver, notwithstanding the reduSion of the fort; and four otheis 
 remained in the harbour unhurt : a number were burnt by the fire's 
 communicating from the (lores when in flames. Sixty dwelling 
 houfes and 84 itoies were burned, including thofe on both fides 
 the harbour and in New London. The burning of the town was 
 intentional, and not accidental The lofs that the Americans 
 iuftained in this definition was very great ; for there wee large 
 quantities of naval ftores, of European goods, of Eaft and Welt 
 India commodities, and of provifions in the feveral ftores. The 
 Bntifh had two commiffioned officers and 46 privates killed; 
 right officers (fome of whom are fmce dead) with 135 non-com- 
 Tuiflioned and privates iwounded. 
 
 We now proceed to the relation of more capital and decifive 
 operations. 
 
 The defiination of Count de Grade to a co-operation with the 
 Americans vvas known by the Britifh miniilry time enough for 
 lending orders to Sir George Rodney to counteract him. The 
 count in prpfecuting the fixed rcfolve of the French court to give 
 tefFeftual affiflance to the United States, failed with his whole fleet 
 and a large convoy from Martinico on the ^th of July, and arriv- 
 ed at Cape Francois by the middle of the month, where he was 
 reinforced by five ihipsof the line. In the beginning of Auguft 
 lie tailed from the Cape with a prodigious convoy, winch having 
 ieen out of danger, befide touching at the Havannah for money, 
 lie directed his courfe for the Chefapeak with 28 fail of the line 
 md feveral frigates. Admiral Rodney, defigning to return to 
 Great Britain, concluded upon fending Sir Samuel Hood with 
 only J 4 fail of the line, fome frigates, and a fire fhip, to the Chefa- 
 peak; and forwaided difpatches to New York, to aquaint theBri- 
 tiih commanders with de Grafle's motions and Hood's defiination, 
 which however were not received in time. Sir Henry Clinton 
 discovered by intercepted letters, that Rochambeau had marched 
 with the French troops from Rhode Ifland; that their battering 
 train and ilores for a new fiege were left at Providence under little 
 more than a militia guard; and that their fleet remained in Rhode 
 liland. He upon that planned an expedition againfl them, and pio- 
 ^>ofed it to A-;lm. Graves. Graves however fdiled on a cruife before 
 Boilon. When he returned on the i6th cf Auguft, the propo- 
 
 fal 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 fai was renewed : but it was now become neceflary to refit one 
 of his {hips, and to repair others, To tha.t his fleet could not be rea- 
 dy in feafon. Mr. de Barras failed with the train and (lores from 
 Rhode I-fiand on the s^th ; concluding from de Grade's own dif- 
 patches, that he muii be then at the Cbefapeak. De Barras was 
 at liberty to have undertaken any other fcivjce : but though he 
 was an older officer than de GrafTe, he voluntarily chofe to put 
 himfelf under his comman'd, to enfure an objeci, the attainment 
 of which was of fuch immenfe conlequcnce to the allied arms of 
 Fiance and America. On the d-ay of his failing, Sir Samuel 
 Hood arrived off the Chefapeak, where he expecled to have met 
 Graves with the fquadron from New York ; but being difap- 
 pointed, he fent a frigate to that commander with the news of 
 his arrival. Had they formed a junction at this period and place, 
 they might have fecured the Chefapeak, and have prevented de 
 Grafle's entering it a few days after. S:r Samuel having exam- 
 ined the bay, proceeded to the capes of Delaware, and riot feeing 
 or hearing any thing of de Grafle, made the bed of his way to 
 Sandy Hook, where he arrived on the cSch. On that day, the 
 commanders at New York received intelligence, that Barras 
 had failed three days before to the fouthward. Notwithftanding 
 the hope of intercepting his fquadron before it could join de 
 Grafle, muft have been a new incentive for exertions ; it was 
 three days before Graves could be in readinefs to proceed from 
 New York with five (hips of the line and a fifty gun fhip to the 
 Hook, and from thence with the whole fleet under his command 
 to the fouthward. The day before he failed, de GrafTe arrived 
 in the Chefapeak. On his pafTage the count fell in with and took 
 a packet from Charieftown, having on board Lord Rawdon, who 
 v/as on his return to Great Britain. 
 
 The French admiral after blocking up York river, took pof- 
 fefiion of James's in order to cover the boats of the fleet, 
 which were to convoy the Marquis de St. Simon, with 3300 land 
 iorcesfrom the Weft Indies, eighteen leagues up the river, to 
 form a junction with Fayette. Graves received no intelligence 
 of the French fleet (nor they of his approach) till they were dif- 
 covered early in the morning of September the tii, lying at an- 
 chor, to the number of 24 f*il of the iine, juft within Cape Hen- 
 ry, and confequently the mouth of the Chefapeak. The French 
 immediately flipped their Cables, and turning out from the anchor- 
 age ground, Graffe threw out a fignal for the mips feverally to 
 form the iine as they could come up, without regarding particu- 
 lar flations. The Btitifh fleet amounted to nineteen fhips of the 
 line, and one or more of o guns. Through various delays the 
 
sj2 THE HISTORY OF THS [A.D.ifii^ 
 
 action did not commence till four o'clock, and then was partial, 
 only the van and a part of the Britiih centre being able to come 
 near enough to engage with efTeft. De G.afledid not aim fo much 
 at a clofe engagement, as at keeping polfeflionofihe Chefapeak, and 
 Caving his {hips for that and all its correfpondent purpofes. The 
 ab fence of 1800 ofhisfeamen, and 50 officers, employed in con- 
 veying Simons's troops up James river, confirmed him in his 
 avoidance of a hazardous action. Drake with the rear diviCon, 
 in confequence of thelaft tack, becoming the van of the Britifh 
 fleet, treated the French van fo roughly, that they bore away, 
 while de GraiFe with the centre edged up in order to cover their 
 retreat. The weight of the aclion fell principally upon the Bri- 
 tifh van, the centre coming in for a more moderate Chare, and feven 
 fail never being able to get within a proper gun-fhot didance of 
 the French : from thele circumftances Drake's divifion fuffered 
 feverely. The engagement ended about fun-fet. The (lain on 
 board the Britifh amounted to 90, and the wounded to 230. The 
 Shrewsbury and Intrepid bore more than a proportionable fliarc 
 of this lofs. Capt. Robinfon of the former loll a leg, and Capt. 
 Molloy of the latter gained great honor, by the gallantry with 
 which he fuccouied and covered the Shre>\fbury, when over- 
 borne and furrounded by the French. According to the French 
 accounts, no more than 15 fhips on each fide were engaged. 
 Admiral Graves ufed all meaftues to keep up the line during the 
 night, with the defign of renewing the action in the morning. 
 But he difcovered that feveral {hips of the van, and the Montague 
 of the centre, had fuffered fo much in their marts, thar they were 
 in no condition for renewing the a6rion, till the fame were fecur- 
 ed. The Terrible was fo leaky as 10 keep ail her pumps going, 
 and the Ajax was in little better condition. The hoftile fleets 
 continued for five fuecefTive days, partly repairing their damages, 
 and partly manoeuvring in fight of each other ; and at times were 
 very near. The Briiilh were fo mutilated, that they had not fpeed 
 enough to attack the French ; and ihfe fhowed no inclination to 
 renew the action, though they had it often in their power, as they 
 generally maintained the wind of Graves. De Graflc fearing left by 
 ibme favorable change of it, the Britim mould get before him to 
 the Chefapeak, returned thither on the loth, of September. The 
 Richmond and Iris, of 32 guns each, which had been lent to cat 
 away the buoys of the French anchors, fell into his hands. His 
 putting to lea, and continuing there af;er fighting the Britifh, 
 was probably the faving of de Barras ; for during de GrafTe's ab- 
 fence,'* the other arrived in the bay with eight French line of 
 
 battle 
 
 * SerCovnt d* Grafle's letter to the Chevalier de Luzerne, Sept. 
 rj, and the Ealtimore News-paper of Sept. i3, 1781. 
 
A.D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. *$ 
 
 battle fhips, befide frigates, tranfports and victuallers, bringing 
 with him the artillery and iloies indifpenfihly neceilary for ther 
 fiege of York Town. The A.nerican officers were in great 
 pain about him, when they heard of Graves's having put to fea, 
 left he mould fall in with the latter, be over-powered, and there- 
 by all their hopes of capt tit ing Lord Cornwallisbe difappointecL 
 De Barras had taken a wide circuitous courfe to avoid being in- 
 tercepted ; hut that very precaution might have .proved his rum y 
 had not de GrafTe left the Chefapeak on the ^th, and engaged 
 and manoeuvred with Graves. In the mean .time, a frem gale 
 and a head fea foincreafed the damage and danger of the Terrible, 
 that it was found neceflary to evacuate and then burn her. This 
 was done on the nth, and about nine at night, Graves bore uj> 
 for the Chefapeak ; but upon information being brought him., 
 that the French fleet were all anchored within the Cape, fo as to 
 block the paffage, it was determined by a council of war, to re- 
 turn to- New York, where the fleet arrived the aoth of Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 One great object of the Britifli force in Virginia was the eft a- 
 blimment of a ftrong poft and place of arms, which by embra- 
 cing fome good harbour, or commanding one of the great navi- 
 gable rivers, (hould equally facilitate future hoftile operations- 
 whether by fea or land; and which, befide giving an opportunity 
 for diflreffing the country, if the reduclion of it could not be ef- 
 fecled, mould afford fuch a ftation for the Britiih fleets and crui- 
 fers, as would render them entirely mailers of Chefapeak bay. 
 But the utility of fuch a poft was neceifarily founded on the 
 confidence of aconftant naval fuperiority, as well as of its being 
 defencible by a moderate force on the land fide. Upon a perfon- 
 al examination of Portfmouth, Lord Cornwallis difcovered it to 
 be totally incompetent to the purpofe of the intended poft. 
 Point Comfort was thought to be no lefs defective. York Town ly- 
 ing on the river of that name, ai.d on the narroweft part of the 
 peninfula between Yoikand James rivers, where it is about five 
 miles over; and Gloucefter Point on the north and oppofite fide T 
 and projecting fo far into the river, that the dhlance between 
 both is not much above a mile, afforded the only remaining 
 choice. They entirely commanded* the navigation of the river, 
 which is fo deep at this plact; y as to admit of Ihips of great fizc 
 and burden : but then they required the whole force that Corn- 
 waliis pofTefled to render them effective. His lordfhip gave the 
 preference to them ; and repaired with his army in Auguft to the 
 peninfula. He applied hiinfelf wkh the utmoft diligence to for- 
 tify thefe gods, and to raider them equally refpectable by land 
 
 and 
 
THE HISTORY OF -HS [A.D.ijSi. 
 
 and water. His whole force amounted to about 7000 excellent 
 troops. Before his ioniihip had fixed himfelf arid array in thefe 
 pods, a fcnes of manoeuvres had taken place between him and 
 the Marquis de la Fayette ; in which the Briiifh general d'fplay- 
 d the bold nefs pf'emerprife, and the marquis the judgment of 
 age, blended with the ardor of youth. Fayette, under various 
 pretences, lent the Pennfylvania troops to the fouth fide of James 
 river; collected a force i'i Glouceiier county; and made iundry 
 excellent arrangements, which he eaily communicated to de 
 Grafle by an officer. 
 
 The French and American armies continued their march from 
 the northward, till they arrived at the Head of Elk : within an 
 hour after, they received an exprefs from Count de Grade, with 
 the joyful account of his arrival and fituation. This circumftance 
 will appear the more remarkable, when we confider the original 
 diilance of the parties, as well from the fcene of aclion as from 
 each other, and the various accidents, difficulties and delays, to 
 which ihey were all liable. The greateli harmony fubfifled be- 
 tween Waftiington and Rochambcau, which- leiiened fome of the 
 difficulties attending their joint operations. The former being 
 without a fufficiency of money to fupply his troops, applied to 
 the count for a loan, which was inilantly granted. In order to 
 haflen the arrival of the allied troops, de Graife fele6ied feven 
 veffels, drawing the leaft water, to tranfport them down Chefa- 
 peak Bay. But the moment they were ready to fail on this fer- 
 vicc, the count was obliged to prepare for repelling the Britiili 
 fleet. When Mr. de Barras arrived, he fent up thole tranfports 
 he brought with him for the troops : de Grade after that added 
 to them as many frigates as he could.* By the 2th of Septem- 
 ber all the troops were arrived and landed at Williamfburgh, and 
 preparations were made with all poffible difpatch for putting the 
 army in a fituation to move down toward York Town. Gen. 
 Wafhington and Count de Rochambeau, with their fuites and 
 other officers, had readied Williamib.ngh by hard travelling, 
 on the i^th, eleven days fooner. Here the general found a vef- 
 fel waiting to convey him to the Capes of Virginia, fent by 
 Count de GrafTe, as he could not wiih propriety leave his fleet. 
 The commander in chief and the Count de Rochambeau, accom- 
 panied by generals Chattellux, Du Portail andKnox, immediate- 
 ly proceeded to vifit the count on board the Ville de Paris. A 
 council was held, and de Grafle detailed his engagements to be in 
 the Weft Indies a.t the latter end of Oclober or beginning of 
 
 November, 
 
 * Coat deGraff J s letter of September 13, i7 Sl 
 
A. D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 November. But he finally agreed to continue in the Chefapeak 
 until the operation againft Lord Cornwallis ihould be decided. 
 After which the company returned. 
 
 All the Americans and French troops formed a junflion at 
 V/illiamlhtirgh. The Marquis de la Fayette had been joined by 
 3000 under St. Simon forae days before the 2^th of September. 
 The whole regular force thus collected amounted to between 11 
 and 12,000 men. The militia of Virginia were alfo called out to 
 fervice, and were commanded by Gov. Nelfon. On the 27th 
 Wafhington gave out in general orders " If the enemy would 
 be tempted to meet the army on its march, the general particularly 
 enjoins the troops to place their principal reliance on the bayonet, 
 that they may prove the vanity of the boaft which tht BritiJJi make, 
 cf their peculiar prowefs in diciding battles with that weapon.' 9 
 The next morning the army marched, and halted about two miles 
 from York Town juft before fun fet. The officers and foldiers 
 \vere ordered to lie on their arms the whole night. On the 3oth, 
 Col. Scammell (being officer of the day) in approaching the ene- 
 my's outer works, to fee if they had really left them, was mo- 
 rtally wounded and taken pri Toner by a party of the enemy's 
 horfe, which lay fecreted. This day Lord Cornwallis was 
 clofely irivefled in York Town. The French extended from 
 the river above the town to a morafs in the centre, where thev 
 were met by the Americans, who occupied the oppofite fide 
 from the river to that fpot. The poft at Gloucefter Point was, 
 at the fame time, invefted by the Duke de Lauzun with his legi- 
 on, and a number of Virginia militia under Gen. Weedon. 
 
 Before*the troops left Williamfburgh, Washington received a 
 letter from de GrafFe, informing him, that in cafe of the appear- 
 ance of a Britiih fleet, the count conceived it to be his duty to go- 
 out and meet them at fea, inftead of righting in a confined fituati- 
 on. This information exceedingly alarmed the general, who 
 inftantly faw the probability of theBritifh fleet's manoeuvring in 
 fuch manner, as to reinforce or withdraw Lord Cornwallis. To 
 prevent a meafure pregnant with fo much evil, his excellency- 
 wrote to the count on the 26th "I am unable to defcribe the 
 painful anxiety under which I have laboredfmcethe reception of 
 your letter of the 2^d inftant. It obliges me warmly to urge a 
 perfeverance in the plan agreed upon. The attempt upon York, 
 under the protection of your ihipping, is as certain of fuccefs as a 
 fuperior force and a fuperierity of meafures can render any mili- 
 tary operation. The capture of the Britiih armv is a matter fo 
 important in iifelf and in its confequences, that it muft greatly 
 tend to bring an end to the war. If your excellency quits the 
 VOL. III. II h Bay, 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 
 
 Bay, an accefs is open to relieve Yoik, of which the enemy wzl? 
 initantly avail thernielves. The confequence of this will be, not 
 only the difgrace, but the probable dilbanding of the whole army ; 
 for the prefer) t feat of war being fuch, as absolutely precludes the 
 ufe of waggons, from the great number of large rivers which in- 
 terleti: the country, there will be a total want of provifions. This 
 province has been fo exbauited, that fubfiilence rouft be drawn 
 from a diftance, and that can only be done by a fuperior fleet in 
 the Bay. I earneflly beg your excellency to eowfider, that if by 
 moving your fleet from the fnuation agreed upon, we lofe -the 
 prcfent opportunity, we (hall never hereafter have it in our pow- 
 er to flrike fo dec i five a ftroke, and the period of an honorable 
 peace will be further diftant than ever. Suppofing the force, faid to 
 have arrived under Adm. Digby, to be true, their whole force 
 united cannot be fuch as to give them any hope of fuccefs in the 
 attacking your fleet. I am to prefs your excellency to perfevere 
 in the fcheme fo happily conceited between us. Permit me to add, 
 th.it the abfence of \our fleet fiom the Bay may fruftrate our de- 
 fi^n upon the garrifon at Yoik. For, in the prefent fituatior*, 
 L,ord Cornwallis might evacuate the place with the Icfs of his ar- 
 tillery, baggage, and a few men facrifices, which would be high- 
 ly jufiifiable, from the defire of faving the body of the aimy. - 
 Th.' Marquis de la Fayette carries this. He is not to pafs the 
 Cape for tear t> accident, in cafe you fhouid be at fea." This 
 lefer, with the marquis's perfuafions, had thedefired cfFecl ; and 
 the fame hour when the combined army appeared before York 
 Town, the French fleet was brought to the mouth of York river, 
 and by their pofition effeftually covered all fubfequent rfh'htary o- 
 perations, and prevented either the retreat or fuccour of Lord 
 Cornwallis's army by water. The pofls of York and Gloucester 
 were the moft favorable of any in the country for befieging the 
 Britifh. and preventing their cfcape, when the fiege was fupport- 
 ed by a fuperior land and naval force. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis was fufficicntly ftrongfor fighting the Marquis 
 de la Fayette, even after he h .id been joined by St. Simon ; and 
 is thought to have been miftaken in not engag : ng them either fe- 
 parately or together. The moment he heard that the allied troops 
 were at the Head of Elk, and that de GraiTe was arrived with fo 
 powerful a fleet at the Chefapeak, his lordmip ihould have pulh- 
 ed ofFfor Charleflown. Therefore it was lhat Gen. Greene wrote 
 to Baron Steuben on the 171)1 " Nothing can fave Cornwallis 
 but a rapid retreat through North Carolina to Charleftown." His 
 lord/hip's conduct was influenced by an expectation of a reinforce- 
 ment from Sir Henry Clinton, and a full pcrfuafion that thofe. 
 
 exertic>D& 
 
^0.17*1-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 257 
 
 xertions would be made at New York, and fuch a n<ival ftrength 
 would arrive horn thence in time, as would effectually relieve him. 
 This may be gathered from his writing on the i6th ** If I had 
 no hopes of relief, I would rather rifk an action than defend my 
 half-hnifhed works. But as you {ay, Adm. Digby is hourly expec- 
 ted, and have promifed exertions to aflifl me, I do not think my felt 
 justifiable in putting the fate of the war upon fo defperate an at- 
 tempt." He muft have meant that of fighting Fayette and St. 
 Simon, for the troops of Wafhington and Rochambeau did not 
 arrive till afterward. Fayette had taken a ftrong pofnion : but 
 the attempt would not have appeared fo defperate to his lordihip, 
 had he known the real number of the enemy. 
 
 The trenches were opened by the combined armies on the 6th 
 of October, at 600 yards dittance from Cornwallis's works. 'The 
 night being dark and rainy was well adapted to the fervice, in 
 which there was not a man hurt. In the afternoon of the 9111, 
 the redoubts and batteries being completed, a general difcharge of 
 24 and 1 8 pounders atid of 10 inch mortars commenced by the 
 Americans on the right, and continued all night without intermil- 
 fion. The next morning, the French opened their batteries on 
 the left, and a tremendous roar of cannon and mortars was conti. 
 nued for fix or eight hours without ceafing. There was an in- 
 ceffant fire through the fucceeding night. By one of the French 
 fhells, the Charon of 44 guns and a tranfport fhip were fet on fire 
 and burnt. The following mo-^ning,[i ithjthe enemy's other guard 
 ihip was fired by one of the American (hells and con fumed. At 
 night, the befiegers opened their fecond parallel, 200 yards from 
 the works of the befieged. The Americans had 3 men killed 
 and i wounded by a French cannon, which fired too low. On 
 the I4th in the evening, an American battalion was ordered into 
 the fecond parallel, and to begin a large battery in advance on 
 the right, A few minutes before they began to break ground, 
 the enemy kept a coniram fire upon them ; one of their ihells 
 burft in the centre of the battalion, arid killed a captain and one 
 private, and wounded a fecond. The fiie of the befieged was 
 very great through the night ; and it was thought that the be fie- 
 g-ers loft as many men within 24 hours at this period, as they had 
 done nearly the whole fiege before. 
 
 Two redoubts, which were advanced about 200 yards on the 
 left of the Britiih, greatly impeded the progrefs of the combined 
 armies. An attack on thefe was therefore propofed. To excite 
 a fpirit of emulation the reduction of the one was committed to 
 the French, of the other to the Americans* The light infantry 
 i : the latter were commanded by the Marquis de la Fayette ; an4 
 
 the 
 
5 5 8 THE H I S T O R Y OP THE [A. D, 1781. 
 
 the fervice was allotted to a feleft corps. The marquis faid to 
 G-eri. Washington- " The troops mould retaliate on the Britim, 
 for the cruelties they have praciifed." The general anfwered 
 " You have full command, and may order as you pleafe." The 
 marquis ordered the party to remember New London, and to re- 
 taliate, by putting the men in the redoubt to the (word after hav- 
 ing carried it. The men marched to the affault with unloaded 
 arms, at dark on the night of the 141!), pafLd the abbatis and pa- 
 lifades, and attacking on all fides carried the redoubt in a few mi- 
 nutes, with the lofs of 8 killed and 28 wounded.* Lieut. Col. 
 Laurens personally took the commanding officer. The colonel's 
 humanity and that of the Americans fo overcame their refent- 
 ments, that they fpared the Britim. When bringing them off as 
 prifoners, they faid among themfelves "Why! how is this? 
 We were ordered to put them to death." Being afked by others 
 \vhy they had no* done it, they anfwered " We could not, \vhen 
 they begged and cried fo upon their knees for their lives." About 
 ve of the enemy were killed, and i major, i captain, i enfign, 
 and 20 privaies captured. Col. Hamilton, who conducted the 
 enterprife with much addrefs and intrepidity, in his report to the 
 marquis, mentioned, to the honor of his detachment " that, in- 
 capable of imitating examples of barbarity, and forgetting recent 
 provocations, they fpared every man that ceafed to refift." The 
 French were equally fuccefsful on their fide. They carried the 
 redoubt committed to them with rapidity, but loft a confiderable 
 number of men, Thefe two works being taken into the fecond 
 parallel facilitated the fubfequent operations. 
 
 The Britim were fo weakened by the fire of the combined ar- 
 mies, but chiefly by ficknefs, that Lord Cornwallis could not 
 venture any confiderable number in the making of fallies. The 
 prefent emergency however was fuch, that a little before day 
 break of the morning of the i6th he ordered A fortie of about 
 400 men, under Lieut. Col. Abercromby, to attack two batteries 
 which appeared to be in the greateft forwardnefs, and to fpika 
 the guns. Two detachments were appointed to the fervice; and 
 both attacks were made with fuch impetuofity, that the redoubts 
 which covered the batteries, were forced, and eleven pieces of 
 cannon fpiked. The French troops, wh had the guard of that 
 part of the intrenchmcnt, fuffered ronfiderably. This fuccefsful 
 3C~iion did honor to the officers and troops engaged, but produced 
 
 no 
 
 * Major Gibbsj the commander of the men that formed the guards, 
 for Wafhington'f, perfon, received a Ana 11 contufion in his leg by a. 
 grape ihot. His rnanufcripts of the tranfaftions. before, ataiidaftejf 
 tjie fle^e,a,re o/up Ufed iu this 3iriiive 
 
A.D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 ro eflential benefit. The cannon, being haftily fpiked, were foon 
 tendered again ferviceable; and the combined forces were fo in- 
 duftiious, that they fini(hed their batteries, opened them about 4 
 o'clock in the afternoon, and fiied biilkly. Their feveral batteries 
 weie now covered with near 100 pieces of heavy ordnance; and 
 the Britifh works were fo destroyed, that they could fcarcely (how 
 a fingle gun. 
 
 Thus was Lord Cornwallis reduced to the neceffity of prepar- 
 ing for a ftmender, or of attempting an efcape. He determined 
 upon the latter. Boats were prepared under different pretexts, 
 for the reception of the troops by (en at night, in order to pafs 
 them over to Gloucefter Point. The arrangements were made 
 with the utmoft fecrecy. The intention was to abandon the bag- 
 gage, and to leave a detachment behind to capitulate for the towns 
 people, and for the fick and wounded, his lordmip having already 
 prepared a letter on the fubje6t, to be delivered to Gen. Wafh- 
 ington after his departure* The firlt embarkation had arrived at 
 Gloucefter Point, and the greater part of the troops were already- 
 landed, when the weather, which was before moderate and calm, 
 inftantly changed to a moft violent florm of wind and rain. The 
 boats with the remaining troops were all driven down the river, 
 and the defign of palling was not only entirely fruftrated, but the 
 abfence of the boats rendered it impoffible to bring back the 
 troops from Glouceiter. Thus weakened and divided, the army 
 was in the mod imminent danger. The boats however returned : 
 and the troops were brought back without much lofs in the 
 courfe of the forenoon. 
 
 Matters were now haftening to a crifi, which could not be 
 longer averted. The Britifh works were finking under the weight 
 of the American and French artillery. The continuance of the 
 allied fire, only for a few more hours, would reduce them to fuch 
 a condition that it would be rafhnefs to attempt their defence. 
 The time for expecling relief from New York was elapfed. The 
 ftrength and fpirits of the royal troops were worn down by con- 
 ftant watching, and unremitting fatigue. Lord Cornwallis there- 
 fore fent out a flag at ten o'clock in the morning of the 
 ijth with a letter to General Wafhington, requeuing a cef- 
 fation of arms for twenty-four hours, and that commiflioners 
 might be appointed for digefling the terms of capitulation. An 
 anfwer was given;, and a reply forwarded in the afternoon; to 
 \vhich Gen. Wafhington rejoined the next day, declaring the 
 general bafis on which the capitulation might take place. Com- 
 miilioners were appointed on the fide of die allies Vifcount de 
 Koaille, and Lieut. Col. Laurens, vvhofe father was in clofe co n . 
 
 fuiemenc 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1781. 
 
 Enerrent at the tower, while the fon was drawing up articles by 
 which an Engiiih nobleman and a Britiih army became prifoners. 
 While ieuling the terms, the vifcount wifhed his lordlhip to Hate, 
 upon his honor, he value of the military cheJL His lordlhip 
 declared it to be about iBool. fterling. The vifcount obferved 
 that the fum was fo trifling, that it was not worth bringing into 
 the account, and therefore was for leaving it entirely at Corn- 
 \vallis's difpofal. Laurens interfered, and obferved to his col- 
 league, that though it was natural for a fubjeclof one of the 
 greateil monarchs in the world to think iBool. an inconfiderabie 
 ium, yet, for his part, being a fubjetl of an infant ilate, ftrug- 
 gling with infinite inconveniencies, and where money was very 
 rare, he muft deem it a very confiderable fum ; and therefore he 
 infilted that it (hould be accounted for. This was accordingly 
 done ; and afterward it was paid in;o the hands of Timothy 
 Pickering, Efq; the American quarter mafter general, to the a- 
 
 mount of 2113!. 6s. iierling, efiimating the dollar at 45. 8d. 
 
 There being a maniieii impropvieiy in tlie Americana ftipulating 
 for the re'urn of the negroes, while they themfelves were avow- 
 edly fighting for their own liberties, they covered their intention 
 of repua'effing them, under thefe general terms with which the 
 fourth article clofed " It is understood, that any property obvi- 
 ouily belonging to the inhabitants of thefe {rates, in the polTeilion 
 of the gamfon, mall be fubjet to be reclaimed." 
 
 The poiits of York and Gloucefler were furrendered on the 
 l^fh. The honor of marching out with colours flying, which 
 had been denied to Gen. Lincoln, was now refufed to Lord Corn- 
 wallis; and Lincoln was appointed to icceive the fubrnilTion of 
 the royal army at York town, precifely in the fame way his own 
 had been conduced about 18 months before. The troops of eve- 
 ry kind that furrendered prifoners of war, exceeded 7000 men ; 
 but fuch was the number of Tick and wounded, that there were on- 
 ly 3800 capable of bearing arms. The officers and foldiers re- 
 tained their baggage and effects. Fifteen hundred feamen par- 
 took of the fate of thegarriion. The Guadaloupe frigate of 24 
 guns, and a number of tranfports were furrendered to the con- 
 querors: about 20 tranfports had been funk or burnt during the 
 fiege. The land forces became prifoners to Congrefs; but the 
 ieamen and mips were affigned to the French admiral. The A- 
 inericans obtained a numerous artillery, 7^5 brafs ordnance and 
 69 iron, cannon, howitzers and mortars. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis endeavored to obtain permifTion for theBri- 
 tifh and German troops to return to their refpetiive Countries, 
 under engagements not to ferve againU France or America ; and 
 
 aU r o 
 
AD. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. *6* 
 
 alfo an indemnity f or thofe inhabitants who had joined him : 
 but he was obliged to confent, thnt the former fhould be retained 
 in the governments of Virginia, Pennfylvania and Maryland ; 
 and that the latter, whofc cafe lay with ihe civil authority of the- 
 flates, fhould be given up to the unconditional mercy of their 
 countrymen. His lordihip however obtained permiflion for the 
 Bonetta floop of war to pafs unexamined, which gave an oppor- 
 tunity of fcreening thofe of the royalifts who were moft obnox* 
 ious to therefentments of the Americans. He took care alfo to 
 have it ftipulated, that no article of the capitulation mould be in- 
 fringed on pretext ofreprifal. His lordihip, with all civil and 
 military officers, except thofe of the latter who were neceffarily 
 left behind for the protection and government of the foldiers* 
 were at liberty to go upon parole, either to Great Britain or New 
 York. He acknowledged in his public letter, that the treatment 
 which he and the army had received after the furrender, was 
 perfectly good and proper. His lordfhip fpake in thefe warm 
 terms of the kindnefs and attention fhown to them, by the French 
 officers in particular " Their deliberate fenfibility of our fitua- 
 lion, their generous and preffing oilers of money, both public 
 and private, to any amount, has really gone beyond what I can 
 poflibly defcribe." 
 
 On the 2oth of Oclober, the American commander in chief, 
 congratulated in general orders the army on the glorious event 
 of the preceding day ; and tendered to the generals, officers and 
 privates, his thanks in the warmed language. He with gratitude 
 returned his fincere acknowledgments toGov. Nelfon of Virg - ; a, 
 for thefuccours received from him and the militia under him. To 
 fpread the general joy in all hearts, he commanded that thofe of the 
 a my, who were under arreft, mould he pardoned and fet at liberty. 
 The orders clofed with Divine fervice {hall be performed to- 
 morrow in the different brigades and divifions. The commander 
 in chief recommends, that all the troops that are not upon duty, 
 do affift at it with a ferious deportment, and that fenfibility o 
 heart which the recolleclion of the funprifing and particular inter- 
 pofition of Providence in our favor claims." 
 
 The Britiiii fleet and army deftined for the relief of Lord 
 Cornwallis, arrived off the Chefapeak on the 24th; but on re- 
 ceiving authentic accounts of his furrender, they returned to 
 New York. A few days after their fir ft icturri, the fleet was in-. 
 creafed by four fhips of the line : but fuch was the fuperiorit v of 
 the French by de Barras's juntlion with de Grafie, that nothing 
 (hort of defjeraie circumftances could juftify attempting a frefh 
 engagement. Thefc circumftancos however exiliing, the Britifh 
 
 nival 
 
*& THE HISTORY OF THE [A.B. 1782, 
 
 n~val commanders u fed all pofiible expedition in refitting the 
 (hips, with the design of extricating Cornwallis and his army. 
 The delay occafioncd by this buftnefs feemed to be compenfated 
 by the arrival of the Prince William and Torbay men of war from 
 Jamaica. It was determined that every exertion fhould be u fed 
 both bv the fleet and army, to form a junelion with the Britifh 
 force in Virginia. Sir Henry Clinton embarked with about 
 7000 of his bed forces. It was neveuhelefs the 19th of Oclo- 
 ber before the fleet could fall down to the Hook. They amount- 
 ed to 25 mips of the line, 2 fifties, and 8 frigates. When they 
 appeared ofFthe Chefapeak, the French made no manner of move- 
 ment, though they had 36 fhips of the line, being fatisfied with 
 their prefent fuccefs. The main error, which paved the way to 
 the capture of the Britifh army, appears to be the omiflion of 
 Jending a larger force from the Weft Indies than that which was 
 difpatched under Sir Samuel Hood. A few more mips in the 
 firft inftance might have prevented that moft woful difappoint- 
 ment, with which both Sir Henry Clinton and Lord Cornwallis 
 have been painfully exercifed. 
 
 Every argument and perfuafion was ufed with the Count de 
 GraMe to induce him to aid the combined army in an operation 
 againft Charleftown ; but the advanced feafon, the orders of his 
 court, and his own engagements tobepunclual to a certain time 
 fixed for his ulterior operations, prevented his compliance. His 
 inftiucHons had fixed his departure even to the i^th of October; 
 lie however early engaged to ftay longer. Could he have ex- 
 ter ^rd his co-operation two months more, there would moft pro- 
 bably have been a total extirpation of the Britiih force in the Ca- 
 Tolinas and Georgia. On the 2/th, the troops under the Marquis 
 St. Simon bgan to embark for the Weft Indies; and about the 
 th of November de GrafTe failed from the Chefapeak. 
 
 The Marquis de la Fayette being about to leave America, the 
 following expredions made a part of the orders iOued by him 
 previous to his departure from York Town " Orders for the 
 firft brigade of light infantry, iilued by Major General the Mar- 
 quis de la Faye'.te, Ol. 31, 1781. In the moment the Major 
 General leaves this place, he wifhes once more to exprefs his 
 gratitude to the brave corps of light infantry, who for nine months 
 paft have been the companions of his fortunes. He xvill never 
 forget, that with them alone of regular troops, he had the good 
 fortune to manoeuvre before an army, which after all its reduc- 
 tions, is ftill fix times fuperior to the regular force he had at that 
 time." Four days after, this brigade embarked for the Head of 
 Hlk ; the invalids of the American troops deflined for the north- 
 ward 
 
A. D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 263 
 
 ward having previoufly done it. The New Jerfey and part of 
 the New York lines marched by land, and were to join the troops 
 which went by water, at the Head of Elk. Such cavalry as were 
 wanted by General Greene marched feveral days before ; and 
 on the ^th of November a reinforcement marched under Gen. 
 Si. Glair, in order to itrengthen him for further ofTenfive opera- 
 tions in South Carolina. The feafon of the year was unfavora- 
 ble for the return of the troops to the North river, fo that they 
 fiiffered much in doing it. But -they and their comrades had 
 been bleflfed with a feries of the molt delightful weather fro'.n the 
 beginning of their march toward York Town, until the reducli- 
 on of the place. 
 
 No fooner had Congrefs received and read General Wa filing- 
 ton's letter, giving information of the reduction of the Britilh ar- 
 my, than they refoived, on the 2^th of October, that they would 
 at two o'clock go in proceffion to the Dutch Lutheran church, 
 and return thanks to Almighty God, for crowning the allied 
 arms of the United States and France, with fuccefs by the furren- 
 der of the whole Britith army under the command of Earl Corn- 
 wallis. This army had fpread waRe and ruin over the face otf 
 Virginia for 400 miles on the fea-coait, and for 200 to the weft- 
 ward. Their numbers enabled them to go where they pleafed; 
 and their rage for plunder difpofed them to take whatever they 
 efleemed molt valuable. The reduction of fuch an army occa- 
 fioned tranfports of joy in the breaft of every American. But 
 that joy was increafed and maintained, by the further confidera- 
 tion of the influence it would have in procuring fuch a peace as 
 was defined. Two days after, the CongrefsiiFued a proclamation 
 for religioufly obferving throughout the United States, the igth 
 of December, as a day of ihankfgiving and prayer. On the zgih 
 of Oclober, they refoived, that thanks {hould be prefemeci to 
 Gen. Wafliington, Count de Rochambeau, Count de Grade, and 
 the officers of the different corps, and the men under their com- 
 mand, for their fervices in the reduction of Lord Cornwallis. 
 They alfo refoived to eret in York Town a marble column, a- 
 dorned with emblems of the alliance between the United States 
 and his Moft Chriftian Majefty; and infcribed with a fucciril 
 narrative of the furrender of the Britifh army. Two ftanc's of 
 colours taken from the royal troops, under the capitulation, were 
 prefented to Gen. Wafliington in the name of the United States 
 in Congrefs allernbled ; and two pieces of field ordnance fo taken, 
 were by a refolve of Congrefs, to be prefented by Gen. Walh- 
 ingionto Countde Rochambeau, with a fhort memorandum en- 
 gravel thereon, * that Congrefs were induced to prefent them 
 
 You III. I i from 
 
264 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 
 
 from conficlerations of the illuftrious part which he bore in ef- 
 fe&uating the furrender." It was further rcfolved to requefl the 
 Chevalier de la Luzerne, to inform his Moft Chriflian Majefly, 
 thai it was the wiih of Congiefs, that Count de Graffe might Le 
 permitted to accept a teftimony of their approbation, fimilar to 
 that which was to be prefentcd to Count de Rochambeau. Le- 
 giflative bodies, execuiive councils, city corporations, and many 
 private fociciies,prefented congratulatory addrefles to Gen. Wafh- 
 ington, accompanied with the warmeft acknowledgments to Count 
 de Rochambeau, Count de Grafle and the other officers in the 
 fervice of his Moft Chriftian Majeily. Places of public worfhip 
 refounded with grateful praifes to the Lord of Hofts, the God of 
 battles, before, at, and after the appointed day of thankfgiving. 
 The fmgularly interefling event of captivating a fecond royal ar- 
 my, produced fuch {hong emotions in numbers, both of miniflers 
 and people, that they could not wait the arrival of the day. 
 
 The.Britim projecled an attack on the northern frontiers of 
 New York ftate. Major Rofs advanced from the weftward as 
 far as Johmlown, with a body of 600, regulars, rangers, and In- 
 dians. Col. Willet gaining intelligence of them, marched witb 
 between 4 and 500 levies and militia, and attacked them on the 
 c^th of OBober. They were defeated and puifued into thewil- 
 dernefs. On the 28th the colonel furniihed the choicefl of the 
 troops with five days provifion, and 60 Oneida Indians were at- 
 tached to them. The purfuit was recommenced ; and by the 
 goth in the morning, the Americans fell in with the enemy ; but 
 when too fatigued to continue the chafe, left it to the Oneida In- 
 dians, who at length got up with Major Butler, juft as he and fe- 
 veral of his men had forded a bad creek. The Oneidas fired, and 
 with their rifles killed fome and wounded Butler. They then 
 croiTedover to him. On his afking quarter, they anfwered Cher- 
 rev Valley quarter (alluding to his having denied it there when 
 afked, in November 1778) and difpatched him though ihe requeft 
 was renewed. 
 
 The following afts and concerns of Congrefs deferve to be no- 
 ticed. On the 3oth of Oclober, they elected Major Gen. Lin- 
 coln fecretary of war. The next Sunday [Nov. 4.] they attend- 
 ed at the Roman catholic chapel with the Chevalier de la Lu- 
 zerne, and many other gentlemen of diftinflion, 2nd heard Monf. 
 de Bandole, chaplain to the French embafly, deliver the following 
 difcourfc " Gentlemen, a numerous people allembled to render 
 thanks to the Almighty for his mercies, is one of the moftaffec- 
 ling obje&s, and worthy the attention of the Supreme Being. 
 While camps rdbund.with triumphal aftions, while nations re- 
 
 joice 
 
A. D. 1781.3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 265 
 
 joicc in viftory and glory, the moll honorable oflke a mini Her of 
 the altars can fill, is to be the organ by which public gratitude 
 is conveyed to the Omnipotent. Thofe miracles which he once 
 wrought for his chofen people are renewed in our favor; and it 
 would be equally ungrateful and impious not t> acknowledge, 
 that the event which lately confounded our enemies and fruilrat- 
 ed their defigns, was the wonderful work of that God who guards 
 your liberties. And who but He could fo combine the circurn- 
 ^tances which led to fuccefs ? We have feen cur enemies pufh 
 forward amid perils altnoil innumerable, amid obje&s almoft in- 
 iurmountable, to the fpot which was defigned to wunefs their dif- 
 
 grace ; yet they eagerly fought it as their theatre of triumph ! 
 
 Blind as they were,j[hey bore hunger, thirft arid inclement fkies, 
 poured out their blood in battle againfl brave republicans, and 
 eroded immenfe regions to confine themfclves in another Jeri- 
 cho, whofe walls were fated to fall before another Joilina. It is 
 He, whofe voice commands the winds, the feas and the feafons, 
 who formed a junction on the fame v day, in the fame ho;ir, be- 
 tween a formidable fleet from the fouth, and an anry rufhing from 
 the north, like an impetuous torrent. Who but He, in whofe 
 hands are the hearts of men, could infpire the allied troops with 
 the friendships, the confidence, the tendernefs of brothers ? How 
 is it that two nations once divided, jealous, inimical, and nurfed 
 in reciprocal prejudices, are now become fo cordially united as to 
 form but one ? Worldlings would fay, it is the wifdooi, the vir- 
 tue, and moderation of their chiefs; it is a great national intereft 
 which has performed this prodigy. They will fay, that to the 
 (kill of the generals, to the courage of the troops, to the activity 
 of the whole army, we muft attribute this fplendid fuccefs. Ah! 
 they are ignorant, that the combining of fo many fortunate cir- 
 cumftances, is an emanation from the All-perfect Mind; that cou- 
 rage, that (kill, that activity, bear the facred imprefTipn of Him 
 who is divine. For how many favors have we not to thank Him 
 during the courfe of the prefent year? Your union, which was 
 at firft fupported by juftice alone, has been confolidated by your 
 courage, and the knot which ties you together is become indif- 
 folublc, by the acceifion of all the dates, and the unanimous voice 
 of all the confederates. You prefent to the univerfeth.e noble fight 
 of a fociety, which founded in equality and juftice, fecure to the indi- 
 viduals who compofe it, the utmoft happinefs which can be derived 
 from human infiitutions. This advantage, which fo many other na- 
 tions have been unable to procure, even after ages of effort and 
 mifery, is granted by Divine Providence to the United States ; 
 and his adorable decrees have marked the prefent moment for the 
 
 completion 
 
266 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1781. 
 
 completion of that memorable happy revolution, which has taken 
 place in this extenfive continent. While your councils were 
 thus acquiring new energy, rapid multiplied (uccelles have crown- 
 ed your arms in the fouthern ftaies. We have Teen the unfor- 
 tunate citizens of thefe ilates fojced fiom their peaceful abodes; 
 after a long and cruel captivity, old men, women and children, 
 thrown without mercy into a foreign country. Mailer of their 
 lands and their ilwe?, a mid his temporary affluence, a iuperb vic- 
 tor rejoiced in their diftrefles. But Philadelphia has witne'led 
 their patience a ad fortitude ; they have found here another home, 
 and though driven from their native foil, they have bleffed God 
 that he has delivered them from the prefence of their enemies, 
 and conduced them to a country, where every juit and feeling 
 man has ftretched out the helping hand. of benevolence. Heaven 
 lewards their virtue. Three large iiates aie at oace wrefled from 
 the foe. The rapacious foldier has been compelled to take re- 
 iuge behind his ramparts, and oppreflion has banlfhed like thofe 
 phantoms which are diffipated by the morning ray. On this fo- 
 lemn occafion, we might renew our thanks to the God oi battles, 
 for the fuccefs he has granted to the arms of your allies and your 
 friends, by land and by fea, through the other parts of the globe. 
 But let us not recall thofe events which too Clearly prove how- 
 much the hearts of our enemies have been obdu rated. Lei us 
 prodrate ourfelves at ihe altar, and implore the God of mercy to 
 fufpend his vengeance, to fpare them in bis wrath, toirifpue them 
 \vith femimems of juftice and moderation, to terminate their oK- 
 flinacy and eiror, and to ordain that your victories be followed by 
 peace and tranquillity. Let us befeech him to continue to (heel 
 on the councils of the king your ally, that fpiiit ot wiidom,of juf- 
 tice and of courage, which has rendered his reign fo glonour. 
 Lei us entreat him to maintain in each of the fiates that intelli- 
 gence by which theUnited Slates are infpned. Let us retum iiim 
 thanks, that a faclion whofe rebellion he has coire&ed, now de- 
 prived of fupport, is annihilated. Let us offer him pure hearts, 
 un foiled by private hatred or public diiTenfion ; and let us with 
 one will and one voice, pour forth to the Loid that hjmn of 
 praife, by which chrifiians celebrate iheir gratitude arid his gioiy." 
 The moil important books and papejs of Congrefs engageti st 
 length the attention of the enemy. A fcbeme was concerted for 
 cauying them off. Lieut. M^ody, who had been io fucce(,sJul in 
 taking the American mails, was enwployed. He remf:i::cd or* the 
 Jerfty fide of the Delaware, while his biother John Moody, and 
 another or two repaired to Philadelphia. Before they could 
 execute the Bufinefs intruded to them, a difcovcry tcok pl^ce; 
 
 and 
 
A.D.ifii.'] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 267 
 
 and fome of them were feized. Parties were fent acrofs the De- 
 laware to fecure the lieutenant; but he eluded all their exertions, 
 and efcaped in an extraordinary manner. His brother and a fel- 
 low fcldier were brought before a board of officers, at which the 
 Marquis <ie la Fayette p refuted, and were indulged with a candid 
 and tuii hearing. An opi/iion or the officers being reported to the 
 board of war, and approved, they were fentenced to die. John 
 Moody was executed on the 13111 of November, the other was 
 refpited. The care of Congrefs will be engaged the moie by this 
 fruiilefs project, to guard againft any future attempts of a iimilar 
 nature. 
 
 On the 23d of November they refolved, " That Major Gen. 
 the Marquis de la Fayette, have permiflion to go to France, and 
 that he return at fuch a time as (hall be moft convenient to him : 
 Thai he be informed, that on a review of his condutt through- 
 out the paft campaign, and particularly during the period in which 
 he had the chief cormnand in Virginia, the many new proofs 
 which prefent themfelves of his zealous attachment to the caufe 
 lie has efpo'uled, and of his judgment, vigilance, gallantry and ad- 
 drefs in its defence, have greatly adJed to the high opinion en- 
 tertained by Congrt us or his merits and military talents : That he 
 make known to the officers and troops whom he commanded dur- 
 ing that period, that the biave and enterprifmgfervices with which 
 they feconded his zeal and efforts, and which enabled him to de- 
 feat the attempts of an enemy far fuperior in numbers, have been 
 beheld by Congrefs with particular iatisfaclion and approbation : 
 That the fecretary of foreign affairs acquaint the minifters ple- 
 nipotentiary of the United States, that it is the defire of Congrefs 
 that they confer with the Marquis de la Fayette, and avail them- 
 felves of his information relative to the fuuation of public affairs 
 in the United States: That the fscreiary for forei^ii affairs, fur- 
 ther acquaint the mincer plenipotentiary at the court of Ver- 
 failles, that he will confoim to the intention of Congrefs, fey con- 
 fuliing with and employing the afTHiance of the Marquis de la 
 Fayette, in accelerating the fupplies which may be afforded by 
 his Moft Chriftian Majefly for the ufe of the United States : 
 That the fuperintcndant of finance, the fecretary for foreign af- 
 fairs, and the board of war, make fuch communications to the 
 Ma.quis de la Fayette, touching ihe affairs of their lefpeclive de- 
 partments, as will beft enable him to fulfil thepurpofe of the two 
 refolutions immediately preceding: That the fupeiintendant of 
 finance take order for difcharging the engagement entered into by 
 
 the Marquis de la Fayette with the merchants of Baltimore" 
 
 when he borrowed money of them en his own crcdi;, for fupply, 
 ing his troops with neceffaiies. General 
 
68 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1781. 
 
 General Wafhington attended Congrefs according to order, 
 and being introduced [Nov. 28.] by two members, the prefident 
 addrefFed him as follows " iSir, Cor.grefs at all times happy in 
 feeing your excellency, feel particular pieafure in your prefence 
 at this time, after the glorious fuccefs of the allied aims in Vir- 
 ginia. It is their fixed purpofe to draw every advantage from it by 
 exhorting the ftates in the flrongeft terms, to the mod vigorous 
 and timely exertions. A committee has accordingly been ap- 
 pointed to ftaie the requifitions neceffdry to be made for the ef- 
 tablifliment of the army, and they are infrrucled to confer with 
 you upon that fubjecl. It is therefore the expectation of Con- 
 grefs, that your excellency would remain for fome time in Phi- 
 ladelphia, that they may avail themfelves of your aid in this im- 
 portant bufmefs, and that you may enjoy a refpite from the fa- 
 tigues of war, as far as is confiAent with the fervice." To which 
 his excellency made the following reply " Mr. Prefident, 1 feel 
 ver-y fenfibly the favorable declaration of Congrefs exprefTed by 
 your excellency. This frefli proof of their approbation cannot 
 fail of making a deep impreilion upon me, and my ftudy fhall be 
 to deferve a continuance of it. It is with peculiar pieafure I hear 
 that it is the fixed purpofe of Congrefs to exhort the iiates to 
 the mofl vigorous and timely exertions : a compliance on their 
 parts will, I perfuade myfelf, be productive of the rooft happy 
 confequences. I {hall yield a ready obedience to the expeftati- 
 on of Congrefs, and give every afliftance in my power to their 
 committee. I am obliged by the goodnefs of Congrefs in mak- 
 ing my perfonal eafe and convenience a part of their concern. 
 Should the feivice require my attendance with the army upon the 
 North river or elfewhere, I (hall repair to whatever place my 
 Huty calls, with the fame pieafure that I remain in this city." 
 C iiic lafl day of the year Congrefs agreed to An ordinance to 
 incorporate tkefubfaibers to the bank of North America. 
 
 A few days before, Gen. Wafhington wrote-" The whole 
 bufmefs of prifoners of war brought under one regulation, might 
 probably put a flop to thofe mutual complaints of ill treatment 
 which are frequently urged on either part. For it is a facl, that 
 for above two years we have had no reafon to complain of the 
 treatment of the continental land piifoners in New York, neither 
 have we been charged with any improper conducl toward thofc 
 in our hands. I confider the f offerings of the feamen for fome 
 time paft as arifmg in a great meafure from the want of that ge- 
 neral regulation, and without which there will be conftantly a 
 great number remaining in the hands of the enemy. 1 know of 
 no method fo likely to put an end to the mutual complaints of 
 both fides, as that of having all prifoners given up to the com- 
 mifljry general to be by him exchanged/' In 
 
A.D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 269 
 
 > 
 
 In this letter there is an allufion to an improper conduft tow- 
 ard the Britifh prifoner*. in the hands of the Americans, which 
 leads me to mention the cafe of the convention troops. While 
 in Virginia they were often but badiy ferved with meat. The 
 ch'ef of what the American contractor had procured for their 
 fupply was fuch as they could not eat. The Britifh commanding 
 officer at length made his complaint, and obtained leave to have 
 it furveyed, when it was condemned in geneial. The American, 
 quarter mafters were, upon that, obliged to go all over Virginia 
 in fearch of fait provifions, the want of which was fucb, at one 
 time, that the prifoners had fix weeks meat due to them. On 
 this an addition of one half more was made to the allowance 
 of Indian meal, and the troops lived upon meal and water- 
 When afterward removed to Frederick- town in Maryland, 
 they complained of meeting with much ill ufage, and of 
 being badly fupplied with provifions and almoft half ftarved. 
 This treatment made the men defert in great numbers. In- 
 fiances of improper conduct toward other prifoners undoubt- 
 edly cxifted. But the general treatment of them was good ; and 
 wherein it was otherwife, fell fo fhort of what the Britifh prac- 
 tifed toward the Americans, that the former fiequently declared of 
 the latter, that notwithflanding all theii threats, they were afraid ti> 
 retaliate. 
 
 The Britifh power in Georgia beino; too weak to prevent it, 
 there has been a complete re-eftablimment of American govern- 
 ment. The general afTembly was convened at Augufta on the 
 i6th of Auguft. General Greene's fuccefs in South Carolina, 
 having opened the way for Gov. Rutledge's fafe return to that 
 ftate, he exercifed his authority afrelh, and on the 27 ih of Sep- 
 tember, ifiued a proclamation, offering thofe inhabitants of the 
 ftate who had joined the Britifh, pardon on condition of their 
 doing fix months^ militia duty, with the exception of fuch as had 
 taken commifTions, figned congratulatory addrefTes on Britifii 
 victories, or who had been otherwife aclive in fupport of their 
 government. In a few weeks, feveral hundreds came out ofihe 
 Britifh lines, and greatly reinforced the American militia. Ma- 
 ny were now as afii-duous in framing excufes for having arranged 
 themfelves under the Britifh flardard, as they had been the year 
 before to apologize for their involuntary fupport of rebellion. 
 Several call themfelves on the public mercy, though excepted by 
 the proclamation. The governor afterward iflued writs for a new 
 election of reprefematives, by virtue of the extraordinary power 
 delegated to him before the furremier of Charleflown. The 
 i were to be held in the ufual places where it was praclU 
 
 cable 
 
*;o THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1781. 
 
 cable, and in other cafes as near as fafety and other circumftances 
 would permit. It was ordered by the fame authoiity, that at the 
 eleftion the votes of fuch only mould be received as had never 
 taken Britii'h prote&ion, or who having taken it, had notwith- 
 ftanding rejoined their countrymen/ on or before the date of the 
 proclamation. Other perfons, though residents, were not confi- 
 rlered as freemen of the ftate, or entitled to the full privilege of 
 citizenfhip. To counteract the feverai meafures of the governor, 
 Oeneral Leflie iffued a proclamation on the i^th of December, 
 alluring his majelly's loyal fubjecls in the province, that they 
 might rely on fpcedy and efFe6iual fupport being given to them, 
 by the exertions of the forces under his command ; and at the 
 fame time giving notice, that the fevereft punifhments fhould be 
 inflicled on all who, having folicited for and obtained the enjoy- 
 ment of the privileges of a Britiih fubjefit, fhould again take arms 
 againfl his majetly's government, or ferve in any civil capacity 
 under a fecond ufurpation. 
 
 Vermont, though not admitted into the confederation, nor ac- 
 knowledged by the United States, exercifes ail the powers of an 
 independent itate has her legtflative, judicial and executive 
 branches, and will continue them, without fubjefcling herfelf to 
 the payment of any part of the continental debt till received into 
 the union. 
 
 LETTER XI. 
 
 Rotterdam, April 30, 1782. 
 FRIEND G. 
 
 THE Congrefs of the United States of America, having at 
 length (that they might gain Spain) agreed to recede from 
 their claim to the navigation of the MifTifTippi. Mr. Jay, agreea- 
 ble to the requeft of the Count de Florida Blanca, delivered in 
 propofitions relative to an intended treaty, on the 22dof laft Sep- 
 tember. The 6th article was thus exprefied "The United States 
 fhall relinquifh to his Catholic Majefly, and in future forbear to 
 ufe, the navigation of the river Miffiflippi from the point where 
 it leaves tl:e United States down to the ocean." But it was ac- 
 companied with this remark of his among others " If the ac- 
 ceptance of it mould, together with the propofed alliance, be poft- 
 poned to a general peace, the United Stales will ceafe to confider 
 
 themfelves 
 
AD. i;'8i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 271 
 
 themfelves bound by any propofitions or offers, which he may 
 now make in their behalf." The defign of the Spanifh court ap- 
 pears to be the drawing of all fuch conceflions from the United 
 States, that their prefent diftrefs and the hopes of aid may extort. 
 Befide, by protra6iing negod&tions about the treaty, they may 
 intend to avail themfelves of thefe conceflions at a future day, 
 when the inducements for offering them haye ceafed. They 
 neither refufe nor promife to afford the United States further 
 aids. Delay may be deemed their fyflem. The American corn- 
 miffioners at the European courts labor under great difadvanta- 
 ges, as their difpatches brought by the captains of vefiels are not 
 ient to them by a trufty officer, and therefore are Habls to be o 
 pened and fuppreffed, as is known to have been done in certain 
 inftances. Few of the proceedings of congrefs remain long fecret ; 
 and one of their agents has informed them, that he had very good 
 authority for faying, that copies of the letters which puffed be- 
 tween the committee and the late commiflioners in France, are 
 now in the hands of a certain foreigner. How he got them th& 
 agent knows not ; but he afferts it as a faft. 
 
 The arrival of the Britifh Wefl India trade was To much later 
 than had been expefted, that Adm. Darby kept the fea till No- 
 vember. It is fomewhat remarkable, that neither the allied fleets* 
 Jnor the Britifh, took a fingle prize during the long terra they 
 were refpeclively at fea* 
 
 The Spaniards, though they engaged in the expedition againft 
 Minorca, did not relax in their operations againfl Gibraltar, - 
 For the more certain and fpeedy redu6iion of the place, they 
 erected ftupendous works, which were at length arrived at the 
 higheft ftate cf perfection, after immenfe labor and expence. 
 Gen. Elliot confidered this as the proper feafon for attempting at 
 once to fruftrate all their views, by attacking, ftorming and de- 
 ftroying them. The time being fixed [Nov. 27.] and the arrange- 
 ments made, a flrong detachment ifl'ued from the garrifon upon 
 the fetting of the moon, at 3 o'clock in the morning. The troops 
 were divided into three columns, and the whole commanded by 
 Gen. Rofs. Each column was formed in the following order, 
 viz. an advanced corps, a body of pioneers, a party of artillery 
 men carrying combuftibles, a fuflaining corps, and a refervc in 
 the rear. The pioneers of the left column werefeamen. Nothing 
 could exceed the filence and order of the march, the vigor and 
 fpirit of the attack, or the exaft combination of all the parts. 
 The whole exterior front of the Spanifh works was every where 
 attacked at the fame inftant, and the ardor of the troops was ir- 
 lefiftible. The Spaniards gave way on every fide, andfoon aban^i 
 VOL, III, ]< doneU 
 
*72 TIIZ H I S T O R Y OF THE \A: D. 1781, 
 
 doned their works with the utmoft precipitation. In half an hour, 
 two mortar batteries of ten i<> } inch mortars, and three batteries 
 ot heavy cannon, with all the lines or approach, communication 
 and traverfe, were in flames, and whatever was fubjeft to the 
 action of fire was finally reduced to aihes. The mortars and 
 cannon were fpiked, and their beds, carriages and platforms de- 
 itroyed. The magazines blew up one after another in the coui fc 
 of the conflagration. The whole Spanifh camp continued fpefta- 
 tors of the havoc, without an effort to faye or even avenge their 
 works, unlefs an ill directed and inefTeclual fire of round and 
 grape mot might be confidered as either. The whole fer vice was. 
 performed, and the detachment returned to the garrifon before 
 day break. Its iofs was too inconfiderable to be mentioned. 
 
 On the 27th of November, his Britifh majefly went to th 
 houfe of peers and opened the feffion of parliament. The fpeech 
 expieffed the king's determined refolution to perfevere in the de- 
 fence ot his dominions, until fuch a pacification could be made 
 .as might coafift with the honor of his crown, and the permanent 
 intereft and feeurity of his people. The loiTes in America were 
 neither difTembled nor palliated ; but flated as the ground for re- 
 quiring the firm fupport of parliamenf, and a more vigorous, ani- 
 mated and united exertion of the faculties and refources of the 
 people. The favorable appearance of affairs in the Eafl Indies 
 was noticed ; which was the only ray of fuccefs with which the 
 fpeech was illuminated. An account had been received, that on 
 the ift of July, Sir Ey re Coote with his little army came to a ge- 
 neral aclion with Hyder Ally, which lafted eight hours, and was 
 a hard fought day on both fides. The amazing fuperiority of the 
 enemy yielded at leng h to the fleadinefs, fpirit and bravery of 
 SirEyte's troops. Hyder Ally retreated precipitately after hav- 
 ing had 4000 killed, among whom were many of his principal of- 
 ficers. Sir Eyre left but few officers, and about 400 privates 
 killed and wounded. 
 
 The motion for an addiefs in the hotife of commons produced 
 a warm and animated debate, which continued till two in the 
 morning. Mr. Fox moved for an amendment, by omitting that 
 part of it which promiied to fupport the American war ; and pro- 
 pofcd a new one, exprefling a wifh for a new fyftem of meafures/ 
 which thehoufe would alfnt to forward. But it was reje&ed by 
 218 againft 129. During ihe debate Mr. Burke obferved, that 
 " The Colonel Laurens, who drew up the articles of capitulation, 
 when Lord Cornwallis furrendered, is the fon of Mr. Laurens, 
 who has been committed clofe prifoner to the Tower of London, 
 cf which Lord Cornwallis is himfelf the governor ; and thus hi* 
 
 , lord f hip 
 
ii 0.i78i,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 7 j: 
 
 lordfhip became a prifoner to the Ton of his own prifoner." la 
 the houfe of lords an amendment to the addrefs was proposed by. 
 Lord Shelbiirne in a very iruflerly fpeech, but was lejected by % 
 majority of 75. 
 
 Mr. Burke had, in the former ftflion, moved for an inquiry 
 into the conducl obferved on the capture of Statia, which was re- 
 jecled by a majority of near two to one. He brought on the 
 bufmefs afrefh ; and in his fpeech [Dec. 4.] on the occafion 
 mentioned, that three months were fpent by the Britifh com- 
 manders in difpofing uf and fecuring the plunder of the ifland ; 
 that Sir George Rodney's fleet amounted to 21 fail of the line ; 
 and that the whole French force, previous to the arrival of Count 
 -de Graffe, confided only of 8 (hips of the line, and one fifty. > 
 He faid this favorable opportunity was entirely neglecled, the 
 whole Britifh fleet, and near 3000 chofen troops, being kept up* 
 \vardof two months in a ftate of total inaclion, for the important 
 fervice of protecting the faJes at Sratia. He afcribed to the- 
 fame difgraceful caufe, as a fecond misfortune, the ue^knefs of 
 the detachment fent under Sir Samuel Hood, to prevent the junc- 
 tion of the French fleet in the Weft Indies with that which Ha 
 GrafTe brought from Europe. Sir George declared in reply, that 
 he made the feizure of the effects for the fole and exclufive bene^ 
 fit of the crown ; and had no intelligence, till long after the con- 
 fifcation, of his majefty's intentions to rclinquifh his right in fa-, 
 vor of the fleet and army; that his prefence at Statia was abfo-. 
 lutely n'ecedary for fome time; that during that period, he ha1 
 planned two expeditions, one againft Curacoa, the other agairi^ 
 Surinam, and was upon the point of putting them into execution, 
 when he received intelligence of the approach of tie GrafTe, whole 
 fleet was reported to confift of no more than 12 fail of the line; 
 and that consequently he thought Sir Samuel Hood a fufEdent; 
 match with fifteen. 
 
 An humble addrefs, remonftrance and petition of the lord may* 
 <or, aldermen, and livery of the city of London was agreed to, an.i 
 ordered to be prefented to his majefty fitting on the throne. The 
 king determining to receive it at the levee, the mode of thus pr* 
 fenting it was declined. It was however published. The lan- 
 guage arid fentiments of it are peculiarly ftriking -" It is (they 
 
 fay) with inexpreffible concern, that we have heard your majefty 
 declare in your fpeech to both houfes of parliament, your inten- 
 tion of perfevering in a fyftem of meafures which has proved fa 
 clifaftrous to this country. Your majefly's miniflers have, by 
 falfe aHertions and fallacious fuggeftions, deluded your majeOy 
 iod ibe natign, into ihe prcfept .Kuuatural i^nd anfortuate war.* 
 
 Ths 
 
 - 
 
HISTORY OF THE [J.ZX 1781; 
 
 The confequences of this delufionhave been, that the trade of this 
 country has differed irreparable lofies : the landed property thro* 
 the kingdom has been depreciated to the molt alarming degree : 
 tke property of your majefty's fubjefts, vefred in the public funds, 
 has loit above one-third of its value : private credit has been al- 
 moft wholly annihilated, by the enormous intereft given in the 
 public loans, fuperior to that which is allowed by law in any pri- 
 vate contra6l : your majefty's fleets have loft their wonted fupe- 
 riority: your armies have been captured : your dominions have 
 been loft: and your majefiy's faithful fubjecls have been loaded 
 with a burden of taxes, which, even if our victories had been as 
 fplendid as our defeats have been difgraceful, if our acceffion of 
 dominion had been as fortunate as the difmemberment of the em- 
 pire has been cruel and difaftrous, could not in itfelf be confi. 
 dered but as a great and grievous calamity. We befeech your 
 jnajeity no longer to continue in a delufion, from which the na- 
 tion has awakened; and that your majeity will be graciouily 
 pleafed to relinquish entirely, and for ever, the plan of reducing 
 our brethren in America to obedience by force. We further hum- 
 bly implore your majeity, that your majeity will be graeiouily 
 pleafed to difmifs from your prcfence and councils, all ihe advif. 
 ers, both public andfecret, of the meafures we lament, as a pledge 
 to the world of your majefty's fixed determination to abandon a 
 iyftem incompatible with the interefls of your crown, and the 
 happinefs of you; people." 
 
 On theday appointed[i2th.]forvotingthe army fupplies, the houfe 
 of commons was early and uncommonly crowded. The oppofi- 
 tion forefeeing the difficulties miniltry would be under, was in- 
 duced to bring forward certain motions, which might difcover 
 the number of thofe in the houfe, who with refpeft to their gene- 
 ral political lentiments, agreed in opinion with them on the pro- 
 fecution of the war. A coalition from ail parties was defigned, 
 for theiole purpofe of obliging the crown to put an end to the 
 attempt of reducing Americans to obedience by force. Sir James 
 JLowther moved, " that all our efforts to fubjugate America have 
 been fruit lefs, either for the purpofe of fupporting our friends, or 
 conquering our enemies; and that it is the opinion of this houfe, 
 that all future attempts to reduce the Americans to obedience by 
 force, will be ineffectual and injurious to the true interells of this 
 country, by weakening her powers to refift her ancient and con- 
 federated enemies." Thefe motions were oppofed by the whole 
 flrength of government ; which however produced but a fmall 
 majority, the numbers for them being 179, andagainit them 220, 
 This fofJiciently Ibowed a prevailing change 0f icntiment in re 
 
A. D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. * 7 j 
 
 gard to the American war ; and indeed all orders of men began 
 to reprobate* it with unreitrained freedom. 
 
 Before the adjournment of the houfe for the holidays, Mr. 
 Burke brought up>tz leprejtntatwn and prayer, addiedtd to the 
 houfe oi commons by Mr. Laurt-ns himlelf, which was laid on 
 the table. It was written by the petitioner with a black lead pen- 
 cil; he having, as is thought, refilled to accept of fo:r;e indul- 
 gences lately offered him, a*hd aniongfl the reft that of pen and 
 ink, the ufc of which had been itrittly forbidden him, during the 
 greateft part of his confinement. The houfe was alio informed 
 by Mr. Burke, that Congiefs had offered to exchange Gen. Bur- 
 goyne for Mr. Laurens ; and manyreafons were urged, by him for 
 its taking place. Mr. Laurens was at length broughj, before Lord 
 Mansfield on the laft day of the year, in confequcnce of an order 
 from the fecreiary of (late, and was discharged upon certain con- 
 ditions. He then repaired to Bath for the recovery of his health, 
 which had been much impaired by his confinement and the hard- 
 Jhips with which it was accompanied. 
 
 Before the 12th of January, miniftry received an account of 
 
 Statia's having been furprifed and taken by the French. The 
 
 Marquis de Bouille being made acquainted with the fecurity and 
 negligence of the governor and garrifon, attempted ihe reduclion 
 of theifiar 1. He embarked about 2000 men in a nunber of fmall 
 veffels at Martinico; and knowingthat the only practicable land- 
 ing place was left unguarded, he took his meafurei foas to arrive 
 before it early in the night. An unexpected rife of the fea cauf- 
 ed the lofs of feveia! boats and many foldiers, while endeavoring 
 to difembark. With his utmoft efforts he could only land about 
 400 by day-break: there was no hope of reinforcing them with 
 the remainder of the troops, the greater part of the boats having 
 been broken. He faw the danger nf his fituation, that a retreat 
 \vas impoflible; that the garrifon was nearly double his own 
 number ; and that nothing but the fuccefs of a bold adventure, 
 could poflibly fave him and his troops from being either made 
 prifoners or cut to pieces. He determined upon a vigorous at- 
 tack. The place where he landed was about two leagues front 
 the town arid fort : the way to thefe was not only extremely diffi- 
 cult, but interfered by a defile in which a handful of :iien could 
 have flopped an army. The troops that had been landed, wercs 
 compofed principally of Count Dillon's regiment, a part of the 
 Irim brigade in the French fervice. A divifion of the garrifon 
 was going through its excrcife in a field at forne diftance from tua 
 fort. It miftook the enemy, as tfoeir red uniform was the fame 
 with the Englilh ; and did not retreat till it had received a clofe 
 
 dii charge 
 
ft;5 THE HISTORY or THE %A. D. 1781* 
 
 di (charge of fmall arms, which killed and wounded feveral. Upon 
 the alarm occafioned by the volley, thofe of the garrifon who 
 were in quarteis hurried to the fort, and clogged the draw-bridge 
 in fuch a Conner, that it could not he raifi-r!, until the enemy en- 
 tered pell mell along with them. Lieut. Col. Cockburne, the go- 
 vernor, who had been taking an early ride, returned at the inftant 
 of furprife, and was made prifoner on horleback. lie was " guil- 
 ty of culpable negleft, in not taking the neceflary precautions for 
 the defence of the ifland, notwithstanding lie had received thefui- 
 Jeft intelligence of an intended attack."* Thus was Statia, with 
 the dependent iflands of St. Martin and Saba, reduced in a few 
 minutes on the 2610. of November, with the lofs to the French of 
 no more than ten foldiers killed and wounded. The Britifh gar- 
 rifon, confided of 677 men, and the artillery of 68 pieces of 
 cannon. 
 
 The marquis de Bouille behaved with his ufual magnanimity, 
 and admitted the claims of the original proprietors to various arti- 
 cles on the ifiand. A confiderable fum of money which Lieut. 
 Col. Cockburne declared to be his, was with the generous confent 
 of the French officers reftored to him. But a very large fum, the- 
 remainder of the produce of the late fales, and faid to be the pro- 
 perty of Adm. Rodney and Gen. Vaughan, became a prize to the 
 vi&ors. Their whole fpoil has been eftimated at two millions of 
 livrtu. 
 
 When Count de Guichen returned from his cruife, the utmoil 
 expedition was ufed at Bred in refitting the French fleet for the 
 fea, notwithstanding the lateriefs of the feafon. The reinforcing 
 of Count de GraiTe in the Weft Indies with troops and mips of 
 war, was indifpenfably requifite ; an-i it was foreieen, that he 
 would want on that flation almod every article of provifions and 
 nccefliiry of life, befide an immenfe fupply of military and naval 
 itorrs of every kind, after the fervice on the North American 
 coails. The French concluded alfo upon fending a reinforcement 
 of troops and (hips to Motif, de Suffrein in theEafl Indies, where 
 the demand for naval and military (lores was alfo urgent. A 
 numerous convoy of transports, (lore mips and provifion vefTels, 
 \vere accordingly gotten in readincfs with the fame diligence as 
 the Hect. It was needful to guard againft the defigns of the Bri- 
 tifii, the preparation was therefore ex'encled to fuch a number of 
 men of war, as was thought eqaal to ihe proteclion of the whole, 
 tiii they were at a fafe didance. Count deGuichen was appoint- 
 ed to the command of ail, while he remained in company with 
 thesa. The fquadron and fleet dcRined for the Weft Indies, was 
 
 intruded 
 
 * The fcsjcnce of th; cou:tmarf:<?.K 
 
A. D. 1781.3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 27^ 
 
 intruded with the Marquis de Vaudrcuil, who carried out a con- 
 fiderable body of land forces, with a full confidence, on the fide 
 of both France and Spain, of now perfecting their plan for th 
 reduction of Jamaica. 
 
 The intelligence of this preparation, and in a meafure of its 
 object, being received in Britain, Adm. Kempenfelt was di/palch- 
 ed in the beginning of December, with 12 fail of the line, a 50 
 gun Ihip, four frigates, and a firefhip, to intercept the French 
 iquadron and convoy. But for want of better information or 
 from fome other caufe, the French fleet was fo much fuperior to 
 what had been conceived, and to Kempenfeh's fcrce, that the real 
 danger lay on the fide of the latter. Count de Guichen had no 
 lefs than 19 fail of heavy line of battje fhips, befide two more 
 zimtdetijlute, as the French call it, when the lower deck guns are 
 placed in the hold to make room for the conveyance of a mode- 
 rate cargo. 
 
 The Britifh admiral, expecting that his enemy had only an 
 equal force at the moir, fortunately fell in with the French [Dec. 
 12.] in a hard gale of wind, when both the flee^and convoy were 
 much difperfed, and the latter confiderably aflern. KempenfeU 
 concluded upon profiting from the prefent fituation,by endeavor- 
 ing to cut off the convoy in the firfl inftance, and fighting ths 
 enemy afterward. He fucceeded in part. A great number et" 
 prizes were taken. About twenty arrived fafe in Britifh ports ; 
 while feveral that flruck efcaped in the night. Two or three 
 fhips are faid to have been fank. A number muft undoubtedly 
 have loft their voyage, through the great difperfionof the convoy 
 which necefTarily exifled. The French commanders were in 
 the mean time collecting theii fleet, and forming the line of battle. 
 Kempenfelt alfo having collected his fhips in the evening, and 
 being ftill ignorant of the enemy's force, got upon the fame tack 
 with them, under a full determination of engaging them the next 
 morning. At day light perceiving them to leeward, he formed 
 the line ; but difcovering their force on a nearer approach, he 
 did not think it advifable to hazard an action. He arrived at 
 Portfmouth on the 2oth of December : but had taken the precau- 
 tion of difpatching the Agamemnon to pick up any ftragglers front 
 the Brefl fleet. The Agamemnon fortunately fell in with four 
 large fhips and a fnow from Bourdeaux to Martinico, meant to 
 join de Guichen, and captured them on the 25th. 
 
 Near noo land forces, and between 6 and 700 feamen, were 
 taken in the prizes captured by the admiral, which were moulyv 
 freighted on the French king's account. They were laden chief- 
 ly with brafs and iron ordnance, gunpowder, finall arms, flints, 
 
 baa;b- 
 
 . 
 
THE H I S T O R Y OF THE {A. D. 1780, 
 
 bomb (hells, cannon bails, grenades in a prodigious quantity, 
 iron bars, (neet lead, travelling forges, all kinds of ordnance (lores, 
 tents, camp equipage, foldiers clothing and accoutrements, wool- 
 Jen and linen goods for the land and fea fcrvice, great cables, fail- 
 ciofh and cordage, with every fupply for (hipping in a great 
 amount, wine, oil, brandy, rum, flour, bifcuit and faked provili- 
 ons, all in large and the molt neceffary in prodigious quantities. 
 
 The capture was valuable and important; but ferved to excite 
 the diffatisfaclion of the public, who fuppofed that it was 
 through neglecV that Kempcnfelt had not been fupplied with a 
 force which would have enabled him to takeordeflroy the whole 
 I tench fleet and convoy. A great clamor was raifed ; vrhich 
 was probably increased by the attempts made in both houfes of 
 parliament, after the Chriftmas recefs, to render this bufinefs a 
 ground of complaint and charge againft the firft lord of the ad- 
 miralty. Mr. Fox moved, on the jth of February, the following 
 refutation in the committee, " That it appears to this commit- 
 tee, that there was grofs mifmanagemcnt in theaelmmiftration of 
 naval affjirs in the year 1781." He fa id in his fpeech upon the 
 occafion " It appears from the papers on the table, that for fe- 
 veral weeks before the failing of the French fleet, the admiralty 
 hid been in the conrfe of receiving regular intelligence of its 
 equipment; and that it was evident, that 18 or 20 fail of the 
 line were in readinels to put to fea." Lord Howe on the fame 
 day declared it to be his opinion, that the early intelligence mi- 
 niftry had received of thedefigns of the enemy, left them with- 
 out excufe, for not having prepared a force fufficient to attack 
 ^them. He afked * Why was not Sir George Rodney fent 
 'out with Adm. Kempenfelt? His fquadron is allowed to have 
 been fit for fervice." Mr. Fgx's motion was rejected by a very 
 great majoritv, after long and warm debates. What Kempenfelt 
 could not effect for want of more ihjps, was in a great degree 
 accompli flied in another way. Count de Guichen's fleet and 
 convoy, after Kern pen fek's fuccefsful attack on the latter, were fo 
 fhaftered and di fabled, by a continual fucceflion of tempefts and 
 foul weather, that only two of the men of war and a few of the 
 convoy, could }iold on their courfe-to join de Graffe. The re- 
 mainder were obliged to return in very bad condition to France. 
 Since then, a fecund convoy from Breft failed on the nth of 
 February, in order to fupply the failure of the oilier. 
 
 The eagernefs of the Spaniards to gain pofTedion of Minorca 
 
 after landing on the ifhrul, WHS fo exceflive, as to induce them 
 
 throtmh the medium of a bribe, infidioufly to attempt corrupting 
 
 the fidelity of the ffovcrnor. The Duke dc Crilloa ft.ffred him-, 
 
 7 . b fe-lf 
 
&D.1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 279 
 
 felf to become the instrument in^this bufmels. General Murray 
 treated the infult with a fuitable difdain. The clofe-invefture of 
 Fort St. Philip, from the time of the enemy's landing, wholly- 
 prevented the ganifon's being fupplied with vegetables. The 
 want of thefe, deftroyed in a great meaiure, the benefits which 
 might have been otherwise expelled from the general plenty en- 
 joyed in other refpefts. Flie fcurvy raged among the troops to 
 a high degree, and was attended by a putrid peltilential fever and 
 a mortal dyfentery. Much the greater part of the Britifh foldiers 
 had been eleven years on the ifland, and had lived constantly up- 
 on fait provilions, fo that the want of vegetables was the more 
 fenftbly felt, when they came to be deprived of them. The pro- 
 grefs of the diilernper was al-fo much furthered by the clofe con- 
 finement of the men within the narrow limits ofthefortrefs ; and 
 iliil more fo by the tainted air of the cafemates and foutcrrains, 
 which the cannonade and bombardment of the enemy rendered 
 their only habitations, and which became every day more perni- 
 cious by occupancy. 
 
 The combined forces amounted to 16,000 regulars, attended 
 by a prodigious artillery, confiding of 109 pieces of the heavieft 
 cannon, and 36 great mortars. The garrifon confifted only of 
 2692 men; of thefe 2016 were BritHh and Hanoverian regular 
 troops, including however in this number 400 invalids, who had 
 been fent from Britain in 1775. A marine corps, which had 
 been formed upon the prefent occafion, and was of excellent 
 fervice, compofed the greater part of the remainder. A handful 
 of Greeks and Coificans alfo behaved with much bravery. The 
 works of the fortrefs were fo numerous, that the garrifon, in full 
 health, did not amount to half the number wh.ich would have been 
 neceflary to their effectual defence. This weaknefs probably led 
 rhe Duke de Crillon to lie fomewhat unguardedly in his head 
 quarters at Cape Mola, which induced a vigorous and fuccefsful 
 filly from the garrifon. The troops employed in it furprifed and 
 routed the enemy ; chafed the duke from his pofl, and fecured 
 themfeives fo effe&ually an it t that though he brought up his whole 
 army to diflodge them,, he defifted from the attack ; and left them 
 to return the following night in fafety. This happened early in 
 November, about the time when the enemy opened their bomb 
 batteries. Though the befiegers kept a cautious diflance in the 
 conftruclion aad progrefsof their works; yet their vaft and nu-i 
 merous artillery werefo u eighty, powerful and inceflant in their 
 battery, and fuch mowers of great (hells were continually poured 
 into the place, that they foon ruined the upper defences of th 
 fortrefs, and rendered wfclefs a great naifibcr of cannon. 
 V.UL.HL Li Tte 
 
THE H I S T O R Y OF TEI [A. $. 178* 
 
 The garrifon difplayed the greateft zeal, valor and conftancy; 
 but in the beginning of February was fo much reduced by Tick- 
 nefs, that only 660 were left fit for duty ; of thefe, al! but one 
 hundred were fo far tainted with the fcurvy, that the phyficians 
 and furgeons declared, that they could hoid out only a very fe'.v 
 days, before they muft br fent to the hofpital. They alfo faid, 
 that a few days longer obftinacy in defence mu'ft prove the de- 
 ilruclion of the remains of that brave garrifon, as there were no 
 means of keeping the greater part of them much longer alive, but 
 by a fpeedy relief of wholefome air, aided by an abundant fupply 
 of vegetables. The neceflary guards on ihe laft night of defence, 
 required 413 men upon duty, fo that there were only 245 kft, 
 170 lefs than the neceffary number for the next relief, and no pi- 
 quet could be at all formed. 
 
 Under thefe circumftances, the governor was reduced to the 
 necefTny [Feb 5.] of capitulating. He obtained all the honorg 
 of war, andeveiy thing he required, excepting that of freeing the 
 garrifon from being prifoners, which the Duke de Crillon a (lur- 
 ed him, the Spanifh king in his inftruftions had particularly tied 
 him down from granting.; but the troops were to befenttoBii- 
 tain, (ubjeft to the cuftomary conditions of not ferving till ex- 
 changed, or difcharged by a peace. The Corficans and other fo- 
 reigners were fecured in their pei Tons and effects, and in the liber- 
 ty of going where they pleafed. 
 
 The poor remains of the garrifon, while marching through the 
 Spanifh and French armies, which were drawn up in oppofre 
 lines for their paflage, exhibited fuch a tragical fpecUcleas is not 
 often feen, though it was at the fame time much to the glory of 
 the fiifferers. Six hundred old, emaciated, worn-down and de- 
 crepid foldiers, were followed by 120 of the royal artillery, and 
 100 feamen: about 20 Corficans, and 2^5 Greeks and Turks, 
 Moors and Jews, &c. clofed the proceflion. When the battalions 
 arrived at the place appointed for laying down their arms, the 
 foldiers exclaimed with tears in their eyes " We furrencler them 
 to God alone." They feemingly derived great confolation from 
 the opinion that the viclors could not boaft of their conqueft in 
 taking an hofpital. Th indignation and grief exprefled by the 
 Britim troops on their being at length vanquished, was mention- 
 ed in terms of admiration, and of the higheft honor to the garri- 
 fon, in the Spanifh publiihed accounts of this tranfaclion. During 
 the liege from the igth of Auguft 1781, to the 4th of February 
 inclufive, the total of the killed was 59, and of the wounded 149. 
 
 The fympathy difcovered by the enemy upon the occafion, was 
 to their hnor. Several of the common foldiers of botk 
 
4/>. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 28* 
 
 armies were fo moved by the wretched condition of the garrifon, 
 that involuntary tears dropped from them as the prifonm paffrd 
 along. The lubfequem tendernefs fhown by the Duke cle CiiU 
 Ion, the Count of the fame name and family, and the Baron de 
 Falkinhayn, who commanded the French troops, in their contU 
 nued fupply of ail neceffaries to the lick, and their unremiued at- 
 tention 10 their recovery, was beyond all praife. 
 
 The members in the Britilh houfe of commons oppofed to the 
 adminiitration, aimed at binding up the hands of the executive 
 government by a ilrong and explicit declaration of the opinion 
 f parliament. Gen. Conway [22.] therefore moved "That 
 an humble addrels be prefented to his majeity, that he will be 
 pleafed to give directions to his miniflers not to purfue any long- 
 er the impracticable objecl of reducing his xnajefty's revolted colo- 
 nies, by force, to their allegiance, by a war on the continent of A- 
 inerica.and to aflure his majefty, that his faithful commons will 
 moft cheerfully concur with him in fuch rneafures as may be found 
 ece{Tary to accelerate the bledings of returning peace.'* The de- 
 foates were warm, and held till two inthe morning j when upon ths 
 divifion the numbers for the motion were 193, and agairj$ it 194. 
 The majority of one only on the fide of miniftry, proved that 
 their influence was nearly at an end. Five days after Conwav 
 renewed his motion. The debates it occafioned continued till 
 
 near two in the morning, when the attorney general moved ' 
 
 " That the prefent debate be adjourned until the igth of March." 
 There were for the adjournment 2 13 againft 234. The original 
 motion, and addrefs to the king formed upon the refolution, wetc 
 then carried without a divifion, and the addrefs was ordered to b 
 piefemed by the whole houfe. The next day the attorney gene- 
 ral moved to bring in a bill to enable his majefty to conclude a 
 peace or truce with the revolted colonies in America, which was 
 agreed to. The bill had for its objei the repeal of ail acls rela- 
 tive to the commerce of America, from the isth of Charles II. 
 The fame day the fecretaries of flate fent a letter to the Lord 
 Mayor of London, informing him of the apprehenfion which ex- 
 iited of riots and tumults in the evening ; that fo proper meafures 
 might be taken for fecming the public peace. It was feared, that 
 the great and general joy occafioned by the carrying of Conway ! s 
 motion would have produced thofe riots. On the ^th of March, 
 his majefty's anfwer was reported to the houfe, and the thanks of 
 
 the houfe unanimoufly voted to ihe king for the fame. After 
 
 which Conway rofe and moved another refolution "That this 
 toouie will confider as enemies to his majefly and this country, 
 Mi tUyfe whe $ull snJeAYer td fruftraie liis major's 
 
THE K'l S T O R Y OF THE [A-. D. 1782. 
 
 care for the eafe and happinefs of his people, by advifuig, or by 
 any means attempting, the further profecunon of often five war on 
 the comment oi North America, tor the purpofe of reducing the 
 colonies to obedience by force." Government made a feeble op- 
 po'iuon 10 the motion, and at length fufFered it to pals without a 
 divifion. On that day alib, a commiHion pa fled the great fcal fc 
 appointing Su Guy Carletan commander in chief in America. 
 
 i he reiolutions that were puffed in the houfe. and the waim 
 rece.-.ion they met with from the public, ferveci to fliow that a 
 complete revolution in the internal policy of government niuft ' 
 fucceed, which was an event no wife agreeable to the ientiments 
 of i he court. 
 
 The oppofuion fought [8th/] to obtain a vote, from which it 
 fnight appear, that the bouie of commons had totally withdrawn 
 tis confidence from the prcfent adminiftration. Lord John Ca- 
 venciifh made ievcral motions with that view, arid a long debate 
 enked, when the houfe divided at laft on the order of the day, 
 vhich had been moved for and was carried by a majoiityof 10. 
 That <iay week, [ i^th. j a motion was made by Sir John Rons, in 
 \vhich it was propofcd to refolve, that the houfe could have no 
 further confidence in the miniftm, who had the direction of pub- 
 lic * {foil's. On this occafion the ffrcngth of both parties was 
 muiiered. Near 480 members were prefent ; and on the divifi- 
 on ihequeftion was negatived by a majority of only 9. Notice 
 \VRS given after the? divifion, that a motion to the fame effeci- 
 would be made on the Wednefday following. 
 
 On that day, [20.] the houfe was again uncommonly crowded; 
 ivhen alter awhile, Lord North aiTiued the houfe with authority, 
 tl;/it the adrniniftratjon, a gain ft which tlie intended motion v-as 
 levelled, did no longer exiil ; and that his majefly was core to a 
 full determination of changing his minifters.. lie then moved for 
 an adjournment, that leifure might be given for the forming oi a 
 new adminiftration. He afterward took leave of the houfe as 
 minific'r. His fpcech was decent and pathetic. He .hanked 
 them ior the honoral-'e fupport they had given bun during fo 
 lon^ a courfeof years, and in fo many trying fituations ; and cen- 
 cii-ded wiih ftgnifying, that he was both ready and defnous to en- 
 counter the ftricleft fcrutiny into his conduft. 
 
 'Di.ri-ng the adjournment, which was to the 251)1, the new ad- 
 mini ft rai ion was formed under the aufpices of the Marquis of 
 Jlockingham, on whofe public principles and private honor, the 
 ration can rely witji confidence, after the violent fl niggle with 
 xvhich it has been agitated. The cabinet, including the marquis 
 as fir (I comrniffibnei of ihe trcafury, is compofed of the Earl of 
 
 Sheiburi'ie 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 S'nelburne and Mr. Fox, who haVc been appointed fecrelaries of 
 ftate; Lord Camden, prefidentof the council; the Duke of Graf- 
 ton, privy feai ; Lord John Cavendiih, chancellor of the exche- 
 quer; Admiral Keppel, firil comrr.iiTioner of the admiralty ; Ge- 
 neral Conway, commander in chief of the forces ; the Duke of 
 Richmond, miflef -general of the ordnance; Bane, treaiurer of 
 the navy; and Edmund Buike, paymafter general. 
 
 The public meafures for which the new minifter is laid to have 
 ftipuUred with the court, before he would confent to enter into 
 any negociation for office, are the'fe. x. Peace with the Ame- 
 ricans ; and the acknowledgment of theii independence not to be 
 a bar to the attainment of the fame 2. A lubflantial reform in 
 the ieveral branches of the civil lift' expenditure, on the plan of 
 Mr. Burke 3. The diminution of the influence of the crown, 
 under which article the bills for excluding contractors from feats 
 in parliament, arid difquahfying the revenue officers from voting 
 in the election of members were included. 
 
 The revolution that has taken place in the Britifh adminiflratU 
 on, is chiefly owing to the capture of Lord Cornwallis and his 
 army ; arid muft diffufe a general joy through the United Siatei 
 of America, whenever the account reaches them; by exciting 
 their hopes of foon pofTefiing the great objecl for which they have 
 been contending. But the difa&reeable intelligence received at 
 the admiralty office from the Weft Indies on the leih and 26tk 
 of March, did undoubtedly promote arid confirm the laid revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 The fuperiority of the French by fea and land in that part of 
 the world, enabled them to undertake what they pleafed. The 
 lofs of Statia was but the prelude to further misfortunes on the 
 fide of Britain. St. Kitt's was doomed to become a viclim to 
 the policy and power of France. The Marquis de Bouiile [Janu- 
 ary 11.] landed 8000 men on the ifland, and was fuppoited by 
 Count de GraiTe, with 32 (hips of the line. The garrifon under 
 Gen. Frafer did not exceed 600 effeclive men : fo that the great 
 fuperiority of the enemy prevented all refinance to their landing. 
 The garrifon retired to Bnrnftone-hiM, which, bcfide fome newly 
 creeled fortifications, was confi'dered from its height and almolt 
 inacceflible fuuation, as one of the ftrongeft pofh in the Weft 
 India illands. But the troops were too few for its defence thro* 
 u long fiege. 
 
 The Briiifli fleet under Sir Samuel Hood, confining of 22 
 (hips of the line, was then at Barbadoes. That ifland was the o- 
 r;ginal objel of the French commanders; but they were driven 
 fy far to the leeward by contrary winds, that they found it ncceL 
 
 farv 
 
t&4 THE HISTORY OF THE [J. D. 
 
 fary to change their defign, and direct their attack againft St. 
 Kilt's. Sir Samuel notwithstanding his inferiority, determined 
 upon boldly attempting the prefervation of the ifland. He ac- 
 cordingly failed to Antigua, where he took Gen. Prefcott o 
 board, with the few troops that could be fpared ; and from thence 
 proceeded in the evening for Baifeterre road, where de GraiT 
 lay at anchor, began at day break to form his line of battle, for the 
 purpole of bearing down upon and attacking them. The accident 
 cf two (hips running foul of each other, interrupted the profecu- 
 tion of this defign; and the fleet was obliged to lie to for a day, 
 during the repair of the damage which one of them had fuflained. 
 A French frigate from Martinico, full of Ihells and ordnance 
 ftores, for the fiege of Brimftone-hill, which fell into the hands of 
 the Britifh, feemed to comperifate in fome meafure for this delay. 
 De Gralfe, who could not but be furprifed at this tinlooked for 
 vifit, quitted his anchorage, that fo by putting out to fea and gain- 
 ing a good offing, his fhips might have full room to a>, and there- 
 by fecure all the advantages of their fuperiority in number. 
 
 [Jail. 25.] Sir Samuel inftantly perceived how he might profit 
 by ibis movement. The enemy formed in a line of battle a-head. 
 He carried on every appearance of a determined and immediate 
 attack, whereby he drew them further fiom the fhore. He then 
 pumed direftly for Bdifeterre road, and took pofTeiTion of that 
 anchorage ground, which the count had quitted on the preceding 
 evening. A fenfeof the poflible confequence of this movement, 
 in cutting the French fleet off from all communication with their 
 army on fliore, led them to fall upon Commodore Affleck' with 
 the mmoft fury. He commanded and clofed the rear of the Bri- 
 tiih fquadron.and they were in no fmall hope of cutting off that 
 divifion. The commodore with his two brave feconds, Loid 
 Robert Manners and Capt. Cornwaliis, kept up fo able and un- 
 ceafmga fire, that with little lofs and damage to themfelves, they 
 contributed much to the covering of the other (hips of the divi fi- 
 eri, while they were getting into their Rations. After a (harp 
 conflict, the French were obliged to bear away. 
 
 The next morning [26.] by eight o'clock, theBritifti line was 
 attacked from van to rear, by 29 fail of the enemy for near two 
 hours, wiihout having the leafl vifihle impreflion made upon it. 
 The French then wore and flood off again to fea. De Grade not 
 yet difcouraged, renewed the engagement in the afternoon, an4 
 *ire8ed his attack principally againft the centre and rear di\ ifions. 
 Thefe he hoped to overwhelm by the fuperiority of his force: bu* 
 Ke was again repuH^d with greater lofs and damage than before. 
 iis e>v/n !h'5p t '.he Viilt dc Paris, fuff;. jd feverely, and rccdve4 
 
& D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 no lefs than 84 mot in her hull. It was faid, that the Fiend*. 
 fcnt a thoufand wounded to Statia. The lofs of the Biitifh in ail 
 the attacks is ftated at 72 killed and 244 wounded. From that 
 time the count kept at a diflance, but continued conflamly in 
 fight, appearing one day with 32 two-decked ihips, and another 
 with only 29. 
 
 The fuccefs of Sir Samuel Hood's bold adventure produced 
 very flattering profpecls. The admiral had no doubt, but that 
 Brimftone hill would hoM out, till the Marquis de Bouille and 
 Count de Grade would be glad to retire. B; t therein he wag 
 miftakcn. The inhabitants of the ifland, on the firft arrival of 
 the French, adopted a feeming neutrality. Governor Shirler 
 indeed proceeded with 350 militia to reinforce Gen. Frafer's fmail 
 garrifon, and continued bravely to encounter all the dangers, and 
 patiently ttf endure all the hardfhips of the fiege. The French 
 clofely inverted the hill on all fides, on the night of their landing 
 and the following morning. The artillery deftined to ferve in the 
 attack on Baibadoes was attempted to be difem barked. But the 
 veflcl which conveyed the mod heavy and effective part of ir, 
 {truck on the rocks and funk. The enemy however were not 
 difcouraged by .his lofs, or the fubfequent one of the frigate from 
 Martinico. By perfeveiing induilry they fiflied up no fmall part, 
 f the artillery, fhells and ftores which had been funk; and the 
 men of war brought a frefh quantity of heavy ordnance from 
 Martinico. Moreover, the very means provided for the defence 
 of the garrifon, were unhappily for them employed in their de- 
 Uruclion. Eight brafs'24 pounders, with 6000 balls, together 
 \vithtwo 13 inch brafs mortars and I^QO (hells, which had been 
 fent out by government to furnifh the fortrefs, inflead of having 
 been removed up to the works, were all found by the French at 
 the foot of the hill, and proved a moft feafonable and necelfary 
 fupply. The'hill was naturally ftrong, but the works at the top 
 were not anfwerable to itsftrer.gth ; and were iiule calculated to 
 withftand the batteries, which the pofleffion of the adjoining 
 country, and the weaknefs of the garrifon enabled the enemy tt> 
 reft in the moft advantageous po fit ions. The Britilh were 
 icoreovcr totally deflitute of intrenching tools. 
 
 The Marquis de Bouille commenced and carried on a regular 
 fieg"; but was incommoded during the whole of it, by a moft vi- 
 gorous fire from the garrifon. The toil and fatigue of tha 
 French was exceffive in fuch a climate, as they had no fubftitute 
 for human labor in removing their artillery and heavy flores. 
 The trenche* however were opened in the night between the i6th 
 ijtk of January. Sir Samuel Hood took the earlieft oppor- 
 tunity, 
 
THE HISTO RY OF THE [A. D. 
 
 tunity, on his arrival off (he ifland, of fencing an officer to* 
 Brimftone-hill, accompanied by one from General Prefcott, 
 who in anfwer to the offer fent to General Frafer, brought 
 back the following meffage " That as he had taken tne trouble 
 to come with troops to his afiiftance, he fhould doubtlefs be glad 
 oi the honor of feeing him ; but that he was in no want either of 
 him or hU troops." Prefcott being very defirous notwithftancU 
 ing, to be put on fhore with his Antigua troops, they were ac- 
 cordingly landed on the 28th of Jan. together with the 69th re- 
 giment, and immediately got into aclion, and drove the enemy 
 with a confiderabie lofs to the latter ; but as no folid purpoie 
 could be anfwered by the continuance of the troops on fhore, 
 they were taken off in the evening of the 29th, without the lofs 
 cfa man. All communication being now cut off with Brim- 
 itone-hiil, the general with his troops failed back for Antigua on 
 the ift of February. 
 
 The French profecuted their works and attack with unremit- 
 ting induftry. During the laft three weeks of the fiege, they 
 were conftantly, night and day, cannonading and bombarding the 
 garrifon ; who though continually thinned by the numbers killed 
 and wounded, bore the inceffant fatigue of being alway unde* 
 arms, and the increafing danger, with admirable patience and for- 
 titude. Aj. length, the works on one fide being fo deftroyed as 
 to form an entire and complete breach, and there being not more 
 than 500 men left able to go through duty, and Sir Samuel Hood 
 not having it in his power to afford the leaft relief, both the go- 
 vernor and Gen. Frafer f Feb. i.] concluded upon propcfing a 
 capitulation; which the fvlarquis de Bouille eagerly embraced, 
 as the acquifition of time for further operations was important, 
 and a fecurity from interruption by the arrival of a Britiih admi- 
 ral to reinforce Sir Samuel was of the firft confequence. Every 
 condition they propofed was agreed to, whether in favor of the 
 garrifon or ifland. The former were allowed all the honors of 
 war in the fullcft fenfe; and the ifland was upon thebeft footing 
 it could be, under a capitulation. The Marquis de Bouille, with 
 his ufua! ellevation of foul, by the laft article difcharged Gov. 
 Shiiley and Gen. Frafer from being confidered as prifoners of 
 war, out of refpecl to their courage and determined conducl ; and 
 eclared that the firft might return to his government of Anti- 
 gua, and ,he latter continue in the fervice of his country. 
 
 The furrender of Brimfrone-hill, and the capitulation of the^ 
 ifland, rendered the longer flay of Sir Samuel Hood in Bafleterre- 
 road equally ufelefs and dangerous. Befide, the French had 
 keen joined ly two fhips of the line from Europe; fo that Courtf 
 
 dc 
 
A.B. 1782.3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. . 
 
 <Je Grafle pofleffed the fuperiority of 34 to 22 fiiips of the line. 
 The couni anchored off Nevis on the 1 4th, the day on which that 
 ifUrtd followed the fate of St. Kitt's and furrendered. Sir Sa~ 
 mual left Baffeterre road the fame night, unperceived as he 
 imagined, for not one of the French (hips was to be feen in the 
 morning; though when his fleet flipped their cables, the other 
 lay within five miles and with their lights full in view. The fur- 
 render of Montferrat on the 22d, necefifarily fucceeded the lofs 
 of the two before-mentioned; fo that of alt the former numerous 
 Britifli pofleflions in the Weft Indies, there remain only Jamai- 
 ca, Barbadoes and Antigua. Notwithstanding the reduction of 
 Brimflone-hill might coft theFrench 1000 foldiers, and Count de 
 Grafle might lofe full 1000 failors by engaging the Britifli fleet, 
 their remaining ftrength was fo great, that the defign againft Ja- 
 maica muft have been revived, efpeeially as the Spaniards had a 
 powerful fleet, and a great body of land forces, in the iflands of 
 Hifpaniola and Cuba, ready to join de GrafTe in an attack up- 
 on it. 
 
 After mentioning en paflant, that the Marquis de la Ftyette 
 and Vifcount de Noaille arrived at Paris on the 2oth of January ' 
 from America, and that Commodore Johnftone returned to Portf- 
 mouth from the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope, on 
 the 28th of February; I (ha 1 ! relate what has pafTed in the 
 United Provinces of Holland, and in the dominions of the em- 
 peror of Germany. 
 
 You will recollect the circumftance of Mr. John Adams's 
 prefenting a memorial to the States General in April 17-81. The 
 French minifter would have hindered his prefenting it, but could 
 not prevail. Mr. Adarns was determined at all hazards to follow 
 his own judgment ; which he did in the moft independent man- 
 ner, in oppofition to refinance, remonftrance, and other endea- 
 vours to produce a different conduct. You muft underftand, tha^ 
 the gentlemen at the Hague, who are called their high mighti- * 
 neffes, are not the fovereign. They are only deputies of the States 
 General, who compofe the fovereignty. Thcfe joint deputies form 
 a diplomatic body, not a legiflative nor executive one. The States 
 Gerteral are the regencies of cities and bodies of nobles. The 
 regencies of cities are the burgomafter, fchepens or judges and 
 counfellors, compofing in the whole a number of four or five hun- 
 dred men, fcattered all over the republic. Mr. J. Adams had 
 no way to come at them, but by the prefs. He therefore em- 
 ployed it, and by his publications fucceeded. 
 
 The quarter of Ooilergo in the province of Friefland, was the 
 firft public body that propcfed a connexion ^ith the United 
 HI. Mm State* 
 
THE HISTORY o* fas [A. D. i;Sa; 
 
 States of America, in December laft. On the ytb of January, 
 Mr. Adams waited on the Prefident V r an Den Sandheuvel, and 
 demanded a categorical anfwcr, that he might be able to tranf- 
 TTiit it to his fovereign. On the 26th of February, Friefl-incl 
 preceded the Other confederates by a refolntion for opening ne- 
 gocutions with America, and admitting Mr. J Adams forthwith 
 as the minifler of Congrefs. The new miniilers of the court of 
 London attempted fo bring forward a negociation for a feparate 
 peace with the ftate of Holland. Proportions for a particular 
 peace, with an offer of an immediate iufpenfion of hoftilities, on 
 the part of Great Britain, were made to that ftate by the media- 
 tion of the Ruffian ambaftador. The merchants had the greatefl 
 averCion to fuch offers, as artful and dangerous. Holiard and 
 Weft-Friefland agreed to admit Mr. Adams, oriThurfday, March 
 28th Zealand thy fame on the ^th of April: O very (Tel on the 
 /jth: Groningcn on the 9th: Utrecht on the loth: and 
 Guiiderland on the ijih of April. On Friday the icjth, it was re- 
 folved by the deputies of the States General, that Mr. Adams be 
 admitted and acknowledged. The next day he waited on Mr. 
 Boreel who prefided that week, and prefented to him a letter front 
 Congrefs, dated Jan. i, 178 i, containing a credence. On Mon- 
 day the 22d of April it was refolved, " That the faid Mr. Adams 
 is agreeable to their high miinmneiTes ; that he (hall be acknow- 
 ledged in quality of minifler plenipotentiary; and that there fhall 
 be granted to him an audience, or affigned commiflioners, when 
 he fhall demand it." 
 
 " Do not you think that the Dutchmen have behaved bravely 
 at laft ? It is a great deal for them, after fo long a negleft of all 
 enterprife, and fuch a fettled devotion to gain, to afpire at being 
 the fecond power in Europe to acknowledge American indepen- 
 dence, which they have done with great eclat. They never did 
 any thing with more good will. They think it with reafon one 
 of the brighteft periods of their hiflory. It was the naval battle 
 of Dogger's Bank which raifed their courage. When they found 
 that the fingers of their marine warriors had not forgotten to 
 figb.% they began to think that they might venture upon a politi- 
 cal manoeuvre."* 
 
 The Dutch are chagrined with the intelligence from BafTora, 
 contained in the London Gazette of April the i^th, and are ap- 
 prehenfive that their fettlemems of Sadras, Hulicat and Bimlipa- 
 tam, with fome other places to the northward of Madras, and 
 Chinfurain Bengal, together with Ncgapatam their principal fet- 
 
 tlement 
 
 * A letter from the Hague, 
 
4. D. i72.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 2% 
 
 tic men t on the coaft of Coromandel, are aclually in the pofTelTion 
 f the Britim. They had iome weeks before heard ot the fuc- 
 cefsfui expedition, which had been carried onagairrit Padang, and 
 their other factories on the weft coaft of Sumatra. But they con- 
 clude from The Britifh publications, that the French had recover- 
 ed Dernarara and lifcquibo for them about the end of January."* 
 The fame Gazette mentions, that Kyder Ally had been io repeat- 
 edly and totally defeated, as to be obliged to retieat to his own 
 territories. 
 
 What follows will afford you peculiar pleafure, as favoring 
 the rights of conference, and militating againft ecclefiaHic ty-- 
 janny. 
 
 A circular letter was fent the laftyear through all the different 
 liilricls of Bohemia, with the following notice " Thai his Im- 
 perial Majefty was refolved to grant to all the proteftants in his 
 hereditary dominions, liberty of confcience; and that all the na- 
 tives of his hereditary dominions, who had become voluntary 
 exiles on account of religion, might leturn in the fulled convic- 
 tion, that they never lliould be diilurbed in future f on the fcoie 
 of religion." The emperor has likewife caufed an edicl of the 
 ai>th of iafl November, to be published at Bruflels, abfolvingthe 
 religious orders in the Low Countries fiom %\\Joreign independence 
 vvhatfoever. On the 19th of January, the following notification 
 appeared in the Vienna Gazette " Notice is hereby given to all 
 thofe who have hitherto kept out of their country on account of 
 the religion they profefs, that his majeily pardons them, on con- 
 dition that they return in the courfe of ihe year 1782, promifing 
 that they mail enjoy the fame benefits. as thofe who, on account 
 of religion, had quitted the place of their birth, and taken up 
 their abode in other provinces belonging to his faid majefiv." His 
 iiiajeity hss moreover abolifhed feveral religious orders^ His e- 
 -dict for the abolition of various convents has taken place at 
 Prague, Brunn, Olmutz, &c. and'ihe nuns and friars are fieed 
 from their vows. The poiftfiions cf the already aboliJJicd mo- 
 nafteries exceed whai could be imagined. It is fuid to be the 
 intention of his majeily to appropriate all the mcxney he may ob s 
 lam by the abolitions to charitable ufes. 
 
 The emperor has caufed a refcript to be circulated throughout 
 bis dominions, containing the reafons and principles which have 
 induced him to difcbim ail fubordinatior. to the pope in fecular 
 aflf.irs. They are in fliorc thefe '* That iris the highcit abfur- 
 io prtiend that tkc fucceil'ors of the apoilies had a divine 
 
 righ: 
 
 y furrH'JercI to tlieFreacli byca^itukticnjFsb. 3^ 1732, 
 
29 THE HI STORY OF THE [A. D. 178*, 
 
 right to more authority than they themfelves ever exerted : nor 
 is any man ignorant, that our Lord Jefus Chrift only charged 
 them with fun61ions entirely fpintuat : lit, With the preaching 
 of the gofpcl. 2dly, With the care of the propagation of it. 
 3d'y, With the adminiftration of the facramems, (thai is, of thofc 
 
 which are fpiritual.) 4thly, With the care of the church." 
 
 They are the fame principles as were published by father Paul in 
 h s Rights of Sovereigns and Subje6ts: or to afcend to a much 
 h-gher authority, in the Books of the New Teftaioent, by the 
 Supreme Head of the chnjiian church, who declared, my kingdom 
 IS not oj this world. 
 
 The m?afuies adopted and perfift'.'d in by the emperor, occafi- 
 oned great commotions at Rome. The pope had feveral confer- 
 ence> on the fubjecl with his cardinals, in which, notwithflanding 
 his gteat age, he determined on a journey to Vienna. This was 
 notified to his nioft dear fon in Jefus Chrift, Jofeph, iiluflriou* 
 apoflolic king of Hungary, alfo of Bohemia, king cleft of the 
 Romans, in a brief addreiTed to him, and given at Rome by Pope 
 Pius VI. on the i^th of December 1781, and of his pontificate 
 the 7th year. Jofeph in his anfwer told his moft holy father, 
 that he mould receive him with all the refpecl and attention due 
 to his exalted ftation; but that the journey would be fupei fluous, 
 as he was abfolutely determined in his judgment. The journey 
 was however undertaken ; and the fovereign Roman pontiff arriv- 
 ed at Vienna March the 22d, where he remained till April the 
 2 ad, when he fet out on his return to Rome, fully convinced that 
 his Hiofl dear fon had fent him a true anfwer. 
 
 LETTER XII. 
 
 Roxbury, May 23, 1782. 
 
 r T^HEacls of Congrefs demand our firft attention. On the 
 
 JL 2'.jd of February, they refolved to authorifetbe commander 
 in chiei o agree to the exchange ot Earl Cornwallis, by competi- 
 tion, provided that the honorable Henry Laurens, Efq; (hall be 
 libeiateci and pu per afiurances obtained, that all accounts for the 
 (upport of the convention prifoners, and all other prifoners of 
 \var, ihall be fyeedily fettled and difcharged. 
 
 The fncceis which had attended the operation of the allied 
 forces in Virginia, and other favorable appearances cenfpinng, 
 
 the 
 
A. D. 1782.] AM E R 1C AN RE V O L U T IQ N. 
 
 the French court turned their attention toward the procuring 
 from Congrefs the appointment of thofe American commiiiionert 
 for negociaung a peace, and with thole inilru&iotis, that wouid be 
 perfectly agreeable to them. Sundry communications ti cm ihetr 
 rninifter plenipotentiary were laid before that auguil body ot de- 
 le^ates from the United States, which were referred to the lecre- 
 tary for foreign affairs, who on the 8th of February delivered in a 
 report, part of which was agreed to, and the remainder referred 
 to a committee. Mr. John Adams was fo far from being approv- 
 ed of by Monf. de Vergennes, as the fo!e negociator in that im- 
 portant bufinefs, that the French miniiler labored to have him 
 wholly excluded ; and complained .heavily of his IhfYnefs and 
 tenacioufnefs. Letters had palled between them upon ihe fubject 
 of the refolve for affixing the paper money at forty for one, which 
 Vergennes confidered as an acl: ot bankruptcy. Mr. Adams per- 
 fifted in defending the proceeding with fo much refoluticn, that 
 the French miniiler at length informed him, that the king enjoin* 
 ed filence for the future on the fubjecl. The tneafuies vviiich 
 had been p'urfued in Holland by Mr. Adams, were ilib difpleaf. 
 ing, as they traverfed the policy of the French court. Letters 
 were at length frnt to the French plenipotentiary at Philadelphia, 
 exprefling the opinion of his court, that they mould noi be able to 
 do bufinefs in confort with Mr. Adams. When the fame had been 
 communicated to Congrefs, a committee was appointed to confer 
 with the Chevalier de Luzerne on tfje affair. A leading perfon 
 in the committee was unwilling that the American minifter fhould 
 be facrificed to the difpleafure of the French court, when the of- 
 fence was occafioned by his zeal to ferve his country.. It was 
 therefore propofed, that he mould be inftiucled 10 do no one thing 
 without the confent and approbation of the French court: but 
 that he fbould attend to his former infhuctions, and endeavor all 
 in his power to obtain the fifhery, &c. but not to make them a 
 Jine qua non. This did not fatisfy; for it was obferved, thjat not- 
 withstanding fuch inftruftions, Mr. Adams might ob!lrut the tie- 
 gociations by not joining in them. The (aid pe.fon judging it 
 would be fafeftto put confidence in the Ficnch, moved that Mr. 
 Adams mould be ultimately directed and guided by thefentimems 
 of the French court, which being agreed to and communicated, 
 fatisfied the Chevalier. Afterward it was thought advifeabie by 
 fome of the fouthern delegates, that others fliould be joined witU 
 Mr. Adams; and accordingly Congrefs agreed, that the honora- 
 ble John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay and Henry Lan. 
 rens, fhould be their commiflioners for negociating a peace. ? 
 Their commilTions were accompanied with the following intlruc* 
 
 lions 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. i;*, 
 
 fion.s " You are to concur in behalf of the United States, with 
 his Moll Chniiian Majefty, in accepting the mediation propoled 
 
 by the emprefs ot Ruiha and the emperor of Gcimany. You 
 
 Hie 10 accede to no treaty of peace, i. which ihaii not eife&ualljr 
 lecuie the independence and fovercignty of the Thirteen States, 
 .accoiding to the foiin and effect of the treaties fubfifting between 
 ihc laid fiates and -his Mod Chriflian Majefty ; and 2. in which 
 the laid treaties fhall not be left in their full loice and validity. 
 As to boundaries and other particulars we refer you to the in-, 
 illusions given Mr. Adams, dated the 14111 of Augtift 1779. 
 and i8th of Oclober 1780. We think it unfafc at this diltante 
 to tie you up by abfo-lute and peremptory directions, on any other 
 ifubjeei than the two eflential articles above-mentioned. You ate 
 at liberty to fecnre the interefts of the United States, in fuchman- 
 taer as circuinilances may direcl ; and as the flate of the bellige- 
 rent, and difpofinon of the mediating powers may requiie. You 
 are to make; the moil candid and confidential communications up- 
 on all fubjecls to the minifter of the king of France; to under- 
 take nothing in the negociation for peace or truce without their 
 knowledge and concurrence, and ultimately to govern vomfelves 
 by their advice ami opinion, endeavoring in your whole conduct 
 to make them fenfible, how much we rely on his majcify's influ- 
 ence for effectual fupport, in every thing neceiTary to the preient 
 fecurity or future profperity of the United States. If a difficulty 
 fhould occur in the coinfe of the negociation for peace, from the 
 backvvaidnefs of the Britifh to make a formal acknowledgment 
 ef our independence, you are at liberty to agree to a truce, or 10 
 make fuch other conccflions as may not affeft the fubftance of 
 what we contend for, and provided that Britain be not left in pof- 
 feiTion of any part of thelThirteen United States." 
 
 The committee to whom was refencd the memorial of the minif- 
 lr of France, were di reeled by Congrels to communicate confi- 
 dentially 10 the faid minifter, the fubitance of the foregoing in- 
 fliuclions. The comrninTions and indruBions were fent to France 
 foon enough to admit of their being received early in May. 
 
 On Sunday the 24th of March, Captain Joihua Huddy, who 
 commanded the troops at the block-houfe on Tom's river ia 
 Monmouth county, New Jerfey, was attacked by a number ot re- 
 fugees from New York; and taken after defending hirnfelf gal- 
 lantly till all his ammunition was expended. He was kept in clofe 
 euilodv; and on Monday the 8th of April was told, " That he 
 was ordeied to be hanged." Four days after (i2th) he was fent 
 out with a party of refugees, and hanged about ten o'clock on the 
 heights ofMuldletOYYii. The following Lbei was allixcd to hi* 
 
'A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 293 
 
 "We the refugees, having with grief, long beheld the 
 cruel murders of our brethren, and finding nothing but fuch mea- 
 fu.res daily carfying into execution we therefore determine not 
 to fuffer vvithcut taking vengeance for the numerous cruelties, 
 and thus begin (and I (ay may thofe lofc their liberty who do not 
 follow on) and have made ufe of captain Huddy as the fir ft object 
 toprefent to your view ; and further determine to hang man for 
 man, while there is a refugee exifling. Up goes HUDDY for 
 PHILIP ' W.H1TE." Phihp White was taken by a party of the 
 Jerfey people on the 3oth of March, and was killed in attempting 
 to make his efcape afterward. 
 
 When this affair was made known to Gen. Washington, he 
 propofed a number of queftions, on the cafe of Captain Huddy, 
 to the genera! officers and others, who were for retaliation. 
 However, infield of immediately executing an officer of equal 
 rank with Huddy upon receiving proofs of his murder, Wafhing- 
 ton wrote to Clinton, that unlefs the perpetrators of that deed 
 were delivered up, he fhould be under the difagreeable neceflity 
 of retaliating. On the 2oth, he fent a letter to congrefs, with 
 the copy of a memorial from the inhabitants of the county of 
 Monmouth, and fundry affidavits refpecling the death of the cap- 
 tain ; which produced the following refoiution on the sgth - 
 " That congrefs having deliberately confidered the faid letter and 
 the papers attending it, and being deeply imprefled with the ne- 
 ceflity of convincing the enemies cf thcfc United States, by the 
 mod decided conduct, that the repetition of their unprecedented 
 and inhuman cruelties, fo contrary to the laws of nations and of 
 war, will be no longer fu fie red with impunity, do unanirnoufly 
 approve of the firm and judicious conduct of die commander in 
 chief in his application to the Britifh general at New York, and 
 do hereby a flu re him of their firrheft fupport in his fixed purpofe 
 of exemplary retaliation." What alteration may be produced by 
 the change of Briiifh generals, remains to be difcovered. Sir 
 Guy Carleton arrived at N^v York on the ^th oF May, and is 
 now commander in chief of the king's forces in America. From 
 his tried and known humanity, it maybe concluded with certaia- 
 ty, dia-r no afts of barbarity will be fupported by his countenance. 
 
 Negotiations were carried on the lait year between foYne lead- 
 ing perfons belonging to Vermont and the Britifh in Canada anri 
 New York ; which produced jeaioufics in the minds of feveral, 
 who thought that the rulers meant to unite that country to Great 
 Britain, contrary to the with and without the knowlege of the in r 
 habitants in general. Mr. Thomas Chittenden, the governor^ 
 was addreficd in letter of January the ift, upon the fubject, by 
 
 a gen- 
 
THE HISTORY OF TH* [A. D. 
 
 a gentleman of the fi*ft confequence ; to whom he gave the mod 
 pofuive aflurances, that fuch negotiations were fafar innocent,, 
 that there never was any ferious intention of joining Great Bri- 
 tain in their attempts to fubjugate the United States. But the 
 intercourse h^d undoubtedly a bad tendency ; and gave the Bri- 
 tiOi fome ground to hope, that they mould annex the people of 
 Vermont to their interefts. 
 
 General Wafhington wrote to Gov. H-mcock on the 31(1 of 
 Janaary. The letter was upon public bufinefs, and urged the 
 Speedy, pointed and effectual compliance of the fiate, with the 
 requifmons of congrefs for completing their battalions ; that fo 
 all the fruits of the fucceiTcs of the preceding campaign might 
 not be thrown away, by an inglorious winter of languor and inac- 
 tivity. It infiRed on the neceflity of having a powerful army 
 early in the field. " Soon," fays the general, " might we hope 
 to enjoy all the b!e flings of peace, if we could fee again the fame 
 animation in the caufe of our country infpiring every bread, the 
 fame palTion for freedom and military glory impelling our youth* 
 to the field, and the fame difinterefied pairiotifm pervading every 
 rank of men, as was confpicuous at the commencement of this 
 glorious revolution." He preiTed the furriifhing of the recruits 
 in feafon, and the eftabiifhing of checks to prevent impofuions as 
 to the quality of the men, that none might be accepted but able 
 bodied and etTeclive, and that it might not be attempted to itn- 
 pofe upon them decrepid or improper men or boys as foldiers. 
 Near the end of April he obferved, that the efficient operating 
 force of the northern army could be no more than 7,353 rank, 
 and file; ancl that he fhouid be uncandid, was he not to acknow- 
 ledge, that he he did not cxpeft it would beincreafed by recruits 
 in the courfe of the campaign to more than 10,000 fit for duty 
 in the field. HeeHimated the royal force in New-York, includ- 
 ing their eftablifhed corps of provincials at 9,000, and their mi- 
 litia refugees and independent companies at 4000, in all 13,000 ; 
 befide about 3. 300 at Charleftown, and about 700 at Savannah. 
 
 The bank of North- America opened at Philadelphia on the 
 7th of January. Through the eftablifhment of it, Mr. Morris, 
 the financier, was enabled to fupport credit, and to keep things 
 in motion till the 230 of April. Without that he mud have 
 itopped ; for the public money was exhaufted, and he had not 
 at that hour received one farthing from any fhte in the union. 
 There was too much caufe for complainiiag ofa difgraceKil languor 
 in moft of the governments; and which has its origin in felflla 
 views, party fpirit or worfe motives. The itates were half a mil!- 
 ion of dollars in debt oa this year's taxes, which had been raifc<5 
 
J.D.17**-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 by anticipation on that fyftem of credit which Mr. Morris had 
 created. On the 14th of May he thus expreffed himfeifin a 
 letter to Gov. Hancock " On the ift of January 1782, with a 
 heavy arrearage for 1781, unpaid on the; face of the requifitions 
 to Congrefs, I had to provide for a three months expenditure, 
 when no man would truft the public for a fingle dollar: yourle- 
 giflature knew the flate of public credit as well as I did. Inftead 
 of providing money for the ift of April, they have made no ef- 
 fort for thai purpofe which can takeefFecl before v the ift of June. 
 Now then let us fuppofe every ftate in the union to be as negli- 
 gent, and many of them are much moie fo, what can gentlemen 
 promife themfelves. I apprehend the moft terrible confequen- 
 ces. I beg you to prefs an immediate payment of money, the 
 neceflity of which it is nat eafy to conceive, nor prudent to de- 
 clare." The French king allotted in December laft fix millions 
 of livrej to the affiftance of the United States, and the financier 
 was allowed to draw for 500,000 tournais monthly. This was 
 but half he afked for; and he hopes that the other fix millions may- 
 be granted, as that arrangement had been made before the arrival 
 of the Marquis de laFayette. The moft peremptory declarations 
 however attended that grant, that it was all the United States 
 were to have. Previous to the receipt of the news of the grant^ 
 the financier had been obliged to hazard drafts for 500,000 livres, 
 and to order Dr. Franklin to refell the goods bought in Holland, 
 if he had no other means of paying the bills. He requefted the 
 minifter of France, and the fecretary of foreign affairs, and the 
 fecretary at war, to keep the grant from Congrefs, and all other 
 perfons, as much aspoffible, through fear that if it came to the 
 knowledge of the feveral legislatures, they who had not patted 
 their tax bills, would no longer think it necefTary to pafs them, 
 and inftead of exerting themfelves, wou|el hang their hopes on fo- 
 reign aid. 
 
 The affairs of South Carolina and Georgia mail now be related. 
 
 General Greene's army took its pofition on Col. Sanders's 
 plantation at Round O, on the 7th of laft December. On the 
 14th, the general wrote to the American board of war " We 
 cannot advance upon the enemy for want of ammunition, though 
 we have been in readinefs more than ten days. I have not a quire 
 of paper in the world, nor are there two in the army. We 
 broil moft of our meat, for want of camp kettles." On the 4th 
 of January, he congratulated the army on the arrival of Major 
 General St. Clair and the reinforcement under his command* 
 Within a week after, the army moved down to Jackfonbarough 
 (about 53 miles from Charleftown) fo to Steno, and thea on th 
 
 If OL. Ill, N xi *6tk 
 
THE HISTORY *F xue [//. D. i 7 
 
 i6th to Col. Skervin~'s, on the eaft fids of the EdiHo about g 
 miles from Jackfonborough. Greene left it when ihe move- 
 ment commenced, and croffing the Edifio, proceeded to join the 
 light troops under cols. Lee and Laurens. He informed the fe- 
 cretaiy at war from his head quarters near Charleftown on th* 
 23d " I would order the returns you require, but we really have 
 not paper to make them on, not hav-ing hid for months pafl even 
 paper to make provifion returns, or to record the nccefiary re- 
 tumsof the army. The next day [2.j!h~j he wrote " Since we 
 have been in the lower country, through the difficulty of tranf- 
 portation we were four weeks without ammunition, while there 
 was a plenty of this article at Charlotte. We lay within a few 
 miles of the enemy with not fix round* a man. Had they got 
 knowledge and availed themfelves of cur fi'uation, they might 
 have ruined us. The ftates here are become fo tardy, as to regard 
 reprefentations little more than idle dreams, or an eailern tale. We 
 may write till we are blind; and the local policy of the ftates, in per- 
 fect fecurny, vvill counteract our wifhes." The following extracl* 
 from his letters will be the mod acceptable medium of conveying 
 hisfentiments " Jan 28ih. I was well informed you had let in 
 fome prejudices to my difadvantage, fuch as my being more in- 
 fluenced by men than meafures, and that in the field I had nei- 
 ther activity nor enterprife. However mortifying thefe things 
 were, my pride would not permit me to undeceive you ; and fuch 
 \vas my fuuation at that time, that it would have been difficult, 
 if not impracticable, had I attempted it. My military conduct 
 mull fpeak for itfelf. 1 have only to obferve that I have not been 
 at liberty to follow my own genius till lately, and here I have 
 had more embarraffments than is proper to difciofe to the world. 
 Let it fuffice to fay, that this part of the United States has had a 
 narrow efcape. I was fcvi n months in the field without taking 
 my clothes off one night." [He only took them off to change 
 his linen.] " Feb. 6th. You can have little idea of the confu- 
 fion and diforder, which prevail among the fouthern ftates* The 
 fcenes change fo fart, and the operation of law is fo feeble, that is 
 is almoft impoffible to give any regular tone, to any kind of bu- 
 finefs. Stores are fubjecl to fuch wafle, and fuch abufes prevail 
 upon the lines of communication, as well aspofts, that it is next 
 to impoflible to keep the public from being impofed upon. Our 
 difficulties are fo numerous, and our wants fo preffing, that I have 
 not a moment's relief from the moft painful anxieties." '* Feb.. 
 8th. The little money Mr. Morris has received from Europe, 
 it is well known, was granted by the king of France, for the fpe- 
 c'ulpurpofeof paying *ihc army." "Feb. i&ih. Lieut. Col. Lee 
 
 retire* 
 
,/#. i7*a.]- AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 597 
 
 retires for a time for the recovery of his health. I am r^ore in- 
 debted to tb-is officer than any other, for the advantages gained o- 
 rcr the enemy in ihe operations of lait campaign, and ihould be 
 wanting- in gratitude, not to acknovvledge the importance or his 
 fervices, a detail of which is hi* beftpanegyiic." '* March iuh. f 
 A great part of our troops are in adeplo'rable fiiuaiion for want 
 of clothing. We have 300 raeu without arms; and more than 
 loooare fo naked, that they can only be put on duty in cafes of 
 a defperate nature. We have been all the winter in want of aims 
 and doming; and yet both upon the road, though neither could 
 reach us, from/ the want of means for tranfporting our flores by 
 land through an extenfive and exhaufted country." April i3th. 
 The want ofclothing,pay and better fubfiftence, and being alto- 
 gether wjthout fpirits, has given a murmuring and difcontented 
 tone to the army, and the face of mutiny difcovers iifelf. I fed 
 much for this department. No. part of Saxony, during the la (I 
 war, I believe, ever felt the ravaging hand of war with grearer fe- 
 verity, than it has been felt here. Our number is greatly inferior* 
 at prefent to the enemy : foon and moft of the North Carolina 
 brigade leaves, u$." [It has been computed that fourteen hun 
 died widows were made by the ravaging hand of war, in the fin- 
 g]e diftticl of Ninety Six.] " Apiil 22* ' Dtfcontent is daily in. 
 creating, and the fpirit of mutiny very prevalent* It feems (a 
 have oiiginated in the Pennfylvauia line; and the parties have 
 endeavored to fpread the contagion through the army with ap- 
 pearances of fuccefs. I have been able to prove the facl bet 
 on one perfon, whom I ordered to be fhot this day. He was a- 
 fergeant and had much influence in the line. I wi(h this example 
 may deter them from the execution of a fcherne, which we have 
 been dreading every night/* [The fcheme alluded ta was tbat o 
 betraying the army into the power of the enemy.] 
 
 The South Carolina reprefenta.'ive$ having been el'eclecf agree- 
 ably to the writs ifiued by Governor Rutledge^ the general aflem- 
 bly met in January, at Jackfonborougli, a i'mall village on the E- f 
 diflo. The governor, at the opening of the fefiion on the iSih 
 of the month, delivered a fpeech to both houfes; for which h& 
 received the thanks of each in their addrefles. The conflitutioii 
 ef the ftat.e ellablimed a rotation, which made it neceffary to 
 choofe a new governor. The fmTiages of a majority were in fa- 
 vor of the former lieutenant governor Chriflopher Gadfclen, Efq; 
 who declined the laborious office* but continued to ferve both ia 
 the aifembly and council. He, with many other gentlemen, who 
 had been delivered as exchanged in Virginia and Philadelphia^ 
 _*>oa found their way back to South Carolina, and were 
 
 members* 
 
THE HISTORY or TH [A. D. 1782. 
 
 of the legiflature. The general aflembly afterward e- 
 lecfced the honorable John Mathews governor; filled up vacan- 
 cies Tn the different departments ; and re-eitablifhed civil go* 
 vernment HI all its branches. Laws were then pafled for confif- 
 cating liie eddies, and Oamibing the perfons of the afclive decided 
 friends of Britifh government, and for amercing the eftates of 
 others, as a fubftitutjon for their perfonal fervices, of which their 
 country had been deprived. Mr. Gadfden, notwithftanding thfc 
 Jong confinement he had iufTered in the caftle of St. Auguiiine, 
 and the immenfe lofs of his property, oppofed the firft law, and 
 with equal zeal and judgment contended that found policy requir- 
 ed to forget and forgive. Two hundred and thirty-feven per- 
 fens or eflates were comprehended under that law, and forty- 
 eight under the other. Thole whofe fubmiffion to the Britifh 
 appeared to be necefTary and unavoidable, and who did not volun- 
 tarily aid or abet their government, were generally overlooked. 
 The execution of thefe laws induced Gen. Leflie, who command- 
 ed the royal forces in Carolina," to fend a part of them to feize 
 the negroes and other effecls belonging to the whig-citizens, with 
 the avowed ime ition of applying the fame to the relief of the fuf- 
 fereis by <he fad laws. After a fuccefsful excurfion, he wrote 
 to Gen. Greene on the ^th of April ; and befide urging the mo- 
 tives of humanity, policy and example, for the fufpenfion offuch 
 proceduies, prdpofed a meeting of commiflioners on each fide, 
 ivheieby toleiien the devaluations of war and fecure inviolate the 
 property of individuals. Greene immediately returned for an- 
 fwer, ** thdt he had the honor to command the forces of the li- 
 mited Suies in tue fouthern department; but had nothing to do 
 xvith the internal police of any ftate." On this Leflie addrefled 
 himfelf 10 Gov. Mathews, and enclofed the letter he had addref- 
 fed to Greene. The governor aniwered on the 12th, after de- 
 laying a while, that he might have an opportunity of inveftigating 
 the truth as to certain matters advanced in Leflie's letter; and 
 told him ** You entirely miftake my character when you fup- 
 pofe me to be intimidated by threats, and thereby deterred from 
 executing the duties of the office with which the {late has honor- 
 ed me. For be aflured, Sir, the laws of this ftate truited to me 
 
 muft and {hall be carried into execution maugre theconfe- 
 
 quences." He clofed with faying " Your propofition for fuf- 
 pending the operation of the confifcation acl, without offering an 
 equivalent, is inadmiflible. If you have any thing feriouo and 
 folid to propofe on this head, I am ready to appoint commiflion- 
 ers on my part to meet thofe of yours to confer on the bufmefs.'* 
 Thus ended that affair* It migbt have fervcd the friends to the 
 
 Britifh 
 
A.D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Britifti government far more effectually, had Gen. Leflie adopt- 
 ed vigorous meafures for their fupport anfwerable to his procla- 
 mation, and for the difperfion of the legiflative body. 
 
 When the redu&ion of Lord Cornwallis was completed, the 
 Pennfylvania line marched to South Carolina. This increafe of 
 foree enabled Gen. Greene to detach a part of his army to Georgia. 
 Gen. Wayne, who commanded, having previoufly ordered the 
 Americans at Augufta to join him at Ebenezer, crofTed the Sa- 
 vannah in January at Two Sillers ferry, with about 100 dragoon* 
 rinder Coi. Anthony Walton White. He was foon after rein- 
 forced by 300 continental infantry under Lieut. Col. Pofey. 
 
 The Briiifh commander in Savannah, on hearing of this irruption 
 of the Americans, fent orders to the different pofts to burn, as 
 far as they could, all the provifions in the country, and then to 
 retire within their works. The margin of the river Savannah, 
 and the iflands in the vicinity of it, were foon covered with 
 f moke, and u prefented to the aftonifhirig eye a grand but awful 
 fpeclacle. What remained of rhe lalt year's crop was fo general- 
 ly deftroyed, that the American forces have been fince obliged to 
 Depend chiefly on South Carolina for their fupport. 
 
 LETTER XIII. 
 
 Retterdam, September 13, 1782* 
 FRIEND G. 
 
 TH E date of my laft letter fcarce admitted of its being men- 
 tioned, that Admiral Keppel was created a vifcount, and 
 Mr. Dunning baron Afhburton, and afterward made chancellor of 
 the duchy of Lancafter. 
 
 On the 9th of April, Mr Fox brought a meflage from his ma- 
 jefty to inform the houfe, " That being concerned to find dif- 
 contents and jealoufies prevailing among his loyal fubjefts in Ire- 
 land, on matters of great importance, he earnestly recommended 
 to the houfe the taking of the fame into their moft ferious confi- 
 deration, in order to fuch a final adjuftment as might give mutual 
 fatisfaclion to both kingdoms." A like meflage was delivered to 
 the houfe of lords. 
 
 Adminiftration proceeding in this weighty bufinefs in confort 
 with the parliament of Ireland, a melfage conceived in the fame 
 terms was fent by the Duke of Portland, the lord lieutenant, t 
 
 the 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [A, D. i 7 i; 
 
 she commons of that kingdom, on the 2&h, immediately after 
 his arrival to ta' - e upon him the government. The addref's to ths 
 king in confequence -of it, was moved by Mr. Grattan, the great 
 and eloquent leader of the popular party* This addreis, after a 
 full and explicit affertion of the independent, rights of the king- 
 dom of IreJand, proceeded to ilate the caufes oi thole jealoufies 
 and difcon.ents which had ari.fen in that country, viz. the al of 
 ihe fixth of George I; the power of fupprelling or altering bills 
 in the privy council ; and the perpetual mutiny bill. . On the 
 ground of this addrefs, Mr. Fox moved in the Briiilh houfe of 
 Commons on the lyth of May, " i. That leave be given to bring. 
 in. a bill for the repeal of the aft, 6 George I. cap. v. 2. That 
 it be refolved, that it is necelFary to the 'mutual happinefs of the 
 two countries, chat a firm and folid connection, mould be, forth- 
 yr'uh eftabjifhed by the confent of both. 3. That an addrefs be 
 prefemed to his majefly, that he may be gracioufly pleafed to give 
 directions for promoting the latter refaiution.," Thefe motions 
 paifed without any opposition. In return lor this liberal proce- 
 dure of the Briiiih government, in relinquishing eilablifced claims 
 without any Stipulation whatever, the parliament of Ireland voted 
 1 00,000 1. for the railing of 20,000 Irifh Teamen to ferve in his ma- 
 jefty's navy. The fum of 50,000!. was alfo voted, " for purchaf- 
 ing an eilate, and creeling, a rnanfion thereon, to be fettled 
 on Henry Grattan, Efq; and the heirs of his body, as a tefiimony 
 of their gratitude, for the unequalled benefits conferred by him 
 on that kingdom." 'On the nth of June, Mr. Fox brought in a 
 bill for the repeal of the aforementioned aci, which paded with- 
 out a word of oppofition. By that acl, " the king's majeily, by 
 and with the advice of the loi Js fpiritual and temporal and com- 
 inoris of Great Britain 1:1 parliament aiTemblcd, hath had, and 
 of right ought to have, full power and authority to make laws and 
 ilatutes of fufficient force and validity- to bind the kingdom and 
 people of Ireland; and that the houfe of lords of Ireland have 
 not, nor of right ought to have, any jurifdiclion to judge, aOirm, 
 or reverfe any judgment, fentence, or decree, given or maiie in 
 any court within the faid kingdom; and that all proceedings be- 
 f;>re the faid houfe of lords upon any fuch fentence or decree art?, 
 and arc hereby declared to be utterly null and void to all intents, 
 arri purpofes wbatfoever." The bill received the royal affent by. 
 cornmHIioa on the firft of July. It muft be noted, that before 
 the bill was brought in, the Duke of Portland went in flate to 
 the Irish houfe of peers on the 3oth of May, to announce the 
 concurrence of the king and parliament of Great Britain to the 
 independent, rights claimed by Ireland. O/i the iS'.h of June, tht 
 
 delegates 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 delegates of the volunteer corps of the four provi-nces, .at therr 
 general meeting held in Dublin, refolved unanimouily " Thaj 
 the addreffes of the Iriih parliament having diklaim'ed any power 
 or authority, of any fort whatfoever, in the parliament of GreaS 
 Britain over this, realm, we lhall confider a repeal of the 6th-. of 
 George I. by the Britifh parliament, made in puifuance of the 
 {aid addreffes, a complete renunciation of all the claims .contained 
 in the faid flamte ; and as fuch we will accept it r and deem it fa- 
 tisfaclory." On the i8th of July, it< was moved in the houfe of 
 lords; "That this houfe,. having the fuller} confidence in the 
 anfwer to their addrefs to his majefty of the s/th of April laft,can- 
 not entertain a doubt but that the independence of the legislature 
 of this kingdom, both as. to internal and external objecls, will s>e 
 inviolably maintained." This motion was meant as an explicis 
 declaration of the ttal independence of the Irifh legislature on 
 that of Great Britain in all cafes whatfoever, and palled without 
 a negative. Thus have the patriots of Ireland, by their judici- 
 ous, Heady, and temperate conduct, made the war with the Um- 
 ted States ot America fubfervient to theeftablifhing of their owzi 
 independency without bloodmed and devaluation. Had rigtea 
 fomcwhat fimilar to thofe which were conceded to them, been 
 early granted to the Americans, the union of the latter wan the 
 mother country had been continued; aad the enormous expcn- 
 ces of war, and all its concomitant miferies been avoided. When 
 the duke of Portland put an end to the feflion on the 27th of Ju- 
 ly, he obferved to both houfes with fatisfaclion, that they had 
 provided for the impartial and unbiaiTed adminiftration of juiUce, 
 by the acl for fecuring the independence of the judges; that the/ 
 had adopted one of the mod effectual fecurities of Britifti free- 
 dom, by limiting the mutiny aft in point of duration ; that they 1 
 had fccured that moft invaluable of all human blefiings, the per- 
 fonal liberty of the : fubje61,by paffing the habeas corpus aB ; and 
 that they had chcrifhed and enlarged the wife principles of tole- 
 ration, and made confiderable advances in aboliihing thofc dif- 
 tisclioHs which had too long impeded the progrefs of iaduftry^ 
 and divided the rvatioa. 
 
 While meafures v?ere purfuing for eftabli filing harmony be- 
 tween Great Britain and Ireland, adminiftration applied them- 
 (e!ves to the perfecting of thofe plans of ceccnomy and reform, 
 for the execution of which they were pledged to the public. The 
 bill$ for disqualifying revenue officers from voting in the electi- 
 on of members of parliament, and for rendering contractors in- 
 capable of fitting in the houfe of cormrons, palled the lower 
 houfe after a feeble oppofition ; and though flrenuoufly comba* 
 ted in the upper, were carried by very large majorities, and r& 
 chived the royal affent, Mr, 
 
302 THE H I S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 178*. 
 
 Mr. Burke, while the bills were pending, brought forward 
 afrefh the great plan of reform in the civil lift expenditure, which 
 he had fubmitted to parliament two years before. This object 
 in which wete combined the principles of future oeconomy and 
 the abolition of great influence in both houfes of parliament, was 
 introduced by a meffage from the king. In the beginning of May, 
 Mr. Burke was called to the chair of the committee, and was di- 
 rected to move the houfe for leave to bring in a bill, to enable 
 his majefty to pay off the dabt on the civil lilt, to prevent the 
 like in future, and to carry into a law the retrenchments which 
 his majefty had gracioufly propofed to make in his houfehold. 
 A number of offices, uiually held by members of parliament, 
 were abolifhed; and the annual faving arifing from the reform, 
 which would be yearly increafmg, amounted 1072,368!. He 
 apologized for the bills not being more extenfive ; and engaged to 
 obey their call, whenever it appeared to be the general fenfe of 
 the houfe and of the people, that he mould undertake and go 
 through with a more complete fyftem of reform. 
 
 The gentlemen's magazine for May 6th, gives you in the hif- 
 torical chronicle under Monday 6, the particulars of the reform ; 
 and immediately under it the following extraordinary article of 
 reform in the houfe of commons This day the entry on the 
 journals of the houfe of commons of the 17th of February, 1769, 
 importing, " that John Wilkes, Efq; was judged incapable of 
 fitting in that houfe," was, on motion, ordered to ba expunged, 
 ii to 47. Thus has Mr. Wilkes triumphed at laft in the cafe 
 of the Middlefex eleclion, after a long fucceflion of annual de- 
 feats. Mr. Burke's reforming bill was followed by another for 
 the regulation of his own office. The principal objeft of it was, 
 to prevent the poffibility of any balance accumulating in the 
 hands of the paymafter general, which, he faid, had fometimes 
 amounted to the enormous fum of a million of pounds, theinte- 
 reft of which would be annually faved to the public. He alfo 
 ftated, that as treafurer of Chelfea hofpital, he enjoyed the pro- 
 fits arifing from the clothing of the penfioners. The profits of 
 the contrail had ufually amounted to .700!. per annum; but by a 
 bargain he had made with a contractor, who was not a member 
 of parliament, it would amount to 6ool. more. This fum of 
 1300!. a year, he meant to refign his claim to, and to appropri- 
 ate it to fome public fervice. 
 
 The fubjecl: of a reform in the conftitution of parliament was 
 Hot wholly abandoned ; but was brought again before the houfe 
 by Mr. William Pit.t, who moved " That a committee be ap- 
 pointed to inquire into the flate of reprefentatin in parliament. 
 
A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 303 
 
 and to report to the houfe their fentiments thereon." A long 
 debate cnfued, and was ably fupported by gentlemen on each 
 fide the queftion; but on a citvifion the motion was rejctied by 
 a majority of 161 to 14-1. 
 
 While the parliament was thus employed, the miniflry were 
 not inattentive to the great objc& of the nation's detire, the icf- 
 toration of peace ; which was fo tar in train, !:hdt on the 
 id of July a communication was opened between Dover and 
 Calais, and four Britiih and four French vefTels were appointed 
 to fail alternately from each port. But the day was rendered much 
 more memorable by the death of the marquis of Rockingham.whofe 
 health had been garduallv declining, and at iengih fuuk under ihe 
 jncreafmg weight of public cares and bufmefs. This event oeca- 
 fioned various changes in the adrnini ft ration. The earl of Shel- 
 hnrne was appointed the marquis's fuccefTor in the treafury. 
 Lord John Cavendifh amd Mr. Fox foon after refianed their of- 
 fices, and were followedby the by the duke of Portland and others, 
 Mr. William Pitt was made chancellor of the exchequer: Mr, 
 T. Townfhend and Lord Gramham fecre'aries of State. Lord 
 Shelburne having occafion to fpeak on the fubjet of the inde*. 
 pendence of America on the loth, faid, '* that his opinions were 
 ilill the fame; but circurnftances had changed, and he now faw it 
 was become a necefTary evil, to which his country muft fubmit 
 to avoid a greater." On the i ith, his majefly went to the houfc 
 of peers, and by his royal fpeech put an end to thefeflion. 
 
 The fuccefles of the Britifh in the Eaft and Weft Indies and in 
 Europe, which were known long before the rifing of parliament, 
 xvere favorable circumftances, and tended to give ftabilitv to ad- 
 miniftration, by the public fatisfaHon they produced. We fhall 
 now enter upon their narrative. 
 
 The Dutch garrifon of Negapatsm was reinforced *by a large 
 detachment of Hyder Ally's troops, before the Englifh compa- 
 ny's appeared upon the coaft of Coromandel. Major Gen. Mon- 
 ro landed on the sift of Otlober, and then took the command of 
 them. He was followed by the whole corps of marines from 
 Adm. Hughes's fleet. By the loth of November, the breaching 
 battery being ready, and opening at day light, the garrifon foon 
 demanded a parley and capitulated. They confided of 8000 
 men; 500 were European regulars and militia. On the ad of 
 January the admiral failed from Negapatam roads, and on the 4trji 
 arrived at Trincomalcbay. Thenextday all the troops were difem- 
 barked and landed before dark. The feamen and marines imme- 
 diately formed, and pufhing through the gateway made themfelves 
 matters of the fort, while the governor was drawing up a capitu- 
 
 VOL. Ill; Q lation. 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE \A. D, 1782* 
 
 lation. The only remaining force was a fort on the top of a high 
 hill, which commanded the harbour and had an open communi- 
 cation wiih the {hips. The commander refuting to furrender, 
 a ftorming party of leamen and marines affaulted andcarried 
 it on the morning of the nth, with little lofs. Upon the 
 furrender of Negapatana, Hyder Ally's troops evacuated all the 
 forts and ftrong poits they held in the Tanjore country. This 
 intelligence however was fomewhat damped by the news received 
 from Bombay at the Eaft India houfe on the 2ih of Auguft, be- 
 ing an account of an action on the 17 th of Feb. between Sir 
 Edward Hughes and Monf. de Suffrein, in which feveial of the 
 BritiOi (hips fuffercd confiderably. 
 
 Wtien the foafon for naval action in the European part of the 
 world approached, great threats were held out of the mighty ef- 
 fecls to be produced by a combination of the whole marine force 
 of France, Spain and Holland. It was therefore an object of 
 the firil importance to Great Britain to prevent fuch combinati- 
 on, by keeping that watch upon the Dutch fleet which would dif- 
 able them from penetrating the channel in their way to Breft, the 
 appointed place of rendezvous. A plan of operation, principal- 
 ly defenfive, was concerted by the new admiralty, which had been 
 juft farmed. 
 
 While the re. ft of the fleet was preparing, Adm. Harrington 
 failed from Portfmouth [April 13.] for the Bay, with 12 fail of 
 the line. On the coth a fleet was discovered, and the (ignal for 
 general chafe in flam ly thrown out. The Foudroyant, Capt. Jarvis, 
 being a prime failer, fo far outflripped the reft, that when night 
 came on, wiih hazy and blowing weather, he foan loft tLem en- 
 tirely ; but he kept a full view of the enemy, and purfued thern 
 \viih unremitting vigor. The chafed fleet confided of 18 fail, laden 
 with (tores and conveying a confiderable number of troops, for 
 thefupply and reinforcement of the French fleet and forces in the 
 Eaft Indies. They had failed from Bred only the day before, 
 end were under the protection of the Proiecleur and Fcgafe of 74 
 guns each, L'Aclionare of 64, but armed en flute, and a frigate. 
 The convoy was difpet fed by fignal, and the two French 74 gun 
 fhips having confuked, it was agreed, that as the Protefteur had a 
 large quantity of money on board, (lie fhould make the btfl of 
 her ivay ; and that if fighting was inevitable, the Pegafe fliould a- 
 bide the confequences. A little before one in the morning Capt. 
 Jarvis came up with and clofely engaged her. The aftion was 
 fierce while it lafled, but within lefs than an hour the Pegafe was 
 compelled to furrender. Soon after day light, the Queen man of 
 came in fi^ht and took upon her the care of the difabled 
 
 captured 
 
d. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. &$ 
 
 captured (hip. The Queen and Foudroyant foon loft fight of each 
 other in a hard gale which enfued. The next day a lar^e man of 
 war appeared in fight of the Queen. The captain, Maitlaacl, 
 loon puifued ; and after a chafe of 14 hours came up in the night 
 with ihe French (hip. She received his broadfide, returned hers, 
 and then ftruck her colours. She proved lo be the Actionai e ; 
 and was a valuable prize, having a great quantity of naval ord- 
 nance ftores on board, befide wine, rum, provisions, and feveral 
 cherts of money. Ten large tranfports and a fchooner, befide 
 the men of war, were taken. The bad weather obliged Barring- 
 ton to finilh his fuccefsful cruife by returning to Britain towaid 
 the clofe of the month. 
 
 f The naval force of France and Spain in the Weft Indies, foon 
 after the reduction of St. Kitt's, amounted to 60 (hips of the line; 
 and their landforces when joined would have formed a confidera- 
 ble army. Jamaica had no more than fix incomplete battalions 
 f regular troops and the militia of the ifland to defend it; and 
 therefore in cafe of an attack muft have been foon fubdued. The 
 arrival of Sir George Rodney [Feb. 19.] with 12 fail of the line at 
 Barbadoes, and his fubfequent junclion with Sir Samuel Hood's 
 fquadron, together with the arrival of three (hips of the line from 
 Great Britain a few days after, was providentially defigned for the 
 preservation of Jamaica. 
 
 The firft object with Sir George Rodney was to intercept the 
 convoy that failed from Breft in February ; and which was de- 
 figned to fupply the failure of that which was attacked by Adm, 
 Kempenfelt. Rodney difpofed of his capital (hips in a line to 
 the windward of the French iflands, arid formed a line of frigates 
 {till farther to windward. But the French convoy, by making 
 the ifland of DeGada to the northward, getting to the leewird of 
 the Britifb fleet, and keeping clofe in under the land of Guade- 
 loupe and Dominique, had the addrefs to efcape the danger, and 
 tq arrive [March 20.] fafe in Fort Royal bay, where they found 
 the Count de Giaffe. 
 
 Sir George Rodney, on finding birr-felf difappointed, returned 
 to St. Lucie; there to refit ; take in a fupply of water, {lores and 
 provifions ; and keep a Uriel: watch with his frigates on the move- 
 ments of the French in Fort Royal bay. Theobj^cls of the hof- 
 tile commanders were not lefs oppofne than their imereffs. It 
 was the bufinefs and defign of dc Graife to avoid fighting, till he 
 had formed a junction with the Spanim fleet under Don Solanc* 
 at Hifpaniola. On the other fide, the falvation of the Well In- 
 dies, with the whole fortune and hope of the war, depended up >n 
 Rodney's preventing th? junction, or brirgirg cu a dole ami de. 
 
THE H I S T O R Y OP THE \A. D. 1782-, 
 
 cifive engagement with de GrafTe before it took place. The 
 Briiifh fleet at St. Lucie amounted to 36 ihips of the line: ihe 
 force uncier de Graffe at Martinicoto 34, bcfide two (hips of the 
 line armed enjlute md two fifty fours, the fir ft were not in either 
 engagement; and ihe lafl if prefent atied only as frigates. The 
 French fleet, befide a full compliment of feamen, hud ^ ( $oo land 
 forces on board. The Ville de Paris of no guns, de Grade's 
 
 own fhip, carried not iefs than 1300 men including foldiers. 
 
 The French 74'* carried poo men eaeh. Their metal is always 
 heavier than that of the Britifh, in equal rates : but feveral, of 
 their (hips were in very indifferent condition. The Bitifn had 
 five 90 gun fnips, which was their higheft rate; and the French 
 
 had eight of 84 and 80 guns each, befide the Ville de Paris. 
 
 The comparative balance of the force on both fides was tolerably 
 even; an-J contending fleets do not often meet upon more equal 
 terms. The van of the Britifh was commanded by Sir Samuel 
 H'ood, the centre by Sir George Rodney, and the rear by Adm. 
 F;ancis Drake. The three divifions of the French fleet were un- 
 der Count de Graife, Monf. de Vaudreuil, and Monf. de Bou- 
 gainville. 
 
 The French fleet began ["April 8.] to turn out of Fort Royial 
 harbour by break of day, with a great convoy under, their protec- 
 tion, all bound to leeward and intending to fall down to the 
 French or Spaniih ports in Hifpaniola. De Graffe, that he might 
 avoid any encounter on his paflaga, meant to keep clofe in under 
 the iflarids, till he had eluded the purfuit of the Britifh. But theif 
 departure from the Bay, and movements, were fo fpeedily com- 
 municated by fjgnalsfrom the frigate?, and the Britifh Sect was in 
 inch excellent preparation, that all the (hips were clear of Grofs 
 Iflet Bay by noon, and purfued with the mmotl expedition; fa 
 that the French faved only a few hours, by being mailers of h 
 time of departure. The Britifh gained fight of them under Do- 
 minique at night; and afterward regulated the purfuit by fig- 
 nals. 
 
 Count de GrafTe formed the line of battle to windward early 
 the next morning; and thereby afforded an opportunity to his 
 convoy for proceeding on their courfe, while he remained to a- 
 bide the confequences. While the count had wind enough for 
 thefe movements by being further advanced toward Guadeloupe, 
 the Britifh fleet lay becalmed under the high lands of Domi- 
 nique. The breeze at length reached the van of the latter; aid 
 the Ihips b'.?.in to clofe with the French centre, while their own 
 centre and rear were ilill becalmed. If de Grafr." could have a- 
 voiilcd an eu^a^cmcnr, it luult be thought that (he pv.off.e6l of 
 
jf i>.i7**-3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 307 
 
 falling with his whole weight upon and entirely crufhing one- 
 third of his enemy's force, was too tempting to be refuted. The 
 atlion commenced [gth.j about 9 o'clock. The attack was led 
 by the Royal Oak, and feconded by the Alfred and the Montague. 
 The whole divifion was in a few minutes clofely engaged, and 
 for more than an hour was exceedingly prcffsd by the fuperiority 
 of the French. The Barfieur, Sir S. Hood's own fhip, had at 
 times feven, and generally three {hips firing upon hei : none of 
 
 thedivifion efcaped encountering a difproponionate force. 
 
 The firm and effects \\ refinance, with which they fuftained ali 
 the efforts of the enemy's fuperiority, was to the higheft degree 
 glorious. At length the leading fhips of the centre were enabled 
 to come up to their afiiftance. Thefe were foon followed by 
 Sir G. Rodney in the Formidable, with his feconds the Namur 
 and the Duke, all of 90 guns ; they made and fupponed a moft 
 tremendous fire. The gallantry of a French captain of a 74 guri 
 (hip in the rear, who having backed his maiti-top-fail, (readily re- 
 ceived and biavdy returned the fire of thefe thtre great fhips in 
 fucceffion, without in the leaft changing his ilation, excited the 
 applaufe <*nd admit ation of his enemies. The coming up of thefe 
 feve>ral fhips of the centre divifion, induced the Ftench command- 
 er to change the nature of the ad r.n, that fo it m g'n noi become 
 decifive. He kept at fuch a diilance dui ing the remainder ot ;h<s 
 engagement, as evidenced an intention of difjhiing the Biitifh 
 fhips without any confidera 1 !e hazard on his own fjcle. This kind < f 
 firing produced as much efTeft as the diftance would admit, bi.d 
 was well fuppofted by boh parties for an hour acid three quartan 
 longer ; during all which time, thcieft of the Iv iiifh flrct was 
 held back, by the calms ai;d bofRing wif.ds under Dominiqmt. . 
 About twelve o'clock, the remaining (hips of the Britith centre 
 came up, and the rear was ciefiiigr the line: on whuh dt-Graffe 
 withdrew his fleet from the ac~lion, and evaded ail the effons of 
 the Britifli comrnanders for its renewal. The French fhipK ?e- 
 ceived much more damage than their own fire produced. Two 
 of them were obliged to quit the fleet and put imo GuadaldTjp^ 
 which i educed the count's line to 32 mips. On the Britifh fide 
 the Royal Oak and the Montague firffereci ex?ren-e!y ; but were 
 capable of being repaired at fea, fo as not to be under thenectfFuy 
 of quitting the fleet. 
 
 The Britim fleet lay too at nirrht to repair damages ; and th 
 following day was principally fpent in refitting, in keeping the 
 wind, and in tranfpofing the rear and the van, as the former 
 (not having been engaged) was ncceflarily fitter for theaclive fer- 
 vice of that divifion. Both Ceets keu turning up to windward, 
 
 ia 
 
^8 THE HISTORY OF TUB [A.- D. 178*. 
 
 in the channel which feparates the ilLncSs cf Dominique and 
 Guadaloupe, 
 
 On the i nh the French had weathered Guadaioupe, and >ain- 
 ad fuch adiftance, that the body of their fleet could only be dif- 
 cried from ihe maft-heads of the Britiih centre; and ail hope of 
 Sir G. Rodney's coming up with them feemcd to be atari end. 
 In this critical ftate of : things, one of the French (hips, which had 
 f.jffered in the aftion, was perceived, about noon, to fall offcon- 
 fiderably from the reft of the fleet to leeward. This light pro- 
 traced fignals from the Britiih admiral for a general chafe; which 
 was fo vigorous that the Agamemnon, and fome others of (he 
 feeadmoft of the Britiih line, were coming up fo fait with this Ihip 
 that (lie would afTuredly have been cut off before evening, had 
 not her fignals and evident danger, induced de Grafle to bear 
 down with his whole fleet to heraffiftacne. This movement made 
 it impoilible for the French to avoid fighting. The purfuing Bii- 
 tifh mips fell back into their Ration ; a clofe line was formed ; 
 >and fuch manoeuvres praclifed in the night, as were neceiFary t* 
 prcferve things in their prefent ftate, and as might poflibly pro- 
 duce cafual advantage. The French alfo prepared for battle with 
 thegreateft refolutioru 
 
 The fcene of aftion lay between the iflands of Guadaloupe, 
 Dominique, the Saints and Marigalante ; and was bounded both 
 to windward and leeward by dangerous fhores. The hoflile flee;s 
 met upon oppofite tacks. The battle commenced [April 12.] a- 
 boutfeven o'clock in the morning, and was continued with unre- 
 mitting fury until near the fame hour in the evening. Admiral 
 Drake's divifion led, and with much gallantry received and return- 
 cd the fire ef the whole French line ; whofe guns were pointed 
 fo little to the hulls, or fo illy ferved, that Drake's leading (hip, 
 the Mariborough, had only three men killed and fixteen wounded 
 by receiving the fiift fire of twenty-three of their (hips. The Bri- 
 tiih as they came up, ranged (lowly along the French line, and clofe 
 tinder their Ice. Being fo near every mot took cffeft; and the 
 French (hips being fo full of men, the carriage in them was prodi- 
 gious. The Formidable, Adro. Rodney's fhip, fired near 80 broad- 
 fides, and it may be thought (he was not fingular. The French 
 flood and returned this dreadful fire with the utinoft fiimnefs. 
 Each fide fought, as if the honor and fate of their country were 
 on the iffae of the day. 
 
 Between twelve and one Sir G. Rocney in the Formidable 
 his fc-conds the Namur and the Duke, and immediately fup- 
 portcd by the Canada, Lore directly and with full fail athwart the 
 French line, and fuccefsful!/ brokq through, about thiee fnip$ 
 
 fhort 
 
] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 fhort of the centre, where Count de Grade commanded in the 
 Ville do Paris. Being followed and fupported by the remainder 
 f his divifion, and wearing round clofe upon the enemy, he effec- 
 tually feparated their line. This bold pufh proved decifive. 
 
 The French however continued to fight with the utmoil bravery, 
 and the battle lafled till fun- let. 
 
 The moment that Rodney wore, he threw out a fignal for the 
 van to tack. Drake inilamly complied ; and thus the Briufh fleet 
 gained the wind of the French, and completed their general con- 
 f;i(ion. Their van endeavored to re-eftablifh the line but with n 
 fuccefs; and their rear was fo entirely routed, that no hope re- 
 mained of recovering its order. Hood's Divifion had been long 
 becalmed and kept out of aclion; but bis leading fhips and part 
 ef his centre, as far at leafl as the Barfleur which he commanded 
 himfeif, came up at this junclure, and ferved to render the vi&o- 
 ry more decifive on the one fide, and the ruin greater on the ci- 
 ther, while each afforded inftances of the utmoft courage. 
 
 Captain Inglefield, HI the Centaur of 74 guns, came up-frorm 
 the rear to the attack of the Csefar of 74 alfo. Both (hips were 
 frelh and fought bravely: but when the French captain had evi- 
 dently by far the word of the combat, he difdained yielding. 
 
 Three other mips came up fucceilively ; and he bore to. be torn 
 almoft to pieces by*their fire. His fortitude was inflexible. His 
 enfign ftaff being fhot away, he ordered h : s colours to b'e nailedi 
 to the mad ; and his death only could end the conteft. When 
 the Caefar ftruck, the mail went overboard and there was not a 
 foot of canvafs without a fhot hole. The captain of the Giori- 
 eux did not yield till all his mafts uere (hot away, and the fhipi 
 was unable to make any defence. Captain Cornwallis in the Ca- 
 nada of 74 guns vanquidied the French Heclor of the fame force; 
 but inftead of taking pofleffion of her, left her to be pickt up by 
 a frigate, and pufhed on to the Ville de Paris. 
 
 Count de Grade was nobly fupported, even after the line was 
 broken ; and until the diforder and confufion became irrepairable 
 toward the evening. His two feconds, the Languedoc and Cou- 
 ronne, were particularly diftinoruifhed : the former narrowly ef- 
 caped being taken, in her laft efforts to extricate him. The Di- 
 adem a French 74, went down by a fingle broadfide, in a gene- 
 rous exertion to lave him. His fhip, the Ville de Paris, after be- 
 ing already much battered, was clofcly layer! athwart by the Ca- 
 nada, and in a defperate aBion of near two hours was reduced al- 
 rnoll to a wreck. De GrafTe appeared to prefer finking, rather 
 than ilrike to any thing under a flag: he rright however confider 
 tic fatal efjecls which the linking of his fbg weuld produce in 
 
 ihq 
 
gi THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 178* 
 
 the reft of the fleet. Other (hips came up in the heel of the ac- 
 tion with the Canada; but he (till held our. Ai length Hood in 
 theB-irfleur approached him juit at fun-fet, and poured in a rnoft 
 deitfuchve fire. The coi:nt however withing to (ignalizc as much 
 as pofifible, the lofs of io fine and favorite a (hip, endured the 
 repetition ot it for about a quarter of an hour longer, when he 
 fin.ck his fl.ig \o the Ba'ileur, and furrcndered hirafeif to Sir 
 Samuel Hood. It is faid, that at the time there were hut three 
 men left alive and unhurt on the upper deck, and that the count 
 was one of the thiee. 
 
 The Caefar was unfortunately fet on fire, and blew up in the 
 night of the aftiotr. A lieutenant and ^o Brttilh feameri perifhed 
 with about 400 piifoners. The Ardeiit of 64 guns, taken from 
 {he Biitithby D'Orvilliers in the channel, was now retaken. 
 
 The advantage of clofe fighting with Britilli Ihips and feamen 
 was nevermore happily exemplified. The number of the French 
 ihin in this engagement, and that of the ninth, is computed at 
 3000 ; of the wounded at near double. The computation is the 
 more probable as upward of 400 were killed on hoard the Ville de 
 Paris, and between 2 and 300 in feveral French (hips frngly. 
 The French fleet in general was little lets than ruined. The fmall 
 fuperrority of Britifh fhi'ps in point of number contributed noth- 
 ing to the fuccefs of the day, as ./lore of Hood's divifion than that 
 difference amounted to, were prevented coming into action thro* 
 the want of wind. The whole lofs of the Biitim, killed and 
 tvounded in the two aclions, is ftated only 10,50, of which 2,53 
 were killed on the fpot. Capt. Blair of the Anfon, who had the 
 year before dnflihguamed hitnfeif in the action under Adm. Hyde 
 Parker, was {lain. The lofs of Lord Robert Manners^ fon of 
 the late Marquis of Granby, and brother to ihe Duke of Rutland, 
 was univerfaliy lamented. He had performed manybrilliantaBions 
 during the war, in the Refoiution of 74 guns. He was grieVoufljfr 
 wounded ; and was carried off by a locked jaw a few c!a)S after 
 the aclion, on his paffage to Great Britain. 
 
 Thirty- fix cheHs of inor>ey, deOined to the pay and fubfiftencG 
 f the troops in the defigned attack on Jamaica, were found in 
 the Ville de Paris. This fhip had been a prefent from the city of 
 Paris to Lewis XV. in that fallen ftate of the French marine, 
 which prevailed toward the clofe of the former war. No pains or 
 essence were fpared, to render the gift wonhy of that city and of 
 the monarch to whom it was prefemed. Her building and fitting 
 for fea is faid to ha.ve coll 176,000!. flerling. It was fingularly 
 providential, that the whole train of artillery, with the battering 
 f-annon, and 'travelling carriages, meant for the expedition againft 
 Jamaica were on board the Clips now uken, Sif 
 
A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 311 
 
 Sir George Rodney brought to for the night : while the French 
 (hips which efcaped, made off to leeward with the utmofl dif- 
 patch, and were out of fight in the morning. Some ran down to 
 the Dutch iiland of Curacoa. But the gieater part under Meffis. 
 de Bougainville and de Vaudreuil, kept together and made the 
 belt of their way to Cape Francois. Sir George attempted to 
 p.urfue them the next morning ; but the fleet was becalmed under 
 Guadaloupe for three days fucceffively after the bdtile, which 
 gave the French the molt favorable opportunity of eicaping. 
 After Sir George was fatisfied, that they were gone to leeward, 
 he difpatched Sir Samuel Hood, whofedivifion had fuffered little, 
 to the weft end of Hifpaniola, in hope that he* might pick up 
 fome of their difabled (hips. He hi mfelf followed with the reft 
 of the fleet, to rejoin Sir Samuel off Cape Tiberoon. 
 
 Sir Samuel proceeded with fuch difpatch, that on the day after 
 his departure, [April 19.] he defcried five fail of French veiiels 
 between Porto Rico and Hifpaniola. A general chafe immedi- 
 ately enfued, and continued feveral hours, when the Valiant and 
 the Magnificent of 74 guns each, came up with, and after a fhort 
 engagement took the Jafon and Caton of 64 guns each, with two 
 frigates : a third efcaped by a fudden (hi ft of wind. 
 
 Thus the French loft eight (hips of the line : fix were in the 
 pofieflion of the Britim, one had been funk, and the C as far 
 blown up after her capture. Four others got into Curacoa, and 
 the French commanders were for weeks totally ignorant of their 
 fate : fo that no lefs than twelve fail of the line were mi (Ting. 
 Count de Graffe confidering the extreme importance of the fer- 
 viee in which he was employed, fhould have hazarded a tempo- 
 rary ceafure rather than have ventured the mod diilant rifk of 
 the whole expedition. Had he fubmitted to the lofs of the fhip 
 which fell to leeward, inftead of bearing down to her afliftance, 
 the Britim could not have prevented his joining Don Solano ; 
 and the reduftion of Jamaica would have been next to inevitable. 
 That event muft have exalted his prudence, and have ftiflcd every 
 reflexion that had been pointed againft his character. 
 
 The Britim having joined off Cape Tiberoon, and the French 
 having no force to the windward, Sir George Rodney proceeded 
 with thedifabled ihips and the prizes to Jamaica, as well for their 
 repair, as the greater fecurity of the iddiid, mould the comhmecl 
 fleet ftill venture upon the profecution of their former defign. Sir 
 Samuel Hood was left with about 25 (hips of the line, to keep the 
 fea and watch the motions of the enemy. 
 
 When the news of A im. Rodney's victory reached Great Bri- 
 tain, the joy it occafioncd was excefiive, and not without reafon* 
 
 VOL. III. Pp Before 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 178*. 
 
 Before there was much defpondency. It produced a fudden and 
 unexpected change in the fnuation of the Britiih : and, at an in- 
 itarit when they feemed to be nearly overwhelmed as well as fur- 
 rpunded by numerous and powerful enemies, gave them an additi- 
 onal weight as a nation, either for the accomplimment of peace, 
 or the further profecution of the war. The admiral was created 
 an Englifli peer on the i^th of June, by the title of Lord Rod- 
 ney. 
 
 Upon the return of Adm. Harrington's fquadron, Adm. Kern- 
 pcnfelt failed [May 6.J with 8 or 9 mips of the line to fupply 
 their place in the Bay; and upon intelligence being received, 
 that the Dutch were preparing to come out of the Texel, Lord 
 Howe proceeded vvirh a fquadron of about a dozen (hips of the 
 line to the coafts of Holland. The Dutch fleet had failed, but 
 information of Howe's movement induced them to return to the 
 Texel. After cruifing near a month on the Dutch coaft, Howe's 
 fquadron growing very fickly, and the Dutch fhowing no difpofi- 
 tion to venture out, his LordlKip returned to Portsmouth, where 
 being joined by the fhips from the Bay, every difpatch was ufed 
 in preparing the fleet to oppofe the defigns of the combined ene- 
 my, who were loon expected at the nnouth of the channel. 
 
 Count de Guichen had been for fome time at Cadiz, fror* 
 xvhence he and Don Cordova, with about 25 French and Spanifh 
 fhips of^he line, failed in the beginning of June. In their pro- 
 grefs to the northward, and while ex peeling to be joined by the 
 fquadron from Bre't andoth^r ports, they fell in [June 25.] with 
 the Britifh outward bound Newfoundland and Quebec fleets, un- 
 der convoy of a ,50- gun ftiip and fome frigates. Eighteen of the 
 convoy, laden chiefly with provifions, were taken; the fliips oi 
 war with the remainder efcaped. 
 
 The combined fleets being entire makers of the fea, from the 
 mouth of the Straits to Ulhant, were able to difpatch their out- 
 ward bound convoys, and ?o receive their homeward with the ut- 
 moft fafety ; while the Biitifh were under no fmall apprehenfion 
 for a rich and great convoy from Jamaica under Sir Peter Parker, 
 with only three (hips of the line for its protection. Lord Howe 
 failed from Port fmouth early in July, accompanied with admirals 
 Barrington, Sir J. L. Rols, and Kempenfelt. Thefe diftinguifh- 
 ed com.nanders had however only 22 fliips of the line to fupport 
 their defigns, .whi'e the combined fleets were cruifing about the 
 chops of the channel, with more than double their force. Lord 
 Howe kept to the weflward of the enemy, in order to profeQ and 
 receive the Jamaica fleet, and at the fan-e time to avoid being 
 forced into aa engagement. By the end of July,. Sir Peter Par- 
 ker 
 
A.D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 313 
 
 ter arrived fafe with his convoy, bringing Count de GrafTe with 
 him in the Sandwich of yo guns. The count landed at Portf- 
 moinh on the 31 it, amid tlie acclamations of a great concemrfe of 
 people, who in ihat way expreifed their approbation 01 his brav- 
 ery. On the i4th of Auguft, Lord Howe with part of the fleet 
 arrived at the fame port. 
 
 The protection of the homeward bound Baltic fleer, the pre- 
 venting of the Dutch fiom failing to the fouthward, and the re- 
 lief of Gibraltar, were the grand naval objecls that the Britiih ad- 
 
 miniftration had ftill in view: each was of high importance. 
 
 Several of thofe iliips, that were in the belt coodwon for fea, 
 proceeded to the Downs to. attend the motion of the Dutch; 
 while the reft of the ileet were in a hafty ftate of equipment at 
 Portfmouth, and were replemfhing their (lores for the defigncd 
 expedition -to Gibraltar. It was found neceffary that the R.oyal 
 George of 108 guns, commanded by Adm. Kempenfeh, fhouid 
 receive a kindoi flight careen, and be laid in a certain degree up- 
 on her fide, while thedefecls under water occafloning the exami- 
 nation were rectified- This operation i-n ilili weather and frnooih 
 water is attended with fo lit; le difficulty or danger, that the admi- 
 ral, captains, officers and crew, continued on boa;d; and neither 
 guns, Itores, water -or provisions, were i-jmoved. 
 
 The bufinefs was undertaken [Auguft ayth.Jearty in the morn- 
 ing, a gang of -carpenters from the Dock attending for the pur- 
 pofe. The ftiip while o-n her fide was crowded with .people from 
 the more, particularly women, thought to be not fewer than 300. 
 among whom were many of the wives and children of the fea- 
 men and petty officers, who were come to fee their hufbands and 
 fathers. The great eft part of the crew were aifo on board. Li 
 this fituation, about ten in the morning, the admiral being writing 
 in his cabin, and moft of the people happening then to be be- 
 tween decks, a fudden and unexpected fquall of wind threw the 
 (hip on her fide, and the gun-ports being open,fhe filled with wa- 
 ter almoft mitantly, and went to the bottom. A vicluaHer along 
 fide of her was (wallowed up in the whirlpool, occafioned by the 
 plunge of fo -*aft a body in the water. 
 
 The admiral, with a number of officers, and moft of thole be- 
 tween decks perifhcd. Thegtiarcl, and thofe who happened to be along 
 with them on the upper deck, were in general faxed by the boat g 
 of the fleet. About 70 more were li ke A'ife fayed v It is thought 
 that from rjoo to 1000 perfons were loft. About 300, mofiiyot the 
 iship's company, were faved. Captain Waghorne, whofe braveiy 
 in the North Sea under Admiral Parker procured him the com- 
 sr.aKd el i-he {hip wasfavcd, though fcvercly bruifcd. 
 
314 THE H ISTO R Y OP THE [A. D. 178*. 
 
 The loTs of tbe fhip, (hough the period is critical, is not to 
 compare with the lofs of the brave men who perilled in her. 
 Adm. Kempenfelt, though near 70 years of age, is peculiarly and 
 univeriaiiy lamented by the Britifh. In point of profeffional 
 knowledge and judgment, he was deemed one of the firil navai of- 
 ficers in the world ; and in the art of manoeuvring a fleet, he was 
 coniidered by their gieateft commanders as unrivalled. 
 
 A letter from Sir EvieCoote, dated Fort George, January 28, 
 1782, v\a.s received ai Lord Shelburne's office, June the 4th. It 
 relates, that after tiie action on the ift of Jul}', 1781, Sir Eyre 
 marched to the northward to foim a junction with tlie Bengal de- 
 tachment. It was effected on the .^cl of Augufh On tiie 271)1, 
 Sir Eyre attacked H\der Ally pofted with his army in a formi- 
 dii>le fi ; nation. The conflict lifted from nine in the morning 
 till near fun-fet, when Sir Eyre was left in full poilt-flion of the 
 field of battle. H;s lofs on this occafion was heavier than on the 
 firfi of July, and that of the enemy lefs. On the 27th of Sep. 
 tember, the two armies engaged again before four o'clo< k in the 
 
 afternoon, and by the evening Hyder was completely routed. 
 
 When Sir Eyie was upon his return from relieving the garrifon 
 at Veiloie, Hyder appeared in full force on the i-jth of January, 
 and by a diihnt cannonade . attacked, his army while eroding a 
 mailhy ground. The whole having patted the fwamp, the line 
 was fonned and advanced upon the enemy, on which Hyder gave 
 \vay, and retreated with precipitation. The London Gazette of 
 July i3th, confirmed the account before received of the fur tender 
 of the Bahama Iflands to the arms of Spain, on the 8th of May, 
 by capitulation. The fame day advices we-re received from Capt. 
 Shirley of the Leamler, of his having. deft;roye.d a French {lore 
 ihip ofl" Senegal, valued at 30,000!. and of his takingfive Dutch forts, 
 mounting together i 24 guns, on the coail of Africa, without any 
 oih' r afliliance than the men belonging to his own fhip. Toward 
 the clofe of July, the Englifh Eaft India Company received from 
 l^onr.bav, advice of TIPPOO Saib's having attacked Colonel Braith- 
 vaite on the i6th of February, and obliged him to furrend.er with 
 ail his force two days after : and of the Fierich fleet cqnfifiing 
 of 22 fail, large and fmall, on the igth of February, in RpndU 
 cherry road. Tippoo S-iih's fuccefs has occafioned to the Eng- 
 liih in that quarter, the lofs of soeo infantry and 300 cavalry. 
 
 The precarious flate of affairs in tbe Eait Indies imift be a mo- 
 tive with the Britifh miniftry to aim at a fpeedy eflablifhrnem of 
 peace. As the negociations for it are carrying on and likely to 
 be continued, my next letter will be from Paris. 
 
 LETTER 
 
A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 LETTER XIII. 
 
 Roxlury, January 30, 1783. 
 
 r TH H E bufinefs of retaliating the execution of Captain Huddy 
 JL mall begin the prefent letter. General Wafhington hav- 
 ing made up his mind on the fubjecl, wrote to Brigadier Hazen 
 at Lancaiter 4n Pennfylvania, on the 3d oi May " You will 
 immediately, on the receipt of this, defigriate by lot for the above 
 purpofe (of retaliation) a Britifh captain who is an unconditional 
 prifoner, if fuch an one is in your pofTefTion ; if not, a lieutenant 
 under the fame circumftances, from among the prifoneis at any of 
 the pofts either in Pennfylvania or Maryland. So foon as you 
 have fixed on the perfon, you will fend him under a fafe guard 
 to Philadelphia. I need not mention to you that every pofiible 
 tendernefs, that is confiftent with the fecurity of him, fhould be 
 ihown to the perfon whofe unfortunate lot it may be to fufTer." 
 He received about the fame time from Gen. Robenfon a letter of 
 May i, acquainting him, that a court-martial was appointed by Sir 
 Henry Clinton for trying the perfon complained of and all his a- 
 bettors in the death of Huddy, and that Sir Henry had taken mea- 
 fares for it before he received any letter from Gen. Wamington 
 on the fubjeft. Robertfon exprefled his with, that the war might 
 be carried on agreeable to the rules which humanity has form- 
 ed, and the examples of the politeil nations recommended; and 
 propofed that they fhouidagiee to prevent or punifli every breach 
 of the rules of war within the fpheres of their refpeftive com- 
 mands. The letter was accompanied with a number of papers, 
 fta f mg many acls of barbarity committed by the Americans ; and 
 which had been put into his hands as vindications of the enormi- 
 ty complained of by Wamington. Robenfon meant to prevail 
 upon the latter to deflit from his purpofe. Wafhington however, 
 in his anfwer of May , faid ** So far from receding from that 
 refolution, orders are given to defignate a Britifh officer for reta- 
 liation. But I flill hope the refult of your court-martial will pre- 
 vent this dreadful alternative." After fmcerely lamenting the cruel 
 necefTuy, which alone could induce fo difbefiing ameafure in the 
 prefent inftance, he allured the other that he entertained his wifh 
 and acceded to his propofa!. But to fome parts of Robenfon 's 
 letter he could not refrain from anfwering *' Recrimination 
 would be ufelefs; I forbear therefor" to mention numerous in- 
 ilauccs which have ftaiacd the reputation of your arms, marked 
 
 the 
 
jji6 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. i 7 8. 
 
 the progrefs of this war with unufual feverity, and difgraced the 
 honor ot human nature itfelr"." When Wafhington was informed 
 thai Captain Afgill (a youth of nineteen) had been' dcfignated and 
 fent forward, he wiote to H<szen on the 4th of June " I am 
 much concerned to find that Captain Afgill has been fent on, 
 notwithitancling the information you had received of their being 
 two unconditional prifoners of war in -our pofleffion. To remedy 
 therefore as foonas poflible this miftake, you will be pleafed im- 
 mediately to order, that Lieut Turner, the officer you mention to 
 be confined in York jail, or any other prifoner who falls within 
 my defcription, may be conveyed to Philadelphia, under the fame 
 regulations and directions as were heretofore given, that he 
 may -ake the place of Captain Afgill." The fame day he ordered 
 Col. Dayton of the Jerfey line to permit Captain Ludlow, Af- 
 gili's friend, to go into New York with fuch reprefentation as Af- 
 gill would pleafe to make to Sir Guy Carlcton ; and begged of 
 him in the mean time to treat Afgiil with every tender attention 
 and politenefs (confident with his prefent fituation) which his 
 rank, fortune and connexions, together with his unfortunate ftate 
 demanded. In a fubfequent letter to the colonel he laid " I 
 xvilh to have the young gentleman treated with all the tender- 
 nefs poflible confident with his prefent fituation ;" and after that 
 " I am very willing, and indeed with every indulgence to be 
 granted him that is not inconfiflent with his perfecl fecurify." 
 Captain Afgill writing to Geri. Wafhington, thus exprefTed him- 
 felf " In confequence of your orders, Col. Dayton was dcfirous 
 of removing me to camp, but being ill of a fever, I prevailed on 
 him to let me remain at his quarters (Chatham) clofe confined, 
 which indulgence I hope will not be difapproved of. I cannot 
 conclude this letter without exprefling my gratitude to your ex- 
 cellency for ordering Col. Dayton to favor me as much as my fi- 
 luation would admit of, and in jufiice to him I mud acknowledge 
 the feeling and attentive manner in which thofe commands were 
 executed." You may inquire, why was not Turner, or fome o- 
 ther officer, fent on to take the place of Afgill ? It is not in my 
 power to anfwer. 
 
 Mean while the Rritifh court-martial proceeded on the trial of 
 Capt. Ri- hsrd Lippincor, thought to he the principaliri executing 
 Captain Huddy. When it was finifhed, the proceedings of the 
 court were fent to Gen. Wafhington by Sir Guy Carleton. It 
 appeared in the couife of the trial, that Gov. Franklin, ihe prefi- 
 tf^nt of the boaid of afTociated lovalifls, gave Lippincot verbal or- 
 ders for what he did, and that the fame were known and agreed 
 to by fcveral of the board, without being e::prcfsly oppofcd by 
 
,4.. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 31; 
 
 any. The board Teemed dcfirous of exculpating themfelves whol- 
 ly, and of leaving Lippincot to his fate. A paper was produced 
 in court <is being in the hand writing of Mr. Alexander, a mem- 
 ber of the board. It mentioned that one of their aifociates, Phil- 
 ip White, was inhumanly and wantonly murdered by the guard 
 who were carrying him to Monmouth jail. It complained of 
 many daring afts of cruelty, perpetrated with impunity by a fet of 
 vindictive rebels, known by the defrgnaiion of Moiunouth Reta- 
 liatory, ailbciated and headed by one Gen. Forman, whofe horrid 
 atis of cruelty gained him univerfally the name of Black David. 
 It fet forth, that many of their friends and neighbours were butch- 
 ered in cold blood under the ufurped form of law, and often with- 
 out that ceremony, for no other crime than that of maintaining 
 their allegiance to the government under which they were born, 
 audacioufly called by the rebels treafon againft their ftates ; and 
 that their afFociators thought it high time > to begin a retaliation : 
 that they thereforepitched upon Jofliua Huddy as a proper fubjecl, 
 he having been a very aftiveand cruel perfecutoi of their friends, 
 and having boafled of being inftrumental in hanging Stephen Ed- 
 waids, the firfl of their brethren who fell a martyr to republican 
 fury irt Monmouth county. Huddy, it afferted, tied the knot and 
 put the rope about the neck of that inoffenSve fufTerer. The'plea 
 urged by the parties, who defended the execution of Huddy, was 
 " By a ftrange fatality the loyalifh are the only people that 
 have been treated as rebels during the unhappy war, and we are 
 con (I rained by our fufferings to declare, that no efforts have been 
 made by the government, under whofe protection we wifh to live, 
 to faveour brethren from ignominious deaths. The rebels puniih' 
 the loyalifts, under their ufual di&inclion of prifoners of ftate from 
 prifoners of war.'* 
 
 When the bufinefs had been fully and impartially heard and 
 clifcuffed, it was finifhed by the following declaration " The 
 court having eonfulered the evidence for ar-d againft the captain, 
 and it? appearing that (although Joihua Huddy was executed with- 
 out proper authority) what the prifoner did, was not the cffeft of 
 malice or ill will, but proceeded from a convi6iion, that is was his 
 duty to obey the orders of the board^of dire6tors of affbcia?ed loy- 
 aliils, and his not doubting their having full authority to give fuch 
 orders, the court is of opinion that he is not guilty of the murder 
 laid to his charge, and therefore acquit him." 
 
 Sir Guy Carleton, in a letter which accompanied the trial of 
 Capt. Lippincot, declared in unequivocal terms to Gen. Wafh- 
 iugton, that notwithftanding the acquittal of the captain, he re- 
 probated the raeafuie, and gave afiurances cf profectuing a fur- 
 ther 
 
318 THE H IS TO RY OF THE [^.ZJ. 1782, 
 
 ther inquiry. This changed the ground the general was proceed- 
 ing upon, and placed the matter upon an extremely delicate foot- 
 ing. Sir Guy charged him with want of humanity in ftletting 
 a vifHm from among the Britifh officers,^ early as he did. But 
 Sir Guy fhoul 1 have considered, that by the ufages of war, and 
 upon the principles of retaliation, the general would have been 
 juftified in executing an officer of equal lank with Capt. Muddy 
 immediately upon receiving proofs of his murder, and then in- 
 forming Sir Henry Clinton he had done fo. The ground which 
 the general was proceeding upon being changed, he by a letter 
 of the igth of Auguft laid the whole matter before Congrefs for 
 their direction. The affitir being put into this train, the general 
 fent word to Col. Dayton on the 2^th, " You will leave Capt. 
 Afgill on parole at Morri flown, until further orders," The cap- 
 tain was admitted to his parole even within ten or twelve miles 
 of the Britim lines. He was indulged with a confidence yet more 
 unlimited, by being permitted for the benefit of his health, and 
 the recreation of his mind, to ride not only about the American 
 cantonments, but into the furrounding country, for feveral miles, 
 with his friend and companion, Major Gordon, conflaritiy at- 
 tending him. Every military character mutt fuppofe that thefe 
 indulgences flowed from the American commander in chief : 
 which was the real cafe, and is not to be afcribed to the interfer- 
 ence of Count Rochambeau. Con-grefs referred Gen. Wafh- 
 ington's letter and the proceedings of the Britim court martial 
 upon Lippincot to a committee, who delivered in their report 
 on the i/th of October. Ten days before, [061. j.JWafhing- 
 ton wrote in a private letter to the fecretiry at war " The cafe 
 of Capt. Afgill is now before Congrefs. Was I to give my private 
 opinion refpefting Afgill, I mould pronounce in favor of his be- 
 ing releafcd from his dureffe ; and that he mould be permitted to 
 go to his friends in Europe." Congrefs delayed bringing the mat- 
 ter to an ifTue. At length the general received a letter from the 
 Coant de Vergennes, dated the 2gth of July, interceding for 
 Capt. Afgill. It was accompanied with an uncommonly pathe- 
 tic one from Mrs. Afgill, the mother, to the count. Vergenne* 
 in the moft polite, humane and powerful manner, pleaded 
 her caufe. '* Your excellency (he faid) will not read this letter 
 without being extremely affefted : it had that eflFeft upon the king 
 and upon the queen, to whom I communicated it. The goodnefs 
 of their majefties hearts induces them to defire, that the inquie- 
 tudes of an unfortunate mother may be calmed, and her tendernefs 
 reaflured. There is one confideration.Sir, which though not de- 
 cifwe, may have an influence upon your refolution. Capt. Afgili 
 
 is 
 
A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 319 
 
 is doubtlefs your prifor.er, but he is among thofe whom the arms 
 oi the kin^ contributed to put into your hands at York Town. 
 Although ihis circum/lance does not operate as a fafeguard, it 
 however jultifies the intereft 1 permit myfelf to take in this affdir. 
 In feeking to deliver Mr. Afgill from the fate which threatens 
 him, 1 am lar from engaging you to feek another viclim ; the 
 pardon, to be perfctlly lausiacrory, rnuit be entire." Wafhing- 
 ton feiu copies of the letters, with one of his own of the 2th of 
 October, to Congrefs. On the ;'th of November, they "Teiolved, 
 That the commander in chief he and he is hereby directed to fee 
 Capt. Afgili at liberty." It afforded Gen. Wafhington fingular 
 pleafure to have it in his power to tranfmit a copy of this refolve 
 to the captain on the J3th ; and as he fuppofed the latter would 
 wifh to go into New York as foon as poflible, he fent with it a 
 pafTport for that purpofe. They were accompanied with a letter, 
 which clofcdwith " I cannot/take leave of you, Sir, without af- 
 furingyou, that in whatever light my agency in this unpleafing 
 aifair may be viewed, I was never influenced, through the whole 
 of it, by fanguinary motives i but by what I conceived to be a 
 fenfeof my duty, which loudly called upon me to take meafures, 
 however difagreeable, to prevent a repetition of thole enormities 
 M hich have been the fubjeft of difcuflion.. And that this impor- 
 tant end is likely to be anfwcrcd without the effufion of the blood 
 of an innocent perfon, is not a greater relief to you than it is to. 
 Sir, your moft obedienf, humble fervant, George Wamington." 
 Though the treatment Capf. Afgili met with from the general, 
 in the various indulgences that were granted him, merited an ac- 
 knowledgment after his liberation, none was offered, and the 
 captain is thought to have been deficient in politenefs. 
 
 It was not long after Sir Guy Carleton's arrival, ere he broke 
 up the board of ailbciated loyalifls, and thereby precluded a repe- 
 tition of the like enormity that had been praclifed on Ruddy. . 
 He arrived on the ,5th or" May, on the jth he wrote to Gen. 
 Wamington, and fent him fome public papers, that his excellency 
 might learn from them, the difpohtions that prevailed in the go- 
 vernment and people of Great Britain relative to the making of 
 a peace with the Americans. How neceffary this is for the United 
 States, the following extracts, from the public and private letters 
 of gentlemen of the firft eminence, will convince you. " May 
 19. Our army is perfectly naked, without pay or rum. The 
 gre.veft decifion and feverity, has been ufcd to prevent the con- 
 fequences of a mutinous difpofition which generally pervaded the 
 troops. Its appearances are lemoved, but I know of no expedient 
 that will fecurethc cxiflence of this [the fcuthern] army, unlefs 
 III. Qq. 
 
$ra THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 178*. 
 
 fupplies arrive foon from Philadelphia. N. GREENE." * Fifh- 
 kill, May 2^. Yefterday was the third day our army [under 
 WafhingronJ h*s been without piovifion. Eveiy department is- 
 without money and without credit. The army could not make a 
 inarch of one d-iy, as they are without every neceiTaryas well as 
 provifions. Officers and ioidiers aie exceedingly discontented. 
 You have douUtlels heard of the premeditated revolt of the Con- 
 neclicut line, happily diicovered the day previous to that in which 
 it was to have been put in execution. The ringleader was pu- 
 n ifhed with death. Wherever I go 1 hear complaints which 
 make me dread the moil fatal coniequcnces. The diftreiTes of 
 our army have arrived to the greateft poJIible degree. Slcufan." 
 - " May 28. I am under anxiety from the want of the neceflary 
 depofits of pjovifions in the garrifon of Weft Point. This is an 
 alarming circumfiance. Were the enemy to know our fituation, 
 and make a linden attempt, what is there to lave thefe important 
 polls? G. Wujlungton" " Aug. 13. For upward of two months, 
 more than one third of our men [of the fouthern armyj weie 
 entirely naked, wi.h nothing but a b.eeeh cloth about them, and 
 never came out of their tents ; and the left were as ragged as 
 \volves. Our condition was little better in ihe article of provi- 
 fion. Our beef was perfe6t carrion ; and even bad as it was, we 
 were frequently without any. An at my thus clothed and thus 
 fed, may be coufidered in a dcfperate fuuation. However, we 
 have ftruggled through it. Our fupplies of provifion are better,, 
 but fcantv and uncertain. Some clothing is arrived, and added 
 to what the governor procured, renders the troops pretty com- 
 fortable ; and the army very contented and eafy, efpecially as we 
 
 have it now in our power to iflue rum eight times a month. 
 
 North Carolina hath had few other foldiers, than non-jurors and 
 difaffefted, and thofe for different terms of fervice. A r . Greened 
 
 . [Mr. Joihua Lockwood, under the direction of Gov.Mathews, 
 
 brought out of Charleflown a targe quantity of the articles which 
 were moft needed in the camp. They were furnifhed by fome 
 of the inhabitants, who wimed to make their peace with their 
 countrymen.] " Sept. 22. When I found the fupplies of money 
 from the flates would prove fo inadequate, I determined io check 
 all other expences, and to think only of feeding the army. We 
 have lately had an arrival of linens which the clothier fays are fuf- 
 ficient to make thirty thoufarid fhins ; but he is fo indeb ed to the 
 poor people who have worked for him, and who are flarvmg 
 for want of their wages, that he cannot procuie credit to get 
 them made. Money 1 have none. And could he run in debt 
 Hill further, it would only increafe the raif thief, for 1 fee n 
 
 prcfpe61 
 
^,J3.i 7 8a.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 3 <u 
 
 profpecl of payment. R. Morris" " Oft. 2. Only conceive 
 the mortification, that even ihe general officers are under, when 
 they cannot invite a French of!icei,a vifiting friend, a travelling 
 acquaintance, to a ijetter repaft, than {linking whUky, (hot fiotn 
 the itiii) and not always that, and a bit of beef without vegetables, 
 will afford them. I could give anecdotes of patriot) fin and dif- 
 trefs which have fcarcely ever been parelleled, never furpaffed in 
 the hiftory of mankind : but you may rely upon it ; the patience 
 and long fuffe ranee of this [the northern J army are almoft'ex- 
 feautted, and that there never was fo great a fpirit of difcontent as 
 at this inftant. It is high time for a peace. Our troops have 
 been, and ftill are obliged to perform itrvices foreign to their 
 proper duty, without gratuity or reward, more than the foldiers of 
 any other army for example, the immenfe labors expended in 
 doing the duties of artificers, in eiecling fortifications and military 
 works; the fatigue of building themfelves barracks and huts an- 
 nually \ and cutting and tranfponing wood for the ufe of all 
 our pofts and garrifons, without any expence whatever to the 
 public. G. IVafhington" *' Ot. 17. We were upon the point 
 of trying our hands at how we could live without fubfiftence, as 
 the fuperintendent was no longer able to fulfil his contract with 
 the victuallers of the [northern] army, and as they relinquifhed it; 
 till fortunately for its, we met with gentlemen, who for an ad- 
 vanced price per ration, have faved us from Jiarvation or difiand- 
 ment by giving a credit." " Ocl. 24. For want of money we 
 have been obliged to relinquifh a contract for fubfiiling the army 
 at ten-pence a ration, and give thirteen-pence for the fake of 
 three months credit." Even in July the demand for money was 
 fo great as to raife intereft to five per cent, per month. 
 
 On the 2d of Auguft, Sir Guy Carleton and Ad-niral Digby, 
 fent out a joint letter to Gen. Wafhington, wheiein they faid 
 " We are acquainted, Sir, by authority, that negotiations for a 
 general peace have already commenced at Paris, and that Mr. 
 Grenville is invefted with full powers to treat with all the parties 
 at war, and is now at Paris in the execution of this commiffion. 
 With refpecl to Mr. Laurens, we are to acquaint you, that he 
 has been enlarged and difcharged from all engagements without 
 any condition whatever; after which he declared of his own ac- 
 cord, that he confidered LordCornwallis asfrer from his parole. 
 We are further acquainted, that tranfports have been prepared in 
 England, for conveying all the American prifoners to this coun- 
 try to be exchanged here; and we are directed to urge by every 
 confideration of humanity, the mod 'fpeedy exchange." When 
 t&is news was known by the loyali&s, fucba fceueof diftrcfs ragc<i 
 
3*22 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. 
 
 through the city of New York, as is not rafily tlefcribed. 
 Tliofe in ihe a! my tore the lappels from their coats, itamped 
 them under their fret, and exclai./ied that they were ruined foe 
 ever. Others cried out, that they had facrifiot-d every thing to 
 prove their loyalty, and were now left to {hi ft for themfelvcs, loft 
 Loth to the fnendlhip of their king and country. On the 7111, it 
 xvas earriefUy recommended in the New York paper to the loyal- 
 ills every where, to fufj end their opinion on the prefent import- 
 ant occafion, and each to continue firm to the profeiTions he had 
 made of loyalty and zeal for the reunion of ihe empire, and to 
 wait the iflue. By fuch a conduct it was ohferved, they would 
 preferve a claim to national regard and protection, which it would 
 be madnefs to forfeit; fince by giving way 10 the fuggeflions of 
 impatience they could only difgrace themfdves in the eyes of their 
 enemies, without a fhadow f advantage. 
 
 A part of the news was foon confirmed by the arrival of two 
 cartel {hips at Marblehead, with ,583 Americans. By the 2 ill 
 of the month a thiid arrived with 116 more. Your friend cm- 
 braced the opportunity of talking with feveral as they palled by 
 his houfe. The fubftance of what they related, follows. From 
 the beginning of the war till they, left Forton prifon at Gofport, 
 near upon 1400 had been committed, out of the whole only ii>o 
 died, and of thefe rnoie by the fmall-pox than any oiher diforder. 
 Before Gen. Burgoync was taken, peifons were not allowed to 
 vifit or relieve them. Alter that event the treatment was diffe- 
 rent, and former fcverities we;e mitigated. Wken [ick they were 
 taken exceeding good care of; and had Americans employed to 
 jiurfe them. Had not agents, clerks, ckc. deducted from the king's 
 allowance, they ihou'd have done pretty well : though having no 
 more than criminals allowance of provifion, they hdd a very fcan- 
 ty fupport, befule which the pn-vifion was often exceeding bad. 
 When the change or mmiilry took place, they were con fide red as 
 prifoners of war, and had an allowance accordingly. They men- 
 tioned, that before they were fent off, the Duke of Richmond, 
 Gen. Conway, and fome other gentlemen vifi.ted them, expieffcd 
 a concern for their fufferings, fbowed them much kindnefs, gave 
 them money, very condefccndingly {hook hands with them and 
 faidthcy were brethien. They related that the Rev. Mr. Wren 
 of Port f month was extremely kiod to them; was like a father ; 
 procured them clothes, money, and many articles to help them 
 under their confinement ; and frequently vifited and prayed with 
 the Tick. Mr. Laurens vifiied them : encouraged them to remain 
 firm to their co;;:urv's cat ife;-' arid told them how he had fuffered 
 Under Lij coiifiactncnti One of ibcm who had been aprifoncr at 
 
 New 
 
y*.2.i;82.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION, $23 
 
 New York, to exprefs the difference between the places, declared 
 that he had raiher be imprifonefi months in England than weeks t 
 at Naw York. They ftated the number of per fans who came a-' 
 way upon the exchange at 303, the reit having made their elcape 
 at different periods. 
 
 A few afs of Congrefs (hall be now related. 
 
 On the i3th of May, the minifter of- France was admitted to a 
 public audience, and after addreffing Congrefs in a fpeech, deli- 
 vered to them a letter from his Moft Chridian Majeity, inform- 
 ing them of the birth of his fon the Dauphin. A fuitable anfwer 
 was given to the Chevalier de la Luzerne. They then ordered a 
 letter to be written to the Commander in Chief, and to the com- 
 mander in the fouthern department, informing them of the faid e- 
 vent, and directed that it mould be publiihed in both armies with 
 proper demonltrations of joy. The fecietary for foreign affairs 
 was alfo to inform the governors and prefidcntsof the lefpec'iive 
 
 ftates, that the people of each fiate might partake in the joy. 
 
 When the miniiterhad withdrawn, the binh of the Dauphin was 
 announced to thejniblic by a difcharge of cannon anc\ a feu de 
 joie of mufketry^fc In the afternoon a dinner was ppuvicled by 
 Congrefs for the chevalier and his fuit; and the evening was 
 clofed with a brilliant difplay of fire works in the Hate houfe yard. 
 The official notification of the Dauphin's birth was received iri 
 all places of the United States, with every mark of joy and token 
 of refpecl to their great and generous ally, and to the French na- 
 tion, 
 
 On the aotli of June it was concluded, that the device for an 
 armorial atchievement and reverfe of the groat feal for the Unit- 
 ed States in Congrefs affemhled fiiould be as follows ARMS 
 Paleways of thirteen pieces, argent and gules; a chief, azure; the 
 efcutcheon on the breaftof the American eagle difplayed, proper, 
 holding in his dexter talon an olive branch, and in his fmifter a 
 bundle of thirteen arrows, all proper, and in his beak ;. fcroll in- 
 fcribed with this motto, " Epkiribus Unum." For the CREST 
 Over the head of the eagle, which appears above the efcutche- 
 on, a glory, Or, breaking thretitfli a cloud, proper, and furround- 
 ing thirteen ftars forming a conliellation, argent, on an azure field. 
 REVERSE. A pyramid unfinished. In the zenith an eye in 
 a triangle, furrouncied with a glory, pioper. Over the eye ihcfe 
 words, '* Annuit Caeptis." On the bafe of the pyramid the. nu- 
 merical letters MDCCLXXVL And underneath the following 
 motto, "Novus Ordo Seclorum." 
 
 [Sept. 1.1.] They refoived that the Aim of four millions of dol- 
 lars, exclusive of the money which Mr. Aua'ms may obtain by 
 
 the 
 
324 T** E HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1782, 
 
 the loan now negociaiing in Holland, be borrowed in Europe oil 
 the faith of the U.iited States. Nmedays after, they reiolved, that 
 Dr. Franklin fhouid be informed, tha- notwithftandmg the con- 
 tents of his letters of the s^th of June, it is the direction of 
 Congrefs, that he ufe his utmoft endeavors to effect the aforefaid 
 Joan. 
 
 On the 4th of October, they refolded unanimoufly, that they 
 would inviolably adhere to the treaty of alliance with his Molt 
 Chriftian M.tjeily, and conclude neither a feparaie peace nor 
 truce with Great Biitain ; nor enter into the difci*llion of any o- 
 vertures for pacification, but in confidence and in concert with 
 bis Moft Chriftian Majcfty. 
 
 We pafs on to the foutrward as far as Georgia, with fome ac- 
 count of which my laft letter clofed. 
 
 The Britifh garrifon at Savannah con (Hied of shout 1000 regu- 
 lars, befide a conficlerable number of rriit M, a->d was under the 
 command of Brigadier Clarke. This fuperiont^of force did not 
 prevent Gen. Wayne's appearing often before the Britifh lines 
 and infulting their picquets. Three different attempts were rrvde 
 to furprifo an advanced parry of the Amencars without fuccetd- 
 ing. About the fame time the American governor w .h his coun- 
 cil removed from Augufta to Ebcnezer. Soon ^f-'et his, arrival 
 he ifTued a proclamation, offering to ever\ Bn-uh ar r~LfTi.-m fol- 
 dier, who mould defeit from Savannah, aoo acies of land and 
 fome flock; which had the defired elF-:61 in a certain degree. 
 
 On the 2 i ft of May, Col. Brown, at rb<- head of a confiderable 
 party, marched out of the garrifon of Savannah, with the appa- 
 rent intention of attacking the Americans. Wayne, by a bold 
 manoeuvre, got between B v own znd the gamfon, attacked liim at 
 twelve o'clock at nighf, and routed his whole party. The van- 
 guard of the Americans, CO rtfi fling of 60 horfe and ^o infantry, 
 \vas led on, by Col. White of the cavalry, and Cap!. Parker of 
 the infantry, to a fpirited charge; in which 40 of Brown's men 
 were killed or wounded, about 20 taken prifoners, and tbe remain- 
 der obliged to Qielter themfelves in the f-vamps under cover of the 
 night. The advantage was gained by the liberal ufe of the ftvord 
 and bayonet. Orders had been previoufly given to depend en- 
 tirely on thefe weapons ; and to {ecu re a punctual compliance, 
 the flints were taken out of the mufkeny of (he infantry. The 
 
 Americans had only five privates killed and two wounded. 
 
 Though Brown proved unfuccffsful, yet Gen. Greene reckons 
 him one of the heft officers belonging; ro the Britifh troops. 
 
 On the 2^th of June, a large body of Creek Indians, headed, 
 by a number of their moft celebrated chiefs and warriors, and a 
 
 Bihifli 
 
A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Britilh officer, furprifed und made a furious attack upon Wayne'"s 
 infantry at hall an hour after one in the morning. For a few mi- 
 nutes they poiiciicd th< mieives of his two field pieces, which were 
 foon recovcied. The Indians knew not how to make a right im- 
 proveiiieric of the aciv^n. ages they had obtained by the furprife. 
 Mean while the cavdhy arrived and pi elFed hard upon them; 
 while Wayne expo fed himfelf, beyond what was prudent for the 
 chief commander, that he might reinftate matiers. A Imart acti- 
 on enfued, in which both tides fought in clolc quarters with 
 fwords and bayonets. The Indians difplayed uncommon bravery ; 
 but having to contend with both horle and foot weie completely 
 routed. Fourteen of their number were killed, one of whom 
 was a famous chief. The Americans had five flain and cighs 
 \vounded. 
 
 The Britifh administration having refolved upon abandoning all 
 offenfive operations in America, the fcheme of evacuating the 
 weaker polls in the United Stines was adopted ; and that at Sa- 
 vannah was to be the firft. When the mcafuie was determined 
 upon, the merchants and others, inhabitants of the place, obtain- 
 ed permiflion to apply to Wayne foi the fecurity and preservation 
 of their perfons and property. He replied to their deputies, 
 '* that (hould theBritiih garnfbn eventually effect an evacuation, 
 the perfons and properties of fuch inhabitants or others, who 
 choofe to remain in Savannah, will be protecled by the military, 
 and refigned inviolate into the hands oi 'he civil authority, which 
 muft ultimately decide. '* The merchants and inhabitants of Sa- 
 vannah, having fent out a fecond flag, Wayne at the defue of 
 the civil authoiity oi ihe (late fent them for anfwer * that the 
 merchants, not owing allegiance to the United States, wiH be 
 permitted to remain a reafonable time to difpofe of their goods 
 and fettle their afTaiis." Major Haberfham, who was charged 
 with this meiTcjge, pledged himfelf that they might rely, with the 
 utmoft confidence, on the teims propofed to them. The Con- 
 grefs on the 3oth of December ratified Wayne's agreement. On 
 the i ith of July Savannah was evacuated, and the Americans im- 
 mediately took potfeffion ol it. The works and town were left 
 perfecl ; for which the inhabitants are indebted to that worthy 
 and humane officer Brigadier Ge teial Clorke. 
 
 General LeiLe, under the fanction of the refolution taken by 
 the Britifh adminiftration, propofed toGen. Greene a cefTation of 
 hoftilities, which was declined by the latter for want of inilruc- 
 tions from Congtefs on the fubjeft. However nothing of confe- 
 quence was attempted on either fide. When the evacuation oi: 
 Charleftown was propcfed, the merchants who carse with the 
 
 Britiftv 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE \_A, D. 3782. 
 
 i were in a moft difagreeable predicament. They had en- 
 tered into extenfive commercial engagements. Thole of dair 
 debtors, who were without the lines, were not fubjecl to their 
 jurifciiiion ; thofe who were within were unable to pay. Envi- 
 roned with difficulties, and threatened with bankruptcy ihould 
 t.hev leave the itate along with the garrifon, they applied to Gen. 
 JLeilie for leave to negociate for themfelves. A deputation of the 
 body waited on Gov. Mathews, and obtained from him permif- 
 iion to refide in South Carolina for eighteen months after the 
 evacuation, wkh the full iibeny of dijpofmg of their flock of 
 goods on hand, and of collecting the debts already due to them. 
 Alter general orders had announced the defigri of evacuating 
 Charleiiown, Leilie wrote to Greene [Aug. 13.] offering full pay r 
 rnent for rice and other proviiion to be fent into the town : at the 
 lame tinve he threatened, that it it was not granted for money, it 
 mould be taken by force without compenfation. But as it was ap- 
 prehended the Britiih meant to procure large fupplies for the tranf- 
 ferring of the war to the French Weft India ifiands, the Ameri- 
 cans could not upon any conlideration affent to the advantageous 
 offers of Leflie. Every effort was made by Greene and Mathews 
 to reftrain the intercourfe between town and country on private 
 account, though the wants of the American army made a fmall 
 deviation neeeflary. Leilie finding it impoflible to purchafe, fent 
 out parties to feize provifions near the different landings, and to 
 bring them by water to Charleftown. This was effecled in fome 
 inftances before the Americans could be coliecled in fufficient 
 force for the defence of their property ; though a colonel (an 
 American) in the Biitifh army had been for fome months pad 
 employed, in fending the earlieit intelligence, from time to time, 
 of all the military operations, which the Britifh concerted to the 
 prejudice of the United States, or any part thereof. He is to con- 
 tinue with the Britifh army until the clofe of the war. On his 
 faithfully performing this fecret fervice, and as a reward for his 
 ueacherous duplicity, Gen. Greene is to nfe all his influence 
 with the ftate of South Carolina, to reflore him to his fortunes, 
 and the rights and privileges of a citizen. Should the ftate re- 
 fufeto reftore him, the general is to recommend his cafe to Con- 
 grefs for fuch compenfation as they may think his fervices 
 claim. 
 
 One of the largeft parties ordered out was fent to Combahee 
 ferry, where they arrived on the a^th of Auguft. Brigadier 
 Gift, with about 300 cavalry and infantry, of the continental ar- 
 my, was detached to oppofe them. He iucceeded fo far as to 
 *aurc ne of their fchooners, and in a degree to fruilrate their 
 
 defigns. 
 
J. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 327 
 
 deigns. Lieut. Col. Lauicns, though he had been confined for 
 feveral days immediately preceding, on hearing of the expedition, 
 rofe and followed Gift. When the Brnifli and American de- 
 tachments approached within a lew miles of each other, Lam ens 
 being in advance with a frnall party of regulars and militia, en- 
 gaged wiih a much fuperior force, in expectation of fuppoit. iVorn 
 the main body in his rear. In the mi ($1 of his brave exertions 
 he received a mortal wound. *' This young gentleman was fent 
 over to England for his education, where he endeared himfelt to 
 all wruj knew him, by his abilities and affectionate temper. In 
 the beginning of 1777, he joined the American arrmy, and from 
 that time was forenioil in every danger. He was prefcnt and 
 rliilinguiihed himfelf in every aciion of the army under Gen. 
 \VaOiington, and was among the foremoft that entered the Britifii 
 lines at Yoik Town. Thofe who were intimately dcquainted 
 with him, will rank his martial qualities, by which he was chiefly 
 known, as lowed in the catalogue of his virtues. They will 
 lament the untimely lofs of a clear difcerning mind, that united 
 the folid powers of the underftanding with inflexible integrity. 
 In him, his country has loft one of its nobleft arid moft ufeful 
 citizens; his father, the kindeft and moft affe6lionate fiiend; 
 and all the wretched, a generous and difinterefled patron.*" 
 
 When the long expecled evacuation of Charleftown drew 
 nigh, the inhabitants of the ftate app.ehended, that the Britifti 
 army, on its departure, would carry off with them fome thou- 
 fands of negroes, who were within their lines. To prevent it 
 Gov. Mathews wrote to Gen. Lellie, Auguft the ijnh, and in- 
 formed him, " that if the property of the citizens of South Ca- 
 rolina was carried off by the Britim army, he fhould feizc on the 
 debts due to the Britim merchants, arid to the confifcated eftates, 
 and the claims on thofe eftates by marriage fettlements, which 
 three articles were not included in the confiscation acl." Gen. 
 Leflie propofed a negotiation, for fecuring the property of both 
 parties. Commiffioners were appointed in behalf both of the 
 itate and the royalifts : who on the loth of October ratified a 
 compact on the fubjeO:, of which the following was a principal 
 
 VOL. III. R r article. 
 
 * This chara&er is taken from an American publication. The 
 American commander in chief being afked whether it was juft, an- 
 f wered---" Such parts of the drawing as have f.tl'en under my own. 
 tfbfervations are literally fo *, and it io rny rirm belief his merits and 
 worth richly entitle him to the whole pifture. No man poffeffetf 
 iore of the " Armor patri^c." In a word, he had not a fault that I 
 could difcover, unlefs intrepidity , bordering upon rafhnefs, could 
 ,ome under that dtnoraination. And this he was excited to by ttrtr 
 Bereft jpotives.'f 
 
328 THE HISTORY OF THE \_A. D. 17$. 
 
 article. {: All the (laves of the citizens of South Carolina, now 
 in the power of Gen. Leflie, mall be reftored to their former 
 owners, as fir as is practicable, except fuch flaves as may have 
 rendered themfeives particularly obnoxious on account of their 
 attachment and fer vices to the Britifli troops, and fuch as had 
 f pacific promifes of freedom." A confideration for the advan- 
 tages of this article was made in others for the benefit of the roy- 
 aliils. Great were the expeclations of the inhabitants, as to their 
 foon obtaining the repofieflion of their property ; but the com- 
 pact was fo tar evaded as to be in a great meafure ineffectual for 
 the end propofed. 
 
 The evacuation, though officially announced by Gen. Leflie 
 on the /th of Auguft, as a meafure foon to be adopted, did not 
 take place tiil the I4th of December, when the Britim troops 
 completed their embarkation. Gen. Wayne, with the legion and 
 light infantry, had been before their works for feveral days, by 
 order of Gen. Greene. It was hinted to him from gen. Leflie, 
 through a certain medium, that if they were permitted to em- 
 bark without interruption, every care fhould be taken for tiie 
 prefervation of the town. Wayne was directed to accede to the 
 propofal, the Britifh alfo agreeing not to fire upon the town af- 
 ter getting on board. The conditions being fully undei flood by 
 both parties, Charleftpwn was evacuated and poiTeffed without 
 the lead confufion, the American advance following clofe on the 
 Britim rear. The governor was conducted into his capital the 
 fome day, the civil police efiabli{hed the day following, and on 
 the third the town was opened for bufinefs. On the i/th the 
 Britim croiled the bar and went to fea. 
 
 Thus Congrefs have recovered the complete poflefJioii of all 
 the fouthern dates. The ftruggle has been long and fevere ; 
 but when it is confidered that the Britim had upward of eighteen, 
 thoufand regular troops, befide feveral thoufand militia and ne- 
 groes employed for their reduction, it mull appear that the 
 progrefs of the American fouthern army has been no lefs honor- 
 able than important. 
 
 Several detached articles remain to be mentioned. 
 
 A gentleman of Philadelphia has favored me with the follow- 
 ing. " At ten o'clock on Wednefday evening, Oclober 2, Ma- 
 jor Gen. Lee died, after being confined to his bed from the even- 
 ing of the preceding Friday. His difonler was a defluxion on 
 the lungs of three months (landing, which produced fometbing 
 like a fpurious Jnflammaiion of the lungs, accompanied with an 
 epidemic remitting fever. The character of this perfon is full of 
 abfurdities and qualities of a mofl extraordinary nature. His nn- 
 dei Handing was great, his memory capacious, and his. fancy bril- 
 
 tnli a 
 
^, D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 329 
 
 liant. His mind was ftored with a variety of knowledge, which 
 fee collected from books, convet fation and travels. He had been 
 in moft European countries. He was a correct and elegant claf- 
 ficai fchoiar ; and both wrote and fpoke his native language, with 
 peifpicuity, force arid beauty. From thefe circumitances he was, 
 <t times, a moil agreeable and instructive companion. His tem- 
 per war na'uraily four and fevere. He was\feldom feen to laugh, 
 a-nd fcarcely to finiie. The hiftory of his life is little el fe, than 
 the hiftory of difputes, quarrels and duels, in every part of the 
 world. He was vindictive to his enemies. His avarice had no 
 bounds. He- never went into a public and feldom into a private 
 houfe, where he did not difcover fome marks of ineffable and 
 contemptible mcannefs. He begrudged the expence of a nurfe 
 in his laft iiinefs, and died in a fmall dirty room in the Philadel- 
 phia- tavern called the Canaftoga- waggon, (defign-ed chiefly far the 
 entertainment arid accommodation of common countrymen) at- 
 tended by no one but a French fervant, and Mr. Ofwald the prin- 
 ter, who once ferved as an officer under him. He was both im- 
 pious and profane. In his piinciples he was not only an infidel, 
 but he was very hoflile to every attribute of the Deity. His mo- 
 rals were exceedingly debauched. His manners were rude, part- 
 ly from nature and partly from affeclation. His appetite was fa 
 whimfical as to what he eat and drank, that he was at all times, 
 and in all places, a moft troublefome and difagreeable gueft. He 
 hdd been bred to arms from his youth ; and ferved as lieut. colo- 
 nel among the Britiih, as co!onel among the Portuguefe, and af- 
 terward as aid de camp to his Pohih majefiy, with the rank of 
 major general. Upon the American continent's being forced in- 
 to arms for the prefervation of her liberties, he was called fortli 
 by the voice of the people, and eleclcd to the rank of third in 
 command of their iorces. He had exhaufted every valuable 
 treatife, both ancient and modern, on the military art. His judg- 
 ment, in war was generally found. He was extremely ufetul to 
 the Americans in the beginning of the revolution, by infpiring 
 them with military ideas, and a contempt for Britifli clifciplina 
 and valor. It is difficult to fay, whether the active ami ufeful 
 part he took in the conieft, aroie from perfonal refentment againft 
 the king uf Great Britain, or from a regard to the liberties of A- 
 merica. It is certain he reprobated the French alliance ?nd re- 
 publican forms of government, after he retired from the Ameri- 
 can fervice. He was, in the field, brave in the higheft degree f 
 and with all his faults and oddiiies was beloved by his officers and 
 (oldiers. He was devoid of prudence, and ufed to call it a raf 
 tally virtu?. His partiality to doj;s was IQQ reraaik^ble not to b 
 
33 THE HISTORY OF THE {A. D. 
 
 mentioned in his character. Two or three of thefe animals follow- 
 ed him generally wherever he went. When the Con^'efs con- 
 firmed the fentence of the court marthl, fufj .-ending hi MI lr 12 
 ironihs, he pointed to his dog and exclaimed, '' Oh! that I was 
 that animal, that I might not call man my brother." Two vir- 
 tues he poifeiled in an eminent degree, viz. (inceriry and veraci- 
 ty. He was never known to deceive or defert a friend ; and he 
 was a ft ranger to equivocation, even where his i'/ifety or charac- 
 ter were at fhke." 
 
 Adifpofiiion to mifreprefent and blacken the Indians, in order 
 to juftjfy, or palliate the pra6tice of cruel mea fores tow;nd them, 
 1 -:> r 3r;ic;!a:!v ar/^eared in the cafe of the Moravian Indians, 
 fettled on the Mu&ingtmi, a branch of the Ohio; who e^rly m 
 the lalt ipnng ii.ileico deeply on account of what, they thought, 
 the peaceable (pint of the g-'fpel required of them. The fir ft ga- 
 thering of ihofe Indians into a degree of civil and religious order, 
 wis aboiu ;?;> yfaisa^o. The place of their ieficiente w?s shell 
 at Whihaloafjng; on the Sufquehanna, about 200 miles from Phi- 
 ladelphia. In a vifit to -.hai ci-v, yhout the year 17,56, when the 
 pa-vjpce was diil't-fied by the Indian war, they ceclared their 
 panic -l.*r diiapprobation of uar, anri lix-'d refolntion to take no 
 p*u the; cm; apprehending it to be difpteafitig to the Great Be- 
 3; g, who, as OMt- oi ti.e'T 1 cxpreiTed it, did. not make men to dejlroy 
 wen, but to love and (jjlji c.arh other. About icj years part, thefe 
 Indians nieeung wuh difficulty, from an increalt-of white fettlers 
 near them, by which fyiritous Hqooi s wt re brought to their towns, 
 removed to the Mufkingum ; and were accompanied by fome of 
 the Moravians, who have long redded among them, carefully at- 
 tended both to their civil and religious concerns, arid never left 
 them in the times of their greateft danger and difficulty. Thefe 
 Indians refufed to take any part in the prefcnt war ; notwith- 
 ilanding repeated abufes on that account frornorher tribes, parti- 
 cularly thofe parties which palled thiougli their towns, in their 
 way to the American frontiers, whom they fometimes dtdbaded 
 from their l % .oflilc intentions, and prevailed upon tt> go back a- 
 gain. They #Mo wained the inhabitants of their danger. 1 his 
 conduct being conPi.-cred as obflnictive to the holiile proceedings 
 of the ttibesat war, was at length n*nde the plea {or carrying 
 tbem off. In the beginning of At'gi 11, 1781, 'he chief ol the 
 \Vyondats arrived wiih 220 waiisors ; r*nd acquainted them, that 
 they weie come to take them away, r eiu>Tii-ig for a reafon, that 
 they wer? a great orjlnitiion to them i* th i> war-path. The 
 \V\ or/l't's ,;i;rr committing nian\ outr^oes, about the beginning 
 ol September iorced them from their tbice towns, in all between 
 
 and 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 33* 
 
 3 and 400 perfons. After a tedious journey in the wildernefs, 
 they ai lived at a branch of Sandufky creek, where the body of 
 them we>e ordered to remain. Some of their principal men wae 
 fentto the Britifh commander at Fort Detroit, who commended 
 th?m as a peaceable people, and exhorted them to remain fuch ; 
 bat added, that many complaints had been made of them, and that 
 they had given intelligence to his enemies, wherefore he had lent 
 for them. He faid, that his inftruciions had been exceeded in tie 
 ill treatment they ha'! received, and that he would provide for 
 them. Thus the matter refled till the fpring of 1782, when theie 
 Moravian Indians finding corn fcarce and dear at Sandufky, de- 
 fiied liberty to return to their fettlements, to fetch fome of their 
 corn, of which they had left about 200 acres (landing. When it 
 was granted, many of them went, among whom weie feverai wi- 
 dows with their children. 
 
 When the people at and about the Monangahela, underfeed 
 that a number of Indians vere at the Moravian towns, they gave 
 out, that the intention of thofe people was to fall upon che back 
 inhabitants, which ought to he prevented. Upon this about 160 
 men got together, and fwi mining their horfes over the Onio, 
 came fuddenly upon the chief Moravian town. The firft peifon 
 who appeared, they (hot at and wounded, when coming up t. him 
 they found he was an half Indian, ion to one of the Moravians 
 by an I-.dian woman, who had been regularly married. They kil- 
 led and fcaiped him> and proceeded to the town. The Indians who 
 wete moftly in the fields pulling corn, did not run off as they 
 mi^ht, had they been confcious of any offence ; but came of 
 their own accord into the town, at the call of the white people, 
 who af firft expreffed friendship to them, and foon after violently 
 fe^d and bound them. The Indians who a (lift the miffionaries 
 in keening good order among their people, and upon occafiongave 
 pnbiic exhortations, are called Helpers. Five of the moll rcfpec- 
 lable of ihcie, and other Indians, exhorted the younger to fubmif- 
 fion ami patience ; telling them, that they thought their troubles- 
 in this world would foon be at an end, and they would be with 
 their Saviour. They then fung and prayed together, till they 
 \veie led out one after another, and inhumanly Slaughtered; firft 
 the men and then the women. Two boys, who made their efcape, 
 related thefe particulars. One of them lay in the heap of the 
 dead, in a houfe, and was fcaiped ; but recovering his fenfes ef- 
 c.jped. The other hid hrmfejf under the floor; was an eye- wit. 
 nefs of this tragic fcene ; and faw the blood of the (lain running 
 in a dream. Thefe Indians, before they were bound, wee fo 
 fenfibie of their own innocence, that they informed the white 
 
 people, 
 
 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1782. 
 
 people, that more of their brethren were at another town, who 
 in like mariner fell a facrifice to the baibarity of the whites. The 
 dead bodies were afterward burned with the houfes. Before their 
 death, they were obliged to {how in what part of the woods they 
 had concealedtheir effefcts, when the Wyondats took them away. 
 Thofe of the third town having fome intelligence of what paffed, 
 made their efcape. This is a fummary of the dreadful traniaclion, 
 as given by the principal leader of thofe that remain. The Penn- 
 lylvania Packet of April fays of thefe white favages, " that they 
 killed upward of 90, (but a re\v making their efdape) about 40 of 
 which were warriors, the reit old women and children. About 80 
 horfes fell into the hands of the whites, which they loaded with 
 the plunder, the greatcft part furs and fkins." It was for the fake 
 of the plunder that the Indians were killed. 
 
 It is alledged, in vindication of this deliberate maflacre, that 
 40 of thefe Indians were warriors prepating to attack the Ame- 
 rican frontiers : but this aUeniori contradicts itfelf ; for had it 
 been the cafe, they would not have brought their wives, with 
 the widows and g_j. children, who were {lain with them ; nor 
 would 'they have fufeed themfelves to be thus flaughtered with- 
 out making the le^il refinance, or killing even one of their 
 murderers. 
 
 Soon after the death of thefe Indians, about 500 men, proba- 
 bly encouraged by this eafy con quell, and in hope of plunder, 
 aifembled at the Old Mingos on the well fide of the Ohio ; and 
 being equipped on horleback, fet out for Saiadufky, where the 
 remaining part of the Moravian Indians i elided, in order to de- 
 ftroy that fetilemem, and other Indian towns in thofe parts ; but 
 the Wycndats, and oiher Indians, having fome knowledge of 
 their approach, arid being enraged at the maffacre, met them 
 near Sandufky, when an engagement enfued, in which fome of 
 the white people were killed, and feveral taken piifoners, among 
 whom was the commander, Col. Crawford, and his fon in law. 
 The colonel they burnt to death in the moil cruel manner ; the 
 other, with more prifoneis, they tomahawked. The cruelty cx- 
 ercifcd on the colonel and the death of the prifoners, was un- 
 doubtedly owing in the mam to the murder of the peaceable Mo- 
 ravian IridUnjS* 
 
 General Wafhington, in Auguft, eftablifhed honorary badges 
 of diilinction, to be conferred on the non-commiilioned officers 
 
 and 
 
 * The above account is extraft^d from fome Obfervations on 
 the lituation, clffpofition anrl charatler of the Indian natives on the 
 American continent, by that late mod excellent phihnthropift of 
 tne qu liior pcrfuation, Anthony Benezet of Phil-idelphia. The A- 
 me.rican papers toll a. diifererit flory, {uchas v/as calculated to ex- 
 cuj.at. their ow.n c^is. 
 
A.D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 333, 
 
 and foldiers of the army, who had ferved three years with bravery, 
 fidelity and good conduct; and upon every oncwhohad or fhould 
 perform any fingularly meritorious aclion. The candidate for 
 the reward annexed to fuch aiion, was to fet forrh the particular 
 faft to the commander in chief, accompanied with inconteftible 
 proof. Upon granting it, the name and regiment of the perfon, 
 with the a&iori fo certified, were to be enrolled in a book of merit ^ 
 kept in the orderly office. Men who have merited the Jaft dif- 
 tinclion, are to be fuffered to pafs all guards and fentinels, which 
 a non-commiflioned officer is fullered to pafs. Military operati- 
 ons being fufpended, the opportunity has been improved for per- 
 fecling the difcipline of the army. 
 
 The court of Veriailtes ordered that the corps under Count de 
 Rochambeati mould go to the Weft Indies, in cafe the evacuati- 
 on of New York or Charleftown mould take place. In expecta- 
 tion that the latter would happen, the French legion marched 
 from Richmond in Virginia, and the French army under the 
 count from William/burgh, to the northward, in the beginning 
 of July. Toward the laft of October, they proceeded to the 
 eaftern dates under the pretext of taking winter quarters there ; 
 but in faft with the dcfign of embarking on board the French 
 fquadron of 15 fail of the line and 4 frigates, (which arrived un- 
 der the command of the Marquis de Vaudreuil in the lower har- 
 bour of Bofton, on the loth of Auguft) whenever the evacuation, 
 on which the ultimate movement depended, Ihould be fufficiently 
 afcertained. 
 
 When Rochambeau was about leaving Williamflrjrgb, the city 
 and corporation prefentedhim with a polite and afFettionate ad- 
 drefs. His anfwer clofed with " I f<?el an additional fatisfac- 
 tion in having fought in Virginia, under the aufpkes of a Vir- 
 ginia general, whofe gfory, equally celebrated in both hemif- 
 pheres, mines with particular lufter in his native country.*' The 
 count arrived at Gen. Wamington's head quarters on the i^th 
 of September. Soon after, the French army joined the Ameri- 
 can ; and was reviewed by the commander in chief on the 2 cub. 
 Affection, efteem, and cord'ality, were equally vifible in the 
 countenances of the French officers and of the Americans. The 
 four divifions of the French army arrived at Bofton in the firft 
 week of December, under the command of the Baron Viomeni!, 
 who is ordered to the Weft Indies inftead of Count de Rocham- 
 beau: the count returns to Fiance. On the nth, Gov. Han- 
 cock and the council gave a public dinner to the general and field 
 officers, the Marquis de Vaudreuil and the principal officers in 
 the fleet. The Magnifique, 374. gun fhip, one of the fleet, hav- 
 
 ing 
 
334 THE PI I S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 1782, 
 
 ing been loft by accident in the harbour of Bofton, Congrefs, 
 dtlirous of leftifying the icrife they entertained of his molt thrif- 
 tian inajefty's generous exertions in behalf ofnhe United States, 
 refolved on the 3d of September, to prefcnt the America, a 74. 
 gun (hip, to the Chevalier de Ja Luzeme for the fervice of the 
 French king. The fleet failed with the army on the 29th of 
 December. 
 
 On the 2oth of December, the celebrated Charleflown frigate, 
 commanded by Capt. Joiner, and (according to the New York 
 account) carrying 28 forty-two pounders mounted on her main 
 deck, and on the quarterdeck and foieca'flle 12 twelve pounders, 
 and 450 men, was taken by the Britilh Quebec of 33 guns and 
 Diomede of 44, after a chafe of 18 hours ^nd a half from off 
 the Delaware. 
 
 The demand for bibles being great and the price high, in con- 
 fequenceof the war, Mr. Aitken, a printer at Philadelphia, un- 
 dertook and finifhed an American edition of the holy fcriptures 
 in Englilh, the firft of the kind. Congrefs on the ift of laft 
 September, recommended it to their two chaplains (the Rev. Dr. 
 'White,* an epifcopalian, and the Rev. Mr. Duffield a prefbyie- 
 rian) to examine the execution of the work, and if approved, to 
 give it the fan&ion of their judgment and weight of their recom- 
 mendation. They reported in favor of it, that they were of opi- 
 nion that it was executed with great accuracy as to the fenfe, and 
 with as few grammatical and typographical errors as could be ex- 
 petled in a work of fuch magnitude. Whereupon Congrefs paf- 
 ied a refolve on the 12th of September, highly approving the 
 pious and laudable undertaking of Mr. Aitken, and recommend- 
 ing his edition of the bible to the inhabitants of the United States. 
 Notwithftanding this recommendation, fhould the war clofeina 
 fhorttime, imported bibles will be fold fo much cheaper, and on 
 that account be fo university bought, that Mr. Aitken will be a 
 confiderablelofer by the great expence which necc {fdrily attended 
 his undertaking. 
 
 This town of Roxbury has given each of the three years mem 
 \vhom they inlifted for the army in 1781 and 1782, a bounty o 
 not lefs than fifty-fix pounds five (hillings fferling, hard money. 
 The bounties given by the towns in the Mafiachufetts for fimilar 
 nurpofes for the laft of thefe years, will average 64!. 45. qd. 
 ftei ling in cafh, on every fuch recruit. The enormity of the 
 lum has proved an heavy burden to numbers who have fhared i 
 the expence. 
 
 LETTER 
 
 * Sinceordained a bifiiopaccording to the rites,. and by the 
 *f the bifcops, cf the church of England. 
 
A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 33$ 
 
 LETTER XV. 
 
 Paris, December 3, 1/82. 
 FRIEND G. 
 
 TH E Dutch fleet having returned to the Texel, and the 
 Britifh convoy from the Baltic being out of danger, the 
 fhips fern 10 the Downs to attend the motions of the Dutch, re- 
 turned to accompany the Britim fleet in their expedition to Gi- 
 braltar. Upon the junction [Sept. n.] Lord Howe failed from 
 Portfmouth, with 33 fhips of the line, feveral frigates and fire- 
 fhips, a fleet of transports, victuallers and ftoremips, with a body 
 of troops on board for the relief of the garrilon. He was ac- 
 companied by Adms. Barringion, Milbanke, Hood, and Sir R. 
 Hughes, by Commodore Hotham, and an able brave fet of 
 naval officers. 
 
 After jhe reduction of Minorca, the Duke de Criilon was ap- 
 pointed captain general of the Spaniin forces, and was deilined 
 to attempt the recovery of Gibraltar. No mean was neglecled, 
 nor expence fpared to infure fuccefs. Ambition, honor, pride, 
 revenge, all united in urging to the utmoft exertions for the con- 
 queft of the place ; and as all former ones had tailed, the inventi- 
 on and application of fuch'as were new became neceflary. The 
 Chevalier D'Arcon, a French engineer, was confided in as being 
 equal to the fervice. A plan had beea propofed by him in the 
 latter part f the preceding year. The preparations though vaft^ 
 and extremely expenfive, were nearly completed ; and the reduc- 
 tin of the place was not only deemed certain, but the powers 
 to be ufed were fo prodigious and formidable, that little lefs than 
 the annihilation of the fortrefs was expeftcd to be the confequence 
 of any great obftinacy of defence in the garrifon. The plan of 
 the chevalier was, to conftruft, from (hips, floating batteries that 
 could not be funk or fired. They were to be fecured from fink- 
 ing, by the extraordinary thicknefs of timber, with which their 
 keels and bottoms were to be fortified ; and which was to render 
 them proof in that refpecl againft all external or internal violence. 
 They were to be defended from being fired, by having their fides 
 fecured with a ftrong wall, compofed of timber and cork, long 
 foaked in water, and including between them a large body of wet 
 fand ; the whole of fuch a thicknefs, that no cannon ball Should 
 penetrate within two feet of the inner partition, A conftant 
 fupply of water was to keep the parts expofed to fire al way wet ; 
 and the cork was to aft as a fpon^e in retaining the moifiure. 
 VOL. Ill, Sf Ten 
 
THE II 1 S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 
 
 Ten great fliips, from 600 to 1400 tons burden, were cut down 
 to the fiatc required by the plan; and 200,000 feet of timber, 
 worked into their conilruclion. To protect them from bombs, 
 and the men from g-rape or descending Ihot, a hanging roof was 
 contrived, to be worked up and down by fprings at pleafure. 
 The roof was made of a ftrong rope-work netting, laid over with 
 a thick covering of wet hides : its Hoping pofuion was calculated 
 to prevent the (hells from lodging, and to throw them off into 
 the fea, before they could take effect. The batteries were cover- 
 ed with new bral's cannon of gieat weight; and about half the 
 number of fpaie guns, of the fame kind, were kept ready, in- 
 ilantiy to fupply the place of thole which might be over-heated, 
 or otherwife difabled. That the fire of thefe guns might be the 
 moie inftantaneous and effecliVe, the chevalier had contrived a 
 kind of match, by which all the guns on the battery were to go of? 
 together. Red-hot fhot from the fortrefs was what the Spaniards 
 ii.oit dreaded. To reftrain its effecl there was a contrivance for 
 communicating water in every direclion. A great variety of pipes 
 and canals perforated all the lohd workmanLhip in fuch a manner, 
 that a continued fucceflion of water was to be conveyed to every 
 part of the veflels ; a number of pumps being adopted to the pur- 
 pofe of an unlimited fupply. By this mean it was e*pecled, that 
 the red-hot fhot would operate to the remedy of its own miL 
 chief, and procure its immediate extinction by cutting through 
 the pipes. 
 
 The preparation was enormous in other refpecls. About 1200 
 pieces ef heavy ordnance had been brought to the fpot for the nu- 
 merous intended purpofes of attack by fea and land. The quan- 
 tities of every kind of military flore were immenfe. The gun- 
 powder only ib faid to have exceeded 83,000 barrels. Forty gun- 
 boats with heavy artillery, as many bomb-boats with 12 inch 
 mortars, befide a large floating battery, and five bomb ketches on 
 the uJual conflruclion, were appointed to fecond the efforts of the 
 great battering veHels. Nearly all the frigates, and fmaller armM 
 teflels of the kingdom were affcmbled, to afford fuch aid as they 
 might be capable of; and between 2 and 300 large boats werecol- 
 Ie6ted, which with thofe already in the vicinity, were to minifler 
 to the fighting veffels during aclion, and to land troops as foon as 
 the fortrefs was difmantled. The combined fleets of France and 
 Spain, amounting to about 50 fhips of the line, were to cover and 
 f upper t the attack, while they heightened the terrors and magni- 
 ficence of the fcer.e. 
 
 The preparations by land were no lefs confiderable. Twelve 
 tboufand French troops juned the Spaniards, The Duke de Cril- 
 
 lun 
 
A.D. 1782-.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Ion v;as aflifted by a number of the bed officers of bolh coun- 
 tries, and particularly of tiae bell; engineers and artillerifls f his 
 own. The fame of thefe extraordinary preparations drew volun- 
 teers from every part of Europe to the camp before Gibraltar: 
 and not only the nobility of Spain, but of other countries aflem- 
 Med, eiiher to difplay their valor, or to gratify curiofny in be- 
 liclding fuch a naval and military fpeftacle, as had fcarcely been 
 before exhibited. The Count de Artois, the French king's broth- 
 er, and his coufm the Duke de Bourbon, feemed eager to im- 
 mortalize their names by partaking in the glory of recovering 
 Gibraltar to the crown of their kinfman and ally. Their arrival 
 increafed the fplendour of the fcene; and affordecT^n opportuni- 
 ty for the difplay of that politenefs, and the exercife of tnofe ci- 
 vilities, by which the refined manners of modern Europe, have 
 diverted war of many parts of ancient barbarity. Some packets, 
 containing a number of letters directed to the officers in Gibral- 
 tar, having fallen into the hands of the Spaniards, were tranfmit- 
 ted to Madrid, where they lay when the Count de Artois arrived 
 at that capital. The prince, in the true fpirit of generpfity, ob- 
 tained the packets from the Spanifh king, and conveyed them un- 
 der his own care to the camp. 
 
 The tranfmiflion of the packets to Gibraltar, afforded an op- 
 portunity to the Duke de Criilon of accompanying them with a 
 letter to Gen. Elliot, in which befides informing him of the arri- 
 val of the French princes, and of this particular mark of attenti- 
 on mown by the count, he further acquainted him, that he was 
 charged by them refpe&ively, to convey to the general the ftrong- 
 eft expreffions of their regard andefteem for his perfon and cha- 
 racter. The duke exprefled his own in the moft flattering terms. 
 He alfo requefled in the mofl obliging manner, that the general 
 would accept of a prefent of .fruit and vegetables for his own ufe, 
 and of foine ice and partridges for the gentlemen of his boufhold ; 
 farther entreating, that as he knew the general lived entirely on 
 vegetables, he would acquaint him with the particular kinds which: 
 he liked bed, with a view to his regular fupply. The whole let- 
 ter may be viewed as a model of military politenefs. 
 
 General Elliot was not lefs polite or obliging in his anfwery 
 whether with refped to the duke hi.Tifelf, or to the princes. But 
 he informed the duke, that in accepting the prefent. he had brok- 
 en through a refo'ution, which he had invariably adhered to from 
 the commencement of the war, which was, never to receive or 
 procure by any mean whatever, any provifions or oilier commo- 
 dity for his own private ufe. Hs declared that every thing was 
 fold publicly in the garrifon, fo that the private faldier, if he had 
 
 money, 
 
338 THE HISTORY OF THE [J. D. 1782. 
 
 money, might become a purcbafer with the fame facility as the 
 governor; and that he made it a point of honor to partake of 
 both plenty and fcarcity, in common with the loweft of his brave 
 fellow foldiers. He therefore entreated the duke, not to heap up 
 any more favors of the fame kind upon him, as he could not in 
 future apply them to his own ufe. 
 
 The French princes arrived at the camp about the middle of 
 Auguft; and after examining the ftateof the preparations by land, 
 reviewed the new and extraordinary machines contrived by the 
 Chevalier D'Aicon: in doing it they were accompanied by all 
 the principal commanders of both nations, whether in the land or 
 naval fervice. The confidence afterward placed in the crTecl; to 
 be produced by thefe machines was extravagant; and the impatience 
 of the combined forces both by fea and land for alion became ex- 
 ceflive. The apprehenficn of Lord Kowc's arrival fei ved to quick- 
 en the determinations of the Spanim court, and to accelerate the 
 operations of the fleet and army. 
 
 While Gen. Elliot obferved the gathering florm, he could ob- 
 tain only fome general knowledge of the mighty preparations that 
 were making. He was utterly in the dark as to the nature, con- 
 ftruftion and mode of operation of the new invented batteries. 
 He provided however for every circumftance of danger which 
 could be imagined, and for the reception of every enemy, what- 
 ever might be his rsode of operation. Obferving that the Spariiia 
 \vorks on the land fide were nearly completed, the general deter- 
 mined on trying how far a vigorous cannonade and bombardment, 
 with red-hot balls, carcaiTes and {hells might operate to their de- 
 ilruclion. A powerful and well direted firing was commenced 
 [Sept. 8.] by thegarrifon at feven in the morning, and fupportecl 
 through the day with admirable (kill arid dexterity. By ten, two 
 of the Spanifh batteries were in flames, and by five in the evening 
 entirely confumed, together with their gun carriages, platforms 
 and magazines, although the latter were bomb proof. A great part 
 of the communications to the eaflern' parallel, and of the trenches 
 and parapet for mufkctry were likewife deftroyed, and a large 
 battery near the bay much damaged. The enemy's works were 
 on fire in fifty places at the fame inftant. 
 
 This attack appears to have been refented by the allied com- 
 manders, fo as to have precipitated their meafures. A new bat- 
 tery of 64 heavy cannon was opened by break of day the next 
 morning, which with the cannon in their lines, and above 60 
 mortars, continued to pour their fiiot and ihells upon the garrifon 
 \vithout inte Hindi on, through the whole day. At the fame time, 
 nine fhips of the line, with fome frigates and fmaller veflels, tak- 
 ing. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 339 
 
 ing the advantage of the wind, pafled (lowly by the works, and 
 ditcharged their ihot at the fouth baition, continuing their can- 
 nonade, until they had patted Europa Point. They then formed, 
 and ca.ue to the attack of the batteries on Europa Point, and 
 commenced a heavy fire, which Jailed till they were entirely- paf-- 
 fed. 
 
 The frnall Britim marine force at Gibraltar under Capt. Cur- 
 tis, being fliut up by the fuperiority of the enemy from exertion 
 on their proper element, was formed into a dillin& corps, under 
 the name of the marine brigade, and Curtis held the rank and ti- 
 tle of brigadier as their commander. The defence of the batte- 
 ries on Europa point was committed to him and his corps. They 
 difcharged their truft fo well, that having repeatedly ftruck the ene- 
 my in the firfl attack, the vefTels were afterward kept at a fafe 
 diftance. 
 
 The firing from the the ifthraus was renewed on the loth of 
 September, and continued the fucceeding days, at the rate of 
 6500 cannon (hot and 1080 fhells, in every 24 hours. The gun 
 and mortar boats were alfo added to the other inftruments of def- 
 Jlru&ion. Their combined force produced little effect, either 
 with refpecl: to the lofs of men in the garrifon, or the damage 
 done to the works. At length the combined fleets arrived at AU 
 geziras, and with thofe already on the fpot, amounted to 44 fail 
 of the line, befide three inferior two deckers. The new invent* 
 ted battering veflels were like wile in readincfs. Their b#UierVc* 
 were covered with 142 pieces of new heavy K's/s cannon. The 
 P*ftora, the admiral's veiTel, had 21 gunjiaounted and 10 in re- 
 ferve. The Prince of NaiTau's was of the fame force. Thirty- 
 fix artillery men and volunteers from the Spanim and French ar- 
 mies were allotted to the fervice of each gun : thefe being exclu- 
 five of the officers and feamen who navigated the velFels, the 1 
 whole number on board was eflimated at between 6 and 7000 
 men. The gun and mortar boats, with the floating batteries and 
 the bomb ketches, were to carry on their attacks in every poilible 
 direction, while the fire of the battering fbips was pointed againil 
 their deftined objecls. By this mean, and by the fire of near o.co 
 cannon, mortars and howitzers from the iithmus, it was intended, 
 that, every part of the works being attacked at the fame icftanr, 
 and every quarter prefenting a fimilar face of danger, the re lift J 
 ance of the garrifon fhould become generally ineffeclive, and to- 
 tally unequal to the accumulated weight and force of the grand 
 attack. 
 
 At eight in the morning, [Sept. 13.] the ten battering fhips com- 
 manded by Adm, Don Buenventura Moreno, were pui in motion, 
 
 aud 
 
THE I-! I S T O R Y OF THZ [A D. 178*. 
 
 and proceeded to their fcveral flarions. Between nine and ten 
 they came to an anchor, in a line from the Old to the New Mole, 
 parallel to the rock', and from 1000 to 1200 yards dillant. The 
 admiral's ihip was ftationed oppofite the king's 'baflion; and the 
 others took their appointed places, fucceffively and with great re- 
 gularity, to the right and left of the admiial. The furrounding 
 lulls were covered wirh people, as though all Spain had aflembled 
 to behold the fpeclacle. 
 
 Tne cannonade and bombardment, on all fides and in all direc- 
 tions, horn the ifthmus, the fea, and the various, works of the for- 
 trefs, was trefaehcfoufly magnificent beyond defcrijxion. The 
 prodigious (bowers of red-hot balls, of 'bombs, and ot ca caffes, 
 \vhica filled the air, and were without intermiflion thrown from 
 the gamibn, to every point oi the various attacks, both'by feaand 
 land, aftomfhed the commanders of the allied forces; who could 
 not conceive how Gen. Elliot bad been able to conftruct and ma- 
 nage Inch a multitude of furnaces, as they deemed neceffary for 
 the heating of the quantity of (hot thrown. The number of red- 
 hot balls, which only the battering mips received in the courfe of 
 the day, was ellimated at not lefs than 4000. Thepeninfula feem- 
 cd at the fame time to be overwhelmed in the torrents of fire, in- 
 cefiantJy poured upon ir. 
 
 The battering mips were fo well conftrued for withftandin* 
 the combined pc weis of fire and artillery, that for feveral houis 
 >$fce-ftof??Ted fhotvers of fiiells and hot (hot with which they were 
 aff^iled, were htflMpaj>Je of making any vifible impreflion upon 
 them. But about two-o'clock the admiral's (hip was obfervecl to 
 irnoke. The fire, though kept under, 'during the day light, could 
 not be thoroughly fubdued. After a time, the Prince oi: Naflau's 
 {hip was difcovered to be in the fame condition. The diforder 
 that took place in thefe two commanding (hips, affecled the whole 
 Jine of attack; and by the evening the fire from the fort refs had 
 pained a decided fupenontv. This fire was continued with equal 
 vigor through the n'ght ; and by one in the morninr, the two 
 firll (hips were in flames, and feveral others vifiblv on fire. Con- 
 tinual fignals to the fleet were fufficiently expreflive of their ex-' 
 treme diitrefs and danger. Ail means were ufed by the fleet to 
 afford afTiOance: but as it was judged impodihle to remove the 
 battering mips, their endeavors were only dire6ted to the bring- 
 ing off the men. A great number of boats were accordingly em- 
 ployed, and much intrepidity was difplayed in the attempts for 
 this purpofe. 
 
 Captain Curtis, to complete the general confufion and deftruc- 
 tion, manned his -twelve gun-boats with his marine brigade; an4 
 
m 
 
 A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 3i t 
 
 drew them up in fuch a manner as to flank the line of battering 
 {hips. Each of his boats carried a 24 or 18 pounder, and by its 
 low lire and feed aim, wa.s not a Imie ioiaiidable. The bciiter- 
 ing ihips were (boa overwhelmed by the incefiant fie from the 
 garnion, and by that of the Britifh gun-boats, raking the whole 
 extern of iheir line. The fcene was now wrought up to the high- 
 eft point of calamity. TheSpanilh boats no longer dared to ap- 
 proach; but were compelled to abandon th^ir fliips and friends 
 to the flames, or to the .mercy and humanity of a heated enemy. 
 Several of their boats and launches had been funk before (hey 
 fubmitted to this neceffiiy. The day light at length appearing, 
 two Spanifh feluccas, winch had not efcaped wiih the others, aU 
 tempted to get out of the danger ; but a (hot from a gun-boat 
 having killed feveral men on boaid one of them, both were g-Ld 
 to funender. 
 
 The horrors of the night were terrible; but the opening of tbs 
 day difclofed a fpeclacle ftiil more painful. Numbers of men were 
 fecn in the midft of the flames crying out for pity and help; o- 
 thers floating on pieces of timber, expo fed to eqyal danger fiom 
 the oppofi.e element. Thofe in the (hips where the fire had made 
 a iefs progiefs, expreifcd in their looks, geftures and words, the 
 deeped diihefs and dcfpair; and were equally urgent in implor- 
 ing afiillance. The lire both from the garnfon and gun-boats 
 initautly ceafed ; and every danger was encountered by Captain 
 Curtis and his marine brigade, in endeavoiirg to refcue the di- 
 flrelTed enemy from furrounding deftiuftion. In thefe efforts the 
 boats weie expoQ^j to the peril arifing from the continual ciif- 
 eharge, on al! (ides, of the artillery, as the guns became heated to 
 a certain degree, and from the blowing up of the battering mips 
 as the me reached their magazines. A more ftiiking infiance of 
 t'ie ardor and boidnefs with which the marine brigade acle< J , needs 
 not be given, than that of an officer and 29 privates (all fe\ereiy 
 wounded] being dragged out from among the (lain in the holds 
 of the burning vefl'cis, moft of whom recoveied in the hofpital at 
 Gibraltar. 
 
 Captain Curtis was repeatedly in the moft imminent danger; 
 particularly fo when his pinnace was clofe to one of the largell 
 fnips at the time (be blew up : while every obje6l was for a con- 
 fiderable while buried in a thick cloud of fmoke, Gen. Elliot and 
 the garrifon fufTered the moft poignant diftrefs, confidering the 
 fate of their friend as inevitable. Thnteen officers and 344 men 
 werefaved by the exertions of the brigade. It was hapojj, that 
 the greater pait of the troops and feamen had been removed be- 
 fore Captain Cuida could make his attack with the gun boats. It 
 
 is 
 
' THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1782. 
 
 is thought however trnt the enemy loft 1500 men, prifoners and 
 wounded included, in their attack by Tea. 
 
 Admiral Don Moreno left his flag flying when he abandoned 
 his {hip, in which ftate it continued, till it was confumed or 
 blown up with the vefleL Eight more (hips blew tip fuccefiwely 
 in the courfe of the day. The tenth was burnt by the Britifh, 
 there being nopoffibility of preferring her for fervice. The lofs 
 fuilained by the allies on the ifthrnus during the attack cannot be 
 afcertained. The lots of the garrifon was nearly confined to the 
 anillery corps and the marine brigade. From the 9111 of Auguft 
 to the I7th of October, the whole number of noa-commiffioned 
 officers and private men {lain, amounted to 65 only, the wounded 
 were 388, befide 12 commiflioned ofncers. 
 
 Such was the fignal and complete defenfive victory, obtained 
 by a comparatively handful of brave men, over the combined land 
 and naval efforts of two great and powerful nations, who for the 
 attainment of a favorite object,, exceeded all former example, as 
 well in the magnitude, as in the formidable nature of their prepa- 
 rations. 
 
 The allies were now compelled to refl their hopes of recover- 
 ing Gibraltar, on the reduction of the garrifon to a furrender, 
 through the mere failure of ammunition and provifions. But this 
 \vas not to be effected, unlefs they could defeat Lord Howe, or 
 at lead prevent his throwing in the intended relief. Mean while 
 bis lordihtp met with much delay, through winds and weather, on 
 bis way to Gibraltar; which was rendered exceedingly irkfome, 
 by the anxiety that prevailed relative to the fortrefs, under a know- 
 ledge of the menaced attack. This anxiety was not removed till 
 the fleet had arrived near the fcene of action ; when advice was 
 alfo received, that the united fleets, corififting of fifty fail of 
 three and two deckers, had taken their flatiori in the Bay of Gib- 
 raltar. 
 
 At this critical point of time, a violent gale of wind in the 
 Straits, threw the combined fleets into the greatell diforder, and 
 cxpofed them to no fmall danger. It happened in the night of 
 October the loth ; and during the ftorm a frigate and one ihip of 
 the line were driven afhore, a fecond loft her foremaft and bow- 
 fprit, two more were driven out of the bay to the eaftward, ^nd 
 many others fuffered more or lefs damage. The St. Michael, a 
 fine Spanith (hip of 72 guns, was driven under the works of Gib- 
 raltar, where (he ran aground and was taken by the boa;s of the 
 garrifon. Her commander, with 6,50 feamen and foldiers, he- 
 came prifoners of war. The allies difcovering the fate of the St. 
 Michael, threw a number of ihelis in hope of deilroying her as 
 
 fhe 
 
A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 343 
 
 (he lay afhore. The Britifti however got her off in three or four 
 days, without her having fuffered any effentia! damage. 
 
 On the morning [i ith.J that fucceeded the ftorm, the Britifh 
 fleet entered the Straits, in a clofe line of battle a-head ; and a- 
 bout an hour after night, the van arriving off the Bay of Gibral- 
 tar, an opportunity was afforded to the ftore fhips of reaching 
 their deftmed anchorage without any indexation from the enemy ; 
 but for want of timely attention to the circumstances of the na- 
 vigation, pointed out in the inftruftions communicated to the 
 captains, only four of the 31 fail which accompanied the fleet ef- 
 fected their purpofe, The reft having miffed the Bay, were driv- 
 en through the Straits into the Mediterranean during the night, 
 and were no fmall encumbrance to the fleet in its fubfequent o- 
 perations. 
 
 While Lord Howe was collecting his convoy in the Mediter- 
 ranean, and preparing toefcort them hick to Gibraltar, the ene- 
 my were under no fmall anxiety for the two line of battle (hips, 
 which had been driven into the Mediterranean on the night o 
 the ftorm. To recover thefe, and in hope of intercepting, or pre- 
 venting the return of the ftore ihips, the combined fleet failed 
 from Algeziras on the 13th. 
 
 The Britifti fleet was abreali of Fungarola, a large port town 
 between Malaga and Gibraltar, when advice was received of the 
 approach of the enemy. While, upon this intelligence, the fleet 
 was doling and forming a line of battle, the Buffalo of 60 guns 
 was detached with thofe ftore fhips which had been collected, to 
 the Zefarine iilands, lying on the caafl of Barbary, about fixty 
 leagues above Gibraltar. The Panther, of the fame force, being 
 left in the Bay of Gibraltar for the proteclion of the ftore fhips 
 as they arrived, Lord Howe's force now amounted only to 31 
 fail of the line. 
 
 Near fun-fet, the combined fleets were defcried in great force? 
 at about fix leagues diftance, in line of battle with a flrong wind 
 full in their favor, and bearing direl!y down upon the Britifh 
 fleet. They amounted to 64 fail, about 42 appeared to be of the 
 line, including feveral large three deckers. By day light the next 
 morning, they were perceived clofe in with the land, and at fuch. 
 a diiknce as not to be vifible from the deck. During their move- 
 ments they had recovered the two miffing fhips. 
 
 In the morning it was difcovered, that feveral tranfports had 
 not proceeded with the Buffalo, and that others had joined Lord 
 Howe in the night. Upon this account, the wind becoming fa- 
 vorable, the fleet proceeded in order of battle toward the Straits, 
 and paffed eighteen of the convoy fafe to Gibraltar Bay. By the 
 VOL. HI. f t i8th 3 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 178*; 
 
 i8th, the vefTels under the care of the Buffalo rejoined the fleet 
 and were fent in. The two regiments on board the (hips ot war 
 and frigates were landed; and the icarcity ot ammunition in the 
 garrifon was removed by a fupply of 1500 barrels from the fleet. 
 Gibraltar being now fully relieved, Lord Howe concluded on tak- 
 ing immediate advantage of the eafteily wind, which had prevail- 
 ed a few days, for returning through the Straits to the weftward, 
 When he was in the entrance of the gut, and enclofed between 
 the op/polite points oi Europa and CVuta, the combined fleets ap- 
 peared at no great didance to the north eaft, at the break ot day 
 on the 19th. They followed his lordfnip, and the next morning 
 ^2oth.J were perceived at about five leagues di fiance to the wind- 
 ward. The Britim formed in order of battle to leeward. At 
 
 fun-fet the enemy began a 'cannonade on the van and rear of 
 Howe's fleet; but generally at fuch a diitance as to produce little 
 cfFecl. Perceiving however a part of his rear much feparaied from 
 
 the red, they made a bolder attempt upon that divifion. The 
 
 French and Spariifli admirals led the attack upon the feparated 
 {hips, which, referving themfelves till they were within a near 
 riiflance, threw in fo well-timed, heavy and admirably directed a 
 fire upon them, that the enemy were foon in evident confufion, 
 hauled their wind and gave up the objecl entirely. 
 
 The diflant fire of the combined fleets did much damage to the 
 vai els and rigging of feveral BritHh mips : the number of mer^ 
 and office! s killed and wounded amounted to 265 ; a trifling lofs 
 compared with the impoitance of the fervice in which Lord 
 Howe had been engaged. His lordlhip having effecled the bufi- 
 nefs on which he was difpatched, and the combined fleets being at 
 a confiderable diflance in the morning, apparently on their re- 
 turn to Cadiz, he proceeded on his way home; but while doing 
 it he detached eight mips of the line to the Weft Indies, and fix 
 to the coafls of Ireland. 
 
 The exiilence of thefe events did not Interrupt the negotiations 
 for peace, carrying on at Paris. Thefe were rather forwarded by 
 it ; as the belligerent powers were brought into a nearer equality 
 of circumftances for treating with each other. 
 
 Mr. Jay, in corifequence of his being appointed by Congrefs 
 one of thecommiiTioners to treat for peace with Great Brisain, 
 left Madrid and repaired to Paris. He and Dr Franklin were re- 
 ceived by the Spanifli ambaffador, the Count D'Aranda, as mi- 
 nifters from Congrefs, when they dined with him in the begin- 
 ning of July. This might be viewed by others as a public ac- 
 knowledgment, on the part of Spain, of the independence of the 
 American United States ; but could not fatisfy Mr. Jay, who de- 
 
 cUned 
 
A.D.17**.'] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 345 
 
 dined negoyating with D'Aranda without an exchange of com- 
 jniflions, though the French minifter Vergennes wifhed him to 
 do it. Mr. Fitzherbert and Mr. Ofwald were fent over on the 
 part of Great Britain, the former to treat chiefly wiih the Euro- 
 pean powers, the latter with the Americans. The commiflion 
 granted to Mr. Ofwald, inflead of acknowledging the indepen- 
 dence of the United States in the fir ft inftance, provided only for 
 the acknowledgment of it in an article of the propofed tieaty. 
 Mr. Jay objected to the commifTion. The Count de Vergennes 
 thought it fuffictent, and would have had him proceed : but not- 
 \vithitanding the in(tru6tions of Congrefs, be declined complying 
 with the count's wiihes. Dr. Franklin declared himfelf of the 
 fame opinion with the count. Jay however was tixed ; and drew 
 up a letter, which he intended to fend to Vergennes, containing 
 his reafons for not treating with Ofwald upou that commifnon. - 
 When he mowed it to Dr. Franklin, the doclor owned the force 
 of his reafonings ; and that he had not attended to them before, 
 or he mould not have fo readily fallen in with the opinion of the 
 French minifter. Mr. Jay kept up a friendly coi refpondence 
 with Mr. Adams, one of his fellow commiflioners, and acquaint- 
 ed him with the itate of affairs. They judged alike ; and Mr. A- 
 dams determined not to leave Holland and repair to Paris, till Mr. 
 Ofwald had a different commiflion. 
 
 Mean while Mr. Adams employed himfelf in negotiating A 
 treaty of amity and commerce, between the. States General of ths 
 United Netherlands, and the United States of America, which was 
 concluded on the 8th of Ottober. The loth article provides, 
 lhat the vefFels of eiiher party, not having contraband goods for 
 an enemy's port, may freely purfne their vovage; and that it (hall 
 not be required to examine the papers of vefTels convoyed by men 
 of war, but credence (hall be given to the word of the officer con- 
 du&rng the convoy. The 2^th fets forth, that under the denomi- 
 nation of contraband and merchandifes prohibited, dull be com- 
 prehended only warlike itores and arms, as alfo foldiers, horfes, 
 fiddles and furniture for horfes. All other e fife 6b and merchan- 
 Vifes, and even all forts of naval matters, however proper they 
 may be for the conftruftion and equipment of vefiels of war, or 
 for the manufacture of one or other fort of machines of war, 'oy 
 land or fea, {hail not be judged contraband; and may be trarif- 
 ported from and to places belonging to the enemy, thofe only ex- 
 cept^d which are nearly furrounded by fome of the belligerent 
 powers. 
 
 Mr. Jay and Mr. Ofwald often converfed freely with each o- 
 ihsr, nojvvithfhnding the objection made to the Eritilh c >namif- 
 
 lion; 
 
346 THE HISTORY OP THE {A.D. i 7 8t. 
 
 fion ; arid without letting either the French minifter or Dr. 
 Franklin know of it, prepared all things as far as poUible for treat- 
 ing officially whenever a new commiffion fhould be received. On 
 the loth of September, Mr. Jay had put into his hands the fol- 
 lowing copy of a tranflation of a letter to Count de Vergcnnes 
 ** No. 225. Philadelphia, March 13, 1782. Sir, Gen. Greene 
 affirms, that in no one ftate is attachment to independency carried 
 to a higher pitch, than in South Carolina: hut that this afTe6tion 
 is yet exceeded by the hatred borne to England. Mr. Mathews, 
 governor in the room of Mr. Rutledge, has communicated toper, 
 ions ot the moil influence in his ftate, the ultimatum of the month 
 of lad, who approved of the claufes in general, and 
 
 parficularly that one which leaves the king mailer of the terms 
 of the treaty of peace or truce, excepting independence and the 
 treaties of comtnerce and alliance. Mr. S. Adams is ufing all his 
 endeavors to raife in the ftate of Maffachufetts a flrongoppofition 
 to peace, if the eaftern ftates are not thereby admitted to the fifhe- 
 lies and particularly to that of Newfoundland. Mr. Adams de- 
 lights in trouble and difficulty. He could not have ufed a fitter 
 engine than the fiiheries, for ftirring up the paflions of the eaft- 
 cm people, and renewing the queflion that had lain dormant dur- 
 ing his two years abfence at Bofton. The reigning toaft in the 
 eaft is May the. United States ever maintain their right to the fjti- 
 eries! It would be dangerous informing the people through ihe 
 public papers. The king however may caufe to be intimated to 
 Congrefs or the minifter, his furprife that the Newfoundland 
 fisheries have been included in the additional inftruciions ; that 
 the United States let forth therein pretenfions without paying re- 
 gard to the king's rights, and without confidering the impoffibili- 
 ty of their making conquers, and keeping what belongs to Bri- 
 tain. His majefty might caufe a promife to be given lo Con- 
 grefs of his afliirance for procuring admiffion to the other fjhcrics* 
 declaring however that he would not be anfwerable for the fuc- 
 cefs, and that he is bound to nothing, as the treaty makes n< 
 mention of that article. The declaration being made before the 
 peace, the hopes of die people could not be fupported, nor could 
 it one dav hereafter be laid, that we left them in the dark on (his 
 point. It were to be wifned, that this declaration fhould be 
 made, while Mew York, Charleftown and Penobfcot are in the 
 enemy's hands. There are fome judicious perions to whom we 
 may fpeak of giving up the fisheries, and the lands of the weft for 
 the fake of peace ; but there are enthufiafts who fly oat at this 
 idea, and their numbers cannot fail of increafing when the Eng- 
 liOi are expelled. The divifioa is nearly equal in Congrtfs and 
 
A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 347 
 
 among the ftates; and our influence can incline the beam, either 
 for peace or war, which ever we may choofe. Let his majefty 
 likewife caufe a memorial to be delivered to Congrefs. wherein 
 fhould be dated the ufe made by miniflers of the powers intiuilcd 
 to them by that aflembly, and the impediments which may have 
 flood in the way of a fuller fatisfaftion on every point. It is re- 
 marked by fome, that as England has other fiiheries befide New. 
 foundland, me may perhaps endeavor that the Americans mould 
 partake in that of the grand bank, in order to conciliate their af- 
 feclion, or procure them fo^e comperifation, or create a fubjefc 
 of jealoufy between them and us; but it does not feem likely, that 
 fhe will acl; fo contrary to her own mtereft; and was fhe fo to do, 
 it will be for the better to have declared at an early period to the 
 Americans, that their pretenfion is not founded, and that his ma- 
 jefty does not mean to fupport it. Barbe Marbois." 
 
 Mr. Jay told Mr. Ofwald " If Lord Shelburne means to have 
 the United State* flit nds, as he cannot have them far fubjefls, 
 
 their independence muft be acknowledged in (he beginning. 
 
 While their independence is not acknowledged direclly or indi-' 
 reclly, they will be obliged by the treaty to continue annexed to 
 France till inch acknowledgment is made, and fo to fight the bat- 
 tles and promote the views of France. Independence muft be ac- 
 knowledged, that fo the Americans may be feparated from France, 
 and a peace be accomplifhed : and if they were not admitted to 
 the fimery and the weftern lands, there will be continual bicker* 
 ings, and a friendfhip be prevented." Ofwald was at length con- 
 vinced, by frequently difcourfing with Jay, that a new commif- 
 fion muft be granted. That all future objections and difficulties 
 might be precluded, he defired Jay to give him a draught of one, 
 \vhich fhould be fully to his fatisfaclion : this was done. 
 
 The firft confidential fecretary of Count de Vergennes drew up 
 a memoir, which when Mr. Jay had perufed he was apprehenfive, 
 that the French court would, at a peace, oppofe the extenfion of 
 the territory of the United States to the MiiTiflipJH, together with 
 their claim to the free navigation of that river would probably 
 fupport the Britifh claims to all the country above the 31 degree 
 of latitude, and certainly to all the country north of the Ohio- 
 and that, if America mould not agree to divide with Spain in the 
 manner propofed by Count D'Aranda, the French court would 
 then aid Spain in negotiating with Britain for the territory Hie 
 wanted, and would agree that the refidue ihould temain to Bri- 
 tain. The Spanifh minifter had propofed, that the weftern line 
 of the United States fhould run from a lake near the confines of 
 Georgia, but caft of Flint river, to the confluence of the Cana- 
 
 way 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 178*. 
 
 way with the Ohio, thence round the weftern Chores of Lake E- 
 neand Huron, and thence round Lake Michigan to Lake Supe- 
 rior. The propofnions offered in the memoir by Mr. Rayneval 
 Avere fuppofed to be the fentiments of Vergennes. Mr. R<yne- 
 val left Paris. Mr. Jay learned from good authority, that on the 
 morning of his departure, Count D'Aranda had, contrary to his 
 ufual praclice gone with pod horfes to Verfailles, and was two or 
 three hours in conference with Vergennes and Rayneval, before 
 the latter fet out for England. All thefe facls taken together, 
 Jdy conjeclured that Rayneval wasr fent to let Lord Shelburne 
 know, that the demands of America to be treated by Britain as 
 independent, previous to a treaty, were not approved of or coun- 
 tenanced by the French court, and that the offer of Britain to 
 make that acknowledgment in an article of the propofed treaty 
 was in the court's opinion fufficient to found his lordihip on the 
 fubjectof thefilhery, and todifcover vvhetherBrirain would agree 
 to divide it with France to the exclufion of all otheis to imprefs 
 his lordihip with the determination of Spain to poffefs the exclu- 
 five navigation of the gulph of Mexico, and of their defire to keep 
 the Americans from the MiflHfippi.and alfo to hint the proprie- 
 ty of fuch a line as on the one hand would fatisfy Spain, and on 
 the other leave to Britain all the country north of the Ohio 
 and to make fuch other verbal overtures to his lordfhip as it 
 might not beadvifable to reduce to writing, and to judge from the 
 general tenor of his lordmip's anfwers and conversation, whether 
 it was probable that a general peace in terms, agreeable to France, 
 could be effected, that fo an immediate ftop might be put to the 
 negotiation, if that was not the cafe. 
 
 Mr. Jay upon this fent for Mr. V , and acquainted him 
 
 that he muft go over immediately to London. An exprefs being 
 inftantly going off, Mr. V addreffed a line to Lord Shel- 
 burne, and defired his lordfhip to enter into no bufinefc with Mr. 
 
 Rayneval, till V had firfl feen him. Jay gave V 
 
 ail the information he wifhed to have communicated to his Jord- 
 
 Oiip; which being minuted down, V proceeded the next 
 
 <lriy for London. Soon after his arrival, the new commifJion 
 was iliucd.and Mr. Ofwald was empowered to treat with the U- 
 nited St-tes asaftudlly independent, and with their commiflioners 
 only. When Mr. Adams was informed of it, he left Holland. 
 He arrived at Paris on the 26th of Oclober; and-as foon as pof- 
 fible waited upon Mr. Jay. A plan was fettled between thesn, 
 tiow to proceed in (he negotiation. When Dr. Franklin after- 
 ward joined them, Mr. Adams told him, that he and Mr. Jay had 
 ^et-:rtniaed to negotiate with Mr. Ofwald without ccnfuiting or 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 349 
 
 being advifed by Count de Vergennes. The doftor made no re- 
 ply to it ; but the next morning told them, ihat he would al with 
 them in that way. 
 
 Mr. Rayneval being in company with them after his return 
 to Pans, allied them what they demanded as to the fisheries; and 
 was anfwered " We infift on enjoying a right in common to 
 them wiih Britain." The other intimated that their views 
 fhould not extend further than a coaft fiihery; and infmuated that 
 pains had lately been taken in the eaflern ftates, to excite their 
 apprehenfions and increafe their demands on that head. He was 
 tolvl that fuch a right was eflemial to them, and that their people 
 would not be content to make peace without it. Dr. Franklin 
 explained very fully the importance of the fimeries to the eaflern 
 fUtes in particular. Rayneval then foftened his manner, and ob- 
 ferved, that it was natural for France to wiih better to the United 
 States than to England ; but as the fimeries were a great nurfery 
 for feamen, they might fuppofe England would be difinciined to> 
 let others mare in it, and that for his part he wifhed there might 
 be as few oHftacles to a peace as pofiible. He reminded them 
 alfo, that Mr. Ofwaid's new commiilion had been iilued poflerior 
 to his arrival at London. 
 
 The fifheries labored for fo-me time. The Britifh miniflry 
 \verc for excluding the Americans from fifliing within three 
 leagues of any of the coafls belonging to Briiain, and within fif- 
 teen of Louifburgh. Mr. Adams told Mr. Ofwald, that the New 
 England Hates had no ftaple without the fimery that the fifherie* 
 entered into all their trade that were they excluded from them, 
 the Britifh would not be benefitted by it, for the French would 
 get the trade that Britain would have nothing to fear from a 
 number of American failors at fuch a diftance, whatever they 
 might have from the French who were near that the fifhermen 
 would bieak through fuch limits, whatever care might be ufed to 
 prevent it, which might prove a bone of contention, and bring 
 on another war after a few years. Mr. Ofwald made a great dif- 
 ficulty about acknowledging the right of the Americans to the 
 fifheries ; arid was for inferting the word liberty. After a while 
 Mr. Adams faid " They have a right every way. The banks 
 are only fo many leagues from the Americans, but they are fo ma- 
 ny from the Europeans ; if the latter have a right by nature, cer- 
 tainly the former have. We have fought together with the Eng- 
 lifh in their wars for the enjoyment of them, and with them we 
 have poffefled them ; and therefore ive have zjldl right" The 
 word right was agreed to be inftrted in tKe treatv. The article 
 of the fiChery coft the American commiffuwe rs all the induflry 
 
 fisffl 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1782, 
 
 ikill and addrefs that they were matters of. Mr. Laurens's pre- 
 fence with his brother commiflTioners the two lalt days was of 
 great fervice. He propofed the infertion of a paragraph agamft 
 carrying away any negroes or other property, belonging to theAme- 
 rican inhabitants. He appeared deeply impiefled with ihe lolsof 
 his ion ; but the venerable hero thanked God that he had fuch a fon B 
 one who was wilJing to loic his life in the caufe of his country. 
 
 The American commiilioners expedited the negotiation with 
 the uunoft adiduity ; and on the cjoth of November, provifionai 
 articles were agreed upon and figned, to take effeci whenever 
 terms of peace ihould be finally fettled with the court of France. 
 The bufmefs was finifhed fo privately and unexpectedly, that mi- 
 niftersand ambaffadors, as well as others in and about the court 
 of Verfailles, were furprifed upon hearing the news. The figning 
 of the provifionai articles will probably fufpend the hoftile opera- 
 tions of France and Spain, till it is known whether a general peace 
 can be agreed upon. They have collected their fleets at Cadiz to the 
 amount of near forty fliips of the line, which are del-lined for the 
 Weft Indies, and are to be commanded by Count d'Efiaing; who 
 is .to convoy thither feveral thoufand French troops under the 
 Marquis de la Fayette. Had not the American commiflioners 
 improved the precious moment that offered, without entangling 
 themfelves by confulting Count de Vergennes, the Britifh mi- 
 niftry might have been changed and thofe events have fucceed- 
 ed, which would have kept the United States much longer from 
 the pofieffion of their independence. 
 
 We muft now quit the negotiations of peace for the operati- 
 ons which relate to war. By the French gazette it appears, 
 that Capt. de la Peroufe, commanding a divifion of his Moft 
 Cbriftian Majefty's fleet, has deftroyed the fettlements at Hud- 
 fonVbay. He computes the )ofs fuftained by the Hudfon's- 
 bay Company at about ,500,000!. fterling. 
 
 The gentlemen of the county of Suffolk propofed building a 
 fliip of the line for the ufe of government, and began a fub- 
 fcription for the purpofe. The plan was to be carried into im- 
 mediate execution, when twelve other counties had agreed to 
 follow the example. There was fubfcribed in the whole 21067!. 
 195. 6d. The propofal anfwered a good purpofe, as may be 
 feen by the following extract of a letter from Wm. Middleton, 
 Efq; to the corporation of Ipfwich. ' Sept. y. It is with fingu- 
 lar fatisfaclion I can inform you, that the fpirited refolve of this 
 county, has already had its defired effecl on the court of France. 
 Mr. Fitzherbert, now at Paris, writes word, that nothing but a 
 decifive victory at fea, could have had fo ftriking an effcft o 
 
 that 
 
/f.Z>. 1782.3 ^AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 351 
 
 that court, as the refolves of this and the other counties, to 
 build Chips of war by voluntary contributions, for the ufe of the 
 public." But Sir James Lowther diftinguifhed himfelf by a 
 noble fingularity, which few had power to follow. On the 6th 
 of September, he waited on Lord Kepple, and after exprefling 
 his concern that county fubfcriptions for buildiag men of war 
 went on languidly, requeued his Iqrdfhip to prefent his duty to- 
 the king, and at the fame time befeech his majefty to accept a 
 man of war of the line from him, completely manned, victualled, 
 and fitted for acYion. Lord Kepple, aftonifhe.d at fuch an unex- 
 ampled inftanee of generofity in a private gentleman, afluredSir 
 James that his requeft mould be inftantly complied with, which 
 it accordingly was; arjd the king received the offer with that 
 mark of refpecfc which became his majefty. 
 
 Ten men of war (including Count de GrafTe's (hips taken by 
 Admiral Rodney) with a large fleet of merchantmen from Ja- 
 maica, fuffered exceedingly by a tremendous gale of wind off 
 Newfoundland on the i/th of September, and finceby captures. 
 The Ville de Paris, and the Glorieux foundered, and only one 
 man out of the compliment of both mips efcaped to tell iheir 
 melancholy fate. The Heftor alfo funk ; but being defcried in 
 time by a fnow that made toward them, the crew were faved. 
 The captain's name was John Hill, though his veffel was fmall 
 for the purpofe, yet he took on board upward of 200 men be- 
 longing to the Heclor. He threw part of his cargo overboard 
 to make room for them; and generoufly fhared his provifions 
 with them to the hazard of wanting himfelf. The greatnefs of 
 the rifk he ran appears from hence,that the laft cafk of water was 
 broached on the day that land was difcovered. The Ramiliea 
 went down, but her people were faved by the merchantmen in 
 company. The Centaur was likewife loft, and all her company, 
 except twelve, with the captain, who got into the only remaining 
 boat. They traverfed a fpace of near 800 miles in the Atlan- 
 tic ocean, without compafs or quadrant, and with a blanket for 
 a fail. They had only two bifcuits divided among them every 
 twenty-four hours; and as much water during that fpace to eve- 
 ry man, as the neck of a wine bottle broken off would hold. At 
 the expiration of fixteen days, when the laft divifion of bifcuit 
 and water had been made, to their inexpreffible joy they difco- 
 vered the PoUugueze ifland of Fayal, where they fafely arrived 
 at night. The American cruifers carried into L'Orient 17 o 
 the Jamaica fleet. The whole number of prizes brought into 
 that port by them, from the beginning of the year to the end of 
 October, amounts to 32 ; exchTfive of what have arrived in other 
 ports of France. 
 
 VOL. III. Uu .LETTER 
 
$52 THE HISTORY OF THB \A. D. 1782 
 
 LETTER XVI. 
 
 Paris, December o, 1783. 
 FRIEND G. 
 
 THE Governor of the Univerfe, to whofe juflice and deter- 
 mination ail the late belligerent powers appealed, having 
 fo ordered events that peace is at length fully reftored, the pre- 
 fent letter (hall clofe my correfpondence upon affairsof a public 
 nature. 
 
 Mr. Francis Dana, your late American refident at Peterf- 
 burgh, but who failed from thence foi America on the 7th of 
 Augufl, labored to obtain a reception in his public characler; 
 but received from the Ruffian niinifler, in aniwer to his appli- 
 cation, the following declaration. " I have to renew to you, Sir, 
 the expreflion of fatisfaclion with which her Imperial Majefly is 
 impreffed by the mark of attention which your conftituems have 
 paid her, in fending to her a perfon exprefsly clothed with a pub- 
 lic characler; and to afiure you, that fhe will acknowledge yew 
 with pleafure in that quality, the inftant that the definitive trea- 
 ties which are at the eve of being concluded, lhall have been ex- 
 ecmed her delicacy being a law to her, not to take, before that 
 time, a flop which might not be confidered as corresponding with 
 thofe which have characterized her ftricl neutrality during the 
 couife of the late war. Notwnbfianding which the emprefs re- 
 peats, that you may enjoy not only for your own honor, but alfe 
 for your countrymen, who may come into her empire on com- 
 mereial bufmefs, or otherwife, the mod favorable reception and 
 the proieclion of the laws of nations. The conducl which the 
 emprefs has held during thecourfe of the war, fufficiemly wit- 
 neiTesin favor of the impartiality of her fentiments, and puts au 
 end to every diicuilion on that point, and ought to make you en- 
 tiiely eafy." 
 
 While the negotiations for peace were carrying on between 
 Great Britain, France, Spain and Holland, news was received 
 from theEail Indies, butfuch as had not a favorable afpecl on the 
 Britifh intereft in that quarter. Adm. Suffrein, with twelve fhip 
 of the line, and Adm. Hughes with eleven, engaged afrefh on the 
 12th of April, 1782. This aclion appears to have been the mo& 
 bloody that had been fought during the war, down to that period, 
 in proportion to the number of mips. The Britifh had 144 kil- 
 led, and 4 go wounded. The French after that proceeded to land 
 
 aibody 
 
J, D. x;B2,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 353 
 
 3 body of troops, which, being joined by fome thoufand Seapoys 
 Sent by Hyder Ally, inveftedand reduced Cuddalore on the coaft 
 of Coroinandei. When the preliminary articles between Britain, 
 France and Spain were exchanged, on the 3d of laft February, 
 further advices were received from the Eaft Indies, giving an ac- 
 count, that notwithstanding a viclory which Sir Eyre Coote gain- 
 ed over Hyder Ally on the 20 of j<me, 1782, the latter l.ept the 
 field; and fix djtys after, by the help ot his numerous cavalry, 
 Surrounded and cut off an advanced body of the Britifh airny,an<i 
 ;cominucd to harrafs it much in its march. Shortly after Sir 
 Eyre's bad health obliged tinn to relinquish his command. The 
 French fleet being fully repaired left Cuddalore, and on the ^th 
 of July came in fight of the BritHh at Negapatam. Sir Edwaid 
 Hughes immediately put to fea. The next day {"July 6.] he com- 
 menced a dole action with Moid, de Suffrcin. Both fleets Suf- 
 fered *nuch, and at night anchored at no groat defiance from each 
 other. In the morning the French (hips: failed l o^*ry|f jOre ; 
 while the Britiih were fo damaged in their nggiir)gth.T.j^ e | >r ,cou!d 
 not puriue. Suffrem refitted his fquadron with the uiirfUxu expe- 
 dition, put to fea the beginning of Auguft, formed a jun61ioa 
 with a number of Frerfch transports and fome men of war, and 
 foiled dire&ly for Trincomale, which Surrendered to him en the 
 laft day of the rnonih. Hughes upon gaining intelligence at Ma- 
 dras of what was going forward, failed inftantly for the relief of 
 the place; but did not arrive before it till the 2d of September. 
 The next morning [Sept. 3.] Sufirein came out of the bay with 
 15 (hips of the line, including 3 fifties, Hughes, with only 12, 
 including- one fifty, was ready to receive him. The engagement 
 began about noon with great fury on each fide; and continued 
 with equal obflinacy till about feven, when the French admiral 
 drew off, afier having loft both his mizen and main-maft, and had 
 levcral mips greatly damaged. He returned to Trincomale at 
 pjght, but loft a 74 gun (hip in re-entering the harbour. This was 
 the fourth battle that had been fought between Sir Edward 
 Hughes and Monf. de Suffrein within feven months. Never be- 
 fore had there been foobilinate a competition for the maftery of 
 the Indian Ocean. Though the bravery and Skill of the Britifh 
 admiral and Sailors prevented Suffrein's availing himfelfof his Su- 
 periority for the capturing of his enemy's (hips, yet he difpiayed 
 uncommon courage, and exerted himielf in Such a manner, as 
 iliowed him to be an able commander and a determined foe. 
 About the coth of September, Sir Richard Bickerton, with a 
 fquadron of five fhips of the line, and near ^ooo men, arrived at 
 Madras. 
 
 In 
 
354 THE HISTORY OF TH* fcl.D. 
 
 In December lall Hyder Ally died. Upon which General 
 Mathews wasoidered by the prefidency of Bombay, to proceed 
 v\'iib his whole torce into the country of Canaiee, in order to 
 pottefs Bednore, the capital, where Hyder's immenfe treafures 
 \vere fuppofed to be, together with all his magazines for war. As 
 the place was incapable of refinance, it was delivered up to the 
 Britilh general upon his appearing before it, t Aether with the 
 province, by capitulation. The general imprifc^ed the Indian go- 
 vernor in direct violation of the articles, and committed various 
 irregularities. After that the general 'beficged Mangalore, the 
 principal fea port and marine arfenal of Hyder Ally, which fur- 
 rendered on the gth of March. Tippoo Saib, who had fucceed- 
 ed to his father Hyder Ally's defigns as well as -his power, re- 
 folved to relinquish the Carnatic; and marched with above one 
 hundred thoufand men torefcue Bednore. Gen. Mathews, tho' 
 he h^d only bettweel> 2 and 3000 troops, of whom about 700 
 were Biirr^ans? determined to march out of the capital, and give 
 b3ttle*P r ^ >,iJ;bc> Saib in an>open plain. The conteft was fiiort ; 
 his haHESwVof ttien was totally routed with great {laughter; and 
 he was obliged with the broken remains of his force to take fher- 
 ter in the fortrefs, which flood upon an eminence nigh the town. 
 After a fiege of near three weeks, the garrifon obtained terms 
 from Tippoo Saib, fecuring their private property upon their de- 
 live.ing up what was public, and promifing them fafe conduct to 
 Bombay. Thefe conditions deprived them of the immenfe booty 
 they had acquired, they determined upon eluding the fame by 
 dividing the treafure among themfelves. Tippoo Saib, when the 
 contrivance was difcovered, confidered the articles as annulled by 
 this breach of faith; put both officers and men under confine- 
 ment, and ftripped them of all they poflefled. When they had 
 fufFeced many indignities they were lent to a fort up the country 
 loaded' with irons. The general and feveral officers are thought 
 to have been pu: to death with circumftances of great cruelty. 
 The fuccefs that followed the recovery of his capital, encouraged 
 Tippoo Saib to befiege Mangalore; and the garrifon were re- 
 duced to great extremity. But they were relieved by the news 
 of the genera! peace, which arrived in July. 
 
 Sir Eyre Coote went by fea to Bengal for the recovery of his 
 health. When upon his return to Madras, he was chafed forty- 
 eight hours by two French men of war. The folicitude and ia- 
 tigue he underwent in continuing nearly the whole time upon 
 tleck, occafioned a iclapfe. He got fafe into port on the a6th 
 of April, and died the day after his arrival, at a junclure when 
 kis abilities were greatly wanted. Though the retreat of Tippoa 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 353 
 
 Saib from the Carnatic was of eminent fervice ; yet the prefi- 
 dency of Madras were not fatisfiecl, while the French poffdled 
 Cuddalore in the neighbourhood. General Stuart who had fuc- 
 ceeded to the command of the Britifh army, was ordered to re- 
 duce it. The garrifon was numerous, and compofed of choferi 
 hardy veterans from among the French, and a number of Tip- 
 poo Saib's bed troops whom he had left with them. The gene- 
 ra! began to befiege the place about the beginning of June, and 
 while he preiTed it by land, Sir Edward Hughes lay off the har- 
 bour to cut off its communication by fea. But on the 2oth of 
 June, Mr. de Suffrein approached him with 17 fhips of the line, 
 two more than Sir Edward had. An engagement commenced a- 
 bout four in the afternoon, and lafted three hours. The French 
 retired in the night to Pondicherry, whither the Britifh followed 
 them. The fiege was continued till the news of a general peace 
 in Europe put an end to ail hcftilities. 
 
 When the preliminary articles of peace came to be taken into 
 confideration by the Britifh parliament on the 1710 of February, 
 upward of 450 members were prefent in the houfe of commons. 
 Great debates enfued, and theconteft between miniflry and oppo- 
 fition was fupported with unabating fervor on each fide during 
 the whole night. When the divifion took place at eight the en- 
 fuing morning, the propofed minifterial addrefs on the peace wat 
 rejetied by a majority of fixteen, 208 voting for it, and 224 a. 
 gainft it, in favor of an amendment propofed by Lord John Ca- 
 veodifh. Mr. Thomas Pitt, who opened the debate, and moved 
 for the addrefs, aliened, that from the papers on the table it ap- 
 peared, that the iaft ciifgraceful war had coft the nation confider- 
 ably more than the glorious war of the Duke of Marlborough, 
 and the fiill more glorious war of Lord Chatham, and indeed than 
 all the wars put together in which the nation had been engaged 
 from the revolution to the peace of Aix la Chapelle. In thehouie 
 of lords the addrefs moved by miniflry was carried in their favor 
 by 72 votes againft 59. 
 
 When the preliminary articles between Great Britain, France 
 and Spain, were agreed upon, a fufpenfion of arms took place 
 with refpecl to Holland. But it was not till the ed of Septem- 
 ber, that preliminary articles between the Dutch and the Britifh 
 were figned at Paris ; by which a reciprocal reftitution of all the 
 places and territories taken on either fide, Negapatam excepted, 
 was agreed upon. The navigation oftheeallern feas was alfo to 
 be free and unmolefled to the Britifh fhippingin all parts. Thefe 
 two articles are the only objefts worthy of fpecial notice. Trin- 
 comale will be reflored to the Dutch by the French, agreeable to 
 
 the 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1783. 
 
 the declaration made by Mr. de Vergennes on the ad of December, 
 3782, in his Mod Chriftian Majefty's name, that it was his inva- 
 luable intention to reilore to their High Mightineiles fuch of 
 their colonies as might remain in his hands, whenever the 
 conclusion of a general peace would enable his majefty to give 
 the iepublic this new mark of his afieclion toward it. The ratifica- 
 tion of the preliminary articles was exchanged with the Duke of 
 Manchefter on the 29th of September by the plenipotentiaries of 
 their High Miohtineiies. 
 
 On the 3<:1 or September, the definitive treaties between Great 
 Britain, France and Spain, were figned at Verfailles by the Duke 
 of Manchefier, and the plenipotentiaries of the faid courts. On 
 the fame day, the definitive treaty with Great Britain and the U- 
 nited States of- America was alfo figned at Paris, by David Hart- 
 ley, Efq; the Brjtiih plenipotentiary, and the plenipotentiaries of 
 the faid ftates. On the loth, John Adams, Efq; wrote to you (as 
 his own hand will inform you, ihould not the letter mifcarry) c ' I 
 hope that private honefty will not be violated in any debt, and 
 that as much moderation may be fhown towards the tories as. pof- 
 fib'e. Theflipulations fhould be facred, and the recommendati- 
 ons at Leali treated with decency, and ferioufly coniidered. I can- 
 not help faying, I wifh they could be complied with. When I a- 
 greed that Congrefs mould recommend, I was fmcere. I then 
 wiihed and ftill wifli, that the recommendation may be agreed to. 
 This is unpopular no doubt : but treaties are folemn things, in 
 which there (hould be no mental refervations. When New York 
 and Penobfcot are evacuated, the people may be cooler it will 
 be an ugly bone of contention, I always dreaded it, and would 
 have avoided it, if n had been poff.ble, but it was not." The pro- 
 per communication of this letter may produce, at leaiHn the Maf- 
 iachufetis fiatc, a degree of moderation toward the royalifts, the 
 want of which is too glaringly evident in the proceedings of your 
 various town-meetings. 
 
 Now that the operations of war have ceafed, a Tubjeft entirely 
 novel has offered, which engages the attention and admiration of 
 a!! orders of people. 
 
 It having been obferved, that a ball filled with inflammable air 
 would afcend till that and the external air of the atmofphere were 
 in equilibrium; Mr. Montgolfier made experiments, fh ft with a 
 globe of linen and paper, of 10,5 feet circumference, and then, 
 with one of taffety done over wiih elaflic gum, 36 feet in circum- 
 ference. Theafcent of botlvanfvvered fo fully the expeclation of 
 every one prefent, that Mr. Montgolfier exhibited a new trial of 
 his aerollatic machine, alias air balloon, at the Caftle de la Mu- 
 
 tie 
 
A. D. 1785.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 ette on the 23d of November in the afternoon. The balloon was 
 70 feet high and 46 in diameter, containing 60,000 cubic feet r 
 and was capable of lifting up about fixteen hundred weight. II 
 had a gallery annexed to it, wherein the Marquis d'AIandes and 
 Mr. de Rozier placed themfelves. About 54 minutes after one. 
 the feveral powers by which it was held down being removed, it 
 rofe in a majeltic manner, and the aerial navigators were foon out 
 of fight. When it was at leaii three thoufand feet high, it re- 
 mained hovering in view. Its paflage was fuch that all Paris had 
 an opportunity of beholding it. When the travellers found they 
 had palled the metropolis, and were over the open fields, they de- 
 fcended with the utmoft compoftire, after a progrefs of 30,000 
 feet within 23 minutes. The affair was attefted at five o'clock 
 the fame afternoon, by the fignatures of the Duke of Polignac, the 
 Duke of Guines, Benjamin Franklin and others. Since then 
 Meffrs. Charles and Robert undertook a fimilar expedition on 
 the ift of December. At three quarters afte-r one, they rofe with 
 their chariot annexed to the balloon in the midlt of a profound 
 filence, occafioned by the emotion andaftonifbmeritof all parties. 
 When they were arrived at the height of about 300 fathom, they 
 moved in an horizontal courfe by regulating their ballaft. After 
 $6 minutes progrefs they heard the gun, which was the fignal o 
 t&eir difappearing from the obfervers at Paris. They then ceaf- 
 cd to confine themfelves to an horizontal direction; and gave 
 themfelves up to the contemplation of the varied fcenes in the o- 1 
 pen country beneath them. They fhouted vive It roy, and heard 
 their fhouts re-echoed. They waved their banners, and perceiv- 
 ed that thefe fignals redoubled the joy and fecuruy of thofe be- 
 low. They feveral times defcendcd near enough to be heard. 
 They reached the plains of Nefle about half after three. Their 
 whole pafTage made about nine Paris leagu-es, which they ran 
 over in two hours, with fcarcety any fenfible agitation in 
 the air. They had not long defcended to the ground, before 
 the Duke de Chartres s the Duke Fitz- James, and a number of 
 horfemen, who had followed them from Paris, galloped up to and 
 joined them. How far thefe amufements will extend, and how 
 long they will be followed, depends upon the fafety that attends 
 them and the tafle of the public ; but ihould they be difcontinued 
 for ages, till all traditionary traces of them are loft, they will be 
 considered as lying legends in the faithful pages of modern hiflo- 
 ij. It only remains to be mentioned, that the minifieriat phe- 
 nomenon, which has been exhibited to the BritHh nation ever 
 fince the beginning of laft April, in the coalition between Lord 
 North and the honorable Charles Fox, ended ihe 19*11 of Decem- 
 
 iw* 
 
3,58 THE H I S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 1783. 
 
 ber by a royal meffage, importing that it was the king's plea Cure, 
 that they (hould deliver to him the feals of their reipediye oilices 
 as his majefty's principal fecretahes of ftate. 
 
 LETTER XVII. 
 
 Roxbury, June 30, 1783. 
 
 H E laft year a court was conftituted.in purfuance of the gth 
 JL article of the confederation, to hear and finally determine 
 the difpute between the flates of Pennfylvania and Connecticut, 
 refpefting certain lands. They gave it as their opinion, that 
 Connecticut had no right to the lands in controverfy ; and that 
 the jurifdiftion and pre-emption of all the territory lying within 
 the charter boundary of Pennfylvania, claimed by Connecticut, 
 did of right belong to Pennfylvania. Their proceedings arid fen- 
 tence were returned to Congrefs, and ordered on the ^d of Jan- 
 uarv to be lodged among the acls of Congrefs. 
 
 Theapprehenfions of a fpeedy peace, with the fufferings of the 
 American army under Gen. Wafhington, produced the laft De- 
 cember an addrefs and petition of" the officers iotheUnitecl States 
 in Congrefs afTembled. The contents comprehended the follow- 
 ing articles prefent pay a fettlement of the accounts of the ar- 
 rearages of pay, and fecurity for what is due a commutation of 
 the half-pay allowed by different refolutions of Congrefs, for an 
 equivalent in grofs a fettlement of the accounts of deficiencies of 
 rations, and compenfation a fettlement of the accounts of defi- 
 ciencies of clothing and compenfation. The figning officers oa 
 the part of the Maffachufetts, the Connecticut, the New York, 
 the New Jerfey, and the New Hampfliire lines, at their cinton- 
 ments on Hudfon's river, faid ' We complain that (hadows 
 have been offered to us, while the fubftancc has been gleaned by 
 others. Our diftrefles are now brought to a point. We have 
 borne all that men can bear our property is expended ourpri- 
 vafe refources are at an end, and our friends are wearied out and 
 difgufted with our incefTant applications. It would be criminal 
 in the officers to conceal the general diffatisfaclion which prevails, 
 and is gaining ground in the army, from the preflure of evils and 
 injuries, which, in the courfe of feven long years, have made their 
 condition in many inilanccs wretched. They therefore entreat 
 
 that 
 
^.1X1783.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 359 
 
 that Congrefs, to convince the army and the world, that the in- 
 dependence of Ameiica {hall not be placed onthe ruin ofany par- 
 ticular clafs of her citizens will point out a mode for immediate 
 redrefs." Gen. M'Dougall, and Colonels Brooks and Ogden, 
 were chofen a committee to wait upon Congrefs. While the bu- 
 fineis was pending, certain public creditors and others at Phila- 
 delphia, weie contriving how to employ the army for the efta- 
 bliihtng of continental funds. The financier, Mr. Robert Mor- 
 ris, or rather Mr. Governeur Morris, is fufpecled to have been 
 at the bottom of the fcheme : the latter is allowed to be a man oE 
 great abilities, but is thought to be one of the rnofl dangerous up- 
 on the continent. Officers and foldiers were to be thrown into 
 fuch a paroxyfm of rage and refentment, as fhould drive them in- 
 to the attempt of compelling Congrefs to comply with iheir own 
 demands, and thole of the public creditors, who were to arm and 
 join them. Letters were lent to certain military perfcns in whom 
 the greateft confidence was placed, that fo affairs might bein readi- 
 nefs. Mean while reports were propagated in Philadelphia, that 
 dangerous combinations were forming in the army : whereas the 
 troops were apparently extremely quiet, notwithstanding their 
 temper was very irritable on account of their long protracted 
 fufferings. At length, upon the arrival of a particular gentleman 
 from Philadelphia in camp, about the 8th of March, fuch fenti- 
 inents as the following weie immediately and induflriouily circu- 
 lated That it was univerfally expected that the army would not 
 difband, till they had obtained jutlice That the public creditors 
 looked up to them for redrefs of their grievances, would afford 
 them every aid, and even join them in the field if neceffary 
 That fome members of Congrefs wifhed the meafure might take 
 effecl:, in order to compel the public, particularly the delinquent 
 ilates, to do juflice. When the minds of the army were thought 
 to be prepared by thefe means, anonymous invitations were circu- 
 lated onthe loth of March, requeuing a general meeting of the 
 officers on the next day. At the fame inftant many manufcript 
 copies of an addrefs to the officers f though anonymous, known 
 fmce to have been drawn up by Major Armftrong] were falter- 
 ed in every ftaie line of the army. It was in a peculiar man- 
 ner calculated to inflame every breaft, and to provoke all to unite; 
 in redrefiing their own grievances while they had arms in their 
 hands. To fap the influence oi the commander in chief, fhould 
 he attempt to counteract the meafure, they weredire6red to " fuf- 
 the man who would advife to more moderation and lon- 
 
 er forbearance." As foon as Gen. Wafhington obtained the 
 
 knowledge of ihefe papers, after taking notice, in peneral orders 
 
 VOL. III. X x of 
 
360 THE H I S T O R Y OF THB [A. D. 1783. 
 
 of the nth, of the anonymous invitations, he requefled the gene- 
 ral and field officers, with one officer from each company, and 
 a proper reprefentation from the ilaff of the army, to aflemble 
 on the following Saturday, the 13 th. This he did, " in order 
 to refcue the foot that flood wavering on the precipice of def- 
 pair, from taking, while the paffions weie inflamed, thcfe fleps 
 which would have led to the aby's cf mifeiy. He aled upon 
 the principle, that it is eafier to divert from a wrong to a right 
 path, than it is to recall the hilly and fatal Heps which have been 
 already taken.'*' The period previous to the officers affembling, 
 \vas improved by the general for foftening them down. The 
 treatment they had met with, the fufpicions they had entertained 
 of a defign to trick them, the llrong indications that had appear- 
 ed of an inclination fo to do, and other occurrences, had imbit- 
 tered their fpirits; fo that it was with the utmoft difficulty, that 
 be could calm and bring them to a temper which promifed an . 
 happy ill'ue to the meeting he had propofcd. Hefent for one offi- 
 cer after another, and talked to them privately, fetting before them 
 the ill confequences of violent meafurcs, and the lofs of character 
 that would follow; and brought feveral to their tears. Numbers were 
 prevailed upon to relinquish their intentions, and agreed topurfic 
 moderate meafure?. A fecond addfefs appeared on the i2tb s 
 wherein the author artfully insinuated, that the general approved 
 of their defending the fubjecl, which had been propofed by him- 
 fclfinthefirft. 
 
 When the officers were convened on the i^th, thofe who were 
 for moderate meafures contrived that General Gates, who was 
 thought to be too much in favor of thereverfe, mould be chofen 
 prefident. After that, the commander in chief addrefFed the meet- 
 ing. The firft and larged part of the fpecch was employed in 
 counteracting the effefts produced by the anonymous papers. 
 His excellency thus expreifed himfelf " The author of the ad- 
 clrefs is entitled to much credit for thegoodnefs of his pen; and 
 I could wiili he had as much credit for the reclitude of hi* heart. 
 He was right to infinuate the darkeft fufpicion to efTecl the 
 blacked defign. My God! what can this writer have in view by 
 recommending fuch meafures ? Can he be a friend to the army '': 
 Can he be a friend to this country? Rather is he not an infidt- 
 ousfoe? Some emiilary perhaps, from New-York, plotting the 
 ruin of both, by fowing the feeds of difcord and feparation be- 
 tween the civil and military powers of the continent?" He af- 
 terwards pledged himfelf in the moil unequivocal manner to ex- 
 ert all his abilities in tlieir favor ; requeued ihern to rely on the 
 
 faith 
 
A. D. 1783.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 36* 
 
 faith of their country, and to place a full confidence in the purity 
 of the intentions of Congrefs ; and conjured them, in the name of 
 their common country, as tbey valued their honor, as they ref- 
 pe6ted the rights of humanity, and as they regarded the military 
 and national character of America, to exprcfs their utmoft de- 
 teftation of the man, who wifhes, under any fpecious pretences, 
 to overturn the liberties of their country; and who wickedly at- 
 tempts to open the flood gates of civil difcord, and deluge their 
 lifing empire in blood. 
 
 It was happy for the army and country, that, when his excel- 
 lency had finifhed and withdrawn, no one rofe and obferved, - 
 ** that General Wafhington was about to quit the military line 
 laden with honor, and that he had a confiderable eflate to fupport 
 him with dignity, but that their cafe was very different. Hadfuch 
 ideas been thrown out, and properly enlarged upon, the meeting 
 \vould probably have concluded very differently. But no coun- 
 terpoife being offered to the fpeech, the bufinefs of the day was 
 finifhed to the wifhes of his excellency. The meeting of officers 
 unanimoufly thanked him for his addrefs. They alfo refolved 
 unanimoufly, That no circumflances of diftrefs or danger fliould 
 induce a conducl that might tend to fully the reputation and glo- 
 ry they had acquired That the army continued to have an un- 
 fhaken confidence in the juflice of Congrefs and their country- 
 That his excellency be requeued to write to the Prefident of Con^ 
 grefs, earneftly entreating their fpeedy decifion upon the fubjecls 
 of tti officers' addrefs That they view with abhorrence; and re- 
 ject with difdain, the infamous propofitions contained in a late 
 anonymous addrefs to the officers of the army. 
 
 General Wafhington, in a letter of the tBth, tranfmittefl to 
 Congrefs an account of what had paffed at the meeting of the of- 
 ficers, and urged in the ftrongeft manner their being gratified in 
 what they had before applied for. On the 22d of March, Con- 
 grefs refolved that the officers fhould be entitled to receive to the 
 amount of five years full pay in money, or fecurities on intereft 
 at fix per cent, per arm. inftead of half pay for life. Though this 
 commutation was granted, the fears of the army were flill alive, 
 left they fliould be difbanded r the lines be feparated, before their 
 accounts were liquidated. The commander in chief was for their 
 being difbanded as foon as poffible : but then he thought their 
 wifhes fliould be consulted, which he pronounced moderate in 
 their mode, and perfectly compatible with the honor, dignity and 
 juflice, due from the country; as they only involved complete 
 fettlement and partial payment, previous to any difperfion. Threat 
 months pay at leafl was univerfally expecled*' 
 
 Bf 
 
362 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1783 
 
 By the 24111 of March, Congrefs received a letter of February 
 th, from the Marquis de la Fayette, announcing a general peace, 
 an.i a copy of orders given by Count D'Eftaing, for the purpofe 
 of putting a ftop to ail hoUilities by fea : hereupon they directed 
 the marine agent immediately to recall all armed veflels cruifrng 
 under commidions from the United States of America. The 
 marquis's letter was dated from Cadiz : in it he wrote " forty- 
 nine (hips and twenty thoufand men are now here, whom Count 
 D'Eftaing was to join with the combined forces in the Weft In- 
 dies, and during the fummer they were to co-operate with our 
 American army. Nay, it had lately been granted, that while 
 Count D'Eilaing was elfewfoere, I fhould enter St. Lawrence liv- 
 er at the head of a French corps. It is known that I ever was 
 beat upon the addition of Canada to the United States." On the 
 4th ot April, Captain John Derby commanding the Aftrea, ar- 
 rived at Salem from Nantz in 22 days, and brought wiih him a 
 printed copy of a declaration of the American mimfters, given at 
 Paris the 201 h of February, and figned John Adams, B. Franklin, 
 John Jay. It mentions, that the ratifications of the preliminary 
 articles or peace ligtied the 2oth of January, between his Moil 
 Chriilian Majefty and the King of Great Biitain, were in due 
 form exchanged by their miniilers on the 3(1 of February; from 
 which day the feveral terms fpecified for theceffationof hollilitics 
 are to be computed relative to all Brhifh and American veffels 
 and effecls. Thus the fame captain, who carried to Great Bii- 
 tain the firft news of aclual hofliiities at Lexington, brought to 
 the Maflachufetts the firft news of the ratifications of the articles 
 of peace be ing ex changed. 
 
 A copy or the articles for concluding a general peace between 
 Great Britain and America, being received from Philadelphia*, 
 were pubiifhed together with the declaration in the Bofton pa. 
 pers of the ioth of April. The people at large are now fully 
 gratified with the knowledge of all the particulars, expreiled ia 
 the followin words, 
 
 Articles, agreed upon, ly and between Richard Qfzcald, 
 
 the CQmi.r<ijfiGne.r of his Britarnnc Majfjty for treating of pcacs 
 with the ccmim/Jioners of the. Untied States of America, in be- 
 half of his find majejh, on the one part\ and John Adams \ 
 Benjamin 1< t anhhn, '-johu J-ay, and Henry Laur ens ^ four of the. 
 fo.id co mw^Ji oners of the.Jaidjiates for treating of peace with, 
 the coinmfjwrier of his Jaid majejly, on thdr bthalj, on the other 
 *-srt ; to be. infer ted in, and to ron/tiiute the treaty of peace, pro* 
 if o fed to be ' cvtiduded between the crown of Gr&at Britain, ami 
 
 rj J 
 
^0.1783.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 363 
 
 the faid United States; but which treaty is not to be concluded 
 until terms of a peace jhall be agreed upon-betwetn Great Britain 
 and France, and his Britannic Majejiy Jhall be -te-ady to conclude, 
 fuck treaty accordingly. 
 
 WHEREAS reciprocal advantages and mutual convenience 
 are found by experience 10 form the only permanent foundation 
 of peace and fiiendihip between Hates; it is agreed to form the 
 articles of the propofed treaty on fuel) principles of liberal equity 
 and reciprocity, as that partial advantages (thole feeds of difcord) 
 being excluded, fuch a beneficial and fatisfa&ory intercourfe be- 
 tween the two countries may be eftablifhed, as to promife and fe- 
 cure to both perpetual peace and harmony. 
 
 ARTICLE I. His Britannic Majefty acknowledges the faid 
 United States, viz. New-Hampihire, MalTachufetts-Bay, Rhode- 
 Ifland and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New- York, 
 New- Jerfey, Pennfylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North- 
 Carolina, South- Carolina and Georgia, to he free, fovereign, and 
 independent dates; that he treats with (hem as fuch; and for 
 himfelf, his heirs and fucceflbrs, relinqui flies all claims to the go- 
 vernment, propriety and territorial rights of the fame, and every 
 part thereof ; and that all disputes which might arife in future, 
 on the fubjeQ of the boundaries of the faid United States may be 
 prevented, it is hereby agreed and declared, that the following are, 
 and (hall be their boundaries, viz. 
 
 ARTICLE II. From the north-weft angle of Nova-Scotia, viz. 
 that angle which is formed by a line drawn due north, from the 
 Iburce of St. Croix river to the Highlands, along the faid High- 
 lands which divide thofe rivers that empty themfelves into ths 
 river Saint Lawrence, from thofe which fall into the Atlantic O- 
 cean, to the north-weftern-moft head of Connecticut river; 
 thence down along the middle of that river to the forty-fifth de- 
 giee of north latitude: from thence by a line due weft on faifl 
 latitude until it (hikes the river Iroquois or Cataraquy; thence 
 along the middle of faid river into lake Ontario; through the 
 middle of faid lake, until it ftrikes the communication by water 
 between that lake and lake Erie ; thence along the middle of faid 
 communication into lake Erie; through the middle of faid lake, 
 until it arrives at the water- communication between that lake and 
 take Huron ; thence along the middle of faid water-communica- 
 lion into the lake Huron ; thence through the middle of faid lake 
 to the water-communication between that lake ar.'i lake Superi- 
 or; thence through lake Superior, northward of the ides Royal 
 snd Phelipeaux, to the Long Lake; thence through the middle of 
 
 faid 
 
64 THE H I STORY OF THE [A. D. 1783. 
 
 faid Long Lake, and the water-communication between it and the 
 Lake of the Woods, to the faid Lake of the Woods ; thence thro' 
 the faid lake to the mofl north-weftern point thereof, and from 
 ihence on a due weft courfe to the river MifTiffippi; thence by a 
 line to be drawn along the middle of the faid river MiiTiflippi, 
 until it {hall interfeft the northernmofl part of the 31 degree of 
 north latitude: ibuth by a line to be drawn due eafl from the 
 determination of the line lad-mentioned, in the latitude of 31 de- 
 grees north of the equator, to the middle of the river Apalachico- 
 la or Calabouche; thence along the middle thereof to its junc- 
 tion with the Flint river; thence fhaight to the head of St. 
 Mary's river, and thence down along the middle of St. Mary's 
 river, to the Atlantic Ocean : eafl by a line to be drawn along 
 the middle of the river St. C mix from its mouth in the Bay of 
 Fundy to itsfource; and from its fource dire&ly north to the a- 
 forefaid Highlands, which divide the rivers that fall into the At- 
 lantic Ocean, from thofe which fall into the river St. Lawrence; 
 comprehending ail iflands within twenty leagues of any part of 
 the fliores of the United States, and lying between lines to be 
 drawn due eaft from the points where the aforefaid boundaries 
 between Nova- Scotia on the one part, and Earl-Florida on the o- 
 ther, (hall refpe&ively touch the Bay oF Fundy, and the Atlan- 
 tic Ocean ; excepting fuch iflands as now are, or heretofore have 
 been, within the limits of the faid province of Nova-Scotia. 
 
 ARTICLE III. It is agreed, that the people of the United 
 Statesfliall continue to enjoy, unmolefted, the right to take fifhof 
 every kind on the Grand Bank ; and on all other banks of New- 
 foundland ; alfo in the gulph of St. Lawrence, and at all other 
 places in the fea, where the inhabitants of both countries ufed at 
 any time heretofore to fifh. And alfo that the inhabitants of the 
 United States fhall -have liberty to take fi(h of every kind on fuch 
 part of the coaft of Newfoundland, as BritiOi fifhermen (hall ufc 
 (but not to dry or cure the fame on that ifland) and alfo on the 
 coafts, bays, and creeks of all other of his Britannic majefty's do- 
 minions in America ; and that the American fifhermen (hall have 
 liberty to dry and cure fifh in any of the uniettled bays, harbours, 
 and creeks of Nova-Scotia, Magdalen iflands, and Labrador, fo 
 long as the fame mail remain unfettled ; but fo foen as the fame, 
 or either of them, mall be fettled, it fhall not be lawful for the 
 faid fifhermen to dry or cure fiih at fuch fettlemenr, without a pre- 
 vious agreement for that purpofe with the inhabitants, proprietor's 
 or pofiefTors of the ground. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. It is agreed, ihat creditors on either fide fhall 
 meet with no lawful impediment to the recovery tff the full value 
 in ftcrling money of all bonafidt debts hereJtffore contracted. 
 
 ARTICLE 
 
J. D. 1783.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 365 
 
 ARTICLE V. It is agreed, that tjie Congrefs fliall earneftly 
 recommend it to the legi fixtures of the rcfpecUve itates, to pro- 
 vide for the reflitution of all eilates, rights and properties, which 
 have been confifcated, belonging to real British fubje&s : and 
 alfo of the eftates, rights and properties of perfons red-dent in 
 diftricls in the poffeffion of his majefty's arms, and who have not 
 born arms againil the faid United States : and that peyfons of any 
 other defcription llial! have free liberty to go to any part or parts 
 of any of the Thiiteen United States, and therein to remain 
 twelve months unmolefled in their endeavours to obtain the ref- 
 titutioa of fuch of their eftates, rights and properties, as may have 
 been confifcated : and that Congrefs mail alfo earneftly recom- 
 mend to the fevcral ftates a reconfideration and revifion of all 
 afts or laws regarding the premifes, fo as to render the faid laws 
 or acts perfectly coniiitent, not only with juftice and equity, but 
 with that fpirit of conciliation, which, on the return of the blef- 
 fings of peace, mould univerfally prevail. AND that Congrefo 
 (hall alfo earneftly recommend to the feveral ftates, that the ef- 
 tates, rights and properties of fuch laft-mentioned perfons mall 
 be reftored to them, they refunding to any perfons who may be 
 now in pofleirkm, the bona-ficL' price (where any has been given) 
 whi-cli fuch perfons may have paid on purehafing any of the faid 
 lands, rights or properties, fmce the conifcation. AND it is 
 agreed, that all perfons who have any intereft in confifcated lands, 
 either by debts, marriage fettlements or otherwife, (hall meet 
 with no lawful impediment in the profecution of their jufi rights. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. That there (hall be no future confifcations 
 made, nor any profecutions commenced againft any period otf 
 perfons, for or by reafon of the part which he or they may hava 
 taken in the prefent war, and that no peifon mail' on that ac- 
 count, fuffer any future lofs or damage, either in his perfon, liber- 
 ty or property; and that thofe who may be in confinement on fudi 
 charges at the time of the ratification of the treaty in America, 
 mall be immediately fet at liberty, and the profecutiofis fo com- 
 menced be difcontinued. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. There {hall be a firm and perpetual peaca 
 between his Britannic Majefly and the laid .ftates, and between 
 the fubjefts of the one and the citizens of the other, wherefore all 
 hoflilities both by fea and land mall then immediately ceafe: all 
 jwifoners on both fides ihall be fet at liberty, and his Britannic 
 Majefty (hall with all convenient fpeed, and without caufing any 
 deftrution, or carrying away any negroes^ or other property of 
 the American inhabitant?, withdrawal! his armies, garrifons and 
 fleets from the United States, and from .every port, place, and 
 
 harbour 
 
366 THE HISTORY OF TRE [^. 
 
 harbour within the fame; leaving in all fortifications the Ameri- 
 can artillery that may be therein: and (hall alfo order and caufe 
 all archives, records, deeds and papers belonging to any of the 
 faid Rates, or their citizens, which in the coiufe of the war may 
 have fallen into the hands of his officers, to be forthwith reilored 
 and delivered to the proper ftates and perfons to whom they be- 
 long. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. The navigation of the river MifMippi, 
 from its fourcc to the ocean, (hail for ever remain free and open 
 to the fubje&s of Great Britain, and the citizens of the United 
 States. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. In cafe it mould fo happen that any place or 
 territory belonging to Great Britain, or to the United States, 
 Ihould be conquered by the arms of either, from the other, before 
 the arrival of thefe articles in America, it is agreed that the farce 
 fiull be reftored without difficulty, and without requiring any 
 compenfation. 
 
 Done at Paris, the thirtieth day of 
 November, in the year of our 
 Lord one thoufand feven hun- 
 dred and eighty. two. 
 
 RICHARD OSWALD. (L. S.) 
 JOHN ADAMS, (L. S.) 
 
 'B. FRANKLIN, (L. S.) 
 
 JOHN JAY, (L. S.) 
 
 HENRY LAURENS. (L. S.) 
 
 Witnefs, 
 CALEB WIIITEFOORD, fecretary to the 
 
 Britiih commiffion. 
 W. T. FRANKLIN, fecretary to the 
 
 American commiflion. 
 
 By the public prints we learn, that the following are the prin- 
 cipal articles of peace between the other powers. France is to 
 retain Tobago and Senegal : but is to rellore to Great Britain, 
 fort James on the river Gambia, Grenada, the Grenadines, St. 
 Vincent's, Dominica, St. ChriPiOpher's, Nevis and Montferrat. 
 Great Britain is to reilore to France, Goree, St.Lucie, St. Pierre 
 and Miquelon. The fifhery of France and Great Britain on the 
 eoaft of Newfoundland, to remain on the fame footing on which 
 they were by the treaty of 1763, except that part of the coaft of 
 Bonavifta, at Cape St. John's, which is to belong to the Briiiih. 
 
 F/ance 
 
A. D. 1783.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 367 
 
 France is to be re-eftablimed in the Eaft Indies, as well in Bengal, 
 as on the eaft and weft coaft of the Peninfula, as regulated by 
 the treaty of 1763. The articles of all preceding treaties con- 
 cerning the demolition of Dunkirk, are to be fupprefTed. Spain 
 is to retain Minorca and Weft Florida ; and Great Britain cede 
 Eaft Florida to Spain. An agreement is to be entered into be- 
 tween Spain and Great Britain, about the cutting of wood in the 
 bay of Honduras. St. Euftatia, Demerara and Ifiequibo, are to 
 be reftored by the French to the United Provinces. 
 
 At in o'clock on the 19th of April, the day which completed 
 the eighth year of the war, the ceftation of hoftilities betweeij the 
 United States and Great Britain was proclaimed in the American 
 army by order of General Washington. 
 
 Though it is ftipulated by the 7th article of the provifionat 
 treaty, that " his Britannic Majefty (hall, without carrying away 
 any negroes, or other property of the American inhabitants, 
 withdraw all his armies, garrifons and fleets from the United 
 States ;" yet a confiderable number of negroes belonging to the 
 citizens of thefe ftates were carried off. This produced a con- 
 ference between General Washington and Sir Guy Carleton on 
 the fubjeft, at Taapan on the 6th of May. Sir Guy principally 
 infifted, that he conceived it would not have been the intention 
 of the BritHh government, by the treaty of peace, to reduce them- 
 felves to the neceffity of violating their faith to the negroes, who 
 came into the Britim lines under the proclamations of his prede- 
 cefTors. He forbore to exprefs his fentiments on the propriety 
 of thefe proclamations ; but urged that delivering up the negroes 
 to their former mafters, .would be delivering them up, fome pof- 
 fibly to executions, and others to fevere punimments, which in 
 his opinion would be a difhonorable violation of the public faith 
 pledged to the negroes in the proclamations. He obferved, that 
 if the fending away of the negroes mould hereafter be declared 
 an infraction of the treaty, compenfation muft be made to the 
 owners by the crown of Great Britain ; and that he had taken 
 meafures to provide for this, by directing a regifter to be kept of 
 all the negroes who were fent off, fpecifying the name, age and 
 occupation of the flave, and the name and place of refidence of 
 his former mafter. He remarked, that he was not by the treaty 
 held to deliver up any property, but was only reftrained from 
 carrying it away. He concluded the converfation on the fubjefc 
 by faying, he imagined that the mode of compenfating, as well 
 as the accounts and other points with refpeft to which there was 
 no exfxefs provifion made by the treaty, muft be adjudged by 
 commifljoners to be hereafter appointed by the two nations. 
 
 VOL, III. J Y y Oa 
 
368 THE HISTORY OF THE {A. D. i 7 8g. 
 
 On the 26th of May Congrefs refolved, that the American mi- 
 niflers plenipotentiary for negotiating the peace (hould bedireft- 
 ed to remonftrate on the fubjel to the court of Great Britain, 
 and to take proper meafures for obtaining fuch reparation as the 
 nature of the cafe would admit. The fame day they i efolved, that 
 General Wafliington fhould be inftrucled to grant furloughs to 
 the non-cornmiffioned officers and foldiers who had inlifted for 
 the war, together with a proportionable number of commilTioned 
 officers of the different grades; and that the general and fecretary 
 at war ihould take the proper meafures for conducting thofe 
 troops home in fuch a manner as might be moft convenient to 
 themfelves and to the ftates through which they might pafs; and 
 that the men thus furloughed ihould be allowed to take their arms 
 with them. Something of a fimilar refolution was taken refpeft- 
 ing the North Carolina troops under General Greene. You 
 may think it worth recording, that Greene wrote on the 2d of 
 Feb. from Charleftown " Ever fince the enemy have been gone, 
 we have been obliged to fubfift the troops at the point of the bay- 
 onet. The ftate agents dropped the bufmefs the moment 
 Charleftown was evacuated, nor could the authority or influence 
 of government induce them to continue a moment longer." 
 More than three weeks before the foldiers were ordered to be fur- 
 1 oughed, Congrefs called upon the refpeclive ftates to forward the 
 collection of .their taxes, that fo the financier might have where- 
 with to advance them a part of their pay before they left the field ; 
 and he at the fame time was directed to make the necefTary ar- 
 rangements for carrying the views of Congrefs into execution. 
 
 The refolve of Congrefs for furloughing the foldiers inlifted 
 for the war, and a proportionate number of officers, and the or- 
 der of the commander in chief founded upon it on the 2d of 
 June, excited aftonifhrnent and chagrin in the generals and offi- 
 cers commanding regiments and corps in the cantonment on 
 Hudfon's river. They addrefTed their commander upon the oc- 
 cafion on the^th ; folicited his further aid on their behalf; and 
 entreated that his order might be fo far varied, as that no officer 
 or foldier mould be obliged to receive a furlough, until Congrefs 
 could be apprized of the wretched fituation into which the army 
 rnuft be plunged by a conformity to it. The next day General 
 Wafhington returned them a fatisfaclory anfwer. He exprefTed 
 his hope, that the financier's notes for three months pay to the 
 army would foon arrive, and that the fettlement of accounts 
 might be completed in a very few days ; by which the two fub- 
 jecls of the army's complaint would be removed. 
 
 Affairs were fo regulated, that by the middle of June the fol- 
 ders were daily returning home, with fuch good order as did 
 
 them 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 369 
 
 them great honor. On the i8th of the month, General Wam- 
 ington addrefled a circular letter to the feveral governors and 
 prefidents or the United States, announcing his intended refigna- 
 tion of the command of the army, and expreffing his thoughts as 
 to thofe wife and falutary meaiures, which he thought could a- 
 lone make the flates a great and flourifhing people, " There 
 are four things (he faid) which, I humbly conceive, are effential 
 to the well-being, I may venture to fay, to the exiftence of the 
 United States as an independent power. jft. An indiflolub'e u- 
 nion of the ftates under one focdcral head, gdly, A facred re^ 
 gard to public juftice. 3dly, The adoption of a proper peace 
 eitablimment. And 4thly, The prevalence of that pacific and 
 friendly difpofition among the people of the United States, which 
 will induce them to forget their local prejudices and politics ; to 
 make thofe mutual conceflions which aie requifite to the gene- 
 ral profperity; and, in fome inftances, tofacrifice their individ- 
 ual advantages to the intereft of the community. Thefe are the 
 pillars on which the glorious fabric of our independency and na- 
 tional character muft be fupported," Toward the clofe his words 
 were " It remains then, to be my final and only requeft, that 
 your excellency will communicate thefe fentimems to your legif- 
 lature, at their next meeting; and that they may be confidered as' 
 the legacy of one who has ardently wifhed, on all occafions, to be 
 ufcful to his country, and who, even in the fnade of retirement, 
 will not fail to implore the divine benediclion upon it." 
 
 A committee of Congrefs having been appointed to inquire 
 fully into the proceedings of the office of finance, reported on 
 the i/th of June, that in examining the reforms which had been 
 made in the public expenditures, their attention was neceflarily 
 callecj io the expenditures of former years; and that in compar- 
 ing thefe with the prefent, and making every allowance for the 
 difference of times and circumftances, they were of opinion, that 
 the order and economy which had been introduced fince the efla- 
 blilhment of this office, had been attended with great favings of 
 public money, as well as many other beneficial ccnfequences. 
 The fame was ordered to be entered on the journals. 
 
 The extravagance, wade and enormities in expences and 
 charges among the Britifh, being the fubjecls of converfation in 
 company with feveral of the New England delegates ; thefe were 
 led to remark upon the enormous expences of the American ar- 
 my through walk, bad management, and other catifes. After 
 that, two of the Maflachufetts delegates acknowledged, that it 
 coft Congrefs at the rate of 18 millions per annum, hard dollars, 
 to carry oa the war, till Mr. Morris was choferi financier, and 
 that then it coft them but about five millions, 
 
 LETTER 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [A D. 1783, 
 
 LETTER XVIII. 
 
 Roxbury, April 9, 1784. 
 
 ADVICE being fent by exprefs to Philadelphia from Lancaf- 
 ter, 67 miles diflant, that about 80 of the Pennfylvania le- 
 vies Rationed there, were marching to the city in defiance of their 
 officers, to feek a redrefs of grievances from the executive coun- 
 cil of the ftate, the fame was communicated to Congrefs; who 
 appointed a committee to confer with the council on the ipth of 
 June. The committee urged the calling out a detachment of mi- 
 jitia to intercept the mutineers on their march, and fuggefied the 
 danger of their being fuffered to join the troops in the barracks, 
 \vho a few days before had fent an infolent and threatening mef- 
 fage to Congrefs, in the name of a board of fergeants. The coun- 
 cil mowing a reluclance to comply, from an opinion that the mi- 
 Jitia would not be willing to acl, till fome outrage was committed 
 by the troops, the afliftant fecretary at war was fent by the com, 
 inittee to meet the mutineers, and endeavor to engage them to re- 
 turn to Lancafter. They however perfifted, and arrived on the 
 morning of the 2oth at Philadelphia. They proceeded to the 
 barracks, where were quartered about 150 veterans lately arrived 
 from Carolina, the corps of artillery and others of different corps, 
 Amounting to upward of 300 in the whole. The day following, 
 | June 21. | the troops, with fixed bayonets and drums beating, 
 inarched to the ftate-houfe, the feat of Ccngrefs, and of the fu- 
 preme executive council of Pennfylvania. They placed guards at 
 every door, fent in a written mefTage to the preiidentand council, 
 and threatened to let loofe an enraged foldiery upon them, if they 
 \vere not gratified as to their demand within twenty minutes. 
 No addrefs was made to Ccngrefs ; but for fome hours their fi-. 
 tuation was not very agreeable, while they were funounded by a- 
 fcout 300 men, with guards placed at their doors, and the foldiers 
 from every appearance fecmingly prepared for the worft purpofes. 
 Before the opportunity prefemed (after being about three hours 
 under dure{Te) of retiring without any other infult offered to them 
 collectively or individually, they refolved, that the authority of the 
 
 United States had been grofsly intuited by the armed foldiers 
 
 that the committee confer with the executive council, and that in 
 cafe it fhould appear to the committee, that there was nofatisfac- 
 tory ground for expecting adequate exertions, by the Pennfylva- 
 nia iiale, for fuppgrting the dignity of the federal government 5 
 
 the 
 
A. D. 1783.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 371 
 
 the prefident, on the advice of the committee, (hould fummon the 
 members of Congrefs to meet on Thurfday the 26th at Tientoii 
 or Princeton and that the fecretary at war fhould communicate 
 to the commander in chief, the ftate and difpofition of the troops 
 in Philadelphia, that fo he might take immediate meafures to dif- 
 patch to the city fuch force as he fhould judge expedient for fup- 
 prefling any enfuing difiurbances. The committee conferred wufi 
 the council, without receiving fatisfaclion, while the mutinous dif- 
 pofition of the foldiery continued: the)* therefore advifed to the 
 lummoning of Congrefs to Trenton o\ Princeton. When the in- 
 habitants of Princeton and its vicinity knew that they were to he 
 honored with the prefence of Congrefs, they rcfolved to fupport 
 order and good government, and exerted themfelves to accommo- 
 date the reprefentatives of the United States. 
 
 The moment General Wafhington was informed by exprefs 
 of the mutiny at Philadelphia, he ordered a detachment of "1,50 
 men to be put in motion immediately; and gave the command of 
 them to General Robert Howe. Upon their arrival, the diflurb-' 
 ances were foon quieted, without bloodfhed, and feveral of the 
 mutineers were taken up, tried and condemned, two to fuffer 
 death, and four to receive corporal punifhment; but were after- 
 ward pardoned by Congrefs, as they did not appear to have been 
 principals in the mutiny, and as no lives were loft, nor any de- 
 llru&ion of property committed. Congrefs werefenfible to what 
 it was partly owing, that they had been obliged to change their re- 
 fidence; they therefore directed on the i ith of July, the fuper- 
 intendant of finance to report to them, the reafons why the troops 
 lately furloughed, did not receive part of their pay previous there- 
 to, agreeably to the intention of Congrefs. The financier's notes 
 with which fuch payment was at length made, foon pafTed at a 
 confiderabledifcount, notwithftanding the receivers in the feveral 
 ilates were inflrucled to take them in payment of taxes ; as alfo 
 to take them up whenever tendered, if they had public money in 
 their hands : thus the foldiery had experience of a freih hard- 
 fhip. 
 
 On the 7th of Auguft, the reprefentatives of the United States 
 " refolved (unanimoufly, ten ftates being prefent) That an eque'- 
 trian flatue of General Wafhington, be ercfled at the place 
 where the refidence of Congrefs fhall be eftabiifhcd: That the 
 ftatue be of bronze The general to be reprefented in a Roman 
 drefs, holding a truncheon in his right hand, and his head en- 
 circled with a laurel wreath. The ftatue to be fupponed by a 
 marble pedeftal, on which are to be reprefented, in baflb relievo, 
 the following principal events of the war, in which Gen. Wafh- 
 ington 
 * 
 
372 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1783. 
 
 ington commanded in perfon, viz. The evacuation of Bofton 
 the capture of the Hcflians at Trenton the battle of Princeton 
 the action of Monmouth, and the furrender of York. On 
 the upper part of the front of the pedeftal, to be engraved as fol- 
 lows The Uuited States in Congrefs affembled, ordered this 
 ilatue to be creeled in the year of our Lord, 1783, in honor of 
 George Washington, the illuftrious commander in chief of 
 the auniesof the United States of America, during the war which 
 vindicated and fecured their liberty, Sovereignty and indepen- 
 dence." 
 
 Toward the end of July, the general made a tour to the north- 
 ward as far as Crown Point. When returned he waited upon 
 Congrefs agreeable to invitation. He was introduced by two 
 members, when the prefident addrefTed him with " Sir, Con- 
 grefs feel particular plcafure in feeing your excellency, and in 
 congratulating you on the fuccefs of a war, in which you have 
 acled fo conlpicuous a part." After fome further affectionate 
 and commendatory expreffions, he clofed with faying " Hoftili- 
 ties have now ceafed, but your country liiil needs your fei vices. 
 Sue wimes to avail herfelf of your talents in forming the ar- 
 rangements which will be neceflary for her in the time of peace. 
 For this reafon your attendance at Congrefs has been requeued. 
 A committee is appointed to confer with your excellency, and to 
 receive your afli fiance in preparing and digefting plans relative to 
 thofe important objecls." The commander in chief made a re- 
 ply that was highly acceptable. He alfo removed with his fami- 
 ly to Rocky- hill, near Princeton, that he might the more conve- 
 niently confer with the committee. 
 
 [Sept. 25. J Congrefs in 'a proclamation published to the Unit- 
 ed States, the treaty of amity and commerce concluded on the 
 3d of April, 1783, between the King of Sweden and the United 
 States of North America, for the (pace of fifteen vears, by the ho- 
 norable Benjamin Franklin, commiilioned by the United States, 
 and a minifter plenipotentiary named for the purpofe by the faid 
 king. By the 7th article, the refident fubjecls of each party aie 
 permitted fafely to navigate their velfels, without any regard to 
 thofe to whom the meichandifes and cargoes may belong; and 
 to frequent the places and ports of powers, enemies to the con- 
 trailing parties, without being in any ways moleiled, and to car- 
 ry on a commerce not only direBiy from the ports of an enemy 
 ?o a neutral port, but even from one port of an enemy, to another 
 ]jort of an enemy, whether it be under the jurifdi8ion of the fame 
 or oi different princes. Free fhips are to make merchandiffs free; 
 y thing (contraband goods aJv/ays excepted.] on board of 
 
 Ihips 
 
wf .1783-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 373 
 
 ' fhips belonging to fubjeels of the one or the other of the contracting 
 parties, is to be confidered as free, even though ihe cargo or a 
 part of it belongs to the enemies of one or both. Perions oa 
 board a free (hip, though enemies to both or either of the parties, 
 are not to be taken out of the free (hip, unlefs they are foidiers 
 in the a&ual fervice of the faid enemies. Article the 9th fpecifies 
 arms, great guns, and various warlike inftruments, under the 
 name of contraband or prohibited goods, and then clofes with 
 * and all other like kinds of arms and inftrumentsof war for the 
 ufe of troops." By the loth article no goods are to be confider- 
 ed as contraband, which have not been worked into the form of 
 any inftrument or thing for the purpofe of war by land or fea, 
 much lefs fuch as have been prepared or wrought up for any other 
 life, all which are to be reckoned free goods ; as alfo all thofe 
 which are not comprehended and particularly mentioned in the 
 foregoing article. Such goods may be freely tranfported by the 
 fubjefls of either party, even to places belonging to an enemy, 
 fuch only excepted as are befieged, blocked or inveiled ; and 
 thcfe places only are to be confidered as fuch, which are nearly 
 furrounded by onef the belligerent powers. 
 
 The 8th of O6iober was marked by the attendance of a depu- 
 tation from the yearly meeting of the people called quakers, who 
 being admitted, delivered their addrefs to Congrefs and withdrew. 
 By fuch aft that American body of people acknowledged the in- 
 dependent fovereignty of the United States, and implicitly pro- 
 fefled their own allegiance. The meeting was held in Philadel- 
 phia, forPenrifylvania, New Jerfey, Delaware, and the weflern 
 parts of Maryland and Virginia. The addrefs was dated the ^th 
 of the loth month, and was figned by more than five hundred 
 members. It related to the flave trade. That refpeclable body 
 had at length proceeded fo far in the caufe of general liberty, 
 without regarding country or complexion, as to enjoin the mem- 
 bers of their focie^y to liberate all fuch as they held in bondage: 
 which injunction was generally complied with, and the African 
 thereby reflored to his natural and juft right. They feared how- 
 ever, that fome, forgetful of the days of diflrefs, were prompted 
 by avaricious motives to renew the trade for flaves to the African 
 coafts, contrary to every humane and righteous confideration, 
 and in oppofition to the folemn declarations often repeated in 
 favor of univerfal liberty. They therefore earneftly folicited the 
 chriftian interpofition of Congrefs, for the difcouragement and 
 prevention of fo obvious an evil. 
 
 Ten'days after the delivery of their addrefs, [Oft. 18.] Con. 
 grefs by proclamation direfted that the nth of December mould 
 
 be 
 
374 THE H 1ST O R Y OF THE . [^..1783. 
 
 be fet apart as a day of public thankfgiving. On the fame day 
 they " refolved, That two pieces of the field ordnance taken from 
 the Britilh army at the Covvpens, Augufta, or Eutaw, be prefent- 
 ed bv the commander in chief of the armies of the United States, 
 to Major General Greene, as a public teftimonial of the wifdom, 
 fortitude and military (kill which diilinguHhed his command in 
 the fouthern department, and of the eminent fervices which, 
 amidit complicated difficulties and dangers, and againftan enemy 
 greatly fuperior in numbers, he has fuccefsfully performed for 
 his country : And that a memorandum be engraved on the faid 
 pieces of ordnance, expreffive of the fubftance of this refolution." 
 The commander in chief was alfo to be informed, that General 
 Greene had the permiflion of Congrefs to vifit his family at 
 Rhode III and. They clofed the bufinefs of the day by iiTuing a 
 proclamation. In that the armies of the United States were ap- 
 plauded for having difplayed in the progrefs of an arduous and diffi- 
 cult war every military and patriotic virtue, for their fortitude and 
 magnanimity in the mofl trying fcenes of diftrefs and for a fe- 
 ries of heroic and illuftrious achievements, exalting them to 
 a high rank among the rnoft zealous and fuccefsful defenders of 
 the rights and liberties of mankind. After giving them the 
 thanks of their country, for their long, eminent and faithful fer- 
 vices, Congrefs declared it to be their pleafure, that fuch part of 
 the fcederal armies as ftood engaged to ferve during the war, 
 ihould from and after the third day of November next, be ab- 
 folutely difcharged from the faid fervice. On the 291!!, the 
 commander in chief was directed by them to difcharge all the 
 troops in the fervice of the United States, who were in Pennfyl- 
 vnnia or to the fouthward thereof, except the garrifon of Fort- 
 Pitt. 
 
 On the 31(1 of Oclober, the Honorable Peter John Van 
 Berckel, miniiter plenipotentiary from their High Mightinefles 
 the States General of the United Netherlands, was admitted by 
 Congrefs to an audience. The Chevalier de la Luzerne, Gen. 
 Wafhington, the fuperintendent of finance, many ot,her gentle- 
 men of eminence, together with a number of ladies of the firft 
 character, aifembled in the chapel of Princeton college to parti- 
 cipate of the joys the audience fhould afford ; and for which 
 their fpirits were put into proper tone, by the arrival, a little be- 
 fore Mr. Van Berckel entered, of an authentic account that the 
 definitive treaty between Great Britain and the United States was 
 concluded. Mr. Van Berckel upoa being introduced, addrefled 
 Congrefs in a fpeech, which was fo gracefully pronounced as to 
 pleafe thofe who could not undcrftand it, becaufe of its not being 
 
 in 
 
A.D. 1783.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 373 
 
 in Englifh. He then delivered a letter from their High Migh- 
 tineffes. The prefident returned an anfwer to the minifter; in 
 the ciofeof' which it was obierved, that the United States had 
 received the mod diflinguilhed proofs of regard and friendfhip 
 from his illufttious family. The affembly alter that feparated ; 
 and the day clofed with convivial meetings. 
 
 On the 2d of November, were iff ued from Rocky Hill, Gen. 
 Wafhington's faiewell orders to the armies'of the United States. 
 Having taken notice of Congrefs's proclamation of Oft. the i8th, 
 he fdid " It only remains for the commander in chief to ad- 
 drefs hirnfelf once more, and that for the laft time, to the armies 
 of the United States (however widely difperfed the individuals 
 who compofed them may be) and to bid them an affectionate a 
 long farewell. But before the commander in chief takes his fi- 
 nal leave of thofe he holds moil dear, he wifhes to indulge him- 
 felf a few moments in calling to mind a flight review of the pail : 
 he will then take the liberty of exploring, with his military 
 friends, their future profpecls of advifing the general line of 
 conduft, which, in his opinion, ought to be purfued ; and he 
 will conclude the addrefs, by expreffing the obligations he feels 
 himlelf under for the fpirited and able afiiftance he has experien- 
 ced from them, in the performance of an arduous office." Hiss 
 clofing words were" And being now to conclude thefe his laft 
 public orders, to take his ultimate leave, in a fhort time of the 
 military character, and to bid a final adieu to the armies he has 
 fo long had the honor to command, he "can only again offer in 
 their behalf his recommendations to their grateful country, and 
 his prayers to the God of armies. May ample juilice be done 
 them here, and may the choicefl. of heaven's favors, both here 
 and hereafter, attend thofe, who, under the divine aufpices, have 
 fecured innumerable bleffings for others ! With thefe widies, and 
 this benediction, the commander in chief is about to retire from 
 fervice. The curtain of feparation will foon be drawn and the 
 military fcene to him will be clofed for ever-!" 
 
 In Augufl Sir Guy Carleton received his final orders for the 
 evacuation of New York. On the i7th he informed the prefi- 
 dent of Congrefs, that he (hould lofe no time in fulfilling his ma- 
 jefty's commands. But he could affign no precife period. The 
 violence of the Americans, which broke out fooa after the cefTa- 
 tion of hoflilities, increafed the numbers of thofe that looked to 
 him for efcape from threatened deftruftion. The newfpapers 
 eontained repeated menaces from committees formed in various 
 towns, cities and diftrifts, and even at Philadelphia ; which 
 augmented the terrors of the loyalills, fo that Sir Guy could not 
 
 VOL. III. Zz in 
 
 .^<M* t*<9 m 
 
THE HISTORY OF THB [A. D. 1783. 
 
 in honor leave any of thofe behind, who were clefirous of quitting 
 the country. He expreflc*d his concern at Congrefs's having 
 fufpended to that late hour the recommendations ftipulated by the 
 treaty. The committee of Congrefs had reported, on the 3oth 
 of May, after a preamble, " therefore, refolved, that the feveral 
 ftates are hereby required to remove all obftruclions which may 
 imerpofe in the way of the entire and faithful execution of the 
 fourth and fixth articles ; and that it be at the fame time earneftly 
 recommended to them, to take into ferious confideration the 
 fifth article, and to conform to the feveral matters therein con- 
 tained, with that fpiritof moderation and liberality, which ought 
 ever to characterize the? deliberations and meafures of a free and 
 enlightened nation." Inftead of adopting and publiming the re- 
 fblution, a motion was made that the report be committed, to 
 which twenty- two members of Congrefs prefent agreed : The 
 New York delegate, Mr. (formerly colonel) Hamilton, one of 
 the committee, diftinguifhed himfelf by his firmnefs and confift- 
 ency in giving it his fingle negative. The inveteracy difcovered 
 in the Hates againft the parties alluded to in the fifth article, un- 
 doubtedly influenced the minds of feveral to vote for the commit- 
 ment, while the inclination of others prompted them to ufe that 
 as an argument for their fo voting. The averfion of the people 
 to a compliance with fuch recommendations, had they been pub- 
 limed, did not proceed altogether from the rancor of the heart ; 
 butinterefl influenced. Debts, which had never been contracled, 
 were claimed, and paid out of the confifcated eftates : in fome 
 infiances by thofe who were debtors to the parties fufTeririg by 
 the confifcations. Confifcated property to a confiderable amount 
 had been purchafed by many at a trifling expence. Had the re- 
 commendations been palled and complied with, fcenes of notori- 
 ous injuftice would have been laid open, the moil beneficial bar- 
 gains fuperfeded, and the payment of a number of fimple contract 
 and bond debts fpeedily required. 
 
 ^Tuefday, November the 2,5th, was the day agreed upon for 
 the evacuation of New Yoik. To prevent every diforder which 
 might otherwife enfuefrom fuch an event, the American troops 
 under the command of Gen. Knox marched from Haerlem to 
 the Bowery lane in the morning. They remained there till about 
 one o'clock, when the Britifh forces left the pofts in the Bowery, 
 and the Americans marched forward and took poiTeflion of the 
 city. This being effected, Knox and a number of citizens on 
 horfeback rode to the Bowery to receive their excellencies Gen. 
 Wafhington and Governor Clinton, who, with their fuits, made 
 their public entry into the city cm horfebsck ; followed by the 
 
 lisut. 
 
A.D. 1783.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 377 
 
 -^ ^ 
 
 lieut. governor and the members of council, for the temporary 
 
 government of the fouthern diftricl, four abreaft Gen. Knox 
 and the officers of the army, eight abreaft citizens on ho>iebtck, 
 eight abreaft the fpeaker or the afTembly and citizens on foot, 
 eight abreaft. The procefiion ceafed at Cape's tavern. The go- 
 vernor gave a public dinner at Frances's tavern; at which the 
 commander in chief and other general officers were prefent. The 
 arrangements for the whole bufmefs were fo well made and exe- 
 cuted, that the moft admirable tranquillity fucceeded through the 
 day and night. On Monday, [Dec. i.] the governor gave an e- 
 legant entertainment to the French ambafFador, the Chevalier dela 
 Luzerne. Gen.Wafhington,the principal officers of the New-York 
 ftate and of the army, and upward of a hundred gentlemen, were 
 prefent. Magnificent fire works, infinitely exceeding every thing 
 of the kind before feen in the United States, were exhibited at 
 the Bowling-green in the Broad-way, in the evening of Tuefday* 
 in celebration of the definitive treaty of peace. They commenced 
 by a dove's defcending wiib the olive branch,, and fetticg fire to a 
 marron battery. 
 
 On Thurfday noon, [4th.] the principal" officers of the army? 
 affembled at Frances's (alias Black Sam's) tavern, to take a final 
 leave of their much-loved commander in chief.. After awhile, 
 Gen. Wafhington came in, and calling for a glafs of wine, thus ad- 
 drefled them "With an heart full of love and gratitude, I now 
 take leave of you. I moft devoutly wifli, that your latter days, 
 may be as profperous and happy, as your former ones have been 
 glorious and honorable.*' Having drank, he faid " I cannot 
 come to each of you to take my leave, but {hall be obliged to 
 you, if each will come and take me by the hand." Gen. Knox 
 being neareft turned to him; Wafliington with tears rolling dowrt 
 his cheeks, grafped Knox's hand,, aad then kifled him : he did 
 the fame by every fuccceding officer, and by foine other gentle* 
 men who were prefent. Thepaflions of human nature were ne- 
 ver more tenderly agitated, than in this interefting and diftrefsful 
 fcene. The whole company were in tears. When Wafhington 
 left the room, and pafled through the corps of light infantry a- 
 bout two o'clock in his way to Whitehall, the others followed, 
 walking in a folemn, mute, and mournful procefllon, with heads 
 hanging down and dejecled countenances, till he embarked in 
 his barge for Powle's Hook. When he had entered, he turned, 
 took off his hat, and with that bid them a filent adieu. They paid 
 him the lime affectionate compliment, and the barge pufhingoff^ 
 returned from Whitehall in like manner as they had advanced. 
 
 Though 
 
373 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1783. 
 
 Though General Wafhington was not flayed in his progrcfs to 
 Philadelphia, by the Congiefs, who, on the lil of November, had 
 elecled the honorable Thomas Mifflin prefident, and three days 
 after had adjourned to meet at AnnapoJis in Maryland on the 
 z6(h ; yet it was the 8th of December at noon, before Gen. Wafh- 
 inj;ton arrived at the capital of Pennfylvania. When his intention 
 of quitting the array was known, he was complimented and 
 received^ with the utmoft refpecl and affection, by all orders of 
 men, both in the civil and military line. He remained fome days 
 in Philadelphia. While in the city he delivered in his accounts 
 to the comptroller, down to December the 131!], all in his own 
 handwriting, and every entry made in the moil particular man- 
 ner, dating the occafion of each charge, fo as to give the leaft 
 trouble in examining and comparing them with the vouchers 
 with which they were attended. 
 
 The heads are as follows, copied from the folio manufcript 
 paper book, in the file of the treafury office No. 3700, beina a 
 black box of tin containing, under lock and key, both that and 
 the vouchers. 
 
 Total of expenditures from 177,5 to 1783, exclu- 
 five of provifions from coinrniffaries and con- 
 tractor.?, and of liquors, &c. from them and . s. d, 
 others . 3387 14 4 
 ^Secret intelligence and fervice - - 1982 10 o 
 Spent in reconnoitring and travelling 1 ^74 8 8 
 jMiicellarieous charges 2 9<5 2 10 i 
 Expended be fides, dollars according to the fcale 
 
 cf depreciation - 6114 14 o 
 
 . 16,311 17 i 
 
 Note, 104,364 of the dollars were received after March, 1780, 
 and although credited 40 for one, many did not fetch at the raie 
 of a hundred for one, while 27,77,5 of them are returned without 
 deducting any thing from the above account (and therefore alual- 
 ly made a prefent of to the public.) 
 (Gen. Wafhington's account) From June, 1775, 
 
 to the end of June, 1783, .16,311 17 i 
 
 Expenditure from July i, 1783,10 Dec. 13 1 7 1 7 5 4- 
 
 (Added afterward) from thence to Dec. 28 21384 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 * 200 guineas advanced to General M'Dougall are not included in 
 the 1982!. los. not being yet fettled, but iru luded in (ome of the o- 
 ther charges, and fo reckoned in the general fum, 
 
A.D. 1783.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 379 
 
 Mrs. Wafhington's travelling expences in coming 
 
 to the general and returning , 1064 i o 
 
 .1 9,306 11 9 
 lawful money of Virginia, the fame as the Maflachufetts, or 
 
 . 14479 . l8 9* fterling. 
 
 The general entered in his book '* I find upon the final ad- 
 juftment of thefe accounts, that I am a confiderable lofer my dif- 
 burfements falling 9 good deal fhort of my receipts, and the mo- 
 ney I had upon hand of my own : for befides the fums 1 earned 
 with me to Cambridge in 1775, I received monies afterwards on 
 private account in 1777 and fmce, which (except fmall fums that 
 I had occafion now and then to apply to private ufes) were all ex- 
 pended in the public fervice: through hurry, I fuppofe, and the 
 perplexity of bufinefs (for I know not howelfeto account for the 
 deficiency) I have omitted to charge the fame, whilft every debit 
 againft me is here credited. July i, 1783." 
 
 Happy would it have been for the United States (you will be 
 likely to add and for Great Britain) had each perfon who has 
 handled public money been equally exacl: and punclual ! 
 
 General Walhington after delivering in his accounts, haftened 
 to Annapolis, where he arrived on the evening of the ipth of De- 
 cember. The next day he informed Congrefs of his arrival in 
 that city, with the intention of afking leave to refigntne commif- 
 fion he had the honor of holding in their fervice, and defired to 
 know their pleafure in what manner it would be moft proper to offer 
 his refignation whether in writing or at an audience. They re- 
 folved that it mould be at a public audience, the following Tuef- 
 day at twelve o'clock. The general had been fo referved with 
 regard to the time of his intended refignation, that Congrefs had 
 not the leaft apprehenfion of its being either fo foon or fo fud- 
 dea. 
 
 When the day was arrived, [23.] and the hour approached for 
 fixing the patriotic charafter of the AMERICAN CHIEF, the 
 gallery was filled with a beautiful group of elegant ladies, and forne 
 graced the floor of Congrefs. On this were likewife the govern- 
 or, council and legiflature of Maryland, feveral general officers, 
 the conful general of France, and the refpeclable citizens of An- 
 napolis. Congrefs were feated and covered, as reprefentatives of 
 the fovereignty of the Union, the fpeclators were uncovered and 
 Handing. The general was introduced to a chair by the fecretary, 
 who, after a decent interval ordered filence. A fhort paufe en- 
 fued, when the honorable ThomasMiftlin, the prefident, inform- 
 ed the general, that " the United States in Congrefs aflemb'led 
 
 were 
 
SSo THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1783. 
 
 were prepared to receive his communications :" on which herofe 
 
 with great dignity, and dehve r p(i this adehrTs " Mr. Prefideut, 
 
 The great, events on wh : ch m) *e .';.; Cation depended having at 
 length taken place, I have now u<e honor of offering my fincere 
 congratulations to Corigrefs, and of prefenting myfelt before them, 
 to furrender into their hands the trufl comrrmted to me, and ;o 
 claim the indulgence ->f retiring from the ievvice of my country. 
 
 " Happy in the confirmation t;f <ur independence and fove- 
 reignty, and pleafed with iLe opportunity afforded the United 
 States, of becoming a refpecZiMc nation, I refign with fatisfac- 
 tion the appointment I Accepted with diffidence a diffidence in 
 my abilities to accomplish fo arduous a tafk ; which however was 
 fuperfeded by a confidence in the retlitude of our caufe, the fup- 
 port of the iupreme power of the union, and the patronage of 
 Heaven. 
 
 " The fuccefsful termination of the war has verified the 
 rnoft fanguine expectations; and my gratitude for the imerpofi- 
 tion of Providence, and the afliilance I have received from my 
 country me; , increafes with every review of the momentous con- 
 teft. 
 
 " While I repeat my obligations to the army in general, I 
 fhould do injuftice to my own feelings not to acknowledge in this 
 place, the peculiar fervices and difiinguiflied merits of the gentle- 
 men who have been attached to my perfon during the war. It 
 was impoflible the choice of confidential officers to compofe my 
 family mould have been more fortunate. Permit me, Sir, to re- 
 commend in particular thofe who have continued in the fei vice to 
 the prefent moment, as worthy of the favorable notice and pa- 
 tronage of Congrefs. 
 
 "' I confider it as an indifpenfable duty to clofe this laft aft of 
 my official life by commending the interefls of our deareft country 
 to the protection of Almighty God, and thofe who have the fu- 
 perintendence of them to his holy keeping. 
 
 " Having now finifhed the work affigned me, I retire from 
 the great theatre of aUon, and bidding an affectionate farewel to 
 ft is auguft body, under whofe orders I have fo long acled, I here 
 offer my commiilion, and take my leave of all the employments 
 of public life." 
 
 The general was fo powerfully imprefTed, with the great and 
 intereiling fcenes that crowded in upon his imagination while 
 fpeaking, that he would have been fcarce able to have uttered 
 more than the clofing period. He advanced and delivered to the 
 prefident his commiilion^ with a copy of his addrefs. Having 
 felumed bis place, he received in a Handing pofiure the following 
 
 anfwer 
 
A.D.i 7 %$.'] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 381 
 
 anfwer of Congrefs; which the prefident delivered with elegance ; 
 but not without fuch afenfibility as changed, and fpread a degree 
 of palenefs over his countenance. " Sir, The United States in 
 Congrefs affembled receive, with emotions too a Setting for ut- 
 terance, the folemn relignation of the authorities under which 
 you have led their troops with fuccefs through a peiilous ami a 
 doubtful war. Called upon by your country to defend its inva- 
 ded rights, you accepted the facred charge, before it had formed 
 alliances, and whilft it was without funds or a government to 
 fupport you. You have conduced the great military conteft 
 with wifdom and fortitude, invariably regarding the rights of the 
 civil power through all difaflers and changes. You have, by the 
 love and confidence of your fellow-citizens, enabled them to dif- 
 play their martial genius, and tranfrmt their fame to pclterity. - 
 You have perfevered, till thefe United Stales, aided by a magna- 
 nimous king and nation, have been enabled under a juft Provid- 
 ence, to clofe the war in freedom, fafety and independence ; on 
 which happy event we fincerely join you in congratulations. 
 
 " Having defended the flandaid of liberty in this new world r 
 having taught a leflbn ufeful to thofe who inflicl and to thofe who- 
 feel oppreflion, you retire from the great theatre of aclion, with 
 the bleflings of your fellow-citizens but the glory of your virtues 
 will not terminate with your military command, it will continue 
 to animate remoteft ages. 
 
 ' We feel with you our obligations to the army in genera?, 
 and will particularly charge ouifelves with the intereils, of thofe 
 confidential officers, who have attended your perfon to this affec- 
 ting moment. 
 
 " We join you in commanding the interefls of our deareft 
 country to the protection of Almighty God, befeeching him to> 
 difpofe the hearts and minds of its citizens, to improve the op- 
 portunity afforded them, of becoming a happy and rcfpcftable na- 
 tion. And for you we addrefs to him our earneft prayers, ^hat 
 a life fo beloved, maybe foftered with all his care; that your days 
 may be happy as they have been illuftrious ; and that he will fi- 
 nally give you that reward which this world cannot give.'* 
 
 To fee on the one hand, fo great and amiable a character tak- 
 ing his leave of public employments to fpend his future days in 
 retirement ; and his country on the other acknowledging his un- 
 precedented merit, and with the mod affe&ionate embraces load- 
 ing him with their bleflings, exhibited a fccne that drew tears 
 from many of the fpeclators. When the bufinefs was clofed, his 
 excellency immediately fet out for his feat at Mount Vernon in 
 Virginia. The governor of Maryland acccmpankd hira to South 
 
 river, 
 
382 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. A 1783, 
 
 river, with the warmeft wimes of the city for his repofe, health 
 and happinefs. Long, long may he enjoy them ! 
 
 The definitive treaty between Great Britain and the United 
 States, together with a joint letter from the miniflers of the U- 
 nited States dated at Pally the iQthof September, was laid be- 
 fore Congrefs on the 13th of December. That and the letter 
 were referred to a committee, who reported upon them, Janu- 
 ary t lie i^th. The nine ftates prefent refolved unanimouily to 
 ratify the definitive treaty. In teftimony of fuch ratification, 
 theycaufed the feal of the United States to he affixed 10 it; and 
 it was witneiTed by his Excellency Thomas Mifflin, prefident* 
 The treaty begins " In the name of the moft holy and undivi- 
 ded Trinity." Then follows the introduction " It having 
 pleafed the Divine Providence to difpofe the hearts of the moft 
 ierene and moft potent Prince George the Third, by the grace 
 of God,King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, &c. &c.andof 
 the United States of America, to forget all pall; mifunderftandings 
 arid differences, that have unhappily interrupted the good cor- 
 refpondence and friendmip which they wifh mutually to reftore; 
 and to eftablifh fuch a beneficial and fatisfa&ory intercourfe be- 
 tween the two countries, upon the ground of reciprocal advan- 
 tages and mutual convenience, as may promote and fecure to 
 both perpetual peace and harmony; and having for this defirable 
 end, already laid the foundation of peace and reconciliation, by 
 the provifional articles, figned at Paris on the 3oth of Novem- 
 ber 1782, by the coHimiffioners empowered on each part, which 
 articles were agreed to be inferted in and to conftitute the treaty 
 of peace propofed to be concluded between the crown of Great 
 Britain and the faid United States, &c. &c. his Britannic Ma. 
 jefty, and the United States of America, in order to carry into 
 full effecl: the provifional articles, &c. have conftituted, that is to 
 fay, his Britannic Majefty on his part, David Hartley, Efq; and 
 the foid United States on their part, John Adams, Efq; Benjamin 
 Franklin, Efq; John Jay, Efq; to be the plenipotentiaries for the 
 concluding and figning the prefent definitive treaty; who after 
 having reciprocally communicated their refpeclive full powers, 
 have agreed upon and confirmed the following articles." The 
 nine firft articles are the fame with the provifional, five or fix 
 words excepted to accommodate them to the date of the treaty. 
 But the following loth article is added u The folemn ratificati- 
 ons of the prefent treaty, expedited in good and due form, (hall 
 he exchanged between the contracting parties in the fpace of fix 
 moaths, or fooner if poflible, to be computed from the day of 
 the fignature of the prefent treaty. In witnefs whereof, we the 
 
 underfigncd, 
 
A. D. iffy.] AMERICAN REVOLtJTION. 383 
 
 underfigned, their minifters plenipotentiary, have in their name, 
 and in virtue of our full powers, figned with our hands the pre- 
 fent definitive treaty, and caufe'd the feals of our arms t^ be affix- 
 ed thereto. Done at Paris, this third day of September, in the 1 
 year of our Lord, one thoufand feven hundred and eighty-three 
 (L. S.) D. Hartley* (L, S.) John Adams, (L. S.) B, Fnnklin, 
 (L. S.) John Jay." 
 
 On the fame day the treaty was ratified, Congrefs unanimously- 
 refolved upon tranfmitting to the feveral ftates, the recommen- 
 dation agreed upon by the commiflioners in the ^th provifional 
 article : but too late for the credit of America, the benefit of 
 the United States, or the relief of the loyalifls. It is conjectured, 
 that between twenty and thirty thoufand pei Tons have been forcect 
 Upon a refidence at the new fettlement of Shelburne and others 
 in Nova Scotia ; all of wBbm might, by a temperate conduct and 
 a noble fpirit of forgivenefs, have been rendered good fubjecls to 
 the United States. Through refentment they may hereafter prove 
 dangerous enemies, particularly to the MafTachufetts, fhouldl 
 they be aided by foreign affiftance. The United States have not 
 only deprived themfelves of their perfonal fervice, but alfo of alt 
 their property, which is not incunfiderablcj for there are many" 
 Wealthy individuals among them* 
 
 Nearly the whole of the American army has been difbanded ; 
 but The Society of the Cincinnati, which the late officers of it have 
 eftablimed, has fpread a confiderable alarm. General Knox* 
 with the good intention of reconciling the minds of his military 
 brethren to the private life on which they were foon to enter* 
 projected the plan, before the circulation of the anonymous pa- 
 pers through the array in March, 1783^ When the dangerous 
 defign of thefe had been fruilrated by the prudence of the com- 
 mander in chief, Knox imparted his proposals to certain officers* 
 They were afterward communicated to the feveral regiments c 
 the refpeftive lines, and an officer from each was appointed, who, 
 with the generals, mould take the fame into confideration at a 
 meeting on the loth of May, at which Baron Steuben, the fenior 
 officer prefent, prefided. At their next meeting, ort the i3th; 
 the plan having been revifed was accepted. The fubftance of it 
 is " The officers of the American army do hereby in the moft 
 folemn manner ofTociate, eonftitute and combine themfelves into 
 one Society of Friends, to endure as long as they {hall endure, 
 or any of their eldeji male pojierity ; and in failure thereof, th* 
 collateral branches, who may be judged worthy of becoming its fup- 
 porters and members. The officers of the American army, hav- 
 ing generally been taken from the citizens of America, poflefs 
 
 VOL. III. A a a high 
 
384 THE HISTORY OP THE [A. D. 1783, 
 
 high veneration for the character of that illuftrious Roman, Luci- 
 us Quintus Cincinnatus, and being refolved to follow his example, 
 by returning to their citizenfhip, they think they may with pro- 
 priety denominate themfelves, The Society of the Cincinnati. The 
 following principles mall be immutable an mediant attention 
 to preferve inviolate the exalted rights and liberties of human 
 nature, for which they have fought and bled and an unalterable 
 determination to promote and cherifh between the refpeclive ftates 
 union and national honor ; to render permanent, cordial affecli- 
 on, and the fpirit of brotherly kindnefs among the officers ; and 
 to extend a&s of beneficence toward thofe officers and their fa- 
 milies, who may unfortunately be under the neceffity of receiv- 
 ing it. The general fociety will, for the fake of frequent com- 
 munications, be divided into ftate focieties, and thofe again into 
 fuch diftrifts as mall be directed by the ftate focieties. The ftate 
 focieties {hall meet on the fourth of July annually, and the gene- 
 ral fociety on the fiift Monday in May annually, fo long as they 
 fhall deem it necelFdiy, and afterward at lead once in every three 
 years. The fta?e focieties are to have a prefident, vice-prefident, 
 fecretary, treafurcr and affiftant-treafurer. The meeting of the 
 general fociety (hall confift of its officers, and a reprefentation from 
 each ftate fociety, in number not exceeding five, whofeexpences 
 fhall be borne by their refpeclive ftate focieties. In the general 
 meeting, the prefident, vice-prefident, fecretary, affiftant-fecretary, 
 treafurer, and affiftant-treafurers-general, fhall be chofen to ferve 
 until the next meeting. Thofe officers who are foreigners, are 
 to be confidered as members in the focieties of any of the ftates 
 in which they may happen to be. As there are and will at all 
 times be men in the refpeclive ftates eminent for their abilities 
 and patriotifm, whofe views may be directed to the fame laudable 
 objecls with thofe of the Cincinnati, it fhall be a rule to admit 
 fuch characters, as honorary members of the fociety for their own 
 lives only : provided that the number of the honorary members 
 does not exceed a ratio of one to four of the officers and their def- 
 cendants. The fociety fhall have an order by which its members 
 ihall be known and diftinguifhed, which fhall be a medal of gold, 
 of a proper fize to receive the propofed emblems, and to be fuf- 
 pended by a deep blue ribbon, f two inches wide, edged with]whitc, 
 defcriptive of the union of America and France." 
 
 The fociety at the faid meeting direcled, that the prefident-ge- 
 neral mould tranfmit, as fooii as might be to each of the following 
 characters, a medal containing the order of the fociety, viz. the 
 Chevalier de la Luzerne, the Sieur Gerard, the Count d'Eftaing, 
 Ike Count de GrafTe, the Count de Barras, the Chevalier d'Eftou- 
 
 cbcs, 
 
A. D. 1783.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 ches, the Count de Rochambeau, and the generals and colonels 
 in the army ; and fhould acquaint them, that " the fociety de 
 themfelves the honor to confider tliem as members." They alfo 
 refolved, that the members of the feveral ftate focieties mould af- 
 femble as foon as may be for the choice of their officers ; " that 
 Gen. Heath, Baron Steuben, and Gen. Knox, be a committee to 
 wait on the commander in chief, with a copy of the inftitution, 
 and requeft him to honor the fociety by placing his name at the 
 bead of it." They likewife defired General Heath to tranfmit 
 opies of the inftitution, with the proceedings thereon, to the 
 commanding officer of the fouthern army, the fenior officer in 
 each ftate, from Pennfylvania to Georgia inclufive, and to thej 
 commanding officer of the Rhode Ifland line, refuelling them to 
 take fuch meafures as may appear to them neceflary for expedit- 
 ing the eftablifhmcnt of their ftate focieties. Circular letters were 
 accordingly written ; and the plan of the Cincinnati carried inta 
 execution, without the leaft oppofition being given to it by any* 
 one ftate, or body of men in any. 
 
 A pamphlet was at length publifhed figned Coffins, dated Char- 
 leftown, Oclober 10, 1783, entitled Confederations on the Society 
 or Order of Cincinnati \ with this motto, " Blow ye the trumpet 
 in Zion." It is thought to be written by vdanus Burke, Efq; 
 one of the chief juftices of South Carolina ; and is well executed. 
 The author undertakes to prove, " that the Cincinnati .create* 
 two diftinl orders among the Americans ift, A raceof heredi- 
 tary nobles, founded on the military, together with the powerful 
 families, and fml-rate, leading men in the ftate, whofe view it will 
 ever be, to rule: and 2dly, The people or plebeians, whofe only 
 view is not to be opprefled ; but whofe certain fate it will be to 
 fuffer oppreffion under the inftitution," Remarking upon the 
 reafon fcor the members being called the Cincinnati t he exclaim* 
 " As they were taken from the citizens, why in the name of 
 God not be contented " to return to citizenfhip", without ufurp- 
 ing an hereditary order? or with what "propriety can they de- 
 nominate" themfelves from Cmcinnatus, with an ambition fo 
 rank as to aim at nothing lefs, than Oiium cum Dignitate, " Re- 
 tirement and a peerage" ? Did that virtuous Roman, having fub- 
 dued the enemies of his country, and returned home to tend his 
 vineyard and plant his cabbages ; did he confer an hereditary or- 
 der of peerage on himfeif and fellow foldiers ? I anfwer, No; it 
 was more than he dared to do." When near the end he fays, 
 41 With regard to myfelf, I will be candid to own, that although- 
 I am morally certain the initiation will entail upon us the evils 
 I have mentioned : yet J have net the moll diilant idea, that it 
 
 will 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE [^. 
 
 will come to a diflblution. The firft clafs, or leading gentry irj 
 theftate [of South Caiolina] and who will always hold the go* 
 vernmern, will find their intereft in fupporting a diftin6Hn that 
 will gratify their ambition, by removing them far above their 
 fellow citizens, The middling order of our gentry, and fubftan- 
 tial landholders, may fee its tendency ; but they can take no ftep 
 $o oppofe it, having little to do with government. And the low-, 
 r clals, with the city populace, will never reafon on it, till they 
 feel the (mart, and then they will have neither the power nor capa- 
 city for a reformation." 
 
 The alarm is become fo univerfal, that the general fociety, at 
 their meeting to be held in Philadelphia in May, muft agree up., 
 pn alterations, and remove the moft obnoxious parts of the plan, 
 or the Hates will be likely to fet their faces againll the Cincinna- 
 ti, as a dangerous order. Many of the American officers have 
 Vindoubtedly become members merely upon prudential motives,, 
 and will join their influence for the removal of fuch obnoxious 
 parts. General Greene, the late commanding officer of the fouth- 
 ern army, has acknowledged to me in converfation, that there is 
 not in the'fociety, as at prefent conftituted, a delicacy with regard 
 to the general body of American citizens ; and it may be fairly 
 prefumed, that a fimilar fentiment is efpoufed by the late com- 
 mander in chief. Ir is to be hoped, that the feveral ftates will u- 
 ysitein de ierm ining, that the fociety fhall diffblve with the deaths 
 of the prefeiu officers and honorary members, and that it {hall not 
 be perpetuated by an acceffipn of new and younger ones. In their 
 late content with Great Britain they acled upon the maxim objla 
 fnncipiis. They inuft apply jt afrelh for their fecurity againft 
 )p.rdly dominion. 
 
 HOAY much a people, and governmental powers, are prone to 
 put up with and practife internal encroachments upon liberty, 
 \vhen they have feciuedthemfelves from fuch as are foreign, may 
 Appear from the following facls. 
 
 In 1782, Captain Gilbert Der.ch was chofen for Hopkinton, 
 ?md fuffered to fit as member in the Maifachufetts houfe of repre- 
 fentatives^ though he had a dwelling in and lived at Boftori for a 
 full year before the choice. Edward Pope, Efq; was reprefenta- 
 tive for Dartmouth and naval officer at the fame time. Both 
 were under an abfolute difqualification by the conftitution. On 
 Tuefday the 6tb of May, 1783, the town of Bofton, which could 
 not comply with a warden-a6t, upon the plea that it was againft 
 the conftitution, chofe Jarr.es Suh'ivan, Efq; one of their repre- 
 fentatives in direft opposition to the cunftitution, which requires 
 ^at every reDreieat^Uve iiioul(} have b\;ea an inhabitant of tho> 
 
AD. 1783.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 iown he is chofen to reprefent, one year at kafl next preceding 
 his election. When the propriety of his election was inquired in- 
 to by the houfe, a majority determined in favor of it; upon the 
 flimfy plea, that he tranfafted bufinefs in Bofton though he Ikpj 
 at Cambridge, and removed with an intention of becoming an in- 
 habitant, in time to have .completed that inhabitancy which the 
 ccftiftitution requires ; and that his flopping at Cambridge to fe- 
 cure the health of one of his family, whole life muft have been 
 endangered by her fpending the fummer in Bofton, was occafion- 
 cd by an aft of God. The fame caufe which fecured his election, 
 fecured his feat, viz. an avowed and violent oppofition 10 every mo- 
 derate meafure in favor of the parties who, by the provifional ar- 
 tieles, were to be the objects of the congreffional recommenda- 
 tion. 
 
 By a paragraph in a bill, which was before the houfe (during this 
 their firit feflion) and afterward patted into a law, cafes were fub- 
 mitted to the fole judgment of two juftices of peace, that ought to 
 have been left to the determination of a jury. But certain mem- 
 bers protefted againlt it, afligning the following reaions for their 
 fo doing " i. Becaufe we apprehend other provifion might 
 have beeji made, confident with the conilitution, and at the fame 
 time more effectual for the purpofe of preventing the return of 
 perfons who have left this ftate and joined the enemies of the Li- 
 nked States, than that provided in the paragraph aforefaid. Such 
 conftitutional and more effectual provifion was moved and uiged 
 by the diffentients and others, as a fubilitute in place of the laid 
 paragraph, and is as follows, vi?. *' Provided neverthelefs, that if 
 any perfon committed as aforefaid, (hall, before the warrant is 
 made out by the goveinor .to fend him out of the ftate, petition 
 the governor, he (hall, with advice of council, appoint three 
 juilices of the county, quorum unus, where fuch perfon ftan'ds 
 committed, to iffue their precept for a jury to be drawn out of 
 thefuperior court box and fummoned to appear at a certain time 
 and place, and to inquire on oath whether the perfon fo commit- 
 ted is within the act aforefaid ; and if the jury (hall return their 
 verdict, that fuch perfon is not within faid aft, then he mall be dif, 
 charged and not be tranfported : but fuch perfon mail not be libe- 
 rated from his confinement until a verdict is fo given in his favor. 
 And in every fuch cafe the juilices mail appoint fome meet perfon 
 to aft as council on behalf of government, at the expence o the 
 commonwealth. And the perfon petitioning for fuch trial mall 
 pay all the colt thereof in the fame manner as ther perfons are 
 obliged to do, in bringing forward a fuit at law." 2. Becaufe 
 by the faid paragraph, that eiTential right of freemen, d trial by 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE \A. D. 1783. 
 
 jury, is taken away, and every fubjeft of this commonwealth ex- 
 poied to be deprived of his liberty, property and rights of citizen- 
 fhip, and to the infamous punijhment of banifhment, by the folc 
 judgment of two juiiices of the peace. " 3. Bccaufeit is a fla- 
 grant and dire& violation of the principles and fpirit of the confti- 
 tution, and the letter of the declaration of rights, art. xii. which 
 provides that, " No fubjecl fhail be arreiled, imprifoned, difpoil- 
 ed, or deprived of his property, immunities or privileges, put out 
 ef the protection of the law, exiled or deprived of his life, liberty 
 oreftate, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land, 
 And the legiilature mall not ruake any law, that (hall fubject any 
 perfon to a capital or infamous pir^immeat, excepting for the go- 
 vernment of the army ami navy, without trial by jury". " 4. Be- 
 caufe it furniflies a piecedent of a tendency, moil dangerous and 
 fetal to the fecurity of the lives, liberties and properly of the fub- 
 jecls of this common wealth." The proteil; was iubfcribed by 
 William Philips, Nathaniel Applion, Caleb Davis, Thomas 
 Dawes, all of the Bofton board; by Thomas Clarke, J^mes Swan, 
 Solomon Lovcli, Ebenezer Wairen, John Choate, Nathan Dane, 
 Bailey Bardett, James Bancroft, John Burke, Samuel Loring, 
 James Per;y, John H. Barilct, Peter Penniman, Jacob Ludwig, 
 Theodore Sedgvvick, William King, Thompfon J. Skinrler, Joha 
 Bacon, William Bodman, Timothy Childs, and Nathaniel Wy- 
 ttian. 
 
 When the recommendation from Congrefs of January the 
 14th, 1784, was received, various methods were praciifed to pre- 
 vent the good effects of it. It was roundly averted by fome of 
 the popular leaders, that Mr. John Adams did not wifti that the 
 fame Ihould be regarded. To countera6t fuch reports, Mr. A- 
 dam's letter of September the loth was communicated to certain 
 gentlemen of the fenate and houfe, who copied the fame them- 
 felves, the more fully to defeat fuch affertions. But even Mr. 
 J. Adams's exprefs declaration in favor of the tories could notin- 
 iluence the general court t the exercife of a becoming mode- 
 ration. 
 
 As to Mr. Marbois' letter he has privately pronounced it to 
 be official; which he afferts exempts him from all obligation to 
 acknowledge it : this accounts for his having difowned it to a cer- 
 tain gentleman who has made a confpicuous figure in Congrefs. 
 
 The peace has afforded me the opportunity of gaining further 
 information as to certain particulars relating to the war, which it 
 may be proper to mention. 
 
 When Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton approached Charlotte- 
 , he difpatcbed a troop of horfe under Captaja M'Leod, threp 
 
 miles 
 
A. D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 miles further to Mr. Jefferfon's * hcufc, with the double objcft 
 of taking him and the two fpeakers of the fenate and delegates, 
 prifoners ; and of remaining there in vidette, as the houie had a 
 commanding view of half a {core counties round about. Tarle- 
 ton gave ftri6t ordeis to the captain to fuffbr nothing to be injur- 
 ed. The troop failed in their defin of making prifoners : not- 
 withftanding which, M'Leod preferved every thing with facred 
 care during his tarriance there of about eighteen hours. Colo- 
 nel Tarieton was juft as long at CharJotte-viile ; when he was 
 hurried from thence by the news of the rifing of the militia, and 
 by a fudden fall of rain which threatened to fwell the river, and 
 intercept his return. In general he did little injury to the inha- 
 bitants on that {hort and hafty excuifton, which was about 60 
 miles from the main army, then in Sporfylvania. Lord Cornwallis 
 afterward proceeded to the Point of Fork, and encamped his army 
 from thence all along the main James river to a feat of Mr. Jef- 
 ferfon's, called Elkhill ; and made it his head quarters for the 
 ten days of his remaining in that pofition. Mr. Jefferfon happily- 
 had time to remove moft of his effe&s out of the houfe. His 
 flocks ef cattle, flieep and hogs, together with what corn was 
 wanted, were ufed for the fuftenance of the army ; and all his 
 horfes, capable of fervice, were carried off. This was no other 
 than Mr. Jefferfon expected. But the throats of the horfes too 
 young for fervice Were cut ; his growing crops of corn and tobac- 
 co were burned, together with his barns, containing the fame 
 articles of the preceding year, and all the fences on the plantati- 
 on, fo as to leave it an abfolute wafte. Thefe things were perpe- 
 trated under Lord Cornwallis's eye ; the fituation of the houfe^ 
 in which he was, commanding a view of every part of the plan- 
 tation. The reft of the neighbourhood was treated in fpmewhat 
 the fame (tile ; but not with that fpirit of total extermination 
 which feezed to rage over Jefferfon 's poflcffions. Wherever, 
 the army unJei h^s lordiliip went, the dwelling houfes were plun-. 
 dered of every thing which could be carried off. Hundreds of 
 eye witneffes can prove, that his lordfhip's table was ferved with 
 plate thus pillaged from private houfes ; though his lordfhip's 
 character in Great Britain will forbid the belief of bis fharing in 
 the plunder. By an eftimate made at the time, on the beft infor- 
 mation that could becoile6red, the ftate of Virginia loft, during 
 Cornwallis's attempts to reduce it, 30,000 flaves ; about 27,000 
 of whom died of the- fmall-pox and carap fever ; the reft are 
 thought to have been partly fent to the Weft Indies, and partly tQ 
 
 New 
 
 * Now the American plenipotentiary at the court of Vqrfailles.. 
 
jgo THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1784* 
 
 New York, and from thence, before the evacuation, to Nova 
 Scotia and elfewlicrc. The whole devaftations occafioned by the 
 Brinfharmy, during the fix months previous to their furrender 
 at York Town, are fuppofed to amount to about three millions 
 ilerling. 
 
 14 The lofs of men fuftained by the town of New Haven, out 
 of the continental line, from among the militia, feamen and other 
 inhabitants, is eftimated at 210. New Haven is about a twenty- 
 fourth part of Connecticut; reckoning therefore the fame pro- 
 portion of lofs to the whole ftate, the number loft will amount to 
 ,5,040. Connecticut is efteemed about a twelfth part of the Ame- 
 rican dates ; reckoning the fame proportion of lofs therefore to 
 the whole, the total amount will be 60,480; but New York, 
 New Jerfey, and the fouthern ftates, have, doubtlefs, fuffered a 
 greater lofs in proportion to their numbers than Conneclicut. 
 It is therefore probable that the whole lofs of lives is not lefs than 
 70,000."* Vaft numbers died on board the prifon fhips at New- 
 York: not lefs, it is aflerted, than n,coo in one only, the^r- 
 Jey.\ Many perifhed in confequence f their being fo crowded 
 together, others through cruel ufage, and feveral for want of 
 thofe exertions which would have prevented fatal ficknefs and 
 have promoted health. 
 
 The Britifh forces are charged with having utterly deftroyed 
 more than fifteen places of public worfhip within the United 
 States, during the courfe of the war. Moft of thefe they burnt, 
 and others they levelled with the ground, leaving in fome places 
 not a veftige of their former fituation. A number of others 
 they nearly deflroyed, by converting them into barracks, jails, 
 hofpitals, and riding fchools. In New York, there were nine- 
 teen places of worfhip when the war began; and when the city 
 \vas evacuated, there were but nine fit for ufe. Trinity church 
 and the Old Lutheran were indeed deftroyed by the fire. But 
 whatever the Americans may object againft the Britim, on ac- 
 count of the lofs of lives and property which they have fuftained, 
 they have abundant caufe for thankfulnefs to the God of armies 
 for having conducled them through the conteft into a ftate of in- 
 dependence, with fufferings fo fhortand light comparatively con- 
 fidered. It was not quite eight years that they were engaged in 
 it, computing from the firft commencement of hoftilities to the 
 ratifyisgof the provifional treaty. This is a lefs time than that, 
 
 in 
 
 * The Rev. Benjamin Trumbull'sThankfgivingSermon at North* 
 'Haven, Dec. 11,1783. 
 
 t Dr. Ezra Stiles's Eleftion Sermon before the governor and gene- 
 ral affembly of Connecticut, May S, 1783, p. 45. 
 
: ; 
 A.D. 1784.3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 89 i 
 
 in which the ftates of Holland (in their glorious ftruggle with 
 Spain) dared fo much as to claim independence. There is fcarce, 
 if an inftance in hiftory, of fo great a revolution being effecled 
 in fo fhort a time, and with fo hale lofsof lives and property.* 
 
 From what has been already related, you will collecl for your- 
 felfthe characters of the two late generals of the northern and 
 iouthern armies, under whofe commands the American war ter- 
 minated. You may wifh however to receive fome additional in- 
 formation concerning them. A few flri&ures muft fuffice. 
 
 His Excellency George Wafhingion is defcended from a fami- 
 ly that emigrated to Virginia, when the royalifts in England 
 were expofed to various diftreffes previous to the reftoration. 
 Virginia does not afford thofe advantages for a univerfal educa- 
 tion which are enjoyed in Europe a quarter of the world his 
 excellency never vifited. Strong powers and clofe application 
 compenfated in feveral refpets for the deficiencies of his native 
 country. His epiftolary and other compofitions, which appear- 
 ed while he fuftained a public characler will be a lading credit to 
 him. He was happy in having a fucceflion of able fecretaries, 
 whom he undoubtedly employed in drawing up many of his offici- 
 al papers, after having dictated the matter of them: but his pri- 
 vate correfpondences, and others which from time arid circum- 
 ftances muft neceflarily have employed his own pen, fhow that 
 he was equal to any of thofe publications, which had his name 
 affixed to them by his authority. It would be abfurd to expec\ 
 that he mould equal in military (kill the firft European generals, 
 when he has enjoyed neither their opportunities nor experience 
 for perfecting himfelf : but it may be juftly aliened concerning 
 him, that he was the beft general the Americans could have harj 
 to command them. The world has been miftaken in one opini- 
 on refpefting his Excellency, whofe natural temper poffelfcs 
 more of the Marcellus and lefs of the Fabius than has been gene- 
 rally imagined. The event juftified his difcernment in fixing up- 
 on the Honorable Nathaniel Greene to command the fouthern ar- 
 my, when the refolve of Congtefs produced a vacancy : but feve- 
 ral of the firft officers in his own, thought at the time, that & 
 wrong choice had been made. 
 
 The parents of the honorable Nathaniel Greene were quakers, 
 and defcended from fome of the firft fettlers in the Rhode Ifland 
 government ; under which the general was horn in or about 1741. 
 The father was an anchor- fin ith, had confiderable iron works, 
 tarried on a large flroke of bufine/s, and was concerned in fhip 
 
 VOL. III. Bbb piog. 
 
 Dr, 
 
39* THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1784. 
 
 ping. The Ton Nathaniel, being prompted by a laudable ambiti- 
 on and a thirft after knowledge while a boy, learned the Latin, 
 chiefly by his own induftry, and with very little help. He pro- 
 cured a I'm a 11 library, and improved his mind by reading. He 
 had a prevailing tafte for military hiflory ; which he indulged 
 by borrowing fuch publications, when it did not fuit him to pur- 
 chafe. He was, at an early period of life, chofen a member of 
 the Rhode Ifland affembry ; and difcharged his truft fo as to give 
 the higheft fatisfaftion to his conliituents. Though educated in 
 the peaceable principles of 'qudkeriim, yet he thought himfelf cal- 
 led, by the peculiarity of the times, to take an aclive part in the 
 defence of American liberty. .Upon his affuming the military 
 character, the quakcrs renounced all connection with him as a 
 member of their particular body, by reading him out of the meet- 
 ing. He was chofen general, to command the regiments raifed 
 by Rhode Ifland, for the ailiirance of the Maffachufetts. He 
 \vas at length honored with the confidence of Gen. Walhington j 
 but his influence was limited. He was of a humane difpofuion ; 
 -but refolutely fevere when the fame was neceifary. He was of 
 a firm, intrepid, and independent mind. He abhorred the cruel- 
 ties that were pracljfec! by the partisans of each fide, and ftrong- 
 ]y inculcated a fpirit of moderation. To a prevailing knowlege 
 of this difpofition, he afcribed his being fpared by the tories in 
 Carolina, who, he thought, could have fhot him repeatedly, had 
 they been fo minded. The fame amiable temper influenced him 
 ?to declare againil the meafure which the South Carolina legiila- 
 ture adopted, when they paffcd the confiicating act at Jackibn- 
 jborough. * 
 
 The 
 
 * In October, 1785", the honorable Nathaniel Greene failed from 
 Rhode Ifland to Georgia, where he had a confiderable eftate not far 
 diftant from Savannah. Here he paffjd away his time, occupied in 
 dorneftie concerns, as tlie private citizen. In June, 1786, while walk- 
 ing without an umbrella, the intenfe rays of the fun upon his head 
 overpowered him, and brought on an inflammation of the brain, which 
 in a few days carried him oil". Thus he died by a ilroke of the fun 
 probably the diforder that proved fatal to the fon of the Shunamite. 
 vVhen the account of his death arrived at Savannah, the inhabitants 
 wereftruck with thedcepeft forrow. Atlbufinefs was fufpendcd. The 
 fhops and ftores throughout the town were fruu; and the Chips in the 
 harbour had their colours half mailed on the mournful occafion. The 
 body was brought to Savannah, and interred on the 2Cth. In Auguft 
 the United States in Congrefs afiTrmblcd came to the following refo- 
 lution, ' That a monument bs erected to the memory of Nathaniel 
 
 Greene, 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 393, 
 
 The prefent letter is intended for the laft upon the affairs of the 
 United States; and fhall clofe with fome account oi their refpec- 
 tive conlHtutions. 
 
 Yot^may recolleft, that in the courfe of our correfpondence, 
 no account of New Hampshire ftate's having agreed upon a con- 
 Jlitution, has been forwarded. The event itfelf did not take place 
 till the 3 ift of laft October. The returns from the feveral towns 
 being examined ; and it appearing, that the bill of rights and 
 form of government laid before the people were approved of by 
 them, the fame were on that day eftablimed by the delegates of the 
 people, and declared to be the civil conftitution for the Hate of 
 New Hamp{hire,to take place the firft Wednefday of next June; 
 and in the mean time, the general court under theprefent govern- 
 ment is to make all the neceflary arrangements for introducing 
 the faid conftitution, at the time and in the manner therein def- 
 cribed. 
 
 New Hampjhire reckons the rights of coiifdence among the 
 unalienab'.e natural rights of mankind; and with her neighbour- 
 ing fifter flate, the Maffachu/etts, declares that " no fubjed (hall 
 be hurt, molefted or, retrained, in his perfon, liberty, or eftate, 
 for wormipping God, in the manner and feafon moft agreeable to 
 his own confcience; or for his religious profeflion or fentiments 
 **-provjded he doth not diftmb the public peace, or obftru6l others 
 in their religious worfhip." Both empower the legiflature to au- 
 thorize the feveral towns, parifhes, bodies-politic, or religious fo- 
 cieties, to make fuitab'e provifion at their own expence, for the 
 fuppert and maintenance of public Protejlant teacheis of piety, 
 religion and morality, in all cafes where fuch provifion fhall riot 
 be mad voluntarily. But the towns, Sec. are, at all times to 
 
 the 
 
 Greene, Efq; at the feat of the fosderal government, with the following 
 iflfcription : 
 
 Sacred to the Memory of 
 NATHANIEL GREENE, Efq. 
 
 who departed this life, on 
 the nineteenth of June, MDCCLXXXVI ; 
 
 late MAJOR-GENERAL 
 in the fervice of the United States, 
 
 and 
 
 Commander of their Army 
 
 in the Southern Department: 
 
 The United States in Congrcis afcmbleJ, 
 
 in honour of his 
 
 Patriotifm, Valour, and Ability, 
 have erec"ted this Monument.'' 
 
394 THE HISTORY OF THE \A.L. 17840 
 
 the exclufive right of choofmg their own public teachers, and of 
 contracting with them for their fupport and maintenance. Inftead 
 of adding "And all perfons, whatsoever opinions concerning re- 
 ligion they may proieis;" their words are " And every denomi- 
 nation of Chrijiians demeaning themfelves peaceably, and as good 
 fubjefts of the commonwealth, fhall be equally under the protec- 
 tion of the Jaw ; and no fubordination of one feel or denominati- 
 on to another, fhall ever be eftablifhed by law." The prefident, 
 council, lenate, end hoiife of reprefentatives of New Hamf)Jhire 9 
 are to be of the Proteftant religion. The governor, lieutenant 
 governor, counfellor, fenaror and reprefentative of the Muffachu- 
 Jells, are to declare their beliei m the ChrifHan religion. 
 
 The foundation principle on which Rhode IJland and Provi- 
 dence Plantations united, has been early mentioned. Afirmlar 
 fentiment was introduced into the charter of the i^th of Charles 
 II. by which it is provided, " That no perfon within the faid co- 
 lony, at any time hereafter, fhall be any wife molelled, punifhed, 
 Hifquieted, or called in queflion, for any differences of opinion in 
 matters of religion, who does not afiually difluib the civil peace 
 of the faid colony." The Hate of Rhode liland has continued its 
 government fmce ceafing to be a colony, according to the gene- 
 ral defign of the charter. The confHtution admits not of religi- 
 ous eftablifhmems, any further than the fame depend upon the 
 voluntary choice of individuals; and no. particular feel can claim 
 pre-eminence. 
 
 CenneElieut has changed its former mode of government, only 
 fo far as to accommodate it to the feparation which has taken 
 place between that and the parent flaie. Religious liberty is near- 
 Jv, if not exaclly, upon the fame looting there as in trie MaiTa- 
 chufetts. 
 
 The New York conflitution, " to guard againft that fpiritual 
 oppreflion and intolerance, wherewith the bigotry and ambition 
 of weak and wicked priefts and princes, have icourged mankind," 
 ordains, determines, and declares, " that the free exercife and 
 enjoyment of religious profefiion and woifhip, without difciimi- 
 rtation or preference, fhall for ever hereafter be allowed with- 
 in the faid ftate to all mankind. Provided, that the liberty of con- 
 fcience hereby granted, fhall not be fo conftrued,as toexcufeacls 
 of licentioufnefs, or juftify praOicesinconfiflent with the peace or 
 fafety of the flate." 
 
 The fta.e of Ke.w Jerfey eftablifhed, " That no perfon fhall 
 ever, within the fame, be deprived of the ineftimable privilege of 
 \vonliipping Almighty God in a mariner agreeable to the r)itateu 
 ef his owa conidence; nor t under any pretence whatever, be 
 
 compelled 
 
A D. 1784.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 compelled to attend any place of worfhip, contrary to his own- 
 faith and judgment ; nor lhall any perfon ever be obliged to pay 
 tithes, taxes, or any other rates, for the purpole of building or re- 
 pairing any other church or churches, place or placss of worihip, 
 or for the maintenance of any minift'er or miniftry', contrary to 
 what he believes to be right, or has deliberately or voluntarily 
 engaged himfelf to perform: That there fhall be no eftablim- 
 ment of any one religious feB in preference to another ; and that 
 no Proteftant inhabitant (hall be denied the enjoyment of any ci- 
 vil right, merely on account of his religious principles ; but that 
 all perfons profefling a belief in the faith of any Proteftant feel,* 
 \vho iha-il demean themfelves peaceably under the government as 
 hereby eftablimed, Iball be capable of being e!eled into any office 
 of profit or truft, or of being a member of either branch of the 
 legifUture, and (hall fully and freely enjoy every privilege and 
 immunity enjoyed by others their fellow fubje6!s." The ijth 
 article declares, " That the eftates of fuch perfons as mall deftroy 
 their own lives, fhall not, for that offence, be forfeited; but (hall 
 defcend in the fame manner as they would have done, had fuch 
 perfons died in the natural way; nor lhall any article which may 
 occafion accidentally the death of any one, be henceforth deemed 
 a deodand, or in any wife forfeited on account of fuch misfor- 
 tune." A fimilar article was afterward introduced into the New 
 Hampfhire conflitution. 
 
 The 2d article of the Pennfylvania declaration of rights aflerti 
 v " That all men have a natural and unalienable right to wormip 
 Almighty God, according to the dictates of their own confcieBcea 
 and underftanding: and that no man ought, or, of right, can be 
 compelled to attend any religious worfhip; r erecl: or fupport 
 any place of worfliip; or maintain any miniflry contrary to, or 
 againft his own free will and confent ; nor can any man who ac- 
 knowledges the being of a God, be juilly deprived or abridged of 
 any civil right as a citizen, on account cf his religious fenti- 
 ments,t or peculiar mode of religious wodhip; and that no au- 
 thority can, or ought to be veiled in, or aflumed by, any power 
 whatever, that mail, in any cafe interfere with, or in any manner 
 
 control 
 
 * " This is a more enhrged toleration than European policy has 
 yet, in almoft any inftance, admitted : but perfect confidency would 
 not confineit to Proreftants, or to any fyftem of religion." 
 
 f This however did not prevent a grof.sinconfiftency in TheFrarne 
 of Government, which, by the loth feftion, requires, that in order 
 for admiffion into the houfeof reprefentatives, each member Ihould 
 fubfrribe, befide a declaration of his faith in one God, hisacknow-. 
 ledgment of the fcripturei of the Old and New Teftament asofdivint 
 i ratios, 
 
3% THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1784. 
 
 Control the right of confcience, in the free exercife of religious 
 wodhip." The i ( 5th article declares, " That all men have a na- 
 tural inherent right to emigrate from one {late to another that 
 will receive them, or to form a new ftate in vacant countries, or 
 rn fuch countries as they can purchafe, whenever they think that 
 thereby the); may promote their own happinefs. 
 
 The fecond article of the Delaware declaration is fubftantially 
 (he fame with that of Pennfylvania. The 3d fays, " That all 
 perfons profefling the Chriftian religion, ought for ever to enjoy 
 equal rights and privileges in the ftate-;* unlefs under colour of 
 religion, any man difturb the peace, the happinefs, or farety cf 
 fociety." By the 29th fection in the fyftem of government, it is 
 fixed " That there lhall be no eftablifhment of any one religious 
 feel in the ftate in preference to another." 
 
 The Maryland declaration is remarkably full, particular, and 
 pointed as to the objecls*of conftitutional right and fecurity. The 
 33d article relates to religious liberty, and expreffes, ",That as it 
 is the duty of every man to worfhip God in fuch manner as he 
 thinks moft acceptable to him, all perfons profefling the Chriflian 
 religion are equally entitled to protection in their religious liber ^ 
 ty: wherefore no perfon ought, by any law, to be molefted in his 
 perfan'or eftate, on account of his religious perfuafion or profcf- 
 fion, or for his religious practice ; unlefs, under colour of religion, 
 any man mail difturb the good order, peace, or fafety of the ftate, 
 drjlia.il infringed the laws of morality, or injure others in their 
 natural, civil, or religious rights : nor ought any perfon to be 
 Compelled to frequent, or maintain, or contribute (unlefs on con- 
 tract) to maintain any particular place of worfhip, or any particu- 
 lar miniilry: yet the legiflature may, in their difcretion, lay a ge- 
 rieral and equal tax, for the fupport of the Chriflian religion ; 
 leaving to each individual the power of appointing the payment 
 of the money collected from him, over to the fupport of any par- 
 ticular place of worfhip, or minifter, or for the benefit of the 
 poor of his own denomination, or the poor in general of any par- 
 ticular county. But the churches, chapels, glebes, and all other 
 property now belonging to the church of England, ought to re- 
 main 
 
 * The Syftem of Government requires, notwithftanding, that c- 
 very perfon, chofen a member of either houfe, or appointed to any 
 office or pisce of truft, fhould form -ally declare his faith in the Trini- 
 tarian doctrine, and in the divine Infpiraiion of the Old and Ne\v 
 Tertanv-.it. 
 
 t <c This cUufe is certainly vague, and open to opprellive con- 
 flruction : all that can come under the legal punifliment : to be in- 
 filled by a Hate, is cxpreffed in the preceding and i"u l 4equent 
 claufcs." 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 397 
 
 main to the church of England for ever." A preceding article de~ 
 dared, " That there ought to be no forfeiture of any part of the 
 tftate of any perfon for any crime, except mtirder, or treafon a- 
 gainft the itate, and then only on conviclion and attainder. In the 
 5th feclion of the form of government, it is exprefsly appointed, 
 that every perfon before entering on any office of truft or profit, 
 {kali fubfcnbe a declaration of his belief in the Chriftian religion, 
 
 Virginia hath not introduced its form of government with any 
 declaration of general principles : nor made mention of any either 
 toleration or teft. The executive power is divided between the 
 governor, the council of ftate, and the county courts, or vene- 
 rable collections ofjuftices of peace. The delegates and fenate 
 may be of this rank. The governor's fhare of the executive is 
 trifling. The county courts or jufliccs of the peace, befide the 
 authority of recommending to the governor candidates on vacan- 
 cies in their own body, officers for the militia, and nominating 
 the fheriffs and coroners, are to appoint the clerks.of the feveral 
 county courts in the commonwealth. For thefe reafons the con- 
 ftitution is charged with involving in it a fyftem for perpetuating 
 an ariftocracy. It is thought, however, to be alterable at plca- 
 fure by fubfequent legiflatures, in as much as the electors of the 
 delegates ana reprefentatives, who formed the convention in 
 1776, had no idea of independence and a permanent republic, 
 and could riot mean to veft in the convention any authorities o- 
 ther than^rtiofe of t-he ordinary legislature. 
 
 North Carolina in the declaration of rights maintains, " That 
 ajl men have a natural and unalienable right to worfhip Almighty 
 God, according to the dictates of their own conscience; and yet 
 eltabhmes it as an artisle in the form of government, " That no 
 perfon who fhall deny the being of a God, or the truth of the 
 Proteftant religion, or the divine authority of the Old or New 
 Teftament, fhall be capable of holding any office, or place of truft 
 or profit in the civil department of the {late." 
 
 By the South Carolina ccnftitution, among the qualifications 
 of eleclors for members of the houfe of reprefentatives or fenate, 
 is that of " acknowledging the being of a God, and belief in a 
 future ftate of rewards and punifhments." It alfo prefcribes 
 ' That no perfon fhall be eligible to fit in the houfe of repre- 
 fentatives, unlefs he be of the Proieftant religion :" and that the 
 governor, the lieutenant governor, privy council and fenate, 
 fhall be of the fame religion. The 38th article provides 
 " That all perfons and religious focieties, who acknowlege that 
 there is one God, and a future (late of rewards and punifhments, 
 and that God is publicly to be worfhipped, fhdll be freely tolerat- 
 ed." 
 
THE H I S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 1784. 
 
 ed." It then proceeds, " The Chriftian Proteflant religion (hail 
 be deemed, and is hereby conftituted and declared to be, the ef- 
 tablilhed religion of the (late; and all denominations of Chriflian 
 Proteftants, demeaning themielvcs peaceably and faithfully, (hall 
 enjoy equal religious and civil privileges." 
 
 The conftitution of Georgia declares " That all perfons 
 whatever fhall have the free exercife of their religion, provided 
 it be not repugnant to the peace and fafety of the ilate ; and fhall 
 not, unlefs by confent, fupport any teacher or teachers, except 
 thofe of their own profeflion :" but it requires that the reprefen- 
 tatives, who are the legiilature of the itate, and who eleft out 
 of their own body the governor and executive council, ihould 
 be of the Proteftant religion. 
 
 Some of the conftitutions declare " That no clergyman, or 
 preacher of the gofpel of any denomination, ihall be capable of 
 holding any civil office within the itate." Such clergymen as 
 are paid by, and fo are the fervants of the ftate, may be juflly 
 excluded : but if they only enjoy the common protection of the 
 ilate, it ought to have been left to their fellow citizens whether 
 to ekcl them into places, and to themfelves whether to accept ; 
 which neither the prudence of the one, nor the facred duties 
 of the other, will permit, unleis upon fome very extraordinary 
 occafion. 
 
 The conftitutions are fo formed, that the inhabitants in com- 
 mon have a right to vote for reprefentatives, though not to vote 
 for feverel in different towns and places. In a few (tales every 
 freeman of the full age of 21 years, having refided in the ftate for 
 the fpace of one whole year before the day of election, and paid 
 public taxes during that time, enjoys the right of an eleclor. la 
 rnoft, he muft be worth thirty or forty-five pounds fterling. Cer- 
 tain (rates have provided for the eftablifhing and perpetuating of 
 an equal reprefemation, in proportion to the numbers of freeinea 
 inhabiting the counties, cities, towns and diltricls. 
 
 The 
 
EXTRACTS//* M* VIRGINIA Ac? 
 
 j *5 ' 
 
 The following Extracts from an A 61 for eftabli filing Religious 
 Freedom, palled in the Aflembl.y of Virginia in tlie beginning 
 of 1786, is added, in expectation of gratifying the uuriofiiy, i 
 not the taile, of rnoft readetst 
 
 " WELL aware, that AUighty God hsth created the mind 
 free: that ail attempts to influence it by temporal pumihmen-is 
 or burthens, or by civil incapaciiations, tend only to beget rn bit st 
 of hypocrify, and are a departure from the plan of the Hoty 
 Author of our religion, who being Lord of body and mind, yoc 
 chofe not to propagate it by coercions on either; -That the im- 
 pious prefumption of legiflaiors and rniers, civil as well as eccle- 
 iiaftical (who, being tliemfelves but fallible and uninfpired men* 
 have aflunied dominion over the faith of others, femng up their 
 own opinions and modes 6f thinking as alone true and infallible* 
 and as fuch endeavoring to impofe them on others) hath eftablilh- 
 ed and maintained falfe religions over the greateli part of the> 
 world, and through all times ;-*-Tfoat, to compel a man to fuiniih, 
 contributions of money far the propagation of opinions tvhick 
 hedifbdieves, is finful and tyrannical; -That eves the forcing,; 
 a man to (uppbrt this or that teacher of his own religious pei- 
 fuafion, is depriving him of the coinforrabie liberty of giving his 1 
 contributions to .the particular pailor, whofe morals he would 
 make his pattern t and whole powers he feels moft pCifuaftve to 
 righteoufnef-s; and is withdrawing from the niiniilry 4 thofe tem- 
 poral reward>,vvhich, proceeding fioni an appiobaiion uf theii* 
 porfonal conduci, are an adJiiioii.il incitement to eanieil and un- 
 remicted labors for the infiruHonof mankind;- That our civil, 
 rights have no dependence on our. religious opinion^ any mote 
 than on our o t '.4nions in phyfic or geometry ; -Thar, therefore, 
 tjne prefcribing any citizen as unworthy the public canfiience, 
 by laying upon him an incapacity of being called ID offices Ot 
 truil and emolument, unlefs he profefs or renounces this or that 
 religious opinion, is depriving him mjurioufly of thofe privileges 
 and advantages to which in common with his fellow-citizens he 
 has a naiuial li^ht; and tends alfo to corrupt the principles of 
 that very religion it is meant to encourage, by bribing with a mo- 
 nopoly of worldly honors and emoluments, thofe who will ex- 
 ternally conform to it ; That though indeed thofe are criminal 
 who do not withftand fuch tempta ions, yef nrirber .arc thofe in* 
 nocent who hy them in their way ; Thit to fuffer the civil ma- 
 gidrafe to intrude his powers into the field of opinion, and to 
 re {train the profefTio;i or propagation of principles on fuppofiiion , 
 VOL. III. Cc c of 
 
jor ESTABLISHING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. 
 
 of their ill tendency, is a dangerous fallacy ; which, at once def- 
 troys all religious liberty ; becaufe he, being of courfe judge of 
 that tendency, will make his opinions the rule of judgment, and 
 \vill appro- e or condemn the (entiments of others, only as they 
 {hall agree with, or differ from his own ; That it is time enough 
 for the rightful purpofes of civil government, for its officers to 
 interpofe when principles break out in overt acls againfl peace 
 and good order: And finally, that truth is great, and will pre- 
 vail if left to herfelf; that Jheis the proper and Jujficient antago* 
 nijito error, and can have nothing to fear from the conflict, tin- 
 kfs by human interpofition, difarmed of her natural weapons, 
 free argument and debate errors ceafing to be dangerous, when 
 it is permitted freely to contradict them. 
 
 " Be it therefor eenafted by the General AfTembly.that no man 
 {hall be compelled to fupport any religious worihip, place, or 
 miniftry whatfoever; nor mall be forced, reftrained, molefted or 
 burthened in his body or goods, nor mall otherwife fuffer, on ac- 
 count of his religious opinions or belief: but that all men fhall 
 be free to profefs, and by argument to maintain, their opinions 
 in matters of religion : and that the fame JJiall in no wife dimini/Ji, 
 enlarge, or afftEl their civil capacities. 
 
 * And though we well know that this AfTerrbly, elecled by 
 the people for the ordinary purpofes of legiflation only, have i o 
 power to reftrain the acls of fucceeding AiTemblies, conflituted 
 with powers equal to our own; and that, therefore, to declare 
 this aft irrevocable, would be of no effeft in law; yet we are 
 free to declare, and do declare, that the rights hereby averted \ 
 are of the natural rights of mankind ; and that if any aft fhall bs 
 hereafter pailed to repeal theprefent, or to narrow its operation, 
 fuch-aft will be an infringement of natural right" 
 
% . The CONSTITUTION, 6V. 401 
 
 The UniUd States in Congrefs AJfembled, finding that the Articles 
 of the Confederation would not enable them to fur mo un- thofc 
 "National Embarraffments with which they were attended, at 
 length recommended to the fever al Governments the appointing of 
 Delegates to form a fpecial Convention at Philadelphia. Mojl 
 ff them complied, and elefted Gentlemen of dijtinguijjicd Cha~ 
 racier to reprefent them. When the Delegates met in June 
 1787, Doclor Franklin propoftd his Excellency George Wajli- 
 ington for Prejident ; and he was unanimoufly chojen. After 
 fever at Months clofe and free Deliberation, the. following Publi- 
 cations made their Appearance t excepting the Parts included 
 within the Crotchets. 
 
 [FRAME OF GOVERNMENT.} 
 
 WE the People of the UNITED STATES, in order to 
 form a more perfeft union, eftablifh juftice, iniure do- 
 meftic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the 
 general welfare, and fecurc the bleflings of liberty to ourfelves 
 and our pofterity, do ordain and eftabliih this Conflitutiori for the 
 United States of A M E R I C A 
 
 \_Legiflative Powers.^ 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 [The HOUSE of REPRESENTATIVES.} 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 . 
 
 AL L Legifl.itive Powers herein granted fhall be veftcd in * 
 Congrefs of the United States, which fiiali confifl of a Se* 
 nate and Houfe of Reprefentatives. 
 
 SECTION 11. 
 
 The Houfe of Reprefentatives mall be compofed of members 
 chofen every fecond year by the people of the feveral States, and 
 ihe electors in each State (hall have the qualifications requifite 
 for electors of the moft numerous branch of the State Legiflature. 
 
 No perfon mall be a Pveprefentative whofhalinot haveaitained 
 to the age of twenty-five years, and been feven years a citizen of 
 the United States, and who mall not, when elefted, be an inha- 
 bitant of that State in which he fl.a'.l be chofen. 
 
 Reprefentativei 
 
408 The CONSTITUTION of ike 
 
 ReprefeiVatlves and direft taxes mail be apportioned among 
 the leveral Slates which may be included witimi ihis Union, ac- 
 cording to their refpecttve nurnbeis, which ihuii be determined 
 by adding to the whole number of tree peribns, including thole 
 bound to fei vice for a term of } e^is, and excluding Indians not 
 taxed, thres fifths of all other pet funs. The athlai enumeration 
 ihail be rna-ie within three years afier the firil meeting of the 
 Congrefs of the United States, and wiihin every fubfeijuenl term 
 of tea years, \\\ inch manner as they fhaS! by 7 law clued. The 
 jiamber aFReprefematives (hall not exce:d one for every ib>riy 
 thouland, but each Slate (hail have at leaf! one Representative ; 
 and amil fuch enumeration ihall be made, the State of New- 
 Hampihire (hall be entitled to chooie three, Mdlachufeus eight, 
 Rhode 1(1 and and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, 
 Ne'A' T York fix, New-Jerfey four, Pe.hify'vania eight, Delaware 
 one, Maryland fix, Vngima ten, North- Cdiolina five, South- 
 aiolina five, and Georgia three. 
 
 W'KTI vacancies happen in the representation from any State, 
 the Executive authority thereof ihali lilue wriis of election to fill 
 fuch 
 
 TiieHoufe of R.-prefentatives ftiall clioofe iheir Speaker 
 otliccrs ; and (liail have the ioie power qf irppeachnieiit. 
 
 [S E N A T E.] 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 THE. Senate of the United States, fhall be compofed of *wo 
 Sena tors from each S;a^ cholen by the Legillature thereof, 
 for fix yeats ; and each Senator Ihall have one vote. 
 
 Immediately ai,e; they ihall be aflembled in confeqtience of 
 the rHt election, they thall be divided as c-cmaliy <'JS may be into 
 three defies. The feats of the Senators of the fi;lt cteis Ihall be 
 vacated at the expiration of the ic'cornl ycar^ of the fecond clafs 
 at the expiration oi the fourth year, and of the thiid clafs at the 
 t'xpiranouof iho fixth year, Co that one third may be chofen every 
 lecond year ; and if vacancies happen by refignaiion, or other wire, 
 fiuring ihe lecefs ot the Lrgifiaime of any Slate, the Executive 
 theieof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting 
 of the Legiildtjic, wliicii l!i^ii theniill ii.cfi vacancies. 
 
 No perion fhdll be a Senator who ihall not have attained to. 
 the age of thiny \cars, and been nine years a Citizen of the Uni- 
 ted States, and who {ha!! not, w-hcn elected, be an iiiiubit<mt of 
 \iiat Sta:e iui whiL-a Lt ihdi! be chuita, 'i^v 
 
UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 403 
 
 The Vice-Prefident of the United States (ball be Prefidem of 
 
 the Senate, but ihall have no vote, unlefs they be equally divided. 
 
 The Senate Ou!l chrvofe their other officers, and alfo* Prefident! 
 
 pro tempore, in the abfence of the Vice Preiusent, or when he 
 
 ihall exercife the office of Prefident of the United States. 
 
 The Senate (hall have the fole power to try all impeachments. 
 When fitting for that purpofe, they ihall be on oafh or affirmati- 
 on. When the Prefident of the United States is tried, the 
 Chief Juftice (hall prefide : And no perfon (hall be convicted 
 without the concurrence of two- thirds of the Members prefent. 
 
 Judgment in cafes of impeachment ihall not extend further 
 than to removal from office, and difqualificatioh to hold and en- 
 joy any office of honor, trirft; or profit under the United States ; 
 but the party convicled (hall neverthelels be liable and fubjel to 
 indictment, trial, judgmemt arid punimmenf, according to lav/. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 The times, places and manner of holding eleftions for Senators 
 and Reprefematives, (h*)! be prefcribed in each State by the Le- 
 gifldture thereof; but the Congrefs may at any time by law make 
 or alter fuch regulations, except as to the places of choofing Se- 
 nators. 
 
 [The GENERAL CONGRESS.] 
 
 THE Congrefs (hall aiTemble at leafl once in every year, and 
 fuch meeting ihall be on the firft Monday in December, un- 
 Ici's they (hall by law appoint a different day. 
 
 SECTION v. 
 
 ^.-'v.1,5/, u; . 
 
 Each Houfe (hall be the judge of the eleclions, returns and 
 qualifications of its own Members, and a majority of each ihall 
 confiitute a quorum to dobufinefs: but a fmalier number may 
 adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the 
 attendance of abfent Members, in fuch manner, and under fuch 
 penalties, as each Houfe may provide. 
 
 Each Houfe may determine the rules of its proceedings, pu- 
 niih its Members for diforderly behavior, and, with the concur- 
 rence of two-thirds, expel a Member. 
 
 Each Houfe ihall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from 
 time to time publifh the fame, excepting fuch parts as may in their 
 judgment require fecrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the Mem- 
 hers of either Houfe, on any queflion ihall, at the defire of one* 
 fifth of thofe- prefent, be entered on (he journal. 
 
 Neither 
 
404 T/2* CONSTITUTION of ikt 
 
 Neither Houfe, during the feffion of Congrefs, fliall, without 
 the couieiji of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor 
 to any other place than that, in which the two Houfes fliall be 
 fitting, 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 The Senators nd Reprefentatives (hall receive a compenfation 
 for their fervices, to be afcertained by law, and paid out of the 
 treafury of the U. States. They {hall in all cafes, except treafon, 
 felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arreft during 
 their attendance at the ieffion of their refpeclive Houfes, and in 
 going to and returning from the fame; and for any fpeech or de- 
 bate in either Houfc, they fliall not be queflioned in any other 
 place. 
 
 No Senator or Reprefentative fliall, during the time for which 
 he was elefted, be appointed to any civil office under the autho. 
 lity of the United States, which (hall have been created, or the e- 
 rnoluments whereof fhall have been increcjfed during fuch time ; 
 and no perfon holding any office under the United States, fliall be 
 a Member of either Houfe, during his continuance in oflice. 
 
 [The Powers ^CONGRESS.] 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 AL L bills for railing revenue fhall originate in the Houfe of 
 Reprefentatives; but the Senate may propofe or concur 
 with amendments as on other bills. 
 
 Every bill which fhall have pafTed the Houfe of Reprefenta- 
 tives and the Senate, ihall, before it become a law, be preferred 
 to the Piefident of the United States; if he approve he (hall fign 
 it, but if not he mall return it, with his objections to that Honfe in 
 which it fhall have originated, who fhall enter the objections at 
 large on their journal, and proceed to reconfider it. If after fuch 
 reconfuJeration, two-thirds of that Houfe fhail agree to pafs the 
 bill, it fhall be fent, together with the objections, to the other 
 Houfe, by which it fliall hkewife be confidered, and if approved 
 by two-thirds of that Houfe, it (hall become a hw. But in all 
 fuch cafes tbe votes of both Houfes mail be determined by yeas 
 and nays, and the names of the perfons voting for and againft the 
 bill fhall be entered on the journal of each Houfe rcfpeftively. 
 If any bill fliall not be returned by the Prefident within ten day* 
 
 (Sundays 
 
UNITED STATES ^/"AMERICA. 40,5 
 
 (Sundays excepted) after it {hall have been prefented to him, the 
 fame (hall be a law, in like manner as if he had figned ir, unlefs 
 the Congrefs by their adjournment prevent its return, in which/ 
 cafe it (hall not be a law. 
 
 Every order, refolution, or vote to which the concurrence o 
 the Senate and Houfe of Reprefematives may be neceffary (ex- 
 cept on a queftion of adjournment) fhall be prefcnted to the Pre* 
 (ident of the United States : and before the fame (hall take effecl, 
 ihall be approved by him, or being difapproved by him, (hail be 
 repaffed by two-thirds of the Senate and Houfe of Reprefentatives,, 
 according to the rules and limitations prefcribcd in the cafe of a 
 bill. 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 The Congrefs fhall have power To lay and collect taxes, du- 
 ties, imports and excifes, to pay the debts and provide for the com- 
 mon defence and general welfare of the United States ; but all 
 duties, imports and excifes fhall be uniform throughout the U- 
 nited States; To borrew money on the credit of the United 
 States ; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among 
 the feveral States, and with the Indian tribes; Toeftablifh an u- 
 niform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the fubjecl o 
 bankruptcies throughout the United States; To coin money, 
 regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the itand- 
 ard of weights arid meafures; To provide for the punifhment of 
 counterfeiting the fecurities and current coin of the United 
 States; To eftablifli poll-offices and po ft- roads; To promote 
 the progrefs of fcience and ufeful arts, by fecuring for limited 
 times to authors and inventors the excluiive light to their refpec- 
 tive writings and difcoveries; To confliiute tribunals inferior to 
 the Supreme Court \ To define and punifh piracies and felonies 
 committed on the high feas, and offences againft the law of nati- 
 ons; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprifal, and 
 make rules concerning captures on land and water ; To raife 
 and fupport armies, but no appropriation f money to that ufe 
 fhall be for a longer term than two years; To provide and 
 maintain a navy ; To make rules for the government and regu- 
 lation of the land and naval forces; To provide for calling forth 
 the militia to execute the laws of the Union, fopprefs infurrecli- 
 ons and repel invafions; To provide for organizing, arming, 
 and difciplining the militia, and for governing fuch part of them 
 as may be employed in the fervice of the United States, referving 
 to thu States refpeclively, the appointment of the officers, and the 
 
 authoiity 
 
406 The CONSTITUTION of the 
 
 authority of training the militia, according to the rlifci'pfine pre- 
 Jcnbed by Congrefs ; To exercife exclufive legislation "in all cafes 
 whatfoever, over fuch diftritt (not exceeding ten miles fquare) as 
 may, by ceflion of particular Stares, and the acceptance of Con- 
 grefs, become the feat of government of the United States, and 
 to exercife like authority overall places purchafed by iheconient 
 of the Legiflature of the State in which the fame fhall be, for the 
 ere&ion of forts, magazines, arfenals, dock-yards, and other need- 
 ful buildings; and to make all laws which ihall be neceffary and 
 proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all 
 other powers veiled by this conftitution in the government of the 
 Waited Slates, or in any department or officer thereof. 
 
 [fofirtfiiorts* upon Congrefs.] 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 THE migration or importation of fuch perfons as any of the 
 States nowexifting mall think proper to admit, mail not be 
 prohibited by the Congrefs prior to the year one thoufand tight 
 hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be impofed on fuch im- 
 portation, not exceeding ten dollars for each perfon. 
 
 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus ihall not be fufpend- 
 ed, unlefs when in cafes of rebellion or invafion, the public fafery 
 mav require it. 
 
 No bill of attainder or txpoflfaBo law mall be palled. 
 
 No capitation, or other dirccl tax (hall belaid, unlefs in pro- 
 portion to thecenfus or enumeration hereinbefore direcled to be 
 taken. 
 
 No tax or duty mall be laid on articles exported from any 
 State. No preference (hall be given by any regulation of com- 
 merce or revenue to the ports of one State over thofe of another; 
 nor (hall veifels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to en- 
 ter, clear, or pay duties in another. 
 
 No monies mall be drawn from the Treafury but in confequence 
 of appropriations made by law; and a regular ftatement and ac- 
 count of the receipts and expenditures of all public money (hull 
 be published from time to time. 
 
 No title of nobility (hall be granted by the United States : 
 And no perfon holding any office of profit or truft under them, 
 ihall, without the content of the Congrefs, accept of any prefent, 
 emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any 
 King, Prince, or foreign State. 
 
UNITED STATES ^AMERICA; 
 
 [Rt/lriclions upon refpetlive States.] 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 NO State (hall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confedera- 
 tion; grant letters of marque and feprifal; coin money; 
 emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and filver coin a 
 tender iri payment of -debts; p-afj any bill of attainder, itip&ft 
 fa&o law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant 
 iiy title of nobility. No itnte (hall, without the -con fen t or the 
 Congrefs, lay any imports or duties on imports orexpotts, except 
 what may be abfolureiy neccifary for exe'rmin^ its infpefclion 
 laws; and the net produce of all duties and irnpolU, Lud by any 
 States on imports or expans, mail be- for the ufe of the treafury 
 of the United States; and ail"(*ch taws 'lhaJ'1 be iVii'-ieti 'lo the 
 revifion and controul of th~ Congrefs: Nx> 'Stale il'.->!S, without 
 theconfent ofCongrefs, lav ^ny duty of tdrma>ev kt^p'trodpi, 
 or (hips of war in time of peace, erjfcr iriro any -agr(?cn'icn? or 
 compacl: xvith another State, or with a foreign fjower, -01 engage 
 in war, unlefs aflual'y invaded, or in fuch imini'' 
 will not admit of delay. 
 
 'D b 'i . . _ 
 
 \ Executive' P^cr.\ 
 
 ;~ , . ; J _ 
 
 ^rfr*., A. R T I C L E IL 
 
 [PR ESI DEN i'.] -jji* 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 ' [^ HE Executive Power (hall be veiled in a Prefident of .the 
 A United States ot America. He'lhall hold i:i, c.fri.e during 
 the term of four years, and, together with the Vkc-Picfidem, 
 ehofen for the fame term, be elccled as follows : 
 
 Each Stace mall appoint, in fuch a manner as the Legiflature 
 thereof may di reel, a number of electors, equal to the whole num- 
 ber of Senators and 'Keprefentatives to which -the vState rriay 
 fee entitled in the Congrefs : but no Senator or Rt-'prefemaiive, 
 or perfon holding an office of truft or profit under the Uniied 
 States, fhali be appointed an eleclor. 
 
 The electors fhall meet in their refpeftive States, and vo:e by 
 fcaliot for two perfons, of whom one at leaft (hall not he an in- 
 habitant of the farwe State with themfelves. And they (hail 
 jaiake a lift ol all the perfons voted for and of (he r.u nb-r ' .i vo-.es 
 for each; which lift they fhall flan and rtr-jf"., -,i\\c\ rrnf..i:;i fea'U 
 cd to the feat of government of il';e Ui.i , di'crtal to 
 
 the PreHdent of the Senate. Th- Pn fiden^t of shv Senate ih sll, 
 in the prefence of the Senate ahdHoufe o^ '.Rer:vc'r :n ; ativ't s, open 
 all the certificates, and the votes fhaii thcu lie cbuiittti. Thft 
 
 YJ-, III, D d ci 
 
The. CONSTITUTION of the 
 
 perfon having the greateft number of votes {hall be the Pre6 
 dent, if fuch number be a majority or the whole number of elect- 
 or appointed ; and if there be more than one who have futh 
 majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the Houic 
 of Ixeprefematiyes fhall immediately choole by ballot one of 
 them for Prefident; and if no perion have a majority, then from 
 the five highcil on the lift the laid Houfe fhall in like mariner 
 chopfe the Prefident. $ut in choofing the Prefident, 'he vote* 
 {hail be taken by States, the leprelemation irorn each State hav- 
 ing one vote; a quorum for this purpoie fhali confiii of a mem- 
 ber or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of 
 ail th$ States fhall be neceffary to a choice. In eveiy 'cafe, af- 
 ter the choice of the Prefident,, the perfon having the Create it 
 number of votes of the electors, fhall be the Vice-Piefuleni. - 
 But if there fhall remain two or more who have equdl votes, ih$ 
 Senate fhall choofe from them by ballot the Vice- Prefident. 
 
 The Conarefs may determine the time of choofing the eleft- 
 .art, and the day on which they fhall give their votes; which day 
 fhailbethe fame throughout the United States. 
 
 No perfon except a. natural born citizen, or a citizen of the 
 United States, at the time of the adoption of this Conflitution, 
 fhall be eligible to the office of Prefident ; neither fhall any per- 
 fon be eligible to that office who fhall not have attained to the 
 age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a refidem with- 
 in the United States. 
 
 In cafe of the removal of the Prefident from office, or of hi? 
 death, refignation, or inability to difcharge the powers and du- 
 ties of (he faid office, the fame fhall devolve on the Vice-Prefi- 
 clent, and the Congrefs may by law provide for the cafe of remo- 
 val, death, refignation or inability, both of the Prefident and 
 Vice- Prefident, declaring what officer '{hall then aft as Prefident, 
 and fuch officer fhall aft accordingly, until the difability be re- 
 rrjoved, or a Prefident fhall be elected.' 
 
 The Prefident fhall, at ft a ted times, receive for his fervices, a 
 compenfation, which fhall neither be increafed nor wminifhed 
 during the period for which he fhall have been eltcied, and. lie 
 {hall not receive within that period any other emolument from 
 the United States, or any of ihera. 
 
 Before he enter on the execution of his office, he fhall take 
 the following oath or affirmation: 
 
 " I do folemnly fwear (or affirm) that I will faithfully exe- 
 cute the office of Prefident of the United Spates, and will to the 
 beft of my ability, preferve, proietl and defend the Conflitutioo 
 of the United States.'* 
 
UNITED STATES ^AMERICA. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 The Prefident fhall be Commander in Chief of the arrny and 1 
 tiavy of the United States, and of the militia of thefeveral States, 
 \vhen called into the adual lei vice of the United States; he may 
 require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each 
 of the executive departments, upon any fubjett relating to the 
 duties of their reipcctive offices, and he fhall have power to grant 
 reprieves and pardons for offences agamft the United Slates, 
 except in cafes of impeachment. 
 
 He (lull have power, by and with the advice and confent o 
 the Senate, to make treaties,, provided two- thirds of, die Sena- 
 tors prefent concur ; and he mail nominate, and by and with 
 the advice and confent of the Senate, fhall appoint AmbaHadors. 
 other public Minifler* , ami Coufuls, Judges of the Supreme 
 Court, and ail other officers of the United Slates, uhofe appoint- 
 ments are not herein oihe'rwife provided for, and which ihall be 
 eiUblifhed bylaw. But the Congrefs may by law veil the ap- 
 pointment of fuch inferior oificers, as they think proper, in the 
 Prefident alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads o( De- 
 partments. 
 
 . .The Prefident fhall .have power to fill up all vacancies that 
 may happen during the recefs of the Senate, by granting com- 
 miilions which Ihall expire at the end of their next feffion., ., j 
 SECTION in. 
 
 He fhall from time to time give to the Congrefs information 
 of the State of the Union, and recommend to their confideraiioa 
 fuch meafures as he fhall judge neceffary and expedient: he may, 
 on extraordinary occafions, convene both Houfes, or either o 
 them, and in cafe of difagreement between them, with refpecl to 
 the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to fuch tirr.e as he 
 fh^ll think proper; he fhal! receive AmbafTadors and other public 
 Mmifler.s; he fhall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, 
 and fhali commiflion all the officers of the United States. 
 , s E T c i ON iv. 
 
 The Prefident, Vice Prefident, and afl civil officers of the 
 United States, .fhall be removed from office on impeachment for. 
 and conviclion of, treafon, bribery, or othejc high crimes ancf 
 mifdemeanors. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 .i; v . [Judiciary Power. ^ 
 
 . S ECT I O N 1. 
 
 Judiciary Power of the United States, fhall be vefled 
 JL in one Supreme Court, and in fuch Inferior Courts as the 
 Congrefs may from time to time ordaia aud" cfhblifh. The 
 
 Judges, 
 
T/kr CONSTITUTION *f tfo 
 
 Judges, both of the Supreme and Inferior Courts, (hall hold 
 ih'.Mr oHiccs during good behaviour, and {hall, at ftated times, re- 
 cc'ive ibr their fei vices, a compenfation, which fhdll not be di- 
 nmiiiheci during their continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 The Judicial Power fnallextend ro all cafes, in law and equi- 
 ty, a fifing undei this Coriihi'.rtioir, the laws of the United States, 
 and treatits made, or which fhall be made, under their authority ; 
 to all cafes affefting Ambafladors, other public Minilters and 
 Confuls; to <dl cafes of' admiralty and maritime jurifdi6iion j 
 to controvcifies to which the United States (hail be a party ; 
 to comrove.fies between two or more States, between a flate and 
 citizens of another flate, beiween citizens of different States, 
 b'etween citizens of the'fame ftatc claiming lands under grants 
 cTf diffe.em Siates, and between a flate, or the citizens thereof,' 
 and f'./ieign iiates, citizens orfubjefts. 
 
 in dii cafes affetli'ng Ambaffadors, other public Minifiers and 
 Confiih, and thole in which a ftate ihall He a party, the Supreme 
 Court thai! have original jurifdiftion. In ail iheothcr cafes before 
 mentioned, the Supreme Court fhall have appellate jurifdiclion, 
 bx^'th as to law and faft, with ftich exceptions, and under fuch re- 
 gul: doris as the Co. : orrcfs (liali make. 
 
 THe trial of all crimes, excrpt in cafes of impeachment,- fhal! 
 be by jury ; and fuch trial '{hall be hdd in the fldte wliere the laid 
 crimes (hall Ir.ive been committed; but 'when not committed 
 vithin Miy itate, the trial -mall he at fueh place or places as th^ 
 Go'ngrefs may by law have dircdted. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Trea'fon againft the United States,- {hall cohfiflcnly in 'levying 
 war s^ainlt chem, or in -adhering to fheir enemies, giving them 
 ai'd and c, t-nfoit. No perfon fliall be rohvicled oi treafon, un- 
 jfls en the teftimony pf two vvitnclFes to the fame overt aft, or on 
 confe(Ii(jn in oner: court. 
 
 The Congrefs fliall have power to declare the pnnifhment of 
 tfcafdn, but no attainder of treafon fhall woik corruption ot blood, : 
 o-r forfeiture except.' during the life of the perfon attainted. 
 A R T I C L E IV. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Full faith and credit fha*)} be given in each ftatejo the public 
 aBs, records, andJHmcidl proceedings of every btherflate. And 
 the Congrefi may by general laws prefcribe the manner in which 
 fuch acts, records and piocecdings ftjali be proved, and the cfftct 
 thereof. .. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 The citizens of each ftaie fhall be entitled to all privileges 
 ej of citizens in the ieveral flate$. A 
 
N 
 
 UNLTEB, STAGES ^AMERICA, i-rt 
 
 A perfon charged in any flate with t re. a fan, felony, or any other * 
 rime, who {halite irop> juiiice, arid he iound in another ilaie. 
 {hall, un demand or ihe^executive authority of the iiatc .from 
 which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the fiaie having 
 junfuiction of the' crime. 
 
 No perron held to fervice or labor in one ftate, under the laws 
 thereof, cfcaping into another, Ihail, in conference of any law 
 or regulation therein; be diiUiar-ed from fuoh lervice or hbour, 
 but (hail be delivered up'on claim of the party to whom iuch fer- 
 vice or labour may be due, 
 
 r Z~~ ~\ 
 
 I General Regulations^ 
 
 L - .. 4 . , , - , 
 
 L Wjoiias S K C T I N ill. 
 
 EW. (la'es may be. admitted by the Congrefs into this U- 
 nion ; but no new flate ihali he formed or creeled within 
 the jurifdiction of 'any oilier {Use ; nor any ilate be. formed by the 
 junction of two or morq ^ /lates, or parts 01 fiaies, vvitlioui t!)e con- 
 i'e'nt of the Lcgifldiu.^s of the S.a*e^ coiic'erntrd as Weil as of the 
 Congrefs. 
 
 The Congrefs : mall have powertodifpofedf andSmakeall neeri. 
 ful rules and-feguldtiansyefpeclvng the territory 'or other property 
 l>elonging to- tire United States ; and nothing in this Conf{itution 
 ihali be fo conilrued as to prejudice any claims of tlie United 
 States, or of any parucular iUte. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 The United States fnall guarantee to every (late in this Union, 
 a Republican foim of government, and ihall pro'ie&each of them 
 againft invafion ; and on, .application of the Legiflature, or of the 
 Executive (when the LegifUture cannot be convened) againifc 
 domeftic violence. . 
 
 \Amcndmnts Provided.'] 
 A R T I C L E V. 
 
 'THHE Congrefs, whenever two-thirds of hodi Houfes fliatl 
 JL deem it neceO'iry, ihall propofe amendments to this Con, 
 flitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-lhmif 
 of the feveral flates, ihal! call a Convention for pi opofing amend- 
 ments, which, in eiiher caf^, ihall be valid to all intents and pur- 
 pofes, as part of this Confliiution, when ratified by the Legifli- 
 tures of three-fourths of the feverai ftates, or by Conventions in 
 three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of Hatificatioa 
 may be propofed by the Congrefs ; provided, that no amendment 
 which may be made prior to the year one thoufand eiht hundred 
 and eight, mall in any manner affecl the firft and fourth claufesr 
 the ninth Section of the mil Article; and that no fiate, w 
 irconfe.nt, fliall be deprived of its equal iuSrageni theSenaic. 
 
4i*- The CONSTITUTION of the 
 
 [General Regulation s>~\ 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 ALL debts contracted and engagements eruered into, before 1 
 the adoption o\ this Conilituiron, ihail be as valid again ft 
 tbe United States under this Conftitution, as under the Confede- 
 ration. 
 
 This Conftitution, and the laws of the United States, winch 
 (hall be made in purfuance theieofj and all treaties made, or 
 which ihall be made, under the authority of the United States, 
 ilidll be the fupreme law of the land ; and the judges in every 
 ftate (hail be bound thereby, any thing in the Conftitution or 
 laws of any ftate to the contrary not with {landing. 
 
 The Senators and Reprefematives beforementioned, and the 
 Members of the feveraS State Le'g.flatures, and a!f executive and 
 judicial officers, both of the United Stales and of the feveral' 
 ilatcs, mail be bound by oath or affirmation, to fuppon this Cori- 
 fiitution ; but no religious teft (hail ever be required as a qualifi- 
 cation to any office or public truft under the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 The ratification of the Conventions of Nine States, (hall be 
 fulliciem tor the eftablilhment of this Conftitution between the 
 ftd-cs ib ratifying the fame. 
 
 Done in Convention, by the unanimous confent of the States pr- 
 f- ! H, the feventeenth day of September, in the year of our 
 Lo>d one thoufr,d feven hundred and eighty- feven, and of the 
 Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. 
 In witnefs whereof we have hereunto fubfcribed our names, 
 GEORGE W A S H I N G T O N, Prfftdcnt, 
 
 and Deputy from Virginia. 
 
 New-Hampfhire, John Lanp^don, Nicholas Gilman. MaiTa- 
 chufefts. Nath&tiiel Gorham> Unfits King. Connecticut. Wil- 
 tia'nl Samuel John/Ion, Roger Sherman'. New-York. Alexander 
 Hamilton. New-Jerfey. William Livingjion, David Brearfcy, 
 Wdliam Patterfon, Jonathan Dayton. Pennlylvama. Benjamin 
 Franklin, Thomas Miffm, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas 
 Fitz/itnons, fared Irigerfoll* James Wilfon, Gouvtrneur Morns. 
 
 Delaware. Gtorgc Read, Gunning Bedford, jun. John Dickin- 
 
 fon> Richard Ba/frtt, Jacob Broom. Maryland. James MTIen- 
 ty % Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer, Daniel Carrol. Virginia. 'John 
 Blair, James Middifon. Jan. North Carolina. William Blount, 
 Richard DvbbsSpaight. Hugh William [on. South-Carolina. John 
 Rutkdge, Charles Cote/worth Pmckney, Charles Pinckrif.y, Pierce 
 Butfcr. Georgia. William Few, Abraham Baldwin. 
 
 Aucfl, WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 
 
 In 
 
3^/0 CONVENTION, MONDAY, *.$?# M#IR 17. *7 2 7- 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The States of NEW-HAMPSHIRE, MASSACHUSETTS, CON- 
 NUCTICUT, Mr. Hamilton from NEW- You K, NEW- JKR- 
 
 3t>', PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE, MARYLAND, YlR- 
 
 GINIA, NORTH-CAROLINA, SOUTH-CAROLINA, and 
 GEORGIA: 
 
 RESOLVED, 
 
 r ~\~^ HAT the preceding Conflitution It laid before the UhifeM 
 JL States in Congrefs ajjtmbled, and that it is the, opinion of this 
 Conv^ntion^ that ttjhouUl afterwards befubmilttd to a Convention 
 of Ddsvates, cho/tn in tack State by the people thereof, under the. 
 recommendation, of its Legiflature,for their ajfent and ratification ; 
 and that each Convention offentingto, and ratifying the fame. Jlioul& 
 give. Notice thereof to the United States in Congrefs ajje?nbled. 
 
 RefoKed, That it is the opinion oj this Convention, that as foon 
 f r th< Conventions of Nine States fhail have ratified thu Corjlitu- 
 twn, the United States in Congrefs ajfembltd 'jfiopld fix a day on, 
 which Ele.clorsjhould be appointed oy the States which fnall hav$ 
 rat fie d t ke fame, and a day on which the Eleftorsfhpuld affcmble, 
 to 'vote for the Prejident, and the time and palce for commencing 
 proceedings under this Conjhtution : That after fuck publication 
 the Etettorsjhould be appointed, and the Senators and Reprefenta- 
 tives elected : That the Electors fhould meet on the day fixed for ikt 
 Election of the Prejident, andfhould tranfmit the}r votes certified^ 
 ^Jigned, fealtd and dirt&ed. as the Conflitution requires, to the Secre- 
 tary ">j the United States in Congrefs ijfonbled, that the Senators 
 and ReprefentativesJJionld convene at the time and place afflgned ; 
 that the Senators Jnould appoint a Prtjidtnt of the Senate, for the 
 fole purpofe of receiving, opening and counting the votes for Preji* 
 dent ; and, that after hefliall be chofen, the Congrefs, together with 
 (he Prefident,Jhjould, without delay, proceed to execute this Conjli* 
 tution. By the unanimous Order cf the Convention, 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON, Prcfident. 
 William Jackfon, Secretary. 
 
 In CONVENTION, SEPTEMBER 17, 1787. 
 S I R. 
 
 WE hare now the honor to fubmit to the confuJerationpf 
 the United States in Congrefs afTembled, that Conilitu* 
 tion which has appeared to us the inoft advifeahle. 
 
 The friends of our country have }og feeri and defired, that 
 the power of making war, peace and treaties, t!m of levying mo- 
 
T&s CONSTITUTION, &'c. 
 
 ey and regulating cormrrercf, and the corrcfaonaenfexecutivg 
 and judicial authorities, ihouid he. fuliy and effectually veiled in 
 trr* genera! government oi the Union : but the impropriety of de- 
 legating fuch extenfive m.;ft to one 'body of men is evident - 
 Hence refuits the neceflhy of a different organization. 
 
 It is obvioufly itriprec'ticable in the fcedcral government of thefe 
 States, to fccure al'i' righrs of independent fovereignty to each, 
 and yet provide for the intereft and fafety of all. Individuals en- 
 tering into fociety, muft give up a {hare oMiberty to preferve the 
 jeft. The noag-eiiiude.oi ihc facrilice muft depend,as well on fuua- 
 tion and circumilance, as on the objeft to be obtained. It is at 
 ail times difficult -to draw with preclfion (he lino between thofe 
 rights which rnuft be fnrreiidered, and thofe which 'may be r- 
 ferved; and on the p re fern occafion this difficulty was increafed 
 by a difference among the feveral Stales as to their fuuation, ex- 
 tent, habits, and particular iruerefts. 
 
 In all our deliberations on this fubjecl, we kept {lea/oily on our 
 view, that which appears to us the greateft intereft of every true 
 American, the confolidation of our Union, in which is involved 
 our profperity, felicity, fafety, perhaps our national exiftence. 
 This important confideration, ferioufly and deeply irnprefFed on 
 our minds, led each State in the Convention to be lefs rigid oa 
 points of inferior magnitude, than might have been ptherwife ex- 
 pefted; and thus the Conftitiation, which we now prefent, is ths 
 refult of a fpirit of amity, and of that mutual deference and con- 
 ceflion 'which the peculiarity of our political fituation rendered in- 
 difpenfible. 
 
 That it will meet the full and' entire, approbation of every State 
 is not perhaps to be expe&ed; but each will doubtlefs confider, 
 that had her interefts been alone confulted, vhe'confeqaenccs might 
 have been particularly difagreeable or injurious to others; that it- 
 is liable to as fev/ exceptions as co'ild reafonably have been ex- 
 peeled, we hope and believe ; that it may promote the lading wcl- 
 iare of that country fo dear to us all, and Secure her freedom and 
 bappinefs, is our mod ardent wi ill. With great iefpe61, we hare 
 the honor to be, 
 
 S I R, 
 
 Your Excellency's moft obedient, 
 
 And humble fer'vants. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON, Prcfideat- 
 By. unanimous order of the Convention. 
 flis ZMCclkney the Prcfidcnt cfCongrcfs. 
 
 THE 
 

 1 
 
 N 
 
 D 
 
 X. 
 
 ACT, the firft, impofing 
 cuftoms on the colonies 
 alone, to be collected by coloni- 
 al revenue officers, vol. i. p. 51. 
 A&s paffed by the Englim par- 
 liament refpecYmg the colonies, 
 p. 86, by the British parliament, 
 p. 87, 91, 92, 98, 117. /The 
 act for better fecuring the king's 
 dock yard, p. 226. for {hutting 
 up the port of Bofton, p. 143 
 for regulating the government of States General, p. 1 79 prefents 
 
 m * ^i- -T% *1.tl*l*'t 
 
 man, p. 233 Graves and 
 p. 25 1 Hughes and Suffrein, p. 
 303 Rodney and de GraiTe, p. 
 3Ot>, 308 lord Howe and the 
 combined fleets, p. 344 Hughes 
 and Suffrein, p. 352, 353 255. 
 Adams, Mr. John, is cholen 
 to negociate a treaty of peace 
 with Great Britain, vol iii. p. 27 
 commiffioned to be the Ame- 
 plenipotentiary to the 
 
 ncan 
 
 the Maffachuietts bay, p. 244 
 for the impartial adminiftration 
 of juftke, and the fuppreffion of 
 riots in the MafTachufetts, p. 244 
 ' for making more effectual pro- 
 vifion for the government of 
 Quebec, p. 247 for reftraining 
 the commerce of. the New- Eng- 
 land provinces, and for prohi- 
 biting their fifhery, p. 312 for 
 connYcating all American pro- 
 perty found upon the water, vol. 
 ii. p. 51, 53 for prohibiting 
 all intercourfe with the Thirteen 
 United Colonies, p. 67 for fe- 
 curing perfons accafed of high 
 treafon orfufpected of piracy, p. 
 
 IO2. 
 
 Afiion, the naval, between the 
 Britifti and American fleets on 
 LakeChamplain, vol ii.p. 159 
 between admirals Keppel and D' 
 Orvilliers, vol.ii. p. 3 59 Byron 
 andD'Eftaing,p. 468. between 
 the Serapis, capt. Pearfon, and 
 the Bon Homme Richard, capt. 
 Paul Jones, p. 470 between 
 Sir George Rodney, and Don 
 Langara, vol. iii. p. 82- Rod' 
 r>ey and De Guichon. p. 84 Sir 
 Samuel Hood and csunt de Graffe 
 p. 220 commodore Johnftone 
 andMr.de Suffrein, p. 231 
 admirals Hyde Parkland Zout- 
 
 Vdi.III. 
 
 a memorial to their high mighti- 
 nefTes, p. 188 purfues fuccefs- 
 ful meafures, and is acknow- 
 ledged, p. 287 concludes a 
 treaty of amity and commerce 
 between the States General and 
 the United States of America, 
 p. 345 arrives at Paris, 349 
 writes in favor of a compliance 
 with the recommendation to be 
 made by congrefs agreeable to 
 the articles of peace, p. 356. 
 
 Adams, Mr. Samuel, is chofen. 
 reprefentative for Bofton, vol. i* 
 p. 154 His views to indepen- 
 dency, p. 252 his fpeech in 
 congrefs, p. 284 is alarmed left 
 his views mould be fruftrated, 
 vol. ii. p. 27. 
 
 Addrej's, a joint one, of both 
 houfes of Parliament agreed to, 
 vol. i. p. 292 but protefted a- 
 gainft by feveral lords, p. 298. 
 
 of the general affem- 
 
 bly of the church of Scotland, 
 vol ii. p. 202. 
 
 Addrtffet approving the acts of 
 government and counter-petiti- 
 ons, vol ii. 65. 
 
 Adminiftration t a new one, 
 formed in 1782, under the au- 
 fpices of the Marquis of Rock - 
 ingham vol. ii. p. 282. 
 
 Affairs, the, of the United 
 
 Bee 
 
 States 
 
N D 
 
 States In a ruinous condition, 
 vol. ii. p. 424. 
 
 Aitken, John, alias John the 
 Painter, vol. ii. p. 198. 
 
 Allen, colonel, furprizes Ty- 
 conderoga, vol. i. p. 346 is 
 taken by Sir Guy Carleton, and 
 put into irons, p. 437. 
 
 Allied troops under General 
 Wafhington arrive at the Head of 
 E!k, and within an hour after, 
 hear of deGralTe's arrival, vol. iii. 
 p. 254 join the troops under la 
 Favette, p. 255. 
 
 Ambajjador, the French, prc- 
 fents memorials to congrefs, vol. 
 ii. p. 422, 425. 
 
 , the Spanifli, the mar- 
 quis d'Alrnodovar, prefents a 
 manifefto to the British ininifler, 
 vol. ii. p. 465. 
 
 Americans infulted by feveral 
 in both houfes of parliament, vol. 
 i. p. 304. 
 
 fome hundreds arrive 
 
 at Marblehead in cartel mips 
 from England, vol. iii. p. 322* 
 
 the number of, loit by 
 
 the war, vol. iii. p. 390. 
 
 American academy , of arts and 
 faiences, incorporated in the 
 MafTachufetts, vol. iii. p. 76. 
 
 American army, the general 
 return of it, at Cambridge in the 
 MafTachufetts, vol. i. p. 355. 
 They take poffefTion of Plowed- 
 hill, p. 417 are. vi fited from 
 neighbouring & diftant colonies, 
 p. 426 many ficken and die, 
 and others fuffer much, ibid. 
 They takepolfeiTion ofCcbble- 
 hill, p. 427 break ground at 
 Lechmere's point, p. 429. 
 They are changed by a new in- 
 liilment, vol.ii p. 2". Afcbeme 
 for deftroying the army when at 
 New- York, p. 93 They are 
 defeated on Long-ilLtnd, p. 1 1 3 
 evacuate the ifland, p. 1 15 
 
 their ftate aftenvnrds, p. n, 
 122 are Rationed at different 
 places, p. 123 evacuate New- 
 York ifland, p. 132 are guilty 
 of great plunderings, p. 182 
 march toward the Brandywine, 
 p. 228 are defeated by the 
 royal army, p. 238 furprife the 
 royal troops at German-town, 
 p. 246-*-their diftrefs at Valley- 
 forge, p. 324 engage the royal 
 troops near Monmouth court- 
 houfe, p. 371 their diftrefsfor 
 want of provifion, vol. iii. p. 
 42 are greatly difTatisfied, p. 
 
 54- 
 
 army in Canada, their 
 milbehaviour, vol. ii. p. 76 
 their diftrefs when general Tho- 
 mas arrives and takes the com- 
 mand, p. 77 they retreat from 
 before Quebec, p. 78 general 
 Sullivan takes a the command on 
 the death of Thomas, p. 79 
 they retreat up the Sorel, and 
 on to Crown-Point, p. 82 re- 
 move to Mount Independence, 
 p. 119 evacuate the northern 
 polls, p. 22O i -their force under 
 general Schuyler, p. 225 are 
 commanded by general Gates, 
 and engage the royal army un- 
 der general Burgoyne, Sept. 19, 
 1777, p. 262 and again on 
 Oft. 7, p. 269. 
 
 American commerce, the lofs of 
 it not generally felt, vol. ii. p. 
 58. 
 
 : impreffion, the fir ft, of 
 
 the bible in Englilh, printed at 
 Philadelphia by Mr.Aitken, vol. 
 iii. p. 334. 
 
 Amfter4am t \bK pen nonary of, 
 di reel -the figning of an eventu- 
 al treaty between Holland and 
 the United States of America, 
 vol. iii. p. 94. 
 
 Andrs, nuijor, the affair of, 
 vol. iii. p. 130. 
 
 Arethufa 
 
N D 
 
 X. 
 
 4*7 
 
 jtrtthufd and Belle Poule fri- 
 gates engage, vol. ii. p. 358. 
 Armed neutrality, vol. iii. p. 
 
 79- 
 
 Army y royal, to be employed 
 
 again ft the Americans, the 
 flrength of it, vol. ii. p. 74. 
 
 Arnold, Benedict, colonel, mar- 
 ches toward Bofton, vol. i. p. 
 4 1 9. commands abody of troops 
 in an expedition to Canada, and 
 arrives at Point Levi, p. 420. 
 Jofes the opportunity of fur- 
 prifing Quebec, p. 441. joins 
 general Montgomery, p. 442. 
 takes the command of the whole 
 force on Montgomery's death, 
 vol. ii. p. 37 retreats from 
 Montreal, p. 82 is appointed 
 by general Gates to command 
 the American fleet en Lake 
 Champlain, p. 157^3 defeated 
 by the Britim fleet, p. 160 
 bravely oppofes the British troops 
 under general Tryon. p. 210 
 relieves Fort Schuyler (attacked 
 by St. Leger and Johnfon) p. 
 254 ftorms the German in- 
 trenchments, and is wounded, p. 
 271 negociates for delivering 
 Well Point into the hands of Sir 
 H. Clinton, vol. iii. p. 130 
 fails for the Chefapeak and lands 
 in Virginia, p. 177 returns 
 to New- York, p. 210 goes a- 
 gainft New-London, p. 249. 
 
 Articles of peace, the prpvi- 
 fional, vol. iii. p. 362. 
 
 Afgill, captain, defignated for 
 retaliation and fent forward, vol. 
 ii. p. 316 allowed his patrole 
 and otner indulgences, p. 318 < 
 receives the reiblves of congrefs 
 for fetting him at liberty, and a 
 paffport for going into New- 
 York, together with a polite let- 
 ter from general Wafiungton, p. 
 
 39- 
 Jfi*) genera!, defeated by 
 
 lieut. col. Prevoft, vol. ii. p. 429. 
 
 Ajjfociations againft the com- 
 fumptionof Britiih manufactures, 
 vol. i. p. 122. An allbciation 
 between the New York and Con r 
 necticut fons of liberty, p. 146. 
 The Virginians and North-Ca- 
 rolinians enter into affociations 
 againit importing, p. 184. 
 
 Attempts to low dilcord be- 
 tween the civil and military pow- 
 ers of the United States, vol. iii. 
 p. 358. 
 
 Averjion of the lower clafs of 
 people in England and Ireland 
 to the American war, vol. ii. p, 
 
 "i 
 
 Balfour, colonel, fends a force 
 to take Wilmington in North- 
 Caroiina, vol. iii. p. 169, fends 
 a written aniwer to general 
 Green's demand of the reaions fcr 
 the execution of colonel Hayne, 
 p. 241. 
 
 Balloons, the air, vol. iii. p. 
 
 35 6 - 
 
 Baltimore, the inhabitants of, 
 feize the provincial magazine, 
 vol. ii. p. 342. 
 
 Bandohy Mr. de, chaplain to 
 the French embafly, delivers a 
 difcourfe before congrefs, on. ac- 
 count of the capture of the army 
 under lord Cornwallis, vol. iii. 
 p. 264. 
 
 Bank of North America incor- 
 porated, vol. iii. p. 268 opens 
 and is of eminent fervice to the 
 financier, p. 294. 
 
 Barras, Mr. de, the French 
 admiral, fails fromRhode-Idand, 
 vol. iii. p. 250 arrives in the 
 Chefapeak, p. 252. 
 
 Bar re, colonel, his fpeech in 
 the debate on the ftamp-a.t, vol. 
 i. p. 124 gives rife to the title 
 of Sons of Liberty, p. 1 29- his 
 declaration on the resolutions and 
 addrefs 
 
I N D E X. 
 
 addrefs of parliament concern- 
 ing the MafTachufetts affembly 
 and town of" Bofion, p. 182 
 hisfpeech againft the bill for the 
 adrniniftration of juittce in Maf- 
 iachufett-s p. 244. 
 
 Harrington, admiral, his fuc- 
 cefsiul cruife in the bay of Bif- 
 cay, vol. iii. p. 304. 
 
 Barton, lieutenant colonel, 
 furprifes and carries off general 
 Prefect from Rhode-1 (land, vol. 
 ii. p. 226. 
 
 Battle of Breed's hill, errone- 
 oufiy called Bunker's hill, vol. 
 Si. p, 113 on Long-Ifland, p. 
 117 at White- Plains, p. 132 
 at Trenton, p. i68--at Prince- 
 ton, p. 170 at the Brandy wine 
 p. 237 at German-Town, p. 
 246 between general Herki- 
 Hier and Sir John Johnfon, p. 25 1 
 at Bennmgton, p. 257 be- 
 tween the armies under generals 
 Gates and Burgoyne, p. 262, 
 
 268 at Monmouth, p. 372 
 
 at Stono-Ferry, p. 446 
 between lord Cornvvallis and 
 Grates, vol. iS. p. 102 atKing's 
 Mountain, between major Fsr- 
 gufon and the Americans, p. 1 16 
 betw.een general Morgan, and 
 lieutenant colonel Tarleton, 
 
 p. 160 at Guilford court- 
 
 houfe, between lord Cornwal- 
 lis and general Greene, p. 173 
 between lord Rawdon and 
 Greene, p. 189 at Eutaw, be- 
 tween Greene and lieut. colonel 
 Stewart, p. 243. 
 
 Baylor, lieutenant colonel, his 
 horie furprifed, vol. ii. p. 405. 
 
 Bedford, Britiih expedition a- 
 gainft, in the Mafiachuietts, vol. 
 ii. p. 390. 
 
 Bercket, Mr. Van, penfiona- 
 ary of Amftcrdam, duetts the 
 jQgningof an eventual treaty be- 
 tween Holland and the United 
 
 States of America, vol. ii. p. 
 94. Mr. Peter Van Berckel, 
 the Dutch ambalTador, has a 
 public audience of congrefs, vol. 
 iii. p. 374. 
 
 Bermuda, powder taken out 
 of the magazine at, vol. i. p. 
 421. 
 
 Bernard, governor, his ad mi- 
 nitration in the MafTachufetts, 
 vol. i. p. 1 1 1 offends Mr. Otis, 
 p. 112 is recalled, p. 194. 
 
 Bills for regulating the Maf- 
 fachufetts government, and the 
 impartial adminiitration of juf- 
 tice, excite the utmoft refent- 
 ment in the colonies, vol. i. p. 
 259. 
 
 Bofion port-bill produced uni- 
 verial indignation in America, 
 vol. i.p. 249 the day for (hut- 
 ting up the port obferved as a 
 day of fairing at Williamlburgh, 
 at Philadelphia, and other pla- 
 ces, p. 251. The diftrefs of the 
 inhabitants of Bofton, p. 427 
 many of their houfes and 
 ftores plundered by the foldiers 
 and failors, vol.ii. p. 43. The 
 town evacuated, p. 44 The fuffer- 
 ings of the Bollonians during the 
 fiege,p. 47. 
 
 Bouille, the marquis de, takes 
 Dominica, vol. ii. p. 432 his 
 humanity to the ihipwrecked 
 Britiih failors, vol. iii. p. 146. 
 He goes againlt and takes Toba- 
 go, p. 221 furprifes St.Eullatia, 
 p. 275 takes St. Kitt's, p. 283. 
 
 Bounties, exceffive, paid to re- 
 cruits in the Maffachufetts, vol. 
 iii. p. 334. 
 
 Braddvcky general, defeated, 
 vol. i. p. 107. 
 
 Briftol near Rhcde-IHand fired 
 upon by the Britifti {hipping, vol. 
 i.p 414. 
 
 Britifu- troops under general 
 len xruiks an txcurfien 
 from 
 
INDEX. 
 
 419 
 
 from Staten-Ifland to Elizabeth- 
 town, vol. iii. p. 58 fireSpring- 
 field, p. 60 return to Staten- 
 Ifland, p. 61. 
 
 Brownijls, the rife of them, 
 vol. i. p. 27 they are perfecu- 
 ted, p. 28 flee to Holland, p. 
 29 fail for North America, p. 
 30 fix at New-Plymouth, p. 3 1 
 their civil principles, p. 32 
 in church government become 
 congregationalifts or independ- 
 ents, p. 33 their religious fen- 
 timents, p. 34. 
 
 Burgoyne, general, commands 
 the royal northern army, vol. ii. 
 p. 217 ifTues out an uncommon 
 proclamation, p. 219 appears 
 before Tyconderoga, p. 220 
 purfues the Americans by water 
 to Skeenfoorough, p. 222 ar- 
 rives at fort Edward, p. 224 . 
 fends a detachment toward Ben- 
 nington, p. 256 his letters to 
 general Gates, p. 259. He 
 paifTes the Hudfon's river, and 
 encamps at Saratoga, p. 262 
 engages the Americans, ibid 
 his army in the utmoft diftrefs, p. 
 272 retreats to Saratoga, p. 
 274 has his retreat to fort Ed- 
 ward cut off, p. 277 concludes 
 a convention with general Gates, 
 p. 278. 
 
 Burial of general Frazer, vol. 
 i.p. 273. 
 
 Burke , Mr. his reforms, vol. 
 iii. p. 302. 
 
 Butler, American colonel, his 
 expedition againft the Indians 
 and tories, vol. ii. p. 413. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cald<well, Mrs. killed by the 
 royal troops, vol. iii. p. 58. 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, licut. 
 colonel, ordered into clofe con- 
 finement, vol. ii. p. 176 fet a- 
 gainft Georgia, bea;g the Ame- 
 
 rican general Howe, and fubdues 
 the (late, p. 417. 
 
 Canada, the emancipation- of 
 it laid afide by congrefs, vol. ii. 
 p. 415. 
 
 Canadians, they decline adling 
 againft the coloniib, 'vol. i. p. 
 435 are a li enate d by the bad 
 conduct of the American troops, 
 vol. ii.p. 76. 
 
 Carleton, Sir Guy, plans a 
 fcheme for recovering Tyconde- 
 roga and Crown Point, vol. i. 
 p. 435 is defeated, p. 439- 
 efcapes to Quebec, p. 440 turns 
 all the fufpected out of the city, 
 p. 442 his humane treatment 
 of the American prifoners, vol. 
 ii. p. 76 marches out to attack 
 the Americans, p. "78 exercifes 
 frefh humanity toward his pri- 
 foners, p. 80 defeats the Ame- 
 rican fleet on Lake Champlain, 
 p. 159 is prevented advancing 
 immediately to Tyconderoga, p. 
 160 withdraws from Crown 
 Point and returns to Canada, p. 
 162 arrives at New-York to 
 command the royal forces in A- 
 merica, vol. iii. p. 293 breaks 
 up the board of aijfociajced loyal- 
 ills, p. 317 has an interview 
 with general Wafnington, p. 367 
 fends word to the prefjdent of 
 congrefs that he ihpuld lofe no 
 time in evacuating New-York, 
 
 P> 375- 
 
 Carolina fettled, vol. i.p. 67. 
 
 An infurreclion in the colony, 
 for which Culpeper is tried by- 
 virtue of the ftatute of Henry 
 VIII p. 72. Carolina is divi- 
 ded into North and South, p. 75. 
 
 Cartel for the Britim and A- 
 mericans, fettled by generals 
 Phillips & Lincoln, vol. iii. p. 1 35. 
 
 Caucus and caucufing, the 
 meaning of thefe words, ofterL 
 uled at Boficn, vol. i. p. 252. 
 
 Cedart, 
 
420 
 
 N 
 
 Cedars, the Americans there, 
 furrender the fort, vol. ii. p. 79, 
 Major Snerburne is defeated in 
 attempting to relieve the place, 
 ib. General Arnold concludes 
 a cartel for the exchange of the 
 prifoners, p. 80. 
 
 Chamblee taken, vol.i. p. 438. 
 
 Ckarleftown , oppofite to Bof- 
 ton, fired by order of general 
 Gage and deftroyed, vol. i. p. 
 364. 
 
 in South Carolina 
 
 founded, vol. i. p. 71 the firft 
 Englilh collector eftablifhed 
 there, p. 72 the general com- 
 mittee of the place call a provin- 
 cial ccngrefs, p. 289. The in- 
 habitants determine upon refill- 
 ing the meafures of miniftry, p. 
 344, The town the object of Sir 
 Peter Parket 's and general Clin- 
 ton's ofFenfive operations, vol. ii. 
 p.94--thefort onSullivan'sifland 
 attacked, p. 96. Charleflown 
 taken by Sir H.Clinton, vol. iii. 
 p. 49 evacuated by the Britiih, 
 p. 328. 
 
 frigate taken, vol. 
 
 jii. p. 334. 
 
 Chatham, lord, his fpeech, 
 Jan. 1775, vol. i. p. 298 May, 
 1777, vol.ii. p. 201 -his faint- 
 ing in the houfe of lords, and 
 fabfequent death, p. 354. 
 
 Cherry Valley attacked by the 
 Indians and tories, vol. ii. p. 
 414. 
 
 Chefter, the county palatine 
 and city of, have repreferrtatives 
 allowed them, vol. i. p. $6. 
 
 Chevaux de Frife of Philadel- 
 phia, vol ii. p. 396. 
 
 Church, doctor, his correfpon- 
 dence with a Britifh officer in 
 Cofton detected, vol. i. p. 422. 
 
 Cincinnati, the fociety of, vol. 
 tti. p. 383. 
 
 Clair, St. general, his force 
 
 at Tyconderoga, vol. ii. p. 219., 
 He concludes on evacuating that 
 andMount Independence, p. 220 
 the rear of his troops attacked 
 by general Frazer, p. 222. He 
 joins general Schuyler, p. 224. 
 
 Clarke, Colonel, his expedi- 
 tion into the Indian country, vol. 
 ii p. 404 againft the lieutenant 
 governor of Detroit, col. Hamil- 
 ton^. 449. 
 
 Clark, colonel, marches to 
 Auguita, and attacks lieut, col. 
 Brown, but is obliged to retreat, 
 vol. iii. p. 115. 
 
 Clergy of New England, vol. 
 i. p. 285. 
 
 Clinton, Sir H. his expedition 
 againft forts Montgomery and 
 Clinton, vol. ii. p. 259. lie ar- 
 rives at Philadelphia to take the 
 command of the Britifh troops, 
 p. 340 evacuates Philadelphia, 
 p. 366 engages the Americans 
 near Monmouth court-houie, p. 
 375 his defign againft Georgia, 
 p. 416 takes Stoney -point, p. 
 447 his expedition to South 
 Carolina, vol. iii. p. 44 takes 
 Charleilon, p. 51 ifiues out 
 proclamations before his return 
 to New York, p. 67 prepares 
 to attack the French at Rhode 
 I (land, p. 64 fends general 
 Leflie with 3000 troops to Vir- 
 ginia, p. 135 fends agents to 
 treat with the Pennfyivania re- 
 volters, vol. iii. p. 152 fends 
 Arnold to Virginia, p. 177 for- 
 wards thither 2000 more troops 
 under general Phillips, p. 179. 
 
 Clinton, the American go- 
 vernor, by a fpiritcd exertion, 
 prevents the difbandment of 
 V/afcington's army through the 
 want of bread, vol. iii. p. 137, i 
 
 Coin, French, found early in 
 the Maffachufetts, vol. i. p. 40. 
 
 CstHer, Sir George, takes the 
 American 
 
N 
 
 frigatd, Hancock, vol. ii. p. 318 
 deflroys the American licet at 
 Penobfcot, p. 472 
 
 Colonies, the fentiments of the 
 New England with refpeft to 
 the parliamentary acts of Old 
 England, vol. i. p. 50. The 
 colonies not fettled at the ex- 
 pence of the Englifh govern- 
 ment, Georgia excepced, p. 84. 
 Jealoufies of their aiming at in- 
 dependence, p. 91. Monies 
 granted them by the Britifh par- 
 liament to affift their extraordi- 
 nary exertions in the war with 
 France, p. no. They early 
 deny the parliamentary right of 
 taxation, p. 122. 
 
 Commijjioners, the American 
 board of, eftablifhed, vol. i. p. 
 159 they retire to Caitle Wil- 
 liam, p. 170. 
 
 , the Britifii, fend a 
 
 letter, &c. to congrefs, vol. ii. 
 p. 365 their negociations, p. 
 391. They appeal to the peo- 
 ple at large, p. 313 publifh a 
 valedictory manifeito, ibid. 
 
 Committees of correfpcndencs 
 between Boflon and the other 
 towns of the MafTachufetts, pro- 
 pofed by Mr. James Warren, 
 and eftabliihed, vol. i. p. 291. 
 
 Committee, the, appointed by 
 congrefs to inquire into the con- 
 el uft of the Britifh and JJeffian 
 generals and officers toward the 
 Americans, make their report, 
 vol. ii. p. 205. 
 
 Common -Senfe, Mr. Paine's 
 pamphlet fo entitled, promotes 
 the fpirit of independency, vol. 
 ii.p. 91. 
 
 Complaints againfl the Ame- 
 rican officers and foldiers, vol. 
 ii. p. 1 18. That there are ma- 
 ny bad officers among them, no 
 caufe offurpriie. p. 129. 
 
 Conciliatory motion of lord 
 
 E 
 
 423 
 
 North in regard to America, vol. 
 i. p. 313 his conciliatory pro- 
 positions, vol.ii. p. 350. 
 
 Confederation, the articles of, 
 vol ii. p. 300. The confedera- 
 tion completed, vol. iii. p. I So. 
 
 Ccngregationalijls, or inde- 
 pendents, lettle at New Ply- 
 mouth in America, vol. i. p. 31 
 their civil and religious prin- 
 ciples, p. 32, 34. 
 
 Congregational church in the 
 MaiTachuit-tts, the firlt formed at 
 Salem, vol. i. p. 37. 
 
 Congrefs, American, the ifl, 
 vol. i. p. 89. The Congrefs at 
 Albany, in 1754, form a plan 
 for the union of all the colonies, 
 p. 102 the plan net approved 
 of by the Britilh miniltry, and 
 another fubftituted by them, p. 
 1 02 Dr. Franklin's remarks 
 upon the miniiterialpian, p. 104. 
 The congrefs of 1765 meet, p. 
 132. Meafures taken for a new 
 congrefs by the MafTachufetts, 
 p. 252 by Maryland, p. 25,3 
 by South Carolina, p. 254 
 by Connecticut, ibid by 
 Pennfylvania and Virginia, p. 
 255 by Rhoae-Iiland,p. 256, 
 The congrefs meet and write to 
 general Gage, p. 271 make a 
 declaration of rights, ibid 
 enter into an afTociaticn, p. 273 
 addrefs the people of Great 
 Britain, p. 274 draw up a me- 
 morial to the inhabitants of Bri^ 
 tifh America, p. 275 raddrefs 
 his majefty, p. 276 addrefs the 
 inhabitants of Canada, p. 278 
 diffolve themfelves, p. 279. 
 
 Congrefs, a new one, meet, 
 vol. i. p. 347 with to keep the 
 door op^n for an accommoda- 
 tion, p. 348 their proceedings, 
 P- 357 a g re e up^n a fecond 
 petition to the king, p. 358* 
 iiile the colonies The Twelve 
 
422 
 
 N 
 
 United Colonies, and advife the 
 'Maffachuietts to ta"ke up govern- 
 n.fir, p. 358. They reiblve to 
 CiT, it !-. -is of credit for the de- 
 f ? o, America, p. 375 agree 
 ( \ a declaration, feuing forth 
 the caufes of their taking up 
 arms, p. 381 fign the petition 
 to the king, and addrefs the in- 
 hahitants of Great Britain, p. 
 382 a re joined by Georgia, p. 
 383 adxlrefs the p?cp!e of Ire- 
 l.>"id, p. 386 exprels their cpi- 
 ru::i (;i h;rd North's conciliatory 
 p .,!, p. 386 adjourn, p. 389. 
 'i he reiolution of congrefs with 
 a view to the fecuring of gover- 
 nor Tryon, p. 413 recommend 
 to New Hampshire the eilabliih- 
 ififT of a form of government, p. 
 451 the fame to South Caro- 
 lina, p. 432 likewise to Vir- 
 ginia, ibid. They conclude 
 up >n the number of men to form 
 the new army, p. 433 declare 
 agninll any particular colony's 
 petitioning the king, p. 434 
 threaten retaliation, and deter- 
 mine i'p>n building 13 frigates, 
 p 435 permit the inhabitants of 
 the united colonies to fit out arm- 
 ed veffe] sand reiblve that no flaves 
 be in.pirted into any of the colo- 
 nies, vol. ii. p. 53 order the fecret 
 committee to endeavour to difco- 
 ver whether the French mean to 
 act for or againft America, p. 90. 
 They conclude upon a declarati- 
 on of independence p. 101--- 
 adcpt a new code for the govern- 
 ment of the army, p. i27---ap- 
 point comrniflloners to the court 
 of France, p. 1 5 2- --refufe to ra- 
 tify general Arnold's cartel with 
 cr.pt. Forller, p. 1 54---adjourn 
 to Baltimore, p. i56--They veil 
 general Wafhington with full 
 powers for fix months, p. '173 
 rcfotve on fending cemfiiiflioners 
 
 to Vienna, Spain, PruiTia, and 
 Tufcany, p. 174. advife mak- 
 ing their bills of credit a legal 
 tender, p. i77---approve Walh- 
 ington's conduct as to a cartel, p. 
 229---refolve what mall be the 
 flag of the Thirteen United States 
 p. 230---The opinion of con- 
 grefs concerning Mr. Deane'sa- 
 greement with Mr. Coudray and 
 other French gentlemen, p. 231 
 They confer on the marquis de la 
 Fayette the rank and commiflion 
 of major-general in the Ameri- 
 can army, p. 232- make regu- 
 lations, which oblige the com- 
 miffary general, Mr. Jofeph 
 Trumbull, to refign his commif- 
 fion, p. 234. Aits of congrefs, 
 298, 307. They recall Mr. Si- 
 las Deane from Paris, p. 309--- 
 appoint general Conway infpec- 
 tor general, p. 3 i i-- -attempt to 
 procure a fupply of cloathing, 
 ibid---refolve to detain the con- 
 vention troops, p. 315 receive 
 blank papers from Paris, p. 322 
 their ads, p. 331- their or- 
 der and declaration in regard to 
 the bills from Great Britain, re- 
 lating to the intention of parlia- 
 ment on the fubjeft of taxation, 
 and for the appointing ofcommif- 
 fioners, p. 333. They receive 
 the account of a treaty of alli- 
 ance between France and the 
 United States, ibid----addrefs 
 the inhabitants of America on the 
 occaiion, p. 334---refoIve to 
 have no intercourfe with governor 
 Johnfcone, p. 391 -meet at Phi- 
 ladelphia, p. 395 give the 
 
 French Ambaffador a public au- 
 dience, p. 396 -cleft Dr. Frank- 
 lin minifier plenipotentiary to 
 the court of France, and give 
 him inflru&ior.s, ibid---their ob- 
 fervations on the finances of A- 
 meiica, 39;---their refoluticns 
 occafioned 
 
D 
 
 E X. 
 
 425 
 
 edby Mr. Payne's pub- 
 lications, p. 422 -various reta- 
 liations, p. 455. They admit 
 the minifter of France to a con- 
 ference, p. 456 tlifeir refolu- 
 tion upon the burning of Fair- 
 field, Norwalk and Bedford, p. 
 461 their inftruciions relative 
 to peace, and to Dr. Franklin, 
 Vol. iii. p. 24---to their minifter 
 for negotiating with Spain, p. 
 27 additional iniiruc~lions to 
 him, p. 28. They addrefs their 
 conftituents upon their finances, 
 ibid have reported to them the 
 communications of the French 
 xninifter, p. 37 their anfwer to 
 the fame, p. 39. The French 
 minifter's communications at a 
 fecond conference, p. 41. The 
 refoives of congrefs for defiroying 
 the old paper emiflion and intro- 
 ducing a new one, p. 74. They 
 pubtiih, that the iithand 12th 
 articles of the treaty of com- 
 merce with France were expung- 
 ed, p. 125. They agree that 
 their officers mail be entitled to 
 half-pay during life, p. 126 
 honor and reward the three New 
 York militiamen, who took ma- 
 jor Andre, p. 136 -determine 
 upon having a permanent army; 
 p. 1 37 -recommend to the feve-. 
 ral ftates the vefting of a power 
 in congrefs to levy a duty of five 
 per cent. p. 179 ehoofe Ro- 
 bert Morris, efq. financier, 
 ibid authorife the opening of a 
 fubfcription for a loan for the fup- 
 port of the citizens of South Ca- 
 rolina and Georgia, p. 223 
 their refolves upon the news of 
 the reduftion of the Britifh army 
 under Cornwallis, p. 263- at- 
 tend at the Roman Catholic cha- 
 pel, p. 264. They appoint 
 commiilioners for negotiating 
 peace, and give them inilruc- 
 VoL.HI/ 
 
 tions, p. 290- determine the 
 difpute betweenPennfylvaniaand 
 Connecticut refpe&ing lands, p. 
 358. Their acts in favor of the 
 American officers, p. 361. They 
 receive advice of a general peace 
 p. 362 -order the troops to be 
 furloughed, p. 367---rej'olve to 
 erecl an ecjueftrian itatue of gene- 
 ral Waihington, p. 371- to 
 prel^nt two pieces of ordnance to 
 general Greene, and iflue a pro- 
 clamation, applauding the ar- 
 mies of the United States, and 
 directing their discharge, p.- 373 
 -accept general Warning ton's 
 reiignaticn, p. 3791 
 
 Connecticut letded, vol. ?. pa 
 44. The colony alarnt-j by 
 publications againd the ilamp- 
 acl, p. 129 iend a coaimirree 
 to general Gage, p; 349. 'The 
 Connecticut troops leave the ^\- 
 my, p. 492. 
 
 Connelly, John, and his afib- 
 ciates, difcovered and captured, 
 vol. i. 49i 
 
 Conference, full liberty of, firft 
 eftablimed in Rhode Ifland and 
 Providence plantations^ vol. i. 
 p. 48. 
 
 Configneesi See Te<U 
 
 Conjlitution, the, of the Uni- 
 ted States of America, vol. iii 
 p. 401. 
 
 Conjlltnttons of the fevenil A- 
 merican itates, fome account of 
 them, vol. iii; p; 393 
 
 Contention of committees from 
 the Mafluchufetts towns invited 
 by the inhabitants of Bofton to 
 meet at Faneuil.Hall, vol. i. p* 
 176. They meet, but break up 
 in feven days, p. 177. 
 
 % the, between ge- 
 nerals Gates and Burgoyne, 
 vol. ii. p. 279. The conven- 
 tion troops at Cambridge, p* 
 311. Gate*V letter reiiiive to 
 F f f their 
 
1 N 
 
 D 
 
 their not having violated the 
 convention, p. 314. They are 
 not admitted to embark for Eu- 
 rope, p. 315- are fent off to 
 Virginia, p. 424. 
 
 Consul/ions in London and 
 Weftminlter, fubfequent to the 
 meafures recommended by lord 
 George Gordon to the Proteltant 
 allbciation, vol. iii, p. 88. 
 
 Conway, general, denies the 
 right of parliament to tax the co- 
 lonies, vol. i. p. i25---moves 
 for the repeal of the itamp-ad, 
 p. 150 condemns the Ameri- 
 can war in the moft dccifive 
 terms, vol. ii. p. 61 his motion 
 againft continuing the American 
 war carried, vol. iii. p. 281. 
 
 Coote, Sir Eyre, dies, vol. iii. 
 p. 291, 
 
 Cornwallis, lord, purfues ge- 
 neral Walhington through the 
 Jerfeys, vol. ii. p. 141 haftens 
 to Trenton for the defence of the 
 Jerfeys, p. 169 back to Brunf- 
 wick, having been out-general- 
 led by Wafhington, p. 172- 
 furprifes general Lincoln, p. 204 
 His lordfhip is left in command 
 at Charleftown, vol. iii. p. 68 
 marches againft general Gates 
 2nd defeats him, p. ioo---his 
 orders relative to the treatment 
 of South Carolina, p. no -fends 
 out of the ftate a number of pri- 
 foners on parole in Charleftown, 
 ibid- his letters to general 
 Smallwood, p. i2O---his letter 
 to general Greene, p. 156 
 is joined by general Lef- 
 lie, p. i6o---fends Tarleton to 
 drive general Morgan from his 
 Jlation, p. 161 ---purfues Mor- 
 gan after Tarleton's defeat, p. 
 i63--crofles the Catawba, and 
 chaces Greene, who has taken 
 upon him the command, p. 164 
 "- croflVs the Yadkin, renew* 
 
 and continues the chace to tb 
 banks of the Dan, p. 165 erefts 
 the royal ftandard at Hillfbo- 
 rough, p. 169 -retires from 
 Hilliborough, p. 170 attempts 
 to furprife the American light in- 
 fantry, p. 171- attacks and de- 
 feats Greene near Guilford court 
 houfe, p. 173. His lordfnip re- 
 treats towards Crofs Creek and is 
 purfued by Greene, p. 175 
 marches to Wilmington, and 
 from thence to Virginia, p. 207 
 forms a junction with the Britiih. 
 troops under Arnold, and ex- 
 peds to crufh the marquis de la 
 Fayette, but is deceived, p. 208 
 -fends colonels Tarleton and 
 8imcoe to fcour the interior coun- 
 try, p- 209 hailens to Wil- 
 liamfburgh, p. 210- evacuates 
 the city, p. 21 i-.-croifes James 
 river and retires to Portfmouth, 
 p. 212. His lordfhip takes poft 
 at York Town, p. 252---is be- 
 fieged, p. 257---deter;nines up- 
 on an efcape, p. 259---furrend- 
 ers to the allied troops under ge- 
 neral Walhington, p. 260. 
 
 Crawford^ colonel, and his 
 party, defeated by the Indians, 
 and cruelly treated, vol. iii, p. 
 
 33^ 
 
 Crta, Mifs M', murdered by 
 the Indian , vol. ii. p. 259- 
 the murdei not to be charged oa 
 general Burgoyne, p. 261. 
 
 Cro--Wfi Point furprifed, vol. i. 
 
 P- 347- 
 
 Cruelties praclifed on the A- 
 merican prifoners, and the ef- 
 fedls they produced, vol. ii. p. 
 187. 
 
 Craw, corporal, arrives from 
 Great Britain with difpatche* 
 from Mr. Arthur Lee. vol. ii. p. 
 90. 
 
 Culpeper, tried on the al of 
 vjii. vol. i. p. 72, 
 
 P. 
 
N 
 
 X. 
 
 425 
 
 D. 
 
 D anbury, the expedition to, 
 under general Tryon, vol. ii. p. 
 209. 
 
 Darknefs, an unufual one in 
 the Maflachufetts and elfewhere, 
 vol. iii. p. 57. 
 
 Deane, Mr. Silas, recalled 
 from France by congrefs, vol. ii. 
 p. 308 addrefs the Americans, 
 p. 420 is addrefTed by Common 
 Senfe, p. 421. 
 
 Debates in parliament on lord 
 North's motion for a joint ad- 
 dreis of both houfes to the king, 
 in February, 1775, vol.i. p. 308 
 - on the addreis of the two houf- 
 es in anfwer to the king's fpeech 
 in 17/5, vol. ii. p. 61 on the 
 addreis of the commons in an- 
 fwer to the fpeech in 1776, p. 
 19^ on the preliminary articles 
 of peace, vol. iii. p. 355. 
 
 Delaware colony feuled, vol. 
 i. p. 77. The ftate of Delaware 
 fettles its independent conftitu- 
 tion, vol. ii p. i 50. 
 
 Demarara and IfFequibo fub- 
 init to theBriulh, vol. iii. p.i86 
 ^--are taken by the French, p, 
 289. 
 
 Dickinfon, Mr. John, his let- 
 ters from a Pennfylvania farmer, 
 vol. i p. 162. 
 
 Difturbances between the 
 French & Americans at Ctiarlef- 
 ton, South Carolina, and at Bof- 
 ton, vol. ii. p. 407. 
 
 Dominica taken by the mar- 
 quis de Bouille, vol. ii. p. 432. 
 
 Donop, count, defeated at Red 
 Bank, vol. ii. p. 287. 
 
 Dorchefttrrbeights, preparati- 
 ons for taking pofieflion of them, 
 vol. ii. p, 39. The Americans 
 proceed to that fervice, p. 40. 
 
 Dougall, captain M f , of New 
 York, committed to jail for 
 writing papers deemed libeis, 
 
 and refufing to give bail, vol. i. 
 p. 211 discharged after a Jong 
 imprifonment, and being the 
 firlt fufFcrer for American liber- 
 ty, p. 213. 
 
 Ducbe, the reverend Mr. cho- 
 fen chaplain to congrefs, vol. i. 
 P' 347 Declines his chaplain- 
 fhip,vol. ii. p. 155 his attempts 
 upon general Wafhington's pa- 
 triotifm, p. 283. 
 
 Diinmore, lord, quits Williamf- 
 burgh and goes on board the 
 Fowey man of war, vol. i. p. 
 395 arms a number of veffeis, 
 and isoppofed by the Virginians, 
 p. t 406. He declares martial 
 law, and is joined by blacks and ' 
 whites, p. 407 his troops de- 
 feated at Norfolk, p. 408 the 
 fcheme of railing him a confi- 
 derable force dilcovered, p. 410 
 quits Virginia and arrives off 
 Star.cn Ifland, vol. H, p. Jo6. 
 
 Dutch, the, are prefented with 
 a Britiih memorial, vol. ii. p, 
 200. Dutch veffels taken by 
 the Britifh cruifers, p. 440, 
 A memorial prefented to them, 
 urging the delivering up of the 
 Serapis, p. 472. The Dutch 
 {hips under count Byland flopped 
 by captain Fielding, vol. iii. p. 
 
 79. The Britifli king's order in 
 council refpe&ing the Dutch, p. 
 
 80. They decline furnifhing 
 the fuccours claimed by Britain, 
 p. 81 are prefented with a me- 
 morial relative to the eventual 
 treaty between America and 
 Holland, p. 143. General 
 reprifals granted by the Britifh 
 council againft their mips and 
 goods, ibid. The aclion be- 
 tween the Dutch and Britifh 
 fleets on Dogger Bank, p. 233. 
 Dutch fettlements in the Eaft in- 
 dies taken, p. 288.- 
 
 &hpns burnt, vol. ii. p. 282, 
 
426 
 
 N 
 
 X. 
 
 EG/! Indies, Britifh, intelli- 
 gent, vol. iii. p. 187, 272, 303, 
 
 3*4* 
 
 ,v, the earl of, refigns 
 
 Jhis rv cement, declining to ierve 
 \vith it again It the Americans, 
 vol i. p. 334. 
 
 Emperor the, of Germany, fa- 
 vors the rights of ccnfcbnce, vol. 
 iii. . 2^9. 
 
 rfjs \\i?- t of Germany, her 
 \v!. id. p. 148. 
 
 Eqaeflrian iraciue to be erect- 
 ed for general Waihington, vol. 
 iii. p. 371. 
 
 Eft At* f, count de, arrives with 
 the French fleet on the Ameri- 
 can coail, vol. ii. p. 381 pro- 
 ceeds to Newport, p. 383 chac- 
 cs the B itiih fleet under lord 
 li.nve, p. 384 foils for Boilon, 
 p. 387 he and his officers are 
 entertained by the Maffachufetts 
 sflembly, p. 408 publishes a 
 declaration to be fpre'ad among 
 the Canadians, ibid. Jails for 
 the Weft indies, p. 409 at- 
 tempts relieving St. Lucie, p. 
 r;kes St. Vincent, p. 4.63 
 vjrenada, p. 467 engages 
 admiral Byron, p. 469 fails for 
 Georgia and attacks Savannah, 
 vol. iii. p. 30 is repu'led, p. 
 
 3,?- 
 
 Euftatla t St. taken by Sir 
 George Rodney, vol. iii. p. 184 
 
 ibrprifed by the marquis de 
 i;cui!!'', p. 275. 
 
 Eu:aiu battle, vol, iii. p. 242. 
 
 F. 
 
 i t the Eritim, n 
 
 il 
 
 larbonr, vol. ii. p. 40;. 
 E:-^c:tce of fupplylrig the Bri- 
 tiih army at Boilon, vol. ii. p. 
 58. 
 
 Extracts from the rcls of Vir- 
 gin;.! in favor of religious free- 
 
 ' ol. iii. p. 399. 
 - ! - from I'Uiie curious 
 Jcucis, vol. iii. p. 239. 
 
 by the BritiHi, 
 vol. ii. p. 45 i. 
 
 Falmouth deflroyed by theBri- 
 tilli, vol. i. p. 423. 
 
 Farce of the Blockade of Bof- 
 ton interrupted by the burning 
 of fome houfej) by the Americans, 
 vol. ii. p. 33. 
 
 Fayctte, the marquis de la, is 
 appointed major general by con- 
 grefs, vol. ii. p. 232 fome ac- 
 count of him, ibid is wounde-l. 
 p. 240 troifes the SchuylkiJl 
 with a body of men, and nar- 
 rowly efcapes with them back 
 to Valley Forge, p. 341 fails 
 for France, p. 416. He returns 
 from France with an account 
 that he was foon to be followed 
 by a French fleet and corps of 
 troops, vol. iii. p. 55 is detach- 
 ed to Virginia with a body of 
 light infantry, p. 177 makes a 
 forced march of 200 miles, and 
 arrives at Richmond juft in the 
 time to fecure it againit the Bri- 
 tifh, p. 206 fends a fpy into 
 the Britiih camp, who deceives 
 lord Cornwallis, p. 207. The 
 marquis forms a junction with 
 general Wayne, p. 210 unex- 
 pectedly by his lord/hip fixes 
 himfelf between the Britifh army 
 and the American Hores, p. 211 
 is joined by the allied troops 
 from the northward, p. 254 has 
 permiffion to go to France, p. 
 267 announces by letter tocon- 
 grels a general peace, p. 362. 
 
 FergBjfctr, majcr, his move- 
 ments, and defeat at King'8 
 Mountain, vol. iii. p. 118.' 
 
 Finances of America, the ob- 
 urvations of congrefs on them, 
 vol. ii. p. ^97 reports con- 
 cerning the dike of finance, vol. 
 iii. p. 568. 
 
N 
 
 flag of theUnited States, vol. 
 li. p. 230. 
 
 Fleets, the hoftile, engnge on 
 Lake Champlain, vol. ii. p. 230 
 under admiral Keppei and 
 D'Orvilliers, p. 361 Byron and 
 d'Eftaing, p. 469 Kodney and 
 Langara, vol. iii. p. 82 Rod- 
 ney and de Guichen, p. 84 
 Hood and de Grafie, p. 222 r 
 JohnftoneandSuiFr-ein, p. 231 
 Hyde Parker and Zoutman, p. 
 233 Graves and de Grafle, p. 
 251 Hughes and SufFrein, p. 
 304 Rodney and de GraiFe, p. 
 306, 307 Howe and the com- 
 bined French and Spanifti com- 
 manders, p. 344 Hughes and 
 SufFrein, p. 352, 354. 
 
 , the combined, of 
 France and Spain, appear before 
 Plymouth, vol. ii. p. "466 take 
 near fixty Britifh Ealt and Well 
 India mips, vol iii. p. 142 un- 
 expectedly appear in the chops 
 of the channel, p. 237. 
 
 , the French and 
 
 Spanilh, join in the Weft Indies, 
 but make no attempt againit Ja- 
 maica, vol. iii. p. 141. 
 
 Fort Wajbington taken, vol. 
 ii. p. 138. Fort Lee taken, p. 
 140. Fort Stanwix, alias Schuy- 
 ler, inverted, p. 251 the liege 
 of itraifed, p. 254. FortMnnt- 
 gomery & Clinton taken, p. 267. 
 
 Franklin, Doctor, his remarks 
 on the minirierial plan for the 
 union of the colonies, vol. i. p. 
 103. He fends over to the Maf- 
 fachufetts a number of original 
 letters, 229 they ocCafion a 
 duel between Mr. Whately and 
 Mr. John Temple, p. 241. 
 
 Frxxer, general, attacks and 
 defeats colonel Warner at Hub- 
 barnton, vol. ii. p. 222 is mor- 
 tally wounded, p. 269- his bu- 
 rial, p. 273. 
 
 X. 
 
 4*7. 
 
 France, her conduct, vol. ii. 
 p. 342, 343, 344. She delivers 
 to the American cornrniiFioners 
 the preliminaries of a treaty be- 
 tween France and Amenca, p. 
 346 figns the treaties, p. 349 
 her aaibaff-idor informs the 
 Britiih miniilry of the fame, p. 
 352. She gives a public audi- 
 ence to the American comrnifiion-- 
 ers, p. 353 her (quadron. iails 
 from Breii, p. 355. 
 
 French ii?et and troops arrive 
 a.t Kn- de liland, vol. iii. p. 64. 
 king fuppreiTes the in- 
 human cullora 'or putting the 
 queitioa to torture, vol. iii. p. 
 148. 
 
 troops under count de* 
 
 Rochambeau, their good beha- 
 viour, vol. iii. p. 218. They 
 march from the iouthward to 
 Bciton, p. 333. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gage, general, is ordered to 
 fend troops to Boflon, vol. i. p. 
 173 lands at Boiton. p. 178 , 
 isaddreffed by the inhabitants of 
 Salem, p. 257 FiFues a procla- 
 mation againil the folemn league; 
 and covenant of the Bofron ccia- 
 mittee,p.26c fortifies the entry 
 at Boiton Neck, p. 265 feizea 
 the powder at Charleitown, p. 
 266 anfwers the letter of con* 
 grefs, p. 271 fends troops to 
 Salem, p. 317 prepares for 
 fending others to Concord, p. 
 321 they are feat forward, and 
 a firing commences at Lexington, 
 p. 322. He enters into an a- 
 greement with the consmittee of 
 t;.e town of Bofton, p. 328 is 
 waited upon by a cornminea 
 from Co'snedicut. p. 349 
 his agreement wiih ihc ihiuioi- 
 tr.nts of Boiion act obferved, p. 
 354. He offers paruon exc r t 
 to Samuel Adams tuid John Haa-^- 
 cock, 
 
 
42$ 
 
 i 
 
 N 
 
 cock, p, 355 detains the inha- 
 bitants of Bolton, p. 371. Let- 
 ters between him and general 
 Wamington, p. 416. He fails 
 for Great Britain, p. 423. 
 
 Gal-vex, don, the Spanifh go- 
 vernor of Louifiana, recognizes 
 the independence of the Ameri- 
 can ftates, and marches againft 
 the Bntifli fettlements on the 
 Mifiiflippi, vol. iii.p. 25 takes 
 Mobille, p. 83. 
 
 Gajpee, the fchooner, attack- 
 ed and burnt near Providence, 
 vol. i. p. 218. 
 
 Gates, general, is appointed 
 to command the army in the 
 northern department, vol. ii. p. 
 93 fuperfeded by the appoint- 
 ment of Schuyler, p. 217 cho- 
 fen afrefh, and to relieve Schuy- 
 ler, p. 234. his letters to gene- 
 ral Burgoyne, p. 259 engages 
 Burgoyne, p. 262, 269 redu- 
 ces him to the neceflity cf agree- 
 ing to a convention, p. 278. 
 His delicacy with reipecl to the 
 royal army, when they depofned 
 their arms, p. 279. He writes 
 to congreis relative to Burgoyne's 
 troops not having broken the 
 convention, p. 3*3 his letter 
 tothe^arl of I'hanet, p. 351 
 his letter to a South Carolina de- 
 legate, refpecling the intended 
 operations of the Britim, voj. iii. 
 p. 71. He is appointed to com- 
 mand the fouthern army, p. 72 
 advances towards Camden> p. 
 97 his general orders at Cler- 
 mont, p. 99 marches and un- 
 expectedly meets the British ar- 
 my under lord Cornwallis, p. 
 TOI engages the Britiih, and is 
 defeated, p. 102 proceeds to 
 HillfDorough,p. 1 60 his broken 
 troops retreat to Salilbury, p. 
 -1 08 his exertions in favor of 
 the relics of his unfortunate ar- 
 
 my, p. 114 thefeare reinforc- 
 ed, p. 115. He receives pri- 
 vate information of congrefs's 
 having appointed an officer to 
 fuperfede him, p. 121* removes 
 his head quarters to Charlotte, 
 and furrenders the command of 
 the army into general Greene's 
 hands, p, 123 meets with a po- 
 lite return from Greene, p. 124. 
 
 Generals Howe, Clinton and 
 Burgoyne, arrive at Bofton, vol. 
 i. p. 352. 
 
 George, the Royal, is loft vol. 
 iii. p. 313. 
 
 Georgia fettled, vol. i. p. 82 
 -accedes to the general aflbcia- 
 tion of the twelve colonies, 383, 
 38 ij attacked by the Bruiih 
 troops, vol. ii. p. 416 Savanna, 
 thecapital, taken, and the (late 
 fubdued, p. 418. 
 
 Germaine, lord George, ex- 
 tradls from his letters, vol. iii, 
 p. 200 
 
 Gibraltar invefled by the Spa-, 
 niards, vol.ii. p. 474 relieved 
 by Rodney, vol. iii. p. 82 by 
 Darby, p. 182. Tremendous 
 torrents of fire difgorged on the 
 fortrefs from the Spaniih artille- 
 ry, and returned by general El- 
 liot, p. 184. The ftupendous 
 works erected againft it, deftroy- 
 ed, p. 271 the grand attack, 
 p. 339 the battering {hips fet 
 on fire by red hot balls from the 
 fortrefs, p. 340 the captain 
 with his marine brigade hazard 
 themfelves to refcue the diftreifed 
 enemy from furrounding deftruc- 
 tion, p. 341 The place relieved 
 by lord Howe, p. 343. 
 
 Gordon, lord George, advifes 
 the proteftant aflbciation to thofe 
 meafures which proves introduc- 
 tory to the moft extraordinary ri- 
 fmgs in London and Weftmin- 
 ftcr, vol. iii. p. 83. He is ta- 
 ken 
 
I N D 
 
 ten Op and committed to the tow- 
 er, p. 92 tried and acquitted, 
 p. 184. 
 
 Grafton, the duke of, fudden- 
 ly quits adminiilration, vol. ii. 
 p. 62. 
 
 Graff e, count de 9 engages Sir 
 Samuel Hood, vol. iii. p. 220 
 arrives in the Chefapeak, and 
 afterwards engages Graves, p. 
 25 i fails for the Weft Indies, p. 
 262 attacks Hood, p. 284 
 engages Rodney, p. 306 en- 
 gages him afrefh, is defeated and 
 taken, p. 308 lands at Fortf- 
 mouth,p. 312. 
 
 Graves, admiral, engages de 
 Graffe, vol. iii. p. 251. 
 
 Green, general, addrefles gene- 
 ral Washington, vol. i. p. 379 
 takes the command of the fouth- 
 ern army* vol. iii. p. 124. He 
 difapproves of the cenfure paiTed 
 upon Gates by congrefs, p. 125 
 the embarrafiment attending 
 his command, p. 156 his an- 
 fwer to lord Cornwallis's letter, 
 ibid--feparates his forces through 
 neceflity, p. 158 fends Lee's 
 partizan corps to furprizeGeorge- 
 town, p. 159 -forms a junction 
 with the other divifion of the ar- 
 my, p. 165 forms a light army 
 and marches with the main army 
 for the Dan, p. 1.66 crcfTes it, 
 p. 167. He re-croffes the .Dan, 
 p, 169 marches to Guilford 
 court-houfe, and prepares for 
 action, p. 173 is attacked by 
 Cornvvallis, and forced to retreat, 
 ibid purfues his lordihip to 
 Deep river, p. 176 -marches to 
 South Carolina, p. 189 is at- 
 tacked by lordRawdon nearCam- 
 dcn and obliged to retreat, p. i 90 
 proceeds to Ninety Six, and 
 befieges the garrifon under col. 
 Cruger, p. 195 raifes the fiege 
 and is purfued by Rawdon ; fcon 
 
 E X, 429 
 
 after purfues his lordmip and of- 
 fers him battle, p. 198. He re- 
 tires to the High Hills of Santee, 
 and from thence tranimits his o- 
 pinionon Gates's defeat, p. 199 
 his account of the naileries at- 
 tending the war in South Caroli- 
 na, p. 200 his anfwerto Balfour 
 refpecting the execution of Hay ne 
 p. 240 engages leut. col. Stew- 
 art at the Eutaw fprings, p. 242 
 happily fupprefTes the fpirit of 
 mutiny among his troops, p. 245 
 writes to general Gould, p. 246 
 his accounts of the diitreiTes of 
 his army, p. 295. A few ftric- 
 tures concerning him, p. 392. 
 
 Grenada taken, vol. ii. p. 467. 
 
 Grenadier, a Bridm, furprifed 
 and made prifoner by an Ame- 
 rican boy, vol. ii. p. 135. 
 
 Grey, general, furprifes gene- 
 ral Wayne in the night, vol. ii. 
 p. 243. 
 
 Grifvjold fort, on Groton-hill, 
 taken by the Britifb; vol. iii. p. 
 249. H. 
 
 Hancock, Mr. John, is elected 
 one of theBoilonreprefentativeS, 
 vol i. p. 154 his floop Liberty 
 feized, p. 168 a mob collects 
 on the occafion and becomes ri- 
 otous, p. 169 the report of the 
 committee of the Maffachufetts 
 houfe and council refpecting die 
 riot, p. 171 -a fuit commenced 
 againft Mr. Hancock in the court 
 of Admiralty, but dropped, p. 
 174. Mr. Hancock is chofen 
 prefiderit of congrefs, p. 348 
 
 takes his leave of con- 
 
 grefs, vol. ii. p. 297 is elected 
 governor of the Maffachuferts 
 ftate, upon their new conftha- 
 tion, vol. iii. p. 1 39. 
 
 Kayne Ifaac, colonel, executed 
 by the joint order of lord Rawdon 
 and colonel Balfour, the cafe of, 
 vol. iii. p. 202, 205. 
 
 Herktmtrt 
 
I N D 
 
 Hcrkimer, general, defeated 
 by Sir John Johnfon, vol. ii, p. 
 251. 
 
 H-.^ana defeated at Trenton, 
 vol. ii. p. 1 68. 
 
 Highlanders, and regulators of 
 North Carolina, imbody, but are 
 .defeated, vol. ii. p, 50. 
 
 , a number of them, 
 
 and lieut. col. Cair.pbe'I, taken 
 in Bofton-bay, vol. ii. p. 87. 
 
 Hood, Sir Samuel, engages de 
 GrafiV, vol. iii. 220 arrives at 
 S indy Hook, p. 250 attacked 
 by the count, p. 258 takes the 
 Viile de Paris, count de GrafTe's 
 fliip, p. 284 takes the Jafon 
 and Cato, p. 286; 
 
 Hopkins, commodore, returns 
 from his naval expedition, vol. ii. 
 p. ^f. engages the Glafgow 
 man of war. p. 55 puts into 
 New London, ibid. 
 
 Hcftile preparations in differ- 
 ent parts of the Maffachufetts co- 
 lony, vol. i. p. 287 it is how- 
 ever hoped, that all differences 
 will be amicably fettled without 
 blcodlhed, p. 289. 
 
 E-jhlities commence between 
 Great-Britain and France, vol.ii. 
 
 P. 353. 
 
 Hj-ive, general prepares to at- 
 tack the Americans on Dorchef- 
 ter Heights, vol. ii. p. 42 is 
 prevented by a ftorm, and con- 
 cludes upon .evacuating Boilon, 
 ibid the town evacuated, p. 44 
 'sis defign of procuring rice in 
 Georgia fruftratcd, p. 52 ar- 
 rives off New/York, p. 93 lands 
 his troops on Long Ifland, p.l 1 1 
 furprJ7.es and defeats the Ame- 
 ricans, p. 112 makes a defcent 
 on New York iiiand, p. 124 
 lands on Frog's- neck, p. 130 
 attacks the Americans at White 
 Plains, p. 1 32 returns to Kingf- 
 bridge.p. i 35 cakes fort Walh- 
 
 mgtop, p. 133 leaves Brunf- 
 wick and takes the field, p. 213 
 returns to Brunfwick, which 
 he evacuates, and marches to 
 Amboy, p. 214 unexpectedly 
 moves toward the American ar- 
 my, p. 215- embarks his troops, 
 p. 216 f:ii!s with his army, p. 
 227 lands his troops at Elk fer- 
 ry, p. 229 croffes the Brandy- 
 v.inc, attacks and defeats the A- 
 mericans, p. 2^8 amufes gene- 
 ral Washington, ami unexpected- 
 ly crofles the Schuylkill below 
 him, p. 243 snakes his entry 
 into Philadelphia, p. 244 is ho- 
 nored by the officers with a mag- 
 nificent entertainment, p. 341. 
 H'jwe, lord, arrives at Staten 
 Ifland, and fends a flag to gene- 
 ral Walhington, vol. ii. p. 108 
 propofes a conference with 
 fome members of Congrefs, p. 
 I2i the conference, ibid fails 
 with the fleet and army, p. 227 
 arrives and anchors in the 
 Delaware, p. 244 is allowed 
 to return to Britain, p. 355- 
 leaves the Delaware, p. 381^ 
 prepares to defend the entrance 
 into New York harbour againft 
 count d'Eftaing's fleet, p. 382 
 fails for the prefervation of 
 Rhode Ifland, p. 384 fails for 
 the relief of Gibraltar, vol. iii. 
 p. 335 enters the Straits, p. 
 342 is attacked by the combi- 
 ned fleets, and afterwards let to 
 purfue his voyage home, p< 
 
 344- 
 
 H/tJefy, captain Jofhua, hang- 
 ed, vol. iii. p. 292. 
 
 Hughes* admiral engages Mr, 
 de StifFrein, vol. iii. p. 304^ en- 
 gages him afrcih, p. 352 a third 
 a:/.! fourth time, ibid. the laft 
 time p. 354. 
 
 Hurricanes at Jamaica, vol. iii. 
 p. 1 45 at Barbadoes, p. 1 44* 
 
 at 
 
N D 
 
 X. 
 
 at St. Lucie, Grenada and St. 
 Vincent, ibid. 
 
 Hutcbinfon, Judge, his " Brief 
 .Hate of the claim of the colonies, 
 and the intereft of the nation 
 with refpedt to them,'* voK i. p. 
 137 when governor he introdu- 
 ces the fubje&of the parliament's 
 fupremacy into his fpeech to the 
 Maffachufetts general court, p. 
 224 by his bad advice, betrays 
 the miniltry into wrong meafures, 
 p. 294, 295 his letters are dif- 
 covered, p. 356 his behaviour 
 while in the colony, ibid. 
 I. 
 
 Jamaica petitions the king in 
 favor of the colonies, vol. i. p. 
 312 the hurricane at that if- 
 land, vol iii. p. 143. 
 
 Jay, Mr. elefted to negotiate 
 a treaty of alliance with his Ca- 
 tholic majefty, vol. iii. p. 28 
 his attempts ineffectual, p. 148 
 delivers in proportions rela- 
 tive to an intended treaty with 
 Spain, p. 270 repairs to Paris, 
 p. 344 refufes treating with 
 Mr. Ofwald, till the independ- 
 ence of the United States is ac- 
 knowledged in the firft inftance, 
 ibid. has put into his hands the 
 copy of a letter to count de Ver- 
 gennes, p. 345 gives Ofwald a 
 draught of a commiffion that 
 would fully fatisfy, and is jea- 
 lous of the defigns of the French 
 court, p. 347. 
 
 Jealoufies and prejudices a- 
 mong the troops under general 
 Walhington, vol. ii. p. 1 10, 123, 
 127. 
 
 Jerfey, ifland, the attempt of 
 theFrench upon it defeated by the 
 bravery of Major Pierfon, vol. 
 iii. p. 182. 
 
 Independence, meafures taken 
 to forward the declaration of it, 
 vol. ii. p. 83 refolution refpecl- 
 
 VOL. Ill, G 
 
 ing it, moved and feconded in 
 congrefs, p. 9 i-^-the declaration, 
 of independence, p. 101. 
 
 Independents the, fee Congre- 
 gational sfts. 
 
 Indians, the Oneida, their 
 fpeech to the New England pro- 
 vinces, vol. i. 371 an anivver 
 of the Stockbriuge Indians to the 
 MaflachuJeitscongreis, p. 373 < 
 the reply of the M.iTachuletts 
 congreis, p. 374 Indian chiefs 
 at head quarters in Cambridge, 
 p. 426 ^congrefs commiflioners 
 treat with the Indians, vol. ii. p* 
 189 the Indians dertroy the fet- 
 tlements at Wyoming, p. 399. 
 
 Inquijition the, abolimed in 
 the dominions of the duke of Mo- 
 dena, vol. iii. p. 149. 
 
 Inftruftions to the commiflion- 
 ers at the court of France, voL 
 ii. p. 1 5 3 to the American com- 
 miffioners at different courts, p. 
 174. 
 
 Jobnfon, Sir John, defeats ge- 
 neral Herkimer, vol. ii. p. 251. 
 
 -, Sir William, repuites 
 
 the French, vol. i. p. 108. 
 
 Johnftone commodore, fails for 
 the Ealt Indies, vol. iii. p. 230 
 '-is attacked by Mr. de Suffrein, 
 p. 231 takes feveral Dutch 
 Eaft India (hips, p, 233. 
 
 John**, Si. in. Canada, taken, 
 vol. i. p. 440. 
 
 Jones, captain Paul, lands a 
 party of Americans at Whiteha- 
 ven, and fets fire to a fliip in the 
 harbour ; afterwards lands and 
 plunders lord Selkirk's houie, 
 vol. ii. p. 356-^-engages cap- 
 tain Pearfon, p. 470 is honored 
 by the French king with the crofs 
 of military merit, vol. iii. p. 
 180. 
 
 Ireland fpares 4000 troops for 
 his majefty's fervice abroad, voL 
 ii. p. 69~the ihte and proceed- 
 g g ings 
 
N 
 
 ings of the country, p. 473 
 further proceedings, vol. iii. p. 
 78, 300. 
 
 Juries, the great and petty, 
 through the MafTichufetts refufe 
 acting under the new regulations, 
 vol i.p. 263. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kail, baron de, marches to 
 the fouthward, vol. iii. p. 71 
 is mortally wounded, p. 105. 
 
 Kempenfelt, admiral, takes a 
 number of French tranfports, 
 vol. iii. p. 277 is loll in the 
 Rcyal George., p. 313. 
 
 Keppsl, admiral, fails for the 
 bay of Bifcay, and takes the Li- 
 corne frigate, vol. ii. p. 358 
 engages d'Orvilliers, p. 361 
 is tried, p. 435. 
 
 Killed, the number, by the 
 .firing of the Britifh from Bofton 
 and the neighbourhood, vol. i. 
 p. 492. 
 
 Kitt's St. taken by the mar- 
 quis de Bouille, vol. iii. 283. 
 
 Knox general, fent off to the 
 
 eaftern Hates by the commander 
 
 jn chief, on account of the Penn- 
 
 fylvania revolters, vol. iii.p. 152. 
 
 L. 
 
 Ladies, the, at Philadelphia, 
 procure contribution for the be- 
 nefit of the American foldiers, 
 vol. iii. p. 6 1 forward {hirts and 
 ftockings to the army, p. 138. 
 
 . ,whig, their conduct 
 
 in Charleilon, South Carolina, 
 vol. iii. p. 224. 
 
 Landed country gentlemen a- 
 larmed, vol ii. p. 65. 
 
 Laur.ens, Henry, efq. chcfen 
 prefident of congrefs, vol. ii. p. 
 298 his letter to the governor 
 of Georgia, p. 411 to another 
 friend, p. 461 elected to nego- 
 ciate a treaty with theDutch, vol. 
 iii. p. 28 taken on his voyage 
 to Holland, and committed to the 
 
 Tower, p. 142 difcharged p; 
 275. 
 
 Laurens, lieut. col. chofen fpe- 
 cial minifter to France, vol. iii. 
 p. 154 returns from France, p. 
 230 his conduct approved of by 
 coogrels, p. 240 is mortally 
 wounded while engaging with 
 the BritiQi, p. 326. 
 
 Lee, Arthur, efq; leaves Great- 
 Britain and removes to Paris, vol. 
 ii. p. 199. 
 
 General, meafures taken 
 
 for fending him on to NewYork, 
 vol. ii. p. 28- is detained at 
 Stanford ; but orders a Connec- 
 ticut regiment into the city, and 
 arrives there himfelf two hours 
 after general Clinton arrives at 
 SandyHook, p. 29- --goes to the 
 fouthward, p. 48 -his letter to 
 the French minifter, p. 146 
 anecdote concerning him, p. 135 
 he is taken by col. Harcourt, 
 p. 144 -inconveniencies refult- 
 ing from his capture, p. 175 
 commands the Americans near 
 Monmouth court- houfe, vol.ii.p. 
 370 is put under arrelt, tried & 
 found guilty, p. 379 his death 
 and character, vol. iii. p. 328. 
 
 Lee, captain H. made major 
 commandant of horfe for his bra- 
 very, vol. ii. p. 330 attacks 
 the Britifh poll at Powle's Hook, 
 p. 461 joins general Greene in 
 South Carolina with his partizan 
 legion, vol. iii. p. 159 falls up- 
 on a number of Royaliils and 
 makes a great (laughter among 
 them, p. 170 aids general Ma- 
 rion in reducing fort Watfon, p. 
 188 fort Motte p. 194 fort 
 Gramby, ibid. marches to join 
 Pickens, and with him reduces 
 the fort at Augufta, p. 195. 
 
 Leger, St. lieutenant colonel, 
 quits the fiege of fort Stanwix* 
 vol.ii.p. 254. 
 
N 
 
 433 
 
 t,ejlk t general, evacuates 
 Charleftown, vol. iii. p. 327. 
 
 Letter, the copy of one to 
 count Vergennes, vol. iii. p. 
 
 Letters of Hutchinfon and o- 
 thers fent to Bofton by Dr. Frank- 
 lin, vol. i. p. 229. 
 
 Lexing ton affair, vol. i. p. 322 
 * the news of it reaches London, 
 
 P- 333. 
 
 Lipf incut, captain, tried for 
 hanging captain Huddy, and ac- 
 quitted, vol. iii. p. 316. 
 
 Lincoln t general, furprifed at 
 Boundbrook, vol. ii. p. 204*^ 
 fent to the northward to command 
 the militia, p. 225 fends colo- 
 nel Brown and others on an ex- 
 pedition to Lake George, p. 261 
 . is lent to South Carolina, p. 
 426 eflablifhes his head quar- 
 ters at Puryfburgh, p. 427 pur- 
 fues general Prevoit, p. 444 
 attacks the Britim at Stono fer- 
 ry, p. 446 marches for Savan- 
 na, vol. iii. p. 30 is repulfed 
 in a joint attack with d*Eftang 
 on the town, p. 32-^ defends 
 Charleftown, p. 44 furrenders 
 the place, p. 50 receives the 
 fubmiflion of the royal army at 
 York Town, p. 260. 
 
 London, the city of, approach- 
 es the throne with an addrefs, &c 
 vol. i. p. 334 refufes in 1781 
 to prefent their addrefs, &c. at 
 the levee, and orders its publi- 
 cation, vol. iii. p< 274. 
 
 Long IJland fortified by the 
 Americans, vol. ii. p. no ge- 
 neral Sullivan appointed to com- 
 mand there, p. in the royal 
 army lands upon it, ibid. eva- 
 cuated by the Americans, p. 1 1,6. 
 Lofs of the Ville de Paris, Ra- 
 millies, and other men of war, 
 vol. iii. p. 352. 
 
 London ' t lord, his determina- 
 
 tion relative to the MalTachufetts 
 general court, vol. i. p. 108. 
 
 Louifhurgh taken by the Maf- 
 fachufetts colony, vol. i. p. 93. 
 
 Lowther, Sir James, offers to 
 prelent the Britifh king with a 
 man of war of the line, vol. iii. 
 
 P- 35 2 - 
 
 Lucie, St. attacked by th 
 Britim, vol.ii. p. 436 d'Eftaing 
 attempts relieving the ifland, p* 
 438 the place capitulates, p. 
 
 439- 
 
 Luzerns the chevalier de la, 
 arrives at Bofton, vol. ii. p. 436 
 his communications to con- 
 grefs, vol. iii. p. 37^ his hint 
 to general Wafhington, p. 39 
 fundry communications of his 
 before congrefs, p. 290 is fa- 
 tisfied with its being refolved, 
 that Mr. J. Adams mould be ul- 
 timately directed and guided by 
 the fentiments of the French 
 court, p. 291. 
 
 M. 
 
 Main, the province of, fet- 
 tled, vol. i. p. 48 the inhabi- 
 tants fubmit to the MalTachufetts 
 and have greater privileges 
 granted them than what the Maf- 
 fachufetts people enjoy, p. 49. 
 
 Manififto a, presented to the 
 Britim minifter by the Spanifh 
 ambalTador, vol. ii. p. 465. 
 
 ManUy, captain, takes Britifh 
 vefTels, vol. i. p. 428. 
 
 Marion, general, exerts him- 
 felf on the fide of congrefs, vol. 
 iii. p. 112, 169 aided by lieut. 
 colonel Lee's partizan legion, 
 reduces fort Watfon, p. i8S 
 fort Motte, p. 194 -fort Gran- 
 by, p. 105. 
 
 Maryland fettled, vol. i. p. 
 65- the convention refolve on 
 an alTociation, and on meafures 
 for fecuring the province, and 
 providing for its defence, p. 395 
 fettles 
 
434 
 
 N D 
 
 X. 
 
 fettles its independent confti- 
 tution, vol. ii. p. i5O^-accedes 
 to the confederation, vol. iii. p. 
 j8o. 
 
 Mqffacbvjetts company formed, 
 vol. i. p. 34^ begins a planta- 
 tion at Salem, p. 35-r-obtain a 
 royal charter, ibid. 
 
 -. T- Bay, the governor 
 
 2nd company of, in New Eng- 
 land, begin their plantation go- 
 vernment in the MaiTachufetts, 
 vol. i. p. 37 conclude on re- 
 moving with their charter to the 
 JvlafTachufetts, p. 38 arrive at 
 Salt-ID, p 39-! n flu me the form 
 of a commonwealth, p. 41 ad- 
 mit none to freedom but mem- 
 bers ot their churches, p. 42-*- 
 their general court aflame fpirit- 
 ual juriididtion. p. 43 their 
 government in divers reipecb ab- 
 ibiute, ibid. their charter anni- 
 hilated, p. 51 J new charter 
 given them, p. 85 they declare 
 what are their privileges, p. 86 
 T the war of 1744, p. 93 of 
 1755. p. 109 rtheir general 
 addrefs to the Britifli parliament 
 on rhefubje&of duties and taxes, 
 p. 120 the houfe oi" afTembly 
 propofe a congrefs, p. 132 
 leav e out of the council the crown 
 officers and juftices of the fupe- 
 rior court, p. 154- at length a- 
 gree to make compenfation to 
 the fufferers by the riot, p. 156 
 p propofe a circular letter to the 
 other colonies, p. 163 their 
 new afiembly are required to re- 
 fcind the refolution which gave 
 birth to the circular letter, p. 
 3 6 <; they vote not to refcind, 
 and are difiblved, p. 166, anew 
 affembly pafs a number of re- 
 folves, evidencing their difre- 
 gatd to the refolutions of the 
 Jords and commons, p. 186 
 refwfc making provifion for the 
 
 troops, p. 187 difagreements 
 between them and lieutenant go- 
 vernor Hutchinfon, p. 213 de- 
 clare againft his receiving his 
 fupport from the crown, p. 217 
 their proceedings refpedling 
 the judges, and the fupport in- 
 tended them by the crown, p. 239 
 i their petition to the king, for 
 the removal of the governor dif- 
 mifTed, p. 242 choofe dele- 
 gates to meet in congrefs at Phi- 
 ladelphia, p. 252 the people 
 prepare to defend their rights by 
 the point of the fword, p. 261 
 the reprefentatives meet, and re- 
 folve themfelves into a provin- 
 cial congrefs, p. 280 the pro- 
 vincial congrefs appoint a com- 
 mittee to draw up a plan for the 
 immediate defence of the colo- 
 ny, p. 281 pum their prepara- 
 tion forholtile oppofition, p. 283 
 i fend a circular letter to the mi- 
 nifters ofthegofpel, p. 284 a 
 pifture of the Maffachuietts colo- 
 ny, p. 290 a new provincial 
 congrefs meet, p. 317 their 
 proceedings, p. 319 the inha- 
 bitants in arms, p. 327 their 
 unpreparednefs for an hoitile 
 conteil with Great Britain, p. 
 331 the provincial congrefs 
 write a circular letter to the feve- 
 ral towns of the colony, p. 349 
 borrow money, and forward 
 difpatches to the general con- 
 grefs, p. 350 apply to Connec- 
 ticut and Rhode Ifland for afliit- 
 ance, ibid. orders militia to 
 Roxbury, p. 351 refolve upon 
 writing to the eailern tribe of In- 
 dians, p. 352^ iffue notes, p. 
 355 ^the MafTachufetts repre- 
 fentatives meet, and take up 
 their old form of government, p. 
 398 the public fchcols of he 
 colony, p. 416 the afiembly 
 refclye to lit out armed ve/Tels, 
 
N 
 
 p. 428 the Maflachufetts dele- 
 gates at congreis conduct with 
 great policy, vol. ii. p. 105 
 the ftate agrees upon a conttuu- 
 tion for the commonwealth, vol. 
 iii. p. 95 incorporates the A- 
 merican Academy of Arts and 
 Sciences, p. 96 the lalt act he- 
 fore entering on a new conltitu- 
 tion, p. 139 the firft general 
 court upon the new conftitution, 
 ibid. the conftitution violated 
 by the general court, p. 386. 
 
 Maffacre of the Moravian In- 
 dians, vo'l. iii. p. 330. 
 
 Matthew, general, makes a 
 defcent on Virginia, vol. ii. p. 
 
 447- 
 
 Mawbood, lieutenant colonel, 
 attacked at Princeton, vol. ii. p. 
 171. 
 
 Maybeiu, Dr. his letter to 
 judge Hutchinfon, vol. i. p. 135. 
 
 Meafures taken at Philadel- 
 phia for relieving the army un- 
 der general Wamington, vol. 
 iii. p. 62. 
 
 Medical departments, defects, 
 in the American, occafion the 
 lofs of many fick, vol. ii. p. 
 328. 
 
 Meeting-boufe, the old fouth, 
 turned into a riding-fchool for 
 the Britifh dragoons, vol. i. p. 
 425. 
 
 Mtigs, colonel, his expedi- 
 tion to Sagg harbour, vol. ii. p. 
 212. 
 
 Mercenaries, foreign, fail for 
 America, vol.ii.p. 73. 
 
 Militia, American, complain- 
 ed of, vol. ii. p. 1 18, 122,128. 
 
 Minorca attacked by the Spa- 
 niards, aided by the French, 
 vol. iii. p. 235. 
 
 Minute-men inflituted, vol. i. 
 p.28i. 
 
 Mob at Bofton, vol. i. p. 
 134 attack judge Hutchinfon's 
 
 X. 
 
 435 
 
 houfe, ibid. at Rhode Ifland, 
 p. 139 at New York, p. 140 
 at Botion, on account of the 
 feizure of Mr. Hancock's (loop 
 Liberty, p. 168. 
 
 Monmoutb coiirt-houfe action, 
 vol. ii. p. 373. 
 
 Montgomery, general, is fent 
 on with troops to Canada, and 
 befieges St. John's, vol. i. p. 
 436 he takes Montreal, p. 439 
 440 appears before Quebec, p. 
 442 his whole force little more 
 than half the garrifon, vol. ii. 
 p. 33 he attempts carrying the 
 city by a coup de main, and is 
 killed, p. 35. 
 
 Montreal taken, vol. i. p. 
 440. 
 
 Montjerrat furrenders, vol. iii. 
 287. 
 
 Morgan, general, attacked by 
 a fuperior force under colonel 
 Tarleton, whom he defeats, vol. 
 iii. p. 160 is purfued by lord 
 Cornwallis, p. 164 is joined by 
 general Greene perionally, ibid. 
 
 Movements of the armies under 
 Sir H. Clinton and gen. Wam- 
 ington, after the evacuation of 
 Philadelphia, vol. ii. p. 368. 
 
 Mud IJland, vol. ii. p. 288 
 is abandoned, p. 290. 
 
 Mug ford, captain, takes the 
 Hope powder (hip, vol. ii. p. 85 
 is killed, p. 86. 
 
 Mutiny among the American 
 foldiers at Philadelphia, vol. iii. 
 p. 369. 
 
 N. 
 
 Natcbes, the Britifli fmle- 
 ments there reduced by cipuin 
 Willing, vol. ii. p. 339. 
 
 New England* the p^--j>le ihere 
 are alarmed with the reports of 
 an American epilcopacy, vol. i. 
 p. 97 with the appreheniion of 
 defigns on the part of the Uritifh 
 minittry againft their forrqs of 
 government 
 
I N 
 
 government, p. 113 the fup- 
 pofed plan of miniftry, p. 114. 
 
 New Hampjbire colony fettled, 
 vol. i. p. 48 the people make 
 their firil hoilile movement, 
 p. 287 their delegates re- 
 ceive inftru&icns which they 
 
 lay before congrefs, p. 431 
 
 the provincial congrefs proceed 
 to take up civil government, vol. 
 n. p. 25 feveral of the repre- 
 fentatives proteil againff it, p. 
 26 feveral of the towns petition 
 againftit, ibid. a return of the 
 inhabitants, p. 84. 
 
 New Haven colony fettled, 
 vol. i. p. 45 made a part of 
 Connecticut, ibid. 
 
 town attacked by ge- 
 neral Tryon, vol. ii. 450. 
 
 Ne<w yerfey fettled, vol. i. p. 
 5 3 the quaker inhabitants com- 
 plain of the duties impoied up- 
 on them by the governor of 
 New York, p. 54 the affembly 
 declare againlt independency, 
 p. 411 the provincial congrefs 
 mqch influenced by the plot to 
 deilroy general Wafhington's ar- 
 my at New York, vol. ii. p. 93 
 they form their conftitution, 
 p. 107 cruelties practifed in 
 that ftate by the royal troops, p. 
 179 the people exafperated and 
 fly to arms, p. i 8c. 
 
 New York fettled, vol. i. p. 
 52 the aflembly pals an at de- 
 claring the rights of the people, 
 p. 85 the powers of legiflation 
 taken from the province, till 
 there is a compliance with a Bri- 
 tifh adl of parliament, p. 159 
 the New Yorkers the firft who a- 
 dopted the non-importation a- 
 
 greement, p. 145 they de- 
 
 fift from the fame, p. 197 a 
 quarrel between them and the 
 foldiers, p. 211 they agree up- 
 on a new congre.% p. 25- 
 
 the aflembly renounce all con* 
 cern with the preceding con- 
 grefs, p. 318 a battle between 
 the whigs and tories, on the 
 points, congrefs, or no congrefe, 
 p. 318 the New Yorkers flop 
 the vc-ffels bound to Qnebec and 
 elfewhere, p. 340 the meafures 
 of the citizens on hearing of hof- 
 tilicies in the Maffachufetts, p. 
 341 the cannon removed from 
 the battery, and the Afia man of 
 war fires on the city, p. 41 I- 
 the New Yorkers fufpefted, p. 
 413 the city evacuated by the 
 Americens, vol. ii, p. 125 a 
 terrible fire there, p. 126 the 
 New York ilate eftablifti their in- 
 dependent conilitution, p. 250 
 the city evacuated by the Bruifh, 
 vol. iii. p. 376. 
 
 Nevis furrenders,vol.iii.p.239. 
 
 Neutrality t the armed, vol. 
 iii. 79. 
 
 Newfoundland, the florm on 
 the coaits of it, vol. ii. p. 59. 
 
 Newport, poffefled by the Bri- 
 tifh, vol. ii. p. 145 an expedi- 
 tion againft ;t, p. 284 evacu- 
 ated by the Britim, vol. iii. p. 35. 
 
 Non-importation agreement a- 
 dopted firit by the New York 
 merchants, and then by others, 
 vol. i. p. 143 a frefh non-im- 
 portation agreement begun at 
 Bofton, and afterward adopted 
 elfewhere, p. 160 declined for 
 the prefent by the Pennfylvania 
 merchants, p. 175 adopted by 
 them, and notice thereof fent to 
 the committee of merchants at 
 London, p. 180 given up by 
 the New Yorkers, p. 197. 
 
 Norfolk aclion, in which cap- 
 tain Fordyce fell, vol. i. 408 
 the town is fired by parties of 
 failors and marines from lord 
 Dunmore's fleet, and deflroyed, 
 vol.ii. p. 49. 
 
 North 
 
I N D 
 
 frortb Carolina, general af- 
 fembly meet and refolve to unite 
 with the other colonies, vol i. p. 
 339 l ^ e movements of the in- 
 habitants occafion-the governor's 
 quitting the colony, p. 392 the 
 convention folemnly declare it to 
 be their wifli, that they may be 
 reflored to the flate in which 
 they were before 1763, p. 405 
 eltablim their independent form 
 of government, vol. ii. p. 164. 
 
 Norwalk burnt by the Britifti, 
 vol. ii. p. 451. 
 
 Nova Scotia, the reprefenta- 
 tives thereof, prefent an addrefs, 
 petition and memorial to the king 
 and parliament, vol. ii. p. 66. 
 O. 
 
 Obfer vat ions on the Bofton 
 port-bill, vol. i. 258. 
 
 Officers, the American, peti- 
 tion congrefs, vol. iii. p. 358. 
 
 Ohio, company, vol. i. 98 
 the French build a fort on the 
 Ohio, p. 100. 
 
 Omoa, fort, taken by the Bri- 
 tifjj, vol. Hi. p. 78. 
 
 Operations of the troops under 
 generals Philips and Arnold in 
 Virginia, vol. iii. p. 205. 
 
 Order of the Britifh king in 
 council for fufpending provi {ion- 
 ally all the particular ftipulati- 
 ons refpe&ing the fubjedts of the 
 States General, contained in the 
 feveral treaties, voL iii. p. 80. 
 
 Ordnance (hip from Woolwich 
 taken by captain Manley, vol.i. 
 p. 428. 
 
 Or r Jillursj count de, fails from 
 Breft to join the Spanifh fleet, 
 vol. ii. p. 464 fails with the 
 combined fleet for Plymouth, p. 
 466. 
 
 Otis, Mr. James, junior, threa- 
 tens governor Barnard, vol. i. p. 
 112 his pamphlet, The rights 
 of the Briiifh Colonies, alarms 
 
 X. 
 
 437 
 
 the people, p. 119 his fpeech 
 againft refcinding, p. 166 an 
 affray between him and Mr. Ko- 
 binfon, p. 193. 
 P. 
 
 Painter, John the, alias Jamea 
 Aitkin, vol. ii. p. 198. 
 
 Pallifer, Sir Hugh, tried, vol. 
 ii. p. 435. 
 
 Paper-money firft emitted by 
 congrefs, vol. i. p. 375 the par- 
 ticular mifchievous effects of it, 
 vol. iii. p. 227 its ceafing to 
 circulate occasions no convul- 
 fion, ibid. 
 
 Papifts relieved by aft of par- 
 liament, vol. ii. p. 355. 
 
 Paker, admiral Hyde, engages 
 admiral Zoutman, on Dogger 
 Bank, vol. iii. p. 233. 
 
 , Sir Peter, and lord 
 
 Cornwallis, fail from Portfmouth 
 to Cork, vol. ii. p. 69 from 
 Cork to America with troops, p. 
 70 arrive at Cape Fear, and 
 meet with general Clinton, p. 94. 
 proceeds to attack Charlefton, 
 in South Carolina, p. 95. 
 
 Parliament, the feffion of it o- 
 pened in 1775, vol. ii. p. 6o 
 the debates, p. 61 a motion re- 
 lative to the employing of Hano- 
 verian troops without the confent 
 of parliament, p. 63 thehoufes 
 informed of the French refcript, 
 notifying the treaty with Ameri- 
 ca, p. 352 the parliament un- 
 expectedly diflblved, vol. iii. p. 
 141 the new parliament meets, 
 p. 146 the king's fpeech, and 
 debates on the addrefs, ibid. 
 
 Peace neceffary for the United 
 States, vol. iii. p. 320 negocia- 
 tions between the American and 
 Britiih commiffioners, p. 345^ 
 350 provisional articles, p. 362 
 -definitive treaty, p. 382. 
 
 Pearfon, captain engages Paul 
 Jonss, vol. ii. p. 470. 
 
43* 
 
 N D 
 
 Peek's-kill, (lores there deftroy- 
 ed, vol. ii. p. 73. 
 
 Pendleton, juitice, his reafons 
 for leaving Charlefton, vol. iii. 
 
 P- 73- 
 
 Pena, governor, on account 
 of his having delivered the fe- 
 cond petition of congrefs to the 
 king, vol. i. p. 433 examined 
 before the houfe of lords, vol. ii. 
 p. 64. 
 
 rtsnfyl<vania fettle their inde- 
 pendent constitution, vol. ii. p. 
 150 numbers diflatisned ibid. 
 the Pennfylvania acl relating 
 to flavery, vol. iii. p. 126. 
 
 line of troops revolt 
 
 vol. iii. p. 150 fee Re volt. 
 
 Penobfcot, expedition againft it 
 by the Maffachufetts, vol. iii. 
 p. 17. 
 
 Petitions to the houfe of com- 
 mons on American affairs, vol. 
 
 ii. p. 59 petitions from the 
 
 counties tor a public reform, vol. 
 iii. p. 86 confidered by the houfe 
 of commons, and the refolutions 
 of the houfe in favour of them, p. 
 87 all hopes of obtaining re- 
 drefs from that houfe at an end, 
 p. 88 a frefli petition prefented, 
 p. 232. 
 
 Philadelphia merchants ex- 
 prefs their minds fully to the com- 
 mittee in London on the revenue 
 acls and grievances, vol. i. p. 190 
 the committee flop the failing 
 of veffels to Quebec and elfewhere 
 p. 340 the zeal of the citizens 
 in hoilile preparations, p. 376 
 they provide for the fafety of the 
 city, p. 396 it is pofiefTed by 
 the royal army, vol ii. p. 244 
 it is evacuated by the Britim, 
 p. 366. 
 
 Pickens colonel, defeats the 
 South. Carolina tories, vol. ii. p. 
 422 enters the Indian country, 
 and deflroys their corn, vol. iii. 
 
 p. 23 aided by Lee's legion? 
 reduces the fort at Augufta, p; 
 194 chailifes the Cherokees for 
 breaking their engagements, p. 
 248. 
 
 Piquet , Mr. de la Motte, faves 
 feveral merchant mips, and en- 
 gages iome Britifli men of war, 
 vol. iii. p. 81, 82 ^captures a 
 .number of (hips la%n with the 
 fpoils of Statia, p. 229. 
 
 Pondi cherry taken by general 
 Munro, vol. ii. p. 442. 
 
 Poule, the Belle, and Arethu- 
 fa, engage, vol. ii. p. 358 the 
 Belle Poule is taken, vol. iii. p. 94. 
 
 Powder, the quantity thereof 
 in the Maffachufetts, vol i. p 
 352 the extreme want of it at 
 camp, p. 380 a large fupply 
 obtained by the capture of the 
 Hope, vol. ii. p. 85. 
 
 Pratt, Mr. converfes withDr. 
 Franklin about the Americans, 
 vol. i. p. 109. 
 
 Predatory war againft the A- 
 mericans determined upon, vol. 
 ii. p. 450. 
 
 Prefect, general, furrenders 
 with the foldiers, failors, and e- 
 leven veflels, vol. i. p. 440 is 
 furprifed on Rhode Ifland, and 
 carried off by lieut. col. BartOB, 
 vol. ii. p. 226. 
 
 Prevcft, general, enters South 
 Carolina, and marches toward 
 Charleflon, vol. ii. p. 444 de- 
 fends Savannah, and repulfes 
 the allied troops un^erD'Eftaing 
 and Lincoln, vol. iii. p. 30. 
 
 Princeton aclion, vol. ii. p; 
 170. 
 
 Pr if oners, American, the treat- 
 ment they met with, vol. ii. p. 
 294 collections for the relief 
 of thofe in England, p. 346. 
 
 , Britifli, the treat- 
 ment they met with from the A- 
 mericans, vol. iii. p. 269. 
 
 Privateers 
 
N 
 
 X. 
 
 439 
 
 Privateers, American, their 
 fuccefs, vol. ii. p. 190, 462. 
 
 Proceedings on the meeting of 
 the new parliament in 1774, vol. 
 i. p. 291 the feffion clofes, p. 
 
 333. 
 
 Proclamation, lord and general 
 Howe's, the benefit of it claim- 
 ed by numbers in the Jerfeys, 
 vol. ii. p. 143. 
 
 Propofals for building men of 
 war for the ufe of the Britifti 
 government by private fubfcrip- 
 tions, vol. iii. p. 350. 
 
 Protejl of feveral lords againft 
 the bill for regulating the go- 
 vernment of the MafTachufetts 
 Bay, vol. i. p. 245 againft the 
 bill for the impartial aaminiftra- 
 tion of juftice there, p. 246. 
 
 of the Maffachufetts 
 
 reprefenutives, vol. iii. p. 387. 
 
 Prpyijtnc? plantations fettled, 
 vol. i. p. 47 united with Rhode 
 Ifland, p. 48. 
 
 Publications relative to the A- 
 merican war, vol. ii. p. 74. 
 
 Pulajki, count, at Charleston, 
 vol. ii. p. 445* rnortally wound* 
 cd, vol. iii. p. 34 congrefs re- 
 folve to erect a monument to his 
 memory, ibid. 
 
 Puritans, the rife of them, vol. 
 i. p. 26 provide a retreat from 
 perfecution in the Maffachufetts 
 Bay, p. 34 people the Maffa- 
 chufetts, Connecticut and New- 
 Haven colonies, p. 46. 
 
 Putnam, general, haftens, 
 with troops to the MafTachufetts, 
 vol. i.p. 340 efcapes with 3500 
 men from New- York, vol.ii. p. 
 126. Q^ 
 
 Quakers, a deputation from 
 their yearly meeting wait upon 
 congrefs, vol. iii. p. 373. 
 
 - , a report of a commit- 
 tee of congrefs refpecting them, 
 vol. ii. p. 234. 
 
 VOL. Ill, 
 
 Quakers, in Weft J a rfey, com- 
 plain of duties laid upon them, 
 
 vol. i. p. 54.- of Pennfylva- 
 
 nia, throw George Keith into 
 prifon, p. 81. 
 
 i , two, John Roberts 
 and Abraham Carlifle, are exe- 
 cuted for high treafon againft the 
 commonwealth of Pennfylvania, 
 vol. ill. p. 414. 
 
 Q<incy, Mr. extracts from his 
 journal while in England, vol. i. 
 
 p. 294 his account of lord 
 
 Chatham's fpeech on the 2oth 
 of January, 1775, P- 298 
 lord Gamden's, p. 302. 
 
 R. 
 
 Randolph, the American fri* 
 gate, blown up, vol. iii. p. 339. 
 Raiudcn, lord, marches out of 
 Camden, attacks genera) Greene 
 and obliges him to retreat, vol. 
 iii. p. 189 evacuates Camden, 
 p. 194 pur.'ues Greene, and 
 foon afor is purfued by him, p. 
 
 198 ^marches to Char le lion. 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Red-lank, count Donop re- 
 pulfed there, vol. ii. p. 287. 
 
 Reed Colonel Joleph, his let- 
 ter to a member of congrefs, 
 vol. ii. p. 94 his anfwer to the 
 offers made to corrupt him, p. 
 
 39'- 
 
 Refugees, the loyal, imbody 
 by the permiffion of Sir H. Clin- 
 ton, and make reprifals, vol. ii. 
 p. 432-" commit great excefles 
 with their fleet of privateers and 
 cruifers, vol. iii. p. 138. 
 
 Remarks on the Boilon port- 
 bill, vol. i. p. 258. 
 
 Removal, the, of gen. Wafh- 
 ington from the command of the 
 army attempted, vol.ii. p. 319. 
 
 Reprifals, general, granted by 
 the Britifti council againft the 
 Dutch (hips and goods, vol. iii. 
 p. 143. 
 
 Hhh 
 
 olutions, 
 

 N 
 
 D 
 
 Refolutions , the, and acldrefs of 
 both houfes of parliament, cen- 
 furing the Maflachufetts alTem- 
 bly and the town of Bofton, vol. 
 i. p. 183 the counter relblves 
 of the Virginia houfe of bur- 
 geiTes, p. 184 -the like refolves 
 of North Carolina aflcinbly cc- 
 cafion their diflblution, by gover- 
 nor Try on, p. 185. 
 
 Revenue, miniftry inclined to 
 raife one in the colonies, vol. i. 
 p. 1 06 Mr. Pitt's deiign of do- 
 ing it, p. 109 the firil Britim 
 aft of parliament pafTed avowed- 
 ly for the purpofe of railing a 
 revenue in the American colonies 
 p. 1-17 it is confidered by the 
 r/IafiachufTetto houfe of affembly, 
 and a committee appointed to 
 write upon the fubjecl to the o- 
 ther American affemblies, p. 
 
 J2O. 
 
 Re-jolt, the, of the Pennfyl- 
 vania line of troops, vol iii. p. 
 
 353 -the revolters march to 
 
 Princeton, p. i >2 to Trenton, 
 and deliver up the Britifii fpies 
 and agents to be executed, and 
 matters are adjured, p. 153. 
 
 of part of the jerfey 
 
 brigade, is fpeediiy fapprefled, 
 iind two of the leaders executed, 
 Ibid. 
 
 Rhode IJland pi an ration fettled 
 and unitea to Providence vo!.i. 
 p. 4-7 obtain a royal chaiter, p. 
 48 the people feize the cannon, 
 and the aflembly refolve upon 
 procuring arms and military 
 ilores,p. 287. The roval forces 
 pv-.ffefs'themlelves of Rhode If- 
 land, vol. ii. p. 144 make an 
 cxcurfion on the continent, p, 
 3O4--the expedition againit tliem 
 under general Sullivan and count 
 D'Eftaing, p."383 an engage- 
 inept between numbers of them 
 and Sullivan's troops, p. 387 
 
 they evacuate the ifland, vol. iii, 
 p. 36. 
 
 Riot, a great one at Bofton, 
 on account of the tfamp-adt, vol. 
 i. p. 134 the rioters deitroy 
 judge hutchinfon's houfe, p. 135 
 a fimilar riot at New-York, 
 
 P- 139- 
 
 Riots, at Edinburgh and Glaf- 
 gcw, vol. ii. p. 439. 
 
 Rochambeaiiy count de, arrives 
 at Rhode Jfland, and is addreiTed 
 by the inhabitants, vol. iii. p. 
 127 joins Wafhington with the 
 French troops, p. 214 lends the 
 American commander money to 
 fupply his troops, p. 254. 
 
 Rodney Sit George, appointed 
 to the chief command in the Weft 
 Indies, vol. iii. p. 82 engages 
 and defeats the Spanifh fleet un- 
 der Don Juan Langara, p. 83 
 engages count de Guichen, p. 
 85 takes St. Euib.tia,-p.i85 
 watches count de GrafTe, p. 
 30^ engages him, p. 306 is 
 created an Englilh peer, p. 312. 
 
 Rutledge, governor, of South 
 Carolina, retaliates for col. Bal- 
 four's conduct, vol. in. p. 245- 
 ifiues writs for a new election of 
 reprefentatives, &c. p. 269. 
 S. 
 
 SaviJL', Sir George moves for 
 the reliei of the Papiits, vol. ii. " 
 
 P- 355- 
 
 Sa-vannaL evacuated by the 
 
 Britifh, vol. iii. p. 3:5. 
 
 Say re Mr. fecured and com- 
 mitted to the tower, vol. ii. p. 
 59 fues lord Rochford, p. 192. 
 
 Schaick, colonel Van, his ex- 
 pedition againit the Indians, voJ, 
 ii. 450. 
 
 -- Scheme, one for ddtroying 
 general Wafnington's army at 
 New-York, vol.ii. p. 92. 
 
 Sckuyhr, general, diiarms the 
 
 inhabitants of Tryon Bounty, 
 
 voK 
 
N 
 
 X. 
 
 441 
 
 vol.i'i. p. 30 refolutlons of con- 
 grei's concerning him, p. 186, 
 216. 
 
 Seal of the United States of 
 America, vpl. iii. p. 223^ 
 
 Secejfion the, of many of the 
 minority members, vol. ii. p. 
 196. 
 
 Ships, Britifti taken in Boflon 
 bay, and the neighbourhood, 
 vol. i. p. 428. 
 
 i riven from 
 
 Nantafket, and the port of Bof- 
 ton, opened vol. ii p. 86 [he 
 Phoenix andRofe go op the North 
 river and return, p. 1 10. 
 
 Slaves, Arrican, firft introdu- 
 ced into the colonies, vol. i. p. 60. 
 
 Snider y Cbriftopher, killed at 
 Bofton, and buried with the great, 
 ell refpecl, vol. i. p. 196. 
 . Sons of liberty, the rife of the 
 title among the Americans, Vol. 
 i. p. 129. 
 
 South Carolina, congrefs enter 
 into an aifociation, and refolve 
 upon putting Charleston and :he 
 province into a refpeclable pof- 
 ture of defence, vol. i. 388 the 
 governor, lord William Camp- 
 bell, 'diiiruftiful of his perfonal 
 fafety, quits Charlefton and goes 
 on board, a royal {loop of war, 
 p. 401 the committee of fafety 
 lend troops into the Settlements 
 of the royalifts, and feize their 
 leaders, p. 404 the provincial 
 congrefs determine upon an in- 
 dependent coniritution, vol. ii. 
 p. 51 the Mate goes to war with 
 theCherokees, p. 147 new mo- 
 dels the temporary form of go- 
 vernment, p. 336 is invaded by 
 general Prevoll, p. 443 a ge- 
 neral revolt in favor of congrefs, 
 vol. iii. p. 96. 
 
 Spaniards, their humanity to 
 their Britilh prifoners, vol. iii. 
 p. 149. 
 
 Spanijh and French fleets join 
 in the Well Indies, but make no 
 attempt againit Jamaica, vpl. iii. 
 p. 141. 
 
 Stamp-act, vol. i. p. 122 
 colonel Barre's fpeech in the de- 
 bates upon .it, p. 124 during 
 the debate, gen. Conway denies 
 the right of parliament to tax the 
 colonies, p. 125 the relblvesof 
 the Virginia houie of burgeffes, 
 refpecling the (lamp-act, p. 130 
 the fpirits of the coloniirs in- 
 flamed by them,, io that great 
 difturbantes follow, p. 133, 139, 
 140 the repeal ot" the {lamp-act 
 p. 150 the joy that occasions 
 through the colonies, p. 153. 
 
 Stamp-papers, the diftributors 
 of them relign, vol. i. p. 139, 
 141, 142 bufinefs carried c;V 
 without them, p. 143. 
 
 Stark, genera!, arrives with 
 the NewHampfnire militia in the 
 neighbourhood of Burgoyne's 
 army, in order to cppoie him, 
 vol. ii. p. 255 defeats lieuu 
 colonels Baum and Breyrr.au, p. 
 258. 
 
 State of the army under gene- 
 ral Waihington, vol. ii. p. I ! 8- > 
 jn the northern department, p, 
 119. 
 
 Steuoen, baron, is chofen in- 
 fpeclor general, -vol. ii, p. 327. 
 Stc~uuart, lieut. colonel, en- 
 gages general Greene at the Eu- 
 taw fprings, vol. iii. p. 142. 
 
 Sloney Point taken by the I3rl- 
 tifh, vol. ii. p. 447 retaken by 
 the Americans, p. 452. ^ 
 
 Stonington fired upon by the 
 Britilh fhipping, vol. i. p. 414. 
 $$fitjr*ng\ endured by the gen- 
 tlemen fent from Charleitown to 
 St. Auguftine, vol. iii. p. 22^.' 
 SujfoM county in the Maila- 
 chufetts, their delegateis meet, 
 and come to various resolutions, 
 
44* 
 
 N D 
 
 X. 
 
 vol. i. p. 267 addrefs governor 
 Gage, p. 268 fend to the ge- 
 neral congreis at Philadelphia an 
 account of their proceedings, 
 ibid. which are approved by 
 COngrefs, p. 269. 
 
 Srffrein, Mr. de, is fent in 
 puriuit of commodore Johnftone, 
 vol. iii. p. 231 a'tacks the com- 
 
 modore, 
 
 212- 
 
 -ngages ad- 
 
 miral Huglies in the Eatl Indies, 
 p. 304 engages him afrefh, p. 
 
 35 2 - 
 
 Sullivan, general, his expe- 
 dition to Staten Ifland, vol. ii. 
 p. 234 again ft the Britilh 
 troops, Rhode Ifland, p. 383, 
 385 engages a number of them, 
 
 E. 386 retreats from Rhode If- 
 ind, p. 387. 
 
 Sumpter, colonel, heads the 
 friends of independency, quits 
 North Carolina, and takes the 
 iield in South againft the victo- 
 rious Britilh, vol. iii. p. 19 at- 
 tacks the Britiih poft at Rocky- 
 mount, and at the Hanging- 
 rock, p. 95- on the Wateree, 
 p. 104- is defeated by colonel 
 Tarlnon, p. 108^ is made a 
 brigadier general, p. 112 de- 
 feats major Weyms, and is at- 
 tacked by Tarletpn, whom he 
 repulfes, p. 122 takes the Bri- 
 tifh garrilbn at Qrangeburgh, p. 
 194. 
 
 Surge-ins in the American ar- 
 rny, many of them exceffively 
 deficient, vol. ii. p. 129. 
 
 Synod, the United, of New 
 York and Philadelphia, their 
 paitoral letter, vol. i. p. 383. 
 T. 
 
 Tallmage, major, furprifes 
 fort St. George, on Long Ifland, 
 vol. iii. p. 136. 
 
 Tarktsn* lieutenant colonel, 
 jd.efrats colonel Bur ford, vol iii. 
 p. 5; defeats colonel Sumpter, 
 
 p. 1 08 is repulfed by him, p. 
 122. 
 
 Taxes not to be impofed on 
 the inhabitants of New York co- 
 lony, but by- their own repre- 
 fentatives, according to the de- 
 clarative adl of their general 
 court, paired immediately after 
 the revolution, vol. i. p. 85 a 
 fimilar aft paffed by the Maffa- 
 chuletts jegiflarure, p. 86 the 
 fcheme of taxing the colonies re- 
 jected by Sir Robert Walpoie, p, 
 92 ihe Britifh government un- 
 der no necefluy of taxing the co- 
 lonies for their defence, and the 
 fecurity of the new ceded coun- 
 tries, p. 127- a bill for taxing 
 the colonies atrefh brought in by 
 Mr. Charles Tovvnfend, p. 158. 
 
 Tea, the Bail Jndia company 
 rfrqueil the repeal of the AmerU 
 can outy uponit, vol. i 126 a 
 bill pailes enabling them to ex- 
 port their own teab, p 127 the 
 colonifls excited to refift the in- 
 trcduclion and fale of their teas 
 upon that plan, p. 230 the 
 confignees at Philadelphia and 
 New York refign their appoint- 
 ment, p. 231 a quantity of tea 
 thrown overboard at New York, 
 p. 232 the New York and Phi- 
 ladelphia tea-fhips return to 
 Great Britain, ibid. the mea- 
 fures taken at Bofhm to induce 
 the confignees at the place to re- 
 fign, p. 233 i-the tea-fhips ar- 
 rive, and are watched, p. 234 
 the contents of 342 chefts of tea 
 caft into the fait water, p. 237. 
 
 c ferney, admiral de, arrives at 
 Newport, and is addreled by the 
 inhabitants, vol, iii. p. 65 dies 
 at Newport, p. 88 
 
 Thomas, the American gene- 
 ral, dies, vol. ii. p. 78. 
 
 T'hcr.-.pfcn, general, difpatch- 
 
 ed to attack the Britifh at Three 
 
 Rivers, 
 
N 
 
 Rivers, vol. ii. p. 80 is defeat- 
 ed and taken, p. 81. 
 
 Tobago taken, vol. iii. p. 219 
 
 Towns in the Maffachufetts, 
 their conititution, vol. i. p. 262. 
 
 Trade, the importance of the 
 Britilh Weft India, vol. i p. 332 
 of the colonies, p. 333. 
 
 Treaties, debates on thofe for 
 employing foreign troops in A- 
 jnerica, voi. ii. p. 70. 
 
 Treaty of amity arid commerce 
 between the States General and 
 the American States, vol. iii. p. 
 345 between Sweden and the 
 United States of America, p. 
 
 38$. 
 
 Trenton, the Heffians there de- 
 feated, vol. ii. p. 167. 
 
 Trial of captain Prefton, for 
 killing the perfons who fell on the 
 5th of March, 1776, and his ac- 
 quittal, vol. i. p. 205 of the 
 ioldiers on the like account, and 
 two found guilty of manflaugh- 
 ter, p. 206. 
 
 Troops, general Gage ordered 
 to fend fome to B< fton, vol. ii. 
 p. 173 two regiments are land- 
 ed in the town, p. 178 the Iol- 
 diers and inhabitants quarrel, 
 and at length the termer fire up- 
 on the latter, and kill leveral, p. 
 199 which occalio ^.s the utmoft 
 confufion in the town, when it is 
 agreed that the regiments (hould 
 withdraw tothecaitle, p. 203 
 the perfons (lain are buried with 
 unparalleled pomp, p. 205. The 
 Bofton committee ad fyitemati- 
 cally to prevent all iupplies for 
 the troops in the town under go- 
 vernor Gage, p. 264. 
 
 Try on county, the inhabitants 
 of it difarmed, vol. ii. p. 30. 
 
 , governor, arrives 
 at New York, vol. i. p. 396 
 his influence alarms congreis, p. 
 4.12. He cjuits New York and 
 
 X. 
 
 443 
 
 goes on board the packet, ibid, 
 commands the expedition againft 
 Danbury, vol. ii. p. 209 againft 
 New Haven, Fairneld, and Nor- 
 walk, p. 450. 
 
 Tyconderoga, colonel Allen's 
 expedition againft it, vol. i. p. 
 344 the fort furprifed, p. 346 
 evacuated by generalSt. Clair, 
 vol. ii. p. 221. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vergennes, count de, his po- 
 litics, vol. ii. p. 425. 
 
 Ville de Paris, count de 
 Graffe's (hip, ftrikes to Sir Sa- 
 muel Hood, vol. iii. p. 309. 
 
 Vincent* St. taken by the 
 French, vol. ii. p. 463. 
 
 Virginia fettled, vol. i. p. 57 
 African (laves introduced a- 
 mong the fettlers, p. 60 the 
 commons of England lend a forcd 
 againft them, p. 64. They 
 proclaim Charles II. king of 
 England, Scotland, Ireland, and 
 Virginia, ibid. their council 
 and houfe of burgeifcs petitioa 
 the king, preient a memorial to 
 the houfe of lords, and remon. 
 ftrate to the houfe of commons, 
 p. 122. The refolves of the 
 houle of burgcfles againft the 
 ri^ht of parliament to tax them, 
 p. 130. The circulation of thefe 
 refoives inflame the inhabitants 
 of the (everal colonies againft 
 the ftamp-aft, p. 131, 133, 149. 
 The hcufe of burgeffes is diflblv- 
 ed for their counter-refolves to 
 thofe of the houfe of lords and 
 commons; when the gentlemen 
 who formed it meet, and enter in- 
 to a unanimous affociation againft 
 importations, p. 183 the bur- 
 geffes, before their diflblution, 
 audrcfied the king on the fubjeft 
 of tranfporting perfons from the 
 colonies to be tried in Great Bri- 
 tain, p. 1 88. The houfe of 
 burgeffes 
 
444 
 
 N D 
 
 X; 
 
 inio 
 
 ,, 
 
 burgefies refolve to maintain an 
 intercourfe with the filter colo- 
 nies, p. 228. 
 
 W. 
 
 War, the American, the low- 
 er chfs of Englifhand Irilh ad- 
 vene to it, vol. ii. p. 56. 
 
 Warren, doctor, his letter to 
 general Gage, vol. i. p. 329 is 
 Id) ed at the battle of Breed's, 
 Bii.'called Bunker's Hill, p. 367 
 * a:s character, p. 369 his re- 
 mains taken up, and honorably 
 burie j by the lodge of Free Ma- 
 fons, vol ii. p. 54. 
 
 Wafbington George, major, fent 
 by governor Dinwiddie to the 
 French commandant, vol. i. p. 
 100. 
 
 , colonel, engages 
 
 the French, vol. i. p. 101. 
 
 , efq ; elecled ge- 
 neral to command all the conti- 
 nental forces, vol. i. p. 359 ar- 
 rives at Cambridge, p. 377 
 letters between him and Gage, 
 p. 416. The general no wife 
 "de /irons of independency, though 
 man) of the New England of- 
 ficers are, vol. ii. p. 28 re- 
 quires 13 regiments of militia to 
 itrengthen the army, p. 33 is 
 for crofting the ice and attacking 
 Bofton, p. 38 fends cfF troops 
 for New York, upon the town's 
 being evacuated, p. 45 attends 
 a thagkigiving fermon preached 
 at his requeit, p. 46 is compli- 
 mented by the MafTachuietts 
 council and reprefentatives in a 
 joint addrefs, ibid. his force at 
 jNew York fmall, p. 93 a con- 
 ference between him and the 
 Britifh adjutant general, p. 109 
 evacuates Long Ifhnd, p. 1 15 
 evacuates New York iiland, 
 p. 132 croiTes the North river 
 inio Jerfeys and Pennfylvania, 
 p. 140 his fituauon .after crol- 
 
 fmg the Delaware,, p. i64-rre- 
 croffes and attacks the Hefiians, 
 p. 1 66 re-enters the Jerleys, 
 p. 169 efcapes from lord Corn- 
 walhs, marches to Princeton, 
 and attacks the fourth Britifh 
 brigad?; p. 170 marches id 
 Morri flown, p. 171 the weak- 
 nefs of his force theie, p. 184. 
 He quits Mcrriftown, p. 213 
 is perplexed about the deitina- 
 tion of the Britith fleet and ar- 
 my, p 228 marches toward the 
 Brandywine, p. 229 is beaten, 
 p. 240 retreats to Philadelphia, 
 p. 241 recroiTes the Sch.uylkill 
 wiiha firm intent of fighting Sir 
 William Howe, p. 242 provi- 
 dentially prevented by an incef- 
 fant heavy rain, ibid.- pailes 
 the Schuylkill afrefh, p< 243 
 furprifes the main body oi tie 
 royal army at German-town, p. 
 246 is obliged to retreat, p. 
 
 247 his force, p. 287 at 
 
 White Marih, p. 291 huts at 
 Valley-forge, p. 292 his remo- 
 val from the command of the ar- 
 my attempted, p. 319 he la- 
 bors to obtain half pay for the 
 officers, p. 324 marches the 
 troops from Valley-forge, p. 368 
 engages the Britilh near Mon- 
 mouth, p. 375 his thoughts 
 upon the change of public affairs, 
 p. 391 his fcheme for procu- 
 ring good intelligence, p. 430 
 for iecuring himfelf from an 
 attack, vol. iii. p. 17 mentions 
 the difficulties attending his ar- 
 my, p. 126 proceeds to meet 
 count de Rochambeau and adm. 
 Ternay at Hartford, p. 127 a- 
 grees with the count upon a plan 
 for the next campaign, p. 128 
 during his abfence Arnold's 
 fcherne for delivering up Welt 
 Point is difcovered, ibid. Waili- 
 ington appoints a board of gene- 
 ra! 
 
N 
 
 examine and report 
 upon major Andre's cafe, p. 132 
 his thoughts upon the whole 
 bufmeTs p. 134. He detecls a 
 moil grofs impoiition in the fur- 
 nifhing of cattle tor the army, 
 p. 137 -communicates his 
 thoughts to iieut. col. Lauren's 
 and Dr. Franklin, upon the ne- 
 ceifity of aid from France, par- 
 ticularly in money and a naval 
 fuperiority, p. l$4~ <hr: purpo- 
 fes toJae-anfwered by fuch iupe- 
 riority, p. 155 his intention of 
 catching Arnold and his detach- 
 ment in Virginia, p. 177 de- 
 clares the ablolute neceflityofa 
 timely and powerful aid from 
 France, p. 181 difapproves of 
 the Britifh frigate's having been 
 furnifhed with provisions, to pre- 
 vent worfe confequences to his 
 houfe and property, p. 212 his 
 account of the diflreffes of his 
 'array, ibid.- fettles with Ro- 
 chambeau his plan of operations, 
 p. 213 the French troops un- 
 der Rochambeau join him, p. 
 214. Wafhington changes his 
 plan of operations, p. 216 
 marches with the allied army for 
 Philadelphia, ibid. arrives at 
 the Head of Elk, p. 254 be- 
 fore York Town, p. 255 opens 
 the trenches, p. 257 obliges 
 the Britim to furrender, p. 260 
 congratulates the allied army 
 on the event, p. 261 attends 
 congrefs, p. 268 his refolution 
 on the hanging of captain Hud- 
 dy, p. 293 orders an uncondi- 
 tional priibner to be fent on from 
 Pennfylvania or Maryland, p. 
 315 exprefles his concern at 
 .capt. Aigill's being fent, ibid. 
 upon receiving capt. Lippin- 
 cot's trial, and Sir Guy Carle- 
 ton's letter, he laid the whole 
 matter before congrefs for iheir 
 
 E X, 
 
 443 
 
 dir^dion, p. 317 admits AfgiJl 
 to his parole, allows him further 
 indulgences, and expreffes h;* 
 private opinion in favor of I is 
 .being releaied, a'nd perm'-ried to 
 return to his friends in E-.'roj.e, 
 p, 318 ihe genera] receives a 
 letter from count de Vergenncs, 
 interceding for the capuin, ac- 
 companied with, Mrs. Afgill, 
 the mother's letter to the count,' 
 which are forwarded to congrefs, 
 who dired that he (hould b. j let 
 at liberty, p. 319 Washington 
 fends with the reiolve of con- 
 grefs, a pafTport for his going 
 into New York, and writes hirfr 
 a polite letter, ibid is informed 
 by Sir Guy Carleton and adrn. 
 Digby, of the negotiations for 
 peace, p. 321 difconcerts the 
 attempts to fow difcord between 
 the military and civil powers of 
 the United States, p. 359 -has 
 an interview with Sir Guy Carle- 
 ton, p, 367 addreffes a circular 
 letter to the governors of the fe- 
 veral ftates, p. 368 iffues out 
 his farewell orders to the armies, 
 p. 375 takes his leave of the of- 
 ficers, p. 376 delivers in his 
 accounts to the comptroller at 
 Philadelphia, p. 378 refigns his 
 commiffion to congrefs at Anna- 
 polis, p. 379 a few ftriclures 
 concerning him, p. 391. 
 
 Wafhington^ Iieut. col. by a 
 flratagem reduces the Britifti pott 
 at Clermont, vol. iii. p. 124. 
 
 Waym, general, furprifed by 
 general Grey, vol. ii. p. 243 
 takes Stoney Point, p. 452 at- 
 tacks the block-houfe at Bergen- 
 neck, vol. iii. p. 66 fent with 
 the Pennfylvania line to Virgi- 
 nia, and joins the marquis de la 
 Fayette, p. 210 attacks the 
 Eritifh army under lord Corn- 
 wall is, and extricates himfelf 
 from 
 
N 
 
 from a molt perilous fituation, p. 
 2ii proceeds to and commands 
 in Georgia, p. 299 routs col. 
 Brown, p. 324 is furprifed 
 by a body of Creek Indians, 
 but repulfes them, p. 325 takes 
 pofleffion of Savannah, upon its 
 being evacuated by the Britifti, 
 p. 326. 
 
 Wbite&mbt colonel propofes 
 inlifting as a private, vol. i. p. 
 430. 
 
 White, colonel John, with fix 
 volunteers, by a ftratagem in the 
 night, makes 141 of the enemy 
 prifoners, about 25 miles from 
 the Savannah, vol.ii. p. 34. 
 
 Whitefield, the reverend Mr. 
 his information alarms the New 
 'England minifters, vol. i. p. 1 14. 
 
 Williams, colonel, of Ninety 
 Six, repulfes a body of lories, 
 vol. iii. p. 109. 
 
 Wilmington, in North Caroli- 
 na, taken by the Britifh, vol. iii. 
 p. 159. 
 
 D E X. 
 
 Woafter, general, mortally 
 wounded, vol. ii. p. 210. 
 
 Wyoming fettlements deftroy- 
 ed by the Indians, vol. ii. p. 399, 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yankee, the origin of the term, 
 vol. i. p. 324. 
 
 Yorke, Sir Jofeph, applies to 
 their high mightinefles for the 
 delivering up of the Serapis and 
 Countcfs of Scarborough, vol. ii. 
 472 prefents a memorial to the 
 States General, relative to the 
 eventual treaty between Ameri- 
 ca and Holland, vol. iii. p. 143 
 withdraws from the Hague, 
 p. 144. 
 
 York c To=wn, and Gloucefter in 
 Virginia, furrfnder to the allied 
 army under General Walhington, 
 vol. iii. p. 260. 
 
 Zeidnuitx, lieut. col. is tried* 
 and efcapes, vol. ii. p. 123. 
 
 1 N I 8. 
 

 

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