f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. >I FT < Accessions j /'.y&/c/. '/' - // f ' St . THE HISTORY OK THE RISE, PROGRESS, AND ESTABLISHMENT, is OFT II E , INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: INCLUDING AN ACCOUNT OF THE LATE WAR; AND OF T H E T H I R i E E, IN COLONIES,. FROM THEIR ORIGIN TO THAT PERIOD. BY WILLIAM GORDON, D. D. VERUM ***"* CURO, ET ROGO ET OMNIS IN HOC SUM. HORAT. i Ep. i Lib. IN THREE VOLUMES. V O L. III. N E W - Y R K : PRINTED BY HODGE, ALLEN, AND CAMPBELL; AND SOLD AT TKEIR RESPECTIVE BOO K-oTORES, ' M. DCC. LXXXIX, "^nrtiJPI SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. HON. Samuel Athe, one of the judges of the fupferiof cburfi North-Carolina. James Afhe, efq; (heriffof the city and county of Philadelphia, ftate of Pennfylvania. Rev. John Andrews, do. James F. Armftrong, Trenton, New-Jerfey, David Auflin, Elizabeth-town, Mr. Nicholas Anthony, tanner, New -York. John Applegate, do. Levy Abrams, Savannah, Georgia. * i Henry Aborn, New- York. ^ Allard Anthony, tanner and currier, do;. . Jacob J. Ardih, do. Nathaniel Allen, efq; Edenton, N. (J; Mr. James Angus, Albany. Jofeph Anthony, merchant, Philadelphia. Thomas Abernethie, engraver, Charlefton-, S, C* John Aitken, merchant, do; lleclor Alexander, grocer, do'. David Alexander, painter, do, t Ichabod Atwejj, do. " Richard RufTeTAfhe, planter, do. George Arch!bold, attorney, do. Guillam Aertfen, city fhenfF, do. James Allifon, cooper, do. reter Anfpatch, merchant, New-York. Abijah Abbot, grocer, do. Thomas Arden, merchant, plo. Thomas Avery, Palatine townfhip, do. B Hon. Abraham Baldwin, efq; reprefentative in con^refs from Georgia. C Edward S U B S G R.I B E R S NAMES. Edward Burd, efq; prothonotary fupreme court of the {late of Pennfylvania. Rev. Mr. Beveridge, New-York. John Baffet, Albany, do. William Bingham, North-Carolina. Benjamin Boardman, Hartford, Connecticut, Major Jeremiah Bricen, Newark, New-Jerfey. Mr. Charles Buxton, S. M. New- York. Samuel Beach, efq; Charlefton, South-Carolina, Mr. John Blake, Stamford, Connecticut. J- James Burnfide, New-York. C^pt. Jofeph Burnham, Lyme, Connecticut. Mr. George Barwell, New- York. Abraham Brinckerhoff, merchant, do. David Brown, coach maker, Philadelphia, Andrew Brown, printer, do. Andrew Boflwick, efq; New-York. Mr. Nicholas Bjevoort, do. Walter Bicker, hatter, do* Samuel Boyd, do. 4p*- Paul Richard Bache, do. Meffrs. Robert, and P. Bruce, grocers, do, Mr. Bell, Elizabeth-town, N. J. William Bedlow/efq; poft matter, New- York, Capt. James Black, do. Mr. James Bramble, fmith, do. Samuel Bell, cabinet-maker, do: John Burger, goldfmith, do. Thomas Brown, Long-Ifland, do, Caleb Boyles, limner, do. ^Calvin Beakman, fchoolmafter, do, David Boyd, do. Abfalom Blachiey, efq; attorney at law, do. Mr. Jeffe Baldwin, merchant, Newark, N. J. John Burnet, merchant, do. Ifrael Bedell, Staten-Ifland, New-York, David Burns, Orange county, do. Lemuel Brulh, Nine-Partners, do. William Bowdith, Shelter-Ifland, do. Jacob Bo.eardus, Dutchefs county, do. % y Thomas Brown, ftone cutter, do. Samuel Bunce, joiner, do. Lancafter Burling, wheel wright, do. Robert Baker, do. do. Samuel Bowne, merchant, do. David Briflol, Millford, ConneBicut Capt. SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Capt. Samuel Butler, Edenton, N. C. Alexander Black, efq; merchant, do. Mr. Ifaac Beers, bookfeiler. New-Haven, 6 copied Charles I. Brannon, Greenwich, New- York, el W. Baldwin, Newark, New-Jerfey. Nathaniel Beach, dp. do. Samuel Bairow, S. M. New- York. Ebenezer Beach, Huntingdon, Connecticut. James F. Brower, Savannah, Georgia. I. Benedix, do. do. John Blakely, North-Carolina, ames Burthuck, Schohary, New- York. Hilary Baker, efq; Philadelphia. William-Ball, efq; do. J Mr. Jacob Bright, Jo. * Jofeph Buck, efq; fherifF, Cumberland countv, New-Jerfey. Mr. Jeremiah Brooks, Cumberland county, jio. Smi.h Bowen, do. do. John BaJcer efq; merchant, Charlefton, S. C* John Beale, efq; do. Mr. James Bulgin, merchant, do. Charles Banks, do. Morton Brailsford, do. ^ Hugh Bethune, do. / /* & ^\ Oliver Blackaller, do. ' David Bogie, do. William Barnfield, do.. T. B. Bowen, printer, do. Patrick Burton, do, Samuel Beach, efq; do. Peter Bocquet efq; do. Mr. George Bampfield, do. Samuel Beekman, do. William Hardy Bampfield, efq; Dorchefter, S. C. -f JVfr. Ifaac Briggs, Georgia. Mofes Bartram, Philadelphia. Robert Bethel, do. Benjamin Betterton, do. Andrew Brown, do. Jofiah Bagley, Somerfet countv, Maryland. Francis Bailey, printer, Philadelphia. Alexander Biifland, do. Charles Burrali, efq; New-York. Mr. Thomas Bairow, limner, do. ^S John Beekman, druggiU, do. * John Banks, ofiker oi the cuftoms, do. Jofiah SUBSCRIBERS NAMES, I-;*.' . Jofiah Blakely merchant, New-York. John Bruce, currier, do. Peter Bonnett, tanner, do. Jofeph Bufwell, do. John Bonfall,. lumber merchant, do. Obadiah Bofworth, Chowan, N. C. Col. William Bnckell, Franklin, N. C. Mr. James Barron, Bertie, N. C. dmun,d Blount, efq; Chowan, N. C, ol. Robert Burton, -William {borough, N. C. Mr. Nicholas Bray, Newbern,N. C. Jofhua Belden, Weathersfield Connecticut. Luke Bernus, Watertown, Maffachufetts. James Babcock, do. Deacon Edward Bucknam, Stoneham, Maflachufetts B Mr. Judith Barns, Briftol, Connecticut. f ohn Burton, German-town, New-York, ames Brownfon, Clinton, do. _%L Chriflopher Beekman, Albany, do, C His excellency George Clinton, efq; governor and commander in chief of the ftate of New- York. Hon. Jofeph Clay, fen. Savannah, Georgia. Jofeph Collins, efq; Edenton, N. C. Gen. James Clinton, efq; Uliter county, New-York. Col. Jaraes ChrifHe, do. A> , Major William Crane, Elizabeth-town. W. Cunnington, merchant, Charleflon, S. C. Capt. George Crofs, merchant, do. Capu Donald Campbell, do. Joieph Cowperthwait, efq;. late meriff of the city and county of Philadelphia, ftate of Pennfylvania, Charles' Ciiauncy, efq; New-Haven. De Witt Clinton, efq; New-York. Pollok Cullen, efq; Edenton, North-Carolina, James Cbchran, ejq; Savannah. L. M. Cutting, efq; attorney at law, New-York. Lemuel -Crecy, efq; Edenton, N. C. John C: Cuyler, Albany, New York. Mr. Jonathan Clarke, Savannah, Georgia. Charles G. Covie, Charlefton, South-Carolina. Younglove Cutler, merchant, Watertown. John Currie, Savannah, Georgia, Slaughter Cowling, do. Jacob Conkline, New-York, John SUBSCRIBERS NAMES, Mr. John Cockle, New^York. Stephen Crolsheld, do. Daniel Colernan, do. Patrick Coffield, Tobacconift, do. / ^Benjamin Cady, Miiiibrd, Connecticut. '/~ Enoch Clarke, do. Guiiliam Cornell, merchant, New -York. Stephen Cock, do. Calliopes Society, do. Mr. Alexander Cairns, Staten-Ifland, do. George Clarke, Montgomery county, New-York. Robert Campbell, New-York. John Campbell, bookfeller, Wilmington, N. C. 14 copies. Robert Campbell, bookfeiler, Pniladelphia. Alexander Chriitie, painter, Philadelpia. s**l William Carey, Marietta, weftern territory. Samuel Cannon, merchant, Fairfield. David Cardogo, Savannah. Malcorn Campbell, teacher of languages, New -York. , J. Clayton, conveyancer, do. George Cummings, do. N. G. Carmer, do. Jeremiah Cuyler, Savannah. Thornas Collins, Bertie, North-Carolina. Oris Curtis, Canajohorie, New- York, acob Cuyler, Albany, do. ard Cumpfton, do. amejs Caldwell, do. ames Cheftney, do. ohn Chaloner, merchant, Philadelphia. Archibald Campbell, vendue-mafter, Charlefton, S. C. Willfam Cooke, merchant, do. Chriflopher Chapman, planter, do. Alexajider Cameron, do. do, Alexander Chifholm, do. do. Jofeph Compton, do. do. .^Lewis Cameron, grocer, do. / /) /? Mofes G. Crofby, do. do. Job Colcock, vendue-mafter, do. John Cooth, fa6tor, do. James Charles, baker, do. D Simetm De Witt, efq; furveyor general, New-York. Jofhua Danforth, efq; Pittsfield, Maflachufetts. John Dey, efq; Bergen, New-Jerfey. Stephen SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Stephen Drayton, efq; Charleflon, South- Carolina, 2 fets. William Doughty, efq; do. Henry William Defauifure, efq; attorney at law, do. Capt. James Deas, grocer, New- York. Mr. Gilchrift Dickmfon, merchant, do. James Dunlap, meichant,do. George Duiyee,jun.do. Dan. R. Denning, do. ohn Dei ker, Montgomery, Uliler county. /lo/esDe Witt, Ulifer county. ohn D. Dickinfon, Albany. ohfi Dertz, Ihipwtight, do. A 4 ohn Dobfon, blackfmith, do. ohn Dun bar, do. ohn DuiEe, grocer, do. . ohn Dean, Hartford, Connecticut. _ ohn Davis, PI) mouth, Maflachufetts. Samuel Dunham, Wellington, Conneclicut, John Down, Millford, do. Ifaac Davis, Cumberland county, New-Jerfey. John Davidlon, Charlelton, South-Carolina. < Thomas Duggan, do. Durie, do. Gilbert Davidfon, merchant, do. Jofeph Dulles, do. 'Robert Douglas, do. Agnus Dallas, do. Henry Daggett, vendue-mafter, do. Archibald Duncan, engine-maker, do. James Duncan, fmith, do. Anthony Defverneys, gun-maker, do, John Duvall, carpenter, do. J/Jofeph Drinker, Philadelphia. * Thbmas Dobfon, bookfeller, do. 12 copies. Henry Downs, do, John Davis, upholfterer, do. John Dunlap, merchant, New-Yorfc. Nathaniel Davis, Brookhaven, do. William Douglafs, cabinet-maker, do. JohnDixon, leather drefler, do. John Durand, Newark, New-Jerfey. Samuel Downer, merchant, Wettrield, New- York. Jonathan Dwight, Springfield, MarTachufetts. timothy Dunning, merchant, Goihen, New-York. ^ SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. E Rev. B'urgefs Ellifon, Bordentown, New-Jerfey. * Mr. Jofhua Edwards, New-York. Anthony Erneft, do. Abraham Evening, merchant, do. Ebenezer Elmer, efq; Cumberland county, New-Jerfey. Mr. Daniel Evans, painter, Charlefton, South-Carolina. John Ellis, do. do. Joh,rjiwirig, merchant, do. John Edwards, efq; commiflioner of the treafury, do. r. James Elfinow, do. Clark Elliott, New-London. Rev. Benjamin Fofter, A. M. New- York. Richard Furman, Charlefton, South-Carolina. Col. Benjamin Fifhbourn, Savannah, Georgia. Capt. James Fitch, Windfor, Connecticut. John Fo^craft, efq; agent for the Britifh Packets, New- York. Peter Freneau, efq; fecretary of the Hate of South-Carolina. William Frazer, efq; attorney at law, Charlefton, S. Corolina. George Fox, efq; do. Jofhua'Fifher, efq; attorney at law, Dover, Delaware. Jonathan Fitch, efq; New-Haven, Connecticut. John Fulton, efq; Eaft Nottingham, Pennfylvania. Mr. John Fifher, New-York. - Gabriel Furman, do. Cornelius Fifh, do. Jofeph Foul k, do. Andrew G. Fraunces, do. Leonard Fifher, furgeon-barber, do. Ljofeph Fofter, Bofton. George Fithiam, Cumberland county, New-Jerfey, James Finlay, Charlefton, South-Carolina. Jofeph Flint, grocer, do, Williiam Tripp, fen. planter, do. Daniel Fifher, do. do. Feidinanda Fairfax, Virginia. Samuel Foulke, for library, Philadelphia. Edward Ferris, Weilc heller, county, New- York. Hon. William Gibfon, Savannah, Georgia. */ John Fauchercaud Grimkie, elq; one of the afTociate jud- \ ge*s oi South-Carolma. CoL SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Col. Thomas Grofvenor, Pomfret, Connecticut. Capt. John Geyer, planter, Charlefton, S. Carolina. William Barnard Gifford, Flatbufh, New-York. Edward Grefwold, efq; attorney at law, do. Leonard Ganfevoort, efq; Albany, New-York. Henry Gjbbes, efq; attorney at law, Charlefton, S. Carolina. William H. Gibbs, efq; do. Andrew Grifwold, efq; Lyme, Connecticut. Jacob GJen, efq; Scheneftady, do. ^ * * *Mr. John Graham, merchant, New-York. f V f Rdbert Graham, writing -mafter, do. Andrew Gifford, cabinet-maker, do-. Robert Greenleaf, do. Robert Gofman, mafon, do. James Grant, Albany. Ifaac Guion, New- York. Matthew Goodman, do. James Granberry, Edenton, N. Carolina, Frederick W. Geyer, jun. Bofton. v^. John Grant, jun. Albany, New-York. * William Gray, brewer, Philadelphia. William Garrifon, Cumberland county, New-Jerfey. Harry Grant, merchant, Charlefton, South- Carolina. Conrad Gabel, merchant, do. John Frederick Gunnerick, grocer, do. WiWiam Graham, vendue mafter, do. Alexander Grant, baker, do. John Gourlay, boot and fhoemaker, do. MefTrs. Grierfon, Stewart and co. grocers, dp. kMr. John Gordon, faclor, do. John B. Grive, planter, do. James George, (hip-wright, do. ofeph Gaultier, Auctioneer, do. Charles J. Grimbal!, do. Mrs. Elizabeth Geyer, do. Mr. Charles Goldfborough, jun. Philadelphia. Robert Gibfon, Savannah, Georgia, ofeph Gibbons, jun. Savannah, Georgia. . Geoghegan, Charlefton, South-Carolina. H i. David Huger, reprefentative from South- Carolina. John Slofs Hobart, efq; one of the judges of the fupreme court, New- York. Hon- SUBSCRIBERS A M E S. Hon. Benjamin Huntington, efq; reprefentative incongrefs from Conne&icut. James Humphries, efq; Weymouth, MafTachufetts* Col. Geo. Kandiy, Savannah, Georgia. Jofqph Haberfham, do. John Holden, Kentucky. Capt. Robert Hunter, New- York. Aarqn Hitchcock, Suffield, Connecticut, Pliny Hillyer, Gra'nby, do. James Houftoun, efq; Savannah, Georgia. v~ Ebenezer^ Hazard, efq; poftmafter general, New- York. Jofeph rfardy, efq; accomptant of the treafury of the United States, do. Martin Hoffman, efq;, merchant, do. Jofiaji Ogden x Hoffman, efq; attorney at law, do Daniel Hay wood, efq planter, Charlefton, South-Carolina, Thomas Hale, efq; poft-mafter, do* Robert Heriot, efq; George-town, do. George Heriot, efq; do. John* Hopkins, efq; Richmond, Virginia. James Hillhoufe, efq; New-Haven. t^William Halflead, efq; high meriffof Effex county* N. Jerfey* William Harpur, efq; Montgomery county, New-York, John Hallowell, efq; attorney at law, Philadelphia. Rev. Abjel Holmes, Savannah, Georgia. Thomas Hunter, efq; South- Carolina. John Hay, efq; North-Carolina. Dr. Caleb Halftead, Elizabeth-town, New- Jerfey. Mr, Samuel Hitchcock, Vermont. John Hamilton, Savannah, Georgia. John Hamilton, Elizabeth-town, New-JerfeyY Wjofeph. Howell, jun. New -York. Thomas O'Hara, do. Caleb D. Howard, North-Carolina. William Hopfon, do. John H, Hulett, do. "David.Hubbill, Greenfield, Conne^cuf, Robeu L. Hooper, Newark, New-Jerfey. Ifraelr Kcdden, do. do. Abel Houfe, houfe carpenter, New-York. . Hitchcock, merchant, Chefliire, Connelicut. J^ William Halzendorf, Savannah, Georgia. John Henry, merchant, New-York. Robert Hunter, do. do. "George Hunter, do. Daniel SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Ivlr. Daniel Hall, merchant, Charleflon, South-Carolina: William Holms, planter, do. David Haig, cooper, do. Jarrfes Hamilton, merchant, do. Jofhua Hargraves, do. do. Jacpb Hofner, jun. Philadelphia. v_ Jacob Hoffman, jun. do. ^ Roger Flahaven, jun. brufh-maker, do. George Hunter, grocer, New-York. Jacob Hallett, merchant, do. William Henfon, do. David Van Home, merchant, do* James Hearn, do. Jabe^ Halfey, filverfmith,,do. JamS Hayes, glover and breeches-maker^ do, Hezekiah Howell, jun. Orange county, do, \ Jarns Harvey, merchant, .do. Tlfleodorus James Hamilton, do. Thomas Hazard, tanner and currier, do. Daniel Hitchcock, carpenter^ do. Benjamin F. Hafkin, Duchcfs county, do. Zach^iriah Huntington, merchant, Norwich, Connecticut, John Hallett, wheelwright, New- York. Peter tlopkins, London. Abraham Hardenbergh, Hackenfack, NeW-Jerfey. Henry Jienfon, New- York. W Thomas Horner, Troy, do. . / A Robert Hyilop, do. 6 fets. J // if James Halfey, Edenton, N. Carolina. Abraham Herring, florekeeper, New- York. John Houfe, Lebahon, Connecticut. Philemon Holt, Willington, do. m , Paul Hockirafler, Canajoharie, New- York* Robert Henry, Jan. Albany, do, Daniel Hale, do. do. Samuel Hill, do. do. riys Kewibn, do. do. afper W. Hayncs, brewer, Philadelphia. y Hayncs, Cumberland county, Mew- Jcrfey. I Gen. James Irvine, efq; Philadelphia. James Jarvis, efq; Samuel Jones, efq; attorney at law, New-York, SamueJ Jones, jun, efq; do, Samuel SUBSCRIBERS NAMES, Thomas V.Jones, efq; Albany, do. Edward Jones, efq; North- Carolina. Robert johnfon, efq; Salem county, Weft-Jerfey. Mayberry Jolly, efq; Charleiton, South-Carolina. i Ives, M. D. New-Haven, Connecticut. Mr. James Johnfton, merchant, New-York. Jofeph Jadwin, infpeftor of beef and pork, do. , Ebenezer Jackfon, Savannah, Georgia. Matthew Johnfton, do. do. f^feph Jones, Camden, N. Carolina, eonard Jacoby, merchant, Philadelphia. Ifrael Ifrael, inn-keeper, do. "ohn Jacobs, do. ames Jacks, watch-maker, Charlefton, South-Carolina, ofeph JoneS, do. actob Jacobs, vehdue-mafter, do. ^acob Jacobs, jun. do. Simeon Joceline, mufic mafter, New-Haven. Meflrs. B. and Jacob Judah, merchants, do. Mr. John Jonfton, New- York. Jeremiah JefTop, tin-plate worker, do. Benjamin Jones, do, K John Keefe, efq; notary public, &c. New-York. Capt. John Kent, Suffield, Connecticut, y^ Michael Kahizen.^fq; Charlefton, S. C. Mr. Ridiarcl Kipp, upholfterer, New-York. Archibald Kerly, do. Bure;t R, Kingfland, S. M. do. Ifaac-L. Kipp, S. L. do. Alexander Kirpatrick, do. Henry Kuhl, do, Andrew Kingfburry, Hartford, Connecticut, Alexander Kaifon, Bethlehem, do. John. Kirk, Albany, New- York, enjamin .Keyfer, grocer, Philadelphia. Andrew Kerr, merchant, Charleiton, South-Carolina. Sebaftikn Keely, do, do. William Kevan, do. do, Robert Knox, factor, do. William Ki4d, Philadelphia. . . Jonathan Kingfbury, Hampton, Connecticut. Capt. Henry Kermit, New-York. Abraham Kir by, Currituck. lion. SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. L Hon. Richard H. Lee, efq; fenator from Virginia. ^^ Walter Livingflon, efq; one of the commiiiioners of the board of treafury, New-York, Rev.Br, J, H. Livingfton, theological profeffor, New- York* Di\ William Linn, do. Peter Louw, Flatbufh Long-Ifland, Col. John Lather, do. Girkert *R, Livingfton, efq: Dutcbefs county, flateof New-York. Doming k Lynch, efq; merchant New-York. Edmund Living fton, efq; New- York, Thaddeus Leavitt, efq; Suffield, Connecticut. Lambea Lance, efq; attorney at law, Charlefton, S, Carolina, Peter R. Livingfton, jun. efq; New-York. Nathaniel Lawrence, efq; juftice of peace, do, Richard Leake, efq; Savannah, Georgia. Hampton Lillibridge, efq; do. Aaron Loorock, efq; Charlefton, South-Carolina. Solomon Legare, jun. efq; do, Edward Lightwood, efq; planter, do. Aarpn Levy, efq; Northumberland county, Pennfylvania. Morgan Lewis, efq; counfelior at law, New- York. Mof. L'Enfant, major of the corps of engineers, do. rs. Hannah Laboyteaux, iio. Mr. Robert Lenox, merchant, New-York. James Leamy, New-York. David Leavitt, jun. merchant, Bethlehem, Connefticut. Jactrb John Lanfing, New-York, Nathaniel Ledyard, do. ThoKias Lawrence, Mount Pleafant, Weftchefter, do, Benjamin Larkin, bookfeller, Boilon, 2^ fets. Afa Leon, Pompbret, Connecticut. KaaNC Lathrop, Plymoiuh, Maffachufetts. arjrit G. Laoiin, Albany, New-York. Lewis, Philadelphia. vSeneea Larkins, Montgomery, Pennfylvania. Hermans J. Lombaert, Philadelphia. Elipfcalet Lyman, W T oodfiock, Connecticut. Abraham Lott, New- York. Geoige Lorillard, tobacconill, do. -- Lindfey, itone cutter, do, Arnout Love, do. Samuel Lee, Elizabeth-town New-Jerfey. *\ Jofeph Lyon, jun. do. | /" \J JDavHcl Lathrian, (hipwright, New-York, / John P. Lathrian, ibipwrigbt, do. Abraham SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Mr. Abraham Leggett, Savannah, Georgia. Robert Lewis, New-York. Solomon Lee, Savannah, Georgia. John Peter Lange, do. Robert Lewis, Albany, New^York. Samuel London, boofeller, do. 7 fets. I (ham Lourie, planter, Chadefton, South- Carolina. Ifaac Legare, planter, do. Daniel Latham, difliller, do. William Luyton, merchant, do, John Lynes do. do. Seth Lothrop, do. do. Jofhua Lockwood, do, George Leflie, do. Aaron Lopez, do. Benjamin Lefefne, do. William Leflie, carpenter, do. James Lenox, do. Maft&r John Cale Ley, do. Mr. Francis Ley, who procured 200 fubfcribers in Charlefton. John LangftafF, do. Anthony L'Abbe, do. M His excellency Thomas Miffiin, efq; prefident of the common- wealth of Pennfylvania, 2 fets. Hon. Thomas M'Kean, efq; L. L. D. chief juftice of thefupreme court of the flateof Pennfylvania. Thomas Miles, efq; member of the fupreme executive coun- cil of Pennfylvania. Dr. James Manning, prefident of the college, Providence, Rhode ifland. Brigadier .general Malcom, efq; New-York. Rev. Di\ John Mafon, do. Dr, Benjamin Moore, do. YV Dr. Donald Macleod, Savannah, Georgia. Capt. Alia Moulton, Mansfield, Connelicut. Alexander Macomb, efq; New- York. P. J. Munro, efq; do. John M'Kiflbn, efq; attorney at law, do. Henry Machen, efq; Newbern, North-Carolina. John Merrick, efq; attornev at law, Bridgewater Maflachufetts. Matthew M'Connell, efq; Philadelphia. George Mea^J, efq; merchant, do. James M'Call, efq; auditor general, Charlefton, South-Carolina, hn M'^Call, efq; city treafurer, do. obert Morris, efq; attorney at law, New-York. Jofcph SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Jofeph B. M'Kean efq; attorney at law Philadelphia, Archibald Maclaine, efq; North-Carolina. Alfred Moore, efq; do. Mr, Peter Maxwell, do. James Muir, bookbinder, Philadelphia. A. M'Naughton do. James Manning, jun. New-York. James M'Kay, do. ^\/T)avid B. Mitchell Savannah, Georgia. Charles Mitchell, Long-Ifland, New-York. George M'Kinnon do. Thomas M'Ready, carpenter do. William Mooney, upholilerer, do, John M'Clellan, merchant, do. Benjamin Mix, Half-Moon, do. William M'Clellan, Albany, do. Robert M'Clellan, do. do/ John M'Donald, do. do. fames Moore, do. do. Anthony Marvine, fludent at law, do. Alexander Mills, Stamford, Connecticut. Aza r iah Moore, Cumberland county, New-Jerfey. David Moore, do. do. Me firs. Cochran and William, M'Cure, merchants, CharleftoQ South-Carolina, Mr. George M'Cauley, do. Abraham Manley, do. do. William M 4 Donald, do. do. A-i-* James Macomb, do. do. Andrew Muir, do. do. John M'Dowell, do. do. John M'Oueen, do. do. William Miles, taylor, do. James Macbeth, do. James Miller, wine merchant, do. James Muirhead, flationer, do. [John Mitchell, watch maker, do. Andrew M'Kenzie, grocer, do. l/Jfaac Mott, jun. do. I James Mackie, cooper, do. John H. Mitchell, do. John Minnick, do. Jacob Mott, grocer, New- York, Rev. James Muir,' A. M. Alexandria. Mr. John Morton, do. John J. Meyers, fcriviner, do. . John Midwinter, blackfmith, do. Abel Morfe, bookfeller, New-Haven, 6 copies Lemuel SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. . Lemuel Mather, Jim. Lyme, Cenneaicut. Patrick M'Davitt", merchant, New- York. William M'Clutchie, taylor, do. Rev. Alexander M'Whorter, Newark, New-Jerfey. Jacob Morton, efq; New-York. IVJeflrs. John and Leonard Menufi, tanners and curriers do, Capt. James Morgan, South-Amboy. Mr. Duncan Manfon, Savannah Georgia. George Miller, do. Major Serenus Mayer, South-Carolina. * > / Mr. Archibald M'Larchlan, Charlefton, S.. C. / g John Marshall, cabinet maker, do. Kdward M'Credy, tavern keeper, do. Leonard Martin, do. John. Chriftopher Martin, do. William -Mafori, efq; do. Daniel Mazycke, efq; captain in the late 2d regiment of South- Carolina, continental line, do. Stephen Mazycke efq; lieutenant in the late ad regiment of South-Carolina, continental line, do. x. Thomas Mitchell, George-town, South- Carolina. Ifaac Mickle, efq; Ncw-Jerfey. Richard Martin, efq; Philadelphia. Mr. John Mortimer, Virginia. Dr. Samuel Mather, Lyme, Connecticut. Dr. John O'Minor, Groton, do. Mr. Oliver Mildeberger, leather dreffer, New-York, Jofeph Macomb, bricklayer, do. N Rev, William Nixon, Charlefton, South-Carolina. Colonel Humphrey Nichols, Bertie, North-Carolina. /.William Neilfon, efq; merchant, New-York. f Mr. Dan. Newcomb, Dutchefs county, Clinton-town, do Samuel Norton, do. Mr. George Nixen, do. John Nouffe, do. Thomas- Nixon, merchant, dp. Daniel Nevip, efq; do. Mr. John Nqrcom, Chowan, North-Carolina. . Matthew Noyes, A. M. Lyme, Connecticut. Jofeph.Newlands, Albany, New- York. Nicholas Norris, grocer, do. George Nelfon, merchant, do, Ifaac Neufville, do. , Peter Marihali Neufvijle, do. Mr. S U B S C R I B E R S NAMES. Mr. Abraham Newton, Albany. ElifhaNiles, Chatham, Connecticut, Robert Nichols, New-YorlS jfaac Nichols, cabinet maker, do. Manuel Noah, do % - J. H. Nicholfon, ftudent at law, Chefler- town, Maryland, Ifrael Navarro, New- York. O Mr. James Ortori, New- York. Andrew Orrderdonk paper-maker Hempfted-harbour, Long-Ifland. Henry Oudinaarde* merchant, New-York* Hugh Orr, Albany, do. David Oliphamvjun. coach painter, Charlefton, S, C. Lewis Ogden, merchant, New-York. Owen Owens, Savannah, Georgia. Jamts O'Hear, Charlefton, South*Carolina. Oxford Library, Pennfylvania. Rev. EHhu Palmer, Augufta, Georgia. Charles Pettigrew, North-Carolina. John Prntard, efq; New-York. Michael Payne, eiq; Edenton, North- Carolina. Abeal Peafe, efq; Somers, Connecticut. Eliflia Pitkin, efq; aft Hartford, Connecticut. John Pofttll, efq; Charlefton, South-Carolina. John Palmer, efq; Santee, do. Daniel Pheenix, efq; city treafurer, New-York. Mr. William Payne, cafl Hampton. ^ y ^ Jonat-han Penny, New-York. Mills Philips, merchant, Smith-town, do. Alexander Peacock Fletcher, do. Nathaniel Patten, bookfeller, Hartford> 14 fets. John P. Pearfs, New-Yoik. Jotham Poft, do. David Poignard, Boflon. Colonel Edward Pope, Newbedford, Maffachufefts. Mr. Jofeph Palmer, planter, Charlciton, South-Carolina. [ofeph Par fell, furvcyor, do. ^ Thomas Philips faddler, do. i William Payne, merchant, do, Matthew Pitt, do. Clement S U B S C R I B R S NAMES, Mr. Clement Prince, Charlefton, S. C. George Peters, Philadelphia. Thomas M. Potte, Haddonfield, PennMvania. Martin Pierre, hair-dreffer, Philadelphia. James Poupard, engraver, do* John Porter, brufh -maker, do fc Lee Peek, Lvme, Connecticut. ^Jofeph Pepoon, Hebron, do. Jofeph Prefcott, Painter, New-York. Capt. Jonathan Pearfee, do. Gedlon Prior, Orange county, do. Benjamin Payne, do. William Parker, Sag?-- Harbour, do John Pear Fe, joiner, ao. Arthur Perry, Newark, New-Jerfey. Wi'lliam Pennock, Springfield, Pennfylvania. John Platt, Walhington, Connecticut. . Edmund Pen^lcton, Savannah, Georgia. . John- Price, New-York. David Pierfon, jun. Morriftown, Nexv-Jerfey. Samuel Ouincey, efq ; Roxbury, Manachufetts, Mr. John Quackenbos, New-York. R Colonel Henry Rutgers, New-York. Major John Rogers, Caroline county, Virginia;, Samuel Reading, New-Barbadoes, Bergen county, N. J Rev. Dr. John Rodgers, New-York. Chavlcs Reichel, Nazareth, Pennfylvaniai iatn Rogers, A. M. profeflbr of Englifh and oratory, in the college of Philadelphia, 6 fets. Mr. Richard Rogers, teacher^ Morriftown, New-Jerfey k William Ruan, New- York. James Ren wick, merchant, do. John Remmy, (tone-ware manufacturer, do. Henry Remfen, jun. New-York. Meffrs. Henry Rice and co. bookfellers, Philadelphia. Mr. Thomas Rickety miller, Kent county, Delaware. James Robertfon, Savannah, Georgia. ,A James Ronalds, carpenter, New-York* | I Peter Riker, do. Alexander Robertfon, efq; merchant, do* Mr. John Ramfay, merchant do. Alexander Richards, Pompton, New-Jerfey. Nicholas Roofevelt, painter, &c. New-Yoik. Mr E < T SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Mr. James Ricker, New-York. Henry Rofeboom, Albany, do. George Reinheart, innkeeper and grocer, Philadelphia. Bromfield Ridley, efq; attorney at law, Granville, North-Carolina: JefFe Root, efq; Hariford, Connecticut. Vy Jacob Rowe, efqj.Bofton. X Captain Daniel Rockwell, Eaft Windfor, Connecticut. William Robertfon, Charleflon, South-Carolina. Matter William Gardner Rogers, Philadelphia. Mr. Gracia Rivers, planter, Charlefton, S. Carolina. Lewis Rogers, merchant, do. Chriftopher Rogers, do. Jofeph Righton, cooper, do. William Roufe, tanner, do. Jeremiah Rofe, taylor, do. id Rhea, hatter, do. William Richards, Philadelphia, 4 fets. Dr. James B. Read, Charlefton, S. C. James Ralph, Cheftertown, Maryland. Benjamin Paiggles, Pomfret, Connecticut. John Rattoon-, efq; South-Amboy, New-Jerfey. Mr. Elbert Roofevelt, New-York. Alexander Riddell, merchant, do. John Richardfon, do. Genini Rutgers, do. 'V/Andrew^Rofs-; Elizabeth-town, New-Jerfey. Richard Randolph, Savannah, Georgia. ; S lion. Heclo^ St. John de Crivecour, conful of France, N. York. Mr. Smith, reprefentative in congrefs from South-Carolina. Samuel Spencer, one of the judges of the fupcrior coin* of K'orth-Carolina. .Major John Stagg, New-York. .Don Salvador dc los Monteros, do. Melan6lbn Smith, efq; do, Morriecai Shel'tall, efq; Savannah, Georgia. libis K.Soheuber, efq; do. illiam Stephens, efq; do. Mr- Ifaac Sharplefs, Nc/vV-York. Phineas Smith, merchant, Sharon, Connecticut. Shcftall Sheitall, Savannah, Georgia. Mofes Sheftall, do. Dr. David Seth, New-York. Air. B. Swart \vout, jun. do. James Saidlcr, infurancc broker, do. James Seaman, ftudent of phyfic, do. Robert Snow, do. Mr, SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. . Thomas Saunders, fhip chandler, New-York. Pafchal N. Smith, efq; merchant, do. Thomas Stoughton, efq; merchant, do. Mr. James Shuter, grocer, do. Doyle Sweeney, do. William Stewart, book-binder do, Caleb Swan, do. James Smith, efq; merchant, do. Samuel W. Stockton, efq; counfellor at law, &c. Trenton, N. J. William Seton, efq; cafhier of the bank, New- York. Xv Mr. Thomas Stevenfon, white-fmith, do. rt Thomas Stover, Savannah, Georgia. CoL Jfaac Stoutenburgh, New- York. Benjamin Seawell Franklin, North-Carolina, 2 fets. Edward Savage, efq; Salem, New -York. Mr. Samuel Smith, itudent of divinity, Albany, do, Harmanus P. Schuyler, dp. do. Richard Still, Albany, dp. Thomas Stagg, jun. do. Robert Smock, merchant, Philadelphia, w^Villiam Sproat, efq; do. J John Shepherd, efq ; merchant, Cumberland county, New-Jerfey. Mr. Nathan Sheppard, do. do. Meffrs, Seely & Merfeilles, merchants, do. .do. Mr. John Seabrook, jun. planter, Charleilqn. S. C, William Stephens, merchant, do, William Shirtliff, do. do. H. M. Stromer^ do. do. John Seabrook, planter, do. James Scott, grocer, do. LjGapt. Caleb Smith, do. * Mr. Charles Snitter, rope-maker, dol Conrad Schum, baker, do. Richard Savage, M. D. do. Cotton M. Stevens, do. Daniel Singleton, brick-layer, do. Jervis Henry Stevens, organift, do,, Richard Smith, New-York. Daniel Stanbury, currier, do. William Sandford, Newark, New- Jerfeyv /A (} fort Sands, efq; merchant, New-York. ^ Jofeph Strong, efq; attorney at law, Suffolk countv, do. Noah Smith, efq; attorney at law, Bennington, Vermont. Mr. Benjamin Scudder, jun. Springfield, N. J. Peter T. Schenk, Bufliwick, New-York. Mrs. Mary Stockton, Elizabeth-town, Ncw-Jerfey. David Smith, efq; merchant, New-York. ]Vf r , SUBSCRIBERS NAMES, Mr. William Strachan, New-York. Frederick Shober, grocer, do. Stephen Seaman, jun. Shipwright, do, iX""Wilham Stearns, blackfmith, do. Joh,n Stuffern, New-Aftrien, da. Cornelius C. Schoonmaker, UHler, do. Blames Scott, attorney at law, Cheiter-town, Maryland, Charles Sandfon}, Lunenbergh county, Virginia. William Slade, efq; ^ttornsv at law, Newbern, N. C. Mr. Frederick Stanley, Windham, Connecticut. George Snowden, jun. New-York. John Stolefbur.y, Newark, New-Jcvfey. Abraham Sieer>er, Hope, Sullex county, do. .^yTeter Smith, ilojekeeper, Montgomery county, New-Yo:fohn Mopre, mafon, do. f Tidman^Hull, jun. Poughkeepfie, do. Stepjien Thome, Grenville, Connecticut. Lambert Clayton, county of Iredell, N. C. Alexander, attorney at law, Mechlenburgh, dc< Jfaac Serffions, Fayetteville, do. Philemon Hodge, Cumberland, do. John Young, Fayetteville, do. James -Ritchie, merchant, do. do. -Burklow, do. do. -Gabriel Dubrutz, do. do. Ifaac Ha-wley, do. do. Thomas. Newman, merchant, do. do. Alexander Biggam, do. do. feph Beale, do. do. harles Fatham, do. do. Stephen Gilmore, do. do. Dancan MacAuflan, merchant, do. do. Samaet Fenno, merchant, do. do. Jame Porterfield. do. do. _Tferlbext Eccles, Cumberland, do. Dugall, Campbell, Fayetteville, do. James Connor, Iredell, do. Daniel MacMurphey, Fayetteville, do* Jam-fs Grant, Hilliborough,do. do. tv^n^rew Clark, merchant, Fayetteville, do. '9 Seba/lian Staiert, do. do. William Jackfon, Cumberland, do, John Wilfon, Fayetteville, do. fr Alexander Fergufon, do. do. -Ok R*.Gautier,. Bladcn, do. THE THE GENERAL CONTENTS OF THE SEVERAL LETTERS IN VOL-. III. LETTER!. P. 17 39. THE expedition from Boflon againft the Britifh poft at Pe- nobfcot, p. 17. Gen. Sullivan's expedition againft the In- dians, p. 19. Indian and American expeditions, againft each other, p. 22. The Spanifti governor of Louifiana recognizes American independency, and inarches againft the Britim fettle - ments on the Miflifippi, p. 23. Congrefs conclude upon aa ultimatum, and write to Dr. Franklin, p. 24, Mr. Gerard's private audience of congrefs, p. 26. Congrefs choofe Mr. Jay for their minifter at the court of Madrid, and Mr. John Adams for their minifter to negociate a treaty of peace, and a treaty of commerce with Great Britain, p. 27 they addrefs a long letter to their conftituents on their finances, p. 28. Count d'Eftaing fails from the Weft-Indies for the Americad continent^ p. 30 fummons Savannah to furrender, p. 31. He and general Lincoln are repulfed in an attack upon the town, p. 33. Congrefs refolve to ereft a monument to the memory of count Pulafki, p. 35. The Britim evacuate Rhode-IIland, p. 36. The communications of the French minifter to con- grefs, p. 37. L, f ; : _*' . .^'t v ( : '', ''. E T T E R II. P. 39 77: Congrefs's anfwer to the communications of the minifter of France, p. 39. The fecond conference of the minifter of France $. 41. The diftrefs of Washington's army for want of bread, p. 42. Sir H. Clinton's expedition to South-Carolina, p. 44. The Britifti open their batteries againft Charlefton, p. 47. Colonels Tarleton and Webfter defeat the American horfe, p. 47, 49. General Lincoln furreno"ers Charlefton, p. 50. - Tarleton defeats colonel Buford, p. 52. The diftrefled fituati- on of the American commander in chief, p. 54. An unufual darknefs in the New-England ftates, p. 56. A large body of the royal troops crofs from Staten-Ifland to Elizabeth-town, p, 58. Mrs. Caldwell killed, ibid. The troops leave Elizabeth- town, and march to Springfield, p. 6>o then flopped by gene- ral Greene, z/W burn Springfield and return to Staten-Ifland, ibid. The efforts of the Philadelphia gentlemen and ladies to relieve Walhington's army, p. 62. The, preamable of the Pennfylvania a 61 againft flavery, 63. A French fleet with troops, arrive at Newport, p. 64. The affairs of South-Caro- lina, p. 66. Lord Cornwallis left in command at Charlefton, p. 68. Colonel Sampler, being chofen by a party of South-Caro- E Una CONTENTS. lina exiles to lead them, returns with them into the ftate, and takes the field againft the victorious Britifh, p. 70. Congrefs unammoufly reiblve, that general Gates ihould take the command of the fouthern department, p. 72. He joins the troops, inarches and encamps on the road to Camden, p. 73. Juftice Pendleton's letter to lord Corn wall is, ibid. Congrefs refolve on deftroying all the old paper emifiion, and on adopting a new emiiTion, p. 74. The Maflachufetis convention agree upon a constitution tor the commonwealth, p. 75. Their general court incorpo- rate a iociety, by the name of The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, p. 76. L E T T K R III. P. 7896. The affairs of Ireland, p. 78. Captain Fielding not being allowed to examine the Dutch mips under the convoy of count By land, employs force, p. 79. The armed neutrality, p. 80. Sir George Rodney engages and defeats the Spaniih flee-t ander Don Langara, p. 82. Don Galvez's expedition againft Mobile, p. 83. Sir George Rodney engages count de Guichen, p. 84. County petitions for the redrefs of grievances, p. 86. The houfe of commons vote in favor of redreffing the fame, p. 87. All hopes of obtaining redrefs from that houfe are at an end, p. 88. Lord George Gordon, the proteftant aflbciation, and the fubfequent convuifiOns, ibid his lordmip conducted to the Tow- er, p. 92. An eventual treaty between the flates of Holland and the United States of America, figned by the direction of Mr. Van Berckel, p. 94. L E T T E R IV. P. 96 140 The military operations in South-Carolina, p. 96. General Gates takes the direct route to Camden, p. 98 joins the mili- tia under general Cafwell,zzdf conducls his army to Clermont, p. 99 marches on toward Camden, p. 101 is unexpectedly met by lord Cornwall^ at the head of the Britiih troops, and is defeated by him, ibid. Baron de Kalb mortally wounded, p. 10,5. Tarleton defeats Stimpter, p. 108, The relics of the American army retreat to Salifbutj, ibid ait ordered to Hillf- borough, p. ico. Cornwallis's orders relative to the treatment cf South-Carolina, Hid. A number of the citizens of Charlef- ?on, prifoners under the capitulation, lent to St. Auguitine, ]>. 1 10. General Marion's exertions againft the Britifh adhe- rents, p. 112. Trie arrangement of the broken American rroops, p. 1 14. Major Fergufon ordered to manoeuvre through he northern parts of South-Carolina, and then to join lord Cormvallis at Charlotte, p. 116 is purfued; defeated and {lain, % p. 117. CONTENTS. p. 117. His lordfhip's letter to general Smallwood, p. 120. Gates's troops march to Salifbury, p. 121. Sampler defeats major Weyms ; is afterward attacked by Tarleton, whom he al- fo defeats, p. 122. Gates moves his head quarters to Charlotte, and there furrenders the army into general Greene's hands, p. 123. Lieutenant colonel Wafliington take^ the Britim pofl at Clermont by ftratagem, p. 124. The congtefs refolve refpeft- ing Gates, ibid, Afts of congrefs, pfr 125. General Warn- ington's difficulties, p. 127 -he meets courit de Rochambeau and admiral Ternay at Hartford, p. 128. The fcheme for delivering Weft-Point into the hands of Sir IHfenry Clinton dif- covered, ibid. Major Andre taken, while on "his way to New- York, p. 130, Arnold, upon receiving information of it, hall- ens on board the Vulture Britim floop of* war, p. 131. Andre adjudged to be confidered as a fpy, p. 132 -and dies as fuch, univerfally efteemed and regretted, p, 133. Washington's thoughts on the whole affair, p, 134, Sir Henry Clinton fends troops to Virginia, p. 133. A general exchange of prifoners fettled by the Britiih and American generals Philips and Lin- coln, ibid. The refolve of congrefs relative to the three mili- tia men, who took Andre, p, 136, Major Tallmage's expe- dition to Long-Ifland, ibid, Congrefs determine on having a permanent army, p. 137 -'take into ferious confideration the abfolute neceffity of a large and immediate foreign aid of mo- ney, ibid. The donations ot the daughters of liberty in PhiladeU phia and the neighbourhood, to the American foldiers, p. 138, The Maflachufetts begin their government agreeable to the new conltitution, and John Hancock, efq; is declared to have been elected governor, , ibid. Admiral Ternay dies at Newport, p, 140. L E T T E R V. P. 140 149. The French and Spanifh fleets, in the Weft-Indie^, form a junction; but effect no capital operation, p. 141. Their com- bined fleets in Europe intercept the Eail and Weft-India convoy, p. 142. Mr. Laurens is taken in his paffage to Holland, p. 143. Sir Jofeph Yorke leaves the Hague, ibid. Hurricanes in the Welt-Indies, p. 144. The new parliament meets, p. 146, The kindnefs of the Spaniards to the Britifh prifoners, p. 349. The inquifition abolifhed in the duke of Modena's domi- nions, ibid, LETTER VI. P. 150 .182* The Pennfylvania line revolts, p. 1,50, Sir H. Clinton fends agents to treat with them, two of whom are hanged, p. 151.' Part of the Jerfey brigade revolts, p. 153. Lieut, col, John Laurens chofen by congrefs fpecial mmiiier to the court of Ver- failJt\% CONTENT S. failles, and general Wafhington's hints to him. p. 154 the gene- ral writes to Dr. Franklin, p. 155. The Virginia houfe of dele- gates' refolve refpecling Gates, p. 156. The returns of Greene's force in South-Carolina, and his concluding on a partifan war, ibid his letter to lord Cornwallis, p. 1^7 he divides his force, p. 158. Lieutenant col. Tarleton is detached after general Mor- gan, by whom he is defeated, p. 160. Lord Cornwaliis pur- fues Morgan, p. 163. Gen. Greene arrives and takes the com- mand -of Morgan's troops, p. 164. The Americans retreat, and iafely crofs the Dan into Virginia, though purfued by his lord- Ihip with the utrnoft eagernefs, it-id. Greene recroffes the Dan, p. 169. General Pickens and lieut. col. Lee cut 'in pieces a large body of royaliits, p. 170. Cornwallis attempts to furprife the American light infantry, p. 171. Greene determines upon fighting his lordQiip, p. 173. His lordfhip attacks and defeats liiin, ibid. His lordfhip retreats toward Crofs Creek, and Greene purfues him to Deep river, p. 175. General Arnold fails for and lands in Virginia, p. 177. General Waihington lays a plan for catching him, ibid. Sir H. Clinton fends gen. Philips, with more troops to take the command in Virginia, p. 179. Acls of congrefs, ibid. Mr. Robert Morris chofen financier, p. 180. The Maryland delegates empowered to fubi'cribe the confedera- tion, which is thereby completed, ibid. General Wafhington giye his decifive opinion upon the neceflity of a timely and pow~ erf ill aid from France, p. 181. LETTER VII. P. 182188 The attempt of the baron de Rullecourt on the Ifle of Jerfey fruflrated by major Pierfon, p. 182. Lord George Gordon tri- ed and acquitted, p. 184. Gibraltar relieved by the Britifh fleet under admiral Darby, ibid. The Spaniards commence a heavy fire upon the fortrefs, which is returned, ibid. Sir George Rod- ney and general Vaughan take St. Euftatia, St Martin, and Sa- ba, p. 185. The property in Statia confifcated, and many of the iahabitants reduced to penury and transported to St. Kitt's, p. 186. Demarara and lilequibo furrender, p. 187. L E T T E R VIII. P. 188230 General Greene leaves North-Carolina and marches toward Camden p. 188 is defeated by lord Rawdon at Hobkirk's hill, p. 189 his letter to Rawdon, p. 191 to governor Reed of Pennsylvania, p. 192. Lord Rawdon evacuates Camden, p. 194. The BritiGi polls are taken by the Americans in quick- fucceUion, ibid. Greene marches againfl the garrifon at Nine- ty-Six, p. 195. is obliged to abandon the fiege, and is purfued by Rawdon, p. 198. He purfues his lordfhip and offers him battle. CONTENTS, battle, ibid. Greene's letter concerning Gates, p. 199, The miferies attending the war in South-Carolina, p. 200. Ex- tracts from letters of . lord George Germaine, p. 201. The affair of colonel Hayne, who is executed by the joint order of lord Rawdon and colonel Balfour, p. 202. The operations in Virginia under generals Philips and Arnold, p. 205, The mar- quis de la Fayette makes a rapid march from Baltimore to Rich- mond, p, 200. Lord Cornvvallis joins the Britifti in Virgi- nia, ibid-v& difconcei ted in his attempts to crufh the marquis, p. 207. The marquis joined by the Pennfylvania line under general Wayne, p. 209. His lordlhip commences a renograde movement, p. 210. Wayne attacks his lordlhip, and extri- cates himfelf by means of it, p. 211. General Washington's ar- my in want of provifion, p. 212. Count de Barras arrives at Bofton to take the command of the French fquadron at New- port, p. 213. Wafhington meets Rochambeau at Weathers- field, ibid. Washington's letters intercepted and conveyed to New- York, p. 214. The French troops join the Americans under Wafhington, p. 215. The plan of operations changed, and the allied troops march for Philadelphia, p. 216. The be- haviour of the French troops while at Newport, and on their march to join general Wafhington, p. 218. Don Galvez com- pletes the conqueft of Weft-Florida, p. 219. Sir Samuel Hood and count de GrafTe engage, p. 220. Tobago taken by the French, p. 222. A fubfcription for a loan opened by congrefs for the lupport of the South-Carolinians and Georgians driven from their country by the enemy, p. 223. The heroifm of the whig ladies in Charlefton, p. 224. The treatment of tlie gen- tlemen removed from Charlefton to St. Auguftine, p. 22,5 of the continental officers, p. 226. Complaints of feverities ex- ercifed toward the American marine prifon'ers at New- York, ibid. The particular evils produced by the paper currency, p. 228 the extinction of it occafions no convulfion, p. 229. A number of the mips from Statia taken by the French, ibid. LETTER IX. P. 230 239.' Commodore Johnftone is attacked by Mr. de S.ufTrein, p. 231 the commodore takes feveral large Dutch Eaft-India fhips, p. 232. Admirals Hyde Parker and Zoutman engage on the Dog- ger-bank, p. 233. Minorca is attacked by the Spaniards and French, p. 237. The combined fleets cruife at the rnouth of the BritiJh channel, ibid. Extracts from fome letters to Mr. Ver- genijes, p. 239. L E T E E R X. P. 239 270. . Acls of congrefs, p. 240. General Greene demands from the Britilh commanders, the reafons for the execution of Hayne ( C O N T E N T S. Balfour's anfwer, and Greene's replv, ibid. Greene engages lieut. coi. Stewart at the Eutaw Springs, p. 242. Stewart abandons Eutaw, p. 244. Gov. Rudedge retaliates for Balfour's conduft, p. 245. Afpirit of mutiny among Greene's troops, ibid his letter 10 gen. Gould, p. 246. He marches toward Dorchefter, and by his manoeuvres induces the Britilh garrifon to abandon the place, p. 248. General Pickings expedition again ft the Cherokees, ibid. Arnold's enterprife againfl New-London, p. 249. De Barras fails from Rhode-Ifland, p. 2,50. Sir Samuel Hood ar- rives at Sandy-Hook, ibid. De Grade arrives in the Chefapeak, and engages admiral Graves, p. 251. De Barras arrives in the Chefapeak, p. 252. Lord Cornwallis repairs to York-Town and Glouceiter, p. 253. The allied troops arrive at the Head of Elk, p. 2,54 join the troops under the marquis de la Fayette, p. 2^5 march and inveft York-Town, ibid. Wafhington's letter to de Graffe, ibid. The trenches opened by the combined armies be- fore York-Town, p. 257. A capitulation fettled, and the pofts of York-Town and Gloucefter furrendered, p. 260. TheBritiih fleet and army deflined for the relief of lord Cornwallis arrive off Chefa- peak after his furrender, and therefore return, 261. De GrafTe fails for the Weft-Indies, p. 262. Acts of congrefs on their hearing of the reduction of the Britifharmy, p. 263. They attend at the Ro- man Catholic chapel, and hear the chaplain to the embafiy, p. 264 their refolve relpecting marquis de la Fayette the prefident ad- drefles, general Washington, p. 268. The fubfcnbers to the bank of North-America incorporated, ibid. Improper conduit toward the Britifh prifoners, p. 269. Governor Rutledge exer- cifes his authority airefh in South-Carolina, ibid* LETTER XL P. 270290. Mr. Jay delivers in propofitions relative to an intended trea- ty with Spain, p. 270. The king opens the feflion of parliament p. 272. The intended addrefs, remonftrance and petition of the city of London, p. 273. Mr. Laurens difcharged from his confinement in the Tower, p. 27^. Statia furprifed by the mar- quis de Bouille, ibid. Admiral Kempenfelt's fuccefsful cruife, p. 277. The reduction of Minorca, p. 278. General Ccn- v.-av's motion againfl continuing the war in America, p. 281. A new adminiltration formed, p 282, St. Kitt's attacked and taken by the French, p. 283. Mr. J. Adams fucceeds in his ap- plications to the States General, and is acknowledged as the American plenipotentiary, p. 287. His Imperial majefty fa- vors the rights of conference, p. 280.. LETTER XII. P. 290 299. Communications from the French mir.iiter plenipotentiary to conrefs, p. 291. The execution of cam. Huddv by the New- ''-VI ^ o. :; CONTENTS. York refugees,-p. 292. Letters to gov. Hancock from the com- mander in chief, and the fmancer, p. 294. Gen. Greene's epiltolary communications, p. 295. L E T T E R XIII. P. 299 314. The affairs of Ireland, p. 299. Tranfaftions in the Briti'fli parliament, .p. 302. Eaft-India news, p. 303. Admiral Bar- rington's fuccefsful cruife. p. 304. Sir George Rodney and count de Gralfe in the Weft-Indies, p.' 305. They engage, p. 306. De Graffe is defeated and taken, p. 309. The combined fleets in Europe mailers of the fea, p. 312. The lofs of admi- ral Kempenfelt and the royal George, p. 313, Eaft-India news, P-3 1 -!- LETTER XIV. P. 315 334. The fteps taken by general Wafhington for retaliating the death of captain Huddy, p. 315. The trial of captain^Lippincot upon the occafion, p. 316. He is acquitted, p. 317. The whole affair referred to congrefs, p. 318. Captain Afgill libe- rated, p. 319. The neceflity of peace for the United States of America, ibid. The New-York loyalifts in the greateft confufion on hearing of the negociations for peace, p. 321. A6rs of con- grefs, p. 322 . General Wayne's operations in Georgia, p. 324. Savannah evacuated by the Britifh, p. 325. General Leflie fends out parties from Charlefton to procure provifions, p. 326; Lieut, colonel Lauvens mortally wounded in oppofmg one of the parties, ibid. Charlefton evacuated by the Britifh, p. 327. The death and character of gen. Lee, p. 328. An account of the Moravian Indians, and the maffacre of many of them by a num- ber of Americans, p. 330. The Indians defeat col. Crawford and his party, and put numbers of them to death, p. 332. Honorary badges of diftinclion eftablifhed by general Waihington, ibid. ' The French troops march to Bofton, and from thence are con- veyed by the French fleet to the Weft-Indies, p. 333. L- E T T E R XV. P. 335351- The hoftile preparations of the Spaniards for the reduction of Gibraltar, p. 335. The grand attack upon the fortrefs, p. 343. Lord Howe relieves the garrifon and returns home, p. 343. The negociations for peace carrying on at Paris, p. 344. A treaty of amity and commene between Holland and the United States, p. 34^5. Copy of a letter to count de Vergennes, ibid. Mr. Jay's apprehenfions as to the intentions of the French court, p. 347. The negociations continued, and provifional articles figned be- tween the American and Britifh commifiioners, p. 349. The tafs of Britifh men of war bv a ftorm. p. 3.51. L E T T E R O N T **E N T S. LETTER XVI. P. 352358- Mr. Dana's application to'the Ruffian minifter at Peterfburgh, Eaft-India news, ibid. Debates in the Britifh parliament upon the preliminary articles of peace, p. 355. The definitive treaties figned, p. 256. Air balloons, ibid. LETTER XVII. P. 358 369. The addrefs of the American officers to congrefs, p. 358. The defign of throwing the American army into a paroxyfm of rage prevented, p. 359. Copsprefs receive the account of a ge- neral peace, p. 362. The provisional articles; ibid. A conference between general Wafhington and Sir Guy Carleton, p. 367. The general addrefTes a circular letter to the governors and and prefidents of the United States, p. 369, LETTER XVIII. 370393. A mutiny among the American foldiers at Philadelphia, p. 370. An equeftrian ftatue of general Wafhington to be creeled p. 371. The general waits upon congrefs, p. 372. The treaty of amity and commerce between Sweden and the United States, ibid. A deputation of quakcrs wait upon congrefs, p. 373. Acts of congrefs, p. 374. The Dutch ambafTador has a public audience, ibid. General Walhington's farewell orders to the armies of the United States, p. 375. Sir Guy Carleton receives his final orders for evacuating New-York, ibid. The city eva- cuated, p. 377. General Waihington takes his leave of the continental officers, ibid delivers in his accounts to the Ameri- can comptroller, p. 378. arrives at Annapolis, and refigns his commiffion, p. 379. The definitive treaty between Great-Bri- \j tain and the United States received by congrefs, p. 382. The Society of the Cincinnati, p. 383. Encroachments upon liberty by the Maffachufetts people and general court, p. 386. Cer- tain particulars relating to the war, p. 388. Some ftriftures refpefting his excellency George Wafhington, and the honorable Nathaniel Greene, p. 391. Some account of the refpeftive con- flitutions of the United States, p. 393. APPENDIX.- Extracts from the Virginia aft for e a number made prifoners ; the reft difperfed and were miffing long after the aftion. Five days after, Captain M'Donald, at the head of 250 rnen, a third Britifh, the reft Indians, took Freelarid's fort, on the weft branch of the Sufquehanna; in which were 30 men, and 50 women and children; the captain confented that the laft fhould be fet at liberty, but the men were made prifoners of war. The party, on their way to it, had burnt houfes ami mills, had killed and captivated feveral of the inhabitants. Oii_ * Sullivan in his account fays 40: but if a few old houfes which had been deferted for feveral years, v/ere met with and burnt, they were put down for a town. Stables and wood-hoveis, and lodges in the field, when the Indians were called to worJ^ there, Vere all reckoned as houfes. j- See the. Remembrancer, vol. ix. p. 158, the A. D. 1779.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 23 the other fide, General Williamfon, with Colonel Pickens, entered the Indian country about the 22d of Auguft, burnt and deftroyed the corn of eight towns, amounting to more than 50,000 bufhels. He would hearken to no propofals from the Indians, nor accept of their friendfhip, but infifted on their re- moving immediately, with their remaining property, into the fettled towns of the Creeks, and refiding among their country- men, to which they agreed. Colonel Broadhead alfo engaged in a fuccefsful expedition againft the Mingo and Munfey In- dians, and the Senecas on ihe Alleghaney river. He left Pittfburg Auguft the nth, with 605 rank and file, including militia and volunteers, and did not return till the 14 of Sep- tember. They went about 200 miles from the fort, deftroyed a number of towns, and cornfields to the amount of 500 acres, and made a great deal of plunder in fkins and other articles. The aftive part which the Spaniards have now taken in the prefent conteft, muft iiTue in favor of the American States. The Spanifh Governor of Louifiana, Don Bernardo de Gal- vez, has acknowledged his being apprized of the commence- ment of hoftilities between the courts of Madrid and London, on the pth of A'lguft. The eafieft way of accounting for this extraordinary circumftance, confidering that the Spanifh ma- nifeflo was not delivered till the i6th of June, may be by fup- pofing that the Spanilh admiral had orders immediately upon his joining Count d'Orvilliers, to difpatch a veffel to inform the Spanifh governors in America, that hoftilities were then commencing; and that the faid veflel had fo good a paflageas to admit of Don Galvefc receiving the difpatches on the 9th of Auguft, within forty-fix days after the. junftion of the com- bined fleet. The Governor proceeded to collect t'o whole force of his province at New-Orleans, [Auguft 1910.] and then publicly recognized the independency of the American States by beat of drum. Every thing being in rcadinefs for thepurpofe, he immediately marched againft the Brititli fettie- ments on the Mifliflippi. The whole force, Britiih and Ger^ man, ftationed for their protection, did not amount to ,500 ,men: and had no other cover than a newly conftrucled fort, or rather field redoubt. Here, however, Lieutenant Colonel Dickfon flood a liege of nine days, and then obtained condi- tions honorable to the ganifon, [September i i.J and favorable to the inhabitants. Nothing could exceed the good faith with which the Spanifh Governor obfervcd the prefcribed con- ditions; nor the humanity and kindnefs with which he treated his 2 4 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1779. his prifoners. A Spanilh gentleman, Don Juan de Mirailles, has refided at Philadelphia tor fome confiderable time : he ap- pears to be empowered by the court of Madrid to al as their agent, and tranfafts his bufinefs with Congrefs through the medium of the French AmbafTador. Being thus led to men- tion Congrefs, let us quit the operations of the field for the de- terminations of the grand council of the American States. Congrefs having at length concluded upon an ultimatum, af- ter much deliberation and debate, [Aug. 14.] they agreed upon inftruftioris to the commiflioner to be appointed to negociate a treaty of peace with Great Britain, and totheminifter plenipo- tentiary at the court of France. They pointed out to the firft the boundaries he was to infill: upon, and -further faid " As the great objecl: of the prefent defenfive war, on the part of the al- lies, is to eftablilh the independency of the United States, and as any treaty whereby this end cannot be obtained muft be on- ly ofterifible and illufory, you are therefore to make it a pre- liminary article to any negociation, that Great Britain (hall agree to treat with the United States as fovereign, free and in- dependent: You (hall take fpecial care alfo, that the inde- pendence of the faid ftates be effectually afTured and confirmed by the treaty or treaties of peace, according to the form and effeft of the treaty of alliance with his Moft.Chriftian Majef- ty ; and you (hall not agree to fuch treaty or treaties, tmlefs the fame be thereby allured and confirmed: Although it is of the utmoft importance to the peace and commerce of theU- nited States, that Canada and Nova Scotia mould be ceded, and more particularly that their equal common right to the fifhe- ries fhpuld be guaranteed to them, yet a defire of terminating the war hath induced us not to make the acquifion of thefe ob- jets an ultimatum on the prefent occafion : You are em- powered to agree to a cefTation of hoftilities during the nego- ciation, provided our ally mall confcnt to the fame, and provid- ed it fhall be ftipulated that all the forces of the enemy (hall be immediately withdrawn from the United States: In all other matters not above-mentioned, you are to govern yourfelf by the alliance between his Moft Chriflian Majefty and thofe ftates, by the advice of our allies, by your knowledge oi our in- terefts, and by your own difcretion, in which we repofe the fulleft confidence." To Dr. Franklin the Congrefs wrote "Sir Having de- termined that we would not infill on a direcl acknowledgement by Great Britain of our right in the fifheries, this important matter J.J). 1779.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 25 matter is liable to an incertitude, which may be dangerous to the political and commercial interefts of the United States, w.e have therefore, agreed and refolved that the common right t>f fa'ming (hail in no cafe be given up ; and that if after a trea* ty of peace wuh great Britain, (he (hall molefl: the citizens or in- habitants of any of the United States, in taking fi(h on the banks- of Newfoundland and other fisheries of the American teas, any where excepting within the diflance of three leagues of the more of the territories remaining to Great Britain at he elofe of the war, fuch moleftation (being in the opinion of congrefs a direct violation and breach of the peace) fhall be a common caufe of the faicl dates, and the force of the union be exerted to obtain redrefs for the parties injured. But notwithftanding thefe pre- cautions, as Great Bfitain may again light up the flames of war, and ufc our exercife of the fisheries as her pretext - f and fince fome doubts may a rife r whether this objecl is fo effectually guard- ed by the treaty of alliance with his mofl chriiHan majefty, that any moleftation therein on the part of Great Britain, is to be confidered as a cajiis feeder is ; you are to endeavour to obtain of his majefty an explanation on that fubjeel:, upon the principle that notwithftanding the high confidence repofed in his wifdom and juftice, yet eonfidering the uncertainty of human affairs, andhovr doubts may be afterward raifed in the breads of his royal fuccef- fors, the great importance of the fimeries renders the citizens of the/e ftates very folicitous to obtain his majefty's fenfe with re- lation to them, as the beil fecurity againft the ambition of the Britilh court. For thi*s purpofe you fhall propo-fe the following articles, in which neverthelefs fuch alterations may be made as the circumftances and (ituation of affairs (hall render convenient and proper. Should the fame be agreed to and executed, you are immediately to tra-nfinu a copy ihereof to our minifler at the court of Spain. 7 * " Whereas by tlie treaty of alliance between the moft ehriftian king and the United States of North America, the two parties guarantee mutually from that time and for ever againft all other powers, to wit, the United States to his raofl chnftian majefty the poireflio-n then appeitaining to the crown of France in Ame- rica, as well as thofe which it may acquire by a future treaty* of peace ; and his moft chriilian majefty guarantees on his part to the United States, all their liberty, fovereignty and independence, abfolute and unlimited, as well in matters of government as com- merce, and aifo their polfcdlons and the additions or conquefts that their confederation may obtain during the war, according to ih? faid treaty: And whereas the faid parties did further agree Vol. Ill, B a$uJ s6 THE H I S T O R Y OF THE \_A. D. 1779, and declare, that in cafe of a rupture between France and England* the faid reciprocal guarantee mould have its full force and ef- fect the moment fuch war fhould break out; And whereas doubts may hereafter arife how far the faid guarantee extends to this cafe, to wit, that fhould Great Britain moleft or difturb the fubjecls or inhabitants of France, or of the faid ftates, in taking fifh on the banks of Newfoundland, and other the fifhing banks and feas of North America, formerly and ufually frequented by the fubjecls and inhabitants refpeclfuUy : And whereas the faid king and the United States have thought proper to deter- mine with precifion the true intent and meaning of the faid gua- rantee in this refpecl, now therefore as a further demonflration of their mutual good will and afTeclion,it is hereby agreed, con- cluded and determined as follows, to wit. That if after the con- clufion of the treaty or treaties which ihall terminate the pre- fent war, Great Britain mail moleft or difturb the fubje6ts of inhabitants of the faid United States, in taking fifh on the banks, feas and places, formerly ufed and frequented by them fo as no6 to encroach on the territorial rights, which may remain to her after the termination of the prefent war as aforefaid, and war fhould thereupon break out between the faid United States and Great Britain : or if Great Britain (hall molefl or difturb the fubjecls and inhabitants of France, in taking fifh on the banks, feas and places formerly ufed and frequented by them r fo as not to encroach on the territorial rights of Great Britain as aforefaid f and war fhould thereupon break out between France and Grea* Britain;, in either of thefe cafes of war as aforefaid, his moil chriftian majefty and the faid United 'States fhall make it a com* mon caufe, and aid each other mutually with their good office*, their councils and their forces, according to the exigence of conjectures, as becomes good ami faithful allies Provided 'aU way that nothing herein contained fhall be taken or underftood^ as contrary to or inconfiftent with the true intent and meaning of the treaties already fubiifting between his moft chriltian ma jefty and the faid ftates, but the fame fhall be taken and under- flood as explanatory of and conformable to thofe treaties." The honorable Sieur Gerard, minifter plenipotentiary of France, had a private audience of congrefs [Sept. 17,] in order to his taking leave of them - f when he mentioned in his fpeech his majefty's having fent a new minifter plenipotentiary to America-, that there might be no interruption in his care to cultivate f them two hundred millions of dollars. September i^th, they addrefled a long letter to their conftitu- nts upon their finances. By that it appears, that the taxes had brought into the treafury no more than 3,027.560 dollars, and diat all the monies fupplied by the people of America, amounted 4aaa more than. 36,7 6 1,66,5 tU>M ars an( ^ 67-90103, that being the (uru 4/>-779-3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 119 fum of the loans and taxes then received. It holds up to the imagination, the ability of the United States to pay their whole national debt, though at the clofe of the war it (hould amount to three hundred millions of dollars, with eafe in the courfe of twenty years ; and while doing it, by inverfe, romantic reafon- irig, reprefents the paper currency as a bleiFing at the expence of iciipture language *' Let it aifo be remembered, that paper mo- ney is the only kind of money which cannot make unto itfdf &vings and jly away : it remains with us, it will not forfake us, it is always ready and at hand for the purpofe of commerce and taxes, and every induftrious man can find it." The letter pro- ceeds to ihow, that the people not only collectively by their re- prefentatives, but individually, have pledged their faith for the re- demption of their bflls, and that they poffefs apolitical capacity of doing it. Then comes a queftion, *' Whether there is any rea- ion- to apprehend a wonton violation of the public faith ?" Con- grefs fay upon it " It is with great regret and relu&ance, that we can prevail upon ourfelvcs to take the leaft notice of a quef- tion, which involves in it a doubt fo injurious to the honor and dignity of America. We Ihould pay an ill compliment to the iinderftanding and honor of every true American, were we to adduce many arguments to (how the bafenefs or bad policy of violating our national faith, or omitting ro purfue the meafures neceiTary to prefcrve it. A bankrupt fakhlefs republic would be a novelty in the political world, and appear, among reputable na- tions, like a common proflitute among chafte and refpeclable matrons. We are convinced, that the efforts and arts of our ene- mies will not be wanting to draw us into this humiliating and contemptible fituation. Impelled by malice, and the fuggeftions of chagrin and difappoimrnent, at not being able to bend our necks to their yoke, they will endeavour to force or feduce us to commit this unpardonable fin, in order to fubjecl us t . 'he pu- nilhment due to it, and that we may thenceforth be a reproach and a by- word among the nations. Apprized of thefe confcquen- ces, knowing the value of national character, and impreffed with a due fenfe of the immutable laws of juftice and honor, it is impoflible that America fliould think without horror of fuch ari. execrable deed. Determine to finiih the contefl as you began it. boneftly and glorioufly. Let it never be faid, that America had no fooner become independent than fhe became iniblvent; or that her infant glories and growing fame were obfcured and tar- niflied by broken contracts and violated faith, in the very hour when all the nations of the earth were admiring, and aJmoft adoring the fplendor of Jber xifiog." This ktier and the refolvei preceding 3<> THE HISTORY OF THE [vi D. 177.9* preceding it, were probably occafioned by the prevailing fubv jec^s of converiation in Philadelphia, and the movements pf the leading people. A town meeting was called, and a fpecial com- .ttiittee appointed to draw up a memorial, which was figned by the prefident and council in their private characters, the ipeaker and .feverai members of ailembly, the genera! committee of the city, and a refpeHable number of citizens. It was prefented to con- grefs, on or near the day, when they addreiled their conftituents, and was meant to (lop the further emidions of continental bills. The memorialifls fay u Neither can we help exp retting our apprehsnfions, that the e^fe with which money was thus procur- ed, has induced a remiilhefs of inquiries into the reality of its application : all which we hope wi.U, in future,-be remedied by a iyftematical plan of oeconpmy, and a ^regular informauqn of cxpences." September 17, Congrefs * refolved, That in confideration ol' the diftinguifhed merit of Lieut. CoK Talbot a . commiflion of -captain in the navy of the United States be given him." They [September 24] "refolved, That a medal of gold, emblernatU cal of the attack of the fort and works at Powle's-hook, be ftruck and prefented to Major Lee. Four days after, upon Mr. Jay'* Dignifying to them his acceptance of the ofEce to which he had been appointed on the 26th, and thereupon refigned the chain, they elected Samuel Huntington, Efq. prefident. Such was tha deficiency of flour in Virginia, that coiigrefs [Ocl. iB.j refolved^ that the governor {hould be informed of its being their opinion, that the convention troops mould be fupplied with meal madeo Indian corn. But he was requeited to inform the commanding officer of thofe troops, .that if the commander in chief of the Britifn forces will order fupplies of flour to be feat to Virginia, paffports will be ordered for the purpofe when applied for, The, cheval' de la Luzerne [Nov. 17.] had his audience of coogrefs, delivered a letter from his moft chriflian majefty, was announ- ced to the houfe, and upon that rofe, and addrefled the congref^. in a fpeech, to which the prefident returned an aafwer. Let us change the fcene. While couni d'Efbing lay with his fleet at Cape Francois, at, ter the conqueft of Grenada, he received letters from gov. Rut- ledge, gen. Lincoln, the French conful at Charleftown and others, urging him to vifit the American coaff, and propofmg an attack upon Savannah. The general engaged to join him with 1000. men certain ; and promifed that every exertion mould be made to augment the number. The application coinciding with the king's mitru&ions, to aft in concert with the forces of the United States.^ whenever A.D.1179-'] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. $1 whenever an occafion prefented itfelf, he failed far the America** continent within a few days after it was received. When through the windward pafTagCj hedifpatched two fhipsof the line and three' frigates to Charleftown to announce his coming. On the iftof September^ he arrived with a fleet of 20 fail of the Hne^ two o? fifty guns* and eleven frigates. The appearance of the French fleet on the coafts of South Carolina and Georgia was fo unexpected by the Britifh, that the Experiment man of war, of ^o guns, Sir James Wallace Command- er, and three frigates were captured. Nofooner was it known a* Charleftown that the count was on the coaft, than Lincoln march-* cd with all expedition for Savannah with the troops under his command : orders were alfo given for the South Carolina and Georgia militia to rendezvous immediately near the fame place* The Britifh were equally diligent in preparing for their defence* lieut. col, Cruger, who had a frnail command at Sunbury, and lieut/ col. Maitland, who was in force at Beaufort, were ordered to Savannah. As the French frigates approached the bar, the Foweyand Rofe, of 20 guns each, the Keppel and Germain arm- ed veflels, retired toward the town. The battery on Tybee was deftroyed. To prevent the French frigates getting too near, the Rofe and Savannah armed fhips, with four transports, were funk in the channel* A boom was laid acrofs it, and feveral fmali veftels were alfo funk above the town. The feamen were ap- pointed to different batteries. The marines were incorporated with the grenadiers of the i6th regiment ; and great numbers were employed, both by day and night, in Strengthening and ex- tending the lines of defence. Count d'Eftaing made repeated declarations, that be could not remain more than ten or fifteen days on fhore : neverthelefs, the fall of Savannah was confiderpd as infallibly certain. Every aid was given from Charleftown, by fending fmall veflels to aflift the French in their landing ; butar, the large (hips of the fleet could not come near the ftiore, it was not effecled till the i2th. General Lincoln's troops were not far diftant ; but before they could join the French, the Count [Sept, 16.] fummoned Gene- ral Prevoft to furrender to the arms of the King of France. Lincoln remonftrated to d'Eftaing on his furnmoning Prevoft to> furrender to the arms of France only, while the Americans were acling in conjunction with him; the matter was foon fettled, and the mode of all future negotiations amicably adjufted. Prr- voft returned a polite letter to the Count, but declined furren- dering on a gen-era 1 fummons, without any fpecific terms; and mentioned, that if fuch were propofed, as he cou.M with honor accept, s THE HISTORY OF THE {A. 8. accept, he would then give his anfwer. The Cou nt, in a fecond letter, obferved to him, that it was the part of the befieged to propofe fuch terms as they might defire. Prevofi upon that pro- pofed a fufpenfion of hostilities for 24 hours, as a juft time abfo- jately neceifary for deliberation and the difcufiion of various in- terefts. The Count's third letter, granting the faid truce, was written toward evening. Thus time was gained for the arrival of the whole detachment from Beaufort. An enterprife was un- dertaken to prevent its joining the royal army in Savannah, which proved unfuccefsful, from the pilots not undertaking to conduft, to a proper fbtiori, the frigates deftined to intercept the communication. Maitland availed himfelf of this,circumflance, and by his exertions joined Prevoft with about 400 men before the Count's fecond letter was received: at night r and by noon the next day, all the remainder fit for duty arrived. The fafe arrival of this detachment determined the garrifon to rifk an afTault.. The French and Americans were hereby reduced to the neceflity of ftorming or befieging the garrifon. The refolution of pro- ceeding by fiege being adopted, the attention of the combined- armies was immediately called to the landing of cannon, and the erefting of batteries. The diftance of the fleet from the land- ing-place, together with the want of proper carriages to tranf- port the various warlike articles full five miles, confumed mucb time. The works of the town were, in the mean while, perfec- ting every day by the labor of feveral hundred negroes, directed by Major Moncrieff the engineer. The French and Americans [Sept. 23.] broke ground in the evening: a frnall party of the befieged failied out the next day, but was foon repuifed* The- purfuit was continued fo near to the Britifli intrenchments, that the French were expofed to a heavy fire, by which many of them; fell. On the night of the 2/th, Major M'Arthur, with a party of the Britifh picquets, advanced and fired among the befiegers fa artfully, as to occafion a firing between the French and Ameri- can camps. The bcfiegerjj opened [O61. 4.} with 9 mortars, 37 cannon from the land fide, and 16 from the water ; which con- tinued to play for four or five days with fliort intervals, but with- out any confiderable effeft. Major TEnfant, [8.] in the morning, with five men, marched through a brifk fire from the Britifh lines, and kindled the ahbatis; but the dampnefs of the air, and the moifture of the green wood, prevented the fuccefs of this bold undertaking. Soon after the commencement of the cannonade, gen. Prevofir folicited for leave to fend the women and children out of town. Tkis humans recpeft was. refit fed from motive* of policy. The combined ^.D. 17790 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 33 combined srmy was fo confident of fuccefs, that it was fufpected a deiire of fecreting the plunder lately taken from the South Ca- rolinians, was a confiderable object covered under the fpecious veil of humanity. That the commanders were fufpicious, con- Fidering the iiratagem Prevoft had pra6lifed after being fum- moned, is not flrange. It wasalfo prefumdd, that a refufal would expedite a fnrrender. The period being long fince elapfed which the Count had affigned for his expedition, and the engineers in- forming him, that more time .muft be fpent if he expected to re- duce the garrifon by regular approaches, it was determined to make an afldulL This meafure was forced on d'Eftaing by his naval officers, who had remonftrated againft his continuing to rifk fo valuable a fleet in its prefent unrepaired condition on fuch a dangerous coaft in the hurricane feafon; and at fo great a dif- tartce from the fhore^ that it might be furprifed by a Britifh fleet. Thefe remonftrances were enforced by the probability of their being attacked by a Britim fleet completely repaired, with their full compliment of men, foldiers and artillery on board, when, the (hips of his Moft Chriftian Majefty were weakened by the abfence of a confiderable part of their crews, artillery and offi- cer?. In a few days, the lines of the befiegers might have been carried into the works of the befieged : but under thefe critical circumftances no further delay could be admitted. To affault, or to raife the fiege, was the only alternative. Prudence dictated the latter : a fenfe of horfor adopted the foirner* The morning of the pth was fixed for the attack. The preceding night, one James Curry, formerly a clerk at Charleftown, but now fer- geant major in their volunteer company, went into Savannah with a plan of the attack, Two feints were made with the coun- try militia ; and a real attack a little before day-light on the Spring-hill battery with 3500 French troops, 600 continentals, and 350 of the Charleftown militia, headed by Count d'Eftaing and General Lincoln. They marched up to the lines with great boldnefs : but a heavy and well-directed fire from the batteries, and a crofs fire from the gallies threw the front of the column into confufion. Two ftandards, however, (one an American) were planted on the Britim redoubts. Count Pulafki, at the head of fioo horfemen, was in full gallop, riding into town between the redoubts, with an intention of charging in the rear, when he re- ceived a mortal wound. A general retreat of the allailants took place after they had flood the enemy's fire for fifty-five minutes. D'Eftaing received two flight wounds; 637 of his troops, and 34* continentals were killed or wounded: of the 350 Charlef- VOL. III. * C tawa * The returns made to General Liacoln. 34 'THE HISTORY OP THE [^. /). 1779. town militia, who were in (he hotteft of the fire, 6 were wound- ed, and a captain killed. General Prevoft and Major Moncrieff have defervedly acquired great reputation by this fuccefsful de- fence. There were not ten guns mounted on the lines on the, day of the fummons, and in a few days the number exceeded 80. The garrifon was between 2 and 3000, including 1^0 mi- litia. The damage it fuftained was trifling, as the men fired un- der cover, and few of the affailants fired at nil. It loft no other officer than Captain Taws, who defended the redoubt where the flandards were planted, with the greateft bravery. Inilead of mu- tual reproaches, which too often follow the failure of enterprises, depending upon the co-operation of different nations, the French and Americans had their confidence in and efleem for each other encreafed. It was thought, that the delicacy and propriety of General Lincoln's conduct on every occafion, contributed much to this agreeable circumftance. The militia almoft univerfally returned home, immediately after the unfuccefsful afTault. In about ten days, Count D'Eftaing reimbarked his troops, artillery and baggage, and left the continent; while General Lincoln returned to South Carolina. But the French were fcarcely on board, when a violent gale difperfed the whole fleet ; and th6ugh the Count had ordered feven fhips to repair to Hampton road in the Chefapeak, the Marquis de Vaudreuil was the only officer who was able to execute a part of the order. While the liege of Savannah was pending, a remarkable en* terprife was effecled by Colonel John White of the Georgia line. Previous to the arrival of D'Eftaing on the coaft of Geor- gia, a Captain of Delancey's ift battalion had taken poft with a- bout 100 American roy?l regulars near the river Ogeechee, about 25 miles from Savannah. There were alfo at the fame place five Britiih veffels, four of which were armed, the largeft with 14 guns, the fmaileft with 4, and the whole manned with about 40 failors. Colonel White, with fix volunteers, 'including his own fervant, made them all prifoners. On September the 3oth, at ele- ven o'clock at nigh't, he kindled a number of fires in different places, adopted the parade of a large encampment, praclifed a va- riety of other ftratagems, and furnmOned the captain to furrender ; who was fo fully impreffed with an opinion, that nothing but an mftant compliance could fave his men from being cut in pieces by a fuperior force, that he made no defence. The deception was carried on with fuch addrcfs, that all the prifoners, amount- ing to 141, were fecured*; and afterward fafely conduced, by three General Lincoln's Letter of OSoberthe ad, tp Gov. Rutkdg? A. D. 1779.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 35 three of the captors, for 25 miles through the country, to an A- rnerican poft.t Count Pulafki died before the end of October. Congrefs have refolved that a monument mould be creeled to his memory. He was a Polander of high birth, and had been concerned in a bold enterprife in his native country. With a few men he had car- ried off king Staniflaus from the middle of his capital, though (urrounded by a numerous body of guards arid a Ruffian army. The king, after being a prifoner for fome time, efcaped by the favor of one of the band, and foon afterward declared Pulafki an out-law. Nothing could be more congenial to his fentiments than to employ his arms in fupport of the American States. He offered his fervice to Congrefs and was honored with the rank of a brigadier general. But the Count was far from beingfatisfied with his employ, as appears from his letter, dated Cnarleftown, Auguft 19, in which he wrote " Such has been my lot, that nothing lefs than my honor, which I will never forfeit, retains me in a fer- vice, which ill-treatment makes me begin to abhor. Every pro- ceeding refpeHn,g myfelf has been fo thoroughly mortifying that nathing but the integrity of my heart, and the fervency of iny zeal, fupports rre under it." Let us turn to New York. It was not till Auguft the s^th, that adrn. Arbuthnot arrived with the fleet, which conveyed the reinforcements, camp equi- page, {lores and other nece/Jaries, that were to enable Sir Henry Clinton to aH. with fuitable vigor. The 2ifl of September Sir Andrew Hammond arrived with an additional force of 1500 men from Corke. Thcfe fevoral arrivals however, did not make the Britiih at New York, eafy, when they had the news of count d'Efhing's being on the American coaft. The intelligence oc- cadonedan apprehenfion of a formidable attack by fea and land, fuppofed to have been, conceited between the Count and Gen. Washington, and de.fenfive rr.eafures were thought of. Befide adopting every other mean of a vigorous defence, tranfports were difpatched [Sept. 26] to Rhode Ii]and to bring off the garrifon. All things being in readinefs, the royal troops evacuated Newport on the 2 ^th of Oftober ; embarked in the evening, failed at night, and reached New York on. the ayth. They were in fufficient force while at Newport, to have made predatory excurfions, and to. have done much mifchief ; , notwiihflanding the troops that Gen. Gates, who was itationcd at Providence, had under his com- mand. But Gen. Sir Robert Pigot's humanity might revolt at fuch f Dr. Pvamfay'sHiftory, vol.ii.p 35-- -43. 36 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1779, fucb barbarous expeditions ; which is the mere probable, from the Uriel and pofuive orders he gave for the obfeivance of the Ijiofl exaft regularity and difcipline during the evacuation. As it was bjniverfaily known that he meant to be obeyed, fo obedi- ence was as univerfally pra&ifed. The IT- en were np wife charge-^ able at their quitting the iiland, with any wanton cruelties, or needlefs deihuclion, or with an unjuft feizure of property.*' How- ever, as Gen. Gales could not know but that rnilitaiy commands might require Sir Robert Pigot to ravage the country to the ex- tent of his power, he fecured tp himfelf the mean of gaining the earlieft intelligence pf every capita] movement upon the iflar.d, by the aid of Lieut. Seth Chapin. The lieutenant employed a trufly woman living at Newport to write down all the informa- tion me could procure. A certaip place in a rock near the water fide was agreed upon, where the written intelligence was put. The woman had her particular fignals ; and by putting up poles qr flicks as though only drying linen, and making a ihow of fuch bufmefs in a certain way, notified to the lieutenant on the other fide of the water, that there was ibme fpecia). matter to be com- municated. At night the lieutenant palled over in his boat from Little Compton, landed and brought it away. Through this fet- tled correfpondence, Gates learnt the next day what wheie the movements and talk of the enemy. After the evacuation, the general clefned the lieutenant to mention what confide rat-on would fsjisfy him for the dangerous fervice in which he h, d been engaged. The anfwerwas, *' 1 (hall be fully fatisfieu wi'h 1200 dollars for myfelf, and 2 or 300 for fome otheis that were con- cerned."- Such vyas the depieciation then, that the whole* 1500 were not worth 75 hard dollars, now they are worth about 30. Sir H. Clinton having received certain intelligence of 'he re- pulfe given the combined troops in their attack on Savannah, re- fumed the plan of an expedition, againil South Caiolina, which the appearance of Count d'Eflaing obliged hini to fufpend. Every thing was prepared, and about 7000 troops were ernbaiked, but detained till he had full aflurance of the French fleet's having wholly quitted the American coaff, wi,ien they failed under the fonvoy of Adm. Arbuthnot, on the 26th of December. Their operations xvill be related in a future letter. Congrefs having obtained fatisfaelory evidence of what was in contemplation, had ordered on the loth of November, three of the Continental fri- gates to Chaileflown fpr its defence, On * This is the fubftanre of what was related to me by diftnterefted perfons at Newport and the neighbourhood, fome (hort time afte? ffts evacuation. 4.D. 1779-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 37 On the 19111 of November, they refolved that it be earneftly recommended to the feveral ftates forthwith, to enact laws for eftablifhing and carrying into execution a general limitation of prices throughout their refpective juriidictions, on certain pre- fcribed principles, the operation to commence from the iftofnext February by which time the operation may be found to be im- poflible. They concluded on the 2,3d, that bills of exchange be drawn on Mr. Jay for 100,000!. fterling, and on Mr. Laurens or ioo,qopl. payable at fjx months fight, and the fame to be fold at ,the current rate of exchange." They after that direcled the committee of foreign affairs to write to Meffrs. Jay and Lauretis, informing them of the drafts to be made upon them, explaining fully the reafons ;hat urge Congrefs to draw, and directing them to keep up a mutual correfpondence, and to afford each other every afliftance in procuring money to pay the bills. A com- mittee of feven having been appointed by Congrefs to wait on the jninifter of France, and to receive his communications, reported [Dec. 16.] the following extracts and fummary of the communi- cations -That the miniiier of France had it in command from his king, to imprefs on the minds of Congrefs That the Britim ca- binet have an almoft infuperable reluclance to admit the idea of the independence of thefe United States, and will ufe every pof- fible endeavour to prevent it : That they have filled feveral of the courts of Europe with negociations, in order to excite them to a war againft France; or to obtain fuccours, and are employ- ing the molt ftrenuous endeavours to peifuadethe feveral powers, tint the United States are difpofed to enter into treaties of accom- , modation ; that many perfons in America are actually employed in bringing fuch treaties to perfection j and that they have no doubt of tlk-ir fuccefs : That the objecl$ which the Britim ca- binet hope for from thefe meafures are, to deftrqy the fuperiority which France has now at fea, by diverting her powers and re- fources from naval to land operations, and by engaging her in a land war, where fhe muft rifk very important interefts, while England would rifk nothing but money ; or to break or weaken thea lliance by deftroying the confidence, which the allies ought to have in each other : That his Moft Chriflian Majefly gives lio credit to the fuggeilions of Britain relative to the difpofitions of the United States, and that it is neceffary that meafures be taken for the preventing o f other powers from being deceived into a belief of them : That the negotiation of Briiain, as far as could yet be learned, had not fucceeded : That the difpofitions of all the European powers are, as far as can be known, very friendly to France, tut fome of them may be engaged in fecret treaties g8 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1779. treaties with Britain, which may oblige them in force event to afliit her with troops, even again!! (heir inclinations ; That fuch event may arife, and if it (hould, it is probable it will produce an armed mediation, the'confequences of which would be, that the allies mud accept of the terms propofed by the mediation, or continue the war under the difadvanrages of having the forces of the mediator united with thtsfeof their enemies ; That in fuch event, it is pofiible the terms propofed will be fuch as Spain offer- , ed, and Britain rejected on the la ft propofed mediation : That though the powers, who may be under fuch engagements by trea- ties to Great Britain, from their friendly difpofuion towaid his Moft Chriftian Majelly, may be very unwilling to give'ailiftancc to his enemies, yet they may find it indifpenfably necefljry in, compliance with their engagements : but it is not improbable that their reluftance, or the di.iance of their dominions, may delay fuch adiftance, if granted at all, fo as to be too late for the next campaign: That (hould the enemy be in pofleffion of any part of the United States at the clofe of the next campaign, it will be extremely difficult to Great Britain to acknowledge their inde- pendence ; and if a mediation (hould be offered while the enemy are in poifeflion of any part, an impartial mediator could not eafily refute the arguments which might be is fed for his retaining fuch poiledions ; and probably a mediator well difpofed toward Great Britain might infift on her holding them, and if not agreed to, the hoflility of fuch mediator would be the neceflary confe. quence : That (hould Great Britain form fuch alliances, or pro- cure fuch aids as are the obje6tscf her prefent negotiations, there will be every reafon to fear a long and an obftinate war, whereof the final event may be doubtful : That the t view of affairs plain- ]y points out, the neceflity for the greateft poflible vigor in the operations of the next campaign, in order to difpoifefs the enemy of every part of the United States, and to put them in a condition to treat of peace and accept of mediation, with the greaiefi ad- vantage ; and the preparations for it ought to be as fpeedy and as effectual as poflible : That Fiance and Spain are prepared to make a very powerful diverfion, and will exert thernfelves mod flrenuoufly for preserving their naval fuperiority, and for em- ploying the powers of the enemy in Europe and the Weft Indies, The minifter declared as from himfelf That he doubted not but his Moft Chriftian Majefty will (pare fome (hips to the Uni- ted States, if it can be done without endangering his fuperiority at fea, and that an application made to the minifter in form is more eligible than to the king ; becaufe it would give his ma- jefty great pain to refufe the requeft, though he might be in no condition A.D. 1779.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 39 condition to grant it : That at all events fupplies mould be prepared on a fuppofnion that the (hips will be granted, and fuch fupplies fhould be put into the hands of the agent for the marine of France, and be confidered as the king's property. He defires to be informed, as far as Congrefs deem proper, what force the United States can bring into the field the next campaign ? On what refources they rely for their maintenance and neceflary ap- pointments, and what mall be the general plan of the campaign, on fuppofition either of having or not having the aid of mips of war ? He gives it as his opinion, that an application for cloth- ing may be made to his Moft Chriftian Majefty with profpeft of fuccefs ; and although meafures have been taken for fending arms and warlike flores to America, yet it would be prudent in Con- grefs not to neglect any other means for procuring either thole iupplies, or fupplies of clothing. Congrefs to promote ceconomy in purchafes of American pro- duce, refolved on the 141!} of December, to call upon the ftates for the neceflary fupplies, for which they are to be credited at equal prices for articles of the fame quality and kind, and for others which they may furnifh in due proportion. I (hall conclude with mentioning in a general way, that the American cruifers have continued to be very fuccefsful : Ami that about the middle of September, the French plenipotentiary, in a converfation with Gen. Washington mentioned, that though Spain had been all along well difpofed to the revolution, (he had entered reluclantly into the war, and had not acknowledged the independence of the United States ; and that France defired to enga'ge Spain more firmly in their interefts, by a m&rk of their good will to her. [The mark in view is the lands on the cart- em fide of the Mifliffippi ; which is an affair that the genera! leaves to the wifdorn of Congrefs.] LETTER II. Roxbury, Aug. 24, 1780. /CONGRESS refolved, [Jan. 31.] "that the following an- \^s fwer be given to the communications of the minifler of FranceThat Congrefs entertain the moft grateful fenfe of the unremitting 4p THE HISTORY OF THE [A.D.i 77 g, unremitting attention given to the interefts of the United States by their illuftrious ally, and confider the communications madfc to them by his minifter under his majefty's ipeeial command, as equally wife and interefting : That the confidence which they repofe in his majefty, in confequence of his fo gcnerouily inte- refting himfelf in the affairs of thefe United States, and of the wifdom and magnanimity of his councils, determine them to give the moft perfe6t information in their power of their refources, their views and their expectations ; That to this end they ftate as' follows* That the United States have expectations, on which they can rely with confidence, of bringing into the field next campaign an srmy of 25,000 effective men exclufive of com- miflioned officers :--^That thisarmycan be reinforced by militia; fo as to be in force fufficient for any enterprife againft the pofts occupied by the enemy within the United States ; That fupplies of provifion for the army in its greateft number, can certainty be obtained within the United States, and the Congrefs, with the co-operation of the feveral ftates, can take effeclual meafures for procuring them in fuch manner, as that no operation will be im- peded : That provifions alfo for fuch of the forces of his Moft Chriftian Majefly, .as may be employed in conjunction or co- operation with thofe of the United States, can be procured un- der the direction of Congrefs ; and fuch provifions (hall be laid up in magazines, agreeably to fuch inftruclions as his majefly's rninifter plenipotentiary (hall give ; and the magazines fhall be put under the direclion of the agent of the marine of France / That Congrefs rely on thecontributionsof theftates by taxes, and on mo- nies to be raifedby internal loans for the pay of the army : That fupplies of clothing, of tents, of arms and warlike ftores, muft be principally obtained from foreign nations, and the United States muft rely chiefly on the adiftance of their ally for them ; but rvery other mean for procuring them is already taken, and will be profecuted with the greateft diligence : -That the United States, with the adiftance of a competent naval force, would wil- lingly, during the next campaign, carry on the moft vigorous of- fenfive operations againft the enemy in all the pofts occupied by them within the United States: That without fuch naval force, little more can be attempted by them, than ftraitening the quar- ters of the enemy, and covering the interior parts of the country : That their forces muft be difpofedin fuel} manner as to oppofc the enemy with greateft effect, wherefoever their moft confiderable operations may be directed: That at prefent the fouthern ftates feem to be their principal objeft ; and their defign to eftabliih themfelves in one or more of them : but iheir fuperiority at fea over AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 4* bver the United States, enables them to change their object and operations with great facility, while thofe of the United States are rendered difficult by the great extent of country they have to defend : That Congrefs are happy to find that his Moft Chrif- tian Majefty gives no credit tb the fuggeftions of the Britifh ca^ binet, relative to the difpofltioris of the United States, or any of them, to enter into treaties of accommodation with Great Bri- tain; and wifh his majefty and all the powers of Europe to be af- fured, that fuch fuggeftions are infidious and without foundation: That it will appear by the confthutions and other public ais of the feveral Mates, that the citizens of the United States, poIFeffeci of arms, pofFeffed of freedoni, rjoiTeffed of political power to Create and direct their rhagiftrates a's they think proper, are unit- ed in their determination^, to' fecure to themfelves and their pof- lerity the bleJIings of liberty, by fupporting the independence of their governments, and obfervirig their treaties and public en- gagements with immoveable firmnefs and fidelity; and the Con- grefs ailure his majefty, that mould any individual in America be found bafe enough to fhow the leaft difpofition for perfuading the people to the contrary, fuch individual would inftantly lofe all power of effecting his purpofe, by forfeiting the confidence and efteem of the people. The committee appointed [Feb. 2.] to receive tHe cdmmuni- fcatiorts from the minifier of France, reported, that on their fe- cond conference, he cammunicated to them -"That his Moft Chriftian Majefty being informed of the appointment of a minif- ter plenipotentiary, to treat of an alliance between the United States and his Catholic Majefty, had fignified to his rniniiicr plenipotentiary to thefe United States, that he wifhes moft earn- eflly for fuch an alliance, and in order to make the way thereto rnore eafy, commanded him to communicate to Congrefs certain articles, which his Catholic Majefty deems of great importance to the interefts of his crown; and ori which k is highly neceflary that thefe United States explain themfelves with fuch precifiori arid moderation as may confift with their eftential rights: That the articles are, i. aprecife and invariable boundary to the U~ nited States 2. the exclufive navigation of the 'iver Miffifippi 3. the pofTeffiori of the Florid-is 4. the lands on the left or eaftern fide of the MiiTifippi: That on the ift article it is the idea of the cabinet of Madrid, that the United Stares extend to the weftward no further than the fettlements were permitted by (he royal proclamation, bearing date the day of 1763 : That on the 2d, the United States do not confider themfelves a? having right to navigate the river Miffifippi, no territory belong- VOL. Ill, B iu +t THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780. ing to them being fituate thereon: That on the 3d, it is probable, the king of Spain will conquer the Floridas during the courfe of the prefent war, and in fuch event every caufe of difpute re- lative thereto, between Spain and thefc United States, ought to be removed : That on the 4th, the lands lying on the eaft fide of the Miffifippi, whereon the fettlements were prohibited by the faid proclamation, are pofleflions of the crown of Great Britain, and proper objeBs againft which the arms of Spain may be employed for thepurpofe of making a permanent conqued for the Spanifh crown ; that fuch conqueft may be made probably during the prefent war; that therefore it would be advifeable to restrain the fouthern dates from making any fettlements or conqueds in thefe territories : that the council of Madrid confider the United States as having no claims to thefe territories, either as not having had poiTeiTion of them before the prefent war, or not having any foun- dation for a claim in the right of the fovereign of Great Britain, whofe dominion they have abjured: That his Moft Chridian Majefty, united to the Catholic King by blood, and by the dncleft alliances, and united wish tbefe ftates in treaties of alliance, and feeling toward them difpdfitions of the mod perfect friendfnip, is exceedingly defirous of conciliating between his Catholic Ma- jelly and the United States the molt happy and lading friendihip : That the United States may repofe the utmofl confidence in his good will to their interefts, and in the juflice and liberality of his- Catholic Majefty: and That he cannot deem the revolution which has fet up the independence of thefe United States, as pad all danger of unfavorable events, until his Catholic Majefty and the faid dates fhall be eftabliihed on thofe terms of confidence and amity, which are the objects of his Mod Chriitian Majefty 's very earned wiflies." The information you are now entering upon, may appear fin- gular after reading the anfwer of Congrefs to the minider of Prance, on the article of provifion. In the middle of Decem- ber, a part of General Wafhington's army was feveral days with- out bread; and for the reft he had not, either on the fpot or with- in reach, a fupply fufficient for four days. Reckoning back from January the 8th } and both officers and men were almoft perifhing through want for a fortnight. The deficiency proceeded from the abfolute emptinefs of the American magazines in everyplace, and the total want of money or credit to replenifh them. So that the general was obliged to call upon the magiff rates of the jeifey fiate; to expofe his fituation to them; and to declare Jjp plain terms, that he and his army were reduced to the alternative of diibanding or catering for themfelves,unlefs ibe inhabitants would afford A.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 43 afLrd them aid. He allotted to each county a certain propor- ition of flour or grain, and a certain number of cattle to be de- livered on certain days. To the honor of the magiftrates and the good difpofition of the people, be it added, that his requifi- tions were punctually complied with, and in many counties ex- .-cceded. Nothing but this great andpatriotic exertion, which claims the particular confideration, and the warmeft acknowledgements of the public, could have faved the army from difTolutionor ftarv- ing, as the troops were bereft of every hope from the commifla- ries. At one time the foldiers eat every kind of horfe food but hay: buck wheat, common wheat, rye and Indian corn, formed .the iompofition of the meal that made their bread. As ari army they bore.it with heroic patience; but fuch fufferings, accompa- nied with the want -of clothes, blankets, Sec. produced frequent . act as infantry in their fupport. On various pretences the mili- tia refufed ta attach themlelves to the cavalry. The American body of horfe, intended to cover the country,, and to preferve the communication between that and the town, was furprifed at Monk's Corner, [April 14.] by a ftrong party of Britiih, led by Lieut. Cols. Tarleton and Webfter. A negro (lave, for a fuin of money, conduced the BridHi fiom Goofs-Creek; in the ni^h% 'through $3 THE HISTORY OF THE \_A.D. 1780, through unfrequented paths. Although the commanding officer of the American cavalry had taken the precaution of having his- horfes faddled and bridled, and the alarm was given by his videt- tes, pofted at the diftance of a mile in front ; yet, being entirely unfupported by infantry, the Britifh advanced fo rapidly, not- withstanding the dppofition of the advanced guard, that they be- gan their attack upon the main body before the men could put themfelves in a pofiure of defence. About twenty-five were killed or taken ; and they that efcapcd were obliged for feveraf days to conceal themfelves in the fwamps: The Britifh inftantly fell down on the peninfula between the Cooper and the Santee with about 2,50' horfe and 600 infantry. When Gen. Lincoln' was informed ori the i6th of what had happened, he called a: council of war, who were of opinion, that the weak ftate of the garrifon made it improper to detach a riurnber fufficient to attack this feparate corps. On the i8th Sir H. Clinton received a re- inforcement of 3000 men from New York; The only praclica- ble route of an evacuation for the Americans was to the right of the town ; but the befiegers, with their reinforcement,- ftrength- ened the troops ori the peninfula* and took poft on Haddrell'tf point, which obliged the others to abandon Lampriere's. On the 2oth and 2 i ft, another council of war was held, to determine upon the meafures that the intereftand fafety of the country call- ed the American officers to piirfue under their prefent circum- ftances. The refult was " As a retreat would be attended with many diftrefling inconveniences, if not altogether impra&icable for the undermentioned caufes, to wit,-!, the civil authority isf averfe to it, and intimated incouncil, that if attempted, they would: counteract the rheafure : 2. it muft be performed iri face of the enemy, much fuperior, acrofs a river three fniles broad, ili large {hips and vefTels, the moving of which muft be regulated by the wind and tide : 3. could thefe obftacles be farmounted, we muft (orce our way through a confiderable body of the enemy,' in full pofTeflion of the pafTes on our route to the Santee, tb< only road by which we can retreat : 4. fuppofing us arrived at that river, new and dangerous difficulties are again to be encoun- tered, from the want of boats to crofs it, with an army wafted and worn down by a&ion, fatigue and famine, and clofely purfued by the enemy -we advife therefore, that offers of capitulation, be- fore our affairs become more critical, fhould be made to Gen.- Clinton, which may admit of the army's withdrawing, and afford fecurity to the perfons and property of the inhabitants" figned William Monhrie and others. The terms when propofed, were inftantly rejecled ; but dill not receded from by the propofers, as they >*.. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 49 they had hopes of fuccours to open the communication, and give an opportunity of repeating. Though the i ejection of the terms tiifpirited the garrifon, yet they thought, by delaying as long as poftible, the people in the neighbouring Rates would have an op- portunity to roufe and imbody. On the 23d of April, the Bnnfh commenced their third parallel from 80 to 1^0 yards from the Britifh lines. The next day the befieged made a fally, which was conducted by Lieut. Col. Henderfon, who led out 200 men, and attacked the advanced working party of the Britim, killed federal and took eleven prifoners. This was the only faliy made by them, for their inferior numbers would not admit of their en- gaging repeatedly in fuch fervices. On the 26th the propriety of attempting a retreat came again before a council of officers, who were unammoufly of opinion, that it was not expedient as a re- treat was impracticable. While Gen. Lincoln was preffed with a variety of difficulties, .the Britim flag was feen flying on fort Moultrie. When the royal fhips had pafled Sullivan's ifland, Col. Pinkney, with abou; 150 men under his command, was withdrawn from that poft,to reinforce the army in Charleflown. The feeble remainder of the garrifon, rnoflly militia, ^render- ed on the 6th of M:iv to Capt. Hudfon of the Biitifli navy, with- out firing a gun. The fame day the third parallel was completed clofe to the edge of the American canal, and a fap carried to the" dam, which contained its water on the right, by which mean a great part was drained to the bottom. On that day alfo Col, Anthony Walton White, who had taken the command of the remains of the American cavalry after their defeat, experienced a firailar difafter. He had croffed the Santee, and on that day made prifoners a fmall Britifh party, that was conduced to Lan- iieau's ferry, lie had ordered in feafori proper perfons to col- left boats, and to a (Terrible a body of infantry at this place, to cover the American cavalry in their recroffing the Santee, which had not been carred into execution. The zeal of a new fubjccl, who had lately fubmitteu to the royal army, led him to give immedi- ate notice to Lord Corriwallis of White's fituation. Tarletor^ with a party of horfe, was difpatched to the ferry ; arrived there a few minutes after the American cavalry ; and inftantly charg- ed them with a fuperior force. From the want of boats and of infantry, a retre'at was ^impraclicable, and refiftance uhavail- - ing. A rout took place. Major Call and feven others efcaoed on horfeback, by urging their way through the advancing Britifh cavalry. Lieut. Col. Wartiington, Major Jame'fon, and five or fix privates, faved themfelves by fwimming acrofs the Santee. About 30 were killed, wounded or taken. The remainder gol VOL. 111. E off ^o THE HISTORY OF THE [_A. D. 1780. off by concealing themfelves in the fwamps. The Britifh prifo- ners, who were in a boat eroding the river, being called upon by their friends to come back, rofe on their guard, and were re- leafed. On the eighth Sir H. Clinton began a correfpondence with Gen. Lincoln, and repeated his former terms and fum- mons. At this time, all the flefh-provifions of the garrifon were not fufficient to furnifh rations for a week. There was no prof- pecl; either of reinforcements or of fupplies from the country. The engineers gave it as their opinion, that the lines could not be defended ten days longer, and that they might at any time be carried by affault in ten minutes. Gen. Lincoln was difpofed to clofewith the terms offered, as far as theyrefpefted his army ; but fome demur was made in behalf of the citizens. Sir H. Clinton infixed on their being ail prifonerson parole, and would promife nothing further, than that the town-property of thofe within the lines fhould not be molefted by the Britifh troops. He alfo evad- ed any determinate anfwer to the article which requefted leave for thofe who did not choofe to fubmit to the Britiih govern- ment, to fell their eflates and leave the province. It was hoped, that upon a proper reprefentation of matters in a free conference, the generofity of the befiegers would foften their demands ; the fame was therefore afked by Gen. Lincoln, without hisdireftly re- fufing what was offered. Contrary to the expectation of the be- fieged, an anfwer was returned, that hoftilities fhould recom- mence at eight o'clock. When the hour arrived, the moft vigorous onfet of the befiegers was immediately expecled by the garrifon. But neither army fired a gun for fotfie time. Both Teemed to dread the confequences of an affault, and to wim foi a continuance of the truce, and a reconfideration of the propofed articles. At nine, firing commenced from the garrifon, and was kept up on both fides for ieveral hours with unufal brifknefs, and did more execution than had taken place in the fame length of time fmce the commencement of the fiege. The BritiQi bat- teries of the third parallel, which were ready on the 6th, opened on this occafion. Shells and carcafes were thrown inc ffantly into altnoft all parts of the town ; and feveral houfes burnt. Be- fide the cannon and mortars which played on the garrifon at a Jefs diftancethan a hundred yards, rifles were fired by the Heffian chaffeurs with fuch effecl, that very few efcaped who mowed themfelves above the lines. The Britifh advanced [May n/J within twenty-five yards of the fame, having croffed the wet ciitch by fap ; and commenced their preparations for making a general affault by fea and land. The principal inhabitants or the town, and a number of the country militia, now addrefled Gen. Lincoln : A.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 51 Lincoln : fignified to him, that the terms which Sir H. Clinton had offered, ib far as they related to them, were fatisfaclory ; and requeued his acceptance of them : the Lieut. Governor and coun- cil alfo defired, that the negociations might be renewed. The moment for it was come. The town militia had thrown down their arms. The citizens in general were difcontented and clamorous. Many of the American cannon were difmounted, $nd others fiienced for want of (hot. AH expectations of fuc- cour was at an end. No hope remained ; but what little arofe from the bare poflibility, that the flower of the Britifh army on the continent, 9000 ftrong, fluihed by rheir fuccefsful operations, and feconded by a naval force, might be repulfed while attempt- ing a ftorm, by a garrifon, worn down with hard fervice, and under 3000 men. Gen. Lincoln wrote to Sir H. Clinton, and ^fFered to accept the terms before propofed to him. The Britifh commanders, averfe to the extremities of a ftorm, confented. The articles of capitulation were figned the next day by B. Lin- coln, H. Clinton, and M. Arbuthnot. It was ftipulated, that the continental troops and failors mould remain prifoners of war un- til exchanged j and be Tupplied with good aijd wholefome provi- fions, in fuch quantity as is ferved out to the Britifh troops. The militia were to return home as prifoners on parole ; which, as long as they obferved, was, to fecure them from being mole^ed in their property by the Britifh troops. The officers of the ar- my and navy were to keep their (words, piftols and baggage, which was not to be fearched, and were to retain their fervams : but their horfes were not to go out of town, but might be dif- pofed of by a perfon left for the purpofe. Th^ garrifon, v at an hour appointed, was to march out of the town, to the ground between the works of the place and the canal, where they were to depofit their arms. The drums were not to be^t a Britifh march, nor the colours to be uncafed. All civil officers and ci- tizens, who had borne arms daring the fiege, were to be prifon- ers on parole, and with refpect to their property in the city, were to have the fame terms as the militia ; and all other perfons indie town, not defcribed in any article, were notwithflanding to bv: prifoners on parole. It was left to future difcuffion whether or no, a twelvemonth's time mould be allowed to all fuch as do not choofe to continue under the Britith government, to difpofe of their effects, real and per Tonal, in the ftate, without any molefta- tion whatever, or to remove Tuch part thereof as they choofe, as well as themfelves and families and whether, during that time, tV,ey or any of them ftp u Id have it in their option to refide oc- cafionalty in town or country. The French conful, the fubjecls of 52 THE HIS TORY or THI [4. D. 1780. of France and Sp4n, with their houfes, papers, and other move- able property, were to b,e prote6ied and untouched ; but they \veie to confider themfelves as priforiers on parole. The. return of the prifoners tranfmnted to Great Britain is fwelled to upward of 5000, by comprehending every adult free- man of the town, between 2 and 3000 failuis taken from the {hipping and put into the batteries, and thofe militia of both Ca- rolirias that were in garrifo.n. But the proper ganifon did not amount to quite 2^00 at the time of furrender. The real num- ber of privates in the continental army was 1977, of whom ^oq were in the bpfpitals. The captive officers were greatly out of proportion to them; and confiftcd of i major general, 6 briga- diers, 9 colonels, 14 lieut. colonels, 15 majors, 84 captains and capt. het.uen.ants, 84 lieutenants, 32 fecond lieutenants and en- figns. The commanders of the militia from the country were; ittoflly of the firft rank, and in honor icpaired to the defence of the town, though they coiild not bring with them privates equal to their refjpeftive cqmmands. The continental, regiments were completely oflicered, while the adequate number of privates was greatly deficient. The fupernumeiary regular officers were re- tained in the garrifun, frr.*n an apprehenfion that their being or- dered out would have difpirited the army, and from an expecta- tion in the early pans of the fiege, that their fervices would be v/anted to command the large reinforcements of militia that had been promifed. During the 30 days fiege, only 20 American fol- diers deferted. The militia and failors fla'ioned in the batteries fufTered little. Of ihe continentals who manned, the lines, 89 \vere killed and 138 wounded; and of the Charleftown militia ar- tillery flationed there, 3 were killed and 8 wounded. About 20 inhabitants were killed in their houfes by random {hot. Upward of 30 houfes were burnt, and others greatly damaged. The total lofs of the ^oyal forces is (rated at 7$ killed and 189 wounded. A prodigious artillery v.-as taken, conluierably more than 400 pieces, including every fort, and. thofe in the forts and ftiips.^ The capital having furrenriered, the next object with the $n- tifli was to fecure the general fubrniffion of the inhabitants. To jfhis end they pofted ganifons in different parts of the country, and marched a large body of troops over the Santee toward that extremity of the ftate, which borders on the /noft populous jfettlements * General Lincoln's letters and papers, and other MRS, befide Pr. Hamfay's Hiftory and different publications, have been confulted in drawing up the fcbove account of the operations re^pet^ing Charlef- A. D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. $3 fetdements of North Carolina. This caufed an immediate re- treat of fume American parties who had advanced into the upper pans of South Carolina, with the expeclation of relieving Charleftown, Among the corps which had come forward with that view, there was one confiding of about 300 continentals, the rear of the Virginia line, commanded by Colonel Buford. Tarle- ton, with about 700 horfe and foot, was fent in queft of this party, Having mounted his infantry, he marched 105 miles in 34 hours, came up with them at the Waxhaws, and demanded their furren- der on terms fimilar to thofe granted to the continentals at Charlef- town. While the flags were paffing and repaying on this bufi- nefs, Tarleton kept his men in motion, and when the truce was ended, had nearly furrounded his adverfaries. An a&ion [May 29.] inflantly enfued. The continental party, having partaken of the general confternation occafoned by the Britifti fuccefles, made but a feeble refinance, and fooh begged quarter. A few, however, continued to fire. The Britim cavalry advanced, but were not oppofed by the main body of the continentals, who con- feived themfelves precluded by their fubmiflion. The accident- al firing of the few, was an argument, however, for directing the Britim legion to charge thofe who had laid down their arms. In confequence of this order, the unrefiiting Americans, praying for quarters, were chopped in pieces. By Tarleton's official account pf this bloody fcene, 113 were killed, 150 badly wounded, un- able to travel, and left on' parole; and 53 made prifoners: while they made fuch ineffectual oppofition as only to kill feven and wound twelve of the Britiib. Lord Cornwallis beftowed on Tarleton the higheft encomiums for this enterprife, and recom- mended him in a fpecial manner to royal favor. Tar letons quar- ters is become proverbial; and in fubfequent battles a fpirit of re- venge will give a keener edge to military refentments. Scarce had Admiral Arbuthnot's fleet, with the troops under Sir Henry Clinton, taken his departure from Sandy Hook for the reduclion of Charleftown, ere an intenfe froft, with great falls of fnow, fhut up the navigation of the New York port from the fea. The encreafing feverity of the weather, toward the middle of January, entirely cut off all communication with the city by water, and foon after deprived the illand of New York, and the ad- joining iflands, of all the defenfive benefits of their infular fitua- tion. The North River, with the ftreights and channels, by which they aredivided and furrounded, were every where clothed with ice of fuch a ftrength and thicknefs, as would have admitted the paflage of armies, wiih their heavieft carriages and artillery. In ihis fuuation the royaj generals and officers at New York took the 54 THE HISTORY OF THE [^. D. 1780. the inoft prudent and fpecdy meafures for the common defence. All orderi of men in the city were embodied, armed and oflicer- ed, fo that the whole force, including feamen, amounted to near 6000. General Wafhingion, however, was in no condition to profit by "he unlocked for event of a harder winter than was known even in that climate within the memory of man. He had weakened his army by detachments to the foiuhward, for the re- lief of Charleftown.. An ineffectual attempt was made indeed by Lord Stirling, with the troops under his command, upon Staten liland on the i^th of January; but as the royahfls re- treated to their ftrong holds, and the ice afforded a bridge for re-r inforcernents from New York, his lordllup retreated at night. The diilrelled fuuation of the American Commander in Chief, may be conjectured from the following account. A more gener ral and alarming diflatisia&ion appeared in his army, than ever before in any flage of the war. About the commencement of April it wore, in particular inftances, features of a very dange- rous complexion ; produced partly by a diverfity in the terms of the men's inliftment, partly by the inequality of the rewards giv, en for entering into the fervice, btitmoftly by the difparity in th$ provifion made by the feveral ftates for their refpeftive troops. The uneafmefs continued increafing, from the army's receiving for a confiderable time no more than a half, a quarter, or aa eighth of their allowance. They bore long with the greateft pa- tience their diftrefs, and every thing was due to the officers for encouraging them to it, both by exhortation and example. But on the a^th of May, at night, two regiments mutinied; however, after feveral expoftulations and exertions by the officers, they re- turned to their huts. A fortnight before, General Greene wiote [May 11.] to his excellency "1 have little piofpecl either of providing for the march of the Maryland troops to the fouthward, or of putting this army in motion. Many ftores contracted for on advantageous terms, and which I had hopes of poflcffing, have iince been fold at private fale for want of money to fulfil our contracts. Many engaged in the manufactory of a variety of ar- ticles, feeing but little profpeft of our being able to fulfil the con- ditions on our part, have declined going on. A great number of waggons on which we depended for this army have been fold, and others left unfinifhed. All our public horfes, which have been out to winter and recruit, have been nigh unto ftarving, and many have actually perifhed for want of proper fupplies of forage. The ftores that we have provided at Boilon, Pennfyl- vania and elfewhere, we find ourfelves unable to get forward. Nuraberlefs eiiibarraifments lie before me, fuch as ftate vulgar vf/Xi/So.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 35 vulgar prejudices, want of money and fupport, as well as he 1780. Robertfon, Tryon and Sterling, paffed over by night, with 5000 men, from Staten Ifland to Elizabeth-town Point. Colonel Day- ton, who commanded fome militia, hearing that they were com- ing in force, went and reconnoitred, and placed a guard of twelve men in advance, whom he ordered to oppofe the enemy as long as they could, and then retire. Sterling being the youngeft ge- neral, commanded the advanced corps, and was fired upon and wounded in the knee by the twelve, fhortly after the debarkation : this, however occafioned no long delay. The royai troops enter- ed Elizabeth-town [June/.] very early in the morning; where they obferved ftrift difcipline and great decorum. They then advanc- ed to Connecticut Farms about five miles diftant. In this neigh- bourhood lived the Rev. Mr. James Caldwell, the Prefbyterian minifter of Elizabeth-town. The aclive part he had taken in fup- portof the American caufe, and his fuccefsful influence in fpirit- ing up the Jeriey people to oppofe the Eritifh forces, rendered him an object of their keenefl refentmem, and made it infecure for him to refide in his own town. Upon the news of the ene- my's advancing, he withdrew from his prefent habitation; and fuppofmg that it might be done with fafftty, left his wife and child- ren behind. Mrs. Caldwell, however, was afterward fearful of flaying, left there fhould be firing in the ftreet, till Col. Dayton advifed her to continue, as he mould not fuffer it in his troops, which would prevent the danger, of it from the enemy. He ac- cordingly marched the militia from the Farms, on to a pafs lead- ing to Springfield, of which he pofTeffed himfelf. Soon after, the royal forces arrived in the neighbourhood of the Farms, when a foldier came to thehoufe, and putting his gun to the window of the room where Mrs. Caldwell was fitting, (with her children, and a maid .with an infant in her arms along fide of her) fired, and (hot her inftantly dead. The body, at the earneft requeft of an officer of the new levies, was, with fome difficulty, fufYered to be carried to a fmall houfe at a diilance, before Mr. Cald well's dwell- ing was let on lire and confurned, together with every thing be- longing to him. The enemy burnt about a dozen other houfes, and the Prelbyterian meeting, and then marched toward Spring- field. Colonel Dayton, with the militia that joined the few tak- en with him, fought them fora while at the pafs he had occupied. On their approaching the bridge near the town, they found a fmall body of continental troops under General Maxwell, and a number of militia nattily collected within a few hours, polled at the'place: they therefore halted, and continued on the fame ground till night, when thedcfign of attacking Springfield was given up, and ihey returned to Elizabeth-town in a degree of confufion. ; No AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 59 No fooner had intelligence of their excurfion reached Morris- town, than a detachment of the American army was ordered to Springfield: this, however, when joined to the force already there, would have been no wife equal to the royal army. The whole number of continentals did not exceed two thoufand five hundred men. It was thought by the Americans, that the ene- my's intentions, when they came out, were to drive General Wdfhington from Morris-town, and to fpread defolation through that part of the country. General Greene, confiderirjg the ft rength of the enemy and the weaknefs of the continental army, was defirousthat the Commander in Chief would change hvs po- fnion, under the plea of marching to guard the heights of the North river, on the affumed fuppofition, that the real deflgn ot the enemy was againft them, and that Kriyphaufen's attack was only meant as a feint: but the fudden return of the latfer to Eliza- beth-town, rendered the meafure for the prefentunneceffary. The murder of Mrs. Caldwell may be viewed as the aft of a (ingle fol- dier; but the burning of houfes muft be placed to the account of the commanding officers. Thefe events excited fuch an enthufi- aftic rage, that the militia turned out with remarkable fpirit, and did themfelves great honor. The Commander in Chief, in his fubfequent general orders, highly commended the behaviour of the militia and all the corps concerned in oppofing Knyphaufen, and faid " Colonel Dayton merits particular thanks." The ene- my had been told, before they entered on the trial, that mould they march ^ooo men into Jerfey, the inhabitants, difpirited to the ut- mofl on account of the misfortune at the fouthward, would fub- mit without refinance, and that the foldiery of the continental army would defert to them on every occafion. This army, with- out fullering by defertions, would not have been able to have kept the field, but for the affiftance of the Jerfey militia. Its weak- nefs was occafioned by the numbers who had left it when their in- liltment was out ; by i?s not having been joined by a fingle draught, nor received two hundred recruits from all the ftates call of Mary- land ; and by the troops that had been fent on for the protection ot the Carolines. It received no other reinforcements but mili- tia, till after the deftru&ion of Springfield. The rpyal forces remained at Elizabeth-town. Sir H. Clin- ton on his arrival at New York, determined to improve on the original defign, and to afford tbem an opportunity of aling with efTecl, for this purpofe troops were embarked, and fuch prepara- tions made, as indicated aa immediate expedition up the North River. Upon this, General Wa ihingt on, to be ready in cafe of any real defign again 11 Wed Point, or other fliong holds in th Highlands 60 THE HISTORY OF THE [J. D. 1780. Highlands, marched with the greatefl part of the army toward Pnmpronfen the 2 ift, leaving about 700 men with the horfe im .i 7 8o.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 67 ward of two thoufand negroes were (hipped off at one embarka- tion. When Charleftown had furrendererl, the nextobjeft with the Britifh was to fecure the general fubmiflioa of the inhabitants. To this end they polled garrifons in different parts of the sountry, and marched a large body of troops over the Santee toward that extremity of the ftate, which borders on the mod populous fettlo merits of North Carolina. This caufed an immediate retreat of fome American parties, that had advanced into the upper parts of South Carolina, with the expectation of relieving Charleftown. The total rgut or capture of all the fouthern continental troops in the ftate, together with the univerfal panic occafioned by the furrender of the capital, fufpended, for about fix weeks, all mili* tary oppofition to the progrefs of the Britifh army. Sir Henry Clinton, a week before the defeat of Colonel BH- ford by TaHeton, had, in a proclamation, denounced vengeance againft thofe of the inhabitants, who ihould continue, by force of arms, to oppofe the re-eftabliftiment of Britifli government. On the ift of June, he and Admiral Arbuthnot, ascommiflioners for reftoring peace to the revolted colonies, offered, by procla- mation, to the inhabitants, with a few. exceptions, pardon for paft offences, and a reinftatement in the poffeflion of all the rights and immunities they had heretofore enjoyed under a free Britifh government, e&mfttjirom taxation, except by their own legijlature> as foon as the fituation ofritifh wi;h a flag, and negociated for them- felves. The people of Ninety Six aflembled to deliberate what courfe they ihould take. Being informed that the Britifli were advancing, they fent a flag to the commanding officer, from whom they learned, that Sir Henry Clinton had delegated full powers to Captain Richard Pearis to treat with them. Articles were pro- pofed and foon after ratified, by which they were promifed the fame fecurity for their perfons and property which Britifli fub- jetls enjoyed. They fubmitted under a miftaken opinion, that agreeable to a proclamation previous to the furrender of Charlef- tovvri, they were to be either neutrals or prifooers on parole. Ex- cepting the extremities of the ftate bordering on North Carolina, the inhabitants continuing in the country preferred fubrriffion tQ refiftance, Sir 68 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780. Sir Henry Clinton, about the time that Cbarleftown furrender- ed, received intelligence, that a large number of land forces anrla Trench fleet, commanded by M. de Ternay, might foon be ex- pefted on the American coaft. This induced him to reimbark for New York early in June, with the greater! part of his army, which otherwise was to have remained, and been employed in the conqueft of the adjacent Hates. But before he failed, all the inhabitants of the province, and prifoners upon parole, and not in the military line (excepting thofe taken by capitulation, or in con- finement at the furrenderof Charleflown) were, by proclamation of June the 3d, freed from all fuch paroles from a::rn ;o their allegiance and his majeily', government, were to be confide ed as enemies and rebels to the fame, and to be treated s"-s, on fubfcribing a teft of their allegiance, and wiilingnefs to iuppoit the royal caufe. Many of their fellow citizens icon fol- lowed their example of exchanging paroles for protections. Thofe who owned eftates in the* country, had no fecurity by ca- pitulation for any property out of the lines, unlefs they became fubjects. Such as declined doing it met with every difcourage- inent. A numerous c!?fs of people were reduced to the alterna- tive of flarving or fuing for protection. Traders and fhopkeep- ers, after having contracted large debts, by purchafmgof the Brit* ifh merchants who came wiih the conquering army, were preclud- ed by Lord Cornwaliis's proclamation of July the 2,5th, from felling the goods they had purchafed* unlefs they affirmed the name and characler of Britiih fubje&s. Thus were multitudes prefled into a* fervicc, which they were ready to defert upon every occafion. But its triumphant ftate made the royalifts, in both Carolina*, confident of Britifh protection, and greatly increafed them by accedions from thofe who alway fide with the ftrongeft. A large body of them collelcd under the command of Col. Moore in North Carolina, on the 2 ad ot June. The greateft part had taken the oath of allegiance to that ftate, and many had done militia duty in the American fervice. Their premature infurrec.. tion, contrary to Lord Cornwallis's advice to his friends, which was to remain inactive tiU he had advanced into their fettlements, fu 1 je6r.ed them to an immediate difperfion. Gen. Rutherford inftamly marched againft thefe infurgents, but was fo fhort of lead that he could arm only 300 men. Col. Lock advanced with this detachment twenty-five miles ahead to obferve them, while 1 the main body halted for a fupply of ammunition. The colonel, though greatly inferior in fbrce, was reduced to the neceflity of attacking or being attacked. He chofe the former ; and Capt. Falls, with a party of horfe, rufhed into the middle of the royal- ifts, and threw them into confufion. Twenty-two of the wig militia were killed or wounded : among the former were fix of their officers, who were fingled out by riflemen among the in- furgents. The captain was one of the fljin. Col. Moore pro- pofedto Col. Lock a ceffation of all hoftilities for an hour, which being agreed to, the former ran off with his whole party. Scarce was this infurreclion quelled, ere another party of North Carolina royalitls under Col. Brian, marched down on D. 1780. LETTER III. Rotterdam, Aug. 26, 1780. FRIEND G. HIS Britifh Majcfty.' [Nov. 2,5. 1779.] went to tbehoufeof peers, and opened ihe feliion oi pailiamem. The royal fpeech was totally fiicnt with refpecl to America and the 'Weft Indies: but filled the prefcnt, one of the moft dangerous confe- deracies that ever was lornied again ft :he crown and people of Great Britain. It recommended 10 the lords and commons the confideration of what further advantages might be extended to the kingdom of Ireland, by iuch regulations as may effectually promote the interefls oi ail the Brinih dominions. The necefiv? ty of the recommendation was evident from what had already happened upon the meeting of the infii parliament in O61ober t The further proceedings of the people of Ireland dtfcoveved a determination to fecurt 10 themfelves fubftantial benefits from a crifis fo peculiarly favorable to the views of the patriotic party. The affociators being jealous, that if the fupplies were granted as ufual for two years, a fudden prorogation of parliament would put an end to all hope of amicable addrefs for the prefent, called out for a (hort money bill of fix months only, and it became the general cry of Ireland. The reptefentatives at length found, that it was indifpenfably requifite for them to comply, and the Ihort money bill was accordingly pafled. A neceiTuy equally convinc- ing, fecured the paiTage of that humiliating and mortifying aft in Great Britain on the I7th of December. Six days alter, the king gave his aflent to a bill for granting a free trade to Ireland. The golden opportunity admitting of it, the people of that king- dom have proceeded fo far as abfohuely to deny the right of the Britifh parliament to bind that country in any cafe whatever. Government received advice on the i8th of December, that the fort of St. Ferdinando de Omoa, the key to the Bay of Hon- duras, had been taken about the 2oth of Oftober, by the troops tinder the command of Capt. William Dalrymplo, who had been, fent by the governor of Jamaica to the Mufquito more. The men by the help of ladders fcaled the walls, though 98 fee? high, and thus made themfelves matters of. the fort. Two regilier (hips, with the cargoes of other veffds of note, worth three mil. lions of dollars, were alfo taken. All was gained with the lofs on- ly of about 20 killed and wounded on the Britifh fide, and very few more on the lide of the Spaniards, Intelligence AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 79 Intelligence having been tranfmitted to the Britifn adminiilra- tion, [by fonie, it is thought, whole duty bound ihem to keep the iecrets of the Dutch councils J ihat a number of Dutch (hips, laden with timber and naval ft ores tor trie French fervicc, in or- der to efcape the danger of Briuih cruifers, accompanied count Byiand, who was to efcort a convoy to the Mediterranean, Capt. Fielding was fent out with a proper force to examine the convoy, and to feize any veffeis containing thofe articles, which the Batifh deemed contrab?^-- On the meeting of the fleets, Capt. Fielding defired permifiior* :; vifit the merchant (hips ; being refufed, he difpatched his boats for that purpofe, which were fired at : the captain then fired a (hot ahead of the Dutch admi- ral, who anfwered it by a broadfide. Count Byiand having re- ceived another in return, and being in no condition to purfue the conteft further, immediately ftruck his colours. Moft of the Ihips which occasioned the conteft, had already, through the length and darknefs of the night, and by keeping in with the (hore, efcaped the danger, and proceeded without interruption to the French ports. The few that remained with naval (lores on- board were flopped ; and the Dutch admiral was then informed, that he might hoift his colours and profecute his voyage : he did the firft, but declined the other, and accompanied the Britifh fquadron to Spithead the fourth of January ; where he remained till he received frefh inllruclions from his mafters. The right (whether fuppbrted by aclual treaties or not) which the Britiih claimed and exercifed over the veflels of foreign powers, though not at war with them, when they fufpeSed or found that they were laden either with naval ftores, and bound to the ports of their enemies, or with the property of the latter, fuggeiled the idea of an armed neutrality. One of the diploma- tic body afTured my friend at Pans, that the fagacious king of Sweden communicated the fnft hint of it to count Pauin, with whom it flept for fome time before it was mentioned to the emp- refs of Ru(JJ3. At length it was matured ; and on the s6ih of February, the court of Petei (burgh iiTued a manifefto or decla* ration, which h D. 1780. out of them ladders and other machines necelTary for an efcaladp. Thofe who had preferved their arrns, divided them with fuch as- had none, fo as to make them ihe mo(l ufeful: and they that fliii remained unarmed, undertook the laborious fervice of the army, De Galvez had no >eafon to repent his perfeverance. He was ilrengthened by the arrival of four armed veffels. from the Ha- vannah, with a part of the regiment of Navarre on board. This arrival, with a quanrjiy o.f artillery, (lores, and various r.eceiTaries,, afforded a fudden renovation, of vigor and life tq every thing. The former troops were fpeedily reimbarkeci, and after a frefh en- counter with new ftorrns, difficulties ary! dangers, the whole were landed [Feb. 25. J within three leagues of Mohille. Mr. Durn- ford, a captain of engineers and lieutenant governor of Well Florida, commanded the poor garrifon, amounting to 284, in- cluding regulars, royaliih, artillery men, feamen,^ inhabitants, and 51 armed negroes,. On the 12th of March the Spaniard^ opened their battery, confiding of eight 18, and one 2^ pounder. By fun fet the garrifon hung out a white flag; the capitulation, however, was not {igned till the i^th in the morning, when they furrendered prifoners of war. The funender appeared inevitable, tut was attended with circumftances exceedingly vexatious to the Bntim. General Campbell had marched from Penfacola, (as the Spaniards fay) with i \oo regulars and fome artillery for their re- lief, and was accompanied by foine Indians. The van of Camp- bell's force was at no great diilanc^ from the Spanifh camp, when, the fort was capitulating; and the Spaniards ufed (he utmoft pre- caution and expedition, in taking poileilion of and covering them, felves with the works, that they rnight be fecured againil an at T tack. De Galvez boafled, that the Britilh forces in the field and garrifon were fuperior in number to his own ; and fcrupled no^ to declare openly, that with thefmallelt activity and vigor in their works, the garrifon might have made good their defence unti\, the arrival of the fuccour. But it feems as though the lieutenant governor had not, from the beginning, the fmalleft idea of any at- tempt -being made for the relief of the pbce ; and accordingly., on the appearance of the ensniy, he cpnfidered its Ipfs as a mat- ter of courfe, and inevitable necefEty, Sir George Rodney arrived at Grpfs Iflet Bay on the 27th of March. The French admiral de Guicheo, having put to fea from Martinico with a fleet of 23 fa.il pf the line and a 50 gun (hip, Sir Geqrge fpeedily purfued him with 20, fhips of the line and the Centurion. The French were brought to aHon [April 17.^ by fome of his headmoft (hips, a little before one o'clock : and a- l?out the fame hour, he himfelf, in the Sandwich of 90 guns, commenced 4-D* 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 85 commenced the aiion in the centre. After beating three (hips out of the line, he was at length encountered alone by Mr. cle Ouichen in the Couronneof the fame force, fupported by his two feconds. The Sandwiph fuftained the unequal combat for an hour and a half, when the French commander, with his feconds, bore away, whereby the French line of battle was totally broke m the centre. The great diftance of the Biitifh van and rear from their own centre, and the crippled condition of feveral of their (hips, and the particularly dangerous ftate of the Sandwich, ren- dered an immediate purfuit impoflible. The French took fhelter under Guadeloupe, and Sir George his ftation off Fort Royal* In his public letter he fpoke of de Guichen as a brave and gallant officer, and as having the honor of being nobly fupported during the Whole atlion ; but commended none of the Britiih officers, except thofe of the Sandwich ; though it appears from his lift, that while the Sandwich had j8 killed and 51 wounded, the Cornwall, Capt, Edwards, had 21 killed and 49 wounded; the Trident, Captain Molloy, had 14 killed and 26 wounded; and the Conqueror, Admiral Rowley's fhip, Captain Watfon, had 13 killed and 36 wounded ; Captain St. John of the Intrepid, and three of his lieutenants, were killed, out of feven belonging to faid fhip. Sir George kept his ftation for fome time, and then returned to St, Lucia. On receiving frefh intelligence of de Guichen's ap- proach to the windward o( Martinico, he put to fea and got fight of his fleet the loth of May. TheFrenchhad itconftantlyin their power to bring on an engagement, and as conftantly avoided it ; but in the courfe of their manoeuvring they had nearly been en- tangled, and werefaved from aclofe and general aftion only by a critical fhift of the wind ; and even with that aid, and ail the fails they could carry, then rear was not entirely preferved from conflict about feven in the evening of the 1,5th, After this they took care to keep at a greater diftance. The vigorous efforts of Sir George fo involved the fleets on the 19111, that the French, for the prefervation of their rear, were under the neceflity of ha- yarding a partial engagement, by which, having extricated their rear, they bore away with ail the fail they could poflibly prefs., and got into M my and reform; and gave notice of his intending to bring it Ihortly before them, as a bufinefs that was become indifpeufible. Schemes of ceconomy and reform were highly adapted to the pre- vailing tafle of the nation as was foon apparent; for during the recefs of parliament, the bufinefs of public meetings, of petitions to the houfe of commons, and of aflbciations for the rcdrefs of grievances, was commenced. The adoption of thefe means for procuring a reform in the executive department of the ftate foon became very general ; and the minds of the public being agitated and warmed by thefe meetings, the views of many perfons of no mean weight and confequence were extended {till further. The^ gradually began to confider, that nothing lefs than fhortening the duration of parliament, and the obtaining a more equal reprelenta- tion of the people, could reach to a-perfeft cure of the prefent, and afford an effectual prefervative againft the return of funilar evils. The large, populous and opulent county of York, led the way and fet the example to the reft of the kingdom. A very numerous and refpeable meeting of the gentlemen, clergy and freeholders, including perfons of the firft confederation and property, was held at the city of York on the 3oth of laft December, Their peti- tion to the houfe of commons was unanimoufly agreed upon ; and accompanied with a refolution, that a committee of fixty-one gentlemen be appointed, to carry on the neceffary correfpondence for effectually promoting the objeft of the petition; and likewife to prepare a plan of an afTociation, on legal and conftitutional grounds, to fupport a laudable reform, arid fuch other meafurcs as may conduce to reftore the freedom of parliament. Jan. 7. The counties of Middlefex and Hants ftood forth as the feconds of Yorkfhire; and adopted fimilar measures. The ex- ample was foon followed by the county palatine of Chefter; and in a clofe fucceflion of time, by the counties of Herts, SufTex, Huntingdon, Surrey, Cumberland, Bedford, Eflex, Somerfet, Gloucefter, Wilts, Dorfet. Devon, Norfolk, Berks, Bucks, Not- tingham, Kent, Northumberland, Suffolk, Hereford, Cambridge and Deroy. The Welfh counties of Denbigh, Flint and Breck- nock, likewife petitioned, as did the cities of London, Weftmin- fter, A. D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 87 fter, York, Briftol, Glouceftcr, and Hereford, with the towns of Nottingham, Reading, Cambridge, Bridgewater, and Newcaftle upon Tyne. Nomhamptonfhire declined petitioning, but voted refolutionsand inilruftions to their reprefentatives, including the purport of the petitions. The meafure of forming committees and entering into adbciations, was a great (tumbling block in fome of the counties, and was omitted by feveral. The members of adminiftration and men in office, were not wholly deficient in their endeavours to prevent the county meetings : but they were generally overbo* ne by the torrent. Feb. 8. The YorkQiire petition, fubfcribed by upward of eight thoufand freeholders, was the firft prefemed. Sir George Saville introduced it, and in his fpeech faid " It was firft moved in a meeting of fix hundred gentlemen and upward. In the hall where that petition was conceived, there was more property than in the walls of this houfe" of commons. The freeholders comprifed within the compafs of that (ingle hall, poflefied landed property to the amount of eight hundred thoufand pounds fterling a year. The houfe of commons [April 6.] took into confideration the pe- titions of the people of England and Wales, amounting to about forty, and fjgned by above a hundred thoufand electors. Mr. Dunning opened the bufinefs in an accurate and weighty fpeech,, and then moved "That the influence of the crown has increaf- ed, is increafing, and ought to be diminifhed." The Lord Ad- vocate of Scotland, to obtain a negative, moved an amendment in the following words ' That it is now neceflary to declare ;" the oppofition readily agreed to it, and the queftion thus amended was carried by a majority of 18 233 to 2 15. Mr. Dunning then moved a fecond proportion " That it is competent to this houfe to examine into, and to correct abufes in the expenditure of the civil lift revenues, as well as in every other branch of the pub- lic revenue, whenever it (hall feem expedient to the wifdom of this houfe fo to do; which was carried without a divifion. Mr. Thomas Pitt then moved the following resolution" That it is the opinion of this committee, that it is the duty of this houfe to provide, as far as may be, an immediate and effectual redrefs of the abufes complained of in the petitions prefented to this houfe, from the different counties, cities and towns in this kingdom ;'* which was carried in the affirmative without any apparent dif- fent. The houfe, which had been in a committee, being refumed, Mr. Fox moved that the refolutions fiiould be immediately re- ported. This was oppofed by the miniiler with all the force he yet retained j but the flream was too ftrong to be refifted. The 88 THE H I S T O R Y OF IHE [A. D. i 7 8 v refolutions were feverally reported and received, agreed to and confirmed by the houfe without a divifion. Such was the com- plete and decifive victory gained fay the oppofuion, in behalf of the petitions on that extraordinary and memorable day. Without doors, the joy and triumph in rnoft parts of England was great and general ; and perhaps would fcarcely have been exceeded oil occafiori of the completed viclory over a foreign enemy. April 24. A motion of Mr. Dunning's which had been poftpont- ed was taken up. It was for an addrefs to his majeily, requeuing that he would not diflblve the parliament, nor prorogue the pre- fent fefTion, until proper meafures fhould be taken by that houfe, to diminifh the influence of the crown, and to correct the other evils complained of in the petitions of the people. After great and long debates the motion Was rejected by a majority of 51 - 254 to 203. Thus all hopes of obtaining any redrefs for the peo- ple in that houfe, was at an end. But though \hefreemen of Eng- land could obtain no relief from their burdens by a houfe of re- prefentadves ; the non-fresmen of France were relieved by their grand monarch, who ifiued feveral edifts fo'r the better adminif- tration of his finances, and for the fuppreffion of divers places and offices. The committee in London for raifing and applying monies for the relief of the American prifoners, began in March to call upon the public afrem for new fubfcriptions, as the war continued be- yond expectation : the fame was readily made. Many individuals exhibited a companion and liberality to (he Americans, that does honor to human nature. On the 28th of April, Don Jofeph Solano failed from Cadiz; \vith 12 mips of the line and feveral frigates, and convoyed a fleet of 83 transports, having eight regiments of Spanift infantry, of two battalions each, and a confiderable train of artillery on board: the whole land force, including loo engineers, amounted to 11, 460 effective men. They are to join the French in the Weft Indies ; and in that cafe will bring the Brififli fleets and ifiandc into the moft imminent danger. Jamaica is generally fuppofed to be the firft and principal objecT:. In the beginning of June, the cities of London and Weflmin- Iter were convulfed from end to end, by forne of the moil extra- ordinary rifings that ever happened. When the law for relieving the Englifh Roman Catholics waspaffedin May 1778, a number of perfons in Scotland, actuated by a miflaken zeal, afibciated for the prefervation of the Proteftant religion, and called themfclves a Protejlant Affociation^ at the head of which was a Lord George Gordon. The affociators became fo formidable, that the Sccu.^ papifta A.D.ifto.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. % papifts were greatly alarmed, and begged that the laws relating to them might not be altered. The fuccefs which had attended the aflociation in North Britain, might give the hint for forming a fimilar one in London, to thofe whofe jealoufy for the Proteftant imereft was increased by the apparent growth of Popery, which of late years had been efteemed very confiderable. A fociety ac- cordingly was formed in the metropolis, which in a few months gathered great confequence from the numbers that profefTed their adherence to the caufe it fupported; and Lord George Gordon was elefted prefidenL The firft obje& of the affociation, after a committee had been chofen, was to draw up and prefent a peti- tion to the houfe of commons, requeuing a repeal of the above lawi The petition was publicly advertifed to be figned by all who approved of it. The alarm which the al gave, had reached various parts of the kingdom, and (imilar petitions came from many of them, moft of which were prefented to the houfe by Lord George. The affociators met [May 29,] at Coachmaker's hall, when theprefideht addreffed them for half an hour. His fpeech was received with the loude^ft acclamations, on which his lord- fliip moved the following resolution "That the whole body of the Proteftant Affociation do attend in St. George 's-fields, on Friday next at ten o'clock in the morning, to accompany his lordfliip to the houfe of commons, on the delivery of the Proteft- ant petition j which was carried unanimoufly. His lordfhip then informed them, that if he was attended by lefs than 20,000 men on the appointed day, he would not prefent their petition. He alfo direcled that they fhould be formed in four divifions, three of which were to anfwer to their belonging either to London, to Weftminfter or Southwark, the fourth was to be compofed whol- ly of his own countrymen the Scotch, refident in London and its environs. To prevent miftakes, the whole were to be difiin* gui fried by blue cockades. June 2. The grand divifions of the affociators being drawn by different routes from the rendezvous, filled the ways through which they marched in ranks, with a multitude that excited won- der and alarm. When arrived at the place of deftination, they occupied the flreets and avenues to both houies, and foon began to compel the members to cry out " no popery/' to wear blue cockades, and fome to promife their alii/lance for the repeal of the new popery aft, as they called it. Upon the appearance of the prelates and court lords, their violence increafed to the high- eft pitch; and feveral of them were treated with the greateft in- dignities : the lives of two were jn imminent danger. It is im- poilible to defcribe the aftoniihment, fenfeef degradation, horror VQL. III. X and 90 THE H I S T O R Y OF THE [A< D. 1780, and difmay, which prevailed in both houfes. Mean while Lord George Gordon having obtained leave to bring up the petition, afterward moved for its being taken into consideration. This brought on a debase, and the afibciators being in pofleffion of the lobby, the commons were kept confined for feveral hours before they could divide on the queftion. The arrival of the magiitrates and guards having removed the impediment, it was rejeBed by a majority of 196 to fix only. Before the rifmg of the houfe, fe- veral parties filed off, and proceeded to the demolition of the in- iides of the chapeis belonging to the Sardinian and Bavarian mi- niilers. The commons adjourned to the 6th; but the lords met on the following day, and agreed on an addrefs, requeuing the king to give immediate orders for profecuting the authors and a- bettors of the outrages. On the ^th the mob affembled in and about Moorfields, and repeated their outrages on a Romim chap- el and fchool in the neighbourhood. The military were prefent, having been fern for; but the lord mayor, through timidity, would neither order them to aft, nor venture to interfere with the civil power that attended him. Toward the evening of the next day, different parties collected Snd attacked various houfes. Between twelve and one o'clock at night, a large body affembled before Sir George Saville's houfe, and after breaking all the win- dows, ftripped it of the moft valuable furniture, which they burnt before the door. They difperfed on the arrival of a party of horfe. June 6. About two hundred members had the courage to- make their way into the houfe, through the vaft crowds that fil- led the fheets, and that were interlaced and furrounded by large; detachments of the military on foot and horfeback. They palled fome refblutions; but intelligence being received of the confla* grations which were commenced in the city, a- haity adjournment took place. Some of the lords met, but foon adjourned to the I0,th. It was obferved of the mob which furrounded the parliament houfe this day, that it confided of different perfons from thofe \vho attended the petition on the Friday, being compofed almoft wholly of men and boys of the loweft rank. Early in the after- noon, the keeper of Newgate was informed by a fmall party, that the jail would be forced open, if the rioters confined in it, were not releafed at a- certain hour when applied for. H acquainted his- civil fuperiors with it, who negleled the precaution of fending a few armed men, who, with a fufficient Hock of powder and ball,, might, from the top of the prifon walls, have defended it againft all the rioters. About feven in the evening, they came and de- Branded the releafe of their comrades; which not being corn- plied AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 91 plied with, they took all the jailer's furniture, piled it before the prifon door and burned it : they alfo fired his houfe, carried off their comrades in triumph, fet at liberty all the other prifoners to (he number of about 300, and tired the infide of the jail which was wholly confumed. They afterward went to New-prifon Clerk- enwell, and to Clerkenwell Bridewell, and releafed the feveral pri Toners at thefe places. From the moment that the great num- ber of prifoners was let loofe, the fpirit of the depredations took a different turn. Religion was no longer the fole fubjeft of re- fentment; the jails, the police, and plunder were alfo incentives. A party appeared before Juftice Fielding's houfe about midnight, and breaking into every room, feized all they could meet with, brought the fame into the ftreet, and making three fires, the whole was confumed. Another party went to Lord Mansfield's. -All the furniture, his lordihip's invaluable papers and library of books, his pictures, and every moveable, was brought into trie jftreet and burnt; after which the houfe itfelf was fet on fire. Aparty of the guards fired on the mob feveral times, and a few were kil- led and feveral wounded ; but the conflagration was not thereby prevented, nor would the rioters difperfe till the deftniclion was completed. Many other houfes belonging to Papifts were alfo defhoyed. The directors of the bank took the precaution to obtain, in time, a party of foldiers to fecurc that grand repofitory of the na- tional treafure: which was a happy circumftance, as the attention of the mob was invited toward it by a paragraph in one of the public papers, mentioning that the Papifts had carried all their plate to the bank for fecurity : though this was falfe, the affertion was calculated to produce the fame effects, as if true. It is faicf, that the officer who commanded the foldiers was jealous, whether he coulcl depend upon them in cafe of an emergency, becaufe of their being chiefly Scotch, and poffeffing the national bigotry of their country againft the a6t for relieving the Papifts. He was glad when freed from his apprehenfions, by the arrival of the mi- litia in the metropolis. June 7. The houfe of commons met at twelve, but inftantly adjourned to the ic/th. Though the military were pouring into the town on every fide, the mob continued, even during the day- ti;ne, in different parties. In the evening and night, the capital exhibited fuch a dreadful fpeclacle of calamity and horror, and experienced fuch real danger, terror and diftrefs, as it had never before known. Avail number of rioters affembled before the Fleet prifon in the evening, and fet fire to- its different apartments, fo that it was wholly confumed. A party went from thence and burnt 0* THE HISTORY OF TH? [A.D. 178. burnt the diftilleries and dwellings of Mr. Langdale in Holborn, who was a Roman Catholic. The flames communicated to a num- ber of adjacent hpufes, which were alfo confumed. Another party repaired to the King's Bench prifon, 1 which was burned after, the prifoners had removed their effecls, A different party that had affernbled to the eaft of the city, and had burnt feme houfes in Whitecrofs-ftreet, Kouridfditch, &c. proceeded into it, and down Threadrieedle-ftrect with an intent of attacking the bank, but were fired upon by the fojdiers, who killed feveral, and drove the reft back. Government obferving that the magiftracy o.f the city did not exert themfelves in fu-pprefFing the riots (though individuals united in forming a military aflbciation which was of fervice) or- ders were ifTued from the adjutant-generaP-s office, in obedience to, an order of the king's council, for the military to aft without waiting for directions from the civil magiftrates, and to ufe force for difperllng the illegal and tumultuous alTemblies of the people. When once the troops began to aft with vigor agreeable to thefc orders, the different mobs were fpeedily fuppreffed, and the rioters fcattered. But in th? efTecling of this fervice, 210 were killed^ and 248 wounded, 75 of whom have died ip hofpitals. During the night, the city was beheld from one (pot, as report- ed, blazing in 36 different pari. Some of thefe conflagrations were truly tremendous fr.om their magnitude. Of tliefe, the buni- \H9 remains of Newgate, the King's Bench prifon, the new Bride,- well in St. George's- fields, the Fleet prifon, and the houfes ari4 great difiilleriespf Mr. Langdale, prefented fpeclacles of the moil vith their ufual intrepidity, met and grappled the firemips ; an4 then, amid the burfting of fhells, and the horrors of a fcene teem- ing with definition, boldly towed them off, and ran them on dif- ferent parts of the more, after much labor and expence had beer* bellowed upon their equipment. The Emprefs of Ruffia, having accompanied the Great Duke and Duchefs on their wayno make the tour of Europe, proceed- ?d, according to a concerted appointment, to Mokilow in Poland, where me had an interview with the Emperor of Germany in the jnonth of June. After fome ftay there, the emperor accompani- ed the Czarina on her return to Peterfburgh. When he had con- tinued for awhile in that city, he returned to Vienna, and was vifit- ed by the Prince Royal of Pruflia. The King of Sweden made a vifit about the fame time to Holland. Admiral Geary failed from Spithead early in June with 23 Clips pf the lin,an,d was afterward joined by five or fix more; but he 94 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780. he was not in time to prevent the junction of the French fleet from Breft with the Spaniaids at Cadiz, by which the two na- tions had acquired fuch a fuperiority as affords them the apparent dominion of the European Teas. The admiral, however, on the ||th of July, fell in with a rich convoy from Port-au-Ptince, of which he took 12 merchantmen; the reft, with the Ihips of war, efcaped. July 16. The Belle Poule frigate, commanded by the Cheva- lier Kergariou, was taken by the Nonfuch of 64 guns, Sir James Wallace captain, after an obftinate defence ot more than two hours. The Chevalier and 24 men weiekiUed; and about 40 wounded. Mr. John Adams and Mr. Francis Dana his fecretary, arrived in Spain about the middle of laft December, after a verv narrow efcape. The frigate on board of which they were, it was thought would have foundered at fea in lefs than 48 hours more. Alter a fhort flay they proceeded to France. Mr. Adams is now at Am- Jterdam, where he will undoubtedly employ his abilities in for- warding a treaty of commerce between the United Provinces of Holland, and the United States of America, which has been in a- gitation now near about two year-. As Mr. William Lee, whom Congrefs had appointed commiflioner to the courts of Vienna and Berlin, was on his way to the laft city, with his fecpetary, Mr. Samuel W. Stockton, he accidentally put up at an hotel in Aix- la-Chapelle, where Mr. John de Neufville happened to be, who hearing of them, and learning that they were Americans, joined company with them. Mr. de Neufville difcourfed upon the fub- je6l of a commercial treaty. Mr. Lee had no powers to negoti- ate or fign any thing of the kind with the province or dates of Holland: but he atnd his fecretary agreed between thernfelves, that the meafure fhculd be ventured upon, could it be executed, as they had no doubt of its meeting with the approbation of Con- grefs. Mr. de Neufville confulted Mr. Van Bcrkel, the coun- fellor and penfionaryof Amilerdam, and having received his di- reclions, proceeded to fign on the 4th of September 1778, the plan of a treaty of amity and commerce, as deftined to be con- cluded hereafter between the Hates of Holland and the United States of America. Mr. de Neufville, being properly authorized by the regency of Amfterdam, further engaged, that as torig as America fhould not acl; contrary to the intereft of the ftates of Holland, the city of Amfterdam would never adopt any meafure that might tend to oppofe the intereft of America, but would, on the contrary, ufe all its influence upon the ftates of the Seven United Provinces of Holland, to efieft the defired connexion. Though A. D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 95 Though fev.eral copies of the plan were early fent lo America, and the whole bufinefs has been for Jome time known to many, yet it appears to be ftill concealed from the Britiih adrniniftrati- on ; while it is evidently different with refpecl to fome of their councils. Mr. Adams wrote to Congreis from Amfterdam ori the 23d of Auguft " Orders are fent to profecute the war with vigor in North Carolina and Virginia the enfuing fall, winter and fpring. Britain will yield to France and Spain very great things to carry her point againft America ; but all will not do. France and Spain are now reiponfible for their conduct to the reft of Europe ; befides, the feparation of America from England,, is an objeci of more prefTmg importance than any conceiftons England can make them,*' LETTER IV. Roxbury, January 1 1, T"^HE military operations in South-Carolina require an im* mediate detail. Col. Sumpter auhe head of his party, mads afpirited, though unfuccefsful attack on the Britifh poft at Roc- ky-mount, on the goth of July. He marched in queft of other royal detachments without delay, and, on the yth of Auguft, fucceeded in an attack on their poft at the Hanging-rock, where was a confiderable force of regulars and tories. The prince of Waks's regiment, which defended the place, was nearly anni- hilated ; and a large body of tories, that had advanced from North-Carolina under Col. Brian, was completely difperfed. Col. Sumpter's party was fo fhort of ammunition, that when the action commenced, not a man of it had more than ten bullets* In the latter part of the fight, the arms and ammunition taken from th Britiih and tories who fell in the beginning, were turned againft their ailbciates. It being known that an American army was marching from the northward for the relief of their foul hern brethren, the whig militia, on the extremities of the ftate, formed themfelves into fmall parties under leaders of their own choice, and at times at- tacked detachments of the Britifh army, but rnoft frequently thofe af their own countrymen, who were turning out as a royal militia. Thefe American parties feverally acted from their own impulfe, and 96 THE HISTORY OF f H& [A. D. 178^ and fet themfelves to oppofe the Britifh, without either the know- ledge of each others motions, or any preconcerted general pian, Col. Williams, of ;he diftrift of Ninety-Six,, was particularly iudefatigable in collecting and animating the friends of Congrefs in that fettlement ; and with thefe he frequently baraffed the conquerors. A confiderable number of North- Carolina militia toak the' field, and agreed to rendezvous at Anfon court-houfe on the 2oth of July, that they might he in readinefs to co-operate with the continental army. On the approach of the Americans, Major M'Arthur, who commanded on ihe Peedee, called in his detach- ments, abandoned his poft on the Cheraw hiH, and marched di- rectly to join the main body of the royal army at Camden. On the day the Britifh relinquifhed this part of the country, the in- habitants, diftrefled by their depredations, and difgufled with their conduft, generally took arms. Lord Nairne and 106 Britifh invalids, going down the Peedee, were made prifoners by a party of the Americans commanded by Major Thomas, who had been lately received as loyal fubjecls. A large boat coming up from George-town, well ftored with neceflaries for Major M'Arthur's party, was feized for the ufe of the American army. All the jiew made Britifh militia officers^ excepting Col. Mills, were made prifoners by their own men. The retreat of the Britiih from their out-pofts to Camden, and the advance of the Ameri- can army, joined to the impolitic conducl of the conquerors to- ward their new fubjecls, concurred to produce a general revolt in favor of Congrefs. On the 28-th of July (the day after the American army en- camped at Spink's farm, on the road to Camden) Col. Otho K. Williams repeated to General Gates the advice he had given in fubflance to Baron de Kalb, more than a fortnight before ; which was to deviate from the direct road to Camden to order Gene- ral Cafwell to join him at the mouth of Rocky river on Peedee, and from thence to fend his heavy baggage, women and invalids to Salifbury (a Hay's march higher up the country) and there ef- tabliih an hofpital and magazines to march all his effective troops from the mouth of Rocky river to Charlotte, where a magazine, hofpital, and, if neceffary, an armory might be fe- curely eftabliihed -and from Charlotte to march byway of Wax- haws toward Camden. By this route the army might have pro- ceeded without impediment through a well cultivated country* whofe inhabitants were attached to the common caufe. Maga- zines and hofpitals might have bej^n eftablifhed in the rear, fecure from furprife, and direBly upon the old fading road from Phi- ladelphia A.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVaLUTlON. $> ladelphia to Chavleftown, by which the (applies from the north might have followed the army without danger. Not only fo, but the army woald have been followed by numerous bands of faith- ful friends, able and willing both to furniih fupplies and to affiit with arms, in (I cad of being encompaiTed with a hofl of fugitive tones, whofe poverty afforded no fubfiftence, and whofe perfidy- prevented fecrecy. A council was called upon the oecafion * but the opinion did not pievail : The firfi motives preponderated, and the army purfued the direct route for Camden. It was joined by Lieut. Col. Porterfield, an officer of diftinguifhed merit, with about 100 Virginia foldiers. He had by his iingular addrefs anci' good conducl, found means, not only to avoid the haplefs fate, of the other corps which had retreated after the furrender o Charleftown ; but to fubfift his men, and keep up the femblance of a poffeffion of that part of South Carolina. The army foon felt the fcarcity of provifions ; and their fatigue* fading and repeated difappointments as to fupplies, (p exafperated them, that their murmurs became very audible. The afpecl o mutiny was almoft in every countenance ; but as there was no objeft to be feized upon or facrificed, the conciliating arguments of the officers, who (hared the calamity without difcrimination, induced the foldiers to forbear and rely upon legal expedients and a good providence for fuccour. The principal means o fubfiftence found on the march were lean cattle accidentally pick- ed up in the woods. Me^al and flour were fo very icarce, that the whole army was obliged to make ufe of green corn and peaches, as the beft fubiUtutes for bread the country afforded, Dyfentries afflicled the troops in confequence of fuch diet. It was however the lead of two evils. They had no other relict* from famine, which, added to the intenfe heat of the feafon, and unheakhinels of the climate, threatened deftruclion to the army. Starvation became a cant term upon the occafion. Per- haps the burlefque introduced by the ignorance of fame and the policy of others, to fhow a contempt for their fufferings, contri- buted nota little to the refolute iloumefs that now diicovered itfelf* In the afternoon of the^th of Auguft, the American general was informed from General Cafwell, that he recant to furprife or attack a poft of the enemy, on little Lynch's creek. This made Gates the more anxious for a junction, as he apprehended fome injudicious adventure might deprive him of the affiftance whicU the- militia were capable of affording. The next morning intelli- gence arrived from the fame authority, which increafecl his anxi- c'v to a painful degree; it was, that the enemy juft mentioned, itatcd an aitack upon the rruliiiain theirencampmcnt. Sucha UL j, $8 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780. fhow of enterprife, and fuch marks of intimidation fuch a con- trariety of intentions and apprehenfions perplexed the command- ing officer, and made the junction ftill more defirable. Gates therefore gave orders for the troops to clean their arms and to have every thing ready for action ; and then proceeded with his deputy adjutant general and aids to the encampment of the mili- tia, whom he found to be a fine body of men, deficient only in drfcipline and military arrangements. Whether Cafwell found his vanity gratified in a feparate command, or wiihed to precipi- tate the army into an aiion with the enemy, was not difcovera- ble : the faft is, he poftponed a junction until he faw the perplex- ity and danger in which his ambition or indifcretion had involved the army. When it was too late for meafures to be changed, he complied more through neceflity than inclination. At Deep-creek [Auguft 6.] the troops received a fupply of good beef, and half a pound of Indian corn meal per man. They eat their mefs ; drank of the flream contentedly ; and the next day with great cheerfulnefs marched to the Crofs-roads, where they were joined by the militia, and the whole were encamped together. A good understanding appeared to fubfift among the officers of all ranks, and the common foldiers vied with each other in fupporting their fpirits and defpifing their fatigues, which they appeared to forget. The expectation of this junction had induced the commanding officer of the poft on Lynch's creek to retire the day before, under the mafk of offenfive operations, which cauf- cd the alarm above related. Being now in a country of Pine-barrens, extenfive fand-hills, and impenetrable fwamps, unable to collect: provifions and forage from the lower and more fertile parts of the country, which were covered by the enemy's advanced pofis, the army could not re- main more than a day in this fituation, though a large reinforce- ment of militia from Virginia was expected every hour. Gates therefore prefled forward ; and finding the enemy difpofed to dif- pute his paflageof Lych's creek, while he kept up an appearance of taking that route, he marched the army by the right toward Ciermont (better known by the name of Rugeley's mills) where the enemy had a fmall garrifon. His intentions being difcovered, both pofts were abandoned with fome precipitation on the i ith, the officers fearing either that their march to Camden would be intercepted, or that they ihould be attacked on their retreat. Lord Rawdon, who commanded the advanced poiisof the Britifh army, afTcmbled all his forces at Camdcn, and fuffered General Gates, without any material interruption, to conducl his army to Cler- joont, about 13 miles from Camden, where his troops encamped oa A.D. 1780,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 99 on the J3th. The next day Brigadier General Stevens arrived with a refpeclable reinforcement of 700 Virginia militia. An ex- prefs alfo arrived the fame day from Colonel Su.npter, who re- ported to Gates, that a number of the South Carolina niiliiia had joined him on the well fide of the Wateree ; and that an elcort of clothing, ammunition and other ftores for the garrifon at Camden, was on the way from Charleftown, and muft pdfs the Wateree at a ferry about a mile from Camden, und-er cover of a fmall redoubt occupied by the enemy, on the oppofite bank of the river. A detachment of the Maryland line, confifting of 100 regular infantry and a company of artillery, with two brafs field pieces, and 300 North Carolina militia, were immediately forwarded un- der the command of Lieut. Col. Woolford to join Col. Sumpter, who had orders to reduce the redoubt arid intercept the convoy. General Gates Was preparing at the fame time to advance ftill nearer to Camden, and if neceffary, to take a portion- on fomer good grounds in its vicinity; but he was not without hope that Lord Rawdon would evacuate that poft as he had' the others ; and if hefhould not, thq profpecl was, thai the multitudes of militia expefted from the t*f>per counties we ' The troops will obferve the piofoundeft filence upon their inarch, and every foldier who offers to fire without the command of his officer mull be inflantly put to death. When the ground will admit of it, and the near approach to the enemy lenders it neccITaiy, the army \\ill (when ordered) march in columns. The aitillery at the head of their refpecltve brigades, and ihe baggage in the rear. The guard of the heavy baggage will .be cornpoled of the remaining officers and foldiers of the artillery, one captain, two fubalterns, four fergeants, one drum and fixty rank arid file ; and no per ion whatever is to prefurne to fend any other foldier upon 4hat fervice. All hat-men, waiters, &c. who are foldiers taken from the line, are forthwith to join their regiments, and acl with their mailers while they are upon duty The tents of the whole army to be llruck at tattoo." Vv'hen the deputy adjutant general received thefe orders, he fhowed Gates an abilraft of the field returns of the different corps, which he had juir. bcvn digeiling into a general return. From thence it appeared, that the whole American army, officers in- cluded, amounted only to 3663 (exclufive of the troops detached to Colonel Sampler) be fide Colonel Porterfi'jld 1 *and-M-j or Arm- , Irene's- A.D. 1780'.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 101 flrong's light infantry, amounting to 250, and Colonel Armand s kgion to 120, altogether 370, and a few volunteer cavalry. There were about 900 continental infantry, rank and file, and 70 cavalry. This force was inferior to what ihe general imagined : his plan however was adopted, and he thought it too late to le- treat. The army marched about ten at night, and had proceed- ed to within half a mile of Sander's creek, about half way to Camden, when a firing commenced in front. Lord Cornwallis, unknown to General Gates, arrived the day before at Camden. His inferior force, con fi ft ' rig of about 1700 infantry and' 300 cavalry, would have juflified a retreat: but confidering that no probable events of an ation could be more injurious to the royal intereft than that meafure, he refolved upon taking the firft good opportunity of attacking the Americans ; and learning that the fituation of their encampment at Clermont was difadvantageous, he marched about the fame time the Americans did, with a full determination to attack them in their camp at day break. About half an hour paft two in the morning, [Aug. 16. j the advanced parties of both armies met in the woods, and a fil- ing commenced. Some of the cavalry of Armand's legion being wounded by the firft fire, threw the others into diforder, and the whole recoiled fo fuddenly, that the firil Maryland regiment, in front of the column, was broken, and the whole line of the army thrown into a general confternation. This firft impreflion flruck deep. The light infantry however executed their orders; and particularly thofe under Porterfield behaved with fuch fpirit, that the enemy was no lefs furprifed at this unexpected meetfng. A few prifoners were taken on both fides, by whofe information the refpeclive commanders derived a knowledge of circumftances, of which both, till then, were ignorant. Perterfield, in whofe abili- ties and aftivity Gates hadjuftly placed great dependence, re- ceived a mufket ball, which mattered the bones of his leg, and was under the neceffitytof fubmitting to be canied into the rear. A part of the light infantry ftill kept their ground, and being fupported by t'he van-guard and the legion infantry, which dif- covered much bravery, the American army foon recovered its or- der. Cornwallis alfo kept his ground; and frequent fkirmiOies enfued during the night, with fcarce any other efTe6t than to dif- cover the fituation of the'armies, to evince the intentions of the generals, and to ferve as a prelude to what was to occur in the morning. Immediately after the alarm, the American army was formed in the following manner the fecond Maryland brigade, under General -Gift, on the right of the line, flanked by a morafs ; the io2 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780* the North Carolina divifion under General Cafwell, in the cen- tre; and the Virginia brigade, under General Stevens, on the left, flanked by the North Carolina militia light infantry arid a morals: thus bosh flanks were well covered. The artillery was pofted on the moft advantageous ground, near the main road, which was about the centre of the line. Colonel Armand's corps was ordered to the left, to fupport the left flank, and oppofe the enemy's cavalry. Baron de Kalb commanded on the right of incline; and General Smallwood the firft Maryland brigade, which was potted as a corps-de-referve two or three hundred yards in the rear. Gates then called his general officers toge- ther, and defired Colonel Williams to communicate the informa- tion which he had collected from the captives, which being done, the general faid, " Gentlemen, you know our fituation, what arc your opinions?" General Stevens anfwered, " It is now too late to retreat." Silence enfuing, and no reply being made, the general, after a paufe, pronounced, "Then we muft fight: gen- tlemen, pleafe to take your pofts." No more was faid in coun- cil : but it was afterward declared to be the private opinion o-f fome then prefent, that it was injudicious to rifk a general bat- tle, and that a retreat was by no mean impracticable. It was noX to f he credit of any officer to make fuch declaration. Whoever is called to a council of war, and declines giving his own opi- nion, if he has any, als below the courage of a foldier, and {hould thenceforward fcreen either his cowardice or treachery, by keeping the matter a profound fecret. The Britim army was thus difpofed the divifion on the right confifted of a fmall corps of light infaetry, the 2$d and ggd regi- ments under Lieut. Col. Webfter ; the divifion on the left was formed of the volunteers of Ireland, the infantry of the legion, and part of Lieut. Col. Hamilton's North Carolina regiment, un- der Lord Rawdon, with two fix and two three pounders, com- manded by Lieut M'Leod; the 71(1 regiment with a fix pound- er, com po fed the referve, one battalion in the rear of the right divifion, the other of the left; and the cavalry of the legion waa Rationed in the rear, clofe to the 71(1 regiment. This difpofitioii was made at break of day: but before it took place the Britiffo appeared in column about 200 yards in front of the American artillery, while General Gates was with his corps-de-referve. Colonel Williams ordered the artillery to be fired upon them,, which was inftantly obeyed ; and then went to inform Gates of the occafion of the firing, and of the enemy's having the appear- ance of fpreading and forming a line by their right, " which,'* ftrid the colonel, " gives us a favorable opportunity of comrnenc- A. D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. i< 9 ing the attack of infantry with Stevens's brigade." The general anfwered, " Very proper, let it be done." Orders were immedi- ately given to Stevens, who advanced with his brigade in excel- lent order and with great alacrity. The enemy had, however, formed their line before he got near enough for action. Both lines were advancing, and had come within firing diftance of each Oiher, when Stevens, encouraging his men, put them in mind ol" their bayonets, which they had received only the day before, calling out to them, " My brave fellows, you have bayonets as well as they, we'll charge them/' Col. Williams had advanced in front of the brigade, from which he had taken a few volunteers, intending, by a partial fire, to ex- tort that of the enemy at fome diftance, in expectation that the militia would ftand the firft elifcharge, and be brought to cloler aclion with their loaded mufkets. But the advantage was loth Lord Cornwallis obferving the movement of the Virginians under Stevens, gave orders to Lieut. Col. Webfter to begin an attack. The Britilh infantry upon that ruihed through the thin fire of the militia with great intrepidity, and fimoully charged the brigade with a cheer. The intimidated militia threw down mdft of their arms, bayonets and all, and with the utmoft precipitation and tre- pidation fled from the field, and were followed by the North Ca- rolina militia light infantry. The whole North Carolina divifiori being panic-ftruck, imitated the ihameful example ; except one regiment commanded by Col. Dixon, nxt in the line of battle to the continental regulars, which fired feveral rounds : indeed. General Gregory's brigade, to which that regiment belonged, paufed longer than the others : but at laft all fled, and the majority without their arms, or firing a fingle (hot. It cannot appear ex- cefTively ftrange, that inch raw rrilitia could not ihnd before bar- onets, when it is conlidered, that for fome time they had fubfifted on fruit fcarcely ripe, without any regular rations of flell), flour, or fpirituous liquors ; that their ftrength and fpirits weredeprei- fed by fuch preceding low regimen ; and that, after an unexpec- ted meeting of the enemy, they had to lie for hours on their anus, attended with the apprelienfion of immediate danger, and the hoi- rors of the night. All the militia who compofed the left wins: and centre bein^ routed, the fecond continental brigade, confining of Maryland and Delaware troops, making the right wing, and the corps-de- reierve, were left to fight or retreat ; but as they had no orders for the latter, they maintained their pofition with great lefolutior . and gave the Britifh an unexpected cherk. The fecond brigade, even gained ground, anJ took mi lefs than ,p prifoners. Bu^ the 544 THE HISTORY OF THE [J. D. 1780, the corps-de-referve being considerably out flanked, were thrown into diiorder: they were loon rallied by their officers, and renew- ed the aflion with much fpirit. Overpowered by numbers they were again broken : but the brave examples and exertions of the officers induced them to form afreih. The gallantry of this corps covered, in a great meafure, the left of the lecond brigade, which was in a manner blended with the enemy's line on their left, where the conflict was defperate. The Americans thinking them- lelves mailers of the field, difpated with the Brttifn who mould conquer and retain the other as prifoners of war. At length thc ; enemy direting their whole force again!! theie two devoted corps,, the fire of the muiketry became yet more tremendous, and was continued with equal perfeverance and obftinacy, till Lord Corn- wallisobferving that there was no cavalry oppofed to him, pufhcd forward his dragoons, and charging with his bayonets at the fame moment, put an end to the conteit. Never did men behave bet- ter than the continentals in the whole of the aHon ; b,ut all at- tempts to rally the militia were ineffectual. Lieut. Col. Tarie- ton's legion charged them as they broke, and purfued them as they were fleeing. Without having it in their power to defend themfelves, they fell in great numbers under the legionary fabreSr General Gates was borne off the field by a torrent of difmayed militia. They conftituted fo great a part of his army, that when he faw ihern break and flee with fuch precipitation, he loft every hope of viclory ; and his only care was, if poffible, to rally a fuf- ficient number, to cover the retreat of the regular troops : he re- tired with General Cafwell to Clermont, in hope of halting them at their late encampment. But the further they fled, the more they difperfed, and the generals giving up all as lolt, retired with a very lew attendants to Charlotte. On their, retreat, an officer from Col. Sumpter overtook them, and reported to Gates, that the Colonel had fucceeded fully in his enterpritc the evening be- fore againft the enemy's poll on the Wateree ; had reduced the redoubt and captured the guard ; and had intercepted theefcorfi with the (lores, which were all taken, with about 40 waggons and upward of 100 prifoners. Gates however could take no ad- vantage of this fnccefs : the enemy were at his, heels^ and his victorious friends on the oppofite fide of a river too diftant to form a junftion in time to prevent his fate. Moil of the Virginia militia returned to Hillfborough by the route they came to camp ; and General Stevens found means to iiop a confiderable number at that place : but the term for which they had taken the field being nearly expired, all who had not de- IVted were foon afterward discharged. The North Carolin 'an* fled AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 105 different ways, as their hopes led or their fears drove them, and many were intercepted by their diiafTeclted countrymen, who but a few days before had generally fubrnitted to Gates, by whom they were generoufly fent to their homes, upon a promife of re- maining neutre or of following his colours. Several confiderable parties had actually taken arms with a profefTed defign of joining the Americans ; but fo foon as they heard of their defeat, they became active in the purfuit of the fugitives, and killed or cap- tured all that came in their way. Baron de Kalb, while exerting himfelf with great bravery to prevent the defeat of the day, received eleven wounds. His aid de camp, Lieut. Colonel du BuyiTon, embraced him, announced his rank and nation to the furrounding foe, and begged that they would fpare his life. While he generouOy expofed himfelf to fave his friend, he received fundry dangerous wounds, and was taken prifoner. The baron expired in a fhort time, though he received the moft particular affiitance from the Britifh. He fpent his laft breath in dictating a letter, expreilive of the warmeft af- fe&ion for the officers and men of his $ivifion of the greateft fatisfaction in the teflimony given by the Britifh army of the bravery of his troops of his being charmed with the firm oppo- fition they made to fuperior force, when abandoned by the reil of the army of the infinite pleafure he received from the gallant behaviour of the Delaware regiment, and the companies of artil- lery attached to the brigades- and of the endearing fenfe he en- tertiiined ot the merit of the whole divifion he commanded. The Cotigrefs refolvedon the i.jth of Oftober, that a monument ihnuld be erefted to his memory in Annapolis, the metropolis o Maryland, with a very honorable infcription. General Ruther- ford furrendered to a party of the Britifn legion. All the other general officers efcaped ; but were feparated from their refpeftive commands, and obliged to flee with precipitation. Every corps was broken, and difperfed through the woods. The bogs and brufh, which in a degree fcreenecl them from the fury of their foes, laid them under the neceiTny of ieparating from each other. Major Anderfon, of the 3d Maryland regiment, was the only infantry officer, whole efforts to rally the men, after the total rout, were in any degree effectual. A few individuals of feveral com- panies joined him at fome'diftance from the field, and others ad- ded to that fmall number by falling into his ranks on the march. The removal of the heavy .baggage to Waxhaws was delayed till the morning of the alion, contrary to Gates's exprefs orders the day preceding: fo that the greateft part, together with all that followed the army, fell into the hands of the enemy, or .was plim- VOL. lii. M ,dered io6 THE H I S T O R V OF THE [A. D. 1780. dered in the route by thofe who went off early, and could take time for fuch bafenefs. A general transfer of property took place: even that which efcaped the foe fell not again into the hands of the right owners, except fome fmall part of the officers baggage, which was recovered at Charlotte. The baegage wag- gons indeed of General Gates and Baron de Kalb, being furniihed with flout horfcs and clever drivers, who underftood their bufinefs and knew the roads, were fully preferved. All the baron's baggage and papers were faved : as were Gates's, and every paper and private letter of all the gentlemen belonging to his family. The purfun was rapid for more than twenty miles ; and fo great was the difmay of tire retreating troops (the cries of the murdered in the rear, being echoed by the women and woun- ded men with increafing terror) that at the diftance of forty miles, whole teams of horfes were cut out of the waggons to accelerate the flight. Many wounded officers and foldiers were got off by like expedients : fome of whom gave aftonifhing proofs of what pain, fatigue and want, the human conftitution can bear. The road by which the troops Sed, was covered with arms, b'aggage, the fick, the wounded, and the dead. Gates was perfuaded by all that he faw and heard, that the regular troops were entirely cut off, and the whole either killed or captured; and that there was no profpecT of collecting a force at Charlotte (where he arri- ved la:e in the night) adequate to the defence of the country : he therefore left General Cafvvell at Charlotte to alTemble the mi- litia of Meek 1 en burgh county, and proceeded with ail poffible difpatch to Hillfborough, to devife forne plan of defence in con- junction with the legislative body of North-Carolina. He con- fidered not, that by (hortening his journey, and remaining at Charlotte or Saliibury, appearances would be lefs unfavorable to liis perfonal reputation, though lefs beneficial to the public caufe. own exp lfd to be relieved, which took place on Monday morning the i8th, by the arrival of Lieut. Col. Cruger from Ninety Six, with a party of regular troops and militia, on the oppbfite hi)!. By he time Crugerhad crofled the firft of his people over the river, part of the garrifon fallied out upon the Americans, and brought in two pieces of aitillery and fume prifuners, one of whom (Hen r y Dukes) \vas inftantly hanged. Brown was wounded in boih ; highs at the beginning of the action. The lofs was confiderahle on the fide of the rovalifls; though more fo on that of the Americans. When the laft had left Aug.ifta, the inhabitants who had joined Clark, or were fuppofed to favor his defign, were treated wi h the ut- ipoft feverity (Brown hanged about thirty) which has greatly dif- gufted, and prepared the minds of the people for a determined revolt. In confequence of meafures taken by the governor and affem- bly of North Carolina, a fmalTquantity of clothing was obtained ; and in a few days four companies of light infantry were equip- ped and felecled from the line. The remains of the fit ft and third regiment^ of cavalry came to camp 'he ad of C6tober, com- manded bv Lieut. Cols. Wafhingron and White. Ou the fame day Col. Morgan, who had been but a few days ai rived, was in- vefted with the command of the light troops, confjfling of the cavalry under \Va(hington. four companies of regular infantry under Howard, and a fmall body of riflemen fron> Virginia. Mor- gan had orders to march immediately toward Salifbury, and aft in concert with the militia of North Care lira, whom :he legislature had fubjecled to the command of General Smailvvood. While Lord Cornwallis was reftrained from ahve operations, by the excefiive heats and unhealthy feafon which followed his viclory at Camden, Major Fergufon, of the /ifl Britifh re^in:cnt, undertook jf.D.i;8o.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 117 undertook perfonally to vifit the feulements of the difaffecled to the, American caufe, and to train their young mea for iervice in the ficid. With thefe, at a proper feafon, he was to join his lordihip, who advanced with his army irom Camden to Waxhawx about the 8th of Scp ember. Fergufon having collected a con- fiderablc body of troops, principally from new raifed corps, was detached by way of Burke's court-houfe to manoeuvre thibugb the northern parts of South Carolina, and to join Cornwalhs at Chariot, e, of which place his lordihip took poffeftion on the s.6(h of September ; but not without being oppofed on his route by the North and South Carolina militia. Major Davie alfo, with his volunteer corps of hoife, which ferved the militia as a van guard, contributed considerably fo annoy him and infult his power. Fergufon extended his route into Tryon county in North Carolina, and bv proclamation, and threats induced many to join him. He had under him a confiderable proportion of thole li- centious people, who, having collected from all parts of Ameri- ca into thefe remote countries, were willing to take the oppor- tunity of the prevailing confufionto carry on their ufual depreda- tions. As they marched, they plundered the whig inhabitants. Violences of this kind frequently repeated, induced many perfons to conlult their own fafety by flying beyond the mountains. By fuch lively reprefentations of their fuffei ings, as (he diftrefled are alway ready to give, they added to that alarm and terror, which the total rout of Gates's army had fpread through the molt diftant parts of North Carolina. The people conceived that iheir fecu- rity depended upon their taking arms, and keeping the war as far from home as poflible. Fergufon was tempted to ftay near to the weftern mountains longer than necefTary, under the hope of cutting off Clark in his retreat from Georgia. This delay gave an opponunity for the junction of feveral corps of militia, which proved his ruin. Col. Williams of Ninety Six purfued him with 4,50 hoife. The inhabitants about the weflein waters (north of North Carolina and weft of the Alleghaney and Virginia) volun- tarily muttered under their refpetive colonels in the different quarters where they lived. Being all mounted, and unencumber- ed with baggage, their motions were rapid. Each man fet out with his blanket, knapfack, and gun, in queft of Major Fergufon, in, the fame manner he was ufed to purfue the wild beads of the for- eft. At night the earth afforded ihem a bed, and the heavens a covering : the running ftream quenched their thirft, while a few- cattle, driven in their rear, together with the fupplies acquired by their guns, fecured them provifion. They were under the com- mand of cqlonels Campbell, Cleveland, Shelby and Sfcvier. The fiifl ii8 THE HISTORY OF THE [AD. 1780. firft junftion of thefe mountaineers was accidental. Williams was informed, on the zd of Oftobcr, by one cxprefs from Shelby, rhat 1500 were upon their march, and by another from Cleve- land, that he was within ten miles with 800 men. When they had all joined near Gilbert-town, they amounted to near 3000. They foon found out Fergufon's encampment. This was on an eminence of a circular bafe, known by the name of King's Moun- tain, fuuated near the confines of North and South Carolina. It being apprehended, that Fergufon was haftening his marchdown the country to join Cornwallis, the Americans feJefted nine hun- dred and ten of their beft men, and mounted them on their fleeteft horfes. With this force they came up with Fergufon on the y th of Oclober. Some difpute had arifen about the right of command ; but it was finally agreed to be given to Campbell. The enterprife however was conduced without regular military fubordination, under the direction of Campbell, Cleveland, Shel- by, Sevier and Williams, each of whum refpeclively led on hit own men. As they approached the royal encampment, it was agreed to divide their force. Some afcended the mountain, while others went round its bafe in oppofite directions. Cleveland, in. his progrefs round with one of the detachments, difcovered an advanced piquet of the roy^l troops. On this occafion he addref- fed his men in the following language " My brave fellows, we have beat the tories.^and we can beat them. They are all cowards. If they had the fpirit of men, they would join with their fellow citizens, in fupporting the independence of their country. Whea engaged, you are not to wait for the word of command from me. i will mow you by my example how to fight. I can undertake BO more. Every man muft confider himfelf as an officer^ and al from his o*vn judgment. Fire as quick as you can, and ftand your ground as long as you can. When you can do no better, get behind trees or retreat ; but I beg of you not to run quite off, Jf we are repulfed, let us make a point to return and renew the fitfht. Perhaps you may have better luck in the fecond attempt than the fir ft. If any of you are afraid, fuch have leave to retire, and they are requested immediately to take themfelves off." The firing commenced about four o'clock in the evening, The picquet gave way, and were purfued as they retired up the mountain to the main body. Fergufon, with the greateft bra- very ordered his men to charge. The Americans retired from the approaching bayonet. Soon after thefe had retreated, Shel- by with the other detachment, having completed the defigned cir- cuit, opportunely arrived, and from an unexpected quarter pour- ed in a well directed fire. Feigufon defifled from the purluit, and A. D. i7*o.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. and engaged his new adverfaries. The Britifti bayonet was again fuccefsful, and caufed them alfo to fail back. By this time the party commanded by Campbell had afcended the mountain, and renewed the attack from that eminence. Fergufon prefented a new front, and was again fuccefsful ; but all his exertions were unavailing. At this moment Cleveland's men, having been ral- lied, renewed their fire. As often as one of the American parties was driven back, another returned toitsftation. Fergufon's un- conquerable fpirit refufed to furrender. However, after having repulfed a fucceflion of adverfaries, pouring in their fire from new directions, this officer received a mortai wound. No chance of efcape being left, and allprofpeft of fuccefsful refiftance being at an end, the fecond in command fued for quarters. The bloody conflict continued forty-feven minutes. The brave major, with j^o of his men, fell in the aclion ; 810 including regulars, were made prifoners, 150 of whom were wounded; the remainder about 440 efcaped. The whole number of Britifli regulars was fhort of an hundred. The Americans took 1500 ftand of arms. Their lofs of men killed in the field was only about twenty ; but they had a great many wounded. That diftinguiihed militia officer, who has been repeatedly mentioned, Col. Williams, was mor- tally wounded. Major Fergufon was overfeen in making his ftand on the mountain, which being much covered with woods, gave the mi- litia who were all riflemen, the opportunity of approaching near with greater fafety tothemfelves, than if they had been upon plain open ground. The major however might have made good his retreat, if not with the whole, at leaft with a great part of his men, had he purfued his march immediately upon his charging and driving the firft detachment ; for though the militia afted with fpirit for undifciplined troops, it was with difficulty that they could be prevailed upon to renew their attack, after being charg- ed with the bayonet. They kept aloof, and continued popping : then gathered round, aud crept nearer, till at length they levelled the major with one of their ihot, Ten of the men who had furrendered were hanged by the conquerors. Col. Cleveland had early given out, that if he caught certain perfons, who had forfeited their lives by the laws of the land, he would execute them. Among thofe whom he doomed to execution was a militia officer, who had taken a Bri- tifh commiilion, though he had before been in the ferviceof the ftate. The Britiih officers finding what was to be the fate of the party, would have remonftrated. The colonel cut them fhort with, " Gentlemen you are Britifh officers am? {hall be treated 120 THE HISTORY OF TUB [A. accordingly: therefore give your paroles, and march off imme- dia.eiy: the other perfon is a fubjeft of the fhte." The fpi- rited mountaineers having demolifhed their enemy returned home. Lord Cornwallis was fo confident of thefuccefs of his fcbemes, that he did not wait the arrival of Major Fergufon at Charlot- te; but advanced toward Sahfbury, and obliged the militia for fecurity to c rolls the Yadkin and take poft on its north bank : he was deliberately however in his march. He halted fliort of Sa- lifbury; and upon hearing of Major Fergufon's fate, faced about and returned to Charlotte. About the 14th Ottober, he re- treated to Wynfborough. This was the more needful, as Major >avie's corps being greatly increafe'l, frequently enterceptedhis lordfhip's foraging parties and convoys. Riflemen alfo often penetrated near his camp, and from behind trees took care to make fure of their objeci. Thus the late conquerors found their fituation very uneafy, being expofed to unfeen danger if they at- tempted to make an excuifion of only a lew hundred yards from their encampment. As his lordfhip retired, the militir, took feveral waggons, loaded with ftores and the knapfacks of the light infantry and legion, and (ingle men repeatedly rode up with- in gun (hot of his army, difcharged their pieces, and made their cfcape. On the loth of November, Lord Cornwallis wrote to Gen. Smallwood " 1 mult now obferve, that the cruelty exerciftcl on the prifoners taken under Major Fergufon is fhocking to huma- nity ; and the hanging poor old Col. Mills, who was always a fair and open enemy to your caufe, was an art of the moft favage barbarity. It has alfo been reported to me, that Capt. Gates of Col. Gray's militia, who was taken near the Peeclee, was la?ely put to death without any crime being laid to his charge. From the characler which I have heard of you, Sir, I cannot fuppofe that you can approve of thefe moft cruel murders: but 1 hope you will fee the necefTity of interpofmg your authority to flop this bloody fcene, which muft oblige me in juftice to the fuffeis> ing loyalifts, to retaliate on the unfortunate perfons now in my power. I am not confcious, that any perfons have hitherto been executed by us, unlefs for bearing arms, after having given a mi- litary parole to remain quietly at home ; or for enrolling them- {elves voluntarily in our militia, receiving arms and ammunition from the king's ftore, and taking the fir ft opportunity of joining our enemies. The only perfons who were hanged at Camden, after the aftion of the i6ih and,i8th, except feme defeners from our army, were two or three of the latter defcription,; who were AD.iyBo.-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 12 t picked out from about thirty convicted of the like offence, on account of fome particular aggravating circumftaaces which at- tended their cafe." Notwithstanding it was manifeft, that there was a powerful party in the fhte, whkh was determined to op- pofe the elfablifhing of -royal government ; yet to convince the inhabitants, that the Britifh were ferioufly refolved to remove {torn the country all who refufed to become fubjecls, a further number of twenty-two citizens, who ftill remained prifoners on parole, was (hipped off about the i6th of November for St. Au- guftine, to whom were abided Gen. Rutherford and Col. Ifaacs of North Carolina, who were taken near Camden in Auguft. Thefe were treated with more politenefs than the firft fet. The only charge exhibited againft them, as the reafon of their exile was, that " they difcovered no difpofition to return to their alle~ giance, and would, if in their power, overturn the Britifti go- vernment." Gen* Gates wrote to theprefidentbf Congrefs [Oft. 16.] "The enemy have, fo far, the worlt of the campaign, having loft con- fiderably more men, officers and arms, than your army ; and even loft, ground, as they had feveral^pofts at the beginning of the campaign on Peedee, all which are now evacuated." General Smallwood having left Hi llfbo rough, to take the command at Sa- lifbury, the command of the-brigade at the firft place devolved on Col. Williams ; officers and foldiers were impatient for taking the Held: every exertion was ufed ; an'd the clothing being wrought np, old fuits mended, and the blankets proponionably distributed, report thereof was made to headquarters; when the general pave orders for the brigade to march on the 2d of November, uith the artillery, ammunition and baggage, under the command of Col. OthoIL Williams. On the 8th the troops reached Sa- lifbury, having marched 100 miles in lefs than eight days, upon three pounds and an half of Indian meal per man and fome beef. Having no tents, they were fortunate in a lucceflionof fine days, till the fourth after their arrival. Gates ha.l now done every thing in his power to repair the injuries of his defeat; and was en- deavoring to recover as much territory to the United States, as thecircumihnces of the war in the fouthern department would ad- mit of, when he received advice from fomeof his friends, but from no one officially, that Congrefs had appointed an officer to fupcr- fede him, and had ordered a court of inquiry to be held on his conduct. He had even a very polite friendly letter from the pre- fident of a later date than thofe which brought the information. Tbis treatment by Congrefs was neither liberal nor candid. And yet fcvere as it feemed to be, both in the manner and matter, it VOL. III. O was THE HISTORY OF THS [A. D. 1780 was not the moft painful ftroke that the unfortunate general had to fuflfer at that period. His friends had cautioufly kept from him for fome time the knowledge of the death of his fon an only child, an amiable youth of about nineteen, whofe natural genius, improved by education, promifed fervice to his country and ho- nor to his family. Amid the general's other trials, this came fuddenly upon him. He bore all with a firmnefs that would reflect credit on the mo ft philofophic mind; and notwithftanding the indelicacy with which he thought bimfelf treated, he continu- ed to do all he could to promote the ime'reft of the caufe in which he was engaged. He remained at Hillfborough a day or two, to give an account of the meafures he had taken and was about to take, to retrieve the loft country; then went on to the camp at Salilbury, where he arrived on the ixth November with about 530 dragoons ; and had the pleafure of hearing within four days ci Gen. Sumpter's fuccefs. Sumpter, after the difpeifionof his force on the 1 8th of Auguft, collected a corps of volunteers, and received fuch occafional re- inforcements, as enabled him to keep the field, though there was no continental army in South Carolina for three months. He varied his pofuion from time to time, and had frequent fkirmifhes with his adverfaries. Having mounted his followers, he infefterl the Britifh, beat up their quarters, intercepted their convoys, and fo harrafTed them with fuccefiive alarms, that their movements could not be made but with caution and difficulty. On the i2th be was attacked at Broad river by Major Weyms, command- ing a corps of infantry and dragoons* In this aftion the Britifh were defeated, and the Major taken prifoner, having had his thigh broken. Though he had deliberately hung Mr- Cufack in Cheraw diftrift, and had in his pocket a memorandum of feveral houfes burned by his command, yet he received every indulgence from his conquerors. Gen. Sumpter was afterwards attacked on the 2oth by Lieut. Col. Tarleton. Sumpter being apprized of Tatleto-i's approach, poffefled himfelf of a ftrong poit on Black Stock's hill, clofe lo Tyger river. Tarleton without waiting for the- reft of bis detachment, directed 4 i precipitate at- tack with 170 dragoons and 80 men of the 60d regiment, to that part of the hill which was nearly perpendicular, with a fmall ri- vulet, brufh wood, and a railed fence in front. A confiderablc. divifion of Sumpter's force had been thrown into a large log barn, from which the men fired with fecurity, as the appenures between the logs fcrved them for loop holes. Britifh valor wasconfpicu- ous upon this occafion ; but no valor could furrnount the obfU* cles and difadvantagcs that here itood in iis way. The 6$d was roughly A. A 1780,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 123 roughly handled ; the commanding officer, two others, with one thiroi of their privates feM, Tarleton obferving their fituation, charged with his cavalry: unable to di (lodge the enemy either from the log barn or the height on his left, he ws obliged to fall back. Lieut. Skinner, attached to the cavalry, covered the re- .treat of the 6$d. Jn this manner did the whole party continue jo retire (till they formed a jun&ion with their infantry, who were advancing to fuflain them) leaving Sumpter in quiet pof- Jellion of the field. The general occupied the hill for feveraj hours; but having received a bad wound, and knowing that the J3riulh would be reinforced the next morning, he thought it ha* zardous to wait. He accordingly retired, and taking his wound- ed men with him, crofled the Tyger. His lofs was very fmall. Tiie wounded c?f the Elritifh detachment wiere left to his mercy, The ftncleft humanity was exereifed towards them and they were fupplied with every comfort in his power.* General . Gates moved his head quarters to Charlotte ; Gen, $mallwood with the militia, encamped below at Providence OH the way to Camden ; an4 the light troops under Morgan (raifed by Congrefsthe J3th of October to the rank of a brigadier gene* ral, upon the repeated recommendation of Gates) were further advanced on that route. Gates ordered huts to be built in regu- lar encampment, apprehending that the winter would be too fe- yere a feajbn for military operations in that latitude. Such was the fituation of the fouthern army when Gen. Greene arrived at Charlotte the 2dof December; and delivered to Gates theory? official information of his removal from the command in fo un- ceremonious a manner was he treated ! The army was furren- /jered into Green's hands agreeably to the orders of Coqgrefs, in the following terras the next day *' Head Quarters, Charlotte, gd December 1780. Parole Springfield Counter-fign Green. The Honorable ^Ivjajor General Green, who arrived yefterday .afternoon in Charlotte, being appointed by his Excellency Gene- ral Waihington, with the approbation of the honorable Congrefs, jo the command of the fouthern army, all orders will for the fu- lure ifluefrom him, and all reports are to be made to him.' J 44 General Gates returns his fincere and grateful thinks to trie fouthern army for their perfeverance, fortitude, and patient * endurance of all the hardihips and fufTe rings they have undergone while uader his command. He anxioufly hopes their misfortunes will ceafe therewith ; and that viclory and the glorious advan- tages attending it may be the future portion of the fouthern army." Gen. * See Lieutenant Mackenzie's Stridures en Lieutenant Colonel Tarjeron ? b Hiftory, p. 7177. THE HISTORY OF THE [J. Z>. 1780., Gen. Greene, on the 4th of December, dignified his general orders with this graceful exprefTion-r " General Greene reruns his thanks to the honorable M^jor General Gates for the polite manner in which he has introduced him to his command in the orders of yefterday, and for his good wifhes for the fuccefs of the fouthern army," The manly refignation of Gates on the one part, end the dilicate difintereilednefsof Greene on the other, prevent-, ed the embarraflments naturally to be apprehended on fuch an oc- cafion, The latter approved and perpetuated the {landing orders of the former, and, treated him with that candid refpeft which teftified his remembrance of the pail fervices of that officer. A few hours after Greene took the command of the army, 3 Deport was made to Gates of. a foraging by the light troops un- der Morgan toward Camden. After collefting what the enemy Jiad fpared for further occafions in the vicinity of Clermont. that poft was reconnoitred by the cavalry only. Lieut. Col. Wafhr ington faW that it was fortified by a blockhpufe impenetrable to frnall arms, and encompafTed by an abbatis. Its vicinity to Cam- den, from whence it might be fpeedily fuccoqred, rendered a fiege ineligible. Recourfe was had to ilratagem. He advanced his cavalry in fuch a direBion as to {how jiis front without difcov- ering his rear; and (Kfmounting fome of his men, planted the trunk of a pine tree upon fome of its branches (b pointedly lik? a field piece*, that it aclually intimidated the garrifon. A corpo- ral of dragoons was ordered to ride up, and fumpipn the com- rnanding officer, Lieut. Col. Rugeley, to furrender. The lucky nioment was feized on, and the order obeyed with confidence- The garrifon of upward of one hundred officers and foldiers, fur- Tendered at difcretion without a fhot, and the works were de- jrjolimed. This favorable incident, in the juncture of affairs then exifting, through the little fuperftition to which every man is fubjeft, was viewed by the army as an omen of fuccefs under the new commander. It was on the 5th of Oclober, that congrefs refolved that the commander in chief order a court of inquiry to be held on th ; e conduftof Gen. Gates. though unaccufed of any military crime, r^his refolve was grounded on a former refolve, that whoever loft a poft mould be fubjecTt to a court of enquiry. Had that refolve Jbeen, that every commanding officer who does not beat the enemy, fhall be recalled and fubjecied to a court of inquiry, whether or no any crime be laid to his charge, Gates might have fubmitted to his fate with as much patience, as officers who fur render a fprt oi lofe a fhip. But he had reafon to complain, that con- grefs, by their fpecial refolve of the th, doomed him to tempo- A.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 126 rary difefteem and lofs of confidence. Gen. Wafhingtoti was ordered to appoint another officer to the command of the fouth- ern army. On the 6ui be received a line from a South Carolina delegate, acquainting him, that he was authorized by tr\e dele- gates of the three fouthern ftates to communicate to his excellen- cy their with, that Gen. Greene might be the perfon. He was iixed upon ; not from the influence of their wifh, but from the opinion ihe commander in chief entertained of him, as being the moft fuited to the fervice ; when reported to congrefs he was ap- proved of by them on the 3oth. Gieene, before he let out, ex- preffed his difapprobation of their pafling cenlure upon Gates by removing him, as what tended to take away an officer's cha- racter; which injury could not be repaired, even by an acquital after examination. He added in the converlation with a brother general ** I (hould be very well fatisfied to ferve under Gates." He duly weighed all the circumfhnces attending Gates's iuuation, and formed an opinion very different from that which .occafiened his recall; and as he travelled on to Hillfborough, generoufty reprefented the fame and the reafons for it, to thofe perfons he fell into company with, who were blindly led away, by having only confidered events. Greene found the country through which he palled, fo fully difaffecled to the American in- terefts and in favor of the Britifh, that he was not without appre- henfion for his perfonal fafety, ere he could join the army. Here we take our leave of him for the prefent, and proceed to menti- on fome of the proceedings and a 61s of Congrefs. You have met with various charges againft Dr. Shippen.- When Congrefs had the laft year exprefied their fatisfaclion \vith Dr. Morgan's conduct, the laft charged the former with mal-praftices and mifconducl in office. The charges were transmitted to the commander in chief; and a courc martial en- fued. When the proceedings of the latter were before Congrefs in Auguft, a motion was made to infert after W. Shippen, thefe words " Excepting that part of the fecond charge rela- ting to his fpeculating in hofpital flores, on which the court judge him highly reprehenfible" it was rejefled ; and it was refolved " That the court martial having acquitted the faid Dr. Ship- pen, ordered that he be difcharged from arreft." The day after that extraordinary refolve refpecling Gen. Gates, they re-elecled the doclor director general of the hofpital. On the 6th of Sep- tember they recommended to the feveral dates claiming the weft- ern country, to pafsfuch laws, and give their delegates fuch pow- ers as might effectually remove the only obflacle to a final ratifi- of the articles of confederation ; and then refolved, " that the THE -HISTORY OF THE \_A. D. 1780. the legiflature of Maryland be earneftly requeued to authorize their delegates in Congrefs to fubfcribe the articles." In the be*, ginning of Oclober they rdlWved, " that the unappropriated lands that may be ceded to the United Srates, be d if poled of for the common benefit of the United States, to be fettled and form- ed into diftricl republican flares." About the fame time they publifhed, that the i ilh and isth articles of the treaty of amity and commerce with France were expunged and fupprefled the ift of September, 1778, agreeable to their defne, The articles ar^ nulled were as follows article the i tth. It is agreed and con- cluded, that there fiiall never be any duty irnpofed en the expor- tation of the molafies that may be taken by the fubjefts of any of the United States, from the iflands of America, which belong or may hereafter appertain to his moft Chrijiian Majefty : article the 12th. In compenfation of the exemption (tipulated by the preceding article, it is agreed and concluded, that there (hall nev- er be any duties impoied on the exportation of any kind of mer- chandife, which the fubjects of his mofl Chriftian fvlajeily may take from the countries and pofTeilions, prefent or future, of any of the Thirteen United States, for the ufe of the iflands which, (hall furnilh molaffes. On the 6th of October the prefident wrote a circular letter to the feveral itates, in which, among o- ther matters " It is recommended to the ftates, in the moft preffr ing manner, to have their regiments completed, ajl^^the field, by the firft day of January next at furtheft." On the i6th Con- grefs refolved, " that the thanks of Congrefs be given to briga- diers Srnallwood and Gift, and to the officers of the Maryland and Delaware lines, the different corps of artillery, Col. Porterr field's and Major Armftrong's corps of light infantry, and Col, Armand's cavalry, for their bravery and good conducl difplayed in the aclion of the i6th of Auguft." Thefe thanks v,*ere not ap- plicable to all with equal propriety. The implied cenfure caft upon Gates in the formation of the refolve and its total filence concerning him, was a ftigma that he ought not to have received, until he had been adjudged to have deferved it, putting all former fervices out of the queftion. It has been obfer ved, that after the difa-fter near Camden, whenever Congrefs publifhed the fuccefles and various operations of the troops, which he commanded, they fcarcely even mentioned his name; whether fuch omiffions were accidental or intended, his character was much injured by them. On the 2ifl Congrefs agreed, that the officers who continued in, the fervice to the end of the war, mould be entitled to half pay during life. At the end of the month Baron Steuben was order- ed to repair to the fouthern department and Maj.oy Lee's corp* to A.D.iyEo.'] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 127 to proceed immediately to join the fouthern army. A few days after they promoted the major to the rank of lieutenant colonel. We now turn to view the fcenes northward of Philadelphia. General Wafhington's difficulties continued- He wrote from Orange-town on the 2oth of Auguft, to Jofeph Reed, Efq. whofe name has fo often occurred in different departments, and who is' now prefident or governor of Pennfylvania- '* With eve- ry exertion, I can fcarcely keep the army in this earnp, entirely continental, fed from day to day. Tis mortifying, that we {hould not at this advanced period of the campaign, have maga- zines ofprovifion for even one half of the men necefFary for our intended operations. I have every afiurance from the French land and fea commanders, that the fecond divifion may, without fome very unexpecled accident, be daily expected. Should we, upon the arrival of this reinforcement, he found (after all our promifes of a co-operating force) deficient in men, provifion, and every other efiential, your excellency can eafily perceive what will be the opinion of our allies, and of all the world, and what will be the confequences in the deranged diftracled ftate of our af- fairs." In another of the fame date were thefe fentiments *' Tome tt will appear miraculous if our affairs can maintain them- felves much longer in their prefent train. If either the temper or the refources of the country will not admit of an alteration, we may carpcft foon to be reduced to the humiliating condition of feeingdLe caufe of America upheid in America by foreign arms. It may eafily be mown, that all the misfortunes we have met with in the military line are to be attributed to fhort inlifl- rnents. A great part of the embarraiTments in the civil flow from the fame fource. The derangement of our finances is f- fentially to beafcribed to it. The expences of the war, and the paper emiflions, have been greatly muhiplyed by it. We have had a great part of the time two fets of men to feed and pay, the difcharged men going home, and the levies coming; in. The difficulties and coil of engaging men have increafed a' every fc- eeflive attempt, till among the prefent levies, we find there are. fome who have received a hundred and fifty dollars in fpecif 1 331 1 5 S> fterling] for five months fervice, while our officers are reduced to the disgraceful neceflhy of performing the duties of drill fergeants,tothem. The frequent calls upon the militia hive alfo interrupted the cultivation of their lands ; and of courfe have leflened the quantity of the produce, occafioned a fcarcity, and enhanced the prices. In an army lo unfiable as ours, order and ceconomy have been .impracticable. The di (contents of the Hoops have been gradually matured to a dangerous extremity. Something 128 THE HISTORY OF THE \_A. D. 1780* Something fatisfaclory muft be done, or the army rnuft ceafe to exift at the end of the campaign : or it will exhibit an example of more virtue, fortitude, felt denial and perfeverance, than has perhaps ever been paralleled in the hiftory of human enthufiafm.'* General Wafhington, in compliance with a prior appointment, fet out with his fuite, Gen. Knox and the Marquis de la Fayette, to meet Count de Rochambeau and Admiral Ternay at Hart- ford. The general with the reft of the company muitered up and borrowed all the money they could, in order to pay their expences. They could procure no more than eight thou- fand paper dollars. Such was thefcarcity even of that deprecia- ted commodity at camp. Before they quitted the New-York Hate, they had expended more than half their flock; and weie Dot a little pained with the idea of their being foon incapable of difcharging the landlord's demand* They put on a good coun- tenance when in Conneclicut ; called for what they wanted, and were well fupplied : but the thought of reckoning with their hoft damped their pleafure. However to their great joy, when the hills were called for, they were informed, that the governor of Conneclicut had given orders k that they fhould pay nothing in that ftate, but mould be at free coft. They met the French ge- neral and admiral on Thurfday the 21 ft of September at the place appointed. Gen. Wafhington in his conference with the count, ftated the army, in the quarter he commanded, for the next campaign, at fifteen thoufand operative continental troops, On the idea of 15,000, a memorial with a plan of the next cam- paign has been tranfmitted to the court of France. On Friday morning Count de Rochambeau and Adm. Ternay fet off on their return to Newport, and on Saturday morning the American gentlemen commenced their return to the camp. During their abfenceadifcovery of the utmoft importance had been made, viz, a fcheme for delivering Weft Point into the hands of Sir Henry Clinton. Gen. Arnold, who had the command of that poir, was brave hot mercenary, fond of parade and extremely defirous of acquiring money to defray the expences of it. When he en- tered Philadelphia after the evacuation, he made Gov. Penn's, the beft houfe in it, his head quarters. This he furnifhed in a very coftly manner, and lived in a ftile far beyond his income. He continued his extravagant courfe of living; was unfuccefsful in trade and privateering; his funds were exhaufted, and his creditors importunate, while his luft for high life was not in the leaft affuaged. About July, 1779, he ex- hibited heavy accounts and demands againft the public : the com- miflioners, upon examination, reje&ed about one half of the amount. A.D. t 7 8o.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. amount. He appealed to Congrefs, and a committee was ap- pointed, who were of opinion, that the commiiiioners had al- lowed more than the general had a right to expect or demand. This provoked him to outrageous expreffions and proceedings. Di feuded at the treatment he had met with, embarrafled in his circurnilances, and having a growing expenfive family, he tinned his thoughts toward betteiing his fortune by new means. M^jor Andre adjutant general to the Britim army, a rifmg young offi- cer of ^reat hope and merit, had commenced a correfpontjence with Mrs. Arnold in 1779, under the plea of lurrying her with milinary : whether it was continued and covertly improved by the genera!, without her being in the leaft privy to it, till ripened into the (cheme of giving up Wed-Point, is not yet afcert^med. But the defign is generally thought to have been fometime in a- gitation. For the fpeedy completion of the negotiation that was carry- ing on between Sir Henry and Gen. Arnold, the Vulture iloop of war was ftationed in the North River, at fuch a diftance from the American pods, as without exciting fufpicton, would ferve for the neceffary communication. Before this, a written correfpon- dence, through other channels, had been maintained between Arnold and Andre at New- York, under the names of Guftavus and Ariderfon. The neceffary arrangements being made, A boat \\asfentatnight from the ftnre to the Vulture to fetch Major Andre, which brought him to the beach without the polls of either army, where he met Arnold. Day light approach- ing, he was told thai he mil ft be concealed urftii the next night. In order to it, he was conducted within on: of the American pofts, againft his previous ftipulaiion, intention and knowledge. He continued with Atnold during the following day. The next night the boatmen rcfufmg to conducl him back, to the Vul- ture, which had mifted her pofition, as me layexpofedto the fire of a cannon fent to annov her, he was ob.'iged to concert his efcape by land. He quitted his uniform, which he had hith-" erto worn under a furtout, fora common coat ; and .u'asfurniflj- ed with a horfe, and under the name of John Anclerfon with a paifport from Arnold, to go to the lines at White Plains, or low- er if he thought proper, he being on public bufmefs. He pur- fued his journey alone to New- York, parted all the guards and pods on the road without fufpicion, and was much elated as he travelled on the next day, with the thought of his having fucceed-." ed. But unhappily for him, 'hough providentially for the Ame- ricans, three of the New- York militia, John Pautiii?*. Kwid Williams, and IfaacV&n Vt,rt> were with others out on famuingj V<*L. III. ' .P between THE HI S T O R Y OF THE \_A. D. 1780. between the out-pofts of the two armies. One of them fprang from his covert, and feized Andre's horfe by the bridle. 1'he xnajor, inftead of inftantly producing his pafs, afked the man where he belonged to, who anfwered, to below. Andre fufpeft- ing no deceit faid, Jo do /; then declared himfelf a Britim of- ficer, and preflfed that he might not be detained, for that he was upon urgent bufinefs. Upon the other two coming up and join- ing their comrade, he difcovered his miftake. The confufion that followed was apparent, and they proceeded to fearch him till they found his papers. He offered the captors a considerable purfe of gold, and a very valuable watch, to let him pafs: but they nobly difdained the temptation, befide the fafcinating offers of permanent provifion, and even of future promotion, on con- dition of their conveying and accompanying him to New-York. They conducted him to Lieut. Col. Jamefon, the continental of- ficer, who had the command of the fcouting parties, amounting to 800 men, chiefly militia. Arnold's conduft with regard to this body of men, and in other refpefts, had excited fuch fuf- picions in the breads of the lieut. colonel and the reft of the offi- cers, that they had determined upon feizing the general at all ad- ventures, had he came down and ordered them nearer the enemy. Jamefon, notwithftanding his ftrongjealoufy of Arnold, was in the ifTue the occafion of his efcape. When Andre appeared before him, it was under the name of Anderfon ; which he fupported, choofing to hazard the greatefl clanger, rather than let any difcovery be made which could in- volve Arnold, before he had time to provide for his fafety. With a view to the general's efcaping he requefted that a line might be fent to acquaint him with Anderfon's detention, which Jamefon through an ill-judged delicacy granted. The papers, which were found in the major's boot, were in Arnold's hand writing, and contained exaft returns of the flate of the forces, ordnance and defencer-a't Weft-Point and its dependencies, with the artillery orders,critical remarks, on the works, an eftimate of the number of men that were ordinarily on duty to man them, and the copyofaftateof matters that had been laid before a council of war by the commander in chief, on the fixth of the month. Thefe pa- pers were enclofed in a packet to Gen. Walhington, accompanied with a letter from the prifoner, avowing himfelf to be Major John Andre, adjutant general to the Britim army, relating the manner of his capture, and endeavouring to fhow that he did not come under the defcription of a fpy ; and were forwarded by Jamefon. Wafhington was upon his return from Hartford, and the meffcnger miffed him by taking a diflercnt road from that on which A.D, 1780,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 131 which the general was. Through this accident and the man'i be- ing obliged to make a circuit, the letter to Arnold, informing him of Anderfon's capture, reached him fonie hours before Wafh- ington arrived at his quarters. No fooner had he received it, than he haftened on board the Vulture, which Isy forae miles below Stoney and Verplank's points. The commander in chief eroded over to Weft Point, and expe&ed to meet him there : when he returnee], the caufe of Arnold's abfence was foon difcovered upon opening the packet from Jamefon, which had arrived in the mean while. His excellency immediately ordered two brU gades from the main army t theie pofts, and took ample meafure* tor their fecurity. Andre had been full forty. eight hours in cuf- tody, before Arnold's defign was known in camp. Had it fue- ceeded, the confequences muft have been ruinous in the higheft degree. The plan for delivering up the ports feems to have been that of engaging in a ihamdefence at the defiles, while a large body of the enemy took a circuit and poflefTed tbernfelves of the fort, Arnold on the 8th of Auguft had written to Gen.- Wafhington r cxprefling, his wifh, that a map of the country from Robinfon's houfe td New-York, particularly on the eaft fide of the river, might be fent him. He added " The Maflachufetts troop* ^militia 1234] are good a-nd well armed. Would it not be better to continue a part or the whole of the New-York brigade a* this poft[WeftPoint]whofeofficerscar>be depended upon, and thetroops- have in general bad arms and few bayonets. The Maflachufett&or Harnpfhire troops will be better in the field from this circumfta/i ce in their arms." In converfation with one of the officers under him, he aflced which he thought would be the beft mode of defence iti cafe of an attack, whether to defend the works, or to go and fight the enemy in the defiles as they advanced. The officer laid, to> defend the works: Arnold declared for the other. The fc thingi were recollected, and fuppofed to have had a particular meaning, when his main projeft was difcovered. Had the execution of that been completed, the forces under his command m.uft probably have either laid down their arms or have been cut to< pieces. Their lofs and the immediate poffeffion of Weft Point, and aH its neighbouring dependencies, muft have expofed the remainder of Washington's army fo to the joint exertion of the Briti(^i for- ces, by land and water, that nothing but final ruin could have been the refult with refpeclt to the Americans. * Such a ftroke could fcarcely Have been recovered. Independent of the lofs of artillery and ftores, fuch a deftruclion of their disciplined force, and many of their beft officers, muft have been fatal. The Bru .iiih might alfo have turned their whole force againft. the Frencb fleet '13* THE HISTORY OF THE [.4. !D. 1780. fleet and troops at Rhode Ifland : for they had received a confid- erable naval reinforcement by the arrival of Adm. Rodney with f'everal Ihips of the line from the \Veil-Indies, on the igth of September. Whether his coming to New-York WHS in the leaft under the influence of flattering profpecls, upon Weft Point's being delivered into the hands of the Britifh, will be matter of conjecture among many. General Wafhington appointed a board of fourteen general officers [September 29] (of whom were the Marquis de la Fayette and Baron de ' Sieuben) with the ailiflance of the judge advo- cate general, John Laurence, to examine into and 10 report apiecife ftate of Major Andre's cafe ; and to determine what light he was to be confidered in, and to what puniihment he V;as liable. Andre diidairiing all fubterfuge and evafion, and lludy- ingonly to plac^ his character in fo fair a light, as might prevent its being fhaded by prefent circumftances, voluntarily confeffed more. than he was afked ; and fought not to palliate any thing relating to hirnfelf, while he concealed, with the molt guarded and fcrupulous nicety, whatever might involve others. Being interrogated by the board, with refpett to his conception cf com- ing on more under the fanclion of a flag, he faid with a noble franknefs of mind, that if he had, he might certainly have return- ed un-.lcr it. The board was exceedingly fliuck with his candor and magnanimity ; and Efficiently (howed how much they felt for his fituation. They treated him with fuch delicacy at the opening of examination, as to defire that he would not anfwer any interro- gatory which would at all ernbarrafs his feelings. Every pofii- ble mark of indulgence, and the utmoil attention and poliienefi were exercifed toward him : fo that the major himfelf, deeply fen- fibleof the liberality of their behaviour, declared that he flattered biiiiicif lie had never been illiberal ; but that if there were any remains of prejudice in his mind, his prefent experience mud ob- literate thenj. The board did not examine a Tingle witnefs: but founded their report merely upon his- own confefTion. In that, after a rtdtal of a few fafis, they declared, that Major An- dre ought to be confidered as a fpy from the enemy ; and that, agreeably to the law and ulage of nations, it is their opinion he ought to fuffer death. Genera! W-'.lhington wrote a fhort anfwer to Sir H. Clinton's letter of the 2610, reclaiming the major, in which he flaicd, that though the major was under fuch ciicumllances as would have justified the molt fummary proceedings againfl him, he had re- iejied Ins cafe to the examination and decifion oi A board of ge- neral officers, whcfe report, founded on his free and A.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 133 confeffion of his letters, was enclofed. This drew anoiher let-' ter from Sir Henry, who propofed to fend Gen. Robertlon and two other gentlemen, as well to give his excellency a true Hate of facls, as to explain to him his own fenriments on the fubjecl. The gentlemen were to be at Dobb's ferry on the following morning, to wait for Washington's permiflion and fafe conduct, and to meet himfelf, or whoever he fhoulcl appoint. He urged it as a matter of the highefr, moment to humanity, that the gene- ral fhould fully underfland the whole ftate of the bufmefs, before he proceeded to carry the judgment of the board into execution. Gen. Greene, who had been prefident of it, was appointed to meet Robertfon, but the others were not permitted to come on {hore. Robertfon ufed his utmoft ingenuity to (how, that An- dre did not come within the character and defcription of a fpy. As Greene was far from admitting either his facls or concluju ons, Robertfon wiihed that the opinions of difintereiled gentle, men might be taken on the fubjecl, and propofed Knyphaufen and Rochambeati as proper perfons. Humanity was the lafl firing touched. Robertfon faid, he wiihed an intercourfe of fuch ci- yilities as might lefTen the horrors of war; and quoted inilances of Clinton's merciful difpofition. He held out, that Major An- dre poffdled a great fhare of that gentleman's efteem; and that he would be infinitely obliged if he was fpared. He offered, it the former was admitted to return with him to New-York, to engage that any perfon whatever, who was named, fhould be fet at liberty. Gen. Robertfon having failed in his other attempts, prefented a long letter from Arnold to Gen. Washington, " filled with threats in cafe Andre fhould fuffer, and infolently mak- ing the American commander anfwerable for the torrents of blood that might be fpilt, in confequence of his difregarding the warning, and ordering the execution of Andre. The prefent- ment of fuch a letter was confidered as no lefs an abfurdity thaft the writing of it. On October the 2d the tragedy was clofed. The major was fuperior to the terrors of death : but the difgraceful mode of dy- ing, which the ufage of war had annexed to his unhappy fitu- ation, was infinitely dreadful to him. He was defirous of being indulged with a profeiTional death; and accordingly had written, the day before, a pathetic letter, fraught with all the feelings of a man of fentiment and honor, in which he requeued- of .Gen. Wafhington, that he might not die on a gibbet. The general "confulted his officers on the fubjefr. Pity and efieem wrought fo powerfully, that they were all for (hooting him, till Greene in- JaAed on it, that his crime was that of a common fpy ; that the public THE H IS TO RY OF THE [A. .1780 public good required his being hanged ; and that was he fhot, the generality would think there were favorable circumftances entit- ling him to notice and lenity. His obfervations convinced thttn, that there would be an impropriety in granting the major's re- queft; while lendernefs prevented its being divulged. When Major Andre was led out to the place of execution, as he went along he bowed himfelf familiarly to all thofe with whom he had been acquainted in his confinement. A fmile of complacency expreffed the ferene fortitude of his mind. Upon feeing the pre- parations at the fatal fpot, he aflked with fome emotion " Muft I die in this manner ?" He was told it was unavoidable. He re- plied " I am reconciled to my fate, but not to the mode." Soon after, recollefting himfelf, he added " It will be but a mo- mentary pang;" and fpringing upon the carr, performed the laft- offices to himfelf, with a compofure that excited the admiration, and melted the hearts of all the fpeftators. Being told the final moment was at hand, and afked if he had any thing to fay, he anfwered " Nothing but to requeft that you will witnefs to the xvorld, that I die like a brave man." He died univerfally efteem- ed and regretted. The fyrnpathy he had excited in the Ameri- can army was perhaps unexampled, under any fimilar circum- fiances. General Wafhington thus exprefTed himfelf upon this whole bufmefs in a private letter [Oft. 13.] " In no inltance fince the commencement of the war, has the interpofuion of Providence appeared more remarkably confpicuous, than in the refcue of the poft andgarrifon of Weft Point How far Arnold meant to involve me in the cataftrophe of this place, does not appear by any indubitable evidence; and I am rather inclined to think, he did not wifli to hazard the more impor- tant obje6l , by attempting to combine two events, the leffer of which might have marred the greater. A combination of extraordinary circumftances, and unaccountable deprivation of prefence of mind in a man of the firft abilities, and the virtue of three militia men, threw the adjutant general of the Britifh forces (with full proof of Arnold's intention) into our hands ; and but for the egregious folly, or the bewildered conception of Lieut. Col. Jamefon, who feemedloft in aflonifhment, and not to have known what he was doing, I mould undoubtedly have gotten Ar- nold. Andre has met his fate, and with that fortitude which was to be expecled from an accomplifhed man and a gallant officer: but lam miltaken if Arno'd is not undergoing at 'this time, the tot- incntsof a mental hell." The unhappy event of which Arnold's pro- jecl was productive, the death of Major Andre, deeply affecled the whole A. D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. whole royal army. Arnold was made a Britifh brigadier general in America : and it was hoped, that with the aid of the loyalifU and the difcontented of all forts, he would raife aconfiderable bo- dy of forces, to aft under his own feparate command : but neither an addrefs of his to the inhabitants of America, nor his procla- mation infcribed to the officers and foldiers of the continental army, had any effecl. Notwithftanding the difcontents among the American troops, through their various difficulties, Arnold's, example and endeavours were fo far from being the means of bringing over, even a fmall body or detachment, that they do not appear to have produced the defertion of a fingle foldier, much lefs of an officer. Sir Henry Clinton in obedience to the orders fent him [Oclo- ber 15] to profecute the war with vigor in North Carolina and Virginia, difpatched Gen. Leflie from New-York to the bay of Chefapeak, with near 3000 choice troops. He was to co-ope- rate with Lord Cornwallis, who was expected to have been far advanced toward, if not to have reached Virginia. Within a fe\v days the fleet arrived in the bay. The troops were landed in dif- ferent parts of Virginia. In the beginning of November, Leflie was engaged in eftablifhing a port at Portfmoutb, till he could hear from his lordfhip, according to whofe orders he was to aft in all cafes. It was fome time before he learned for a certainty where Cornwallis was : but at length inftrucYions were received from his lordfhip, for the fleet and troops to proceed without de- lay to Charleftown. While in Virginia they poffefled them- felves of fome tobacco and ft ores; but the veflels feized in the harbours and rivers were the mofl valuable part of the booty, About the time that Leflie landed at Portfmouth.Sir H. Clinton; fent to Charleftown all the recruits belonging to the fouthern army, amounting to near 800, which he reckoned would place under Cornwallis's orders full 11,306 effective rank and file, in- cluding Leflie's corps. General Wafhington made a proportion to Sir H. Clinton for , 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 137 tain, and 55 privates ; deftroyed 400 tons of hay, and returned without further lofs than one private wounded. Congrefs have at length determined upon having a peimanent army. They ought before to have gotten rid of an error, which the. experi- ence of ail mankind h.is explored, viz. the carrying on a war with militia, or which is nearly the lame, temporary levies. America has been amuied al molt out of her liberties. The be- havior of the militia upon one and another occafion, has been unreafonabiy extolled, by men who judge only from the (urface, by others who had particular views in rnifrepiefenting, ana by vifionary men whole credulity eafily fwallowed every vague ilory, in fupport of a favorite hypothefis. Some of the fir ft generals in the American fervice, are ready folemniy to declare, that they ne- ver were witnefFes to a fingle initance during this conteft, that can countenance an opinion of militia or raw troops being fit for the real bufmtfs of fighting. How little dependence can be had upon fupplies by new levies, the laft campaign may ferve to fhow. By a return on the i6th of Auguft it appeared, that General Wamirigton had received from New Hampihire to Pennfylvania inclufive, no more than 6,143; an( ^ tnat ^ ie deficiency within the fame circuit was 10,397. Rhode Ifland was the leaft defici- ent in proportion to its numbers, and Pennfylvania the, mod. MerTachufetts had in the army double the number of any other of the ftates norih of Maryland. What few troops the general bad with him, pleafed him however by the rapid progrefs they made in military difcipline. The obfolute neceiTuy of a large and immediate foreign aid of money, for the continuance of the war, came at length under the ferious confideration of Congrefs. Gen. Walhington was fo ftrowgly convinced of its being an object of the utmoft import- ance, that he gave hisfentimenis upbn it to the minifterof France in the mod explicit manner. The recommendations of Con- grefs for fpecific articles were not fufficiently operative. On the gth of December the general faid " It is happy for us, that the feafon will probably compel bofh armies to continue in aftateof inactivity, fince ours is fo much reduced by difcharging the le- vies which compofe a confiderable part of it, even before their time of fervice was expired. This expedient we were forced to adopt, from the prefent total want of flour, and the precarious profpecl of a fupply of that article." Had it not been for a moffc vigorous flep that the American Gov. Clinton ventured to take, the army muft ha^e dif banded for want of bread, ^s the maga- were exhaufled, and tranfportation by land was impracHca, VOL. III. Q blc 138 THE HISTORY OF THK \A. D. t 7 8o. ble had there been any thintr to aft upon. The governor feized feveral hundred barrels in the hands of private merchants, which they had purcbafed up to exchange for other articles. General Wafhinqton, while travelling in the neighbourhood of Pitt's Town, fell in with a parcel of cattle that were going to be Slaugh- tered and failed. Befide being immenfely poor, they were fo frnall, that they would not average 175 Ibs. the nett quarters. Some could not exceed a hundred weight, and others were mere calves. Thefe pafs by the head, and the ftaie or ftates that fur- n f{h them will have the reputation of fupplying that number of merchantable bullocks, when the facl is, that next fummer a flarving man would fcarely eat the beef they were about to put up, after the fait had extracted the little fat and juices that were in it. The general faw about a hundred, and his information extended to about 800 more of the fame kind in the neighbour- hood. He directed the commitTary to ieleft the beft for fairing, and to let the other be eaten, as it would be a wafie of fait, bar- rels and time, to put the fame up. Many other inftances of a fimilar impofition to what has been related might be given.* The generous exe tions of the American daughters of liberty in Philadelphia and the neighbourhood, to befriend the conti- nental foldiers, are a perfeft contraft to it. Mention was made of them in my laft letter. Their donations purehafed a fufficient quantity of cloth, and their hands made the fame into two thou- fanJ one hundred and feven fhirts, which were delivered to the perfon appointed to receive them by Gen. Washington. Penn- fylvahia furnifhed the whole quantity, except feventy-feven, which were the produce of the Jcrieys. The daughters of this laft ftate made a further prefent of three hundred and eighty pair of flock- ings. The board of royal refugees at New York have for many months back pofHfed fomething like a fleet of fmall privateers andcnnfers; by the aid of which they have committed various depredations, and great exceffes in different places, fiom peculiar perfonal animofity ; and thereby have irritated their adverfaries to retaliate in like manner. Thus the feelings of humanity have been fufpended on both fides ; fcenes of wafte and havock have followed ; and a predatory war been carried on. tending neither to fubjugation nor reconciliation, but the reverfe. While thefe have been the operations upon the maritime coafts of the conti- nent, the back fettlements and inland frontiers have been ravaged by the inimical Indians, their tory aflbciates, and a number of Biiiiib * The general's letter of Dec. 26,1780. The general's papri. A. D, 1780,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Britim regulars. The New York ftate differed the molt, bf par- ties under Major Carletori, Sir John Johnfon, and Capt. Brandt. In the beginning of Aujjuft, they burnt more than ,50 houfcsand 47 barns, the principal part of Canijohary, a fine fet dement about fifty fix miles from Albany. They defhoyed 27 hou- fes at Schoharie; and at Norman's Creek 20. In October their irruptions were renewed. Stone Arabia and Canaghfioragd were attacked, and Schoharie afreih; and a great extent of coun- try about the Mohawk'river was laid walie. A number of the feitlers were killed and more madepiifoncrs. Sir John Johnfon was obliged to fight them repeatedly ; but was careful, Indian like, not to (lay long enough in any one place, to admit of his enemy's collecting a^fufhcient force to bring on a decifive action, My next will moil probably contain an account of depredations in another quarter, as Gen. Arnold failed from Sandy Hook on the 2 lit of December, with a body of troops under his command on an expedition. October the th< the Madachufetts general court adjourned. The laft a6l they patfed was '* An a6t to incorporate an academy in the town of Andover, by the name of Phillips'* academy. >x No buiinefs requiring another meeting, they ceafed of courfe,. The Wednefday three weeks, the 25 th of that month, was the day appointed for the general election agreeable to the new con- flitution. It was ufhered in by the ringing of bells, firing of can- uon, and other demonirrations of the public rejoicing. When the two houfes were formed, a committee was appointed to ex- amine the returns of the feveral towns for a governor, though it was before known on whom the choice had fallen. They re- ported that his excellency John Hancock, Efq. was clewed go- vernor by agreat majority of votes. A commitieeof both houfes wauled upon him to inform him of it, and requefl his attendance at the council chamber. After he had gone thiQUgh qll the forraa- lities required to qualify him for his office, the fecretary, from,, the'uaicony of the iiate-ho-.jfe, declared, to the attending crowds in the fireet, his excellency John Hancock, Efq. Governor of the MafFdchufetts' commonwealth^ which was repeated by the fhe- riffof the county of Suffolk. A grand &u de joie was given by tlie militia companies. Thirteen cannon were fired by the ar- tiller) 7 , and three vollies by the independent company. The can- non at the Cafl-e and Fort Hill, and on board the fhipping in the harbour were fired upon the occafion. The governor, fenare and houfe of reprefematives, then attended divine fervice, agree- able to ancient etlablifhed cuftom, at the Old Krick Meeting- koufe. Tlic Rev. Dr, Samuel Cooper delivered a fukabi and ac.cepiable J4Q THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1780. acceptable difcourfe from the following words in the 30111 of Jeremiah " Atid their congregation fhall be eftablifhed ; and their nobles fhall be of then-felves; and rheir governor fhall proceed out of the rnidft of them." When fervice was finiihed, they proceeded to Faneuil-hall, amidft a great concourfe of peo- ple, where an elegant entertainment was provided, and a large number of refpetab!e gentlemen of all orders afTembled. In the courie of the convivial meeting, thirteen loalls we>e drank, each being accompanied with the firing of a cannon. No gentleman being elected heut. governor by the majority of the people, the fenate and houfe on the 301:1, made choice of James Bowdoin, Eiq. who declined ihe honor partly on account of his not being clv.'frn by the votes of the freer* en, bui chiefly becaufe of his continued ill flate of health. The next perfon fixed upon was the prefident of the council, Thomas Cufhing, Efq. who ac- cepted. On the i8th of December died at Newport, his Excellency Charles Louis DeTei nay, knight of St. John of Jerusalem, late governor of the iflands of France and Bourbon, and chief com- mander of the French fquadron in the American feas. His re- mains were the next day interred in Trinity church-yard of laid town, attended with military honors. LETTER V. Rotterdam, December 30, 178*. FRIEND GORDON, MY former letter mentioned the failing of a large Spanifh fleet under Don Jofeph Solano. Capt. Mann of the Cer- berus frigate, falling in with it, and rightly judging of its dcflina- tion. from the courfe it fleered and other circumftances, confi- ier?d v.'ith great propiiety, that the public good and the impor- tance of the ohjec) fhouid fupply the defeft of particular orders, fend that the limited defign of his crnife could not compare with the in. mediate application of the knowledge he had accidentally acquired. The captain therefore inftantly proceeded to the Wefl Indies, to communicate (he intelligence to Sir George Rodney, then at Btirbadoes, Upon receiving it, Sir George uftd the uu moft A. D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. inoft diligence in putting to fea, in order to intercept the Spanifli iieet and convoy before they could join the French, then in Fort Royal bay Martinico. But his views were fruftrated through the precaution of the Spanifh admiral. Don Solano, apprehen- five though not informed of the danger, inflead of proceeding to Fort Royal bay, prudently flopped fhort on his approach to the neareft iflands ; and difpatched a frigate to inform Count de Gui- chen of his fituation, and to require a fpeedy junction of the fleets where he then was. The French commander failed direclly, [June lo.J with 18 (hip? of the line, and keeping clofe to leeward ot the iflands, joined the Spaniards under Dominique. The combined fleets amounted to 36 fail of the line, which with their united land forces, formed iuch an apparent fuperiori- ty, as nothing in thole leas or iflands feemed capable of refilling. But the Spanifti troops being too much crowded on board their tranfports, together with the length of the voyage, the change of climate and diet, and other circumflances, a moft mortal and con- tagious diforder was generated, which n'rft infefted their own feamen, at length fpread, though not entirely with fo fatal an ef- feft, through the French fleet and land forces. Befide the great mortality on the paflage, the Spaniards landed no lefs than 1200 fick on their firft arrival at Dominique, and a much greater num- ber afterward at Guadaloupe and Martinico. Thus the fpirit of enterprife was damped, and forne part of the means taken away. Still the combined forces had a fuflicient fuperiority to enable them to proceed to offenfive operations with the profpecl; of fuc* cefs. Sir George Rodney on the junclion of the enemies fleet* retired to St. Lucie, where he was equally well fituated, either for oblerving their motions and counteracting, according to his abil- ity, their defigns on the other iflands; or for felf-defence (hould they venture upon an attack. But they remained totally inactive in Fort Royal bay till the^th of July, when they put to fea in the night, without making fignals or (bowing lights. Had they im- proved their oppon unity, Jamaica muft undoubtedly have fallen; but a mifundei {landing between the Spanifh and French admi- rals, rendered their junclion and fuperiority of little importance. Count de Guichen accompanied Don Solano as far as St. Domin- go, and then left the Spanifli fleet to proceed fingly to the Ha- vannah, while he with the French put in at Cape Francois. Here he remained till a large convoy was collecled from the French iflands, with which he proceeded directly for- F.urope* Sir George Rodney, entertaining a miihke n apprehenflon either irom his own conjecture or from information, that de Guichen was bound to North America in otder to join Adm. Ternay at Rhode THE HISTORY or THE [4. D. 1780. Rhode Ifland,had no fooner received certain intelligence of his jdeparture from Cape Francois, than he (ailed himfdf wiih ele ven capital (hips and four frigates for New York. The combined fleets in the European feas have been more fuccefsful. A rich and confide fable convoy for the Eaft and Weil Indies failed from Portfmouth in the latter end of July, under the conduct of Capt. Moutray of the Ramiilies and two frigates ; the whole were intercepted on the 9th of Auguft by the combined fleets under Don Louis de Cordova. The convoy included, befide the merchantmen, eighteen victuallers, ftore- iliips and tranfports, defined for the fervice in the Weil Indies. Five Eaft Indiamen made a part of it, and together with aims, ammunition, and a train of artillery, conveyed a large quantity of naval ftores, for the fuppiy of the Britifli fquadron in that quarter. The Eaft India and fitty Weft India fhips, inc lading thofe upon governmental account, were taken. The Ramillies, with the frigates, and a few Weft India {hips ejcftped. Such 4 prize never before entered the harbour of Cadiz. A British fleet of near 60 fhips led captive by a Spaniffi fquadron, was. extreme* ly Battering to a people, to whom naval captures from fuch, ar\ enemy were an unulual fpe&acle. The appearance of the nu- merous prifoners rendered the triumph more complete, and made the fight (till more (ing-alar. They confifted of 1250 fearoen, officers included; of 1255 foldiers, and 74 officers; of 149 wo- men ; and of 137 paflengers of both fexes, among whom were fome married and unmarried ladies of condition. The whole amounted to 286,5 perfons. The value of the fa 1 cable commo- dities was great, but the lofs of the military and naval fnpplies wa$ much more conficierable, as they could not be replaced in time. Advantageous purchafes will undoubtedly be made put of thi$ capture for the fervice of the American army. The ilrong appearances of an approaching florm, wish which, adminiftration was threatened, having fubfided; and every thing going on fmooihly and profperoufly, there we. reafon to expect that elections for a new parliament would go greatly in favor of the court. A dillolution of the prefent was therefore determined upon; [Sept. i.] but the defign was kept a profound i'ecret. r When the proclamation for the diflblving of it appeared, it wrought like a thunder clap, with refpetl to fudcieonefs, and fur- prife, on thofe who were unacquainted with the defign. Anew prorogation had taken place wiihin a iew days, which feivcd to, tender the fhock ftill more pnexpecled. The elections went much in favor of the court. One hundred and thirteen new re-. srefentatives obtained feats in parliament. Mr. AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Mt. Laurens was taken on his way from congrefs to Holland, in the beginning of September, on the banks of Newfoundland. A package of papers, when thrown oveiboard, not finking fud- denly, was faved by the boldnefs and dexterity of a Britifh failor, and moft of them were recovered from the effects of the water, On his arrival in England, [Oft. 6.] he was committed upon a charge of high treafon, as a (late priioner t the Tower, under an order fignedby the three fecretanes of ilate. He claimed the privileges of his public character, as a commiflioner from the United States of America ; and declined anfwering anyquef- tionswhofe tendency he could not immediately perceive, fo that- little information was obtained from him. Bat by the medium of his papers the adminiflration came to the knowledge of the eventual treaty of amity and commerce between America and Holland. The papers relating to this bufmefs were delivered about the beginning of November to the prince of Orange, who on the 5th laid them before the Mates of Holland and Welt Friefland. On the loth Sir Jofeph Yorke preferited to the States General, a memorial concerning them. He demanded irt the name of the king, his mafter, not only a formal difavowal of [what was pronounced] fo irregular a conduct, as that which was charged upon the ftates of Amiterdam, of carrying on a long clandeftine carrefporidence with the American rebels, and of giving inftruclions and powers for entering into a treaty with thofe rebels ; but alfo infilled on a fpeedy fatisfa&ion, and the punifhment of the penfionary Van Berkel and his accomplices. This conduct was declared to be no lefs contrary to the rr.ofl facred engagements of their high rnightineffes, than repugnant to the Dutch conflitution. The reference to fuch engagements feems to have been ill timed, as the royal order of ihe i/th of April laft had declar- ed Holland to be on the footing of other neutral powers ; and had difannulled the efficacy of fach engagements for the prefent, by fufpending till further orders all the particular (lipulations re- fpecling the fubje&s of the States General, contained in the fcve- ral treaties then fub fill ing. The Stales General di fa vowed the intended treaty of the city of Amilerdam, and engaged to profe- cute the penfionary according to the laws cf-the country. This not being deemed fatisfatory, Sir Jofeph Yorke received orders to withdraw from the Hague; and on theaoth of December, a manifeflo againit the Dutch was publifiied in a London Gazette Extraordinary, followed by an order of council " That gene- ral reprifal* be granted again!! the lliips, goods and Cubjecls of ihe 144 THE HISTORY OF THE {A.D. 1780 the Slates General." A few days before the publication, the States General had acceded to the confederation of the armed neutrality. On Tuefday, Oclober the gd, Jamaica was vifited with a com- plicated calamity. A mofl extraordinary fwell of the fea, tea feet higher than its common level/ fucceeded by an earthquake and hurricane, brought dreadful deftruftiori on particular parts of theifland. Savannah La Mar, a confiderable trading town on the fouth fide of the ifland in Weftmoreland pariih, was totally deftroyed, by the fea's fuddenly burfting through all bounds and furmounting all obftacles. Every thing was fo completely fwept away upon its retreat, as not to leave the fmalleft veftige of man, beaft or habitation behind. About 200 per fons of all co- lours, perifhed by this terrible irruption. The fea flowed up half a mile beyond its ufual fixed limits. This was the prelude- to the fucceeding earthquake and hurricane. The damage in the parifh of Weftmoreland only, amounted to near 700,000!. flerling. ' In that of Hanover, one fourth part of the abfolute property is faid to be 'oft for ever. The merchants of Kingftort generoufly fent down for the immediate relief of the unhappy fuf- ferers, io,oool. value in different kinds of provifion, clothing and other articles. A yet more tremendous hurricane began at Barbadoes [Oft. lo.] in the morning, and continued with little intermiflion about 48 hours. The mips were driven from their anchors, and obli- ged to encounter all the horrors of a moft outrageous fea. It prevailed chiefly in the night; and Bridge Town, the capital, was nearly levelled with the earth. The inhabitants who efca- ped, anxioufly waited the break of day, flattering themfelves that xvith the light they fhould fee a ceflation of the ftorm. But the ftrongeft colours cannot paint the miferies they were under. The ground was covered with the mangled bodies of their friends and relations. Reputable families wandered through the ruins in fearch of food and fhelter. Meanwhile there was a continual fcene of rapine and confufion. The negroes, inftead of attempt- ing to fave the effefts of the unhappy fufferers, were plundering every part of the town. The tempeft was but little abated. The day Served but to exhibit the moft melancholy profpeft. The devaftation on all fides was terrible not a building ftanding the trees, if not torn up by the roots, ftripped of their leaves and branches the moft luxuriant fpring changed in one night to^he drearieft winter the few public buildings, notwithstanding their ftrength, fallen in the general wreck. The lofs of human lives was greai even among the whites ; but including the blacks was eftimatcd A.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 145 eftimated at fome thoufands. To increafe the calamity, moft of the living ftock on the ifland, particularly of the horned cattle, periihed. An extraordinary inftance of the united force of the winds arid waves was apparent upon this occafion in the removal of a cannon, a twelve pounder, from the ioulh to the north bat- tery, being a diftance of one hundred and forty yards. The truili of this fa6t and of the others was fupported by public documents, tranfmitted to the fecretary fc of ftate by thegov. of the ifland, and by GeneralVaughari. Be it mentioned to the honor and praifeof Don Pedro St. }<*go, a captain 'of the regiment of Arragon, and of theotiier Spanim prifonersat Barbadoes, who were all under his immediate dire6tion, that they atled the kind part of friends, in- flead of behaving like enemies, or even with indifference, in thisfeafon of calamity; and omitted no labor or fervice in their power, for the afli (lance of the diftrefled inhabitants, ar.d the pre- fervation of public order. The iflandsof St. Lucie, Grenada and St. Vincent, were like- wife laid nearly defolate. Moft of the mips of war were (Jdven out to fea from St. Lucie, in the beginning of the hurricane. . The tranfports, victuallers, and traders, were difmafted, and ge- nerally driven on more. A prize of 18 guns was wrecked on the back of the iiland, and all except 17 perimed. The Andro- meda and Laurel of 28 guns each, were loft on the coaft of Mar- It nico ; none of the officers and but few of the crew were faved. The Deal Caftle of 24 guns fufFered the fame fate. The fquad- ron under Admiral Rowley, which convoyed the Jamaica trade on its way to Europe, experienced no lefs calamity, and fuftain- ed ftill greater lofs. The admiral returned to Jamaica with five (hips, moftly difmafted and all difabled. The Sterling Caftle o 64 guns, was totally loft on thecoaftof Hifpaniola, and only about o of the crew faved. The Thunderer, Commodore Boyle Walfmgham, was undoubtedly fwallowed up, no traces of her fate having yet come to light. The Phoenix of 44 guns, Sir Hyde Parker, was wrecked on the ifland of Cuba ; but h -r officers and moft of her crew were faved. The Barbadoes and Viftor floops of war, with the Cameleon, Scarborough, ajid La Blanch fri- gates, became likewife, with a partial or total lofs of men and oificers, vi&ims to the rage of this mercilefs feafon. The Fiench iflands appear to have fufFered even more than the Britim, Barbadoes only excepted. At Martinico the public buildings and private houfes of Fort Royal town, to the amount of more fehan fourteen hundred, \\erc blown down, and an incredible num- ber of perfoas loft their lives. Every houfe in St. Pierre fliared the fame&te, and more than a thousand people periihed. The VOL. ill, R numbs* 146 TIIE HISTORY OF THE [AID. 1780* numbers loft upon the ifland, including negroes, is computed at about 0,000, and the darn^e at 700,000 louis d'ors. Six'>-;wo iail or tranfports from France, which artived that nvrnir,;' at Martinico, with (lores and. 2500 troops on boai\i. w < j ie ail driven out to fea, and feveral were Soft. Trie Expc >r ;*i nt 50 gun p , and thejiiiio of 40, with fome other royal French ffioaies,wi-re defboy- ed ; and 19 fail of loaded Dutch veffels were dallied ro piea<- on Grenada. Theddlruction of people (whites and blacks'} at St. Euliatia, was reputed to be between 4- and 5000. A numbe* of houfes were blown down and wafhefl away with the inhabitants .into the fea. The pecuniary lofs nnift be very great. The humanity of the Marquis de Bouiile affords fome relief to thefe fcenee of horror and devaluation. He fern 31 fiiitifli fiilors (the remains that weie faved of the crews of the Laurel and Andromeda) under a Hag of truce to Commodore Hotham at St. Lucie, accompanied with a declaration, that he could not .confider in the light of enemies, men who had fo hardly efca- pcd in a contention with the force of the elements; but that they having, in common with his own people, been partakers of the fame danger, were in like manner entitled to every comfort and relief that could be given, in a feafon o^i fuch universal cala- mity and diftrefs. He only lamented, he faid, that their number \vas fo fmall, and particularly that none of the officers were . favcd. The new parliament met on the gift of Oclober. The late fpeaker, Sir Fletcher Norton, having offended the miniftry, by ex- ercifmg too much of an independent fpirit, they dete* mined up- on choofing another perfon in his room. Mr. Dunning. moved, that Sir Fletcher mould be continued, The minitlry pretended, ' that an anxiety for his htraiih was the leal caufe ot moving that a different member mioht be chofen : but Sir Fletcher, .after declar- ing that became there with a full determination not to go again into the chair upon any account, informed the houfe that the kind's miniftershad not held the fmalieR previous communicati- on with him upon tl.e fubjeci ; that he had been in town three days, and had never been afked whether his health would enable . him to continue in the chair, nor had he been applied directly or indireftly, on the fubjecl of choofina; a new fpeaker. He called upon the minillers to declare, why he was thusdifgracefui- .. ly difrmffed. After debates, Lord George Germain's motion for the appointment of Mr. Cornwall was carried by a majority of 203 votes. to 134, who fuppo-'red Mr. Dunning.'** motion. The king went i he next day to the houfe of peers, [Nov. i.J and delivered his fpeech to the parliament. In it he Look notice of the A. D< 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. IJT" the fignal I cocoes which had attended the progrefs of his arms m Georgia drul Carolina. Thefe he muted would have important conferences in bringing the war to a happy conclufion. When the commons were debating open 'he addrefs, Mr. Fox reprehend- ed the mimfters in (he moil pointed ferms, for having dared to fend orders to officers in all the towns of the kingdom, as well in thole where there had not been the fmalleft prorieneis to UimuU, as in dioie where it had entirely fub Tided and quiet was perfectly reftored, givin-.; fhem power to atl at -discretion, without the au- thority of the civil magi itrate'. Thefc orders, he declared, had not been recalled, till aimoll every election was over. He like- \vi!e arraigned 'he minivers in terms of the utmoft feverity, for the infult which, he (aid, had been offered to the navy, and the prejudices done to that fen.'ice, by the late appointment of Sir Hugh Pallifer to the government of Greenwich Hofpi'al. The addrefs was carried, upon a divifion, by a majority of 212 to' ISO- Major Tyler, who ferved formerly in one of the American continental regiments, by his irregular purfuit of pleafure, orcaf?- oned an information to be lodged againft himfelf and Mr. John. Trumbull, who was deputy adjutant general with Gates at Ti- conderoga in 1776. Tyler efcaped ; but Trumbull was taken t and committed to prifon on the 2ift of November, being charg- ed with holding a treafonable correfpondence with the enemy. When he was re-examined the next day, three letters were pro- duced and read, one to his father, the governor of Conneftidut, the fecond from Dr. Franklin's grandfon at Pafley, where the doftor refid.es, and the third from a Mr. White ofLyme in Dor-, fetmire. Mr. Trumbull in his an fivers to the queflions afkf.ri him, faid, that he arrived in England in ihe beginning of July ; and that the profefTion he had in view was that of painting, oi: which Mr. B. Weft, the hiftorica painter, could inform the bench fully, as well as of the manner how he tifually fpcnt his time. Nothing appeared particularly cii'xnnal : but circumftatices were fuch, that the bench conceived he was not entitled to his liberty ; they therefore figned his warrant of commitment for New Prifon, on account of- the unrepaired [fate f>f Newgate. Con- finement will be his chief fuiTering ; and his relations may difmifs all apprehenfions of any further danger to his perfonal fa! : ?iv. Some de-ached pieces of European intelligence will clofc the prefent epiflle. Mr. Jay has been laboring at the court of Madrid to efftfft a treaty between Spain and the United States of America ; but to r/opurpofe. F'Jr particular reafons that court declines making ih* 148 THE H 1ST t> R Y OF THE [^.D. 17,80, the treaty with France, the bafis of one with them. Congrefs was much overfeen in drawing bills upon him. The importance of Spain to America Should not have been brought forward, at leaf! fhould not have been placed in fuch a glaring point of view. The meafure of drawing, in expectation that the Spaniards would fupply the cafh, was confidered by them as defperate, and a& what congrefs were prompted to by their imbecility. It was in the power of the Spanifh court to have made the loan that was afked : whereas, inftead of furnifhing Mr. Jay with 30 or 40,000!* flerling, the fnm requeiledfor immediate fervice, he was fuppli- cd with only about 4200!. On the 29th of September died Maria Therefa, emprefs of Germany, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and archduchefs of Auflria, and natural fovereign of all the widely extended domin- ions appertaining to that great houfe. Her death has occafionedno convulsions in the European fyftem of politics, Lord George Germain, in his letter to Lord Cornwallis of November the 9th, commended Cornwall's " determination to inflict exemplary puiiimment on thofe traitors, who had re- peated the violation of their oaths of allegiance, or broken their parole, and taken arms againft the king, as wife and promotive of the great objecl of the war." He added, " 1 have not the leaft doubt, from your lordmip's vigorous and alert movements, the whole country, fouth of the Delaware, will be reftored to the king's obedience in the courfeofthe [nexr.~j campaign." The French king this year dignified and for ever rendered his name-day memorable, by a prefent to his iubjefts, worthy the humanity and magnificence of a great and enlightened monarch. It was no lefs than abolifhing for ever, that relic of barbarifm, fo long the approbium of the chriflian name, and a (landing difgrace to the moft civilized and learned quarter of the world the in- human cuilom of putting the qufjlion, as it was called, by torture. It had been fo longeftablifhed and rivetted, that it feemed to be an original and indivifible part of the conftitution of their courts of jr.ilice. The French king didalfo, in order to leifen the bur- dens of his people make a prodigious reform in his lioufhold, In purfuance of the new plan adopted in his court, no lefs than 406 officers in that department were abolifhed. The orture having been mentioned, let it be remarked that no one is capitally condemned in Holland, till he acknowledges Llmfelf guilty ; and that the torture is praftifed, when needful* to produce fuch acknowledgement. But then it muft be obferv- rd, that no one is put to the torture without that evidence, which would hang him in Great Britain. If the accufed has firmnefa of 4.D. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 149 of body and mind to fupport under the rack through the whole procefs, he isdifcharged though guilty ; but though innocent, if (overcome by excrutiating pain) he pronounces himfelf guilty, to obtain momentary eafe, execution follows. The bounty and kindnefs extended by the bifhop of Lugo to the Britifh prifoners, deferves every degree of praife and grati- tude. 'Although fome of their commanders behaved otherwife the Spanifh nobility and merchants, in general, mowed extraor- dinary marks of friendfhip, and even of affection, to thofe Rritifh gentlemen who fell in their way, while national hoitilities were carrying on. The Spaniards labored hard in pufliing on their works againft Gibraltar, but had often the mortification of fee- ing them when nearly completed , cleftroyed in a few hours by the weight of fire from the batteries. Gen. Elliot would let then* proceed to a certain point, and then at once throw all iheir hope* to the ground. Some judicious and fuccefsful fallies were like^ wife made occafionally though fparingly, by the garrifon. The vexation of being fo baffled by a handful of men, has at length whetted the invention of the Spaniards to a project, that may af- ford much trouble to the garrifon when perfected, and infinitely increafe the difficulties and dangers of the defence. The conduct of the duke of Modena, in aboliming the in- quifition in his dominions, muft be enumerated among the re- markable circumftances, that have diftinguifhed the year 1780. It affords a frefh inftance of the progrefs, which liberal ideas, with refpeft to toleration and the rights of confcience, are now mak- ing throughout Europe. Upon the death of the grand inquifnor at Reggio, the prince immediately ordered that tribunal to be for ever abolimed; its revenues to be applied to laudable purpofes; and the prifons and other buildings, which could preferve any memorial of its having ever exifled, to be demolifned. In thecourfe of this yeara confiderable number of well-fought and defperate aftions have taken place between Britifli and French frigates ; in which, though the former had almoft conti- nually the advantage when upon equal terms, and the latter were frequently taken ; yet there were fuch inflance^ of profeffionai Ikill, courage and dexterity, coftantly c 1 ' flayed on the part of the French, as were before unknown in their marine. The prefent letter will be kept ready to fend off iriftantly, when- ever the opportunity of a faf'e conveyance offers. LET- THE H I S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 1781. LETTER VI. Roxbury, April 21, 1781. MY GOOD SIR, 3r lHHE MafTachufetts government was greatly alarmed on the JL 14th of January, by the unexpected arrival of Gen. Knox with an account of the Pennfylvania line's having revolted, and marched oft from Morfiftown. Gov. Hancock had been pre- pared to expecl an event of that kind, though in a different quar- ter: for Gen. Glover wrote to him on the nth of the preced- ing month " It is now four clays fmce your Ime of the army has ea;en one mouthful of bread. We have no money : nor will any body iruft us. The beft of wheat is at this momem felling in the ftate of New York for three fourths of a dollar [33. ^d. 1-2 $er!ingj per bufliel, and your army is liarving for want. On the ift of January fomnhing will turn up if not fpeedily prevented, \vhich your officers cannot be anfwerabie for." Several caufes contributed to produce the revolt of the Pennfylvania line. The officers, when they inlifted the men, imagined that the war would not continue more than three years; and thought, at their in- JHtment, of holding them no longer than for that term at furthefr, though they were to be difchatged fooner, was the war ended : the men underftood the agreement in the fame manner. The officers finding the rvar did not clofe as was expected, and re- cruirino; difficult ; the foldiers alfo being well trained by the three years fervicc; they were unwilling to part with them, and impo- ferl a new fenfe upon the original agreement, viz. that the men were held to ferve the whole war, though it lafled beyond two three years. This the men refented as a,i impofition, and fub- mitted to only from neceffiiy, and till the moment fhould offer for the redrefs of fuch an iniquitous grievance. The officers, to footh the foldiers, re' ed in the;*" discipline, which n.^oe the men feel their own importance. Major M'Pherfon having quitted the Britilh fervice in an honorable way, and attached himfelf to the Americans, Gen. Washington, when occafion re- quired his forming a particular corps, gave the command of it to the major in token of refpcfl. and by way of encouragement. Upon that the Pen nfylvaniii officers formed themfeives intopar- lies; combined in an oppofuion to the appointment j arid of- fered jf.fl.i78i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 15* fered to refign their commifTions upon the occafion. They alfi> countenanced the non-commiflioued officers of their line to unite in applying to head quarters for certain favors. Such conduct contributed to firengthen and ripen that difpofiiion which produ- ced ihe revolt. The language which the officers of rank talked upon tUefe occafions, within the hearing of the injured foldiers, was not unnoticed ; but was applied to direcl. the conduct of the latter, while it cheriflied their difcontent : fo that the revolt would have taken place before, had the' opportunity and profpeft of iuccefs been equally favorable. To the capital grievance abovementioned muft be added the total want of pay for near twelve months the want of clothing and not unfrequemly the want of provifion beyond defcripiion. A further aggravation was produced by the arrival in camp of a deputation from the Pcnnfylvania ftate with 600 half joes, to be given, three to each man, as a bounty to each of the fix months levies (whofe time was then expiring) that would inlift again for the war. This was too much for the veterans. The commencement of the new year was to be celebrated, which occafioned the men's t being charged with more than a common allowance of fpirit. The operation of this upon the animal frame, and the other circum- ilduces x confpiririg, thePennfylvania line mutinied. [Jan. i.~] The whole, except three regiments, upcn a fignal for the purpofe, turned out under arms without their officers, and declared for % redrefs of grievances. Gen. Wayne and the other officers did every thing in their.power to quell the tumult. But the troops laid " We neither can, nor will be any longer amufed. We are determined, at every hazard, to march in a body to Con- grefs and obtain redrefs." On Wayne's cocking his piftols, there were a hundred bayonets at his breafl, with 4t We love you, we refpeft you, but you are a dead man if you fire. Do not iniitake us, we are nut going to the enemy: on the contrary, were they now to come out, you mould fee us fight under your orders with as much refolution and alaciity as ever." Several officers were wounded and a captain killed in vainly attempting to reduce them. The three regiments paraded under their offi- cers ; but being called upon by the others to join them, and threat- ened with death in cafe of refufal, and a&ually fired on, they complied. They then feized upon fix field .pieces, and forcing the artillery men who had not joined them, to do it imlantly, un- der penaltv of being every man bayonetted, the mutiny became general. Thev were about 1300, and began their march at night: the next day Wayne forwarded proviiioris after them, to prevent the other wife inevitable depredation which would be made cu private i 5 a THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1781, -private property. He and three principal officers, fuppofed high, eft in their efteem, concluded upon following and mixing with them, that they might affift with their advice, and prevent out- rages. They were civilly received, and acquired much of the confidence of the mutineers. Thefe however elefted temporary officers from their own body; and appointed a fergeant major, who had formerly defer ted from the Britifh army, to be their commander. They marched through the country with greater regularity and good conducr., and did lefs damage, than could have been expected. By the third day they were at Princeton. When the news of their revolt reached Gen. Waihington, the Pennfylvama government, and the congrefs, they were all much alarmed, left the example mould prove irifetious. The com- mander in chief concluded upon fending off immediately a pro- per perfon to the eaftern flates, to enforce upon them the doing of fomething without delay for the relief and comfort of their refpeclive lines. Hard money was to be found in the hands of v hut one officer, fufficient for the expences of the journey, which could not be other wife performed with a fpeed anfwerable to the emergency. Gen. Knox had obtained a fmall quantity, which was deitined for the procurement of thofe family fupplies which he muft otherwife have wanted. This annexed to his other qua- lifications, made him the beft and the only agent that Gen. Wafh- ington could employ. He readily engaged in the fervice, not- withftanding its being the depth of winter, and carried with him a letter of January the 5th, wherein his excellency faid " It is in vain to think an army can be kept together much longer, under fuch a variety of fufferings as ours have experienced ; and unlefs fome immediate and fpeedy meafures are adopted to furniib at lead three months pay to the troops, in money which will be of fome value to them ; and at the fame time ways and rneansare devifed to clothe and feed them better (more regularly I meanjthe worft that can befal us may be expecled. I refer you to Gen. Knox, &c." His fuccefs was [uch, that Wafhington wrote to him about a month after " The ftates whofe determinations you report, have done themfelves honor by their liberality, and by their ready attention to the objecl of your miffion." When Sir Henry Clinton received intelligence of the revolt, he left no means untried that could turn it to the advantage of the Britifh. Hefent two fpies by way of Amboy, and two through Elizabeth town (all Americans) to treat as agents from himfelt %vith the mutineers. The laft two were counter-fpies; who gave information of the others upon being defignedly taken up j and had the propofals with which they were intruited taken from ,*./), i/8i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ij|, them. The two that got fafe to Princeton carried fimilar ones to the revolters, viz. " To be taken under the protection* of the Britifh government to have a free pardon for all pafi offences to have the pay due to them from Congrefs faithfully paid, without any expectation of military fervice in return, although it would be received if voluntarily offeredand to lay down their arms, and to return to their allegiance." It was recommended to them to move behind the South river, when a body of Britiih troops fhoul'i be in readinefs for their protefclion as foou as defir- cd. They were requefted to fend perfons to Amboy, to meet others who would be appointed by Sir Henry, to difcufs and fet- tle the treaty, and bring matters to a final conclufion. Mean- while* the Britifh general pa (Ted over to Staten Ifland, with a large body of troops, and took-the neceffary meafures for moving them to the continent, whenever circurnftances might require their afting. Clinton's propofals were rejected, and his meHen- gers feized and delivered up to Gen. Wayne, who put them un- der guard. Soon after, a committee of the Pennfylvania 'coun- cil repaired to Princeton to meet the foldiery* ( They agreed to the difmiilion of all whofe terms of inliftment were completed; and precipitately admitted as proof the oath of the party to be beriefitted ; fo that a great number fraudulently procured dif- charges, and about one half' of the lines was difmifled before the whole bufinefs was concluded, which happened not fof fome days* A committee of Congrefs came as far as Tren- ton, and there remained. The revoiters marched from Prince- ton to that place on the 9th of January. The next day the two fpies were tried and exec ated* By the i^th matters were fo ad- jufted, that the committee of Congrefs returned to Philadelphia* The fame day Congrefs agreed upon a circular letter tothe fiates* They mentioned in i<, that an immediate provifion for the pay of the army was indifpenfibly neceflary. They eflimated die furn to he forwarded by the refpeHve ftatei from Pennfylvania to New-Hampihire inclufive, at 879,342 dollars. It was calculated on fix months pay in fpecie value ; and the advance on one halE without delay, and the remainder by the firft of the following April, were ftrongly urged. The fuccefs of the Pennfylv^nia revoiters encouraged about 160 of the Jerfey brigade to feck redrefs in a fimilar way on the 2oth of the lame month. Their number was not alarming. A temporizing conduct was no longer needfuls -Obedience might he enfoited with fafety. The American general, Robert Howe, was fent off with a large detachment from the main army, with orders to compel the mutineers to unconditional JTubrniirion,anti VOL, III. S t 154 THE HISTORY OF 'THE \A. D. 178 j. to liOen to no terms while they were in a {rate of refiftance, and on their reduction inftanily to execute a few of the moft aclive and incendiary leaders ; for Gen. Washington preferred any ex- tremity N> a compromife. When he arrived, inflant fubraiffion was required ; and the two ringleaders weredire&ly taken, tried, and executed. The Bntifh wifhed to benefit by this revolt ; and forwaided propofels by one Woodruff; but he inftamly deliver- ed them to the American officers. Thus were the high hopes which Clinton had entertained from the revolt of the Pennfylva- nia line, completely baffled : while a ftriking infhnce prefented itfelf of the prevailing unfavorable difpofition of the fuffering troops, with refpecl to theBritifli government. Previous to the military convulfions Congrefshad taken a flep, from which they promifed themfelves future relief, though it could not be obtained immediately. They had on the 2;jd of December, commiffioned Lieut. Col. John Lauiens, as fpecial minifter at the court of Verfailles, to procure the wanted aids. T\vo days before, they di reeled the prefident to write to the mi- niters plenipotentiary at Vcrfailles and Madrid, defiring them to apply to the courts at which they refpeclively refide, to life means for obtaining the rdeafe and exchange of the honorable Henry Laurens, [the lieut. colonel's father] the news of whofe commit- ment to the Tower had reached them. Means were taken to imprefs the Cbevilier dela Luzerne with a fcnfe of the calami tout fituation in which the Uni'ed States were, that fo his infoimation might add weight to the colonel's negociation. Gen. Greene faid to him in a letter of January the o,th " If France lends not a fpeedy aid to this diftreiied people, I fear the country will be for ever loft.'* The commander in chief furnifhed the colonel with the following thoughts on the 151!! of January. * To me it appears evident : i. That confidering the difTufed population of thefe flares, the confequent difficulty of drawing together its refources, the compofition and temper of part of its inhabitants, the want of a fufficient ftock of national ftrength as a foundation for revenue, and the almofl total extinctio^t of commerce, the ef- forts we have been compelled to make for carrying on the war, have exceeded the natural abilities of this country and by degrees brought it to a crifrs,, which renders immediate cfficatious fuc- cours from abroad indifpenfible toils fafety: 2. That, notwitru {landing from the confufion always attending a revolution, from our having had government.* to frame, and every fpecies of civil and military inftitution to create, from that inexperience necef- farily incident to a nation in its commencement, Tome errors may have been committed in the adiuiniHration of our finances, t which **. D. 7 8i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. which a part of our embarrafTments are to be attributed ; yet they are principally to be afcribed to an effential defect of means, tg> the want of a furlicient (lock of wealth, as mentioned in the nrll article, which continuing to operate, will make it impoffible, by any merely interior exertions, to extricate ourfelves from thofe embarrafrments, reflore public credit, and furmfh the funds requi- fite for the fupport of the war : 3. That experience has demon- ilrated the impracticability long to maintain a paper credit with- out funds for its redemption : 4. That the mode which for want of money has been fubflituted for fupplying the armv by aflefiii.g a proportion of the produces of the earth, has hitherto been found ineffectual : 5. That from the beft eftimaies of the annual expence of the war, and the annual revenues which thefe ftates are capa- ble of affording, there is a large balanre to be fupplied by credit. The refource of domeilic loans is inconfidetable: 6. Th- the patience of the army is now nearly exhaufttd, which demon ft rates the abfolute neceffity of a fpeecly relief, a relief not with n the cornpafs of our means: 7. That the people being diiFaiisfied with the mode of fupporting the war, evils actually felt in the profecunon of -it may weaken the fentiments which began it : 8. That from all the foregoing confiderauons, refult. firit, the ab- folute neceffity of an immediate a.nple and efficacious fuccour of money, large enough to be a foundation for fubftantial arrange- ments of finance, to revive public credit, and give vigor to fu- ture operations ; fecondly, the vafl importance of a decided ef- fort of the allied arms on this continent the en Cuing campaign, to effectuate once for all the great objects of the alliance the liberty and independence of thefe ftares: 9. That next to a loan of money a conftant fuperiority on thefe coafts is the object moft interesting: 10. That an additional fuccour of troops- would be extremely defirable: 11. That no nation will have it more in its power to repay what it borrows than this: our debts. are hitherto frnall. The people are difcontented, but it is with the feeble and oppreffive mode of conducting the war, not with the war itfelf. A large majority are ftill firmly attached to the independence of thefe ftates." To Dr. Franklin the general wrote the fame day "To me nothing, appears more evident, than that the period of our oppofmon will very fnortly arrive, if our allies cannot afford us that effectual aid, particularly in money and a naval fuperiority, which is now folrcitedl." To what puroofes fuch fuperiority was to be applied, a letter of the loth of Februa- ry declared, which faid " In the conference between Count cle Roc harp beau and myfelf it was agreed, that if by the aid of our allies we can have a naval fuperiority through ^he next campaign, and ar army of thirty thoufiud men (or double the force of the enemy THE HISTORY OF THE \A. D. 1780, enemy at New York and its dependencies) early enough in the feafon to operate in that quarter, to prefer if to every ether oj?- jeft; and applications have been made to the court of France in 'this fpirit. If we fhodd find ourfelves unable to undertake this more capital expedition; and if we have means equal to it, \ve lliali attempt a fecondary objeft. The reduction of Charleftown, {Savannah, &c. may come into contemplation." The profpeet of giving relief to the fouthein flates, by an operation agamft New York, was the principal inducement for propofing it. The (put hern operations have been peculiar. Before they ar@ related, let it be remarked, that when Gen. Gates palled- through Richmond orf his way home, the Virginia houfe of delegates on December the aSth " Refolved, ncmine contradicente, That a committee of four be appointed to wait on Major Gen. Gates a and to allure him of the high regard and efleem of this houfe : That the remembrance of his former glorious fervices cannot b obliterated by any reverfe of fprtune, but that this hpufe, ever jiiindful of his great merit, will omit no opportunity of teftify- ing to the world the giatitude which, as a member of the Ameri- can union, this country owes to him in his military character.'* To this refolve, when communicated by the committee of four^ the general anfwered the fame day- " Sirs, I (hall ever remem- ber with the utmoft gratitude, t,he high honor this day done me^ by the honorable the houfe o.f delegates of Virginia. When I engaged in the noble csufe of freedom and the United States, \ devoted myfelf entirely to the fervice of obtaining the great eri4 of their vmion. That I have been once unfortunate is my great inortification ; but let the event of my future fervices be what they may, they will, as they always have been, be directed by the irjoft faithful integrity, and animated by the truefl zeal fpr the ho- nor and intereit of the United States." When Gen. Greene entered upon his command, he found lihnfelf under the greateft embarrailments. The numerous whig militia that hsd been kept on foot in North Carolina, had laid waite aloiofl a!i the country. The troops were deftitute of every thing necelfary either for their comfort or convenience. The men were naked ; there were no magazines; and the army wa$ fubfifledby daily colleUpns. Every thing depended upon opin- ion ; and it was equally dangerous for him tp go forward or to. ifond flill ; for if he loft the confidence of the people, he loft all fupport ; and if b.e ruQied on to danger, all was hazarded. The impatience of the people to drive off the enemy, if regarded^ would precipitate him into a thcufand misfortunes. The mode ff conducing the war, inoil to the liking of the inhabitants, was. the vf,#. 1780.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 157 the leaft likely to effeft their falvation*. By the genuine returns on the 8ih of December, it appears, that the infantry then ferv- jng under Greene were, rank and file, prefent and fit for duty, 1482, and on command 547, in all 2029 ; of ihefe 821 were continentals, and 1208 militia. Add to thefe 90 cavalry, 60 ar- tillery, and 128 continentals on extra fervice, and his whole ope- rative force was 2307. The feWnefs of his troops, the nature of the country, filled with woods and fwamps, and thinly inhabited, the toryifrn ot numbers, and the want of magazines, led the gene- ral to conclude on a pamzan war. He confidered the maxims pf European generals, but was far from confining himfelf to them; for he oblerved that however they might fuit that part of the world, they were not adapted to the place where he was to aft, only in certain circumftances to which when they occurred, he fiieanttobe attentive. On his arrival at camp, he learned that the troops had made a pracl ice ofgoing home without permiflion, (hy- ing weeks and then returning. Determined to flop fucha danger- ous/cuftom, the general gave out that he would make an example of the fir ft deferter of the kind he caught ; and one was accord- ingly mot at the head of the army drawn up tp be fpeftators of the puniihment. At night he lent officers round the camp to liften to the talk of the foldiers, and was happy to find that the jneafure hau taken its defired efTe6r, and that the language of the men was only " We muft not do as we have been ufed to : it is jiew lords new laws," But it was a mortification to him to learn from another quarter, that by the folly or treacl ery of thofe who had the charge of the prifoners taken at King's Mountain, all ex- cent about 130 had been enlarged upon different conditions ; by which he loll upward qf 600 men, who would have been of the uimoft importance in an exchange with Lord Cornwailis. His lordihip on the ift of December addreiTed to him the following note " I think it proper to reprefent to you, that the officers and men taken at King's Mountain, were treated with an inhumanity fcaicely credible, I find my felf under the difagreeable neceih>/ of making fome retaliation for thofe unhappy men, who were fo cruelly and unjui a ily put to death at Gilbert-ton n." Gen. Greene an f we red to it on the i7th [December] '* I am too much a flranger to the tranfaftions at Gilbert-town to reply fully on that fubjeci. They muft have been committed before my arrival in the department, and by perfons under the charafler of volunteers, who were independent of the army, Howeveiyii there was any thing done in that affair contrary to the principles of humanity and the law of nations, and for which they had riot the condu6^ of jpur army as a precedent, I ihall be ever ready to tefiify my d approbation * The general's ownlett&rs-. i$fr THE H IS TO R Y OF THE [A.D. 1781. approbation of it. The firft example was furnifhed on your part, as appears by 'he lift of unhappy fufferers enclofed ; and it might have been expected, that the friends of the unfortunate fhould follow it. Pumfhing capitally for a breach of military- parole is a feverity, that the principles of modern war will not authorize, unlefs the inhabitants are to be treated as a conquered people, and fubjet* to all the rigor of military government. The feelings of mankind will for ever decide, when the rights of humanity areenvaded. I leave them to judge of the tenden- cy of your lordfhip's order toLieur. Col. Baliour after the acli- on near Caniden, of Lord Rawdon's proclamation, and of farle- ton's laying wafte the country and diftreiTingthe inhabifdins, who were taught to expect protection and fecurity, if they obfcrved but a neutrality. Sending the inhabitants of Charlefrown to St. Auguftine, contrary to the articles of capitulation, is a violation \vhich I have alfo to reprefent, and which 1 hope your lordihip will think yourfelf bound to ledrtfs." The lift referred to was this '* William Stroud and Mr. Dowel, executed near Rocky Mount, without a trial, by order of Lieut. Col. Tumhull. - BichardTucker, Samuel Andrews, and John Miles, hanged in Camden by order of Lord Cornwaliis. Mr. Johnfon hanged fince the action of Black S'ocks,by Lieut. Col. Tarleton. About thirty perfons hanged at Augufla by Col. Brown. Adam Cu- fack hanged at Peedee by Col. Mills." General Greene perceiving that he could not bring provifions to his army from any diilance, refolved to march his aimy to the proviitons,. The country about Charlotte, and from thence to Camden, was exhaufted, having been long the fcene of military operations. The river Peedee afforded the nearell fupply; and \vha was a considerable inducement to repair thither, ihe cane- breaks in that part of the country afforded good pafturage for the horfes. The only difficulty was, that the fituation propofed to be taken was more diftant from the enemy than Charlotte; and the general hefrated about making his firft motion retrograde. The Confidence of the enemy the diffidence of his troops, and thedefpair of the people, ini^ht all be excited by fiich a manoeu- vre. Such was his dilemma, that he mull either rehnquifh a con- fiderable part of the country, or divide his 1'mall force fo as to render each pan too inconfiderable for the defence of it. He faw the danger of frparating his force, fcut was obliged to fubmit to neceflity. Biigadiei General Morgan, who was invefied wiih the command of the light troops by General Gates, was continued in that command by Greene; and the corps was completed by frefti draughts from the line to 300 iniantiy under Lieut. CoL J-Io\vard, A. A 1781-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Howard, 170 Virginia riflemen under Major Triplctt, and about 70 light dragoons under Lieut. Col. Wamington. The light troops watch detached to the weftward of the Wateree into South* Carolina, to wate the motions of (he enemy at Wyn&orougb and Cirndep, and to fhift for them-felves. They took their pofr-. tion on the weftern extremity of the ftate on the 2th of De- cember. The command of the North Carolina militia devolved on Bri- gadier Davidfon, Brigadier Smallwood having obtained leave to go home. Gen. Marion was engaged in ftimulatmg his country- men in (he lower parts of South Carolina ; in keeping the tories in awe; in watching the enemy at their potfs of Charl-eftown-, George-town, and neighbouring places; and in gaining intelli* gence. General Greene with the remainder of his army, confiftingof the continental brigade under Col. O. Williams, and the Virgi- nia militia brigade under Gen. Stevens, with the artillery and a very few horfe, marched from Charlotte on the aoth of Dec. and arrived at Hicks's Creek on the eafl fide of the Peedee on the 26th, where he remained for fome time. Here the fpirit of ^plunder- ing which prevailed among the inhabitants added much to his difficulties. The .whole country was in danger of being laid wafte by the whigs and tories, who purfued, deftroyed and killed each other, wherever they met, with as much relentlefs fury aa beads of pfey. He regret ted, that mod people appear to be in purfutit of revenge, private gain, or perfonal glory.* Morgan on the 2;7th detached Wafhington with his dragoons, and about 200 militia, who marched 40 miles on the aBth, and the next day furprifed a body of tories in Ninety Six, about 1.50 of whom were killed and wounded, and 40 made prifoners, and a number of horfes taken, without any lofs on the part of the Ame- ricans. Major M'Dowal, with 190 North Carolina militia, and Col. Pickens with about 70 South, joined the light troops. Pick- ens had lately efcaped from captivity in Ninety Six, where big great worth and popularity influenced many to adhere to the American caufe. OTI the 8th of January Greene fent word to Morgan, shat the enemy had a movement in contemplation ; and eleven days after, forwarded fome advice which will foon be men- tioned. Greene had in camp at Hicks's Creek, [Jan. is*.] prefent and fit forduty, 6,50 conti-nentals, a detachment of 303 Virginia troops, and i/,7 Maryland ftatc troops, in all 1110. The next day Col. Lee'k partisan legion arrived from the northward. The corps con fi fled * General Greene** letter^. *6o THE HISTORY of THE \A. D. eon fi fled of about one hundred horfemen well mounted, and one? hundred and twenty infantry. On the igth the legion was detached on a fecret expedition. To take off the attention of the enemy and favor the enterprife, Major Anderfon was fent with a fmall command down the Peedee. Lee pufhed on for George-town, which he furprifed the 24th at night. Lieut. Col. Campbell was taken in his quarters and paroled ; feveral other officers alfo wers 1 made prifoners and paroled. Major Irwin and a number more of the garrifon were killed ; but the principal part fled to the fort, which Lee was not in a condition to befiege. While this en- terprife was carrying on, the enemy aimed a blow at Morgan. Greene before he heard of Morgan's fuccefs, wrote to him on the 191*1 of January" The Peedee rofe 25 feet thfclaft week in 30 hours. Put nothing to the hazard. A retreat may be difagree- able, but is not difgraceful. Regard not the opinion of the day, It is not our bufmefs to rifk too much." General Leflie in compliance with his orders, left Virginia, and arrived at Charleftown with his troops on the i3th of De^ cember: on the 19th he began his march up the country with about 1530 men, to join Lord Cornwallis, which was effected without difficulty. On the nth of January his mrdfhip advan- ced toward North Carolina. He wiihed to drive Gen. Morgan* from his ftation, and to deter the inhabitants from joining him* The execution of this bufmefs was intruded to Lieut. Col. Tarle- ton; who was detached with the light and legion infantry, the fufileers, the firfl battalion of the jifi regiment, about 3^0 cavalry, two field pieces, and an adequate proportion of men from the royal artillery, upward of uoo in the whole. This detach- ment, after a progrefs of fome days, by fatigueing marches, at a- bout ten o'clock on the evening of the l6ih of January, reach- ed the ground which Morgan had quitted but a few hours before. Thepurfuit recommenced by two o'clock the next morning, and was rapidly continued through marines and broken grounds till day light, when the Americans were difccvered in front. Two of their videttes were takan foon after, who gave information that Morgan had halted and prepared for aftion, at a place called the Cowpens, near Pacolet river. The Britifh, befide their field pieces, had thefuperiority in infantry, in the proportion of five to four, and in cavalry of more than three to one. Beficle, nearly two thirdsof the troops underMorgan weremilitia. Morgan had obtained early intelligence of Tarleton's force and advances ; and had drawn up his men in two lines. The whole of the North and South Caro- lina militia prefent was put under the command of Col. PicKens r and formed the firfl line ; which was advanced a few hundred yard* before A.D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 161 before the fecond, with orders to form on the right of the fecond when forced to retire. The fecond line confided of the light in- fantry under Lieut. Col. Howard, and the Virginia riflemen. Lieut. Col. WaOim^ton, with his cavalry, and about forty-five militiamen, mounted and equipped with fwords, under Licxut. Col. M'Call, were drawn up at fome diftance in the rear of the whole. The open wood in which they were formed, wus neither ferrured in from, fhnk or rear. Without the delay of a fiugle moment, and in defpite of extreme fatigue, the light legio.n infantry and fu- fiieers were ordered to form inline. Before the order was ex- ecuted, and while Major Nenvmarm, who commanded the latter corps, was p.;. f ii!i- bis officers, the line chough far from complete, was led to the attack by .Tarlecon hirnfelf. The Briiifh advanced with a Ih-juL, ..vid poured in an inceifeint fire of rnufquetry. Col. Pickens duerled the militia not to tire till the Britnh were with- ia forty or fifty yards. This order though executed with great firmnefs and fuccefs, was not fufficient to repel the enemy. Til*? American militia gave way on'all quarters. The firiiifh aclvan- ced rapidiy, arid en^a^ed the fecond line. The continentals, af ter an obftinate conflict, were compelled to retreat to the cavalry. Col. Ogilvie, with his troop of forty men, had been ordered to charge the right flank of the Americans, and was engaged in cutting down the militia ; but b:ing expo fed to a Heavy fire, and charged -at the fame time. by Wamington's dragoons, was forced to retreat in confufion. A great number of the Britim infantry officers, had already fallen, and nearly a proportionable one of privates. The remainder being too few and too much fatigued, could not improve the advantage gained over the continentals ^ and Tarleton's legion cavalry {landing aloof inftead of advancing, Lieut. Col. Howard feized the favorable opportunity, rallied the continentals, and charged with fixed bayonets, nearly at the fame moment when Wafhington made his fuccefsful attack. The ex- ample was inftantty followed by the militia. Nothing could ex- ceed the aftoniftiment of the Biitiih, occafioned by theie unex- pected charges. Their advance fell back, and communicated a panic to others, which foon became general. Two hu.idred and fifty horie which had not been engaged, fled through the woods with the utmoft precipitation, bearing down fuch officers as op- poied their flight; and the cannon were loon icized by the A- mericans, the detachment from the train being either killed or wounded in their defence. Tne greateit contulion now followed among the infantry. In the moment of u Lieut. Col. Howard Called to them to lay down their arms, and piomifed them good , 1781-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. .165 ceding rains, made his eroding impoGible. This fecond hair- breadth efcape was confidered as a frefh evidence of their being favored by Heaven. They viewed it with pious gratitude; and frequently marked, that if the rifing of the river, had heen a le-y hours fooner, Morgan's whole detachment would have been in *he power of a greatly fuperior army; if a few hours later, that Cornwallis would have effecled his paflage, fo as to have enabled him to get between the two divifions of the American army, which might have proved the deiiruclion of both. That the Americans fiiould effect their paflage in two fuccefliye infhnces, while theBritifh (whofe advance was often in fight of the Ame- rican re.ar) were providentially reftrained, affected the devout in- habitants of the neighbouring Settlement with lively thanks to the Moft High, and added frefli vigor to their, exertions in be- half of their country. On the ^th of Feb. Greene wrote to Huger " I intend, if we can find a good pofition, to prepare to receive the enemy's attack. It is not improbable, from Lord Cornwallis's pufhing difpofition, and the contempt he has for our army, we may precipitaie hirri into fome capital misfortune. If Cornwallis knows his true in- tereft he will purfue our army. If he can difpeife that, he, com- pletes the reduction of the Hate ; and without it he will do nothincr to effecl." His lordfhip being obliged to march his troops a- bout 2,5 miles to the upper fords, which are generally paffoble, gave time for the junction of the two divifions of the American army on the yth, near Guilford court houfe; circumflances not having admitted of its being done either at Charlotte or Sa- liPoury. Lord Cornwallis's firft object, that of retorting the fatal blow given by Morgan at the Cowpens and of recovering the cap. fives, being fruflrated; and the Britim army being without tents, and like the Americans, ^dependent for fubfiflence on what could be nattily picked up by detachments on a rapid march ; it was doubted whether his lorfhip would profecute his enterprife fur. ther : fo that Gen. GreeneJpent the 8th of Februarv in refrefh- ingallhis regular forces at Guilford court houfe, which was much wanted. The light troops had not time, afier the battle, to take care of their wounded or even breathe, (furgeons were left on the field) and their retreat of 150 miles was effecled under diffi- culties that barrafied them exceedingly. The retreat of the bat- talions from the Peedee under Huger, was conduced for mo miles under circumflances requiiing the ntmoft patience. 7"he xvorfl waggons, with the pooreft teams, and mofl ufelefs pan of the baggage, were early fent ofTby Col. O. Williams to Hiitf- borough ; THE HISTORY OF TIIS [A. D. i 7 tffc borough; but the beft, and even the artillery, was an encumbrance in their fituation, They were fome times without meat, often without flour, and alw?y without fpiritous Kquois. Notwith- flanding the wintry feafon, and their having little clothing, they Ivere daily reduced to the necefhty of fording deep creeks, and t>f remaining wet without any change of raimenf/ tiii the heat of their bodies and oceafjonal fiie? in the woods, dried their tatter- Ted rags. Their route lay through a barren country, which fcarcely afforded neceff?ries for a few flraggling inhabitants. They were retarded by h^avy rains, broken bridges, bad roads and poor horfes. Many cf them marched without fbocs over the i'rozen ground, and through flinty roads, which fo gaflied their feet, that the blocd maikcd rvery ftepof their progrefs. All ibcfc bardfhips were endured wifrfout the iofs of a Tingle feriiinel by clefertion. Ltr'? paviizan legion had undergone extreme fervice, through their sHdithmai expedition to George Town, 75 miles 'cliftant from the poi?.jt where the retreat of the battalions com- menced. Though the toils and fufTerings of the Arcerirans exceeded, ihofe of the royal ?.rrny were far from trifling. The Bririfli had in common with i.he others bad roads, heavy rains, a want of co- ver, deep creeks and rivers through which to pafs in the depth of winter: but then they were well fupplied in the articles ot (hoes and clothes. The difficulties and evils arifm from Lord Corn- Avallis's deftrcying the fupei fluous baggage and waggons were not fmall : but they were fubmiued to with the moil -general and cheerful acquiescence, from his lordfhip's fetting the example. On the gth of February Gen. Greene wrote to Gen. Sumpter " I ihall avoid a general aclion if pofTible : but I am afraid it will not be in my power. Our force is fo fmall and in fuch dif* tiefs, that I have little to hope, and every thing to rear." The 'troops preferit and fit for action were 1426, befide riflemen and ethers, amounting to 397, and 176 cavalry, in all 1999. But -vcre greatly fatigued, and in general much difpuited. The forces under Cornwallis (as Greene then thought and fa id in his Jetter to Gen. \Vaihington) confiiled of between 2500 and 3000, including near 300 dragoons and their mounted infamiy. Thefe were well clothed, ? : ' equipped, and confident of every ad- vantage. In the morn;; . .-f war was called ; of which Greene fent the fo'iowing accour.t to Governor Nam of North Carolina*-" It was the unanimous opinion of a council of war this day, that it would be inevitable ruin to the army, and no Ids- ruinous to the American c.: ^fe, to nax.i(i * eneral aiion : the c-juncii therefore advifed to out c rolling the Dan. immediately." The ..il.JD.i78i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. id/ i The proper meafurcs were inflantly taken. A light army wa*. formed out of Co!. Lre's legion, the regular batraiion of infantty under Col. Howard, the cavalry under Col. Washington, and a, fmall corps of Virginia riflemen under Major Campbell, amount- ing 10 about 700 men.the flower of the fomhern American'Army. Gen. Morgan being rendered totally unfit for command, or even to inarch with his corps, by the great fatigue he had differed, and ihe torment he was irr with the rheumatifm, Greene wa* embar- j-afTed in the appointment of an olHcer to fucceed him. lie finally refoived to confer that honor upon the deputy adjutant general, Col. Otho H. Williams, who entered upon his command on the loth; when Greene marched with the main army from Guil- ford court houfe, toward the Dan, which forms the boundary be- iween North Carolina and Virginia. Lord Cornwaliis well knowing the inferiority of the American army, conceived hopes of getting between Greene and Virginia, and of reducing him to the necefiity of either fighting or abandon- ing his communication wiih that ftate, and likewife of running the rifk of being hemmed in between the grat rivers in the well, the fea on the eaft, Lord Raw don in the Couth, and the main roy- al army in the north. To this end Cornwaliis kept the upper country, (where only the riverg are fordnble) as he Cuppofed that the Americans could not make good their paffage in the deep \vater from the want of a fufficiem number of flats. In cafe they attempted it, he expecled to overtake and force thej) to an acli- on before they could crofs. But the advantages reCulting from the feafon of the year, and from the face of the country, iruerfeU ed with rivers and creeks, were io improved by Greene as com- pletely to batfle his lordihip. The better to avoid a rapid puiTuit, the main and light army took different routes. "The next day the latter had a rencounter with the van of the Britifh army, in which an officer and half a dozen privates of Tarleton's legion were made prifoners, and feveral killed. Frequent fkiimiflies, and the manoeuvres praftifed to mi Head Cornwaliis, had the de fired ef- fel, and gave Greene time to fend forward his baggage. On the morning of the 13th, Greene wrote to Williams "It is very evident the enemy intend to pufh us in croiling the river. The night before laft, as Coon as I got your letter, I Cent off the bag- gage and {lores, with orders to crofs as fa ft as they got to the river. The North Carolina militia have all deCerted us, except 'about 80 men. Majors and captains are among the defer rers. You have the ilower of the army, don't expofe the men too much, left our fuuation fliould grow more critical. Finding Gen. Lilling- {|p had delayed fo icuch lime, s IQ reader cur juacliou critical. x68 THE H I S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 1781. I gave him orders to file off to Crofs Creek. I thought his go- ing there at,this moment, might keep down the tones ; and his reinforcement would be too mconfiderable to enable us to make a i'tand, and would only add to our difficulties in getting over the river." The next morning Feb. 14.] he fent an exprefs to him with this note li 4 o'clock. Follow our route, as a divifion of our force may encourage the enemy to pufh us further than they will Jare to do, if we are together. I have not flept four hours fmcc you left me, fo great has been my foiicitude to prepare for the worlt. I hive great reafon to believe, that one of Tarleton's officers was in our camp the night before lail." Again " 2 D 'clock in the afternoon. The greater part of our waggons are over, and the troops are croifmg." The communication between Greene and Williams clofed for the prefent wuh " Irwin's fer- ry, 1-2 paft 5 o'clock. All our troops are over, and the flage is clear. The infantry will crofs here, the horfe below. Major Hardman has polled his party in readinefs on thisfthe iouth] fide, and' the infantry and artillery are polled on the other, and I am ready to receive and give you a hearty welcome." Greene had the pleafurc of feeing all the light army fafe over that night, though in the day they had been pufhed forty miles by Cornwal- lis's army, whofe van arrived juft as the American rear had crof- fed. The next day Greene difpatched the following letters To Governor JefTerfon of Virginia ; " On the Dan river, almoft fa- tigued to death, having had a retreat to conduct for upward of 200 miles, manoeuvring conilantly in the face of the enemy, to give time for the militia to turn out and getoffour (lores." To Barori Steuben ; " Col. Williams, with the light infantry, Lieut. CoL Lee's legion, and the cavalry of the ift and 3d regiments, has covered our retreat, and conducted with great propriety in the molt ciitical fituation. Cornwallis's movements are fo rapid, that few- er no militia join us. He marches from 20 to 30 miles in a day ; and is organized to move with the fame facility as a light infantry corps. Should he continue to pufh us, we muft be final- ly ruined without reinforcements." To Gen. Wifhington ; ' The miferable fituation of the troops for want of clothing has rendered the march the rnoft painful imaginable, many hundreds of the foldiers marking the ground with their bloody feet. The Britilh army is much flronger than I had calculated upon in my laft. I have not a (hilling of money to obtain intelligence with,, notwithilanding my application to Maryland for thai particular purpofe. Our army is in good fpirits, notwithstanding their fuf- ierings and exceifive fatigue." Some days after he informed Ba- ron Stcubeu '* We have been aflonifhingly fuccefsful in our late. ] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. late, great, and fatiguing retreat, and have never loft, in one in- fiance, any thing of the leaft value." It was with inexpreilibls grief and vexation, that theBritiih difcovered, on the 15 th, that all their exeitions had been in vain, and thai all their hopes were fruf- trated. Lord Cora wallis however had ihis to confole him, that there was no force in North Carolina to prevent the royalifts from making good their proraiie of a general riling in favor of Britilh government. Dining the tranfactions above related, General Marion de- fended himfelf with a few faithful militia in the fwamps and mo- raifes of the fettlements near Charleftown ; and was frequently fallving out from his hiding places, and enterprifing.iomething in behalf of his country. Having mounted his followers, he in- feiJed the Britilh out-pofts, intercepted their convoys, deftroyed their flores, beat up their quarters, and lo harafied them with a- larms, that they were obliged to be alway upon their guard. On the other fide, Col. Balfour, who commanded at Charleftown, projeclcd an expedition againft Wilmington in North Carolina. A fmall naval force was equipped, arid Major Craig difpatched on the fervice with about 300 foldiers. The troops were landed about nine miles fhort of Wilmington ; and the town being a- bandoned by its defenfive force of about 1^0 men, was takea without refinance. It has fince been nude a poft of fome ftrength. Lieut. Col. Lee's legion recroiTed the Dan on the iBth Febru-. ary, agreeably to the wiih of Gen. Greene, to watch the motions of Cornwallis's army; which, after having collected a quantity of provifion, began on the morning of the igih to move {lowly toward Hiil&orough. There his lordlhip erected the royal itand- ard, and by proclamation on the aoth, invited all his friends to repair to it. Greene being informed that numbers had joined his lordfhip, and that the North Carolinians were repairing ta him in fhoals to make their fubtniflion, was appreheriu've. that unlefs fome fpirited meafure was immediately taken the whole country would be loft to the American caufe. He concluded therefore upon returning to North Carolina. The light troops recroiTed the Dan on the 21 ft, and on the next day were followed by the main body, accompanied with 600 Virginia militia under General Stevens. Greene, the more effectually to alarm Cornwallis and difcourage the royaliils, rode with his aid de camp twenty-one miles toward the enemy and within about fifteen of his lordfhip. The report of his'being within that diftance foon reached his lordfhip ; who inferred that the American army was equally near. The light infantry hu;^ round his lord(hip' s y quarters, THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. quarters, while the main army advanced (lowly, keeping in viev* the route to the upper parts of the country, the more effectually to avoid an aclion, and to form a junction with the militia of the Weftern Wateis under Col. Campbell and others, who were ex- peeled in conGderable numbers. Lieut. Col. Tarleton with the Britifh Tegiorr was detached from Hilllborough, crofs the Haw river, to Major O'Neil's plantation, to proteft a confiderablfc number of royalifts appointed to meet thereon the 24th. General Pickens and Lieut. Col. Lee, who had intelligence of Tarleton's movements concerted meafures to bring him to aclion. Lee's cavalry were to attack frhofe of Tavleton's command, while Pickens's militia difperfed the coljec- ted royalifts. Thefe happened to be paraded on the night of the s^th February, in a long lane leading toward O'NeiPs houfe. Lee led his cavalry into the lane, miftaking the royalifls for a part of Picken's militia, which he fuppofed had arrived there before him, After he difcovered the diftinguifhing red rag in their hats, he with great preience of mind paJFcd on, intending to leave them to the treatment of their countrymen under Pickens. When thefe came tip, and a firing had commenced between them and the royalifls. L,ee with his cavalry returned and fell upon the latter; who not having feen Tarleton's dragoons, miftook Lee's cavalry for them* While laboring under this miftake, he cut them down as they \vere making ardent pro'eftations of loyalty, and' afTerting " that they were the very beft friends to the king." A horrid flaugh- ter was made of them, between two and three hunched being cut to pieces. Tarleton was refrefhing his legion about a mile from the fcene. Upon hearing the alarm, he ordered his men to mount; precipitately recroiTed the Haw; and returned to Hilliborough^ On his retreat, he alfo cut down fcveral of the royalifts as they were advancing tojoin the Britffh army, miftaking them for rebel militia of the country. This event, together with Greene's hav- ing recroiled the Dan, broke all Cornwallis's meafures. The tide of public fentiment was now no longer in his favor. The re- cruiting fervice declined and was ftopped, which had it proceed, ed a fortnight longer, would have fo ftrengthened his lordfhip, that he muft have held the country. The advocates for royal government were difcouraged, and could not be induced to aci \vith confidence. Confiderable numbers who were, on their way to join his lordfhip, returned home to wait for further events. On the 2/th Lord Cornwallis retired from Hillfborough in two columns. The fame day Lee's legion and Pickens's militia join- td the main body of American light infantry, which was now confi* derably reinfoiced by volunteer boric and riflemen from Virgi* aia; AMERICAN REVOLUTION. nia: and the whole corps pafTed the Haw (a branch of Cape Fear river) at night. Greene, with the main army, augmented by the Nonh Carolina militia, c rolled it the next morning, and marched with all his force toward Ailamance. In the evening it was dif- covered that Cornwallis, with the Britim army was near it. The American light infantry encatnped within about three miles of him, and Greene halted within feven, on a road leading immediate- ly to his lordfhip's camp. Though Greene meant to aflame the mod confident appearance, he coniidered this lunation extremely ineligible; as it was in a manner forcing his lordlhipto alion> for which he himfelf was by HO means prepared ; but to retire precipitately would betray his apprehenfions of danger. He hop- ed that Lord Cornwallis meant to retire, though reluftantiy, to Crofs Creek on Cape Fear river. He therefore wiflied only to wait onhirn, and partially to attack him on the march, for which the light troops were perfectly calculated. Greene's objefct was to wear away the time, till all the expected reinforcements mould arrive, and his army could be properly organized and prepared for aclion. On the 2d of March there was a (light fkirmifh in, the morning, between a detachment under Tarleton and a part of the militia under Williams, within one mile of the Britifh en- campment. After various movements ef the American light infantry, Lord Cornwallis taking the advantage of a thick fog on the 6th of March, marched early in the morning with his whole force, in- tending to furprife them and bring Greene to a general action : but the vigilance of the light troops difappointed his lorridiip's firft hope, and then gallantly defeated his fecond. About eioht o'clock the patroles of Williams's brigade brought intelligence of his lordmip's being within two miles of his encampment, .on thq road leading to Gen. Pickens^ quarters, and from thence to Whitfell's mill, an important pafs on Reedy Fork creek, imme- diately between the American light infantry and the main army. His lordmip's defigns were manifeft, and no time was to be loft. Difpatches went oif to apprize Pickens. He being gone to head cjuarters, and Lieut. Col. Lee, who was of that brigade and fecond in command, having received information of his lordmip's ap- proach, retired before him. Col. Williams marched his brigadq immediately for Whitfcll's mill. The light fkirmifhing of fome fmall parties on the flanks of the Britim army, gained time for the removal of certain impediments, fo that a junction of the two brigades was formed about a mile from the mill. Col. William* then ordered Col. Campbeil, who had joined the light infantry iviih 4 number of rifksuen frgm the Wcfleia Waters, and Lieut* Col. HISTORY OF THK [^.,1781, Col. W^fliingtQn to move How, and give time for the reft of the tioops to gain the pafs, if polTibte, without fi (king their com- mands, which *,vas effected. A covering party was formed of aoovst i^o Virginia militia. The main body of the militia patted i'ner the horfes and waggons, and formed on the oppofite f the watery then the regular infantry under Lieutenant Coi. He-ward ; atier that Lee's legion, infantry and cavalry. Campbell ?nd Wafhmgton filed oft about half a mile horn (he mill, eroded and rejoined ihe rell on the other fide oi the neck. Col. 'VebiK'r, with about icoo Bntifh infantry, attacked the co- ay, which gave him a brifk fire, and then retired over the iorli. The Britiih infantry followed with great precipitation, and met a fevere ialute from the fire of Campbell's rifles and Lee's legion infantry, which were judiciouily difpoled for that purpofe. Webfter being funpo'rted by the chafTeurs and Hef- fiajQrS, and Cornwaliis planting his field pieces on commanding grounds, difmayed the militia fo manifeftly, that Williams gave them uiders to retire; and then followed with Howard's batta- lion, flanked by a company of Delaware infantry and the infan- try of the legion, ihe whole covered by Washington's cavalry. The c-.jvalry of ihe legion covered the baggage and ammunition waggons, which accidentally took a different route. Thus ended the tieftgns of Lord Cornwaliis for that day, which was too far fpent to admit of the execution of any important manoeuvre. The lofs of the Americans was about kiiled and wounded, that of the Britiih probably much greater, as they twice iuttained the unexpected fire of the former. Col. Williams retired three miles, and formed to await the enemy ; but as they did not advarce he proceeded further, and encamped that evening about feven miles from ihe place of action. It may be thought woith\ of being re- corded, that Mr. Perry, fergeant major, and Mr. Lunsford, quar- ter m-ifler fergeant of the ;}d American regiment of dragoons, two fjViritcd young fellows, being fenarateiy detached with each four dragoons, as parties of observation on the retreat; faw 16 or 18 hoifemen of the Britiih army in new levy uniforms ride into a farm-houfe yard ki an irregular manner; and fomeofthem difmounted. They inDantly joined their fmall force, feized the occafi;n. f 'fiar^ed the horfemen, and in fiL'ht cf the Britifh legion, which was on the contrary fide of the fence, cut every man down, and then retired without a fear. Wr.ile Greene was really unequal to even defenflve opera- tions, and waited to have his army flrengthened, he lay for feven days within ten miles of Cornwall's camp: but he took a new pofitiori every night; and kept it as a profound fecret with him- feif A. D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 17^ felf where the next was to be ; fo thai his lordfliip could not gain intelligence of his fituation in time to avail himfelf of it. During thefe manoeuvres Greene wa often obliged to afk bread of the common loldiers having none of his own. Cornwaliis made a ftroke at him twice hut miffed his aim. At length Greene was reinforced, wiih ano her brigade of militia from Virginia under General Lawfon,and two from North Carolina under Ge- nerals Butler and Eaton, and 400 regulars raifed for itf months; this enabled him to diflolve the conftitution of the light army on the loth of March. Th* fame day he wrote to Governor Jef- ferfon " Hitherto I have been obliged topraclife that by fineffe, which I dared not to attempt by force. I know the people have been in anxious fufpenfe, waiting the event of a general a6tion : but be the confequence of cenfure what it may, nothing fhall hurry me into a meafure, that is not fuggefted by prudence, or connects not with it the intereft of the fouthern department." Lord Cornwaliis not immediately urging his plan of bringing on a general a&ion, but moving toward New Garden, alias the Quaker meeting-houfe, gave Greene the opportunity of arrang- ing his army a-new, and of making every preparation for an en- gagement. This he now determined to venture upon, as he thought himfelf iufficiently ftrong ; and forefaw that by delaying any time he mould probably be weakened through the withdraw* mentof many militia men; befide, there would be a great diffi- culty of fubfifting long in the field in fo exhauiled a country. On the 14111 he marched his army to Guildford court-houfe, and took a pofition within eight miles of Cornwallis's encampment. His force confifted of Kugar's brigade of Virginia continentals, 778 prefent and fit for duty ; of Williams's Maryland brigade and Delawares, 630; and of the infantry of Lee's partizan legi-' on, 82 total of continental regulars, 1490: befides thefe there were 1060 militia from North Carolina, and 1693 from Virgi- nia, in all 2753. The whole army confifted of 4243 foot, and of 161 cavalry, including Wafhington's light dragoons 86. and of Lee's legion 7^. Before the engagement began, the Marquis of Bretagney joined the army with about 40 horfe', very few ac- 'centred as hoi femen, but mounted srs infantry. On the morning of the i^h the Americans were fupplied with provifions, and a gill of rum per man ; and orders were ifTued for the -whole to be in perfect readinefs for aftion. Lord Cornwaliis, being convinced from Gen. Greene's move- ments that he intended to venture an engagement, fent off his baggage under a proper efcort on the 141}! of March; and the next morning at day break, marched with the remainder $f his .army, ' 174- THE HISTO R Y OF THE [^. army, amounting to about 2400 men, chiefly troops grown vete- ran in victories, either to meet Greene on the way, or to attack liim in his encampment. By this, Greene's defign of attacking his lordfliip was anticipated. About three miles from the Ame- rican army* the Britiih advance guard under Tarletori fell in with Lee's legion, Campbci? and Lynch's riflemen. Lee's dragoons killed about fifty of Taileton's, and the riflemen arc thought to have killed and wounded more than 100 infantry. This fknmifh gave Greene time to fo:ni his anny, within about a mild ancf a quarter of Guild ford couri-hpui'e. The Britifh advanced through a field beyond which was a fence and a thick wood. In the ikirts of this wood next to the field, the fiift American line was drawn up, confifting of the North Carolina miliiia. The fccond line behind that was formed of the Virginia militia. The third and la line confided of the Maryland and Virginia continentals under Huger- and Williams. Walhington with his cavalry, and a corps of Delaware light infantry and fome riflemen under Col. Lynch, covered the right flank ; and Lee with his legion and fome rifle- rnen under Col. Campbell, the left. The whole were fo ilrongly polled that Greece was fearful left Cornwallis ihould not attack them in front, but change his pofuion and fall upon their flanks. The front line was only in fight; the two others being covered by the wood in which they were ported. The Americans had two pieces of capnon in the field before them. After a briik can- nonade between them and the Britith, which lafted from about half an hour after one till two, the latter advanced in three co- lumns, the Medians on the right, the guards in the centre, and Webfter's brigade on the left. The whole moved on toward the North Carolinians, who waited the attack, until the enemy got within 140 yards, when part of them fired once, while a great number run away without firing or being fired upon. Ail the exertions of their officers to rally them were ineffectual. They deferted the mofl advantageous poft Greene ever faw, and let in the enemy upon the fecond line compofed of the Virginia militia under Stevens. He had the addrefs to prevent his brigade from receiving any bad impreffions from the retreating North Caroli- nians, by giving out that they had orders td retire after difcharg- ing their pieces. Tocherifn this idea he ordered his men to open their fi'es to favor their panV,". The Virginians behaved much better than the Carolinians, did r//eat execution, and kept up their fire till they were ordered to retreat. Stevens had polled forty f iflemen at equal diflances, twenty paces in the rear of his brigade, with orders to Miuot every man who ihould leave his poft. That officer, though wounded through the thigh, did not quit the ,4 1X1781.3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. the field. The continental troops were laft engaged, and fought with great fpirit. The conteft was long and fevere : but the Bri- ti(h carried their point by fuperior difcipline. They broke the fecond Maryland regiment, turned the American left flank, and got into the rear of the Virginia brigade, and appeared to be gain- ing Greene's right, which would have encircled the whole oi the continental troops, fo that he thought it advifable to order a re- treat. About this time Washington made a charge with the horfeon a part of the brigade of Britifh guards, and the firft re- giment of Marylanders following the hoife with their bayonets,, near the whole of the parly fell a facnnce. Huger with the Vir- ginia brigade was the laft that engaged ; and gave the enemy a check. After a hard battle of near two hours the American re- treated in good order to the Reedy Fork, arid crofTed the river, about three miles from the field of aftion. They halted, drew; op till they had collecled moft of the ftragglers, and then retired to Speedwell's Iron Works, ten miles diftant from Guilford. Greene loft his artillery (the two fix pounders that Morgan had lately recovered, with two others) and two ammunition waggons, the greateft part of the horfes being killed before the retreat be* gan. This victory coft the Britifh dear. Their killed and wound* ed exceeded 600 men, befide officers. The guards loft Colonel Stuart, with the Captains Schutz, Maynard and Goodriche, be- fide fubaherns. CoK Webfter, a brave experienced and diftiti- guimed officer, died of his wounds to the regret of the royal aiv my. Brigadier Generals O'Hara and Howard, and Col. Tarle* ton, with feveral other officers, were wounded. About 3.00 of the continentals and 100 of the Virginia militia were killed anegan to fortify by the soth, as the militia were collecting apace, under Baron Steuben, Generals Nelfon, Weedon and Muhlenburgh : but it was the unhappinefs of the flate to be deilitute of arms, and (by bad man* agement) of almoft every thing elfe neceflary for defence. Gen. Wafliington laid apian for catching Arnold and his detachment, which . was ferviceable, though unfuccefsful in the main point. The general was the more eager in it, having been confirmed by letters found on board captured veflels, in the intelligence he had before received of a Britifh project, to make a lafting eflablifli- xnent in Virginia. Four (hips of the Britifli fleet, which had been lying for fome time in Gardener's-bay, failed on the 22(1 as far eaftward as Narraganfet-bay. A gale of wind and a very- thick fn.ow coming on at night, the Culloden was totally loft, and the Bedford difma (led, each carrying 74 guns. No fooner did the general receive a certain account of the fame, than he put ia motion, under the command of the Marquis de la Fayette, 1200 light infantry, as large a part of his frnall force as he could, with, prudence, detach to Virginia. He at the fame time intimated to Count de Rochambeau the poflibility and importance of im- proving the opportunity in an attempt upon Arnold ; and requdt- cd of him and the Chevalier d'Eftouches (to whom the command of the French fleet had devolved upon the death of Admiral Ter- nay) to fend the whole fleet, and a detachment of&eirland force VOL. Ill, X to THE HISTORY OF rna . [A, D. to the Chefapeak. Inftead of the whole, a part only of the fleet \vas fent ; the EveJMie a 64 gun (hip, and two frigates, under the command of Monf. Tilly. They failed from Newport on ihe 9th of February, with orders to go to the Chefapeak, and at- tempt the deftruclion of the Britifh mips there, and the frigates, that protected them. They returned on the 2,510 without ao complifhing the objecl of their million, through the precaution taken by the enemy. They however took or defh oyed ten veffels, and brought to Newport the Romulus of 44 guns, which they captured at the entrance of the bay. Wellington, defirous of Hopping the progrefs of the enemy in Virginia, proceeded to Newport, that he might difcourfe with the French commanders on the meafures proper to be purfued. He went firft on board d'Eftouches' fhip in the forenoon of March the 6th, where Ro- chambeau met him. It was agreed that d'Eftouches fhould fail immediately ; and that Rochambeau fhould fend on board the men of war, a detachment of the army under the Baron de Vio- rneuil. After fpending an hour or two on board, Wafhington and Rochambeau landed at Newport about one o'clock. The neceflary meafures were taken to expedite the fleet; but inftead of failing the next day when the wind was as favorable for the Jrench, and as adverfe to the Britifh as it could blow, they were delayed 24 hours for want of fupplies. They failed on Thurfday evening the 8th of March. They were followed on the Satur- day by the Britifh from Gardener's bay under Admiral Arbnthnot, who made fuch expedition as to intercept them off Cape Henry on the i6th. The two fleets were well poifed in point of ftrength, the fuperioiity of a few guns on the fide of the Britilh, being coun- terbalanced by the greater number of men on the other. The line was compofed of eight, (hips on each fide, including the Romulus of 44. guns in the French, and Adamant of 50 in the Britifh. A partial engagement took place. Each fide claimed the advantage : but the French abandoned their defign of fuccouring Virginia, and returned to Newport on the 2bth. Had they gained the Chefapeak before overtaken by the Britifh, Wafhington is of opinion, that the plan againft Arnold could not have failed of fpccefs. The return of the French difconcened the Marquis de la Fayette. On his arrival at Annapolis in Maryland, he left his troops there, and haftened down the Chefapeak to get a body of jmilitia in readinefs for co-operation : but upon hearing what had taken place, he marched back with his detachment to the Head of 41k. $i* Henry Clinton* to fupport the fouthern operations and increafe 4. A 17&'-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. i 79 increafe their fuccefs, forwarded a convoy to the Chefapeak, with about 2000 choice troops on board under General Phillips, whom he appointed to the chief command in Virginia. They arrived on the 2&h of March. Among the greatell misfortunes to the American caufe occafioned by the irivafion of this itate, muft be reckoned the obilructions it has thrown on every preparation for the fuppon of the fouthern army. It has kept back the raifmg of recruits and every fupply. Certain acb and concerns of Congrefs remain to be related. The capture of Mr. Laurens by the Britiih made it neceifary for Congrefs to appoint another gentleman to fupply his place. They therefore cornmiffioned Mr. John Adams, on the firft of January, to be their miniiter plenipotentiary to the States Gene- ral of the Dutch United Provinces. He was alfo empowered to negociate a loan of money among the Hollanders ; and in con-, fidence of his fuccefs they directed, on the 3d of January, bills of exchange to be drawn upon him at fix months fight. On the 3.i 7 8i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. i3 en back to France., and never joined him. He at length however made his way with difficulty, through the rocks of la Roque- Platte; and landed a number in the dark, three miles from St. Helier, the capital of the iiland ; though five veffels were loft, and 200 of his men perifhed., A fmall party of militia, meant for the guard of a redoubt in the place, werefeized afleep by the enemy, who were thus, for feveral hours, on the ifland without an alarm's being given. The baron, leaving about 120 men irt the redoubt, marched to St. Helier. He fecured the avenues of the town, furprifed the guards in the dark, and poffefTed the mar- ket place without noife. The inhabitants were aftonifhed at break of day, on finding thcmielves in the hands of an enemy. Mrijor Corbet, the deputy governor, with the magiftrates and principal people, being brought prifoners to the court-houfe, the Trench commander wrote terms of capitulation, which he pro- pofed to have figned ; and by which the ifland was to be fuiren- dered to France, and the troops to lay down their arms and be fent to Great Britain. It was in vain remonftrated, that 'no acl: of the Jieut. governor's could have the fmalleft validity in his pre- fent fituation. Rullecourt was peremptory, and Corbet too in- advertently figned. The French commander then fummoned E- lizabeth caflle under the terms of the capitulation. Captains Aylward and Mulcafter, having eicaped thither on the firft alarm, and being now in a degree prepared againft a fudden attack, re- jefted the fummons, and relufed paying the fmalleft regard to the capitulation, or any orders iffued by the lieut. governor in the prefent circumltances. The French placing Corbet in their front, advanced toward the gate, but were fired upon with fucli- vigor from the ca'ftte, that they Icon made the belt of their way back to the town for fhelter. Mean while the alarm extended, and the neareft troops and militia advanced toward the point of danger, and formed on the heights near the town under Major Pierfon, who inftantly fecur- ed a hill of great advantage, Which the enemy had overlooked. " Rullecourt fent to the major, requiring his compliance with the terms of the capitulation ; and received for anfwer, " that if he and his troops did not lay down their arms within twenty mi- nutes, and furrender themfelves prifoners of war, at the expiration- of that time, they might be certain of an attack," Pierfon was punctual to his word : and made an aflault on the town in all ac- oeffible parts with fuch impetuofity, that the enemy were driven rapidly upon the centre of their force in the market place, where the aclion was fdon decided ; for Rullecourt being mortally irounded, the next in command feeing the hopeleflbefs of their fi- THE HISTORY or TH [A.D. 1781. tuation, requefted the lieutenant governor to refume his authority, and to accept of their furrender asprifonersof.war. The fatisfac- tion arifing from fo fudden a deiiveiance, arid fo brave an exer- tion, was damped by the fall of Major Pierlon, who was (hot through the heart in the inftant of vitory. The extraordinary military abilities difpiayed by fo young an officer (for he was on- ly five and twenty) rendered his death an object of general re- gret. During the engagement the redoubt was retaken with fix- ed bayonets, and without firing a (hot, by the grenadiers of the 3d regiment. Thus the whole French party, amounting to near 800, were either killed or taken. On the 24th of January, Lord George Gordon was privately taken from the Tower to Weftminfter-hall, arraigned, and order- ed to prepare for trial on Monday the ^th of February. When he came to be tried, though the crowd was very large, order was obferved, and there was no mifchief or violence. About five the next morning he was acquitted. On the news of his acquittal, there were rejoicings and illuminations at Glafgow, Paifley, Dun- bar, Montrofe, Brechin, and a great number of other towns and villages in Scotland. The proteftant ailbciation at Glafgow inade a fubfcription of feveral hundred pounds, toward defraying his lordihip's expences. It has been fuggefted, that government did notwifh to convict his lordfhip for fear of offending too ma- ny or' the Scots. The garrifon and inhabitants of Gibraltar, having received no. fupplies of provifion from Great Britain fince the beginning of the preceding year, nor from the Barbary fhores, nor the mod diftant coafts of Africa, were reduced to extreme diftrefs. The governor, ever fmce Oftober, made a reduclion ot a quarter of a pound from each man's daily allowance of bread. Their meat was reduced to a pound and a half in the week, and at length was fcarcely eatable. The inhabitants had to pay for bad fhip bif- cuit, full of worms, a (hilling a pound ; the fame for flour in no better condition; eighteen pence for fait, the fweeping of (hips bottoms and ftore-houfes ; half a crown for old Iriih fait butter ; and the fame for the worft brown fugar. When the arrival of the veflels from the Mediterranean opened a market for frefh provifions, turkies fold fur 3!. 125. apiece ; fucking pigs at two guineas ; ducks at half a guinea ; and fmall hens at nine (hillings. A guine awas refufed for a calf's pluck; and one pound feven (hil- lings for an ox-head. The intereft and honor of Great Britain were deeply engaged in the timely relief of that fortrefs. It was accordingly one of the firil objecls of government in the com-, fnencement of the year; and the grand fleet under the conduct of Adms, 4* > i;8i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 183 Adms. Darby, Digby, and Sir J. Lockhart Rofs, was fitted out early for this fervice: but only 28 fail or the line could be fpared. The French had, at the fame time, a fleet little inferior either in number or force, nearly ready for fea at Breft. The Briiim fleet failed [March 13.] wLh the great Eaft and Weft India convoys : but met with a delay on the coaft of Ire- land, in waiting for the victuallers from Corke, which were to proceed with them to Gibraltar. The Eaft and Weft India con- voys having proceeded on their refpeftive voyages, the Britifh fleet with 97 tranfports, ftorefhips and victuallers, arrived off Ca- diz the i2th of April. Don Cordova with the Spanifh fleet, had put into the harbour ; and Adm. Darby having explored the fame, forwarded the convoy to Gibraltar, with fome men of war and frigates to cover them, while he cruifed with the main body o the fleet off the Straits mouth to watch the enemy. The Spani- ards had been for fome time employed in confttufting a number of gun and bomb boats. The gun boats carried each a long 26 poundsr, which threw (hot further than any (hip's guns could reach. This force was rendered ftill more dangerous by the addi- tion of the bumb boats upon a fimilar conftruciion. With thefe they cannonaded and bombarded the Britifh {hips every morn- ing, till the wind, at its ftated hour, began to fpring up, when they fl:d and were purfned in vain. But they failed in their grand objeft, and no material damage was done to any part of the (hipping. Nothing could be more grievous to Spain than this relief. She fcems to have fet her heart fo entirely on the recovery of Gi- braltar, as not to have had another objeclin the war. The whole naval and military force of the kingdom, and its refources of eve- ry fort, appear to have been directed mainly to that fingle point. Thefe various powers were called into aftion, and the unfortu- nate town, with its miferabie inhabitants, were the victims of her indignation. One hundred and feventy pieces of cannon, of the heavieft metal, and eighty mortars, difgorged their tremendous torrents of fire all at once upon that narrow fpot. This dread- ful cannonade arid bombardment was continued night and day, for a confiderable time without intermiffion. Nothing could be' more fplendidly magnificent, or dreadfully fublime, than the view and report of this tremendous fcene, to thofe who obferved them from thejneighbouring hills of Barbary and Spain'during the .ni#ht ; efpecially in the beginning, when the cannonade of the cnemv being returned by Gen. Elliot, with ftill fuperior power and greater fiercenefs, the whole rock feemed to vomit out fire, and all diftinftionof parts was loft in flame aud frnpk.e. The artilleiy VOL. Ill, X g{ ' THE HISTORY OP THE [A. B. 1781. efiecls at St. Eufbtius could only be lodged as a depofit to fuppty the neceffities of their king and their country's enemies. The ifland was Dutch, every thing in it was Dutch, every thing was under the protection of the Dutch flag, and as Dutch it ihall be treated." Mr. Glanville made a fenfible reply on the i3th of March, and obferved " That if the king's enemies were fupplied, by the trade of his fuhjecls through St. Euflatius, they were like- \vife fupplied, through the fame channel, by thefale of prizes cap- tured by his majejiysjldps of war. The one faci is as notorious as the other, and equally criminal." After the furrender of Euftatia, the Jews who were numerous and wealthy were the firft fufTerers. Several of them were torn from their habitations with many indignities, and banimed without knowing the place of their deflinatiori ; and were, in that flats of wretchednefs which followed the feizure of their property, tranfported as outlaws, and landed at St. Kitt's. The aflembly, to their great honor, infhmly paiTed an aft for their prefent re- lief and future provifion, until they mould have time to recover irom their calamitous fituation. The Jews were foon followed by the Americans, fome of whom had been obliged to fly their native country, through the part which they had taken in fup- port of the Brit ifh caufe. Thefe alfo were fent to St/Kitt's. in jnuch the fame flate with the former; and were received and en- tertained with the fame humanity and liberality by the people and JegiOature of that ifland. The French merchants and traders \vere next banifhed; and at length the Amfrerdammers met with the fame fate. Mean while public (ales were advertifed, invita- tion given, and protection afforded to purchafcrs of all nations and clafies; and the ifland exhibited one of the greateft auHons that ever was opened in theuniverfe. Never was a better market for buyers. The goods were foid for a trifling proportion of their value; and by report, the French agents made ihe greater! and rnoil lucrative purchafes. Molt of the goods were conveyed to French and Danifh iflands ; and left to find their way to tfoofe e- pemies for having fupplied whom, in the ordinary commerce, Euilaiia fufferedio feveiely. This whole bufmefs, from beginning to end, has brought upon Great Britain the odium of all Eu- rope. A fquadron of privateers, moftly belonging to Briilol, upon bearing of the rupture with Holland, boldly entered the rivers of Demarara and lilequ'ibo, and with no fmall degree of courage and cntcrprife, brought out fiom under the Dutch forts and batteries, alrnolt all the veffels of any value in either river. The prizes ; but Admiral llodney, ia his official letter o A. D. 1781-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 187 the i7th of March, obferved in thepoftfcript " The Dutch fhips feized by the* privateers at Demarara are droits to the admiralty, the privateers having no comrniffion to take them." He men- tioned alfo the furrender of the French iflarid of St. Bartholomew on the i6th. The inhabitants of the two Dutch colonies of Demarara and Ilfequibo, fenfible of their defencelefs fituation, had already made a tender of their fubmiffion to the governor of Barbadoes, re- quiring no other terms but a participation of thofe which had been granted to Euftatia and its dependencies. A deputation wat fent to Admiral Rodney and General Vaughan to learn what wer thefe terms. The deputies found that the colonies' had made an improvident demand, as in effecl the terms which they required were, that they might be defpoiled of all their goods, and baniuV cd from their habitations. But a nice line of diftinclion was drawn between the horiefty and good properties of Dutchmen inhabiting the continent, and of thofe living in Euftatia : and tht continental colonifts were accordingly fully fecured in their pro- perty, and had every indulgence granted, which could have been fairly expected. However their countrymen, the Euftatian Ifl- anders, have been obliged to undergo the opprobrium, of having the atrocious crime of perfidioufnefs publicly charged and re- corded againft them in the London gazettes ; and therefore of being unworthy of any degree of protection, much lefsof indul- gence. The Dutch war prevented the fending of the fecond French naval divifion to the affiftance of the United States of America as at firft intended ; and put the court of Verfailles upon the plan of augmenting their fleet in the Weft Indies, fo as to fecura it a fuperiority over the Britiih. Accordingly Count de GrafTe fail- ed from Breft the 2 2d of March, with a fleet of 25 fail of the line, the Sagittaire of 54 guns, 6000 land forces, and a prodigious con- voy, amounting to between 2 and 300 mips; the whole com- pofingone of the Jargeft and richeft fleets that ever failed from France. Of this formidable armament, five mips of the line under Mr. de Suffrein, with part of the land forces, weredeftined for the Eaft- Indies ; with a view likewife of intercepting Com- modore Johnftone's fquadron and convoy on their way; the laft failed from Spithead on the icjth of the fame month, in com- panv with- the Britifh grand fleet under Admiral Darby. The Eaft India Company received advice, about the middle of April, that in July of laft year, Hyder Ally entered the Carnatic in different places ; that fome of their troops were afterwards at- tacked aud defeated j tfrat Sir Eyre Coote left Calcutta and fail- ed THE HISTORY OF f HZ [A. D. 178*. ed with a reinforcement to Fort St. George, where he arrived the ^th of November, two days after Arcot had furrendered to Hyder. Their affairs in that quarter have but a threatening af- jpecl; ; but Sir Eyre is attempting all in his power to retrieve them. Mr. John Adams prefented to their High Mightinefles, the States General of the United Provinces of the Low Countries, a memorial dated Leyden, April 19, 1781. In which he informed them, that the United States of America had lately thought fit to fend him a commiiTion (with full powers and inftruclions) to confer with them concerning a treaty of amity and commerce; and that they had appointed him to be their minifter plenipoten- tiary to refide near them. Similar information was communi- cated at the fame time to the Stadtholder, his Serene Highnef* the Prinqe of Orange. Mr. Adams meant to conciliate the af- fections of all parties; that fo they might unite in fupporting.tht tneafure he willed to obtain. LETTER VIII. Roxbury, Sept. 15, 1781. LORD Cornwallis having eroded the Deep river, General Greene refolved on carrying the war without delay into South Carolina; thereby to oblige the enemy to follow him, or to endanger their pofts in that ftate. He expefted that if the for- mer took place, North Carolina would not continue the feat of war ; if the latter, that they would lofe more than they could gain in this lad ftate ; and that, did he remain in it, they would hold their pofleflions in both. Hedifcharged all his militia; re* frefhed his regular troops ; collected a few days provifion ; march- ed on the th of April toward Camden ; and in the morning of the 2oth, encamped at Log-town within fight of the enemy's works. On this march Lieut. Col Lee, with hispariizan legion, was detached to join General Marion with a few volunteer South Carolina militia on a fecret expedition. To fecure the provi-, fions that grow on the banks of the Santee and Congarce rivers the Britiih had erected a chain of polls in their vicinity. One of the moft important was on Wright's-blufF, and called Fort Watfon. To the furprife of the Britifh it was clofely invefted $n the 15th. Neither Lee nor Marion had any other means of annoyance wlD.iySi.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. i8f annoyance or defence but mufketry. The ground on which th fort ftood was an Indian mount, 30 or 40 feet high: the befieg- crs however creeled, in a few days, on an unufual plan, a work pnuch higher. From thence the American riflemen fired into the fort with fuch execution, that the befleged durft not mow themfelves. On the 23d, the ganifon of 114 men furrendered by capitulation. Camden was covered on the fouth and eaft fides by the Wa- teree, and a creek which empties itfelf into that river : on the weftern and northern by fix ftrong redoubts. It was defended by Lord Rawdon with about 900 men. The American army con- fifted of 84$ continental infantry, befide 56 cavalry and 31 dif- mounted dragoons ; together with 254 North Carolina militia who had joined them by the 25th. It was Unequal to the talk of carrying the place by florin, as alfo of completely invefting it. On the 2ift Greene received intelligence, that Lieut. Col. Watfon, who had made an incurfion to Peedee, was on his retura to Camden with 4 or 500 men *. upon which he fent his baggage and artillery, which could not follow him y under a guard of mi- litia, to a fecure pofition, and threw all his regular troops below the town, where appearances indicated more forcible hoftilities againft the garrifon ; and frequent fkirmifhes evinced the enemy ' apprehenfions of danger upon that quarter : but the principal defign of Greene, to intercept Watfon, was prevented by his de- lay, and a report of his having eroded the Santee. On the 24th the army returned to the north fide of the town, orders being previoufly fent for the artillery and baggage to rejoin it at Hobkirk's hill, about a mile from Camden. The army took poft on the hill, the better to improve the opportunity that any Ibrtie might afford ; and by its being more remote than the pofi- tion formerly occupied, to imprefs the enemy with an idea of the Americans beginning to be apprehenfive of their own danger. The precaution of calling the rolls often' v was taken ; notwith- flanding which, one Jones, a drummer, eluded the attention of the officers and the vigilance of the guards, and got fafe into town. But nothing was apprehended from that circLunftance, as the army was well potted, and defned nothing more than a field ac- tion. On the morning of the 2,5th of April, this order was iflued - " The troops are to be furnifhed with two days provifion, and a gill of fpirirs per man as foon as the ftores arrive." The provifions were iflued ; but the fpirits being in the rear of the baggage train, did not arrive at the moment when they were moil neceilary, Loiu Rawdon concluding that General Greene was not ago THE HISTORY OF THE [J. D. i 7 S(. not prepared for an alion, and that a favorable moment offered,, marched out to attack him. The Americans were cooking their vicluals, and Greene was at breakfaft, about ten o'clock, when fome of his advanced fen- tinels, half a mi'e in front of the camp, fired upon the van of the Britiih. The American troops were foon formed, and wait- ed with cheerful countenances the approach of the enemy : Col. O. Williams then road to head quarters, 2 or 300 yards in the rear of the line, and returned before they engaged. All the bag- gage, as is cuftomary in general actions, was ordered off. The cavalry (which was unfaddled and feeding, on the firit alarm) was now ready: and fo certain was Greene of fuccefs, that without the leaft hefiration, he ordered Lieut. Col. Wafhington to turn the right flank of the Britiih, and to charge in their rear. By this time the fire between the Britim van, and the American light infantry picquets became very lively ; and the Maryland troops (who had been ordered to fit down) flood up and made ready. The fecond regiment, being on- the left of the line, was ordered to advance and attack the Britifh on their right flank, which was done by Lieut. Col. Ford, who leceived a mortal wound in the action : the firft regiment, commanded by Col. Gunby, was ordered to charge the enemy in front. The two Virginia regiments were, ordered toaci in a fimilar manner upon the left of the Britim, and were led on by Greene in perfon, aid- ed by Gen. Huger, Lieut. Cols. Campbell and Hawes. The artillery was well potted and doing great execution, and a fmall body of militia was coming into action, when fuddenly a number of the Americans began to retire, though the danger was not ap- parently great, and every body feemed ignorant of the cauie. Col. Williams was at this indanl near the centre of the Mary- land brigade, and with the afiiitance of Col. Gunby and other officers, endeavored to rally the men. They halted and gave a few fires ; but could not be brought again to charge. A general retreat 'ook place. Wafhington, in the execution of the order riven him, had at one time poffeffed himfelf of near 200 prifon- ers: but he relinqui(hed the greateft part on feeing the army re- tire. The officers he paroled on the field of battle ; and then collecting his men, wheeled round, made his own retreat good with the lofs of three men, and carried off with him fifty prifon- ers. The fortune of the day was irretrievable: b 'Greene, with his ufual firmnefs, inftandy took meafures to prevent Raw- don's improving the fuccefs he had obtained. The retreat was conducted with fuch order and deliberation, thatmoft of the Amq- rjcaq. wounded, all their artillery and all their baggage, were *f.D, i;* 1 -] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. fafely carrieil off, together with fix royal cotnmiflioned officers, befide Waftiington's prifoners. The atlion was continued with intervals, till about four in the afternoon, arid till the Americans had retreated about four miles; when a detachment ot the in- fantry and cavalry, under Washington, were ordered to advance and annoy the Britifh. The York volunteers, a handfome corps of horfe, being a little advanced of the Britiih infantry, Warn* ington with great intrepidity, inftamiy charged them, killed a number and difperfed the reft. The Britifti army, without at- tempting any thing further, retired to Camden, and Greene en- camped the Americans about five miles from their former pofui- on. The field of battle was occupied onlv by the dead. The lofs of the Americans in killed, wounded and miffing, was 264.* Among thefirft was Capt. Bearty of ihe Maryland line, one o the heft of officers, and an ornament to his profeilion. Many of the mifling returned. The next day Greene in general orders commended the exerti- ons of feveral corps ; but implicitly and by filence cenfured the infantry of the battalions ; which would not have been done had he known the real caufe of their apparent mifconduft. The vir- tual cenfure was feverely felt, and the difTatisfaclion of the troops upon the occafion, who faid they were ordered to retire, and the complaints of many of the officers who acknowledged they had communicated fuch orders, at length produced, at them/ranee of Colonel Gunby, a court of inquiry. It then appeared that Gunby received orders to advance and charge bayonets without firing: this order was inftantly communicated to the regiment; which advanced cheerfully for fome diftance, when a firing began. on the right, and in a fhort lime became general through the whole regiment. Soon after, two of the right hand companies gave way, when Gunby ordered the other four to be brought off. This was done, and they joined Gunby at the foot of the hill, where he was exerting himfelf in rallying the other two companies, and at length effecled it. The regiment was again formed, and gave a fire or two as above related. Greene in. general orders pronounced Gunby 's fpirit and activity unexcepti- onable ; but his order for the regiment to retire extremely im- proper and unmilitary; and declared that to be the only probable caufe why they did not obtain a complete victory. On the 28th of April, Gen. Greene thus expreiTed himfelf in a letter to the Chevalier de la Luzerne "This diftrefFed country I am fure cannot ftruggle much longer, without more tffeclual fup- VOL. III. *Z port. * The return to the Board of War, Spa THE HISTORY OF THE [,f. . 17$ j; port. They may 'ftruggle a little while longer, but hey mull fall j and i fear their fall will lay a train to fap the independence or the reit of America. I have, agreeable to your excellency's advice, impreiFed the dates all in my power with a fenfe of their danger ; but they have not the means to make the neteffary exer- tions. We fight, get beaten, rife and fight again. The whole country is one continued fcenc of blood and daughter." On the lit of May he wrote to the Marquis de la Fayetie " You may depend upon it, that nothing can equal the fufferings of our little army, but their merit. Let not the love of fame get the better of your prudence ; and plunge you into a misfortune in too eager a purfuit after glory. This is the voice of a friend, and not the caution of a general." Captain Smith of the Americans was deprived of the common indulgence allowed to prifoners, on a charge brought againft him by deferters from Greene's army, of murdering an officer and three privates belonging to the guards after the action of Guildford. Greene complained of it to Lord Rawdon in a letter of May the 3d, and faid " Nothing can be more foreign to the truth than the charge. I have only to obferve upon it, that had fuch a charge been made againft any of your officers, whom the fortune of war had thrown into our hands, before I fhould have treated them with any peculiar marks of in- dignity* I (hould firft have made the inquiry, and had the faft bet- ter eftabliOted. It is my wifli that the war fhould be conduced upon the moil liberal, national and generous principles; but I will never fuffcr an indignity or injury to be offered to our offi- cers without retaliation." % Soon after the aiion with his lordfhip, Greene knowing that- the Britiih garrifon in Camden could not fubfift long without frefh fupplies from Charleftown or the country, detached a re- inforcement to Marion on the road to Nelfon's ferry ; and on the X}d of May crofTed the Wateree, and took occafionally fuch po- iitions as would moil effectually prevent fuccours from going into the town from that quarter. On the ^th he wrote to governor Reed of Pennfylvania " Thofe whofe trueintereil it was to have informed congrefs and the people to the northward with the real itate of things, have joined in the deception, and magnified the Strength and refources of this country infinitely above their abili- ty. Many of thofe who adhere to our party, aie fo fond of plea- iure, that they cannot think of making the neceflary facrifices to iupport the revolution. There are many good and virtuous people to the fouthward ; but they cannot animate the inhabitants iri general, as you can to the northward. When ruin appearsto ap- proach any flaie, they are alarmed and begin to think of exerting then Jelves j, ff.D.i7i-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 193 themfelves; but its approach no fooner receives a check, than they fink back into a carelefs inattention. Virginia has exerted herfelf in giving a temporary fupport to the army ; but her p!ea- fure and her policy prevent her giving us fuch permanent aid, as her ftrength and refources are capable or affording. Maryland has done nothing, nor can I hear of any exertions there equal to the emergency of war. Delaware has not anfwered rny letters. - Thefe ftates have few men here, and thofe they have are daily ffifcharged. North Carolina has got next to no regulars in the field, and few militia, and thefe the worft in the world, for they have neither pride nor principle to bind them to any party, or to a difcharge of their duty. Generals Marion and Surnpter have a, few people who adhere to them, perhaps more from a defne and the opportunity of plundering, than from any inclination to pro- mote the independence of the United Slates. I have been play- ing the moft hazardous game to keep up appeal ances in this quar- ter, until more effectual fupport could be afforded. But our num- ber is reduced to a mere (hadow. The war to the northward is nothing. It is a plain bufme/s. Here the war rages like a fire ; and the enterprise arid aclivky of the enemy almott exceed belief. J have run every rifk and hazard, and find the difficulties thicken upon me daily ; and you know I am not of a defporiding fpirit or idle temper. If our good friends the Fiench cannot lend a help- ing uand to fave thefe finking flates, they muft and will fall. Here we are contending with more than five times our number, and among a people much more in the enemy's inter ell than ours." Greene complains in this letter of the Mary-landers; but they had raited ,500 regulars, who might have joined him in A- pril, if proper pains had been taken by the executive power. On the jth of May Lord Rawdon received a'confiderable re- inforcement by the arrival of the detachment under Watfon. \\ r ith this increafe of ftrength he attempted the next day to com- pel General Greene to another aclion, which he found to be im- praclicable. Failing in his defign he returned to Camden ; and on the ioth burned the jail, mi/lls, many private houfes, and a great deal oFhis own baggage, He then evacuated the pod, and retired with his whole arrny to the fouth of the Santee, leav- ing about 30 of his own fick and wounded, and as many of the Americans. Greene's return to the fouthward being unexpected, the ftoves of the garrifon were not provided for a fiege; but the evacuation was battened, as Greene apprehended, from an alarm that a meafure of his had given them. While in the neighbour, hood of Camden, he hanged in one day eight foldiers, who had Jefeilsl from bi-s army, -and were afterward taken prifoners. This execution, J94 THE HISTORY OF THE [J.D. 1781. execution, according to the information given him,almoft bred a mutiny in tlie gairifon, which was compofed very much of de- ferters. It had a ftrong effecl on his own troops, from whom there was no defertion for three months. Rawdon had the ho- nor of faving his men, though he Jolt the poft, the country, and the confidence of the tories. lie offered every afliftance in his power to the friends of Britifh government who would accompa- ny him, which was the choice of feveral families. The evacuation of Camden animated the friends of Congrefs, ?nd daily increafed their numbers; while the Britifh pofts fell in quick fucceflion. The day after the evacuation, the garriibn of Orangeburgh, confiiling of 70 Britim militia and 12 regulars, funendered to Sumpter, Marion and Lee, after the capture of port Watfon, crofTed the Santee and moved up to Fort Motte, \vhich lies above the Fork on the fouth fide of the Congaree, \vhere they arrived on the 8th of May. The Britifh had built their works round Mrs. Motte's dwelling houfe which occafioned }ier moving to a neighbouring hut. She was informed that firing the houfe was the eafiefr. mode of reducing the garrifon: upon that {he prefented the befiegers with a quiver of African arrows, to be employed in the fervice. Skewers armed with combuftible m.^eriais were alfo ufed, and with more effecl. Succefs foon crowned thefe experiments, 3nd her joy was inexpreffible upon finding that the reduction of the port had been expedited, though ?u the expence of her property. The firing of her houfe com- pelled the garrifon of 165 men, to furrender at difcretion on the 12th of May, after a brave defence. TWO days after, the Britifh evacuated their poft at Nelfon's ferry. On the i^th, Fort Gran-. by, about 30 miles to the weftward of Fort Motte, was reduced,, The preceding night Lee creeled a battery within 600 yards of its Out-works, on which he mounted a fix pounder hailily brought from Fort Moite. After the third difcharge from this field piece, Major Maxwell capitulated. His force confifted of 352 men, a great part royal milivia. Very advantageous terms were given them, in confequence of information that Lord. Rawdon was parching to their relief. They had the offer of fecurity to their baggage, in which was included an immenfe quantity of plunder. This haftened the furrender. The American militia were much tfifgufied, that the garrifon was fo favored. They indicated an in- clination for breaking the capitulation, and killing the prifoners. When Greene heard of it, he folemnly declared that he would put to death any one that fhould be guilty of fo doing. The day after the furrender of Fort Granby, Lee began his S3- r cb to join Pkkens who, with a body of militia, was in the Neighbourhood A. D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 195 neighbourhood of Augufta ; and in four days completed it. On the 21 ft of May, the Britifh poft at Silver Bluff, called Fort Dreadnought, with fix committioned officers and 70 ftaff, non- commiffioned and privates, befide a field piece and a large quan- tity of ftores, furrendered to a detachment of the legion under Capt. Rudolph. Pickens and Lee had for their object the r,e- du6lion of Fort Cornwallis at Augufta, where Col. Brown com- manded. The approaches were conducted with judgment and rapidity ; but no advantage could be gained over the brave and vigilant Brown. In the courfe of the fiege, feveral batteries were erected whieh overlooked the fort. From thefe the Ame- rican riflemen mot into the infide of the works with fuccefs. Thegarrifon buried themfelves in a great meafure under ground; and obftinately refufed to furrender, till every man who attempt- ed to fire upon the befiegers was inftantly mot down. On the th of June, the fort with about 300 men furrendered by capitu- Jation. The Americans had about 40 killed and wounded dur"- jng the fiege. Lieut. Col. Grierfon, who was greatly obnoxious to them, was after the furrender put to death by fome unfeen rnarkfman. A reward of a hundred guineas was offered for the perpetrator of this perfidious deed, who notwithftanding remain- ed undifcovered. Brown would probably have (hared a fimilar fate, had not his conquerors furnifhed him with an efcort to the royal garrifon in Savannah ; for on his way he had to pafs thro* the inhabitants whofe houfes he had burned, whofe relations he had hanged, and fome of whofe fellow citizens he had delivered to the Indians, from whofe hands they fuffered all the tortures, which favagenefs has contrived to give poignancy to the pains of death. General Greene, the mean while, had proceeded with the main army to Ninety Six, wh'-ch was of more confequence than the o- ther pofts, and was defended by a confiderable force under the command of Lieut. Col. Cruger. Greene arrived before the town, on the 22d of May, and two days after opened his firft batteries. The approaches were carried on with unremitting affiduity, day and night. Greene's regular force was fomewhat fuperior to that of the garrifon.* The militia in that diftrift abated their habitual ardor * Mr, M'K>nxie in his ftriftures on Tarleton's hiftory fays, the American army amounted to upward of four thonfand men - p. 146. The American deputy adjutan*- general; Col. O. Williams, ftated them thus in his return, prefent fit for duty, rank and file, Maryland brigade 427, Virginia ditto 43 1 , North Carolina battalion. 66, Delaware ditto 60, in all 984 ; and made no mention of militia* THE HISTORY OF THK [A. D. i 7 gfj ardor for deflroying each other, and waited the event of the fiege* The Americans not Finding the aid they expe6}ed from them ; but on the contrary being obliged to fend large convoys with the wag- gons, that went only a few tniles from camp for provifions or fo- rage, the bufinefs became extremely irkfome, and the event dubi- ous : however the fiege was profecuted with indefatigable induf- try. The garrifon defended ihemfelves with fpirit and addrefs ; and frequent rencounters happened with various fuccefs. Rifle- men were employed on both fides, who immediately levelled at every perfon that appeared in fight, and feldom miffed their oh j eft. The additional force of Lee's legion after ;he furrendtr of fort Cornwallis, was highly feafonable; as moft of the American mi- litia had withdrawn, either to carry home their plunder, or to fe- cure their families from the ravages of the royalifts, who began to get rid of their apprehenfions, on a report that a large rein- forcement from Europe had arrived at Cbarleflown, and that Lord Rawdon was marching to the relief of Ninety Six. On the 3d of June, a fleet arrived from Ireland, having oa board the 3d, ipth, and 30th Britifh regiments, a detachment from the guards, and a confidcrabSe bodv of recruits, the \v hole commanded by Lieut. Col. Gould. This was a feafonable arrival ; for the royal army had loft a number of brave officers and foldiers, through the fudden and unexpected attack of the A- mericans upon their detached pofts in different parts of the coun- try. On the yth, Rawdon marched from Charleftown with a number of thefe newly arrived troops, in order to relieve the gar- rifon at Ninety Six. Great were the difficulties they had to en- counter, in rapidly marching under the rage of a burning fun through the whole extent of South Carolina ; but much greater xvas their aftonifhrnent, when they were told, that their fervices in the field were neceffary to oppofe the yet uniubdued rebels in the province. They had been amufed with hopes, that nothing remained for them to do, but to fit down as fettlers on the for- feited lands of a conquered country. General Greene's army had advanced their approaches very near that critical point, after which further refiOance would have been temerity. At this in- terefting moment, intelligence was received, that Lord Rawdoa was nigh at hand, with a reinforcement of at leaft 1700 foot, and 1,50 Mr. M'Kenrte Rates the garrifon at about 150 men of DHancey'* battalion, 200 Jerfey volunteers, and about 200 loyal militia, in all 550, if full, ami no more than about the number fpecined. Bur if* fni Uke in the account of the garrifon, an y wife fimilar to that of the American array, has been committed, the difproport iou betweejl fc.oih souft be much greater, tiiaa that of 550 and 904. if.JD.i78j.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 150 horfe. An American lady, lately married to an officer in the garrifon, had been prevailed upon by a large fum of money to convey a letter to Cruger, with the news of their approach. At- tempts had been made to retard their march, but without the de- fired effect. Their vicinity made it neceffary either to raife the fiege, or make a bold attempt for the reduction of (he place. The American army was eager for this effort, in which every one knew and defpifed the danger. But Greene confidered the con-- fequences of a repulfe, and inftead of a general aflault, ordered [June 18.] the batteries to be well manned and a furious cannon- ade to commence, while the troops lined the trenches and parallel lines with all the appearances of a meditated coup-de-main. One of the redoubts was quickly abandoned, and Lee's light infantry took poffeilion of it. Immediately afterward, a fe!e6l party from the Maryland brigade under Lieut. Duval, and anoiher from the Virginia brigade under Lieut. Selden, followed by a number of pioneers provided with intrenching tools and grapples, entered the ditch of the ftrongeft work called the Star fort, and endeavored to pull down the fand bags and to make a lodgment. The aflonim- rnent of the enemy at firfl'rnade iheir oppofition feeble ; but the ftrength of their works requiring much time to reduce them, fome ef their troops who had abandoned the poll were brought back to its defence, and parties were thrown into theditch to charge the Ame- ricans on each flank, who were repulfed with lofs.andthen fucceed- ed by others that fufferedalfo, while thofe within fought entirely un- der cover. The American parties in the ditch were enfiladed and galled exceedingly by the fire from the flank angles of their fort. The enterprife however was not foon relinquimed. Ex- pofed as they were, with their nofes almoil touching the muz- zles of the enemy's mufketry, flanked on both fides, and fighting foot to foot, they bravely maintained poffeffion of the ditch, and vigoroufly urged the daring defign, till they were ordered tore- tire. The conflict continued near an hour, when' Greene ob- ferving that every thing had been attempted which could promife fuccefs, directed the furviving affailants to be called off. * About one third fell in the ditch, and near as many were brought off wounded. Duval and Selden were both wounded. During the attack, the ift Maryland regiment, commanded by Capt. Ben- fon (which was to fuftain theadvanced parties in cafe they penetra- ted the fort] manned the advanced parallel line, and both lines, of approach, which were within a few feet of the enemy's works. The officers could not be at once neighbours and Grangers to dan- ger. They frequently obferved the fituation of affairs, and fome^ ordered their foldiers to rife up and firs, over the heads 04 their tgB THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1781, their companions, to prevent the enemy from looking and firing over their fand bags. Capt. Armflrong received a ball through the head, and Capt. Benfon a very dangerous wound through the left moulder and neck. Rawdon's near approach obliged Greene to raife the fiege on the evening of the ipth, after having loft, fmce the 2ad of May, about 1,50 men in killed, wounded and miffing. It was a mortifying circumftance to the Americans, to be ob- liged to abandon the fiege, when in the grafp of viflory to be compelled, when nearly matters of the whole countrv, to retreat to its extremity. On this fudden turn of affairs, Greene was advifed by fome perfons to leave the ftate, and retire with his re- maining force to Virginia. To fuch fuggeftions he nobly an- fweied " I will recover the country, or die in the attempt." On the 2oth of June, the American army crolTed the Saludaand retired toward Broad river. They reached the Enoree on the 24th.- Thus far Lord Rawdon purfued them ; when finding it impofli- ble to overtake them, he faced about and returned. Heconfoled himfelf with the apprehenfion that they were gone to North Ca- rolina or Virginia. But they halted and refreihed themfelves near the Crofs roads, till Greene was informed that his lorcifhip -with about half his army was marching to the Congaree. Upon this the American invalids and heavy baggage filed off toward Camden, and all the effeFtive infantry marched by way of Wynf- borough to meet his lordfhip at fort Granby. The cavalry was previoufly detached to watch his motions; and did it fo effeclual- Jy, that a part of them charged and took a captain, a lieutenant, a cornet, and 45 privates of the Britifh dragoons, with all the hor- fes and accoutrements, one mile from their encampment. The day following, the 4th of July, his lordfhip marched from the Congaree to Orangeburgh, where he was joined by the 3d re- giment under Lieut. Col. Stewart, with a convoy of provifions. Greene, after collecting the militia under Sumpter and Marion, and attaching them to the continentals, offered him battle on the 12th. His lordfhip, fecure in his ftrong pofition, would not ven- ture out, and Greene was too weak to attack him with any prof- peel of fucccG. Advice being received that Cruger bad evacua- ted Ninety Six, and was marching with his troops to join Raw- don, Greene ordered the Americans to retire about fevcn miles that evening. The next day the cavalry of the legion, the ftate troops and militia weredetached to make a Jiverfjon towardCharlef- town, and the reft of the army was ordered to the High-Hills of Santee. The fame day Rawdon and Cruger formed a j^nBion. A few days after, his lordfhip left Orangeburgh with a confider- ablc A.D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. able detachment and a great number of waggons, and marcbed to Charleftown. His lordthip intends returning to Great Britain. His ill ftate of health will fully juitify his ufmg that leave of ab- fence which has been granted; while the nature of thefervice in the Carolinas can be no inducement for him to remain. The evacuation of Camdsn having bean partly effected by finking at the pofts below, Greene was for trying how far the like meaiures might induce the Britim to leave O.angeburgb. The detachment was fent off" to Monk's Corner and Dorcheiter, and moved down by different roads ; in three days they commen- ced their operations. Lee took all the waggons and waggon hor- fes belonging to a convoy of pt ovidoas. Lieur. Col. WadeHamr ton, with the ftate cavalry, charged a party of Britifh diagoor.s within five miles of Chai leftown. He alfo took ^50 prifoners at Strawberry ferry, and burned four veflels loaded with valuable itores for the Britifh army. Sumpter appeared before the gar- rifon at Biggin's church, confiding of ,500 infantry and upward of 100 cavalry. Lieut. Col. Coates who commanded there, after repu!fine exclaimed ** Three hours ! why.it will lake three days." " No t my lord," faid Charly, " the marquis has fo many boats, and each boat will carry fo many men. If your lordfhip will be at the trouble of calculating, you will find he can crofs in tbres hours." His lordihip turned to the officers, and in the hearing of Charly remarked " The fcheme will not do." Charly c uvluded thia was the moment for his returning to the marquis. He, as foon as poffible, plied his comrades with grog,* till they were well warm- ed, and then opened his mafked battery. He complained of the wants that prevailed in the Britiih camp, commended the fupplies with which the American abounded, expreffed his inclination to return, and then afked " What fay you, will you go with me ?' f They agreed. It was left with him to manage as to the fentries^ To the firft he offered, in a very friendly manner, the taking a draught of rum out of his canteen. While the fellow was drink-. ing, * A mixture of rum and water, which gained its name in the fol- lowing way. When Admiral Vernon commanded in the Weft Indies? to preferve the health and lives of the fiilors, he ordered their aUow- anceofrumto be mixed with a proper quantifier" water, and the liquor to be put upon deck for their ufe. 7'he faiiors refented the al- teration : but the refolution of the admiral obliged them to drink the mixture or go without. It fo happened that hegeneially wore on board an old grograra coat : the failors took occafion from thenci t* Us &D. 1781.]' AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 209, ing, Charly fecured his arms ; and then propofed bis deferring with them ; to which he confented through neceflity. The fe- cond was ferved in like manner. Charly Morgan, by his manage- ment, carried ofi feven deferters with him. When he had reach- ed the American army, and was brought to head quarters, the marquis, upon feeing him, cried out, " Ha ! Charly, are you got back?" " Yes, and pleafe your excellency, and have brought feven more with me," was theanfwer. When Gharly had related tha reafon of his returning, and the obfervations he had made, the marquis offered him money ; but he declined accepting it, and only defired to have his gun again. The marquis then propofed to promote 4iim to the rank of a corporal or fergeant. To this Morgan replied " I will not have any- promotion. 1 have abi- lities for a common foldier, and have a good character ; mould I be promoted my abilities may not anfwer, and I may lofe my character." He however nobly requefted for his fellow foldiejrs,' who were-not fo well fupplied with Ihoes, {lockings and clothing as himfelf, that the marquis would promife to do what he could to> relieve their diftrefTes; which he eafily obtained. Lord Cornwallis, meeting with a plentiful fupply of fine hor- fes in the ilables of private gentlemen, mounted a confjderable body of troops. Cols. Tarleton and Simcoe were difpatchccf from the South Anna with feparate detachments to fcour the in- terior country. They penetrated into the recefles, which had been hitherto free from fpoilers, and might have done confidera- ble more mifchief to the inhabitants. They deftroyed a number of arms under repair, feme cannon, a quantity of gunpowder, fait, harnefs and other matters, defigned for or capable of being applied to military fei vices.. Had their deftruclive operations of this nature been ever fo considerable, imlead of trifling, they mu& have efcaped all cenfure ; and the Americans would have had no juft ground of complaint ; but it was other wife in various inilan- ces. Baron Steuben, who was at the Point of Fork with ,500 regulars of the Virginia new levies and a few militia, retired up- on the approach of Simcoe. He had been feparated from the marquis, in confequence of an order from Greene for the baron to come and join him. The baron had proceeded to the borders of North Carolina. This left the marquis fo weak, that he was obliged to fall back as Cornwailis advanced, till he r (houlcl be re- inforced. His lordihip's march to Virginia made the revocation of Greene's order neceffary. Tarleton penetrated, by a forced inarch, as far as Charlotte-ville ; and had nearly furprifed and taken the whole affembly of Virginia prifoners. They had re- jcoved irora Richmond to Chai!otte~vi!!e to be out of the w.ay of Cornwall^ - 9 SID THE HISTORY OF THE O . 178*., Cornwsllis; and received information of Tarleton's approach but juil time enough to elcape his legion. They now crofted the mountains, and convened at Stanton, The Britiih convention priion< M .'s had been e^rly marched irom Charlotte- vjlle toward Pennfylvania. Loid Cornwallis not having any immediate occafion for Gen. Ainoid, dilpenfed with his aofence, fo that he returned to New York about the beginning or June. His lordfhip finding it im- pofTible to force the Marquis de la Foft, was under the protection of his fhipplng^ and received a reinforce- frgra l^rtiinuuth. On the s6th of June, the day after tha ;i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION sn t main body of the Britim army arrived at Williamfburgh, their tear was attacked within fjx miles of the place, by an American light corps under Colonel Butler; and had 33 killed and wound- ed. According to a private letier of Fayene to the Prefidcm of Congiefs, his own troops at this period confided only of 1500 re- gulars, 400 new levies, and about 2000 militia, in all 3900 j while Ctfrnwailis's amounied to 4000 regulars, 800 of whom were mounied. In the conrfe of thefe movements, befide articles fnnilar to thofe already fpecified, the Britith dellroyed above 2000 hogf- heads of tobacco, with fome braf* and a number of iron f *rdnance. But they were joined by no great number of inhabitants, and fcarcelyby any of the native Virginians. Lord Carnwaliis, in his. marches from Charleftown to Camden, from Camden to the Dan river, from the Dan through North Carolina to Wilming- ton, from Wilmington to Richmond, and from Richmond to William Iburgh, made a route of more than eleven hundred miles, without computing deviations. The Marquis de !a Fayette kept with hi* body about 18 or 20 miles diilant from Lord Cornwallis, while his advanced corps was within 10 or 12, with an intention of infulting the Bruifli rear guard, when they mould pafs James liver. His lordihip evacu- ated Williamfburgh on the 4111 of July. On the 6th at noon he received intelligence t hat the Americans were approaching. Per- fuadsd they would not venture an attack, except under the im- preflion, that only a rear guard was left on that fide of the river, he ufed all proper means to encourage that opinion of his weak- nefs. General Wayne reiying upon the affu.rances of a country- man, that the main body had eroded, puttied fo/ward with Boo inen, chiefly Pennfylvynians and fome light infantry, and to his furpiife dilcovered the Britim army drawn up ready to receive him about funfet. 'He infiaritly conceived that the only mode of extricating himfelf from his perilous fnuation, was by boldly at- tacking and engaging them fur a while, and then retreating with the utmoft expedition. He prelfed on with the greateft intrepi- dity. His whole force, with which N he began to engage the Bri- tifli, at no greater diftance than twenty-five yards, did not exceed five hundred men, all Pennfylvanians.* After behaving with he- roic bravery for a time, they faced about, and leaving their can- non behind, hurried off the field in hafle toward fome n'ght in- fantry battalions, that by a moil rapid move had arrived within about half a mile of them. Lord Cornwallis would admit of no * General Wayne's letter to General Greene. THE HISTORY OP THS [J. D. purfuit, for he conjefiured, from the flrangenefs of circumftances that the whole was a fcherne of Fayette to draw him into an am- bufcade. The Britifii paffed the river at night, arid retired to Portfmouth ; and the marquis chofe that moment for refting the* American troops. However we fh'all not quit Virginia without mentioning that early in the fpring, a Britifii frigate went up the Patomak, and landed a party of men, who fet fire to zgd dcftroyed fome gentle- men's hoafeson the Maryland fide of the river, in fight of Mount Vernon, General Wafhington's feat. The captain fent to Mr. Lund Washington, (who iupplied the place of a fie ward) and de- manded a quantity of provi(:ons, with which he was furnifhed, to prevent worfe conferences. This compliance did not meet with the general's approbation ; and in a letter of April the 3oth t he exprelled to Mr. Lund Wafhington his uneafmefs at his hav- ing gone en board the frigate, and furniflred provifions ; and faid, ' that he would rather it had been left to the enemy to take what they would by force, though at the rifk of burning his houfe and property." We now proceed to the department under Gen, Wafhington's immediate command. A publication in the New York paper about the month of April, excited the general to write to a particular friend '* Ri- vington, or the infpeclor of his Gazette, publifhed a letter from me to Gov. Hancock and his anfwer, which never had an ex- iftence but in the Gazette. The enemy fabricated a number of letters for me formerly as is well known." The following ex- tracts from his genuine letters will give you the bed account of the particulars to which the fame relate. " May the ift. I had ftrained imprefs by military force to that length, I trembled for the confequences of the execution of every warrant which I had granted for the purpofe; fo much are the people irritated by the frequent calls which have hecn made upon them in that way." 41 The 8th. Diftrdled beyond expreffion at the prefent fnuation and future profpeB of the army with regard to provifion, unlefc an immediate and regular fnpply can be obtained, 1 have deter- mined to make one great effort more, by reprefentations and re- quifitions to the New England flates." " The loth. From the pods of Saratoga to that of Dobbs's ferry inclufivc, I believe there is not (by the reports and returns I have received) at this moment on hand, one day's fupply of meat for the army." " The nth. I am fending Gen. Heath purpcfely ta the eaftern flates lo reprefent our diflreffcs, and fix a plan for our regular fupply for the future." Thiec days before, the general wrote to Govv 4. D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. si*. Livingfton " Intelligence has been fent me by a gentleman, \vho has an opportunity of knowing what pafles among the ene- my, that four parties had been fent out with orders to take or af- fafimate your excellency, Gov. Clinton, ine, and a fourth perfon name unknown." . The general at the fame time, did not believe that the enemy had any defign of aflaflinatirig, though declared by one who faid he was engaged. The representation made to the Miiflachufetts general court of the army diftreffes, put them upon thofe exertions that were beneficial though infufficient. 4 On the i^th of May, Wafhington was pained with an account, that Col. Greene, wbo lay near Croton river with a detachment of the arrny, had been furprifed in the morning, about fun rife, by a party of Delancey's corps, con filling of 100 cavalry, and about coo infantry. They came firft to the colonel and Major Flagg's quarieis. The major was killed in bed, and the colonel badly wounded. They attempted carrying him off, but finding that he could not march fail enough, they muidered him. His death is much regretted. His bravery was feen and felt in the defence of Red bank againft Count Donop, Monfieur de Barras, appointed* (o the command of the French fquadron at Newport, arrived at Boftan in the Concord frigate on the 6th of May. He brought with him difpttches for the Count de Rochambeau ; which being notified to Wafhirigfon, he with Generals Knox and du Portail fet off for Weathersfield, three miles from Hartford, where they met the Count de Rochambeau and the Chevalier Chaftellux on the 21 ft. At this interview, af- ter combining all prefent eircumftances and future profpecls, the plan propofecl the lafl year at Hartford of attacking New York was adopted. The object was confidered oF greater magnitude and more within their reach than any other. The weaknefs of the garrifon of New York, its central pofuion for drawing together men and fuppHcs, and the fpur which an attempt againit that place would give to every exertion, were among the realons which prompted to the un4.er taking, and promifed fuccefs, unlefs the enemy ihould call a confiderable part of their force from the fouthward. The French troops were to march toward the Nortr> river as foon as circumftances would permit, leaving about 200- men at Providence with the heavy ilores and baggage, and ^oo militia upon Rhode Ifland to fecure the works. On the 24111, letters were addreMed to the executive powers of New Harnp- fhire, Maffachufetts, Connecticut and Jerfey, requiring among o- ther things, militia to the amount of 6200. Wafhington en- forced the requifition with 4t Our allies in this country expeft *nd depend upon being fupported by us, in the attempt we ar about ' 1 4 THE HISTORY or THE \A. D. 1781"; aj>out to make; and thofe in Europe will be aftomlhed mould we neglect the favorable opportunity which it trow oiFored." The general returned" to his head quarters on the 26 th. The next day he forwarded this information to the proper parfons ' On the calculations I have been able to form, in concert with fume of the rnpft experienced French and American officers, the ope- ration in view \\ill require, in addition to the French army, all the continental battalions from New Harnpihire to New Jerfey to be completed." He added afterward " As we cannot count upon the battalions being full, and as a body of militia will moreover be neceflary, I have called upon the feveral ftatea to hold certain numbers in readinefs to move within a week of the time I may require them." The Britifb adjutant general employed one lieutenant James Moody, in attempting to intercept Washington's difpatches. He fucceeded repeatedly, though his efcapes were narrow. He was- urged to renew the fervice after the interview between Warning- ton and Rochambeau had taken place; accordingly, way-laying the mail fome days in the Jerfoys, the opportunity offered for his taking and conveying to New York that very bag which contain* ed the letters that were th objecl of the enterprife. Preparations were now making for the American army's tak- ing the field ; and on the 2 id of June they marched for the camp at Peek's-kiSl. On the ift of July, Washington mentioned in a letter *' From the i2th of May to this day, we have receiver! only 312 head of cattle, from New Hampfhire 30, Maffachufens 230, and Connecticut 52. Unlefs more ilrenuous exertions are made to feed the few troops in the field, we muft not only relin- quifh our intended operation, but (hall difband for want of fub- fiilence; or which is almofl equally to be lamented, the troops will be obliged to feekit for themfelves where it can be found." The next morning about three o'clock, the afrny marched toward New York with no baggage, but a blanket and clean fhirt each man, and four days provision cooked. General Lincoln having taken poft with four battalions of infantry, and a fmall detachment of the guards, at no great diftance from Fort Independence, wns. attacked on the 3(1 by about 1500 royal troops. The body of the American army, which was at hand, marched to fupport him. Lincoln defigned to draw the enemy to a diftance from their flrong poft at Kingfbridgc and its dependencies, and thereby to luv- given Wafhington and the Duke de Lauzun, with the Fiench legion, and Sheldon's dragoons, the opportunity of turn- ing their fl inks. But it being apparent that Wamington deter- mined to fight at all events, the enemy declined fending out rein- forcemcniv A. A i; X 8j.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 215 forcements, and foon retired within Kingfbridge. The next day the army marched toward White Plain*; and on the 6th of July, the van of the French troops under RochambedU appeared on the heights about eight o'clock, on the left of the Americans. On the 8th the French encamped near in a line with the Americans, with their left extending toward the Sound. Their whole force confiib of more than thofe who went from Newport ; for about theSih of June, there arrived si Bofton, a French 50 gun ihip, 3 frigates, and 14 tranfports, with 1500 men. Thefe marched the i4th of the fame month to join their countrymen under Ro- charriDeau. The British having gained the proper intelligence, planned an expedition, which would have been very prejudicial to the Americans had it fucceeded. The nature and importance of it may be learned from "the general orders of July the i/th. ** The commander in chief is exceedingly pleafed with Ni.qor Gen. Howe, for marching* with fo much alacrity and rapidity to the defence of the ftores at Tan v-tc\wn, and repulfing the ene- my's {hipping from ihence. The gallant behaviour and' fpirited exertions of Col. Sheidron, Capt. Hurlblut of the 2n legimem of dragoons, Capt. Lieut. Miles of the artillery, and Lieut. Shaylor of the 4th Connecticut regiment, previous to the arrival of the tioops, in extinguishing the flames of the veffels which had been fet on fire by the enemy, and refcuing the whole of the ordnance. and y?0/rjfroru deftrution, has the applauie of the general." On the 2itf, the general in a letter to the French admiral thus expref- fed himfelf ** I hope there \vill be no occafun for a movement to the fouthward, for want of force to acl again ft New York, as I flatter mylelf the glory of deftrovingtheBritifh fquadion at New York is referved for the king's fleet under your command, and that of the land force at the fame place for the allied arms." At eight o'clock in the evening of the fame day, he American army (cxclufwe of 20 men to a regiment) and part of the French, marched from their encampments, and continued it with great rapidity and fcarce any halt through the night. At four the nexfi morning, they were drawn up in order of battle, while W*th- ington, Rochambeau, all the general officers and engineers recon- noitred the different pofitions of the enemy's works from right to left. The next morning was alfo fpent in reconnoitring. At four in the afternoon, the troops prepared to maich and return to the camp. They arrived at theit old ground by half after twelve. The ftates were all this while very dilatory in fending the num- ber of troops required : they were equally culpable as to the qua- lity of thofe they did fend, which occafioned a Maflachufetts of* V*L. III. C c fices THE HISTO R Y OF THE [^.Z>. 1781. ficer to write from camp as follows on the 26th " A private cha- rafter, whofhould ufe fraud to get rid of his engagements, would be confideicd as a fcounclrel ; while a collective body do not blufh at tranfafctions tor which an individual would be kicked out of fociety. Had the different Hates koneftly complied witli the lequifuions of Congrefs, we ihould at this period have had an army in the field equal to any exigence of fervice. How con- trary has been their conduct! Of their recruits which have come in, to fay nothing of their deficiency in point of number, few of them will be able, befbr the expiration of their inhftmerifs, to per- form the duties of a foldier. When I have feen boys of a yard and an half long paraded for matter, absolutely incapable of fuf- taining the weight or a foldier's accoutrements, and have been told that theie ihadows have been lent as part of the ftates quota, 1 have cur fed the duplicity of my countrymen, and pronounced them unworthy the bieffings of freedom. The army at large con- fidered this condu6t of their re:petive dates as a vile hnpofuion ; and we began to fend back the unqualified recruits ; but fo pro- portionably great was the-r number, that we were obliged to retain many, who, though they are not at prefent,yet may in a campaign, or two be in fooie degree ferviceable. This is no exaggerated piclure. It might, by a deeper colouring be made a more flri- iirig likenefs." The continental army, by taking a pofition near New York and its feveral movements, confirmed Sir Henry Clinton in the belief of that intelligence he had procured by the interception of Waihington's 'letters, and led him to withdraw a confiderable part of the troops under the command of Cornwallis, as a rein- forcement to his own garrifon. This led Walhington tooblervc on the 3oth " From the change of circumitances with which this withdraw will be attended, we (hall probably entirely change our plan of operations. I conclude the enemy's capital poft will be at Ponfmoutb." By great exertions and powerful aids from the MaiTachufetts and Rhode Ifhnd, the heavy artillery, ftores, &c. were brought to the North river in a manner beyond his ex- peclation ; as he himielf acknowledged on the 2d of Auguft ; but on the fame day he complained *' I am not (Ironger at this advanced period of the campaign, than when the army firft mov- ed from winter quarters. Not a (ingle man has joined me, ex- cept 176 militia from Connecticut, who arrived at Weft Point yefterday, and 80 of the York levies, and about 200 ftate troops of Conne6ticut, both of which corps were upon the lines previous to leaving winter cantonments." However, in cafe the attempt agamft New York rauil be laid afide, he cgnfoled himfelf wit&, this #. i 7 Si.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 217 this thought " The detachment left in Virginia feems the next objecl, and will be very practicable fhould we obtain a naval fu- periority." It was very diitrefling to find, that the ftatcs either would or could not fill their continental battalions, or afford the aids of militia required from them. At length, a letter from the Count de Graffs, with intelligence that his deitination was fixed to the Chefapeak, fettled the point by leaving no alternative; on which a joint anfwer from General Wamington and Count de Rochambeau was lent to dc Graffe on the 17th of Auguft, to give him notice of their determination to remove the whole of the French army, arid as large a detachment of the Americans as could be fpared to the Cheiapeak, there to meet his excellency. The appearance of an attack upon New York however was ftili continued, an<3 to induce the firmed perfuafion of its being in- tended, ovens were creeled oppofite to Staten Ifland at the mouth of the Raritan for the ufeof the French forces. While this de- ception was playing off againft Sir Henry Clinton, the allied ar- my croffed the North river on the 241!!, and puihed for Phila- delphia, wher^ they arrived on the 3oth about thiee o'clock in the afternoon, and. were faluted by firing of guns and ringing of bells; anc| in the evening with bonfires and illuminations. While the allies were marching, the royalifts at New York werepleafing themfelves with this intelligence publilhed in their Gazette of Aug., the 25111. '* A gentleman juft arrived from Jerfey informs us, that young Laurens lately paffed through that province on his re- turn from'Paris, and has brought the following very inteieflinp- intelligence, that THE EMPEROR OF GERMANY HAD DECLARED HIMSELF THE ALLY OF GREAT BRI- TAIN, [all in large capitals] which threw the court of Verfailles into much confufion, as in confequence of this great event, the French nation mult withdraw all fupport from their new allies, the rebels o-f this continent; and we are informed it has, with a- nother concurring circumftance, occafioned Mr. Wafhington and the Count de Rcchambeau to quit their menacing pofuion at White Plains. We are alfo told, that the French admiral is em- barking all the fick troops on board his fquadron, from which it is fuggefted that their fleet and army are to be withdrawn from Rhode Ifland, to ftrengihen themfelves in the Weft Indies. It is laid, that the French and rebels left their ground the day after Mr. W T a(hington received the mortifying account of the emper- or's alliance with his old friend the court of Great Britain." The feafonable arrival of Lieut. Col. Laurens at the northward, and bis journey through Jerfey to Philadelphia, afforded the op- portunity of fabricating fucb information to aflift in difguifing the movement *i8 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1781. movement of the allied army.* On the 4th of Septemher, Wafh- ington wrof-e to General Greene " The plan has been totally changed, occafioned by a variety of circumftances, two only need be mentioned, the arrival of more than 2000 Germans at New York, and a certain information that de Grafle would make his firft appearance in, the Chefapeak, commence his operations in Virginia, and could riot continue long on the coafts. I am now advanced to Philadelphia with more than 2000 American infan- try, a regiment of artillery, and fuch apparatus for a fiege as we could command." The fubfequent operations of the allied troops mufl be related the next opportunity : only let me mention how the French be- haved, while refiding at Newport, and on their march to Phila- delphia. During their whole Jtay at Newport, they did not da- mage ;he property of the inhabitants to the amount of a hun- dred dollars. The towns people could walk about in the even- ing and at nii r bt, with as much fafety as if there were no troops in the place. Officeis of the firft rank and quality converfed with traders, merchants and gentlemen, whenever the language of ei- ther was enough unde.itood to admit of it, with the utmort affa- bility. Thfir eafy manners ^nd condefcending civility endeared them to ihe citizens among whom they were quartered ; and pro- duced companions between ihem and the bulk of Britiih officers \vho had been before among them, no wife to the advantage of the Liter. Whe.i the ioluiers were encamped out of Newport, the cows gn.'7'ng in the adjoining fields were uever injured, or fo much as milked. They were rather a guard than a nuifanee. The voice of individuals and of the people at large, commended them foi their exemplary behaviour. When they marched thro* tke country i;> their way to the American army, their two co- lumns obferved uncommon regularity ; and a gentleman in a pub- lic changer told me, that when they pafled through his town, they did noi do more damage than if they had been a couple of American corporals guards. The fame conducl was pralifed elfewheie. Every care was taLen to put the inhabitants totheleaft poflibie inconvenience : thefe were agreeably furprifed at finding tljat fuch a number of men in arms could occafion fo little difiurb- anceand trouble. They were welcome guefls too, as they paid pun6iually for all they wanted, with hard money. Here let it be remarked, that the abundance of hard money which was brought into the United States, for the fupport of the French navy and army, furnifhcd a quantity of cadi that was extremely ufeful to the * A letter to Mr. Jeokinfcn, printed for Debrctt, 1781. AD. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 219 the Americans, and in a degree checked the rapid growih of their diftrefles through the expiring (late of the paper currency. The union of thefe feveral particulars, and the expectation of further benefits in military opera >: . ns, placed the Americans and French on the mod friendly footing, though a few years before they had been in the habit f reviling, hating and fighting with each other. Accounts of the military and naval operations si Per/acolaand in the Weft Indies having reached the continent, the fame iliall now be related. Don Bernardo de Galvez having extended his views to the taking of Penfacola, and thereby completing the coivjuefi of Weil Florida, went to the Havannah to forward and take upon him the command of the force deftined for that fervice. Soon after the fleet had failed, it was nearly ruined by a hurricane. Four capi- tal (hips, befide others, were loft ; and all on board periOied, to the amount of more than 2000. The remainder of the fleet put back to (he Havannah ; the critical arrival of four (lore (hips fiom Spain, enabled them to refit fpeedily; and five foil of the line, with fmalier veiiels, were difpatched to ccndud Don Gal. vez, with between 7 and 8000 land forces, on the expedition. They arrived before Penfacola on the g\h of March, and were followed in time by Don Solano with the remainder of the fleet, the whole amounting to 15 fail of the line. The entrance of the harbour could not be long defended againft fo great a power. The padage was forced ; the landing effected ; the ground broken, and the fiege commenced in form by fea and land.* The gajri- fon was weak ; and compofed of the remains ofBritifh tcgi- ments, of Maryland and Pennf) Iv^nia royaliils, of Waldeckers, failors, marines, inhabitants and negroes. By the prudent management of Gen. Campbell, there was not the fmalled difcordance in fo motley a garrifon ; and to theif praife, they behaved bravely and patiently through every part of the ficge. The defence was vigorous. In the firft week of May the Spaniards had done nothing decifive ; and yet they were not {lack in advancing their works. The fate of the place was ine- vitable; but the reduction of it would have coft them confidera- bly more time and trouble, if an accident had not fniftrated tue hopes of the befieged. The falling of a bomb, near the door of the' magazine belonging to the redoubt, and which lay under its centre, decided the fate oi Penfacola. The bur 11 ing of the bomb forced open the door; fet me to the powder within ; and in an inftant the whole redoubt was nearly a heap of rubbifb. Two iUnk works flili remained eniiie; and throrgh the coolnefs ami intrepidity xo THE HI STORY OP THE \A. D. intrepidity of the officers who commanded in them, and the ex- cellent ufe ihey made of their artillery, the befiegers, who rumed on to take advantage of the confufion and to ftorm the place, \vereintheirfirft onfet repulied. By this brave exertion, time was obtained to cirry off the wounded, and fuch artillery as was not buried in the ruins. But the enemy bringing on .their whole force to attack the flank works, they were necedarily abandoned. In thefe chcurnftances, and without the moft diftant hope of re- lief, it would have been mad'neTs to contend longer. An honor- able capitulation was obtained by Mr. Chefter the governor, and General Campbell. The place was delivered upon the 9th of May. The Britim troops were allowed to march out with the honors of war ; were to be conduced to one of the por^s belong- ing to Great Britain, the port of Auguftine and the ifland of Ja- niaica only excepted; and were not to ferve again ft Spain or iier allies until properly exchanged. The Americans are not pleafed that the exception was not extended; as it left the Briiiih at li- berty to fend them to New York, where a part of them anived in a polacre on the 4th of July. Sir George Rodney, in confluence of information concern- ing the Fiench fleet under the Count de GralTe, detached the ad- mirals, Sir Samuel Hood and Drake, with 17 fail of the line, to cruife off Fort Royal for the purpofe of intercepting him. On the 8ih of April, fomcof Sir Samuel's head mod fhips returned haftily in fight, and with fignals announced the appearance of a luDerior fleet and a numerous convoy to the windward of Point Saiines. The admiral made the fignal for a general chafe to wind- v;ard: and at night it was determined by the admirals to continue the line a-head (which had been previoufly formed) fo that getting as much as poflible to windward, they might clofe in with Fort Royal at day light, and cut off the enemy from the harbour. In the morning the French appeared, their convoy keeping clofe in with .the land, while Count de Graffedrew up his fleet in a line of battle a-breaft for their protection ; not frith ft anting the ut- rnoft exertions of the Britifh, he was joined by four (hips of the line and a fifty from Fort Royal harbour. The Britifh com- manders ufed every manoeuvre to bring him to clofe alipn : but lie being to windward, and fo having the choice, preferred a long (hot diftance. A partial engagement commenced. The van and the siearelt (hips in the center of the Briuili, wereexpofed to a long and lieavy weight of fire in their ft Higgles to clofe the French and get to the windward : but fuffercd chiefly in their malls, hulls and rig- ging. The aclion lafted about three hours; when SirSamne! Hood, n that not one foot in tea of die French^ cached, and that his attempts A. D. i 7 i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. attempts to gain the wind were frmtlefs ceafed firing. Five fhipg were tendered unfit for immediate fervice ; and the RufTel receiv- ed io many fliots between wind and water, thai ihe was obligee! to bear away for Statia. The Count de GraiTe had now a deci- ded fupenonty ; and the following day would have brought on a cloic engagement, which was prevented by the unexpecled manoeuvres of Sir Samuel. After various movements on the pait of the two fleets through the day, the Britim bore away in the night for Antigua. The French purfucd in the morning, came up with the Torbay (which received (everal {hot and fome damage before fhe could be relieved) and continued the purfuit through the reft of the day, but languidly. The arrival of the RuiTel indicated to Sir George Rodney the danger of attending longer to the lale of the effefs of Statia, She was repaired with the uimoft expedition, and in three days after her arrival, Adm. P.odney arid General Vaughan, with the Sandwich, Triumph, Rullel, and iom land forces, proceeded to join Sir Samuel Hood and to protect the iflands. After fome time the Britifh fleet faikd from Antigua to Barbadoes. Mean- while the Marquis de Bouille, with a body of troops under the vifcount Damas, landed [May lo.J in the night at St. Lucie, whofe garrifon was weak. The accidental arrival of a frigate, and of two (loops of war, who inftantly landed their feamen\and marines to man the batteries, contributed much to the prefervati- on of the iflan -i. The moil: vigorous preparations were made by- Gen. St. Legerfor the defence of the different pods. The French fleet, of 25 fail of the line, bore down with a view of anchoring in Grofs Iflet Bay ; but were received wiih fo feverea fire, that they retired to leeward. The marquis reimbarked his troops in the night, and the whole flea flood over to Martinico the next morning. On the day [23d] Sir George Rodney arrived at Barbadces with the fleet, a 1'maii French fquadron, with about 1200 land forces, appeared off Tobago, and the troops were landed thentxt day. Gov. Feigufon immediately difpatched the Rattlefnake with intelligence to the admiral; and the captain had the good fortune to deliver the difpaich at 12 o'clock on the night of the 26th. Rodney not conceiving aright either of the force of the invaders, or the ftrength of the garrifon, contented himfelf with fending Drake with fix fail of the line, fome frigates, a regi- ment, and two additional companies to the relief of the itland. Drake was inflrucled, after landing the forces, and endeavoiing to deftroy the fquadron by which Tobago was in veiled, to rejoin J^odney without a moment's lofs of time. On the day jjjptri] he. hft se2 THE HISTORY or THE [A. D. 1781. left Barbadoes, Sir George received information that the French ^rar.d fleet was apparently {landing toward Tcbago. When Drake made it on the morning of the 3oih, he di I covered de Graffe wit!) feveral (hips to leeward, between him and the ifland. He explored the count's Situation and ftrengih ; and on obfervirig ihat it confided of 27 fail of the line, fo that it was impofhble to afford any relief to the ifland, he hauled his wind and failed back; hut was purfued to a considerable diflance, while two of his (wiftefl frigates were difpatched to inform Rodney of his re- turn. D'ake arrived in fight of Carlifle-bay on the 2d of June, but the remainder of the Britifh fleet did not come out til! the following day. The French had landed on the g.iil of May, another body of 1200 men; while the force employed for the defence of Tobago, including regulars, militia and fearoen, amounted only to 427 whites, befide a fmall party of 40 armed negroes. Thefe were encamped on mount Concordia ; where they remained from the 2,5th of May to the ift of June, when they evacuated the poft at one in the morning, and retired to their Jaft faitnefs, the way to which was extremely difficult. The Marquis de Bouilie purfued the garrifcn with the utmoft eager- nefs; but fin ling his troops overcome by the heat, while the fugitives were ftill four mile'*: a-head of him, and that he could not even procure any perfon who would conduct his troops through the intricate ways they had to pafs, he determined upon making terror unite with force in the fhonening of a bufmefs, which might be not only tedious, but prove an hindrance to other great obje6is ftill in view. He accordingly ordered two capital plantations, which were neareft at hand, to be icduced to aides ; and perceiving that their delfruclion did not produce the defued effect, he ordered that four more iV>u!d meet with a fimilar fate at the commencement of every four hours, till a furrender fhould be made to the morning fummons he had fern to the garrifon. The militia now abfolmely refufed to hold out any longer. All the governor's rernouilrances were in vain. The commanding officer of the regulars refufed to obey his orders, and the foldiers, determined to capitulate. The governor was at length prevailed on to confcnt to a capitulation, which tookp'^ceon the ad of June. The conditions were exceedingly favorable arid advantageous to the ifland. The Britifh fleet, amounting to 20 or 2 1 fhips of the line, were foon informed on their arrival offTobago of the lofs of the ifland. The next day they were in fight of the French fleet, confining of 24 fail of the line. The Britim mips we^e cleared with the ur- moil aiaciity for aclion. Count de Graffe vras to leeward, and feemed J.D.i^i.J AMERICAN REVOLUTION. feemed more difpofed to feek than to mun an engagement: the option was on the fide of Sir George Rodney, who in the prefent inHance declined fighting, and probably on very warrantable grounds.Soon after, the count failed for Martinico, Certain acls of congrefs here deferve to be noticed. On the 26th f May, Mr. Morris, twelve days after he had fignified his acceptance of the office of fuperintendant of finance* had the fatisfa)ion of learning, that the congrefs had that day ap- proved of the plan for eftablifhing a national bank in the United States, which he had fubmitted to their confideration of the 171!!. They refolved to promote and fupport it; and that thefubfcribers (hould be incorporated under the name of The pre fid ant, dirtftors andcompany oj the bank of North America. They alfo recommend- ed to the feveral ftates the making of proper law s for the prevention of other banks or bankers being eftabhmed or allowed within the laid ilates refpe&ively during the war. It is thought, that this bank will be of eminent fervice to the United States, and tend greatly to leffen their embarraiTments ; and that it will belno lefs beneficial to the public than to the individual fubfcribers. Congrefs agreed [June 14.] " That the minifter plenipotentia- ry at Verfailles, be authorized to offer Lieut. Gen. Burgoyne in exchtnge for the honorable Henry Laurens. On July the Wd, thy refolved " That five fuitablc pcrfons be appointed ancftau- thorizcdto open a fubfcription for a loan of 30,000 dollars, forVh fupport of fuclr of the citizens of South Carolina and Georgia, as have been driven from their country and pofTeffions by the ene-i my, tha faid ftates refpeclively, by their delegates in co pledging their faith for the repayment of thefums fo lent wiijin-. tereft, in proportion to the fums which mail be received by/heir refpe&ive citizens, as foon as the legislature* of the faid/flatea fha!l feverally be in condition to make provifion for fo dotfg, and congrefs hereby guaranteeing this obligation : That fie faid five perfons do alfo receive voluntary and free donatic/s to be applied to the further relief of the faid fuflfcrers : Ord/ed, That the prefiflent fend a copy of the above refolution to theexecutives of the feveral ftates not in the power of the enem/ requeuing them to promote the fuccefs of the faid loan and do*tion in fuch, way as they fhall think bed." To your comprehending this refolution, you rryft be informed of the following particulars. In June, a geneal exchange o prifoners was agreed to for the fouthern dates, iywbich the mili- tia on both fides were refpeclively exchanged for/fh other. Not- withdanding every difficulty, a confiderabie nu^ e r of the inhabi- tants had perfevcririgly refufd to become Britj* fubje^is. Thefc Vot.HI. Dd bei tiiE H I S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 178 j* being exchanged, were delivered, as well as the continental offi- cers, at the American polls in Virginia and Pennfylvania. The fuf- fering friends of indepedence exulted at the profpeft of their being releafed from confinement, and reftored to activity in their coun- try's caufe : but their profpe&s were obfcured by the diftreiTes brought on their families by this otherwife defirable event. On the 251!! of June the Britiih commandant at Charleftown, Lieut. Col. Balfour, iifued the following order " As many perfons lately exchanged as prifoners of war, and others who have long chofe to refide in the colonies now in rebellion, have, notwith- standing fuch tlieir abfence, wives and families ftill remaining here, the weight of which, on all accounts, it is equally impolitic as inconfiftent fhould longer be fuffered to reft on the govern- ment eftabllmed here and the refources of it The commandant is therefore pleafed to direcl, that all fuch women, children and others as above defcribed, mould quit this town and provence on or before the firil day of Auguft next enfuing ; of which regulation all fuch perfons are hereby ordered to take notice, and to remove themlelves accordingly." Here let me introduce an account of the manner in which moil of the whig ladies conducted while they remained in Charleftown. They mowed an amazing fortitude, and the ftrongeft attachment to the caufe of their country, and gloried in the appellation of re- bel ladies. Neither foothing perfuafions, nor menacing hints, nor their own natural turn for gaiety and amufement, could prevail oatheni to grace the ball oraffembly with their prefence, to oblige the Biitifli officers with their hand in a dance, or even to accom- pany them, notwithstanding the engaging qualities that many of themVoffeffed. Bat no fooner was an Ameiican officer introdu- ced as iprifoner, than his company was fought for and his per- ibn treaed with every poffible mark of attention and refpecl. They cveivifited the prifon {hips and other places of confinement to folace heir fufTering countrymen. At other feafons they retired in ar re at meafure from the public eye, wept over the dif- treflcs ot thir country, and gave every proof of the warmed at- tachment toil fuffering caufe. In the height of the Britifh con- quefts, when pverty and ruin feemed the unavoidable portion of every adherent ^ the independence of America, ihey difcovered more finnnefs th n the men. Many of them, like guardian an- gels, preferved t c Jr hufbands from falling in the hour of temp- tation, when inte>ft an d convenience had almoft gotten the bet- ter of honor and pniotifin. Many examples could be produced of their cheerfully fcrting with their fons, hufbands and brothers (iitnong thole who wvg baniflied, and whofc property was feizcd by AMERICAN REVOLUTION. the conquerors) exhorting them to fortitude, and repeatedly en- treating them never to fuffer family attachments to interfere with the duty they owed to their country. Such exemplary patriotifm excited in feveral Britiih officers a mean refentment, which put them upon employing the negroes in rude infultson thofe diftin- guifhed heroines. When the fucce/Tes of General Greene afford- ed the latter an opportunity, they adopted a genteel retaliation by drefling in graen and ornamenting their perfons with green feathers and ribbons, and thus parading the ftreet? in triumph. The gentlemen, who had been removed from Charleftown to St. Auguftine, as has been already related, obtained their releafe by the general exchange, and were delivered at Philadelphia. They had fufFered greatly fince they were fent off. Lieut. Gov. Gadfden, to exprefs his indignation at the ungenerous treatment he had met with, refufed to accept an offered parole in St. Au- guftine; and with the greateft fortitude, bore a clofe confinement in the caftle for forty-two weeks, rather than give a fecond pa- role to a power which he confidered as having plainly violated the engagement contained in the firfl. The other gentlemen re- newed their paroles and had the liberty of the town, but were treated with much indignity. As if no dependence could be placed on their honor, they were ordered every day to appear on the public parade, and to anfwer to their names at roll calling. For upward often months they were debarred from correfpond- ing with their wives and families, unlefs they would fubjeft every letter to examination. Deftitute of gold and filver, they could fcarcely fupport themfelves ; and were lefs able to provide for their connections, who were left in want and in the power of the conquerors. The earliefl alleviation of their forrows, after the cartel had been fettled, was denied to them. Though their wives and children, who had been left in Charleftown, were or- dered to Philadelphia at the fame time with themfelves, Balfour gave exprefs direction that they fhouid not be fufFered to touch -at Charleftown. More than a thoufand perfons were, by the mea- fures of the commandant, exiled from their homes, and thrown on the chanty of Grangers for their fupport, Hufoands and wives, parents and children, fome of whom had been for feveral months feparated from each other, were doomed to have their firft interview in a diflant land. To alleviate the diftrefles of thefeand fimilar fufferers, Congrefs pafied the preceding reiblu* tion. The propriety of it was Rill more apparent fome time af- ter, when what had been franfacled at Charleiiown was known. - Several of the exchanged perfons were ov/ners of landed proper- ty in that town ; and by the capitulation had an undoubted right 19 THE HISTORY OF THE [A D. 1781. to difpofe of it for their own advantage. They were however debarred that liberty by the following order, ifiued on the i uh of July " The commandant is pleafed todirefct, that no perfon, liv- ing under the rebel government, mall have liberty, or grant pow- er to others for fo doing, to letorleafe any houfe within this town without a fpecral licenie for fo doing, as it is intended to take all fucb houfes as may be wanted for the public fervice, paying to the owners of thofe fecured by the capitulation^ reafonable rent for the lame, as by this means government will he enabled to re, inflate its firm friends in poffefiion of their own houfes within a fhort fpace of time." In confequence of this mandate, the ex- changed fufTerers could make no preient advantage of their pro- perty in Charleftown, and were fubje6led to the pleafurc of the JBritidi for any future compenfation. When the general exchange took place in June, out of 1900 prifonei; taken at the furrenderof Charleftown, on the 12th of May, 1780, and feveral hundreds more taken afterward at Cam- den and Filhing Creek, on the i6th and i8th of Auguft, only 740 wererefloted to the fervice of their country. The unfortu- nate men \\ere crowded on boaid the piifori ihips in fuch num- bers, that feveral were obliged f.o (land up for want of room to lie down. Congiefs could not command hard money for their re- lief* Wine, and fuch like comforts, particularly neceflary for the Tick in fouthern climates, could not be obtained from the Bri- ti(h hofpilals. Many died. But it was not by death? alone that the Americans were deprived of their foldiers. Lord Charles- Grevilie Montague inlilled 30 of them for the Britilh feivice in Jamaica. The exchange brought relief to the continental officers taken at Charleftown. They were confined at HaddrcH's Point and its vicinity. Far from friends and derlituie of hard money, they \vere reduced to the greateft (traits. Many of them, though lorn in affluence and habituated to attendance, were compelled to do not only the mod menial offices for thernfelves, but could fcarce- ly procuie the plained necefiaries of life. During a captivity of thirteen months, they icceivedno more from their country than nine days pay. They were debarred the liberty of Efhing for their fupport, though their great leiiure ami many wants made it an cb- je6t not only as an amui'ement, but as a mean of fuppJying their necefluies. After beating thefe evils with fortitude, they were tnfoimed in March, by Lieutenant Colonel Balfor.r, that, by po- fitive orders from Lord Cornwallis, he was to fend them to force one cf the Weil India iflandsi Fin>araticns were made for the excoitica A. D. 1781.3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. execution of the mandate ; but the general exchange of prifoners jeridered them abortive. It appearing to Congrefs from the reprefentation of the Ame- rican gov. Clinton and other information, that commiflions had been granted by the Gov. of Connecticut, authorizing the pcrfons to whom t*cy were given, among other things, to go on Long liland and other iflands adjacent, and feize the goods and nierch* andife they mould there find, the property of Bntifh fubjecls ; and that the (aid comrmdions were attended with many abuies dange- rous to the public, as well as diilreifing to the citizens and friends of thefe United States, inhabiting the faid iflands, fome of whom, under pretext of the powers contained in iuch commiflions, had been plundered of their property, and oiherwife badly treated : and that the further continuance of the faid commiflions would impede the public fervice in that quarter, they, " Therefore le- folved, [Auguft 7.] that the Gov. of Connetlicut be, and he is hereby, defired immediately to revoke fuch commifftons, as far as they authorize the feizure of goods on Long Ifland or elfewhere, on land not within the (late of Connecticut." It was high .time to revoke them, for under their cover a fet of unprincipled plun- derers committed greater ravages upon .nany of the faft friends of America, than the words of Congrefs fully exprefs. In confequence of inftruclions of Auguft the jd, Gen. Wafh- ington wrote on the 2 ill -*' The almost daily complaints of the feverities exercised toward the American marine prifoners in New York, have induced the Congrefs to direct me to remon- {Irate to the commanding officer of his Bntifh majefty's ihipsup- vn the fubjei. The principal complaint now is, the inadequacy of the room in the piifon (hips, to the number of prifoneis con- fined on board them, which occafions the death of many, and ia the occafion of mod intolerable inconveniencies and Jiftrefles to thofe who furvive." He had written early in the fpiing to SiT H. Clinion " The very healthy condition, in which ail prifon- ers have been returned by us fince the commencement of the war, carries with it a conviclion, that they have been uniformly and comfortably gccommodated and fed on wholefome provifions. So confcious have I been, that the fituation in which we always kept prifoners of war would bear infpe&ion, that I have never been a- verfe to having them vifited by an officer of your own, who might he a witncfs to the propriety of their treatment. A requefl of this nature was a very little time ago refufed to us by the officer commanding the B. itifh navy in the harbour of New York." On Auguft the 21 ft, Congrefs authorized Gen. Walhingtonto go into a full exchange of Gcq, Burgoyne, and all the remaining officers 228 TriE HISTORY OF THE [A.D.iyfrt. officers of the Saratoga convention ; and refolved that the prifo- ners taken by the Bntifh at the Cedars, fhould be confidered as iubjecls of exchange. That day week they ordered the board of \var to make a fale of certain cannon and ftores in the ftate of Rhode Ifland, forjfiecie only. This may be confidered as a de- clarative aft on their partagainfl the further circulation of a paper currency. It has indeed ceafed by common confent. Without it the Americans could not have carried on the war to theprefent period. The public benefit it has been of in this inftarice, will compenfatein the eftimaiion of patriotic politicians, for the im- juenfe evils of which it has otherwife been the occaiion. The tender laws on one hand, and depreciation on the other, rendered it the bane of fociety. All clafTes were infeBed. It produced a rage for fpeculating. The mechanic, the farmer, the lawyer, the phyfician, the member of Congrefs, and even a few of the cler- gy, in fome places, were contaminated, and commenced merchants and fpeculators. The morals of the people were corrupted be- yond any thing that could have been believed prior to the event. All ties of honor, blood, gratitude, humanity and juftice were dif- folved. Old debts were paid in feveral dates when the paper mo- ney was more than 70 for one in hard cafli ; and in Virginia when at 300 for one. Brothers defrauded brothers, children pa- rents and parents children. Widows, orphans and others, who had lived happily on their annual intereft, were impoverifhed by being obliged to take depreciated paper for the fpecie principal that had been lent; creditors were frequently compelled to re- ceive their debts in that currency, from men who confefTed before witnefTes, that the cafii they borrowed faved them and their families from ruin. A perfon who had been fupplied with fpecie in the jail at Philadelphia, while the Bntifh had pofTeffion of the city, repaid it in paper afterward at a tenth jwrt of its value. No clafs of people fuffered more by the de- preciation than (alary-men, and efpecially the clergy, particular- ly in the New England dates. They were reduced to the greateft difficulties, and were much injured, by having their annual in- comes paid them in paper, without having the badnefs of its quali- ty corr,penfa?edin the quantity allowed them. When in the begin- ning of the year, fome compenfation was voted to them in certain places, the increafed depreciation, ^before the falary was paid, def- roycci in a great rneafure the efficacy of the vote. It has been obferv- ed hv fome.that the quakersand met bod His in Pennfylvania, were faithful to their old engagements, and werenot corrupted by h ami ling paper money. Though tbefe denominations excelled, there were rjany individuals in all religious focieijes through the United States that 'AD,i7**-1 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. that preferved their integrity. As a ftriking inftance of the nature and effefts of a depreciating paper currency, the follow- ing is related out of many. A merchant of Bofton fold a hogfhead of rum, for twenty pounds, calk included. The purchafer did not fettle for it, till after the feller applied to him for an empty hogfhead, for which he was charged thirty pounds. When they came to fettle, the merchant found upon examin- ing, that he had to pay a balance of ten pounds on that vejy cafk, which, with the rum it contained, he had fold for twenty. The extinction of the paper has occafioned no convulfion ; and thefpecie which the French army and navy have already in- troduced, which the trade now opening with the Spanifh and French Weft India iflands will furnifh, and which the loan from France will fupply this joint quantity added to what will now be brought into ufe by thofe whole precaution led them to {lore up their hard money, will prevent the mKchiefs that muft otherwife have enfued from a total want of a circulating. medium. The extraordinary change of this medium without making the United States to the very foundation, intimates a peculiarity in thecir- cumitances and difpofition of the Americans, diilinguiming.them from the inhabitants of old countries. , A few dejftched particulars remain to be related before the. prefent letter is forwarded. On the 'nth of Auguft, 3000 German troops arrived at Nevy York from Europe. The fame day the American frigate Trum- bull was carried in by one of the king's fhips. This capture has reduced the naval force of the United S;ate$ to two frigates, the Alliance and theDeane. A number of fine privateers have alfo been taken by the royal navy; but there are ilill a great many from the different flates which have been very fuccefsful. By various channels, and particularly the arrival of a French frigate from Breft on the i^th of Auguft, certain advice has been received of the French having captured a. number of mips from Statia. It feerns, that France determining to profit from the ab- ience of the Britifh grand fleet, equipped 7 or 8 ihips of the line at Breft, which were fent out in the beginning of May, under M. de la Motte Piquet, in order to intercept the Statia convoy, freight- ed with the moft valuable commodities taken at that ifland, as well as a rich fleet on its way home from Jamaica. Mr. Piquet fuc- ceeded in the firft part of the delign. Commodore Kotharn had only four mips for the prote6tiori of the Statia convoy. Fourteen of the merchantmen were taken : but the men of war, with the re- mainder of the convoy, (heltered themfelves in fome of the weft-, ern ports of Ireland. The Fi'ench cammander confidering the number THE HISTORY OF THS [A. D. 178*; number and richnefs of the prizes, gave up all views upon the Jamaica fleet, and returned immediately to Bieft, by which mean he efcaped falling in with the Biitifh fquadron. We have learn- ed, that the fale of the prizes was advertifed in France for the loth of July laft. On the 25th of Auguft, another French frigate arrived in Bof- ton, with two large veilels under lier convoy. They were on their paffage 36 days longer than the frigate which arrived on the 1,5th. They have brought clothing, military (lores, and a quantity of fpecie. Colonel Laurens returned by this convey- ance. He reached France by the middle of March, and executed bis cornmiilion with great difpatch and fuccefs. LETTER IX. Rotterdam, Oflober 13, 1781* *> FRIEND G. COmmodore Johnflone's fquadron, which failed for the EaMf Indies, confifted of a 47, a 64, and three 50 gua mips, befide feveral frigates, a bomb veflel, fire fhip, and fome (loops of war. A land force, commanded by Gen. Meadows, and compofed of three new regiments of 1000 each, accompanied it. Several outward bound Eaft Indramen, and (tore or ordnance vef- Tels, went out with this convoy ; and the whole fleet, including tranfports and armed (hips, amounted to more than 40 fail. The Dutch war undoubtedly occafioned a change of the objeft of the armament, and the fubftitution of an attempt upon the Cape of Good Hope, inftead of an enterprife againft the Spaniards in South America. This change did not efcape the penetration of France and Holland. The latter therefore applied to her new ally for affiftance, to ward off the danger to which all her Eaft India pofleffions would be expofed, if Johnfrone fucceeded. On that a fquadron of five mips of the line, and fome frigates, wifh a boclv of land forces, were deftined to this fervice, under Mr. de SurFrein, who failed from Breft in company with Count de Grafle. The naval part of the armament was ultimately dcfigned tooppofe the Britifli fleet in the Eaft Indies : but Suffrein's particular inftruftions were topurfue^and counteraft Johnftone, upon every occafion and in every poOible manner, keeping at the fame time a c*n~ A D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. - 23% a conftant eye to the effectual protection of the Cape. The court of Verfailles was accurately informed of Johnftone's force, and of all the circumftances attending the convoy ; and might not be totally ignorant of his courfe, any more than of his destination. Commodore Johnftone put into the Cape de Verd iflands for water and frefh provifions. There being no particular appre- henfion of an enemy, the ihps lay without much care or order, in an open harbour belonging to the principal town of St. Jago, the moft considerable of the iflands. A great number of the crew* were abfent from the (hips, and were engaged in various occupa- tions, neceffary to the preparation or fupplyof fo many veflels for fo long a voyage. Several officers and men were on more par- taking of the health and recreation of the ifland. In this unpre-r pared ftate, the Ids man of war difcovered ia the morning o April i6, a fquadron approaching the entrance of the harbour, xvhich was foori judged to be French. Signals were inftantly thrown out for unmooring, for recalling the peopl on more, and preparing for aclion. The Britifh fleet was taken at a great dif* advantage* Mr. de Suffrein, leaving his convoy, was foon in the centre of it ; the French (hips firing on both fides as they palled*, The French Hannibal of 74. guris led the way with great intre- pidity, under the command of Mr. de Tremingnon. When as near to the Britifh as he could fetch, he dropped his anchor wittt a noble air of refolution. TheHeros of the fame force, Mr.de SuflTrein'sown (hip, took the next place; and the Artefien of 64* anchored aftern of the Heros. The Vengeur and'Sphynx, of 64 guns each, ranged up and down as they could through the crowd of (hips, and fired on either fide at every one they pafTed. Com- modore Johnftone's own fhip, being too far advanced toward the bottom of the bay, and too much intercepted by the veiTels that lay between to take an aclive part in the aclion, he quitted her and went on board another* The engagement lafted about ary hour and a half. Some time after it began, feveral of tfte Ealt India (hips fired with good effecl on the French. , In .about art hour the fituation of the French (hips at anchor became too intolerable to be endured ; and the captain of the Artefien being killed, (he cut her cable, and made the beft of her way out. SuffYein, defertecf by hisfecond aftern, found the danger fo great that he followeo( trie example. The Hannibal was now left alone to ,be fired at by every fhip whofe guns could be brought to bear on her, while fhe hsrfelf was fo injured, that her returns were flow and inef- feftive. She loft her bowfprit and all her mafts, and remained 3 mere hulk upon the water. She however joined the other (hip at the month of ^he bay; was towed off and aflifted in ereaing; Vut. Ill, E Q jury ^2 , THE-- II I S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 1781. jury mads. The commodore purfued, but the damage fuftained by the His, the nature of the winds and currents, vv.ith the latenefs of the day, concurred in preventing Ins renewing the engagement. The Fiench boie away no trophy of the action. ConGdering the clofenefs of it, the fmoothnefs of the water, with the number and crowded fuuation of the {hipping, the lofs of men was very frnail. May 2, the Brium fleet failed froai St. Jago, and toward the middle of June, the commodoie difpatched Captain Pigot, with fome of the bed failing frigates and cutters, toward the ibutherii extremity of Africa, to gain intelligence if poflibie of the ftate of the enemy in that quarter, with ini|ruUons to rejoin him at a given point of latitude and longitude. Pigot fell in with and took a large Dutch Eafl India (hip, from Saldanha bay near the Cape. She was laden with ftoies and provifions, had on board 40,090!. in bullion, and was bound for the iile of Ceylon. t Frpm her the commodore learned, that SufTrein, with five (hips of the line, mc{ of his'tranfports, and a conliderable body of troops, had arrived at the Cape on the 2 lit of June ; and that feveral homew.ard bound Dutch Eafl India (hips were then at anchor in Saldanha bay, a- bout 14 leagues to the northward of the Cape town and fort. The timely arrival of the French fquadron having fruftrated the de- figns of the Britifh ^gainfi the Cape, Johnftone determined t profit by what was yet within reach, and to attempt poiTefTing himfel'f of the Dutch fhips in the bay of Saldanha. The fcheme \\-as well condu61ed. 'The Dutch had hardly time,. from the dif- covery to the coming up of the Bruim (hips, to ] oofe their VefJels, cut their cables, and run them on more, .The men of war's boats being inRantly manned, the feamen with great alacrity boarded the Indiamen already fet on fire, extinguiOied the flatries, and fav- ed fou^ large 'ones, from loooto. i.iop tons each. JohnitoneV difpaiches weredriied the 2 ift of Atigufi. Several of UieEng'iih counties aflociated and chofe delegates, to give fupport'and efficacy to the fubjecl of their former petitions 'to parhament. ,Abo;iu 40 of the delegates met in Lomlon. As aQiiig for their conlhtuents, they prepared a petition to the houfe of commons, in Which the fubl^anceof thofe already prefented be- ing comprefTed within a narrower compufs, the n)att,ers of griev- ance and the redrefs propofed were brought forward in one clear, point of view.' But to obviate difficulties and prevent objeOiins, they figned'the petition merely as individual. freeholders, without any afTumption or avowal of their delegated powers or character. The petition was prefented by Mr. Duncombe, one of the repre- lehtatives of the county of York, and continued for fome weeks. on/the table, till the recovery of Sir George Saville, who was t* proceed AD. 1781.]' AMERICAN REVOLUTION. proceed with 'the bufinefs. Sir George [8ih] introduced his mo- tion for referring the petition (after the fii it reading) to a com- mittee, with a fpcech of very confiderable length. 'After a long' debate, the motion for committing the petition was overruled by a majority of 160 to 86. The war with the Dutch made it neceffary for the Briiim to have a force in the North Seas, capable of injuring their'com- merce on that fide on the one hand, and of protecting their own on the other; asalfd of cuttingx>ff the Dutch from leceivirig fop- plies of. naval ftores wherewith to reftore their marine. This important fervice was intruded to the conducl of Admiral Hyde Parker. The admiral failed from Poitfmouth the beginning of June, with four (hips of the line, and a fifty gun thip ^or the ; North Seas:, Mean- while-Holland ilrained every nerve for the equipment of "\ force, that might be^able to convoy then -outward : bound trade to the Baltic; and to protect its return, if Rot to inter- cept the Bricifh, and become matters of thofe feas. Some days after the middle of July, Admiral Zoutmon and Commodore Kind(bergen failed from the Texei, with a k great convoy und?" their, protection. Their force con fitted of eight fhipsof the"line from 54 too 74 guns, of 10 frigates and 5 floops. Seveial of the frigates were very large. Admiral Parker was on his return with a large convoy from Elfmeur. He had been joined by fe- veral frigates fince his leaving 'Portfmouth, ami. by trie Dolphin ' of 44 guns, aad in this crifis he was reinforced by a- 74. His * fleet confi (led of -an 80 gun fliip, two 74'*, a 64, a 6oj 3^50, a 44, a 40, a jo, a 36, a 32, and a cutter of 10 guns. The hoflile fleets came in fight of each other on the Do/rnrer- Bank early in the morning of the ^th of Auguft. One of 'the Duich line of battle (hips had returned to port ; but as a forty-four gun fhip was fubflitiued in her place, their iine (iill confined cf eight two deckers* The Britifh commander perceiving the num- ber and 'ftrength of the Dutch frigates, detached the con-voy with orders to keep their wind, fending his owri ft igafces along with therrl for their .protection, and then threw out a general fignal to the fquadron to chafe. The Dutch likewife few t off their con- voy to a diftance, when they drew up with great coolnefs m or- der of battle, and waited the attack with the utmoft compofurn. Neither fide. praciifed any manoeuvre to elude the decifion of ,. naval aftion^ .The parties were equally determined to fio-ht it out. A gtoomy ftlence expreflive f the moft fixed refoluti'on pre- vailed, ar,d not a gun was fired, until the fleets were within' little more than piflol ihot diftance. Admiral Parker in the Fortitude-- -fis,. ranging abrcaft of Admiral Zoutrnaa's fhip, the Ad~^ 034 THE H I S T O R Y OF THE [k D. miral de Ruyter of 68, the aclian commenced with the utmoft fury and violence on both fides. The cannonade continued with- out intermiflion for three hours and forty minutes. Some of the Britim (hips fired j^oo ihot each. The effect of the ancient na- val emulation was eminently difplaved in the obftinacy of the battle. In the beginning the Britim fire was remarkably quick, ivhile that of the Dutch was flow; when it clofed, the cafe was reverfed, and. the fire of the Dutch was remarkably quick, while ihat of the Britim was flow. The Britim mips at length were f unmanageable, that though their admiral made an effort to fornv the line that he might renew the aclion, he found it to be imprac- ticable. His fhips were mattered in their mafts, rigging and fails. The Dutch were in a flill worfe condition, fomeof them having received feveral mot under water. Both fquadrons lay to a confiderable time near each other. At laft the Dutch bore away for theTexel ; and the Britiili were in no condition to fol- low them. The Hollandia of 68 guns, one of their beft (hips, went down in the night of the engagement fo fuddenly, that the crew were reduced to the melancholy necefllty of abandoning their wounded when they quitted her. Though me funk in 22 fathomi, her top-malts were (till above water and her pendant flying, which being difcovered in the morning by one of the Britim frigates, was itruckand carried to Admiral Parker as a trophy. When theDutch entered the Te>-el, an officer from the fleet went on board the Charleftown frigate of 36 heavy guns upen one deck, which had been lying there the whole time, and related to the captain the particulars of the aclion. The aclion was very bloody. On the fide of the Britim, who were the leaft fufFerers in that refpecr, 104 were killed, and 339 wounded in the feven ihips that were engaged. Several brave offi- cers fell on both fides. The Britim regretted much the death of Captain Macartney, who left a widow and large family. His fon, a boy of (even years old, was by his fide when he was killed ; his fortitude, as well upon that occafion as through the whole ac- tion, aftoniihed the boldeft feamen in the (hip. Mr. Harrington, one of Admiral Parker's lieutenants, an officer of 40 years fervice, and of the rnoft diftinguifhed merit, was mortally wounded. Though of an affluent fortune and too much neglected, he nobly diidained to withdraw his profeffional abilities from the defence of his country in this trying feafon. The Britim admiral's let- ter giving an account of the aclion was concife, and modeft with. refpel to his own fide, while juft in paying full honor to the va- lor of his enemy. In Britain, the condufcl and valor difplayed in the aclion, i#et \vith great and general approbation ; but an appre- hended vf.J9.i78i,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 235 bended negle& in government or the admiralty, in not furniftiing the admiial with a larger force, excited no lefs difiatisfaciion. It ivas faid, that, at the very time, as many {hips were lying idie in port, or waiting for orders in the Downs, as would have enabled Parker to capture the whole Dutch fleet and convoy. The ad- iniral's fubfequent conduct, as well as an intimatiea given in his letter to the admiralty, ilrongly confirmed the public opinion, ajid indicated that he was no lefs dilfatisfled at the want of fup- porf, than others were at its not being given. On his arrival at the Nore with his mattered fquadron. he was honored with a roy- aj vifit ; but it was foon underftood, that no further honor or in- tended promotion would be accepted by the fturdy veteran. The king went on board the Fortitude, where he had a levee of all the officers of the fquadron, who were received with the moft graci- ous attention ; and the admiral had the honor of .-dicing with his rnajeily and the prince of Wales on beard the royal yacht. We have been told, that upon that occafion Admiral Parker took an opportunity of hinting (in theprefeiice pf the firft lord of the ad- miralty and a number of naval officers) both his diiTatisfa61ion and intention of retiring, by faying to his (overeign " That he wifh- cd him younger officers and better mips; and that he was grown too eld for the fervice." It was related alfoas an anecdote at the time, that young Macartney being .prcfented on board the Forti- tude, and the royal intention of providing far him, for the fake of his brave father, being declared, the admiral apologized for in- forming his majefty, that he had already adapted him as his own. Admiral Parker resigned his command immediately afier ; but it was probably intended as a mark of favor arid regard to him, t,hat his fon Sir Hyde (who had been befoie knighted for hi$ good conducl in North America and the Weft Indies) was now ap- pointed to the command of a fquadron of frigates, which wers trnployed in blocking up the Dutch ports during the remainder of the feafon for keeping thofe feas. TheDutchj befide lofing the Hollandia, had two of their capi. tal (hips fo totally ruined in the aclion, as to be declared incapa^ ble of further fervice. Their lofs of men is thought to. have ex- ceeded 1000 in killed, wounded and funk. The idea of profe. euting the voyage to the Baltic was given up; and their irn- jnenfe carrying trade was annihilated for ihe remainder of the year. The Hollanders however were much elated with the brav- ery of their countrymen. Before the naval battle on Dogger's Bank, every fpriiig was touched to excite popular refentments a- gainft the Americans and French, fo that the regents of Amliejdam were undertbeaecefluy of uking thclikeprecautioPJ which would have *$6 THE HIST O R Y OF THE [A D. 1781, have been praclifedhad'anenemy been iri the neighbourhood; and the gitfonri and defpondehcy at the Hague and el few here was ter- rible : after it, the Dutchmen became courageous, and all their app're- hend*ns Teemed to difappear. This alion-bem? the firft of. any. confequettce, in which they have been engaged for the much greater part of a century, the States General were beyond mea-' jure liberal in the pvaife, rewards and honors, which they beftow- ed on their officers. Admiral Zoutman and Commodore Kind f- s bergen were immediately promoted ; and 'moll, if not all of the i firft and (econd captains, as well as feveral of the lieutenants, were either advanced, or flattered with fome peculiar mark ofdiffin'c- tion. Count Bentinck, who boldly fought the Batavia, and -who, though mortally wounded, and informed that his (hip was -in dan- ger of finking, would not liften to a propofal for quitting his Na- tion, was foothed in his lafl moments by every mark of honor and teftimony of regard, which his country arid his prince could be- - flow; and his funeral was not more honorable to the brave dead, than to the grateful living* - But however the Dutclvhave e'xult- ed in that the marine couragfe of their anceltors had not forfaken them, they are much diflatisfied that their fleet was not augment- ed bj two or more mips, which th^y think'would have fecufed lo them a complete victory ov^r the B/&iih admiral, and have put his convoy into their pofieflion. They a^e ready to impute this failure to a' treacheroiwr-ieglefit, originating from' a prevailing at- ; tachment in fome to the intereds of Great Britain. The French, to remove all unfavorable jealoufie^ that the Spa-" niards might entertain refpe6ting the attention of their ally' to the Spaniili i mere fts, engaged to co-operate with them in attempting the recovery of Minorca an event which, fhotrld it^take place, ' would be highly pleating to Spain, while it-was no wife injurious to France. The plan being laid, die Duke de Crillon, a French commander of repute, was taken into the Spanim fervice, and appointed to conducl their forces to be employed in executing it. : Count de Guichen failed froin Breft near the end of June, with 18 capital thips (four of which carried no guns each) fo join the Spanifh fleet and fupport the invafion. The not endeavor-, f ing to intercept this fleet, or at leaft to prevent a junclion fo full of danger, occafioned'great complaint againft the Britifli admiral- . tv, efpecially the -firft lord of that department. The combined fleets failed from Cadiz,' with about 10,000 Spanifh troops before the end of July. The French had been reinforced by feveral fhips of the line. The Spanifn fleet amounted to about 30 fail or. - the line under Don Lewis de Cordova. The army 'effected its landing at Minorca withqut oppofidon on the.*joda . df Augufl. ; and ^.AijSi.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. and was foon joined by fix regiments from Toulon, tinder Major Gen. Count de Falkenhayn, deemed one of the belt, officers. in the French fervice. Thgar,rifoo w, as weak, and co*i(iited only of two Britifli and tuo Hanoverian regiments. But it was conir- manded by Lieut. Gen. Murray and Major Gen. Sir William Draper. The combined fleets, after feeing the troops fafe into the Me-- diterranean, returned to eiuifeat the mouth of the Britim channel. No intelligence of this naval manoeuvre was obtained, nor was the defign fufpecled by the Brhifh miniflry, until ihe combined fleets were in the chops of the channel, and had formed a lina from Ufhant to the ides of Sciliy, in order to bar its entrance : fo that Adm. Dai by, who was then at feawith only 21 ihips of the line, was on the p.oint of falling in with. .them, when. the ac- cidental meeting of a neutral velfel afforded him notice , of theic fituation. In tbefe unexpeled circumitances [Aug. 24.] he re- turned to Tprhay, vvheic he moored his fquadron, acrofs the ent- rance, while he waited for inftruclions from the admiralty. As. foon as the commanders of the combined fleets had received intel- ligence of Darby's pofition, and of the inferiority of his force- in point of number, a council of war was : held, on the queftion of attacking him. They, were under orders to fight, if the occa- fmn offered: but the initruciions were thought not to reach the prefent cafe, which would be an attack on the Britiih fquadroa in a bay on their own coafh. Under this change of circumilan- ccs, it was fuppoled, that they \veie left at large, to the freeexcr- cife of their own judgment. The Count de Guichen is faid to have contended ftrongly fop an immediate attack. He argued, that if by good fortune and the? valor of the combined navies, along with the powerful aid of fire- fhips, the Britim fleet was deftroyed, the power of Great Britain on the feas would be at an end, and the war decided by the blow. Don Vincent Doz, the third of the Spanifrv commanders,, fup- ported this opinion. He afferted,. that .the. deftroying of Darby's ileet.was veiy practicable, and that it would be difficult to excufe their not making the attempt ; and to give the greater weight to> his fentirnents, he boldly offered to command the van fquadron, and to lead on the attack in his own (hip, On the other hand, Mr. de Beauffet, the next in command un- der Guichen, faid "All the advantage which the allies derive from their fuperiorhy of force and number, will be entirely loit by an attack upon Admiral Darby's feel in the prefent. fttua^ tion ; for we cannot bear down upon him in a line of battle abreaft; of courfs we muft form die line of battle a-Lead, artd_g dowa fc 3 8 THE H I S T O R Y OP' THE [A. D. down upon the enemy fmgly, by which we (hall run the greateft hazard of being mattered and torn to pieces, before we can get into ourftations, by the fixed aim and angular fire in every direc- tion, of fuch a number of great and well-prorided (hips, drawn up to the greateft advantage, and lying moored and fteady in the water. I conclude therefore, that as the attempt on theBrhifli fleet in Torbay will, in my opinion, be unwarrantable in thedefign, and exceedingly hazardous in the execution, the allied fleets Ihould direci their whole attention to that grand and attainable object of intercepting the Englifli homeward bound Weft India fleets." Don Louis de Cordova, with all the Spanifh flag offi- cers, except Doz, coincided entirely with him in opinion, fo that, the idea of attacking Darby in Torbay was abandoned. Mean while a great alarm was fpread in Ireland as well as Bri- tain, with refpe'61 to the apprehended defigns of the enemy. Not only the great outward bound fleet for America and the Weft Indies was fuppofed to be in imminent danger then in the open harbour of Corke; but the city itlelf, being totally unfortified and at the fame time ftored with immenfe quantities of provifion. The regular forces of the kingdom were therefore ordered to the fouth- Ward for the protection of that city and coaft ; and the patriotic volunteers, who had gained fo much honor in fupporting and re- claiming the liberties of their country, mowed no lefs patriotifm in their immediate offer to government of taking the field, and of inarching wherever their fervices mould be neceffary for its de- fence. They had perfected ihemfelves in the military exercife, and had been reviewed in feveral places by the earl of Charle- mont. Admiral Darby remained at Torbay ; but was foon reinforced by feveral (hips from different ports, till his fquadron was increak cd to QO fail of the line, with which he was ordered to fea with the utmoft expedition, for the prefervation of the expefted Weft India convoy. The delay however of waiting for the rein force- rner.t and inftruclions in the firft inftance, arid contrary winds afterward, detained the fleet till the i^th of September, notwith- flandinir the urgency of the occafion. Before it failed, the com- bined fleets had feparated. They were in exceeding bad conditi- on. In the firft outlet they were poorly manned, the Spanifh particularly. Befide a great mortality, which had prevailed du- ring the whole cruife, and a prodigious number of Tick in both fleets, a cohfiderable majority of the mips were fcarcely capable, of living at fea in a violent gale. The hard weather therefore that came on in the beginning of September, fruftrated all their views ; fu that abandoning aii hopes of intercepting the AD. -178-1.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 239 convoys, they were glad to get into port as foon as poflible. Tho J r rench N fleet returned to Breft the nth of September, and the Spanim proceeded dire&ly home. The prefent mall clofe with extracts from fome curious letters To Mr. V T ergennes. Pa fly, Feb. 13, 1781. " I am grown old, and kis probable I mall not long have any more concern in thefe affairs. I therefore take occafion to exprefs my opinion to your excellency, that the prefent conjuncture is critical } that there is fotrre danger left the Congrefs ihould lofe its influence over the people, if it is una'ble to procure the aids that are wanted, and that the whole fyftem of the new government in America may there- by be maken ; and that if the Engliih are f offered once to re- cover the country, fuch an opportunity of effectual operation may not occur again in the courfe of ags." To . March 12 1781. " To give the ftates a fignal proof of his friendfhip, hi's majefty has refolved to grant them the fum of fix millions [of li- tres] not as a loan, but as a free gift. The fum was intended 3br the fupply of the army, and it was thought heft to put it into the general s [Wafhington's] hands, that he mould draw for it, that it might not get into thofe of the different boards or com- mittees, who might think themfelves under a neceility of divert- ing it to other purpofes. There was no room to difpute on this point, every donor having the right of qualifying his gift with, fuch terms as he thinks proper. The minifter proceeded to in- form me, that the courts of Peterfburgh and Vienna had offered their mediation. It was not doubted, that congrefs would readily" accept the propofed mediation, from their own fenfe of its bein| ufeful and neceffary. I have paffed my feventy-fifth year. 1 ' {Soon after this was written, Col. Laurens arrived, which gave occafion for mentioning] " July 26, 1781. With regard to the fix millions given by the king in aid of our operations for the prefent campaign, before the arrival of Mr. Laurens, two mif- lion five hundred thoufand of it went in, the fame fhip with him in cam two million two hundred thoufand were ordered bv him and are fhipped-^- one million five hundred thoufand was fent to Jioliand to go in the ihip commanded by Capt. Gillon." LETTER X. Rvxbury, January 12, 1782* refoluticns of Congrefs, as they refer to Colonel V-x -Laurens and the fupjplies from France, (whofe arrival ha* VUL. III. F f been TUE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. keen mentioned) nsceiTarily demand our firfl attention. On a report of a committee, to whom was referred a letter of the zd oi iali September, together with fundry papers, containing an ac- count of the ncgociauon with which he was intruded, Congrefs rciblved on the 4th, "That all the clotliing, artillery, arms and military Itores, ihipped in purfuance of the orders of the honor- able John Laurens, for the ufe of the United States', be, upon their arrival in any of the ports of thefe United States, delivered to the oider of the board of war, who are hereby empowered and directed 10 take cha-ge and direclion of the fame: That all the moiK-y (hipped by the order of Mi. Laurens, for the ufe of the United Slates, be, upon its anival, delivered to the order of the fu- periinenddnt ot finance, who is hereby empowered and directed to lake charge of the fame." The next day they refolv- ed ik That the conduct of Lieut. Col. Laurens, in his million to the court of Versailles, as Ipecial minifter of the United States^ is highly agreeable to Congrefs, and entitles him to public ap- pio'oaiion." To fupply , any deficiency that there might be ia their relolution refpeciujg monies arriving from Europe, they re- foived on the ^d of December *' That the fuperintendant of the fi unces be, and hereby is authorized and direcled to apply and dilpofe of all monies which have been or may be obtained in Eu- rope by fubfidy, loan or othei wile, according to the feveral refo- lutions and atU of Congrefs now exiiling, or which may hereaf- ter be made for the appropria ion of monies belonging lo the U- nited States." However gratefully they thought of the French king's free gift, they could not with any propriety accede to the mode in which it was to be applied to the benefit of the United States. By pa (Ting into the hands of the Commander in Chief^ it would fubject the array to an appearance of being penfioned by France, and when generally known by the troops might loofea their relative dependence upon Congrefs ; they therefore wifely directed, that the military ftoies mould be delivered to the order of the board of war., and that the difpofal cf the monies mould reft with the fupeiimendant, fubjefl to their own appointments* We muft now pafs to South Carolina. When the continental" officers under Gen. Greene had heard of the manner. in which Col. Hayne was executed, arid that not- \vithftandingthe general cartel, feveral officers of militia were Hill detained in captivity, they made a reprefentation thereof in writing to Greene on the 2oth of Auguft; and recommended, that a itriti enquiry fhould be made into the feveral matters men- tioned, and if afceitained, that he would be plea fed to retaliate in the moll effectual manner, by a fimilar treatment of Btitifh fub- |ecls who were or might be in his potfer. They voluntarily fub-* je&di AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 241 je&ed themfelves to all the confluences, to which they would be xpofed in cafe of capture, A few days afier, Greene iffued from his headquarters at Camden a proclamation, wherein heexprefs- ly declared " It is my intention to make rep life Is for all fuch inhuman infults, as often as they (hall take place." He added, " I further declare, that it is my intention to take the officers of the regular forces, and not the feduced inhabitants who have join* d their army, for the objefts of my rtpnfals," Greene demand- ed alfo from the Britifh commanders their reafons for the ex < -u- tienofHayne. He received a written anfwer, figned N. BaU four, in which there was an acknowledgment, " that it took pi ce by the joint order of Lord Rawdon and himfelf, but in confe- <]uence of the mod exprefs directions fom Lord Cornwallis, to put to death thofs who mould be found in arms, afrer being at their own requefts received as fubjecls, fince the capitulation of Charleftown, and the clear conquer! of the province in the iiofed it to A-;lm. Graves. Graves however fdiled on a cruife before Boilon. When he returned on the i6th cf Auguft, the propo- fal AMERICAN REVOLUTION. fai was renewed : but it was now become neceflary to refit one of his {hips, and to repair others, To tha.t his fleet could not be rea- dy in feafon. Mr. de Barras failed with the train and (lores from Rhode I-fiand on the s^th ; concluding from de Grade's own dif- patches, that he muii be then at the Cbefapeak. De Barras was at liberty to have undertaken any other fcivjce : but though he was an older officer than de GrafTe, he voluntarily chofe to put himfelf under his comman'd, to enfure an objeci, the attainment of which was of fuch immenfe conlequcnce to the allied arms of Fiance and America. On the d-ay of his failing, Sir Samuel Hood arrived off the Chefapeak, where he expecled to have met Graves with the fquadron from New York ; but being difap- pointed, he fent a frigate to that commander with the news of his arrival. Had they formed a junction at this period and place, they might have fecured the Chefapeak, and have prevented de Grafle's entering it a few days after. S:r Samuel having exam- ined the bay, proceeded to the capes of Delaware, and riot feeing or hearing any thing of de Grafle, made the bed of his way to Sandy Hook, where he arrived on the cSch. On that day, the commanders at New York received intelligence, that Barras had failed three days before to the fouthward. Notwithftanding the hope of intercepting his fquadron before it could join de Grafle, muft have been a new incentive for exertions ; it was three days before Graves could be in readinefs to proceed from New York with five (hips of the line and a fifty gun fhip to the Hook, and from thence with the whole fleet under his command to the fouthward. The day before he failed, de GrafTe arrived in the Chefapeak. On his pafTage the count fell in with and took a packet from Charieftown, having on board Lord Rawdon, who v/as on his return to Great Britain. The French admiral after blocking up York river, took pof- fefiion of James's in order to cover the boats of the fleet, which were to convoy the Marquis de St. Simon, with 3300 land iorcesfrom the Weft Indies, eighteen leagues up the river, to form a junction with Fayette. Graves received no intelligence of the French fleet (nor they of his approach) till they were dif- covered early in the morning of September the tii, lying at an- chor, to the number of 24 f*il of the iine, juft within Cape Hen- ry, and confequently the mouth of the Chefapeak. The French immediately flipped their Cables, and turning out from the anchor- age ground, Graffe threw out a fignal for the mips feverally to form the iine as they could come up, without regarding particu- lar flations. The Btitifh fleet amounted to nineteen fhips of the line, and one or more of o guns. Through various delays the sj2 THE HISTORY OF THS [A.D.ifii^ action did not commence till four o'clock, and then was partial, only the van and a part of the Britiih centre being able to come near enough to engage with efTeft. De G.afledid not aim fo much at a clofe engagement, as at keeping polfeflionofihe Chefapeak, and Caving his {hips for that and all its correfpondent purpofes. The ab fence of 1800 ofhisfeamen, and 50 officers, employed in con- veying Simons's troops up James river, confirmed him in his avoidance of a hazardous action. Drake with the rear diviCon, in confequence of thelaft tack, becoming the van of the Britifh fleet, treated the French van fo roughly, that they bore away, while de GraiFe with the centre edged up in order to cover their retreat. The weight of the aclion fell principally upon the Bri- tifh van, the centre coming in for a more moderate Chare, and feven fail never being able to get within a proper gun-fhot didance of the French : from thele circumftances Drake's divifion fuffered feverely. The engagement ended about fun-fet. The (lain on board the Britifh amounted to 90, and the wounded to 230. The Shrewsbury and Intrepid bore more than a proportionable fliarc of this lofs. Capt. Robinfon of the former loll a leg, and Capt. Molloy of the latter gained great honor, by the gallantry with which he fuccouied and covered the Shre>\fbury, when over- borne and furrounded by the French. According to the French accounts, no more than 15 fhips on each fide were engaged. Admiral Graves ufed all meaftues to keep up the line during the night, with the defign of renewing the action in the morning. But he difcovered that feveral {hips of the van, and the Montague of the centre, had fuffered fo much in their marts, thar they were in no condition for renewing the a6rion, till the fame were fecur- ed. The Terrible was fo leaky as 10 keep ail her pumps going, and the Ajax was in little better condition. The hoftile fleets continued for five fuecefTive days, partly repairing their damages, and partly manoeuvring in fight of each other ; and at times were very near. The Briiilh were fo mutilated, that they had not fpeed enough to attack the French ; and ihfe fhowed no inclination to renew the action, though they had it often in their power, as they generally maintained the wind of Graves. De Graflc fearing left by ibme favorable change of it, the Britim mould get before him to the Chefapeak, returned thither on the loth, of September. The Richmond and Iris, of 32 guns each, which had been lent to cat away the buoys of the French anchors, fell into his hands. His putting to lea, and continuing there af;er fighting the Britifh, was probably the faving of de Barras ; for during de GrafTe's ab- fence,'* the other arrived in the bay with eight French line of battle * SerCovnt d* Grafle's letter to the Chevalier de Luzerne, Sept. rj, and the Ealtimore News-paper of Sept. i3, 1781. A.D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. *$ battle fhips, befide frigates, tranfports and victuallers, bringing with him the artillery and iloies indifpenfihly neceilary for ther fiege of York Town. The A.nerican officers were in great pain about him, when they heard of Graves's having put to fea, left he mould fall in with the latter, be over-powered, and there- by all their hopes of capt tit ing Lord Cornwallisbe difappointecL De Barras had taken a wide circuitous courfe to avoid being in- tercepted ; hut that very precaution might have .proved his rum y had not de GrafTe left the Chefapeak on the ^th, and engaged and manoeuvred with Graves. In the mean .time, a frem gale and a head fea foincreafed the damage and danger of the Terrible, that it was found neceflary to evacuate and then burn her. This was done on the nth, and about nine at night, Graves bore uj> for the Chefapeak ; but upon information being brought him., that the French fleet were all anchored within the Cape, fo as to block the paffage, it was determined by a council of war, to re- turn to- New York, where the fleet arrived the aoth of Sep- tember. One great object of the Britifli force in Virginia was the eft a- blimment of a ftrong poft and place of arms, which by embra- cing fome good harbour, or commanding one of the great navi- gable rivers, (hould equally facilitate future hoftile operations- whether by fea or land; and which, befide giving an opportunity for diflreffing the country, if the reduclion of it could not be ef- fecled, mould afford fuch a ftation for the Britiih fleets and crui- fers, as would render them entirely mailers of Chefapeak bay. But the utility of fuch a poft was neceifarily founded on the confidence of aconftant naval fuperiority, as well as of its being defencible by a moderate force on the land fide. Upon a perfon- al examination of Portfmouth, Lord Cornwallis difcovered it to be totally incompetent to the purpofe of the intended poft. Point Comfort was thought to be no lefs defective. York Town ly- ing on the river of that name, ai.d on the narroweft part of the peninfula between Yoikand James rivers, where it is about five miles over; and Gloucefter Point on the north and oppofite fide T and projecting fo far into the river, that the dhlance between both is not much above a mile, afforded the only remaining choice. They entirely commanded* the navigation of the river, which is fo deep at this plact; y as to admit of Ihips of great fizc and burden : but then they required the whole force that Corn- waliis pofTefled to render them effective. His lordfhip gave the preference to them ; and repaired with his army in Auguft to the peninfula. He applied hiinfelf wkh the utmoft diligence to for- tify thefe gods, and to raider them equally refpectable by land and THE HISTORY OF -HS [A.D.ijSi. and water. His whole force amounted to about 7000 excellent troops. Before his ioniihip had fixed himfelf arid array in thefe pods, a fcnes of manoeuvres had taken place between him and the Marquis de la Fayette ; in which the Briiifh general d'fplay- d the bold nefs pf'emerprife, and the marquis the judgment of age, blended with the ardor of youth. Fayette, under various pretences, lent the Pennfylvania troops to the fouth fide of James river; collected a force i'i Glouceiier county; and made iundry excellent arrangements, which he eaily communicated to de Grafle by an officer. The French and American armies continued their march from the northward, till they arrived at the Head of Elk : within an hour after, they received an exprefs from Count de Grade, with the joyful account of his arrival and fituation. This circumftance will appear the more remarkable, when we confider the original diilance of the parties, as well from the fcene of aclion as from each other, and the various accidents, difficulties and delays, to which ihey were all liable. The greateli harmony fubfifled be- tween Waftiington and Rochambcau, which- leiiened fome of the difficulties attending their joint operations. The former being without a fufficiency of money to fupply his troops, applied to the count for a loan, which was inilantly granted. In order to haflen the arrival of the allied troops, de Graife fele6ied feven veffels, drawing the leaft water, to tranfport them down Chefa- peak Bay. But the moment they were ready to fail on this fer- vicc, the count was obliged to prepare for repelling the Britiili fleet. When Mr. de Barras arrived, he fent up thole tranfports he brought with him for the troops : de Grade after that added to them as many frigates as he could.* By the 2th of Septem- ber all the troops were arrived and landed at Williamfburgh, and preparations were made with all poffible difpatch for putting the army in a fituation to move down toward York Town. Gen. Wafhington and Count de Rochambeau, with their fuites and other officers, had readied Williamib.ngh by hard travelling, on the i^th, eleven days fooner. Here the general found a vef- fel waiting to convey him to the Capes of Virginia, fent by Count de GrafTe, as he could not wiih propriety leave his fleet. The commander in chief and the Count de Rochambeau, accom- panied by generals Chattellux, Du Portail andKnox, immediate- ly proceeded to vifit the count on board the Ville de Paris. A council was held, and de Grafle detailed his engagements to be in the Weft Indies a.t the latter end of Oclober or beginning of November, * Coat deGraff J s letter of September 13, i7 Sl A. D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. November. But he finally agreed to continue in the Chefapeak until the operation againft Lord Cornwallis ihould be decided. After which the company returned. All the Americans and French troops formed a junflion at V/illiamlhtirgh. The Marquis de la Fayette had been joined by 3000 under St. Simon forae days before the 2^th of September. The whole regular force thus collected amounted to between 11 and 12,000 men. The militia of Virginia were alfo called out to fervice, and were commanded by Gov. Nelfon. On the 27th Wafhington gave out in general orders " If the enemy would be tempted to meet the army on its march, the general particularly enjoins the troops to place their principal reliance on the bayonet, that they may prove the vanity of the boaft which tht BritiJJi make, cf their peculiar prowefs in diciding battles with that weapon.' 9 The next morning the army marched, and halted about two miles from York Town juft before fun fet. The officers and foldiers \vere ordered to lie on their arms the whole night. On the 3oth, Col. Scammell (being officer of the day) in approaching the ene- my's outer works, to fee if they had really left them, was mo- rtally wounded and taken pri Toner by a party of the enemy's horfe, which lay fecreted. This day Lord Cornwallis was clofely irivefled in York Town. The French extended from the river above the town to a morafs in the centre, where thev were met by the Americans, who occupied the oppofite fide from the river to that fpot. The poft at Gloucefter Point was, at the fame time, invefted by the Duke de Lauzun with his legi- on, and a number of Virginia militia under Gen. Weedon. Before*the troops left Williamfburgh, Washington received a letter from de GrafFe, informing him, that in cafe of the appear- ance of a Britiih fleet, the count conceived it to be his duty to go- out and meet them at fea, inftead of righting in a confined fituati- on. This information exceedingly alarmed the general, who inftantly faw the probability of theBritifh fleet's manoeuvring in fuch manner, as to reinforce or withdraw Lord Cornwallis. To prevent a meafure pregnant with fo much evil, his excellency- wrote to the count on the 26th "I am unable to defcribe the painful anxiety under which I have laboredfmcethe reception of your letter of the 2^d inftant. It obliges me warmly to urge a perfeverance in the plan agreed upon. The attempt upon York, under the protection of your ihipping, is as certain of fuccefs as a fuperior force and a fuperierity of meafures can render any mili- tary operation. The capture of the Britiih armv is a matter fo important in iifelf and in its confequences, that it muft greatly tend to bring an end to the war. If your excellency quits the VOL. III. II h Bay, THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. Bay, an accefs is open to relieve Yoik, of which the enemy wzl? initantly avail thernielves. The confequence of this will be, not only the difgrace, but the probable dilbanding of the whole army ; for the prefer) t feat of war being fuch, as absolutely precludes the ufe of waggons, from the great number of large rivers which in- terleti: the country, there will be a total want of provifions. This province has been fo exbauited, that fubfiilence rouft be drawn from a diftance, and that can only be done by a fuperior fleet in the Bay. I earneflly beg your excellency to eowfider, that if by moving your fleet from the fnuation agreed upon, we lofe -the prcfent opportunity, we (hall never hereafter have it in our pow- er to flrike fo dec i five a ftroke, and the period of an honorable peace will be further diftant than ever. Suppofing the force, faid to have arrived under Adm. Digby, to be true, their whole force united cannot be fuch as to give them any hope of fuccefs in the attacking your fleet. I am to prefs your excellency to perfevere in the fcheme fo happily conceited between us. Permit me to add, th.it the abfence of \our fleet fiom the Bay may fruftrate our de- fi^n upon the garrifon at Yoik. For, in the prefent fituatior*, L,ord Cornwallis might evacuate the place with the Icfs of his ar- tillery, baggage, and a few men facrifices, which would be high- ly jufiifiable, from the defire of faving the body of the aimy. - Th.' Marquis de la Fayette carries this. He is not to pafs the Cape for tear t> accident, in cafe you fhouid be at fea." This lefer, with the marquis's perfuafions, had thedefired cfFecl ; and the fame hour when the combined army appeared before York Town, the French fleet was brought to the mouth of York river, and by their pofition effeftually covered all fubfequent rfh'htary o- perations, and prevented either the retreat or fuccour of Lord Cornwallis's army by water. The pofls of York and Gloucester were the moft favorable of any in the country for befieging the Britifh. and preventing their cfcape, when the fiege was fupport- ed by a fuperior land and naval force. Lord Cornwallis was fufficicntly ftrongfor fighting the Marquis de la Fayette, even after he h .id been joined by St. Simon ; and is thought to have been miftaken in not engag : ng them either fe- parately or together. The moment he heard that the allied troops were at the Head of Elk, and that de GraiTe was arrived with fo powerful a fleet at the Chefapeak, his lordmip ihould have pulh- ed ofFfor Charleflown. Therefore it was lhat Gen. Greene wrote to Baron Steuben on the 171)1 " Nothing can fave Cornwallis but a rapid retreat through North Carolina to Charleftown." His lord/hip's conduct was influenced by an expectation of a reinforce- ment from Sir Henry Clinton, and a full pcrfuafion that thofe. exertic>D& ^0.17*1-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 257 xertions would be made at New York, and fuch a n acknowledge, that the event which lately confounded our enemies and fruilrat- ed their defigns, was the wonderful work of that God who guards your liberties. And who but He could fo combine the circurn- ^tances which led to fuccefs ? We have feen cur enemies pufh forward amid perils altnoil innumerable, amid obje&s almoft in- iurmountable, to the fpot which was defigned to wunefs their dif- grace ; yet they eagerly fought it as their theatre of triumph ! Blind as they were,j[hey bore hunger, thirft arid inclement fkies, poured out their blood in battle againfl brave republicans, and eroded immenfe regions to confine themfclves in another Jeri- cho, whofe walls were fated to fall before another Joilina. It is He, whofe voice commands the winds, the feas and the feafons, who formed a junction on the fame v day, in the fame ho;ir, be- tween a formidable fleet from the fouth, and an anry rufhing from the north, like an impetuous torrent. Who but He, in whofe hands are the hearts of men, could infpire the allied troops with the friendships, the confidence, the tendernefs of brothers ? How is it that two nations once divided, jealous, inimical, and nurfed in reciprocal prejudices, are now become fo cordially united as to form but one ? Worldlings would fay, it is the wifdooi, the vir- tue, and moderation of their chiefs; it is a great national intereft which has performed this prodigy. They will fay, that to the (kill of the generals, to the courage of the troops, to the activity of the whole army, we muft attribute this fplendid fuccefs. Ah! they are ignorant, that the combining of fo many fortunate cir- cumftances, is an emanation from the All-perfect Mind; that cou- rage, that (kill, that activity, bear the facred imprefTipn of Him who is divine. For how many favors have we not to thank Him during the courfe of the prefent year? Your union, which was at firft fupported by juftice alone, has been confolidated by your courage, and the knot which ties you together is become indif- folublc, by the acceifion of all the dates, and the unanimous voice of all the confederates. You prefent to the univerfeth.e noble fight of a fociety, which founded in equality and juftice, fecure to the indi- viduals who compofe it, the utmoft happinefs which can be derived from human infiitutions. This advantage, which fo many other na- tions have been unable to procure, even after ages of effort and mifery, is granted by Divine Providence to the United States ; and his adorable decrees have marked the prefent moment for the completion 266 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1781. completion of that memorable happy revolution, which has taken place in this extenfive continent. While your councils were thus acquiring new energy, rapid multiplied (uccelles have crown- ed your arms in the fouthern ftaies. We have Teen the unfor- tunate citizens of thefe ilates fojced fiom their peaceful abodes; after a long and cruel captivity, old men, women and children, thrown without mercy into a foreign country. Mailer of their lands and their ilwe?, a mid his temporary affluence, a iuperb vic- tor rejoiced in their diftrefles. But Philadelphia has witne'led their patience a ad fortitude ; they have found here another home, and though driven from their native foil, they have bleffed God that he has delivered them from the prefence of their enemies, and conduced them to a country, where every juit and feeling man has ftretched out the helping hand. of benevolence. Heaven lewards their virtue. Three large iiates aie at oace wrefled from the foe. The rapacious foldier has been compelled to take re- iuge behind his ramparts, and oppreflion has banlfhed like thofe phantoms which are diffipated by the morning ray. On this fo- lemn occafion, we might renew our thanks to the God oi battles, for the fuccefs he has granted to the arms of your allies and your friends, by land and by fea, through the other parts of the globe. But let us not recall thofe events which too Clearly prove how- much the hearts of our enemies have been obdu rated. Lei us prodrate ourfelves at ihe altar, and implore the God of mercy to fufpend his vengeance, to fpare them in bis wrath, toirifpue them \vith femimems of juftice and moderation, to terminate their oK- flinacy and eiror, and to ordain that your victories be followed by peace and tranquillity. Let us befeech him to continue to (heel on the councils of the king your ally, that fpiiit ot wiidom,of juf- tice and of courage, which has rendered his reign fo glonour. Lei us entreat him to maintain in each of the fiates that intelli- gence by which theUnited Slates are infpned. Let us retum iiim thanks, that a faclion whofe rebellion he has coire&ed, now de- prived of fupport, is annihilated. Let us offer him pure hearts, un foiled by private hatred or public diiTenfion ; and let us with one will and one voice, pour forth to the Loid that hjmn of praife, by which chrifiians celebrate iheir gratitude arid his gioiy." The moil important books and papejs of Congrefs engageti st length the attention of the enemy. A fcbeme was concerted for cauying them off. Lieut. M^ody, who had been io fucce(,sJul in taking the American mails, was enwployed. He remf:i::cd or* the Jerfty fide of the Delaware, while his biother John Moody, and another or two repaired to Philadelphia. Before they could execute the Bufinefs intruded to them, a difcovcry tcok pl^ce; and A.D.ifii.'] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 267 and fome of them were feized. Parties were fent acrofs the De- laware to fecure the lieutenant; but he eluded all their exertions, and efcaped in an extraordinary manner. His brother and a fel- low fcldier were brought before a board of officers, at which the Marquis In this letter there is an allufion to an improper conduft tow- ard the Britifh prifoner*. in the hands of the Americans, which leads me to mention the cafe of the convention troops. While in Virginia they were often but badiy ferved with meat. The ch'ef of what the American contractor had procured for their fupply was fuch as they could not eat. The Britifh commanding officer at length made his complaint, and obtained leave to have it furveyed, when it was condemned in geneial. The American, quarter mafters were, upon that, obliged to go all over Virginia in fearch of fait provifions, the want of which was fucb, at one time, that the prifoners had fix weeks meat due to them. On this an addition of one half more was made to the allowance of Indian meal, and the troops lived upon meal and water- When afterward removed to Frederick- town in Maryland, they complained of meeting with much ill ufage, and of being badly fupplied with provifions and almoft half ftarved. This treatment made the men defert in great numbers. In- fiances of improper conduct toward other prifoners undoubt- edly cxifted. But the general treatment of them was good ; and wherein it was otherwife, fell fo fhort of what the Britifh prac- tifed toward the Americans, that the former fiequently declared of the latter, that notwithflanding all theii threats, they were afraid ti> retaliate. The Britifh power in Georgia beino; too weak to prevent it, there has been a complete re-eftablimment of American govern- ment. The general afTembly was convened at Augufta on the i6th of Auguft. General Greene's fuccefs in South Carolina, having opened the way for Gov. Rutledge's fafe return to that ftate, he exercifed his authority afrelh, and on the 27 ih of Sep- tember, ifiued a proclamation, offering thofe inhabitants of the ftate who had joined the Britifh, pardon on condition of their doing fix months^ militia duty, with the exception of fuch as had taken commifTions, figned congratulatory addrefTes on Britifii victories, or who had been otherwife aclive in fupport of their government. In a few weeks, feveral hundreds came out ofihe Britifh lines, and greatly reinforced the American militia. Ma- ny were now as afii-duous in framing excufes for having arranged themfelves under the Britifh flardard, as they had been the year before to apologize for their involuntary fupport of rebellion. Several call themfelves on the public mercy, though excepted by the proclamation. The governor afterward iflued writs for a new election of reprefematives, by virtue of the extraordinary power delegated to him before the furremier of Charleflown. The i were to be held in the ufual places where it was praclU cable *;o THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1781. cable, and in other cafes as near as fafety and other circumftances would permit. It was ordered by the fame authoiity, that at the eleftion the votes of fuch only mould be received as had never taken Britii'h prote&ion, or who having taken it, had notwith- ftanding rejoined their countrymen/ on or before the date of the proclamation. Other perfons, though residents, were not confi- rlered as freemen of the ftate, or entitled to the full privilege of citizenfhip. To counteract the feverai meafures of the governor, Oeneral Leflie iffued a proclamation on the i^th of December, alluring his majelly's loyal fubjecls in the province, that they might rely on fpcedy and efFe6iual fupport being given to them, by the exertions of the forces under his command ; and at the fame time giving notice, that the fevereft punifhments fhould be inflicled on all who, having folicited for and obtained the enjoy- ment of the privileges of a Britiih fubjefit, fhould again take arms againfl his majetly's government, or ferve in any civil capacity under a fecond ufurpation. Vermont, though not admitted into the confederation, nor ac- knowledged by the United States, exercifes ail the powers of an independent itate has her legtflative, judicial and executive branches, and will continue them, without fubjefcling herfelf to the payment of any part of the continental debt till received into the union. LETTER XI. Rotterdam, April 30, 1782. FRIEND G. THE Congrefs of the United States of America, having at length (that they might gain Spain) agreed to recede from their claim to the navigation of the MifTifTippi. Mr. Jay, agreea- ble to the requeft of the Count de Florida Blanca, delivered in propofitions relative to an intended treaty, on the 22dof laft Sep- tember. The 6th article was thus exprefied "The United States fhall relinquifh to his Catholic Majefly, and in future forbear to ufe, the navigation of the river Miffiflippi from the point where it leaves tl:e United States down to the ocean." But it was ac- companied with this remark of his among others " If the ac- ceptance of it mould, together with the propofed alliance, be poft- poned to a general peace, the United Stales will ceafe to confider themfelves AD. i;'8i.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 271 themfelves bound by any propofitions or offers, which he may now make in their behalf." The defign of the Spanifh court ap- pears to be the drawing of all fuch conceflions from the United States, that their prefent diftrefs and the hopes of aid may extort. Befide, by protra6iing negod&tions about the treaty, they may intend to avail themfelves of thefe conceflions at a future day, when the inducements for offering them haye ceafed. They neither refufe nor promife to afford the United States further aids. Delay may be deemed their fyflem. The American corn- miffioners at the European courts labor under great difadvanta- ges, as their difpatches brought by the captains of vefiels are not ient to them by a trufty officer, and therefore are Habls to be o pened and fuppreffed, as is known to have been done in certain inftances. Few of the proceedings of congrefs remain long fecret ; and one of their agents has informed them, that he had very good authority for faying, that copies of the letters which puffed be- tween the committee and the late commiflioners in France, are now in the hands of a certain foreigner. How he got them th& agent knows not ; but he afferts it as a faft. The arrival of the Britifh Wefl India trade was To much later than had been expefted, that Adm. Darby kept the fea till No- vember. It is fomewhat remarkable, that neither the allied fleets* Jnor the Britifh, took a fingle prize during the long terra they were refpeclively at fea* The Spaniards, though they engaged in the expedition againft Minorca, did not relax in their operations againfl Gibraltar, - For the more certain and fpeedy redu6iion of the place, they erected ftupendous works, which were at length arrived at the higheft ftate cf perfection, after immenfe labor and expence. Gen. Elliot confidered this as the proper feafon for attempting at once to fruftrate all their views, by attacking, ftorming and de- ftroying them. The time being fixed [Nov. 27.] and the arrange- ments made, a flrong detachment ifl'ued from the garrifon upon the fetting of the moon, at 3 o'clock in the morning. The troops were divided into three columns, and the whole commanded by Gen. Rofs. Each column was formed in the following order, viz. an advanced corps, a body of pioneers, a party of artillery men carrying combuftibles, a fuflaining corps, and a refervc in the rear. The pioneers of the left column werefeamen. Nothing could exceed the filence and order of the march, the vigor and fpirit of the attack, or the exaft combination of all the parts. The whole exterior front of the Spanifh works was every where attacked at the fame inftant, and the ardor of the troops was ir- lefiftible. The Spaniards gave way on every fide, andfoon aban^i VOL, III, ]< doneU *72 TIIZ H I S T O R Y OF THE \A: D. 1781, doned their works with the utmoft precipitation. In half an hour, two mortar batteries of ten i<> } inch mortars, and three batteries ot heavy cannon, with all the lines or approach, communication and traverfe, were in flames, and whatever was fubjeft to the action of fire was finally reduced to aihes. The mortars and cannon were fpiked, and their beds, carriages and platforms de- itroyed. The magazines blew up one after another in the coui fc of the conflagration. The whole Spanifh camp continued fpefta- tors of the havoc, without an effort to faye or even avenge their works, unlefs an ill directed and inefTeclual fire of round and grape mot might be confidered as either. The whole fer vice was. performed, and the detachment returned to the garrifon before day break. Its iofs was too inconfiderable to be mentioned. On the 27th of November, his Britifh majefly went to th houfe of peers and opened the feffion of parliament. The fpeech expieffed the king's determined refolution to perfevere in the de- fence ot his dominions, until fuch a pacification could be made .as might coafift with the honor of his crown, and the permanent intereft and feeurity of his people. The loiTes in America were neither difTembled nor palliated ; but flated as the ground for re- quiring the firm fupport of parliamenf, and a more vigorous, ani- mated and united exertion of the faculties and refources of the people. The favorable appearance of affairs in the Eafl Indies was noticed ; which was the only ray of fuccefs with which the fpeech was illuminated. An account had been received, that on the ift of July, Sir Ey re Coote with his little army came to a ge- neral aclion with Hyder Ally, which lafted eight hours, and was a hard fought day on both fides. The amazing fuperiority of the enemy yielded at leng h to the fleadinefs, fpirit and bravery of SirEyte's troops. Hyder Ally retreated precipitately after hav- ing had 4000 killed, among whom were many of his principal of- ficers. Sir Eyre left but few officers, and about 400 privates killed and wounded. The motion for an addiefs in the hotife of commons produced a warm and animated debate, which continued till two in the morning. Mr. Fox moved for an amendment, by omitting that part of it which promiied to fupport the American war ; and pro- pofcd a new one, exprefling a wifh for a new fyftem of meafures/ which thehoufe would alfnt to forward. But it was reje&ed by 218 againft 129. During ihe debate Mr. Burke obferved, that " The Colonel Laurens, who drew up the articles of capitulation, when Lord Cornwallis furrendered, is the fon of Mr. Laurens, who has been committed clofe prifoner to the Tower of London, cf which Lord Cornwallis is himfelf the governor ; and thus hi* , lord f hip ii 0.i78i,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 7 j: lordfhip became a prifoner to the Ton of his own prifoner." la the houfe of lords an amendment to the addrefs was proposed by. Lord Shelbiirne in a very iruflerly fpeech, but was lejected by % majority of 75. Mr. Burke had, in the former ftflion, moved for an inquiry into the conducl obferved on the capture of Statia, which was re- jecled by a majority of near two to one. He brought on the bufmefs afrefh ; and in his fpeech [Dec. 4.] on the occafion mentioned, that three months were fpent by the Britifh com- manders in difpofing uf and fecuring the plunder of the ifland ; that Sir George Rodney's fleet amounted to 21 fail of the line ; and that the whole French force, previous to the arrival of Count -de Graffe, confided only of 8 (hips of the line, and one fifty. > He faid this favorable opportunity was entirely neglecled, the whole Britifh fleet, and near 3000 chofen troops, being kept up* \vardof two months in a ftate of total inaclion, for the important fervice of protecting the faJes at Sratia. He afcribed to the- fame difgraceful caufe, as a fecond misfortune, the ue^knefs of the detachment fent under Sir Samuel Hood, to prevent the junc- tion of the French fleet in the Weft Indies with that which Ha GrafTe brought from Europe. Sir George declared in reply, that he made the feizure of the effects for the fole and exclufive bene^ fit of the crown ; and had no intelligence, till long after the con- fifcation, of his majefty's intentions to rclinquifh his right in fa-, vor of the fleet and army; that his prefence at Statia was abfo-. lutely n'ecedary for fome time; that during that period, he ha1 planned two expeditions, one againft Curacoa, the other agairi^ Surinam, and was upon the point of putting them into execution, when he received intelligence of the approach of tie GrafTe, whole fleet was reported to confift of no more than 12 fail of the line; and that consequently he thought Sir Samuel Hood a fufEdent; match with fifteen. An humble addrefs, remonftrance and petition of the lord may* tz leprejtntatwn and prayer, addiedtd to the houfe oi commons by Mr. Laurt-ns himlelf, which was laid on the table. It was written by the petitioner with a black lead pen- cil; he having, as is thought, refilled to accept of fo:r;e indul- gences lately offered him, a*hd aniongfl the reft that of pen and ink, the ufc of which had been itrittly forbidden him, during the greateft part of his confinement. The houfe was alio informed by Mr. Burke, that Congiefs had offered to exchange Gen. Bur- goyne for Mr. Laurens ; and manyreafons were urged, by him for its taking place. Mr. Laurens was at length broughj, before Lord Mansfield on the laft day of the year, in confequcnce of an order from the fecreiary of (late, and was discharged upon certain con- ditions. He then repaired to Bath for the recovery of his health, which had been much impaired by his confinement and the hard- Jhips with which it was accompanied. Before the 12th of January, miniftry received an account of Statia's having been furprifed and taken by the French. The Marquis de Bouille being made acquainted with the fecurity and negligence of the governor and garrifon, attempted ihe reduclion of theifiar 1. He embarked about 2000 men in a nunber of fmall veffels at Martinico; and knowingthat the only practicable land- ing place was left unguarded, he took his meafurei foas to arrive before it early in the night. An unexpected rife of the fea cauf- ed the lofs of feveia! boats and many foldiers, while endeavoring to difembark. With his utmoft efforts he could only land about 400 by day-break: there was no hope of reinforcing them with the remainder of the troops, the greater part of the boats having been broken. He faw the danger nf his fituation, that a retreat \vas impoflible; that the garrifon was nearly double his own number ; and that nothing but the fuccefs of a bold adventure, could poflibly fave him and his troops from being either made prifoners or cut to pieces. He determined upon a vigorous at- tack. The place where he landed was about two leagues front the town arid fort : the way to thefe was not only extremely diffi- cult, but interfered by a defile in which a handful of :iien could have flopped an army. The troops that had been landed, wercs compofed principally of Count Dillon's regiment, a part of the Irim brigade in the French fervice. A divifion of the garrifon was going through its excrcife in a field at forne diftance from tua fort. It miftook the enemy, as tfoeir red uniform was the fame with the Englilh ; and did not retreat till it had received a clofe dii charge ft;5 THE HISTORY or THE %A. D. 1781* di (charge of fmall arms, which killed and wounded feveral. Upon the alarm occafioned by the volley, thofe of the garrifon who were in quarteis hurried to the fort, and clogged the draw-bridge in fuch a Conner, that it could not he raifi-r!, until the enemy en- tered pell mell along with them. Lieut. Col. Cockburne, the go- vernor, who had been taking an early ride, returned at the inftant of furprife, and was made prifoner on horleback. lie was " guil- ty of culpable negleft, in not taking the neceflary precautions for the defence of the ifland, notwithstanding lie had received thefui- Jeft intelligence of an intended attack."* Thus was Statia, with the dependent iflands of St. Martin and Saba, reduced in a few minutes on the 2610. of November, with the lofs to the French of no more than ten foldiers killed and wounded. The Britifh gar- rifon, confided of 677 men, and the artillery of 68 pieces of cannon. The marquis de Bouille behaved with his ufual magnanimity, and admitted the claims of the original proprietors to various arti- cles on the ifiand. A confiderable fum of money which Lieut. Col. Cockburne declared to be his, was with the generous confent of the French officers reftored to him. But a very large fum, the- remainder of the produce of the late fales, and faid to be the pro- perty of Adm. Rodney and Gen. Vaughan, became a prize to the vi&ors. Their whole fpoil has been eftimated at two millions of livrtu. When Count de Guichen returned from his cruife, the utmoil expedition was ufed at Bred in refitting the French fleet for the fea, notwithstanding the lateriefs of the feafon. The reinforcing of Count de GraiTe in the Weft Indies with troops and mips of war, was indifpenfably requifite ; an-i it was foreieen, that he would want on that flation almod every article of provifions and nccefliiry of life, befide an immenfe fupply of military and naval itorrs of every kind, after the fervice on the North American coails. The French concluded alfo upon fending a reinforcement of troops and (hips to Motif, de Suffrein in theEafl Indies, where the demand for naval and military (lores was alfo urgent. A numerous convoy of transports, (lore mips and provifion vefTels, \vere accordingly gotten in readincfs with the fame diligence as the Hect. It was needful to guard againft the defigns of the Bri- tifii, the preparation was therefore ex'encled to fuch a number of men of war, as was thought eqaal to ihe proteclion of the whole, tiii they were at a fafe didance. Count deGuichen was appoint- ed to the command of ail, while he remained in company with thesa. The fquadron and fleet dcRined for the Weft Indies, was intruded * The fcsjcnce of th; cou:tmarf:. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 28* armies were fo moved by the wretched condition of the garrifon, that involuntary tears dropped from them as the prifonm paffrd along. The lubfequem tendernefs fhown by the Duke cle CiiU Ion, the Count of the fame name and family, and the Baron de Falkinhayn, who commanded the French troops, in their contU nued fupply of ail neceffaries to the lick, and their unremiued at- tention 10 their recovery, was beyond all praife. The members in the Britilh houfe of commons oppofed to the adminiitration, aimed at binding up the hands of the executive government by a ilrong and explicit declaration of the opinion f parliament. Gen. Conway [22.] therefore moved "That an humble addrels be prefented to his majeity, that he will be pleafed to give directions to his miniflers not to purfue any long- er the impracticable objecl of reducing his xnajefty's revolted colo- nies, by force, to their allegiance, by a war on the continent of A- inerica.and to aflure his majefty, that his faithful commons will moft cheerfully concur with him in fuch rneafures as may be found ece{Tary to accelerate the bledings of returning peace.'* The de- foates were warm, and held till two inthe morning j when upon ths divifion the numbers for the motion were 193, and agairj$ it 194. The majority of one only on the fide of miniftry, proved that their influence was nearly at an end. Five days after Conwav renewed his motion. The debates it occafioned continued till near two in the morning, when the attorney general moved ' " That the prefent debate be adjourned until the igth of March." There were for the adjournment 2 13 againft 234. The original motion, and addrefs to the king formed upon the refolution, wetc then carried without a divifion, and the addrefs was ordered to b piefemed by the whole houfe. The next day the attorney gene- ral moved to bring in a bill to enable his majefty to conclude a peace or truce with the revolted colonies in America, which was agreed to. The bill had for its objei the repeal of ail acls rela- tive to the commerce of America, from the isth of Charles II. The fame day the fecretaries of flate fent a letter to the Lord Mayor of London, informing him of the apprehenfion which ex- iited of riots and tumults in the evening ; that fo proper meafures might be taken for fecming the public peace. It was feared, that the great and general joy occafioned by the carrying of Conway ! s motion would have produced thofe riots. On the ^th of March, his majefty's anfwer was reported to the houfe, and the thanks of the houfe unanimoufly voted to ihe king for the fame. After which Conway rofe and moved another refolution "That this toouie will confider as enemies to his majefly and this country, Mi tUyfe whe $ull snJeAYer td fruftraie liis major's THE K'l S T O R Y OF THE [A-. D. 1782. care for the eafe and happinefs of his people, by advifuig, or by any means attempting, the further profecunon of often five war on the comment oi North America, tor the purpofe of reducing the colonies to obedience by force." Government made a feeble op- po'iuon 10 the motion, and at length fufFered it to pals without a divifion. On that day alib, a commiHion pa fled the great fcal fc appointing Su Guy Carletan commander in chief in America. i he reiolutions that were puffed in the houfe. and the waim rece.-.ion they met with from the public, ferveci to fliow that a complete revolution in the internal policy of government niuft ' fucceed, which was an event no wife agreeable to the ientiments of i he court. The oppofuion fought [8th/] to obtain a vote, from which it fnight appear, that the bouie of commons had totally withdrawn tis confidence from the prcfent adminiftration. Lord John Ca- venciifh made ievcral motions with that view, arid a long debate enked, when the houfe divided at laft on the order of the day, vhich had been moved for and was carried by a majoiityof 10. That , and there- by fecure all the advantages of their fuperiority in number. [Jail. 25.] Sir Samuel inftantly perceived how he might profit by ibis movement. The enemy formed in a line of battle a-head. He carried on every appearance of a determined and immediate attack, whereby he drew them further fiom the fhore. He then pumed direftly for Bdifeterre road, and took pofTeiTion of that anchorage ground, which the count had quitted on the preceding evening. A fenfeof the poflible confequence of this movement, in cutting the French fleet off from all communication with their army on fliore, led them to fall upon Commodore Affleck' with the mmoft fury. He commanded and clofed the rear of the Bri- tiih fquadron.and they were in no fmall hope of cutting off that divifion. The commodore with his two brave feconds, Loid Robert Manners and Capt. Cornwaliis, kept up fo able and un- ceafmga fire, that with little lofs and damage to themfelves, they contributed much to the covering of the other (hips of the divi fi- eri, while they were getting into their Rations. After a (harp conflict, the French were obliged to bear away. The next morning [26.] by eight o'clock, theBritifti line was attacked from van to rear, by 29 fail of the enemy for near two hours, wiihout having the leafl vifihle impreflion made upon it. The French then wore and flood off again to fea. De Grade not yet difcouraged, renewed the engagement in the afternoon, an4 *ire8ed his attack principally againft the centre and rear di\ ifions. Thefe he hoped to overwhelm by the fuperiority of his force: bu* Ke was again repuH^d with greater lofs and damage than before. iis e>v/n !h'5p t '.he Viilt dc Paris, fuff;. jd feverely, and rccdve4 & D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. no lefs than 84 mot in her hull. It was faid, that the Fiend*. fcnt a thoufand wounded to Statia. The lofs of the Biitifh in ail the attacks is ftated at 72 killed and 244 wounded. From that time the count kept at a diflance, but continued conflamly in fight, appearing one day with 32 two-decked ihips, and another with only 29. The fuccefs of Sir Samuel Hood's bold adventure produced very flattering profpecls. The admiral had no doubt, but that Brimftone hill would hoM out, till the Marquis de Bouille and Count de Grade would be glad to retire. B; t therein he wag miftakcn. The inhabitants of the ifland, on the firft arrival of the French, adopted a feeming neutrality. Governor Shirler indeed proceeded with 350 militia to reinforce Gen. Frafer's fmail garrifon, and continued bravely to encounter all the dangers, and patiently ttf endure all the hardfhips of the fiege. The French clofely inverted the hill on all fides, on the night of their landing and the following morning. The artillery deftined to ferve in the attack on Baibadoes was attempted to be difem barked. But the veflcl which conveyed the mod heavy and effective part of ir, {truck on the rocks and funk. The enemy however were not difcouraged by .his lofs, or the fubfequent one of the frigate from Martinico. By perfeveiing induilry they fiflied up no fmall part, f the artillery, fhells and ftores which had been funk; and the men of war brought a frefh quantity of heavy ordnance from Martinico. Moreover, the very means provided for the defence of the garrifon, were unhappily for them employed in their de- Uruclion. Eight brafs'24 pounders, with 6000 balls, together \vithtwo 13 inch brafs mortars and I^QO (hells, which had been fent out by government to furnifh the fortrefs, inflead of having been removed up to the works, were all found by the French at the foot of the hill, and proved a moft feafonable and necelfary fupply. The'hill was naturally ftrong, but the works at the top were not anfwerable to itsftrer.gth ; and were iiule calculated to withftand the batteries, which the pofleffion of the adjoining country, and the weaknefs of the garrifon enabled the enemy tt> reft in the moft advantageous po fit ions. The Britilh were icoreovcr totally deflitute of intrenching tools. The Marquis de Bouille commenced and carried on a regular fieg"; but was incommoded during the whole of it, by a moft vi- gorous fire from the garrifon. The toil and fatigue of tha French was exceffive in fuch a climate, as they had no fubftitute for human labor in removing their artillery and heavy flores. The trenche* however were opened in the night between the i6th ijtk of January. Sir Samuel Hood took the earlieft oppor- tunity, THE HISTO RY OF THE [A. D. tunity, on his arrival off (he ifland, of fencing an officer to* Brimftone-hill, accompanied by one from General Prefcott, who in anfwer to the offer fent to General Frafer, brought back the following meffage " That as he had taken tne trouble to come with troops to his afiiftance, he fhould doubtlefs be glad oi the honor of feeing him ; but that he was in no want either of him or hU troops." Prefcott being very defirous notwithftancU ing, to be put on fhore with his Antigua troops, they were ac- cordingly landed on the 28th of Jan. together with the 69th re- giment, and immediately got into aclion, and drove the enemy with a confiderabie lofs to the latter ; but as no folid purpoie could be anfwered by the continuance of the troops on fhore, they were taken off in the evening of the 29th, without the lofs cfa man. All communication being now cut off with Brim- itone-hiil, the general with his troops failed back for Antigua on the ift of February. The French profecuted their works and attack with unremit- ting induftry. During the laft three weeks of the fiege, they were conftantly, night and day, cannonading and bombarding the garrifon ; who though continually thinned by the numbers killed and wounded, bore the inceffant fatigue of being alway unde* arms, and the increafing danger, with admirable patience and for- titude. Aj. length, the works on one fide being fo deftroyed as to form an entire and complete breach, and there being not more than 500 men left able to go through duty, and Sir Samuel Hood not having it in his power to afford the leaft relief, both the go- vernor and Gen. Frafer f Feb. i.] concluded upon propcfing a capitulation; which the fvlarquis de Bouille eagerly embraced, as the acquifition of time for further operations was important, and a fecurity from interruption by the arrival of a Britiih admi- ral to reinforce Sir Samuel was of the firft confequence. Every condition they propofed was agreed to, whether in favor of the garrifon or ifland. The former were allowed all the honors of war in the fullcft fenfe; and the ifland was upon thebeft footing it could be, under a capitulation. The Marquis de Bouille, with his ufua! ellevation of foul, by the laft article difcharged Gov. Shiiley and Gen. Frafer from being confidered as prifoners of war, out of refpecl to their courage and determined conducl ; and eclared that the firft might return to his government of Anti- gua, and ,he latter continue in the fervice of his country. The furrender of Brimfrone-hill, and the capitulation of the^ ifland, rendered the longer flay of Sir Samuel Hood in Bafleterre- road equally ufelefs and dangerous. Befide, the French had keen joined ly two fhips of the line from Europe; fo that Courtf dc A.B. 1782.3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. . th of iafl November, to be published at Bruflels, abfolvingthe religious orders in the Low Countries fiom %\\Joreign independence vvhatfoever. On the 19th of January, the following notification appeared in the Vienna Gazette " Notice is hereby given to all thofe who have hitherto kept out of their country on account of the religion they profefs, that his majeily pardons them, on con- dition that they return in the courfe of ihe year 1782, promifing that they mail enjoy the fame benefits. as thofe who, on account of religion, had quitted the place of their birth, and taken up their abode in other provinces belonging to his faid majefiv." His iiiajeity hss moreover abolifhed feveral religious orders^ His e- -dict for the abolition of various convents has taken place at Prague, Brunn, Olmutz, &c. and'ihe nuns and friars are fieed from their vows. The poiftfiions cf the already aboliJJicd mo- nafteries exceed whai could be imagined. It is fuid to be the intention of his majeily to appropriate all the mcxney he may ob s lam by the abolitions to charitable ufes. The emperor has caufed a refcript to be circulated throughout bis dominions, containing the reafons and principles which have induced him to difcbim ail fubordinatior. to the pope in fecular aflf.irs. They are in fliorc thefe '* That iris the highcit abfur- io prtiend that tkc fucceil'ors of the apoilies had a divine righ: y furrH'JercI to tlieFreacli byca^itukticnjFsb. 3^ 1732, 29 THE HI STORY OF THE [A. D. 178*, right to more authority than they themfelves ever exerted : nor is any man ignorant, that our Lord Jefus Chrift only charged them with fun61ions entirely fpintuat : lit, With the preaching of the gofpcl. 2dly, With the care of the propagation of it. 3d'y, With the adminiftration of the facramems, (thai is, of thofc which are fpiritual.) 4thly, With the care of the church." They are the fame principles as were published by father Paul in h s Rights of Sovereigns and Subje6ts: or to afcend to a much h-gher authority, in the Books of the New Teftaioent, by the Supreme Head of the chnjiian church, who declared, my kingdom IS not oj this world. The m?afuies adopted and perfift'.'d in by the emperor, occafi- oned great commotions at Rome. The pope had feveral confer- ence> on the fubjecl with his cardinals, in which, notwithflanding his gteat age, he determined on a journey to Vienna. This was notified to his nioft dear fon in Jefus Chrift, Jofeph, iiluflriou* apoflolic king of Hungary, alfo of Bohemia, king cleft of the Romans, in a brief addreiTed to him, and given at Rome by Pope Pius VI. on the i^th of December 1781, and of his pontificate the 7th year. Jofeph in his anfwer told his moft holy father, that he mould receive him with all the refpecl and attention due to his exalted ftation; but that the journey would be fupei fluous, as he was abfolutely determined in his judgment. The journey was however undertaken ; and the fovereign Roman pontiff arriv- ed at Vienna March the 22d, where he remained till April the 2 ad, when he fet out on his return to Rome, fully convinced that his Hiofl dear fon had fent him a true anfwer. LETTER XII. Roxbury, May 23, 1782. r T^HEacls of Congrefs demand our firft attention. On the JL 2'.jd of February, they refolved to authorifetbe commander in chiei o agree to the exchange ot Earl Cornwallis, by competi- tion, provided that the honorable Henry Laurens, Efq; (hall be libeiateci and pu per afiurances obtained, that all accounts for the (upport of the convention prifoners, and all other prifoners of \var, ihall be fyeedily fettled and difcharged. The fncceis which had attended the operation of the allied forces in Virginia, and other favorable appearances cenfpinng, the A. D. 1782.] AM E R 1C AN RE V O L U T IQ N. the French court turned their attention toward the procuring from Congrefs the appointment of thofe American commiiiionert for negociaung a peace, and with thole inilru&iotis, that wouid be perfectly agreeable to them. Sundry communications ti cm ihetr rninifter plenipotentiary were laid before that auguil body ot de- le^ates from the United States, which were referred to the lecre- tary for foreign affairs, who on the 8th of February delivered in a report, part of which was agreed to, and the remainder referred to a committee. Mr. John Adams was fo far from being approv- ed of by Monf. de Vergennes, as the fo!e negociator in that im- portant bufinefs, that the French miniiler labored to have him wholly excluded ; and complained .heavily of his IhfYnefs and tenacioufnefs. Letters had palled between them upon ihe fubject of the refolve for affixing the paper money at forty for one, which Vergennes confidered as an acl: ot bankruptcy. Mr. Adams per- fifted in defending the proceeding with fo much refoluticn, that the French miniiler at length informed him, that the king enjoin* ed filence for the future on the fubjecl. The tneafuies vviiich had been p'urfued in Holland by Mr. Adams, were ilib difpleaf. ing, as they traverfed the policy of the French court. Letters were at length frnt to the French plenipotentiary at Philadelphia, exprefling the opinion of his court, that they mould noi be able to do bufinefs in confort with Mr. Adams. When the fame had been communicated to Congrefs, a committee was appointed to confer with the Chevalier de Luzerne on tfje affair. A leading perfon in the committee was unwilling that the American minifter fhould be facrificed to the difpleafure of the French court, when the of- fence was occafioned by his zeal to ferve his country.. It was therefore propofed, that he mould be inftiucled 10 do no one thing without the confent and approbation of the French court: but that he fbould attend to his former infhuctions, and endeavor all in his power to obtain the fifhery, &c. but not to make them a Jine qua non. This did not fatisfy; for it was obferved, thjat not- withstanding fuch inftruftions, Mr. Adams might ob!lrut the tie- gociations by not joining in them. The (aid pe.fon judging it would be fafeftto put confidence in the Ficnch, moved that Mr. Adams mould be ultimately directed and guided by thefentimems of the French court, which being agreed to and communicated, fatisfied the Chevalier. Afterward it was thought advifeabie by fome of the fouthern delegates, that others fliould be joined witU Mr. Adams; and accordingly Congrefs agreed, that the honora- ble John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay and Henry Lan. rens, fhould be their commiflioners for negociating a peace. ? Their commilTions were accompanied with the following intlruc* lions THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. i;*, fion.s " You are to concur in behalf of the United States, with his Moll Chniiian Majefty, in accepting the mediation propoled by the emprefs ot Ruiha and the emperor of Gcimany. You Hie 10 accede to no treaty of peace, i. which ihaii not eife&ualljr lecuie the independence and fovercignty of the Thirteen States, .accoiding to the foiin and effect of the treaties fubfifting between ihc laid fiates and -his Mod Chriflian Majefty ; and 2. in which the laid treaties fhall not be left in their full loice and validity. As to boundaries and other particulars we refer you to the in-, illusions given Mr. Adams, dated the 14111 of Augtift 1779. and i8th of Oclober 1780. We think it unfafc at this diltante to tie you up by abfo-lute and peremptory directions, on any other ifubjeei than the two eflential articles above-mentioned. You ate at liberty to fecnre the interefts of the United States, in fuchman- taer as circuinilances may direcl ; and as the flate of the bellige- rent, and difpofinon of the mediating powers may requiie. You are to make; the moil candid and confidential communications up- on all fubjecls to the minifter of the king of France; to under- take nothing in the negociation for peace or truce without their knowledge and concurrence, and ultimately to govern vomfelves by their advice ami opinion, endeavoring in your whole conduct to make them fenfible, how much we rely on his majcify's influ- ence for effectual fupport, in every thing neceiTary to the preient fecurity or future profperity of the United States. If a difficulty fhould occur in the coinfe of the negociation for peace, from the backvvaidnefs of the Britifh to make a formal acknowledgment ef our independence, you are at liberty to agree to a truce, or 10 make fuch other conccflions as may not affeft the fubftance of what we contend for, and provided that Britain be not left in pof- feiTion of any part of thelThirteen United States." The committee to whom was refencd the memorial of the minif- lr of France, were di reeled by Congrels to communicate confi- dentially 10 the faid minifter, the fubitance of the foregoing in- fliuclions. The comrninTions and indruBions were fent to France foon enough to admit of their being received early in May. On Sunday the 24th of March, Captain Joihua Huddy, who commanded the troops at the block-houfe on Tom's river ia Monmouth county, New Jerfey, was attacked by a number ot re- fugees from New York; and taken after defending hirnfelf gal- lantly till all his ammunition was expended. He was kept in clofe euilodv; and on Monday the 8th of April was told, " That he was ordeied to be hanged." Four days after (i2th) he was fent out with a party of refugees, and hanged about ten o'clock on the heights ofMuldletOYYii. The following Lbei was allixcd to hi* 'A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 293 "We the refugees, having with grief, long beheld the cruel murders of our brethren, and finding nothing but fuch mea- fu.res daily carfying into execution we therefore determine not to fuffer vvithcut taking vengeance for the numerous cruelties, and thus begin (and I (ay may thofe lofc their liberty who do not follow on) and have made ufe of captain Huddy as the fir ft object toprefent to your view ; and further determine to hang man for man, while there is a refugee exifling. Up goes HUDDY for PHILIP ' W.H1TE." Phihp White was taken by a party of the Jerfey people on the 3oth of March, and was killed in attempting to make his efcape afterward. When this affair was made known to Gen. Washington, he propofed a number of queftions, on the cafe of Captain Huddy, to the genera! officers and others, who were for retaliation. However, infield of immediately executing an officer of equal rank with Huddy upon receiving proofs of his murder, Wafhing- ton wrote to Clinton, that unlefs the perpetrators of that deed were delivered up, he fhould be under the difagreeable neceflity of retaliating. On the 2oth, he fent a letter to congrefs, with the copy of a memorial from the inhabitants of the county of Monmouth, and fundry affidavits refpecling the death of the cap- tain ; which produced the following refoiution on the sgth - " That congrefs having deliberately confidered the faid letter and the papers attending it, and being deeply imprefled with the ne- ceflity of convincing the enemies cf thcfc United States, by the mod decided conduct, that the repetition of their unprecedented and inhuman cruelties, fo contrary to the laws of nations and of war, will be no longer fu fie red with impunity, do unanirnoufly approve of the firm and judicious conduct of die commander in chief in his application to the Britifh general at New York, and do hereby a flu re him of their firrheft fupport in his fixed purpofe of exemplary retaliation." What alteration may be produced by the change of Briiifh generals, remains to be difcovered. Sir Guy Carleton arrived at N^v York on the ^th oF May, and is now commander in chief of the king's forces in America. From his tried and known humanity, it maybe concluded with certaia- ty, dia-r no afts of barbarity will be fupported by his countenance. Negotiations were carried on the lait year between foYne lead- ing perfons belonging to Vermont and the Britifh in Canada anri New York ; which produced jeaioufics in the minds of feveral, who thought that the rulers meant to unite that country to Great Britain, contrary to the with and without the knowlege of the in r habitants in general. Mr. Thomas Chittenden, the governor^ was addreficd in letter of January the ift, upon the fubject, by a gen- THE HISTORY OF TH* [A. D. a gentleman of the fi*ft confequence ; to whom he gave the mod pofuive aflurances, that fuch negotiations were fafar innocent,, that there never was any ferious intention of joining Great Bri- tain in their attempts to fubjugate the United States. But the intercourse h^d undoubtedly a bad tendency ; and gave the Bri- tiOi fome ground to hope, that they mould annex the people of Vermont to their interefts. General Wafhington wrote to Gov. H-mcock on the 31(1 of Janaary. The letter was upon public bufinefs, and urged the Speedy, pointed and effectual compliance of the fiate, with the requifmons of congrefs for completing their battalions ; that fo all the fruits of the fucceiTcs of the preceding campaign might not be thrown away, by an inglorious winter of languor and inac- tivity. It infiRed on the neceflity of having a powerful army early in the field. " Soon," fays the general, " might we hope to enjoy all the b!e flings of peace, if we could fee again the fame animation in the caufe of our country infpiring every bread, the fame palTion for freedom and military glory impelling our youth* to the field, and the fame difinterefied pairiotifm pervading every rank of men, as was confpicuous at the commencement of this glorious revolution." He preiTed the furriifhing of the recruits in feafon, and the eftabiifhing of checks to prevent impofuions as to the quality of the men, that none might be accepted but able bodied and etTeclive, and that it might not be attempted to itn- pofe upon them decrepid or improper men or boys as foldiers. Near the end of April he obferved, that the efficient operating force of the northern army could be no more than 7,353 rank, and file; ancl that he fhouid be uncandid, was he not to acknow- ledge, that he he did not cxpeft it would beincreafed by recruits in the courfe of the campaign to more than 10,000 fit for duty in the field. HeeHimated the royal force in New-York, includ- ing their eftablifhed corps of provincials at 9,000, and their mi- litia refugees and independent companies at 4000, in all 13,000 ; befide about 3. 300 at Charleftown, and about 700 at Savannah. The bank of North- America opened at Philadelphia on the 7th of January. Through the eftablifhment of it, Mr. Morris, the financier, was enabled to fupport credit, and to keep things in motion till the 230 of April. Without that he mud have itopped ; for the public money was exhaufted, and he had not at that hour received one farthing from any fhte in the union. There was too much caufe for complainiiag ofa difgraceKil languor in moft of the governments; and which has its origin in felflla views, party fpirit or worfe motives. The itates were half a mil!- ion of dollars in debt oa this year's taxes, which had been raifc<5 J.D.17**-] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. by anticipation on that fyftem of credit which Mr. Morris had created. On the 14th of May he thus expreffed himfeifin a letter to Gov. Hancock " On the ift of January 1782, with a heavy arrearage for 1781, unpaid on the; face of the requifitions to Congrefs, I had to provide for a three months expenditure, when no man would truft the public for a fingle dollar: yourle- giflature knew the flate of public credit as well as I did. Inftead of providing money for the ift of April, they have made no ef- fort for thai purpofe which can takeefFecl before v the ift of June. Now then let us fuppofe every ftate in the union to be as negli- gent, and many of them are much moie fo, what can gentlemen promife themfelves. I apprehend the moft terrible confequen- ces. I beg you to prefs an immediate payment of money, the neceflity of which it is nat eafy to conceive, nor prudent to de- clare." The French king allotted in December laft fix millions of livrej to the affiftance of the United States, and the financier was allowed to draw for 500,000 tournais monthly. This was but half he afked for; and he hopes that the other fix millions may- be granted, as that arrangement had been made before the arrival of the Marquis de laFayette. The moft peremptory declarations however attended that grant, that it was all the United States were to have. Previous to the receipt of the news of the grant^ the financier had been obliged to hazard drafts for 500,000 livres, and to order Dr. Franklin to refell the goods bought in Holland, if he had no other means of paying the bills. He requefted the minifter of France, and the fecretary of foreign affairs, and the fecretary at war, to keep the grant from Congrefs, and all other perfons, as much aspoffible, through fear that if it came to the knowledge of the feveral legislatures, they who had not patted their tax bills, would no longer think it necefTary to pafs them, and inftead of exerting themfelves, wou|el hang their hopes on fo- reign aid. The affairs of South Carolina and Georgia mail now be related. General Greene's army took its pofition on Col. Sanders's plantation at Round O, on the 7th of laft December. On the 14th, the general wrote to the American board of war " We cannot advance upon the enemy for want of ammunition, though we have been in readinefs more than ten days. I have not a quire of paper in the world, nor are there two in the army. We broil moft of our meat, for want of camp kettles." On the 4th of January, he congratulated the army on the arrival of Major General St. Clair and the reinforcement under his command* Within a week after, the army moved down to Jackfonbarough (about 53 miles from Charleftown) fo to Steno, and thea on th If OL. Ill, N xi *6tk THE HISTORY *F xue [//. D. i 7 i6th to Col. Skervin~'s, on the eaft fids of the EdiHo about g miles from Jackfonborough. Greene left it when ihe move- ment commenced, and croffing the Edifio, proceeded to join the light troops under cols. Lee and Laurens. He informed the fe- cretaiy at war from his head quarters near Charleftown on th* 23d " I would order the returns you require, but we really have not paper to make them on, not hav-ing hid for months pafl even paper to make provifion returns, or to record the nccefiary re- tumsof the army. The next day [2.j!h~j he wrote " Since we have been in the lower country, through the difficulty of tranf- portation we were four weeks without ammunition, while there was a plenty of this article at Charlotte. We lay within a few miles of the enemy with not fix round* a man. Had they got knowledge and availed themfelves of cur fi'uation, they might have ruined us. The ftates here are become fo tardy, as to regard reprefentations little more than idle dreams, or an eailern tale. We may write till we are blind; and the local policy of the ftates, in per- fect fecurny, vvill counteract our wifhes." The following extracl* from his letters will be the mod acceptable medium of conveying hisfentiments " Jan 28ih. I was well informed you had let in fome prejudices to my difadvantage, fuch as my being more in- fluenced by men than meafures, and that in the field I had nei- ther activity nor enterprife. However mortifying thefe things were, my pride would not permit me to undeceive you ; and fuch \vas my fuuation at that time, that it would have been difficult, if not impracticable, had I attempted it. My military conduct mull fpeak for itfelf. 1 have only to obferve that I have not been at liberty to follow my own genius till lately, and here I have had more embarraffments than is proper to difciofe to the world. Let it fuffice to fay, that this part of the United States has had a narrow efcape. I was fcvi n months in the field without taking my clothes off one night." [He only took them off to change his linen.] " Feb. 6th. You can have little idea of the confu- fion and diforder, which prevail among the fouthern ftates* The fcenes change fo fart, and the operation of law is fo feeble, that is is almoft impoffible to give any regular tone, to any kind of bu- finefs. Stores are fubjecl to fuch wafle, and fuch abufes prevail upon the lines of communication, as well aspofts, that it is next to impoflible to keep the public from being impofed upon. Our difficulties are fo numerous, and our wants fo preffing, that I have not a moment's relief from the moft painful anxieties." '* Feb.. 8th. The little money Mr. Morris has received from Europe, it is well known, was granted by the king of France, for the fpe- c'ulpurpofeof paying *ihc army." "Feb. i&ih. Lieut. Col. Lee retire* ,/#. i7*a.]- AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 597 retires for a time for the recovery of his health. I am r^ore in- debted to tb-is officer than any other, for the advantages gained o- rcr the enemy in ihe operations of lait campaign, and ihould be wanting- in gratitude, not to acknovvledge the importance or his fervices, a detail of which is hi* beftpanegyiic." '* March iuh. f A great part of our troops are in adeplo'rable fiiuaiion for want of clothing. We have 300 raeu without arms; and more than loooare fo naked, that they can only be put on duty in cafes of a defperate nature. We have been all the winter in want of aims and doming; and yet both upon the road, though neither could reach us, from/ the want of means for tranfporting our flores by land through an extenfive and exhaufted country." April i3th. The want ofclothing,pay and better fubfiftence, and being alto- gether wjthout fpirits, has given a murmuring and difcontented tone to the army, and the face of mutiny difcovers iifelf. I fed much for this department. No. part of Saxony, during the la (I war, I believe, ever felt the ravaging hand of war with grearer fe- verity, than it has been felt here. Our number is greatly inferior* at prefent to the enemy : foon and moft of the North Carolina brigade leaves, u$." [It has been computed that fourteen hun died widows were made by the ravaging hand of war, in the fin- g]e diftticl of Ninety Six.] " Apiil 22* ' Dtfcontent is daily in. creating, and the fpirit of mutiny very prevalent* It feems (a have oiiginated in the Pennfylvauia line; and the parties have endeavored to fpread the contagion through the army with ap- pearances of fuccefs. I have been able to prove the facl bet on one perfon, whom I ordered to be fhot this day. He was a- fergeant and had much influence in the line. I wi(h this example may deter them from the execution of a fcherne, which we have been dreading every night/* [The fcheme alluded ta was tbat o betraying the army into the power of the enemy.] The South Carolina reprefenta.'ive$ having been el'eclecf agree- ably to the writs ifiued by Governor Rutledge^ the general aflem- bly met in January, at Jackfonborougli, a i'mall village on the E- f diflo. The governor, at the opening of the fefiion on the iSih of the month, delivered a fpeech to both houfes; for which h& received the thanks of each in their addrefles. The conflitutioii ef the ftat.e ellablimed a rotation, which made it neceffary to choofe a new governor. The fmTiages of a majority were in fa- vor of the former lieutenant governor Chriflopher Gadfclen, Efq; who declined the laborious office* but continued to ferve both ia the aifembly and council. He, with many other gentlemen, who had been delivered as exchanged in Virginia and Philadelphia^ _*>oa found their way back to South Carolina, and were members* THE HISTORY or TH [A. D. 1782. of the legiflature. The general aflembly afterward e- lecfced the honorable John Mathews governor; filled up vacan- cies Tn the different departments ; and re-eitablifhed civil go* vernment HI all its branches. Laws were then pafled for confif- cating liie eddies, and Oamibing the perfons of the afclive decided friends of Britifh government, and for amercing the eftates of others, as a fubftitutjon for their perfonal fervices, of which their country had been deprived. Mr. Gadfden, notwithftanding thfc Jong confinement he had iufTered in the caftle of St. Auguiiine, and the immenfe lofs of his property, oppofed the firft law, and with equal zeal and judgment contended that found policy requir- ed to forget and forgive. Two hundred and thirty-feven per- fens or eflates were comprehended under that law, and forty- eight under the other. Thole whofe fubmiffion to the Britifh appeared to be necefTary and unavoidable, and who did not volun- tarily aid or abet their government, were generally overlooked. The execution of thefe laws induced Gen. Leflie, who command- ed the royal forces in Carolina," to fend a part of them to feize the negroes and other effecls belonging to the whig-citizens, with the avowed ime ition of applying the fame to the relief of the fuf- fereis by re the faid houfe of lords upon any fuch fentence or decree art?, and arc hereby declared to be utterly null and void to all intents, arri purpofes wbatfoever." The bill received the royal affent by. cornmHIioa on the firft of July. It muft be noted, that before the bill was brought in, the Duke of Portland went in flate to the Irish houfe of peers on the 3oth of May, to announce the concurrence of the king and parliament of Great Britain to the independent, rights claimed by Ireland. O/i the iS'.h of June, tht delegates AMERICAN REVOLUTION. delegates of the volunteer corps of the four provi-nces, .at therr general meeting held in Dublin, refolved unanimouily " Thaj the addreffes of the Iriih parliament having diklaim'ed any power or authority, of any fort whatfoever, in the parliament of GreaS Britain over this, realm, we lhall confider a repeal of the 6th-. of George I. by the Britifh parliament, made in puifuance of the {aid addreffes, a complete renunciation of all the claims .contained in the faid flamte ; and as fuch we will accept it r and deem it fa- tisfaclory." On the i8th of July, it< was moved in the houfe of lords; "That this houfe,. having the fuller} confidence in the anfwer to their addrefs to his majefty of the s/th of April laft,can- not entertain a doubt but that the independence of the legislature of this kingdom, both as. to internal and external objecls, will s>e inviolably maintained." This motion was meant as an explicis declaration of the ttal independence of the Irifh legislature on that of Great Britain in all cafes whatfoever, and palled without a negative. Thus have the patriots of Ireland, by their judici- ous, Heady, and temperate conduct, made the war with the Um- ted States ot America fubfervient to theeftablifhing of their owzi independency without bloodmed and devaluation. Had rigtea fomcwhat fimilar to thofe which were conceded to them, been early granted to the Americans, the union of the latter wan the mother country had been continued; aad the enormous expcn- ces of war, and all its concomitant miferies been avoided. When the duke of Portland put an end to the feflion on the 27th of Ju- ly, he obferved to both houfes with fatisfaclion, that they had provided for the impartial and unbiaiTed adminiftration of juiUce, by the acl for fecuring the independence of the judges; that the/ had adopted one of the mod effectual fecurities of Britifti free- dom, by limiting the mutiny aft in point of duration ; that they 1 had fccured that moft invaluable of all human blefiings, the per- fonal liberty of the : fubje61,by paffing the habeas corpus aB ; and that they had chcrifhed and enlarged the wife principles of tole- ration, and made confiderable advances in aboliihing thofc dif- tisclioHs which had too long impeded the progrefs of iaduftry^ and divided the rvatioa. While meafures v?ere purfuing for eftabli filing harmony be- tween Great Britain and Ireland, adminiftration applied them- (e!ves to the perfecting of thofe plans of ceccnomy and reform, for the execution of which they were pledged to the public. The bill$ for disqualifying revenue officers from voting in the electi- on of members of parliament, and for rendering contractors in- capable of fitting in the houfe of cormrons, palled the lower houfe after a feeble oppofition ; and though flrenuoufly comba* ted in the upper, were carried by very large majorities, and r& chived the royal affent, Mr, 302 THE H I S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 178*. Mr. Burke, while the bills were pending, brought forward afrefh the great plan of reform in the civil lift expenditure, which he had fubmitted to parliament two years before. This object in which wete combined the principles of future oeconomy and the abolition of great influence in both houfes of parliament, was introduced by a meffage from the king. In the beginning of May, Mr. Burke was called to the chair of the committee, and was di- rected to move the houfe for leave to bring in a bill, to enable his majefty to pay off the dabt on the civil lilt, to prevent the like in future, and to carry into a law the retrenchments which his majefty had gracioufly propofed to make in his houfehold. A number of offices, uiually held by members of parliament, were abolifhed; and the annual faving arifing from the reform, which would be yearly increafmg, amounted 1072,368!. He apologized for the bills not being more extenfive ; and engaged to obey their call, whenever it appeared to be the general fenfe of the houfe and of the people, that he mould undertake and go through with a more complete fyftem of reform. The gentlemen's magazine for May 6th, gives you in the hif- torical chronicle under Monday 6, the particulars of the reform ; and immediately under it the following extraordinary article of reform in the houfe of commons This day the entry on the journals of the houfe of commons of the 17th of February, 1769, importing, " that John Wilkes, Efq; was judged incapable of fitting in that houfe," was, on motion, ordered to ba expunged, ii to 47. Thus has Mr. Wilkes triumphed at laft in the cafe of the Middlefex eleclion, after a long fucceflion of annual de- feats. Mr. Burke's reforming bill was followed by another for the regulation of his own office. The principal objeft of it was, to prevent the poffibility of any balance accumulating in the hands of the paymafter general, which, he faid, had fometimes amounted to the enormous fum of a million of pounds, theinte- reft of which would be annually faved to the public. He alfo ftated, that as treafurer of Chelfea hofpital, he enjoyed the pro- fits arifing from the clothing of the penfioners. The profits of the contrail had ufually amounted to .700!. per annum; but by a bargain he had made with a contractor, who was not a member of parliament, it would amount to 6ool. more. This fum of 1300!. a year, he meant to refign his claim to, and to appropri- ate it to fome public fervice. The fubjecl: of a reform in the conftitution of parliament was Hot wholly abandoned ; but was brought again before the houfe by Mr. William Pit.t, who moved " That a committee be ap- pointed to inquire into the flate of reprefentatin in parliament. A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 303 and to report to the houfe their fentiments thereon." A long debate cnfued, and was ably fupported by gentlemen on each fide the queftion; but on a citvifion the motion was rejctied by a majority of 161 to 14-1. While the parliament was thus employed, the miniflry were not inattentive to the great objc& of the nation's detire, the icf- toration of peace ; which was fo tar in train, !:hdt on the id of July a communication was opened between Dover and Calais, and four Britiih and four French vefTels were appointed to fail alternately from each port. But the day was rendered much more memorable by the death of the marquis of Rockingham.whofe health had been garduallv declining, and at iengih fuuk under ihe jncreafmg weight of public cares and bufmefs. This event oeca- fioned various changes in the adrnini ft ration. The earl of Shel- hnrne was appointed the marquis's fuccefTor in the treafury. Lord John Cavendifh amd Mr. Fox foon after refianed their of- fices, and were followedby the by the duke of Portland and others, Mr. William Pitt was made chancellor of the exchequer: Mr, T. Townfhend and Lord Gramham fecre'aries of State. Lord Shelburne having occafion to fpeak on the fubjet of the inde*. pendence of America on the loth, faid, '* that his opinions were ilill the fame; but circurnftances had changed, and he now faw it was become a necefTary evil, to which his country muft fubmit to avoid a greater." On the i ith, his majefly went to the houfc of peers, and by his royal fpeech put an end to thefeflion. The fuccefles of the Britifh in the Eaft and Weft Indies and in Europe, which were known long before the rifing of parliament, xvere favorable circumftances, and tended to give ftabilitv to ad- miniftration, by the public fatisfaHon they produced. We fhall now enter upon their narrative. The Dutch garrifon of Negapatsm was reinforced *by a large detachment of Hyder Ally's troops, before the Englifh compa- ny's appeared upon the coaft of Coromandel. Major Gen. Mon- ro landed on the sift of Otlober, and then took the command of them. He was followed by the whole corps of marines from Adm. Hughes's fleet. By the loth of November, the breaching battery being ready, and opening at day light, the garrifon foon demanded a parley and capitulated. They confided of 8000 men; 500 were European regulars and militia. On the ad of January the admiral failed from Negapatam roads, and on the 4trji arrived at Trincomalcbay. Thenextday all the troops were difem- barked and landed before dark. The feamen and marines imme- diately formed, and pufhing through the gateway made themfelves matters of the fort, while the governor was drawing up a capitu- VOL. Ill; Q lation. THE HISTORY OF THE \A. D, 1782* lation. The only remaining force was a fort on the top of a high hill, which commanded the harbour and had an open communi- cation wiih the {hips. The commander refuting to furrender, a ftorming party of leamen and marines affaulted andcarried it on the morning of the nth, with little lofs. Upon the furrender of Negapatana, Hyder Ally's troops evacuated all the forts and ftrong poits they held in the Tanjore country. This intelligence however was fomewhat damped by the news received from Bombay at the Eaft India houfe on the 2ih of Auguft, be- ing an account of an action on the 17 th of Feb. between Sir Edward Hughes and Monf. de Suffrein, in which feveial of the BritiOi (hips fuffercd confiderably. Wtien the foafon for naval action in the European part of the world approached, great threats were held out of the mighty ef- fecls to be produced by a combination of the whole marine force of France, Spain and Holland. It was therefore an object of the firil importance to Great Britain to prevent fuch combinati- on, by keeping that watch upon the Dutch fleet which would dif- able them from penetrating the channel in their way to Breft, the appointed place of rendezvous. A plan of operation, principal- ly defenfive, was concerted by the new admiralty, which had been juft farmed. While the re. ft of the fleet was preparing, Adm. Harrington failed from Portfmouth [April 13.] for the Bay, with 12 fail of the line. On the coth a fleet was discovered, and the (ignal for general chafe in flam ly thrown out. The Foudroyant, Capt. Jarvis, being a prime failer, fo far outflripped the reft, that when night came on, wiih hazy and blowing weather, he foan loft tLem en- tirely ; but he kept a full view of the enemy, and purfued thern \viih unremitting vigor. The chafed fleet confided of 18 fail, laden with (tores and conveying a confiderable number of troops, for thefupply and reinforcement of the French fleet and forces in the Eaft Indies. They had failed from Bred only the day before, end were under the protection of the Proiecleur and Fcgafe of 74 guns each, L'Aclionare of 64, but armed en flute, and a frigate. The convoy was difpet fed by fignal, and the two French 74 gun fhips having confuked, it was agreed, that as the Protefteur had a large quantity of money on board, (lie fhould make the btfl of her ivay ; and that if fighting was inevitable, the Pegafe fliould a- bide the confequences. A little before one in the morning Capt. Jarvis came up with and clofely engaged her. The aftion was fierce while it lafled, but within lefs than an hour the Pegafe was compelled to furrender. Soon after day light, the Queen man of came in fi^ht and took upon her the care of the difabled captured d. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. &$ captured (hip. The Queen and Foudroyant foon loft fight of each other in a hard gale which enfued. The next day a lar^e man of war appeared in fight of the Queen. The captain, Maitlaacl, loon puifued ; and after a chafe of 14 hours came up in the night with ihe French (hip. She received his broadfide, returned hers, and then ftruck her colours. She proved lo be the Actionai e ; and was a valuable prize, having a great quantity of naval ord- nance ftores on board, befide wine, rum, provisions, and feveral cherts of money. Ten large tranfports and a fchooner, befide the men of war, were taken. The bad weather obliged Barring- ton to finilh his fuccefsful cruife by returning to Britain towaid the clofe of the month. f The naval force of France and Spain in the Weft Indies, foon after the reduction of St. Kitt's, amounted to 60 (hips of the line; and their landforces when joined would have formed a confidera- ble army. Jamaica had no more than fix incomplete battalions f regular troops and the militia of the ifland to defend it; and therefore in cafe of an attack muft have been foon fubdued. The arrival of Sir George Rodney [Feb. 19.] with 12 fail of the line at Barbadoes, and his fubfequent junclion with Sir Samuel Hood's fquadron, together with the arrival of three (hips of the line from Great Britain a few days after, was providentially defigned for the preservation of Jamaica. The firft object with Sir George Rodney was to intercept the convoy that failed from Breft in February ; and which was de- figned to fupply the failure of that which was attacked by Adm, Kempenfelt. Rodney difpofed of his capital (hips in a line to the windward of the French iflands, arid formed a line of frigates {till farther to windward. But the French convoy, by making the ifland of DeGada to the northward, getting to the leewird of the Britifb fleet, and keeping clofe in under the land of Guade- loupe and Dominique, had the addrefs to efcape the danger, and tq arrive [March 20.] fafe in Fort Royal bay, where they found the Count de Giaffe. Sir George Rodney, on finding birr-felf difappointed, returned to St. Lucie; there to refit ; take in a fupply of water, {lores and provifions ; and keep a Uriel: watch with his frigates on the move- ments of the French in Fort Royal bay. Theobj^cls of the hof- tile commanders were not lefs oppofne than their imereffs. It was the bufinefs and defign of dc Graife to avoid fighting, till he had formed a junction with the Spanim fleet under Don Solanc* at Hifpaniola. On the other fide, the falvation of the Well In- dies, with the whole fortune and hope of the war, depended up >n Rodney's preventing th? junction, or brirgirg cu a dole ami de. THE H I S T O R Y OP THE \A. D. 1782-, cifive engagement with de GrafTe before it took place. The Briiifh fleet at St. Lucie amounted to 36 ihips of the line: ihe force uncier de Graffe at Martinicoto 34, bcfide two (hips of the line armed enjlute md two fifty fours, the fir ft were not in either engagement; and ihe lafl if prefent atied only as frigates. The French fleet, befide a full compliment of feamen, hud ^ ( $oo land forces on board. The Ville de Paris of no guns, de Grade's own fhip, carried not iefs than 1300 men including foldiers. The French 74'* carried poo men eaeh. Their metal is always heavier than that of the Britifh, in equal rates : but feveral, of their (hips were in very indifferent condition. The Bitifn had five 90 gun fnips, which was their higheft rate; and the French had eight of 84 and 80 guns each, befide the Ville de Paris. The comparative balance of the force on both fides was tolerably even; an-J contending fleets do not often meet upon more equal terms. The van of the Britifh was commanded by Sir Samuel H'ood, the centre by Sir George Rodney, and the rear by Adm. F;ancis Drake. The three divifions of the French fleet were un- der Count de Graife, Monf. de Vaudreuil, and Monf. de Bou- gainville. The French fleet began ["April 8.] to turn out of Fort Royial harbour by break of day, with a great convoy under, their protec- tion, all bound to leeward and intending to fall down to the French or Spaniih ports in Hifpaniola. De Graffe, that he might avoid any encounter on his paflaga, meant to keep clofe in under the iflarids, till he had eluded the purfuit of the Britifh. But theif departure from the Bay, and movements, were fo fpeedily com- municated by fjgnalsfrom the frigate?, and the Britifh Sect was in inch excellent preparation, that all the (hips were clear of Grofs Iflet Bay by noon, and purfued with the mmotl expedition; fa that the French faved only a few hours, by being mailers of h time of departure. The Britifh gained fight of them under Do- minique at night; and afterward regulated the purfuit by fig- nals. Count de GrafTe formed the line of battle to windward early the next morning; and thereby afforded an opportunity to his convoy for proceeding on their courfe, while he remained to a- bide the confequences. While the count had wind enough for thefe movements by being further advanced toward Guadeloupe, the Britifh fleet lay becalmed under the high lands of Domi- nique. The breeze at length reached the van of the latter; aid the Ihips b'.?.in to clofe with the French centre, while their own centre and rear were ilill becalmed. If de Grafr." could have a- voiilcd an eu^a^cmcnr, it luult be thought that (he pv.off.e6l of jf i>.i7**-3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 307 falling with his whole weight upon and entirely crufhing one- third of his enemy's force, was too tempting to be refuted. The atlion commenced [gth.j about 9 o'clock. The attack was led by the Royal Oak, and feconded by the Alfred and the Montague. The whole divifion was in a few minutes clofely engaged, and for more than an hour was exceedingly prcffsd by the fuperiority of the French. The Barfieur, Sir S. Hood's own fhip, had at times feven, and generally three {hips firing upon hei : none of thedivifion efcaped encountering a difproponionate force. The firm and effects \\ refinance, with which they fuftained ali the efforts of the enemy's fuperiority, was to the higheft degree glorious. At length the leading fhips of the centre were enabled to come up to their afiiftance. Thefe were foon followed by Sir G. Rodney in the Formidable, with his feconds the Namur and the Duke, all of 90 guns ; they made and fupponed a moft tremendous fire. The gallantry of a French captain of a 74 guri (hip in the rear, who having backed his maiti-top-fail, (readily re- ceived and biavdy returned the fire of thefe thtre great fhips in fucceffion, without in the leaft changing his ilation, excited the applaufe <*nd admit ation of his enemies. The coming up of thefe feve>ral fhips of the centre divifion, induced the Ftench command- er to change the nature of the ad r.n, that fo it m g'n noi become decifive. He kept at fuch a diilance dui ing the remainder ot ;hain- ad fuch adiftance, that the body of their fleet could only be dif- cried from ihe maft-heads of the Britiih centre; and ail hope of Sir G. Rodney's coming up with them feemcd to be atari end. In this critical ftate of : things, one of the French (hips, which had f.jffered in the aftion, was perceived, about noon, to fall offcon- fiderably from the reft of the fleet to leeward. This light pro- traced fignals from the Britiih admiral for a general chafe; which was fo vigorous that the Agamemnon, and fome others of (he feeadmoft of the Britiih line, were coming up fo fait with this Ihip that (lie would afTuredly have been cut off before evening, had not her fignals and evident danger, induced de Grafle to bear down with his whole fleet to heraffiftacne. This movement made it impoilible for the French to avoid fighting. The purfuing Bii- tifh mips fell back into their Ration ; a clofe line was formed ; >and fuch manoeuvres praclifed in the night, as were neceiFary t* prcferve things in their prefent ftate, and as might poflibly pro- duce cafual advantage. The French alfo prepared for battle with thegreateft refolutioru The fcene of aftion lay between the iflands of Guadaloupe, Dominique, the Saints and Marigalante ; and was bounded both to windward and leeward by dangerous fhores. The hoflile flee;s met upon oppofite tacks. The battle commenced [April 12.] a- boutfeven o'clock in the morning, and was continued with unre- mitting fury until near the fame hour in the evening. Admiral Drake's divifion led, and with much gallantry received and return- cd the fire ef the whole French line ; whofe guns were pointed fo little to the hulls, or fo illy ferved, that Drake's leading (hip, the Mariborough, had only three men killed and fixteen wounded by receiving the fiift fire of twenty-three of their (hips. The Bri- tiih as they came up, ranged (lowly along the French line, and clofe tinder their Ice. Being fo near every mot took cffeft; and the French (hips being fo full of men, the carriage in them was prodi- gious. The Formidable, Adro. Rodney's fhip, fired near 80 broad- fides, and it may be thought (he was not fingular. The French flood and returned this dreadful fire with the utinoft fiimnefs. Each fide fought, as if the honor and fate of their country were on the iffae of the day. Between twelve and one Sir G. Rocney in the Formidable his fc-conds the Namur and the Duke, and immediately fup- portcd by the Canada, Lore directly and with full fail athwart the French line, and fuccefsful!/ brokq through, about thiee fnip$ fhort ] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. fhort of the centre, where Count de Grade commanded in the Ville do Paris. Being followed and fupported by the remainder f his divifion, and wearing round clofe upon the enemy, he effec- tually feparated their line. This bold pufh proved decifive. The French however continued to fight with the utmoil bravery, and the battle lafled till fun- let. The moment that Rodney wore, he threw out a fignal for the van to tack. Drake inilamly complied ; and thus the Briufh fleet gained the wind of the French, and completed their general con- f;i(ion. Their van endeavored to re-eftablifh the line but with n fuccefs; and their rear was fo entirely routed, that no hope re- mained of recovering its order. Hood's Divifion had been long becalmed and kept out of aclion; but bis leading fhips and part ef his centre, as far at leafl as the Barfleur which he commanded himfeif, came up at this junclure, and ferved to render the vi&o- ry more decifive on the one fide, and the ruin greater on the ci- ther, while each afforded inftances of the utmoft courage. Captain Inglefield, HI the Centaur of 74 guns, came up-frorm the rear to the attack of the Csefar of 74 alfo. Both (hips were frelh and fought bravely: but when the French captain had evi- dently by far the word of the combat, he difdained yielding. Three other mips came up fucceilively ; and he bore to. be torn almoft to pieces by*their fire. His fortitude was inflexible. His enfign ftaff being fhot away, he ordered h : s colours to b'e nailedi to the mad ; and his death only could end the conteft. When the Caefar ftruck, the mail went overboard and there was not a foot of canvafs without a fhot hole. The captain of the Giori- eux did not yield till all his mafts uere (hot away, and the fhipi was unable to make any defence. Captain Cornwallis in the Ca- nada of 74 guns vanquidied the French Heclor of the fame force; but inftead of taking pofleffion of her, left her to be pickt up by a frigate, and pufhed on to the Ville de Paris. Count de Grade was nobly fupported, even after the line was broken ; and until the diforder and confufion became irrepairable toward the evening. His two feconds, the Languedoc and Cou- ronne, were particularly diftinoruifhed : the former narrowly ef- caped being taken, in her laft efforts to extricate him. The Di- adem a French 74, went down by a fingle broadfide, in a gene- rous exertion to lave him. His fhip, the Ville de Paris, after be- ing already much battered, was clofcly layer! athwart by the Ca- nada, and in a defperate aBion of near two hours was reduced al- rnoll to a wreck. De GrafTe appeared to prefer finking, rather than ilrike to any thing under a flag: he rright however confider tic fatal efjecls which the linking of his fbg weuld produce in ihq gi THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 178* the reft of the fleet. Other (hips came up in the heel of the ac- tion with the Canada; but he (till held our. Ai length Hood in theB-irfleur approached him juit at fun-fet, and poured in a rnoft deitfuchve fire. The coi:nt however withing to (ignalizc as much as pofifible, the lofs of io fine and favorite a (hip, endured the repetition ot it for about a quarter of an hour longer, when he fin.ck his fl.ig \o the Ba'ileur, and furrcndered hirafeif to Sir Samuel Hood. It is faid, that at the time there were hut three men left alive and unhurt on the upper deck, and that the count was one of the thiee. The Caefar was unfortunately fet on fire, and blew up in the night of the aftiotr. A lieutenant and ^o Brttilh feameri perifhed with about 400 piifoners. The Ardeiit of 64 guns, taken from {he Biitithby D'Orvilliers in the channel, was now retaken. The advantage of clofe fighting with Britilli Ihips and feamen was nevermore happily exemplified. The number of the French ihin in this engagement, and that of the ninth, is computed at 3000 ; of the wounded at near double. The computation is the more probable as upward of 400 were killed on hoard the Ville de Paris, and between 2 and 300 in feveral French (hips frngly. The French fleet in general was little lets than ruined. The fmall fuperrority of Britifh fhi'ps in point of number contributed noth- ing to the fuccefs of the day, as ./lore of Hood's divifion than that difference amounted to, were prevented coming into action thro* the want of wind. The whole lofs of the Biitim, killed and tvounded in the two aclions, is ftated only 10,50, of which 2,53 were killed on the fpot. Capt. Blair of the Anfon, who had the year before dnflihguamed hitnfeif in the action under Adm. Hyde Parker, was {lain. The lofs of Lord Robert Manners^ fon of the late Marquis of Granby, and brother to ihe Duke of Rutland, was univerfaliy lamented. He had performed manybrilliantaBions during the war, in the Refoiution of 74 guns. He was grieVoufljfr wounded ; and was carried off by a locked jaw a few c!a)S after the aclion, on his paffage to Great Britain. Thirty- fix cheHs of inor>ey, deOined to the pay and fubfiftencG f the troops in the defigned attack on Jamaica, were found in the Ville de Paris. This fhip had been a prefent from the city of Paris to Lewis XV. in that fallen ftate of the French marine, which prevailed toward the clofe of the former war. No pains or essence were fpared, to render the gift wonhy of that city and of the monarch to whom it was prefemed. Her building and fitting for fea is faid to ha.ve coll 176,000!. flerling. It was fingularly providential, that the whole train of artillery, with the battering f-annon, and 'travelling carriages, meant for the expedition againft Jamaica were on board the Clips now uken, Sif A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 311 Sir George Rodney brought to for the night : while the French (hips which efcaped, made off to leeward with the utmofl dif- patch, and were out of fight in the morning. Some ran down to the Dutch iiland of Curacoa. But the gieater part under Meffis. de Bougainville and de Vaudreuil, kept together and made the belt of their way to Cape Francois. Sir George attempted to p.urfue them the next morning ; but the fleet was becalmed under Guadaloupe for three days fucceffively after the bdtile, which gave the French the molt favorable opportunity of eicaping. After Sir George was fatisfied, that they were gone to leeward, he difpatched Sir Samuel Hood, whofedivifion had fuffered little, to the weft end of Hifpaniola, in hope that he* might pick up fome of their difabled (hips. He hi mfelf followed with the reft of the fleet, to rejoin Sir Samuel off Cape Tiberoon. Sir Samuel proceeded with fuch difpatch, that on the day after his departure, [April 19.] he defcried five fail of French veiiels between Porto Rico and Hifpaniola. A general chafe immedi- ately enfued, and continued feveral hours, when the Valiant and the Magnificent of 74 guns each, came up with, and after a fhort engagement took the Jafon and Caton of 64 guns each, with two frigates : a third efcaped by a fudden (hi ft of wind. Thus the French loft eight (hips of the line : fix were in the pofieflion of the Britim, one had been funk, and the C as far blown up after her capture. Four others got into Curacoa, and the French commanders were for weeks totally ignorant of their fate : fo that no lefs than twelve fail of the line were mi (Ting. Count de Graffe confidering the extreme importance of the fer- viee in which he was employed, fhould have hazarded a tempo- rary ceafure rather than have ventured the mod diilant rifk of the whole expedition. Had he fubmitted to the lofs of the fhip which fell to leeward, inftead of bearing down to her afliftance, the Britim could not have prevented his joining Don Solano ; and the reduftion of Jamaica would have been next to inevitable. That event muft have exalted his prudence, and have ftiflcd every reflexion that had been pointed againft his character. The Britim having joined off Cape Tiberoon, and the French having no force to the windward, Sir George Rodney proceeded with thedifabled ihips and the prizes to Jamaica, as well for their repair, as the greater fecurity of the iddiid, mould the comhmecl fleet ftill venture upon the profecution of their former defign. Sir Samuel Hood was left with about 25 (hips of the line, to keep the fea and watch the motions of the enemy. When the news of A im. Rodney's victory reached Great Bri- tain, the joy it occafioncd was excefiive, and not without reafon* VOL. III. Pp Before THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 178*. Before there was much defpondency. It produced a fudden and unexpected change in the fnuation of the Britiih : and, at an in- itarit when they feemed to be nearly overwhelmed as well as fur- rpunded by numerous and powerful enemies, gave them an additi- onal weight as a nation, either for the accomplimment of peace, or the further profecution of the war. The admiral was created an Englifli peer on the i^th of June, by the title of Lord Rod- ney. Upon the return of Adm. Harrington's fquadron, Adm. Kern- pcnfelt failed [May 6.J with 8 or 9 mips of the line to fupply their place in the Bay; and upon intelligence being received, that the Dutch were preparing to come out of the Texel, Lord Howe proceeded vvirh a fquadron of about a dozen (hips of the line to the coafts of Holland. The Dutch fleet had failed, but information of Howe's movement induced them to return to the Texel. After cruifing near a month on the Dutch coaft, Howe's fquadron growing very fickly, and the Dutch fhowing no difpofi- tion to venture out, his LordlKip returned to Portsmouth, where being joined by the fhips from the Bay, every difpatch was ufed in preparing the fleet to oppofe the defigns of the combined ene- my, who were loon expected at the nnouth of the channel. Count de Guichen had been for fome time at Cadiz, fror* xvhence he and Don Cordova, with about 25 French and Spanifh fhips of^he line, failed in the beginning of June. In their pro- grefs to the northward, and while ex peeling to be joined by the fquadron from Bre't andoth^r ports, they fell in [June 25.] with the Britifh outward bound Newfoundland and Quebec fleets, un- der convoy of a ,50- gun ftiip and fome frigates. Eighteen of the convoy, laden chiefly with provifions, were taken; the fliips oi war with the remainder efcaped. The combined fleets being entire makers of the fea, from the mouth of the Straits to Ulhant, were able to difpatch their out- ward bound convoys, and ?o receive their homeward with the ut- moft fafety ; while the Biitifh were under no fmall apprehenfion for a rich and great convoy from Jamaica under Sir Peter Parker, with only three (hips of the line for its protection. Lord Howe failed from Port fmouth early in July, accompanied with admirals Barrington, Sir J. L. Rols, and Kempenfelt. Thefe diftinguifh- ed com.nanders had however only 22 fliips of the line to fupport their defigns, .whi'e the combined fleets were cruifing about the chops of the channel, with more than double their force. Lord Howe kept to the weflward of the enemy, in order to profeQ and receive the Jamaica fleet, and at the fan-e time to avoid being forced into aa engagement. By the end of July,. Sir Peter Par- ker A.D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 313 ter arrived fafe with his convoy, bringing Count de GrafTe with him in the Sandwich of yo guns. The count landed at Portf- moinh on the 31 it, amid tlie acclamations of a great concemrfe of people, who in ihat way expreifed their approbation 01 his brav- ery. On the i4th of Auguft, Lord Howe with part of the fleet arrived at the fame port. The protection of the homeward bound Baltic fleer, the pre- venting of the Dutch fiom failing to the fouthward, and the re- lief of Gibraltar, were the grand naval objecls that the Britiih ad- miniftration had ftill in view: each was of high importance. Several of thofe iliips, that were in the belt coodwon for fea, proceeded to the Downs to. attend the motion of the Dutch; while the reft of the ileet were in a hafty ftate of equipment at Portfmouth, and were replemfhing their (lores for the defigncd expedition -to Gibraltar. It was found neceffary that the R.oyal George of 108 guns, commanded by Adm. Kempenfeh, fhouid receive a kindoi flight careen, and be laid in a certain degree up- on her fide, while thedefecls under water occafloning the exami- nation were rectified- This operation i-n ilili weather and frnooih water is attended with fo lit; le difficulty or danger, that the admi- ral, captains, officers and crew, continued on boa;d; and neither guns, Itores, water -or provisions, were i-jmoved. The bufinefs was undertaken [Auguft ayth.Jearty in the morn- ing, a gang of -carpenters from the Dock attending for the pur- pofe. The ftiip while o-n her fide was crowded with .people from the more, particularly women, thought to be not fewer than 300. among whom were many of the wives and children of the fea- men and petty officers, who were come to fee their hufbands and fathers. The great eft part of the crew were aifo on board. Li this fituation, about ten in the morning, the admiral being writing in his cabin, and moft of the people happening then to be be- tween decks, a fudden and unexpected fquall of wind threw the (hip on her fide, and the gun-ports being open,fhe filled with wa- ter almoft mitantly, and went to the bottom. A vicluaHer along fide of her was (wallowed up in the whirlpool, occafioned by the plunge of fo -*aft a body in the water. The admiral, with a number of officers, and moft of thole be- tween decks perifhcd. Thegtiarcl, and thofe who happened to be along with them on the upper deck, were in general faxed by the boat g of the fleet. About 70 more were li ke A'ife fayed v It is thought that from rjoo to 1000 perfons were loft. About 300, mofiiyot the iship's company, were faved. Captain Waghorne, whofe braveiy in the North Sea under Admiral Parker procured him the com- sr.aKd el i-he {hip wasfavcd, though fcvercly bruifcd. 314 THE H ISTO R Y OP THE [A. D. 178*. The loTs of tbe fhip, (hough the period is critical, is not to compare with the lofs of the brave men who perilled in her. Adm. Kempenfelt, though near 70 years of age, is peculiarly and univeriaiiy lamented by the Britifh. In point of profeffional knowledge and judgment, he was deemed one of the firil navai of- ficers in the world ; and in the art of manoeuvring a fleet, he was coniidered by their gieateft commanders as unrivalled. A letter from Sir EvieCoote, dated Fort George, January 28, 1782, v\a.s received ai Lord Shelburne's office, June the 4th. It relates, that after tiie action on the ift of Jul}', 1781, Sir Eyre marched to the northward to foim a junction with tlie Bengal de- tachment. It was effected on the .^cl of Augufh On tiie 271)1, Sir Eyre attacked H\der Ally pofted with his army in a formi- dii>le fi ; nation. The conflict lifted from nine in the morning till near fun-fet, when Sir Eyre was left in full poilt-flion of the field of battle. H;s lofs on this occafion was heavier than on the firfi of July, and that of the enemy lefs. On the 27th of Sep. tember, the two armies engaged again before four o'clo< k in the afternoon, and by the evening Hyder was completely routed. When Sir Eyie was upon his return from relieving the garrifon at Veiloie, Hyder appeared in full force on the i-jth of January, and by a diihnt cannonade . attacked, his army while eroding a mailhy ground. The whole having patted the fwamp, the line was fonned and advanced upon the enemy, on which Hyder gave \vay, and retreated with precipitation. The London Gazette of July i3th, confirmed the account before received of the fur tender of the Bahama Iflands to the arms of Spain, on the 8th of May, by capitulation. The fame day advices we-re received from Capt. Shirley of the Leamler, of his having. deft;roye.d a French {lore ihip ofl" Senegal, valued at 30,000!. and of his takingfive Dutch forts, mounting together i 24 guns, on the coail of Africa, without any oih' r afliliance than the men belonging to his own fhip. Toward the clofe of July, the Englifh Eaft India Company received from l^onr.bav, advice of TIPPOO Saib's having attacked Colonel Braith- vaite on the i6th of February, and obliged him to furrend.er with ail his force two days after : and of the Fierich fleet cqnfifiing of 22 fail, large and fmall, on the igth of February, in RpndU cherry road. Tippoo S-iih's fuccefs has occafioned to the Eng- liih in that quarter, the lofs of soeo infantry and 300 cavalry. The precarious flate of affairs in tbe Eait Indies imift be a mo- tive with the Britifh miniftry to aim at a fpeedy eflablifhrnem of peace. As the negociations for it are carrying on and likely to be continued, my next letter will be from Paris. LETTER A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. LETTER XIII. Roxlury, January 30, 1783. r TH H E bufinefs of retaliating the execution of Captain Huddy JL mall begin the prefent letter. General Wafhington hav- ing made up his mind on the fubjecl, wrote to Brigadier Hazen at Lancaiter 4n Pennfylvania, on the 3d oi May " You will immediately, on the receipt of this, defigriate by lot for the above purpofe (of retaliation) a Britifh captain who is an unconditional prifoner, if fuch an one is in your pofTefTion ; if not, a lieutenant under the fame circumftances, from among the prifoneis at any of the pofts either in Pennfylvania or Maryland. So foon as you have fixed on the perfon, you will fend him under a fafe guard to Philadelphia. I need not mention to you that every pofiible tendernefs, that is confiftent with the fecurity of him, fhould be ihown to the perfon whofe unfortunate lot it may be to fufTer." He received about the fame time from Gen. Robenfon a letter of May i, acquainting him, that a court-martial was appointed by Sir Henry Clinton for trying the perfon complained of and all his a- bettors in the death of Huddy, and that Sir Henry had taken mea- fares for it before he received any letter from Gen. Wamington on the fubjeft. Robertfon exprefled his with, that the war might be carried on agreeable to the rules which humanity has form- ed, and the examples of the politeil nations recommended; and propofed that they fhouidagiee to prevent or punifli every breach of the rules of war within the fpheres of their refpeftive com- mands. The letter was accompanied with a number of papers, fta f mg many acls of barbarity committed by the Americans ; and which had been put into his hands as vindications of the enormi- ty complained of by Wamington. Robenfon meant to prevail upon the latter to deflit from his purpofe. Wafhington however, in his anfwer of May , faid ** So far from receding from that refolution, orders are given to defignate a Britifh officer for reta- liation. But I flill hope the refult of your court-martial will pre- vent this dreadful alternative." After fmcerely lamenting the cruel necefTuy, which alone could induce fo difbefiing ameafure in the prefent inftance, he allured the other that he entertained his wifh and acceded to his propofa!. But to fome parts of Robenfon 's letter he could not refrain from anfwering *' Recrimination would be ufelefs; I forbear therefor" to mention numerous in- ilauccs which have ftaiacd the reputation of your arms, marked the jji6 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. i 7 8. the progrefs of this war with unufual feverity, and difgraced the honor ot human nature itfelr"." When Wafhington was informed thai Captain Afgill (a youth of nineteen) had been' dcfignated and fent forward, he wiote to H to begin a retaliation : that they thereforepitched upon Jofliua Huddy as a proper fubjecl, he having been a very aftiveand cruel perfecutoi of their friends, and having boafled of being inftrumental in hanging Stephen Ed- waids, the firfl of their brethren who fell a martyr to republican fury irt Monmouth county. Huddy, it afferted, tied the knot and put the rope about the neck of that inoffenSve fufTerer. The'plea urged by the parties, who defended the execution of Huddy, was " By a ftrange fatality the loyalifh are the only people that have been treated as rebels during the unhappy war, and we are con (I rained by our fufferings to declare, that no efforts have been made by the government, under whofe protection we wifh to live, to faveour brethren from ignominious deaths. The rebels puniih' the loyalifts, under their ufual di&inclion of prifoners of ftate from prifoners of war.'* When the bufinefs had been fully and impartially heard and clifcuffed, it was finifhed by the following declaration " The court having eonfulered the evidence for ar-d againft the captain, and it? appearing that (although Joihua Huddy was executed with- out proper authority) what the prifoner did, was not the cffeft of malice or ill will, but proceeded from a convi6iion, that is was his duty to obey the orders of the board^of dire6tors of affbcia?ed loy- aliils, and his not doubting their having full authority to give fuch orders, the court is of opinion that he is not guilty of the murder laid to his charge, and therefore acquit him." Sir Guy Carleton, in a letter which accompanied the trial of Capt. Lippincot, declared in unequivocal terms to Gen. Wafh- iugton, that notwithftanding the acquittal of the captain, he re- probated the raeafuie, and gave afiurances cf profectuing a fur- ther 318 THE H IS TO RY OF THE [^.ZJ. 1782, ther inquiry. This changed the ground the general was proceed- ing upon, and placed the matter upon an extremely delicate foot- ing. Sir Guy charged him with want of humanity in ftletting a vifHm from among the Britifh officers,^ early as he did. But Sir Guy fhoul 1 have considered, that by the ufages of war, and upon the principles of retaliation, the general would have been juftified in executing an officer of equal lank with Capt. Muddy immediately upon receiving proofs of his murder, and then in- forming Sir Henry Clinton he had done fo. The ground which the general was proceeding upon being changed, he by a letter of the igth of Auguft laid the whole matter before Congrefs for their direction. The affitir being put into this train, the general fent word to Col. Dayton on the 2^th, " You will leave Capt. Afgill on parole at Morri flown, until further orders," The cap- tain was admitted to his parole even within ten or twelve miles of the Britim lines. He was indulged with a confidence yet more unlimited, by being permitted for the benefit of his health, and the recreation of his mind, to ride not only about the American cantonments, but into the furrounding country, for feveral miles, with his friend and companion, Major Gordon, conflaritiy at- tending him. Every military character mutt fuppofe that thefe indulgences flowed from the American commander in chief : which was the real cafe, and is not to be afcribed to the interfer- ence of Count Rochambeau. Con-grefs referred Gen. Wafh- ington's letter and the proceedings of the Britim court martial upon Lippincot to a committee, who delivered in their report on the i/th of October. Ten days before, [061. j.JWafhing- ton wrote in a private letter to the fecretiry at war " The cafe of Capt. Afgill is now before Congrefs. Was I to give my private opinion refpefting Afgill, I mould pronounce in favor of his be- ing releafcd from his dureffe ; and that he mould be permitted to go to his friends in Europe." Congrefs delayed bringing the mat- ter to an ifTue. At length the general received a letter from the Coant de Vergennes, dated the 2gth of July, interceding for Capt. Afgill. It was accompanied with an uncommonly pathe- tic one from Mrs. Afgill, the mother, to the count. Vergenne* in the moft polite, humane and powerful manner, pleaded her caufe. '* Your excellency (he faid) will not read this letter without being extremely affefted : it had that eflFeft upon the king and upon the queen, to whom I communicated it. The goodnefs of their majefties hearts induces them to defire, that the inquie- tudes of an unfortunate mother may be calmed, and her tendernefs reaflured. There is one confideration.Sir, which though not de- cifwe, may have an influence upon your refolution. Capt. Afgili is A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 319 is doubtlefs your prifor.er, but he is among thofe whom the arms oi the kin^ contributed to put into your hands at York Town. Although ihis circum/lance does not operate as a fafeguard, it however jultifies the intereft 1 permit myfelf to take in this affdir. In feeking to deliver Mr. Afgill from the fate which threatens him, 1 am lar from engaging you to feek another viclim ; the pardon, to be perfctlly lausiacrory, rnuit be entire." Wafhing- ton feiu copies of the letters, with one of his own of the 2th of October, to Congrefs. On the ;'th of November, they "Teiolved, That the commander in chief he and he is hereby directed to fee Capt. Afgili at liberty." It afforded Gen. Wafhington fingular pleafure to have it in his power to tranfmit a copy of this refolve to the captain on the J3th ; and as he fuppofed the latter would wifh to go into New York as foon as poflible, he fent with it a pafTport for that purpofe. They were accompanied with a letter, which clofcdwith " I cannot/take leave of you, Sir, without af- furingyou, that in whatever light my agency in this unpleafing aifair may be viewed, I was never influenced, through the whole of it, by fanguinary motives i but by what I conceived to be a fenfeof my duty, which loudly called upon me to take meafures, however difagreeable, to prevent a repetition of thole enormities M hich have been the fubjeft of difcuflion.. And that this impor- tant end is likely to be anfwcrcd without the effufion of the blood of an innocent perfon, is not a greater relief to you than it is to. Sir, your moft obedienf, humble fervant, George Wamington." Though the treatment Capf. Afgili met with from the general, in the various indulgences that were granted him, merited an ac- knowledgment after his liberation, none was offered, and the captain is thought to have been deficient in politenefs. It was not long after Sir Guy Carleton's arrival, ere he broke up the board of ailbciated loyalifls, and thereby precluded a repe- tition of the like enormity that had been praclifed on Ruddy. . He arrived on the ,5th or" May, on the jth he wrote to Gen. Wamington, and fent him fome public papers, that his excellency might learn from them, the difpohtions that prevailed in the go- vernment and people of Great Britain relative to the making of a peace with the Americans. How neceffary this is for the United States, the following extracts, from the public and private letters of gentlemen of the firft eminence, will convince you. " May 19. Our army is perfectly naked, without pay or rum. The gre.veft decifion and feverity, has been ufcd to prevent the con- fequences of a mutinous difpofition which generally pervaded the troops. Its appearances are lemoved, but I know of no expedient that will fecurethc cxiflence of this [the fcuthern] army, unlefs III. Qq. $ra THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 178*. fupplies arrive foon from Philadelphia. N. GREENE." * Fifh- kill, May 2^. Yefterday was the third day our army [under WafhingronJ h*s been without piovifion. Eveiy department is- without money and without credit. The army could not make a inarch of one d-iy, as they are without every neceiTaryas well as provifions. Officers and ioidiers aie exceedingly discontented. You have douUtlels heard of the premeditated revolt of the Con- neclicut line, happily diicovered the day previous to that in which it was to have been put in execution. The ringleader was pu- n ifhed with death. Wherever I go 1 hear complaints which make me dread the moil fatal coniequcnces. The diftreiTes of our army have arrived to the greateft poJIible degree. Slcufan." - " May 28. I am under anxiety from the want of the neceflary depofits of pjovifions in the garrifon of Weft Point. This is an alarming circumfiance. Were the enemy to know our fituation, and make a linden attempt, what is there to lave thefe important polls? G. Wujlungton" " Aug. 13. For upward of two months, more than one third of our men [of the fouthern armyj weie entirely naked, wi.h nothing but a b.eeeh cloth about them, and never came out of their tents ; and the left were as ragged as \volves. Our condition was little better in ihe article of provi- fion. Our beef was perfe6t carrion ; and even bad as it was, we were frequently without any. An at my thus clothed and thus fed, may be coufidered in a dcfperate fuuation. However, we have ftruggled through it. Our fupplies of provifion are better,, but fcantv and uncertain. Some clothing is arrived, and added to what the governor procured, renders the troops pretty com- fortable ; and the army very contented and eafy, efpecially as we have it now in our power to iflue rum eight times a month. North Carolina hath had few other foldiers, than non-jurors and difaffefted, and thofe for different terms of fervice. A r . Greened . [Mr. Joihua Lockwood, under the direction of Gov.Mathews, brought out of Charleflown a targe quantity of the articles which were moft needed in the camp. They were furnifhed by fome of the inhabitants, who wimed to make their peace with their countrymen.] " Sept. 22. When I found the fupplies of money from the flates would prove fo inadequate, I determined io check all other expences, and to think only of feeding the army. We have lately had an arrival of linens which the clothier fays are fuf- ficient to make thirty thoufarid fhins ; but he is fo indeb ed to the poor people who have worked for him, and who are flarvmg for want of their wages, that he cannot procuie credit to get them made. Money 1 have none. And could he run in debt Hill further, it would only increafe the raif thief, for 1 fee n prcfpe61 ^,J3.i 7 8a.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 3 o died, and of thefe rnoie by the fmall-pox than any oiher diforder. Before Gen. Burgoync was taken, peifons were not allowed to vifit or relieve them. Alter that event the treatment was diffe- rent, and former fcverities we;e mitigated. Wken [ick they were taken exceeding good care of; and had Americans employed to jiurfe them. Had not agents, clerks, ckc. deducted from the king's allowance, they ihou'd have done pretty well : though having no more than criminals allowance of provifion, they hdd a very fcan- ty fupport, befule which the pn-vifion was often exceeding bad. When the change or mmiilry took place, they were con fide red as prifoners of war, and had an allowance accordingly. They men- tioned, that before they were fent off, the Duke of Richmond, Gen. Conway, and fome other gentlemen vifi.ted them, expieffcd a concern for their fufferings, fbowed them much kindnefs, gave them money, very condefccndingly {hook hands with them and faidthcy were brethien. They related that the Rev. Mr. Wren of Port f month was extremely kiod to them; was like a father ; procured them clothes, money, and many articles to help them under their confinement ; and frequently vifited and prayed with the Tick. Mr. Laurens vifiied them : encouraged them to remain firm to their co;;:urv's cat ife;-' arid told them how he had fuffered Under Lij coiifiactncnti One of ibcm who had been aprifoncr at New y*.2.i;82.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION, $23 New York, to exprefs the difference between the places, declared that he had raiher be imprifonefi months in England than weeks t at Naw York. They ftated the number of per fans who came a-' way upon the exchange at 303, the reit having made their elcape at different periods. A few afs of Congrefs (hall be now related. On the i3th of May, the minifter of- France was admitted to a public audience, and after addreffing Congrefs in a fpeech, deli- vered to them a letter from his Moft Chridian Majeity, inform- ing them of the birth of his fon the Dauphin. A fuitable anfwer was given to the Chevalier de la Luzerne. They then ordered a letter to be written to the Commander in Chief, and to the com- mander in the fouthern department, informing them of the faid e- vent, and directed that it mould be publiihed in both armies with proper demonltrations of joy. The fecietary for foreign affairs was alfo to inform the governors and prefidcntsof the lefpec'iive ftates, that the people of each fiate might partake in the joy. When the miniiterhad withdrawn, the binh of the Dauphin was announced to thejniblic by a difcharge of cannon anc\ a feu de joie of mufketry^fc In the afternoon a dinner was ppuvicled by Congrefs for the chevalier and his fuit; and the evening was clofed with a brilliant difplay of fire works in the Hate houfe yard. The official notification of the Dauphin's birth was received iri all places of the United States, with every mark of joy and token of refpecl to their great and generous ally, and to the French na- tion, On the aotli of June it was concluded, that the device for an armorial atchievement and reverfe of the groat feal for the Unit- ed States in Congrefs affemhled fiiould be as follows ARMS Paleways of thirteen pieces, argent and gules; a chief, azure; the efcutcheon on the breaftof the American eagle difplayed, proper, holding in his dexter talon an olive branch, and in his fmifter a bundle of thirteen arrows, all proper, and in his beak ;. fcroll in- fcribed with this motto, " Epkiribus Unum." For the CREST Over the head of the eagle, which appears above the efcutche- on, a glory, Or, breaking thretitfli a cloud, proper, and furround- ing thirteen ftars forming a conliellation, argent, on an azure field. REVERSE. A pyramid unfinished. In the zenith an eye in a triangle, furrouncied with a glory, pioper. Over the eye ihcfe words, '* Annuit Caeptis." On the bafe of the pyramid the. nu- merical letters MDCCLXXVL And underneath the following motto, "Novus Ordo Seclorum." [Sept. 1.1.] They refoived that the Aim of four millions of dol- lars, exclusive of the money which Mr. Aua'ms may obtain by the 324 T** E HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1782, the loan now negociaiing in Holland, be borrowed in Europe oil the faith of the U.iited States. Nmedays after, they reiolved, that Dr. Franklin fhouid be informed, tha- notwithftandmg the con- tents of his letters of the s^th of June, it is the direction of Congrefs, that he ufe his utmoft endeavors to effect the aforefaid Joan. On the 4th of October, they refolded unanimoufly, that they would inviolably adhere to the treaty of alliance with his Molt Chriftian M.tjeily, and conclude neither a feparaie peace nor truce with Great Biitain ; nor enter into the difci*llion of any o- vertures for pacification, but in confidence and in concert with bis Moft Chriftian Majcfty. We pafs on to the foutrward as far as Georgia, with fome ac- count of which my laft letter clofed. The Britifh garrifon at Savannah con (Hied of shout 1000 regu- lars, befide a conficlerable number of rriit M, a->d was under the command of Brigadier Clarke. This fuperiont^of force did not prevent Gen. Wayne's appearing often before the Britifh lines and infulting their picquets. Three different attempts were rrvde to furprifo an advanced parry of the Amencars without fuccetd- ing. About the fame time the American governor w .h his coun- cil removed from Augufta to Ebcnezer. Soon ^f-'et his, arrival he ifTued a proclamation, offering to ever\ Bn-uh ar r~LfTi.-m fol- dier, who mould defeit from Savannah, aoo acies of land and fome flock; which had the defired elF-:61 in a certain degree. On the 2 i ft of May, Col. Brown, at rb<- head of a confiderable party, marched out of the garrifon of Savannah, with the appa- rent intention of attacking the Americans. Wayne, by a bold manoeuvre, got between B v own znd the gamfon, attacked liim at twelve o'clock at nighf, and routed his whole party. The van- guard of the Americans, CO rtfi fling of 60 horfe and ^o infantry, \vas led on, by Col. White of the cavalry, and Cap!. Parker of the infantry, to a fpirited charge; in which 40 of Brown's men were killed or wounded, about 20 taken prifoners, and tbe remain- der obliged to Qielter themfelves in the f-vamps under cover of the night. The advantage was gained by the liberal ufe of the ftvord and bayonet. Orders had been previoufly given to depend en- tirely on thefe weapons ; and to {ecu re a punctual compliance, the flints were taken out of the mufkeny of (he infantry. The Americans had only five privates killed and two wounded. Though Brown proved unfuccffsful, yet Gen. Greene reckons him one of the heft officers belonging; ro the Britifh troops. On the 2^th of June, a large body of Creek Indians, headed, by a number of their moft celebrated chiefs and warriors, and a Bihifli A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Britilh officer, furprifed und made a furious attack upon Wayne'"s infantry at hall an hour after one in the morning. For a few mi- nutes they poiiciicd th< mieives of his two field pieces, which were foon recovcied. The Indians knew not how to make a right im- proveiiieric of the aciv^n. ages they had obtained by the furprife. Mean while the cavdhy arrived and pi elFed hard upon them; while Wayne expo fed himfelf, beyond what was prudent for the chief commander, that he might reinftate matiers. A Imart acti- on enfued, in which both tides fought in clolc quarters with fwords and bayonets. The Indians difplayed uncommon bravery ; but having to contend with both horle and foot weie completely routed. Fourteen of their number were killed, one of whom was a famous chief. The Americans had five flain and cighs \vounded. The Britifh administration having refolved upon abandoning all offenfive operations in America, the fcheme of evacuating the weaker polls in the United Stines was adopted ; and that at Sa- vannah was to be the firft. When the mcafuie was determined upon, the merchants and others, inhabitants of the place, obtain- ed permiflion to apply to Wayne foi the fecurity and preservation of their perfons and property. He replied to their deputies, '* that (hould theBritiih garnfbn eventually effect an evacuation, the perfons and properties of fuch inhabitants or others, who choofe to remain in Savannah, will be protecled by the military, and refigned inviolate into the hands oi 'he civil authority, which muft ultimately decide. '* The merchants and inhabitants of Sa- vannah, having fent out a fecond flag, Wayne at the defue of the civil authoiity oi ihe (late fent them for anfwer * that the merchants, not owing allegiance to the United States, wiH be permitted to remain a reafonable time to difpofe of their goods and fettle their afTaiis." Major Haberfham, who was charged with this meiTcjge, pledged himfelf that they might rely, with the utmoft confidence, on the teims propofed to them. The Con- grefs on the 3oth of December ratified Wayne's agreement. On the i ith of July Savannah was evacuated, and the Americans im- mediately took potfeffion ol it. The works and town were left perfecl ; for which the inhabitants are indebted to that worthy and humane officer Brigadier Ge teial Clorke. General LeiLe, under the fanction of the refolution taken by the Britifh adminiftration, propofed toGen. Greene a cefTation of hoftilities, which was declined by the latter for want of inilruc- tions from Congtefs on the fubjeft. However nothing of confe- quence was attempted on either fide. When the evacuation oi: Charleftown was propcfed, the merchants who carse with the Britiftv THE HISTORY OF THE \_A, D. 3782. i were in a moft difagreeable predicament. They had en- tered into extenfive commercial engagements. Thole of dair debtors, who were without the lines, were not fubjecl to their jurifciiiion ; thofe who were within were unable to pay. Envi- roned with difficulties, and threatened with bankruptcy ihould t.hev leave the itate along with the garrifon, they applied to Gen. JLeilie for leave to negociate for themfelves. A deputation of the body waited on Gov. Mathews, and obtained from him permif- iion to refide in South Carolina for eighteen months after the evacuation, wkh the full iibeny of dijpofmg of their flock of goods on hand, and of collecting the debts already due to them. Alter general orders had announced the defigri of evacuating Charleiiown, Leilie wrote to Greene [Aug. 13.] offering full pay r rnent for rice and other proviiion to be fent into the town : at the lame tinve he threatened, that it it was not granted for money, it mould be taken by force without compenfation. But as it was ap- prehended the Britiih meant to procure large fupplies for the tranf- ferring of the war to the French Weft India ifiands, the Ameri- cans could not upon any conlideration affent to the advantageous offers of Leflie. Every effort was made by Greene and Mathews to reftrain the intercourfe between town and country on private account, though the wants of the American army made a fmall deviation neeeflary. Leilie finding it impoflible to purchafe, fent out parties to feize provifions near the different landings, and to bring them by water to Charleftown. This was effecled in fome inftances before the Americans could be coliecled in fufficient force for the defence of their property ; though a colonel (an American) in the Biitifh army had been for fome months pad employed, in fending the earlieit intelligence, from time to time, of all the military operations, which the Britifh concerted to the prejudice of the United States, or any part thereof. He is to con- tinue with the Britifh army until the clofe of the war. On his faithfully performing this fecret fervice, and as a reward for his ueacherous duplicity, Gen. Greene is to nfe all his influence with the ftate of South Carolina, to reflore him to his fortunes, and the rights and privileges of a citizen. Should the ftate re- fufeto reftore him, the general is to recommend his cafe to Con- grefs for fuch compenfation as they may think his fervices claim. One of the largeft parties ordered out was fent to Combahee ferry, where they arrived on the a^th of Auguft. Brigadier Gift, with about 300 cavalry and infantry, of the continental ar- my, was detached to oppofe them. He iucceeded fo far as to *aurc ne of their fchooners, and in a degree to fruilrate their defigns. J. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 327 deigns. Lieut. Col. Lauicns, though he had been confined for feveral days immediately preceding, on hearing of the expedition, rofe and followed Gift. When the Brnifli and American de- tachments approached within a lew miles of each other, Lam ens being in advance with a frnall party of regulars and militia, en- gaged wiih a much fuperior force, in expectation of fuppoit. iVorn the main body in his rear. In the mi ($1 of his brave exertions he received a mortal wound. *' This young gentleman was fent over to England for his education, where he endeared himfelt to all wruj knew him, by his abilities and affectionate temper. In the beginning of 1777, he joined the American arrmy, and from that time was forenioil in every danger. He was prefcnt and rliilinguiihed himfelf in every aciion of the army under Gen. \VaOiington, and was among the foremoft that entered the Britifii lines at Yoik Town. Thofe who were intimately dcquainted with him, will rank his martial qualities, by which he was chiefly known, as lowed in the catalogue of his virtues. They will lament the untimely lofs of a clear difcerning mind, that united the folid powers of the underftanding with inflexible integrity. In him, his country has loft one of its nobleft arid moft ufeful citizens; his father, the kindeft and moft affe6lionate fiiend; and all the wretched, a generous and difinterefled patron.*" When the long expecled evacuation of Charleftown drew nigh, the inhabitants of the ftate app.ehended, that the Britifti army, on its departure, would carry off with them fome thou- fands of negroes, who were within their lines. To prevent it Gov. Mathews wrote to Gen. Lellie, Auguft the ijnh, and in- formed him, " that if the property of the citizens of South Ca- rolina was carried off by the Britim army, he fhould feizc on the debts due to the Britim merchants, arid to the confifcated eftates, and the claims on thofe eftates by marriage fettlements, which three articles were not included in the confiscation acl." Gen. Leflie propofed a negotiation, for fecuring the property of both parties. Commiffioners were appointed in behalf both of the itate and the royalifts : who on the loth of October ratified a compact on the fubjeO:, of which the following was a principal VOL. III. R r article. * This chara&er is taken from an American publication. The American commander in chief being afked whether it was juft, an- f wered---" Such parts of the drawing as have f.tl'en under my own. tfbfervations are literally fo *, and it io rny rirm belief his merits and worth richly entitle him to the whole pifture. No man poffeffetf iore of the " Armor patri^c." In a word, he had not a fault that I could difcover, unlefs intrepidity , bordering upon rafhnefs, could ,ome under that dtnoraination. And this he was excited to by ttrtr Bereft jpotives.'f 328 THE HISTORY OF THE \_A. D. 17$. article. {: All the (laves of the citizens of South Carolina, now in the power of Gen. Leflie, mall be reftored to their former owners, as fir as is practicable, except fuch flaves as may have rendered themfeives particularly obnoxious on account of their attachment and fer vices to the Britifli troops, and fuch as had f pacific promifes of freedom." A confideration for the advan- tages of this article was made in others for the benefit of the roy- aliils. Great were the expeclations of the inhabitants, as to their foon obtaining the repofieflion of their property ; but the com- pact was fo tar evaded as to be in a great meafure ineffectual for the end propofed. The evacuation, though officially announced by Gen. Leflie on the /th of Auguft, as a meafure foon to be adopted, did not take place tiil the I4th of December, when the Britim troops completed their embarkation. Gen. Wayne, with the legion and light infantry, had been before their works for feveral days, by order of Gen. Greene. It was hinted to him from gen. Leflie, through a certain medium, that if they were permitted to em- bark without interruption, every care fhould be taken for tiie prefervation of the town. Wayne was directed to accede to the propofal, the Britifh alfo agreeing not to fire upon the town af- ter getting on board. The conditions being fully undei flood by both parties, Charleftpwn was evacuated and poiTeffed without the lead confufion, the American advance following clofe on the Britim rear. The governor was conducted into his capital the fome day, the civil police efiabli{hed the day following, and on the third the town was opened for bufinefs. On the i/th the Britim croiled the bar and went to fea. Thus Congrefs have recovered the complete poflefJioii of all the fouthern dates. The ftruggle has been long and fevere ; but when it is confidered that the Britim had upward of eighteen, thoufand regular troops, befide feveral thoufand militia and ne- groes employed for their reduction, it mull appear that the progrefs of the American fouthern army has been no lefs honor- able than important. Several detached articles remain to be mentioned. A gentleman of Philadelphia has favored me with the follow- ing. " At ten o'clock on Wednefday evening, Oclober 2, Ma- jor Gen. Lee died, after being confined to his bed from the even- ing of the preceding Friday. His difonler was a defluxion on the lungs of three months (landing, which produced fometbing like a fpurious Jnflammaiion of the lungs, accompanied with an epidemic remitting fever. The character of this perfon is full of abfurdities and qualities of a mofl extraordinary nature. His nn- dei Handing was great, his memory capacious, and his. fancy bril- tnli a ^, D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 329 liant. His mind was ftored with a variety of knowledge, which fee collected from books, convet fation and travels. He had been in moft European countries. He was a correct and elegant claf- ficai fchoiar ; and both wrote and fpoke his native language, with peifpicuity, force arid beauty. From thefe circumitances he was, r 3r;ic;!a:!v ar/^eared in the cafe of the Moravian Indians, fettled on the Mu&ingtmi, a branch of the Ohio; who e^rly m the lalt ipnng ii.ileico deeply on account of what, they thought, the peaceable (pint of the g-'fpel required of them. The fir ft ga- thering of ihofe Indians into a degree of civil and religious order, wis aboiu ;?;> yfaisa^o. The place of their ieficiente w?s shell at Whihaloafjng; on the Sufquehanna, about 200 miles from Phi- ladelphia. In a vifit to -.hai ci-v, yhout the year 17,56, when the pa-vjpce was diil't-fied by the Indian war, they ceclared their panic -l.*r diiapprobation of uar, anri lix-'d refolntion to take no p*u the; cm; apprehending it to be difpteafitig to the Great Be- 3; g, who, as OMt- oi ti.e'T 1 cxpreiTed it, did. not make men to dejlroy wen, but to love and (jjlji c.arh other. About icj years part, thefe Indians nieeung wuh difficulty, from an increalt-of white fettlers near them, by which fyiritous Hqooi s wt re brought to their towns, removed to the Mufkingum ; and were accompanied by fome of the Moravians, who have long redded among them, carefully at- tended both to their civil and religious concerns, arid never left them in the times of their greateft danger and difficulty. Thefe Indians refufed to take any part in the prefcnt war ; notwith- ilanding repeated abufes on that account frornorher tribes, parti- cularly thofe parties which palled thiougli their towns, in their way to the American frontiers, whom they fometimes dtdbaded from their l % .oflilc intentions, and prevailed upon tt> go back a- gain. They #Mo wained the inhabitants of their danger. 1 his conduct being conPi.-cred as obflnictive to the holiile proceedings of the ttibesat war, was at length n*nde the plea {or carrying tbem off. In the beginning of At'gi 11, 1781, 'he chief ol the \Vyondats arrived wiih 220 waiisors ; r*nd acquainted them, that they weie come to take them away, r eiu>Tii-ig for a reafon, that they wer? a great orjlnitiion to them i* th i> war-path. The \V\ or/l't's ,;i;rr committing nian\ outr^oes, about the beginning ol September iorced them from their tbice towns, in all between and AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 33* 3 and 400 perfons. After a tedious journey in the wildernefs, they ai lived at a branch of Sandufky creek, where the body of them we>e ordered to remain. Some of their principal men wae fentto the Britifh commander at Fort Detroit, who commended th?m as a peaceable people, and exhorted them to remain fuch ; bat added, that many complaints had been made of them, and that they had given intelligence to his enemies, wherefore he had lent for them. He faid, that his inftruciions had been exceeded in tie ill treatment they ha'! received, and that he would provide for them. Thus the matter refled till the fpring of 1782, when theie Moravian Indians finding corn fcarce and dear at Sandufky, de- fiied liberty to return to their fettlements, to fetch fome of their corn, of which they had left about 200 acres (landing. When it was granted, many of them went, among whom weie feverai wi- dows with their children. When the people at and about the Monangahela, underfeed that a number of Indians vere at the Moravian towns, they gave out, that the intention of thofe people was to fall upon che back inhabitants, which ought to he prevented. Upon this about 160 men got together, and fwi mining their horfes over the Onio, came fuddenly upon the chief Moravian town. The firft peifon who appeared, they (hot at and wounded, when coming up t. him they found he was an half Indian, ion to one of the Moravians by an I-.dian woman, who had been regularly married. They kil- led and fcaiped him> and proceeded to the town. The Indians who wete moftly in the fields pulling corn, did not run off as they mi^ht, had they been confcious of any offence ; but came of their own accord into the town, at the call of the white people, who af firft expreffed friendship to them, and foon after violently fe^d and bound them. The Indians who a (lift the miffionaries in keening good order among their people, and upon occafiongave pnbiic exhortations, are called Helpers. Five of the moll rcfpec- lable of ihcie, and other Indians, exhorted the younger to fubmif- fion ami patience ; telling them, that they thought their troubles- in this world would foon be at an end, and they would be with their Saviour. They then fung and prayed together, till they \veie led out one after another, and inhumanly Slaughtered; firft the men and then the women. Two boys, who made their efcape, related thefe particulars. One of them lay in the heap of the dead, in a houfe, and was fcaiped ; but recovering his fenfes ef- c.jped. The other hid hrmfejf under the floor; was an eye- wit. nefs of this tragic fcene ; and faw the blood of the (lain running in a dream. Thefe Indians, before they were bound, wee fo fenfibie of their own innocence, that they informed the white people, THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1782. people, that more of their brethren were at another town, who in like mariner fell a facrifice to the baibarity of the whites. The dead bodies were afterward burned with the houfes. Before their death, they were obliged to {how in what part of the woods they had concealedtheir effefcts, when the Wyondats took them away. Thofe of the third town having fome intelligence of what paffed, made their efcape. This is a fummary of the dreadful traniaclion, as given by the principal leader of thofe that remain. The Penn- lylvania Packet of April fays of thefe white favages, " that they killed upward of 90, (but a re\v making their efdape) about 40 of which were warriors, the reit old women and children. About 80 horfes fell into the hands of the whites, which they loaded with the plunder, the greatcft part furs and fkins." It was for the fake of the plunder that the Indians were killed. It is alledged, in vindication of this deliberate maflacre, that 40 of thefe Indians were warriors prepating to attack the Ame- rican frontiers : but this aUeniori contradicts itfelf ; for had it been the cafe, they would not have brought their wives, with the widows and g_j. children, who were {lain with them ; nor would 'they have fufeed themfelves to be thus flaughtered with- out making the le^il refinance, or killing even one of their murderers. Soon after the death of thefe Indians, about 500 men, proba- bly encouraged by this eafy con quell, and in hope of plunder, aifembled at the Old Mingos on the well fide of the Ohio ; and being equipped on horleback, fet out for Saiadufky, where the remaining part of the Moravian Indians i elided, in order to de- ftroy that fetilemem, and other Indian towns in thofe parts ; but the Wycndats, and oiher Indians, having fome knowledge of their approach, arid being enraged at the maffacre, met them near Sandufky, when an engagement enfued, in which fome of the white people were killed, and feveral taken piifoners, among whom was the commander, Col. Crawford, and his fon in law. The colonel they burnt to death in the moil cruel manner ; the other, with more prifoneis, they tomahawked. The cruelty cx- ercifcd on the colonel and the death of the prifoners, was un- doubtedly owing in the mam to the murder of the peaceable Mo- ravian IridUnjS* General Wafhington, in Auguft, eftablifhed honorary badges of diilinction, to be conferred on the non-commiilioned officers and * The above account is extraft^d from fome Obfervations on the lituation, clffpofition anrl charatler of the Indian natives on the American continent, by that late mod excellent phihnthropift of tne qu liior pcrfuation, Anthony Benezet of Phil-idelphia. The A- me.rican papers toll a. diifererit flory, {uchas v/as calculated to ex- cuj.at. their ow.n c^is. A.D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 333, and foldiers of the army, who had ferved three years with bravery, fidelity and good conduct; and upon every oncwhohad or fhould perform any fingularly meritorious aclion. The candidate for the reward annexed to fuch aiion, was to fet forrh the particular faft to the commander in chief, accompanied with inconteftible proof. Upon granting it, the name and regiment of the perfon, with the a&iori fo certified, were to be enrolled in a book of merit ^ kept in the orderly office. Men who have merited the Jaft dif- tinclion, are to be fuffered to pafs all guards and fentinels, which a non-commiflioned officer is fullered to pafs. Military operati- ons being fufpended, the opportunity has been improved for per- fecling the difcipline of the army. The court of Veriailtes ordered that the corps under Count de Rochambeati mould go to the Weft Indies, in cafe the evacuati- on of New York or Charleftown mould take place. In expecta- tion that the latter would happen, the French legion marched from Richmond in Virginia, and the French army under the count from William/burgh, to the northward, in the beginning of July. Toward the laft of October, they proceeded to the eaftern dates under the pretext of taking winter quarters there ; but in faft with the dcfign of embarking on board the French fquadron of 15 fail of the line and 4 frigates, (which arrived un- der the command of the Marquis de Vaudreuil in the lower har- bour of Bofton, on the loth of Auguft) whenever the evacuation, on which the ultimate movement depended, Ihould be fufficiently afcertained. When Rochambeau was about leaving Williamflrjrgb, the city and corporation prefentedhim with a polite and afFettionate ad- drefs. His anfwer clofed with " I f$fce-ftof??Ted fhotvers of fiiells and hot (hot with which they were aff^iled, were htflMpaj>Je of making any vifible impreflion upon them. But about two-o'clock the admiral's (hip was obfervecl to irnoke. The fire, though kept under, 'during the day light, could not be thoroughly fubdued. After a time, the Prince oi: Naflau's {hip was difcovered to be in the fame condition. The diforder that took place in thefe two commanding (hips, affecled the whole Jine of attack; and by the evening the fire from the fort refs had pained a decided fupenontv. This fire was continued with equal vigor through the n'ght ; and by one in the morninr, the two firll (hips were in flames, and feveral others vifiblv on fire. Con- tinual fignals to the fleet were fufficiently expreflive of their ex-' treme diitrefs and danger. Ail means were ufed by the fleet to afford afTiOance: but as it was judged impodihle to remove the battering mips, their endeavors were only dire6ted to the bring- ing off the men. A great number of boats were accordingly em- ployed, and much intrepidity was difplayed in the attempts for this purpofe. Captain Curtis, to complete the general confufion and deftruc- tion, manned his -twelve gun-boats with his marine brigade; an4 m A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 3i t drew them up in fuch a manner as to flank the line of battering {hips. Each of his boats carried a 24 or 18 pounder, and by its low lire and feed aim, wa.s not a Imie ioiaiidable. The bciiter- ing ihips were (boa overwhelmed by the incefiant fie from the garnion, and by that of the Britifh gun-boats, raking the whole extern of iheir line. The fcene was now wrought up to the high- eft point of calamity. TheSpanilh boats no longer dared to ap- proach; but were compelled to abandon th^ir fliips and friends to the flames, or to the .mercy and humanity of a heated enemy. Several of their boats and launches had been funk before (hey fubmitted to this neceffiiy. The day light at length appearing, two Spanifh feluccas, winch had not efcaped wiih the others, aU tempted to get out of the danger ; but a (hot from a gun-boat having killed feveral men on boaid one of them, both were g-Ld to funender. The horrors of the night were terrible; but the opening of tbs day difclofed a fpeclacle ftiil more painful. Numbers of men were fecn in the midft of the flames crying out for pity and help; o- thers floating on pieces of timber, expo fed to eqyal danger fiom the oppofi.e element. Thofe in the (hips where the fire had made a iefs progiefs, expreifcd in their looks, geftures and words, the deeped diihefs and dcfpair; and were equally urgent in implor- ing afiillance. The lire both from the garnfon and gun-boats initautly ceafed ; and every danger was encountered by Captain Curtis and his marine brigade, in endeavoiirg to refcue the di- flrelTed enemy from furrounding deftiuftion. In thefe efforts the boats weie expoQ^j to the peril arifing from the continual ciif- eharge, on al! (ides, of the artillery, as the guns became heated to a certain degree, and from the blowing up of the battering mips as the me reached their magazines. A more ftiiking infiance of t'ie ardor and boidnefs with which the marine brigade acle< J , needs not be given, than that of an officer and 29 privates (all fe\ereiy wounded] being dragged out from among the (lain in the holds of the burning vefl'cis, moft of whom recoveied in the hofpital at Gibraltar. Captain Curtis was repeatedly in the moft imminent danger; particularly fo when his pinnace was clofe to one of the largell fnips at the time (be blew up : while every obje6l was for a con- fiderable while buried in a thick cloud of fmoke, Gen. Elliot and the garrifon fufTered the moft poignant diftrefs, confidering the fate of their friend as inevitable. Thnteen officers and 344 men werefaved by the exertions of the brigade. It was hapojj, that the greater pait of the troops and feamen had been removed be- fore Captain Cuida could make his attack with the gun boats. It is ' THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1782. is thought however trnt the enemy loft 1500 men, prifoners and wounded included, in their attack by Tea. Admiral Don Moreno left his flag flying when he abandoned his {hip, in which ftate it continued, till it was confumed or blown up with the vefleL Eight more (hips blew tip fuccefiwely in the courfe of the day. The tenth was burnt by the Britifh, there being nopoffibility of preferring her for fervice. The lofs fuilained by the allies on the ifthrnus during the attack cannot be afcertained. The lots of the garrifon was nearly confined to the anillery corps and the marine brigade. From the 9111 of Auguft to the I7th of October, the whole number of noa-commiffioned officers and private men {lain, amounted to 65 only, the wounded were 388, befide 12 commiflioned ofncers. Such was the fignal and complete defenfive victory, obtained by a comparatively handful of brave men, over the combined land and naval efforts of two great and powerful nations, who for the attainment of a favorite object,, exceeded all former example, as well in the magnitude, as in the formidable nature of their prepa- rations. The allies were now compelled to refl their hopes of recover- ing Gibraltar, on the reduction of the garrifon to a furrender, through the mere failure of ammunition and provifions. But this \vas not to be effected, unlefs they could defeat Lord Howe, or at lead prevent his throwing in the intended relief. Mean while bis lordihtp met with much delay, through winds and weather, on bis way to Gibraltar; which was rendered exceedingly irkfome, by the anxiety that prevailed relative to the fortrefs, under a know- ledge of the menaced attack. This anxiety was not removed till the fleet had arrived near the fcene of action ; when advice was alfo received, that the united fleets, corififting of fifty fail of three and two deckers, had taken their flatiori in the Bay of Gib- raltar. At this critical point of time, a violent gale of wind in the Straits, threw the combined fleets into the greatell diforder, and cxpofed them to no fmall danger. It happened in the night of October the loth ; and during the ftorm a frigate and one ihip of the line were driven afhore, a fecond loft her foremaft and bow- fprit, two more were driven out of the bay to the eaftward, ^nd many others fuffered more or lefs damage. The St. Michael, a fine Spanith (hip of 72 guns, was driven under the works of Gib- raltar, where (he ran aground and was taken by the boa;s of the garrifon. Her commander, with 6,50 feamen and foldiers, he- came prifoners of war. The allies difcovering the fate of the St. Michael, threw a number of ihelis in hope of deilroying her as fhe A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 343 (he lay afhore. The Britifti however got her off in three or four days, without her having fuffered any effentia! damage. On the morning [i ith.J that fucceeded the ftorm, the Britifh fleet entered the Straits, in a clofe line of battle a-head ; and a- bout an hour after night, the van arriving off the Bay of Gibral- tar, an opportunity was afforded to the ftore fhips of reaching their deftmed anchorage without any indexation from the enemy ; but for want of timely attention to the circumstances of the na- vigation, pointed out in the inftruftions communicated to the captains, only four of the 31 fail which accompanied the fleet ef- fected their purpofe, The reft having miffed the Bay, were driv- en through the Straits into the Mediterranean during the night, and were no fmall encumbrance to the fleet in its fubfequent o- perations. While Lord Howe was collecting his convoy in the Mediter- ranean, and preparing toefcort them hick to Gibraltar, the ene- my were under no fmall anxiety for the two line of battle (hips, which had been driven into the Mediterranean on the night o the ftorm. To recover thefe, and in hope of intercepting, or pre- venting the return of the ftore ihips, the combined fleet failed from Algeziras on the 13th. The Britifti fleet was abreali of Fungarola, a large port town between Malaga and Gibraltar, when advice was received of the approach of the enemy. While, upon this intelligence, the fleet was doling and forming a line of battle, the Buffalo of 60 guns was detached with thofe ftore fhips which had been collected, to the Zefarine iilands, lying on the caafl of Barbary, about fixty leagues above Gibraltar. The Panther, of the fame force, being left in the Bay of Gibraltar for the proteclion of the ftore fhips as they arrived, Lord Howe's force now amounted only to 31 fail of the line. Near fun-fet, the combined fleets were defcried in great force? at about fix leagues diftance, in line of battle with a flrong wind full in their favor, and bearing direl!y down upon the Britifh fleet. They amounted to 64 fail, about 42 appeared to be of the line, including feveral large three deckers. By day light the next morning, they were perceived clofe in with the land, and at fuch. a diiknce as not to be vifible from the deck. During their move- ments they had recovered the two miffing fhips. In the morning it was difcovered, that feveral tranfports had not proceeded with the Buffalo, and that others had joined Lord Howe in the night. Upon this account, the wind becoming fa- vorable, the fleet proceeded in order of battle toward the Straits, and paffed eighteen of the convoy fafe to Gibraltar Bay. By the VOL. HI. f t i8th 3 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 178*; i8th, the vefTels under the care of the Buffalo rejoined the fleet and were fent in. The two regiments on board the (hips ot war and frigates were landed; and the icarcity ot ammunition in the garrifon was removed by a fupply of 1500 barrels from the fleet. Gibraltar being now fully relieved, Lord Howe concluded on tak- ing immediate advantage of the eafteily wind, which had prevail- ed a few days, for returning through the Straits to the weftward, When he was in the entrance of the gut, and enclofed between the op/polite points oi Europa and CVuta, the combined fleets ap- peared at no great didance to the north eaft, at the break ot day on the 19th. They followed his lordfnip, and the next morning ^2oth.J were perceived at about five leagues di fiance to the wind- ward. The Britim formed in order of battle to leeward. At fun-fet the enemy began a 'cannonade on the van and rear of Howe's fleet; but generally at fuch a diitance as to produce little cfFecl. Perceiving however a part of his rear much feparaied from the red, they made a bolder attempt upon that divifion. The French and Spariifli admirals led the attack upon the feparated {hips, which, referving themfelves till they were within a near riiflance, threw in fo well-timed, heavy and admirably directed a fire upon them, that the enemy were foon in evident confufion, hauled their wind and gave up the objecl entirely. The diflant fire of the combined fleets did much damage to the vai els and rigging of feveral BritHh mips : the number of mer^ and office! s killed and wounded amounted to 265 ; a trifling lofs compared with the impoitance of the fervice in which Lord Howe had been engaged. His lordlhip having effecled the bufi- nefs on which he was difpatched, and the combined fleets being at a confiderable diflance in the morning, apparently on their re- turn to Cadiz, he proceeded on his way home; but while doing it he detached eight mips of the line to the Weft Indies, and fix to the coafls of Ireland. The exiilence of thefe events did not Interrupt the negotiations for peace, carrying on at Paris. Thefe were rather forwarded by it ; as the belligerent powers were brought into a nearer equality of circumftances for treating with each other. Mr. Jay, in corifequence of his being appointed by Congrefs one of thecommiiTioners to treat for peace with Great Brisain, left Madrid and repaired to Paris. He and Dr Franklin were re- ceived by the Spanifli ambaffador, the Count D'Aranda, as mi- nifters from Congrefs, when they dined with him in the begin- ning of July. This might be viewed by others as a public ac- knowledgment, on the part of Spain, of the independence of the American United States ; but could not fatisfy Mr. Jay, who de- cUned A.D.17**.'] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 345 dined negoyating with D'Aranda without an exchange of com- jniflions, though the French minifter Vergennes wifhed him to do it. Mr. Fitzherbert and Mr. Ofwald were fent over on the part of Great Britain, the former to treat chiefly wiih the Euro- pean powers, the latter with the Americans. The commiflion granted to Mr. Ofwald, inflead of acknowledging the indepen- dence of the United States in the fir ft inftance, provided only for the acknowledgment of it in an article of the propofed tieaty. Mr. Jay objected to the commifTion. The Count de Vergennes thought it fuffictent, and would have had him proceed : but not- \vithitanding the in(tru6tions of Congrefs, be declined complying with the count's wiihes. Dr. Franklin declared himfelf of the fame opinion with the count. Jay however was tixed ; and drew up a letter, which he intended to fend to Vergennes, containing his reafons for not treating with Ofwald upou that commifnon. - When he mowed it to Dr. Franklin, the doclor owned the force of his reafonings ; and that he had not attended to them before, or he mould not have fo readily fallen in with the opinion of the French minifter. Mr. Jay kept up a friendly coi refpondence with Mr. Adams, one of his fellow commiflioners, and acquaint- ed him with the itate of affairs. They judged alike ; and Mr. A- dams determined not to leave Holland and repair to Paris, till Mr. Ofwald had a different commiflion. Mean while Mr. Adams employed himfelf in negotiating A treaty of amity and commerce, between the. States General of ths United Netherlands, and the United States of America, which was concluded on the 8th of Ottober. The loth article provides, lhat the vefFels of eiiher party, not having contraband goods for an enemy's port, may freely purfne their vovage; and that it (hall not be required to examine the papers of vefTels convoyed by men of war, but credence (hall be given to the word of the officer con- du&rng the convoy. The 2^th fets forth, that under the denomi- nation of contraband and merchandifes prohibited, dull be com- prehended only warlike itores and arms, as alfo foldiers, horfes, fiddles and furniture for horfes. All other e fife 6b and merchan- Vifes, and even all forts of naval matters, however proper they may be for the conftruftion and equipment of vefiels of war, or for the manufacture of one or other fort of machines of war, 'oy land or fea, {hail not be judged contraband; and may be trarif- ported from and to places belonging to the enemy, thofe only ex- cept^d which are nearly furrounded by fome of the belligerent powers. Mr. Jay and Mr. Ofwald often converfed freely with each o- ihsr, nojvvithfhnding the objection made to the Eritilh c >namif- lion; 346 THE HISTORY OP THE {A.D. i 7 8t. fion ; arid without letting either the French minifter or Dr. Franklin know of it, prepared all things as far as poUible for treat- ing officially whenever a new commiffion fhould be received. On the loth of September, Mr. Jay had put into his hands the fol- lowing copy of a tranflation of a letter to Count de Vergcnnes ** No. 225. Philadelphia, March 13, 1782. Sir, Gen. Greene affirms, that in no one ftate is attachment to independency carried to a higher pitch, than in South Carolina: hut that this afTe6tion is yet exceeded by the hatred borne to England. Mr. Mathews, governor in the room of Mr. Rutledge, has communicated toper, ions ot the moil influence in his ftate, the ultimatum of the month of lad, who approved of the claufes in general, and parficularly that one which leaves the king mailer of the terms of the treaty of peace or truce, excepting independence and the treaties of comtnerce and alliance. Mr. S. Adams is ufing all his endeavors to raife in the ftate of Maffachufetts a flrongoppofition to peace, if the eaftern ftates are not thereby admitted to the fifhe- lies and particularly to that of Newfoundland. Mr. Adams de- lights in trouble and difficulty. He could not have ufed a fitter engine than the fiiheries, for ftirring up the paflions of the eaft- cm people, and renewing the queflion that had lain dormant dur- ing his two years abfence at Bofton. The reigning toaft in the eaft is May the. United States ever maintain their right to the fjti- eries! It would be dangerous informing the people through ihe public papers. The king however may caufe to be intimated to Congrefs or the minifter, his furprife that the Newfoundland fisheries have been included in the additional inftruciions ; that the United States let forth therein pretenfions without paying re- gard to the king's rights, and without confidering the impoffibili- ty of their making conquers, and keeping what belongs to Bri- tain. His majefty might caufe a promife to be given lo Con- grefs of his afliirance for procuring admiffion to the other fjhcrics* declaring however that he would not be anfwerable for the fuc- cefs, and that he is bound to nothing, as the treaty makes n< mention of that article. The declaration being made before the peace, the hopes of die people could not be fupported, nor could it one dav hereafter be laid, that we left them in the dark on (his point. It were to be wifned, that this declaration fhould be made, while Mew York, Charleftown and Penobfcot are in the enemy's hands. There are fome judicious perions to whom we may fpeak of giving up the fisheries, and the lands of the weft for the fake of peace ; but there are enthufiafts who fly oat at this idea, and their numbers cannot fail of increafing when the Eng- liOi are expelled. The divifioa is nearly equal in Congrtfs and A. D. 1782.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 347 among the ftates; and our influence can incline the beam, either for peace or war, which ever we may choofe. Let his majefty likewife caufe a memorial to be delivered to Congrefs. wherein fhould be dated the ufe made by miniflers of the powers intiuilcd to them by that aflembly, and the impediments which may have flood in the way of a fuller fatisfaftion on every point. It is re- marked by fome, that as England has other fiiheries befide New. foundland, me may perhaps endeavor that the Americans mould partake in that of the grand bank, in order to conciliate their af- feclion, or procure them fo^e comperifation, or create a fubjefc of jealoufy between them and us; but it does not feem likely, that fhe will acl; fo contrary to her own mtereft; and was fhe fo to do, it will be for the better to have declared at an early period to the Americans, that their pretenfion is not founded, and that his ma- jefty does not mean to fupport it. Barbe Marbois." Mr. Jay told Mr. Ofwald " If Lord Shelburne means to have the United State* flit nds, as he cannot have them far fubjefls, their independence muft be acknowledged in (he beginning. While their independence is not acknowledged direclly or indi-' reclly, they will be obliged by the treaty to continue annexed to France till inch acknowledgment is made, and fo to fight the bat- tles and promote the views of France. Independence muft be ac- knowledged, that fo the Americans may be feparated from France, and a peace be accomplifhed : and if they were not admitted to the fimery and the weftern lands, there will be continual bicker* ings, and a friendfhip be prevented." Ofwald was at length con- vinced, by frequently difcourfing with Jay, that a new commif- fion muft be granted. That all future objections and difficulties might be precluded, he defired Jay to give him a draught of one, \vhich fhould be fully to his fatisfaclion : this was done. The firft confidential fecretary of Count de Vergennes drew up a memoir, which when Mr. Jay had perufed he was apprehenfive, that the French court would, at a peace, oppofe the extenfion of the territory of the United States to the MiiTiflipJH, together with their claim to the free navigation of that river would probably fupport the Britifh claims to all the country above the 31 degree of latitude, and certainly to all the country north of the Ohio- and that, if America mould not agree to divide with Spain in the manner propofed by Count D'Aranda, the French court would then aid Spain in negotiating with Britain for the territory Hie wanted, and would agree that the refidue ihould temain to Bri- tain. The Spanifh minifter had propofed, that the weftern line of the United States fhould run from a lake near the confines of Georgia, but caft of Flint river, to the confluence of the Cana- way THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 178*. way with the Ohio, thence round the weftern Chores of Lake E- neand Huron, and thence round Lake Michigan to Lake Supe- rior. The propofnions offered in the memoir by Mr. Rayneval Avere fuppofed to be the fentiments of Vergennes. Mr. R let others mare in it, and that for his part he wifhed there might be as few oHftacles to a peace as pofiible. He reminded them alfo, that Mr. Ofwaid's new commiilion had been iilued poflerior to his arrival at London. The fifheries labored for fo-me time. The Britifh miniflry \verc for excluding the Americans from fifliing within three leagues of any of the coafls belonging to Briiain, and within fif- teen of Louifburgh. Mr. Adams told Mr. Ofwald, that the New England Hates had no ftaple without the fimery that the fifherie* entered into all their trade that were they excluded from them, the Britifh would not be benefitted by it, for the French would get the trade that Britain would have nothing to fear from a number of American failors at fuch a diftance, whatever they might have from the French who were near that the fifhermen would bieak through fuch limits, whatever care might be ufed to prevent it, which might prove a bone of contention, and bring on another war after a few years. Mr. Ofwald made a great dif- ficulty about acknowledging the right of the Americans to the fifheries ; arid was for inferting the word liberty. After a while Mr. Adams faid " They have a right every way. The banks are only fo many leagues from the Americans, but they are fo ma- ny from the Europeans ; if the latter have a right by nature, cer- tainly the former have. We have fought together with the Eng- lifh in their wars for the enjoyment of them, and with them we have poffefled them ; and therefore ive have zjldl right" The word right was agreed to be inftrted in tKe treatv. The article of the fiChery coft the American commiffuwe rs all the induflry fisffl THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1782, ikill and addrefs that they were matters of. Mr. Laurens's pre- fence with his brother commiflTioners the two lalt days was of great fervice. He propofed the infertion of a paragraph agamft carrying away any negroes or other property, belonging to theAme- rican inhabitants. He appeared deeply impiefled with ihe lolsof his ion ; but the venerable hero thanked God that he had fuch a fon B one who was wilJing to loic his life in the caufe of his country. The American commiilioners expedited the negotiation with the uunoft adiduity ; and on the cjoth of November, provifionai articles were agreed upon and figned, to take effeci whenever terms of peace ihould be finally fettled with the court of France. The bufmefs was finifhed fo privately and unexpectedly, that mi- niftersand ambaffadors, as well as others in and about the court of Verfailles, were furprifed upon hearing the news. The figning of the provifionai articles will probably fufpend the hoftile opera- tions of France and Spain, till it is known whether a general peace can be agreed upon. They have collected their fleets at Cadiz to the amount of near forty fliips of the line, which are del-lined for the Weft Indies, and are to be commanded by Count d'Efiaing; who is .to convoy thither feveral thoufand French troops under the Marquis de la Fayette. Had not the American commiflioners improved the precious moment that offered, without entangling themfelves by confulting Count de Vergennes, the Britifh mi- niftry might have been changed and thofe events have fucceed- ed, which would have kept the United States much longer from the pofieffion of their independence. We muft now quit the negotiations of peace for the operati- ons which relate to war. By the French gazette it appears, that Capt. de la Peroufe, commanding a divifion of his Moft Cbriftian Majefty's fleet, has deftroyed the fettlements at Hud- fonVbay. He computes the )ofs fuftained by the Hudfon's- bay Company at about ,500,000!. fterling. The gentlemen of the county of Suffolk propofed building a fliip of the line for the ufe of government, and began a fub- fcription for the purpofe. The plan was to be carried into im- mediate execution, when twelve other counties had agreed to follow the example. There was fubfcribed in the whole 21067!. 195. 6d. The propofal anfwered a good purpofe, as may be feen by the following extract of a letter from Wm. Middleton, Efq; to the corporation of Ipfwich. ' Sept. y. It is with fingu- lar fatisfaclion I can inform you, that the fpirited refolve of this county, has already had its defired effecl on the court of France. Mr. Fitzherbert, now at Paris, writes word, that nothing but a decifive victory at fea, could have had fo ftriking an effcft o that /f.Z>. 1782.3 ^AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 351 that court, as the refolves of this and the other counties, to build Chips of war by voluntary contributions, for the ufe of the public." But Sir James Lowther diftinguifhed himfelf by a noble fingularity, which few had power to follow. On the 6th of September, he waited on Lord Kepple, and after exprefling his concern that county fubfcriptions for buildiag men of war went on languidly, requeued his Iqrdfhip to prefent his duty to- the king, and at the fame time befeech his majefty to accept a man of war of the line from him, completely manned, victualled, and fitted for acYion. Lord Kepple, aftonifhe.d at fuch an unex- ampled inftanee of generofity in a private gentleman, afluredSir James that his requeft mould be inftantly complied with, which it accordingly was; arjd the king received the offer with that mark of refpecfc which became his majefty. Ten men of war (including Count de GrafTe's (hips taken by Admiral Rodney) with a large fleet of merchantmen from Ja- maica, fuffered exceedingly by a tremendous gale of wind off Newfoundland on the i/th of September, and finceby captures. The Ville de Paris, and the Glorieux foundered, and only one man out of the compliment of both mips efcaped to tell iheir melancholy fate. The Heftor alfo funk ; but being defcried in time by a fnow that made toward them, the crew were faved. The captain's name was John Hill, though his veffel was fmall for the purpofe, yet he took on board upward of 200 men be- longing to the Heclor. He threw part of his cargo overboard to make room for them; and generoufly fhared his provifions with them to the hazard of wanting himfelf. The greatnefs of the rifk he ran appears from hence,that the laft cafk of water was broached on the day that land was difcovered. The Ramiliea went down, but her people were faved by the merchantmen in company. The Centaur was likewife loft, and all her company, except twelve, with the captain, who got into the only remaining boat. They traverfed a fpace of near 800 miles in the Atlan- tic ocean, without compafs or quadrant, and with a blanket for a fail. They had only two bifcuits divided among them every twenty-four hours; and as much water during that fpace to eve- ry man, as the neck of a wine bottle broken off would hold. At the expiration of fixteen days, when the laft divifion of bifcuit and water had been made, to their inexpreffible joy they difco- vered the PoUugueze ifland of Fayal, where they fafely arrived at night. The American cruifers carried into L'Orient 17 o the Jamaica fleet. The whole number of prizes brought into that port by them, from the beginning of the year to the end of October, amounts to 32 ; exchTfive of what have arrived in other ports of France. VOL. III. Uu .LETTER $52 THE HISTORY OF THB \A. D. 1782 LETTER XVI. Paris, December o, 1783. FRIEND G. THE Governor of the Univerfe, to whofe juflice and deter- mination ail the late belligerent powers appealed, having fo ordered events that peace is at length fully reftored, the pre- fent letter (hall clofe my correfpondence upon affairsof a public nature. Mr. Francis Dana, your late American refident at Peterf- burgh, but who failed from thence foi America on the 7th of Augufl, labored to obtain a reception in his public characler; but received from the Ruffian niinifler, in aniwer to his appli- cation, the following declaration. " I have to renew to you, Sir, the expreflion of fatisfaclion with which her Imperial Majefly is impreffed by the mark of attention which your conftituems have paid her, in fending to her a perfon exprefsly clothed with a pub- lic characler; and to afiure you, that fhe will acknowledge yew with pleafure in that quality, the inftant that the definitive trea- ties which are at the eve of being concluded, lhall have been ex- ecmed her delicacy being a law to her, not to take, before that time, a flop which might not be confidered as corresponding with thofe which have characterized her ftricl neutrality during the couife of the late war. Notwnbfianding which the emprefs re- peats, that you may enjoy not only for your own honor, but alfe for your countrymen, who may come into her empire on com- mereial bufmefs, or otherwife, the mod favorable reception and the proieclion of the laws of nations. The conducl which the emprefs has held during thecourfe of the war, fufficiemly wit- neiTesin favor of the impartiality of her fentiments, and puts au end to every diicuilion on that point, and ought to make you en- tiiely eafy." While the negotiations for peace were carrying on between Great Britain, France, Spain and Holland, news was received from theEail Indies, butfuch as had not a favorable afpecl on the Britifh intereft in that quarter. Adm. Suffrein, with twelve fhip of the line, and Adm. Hughes with eleven, engaged afrefh on the 12th of April, 1782. This aclion appears to have been the mo& bloody that had been fought during the war, down to that period, in proportion to the number of mips. The Britifh had 144 kil- led, and 4 go wounded. The French after that proceeded to land aibody J, D. x;B2,] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 353 3 body of troops, which, being joined by fome thoufand Seapoys Sent by Hyder Ally, inveftedand reduced Cuddalore on the coaft of Coroinandei. When the preliminary articles between Britain, France and Spain were exchanged, on the 3d of laft February, further advices were received from the Eaft Indies, giving an ac- count, that notwithstanding a viclory which Sir Eyre Coote gain- ed over Hyder Ally on the 20 of jr ,cou!d not puriue. Suffrem refitted his fquadron with the uiirfUxu expe- dition, put to fea the beginning of Auguft, formed a jun61ioa with a number of Frerfch transports and fome men of war, and foiled dire&ly for Trincomale, which Surrendered to him en the laft day of the rnonih. Hughes upon gaining intelligence at Ma- dras of what was going forward, failed inftantly for the relief of the place; but did not arrive before it till the 2d of September. The next morning [Sept. 3.] Sufirein came out of the bay with 15 (hips of the line, including 3 fifties, Hughes, with only 12, including- one fifty, was ready to receive him. The engagement began about noon with great fury on each fide; and continued with equal obflinacy till about feven, when the French admiral drew off, afier having loft both his mizen and main-maft, and had levcral mips greatly damaged. He returned to Trincomale at pjght, but loft a 74 gun (hip in re-entering the harbour. This was the fourth battle that had been fought between Sir Edward Hughes and Monf. de Suffrein within feven months. Never be- fore had there been foobilinate a competition for the maftery of the Indian Ocean. Though the bravery and Skill of the Britifh admiral and Sailors prevented Suffrein's availing himfelfof his Su- periority for the capturing of his enemy's (hips, yet he difpiayed uncommon courage, and exerted himielf in Such a manner, as iliowed him to be an able commander and a determined foe. About the coth of September, Sir Richard Bickerton, with a fquadron of five fhips of the line, and near ^ooo men, arrived at Madras. In 354 THE HISTORY OF TH* fcl.D. In December lall Hyder Ally died. Upon which General Mathews wasoidered by the prefidency of Bombay, to proceed v\'iib his whole torce into the country of Canaiee, in order to pottefs Bednore, the capital, where Hyder's immenfe treafures \vere fuppofed to be, together with all his magazines for war. As the place was incapable of refinance, it was delivered up to the Britilh general upon his appearing before it, t Aether with the province, by capitulation. The general imprifc^ed the Indian go- vernor in direct violation of the articles, and committed various irregularities. After that the general 'beficged Mangalore, the principal fea port and marine arfenal of Hyder Ally, which fur- rendered on the gth of March. Tippoo Saib, who had fucceed- ed to his father Hyder Ally's defigns as well as -his power, re- folved to relinquish the Carnatic; and marched with above one hundred thoufand men torefcue Bednore. Gen. Mathews, tho' he h^d only bettweel> 2 and 3000 troops, of whom about 700 were Biirr^ans? determined to march out of the capital, and give b3ttle*P r ^ >,iJ;bc> Saib in an>open plain. The conteft was fiiort ; his haHESwVof ttien was totally routed with great {laughter; and he was obliged with the broken remains of his force to take fher- ter in the fortrefs, which flood upon an eminence nigh the town. After a fiege of near three weeks, the garrifon obtained terms from Tippoo Saib, fecuring their private property upon their de- live.ing up what was public, and promifing them fafe conduct to Bombay. Thefe conditions deprived them of the immenfe booty they had acquired, they determined upon eluding the fame by dividing the treafure among themfelves. Tippoo Saib, when the contrivance was difcovered, confidered the articles as annulled by this breach of faith; put both officers and men under confine- ment, and ftripped them of all they poflefled. When they had fufFeced many indignities they were lent to a fort up the country loaded' with irons. The general and feveral officers are thought to have been pu: to death with circumftances of great cruelty. The fuccefs that followed the recovery of his capital, encouraged Tippoo Saib to befiege Mangalore; and the garrifon were re- duced to great extremity. But they were relieved by the news of the genera! peace, which arrived in July. Sir Eyre Coote went by fea to Bengal for the recovery of his health. When upon his return to Madras, he was chafed forty- eight hours by two French men of war. The folicitude and ia- tigue he underwent in continuing nearly the whole time upon tleck, occafioned a iclapfe. He got fafe into port on the a6th of April, and died the day after his arrival, at a junclure when kis abilities were greatly wanted. Though the retreat of Tippoa AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 353 Saib from the Carnatic was of eminent fervice ; yet the prefi- dency of Madras were not fatisfiecl, while the French poffdled Cuddalore in the neighbourhood. General Stuart who had fuc- ceeded to the command of the Britifh army, was ordered to re- duce it. The garrifon was numerous, and compofed of choferi hardy veterans from among the French, and a number of Tip- poo Saib's bed troops whom he had left with them. The gene- ra! began to befiege the place about the beginning of June, and while he preiTed it by land, Sir Edward Hughes lay off the har- bour to cut off its communication by fea. But on the 2oth of June, Mr. de Suffrein approached him with 17 fhips of the line, two more than Sir Edward had. An engagement commenced a- bout four in the afternoon, and lafted three hours. The French retired in the night to Pondicherry, whither the Britifh followed them. The fiege was continued till the news of a general peace in Europe put an end to ail hcftilities. When the preliminary articles of peace came to be taken into confideration by the Britifh parliament on the 1710 of February, upward of 450 members were prefent in the houfe of commons. Great debates enfued, and theconteft between miniflry and oppo- fition was fupported with unabating fervor on each fide during the whole night. When the divifion took place at eight the en- fuing morning, the propofed minifterial addrefs on the peace wat rejetied by a majority of fixteen, 208 voting for it, and 224 a. gainft it, in favor of an amendment propofed by Lord John Ca- veodifh. Mr. Thomas Pitt, who opened the debate, and moved for the addrefs, aliened, that from the papers on the table it ap- peared, that the iaft ciifgraceful war had coft the nation confider- ably more than the glorious war of the Duke of Marlborough, and the fiill more glorious war of Lord Chatham, and indeed than all the wars put together in which the nation had been engaged from the revolution to the peace of Aix la Chapelle. In thehouie of lords the addrefs moved by miniflry was carried in their favor by 72 votes againft 59. When the preliminary articles between Great Britain, France and Spain, were agreed upon, a fufpenfion of arms took place with refpecl to Holland. But it was not till the ed of Septem- ber, that preliminary articles between the Dutch and the Britifh were figned at Paris ; by which a reciprocal reftitution of all the places and territories taken on either fide, Negapatam excepted, was agreed upon. The navigation oftheeallern feas was alfo to be free and unmolefled to the Britifh fhippingin all parts. Thefe two articles are the only objefts worthy of fpecial notice. Trin- comale will be reflored to the Dutch by the French, agreeable to the THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1783. the declaration made by Mr. de Vergennes on the ad of December, 3782, in his Mod Chriftian Majefty's name, that it was his inva- luable intention to reilore to their High Mightineiles fuch of their colonies as might remain in his hands, whenever the conclusion of a general peace would enable his majefty to give the iepublic this new mark of his afieclion toward it. The ratifica- tion of the preliminary articles was exchanged with the Duke of Manchefter on the 29th of September by the plenipotentiaries of their High Miohtineiies. On the 3<:1 or September, the definitive treaties between Great Britain, France and Spain, were figned at Verfailles by the Duke of Manchefier, and the plenipotentiaries of the faid courts. On the fame day, the definitive treaty with Great Britain and the U- nited States of- America was alfo figned at Paris, by David Hart- ley, Efq; the Brjtiih plenipotentiary, and the plenipotentiaries of the faid ftates. On the loth, John Adams, Efq; wrote to you (as his own hand will inform you, ihould not the letter mifcarry) c ' I hope that private honefty will not be violated in any debt, and that as much moderation may be fhown towards the tories as. pof- fib'e. Theflipulations fhould be facred, and the recommendati- ons at Leali treated with decency, and ferioufly coniidered. I can- not help faying, I wifh they could be complied with. When I a- greed that Congrefs mould recommend, I was fmcere. I then wiihed and ftill wifli, that the recommendation may be agreed to. This is unpopular no doubt : but treaties are folemn things, in which there (hould be no mental refervations. When New York and Penobfcot are evacuated, the people may be cooler it will be an ugly bone of contention, I always dreaded it, and would have avoided it, if n had been poff.ble, but it was not." The pro- per communication of this letter may produce, at leaiHn the Maf- iachufetis fiatc, a degree of moderation toward the royalifts, the want of which is too glaringly evident in the proceedings of your various town-meetings. Now that the operations of war have ceafed, a Tubjeft entirely novel has offered, which engages the attention and admiration of a!! orders of people. It having been obferved, that a ball filled with inflammable air would afcend till that and the external air of the atmofphere were in equilibrium; Mr. Montgolfier made experiments, fh ft with a globe of linen and paper, of 10,5 feet circumference, and then, with one of taffety done over wiih elaflic gum, 36 feet in circum- ference. Theafcent of botlvanfvvered fo fully the expeclation of every one prefent, that Mr. Montgolfier exhibited a new trial of his aerollatic machine, alias air balloon, at the Caftle de la Mu- tie A. D. 1785.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ette on the 23d of November in the afternoon. The balloon was 70 feet high and 46 in diameter, containing 60,000 cubic feet r and was capable of lifting up about fixteen hundred weight. II had a gallery annexed to it, wherein the Marquis d'AIandes and Mr. de Rozier placed themfelves. About 54 minutes after one. the feveral powers by which it was held down being removed, it rofe in a majeltic manner, and the aerial navigators were foon out of fight. When it was at leaii three thoufand feet high, it re- mained hovering in view. Its paflage was fuch that all Paris had an opportunity of beholding it. When the travellers found they had palled the metropolis, and were over the open fields, they de- fcended with the utmoft compoftire, after a progrefs of 30,000 feet within 23 minutes. The affair was attefted at five o'clock the fame afternoon, by the fignatures of the Duke of Polignac, the Duke of Guines, Benjamin Franklin and others. Since then Meffrs. Charles and Robert undertook a fimilar expedition on the ift of December. At three quarters afte-r one, they rofe with their chariot annexed to the balloon in the midlt of a profound filence, occafioned by the emotion andaftonifbmeritof all parties. When they were arrived at the height of about 300 fathom, they moved in an horizontal courfe by regulating their ballaft. After $6 minutes progrefs they heard the gun, which was the fignal o t&eir difappearing from the obfervers at Paris. They then ceaf- cd to confine themfelves to an horizontal direction; and gave themfelves up to the contemplation of the varied fcenes in the o- 1 pen country beneath them. They fhouted vive It roy, and heard their fhouts re-echoed. They waved their banners, and perceiv- ed that thefe fignals redoubled the joy and fecuruy of thofe be- low. They feveral times defcendcd near enough to be heard. They reached the plains of Nefle about half after three. Their whole pafTage made about nine Paris leagu-es, which they ran over in two hours, with fcarcety any fenfible agitation in the air. They had not long defcended to the ground, before the Duke de Chartres s the Duke Fitz- James, and a number of horfemen, who had followed them from Paris, galloped up to and joined them. How far thefe amufements will extend, and how long they will be followed, depends upon the fafety that attends them and the tafle of the public ; but ihould they be difcontinued for ages, till all traditionary traces of them are loft, they will be considered as lying legends in the faithful pages of modern hiflo- ij. It only remains to be mentioned, that the minifieriat phe- nomenon, which has been exhibited to the BritHh nation ever fince the beginning of laft April, in the coalition between Lord North and the honorable Charles Fox, ended ihe 19*11 of Decem- iw* 3,58 THE H I S T O R Y OF THE [A. D. 1783. ber by a royal meffage, importing that it was the king's plea Cure, that they (hould deliver to him the feals of their reipediye oilices as his majefty's principal fecretahes of ftate. LETTER XVII. Roxbury, June 30, 1783. H E laft year a court was conftituted.in purfuance of the gth JL article of the confederation, to hear and finally determine the difpute between the flates of Pennfylvania and Connecticut, refpefting certain lands. They gave it as their opinion, that Connecticut had no right to the lands in controverfy ; and that the jurifdiftion and pre-emption of all the territory lying within the charter boundary of Pennfylvania, claimed by Connecticut, did of right belong to Pennfylvania. Their proceedings arid fen- tence were returned to Congrefs, and ordered on the ^d of Jan- uarv to be lodged among the acls of Congrefs. Theapprehenfions of a fpeedy peace, with the fufferings of the American army under Gen. Wafhington, produced the laft De- cember an addrefs and petition of" the officers iotheUnitecl States in Congrefs afTembled. The contents comprehended the follow- ing articles prefent pay a fettlement of the accounts of the ar- rearages of pay, and fecurity for what is due a commutation of the half-pay allowed by different refolutions of Congrefs, for an equivalent in grofs a fettlement of the accounts of deficiencies of rations, and compenfation a fettlement of the accounts of defi- ciencies of clothing and compenfation. The figning officers oa the part of the Maffachufetts, the Connecticut, the New York, the New Jerfey, and the New Hampfliire lines, at their cinton- ments on Hudfon's river, faid ' We complain that (hadows have been offered to us, while the fubftancc has been gleaned by others. Our diftrefles are now brought to a point. We have borne all that men can bear our property is expended ourpri- vafe refources are at an end, and our friends are wearied out and difgufted with our incefTant applications. It would be criminal in the officers to conceal the general diffatisfaclion which prevails, and is gaining ground in the army, from the preflure of evils and injuries, which, in the courfe of feven long years, have made their condition in many inilanccs wretched. They therefore entreat that ^.1X1783.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 359 that Congrefs, to convince the army and the world, that the in- dependence of Ameiica {hall not be placed onthe ruin ofany par- ticular clafs of her citizens will point out a mode for immediate redrefs." Gen. M'Dougall, and Colonels Brooks and Ogden, were chofen a committee to wait upon Congrefs. While the bu- fineis was pending, certain public creditors and others at Phila- delphia, weie contriving how to employ the army for the efta- bliihtng of continental funds. The financier, Mr. Robert Mor- ris, or rather Mr. Governeur Morris, is fufpecled to have been at the bottom of the fcheme : the latter is allowed to be a man oE great abilities, but is thought to be one of the rnofl dangerous up- on the continent. Officers and foldiers were to be thrown into fuch a paroxyfm of rage and refentment, as fhould drive them in- to the attempt of compelling Congrefs to comply with iheir own demands, and thole of the public creditors, who were to arm and join them. Letters were lent to certain military perfcns in whom the greateft confidence was placed, that fo affairs might bein readi- nefs. Mean while reports were propagated in Philadelphia, that dangerous combinations were forming in the army : whereas the troops were apparently extremely quiet, notwithstanding their temper was very irritable on account of their long protracted fufferings. At length, upon the arrival of a particular gentleman from Philadelphia in camp, about the 8th of March, fuch fenti- inents as the following weie immediately and induflriouily circu- lated That it was univerfally expected that the army would not difband, till they had obtained jutlice That the public creditors looked up to them for redrefs of their grievances, would afford them every aid, and even join them in the field if neceffary That fome members of Congrefs wifhed the meafure might take effecl:, in order to compel the public, particularly the delinquent ilates, to do juflice. When the minds of the army were thought to be prepared by thefe means, anonymous invitations were circu- lated onthe loth of March, requeuing a general meeting of the officers on the next day. At the fame inftant many manufcript copies of an addrefs to the officers f though anonymous, known fmce to have been drawn up by Major Armftrong] were falter- ed in every ftaie line of the army. It was in a peculiar man- ner calculated to inflame every breaft, and to provoke all to unite; in redrefiing their own grievances while they had arms in their hands. To fap the influence oi the commander in chief, fhould he attempt to counteract the meafure, they weredire6red to " fuf- the man who would advife to more moderation and lon- er forbearance." As foon as Gen. Wafhington obtained the knowledge of ihefe papers, after taking notice, in peneral orders VOL. III. X x of 360 THE H I S T O R Y OF THB [A. D. 1783. of the nth, of the anonymous invitations, he requefled the gene- ral and field officers, with one officer from each company, and a proper reprefentation from the ilaff of the army, to aflemble on the following Saturday, the 13 th. This he did, " in order to refcue the foot that flood wavering on the precipice of def- pair, from taking, while the paffions weie inflamed, thcfe fleps which would have led to the aby's cf mifeiy. He aled upon the principle, that it is eafier to divert from a wrong to a right path, than it is to recall the hilly and fatal Heps which have been already taken.'*' The period previous to the officers affembling, \vas improved by the general for foftening them down. The treatment they had met with, the fufpicions they had entertained of a defign to trick them, the llrong indications that had appear- ed of an inclination fo to do, and other occurrences, had imbit- tered their fpirits; fo that it was with the utmoft difficulty, that be could calm and bring them to a temper which promifed an . happy ill'ue to the meeting he had propofcd. Hefent for one offi- cer after another, and talked to them privately, fetting before them the ill confequences of violent meafurcs, and the lofs of character that would follow; and brought feveral to their tears. Numbers were prevailed upon to relinquish their intentions, and agreed topurfic moderate meafure?. A fecond addfefs appeared on the i2tb s wherein the author artfully insinuated, that the general approved of their defending the fubjecl, which had been propofed by him- fclfinthefirft. When the officers were convened on the i^th, thofe who were for moderate meafures contrived that General Gates, who was thought to be too much in favor of thereverfe, mould be chofen prefident. After that, the commander in chief addrefFed the meet- ing. The firft and larged part of the fpecch was employed in counteracting the effefts produced by the anonymous papers. His excellency thus expreifed himfelf " The author of the ad- clrefs is entitled to much credit for thegoodnefs of his pen; and I could wiili he had as much credit for the reclitude of hi* heart. He was right to infinuate the darkeft fufpicion to efTecl the blacked defign. My God! what can this writer have in view by recommending fuch meafures ? Can he be a friend to the army '': Can he be a friend to this country? Rather is he not an infidt- ousfoe? Some emiilary perhaps, from New-York, plotting the ruin of both, by fowing the feeds of difcord and feparation be- tween the civil and military powers of the continent?" He af- terwards pledged himfelf in the moil unequivocal manner to ex- ert all his abilities in tlieir favor ; requeued ihern to rely on the faith A. D. 1783.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 36* faith of their country, and to place a full confidence in the purity of the intentions of Congrefs ; and conjured them, in the name of their common country, as tbey valued their honor, as they ref- pe6ted the rights of humanity, and as they regarded the military and national character of America, to exprcfs their utmoft de- teftation of the man, who wifhes, under any fpecious pretences, to overturn the liberties of their country; and who wickedly at- tempts to open the flood gates of civil difcord, and deluge their lifing empire in blood. It was happy for the army and country, that, when his excel- lency had finifhed and withdrawn, no one rofe and obferved, - ** that General Wafhington was about to quit the military line laden with honor, and that he had a confiderable eflate to fupport him with dignity, but that their cafe was very different. Hadfuch ideas been thrown out, and properly enlarged upon, the meeting \vould probably have concluded very differently. But no coun- terpoife being offered to the fpeech, the bufinefs of the day was finifhed to the wifhes of his excellency. The meeting of officers unanimoufly thanked him for his addrefs. They alfo refolved unanimoufly, That no circumflances of diftrefs or danger fliould induce a conducl that might tend to fully the reputation and glo- ry they had acquired That the army continued to have an un- fhaken confidence in the juflice of Congrefs and their country- That his excellency be requeued to write to the Prefident of Con^ grefs, earneftly entreating their fpeedy decifion upon the fubjecls of tti officers' addrefs That they view with abhorrence; and re- ject with difdain, the infamous propofitions contained in a late anonymous addrefs to the officers of the army. General Wafhington, in a letter of the tBth, tranfmittefl to Congrefs an account of what had paffed at the meeting of the of- ficers, and urged in the ftrongeft manner their being gratified in what they had before applied for. On the 22d of March, Con- grefs refolved that the officers fhould be entitled to receive to the amount of five years full pay in money, or fecurities on intereft at fix per cent, per arm. inftead of half pay for life. Though this commutation was granted, the fears of the army were flill alive, left they fliould be difbanded r the lines be feparated, before their accounts were liquidated. The commander in chief was for their being difbanded as foon as poffible : but then he thought their wifhes fliould be consulted, which he pronounced moderate in their mode, and perfectly compatible with the honor, dignity and juflice, due from the country; as they only involved complete fettlement and partial payment, previous to any difperfion. Threat months pay at leafl was univerfally expecled*' Bf 362 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1783 By the 24111 of March, Congrefs received a letter of February th, from the Marquis de la Fayette, announcing a general peace, an.i a copy of orders given by Count D'Eftaing, for the purpofe of putting a ftop to ail hoUilities by fea : hereupon they directed the marine agent immediately to recall all armed veflels cruifrng under commidions from the United States of America. The marquis's letter was dated from Cadiz : in it he wrote " forty- nine (hips and twenty thoufand men are now here, whom Count D'Eftaing was to join with the combined forces in the Weft In- dies, and during the fummer they were to co-operate with our American army. Nay, it had lately been granted, that while Count D'Eilaing was elfewfoere, I fhould enter St. Lawrence liv- er at the head of a French corps. It is known that I ever was beat upon the addition of Canada to the United States." On the 4th ot April, Captain John Derby commanding the Aftrea, ar- rived at Salem from Nantz in 22 days, and brought wiih him a printed copy of a declaration of the American mimfters, given at Paris the 201 h of February, and figned John Adams, B. Franklin, John Jay. It mentions, that the ratifications of the preliminary articles or peace ligtied the 2oth of January, between his Moil Chriilian Majefty and the King of Great Biitain, were in due form exchanged by their miniilers on the 3(1 of February; from which day the feveral terms fpecified for theceffationof hollilitics are to be computed relative to all Brhifh and American veffels and effecls. Thus the fame captain, who carried to Great Bii- tain the firft news of aclual hofliiities at Lexington, brought to the Maflachufetts the firft news of the ratifications of the articles of peace be ing ex changed. A copy or the articles for concluding a general peace between Great Britain and America, being received from Philadelphia*, were pubiifhed together with the declaration in the Bofton pa. pers of the ioth of April. The people at large are now fully gratified with the knowledge of all the particulars, expreiled ia the followin words, Articles, agreed upon, ly and between Richard Qfzcald, the CQmi.riebtck, eight abreaft the fpeaker or the afTembly and citizens on foot, eight abreaft. The procefiion ceafed at Cape's tavern. The go- vernor gave a public dinner at Frances's tavern; at which the commander in chief and other general officers were prefent. The arrangements for the whole bufmefs were fo well made and exe- cuted, that the moft admirable tranquillity fucceeded through the day and night. On Monday, [Dec. i.] the governor gave an e- legant entertainment to the French ambafFador, the Chevalier dela Luzerne. Gen.Wafhington,the principal officers of the New-York ftate and of the army, and upward of a hundred gentlemen, were prefent. Magnificent fire works, infinitely exceeding every thing of the kind before feen in the United States, were exhibited at the Bowling-green in the Broad-way, in the evening of Tuefday* in celebration of the definitive treaty of peace. They commenced by a dove's defcending wiib the olive branch,, and fetticg fire to a marron battery. On Thurfday noon, [4th.] the principal" officers of the army? affembled at Frances's (alias Black Sam's) tavern, to take a final leave of their much-loved commander in chief.. After awhile, Gen. Wafhington came in, and calling for a glafs of wine, thus ad- drefled them "With an heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you. I moft devoutly wifli, that your latter days, may be as profperous and happy, as your former ones have been glorious and honorable.*' Having drank, he faid " I cannot come to each of you to take my leave, but {hall be obliged to you, if each will come and take me by the hand." Gen. Knox being neareft turned to him; Wafliington with tears rolling dowrt his cheeks, grafped Knox's hand,, aad then kifled him : he did the fame by every fuccceding officer, and by foine other gentle* men who were prefent. Thepaflions of human nature were ne- ver more tenderly agitated, than in this interefting and diftrefsful fcene. The whole company were in tears. When Wafhington left the room, and pafled through the corps of light infantry a- bout two o'clock in his way to Whitehall, the others followed, walking in a folemn, mute, and mournful procefllon, with heads hanging down and dejecled countenances, till he embarked in his barge for Powle's Hook. When he had entered, he turned, took off his hat, and with that bid them a filent adieu. They paid him the lime affectionate compliment, and the barge pufhingoff^ returned from Whitehall in like manner as they had advanced. Though 373 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1783. Though General Wafhington was not flayed in his progrcfs to Philadelphia, by the Congiefs, who, on the lil of November, had elecled the honorable Thomas Mifflin prefident, and three days after had adjourned to meet at AnnapoJis in Maryland on the z6(h ; yet it was the 8th of December at noon, before Gen. Wafh- inj;ton arrived at the capital of Pennfylvania. When his intention of quitting the array was known, he was complimented and received^ with the utmoft refpecl and affection, by all orders of men, both in the civil and military line. He remained fome days in Philadelphia. While in the city he delivered in his accounts to the comptroller, down to December the 131!], all in his own handwriting, and every entry made in the moil particular man- ner, dating the occafion of each charge, fo as to give the leaft trouble in examining and comparing them with the vouchers with which they were attended. The heads are as follows, copied from the folio manufcript paper book, in the file of the treafury office No. 3700, beina a black box of tin containing, under lock and key, both that and the vouchers. Total of expenditures from 177,5 to 1783, exclu- five of provifions from coinrniffaries and con- tractor.?, and of liquors, &c. from them and . s. d, others . 3387 14 4 ^Secret intelligence and fervice - - 1982 10 o Spent in reconnoitring and travelling 1 ^74 8 8 jMiicellarieous charges 2 9<5 2 10 i Expended be fides, dollars according to the fcale cf depreciation - 6114 14 o . 16,311 17 i Note, 104,364 of the dollars were received after March, 1780, and although credited 40 for one, many did not fetch at the raie of a hundred for one, while 27,77,5 of them are returned without deducting any thing from the above account (and therefore alual- ly made a prefent of to the public.) (Gen. Wafhington's account) From June, 1775, to the end of June, 1783, .16,311 17 i Expenditure from July i, 1783,10 Dec. 13 1 7 1 7 5 4- (Added afterward) from thence to Dec. 28 21384 Mrs. * 200 guineas advanced to General M'Dougall are not included in the 1982!. los. not being yet fettled, but iru luded in (ome of the o- ther charges, and fo reckoned in the general fum, A.D. 1783.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 379 Mrs. Wafhington's travelling expences in coming to the general and returning , 1064 i o .1 9,306 11 9 lawful money of Virginia, the fame as the Maflachufetts, or . 14479 . l8 9* fterling. The general entered in his book '* I find upon the final ad- juftment of thefe accounts, that I am a confiderable lofer my dif- burfements falling 9 good deal fhort of my receipts, and the mo- ney I had upon hand of my own : for befides the fums 1 earned with me to Cambridge in 1775, I received monies afterwards on private account in 1777 and fmce, which (except fmall fums that I had occafion now and then to apply to private ufes) were all ex- pended in the public fervice: through hurry, I fuppofe, and the perplexity of bufinefs (for I know not howelfeto account for the deficiency) I have omitted to charge the fame, whilft every debit againft me is here credited. July i, 1783." Happy would it have been for the United States (you will be likely to add and for Great Britain) had each perfon who has handled public money been equally exacl: and punclual ! General Walhington after delivering in his accounts, haftened to Annapolis, where he arrived on the evening of the ipth of De- cember. The next day he informed Congrefs of his arrival in that city, with the intention of afking leave to refigntne commif- fion he had the honor of holding in their fervice, and defired to know their pleafure in what manner it would be moft proper to offer his refignation whether in writing or at an audience. They re- folved that it mould be at a public audience, the following Tuef- day at twelve o'clock. The general had been fo referved with regard to the time of his intended refignation, that Congrefs had not the leaft apprehenfion of its being either fo foon or fo fud- dea. When the day was arrived, [23.] and the hour approached for fixing the patriotic charafter of the AMERICAN CHIEF, the gallery was filled with a beautiful group of elegant ladies, and forne graced the floor of Congrefs. On this were likewife the govern- or, council and legiflature of Maryland, feveral general officers, the conful general of France, and the refpeclable citizens of An- napolis. Congrefs were feated and covered, as reprefentatives of the fovereignty of the Union, the fpeclators were uncovered and Handing. The general was introduced to a chair by the fecretary, who, after a decent interval ordered filence. A fhort paufe en- fued, when the honorable ThomasMiftlin, the prefident, inform- ed the general, that " the United States in Congrefs aflemb'led were SSo THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1783. were prepared to receive his communications :" on which herofe with great dignity, and dehve r p(i this adehrTs " Mr. Prefideut, The great, events on wh : ch m) *e .';.; Cation depended having at length taken place, I have now uf retiring from the ievvice of my country. " Happy in the confirmation t;f difpofe the hearts and minds of its citizens, to improve the op- portunity afforded them, of becoming a happy and rcfpcftable na- tion. And for you we addrefs to him our earneft prayers, ^hat a life fo beloved, maybe foftered with all his care; that your days may be happy as they have been illuftrious ; and that he will fi- nally give you that reward which this world cannot give.'* To fee on the one hand, fo great and amiable a character tak- ing his leave of public employments to fpend his future days in retirement ; and his country on the other acknowledging his un- precedented merit, and with the mod affe&ionate embraces load- ing him with their bleflings, exhibited a fccne that drew tears from many of the fpeclators. When the bufinefs was clofed, his excellency immediately fet out for his feat at Mount Vernon in Virginia. The governor of Maryland acccmpankd hira to South river, 382 THE HISTORY OF THE [A. A 1783, river, with the warmeft wimes of the city for his repofe, health and happinefs. Long, long may he enjoy them ! The definitive treaty between Great Britain and the United States, together with a joint letter from the miniflers of the U- nited States dated at Pally the iQthof September, was laid be- fore Congrefs on the 13th of December. That and the letter were referred to a committee, who reported upon them, Janu- ary t lie i^th. The nine ftates prefent refolved unanimouily to ratify the definitive treaty. In teftimony of fuch ratification, theycaufed the feal of the United States to he affixed 10 it; and it was witneiTed by his Excellency Thomas Mifflin, prefident* The treaty begins " In the name of the moft holy and undivi- ded Trinity." Then follows the introduction " It having pleafed the Divine Providence to difpofe the hearts of the moft ierene and moft potent Prince George the Third, by the grace of God,King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, &c. &c.andof the United States of America, to forget all pall; mifunderftandings arid differences, that have unhappily interrupted the good cor- refpondence and friendmip which they wifh mutually to reftore; and to eftablifh fuch a beneficial and fatisfa&ory intercourfe be- tween the two countries, upon the ground of reciprocal advan- tages and mutual convenience, as may promote and fecure to both perpetual peace and harmony; and having for this defirable end, already laid the foundation of peace and reconciliation, by the provifional articles, figned at Paris on the 3oth of Novem- ber 1782, by the coHimiffioners empowered on each part, which articles were agreed to be inferted in and to conftitute the treaty of peace propofed to be concluded between the crown of Great Britain and the faid United States, &c. &c. his Britannic Ma. jefty, and the United States of America, in order to carry into full effecl: the provifional articles, &c. have conftituted, that is to fay, his Britannic Majefty on his part, David Hartley, Efq; and the foid United States on their part, John Adams, Efq; Benjamin Franklin, Efq; John Jay, Efq; to be the plenipotentiaries for the concluding and figning the prefent definitive treaty; who after having reciprocally communicated their refpeclive full powers, have agreed upon and confirmed the following articles." The nine firft articles are the fame with the provifional, five or fix words excepted to accommodate them to the date of the treaty. But the following loth article is added u The folemn ratificati- ons of the prefent treaty, expedited in good and due form, (hall he exchanged between the contracting parties in the fpace of fix moaths, or fooner if poflible, to be computed from the day of the fignature of the prefent treaty. In witnefs whereof, we the underfigncd, A. D. iffy.] AMERICAN REVOLtJTION. 383 underfigned, their minifters plenipotentiary, have in their name, and in virtue of our full powers, figned with our hands the pre- fent definitive treaty, and caufe'd the feals of our arms t^ be affix- ed thereto. Done at Paris, this third day of September, in the 1 year of our Lord, one thoufand feven hundred and eighty-three (L. S.) D. Hartley* (L, S.) John Adams, (L. S.) B, Fnnklin, (L. S.) John Jay." On the fame day the treaty was ratified, Congrefs unanimously- refolved upon tranfmitting to the feveral ftates, the recommen- dation agreed upon by the commiflioners in the ^th provifional article : but too late for the credit of America, the benefit of the United States, or the relief of the loyalifls. It is conjectured, that between twenty and thirty thoufand pei Tons have been forcect Upon a refidence at the new fettlement of Shelburne and others in Nova Scotia ; all of wBbm might, by a temperate conduct and a noble fpirit of forgivenefs, have been rendered good fubjecls to the United States. Through refentment they may hereafter prove dangerous enemies, particularly to the MafTachufetts, fhouldl they be aided by foreign affiftance. The United States have not only deprived themfelves of their perfonal fervice, but alfo of alt their property, which is not incunfiderablcj for there are many" Wealthy individuals among them* Nearly the whole of the American army has been difbanded ; but The Society of the Cincinnati, which the late officers of it have eftablimed, has fpread a confiderable alarm. General Knox* with the good intention of reconciling the minds of his military brethren to the private life on which they were foon to enter* projected the plan, before the circulation of the anonymous pa- pers through the array in March, 1783^ When the dangerous defign of thefe had been fruilrated by the prudence of the com- mander in chief, Knox imparted his proposals to certain officers* They were afterward communicated to the feveral regiments c the refpeftive lines, and an officer from each was appointed, who, with the generals, mould take the fame into confideration at a meeting on the loth of May, at which Baron Steuben, the fenior officer prefent, prefided. At their next meeting, ort the i3th; the plan having been revifed was accepted. The fubftance of it is " The officers of the American army do hereby in the moft folemn manner ofTociate, eonftitute and combine themfelves into one Society of Friends, to endure as long as they {hall endure, or any of their eldeji male pojierity ; and in failure thereof, th* collateral branches, who may be judged worthy of becoming its fup- porters and members. The officers of the American army, hav- ing generally been taken from the citizens of America, poflefs VOL. III. A a a high 384 THE HISTORY OP THE [A. D. 1783, high veneration for the character of that illuftrious Roman, Luci- us Quintus Cincinnatus, and being refolved to follow his example, by returning to their citizenfhip, they think they may with pro- priety denominate themfelves, The Society of the Cincinnati. The following principles mall be immutable an mediant attention to preferve inviolate the exalted rights and liberties of human nature, for which they have fought and bled and an unalterable determination to promote and cherifh between the refpeclive ftates union and national honor ; to render permanent, cordial affecli- on, and the fpirit of brotherly kindnefs among the officers ; and to extend a&s of beneficence toward thofe officers and their fa- milies, who may unfortunately be under the neceffity of receiv- ing it. The general fociety will, for the fake of frequent com- munications, be divided into ftate focieties, and thofe again into fuch diftrifts as mall be directed by the ftate focieties. The ftate focieties {hall meet on the fourth of July annually, and the gene- ral fociety on the fiift Monday in May annually, fo long as they fhall deem it necelFdiy, and afterward at lead once in every three years. The fta?e focieties are to have a prefident, vice-prefident, fecretary, treafurcr and affiftant-treafurer. The meeting of the general fociety (hall confift of its officers, and a reprefentation from each ftate fociety, in number not exceeding five, whofeexpences fhall be borne by their refpeclive ftate focieties. In the general meeting, the prefident, vice-prefident, fecretary, affiftant-fecretary, treafurer, and affiftant-treafurers-general, fhall be chofen to ferve until the next meeting. Thofe officers who are foreigners, are to be confidered as members in the focieties of any of the ftates in which they may happen to be. As there are and will at all times be men in the refpeclive ftates eminent for their abilities and patriotifm, whofe views may be directed to the fame laudable objecls with thofe of the Cincinnati, it fhall be a rule to admit fuch characters, as honorary members of the fociety for their own lives only : provided that the number of the honorary members does not exceed a ratio of one to four of the officers and their def- cendants. The fociety fhall have an order by which its members ihall be known and diftinguifhed, which fhall be a medal of gold, of a proper fize to receive the propofed emblems, and to be fuf- pended by a deep blue ribbon, f two inches wide, edged with]whitc, defcriptive of the union of America and France." The fociety at the faid meeting direcled, that the prefident-ge- neral mould tranfmit, as fooii as might be to each of the following characters, a medal containing the order of the fociety, viz. the Chevalier de la Luzerne, the Sieur Gerard, the Count d'Eftaing, Ike Count de GrafTe, the Count de Barras, the Chevalier d'Eftou- cbcs, A. D. 1783.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. ches, the Count de Rochambeau, and the generals and colonels in the army ; and fhould acquaint them, that " the fociety de themfelves the honor to confider tliem as members." They alfo refolved, that the members of the feveral ftate focieties mould af- femble as foon as may be for the choice of their officers ; " that Gen. Heath, Baron Steuben, and Gen. Knox, be a committee to wait on the commander in chief, with a copy of the inftitution, and requeft him to honor the fociety by placing his name at the bead of it." They likewife defired General Heath to tranfmit opies of the inftitution, with the proceedings thereon, to the commanding officer of the fouthern army, the fenior officer in each ftate, from Pennfylvania to Georgia inclufive, and to thej commanding officer of the Rhode Ifland line, refuelling them to take fuch meafures as may appear to them neceflary for expedit- ing the eftablifhmcnt of their ftate focieties. Circular letters were accordingly written ; and the plan of the Cincinnati carried inta execution, without the leaft oppofition being given to it by any* one ftate, or body of men in any. A pamphlet was at length publifhed figned Coffins, dated Char- leftown, Oclober 10, 1783, entitled Confederations on the Society or Order of Cincinnati \ with this motto, " Blow ye the trumpet in Zion." It is thought to be written by vdanus Burke, Efq; one of the chief juftices of South Carolina ; and is well executed. The author undertakes to prove, " that the Cincinnati .create* two diftinl orders among the Americans ift, A raceof heredi- tary nobles, founded on the military, together with the powerful families, and fml-rate, leading men in the ftate, whofe view it will ever be, to rule: and 2dly, The people or plebeians, whofe only view is not to be opprefled ; but whofe certain fate it will be to fuffer oppreffion under the inftitution," Remarking upon the reafon fcor the members being called the Cincinnati t he exclaim* " As they were taken from the citizens, why in the name of God not be contented " to return to citizenfhip", without ufurp- ing an hereditary order? or with what "propriety can they de- nominate" themfelves from Cmcinnatus, with an ambition fo rank as to aim at nothing lefs, than Oiium cum Dignitate, " Re- tirement and a peerage" ? Did that virtuous Roman, having fub- dued the enemies of his country, and returned home to tend his vineyard and plant his cabbages ; did he confer an hereditary or- der of peerage on himfeif and fellow foldiers ? I anfwer, No; it was more than he dared to do." When near the end he fays, 41 With regard to myfelf, I will be candid to own, that although- I am morally certain the initiation will entail upon us the evils I have mentioned : yet J have net the moll diilant idea, that it will THE HISTORY OF THE [^. will come to a diflblution. The firft clafs, or leading gentry irj theftate [of South Caiolina] and who will always hold the go* vernmern, will find their intereft in fupporting a diftin6Hn that will gratify their ambition, by removing them far above their fellow citizens, The middling order of our gentry, and fubftan- tial landholders, may fee its tendency ; but they can take no ftep $o oppofe it, having little to do with government. And the low-, r clals, with the city populace, will never reafon on it, till they feel the (mart, and then they will have neither the power nor capa- city for a reformation." The alarm is become fo univerfal, that the general fociety, at their meeting to be held in Philadelphia in May, muft agree up., pn alterations, and remove the moft obnoxious parts of the plan, or the Hates will be likely to fet their faces againll the Cincinna- ti, as a dangerous order. Many of the American officers have Vindoubtedly become members merely upon prudential motives,, and will join their influence for the removal of fuch obnoxious parts. General Greene, the late commanding officer of the fouth- ern army, has acknowledged to me in converfation, that there is not in the'fociety, as at prefent conftituted, a delicacy with regard to the general body of American citizens ; and it may be fairly prefumed, that a fimilar fentiment is efpoufed by the late com- mander in chief. Ir is to be hoped, that the feveral ftates will u- ysitein de ierm ining, that the fociety fhall diffblve with the deaths of the prefeiu officers and honorary members, and that it {hall not be perpetuated by an acceffipn of new and younger ones. In their late content with Great Britain they acled upon the maxim objla fnncipiis. They inuft apply jt afrelh for their fecurity againft )p.rdly dominion. HOAY much a people, and governmental powers, are prone to put up with and practife internal encroachments upon liberty, \vhen they have feciuedthemfelves from fuch as are foreign, may Appear from the following facls. In 1782, Captain Gilbert Der.ch was chofen for Hopkinton, ?md fuffered to fit as member in the Maifachufetts houfe of repre- fentatives^ though he had a dwelling in and lived at Boftori for a full year before the choice. Edward Pope, Efq; was reprefenta- tive for Dartmouth and naval officer at the fame time. Both were under an abfolute difqualification by the conftitution. On Tuefday the 6tb of May, 1783, the town of Bofton, which could not comply with a warden-a6t, upon the plea that it was againft the conftitution, chofe Jarr.es Suh'ivan, Efq; one of their repre- fentatives in direft opposition to the cunftitution, which requires ^at every reDreieat^Uve iiioul(} have b\;ea an inhabitant of tho> AD. 1783.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. iown he is chofen to reprefent, one year at kafl next preceding his election. When the propriety of his election was inquired in- to by the houfe, a majority determined in favor of it; upon the flimfy plea, that he tranfafted bufinefs in Bofton though he Ikpj at Cambridge, and removed with an intention of becoming an in- habitant, in time to have .completed that inhabitancy which the ccftiftitution requires ; and that his flopping at Cambridge to fe- cure the health of one of his family, whole life muft have been endangered by her fpending the fummer in Bofton, was occafion- cd by an aft of God. The fame caufe which fecured his election, fecured his feat, viz. an avowed and violent oppofition 10 every mo- derate meafure in favor of the parties who, by the provifional ar- tieles, were to be the objects of the congreffional recommenda- tion. By a paragraph in a bill, which was before the houfe (during this their firit feflion) and afterward patted into a law, cafes were fub- mitted to the fole judgment of two juftices of peace, that ought to have been left to the determination of a jury. But certain mem- bers protefted againlt it, afligning the following reaions for their fo doing " i. Becaufe we apprehend other provifion might have beeji made, confident with the conilitution, and at the fame time more effectual for the purpofe of preventing the return of perfons who have left this ftate and joined the enemies of the Li- nked States, than that provided in the paragraph aforefaid. Such conftitutional and more effectual provifion was moved and uiged by the diffentients and others, as a fubilitute in place of the laid paragraph, and is as follows, vi?. *' Provided neverthelefs, that if any perfon committed as aforefaid, (hall, before the warrant is made out by the goveinor .to fend him out of the ftate, petition the governor, he (hall, with advice of council, appoint three juilices of the county, quorum unus, where fuch perfon ftan'ds committed, to iffue their precept for a jury to be drawn out of thefuperior court box and fummoned to appear at a certain time and place, and to inquire on oath whether the perfon fo commit- ted is within the act aforefaid ; and if the jury (hall return their verdict, that fuch perfon is not within faid aft, then he mall be dif, charged and not be tranfported : but fuch perfon mail not be libe- rated from his confinement until a verdict is fo given in his favor. And in every fuch cafe the juilices mail appoint fome meet perfon to aft as council on behalf of government, at the expence o the commonwealth. And the perfon petitioning for fuch trial mall pay all the colt thereof in the fame manner as ther perfons are obliged to do, in bringing forward a fuit at law." 2. Becaufe by the faid paragraph, that eiTential right of freemen, d trial by THE HISTORY OF THE \A. D. 1783. jury, is taken away, and every fubjeft of this commonwealth ex- poied to be deprived of his liberty, property and rights of citizen- fhip, and to the infamous punijhment of banifhment, by the folc judgment of two juiiices of the peace. " 3. Bccaufeit is a fla- grant and dire& violation of the principles and fpirit of the confti- tution, and the letter of the declaration of rights, art. xii. which provides that, " No fubjecl fhail be arreiled, imprifoned, difpoil- ed, or deprived of his property, immunities or privileges, put out ef the protection of the law, exiled or deprived of his life, liberty oreftate, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land, And the legiilature mall not ruake any law, that (hall fubject any perfon to a capital or infamous pir^immeat, excepting for the go- vernment of the army ami navy, without trial by jury". " 4. Be- caufe it furniflies a piecedent of a tendency, moil dangerous and fetal to the fecurity of the lives, liberties and properly of the fub- jecls of this common wealth." The proteil; was iubfcribed by William Philips, Nathaniel Applion, Caleb Davis, Thomas Dawes, all of the Bofton board; by Thomas Clarke, J^mes Swan, Solomon Lovcli, Ebenezer Wairen, John Choate, Nathan Dane, Bailey Bardett, James Bancroft, John Burke, Samuel Loring, James Per;y, John H. Barilct, Peter Penniman, Jacob Ludwig, Theodore Sedgvvick, William King, Thompfon J. Skinrler, Joha Bacon, William Bodman, Timothy Childs, and Nathaniel Wy- ttian. When the recommendation from Congrefs of January the 14th, 1784, was received, various methods were praciifed to pre- vent the good effects of it. It was roundly averted by fome of the popular leaders, that Mr. John Adams did not wifti that the fame Ihould be regarded. To countera6t fuch reports, Mr. A- dam's letter of September the loth was communicated to certain gentlemen of the fenate and houfe, who copied the fame them- felves, the more fully to defeat fuch affertions. But even Mr. J. Adams's exprefs declaration in favor of the tories could notin- iluence the general court t the exercife of a becoming mode- ration. As to Mr. Marbois' letter he has privately pronounced it to be official; which he afferts exempts him from all obligation to acknowledge it : this accounts for his having difowned it to a cer- tain gentleman who has made a confpicuous figure in Congrefs. The peace has afforded me the opportunity of gaining further information as to certain particulars relating to the war, which it may be proper to mention. When Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton approached Charlotte- , he difpatcbed a troop of horfe under Captaja M'Leod, threp miles A. D. 1781.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. miles further to Mr. Jefferfon's * hcufc, with the double objcft of taking him and the two fpeakers of the fenate and delegates, prifoners ; and of remaining there in vidette, as the houie had a commanding view of half a {core counties round about. Tarle- ton gave ftri6t ordeis to the captain to fuffbr nothing to be injur- ed. The troop failed in their defin of making prifoners : not- withftanding which, M'Leod preferved every thing with facred care during his tarriance there of about eighteen hours. Colo- nel Tarieton was juft as long at CharJotte-viile ; when he was hurried from thence by the news of the rifing of the militia, and by a fudden fall of rain which threatened to fwell the river, and intercept his return. In general he did little injury to the inha- bitants on that {hort and hafty excuifton, which was about 60 miles from the main army, then in Sporfylvania. Lord Cornwallis afterward proceeded to the Point of Fork, and encamped his army from thence all along the main James river to a feat of Mr. Jef- ferfon's, called Elkhill ; and made it his head quarters for the ten days of his remaining in that pofition. Mr. Jefferfon happily- had time to remove moft of his effe&s out of the houfe. His flocks ef cattle, flieep and hogs, together with what corn was wanted, were ufed for the fuftenance of the army ; and all his horfes, capable of fervice, were carried off. This was no other than Mr. Jefferfon expected. But the throats of the horfes too young for fervice Were cut ; his growing crops of corn and tobac- co were burned, together with his barns, containing the fame articles of the preceding year, and all the fences on the plantati- on, fo as to leave it an abfolute wafte. Thefe things were perpe- trated under Lord Cornwallis's eye ; the fituation of the houfe^ in which he was, commanding a view of every part of the plan- tation. The reft of the neighbourhood was treated in fpmewhat the fame (tile ; but not with that fpirit of total extermination which feezed to rage over Jefferfon 's poflcffions. Wherever, the army unJei h^s lordiliip went, the dwelling houfes were plun-. dered of every thing which could be carried off. Hundreds of eye witneffes can prove, that his lordfhip's table was ferved with plate thus pillaged from private houfes ; though his lordfhip's character in Great Britain will forbid the belief of bis fharing in the plunder. By an eftimate made at the time, on the beft infor- mation that could becoile6red, the ftate of Virginia loft, during Cornwallis's attempts to reduce it, 30,000 flaves ; about 27,000 of whom died of the- fmall-pox and carap fever ; the reft are thought to have been partly fent to the Weft Indies, and partly tQ New * Now the American plenipotentiary at the court of Vqrfailles.. jgo THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1784* New York, and from thence, before the evacuation, to Nova Scotia and elfewlicrc. The whole devaftations occafioned by the Brinfharmy, during the fix months previous to their furrender at York Town, are fuppofed to amount to about three millions ilerling. 14 The lofs of men fuftained by the town of New Haven, out of the continental line, from among the militia, feamen and other inhabitants, is eftimated at 210. New Haven is about a twenty- fourth part of Connecticut; reckoning therefore the fame pro- portion of lofs to the whole ftate, the number loft will amount to ,5,040. Connecticut is efteemed about a twelfth part of the Ame- rican dates ; reckoning the fame proportion of lofs therefore to the whole, the total amount will be 60,480; but New York, New Jerfey, and the fouthern ftates, have, doubtlefs, fuffered a greater lofs in proportion to their numbers than Conneclicut. It is therefore probable that the whole lofs of lives is not lefs than 70,000."* Vaft numbers died on board the prifon fhips at New- York: not lefs, it is aflerted, than n,coo in one only, the^r- Jey.\ Many perifhed in confequence f their being fo crowded together, others through cruel ufage, and feveral for want of thofe exertions which would have prevented fatal ficknefs and have promoted health. The Britifh forces are charged with having utterly deftroyed more than fifteen places of public worfhip within the United States, during the courfe of the war. Moft of thefe they burnt, and others they levelled with the ground, leaving in fome places not a veftige of their former fituation. A number of others they nearly deflroyed, by converting them into barracks, jails, hofpitals, and riding fchools. In New York, there were nine- teen places of worfhip when the war began; and when the city \vas evacuated, there were but nine fit for ufe. Trinity church and the Old Lutheran were indeed deftroyed by the fire. But whatever the Americans may object againft the Britim, on ac- count of the lofs of lives and property which they have fuftained, they have abundant caufe for thankfulnefs to the God of armies for having conducled them through the conteft into a ftate of in- dependence, with fufferings fo fhortand light comparatively con- fidered. It was not quite eight years that they were engaged in it, computing from the firft commencement of hoftilities to the ratifyisgof the provifional treaty. This is a lefs time than that, in * The Rev. Benjamin Trumbull'sThankfgivingSermon at North* 'Haven, Dec. 11,1783. t Dr. Ezra Stiles's Eleftion Sermon before the governor and gene- ral affembly of Connecticut, May S, 1783, p. 45. : ; A.D. 1784.3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 89 i in which the ftates of Holland (in their glorious ftruggle with Spain) dared fo much as to claim independence. There is fcarce, if an inftance in hiftory, of fo great a revolution being effecled in fo fhort a time, and with fo hale lofsof lives and property.* From what has been already related, you will collecl for your- felfthe characters of the two late generals of the northern and iouthern armies, under whofe commands the American war ter- minated. You may wifh however to receive fome additional in- formation concerning them. A few flri&ures muft fuffice. His Excellency George Wafhingion is defcended from a fami- ly that emigrated to Virginia, when the royalifts in England were expofed to various diftreffes previous to the reftoration. Virginia does not afford thofe advantages for a univerfal educa- tion which are enjoyed in Europe a quarter of the world his excellency never vifited. Strong powers and clofe application compenfated in feveral refpets for the deficiencies of his native country. His epiftolary and other compofitions, which appear- ed while he fuftained a public characler will be a lading credit to him. He was happy in having a fucceflion of able fecretaries, whom he undoubtedly employed in drawing up many of his offici- al papers, after having dictated the matter of them: but his pri- vate correfpondences, and others which from time arid circum- ftances muft neceflarily have employed his own pen, fhow that he was equal to any of thofe publications, which had his name affixed to them by his authority. It would be abfurd to expec\ that he mould equal in military (kill the firft European generals, when he has enjoyed neither their opportunities nor experience for perfecting himfelf : but it may be juftly aliened concerning him, that he was the beft general the Americans could have harj to command them. The world has been miftaken in one opini- on refpefting his Excellency, whofe natural temper poffelfcs more of the Marcellus and lefs of the Fabius than has been gene- rally imagined. The event juftified his difcernment in fixing up- on the Honorable Nathaniel Greene to command the fouthern ar- my, when the refolve of Congtefs produced a vacancy : but feve- ral of the firft officers in his own, thought at the time, that & wrong choice had been made. The parents of the honorable Nathaniel Greene were quakers, and defcended from fome of the firft fettlers in the Rhode Ifland government ; under which the general was horn in or about 1741. The father was an anchor- fin ith, had confiderable iron works, tarried on a large flroke of bufine/s, and was concerned in fhip VOL. III. Bbb piog. Dr, 39* THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1784. ping. The Ton Nathaniel, being prompted by a laudable ambiti- on and a thirft after knowledge while a boy, learned the Latin, chiefly by his own induftry, and with very little help. He pro- cured a I'm a 11 library, and improved his mind by reading. He had a prevailing tafte for military hiflory ; which he indulged by borrowing fuch publications, when it did not fuit him to pur- chafe. He was, at an early period of life, chofen a member of the Rhode Ifland affembry ; and difcharged his truft fo as to give the higheft fatisfaftion to his conliituents. Though educated in the peaceable principles of 'qudkeriim, yet he thought himfelf cal- led, by the peculiarity of the times, to take an aclive part in the defence of American liberty. .Upon his affuming the military character, the quakcrs renounced all connection with him as a member of their particular body, by reading him out of the meet- ing. He was chofen general, to command the regiments raifed by Rhode Ifland, for the ailiirance of the Maffachufetts. He \vas at length honored with the confidence of Gen. Walhington j but his influence was limited. He was of a humane difpofuion ; -but refolutely fevere when the fame was neceifary. He was of a firm, intrepid, and independent mind. He abhorred the cruel- ties that were pracljfec! by the partisans of each fide, and ftrong- ]y inculcated a fpirit of moderation. To a prevailing knowlege of this difpofition, he afcribed his being fpared by the tories in Carolina, who, he thought, could have fhot him repeatedly, had they been fo minded. The fame amiable temper influenced him ?to declare againil the meafure which the South Carolina legiila- ture adopted, when they paffcd the confiicating act at Jackibn- jborough. * The * In October, 1785", the honorable Nathaniel Greene failed from Rhode Ifland to Georgia, where he had a confiderable eftate not far diftant from Savannah. Here he paffjd away his time, occupied in dorneftie concerns, as tlie private citizen. In June, 1786, while walk- ing without an umbrella, the intenfe rays of the fun upon his head overpowered him, and brought on an inflammation of the brain, which in a few days carried him oil". Thus he died by a ilroke of the fun probably the diforder that proved fatal to the fon of the Shunamite. vVhen the account of his death arrived at Savannah, the inhabitants wereftruck with thedcepeft forrow. Atlbufinefs was fufpendcd. The fhops and ftores throughout the town were fruu; and the Chips in the harbour had their colours half mailed on the mournful occafion. The body was brought to Savannah, and interred on the 2Cth. In Auguft the United States in Congrefs afiTrmblcd came to the following refo- lution, ' That a monument bs erected to the memory of Nathaniel Greene, AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 393, The prefent letter is intended for the laft upon the affairs of the United States; and fhall clofe with fome account oi their refpec- tive conlHtutions. Yot^may recolleft, that in the courfe of our correfpondence, no account of New Hampshire ftate's having agreed upon a con- Jlitution, has been forwarded. The event itfelf did not take place till the 3 ift of laft October. The returns from the feveral towns being examined ; and it appearing, that the bill of rights and form of government laid before the people were approved of by them, the fame were on that day eftablimed by the delegates of the people, and declared to be the civil conftitution for the Hate of New Hamp{hire,to take place the firft Wednefday of next June; and in the mean time, the general court under theprefent govern- ment is to make all the neceflary arrangements for introducing the faid conftitution, at the time and in the manner therein def- cribed. New Hampjhire reckons the rights of coiifdence among the unalienab'.e natural rights of mankind; and with her neighbour- ing fifter flate, the Maffachu/etts, declares that " no fubjed (hall be hurt, molefted or, retrained, in his perfon, liberty, or eftate, for wormipping God, in the manner and feafon moft agreeable to his own confcience; or for his religious profeflion or fentiments **-provjded he doth not diftmb the public peace, or obftru6l others in their religious worfhip." Both empower the legiflature to au- thorize the feveral towns, parifhes, bodies-politic, or religious fo- cieties, to make fuitab'e provifion at their own expence, for the fuppert and maintenance of public Protejlant teacheis of piety, religion and morality, in all cafes where fuch provifion fhall riot be mad voluntarily. But the towns, Sec. are, at all times to the Greene, Efq; at the feat of the fosderal government, with the following iflfcription : Sacred to the Memory of NATHANIEL GREENE, Efq. who departed this life, on the nineteenth of June, MDCCLXXXVI ; late MAJOR-GENERAL in the fervice of the United States, and Commander of their Army in the Southern Department: The United States in Congrcis afcmbleJ, in honour of his Patriotifm, Valour, and Ability, have erec"ted this Monument.'' 394 THE HISTORY OF THE \A.L. 17840 the exclufive right of choofmg their own public teachers, and of contracting with them for their fupport and maintenance. Inftead of adding "And all perfons, whatsoever opinions concerning re- ligion they may proieis;" their words are " And every denomi- nation of Chrijiians demeaning themfelves peaceably, and as good fubjefts of the commonwealth, fhall be equally under the protec- tion of the Jaw ; and no fubordination of one feel or denominati- on to another, fhall ever be eftablifhed by law." The prefident, council, lenate, end hoiife of reprefentatives of New Hamf)Jhire 9 are to be of the Proteftant religion. The governor, lieutenant governor, counfellor, fenaror and reprefentative of the Muffachu- Jells, are to declare their beliei m the ChrifHan religion. The foundation principle on which Rhode IJland and Provi- dence Plantations united, has been early mentioned. Afirmlar fentiment was introduced into the charter of the i^th of Charles II. by which it is provided, " That no perfon within the faid co- lony, at any time hereafter, fhall be any wife molelled, punifhed, Hifquieted, or called in queflion, for any differences of opinion in matters of religion, who does not afiually difluib the civil peace of the faid colony." The Hate of Rhode liland has continued its government fmce ceafing to be a colony, according to the gene- ral defign of the charter. The confHtution admits not of religi- ous eftablifhmems, any further than the fame depend upon the voluntary choice of individuals; and no. particular feel can claim pre-eminence. CenneElieut has changed its former mode of government, only fo far as to accommodate it to the feparation which has taken place between that and the parent flaie. Religious liberty is near- Jv, if not exaclly, upon the fame looting there as in trie MaiTa- chufetts. The New York conflitution, " to guard againft that fpiritual oppreflion and intolerance, wherewith the bigotry and ambition of weak and wicked priefts and princes, have icourged mankind," ordains, determines, and declares, " that the free exercife and enjoyment of religious profefiion and woifhip, without difciimi- rtation or preference, fhall for ever hereafter be allowed with- in the faid ftate to all mankind. Provided, that the liberty of con- fcience hereby granted, fhall not be fo conftrued,as toexcufeacls of licentioufnefs, or juftify praOicesinconfiflent with the peace or fafety of the flate." The fta.e of Ke.w Jerfey eftablifhed, " That no perfon fhall ever, within the fame, be deprived of the ineftimable privilege of \vonliipping Almighty God in a mariner agreeable to the r)itateu ef his owa conidence; nor t under any pretence whatever, be compelled A D. 1784.] AMERICAN REVOLUTION. compelled to attend any place of worfhip, contrary to his own- faith and judgment ; nor lhall any perfon ever be obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or any other rates, for the purpole of building or re- pairing any other church or churches, place or placss of worihip, or for the maintenance of any minift'er or miniftry', contrary to what he believes to be right, or has deliberately or voluntarily engaged himfelf to perform: That there fhall be no eftablim- ment of any one religious feB in preference to another ; and that no Proteftant inhabitant (hall be denied the enjoyment of any ci- vil right, merely on account of his religious principles ; but that all perfons profefling a belief in the faith of any Proteftant feel,* \vho iha-il demean themfelves peaceably under the government as hereby eftablimed, Iball be capable of being e!eled into any office of profit or truft, or of being a member of either branch of the legifUture, and (hall fully and freely enjoy every privilege and immunity enjoyed by others their fellow fubje6!s." The ijth article declares, " That the eftates of fuch perfons as mall deftroy their own lives, fhall not, for that offence, be forfeited; but (hall defcend in the fame manner as they would have done, had fuch perfons died in the natural way; nor lhall any article which may occafion accidentally the death of any one, be henceforth deemed a deodand, or in any wife forfeited on account of fuch misfor- tune." A fimilar article was afterward introduced into the New Hampfhire conflitution. The 2d article of the Pennfylvania declaration of rights aflerti v " That all men have a natural and unalienable right to wormip Almighty God, according to the dictates of their own confcieBcea and underftanding: and that no man ought, or, of right, can be compelled to attend any religious worfhip; r erecl: or fupport any place of worfliip; or maintain any miniflry contrary to, or againft his own free will and confent ; nor can any man who ac- knowledges the being of a God, be juilly deprived or abridged of any civil right as a citizen, on account cf his religious fenti- ments,t or peculiar mode of religious wodhip; and that no au- thority can, or ought to be veiled in, or aflumed by, any power whatever, that mail, in any cafe interfere with, or in any manner control * " This is a more enhrged toleration than European policy has yet, in almoft any inftance, admitted : but perfect confidency would not confineit to Proreftants, or to any fyftem of religion." f This however did not prevent a grof.sinconfiftency in TheFrarne of Government, which, by the loth feftion, requires, that in order for admiffion into the houfeof reprefentatives, each member Ihould fubfrribe, befide a declaration of his faith in one God, hisacknow-. ledgment of the fcripturei of the Old and New Teftament asofdivint i ratios, 3% THE HISTORY OF THE [A. D. 1784. Control the right of confcience, in the free exercife of religious wodhip." The i ( 5th article declares, " That all men have a na- tural inherent right to emigrate from one {late to another that will receive them, or to form a new ftate in vacant countries, or rn fuch countries as they can purchafe, whenever they think that thereby the); may promote their own happinefs. The fecond article of the Delaware declaration is fubftantially (he fame with that of Pennfylvania. The 3d fays, " That all perfons profefling the Chriftian religion, ought for ever to enjoy equal rights and privileges in the ftate-;* unlefs under colour of religion, any man difturb the peace, the happinefs, or farety cf fociety." By the 29th fection in the fyftem of government, it is fixed " That there lhall be no eftablifhment of any one religious feel in the ftate in preference to another." The Maryland declaration is remarkably full, particular, and pointed as to the objecls*of conftitutional right and fecurity. The 33d article relates to religious liberty, and expreffes, ",That as it is the duty of every man to worfhip God in fuch manner as he thinks moft acceptable to him, all perfons profefling the Chriflian religion are equally entitled to protection in their religious liber ^ ty: wherefore no perfon ought, by any law, to be molefted in his perfan'or eftate, on account of his religious perfuafion or profcf- fion, or for his religious practice ; unlefs, under colour of religion, any man mail difturb the good order, peace, or fafety of the ftate, drjlia.il infringed the laws of morality, or injure others in their natural, civil, or religious rights : nor ought any perfon to be Compelled to frequent, or maintain, or contribute (unlefs on con- tract) to maintain any particular place of worfhip, or any particu- lar miniilry: yet the legiflature may, in their difcretion, lay a ge- rieral and equal tax, for the fupport of the Chriflian religion ; leaving to each individual the power of appointing the payment of the money collected from him, over to the fupport of any par- ticular place of worfhip, or minifter, or for the benefit of the poor of his own denomination, or the poor in general of any par- ticular county. But the churches, chapels, glebes, and all other property now belonging to the church of England, ought to re- main * The Syftem of Government requires, notwithftanding, that c- very perfon, chofen a member of either houfe, or appointed to any office or pisce of truft, fhould form -ally declare his faith in the Trini- tarian doctrine, and in the divine Infpiraiion of the Old and Ne\v Tertanv-.it. t world, and through all times ;-*-Tfoat, to compel a man to fuiniih, contributions of money far the propagation of opinions tvhick hedifbdieves, is finful and tyrannical; -That eves the forcing,; a man to (uppbrt this or that teacher of his own religious pei- fuafion, is depriving him of the coinforrabie liberty of giving his 1 contributions to .the particular pailor, whofe morals he would make his pattern t and whole powers he feels moft pCifuaftve to righteoufnef-s; and is withdrawing from the niiniilry 4 thofe tem- poral reward>,vvhich, proceeding fioni an appiobaiion uf theii* porfonal conduci, are an adJiiioii.il incitement to eanieil and un- remicted labors for the infiruHonof mankind;- That our civil, rights have no dependence on our. religious opinion^ any mote than on our o t '.4nions in phyfic or geometry ; -Thar, therefore, tjne prefcribing any citizen as unworthy the public canfiience, by laying upon him an incapacity of being called ID offices Ot truil and emolument, unlefs he profefs or renounces this or that religious opinion, is depriving him mjurioufly of thofe privileges and advantages to which in common with his fellow-citizens he has a naiuial li^ht; and tends alfo to corrupt the principles of that very religion it is meant to encourage, by bribing with a mo- nopoly of worldly honors and emoluments, thofe who will ex- ternally conform to it ; That though indeed thofe are criminal who do not withftand fuch tempta ions, yef nrirber .arc thofe in* nocent who hy them in their way ; Thit to fuffer the civil ma- gidrafe to intrude his powers into the field of opinion, and to re {train the profefTio;i or propagation of principles on fuppofiiion , VOL. III. Cc c of jor ESTABLISHING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. of their ill tendency, is a dangerous fallacy ; which, at once def- troys all religious liberty ; becaufe he, being of courfe judge of that tendency, will make his opinions the rule of judgment, and \vill appro- e or condemn the (entiments of others, only as they {hall agree with, or differ from his own ; That it is time enough for the rightful purpofes of civil government, for its officers to interpofe when principles break out in overt acls againfl peace and good order: And finally, that truth is great, and will pre- vail if left to herfelf; that Jheis the proper and Jujficient antago* nijito error, and can have nothing to fear from the conflict, tin- kfs by human interpofition, difarmed of her natural weapons, free argument and debate errors ceafing to be dangerous, when it is permitted freely to contradict them. " Be it therefor eenafted by the General AfTembly.that no man {hall be compelled to fupport any religious worihip, place, or miniftry whatfoever; nor mall be forced, reftrained, molefted or burthened in his body or goods, nor mall otherwife fuffer, on ac- count of his religious opinions or belief: but that all men fhall be free to profefs, and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters of religion : and that the fame JJiall in no wife dimini/Ji, enlarge, or afftEl their civil capacities. * And though we well know that this AfTerrbly, elecled by the people for the ordinary purpofes of legiflation only, have i o power to reftrain the acls of fucceeding AiTemblies, conflituted with powers equal to our own; and that, therefore, to declare this aft irrevocable, would be of no effeft in law; yet we are free to declare, and do declare, that the rights hereby averted \ are of the natural rights of mankind ; and that if any aft fhall bs hereafter pailed to repeal theprefent, or to narrow its operation, fuch-aft will be an infringement of natural right" % . The CONSTITUTION, 6V. 401 The UniUd States in Congrefs AJfembled, finding that the Articles of the Confederation would not enable them to fur mo un- thofc "National Embarraffments with which they were attended, at length recommended to the fever al Governments the appointing of Delegates to form a fpecial Convention at Philadelphia. Mojl ff them complied, and elefted Gentlemen of dijtinguijjicd Cha~ racier to reprefent them. When the Delegates met in June 1787, Doclor Franklin propoftd his Excellency George Wajli- ington for Prejident ; and he was unanimoufly chojen. After fever at Months clofe and free Deliberation, the. following Publi- cations made their Appearance t excepting the Parts included within the Crotchets. [FRAME OF GOVERNMENT.} WE the People of the UNITED STATES, in order to form a more perfeft union, eftablifh juftice, iniure do- meftic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and fecurc the bleflings of liberty to ourfelves and our pofterity, do ordain and eftabliih this Conflitutiori for the United States of A M E R I C A \_Legiflative Powers.^ ARTICLE I. [The HOUSE of REPRESENTATIVES.} SECTION I. . AL L Legifl.itive Powers herein granted fhall be veftcd in * Congrefs of the United States, which fiiali confifl of a Se* nate and Houfe of Reprefentatives. SECTION 11. The Houfe of Reprefentatives mall be compofed of members chofen every fecond year by the people of the feveral States, and ihe electors in each State (hall have the qualifications requifite for electors of the moft numerous branch of the State Legiflature. No perfon mall be a Pveprefentative whofhalinot haveaitained to the age of twenty-five years, and been feven years a citizen of the United States, and who mall not, when elefted, be an inha- bitant of that State in which he fl.a'.l be chofen. Reprefentativei 408 The CONSTITUTION of ike ReprefeiVatlves and direft taxes mail be apportioned among the leveral Slates which may be included witimi ihis Union, ac- cording to their refpecttve nurnbeis, which ihuii be determined by adding to the whole number of tree peribns, including thole bound to fei vice for a term of } e^is, and excluding Indians not taxed, thres fifths of all other pet funs. The athlai enumeration ihail be rna-ie within three years afier the firil meeting of the Congrefs of the United States, and wiihin every fubfeijuenl term of tea years, \\\ inch manner as they fhaS! by 7 law clued. The jiamber aFReprefematives (hall not exce:d one for every ib>riy thouland, but each Slate (hail have at leaf! one Representative ; and amil fuch enumeration ihall be made, the State of New- Hampihire (hall be entitled to chooie three, Mdlachufeus eight, Rhode 1(1 and and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, Ne'A' T York fix, New-Jerfey four, Pe.hify'vania eight, Delaware one, Maryland fix, Vngima ten, North- Cdiolina five, South- aiolina five, and Georgia three. W'KTI vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the Executive authority thereof ihali lilue wriis of election to fill fuch TiieHoufe of R.-prefentatives ftiall clioofe iheir Speaker otliccrs ; and (liail have the ioie power qf irppeachnieiit. [S E N A T E.] SECTION III. THE. Senate of the United States, fhall be compofed of *wo Sena tors from each S;a^ cholen by the Legillature thereof, for fix yeats ; and each Senator Ihall have one vote. Immediately ai,e; they ihall be aflembled in confeqtience of the rHt election, they thall be divided as c-cmaliy <'JS may be into three defies. The feats of the Senators of the fi;lt cteis Ihall be vacated at the expiration of the ic'cornl ycar^ of the fecond clafs at the expiration oi the fourth year, and of the thiid clafs at the t'xpiranouof iho fixth year, Co that one third may be chofen every lecond year ; and if vacancies happen by refignaiion, or other wire, fiuring ihe lecefs ot the Lrgifiaime of any Slate, the Executive theieof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legiildtjic, wliicii l!i^ii theniill ii.cfi vacancies. No perion fhdll be a Senator who ihall not have attained to. the age of thiny \cars, and been nine years a Citizen of the Uni- ted States, and who {ha!! not, w-hcn elected, be an iiiiubit 'Stale il'.->!S, without theconfent ofCongrefs, lav ^ny duty of tdrma>ev kt^p'trodpi, or (hips of war in time of peace, erjfcr iriro any -agr(?cn'icn? or compacl: xvith another State, or with a foreign fjower, -01 engage in war, unlefs aflual'y invaded, or in fuch imini'' will not admit of delay. 'D b 'i . . _ \ Executive' P^cr.\ ;~ , . ; J _ ^rfr*., A. R T I C L E IL [PR ESI DEN i'.] -jji* SECTION I. ' [^ HE Executive Power (hall be veiled in a Prefident of .the A United States ot America. He'lhall hold i:i, c.fri.e during the term of four years, and, together with the Vkc-Picfidem, ehofen for the fame term, be elccled as follows : Each Stace mall appoint, in fuch a manner as the Legiflature thereof may di reel, a number of electors, equal to the whole num- ber of Senators and 'Keprefentatives to which -the vState rriay fee entitled in the Congrefs : but no Senator or Rt-'prefemaiive, or perfon holding an office of truft or profit under the Uniied States, fhali be appointed an eleclor. The electors fhall meet in their refpeftive States, and vo:e by fcaliot for two perfons, of whom one at leaft (hall not he an in- habitant of the farwe State with themfelves. And they (hail jaiake a lift ol all the perfons voted for and of (he r.u nb-r ' .i vo-.es for each; which lift they fhall flan and rtr-jf"., -,i\\c\ rrnf..i:;i fea'U cd to the feat of government of il';e Ui.i , di'crtal to the PreHdent of the Senate. Th- Pn fiden^t of shv Senate ih sll, in the prefence of the Senate ahdHoufe o^ '.Rer:vc'r :n ; ativ't s, open all the certificates, and the votes fhaii thcu lie cbuiittti. Thft YJ-, III, D d ci The. CONSTITUTION of the perfon having the greateft number of votes {hall be the Pre6 dent, if fuch number be a majority or the whole number of elect- or appointed ; and if there be more than one who have futh majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the Houic of Ixeprefematiyes fhall immediately choole by ballot one of them for Prefident; and if no perion have a majority, then from the five highcil on the lift the laid Houfe fhall in like mariner chopfe the Prefident. $ut in choofing the Prefident, 'he vote* {hail be taken by States, the leprelemation irorn each State hav- ing one vote; a quorum for this purpoie fhali confiii of a mem- ber or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of ail th$ States fhall be neceffary to a choice. In eveiy 'cafe, af- ter the choice of the Prefident,, the perfon having the Create it number of votes of the electors, fhall be the Vice-Piefuleni. - But if there fhall remain two or more who have equdl votes, ih$ Senate fhall choofe from them by ballot the Vice- Prefident. The Conarefs may determine the time of choofing the eleft- .art, and the day on which they fhall give their votes; which day fhailbethe fame throughout the United States. No perfon except a. natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Conflitution, fhall be eligible to the office of Prefident ; neither fhall any per- fon be eligible to that office who fhall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a refidem with- in the United States. In cafe of the removal of the Prefident from office, or of hi? death, refignation, or inability to difcharge the powers and du- ties of (he faid office, the fame fhall devolve on the Vice-Prefi- clent, and the Congrefs may by law provide for the cafe of remo- val, death, refignation or inability, both of the Prefident and Vice- Prefident, declaring what officer '{hall then aft as Prefident, and fuch officer fhall aft accordingly, until the difability be re- rrjoved, or a Prefident fhall be elected.' The Prefident fhall, at ft a ted times, receive for his fervices, a compenfation, which fhall neither be increafed nor wminifhed during the period for which he fhall have been eltcied, and. lie {hall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of ihera. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he fhall take the following oath or affirmation: " I do folemnly fwear (or affirm) that I will faithfully exe- cute the office of Prefident of the United Spates, and will to the beft of my ability, preferve, proietl and defend the Conflitutioo of the United States.'* UNITED STATES ^AMERICA. SECTION II. The Prefident fhall be Commander in Chief of the arrny and 1 tiavy of the United States, and of the militia of thefeveral States, \vhen called into the adual lei vice of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any fubjett relating to the duties of their reipcctive offices, and he fhall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences agamft the United Slates, except in cafes of impeachment. He (lull have power, by and with the advice and confent o the Senate, to make treaties,, provided two- thirds of, die Sena- tors prefent concur ; and he mail nominate, and by and with the advice and confent of the Senate, fhall appoint AmbaHadors. other public Minifler* , ami Coufuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and ail other officers of the United Slates, uhofe appoint- ments are not herein oihe'rwife provided for, and which ihall be eiUblifhed bylaw. But the Congrefs may by law veil the ap- pointment of fuch inferior oificers, as they think proper, in the Prefident alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads o( De- partments. . .The Prefident fhall .have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recefs of the Senate, by granting com- miilions which Ihall expire at the end of their next feffion., ., j SECTION in. He fhall from time to time give to the Congrefs information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their confideraiioa fuch meafures as he fhall judge neceffary and expedient: he may, on extraordinary occafions, convene both Houfes, or either o them, and in cafe of difagreement between them, with refpecl to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to fuch tirr.e as he fh^ll think proper; he fhal! receive AmbafTadors and other public Mmifler.s; he fhall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and fhali commiflion all the officers of the United States. , s E T c i ON iv. The Prefident, Vice Prefident, and afl civil officers of the United States, .fhall be removed from office on impeachment for. and conviclion of, treafon, bribery, or othejc high crimes ancf mifdemeanors. ARTICLE III. .i; v . [Judiciary Power. ^ . S ECT I O N 1. Judiciary Power of the United States, fhall be vefled JL in one Supreme Court, and in fuch Inferior Courts as the Congrefs may from time to time ordaia aud" cfhblifh. The Judges, T/kr CONSTITUTION *f tfo Judges, both of the Supreme and Inferior Courts, (hall hold ih'.Mr oHiccs during good behaviour, and {hall, at ftated times, re- cc'ive ibr their fei vices, a compenfation, which fhdll not be di- nmiiiheci during their continuance in office. SECTION II. The Judicial Power fnallextend ro all cafes, in law and equi- ty, a fifing undei this Coriihi'.rtioir, the laws of the United States, and treatits made, or which fhall be made, under their authority ; to all cafes affefting Ambafladors, other public Minilters and Confuls; to
juiiice, arid he iound in another ilaie. {hall, un demand or ihe^executive authority of the iiatc .from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the fiaie having junfuiction of the' crime. No perron held to fervice or labor in one ftate, under the laws thereof, cfcaping into another, Ihail, in conference of any law or regulation therein; be diiUiar-ed from fuoh lervice or hbour, but (hail be delivered up'on claim of the party to whom iuch fer- vice or labour may be due, r Z~~ ~\ I General Regulations^ L - .. 4 . , , - , L Wjoiias S K C T I N ill. EW. (la'es may be. admitted by the Congrefs into this U- nion ; but no new flate ihali he formed or creeled within the jurifdiction of 'any oilier {Use ; nor any ilate be. formed by the junction of two or morq ^ /lates, or parts 01 fiaies, vvitlioui t!)e con- i'e'nt of the Lcgifldiu.^s of the S.a*e^ coiic'erntrd as Weil as of the Congrefs. The Congrefs : mall have powertodifpofedf andSmakeall neeri. ful rules and-feguldtiansyefpeclvng the territory 'or other property l>elonging to- tire United States ; and nothing in this Conf{itution ihali be fo conilrued as to prejudice any claims of tlie United States, or of any parucular iUte. SECTION IV. The United States fnall guarantee to every (late in this Union, a Republican foim of government, and ihall pro'ie&each of them againft invafion ; and on, .application of the Legiflature, or of the Executive (when the LegifUture cannot be convened) againifc domeftic violence. . \Amcndmnts Provided.'] A R T I C L E V. 'THHE Congrefs, whenever two-thirds of hodi Houfes fliatl JL deem it neceO'iry, ihall propofe amendments to this Con, flitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-lhmif of the feveral flates, ihal! call a Convention for pi opofing amend- ments, which, in eiiher caf^, ihall be valid to all intents and pur- pofes, as part of this Confliiution, when ratified by the Legifli- tures of three-fourths of the feverai ftates, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of Hatificatioa may be propofed by the Congrefs ; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thoufand eiht hundred and eight, mall in any manner affecl the firft and fourth claufesr the ninth Section of the mil Article; and that no fiate, w irconfe.nt, fliall be deprived of its equal iuSrageni theSenaic. 4i*- The CONSTITUTION of the [General Regulation s>~\ ARTICLE VI. ALL debts contracted and engagements eruered into, before 1 the adoption o\ this Conilituiron, ihail be as valid again ft tbe United States under this Conftitution, as under the Confede- ration. This Conftitution, and the laws of the United States, winch (hall be made in purfuance theieofj and all treaties made, or which ihall be made, under the authority of the United States, ilidll be the fupreme law of the land ; and the judges in every ftate (hail be bound thereby, any thing in the Conftitution or laws of any ftate to the contrary not with {landing. The Senators and Reprefematives beforementioned, and the Members of the feveraS State Le'g.flatures, and a!f executive and judicial officers, both of the United Stales and of the feveral' ilatcs, mail be bound by oath or affirmation, to fuppon this Cori- fiitution ; but no religious teft (hail ever be required as a qualifi- cation to any office or public truft under the United States. ARTICLE VII. The ratification of the Conventions of Nine States, (hall be fulliciem tor the eftablilhment of this Conftitution between the ftd-cs ib ratifying the fame. Done in Convention, by the unanimous confent of the States pr- f- ! H, the feventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lo>d one thoufr,d feven hundred and eighty- feven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witnefs whereof we have hereunto fubfcribed our names, GEORGE W A S H I N G T O N, Prfftdcnt, and Deputy from Virginia. New-Hampfhire, John Lanp^don, Nicholas Gilman. MaiTa- chufefts. Nath&tiiel Gorham> Unfits King. Connecticut. Wil- tia'nl Samuel John/Ion, Roger Sherman'. New-York. Alexander Hamilton. New-Jerfey. William Livingjion, David Brearfcy, Wdliam Patterfon, Jonathan Dayton. Pennlylvama. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Miffm, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitz/itnons, fared Irigerfoll* James Wilfon, Gouvtrneur Morns. Delaware. Gtorgc Read, Gunning Bedford, jun. John Dickin- fon> Richard Ba/frtt, Jacob Broom. Maryland. James MTIen- ty % Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer, Daniel Carrol. Virginia. 'John Blair, James Middifon. Jan. North Carolina. William Blount, Richard DvbbsSpaight. Hugh William [on. South-Carolina. John Rutkdge, Charles Cote/worth Pmckney, Charles Pinckrif.y, Pierce Butfcr. Georgia. William Few, Abraham Baldwin. Aucfl, WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. In 3^/0 CONVENTION, MONDAY, *.$?# M#IR 17. *7 2 7- PRESENT, The States of NEW-HAMPSHIRE, MASSACHUSETTS, CON- NUCTICUT, Mr. Hamilton from NEW- You K, NEW- JKR- 3t>', PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE, MARYLAND, YlR- GINIA, NORTH-CAROLINA, SOUTH-CAROLINA, and GEORGIA: RESOLVED, r ~\~^ HAT the preceding Conflitution It laid before the UhifeM JL States in Congrefs ajjtmbled, and that it is the, opinion of this Conv^ntion^ that ttjhouUl afterwards befubmilttd to a Convention of Ddsvates, cho/tn in tack State by the people thereof, under the. recommendation, of its Legiflature,for their ajfent and ratification ; and that each Convention offentingto, and ratifying the fame. Jlioul& give. Notice thereof to the United States in Congrefs ajje?nbled. RefoKed, That it is the opinion oj this Convention, that as foon f r th< Conventions of Nine States fhail have ratified thu Corjlitu- twn, the United States in Congrefs ajfembltd 'jfiopld fix a day on, which Ele.clorsjhould be appointed oy the States which fnall hav$ rat fie d t ke fame, and a day on which the Eleftorsfhpuld affcmble, to 'vote for the Prejident, and the time and palce for commencing proceedings under this Conjhtution : That after fuck publication the Etettorsjhould be appointed, and the Senators and Reprefenta- tives elected : That the Electors fhould meet on the day fixed for ikt Election of the Prejident, andfhould tranfmit the}r votes certified^ ^Jigned, fealtd and dirt&ed. as the Conflitution requires, to the Secre- tary ">j the United States in Congrefs ijfonbled, that the Senators and ReprefentativesJJionld convene at the time and place afflgned ; that the Senators Jnould appoint a Prtjidtnt of the Senate, for the fole purpofe of receiving, opening and counting the votes for Preji* dent ; and, that after hefliall be chofen, the Congrefs, together with (he Prefident,Jhjould, without delay, proceed to execute this Conjli* tution. By the unanimous Order cf the Convention, GEORGE WASHINGTON, Prcfident. William Jackfon, Secretary. In CONVENTION, SEPTEMBER 17, 1787. S I R. WE hare now the honor to fubmit to the confuJerationpf the United States in Congrefs afTembled, that Conilitu* tion which has appeared to us the inoft advifeahle. The friends of our country have }og feeri and defired, that the power of making war, peace and treaties, t!m of levying mo- T&s CONSTITUTION, &'c. ey and regulating cormrrercf, and the corrcfaonaenfexecutivg and judicial authorities, ihouid he. fuliy and effectually veiled in trr* genera! government oi the Union : but the impropriety of de- legating fuch extenfive m.;ft to one 'body of men is evident - Hence refuits the neceflhy of a different organization. It is obvioufly itriprec'ticable in the fcedcral government of thefe States, to fccure al'i' righrs of independent fovereignty to each, and yet provide for the intereft and fafety of all. Individuals en- tering into fociety, muft give up a {hare oMiberty to preferve the jeft. The noag-eiiiude.oi ihc facrilice muft depend,as well on fuua- tion and circumilance, as on the objeft to be obtained. It is at ail times difficult -to draw with preclfion (he lino between thofe rights which rnuft be fnrreiidered, and thofe which 'may be r- ferved; and on the p re fern occafion this difficulty was increafed by a difference among the feveral Stales as to their fuuation, ex- tent, habits, and particular iruerefts. In all our deliberations on this fubjecl, we kept {lea/oily on our view, that which appears to us the greateft intereft of every true American, the confolidation of our Union, in which is involved our profperity, felicity, fafety, perhaps our national exiftence. This important confideration, ferioufly and deeply irnprefFed on our minds, led each State in the Convention to be lefs rigid oa points of inferior magnitude, than might have been ptherwife ex- pefted; and thus the Conftitiation, which we now prefent, is ths refult of a fpirit of amity, and of that mutual deference and con- ceflion 'which the peculiarity of our political fituation rendered in- difpenfible. That it will meet the full and' entire, approbation of every State is not perhaps to be expe&ed; but each will doubtlefs confider, that had her interefts been alone confulted, vhe'confeqaenccs might have been particularly difagreeable or injurious to others; that it- is liable to as fev/ exceptions as co'ild reafonably have been ex- peeled, we hope and believe ; that it may promote the lading wcl- iare of that country fo dear to us all, and Secure her freedom and bappinefs, is our mod ardent wi ill. With great iefpe61, we hare the honor to be, S I R, Your Excellency's moft obedient, And humble fer'vants. GEORGE WASHINGTON, Prcfideat- By. unanimous order of the Convention. flis ZMCclkney the Prcfidcnt cfCongrcfs. THE 1 N D X. ACT, the firft, impofing cuftoms on the colonies alone, to be collected by coloni- al revenue officers, vol. i. p. 51. A&s paffed by the Englim par- liament refpecYmg the colonies, p. 86, by the British parliament, p. 87, 91, 92, 98, 117. /The act for better fecuring the king's dock yard, p. 226. for {hutting up the port of Bofton, p. 143 for regulating the government of States General, p. 1 79 prefents m * ^i- -T% *1.tl*l*'t man, p. 233 Graves and p. 25 1 Hughes and Suffrein, p. 303 Rodney and de GraiTe, p. 3Ot>, 308 lord Howe and the combined fleets, p. 344 Hughes and Suffrein, p. 352, 353 255. Adams, Mr. John, is cholen to negociate a treaty of peace with Great Britain, vol iii. p. 27 commiffioned to be the Ame- plenipotentiary to the ncan the Maffachuietts bay, p. 244 for the impartial adminiftration of juftke, and the fuppreffion of riots in the MafTachufetts, p. 244 ' for making more effectual pro- vifion for the government of Quebec, p. 247 for reftraining the commerce of. the New- Eng- land provinces, and for prohi- biting their fifhery, p. 312 for connYcating all American pro- perty found upon the water, vol. ii. p. 51, 53 for prohibiting all intercourfe with the Thirteen United Colonies, p. 67 for fe- curing perfons accafed of high treafon orfufpected of piracy, p. IO2. Afiion, the naval, between the Britifti and American fleets on LakeChamplain, vol ii.p. 159 between admirals Keppel and D' Orvilliers, vol.ii. p. 3 59 Byron andD'Eftaing,p. 468. between the Serapis, capt. Pearfon, and the Bon Homme Richard, capt. Paul Jones, p. 470 between Sir George Rodney, and Don Langara, vol. iii. p. 82- Rod' r>ey and De Guichon. p. 84 Sir Samuel Hood and csunt de Graffe p. 220 commodore Johnftone andMr.de Suffrein, p. 231 admirals Hyde Parkland Zout- Vdi.III. a memorial to their high mighti- nefTes, p. 188 purfues fuccefs- ful meafures, and is acknow- ledged, p. 287 concludes a treaty of amity and commerce between the States General and the United States of America, p. 345 arrives at Paris, 349 writes in favor of a compliance with the recommendation to be made by congrefs agreeable to the articles of peace, p. 356. Adams, Mr. Samuel, is chofen. reprefentative for Bofton, vol. i* p. 154 His views to indepen- dency, p. 252 his fpeech in congrefs, p. 284 is alarmed left his views mould be fruftrated, vol. ii. p. 27. Addrej's, a joint one, of both houfes of Parliament agreed to, vol. i. p. 292 but protefted a- gainft by feveral lords, p. 298. of the general affem- bly of the church of Scotland, vol ii. p. 202. Addrtffet approving the acts of government and counter-petiti- ons, vol ii. 65. Adminiftration t a new one, formed in 1782, under the au- fpices of the Marquis of Rock - ingham vol. ii. p. 282. Affairs, the, of the United Bee States N D States In a ruinous condition, vol. ii. p. 424. Aitken, John, alias John the Painter, vol. ii. p. 198. Allen, colonel, furprizes Ty- conderoga, vol. i. p. 346 is taken by Sir Guy Carleton, and put into irons, p. 437. Allied troops under General Wafhington arrive at the Head of E!k, and within an hour after, hear of deGralTe's arrival, vol. iii. p. 254 join the troops under la Favette, p. 255. Ambajjador, the French, prc- fents memorials to congrefs, vol. ii. p. 422, 425. , the Spanifli, the mar- quis d'Alrnodovar, prefents a manifefto to the British ininifler, vol. ii. p. 465. Americans infulted by feveral in both houfes of parliament, vol. i. p. 304. fome hundreds arrive at Marblehead in cartel mips from England, vol. iii. p. 322* the number of, loit by the war, vol. iii. p. 390. American academy , of arts and faiences, incorporated in the MafTachufetts, vol. iii. p. 76. American army, the general return of it, at Cambridge in the MafTachufetts, vol. i. p. 355. They take poffefTion of Plowed- hill, p. 417 are. vi fited from neighbouring & diftant colonies, p. 426 many ficken and die, and others fuffer much, ibid. They takepolfeiTion ofCcbble- hill, p. 427 break ground at Lechmere's point, p. 429. They are changed by a new in- liilment, vol.ii p. 2". Afcbeme for deftroying the army when at New- York, p. 93 They are defeated on Long-ilLtnd, p. 1 1 3 evacuate the ifland, p. 1 15 their ftate aftenvnrds, p. n, 122 are Rationed at different places, p. 123 evacuate New- York ifland, p. 132 are guilty of great plunderings, p. 182 march toward the Brandywine, p. 228 are defeated by the royal army, p. 238 furprife the royal troops at German-town, p. 246-*-their diftrefs at Valley- forge, p. 324 engage the royal troops near Monmouth court- houfe, p. 371 their diftrefsfor want of provifion, vol. iii. p. 42 are greatly difTatisfied, p. 54- army in Canada, their milbehaviour, vol. ii. p. 76 their diftrefs when general Tho- mas arrives and takes the com- mand, p. 77 they retreat from before Quebec, p. 78 general Sullivan takes a the command on the death of Thomas, p. 79 they retreat up the Sorel, and on to Crown-Point, p. 82 re- move to Mount Independence, p. 119 evacuate the northern polls, p. 22O i -their force under general Schuyler, p. 225 are commanded by general Gates, and engage the royal army un- der general Burgoyne, Sept. 19, 1777, p. 262 and again on Oft. 7, p. 269. American commerce, the lofs of it not generally felt, vol. ii. p. 58. : impreffion, the fir ft, of the bible in Englilh, printed at Philadelphia by Mr.Aitken, vol. iii. p. 334. Amfter4am t \bK pen nonary of, di reel -the figning of an eventu- al treaty between Holland and the United States of America, vol. iii. p. 94. Andrs, nuijor, the affair of, vol. iii. p. 130. Arethufa N D X. 4*7 jtrtthufd and Belle Poule fri- gates engage, vol. ii. p. 358. Armed neutrality, vol. iii. p. 79- Army y royal, to be employed again ft the Americans, the flrength of it, vol. ii. p. 74. Arnold, Benedict, colonel, mar- ches toward Bofton, vol. i. p. 4 1 9. commands abody of troops in an expedition to Canada, and arrives at Point Levi, p. 420. Jofes the opportunity of fur- prifing Quebec, p. 441. joins general Montgomery, p. 442. takes the command of the whole force on Montgomery's death, vol. ii. p. 37 retreats from Montreal, p. 82 is appointed by general Gates to command the American fleet en Lake Champlain, p. 157^3 defeated by the Britim fleet, p. 160 bravely oppofes the British troops under general Tryon. p. 210 relieves Fort Schuyler (attacked by St. Leger and Johnfon) p. 254 ftorms the German in- trenchments, and is wounded, p. 271 negociates for delivering Well Point into the hands of Sir H. Clinton, vol. iii. p. 130 fails for the Chefapeak and lands in Virginia, p. 177 returns to New- York, p. 210 goes a- gainft New-London, p. 249. Articles of peace, the prpvi- fional, vol. iii. p. 362. Afgill, captain, defignated for retaliation and fent forward, vol. ii. p. 316 allowed his patrole and otner indulgences, p. 318 < receives the reiblves of congrefs for fetting him at liberty, and a paffport for going into New- York, together with a polite let- ter from general Wafiungton, p. 39- Jfi*) genera!, defeated by lieut. col. Prevoft, vol. ii. p. 429. Ajjfociations againft the com- fumptionof Britiih manufactures, vol. i. p. 122. An allbciation between the New York and Con r necticut fons of liberty, p. 146. The Virginians and North-Ca- rolinians enter into affociations againit importing, p. 184. Attempts to low dilcord be- tween the civil and military pow- ers of the United States, vol. iii. p. 358. Averjion of the lower clafs of people in England and Ireland to the American war, vol. ii. p, "i Balfour, colonel, fends a force to take Wilmington in North- Caroiina, vol. iii. p. 169, fends a written aniwer to general Green's demand of the reaions fcr the execution of colonel Hayne, p. 241. Balloons, the air, vol. iii. p. 35 6 - Baltimore, the inhabitants of, feize the provincial magazine, vol. ii. p. 342. Bandohy Mr. de, chaplain to the French embafly, delivers a difcourfe before congrefs, on. ac- count of the capture of the army under lord Cornwallis, vol. iii. p. 264. Bank of North America incor- porated, vol. iii. p. 268 opens and is of eminent fervice to the financier, p. 294. Barras, Mr. de, the French admiral, fails fromRhode-Idand, vol. iii. p. 250 arrives in the Chefapeak, p. 252. Bar re, colonel, his fpeech in the debate on the ftamp-a.t, vol. i. p. 124 gives rife to the title of Sons of Liberty, p. 1 29- his declaration on the resolutions and addrefs I N D E X. addrefs of parliament concern- ing the MafTachufetts affembly and town of" Bofion, p. 182 hisfpeech againft the bill for the adrniniftration of juittce in Maf- iachufett-s p. 244. Harrington, admiral, his fuc- cefsiul cruife in the bay of Bif- cay, vol. iii. p. 304. Barton, lieutenant colonel, furprifes and carries off general Prefect from Rhode-1 (land, vol. ii. p. 226. Battle of Breed's hill, errone- oufiy called Bunker's hill, vol. Si. p, 113 on Long-Ifland, p. 117 at White- Plains, p. 132 at Trenton, p. i68--at Prince- ton, p. 170 at the Brandy wine p. 237 at German-Town, p. 246 between general Herki- Hier and Sir John Johnfon, p. 25 1 at Bennmgton, p. 257 be- tween the armies under generals Gates and Burgoyne, p. 262, 268 at Monmouth, p. 372 at Stono-Ferry, p. 446 between lord Cornvvallis and Grates, vol. iS. p. 102 atKing's Mountain, between major Fsr- gufon and the Americans, p. 1 16 betw.een general Morgan, and lieutenant colonel Tarleton, p. 160 at Guilford court- houfe, between lord Cornwal- lis and general Greene, p. 173 between lord Rawdon and Greene, p. 189 at Eutaw, be- tween Greene and lieut. colonel Stewart, p. 243. Baylor, lieutenant colonel, his horie furprifed, vol. ii. p. 405. Bedford, Britiih expedition a- gainft, in the Mafiachuietts, vol. ii. p. 390. Bercket, Mr. Van, penfiona- ary of Amftcrdam, duetts the jQgningof an eventual treaty be- tween Holland and the United States of America, vol. ii. p. 94. Mr. Peter Van Berckel, the Dutch ambalTador, has a public audience of congrefs, vol. iii. p. 374. Bermuda, powder taken out of the magazine at, vol. i. p. 421. Bernard, governor, his ad mi- nitration in the MafTachufetts, vol. i. p. 1 1 1 offends Mr. Otis, p. 112 is recalled, p. 194. Bills for regulating the Maf- fachufetts government, and the impartial adminiitration of juf- tice, excite the utmoft refent- ment in the colonies, vol. i. p. 259. Bofion port-bill produced uni- verial indignation in America, vol. i.p. 249 the day for (hut- ting up the port obferved as a day of fairing at Williamlburgh, at Philadelphia, and other pla- ces, p. 251. The diftrefs of the inhabitants of Bofton, p. 427 many of their houfes and ftores plundered by the foldiers and failors, vol.ii. p. 43. The town evacuated, p. 44 The fuffer- ings of the Bollonians during the fiege,p. 47. Bouille, the marquis de, takes Dominica, vol. ii. p. 432 his humanity to the ihipwrecked Britiih failors, vol. iii. p. 146. He goes againlt and takes Toba- go, p. 221 furprifes St.Eullatia, p. 275 takes St. Kitt's, p. 283. Bounties, exceffive, paid to re- cruits in the Maffachufetts, vol. iii. p. 334. Braddvcky general, defeated, vol. i. p. 107. Briftol near Rhcde-IHand fired upon by the Britifti {hipping, vol. i.p 414. Britifu- troops under general len xruiks an txcurfien from INDEX. 419 from Staten-Ifland to Elizabeth- town, vol. iii. p. 58 fireSpring- field, p. 60 return to Staten- Ifland, p. 61. Brownijls, the rife of them, vol. i. p. 27 they are perfecu- ted, p. 28 flee to Holland, p. 29 fail for North America, p. 30 fix at New-Plymouth, p. 3 1 their civil principles, p. 32 in church government become congregationalifts or independ- ents, p. 33 their religious fen- timents, p. 34. Burgoyne, general, commands the royal northern army, vol. ii. p. 217 ifTues out an uncommon proclamation, p. 219 appears before Tyconderoga, p. 220 purfues the Americans by water to Skeenfoorough, p. 222 ar- rives at fort Edward, p. 224 . fends a detachment toward Ben- nington, p. 256 his letters to general Gates, p. 259. He paifTes the Hudfon's river, and encamps at Saratoga, p. 262 engages the Americans, ibid his army in the utmoft diftrefs, p. 272 retreats to Saratoga, p. 274 has his retreat to fort Ed- ward cut off, p. 277 concludes a convention with general Gates, p. 278. Burial of general Frazer, vol. i.p. 273. Burke , Mr. his reforms, vol. iii. p. 302. Butler, American colonel, his expedition againft the Indians and tories, vol. ii. p. 413. C. Cald 375- Carolina fettled, vol. i.p. 67. An infurreclion in the colony, for which Culpeper is tried by- virtue of the ftatute of Henry VIII p. 72. Carolina is divi- ded into North and South, p. 75. Cartel for the Britim and A- mericans, fettled by generals Phillips & Lincoln, vol. iii. p. 1 35. Caucus and caucufing, the meaning of thefe words, ofterL uled at Boficn, vol. i. p. 252. Cedart, 420 N Cedars, the Americans there, furrender the fort, vol. ii. p. 79, Major Snerburne is defeated in attempting to relieve the place, ib. General Arnold concludes a cartel for the exchange of the prifoners, p. 80. Chamblee taken, vol.i. p. 438. Ckarleftown , oppofite to Bof- ton, fired by order of general Gage and deftroyed, vol. i. p. 364. in South Carolina founded, vol. i. p. 71 the firft Englilh collector eftablifhed there, p. 72 the general com- mittee of the place call a provin- cial ccngrefs, p. 289. The in- habitants determine upon refill- ing the meafures of miniftry, p. 344, The town the object of Sir Peter Parket 's and general Clin- ton's ofFenfive operations, vol. ii. p.94--thefort onSullivan'sifland attacked, p. 96. Charleflown taken by Sir H.Clinton, vol. iii. p. 49 evacuated by the Britiih, p. 328. frigate taken, vol. jii. p. 334. Chatham, lord, his fpeech, Jan. 1775, vol. i. p. 298 May, 1777, vol.ii. p. 201 -his faint- ing in the houfe of lords, and fabfequent death, p. 354. Cherry Valley attacked by the Indians and tories, vol. ii. p. 414. Chefter, the county palatine and city of, have repreferrtatives allowed them, vol. i. p. $6. Chevaux de Frife of Philadel- phia, vol ii. p. 396. Church, doctor, his correfpon- dence with a Britifh officer in Cofton detected, vol. i. p. 422. Cincinnati, the fociety of, vol. tti. p. 383. Clair, St. general, his force at Tyconderoga, vol. ii. p. 219., He concludes on evacuating that andMount Independence, p. 220 the rear of his troops attacked by general Frazer, p. 222. He joins general Schuyler, p. 224. Clarke, Colonel, his expedi- tion into the Indian country, vol. ii p. 404 againft the lieutenant governor of Detroit, col. Hamil- ton^. 449. Clark, colonel, marches to Auguita, and attacks lieut, col. Brown, but is obliged to retreat, vol. iii. p. 115. Clergy of New England, vol. i. p. 285. Clinton, Sir H. his expedition againft forts Montgomery and Clinton, vol. ii. p. 259. lie ar- rives at Philadelphia to take the command of the Britifh troops, p. 340 evacuates Philadelphia, p. 366 engages the Americans near Monmouth court-houie, p. 375 his defign againft Georgia, p. 416 takes Stoney -point, p. 447 his expedition to South Carolina, vol. iii. p. 44 takes Charleilon, p. 51 ifiues out proclamations before his return to New York, p. 67 prepares to attack the French at Rhode I (land, p. 64 fends general Leflie with 3000 troops to Vir- ginia, p. 135 fends agents to treat with the Pennfyivania re- volters, vol. iii. p. 152 fends Arnold to Virginia, p. 177 for- wards thither 2000 more troops under general Phillips, p. 179. Clinton, the American go- vernor, by a fpiritcd exertion, prevents the difbandment of V/afcington's army through the want of bread, vol. iii. p. 137, i Coin, French, found early in the Maffachufetts, vol. i. p. 40. CstHer, Sir George, takes the American N frigatd, Hancock, vol. ii. p. 318 deflroys the American licet at Penobfcot, p. 472 Colonies, the fentiments of the New England with refpeft to the parliamentary acts of Old England, vol. i. p. 50. The colonies not fettled at the ex- pence of the Englifh govern- ment, Georgia excepced, p. 84. Jealoufies of their aiming at in- dependence, p. 91. Monies granted them by the Britifh par- liament to affift their extraordi- nary exertions in the war with France, p. no. They early deny the parliamentary right of taxation, p. 122. Commijjioners, the American board of, eftablifhed, vol. i. p. 159 they retire to Caitle Wil- liam, p. 170. , the Britifii, fend a letter, &c. to congrefs, vol. ii. p. 365 their negociations, p. 391. They appeal to the peo- ple at large, p. 313 publifh a valedictory manifeito, ibid. Committees of correfpcndencs between Boflon and the other towns of the MafTachufetts, pro- pofed by Mr. James Warren, and eftabliihed, vol. i. p. 291. Committee, the, appointed by congrefs to inquire into the con- el uft of the Britifh and JJeffian generals and officers toward the Americans, make their report, vol. ii. p. 205. Common -Senfe, Mr. Paine's pamphlet fo entitled, promotes the fpirit of independency, vol. ii.p. 91. Complaints againfl the Ame- rican officers and foldiers, vol. ii. p. 1 18. That there are ma- ny bad officers among them, no caufe offurpriie. p. 129. Conciliatory motion of lord E 423 North in regard to America, vol. i. p. 313 his conciliatory pro- positions, vol.ii. p. 350. Confederation, the articles of, vol ii. p. 300. The confedera- tion completed, vol. iii. p. I So. Ccngregationalijls, or inde- pendents, lettle at New Ply- mouth in America, vol. i. p. 31 their civil and religious prin- ciples, p. 32, 34. Congregational church in the MaiTachuit-tts, the firlt formed at Salem, vol. i. p. 37. Congrefs, American, the ifl, vol. i. p. 89. The Congrefs at Albany, in 1754, form a plan for the union of all the colonies, p. 102 the plan net approved of by the Britilh miniltry, and another fubftituted by them, p. 1 02 Dr. Franklin's remarks upon the miniiterialpian, p. 104. The congrefs of 1765 meet, p. 132. Meafures taken for a new congrefs by the MafTachufetts, p. 252 by Maryland, p. 25,3 by South Carolina, p. 254 by Connecticut, ibid by Pennfylvania and Virginia, p. 255 by Rhoae-Iiland,p. 256, The congrefs meet and write to general Gage, p. 271 make a declaration of rights, ibid enter into an afTociaticn, p. 273 addrefs the people of Great Britain, p. 274 draw up a me- morial to the inhabitants of Bri^ tifh America, p. 275 raddrefs his majefty, p. 276 addrefs the inhabitants of Canada, p. 278 diffolve themfelves, p. 279. Congrefs, a new one, meet, vol. i. p. 347 with to keep the door op^n for an accommoda- tion, p. 348 their proceedings, P- 357 a g re e up^n a fecond petition to the king, p. 358* iiile the colonies The Twelve 422 N United Colonies, and advife the 'Maffachuietts to ta"ke up govern- n.fir, p. 358. They reiblve to CiT, it !-. -is of credit for the de- f ? o, America, p. 375 agree ( \ a declaration, feuing forth the caufes of their taking up arms, p. 381 fign the petition to the king, and addrefs the in- hahitants of Great Britain, p. 382 a re joined by Georgia, p. 383 adxlrefs the p?cp!e of Ire- l.>"id, p. 386 exprels their cpi- ru::i (;i h;rd North's conciliatory p .,!, p. 386 adjourn, p. 389. 'i he reiolution of congrefs with a view to the fecuring of gover- nor Tryon, p. 413 recommend to New Hampshire the eilabliih- ififT of a form of government, p. 451 the fame to South Caro- lina, p. 432 likewise to Vir- ginia, ibid. They conclude up >n the number of men to form the new army, p. 433 declare agninll any particular colony's petitioning the king, p. 434 threaten retaliation, and deter- mine i'p>n building 13 frigates, p 435 permit the inhabitants of the united colonies to fit out arm- ed veffe] sand reiblve that no flaves be in.pirted into any of the colo- nies, vol. ii. p. 53 order the fecret committee to endeavour to difco- ver whether the French mean to act for or againft America, p. 90. They conclude upon a declarati- on of independence p. 101--- adcpt a new code for the govern- ment of the army, p. i27---ap- point comrniflloners to the court of France, p. 1 5 2- --refufe to ra- tify general Arnold's cartel with cr.pt. Forller, p. 1 54---adjourn to Baltimore, p. i56--They veil general Wafhington with full powers for fix months, p. '173 rcfotve on fending cemfiiiflioners to Vienna, Spain, PruiTia, and Tufcany, p. 174. advife mak- ing their bills of credit a legal tender, p. i77---approve Walh- ington's conduct as to a cartel, p. 229---refolve what mall be the flag of the Thirteen United States p. 230---The opinion of con- grefs concerning Mr. Deane'sa- greement with Mr. Coudray and other French gentlemen, p. 231 They confer on the marquis de la Fayette the rank and commiflion of major-general in the Ameri- can army, p. 232- make regu- lations, which oblige the com- miffary general, Mr. Jofeph Trumbull, to refign his commif- fion, p. 234. Aits of congrefs, 298, 307. They recall Mr. Si- las Deane from Paris, p. 309--- appoint general Conway infpec- tor general, p. 3 i i-- -attempt to procure a fupply of cloathing, ibid---refolve to detain the con- vention troops, p. 315 receive blank papers from Paris, p. 322 their ads, p. 331- their or- der and declaration in regard to the bills from Great Britain, re- lating to the intention of parlia- ment on the fubjeft of taxation, and for the appointing ofcommif- fioners, p. 333. They receive the account of a treaty of alli- ance between France and the United States, ibid----addrefs the inhabitants of America on the occaiion, p. 334---refoIve to have no intercourfe with governor Johnfcone, p. 391 -meet at Phi- ladelphia, p. 395 give the French Ambaffador a public au- dience, p. 396 -cleft Dr. Frank- lin minifier plenipotentiary to the court of France, and give him inflru&ior.s, ibid---their ob- fervations on the finances of A- meiica, 39;---their refoluticns occafioned D E X. 425 edby Mr. Payne's pub- lications, p. 422 -various reta- liations, p. 455. They admit the minifter of France to a con- ference, p. 456 tlifeir refolu- tion upon the burning of Fair- field, Norwalk and Bedford, p. 461 their inftruciions relative to peace, and to Dr. Franklin, Vol. iii. p. 24---to their minifter for negotiating with Spain, p. 27 additional iniiruc~lions to him, p. 28. They addrefs their conftituents upon their finances, ibid have reported to them the communications of the French xninifter, p. 37 their anfwer to the fame, p. 39. The French minifter's communications at a fecond conference, p. 41. The refoives of congrefs for defiroying the old paper emiflion and intro- ducing a new one, p. 74. They pubtiih, that the iithand 12th articles of the treaty of com- merce with France were expung- ed, p. 125. They agree that their officers mail be entitled to half-pay during life, p. 126 honor and reward the three New York militiamen, who took ma- jor Andre, p. 136 -determine upon having a permanent army; p. 1 37 -recommend to the feve-. ral ftates the vefting of a power in congrefs to levy a duty of five per cent. p. 179 ehoofe Ro- bert Morris, efq. financier, ibid authorife the opening of a fubfcription for a loan for the fup- port of the citizens of South Ca- rolina and Georgia, p. 223 their refolves upon the news of the reduftion of the Britifh army under Cornwallis, p. 263- at- tend at the Roman Catholic cha- pel, p. 264. They appoint commiilioners for negotiating peace, and give them inilruc- VoL.HI/ tions, p. 290- determine the difpute betweenPennfylvaniaand Connecticut refpe&ing lands, p. 358. Their acts in favor of the American officers, p. 361. They receive advice of a general peace p. 362 -order the troops to be furloughed, p. 367---rej'olve to erecl an ecjueftrian itatue of gene- ral Waihington, p. 371- to prel^nt two pieces of ordnance to general Greene, and iflue a pro- clamation, applauding the ar- mies of the United States, and directing their discharge, p.- 373 -accept general Warning ton's reiignaticn, p. 3791 Connecticut letded, vol. ?. pa 44. The colony alarnt-j by publications againd the ilamp- acl, p. 129 iend a coaimirree to general Gage, p; 349. 'The Connecticut troops leave the ^\- my, p. 492. Connelly, John, and his afib- ciates, difcovered and captured, vol. i. 49i Conference, full liberty of, firft eftablimed in Rhode Ifland and Providence plantations^ vol. i. p. 48. Configneesi See Te p. 97 his general orders at Cler- mont, p. 99 marches and un- expectedly meets the British ar- my under lord Cornwallis, p. TOI engages the Britiih, and is defeated, p. 102 proceeds to HillfDorough,p. 1 60 his broken troops retreat to Salilbury, p. -1 08 his exertions in favor of the relics of his unfortunate ar- my, p. 114 thefeare reinforc- ed, p. 115. He receives pri- vate information of congrefs's having appointed an officer to fuperfede him, p. 121* removes his head quarters to Charlotte, and furrenders the command of the army into general Greene's hands, p, 123 meets with a po- lite return from Greene, p. 124. Generals Howe, Clinton and Burgoyne, arrive at Bofton, vol. i. p. 352. George, the Royal, is loft vol. iii. p. 313. Georgia fettled, vol. i. p. 82 -accedes to the general aflbcia- tion of the twelve colonies, 383, 38 ij attacked by the Bruiih troops, vol. ii. p. 416 Savanna, thecapital, taken, and the (late fubdued, p. 418. Germaine, lord George, ex- tradls from his letters, vol. iii, p. 200 Gibraltar invefled by the Spa-, niards, vol.ii. p. 474 relieved by Rodney, vol. iii. p. 82 by Darby, p. 182. Tremendous torrents of fire difgorged on the fortrefs from the Spaniih artille- ry, and returned by general El- liot, p. 184. The ftupendous works erected againft it, deftroy- ed, p. 271 the grand attack, p. 339 the battering {hips fet on fire by red hot balls from the fortrefs, p. 340 the captain with his marine brigade hazard themfelves to refcue the diftreifed enemy from furrounding deftruc- tion, p. 341 The place relieved by lord Howe, p. 343. Gordon, lord George, advifes the proteftant aflbciation to thofe meafures which proves introduc- tory to the moft extraordinary ri- fmgs in London and Weftmin- ftcr, vol. iii. p. 83. He is ta- ken I N D ten Op and committed to the tow- er, p. 92 tried and acquitted, p. 184. Grafton, the duke of, fudden- ly quits adminiilration, vol. ii. p. 62. Graff e, count de 9 engages Sir Samuel Hood, vol. iii. p. 220 arrives in the Chefapeak, and afterwards engages Graves, p. 25 i fails for the Weft Indies, p. 262 attacks Hood, p. 284 engages Rodney, p. 306 en- gages him afrefh, is defeated and taken, p. 308 lands at Fortf- mouth,p. 312. Graves, admiral, engages de Graffe, vol. iii. p. 251. Green, general, addrefles gene- ral Washington, vol. i. p. 379 takes the command of the fouth- ern army* vol. iii. p. 124. He difapproves of the cenfure paiTed upon Gates by congrefs, p. 125 the embarrafiment attending his command, p. 156 his an- fwer to lord Cornwallis's letter, ibid--feparates his forces through neceflity, p. 158 fends Lee's partizan corps to furprizeGeorge- town, p. 159 -forms a junction with the other divifion of the ar- my, p. 165 forms a light army and marches with the main army for the Dan, p. 1.66 crcfTes it, p. 167. He re-croffes the .Dan, p, 169 marches to Guilford court-houfe, and prepares for action, p. 173 is attacked by Cornvvallis, and forced to retreat, ibid purfues his lordihip to Deep river, p. 176 -marches to South Carolina, p. 189 is at- tacked by lordRawdon nearCam- dcn and obliged to retreat, p. i 90 proceeds to Ninety Six, and befieges the garrifon under col. Cruger, p. 195 raifes the fiege and is purfued by Rawdon ; fcon E X, 429 after purfues his lordmip and of- fers him battle, p. 198. He re- tires to the High Hills of Santee, and from thence tranimits his o- pinionon Gates's defeat, p. 199 his account of the naileries at- tending the war in South Caroli- na, p. 200 his anfwerto Balfour refpecting the execution of Hay ne p. 240 engages leut. col. Stew- art at the Eutaw fprings, p. 242 happily fupprefTes the fpirit of mutiny among his troops, p. 245 writes to general Gould, p. 246 his accounts of the diitreiTes of his army, p. 295. A few ftric- tures concerning him, p. 392. Grenada taken, vol. ii. p. 467. Grenadier, a Bridm, furprifed and made prifoner by an Ame- rican boy, vol. ii. p. 135. Grey, general, furprifes gene- ral Wayne in the night, vol. ii. p. 243. Grifvjold fort, on Groton-hill, taken by the Britifb; vol. iii. p. 249. H. Hancock, Mr. John, is elected one of theBoilonreprefentativeS, vol i. p. 154 his floop Liberty feized, p. 168 a mob collects on the occafion and becomes ri- otous, p. 169 the report of the committee of the Maffachufetts houfe and council refpecting die riot, p. 171 -a fuit commenced againft Mr. Hancock in the court of Admiralty, but dropped, p. 174. Mr. Hancock is chofen prefiderit of congrefs, p. 348 takes his leave of con- grefs, vol. ii. p. 297 is elected governor of the Maffachuferts ftate, upon their new conftha- tion, vol. iii. p. 1 39. Kayne Ifaac, colonel, executed by the joint order of lord Rawdon and colonel Balfour, the cafe of, vol. iii. p. 202, 205. Herktmtrt I N D Hcrkimer, general, defeated by Sir John Johnfon, vol. ii, p. 251. H-.^ana defeated at Trenton, vol. ii. p. 1 68. Highlanders, and regulators of North Carolina, imbody, but are .defeated, vol. ii. p, 50. , a number of them, and lieut. col. Cair.pbe'I, taken in Bofton-bay, vol. ii. p. 87. Hood, Sir Samuel, engages de GrafiV, vol. iii. 220 arrives at S indy Hook, p. 250 attacked by the count, p. 258 takes the Viile de Paris, count de GrafTe's fliip, p. 284 takes the Jafon and Cato, p. 286; Hopkins, commodore, returns from his naval expedition, vol. ii. p. ^f. engages the Glafgow man of war. p. 55 puts into New London, ibid. Hcftile preparations in differ- ent parts of the Maffachufetts co- lony, vol. i. p. 287 it is how- ever hoped, that all differences will be amicably fettled without blcodlhed, p. 289. E-jhlities commence between Great-Britain and France, vol.ii. P. 353. Hj-ive, general prepares to at- tack the Americans on Dorchef- ter Heights, vol. ii. p. 42 is prevented by a ftorm, and con- cludes upon .evacuating Boilon, ibid the town evacuated, p. 44 'sis defign of procuring rice in Georgia fruftratcd, p. 52 ar- rives off New/York, p. 93 lands his troops on Long Ifland, p.l 1 1 furprJ7.es and defeats the Ame- ricans, p. 112 makes a defcent on New York iiiand, p. 124 lands on Frog's- neck, p. 130 attacks the Americans at White Plains, p. 1 32 returns to Kingf- bridge.p. i 35 cakes fort Walh- mgtop, p. 133 leaves Brunf- wick and takes the field, p. 213 returns to Brunfwick, which he evacuates, and marches to Amboy, p. 214 unexpectedly moves toward the American ar- my, p. 215- embarks his troops, p. 216 f:ii!s with his army, p. 227 lands his troops at Elk fer- ry, p. 229 croffes the Brandy- v.inc, attacks and defeats the A- mericans, p. 2^8 amufes gene- ral Washington, ami unexpected- ly crofles the Schuylkill below him, p. 243 snakes his entry into Philadelphia, p. 244 is ho- nored by the officers with a mag- nificent entertainment, p. 341. H'jwe, lord, arrives at Staten Ifland, and fends a flag to gene- ral Walhington, vol. ii. p. 108 propofes a conference with fome members of Congrefs, p. I2i the conference, ibid fails with the fleet and army, p. 227 arrives and anchors in the Delaware, p. 244 is allowed to return to Britain, p. 355- leaves the Delaware, p. 381^ prepares to defend the entrance into New York harbour againft count d'Eftaing's fleet, p. 382 fails for the prefervation of Rhode Ifland, p. 384 fails for the relief of Gibraltar, vol. iii. p. 335 enters the Straits, p. 342 is attacked by the combi- ned fleets, and afterwards let to purfue his voyage home, p< 344- H/tJefy, captain Jofhua, hang- ed, vol. iii. p. 292. Hughes* admiral engages Mr, de StifFrein, vol. iii. p. 304^ en- gages him afrcih, p. 352 a third a:/.! fourth time, ibid. the laft time p. 354. Hurricanes at Jamaica, vol. iii. p. 1 45 at Barbadoes, p. 1 44* at N D X. at St. Lucie, Grenada and St. Vincent, ibid. Hutcbinfon, Judge, his " Brief .Hate of the claim of the colonies, and the intereft of the nation with refpedt to them,'* voK i. p. 137 when governor he introdu- ces the fubje&of the parliament's fupremacy into his fpeech to the Maffachufetts general court, p. 224 by his bad advice, betrays the miniltry into wrong meafures, p. 294, 295 his letters are dif- covered, p. 356 his behaviour while in the colony, ibid. I. Jamaica petitions the king in favor of the colonies, vol. i. p. 312 the hurricane at that if- land, vol iii. p. 143. Jay, Mr. elefted to negotiate a treaty of alliance with his Ca- tholic majefty, vol. iii. p. 28 his attempts ineffectual, p. 148 delivers in proportions rela- tive to an intended treaty with Spain, p. 270 repairs to Paris, p. 344 refufes treating with Mr. Ofwald, till the independ- ence of the United States is ac- knowledged in the firft inftance, ibid. has put into his hands the copy of a letter to count de Ver- gennes, p. 345 gives Ofwald a draught of a commiffion that would fully fatisfy, and is jea- lous of the defigns of the French court, p. 347. Jealoufies and prejudices a- mong the troops under general Walhington, vol. ii. p. 1 10, 123, 127. Jerfey, ifland, the attempt of theFrench upon it defeated by the bravery of Major Pierfon, vol. iii. p. 182. Independence, meafures taken to forward the declaration of it, vol. ii. p. 83 refolution refpecl- VOL. Ill, G ing it, moved and feconded in congrefs, p. 9 i-^-the declaration, of independence, p. 101. Independents the, fee Congre- gational sfts. Indians, the Oneida, their fpeech to the New England pro- vinces, vol. i. 371 an anivver of the Stockbriuge Indians to the MaflachuJeitscongreis, p. 373 < the reply of the M.iTachuletts congreis, p. 374 Indian chiefs at head quarters in Cambridge, p. 426 ^congrefs commiflioners treat with the Indians, vol. ii. p* 189 the Indians dertroy the fet- tlements at Wyoming, p. 399. Inquijition the, abolimed in the dominions of the duke of Mo- dena, vol. iii. p. 149. Inftruftions to the commiflion- ers at the court of France, voL ii. p. 1 5 3 to the American com- miffioners at different courts, p. 174. Jobnfon, Sir John, defeats ge- neral Herkimer, vol. ii. p. 251. -, Sir William, repuites the French, vol. i. p. 108. Johnftone commodore, fails for the Ealt Indies, vol. iii. p. 230 '-is attacked by Mr. de Suffrein, p. 231 takes feveral Dutch Eaft India (hips, p, 233. John**, Si. in. Canada, taken, vol. i. p. 440. Jones, captain Paul, lands a party of Americans at Whiteha- ven, and fets fire to a fliip in the harbour ; afterwards lands and plunders lord Selkirk's houie, vol. ii. p. 356-^-engages cap- tain Pearfon, p. 470 is honored by the French king with the crofs of military merit, vol. iii. p. 180. Ireland fpares 4000 troops for his majefty's fervice abroad, voL ii. p. 69~the ihte and proceed- g g ings N ings of the country, p. 473 further proceedings, vol. iii. p. 78, 300. Juries, the great and petty, through the MafTichufetts refufe acting under the new regulations, vol i.p. 263. K. Kail, baron de, marches to the fouthward, vol. iii. p. 71 is mortally wounded, p. 105. Kempenfelt, admiral, takes a number of French tranfports, vol. iii. p. 277 is loll in the Rcyal George., p. 313. Keppsl, admiral, fails for the bay of Bifcay, and takes the Li- corne frigate, vol. ii. p. 358 engages d'Orvilliers, p. 361 is tried, p. 435. Killed, the number, by the .firing of the Britifh from Bofton and the neighbourhood, vol. i. p. 492. Kitt's St. taken by the mar- quis de Bouille, vol. iii. 283. Knox general, fent off to the eaftern Hates by the commander jn chief, on account of the Penn- fylvania revolters, vol. iii.p. 152. L. Ladies, the, at Philadelphia, procure contribution for the be- nefit of the American foldiers, vol. iii. p. 6 1 forward {hirts and ftockings to the army, p. 138. . ,whig, their conduct in Charleilon, South Carolina, vol. iii. p. 224. Landed country gentlemen a- larmed, vol ii. p. 65. Laur.ens, Henry, efq. chcfen prefident of congrefs, vol. ii. p. 298 his letter to the governor of Georgia, p. 411 to another friend, p. 461 elected to nego- ciate a treaty with theDutch, vol. iii. p. 28 taken on his voyage to Holland, and committed to the Tower, p. 142 difcharged p; 275. Laurens, lieut. col. chofen fpe- cial minifter to France, vol. iii. p. 154 returns from France, p. 230 his conduct approved of by coogrels, p. 240 is mortally wounded while engaging with the BritiQi, p. 326. Lee, Arthur, efq; leaves Great- Britain and removes to Paris, vol. ii. p. 199. General, meafures taken for fending him on to NewYork, vol. ii. p. 28- is detained at Stanford ; but orders a Connec- ticut regiment into the city, and arrives there himfelf two hours after general Clinton arrives at SandyHook, p. 29- --goes to the fouthward, p. 48 -his letter to the French minifter, p. 146 anecdote concerning him, p. 135 he is taken by col. Harcourt, p. 144 -inconveniencies refult- ing from his capture, p. 175 commands the Americans near Monmouth court- houfe, vol.ii.p. 370 is put under arrelt, tried & found guilty, p. 379 his death and character, vol. iii. p. 328. Lee, captain H. made major commandant of horfe for his bra- very, vol. ii. p. 330 attacks the Britifh poll at Powle's Hook, p. 461 joins general Greene in South Carolina with his partizan legion, vol. iii. p. 159 falls up- on a number of Royaliils and makes a great (laughter among them, p. 170 aids general Ma- rion in reducing fort Watfon, p. 188 fort Motte p. 194 fort Gramby, ibid. marches to join Pickens, and with him reduces the fort at Augufta, p. 195. Leger, St. lieutenant colonel, quits the fiege of fort Stanwix* vol.ii.p. 254. N 433 t,ejlk t general, evacuates Charleftown, vol. iii. p. 327. Letter, the copy of one to count Vergennes, vol. iii. p. Letters of Hutchinfon and o- thers fent to Bofton by Dr. Frank- lin, vol. i. p. 229. Lexing ton affair, vol. i. p. 322 * the news of it reaches London, P- 333. Lipf incut, captain, tried for hanging captain Huddy, and ac- quitted, vol. iii. p. 316. Lincoln t general, furprifed at Boundbrook, vol. ii. p. 204*^ fent to the northward to command the militia, p. 225 fends colo- nel Brown and others on an ex- pedition to Lake George, p. 261 . is lent to South Carolina, p. 426 eflablifhes his head quar- ters at Puryfburgh, p. 427 pur- fues general Prevoit, p. 444 attacks the Britim at Stono fer- ry, p. 446 marches for Savan- na, vol. iii. p. 30 is repulfed in a joint attack with d*Eftang on the town, p. 32-^ defends Charleftown, p. 44 furrenders the place, p. 50 receives the fubmiflion of the royal army at York Town, p. 260. London, the city of, approach- es the throne with an addrefs, &c vol. i. p. 334 refufes in 1781 to prefent their addrefs, &c. at the levee, and orders its publi- cation, vol. iii. p< 274. Long IJland fortified by the Americans, vol. ii. p. no ge- neral Sullivan appointed to com- mand there, p. in the royal army lands upon it, ibid. eva- cuated by the Americans, p. 1 1,6. Lofs of the Ville de Paris, Ra- millies, and other men of war, vol. iii. p. 352. London ' t lord, his determina- tion relative to the MalTachufetts general court, vol. i. p. 108. Louifhurgh taken by the Maf- fachufetts colony, vol. i. p. 93. Lowther, Sir James, offers to prelent the Britifh king with a man of war of the line, vol. iii. P- 35 2 - Lucie, St. attacked by th Britim, vol.ii. p. 436 d'Eftaing attempts relieving the ifland, p* 438 the place capitulates, p. 439- Luzerns the chevalier de la, arrives at Bofton, vol. ii. p. 436 his communications to con- grefs, vol. iii. p. 37^ his hint to general Wafhington, p. 39 fundry communications of his before congrefs, p. 290 is fa- tisfied with its being refolved, that Mr. J. Adams mould be ul- timately directed and guided by the fentiments of the French court, p. 291. M. Main, the province of, fet- tled, vol. i. p. 48 the inhabi- tants fubmit to the MalTachufetts and have greater privileges granted them than what the Maf- fachufetts people enjoy, p. 49. Manififto a, presented to the Britim minifter by the Spanifh ambalTador, vol. ii. p. 465. ManUy, captain, takes Britifh vefTels, vol. i. p. 428. Marion, general, exerts him- felf on the fide of congrefs, vol. iii. p. 112, 169 aided by lieut. colonel Lee's partizan legion, reduces fort Watfon, p. i8S fort Motte, p. 194 -fort Gran- by, p. 105. Maryland fettled, vol. i. p. 65- the convention refolve on an alTociation, and on meafures for fecuring the province, and providing for its defence, p. 395 fettles 434 N D X. fettles its independent confti- tution, vol. ii. p. i5O^-accedes to the confederation, vol. iii. p. j8o. Mqffacbvjetts company formed, vol. i. p. 34^ begins a planta- tion at Salem, p. 35-r-obtain a royal charter, ibid. -. T- Bay, the governor 2nd company of, in New Eng- land, begin their plantation go- vernment in the MaiTachufetts, vol. i. p. 37 conclude on re- moving with their charter to the JvlafTachufetts, p. 38 arrive at Salt-ID, p 39-! n flu me the form of a commonwealth, p. 41 ad- mit none to freedom but mem- bers ot their churches, p. 42-*- their general court aflame fpirit- ual juriididtion. p. 43 their government in divers reipecb ab- ibiute, ibid. their charter anni- hilated, p. 51 J new charter given them, p. 85 they declare what are their privileges, p. 86 T the war of 1744, p. 93 of 1755. p. 109 rtheir general addrefs to the Britifli parliament on rhefubje&of duties and taxes, p. 120 the houfe oi" afTembly propofe a congrefs, p. 132 leav e out of the council the crown officers and juftices of the fupe- rior court, p. 154- at length a- gree to make compenfation to the fufferers by the riot, p. 156 p propofe a circular letter to the other colonies, p. 163 their new afiembly are required to re- fcind the refolution which gave birth to the circular letter, p. 3 6 <; they vote not to refcind, and are difiblved, p. 166, anew affembly pafs a number of re- folves, evidencing their difre- gatd to the refolutions of the Jords and commons, p. 186 refwfc making provifion for the troops, p. 187 difagreements between them and lieutenant go- vernor Hutchinfon, p. 213 de- clare againft his receiving his fupport from the crown, p. 217 their proceedings refpedling the judges, and the fupport in- tended them by the crown, p. 239 i their petition to the king, for the removal of the governor dif- mifTed, p. 242 choofe dele- gates to meet in congrefs at Phi- ladelphia, p. 252 the people prepare to defend their rights by the point of the fword, p. 261 the reprefentatives meet, and re- folve themfelves into a provin- cial congrefs, p. 280 the pro- vincial congrefs appoint a com- mittee to draw up a plan for the immediate defence of the colo- ny, p. 281 pum their prepara- tion forholtile oppofition, p. 283 i fend a circular letter to the mi- nifters ofthegofpel, p. 284 a pifture of the Maffachuietts colo- ny, p. 290 a new provincial congrefs meet, p. 317 their proceedings, p. 319 the inha- bitants in arms, p. 327 their unpreparednefs for an hoitile conteil with Great Britain, p. 331 the provincial congrefs write a circular letter to the feve- ral towns of the colony, p. 349 borrow money, and forward difpatches to the general con- grefs, p. 350 apply to Connec- ticut and Rhode Ifland for afliit- ance, ibid. orders militia to Roxbury, p. 351 refolve upon writing to the eailern tribe of In- dians, p. 352^ iffue notes, p. 355 ^the MafTachufetts repre- fentatives meet, and take up their old form of government, p. 398 the public fchcols of he colony, p. 416 the afiembly refclye to lit out armed ve/Tels, N p. 428 the Maflachufetts dele- gates at congreis conduct with great policy, vol. ii. p. 105 the ftate agrees upon a conttuu- tion for the commonwealth, vol. iii. p. 95 incorporates the A- merican Academy of Arts and Sciences, p. 96 the lalt act he- fore entering on a new conltitu- tion, p. 139 the firft general court upon the new conftitution, ibid. the conftitution violated by the general court, p. 386. Maffacre of the Moravian In- dians, vo'l. iii. p. 330. Matthew, general, makes a defcent on Virginia, vol. ii. p. 447- Mawbood, lieutenant colonel, attacked at Princeton, vol. ii. p. 171. Maybeiu, Dr. his letter to judge Hutchinfon, vol. i. p. 135. Meafures taken at Philadel- phia for relieving the army un- der general Wamington, vol. iii. p. 62. Medical departments, defects, in the American, occafion the lofs of many fick, vol. ii. p. 328. Meeting-boufe, the old fouth, turned into a riding-fchool for the Britifh dragoons, vol. i. p. 425. Mtigs, colonel, his expedi- tion to Sagg harbour, vol. ii. p. 212. Mercenaries, foreign, fail for America, vol.ii.p. 73. Militia, American, complain- ed of, vol. ii. p. 1 18, 122,128. Minorca attacked by the Spa- niards, aided by the French, vol. iii. p. 235. Minute-men inflituted, vol. i. p.28i. Mob at Bofton, vol. i. p. 134 attack judge Hutchinfon's X. 435 houfe, ibid. at Rhode Ifland, p. 139 at New York, p. 140 at Botion, on account of the feizure of Mr. Hancock's (loop Liberty, p. 168. Monmoutb coiirt-houfe action, vol. ii. p. 373. Montgomery, general, is fent on with troops to Canada, and befieges St. John's, vol. i. p. 436 he takes Montreal, p. 439 440 appears before Quebec, p. 442 his whole force little more than half the garrifon, vol. ii. p. 33 he attempts carrying the city by a coup de main, and is killed, p. 35. Montreal taken, vol. i. p. 440. Montjerrat furrenders, vol. iii. 287. Morgan, general, attacked by a fuperior force under colonel Tarleton, whom he defeats, vol. iii. p. 160 is purfued by lord Cornwallis, p. 164 is joined by general Greene perionally, ibid. Movements of the armies under Sir H. Clinton and gen. Wam- ington, after the evacuation of Philadelphia, vol. ii. p. 368. Mud IJland, vol. ii. p. 288 is abandoned, p. 290. Mug ford, captain, takes the Hope powder (hip, vol. ii. p. 85 is killed, p. 86. Mutiny among the American foldiers at Philadelphia, vol. iii. p. 369. N. Natcbes, the Britifli fmle- ments there reduced by cipuin Willing, vol. ii. p. 339. New England* the p^--j>le ihere are alarmed with the reports of an American epilcopacy, vol. i. p. 97 with the appreheniion of defigns on the part of the Uritifh minittry againft their forrqs of government I N government, p. 113 the fup- pofed plan of miniftry, p. 114. New Hampjbire colony fettled, vol. i. p. 48 the people make their firil hoilile movement, p. 287 their delegates re- ceive inftru&icns which they lay before congrefs, p. 431 the provincial congrefs proceed to take up civil government, vol. n. p. 25 feveral of the repre- fentatives proteil againff it, p. 26 feveral of the towns petition againftit, ibid. a return of the inhabitants, p. 84. New Haven colony fettled, vol. i. p. 45 made a part of Connecticut, ibid. town attacked by ge- neral Tryon, vol. ii. 450. Ne2 to Trenton, and deliver up the Britifii fpies and agents to be executed, and matters are adjured, p. 153. of part of the jerfey brigade, is fpeediiy fapprefled, iind two of the leaders executed, Ibid. Rhode IJland pi an ration fettled and unitea to Providence vo!.i. p. 4-7 obtain a royal chaiter, p. 48 the people feize the cannon, and the aflembly refolve upon procuring arms and military ilores,p. 287. The roval forces pv-.ffefs'themlelves of Rhode If- land, vol. ii. p. 144 make an cxcurfion on the continent, p, 3O4--the expedition againit tliem under general Sullivan and count D'Eftaing, p."383 an engage- inept between numbers of them and Sullivan's troops, p. 387 they evacuate the ifland, vol. iii, p. 36. Riot, a great one at Bofton, on account of the tfamp-adt, vol. i. p. 134 the rioters deitroy judge hutchinfon's houfe, p. 135 a fimilar riot at New-York, P- 139- Riots, at Edinburgh and Glaf- gcw, vol. ii. p. 439. Rochambeaiiy count de, arrives at Rhode Jfland, and is addreiTed by the inhabitants, vol. iii. p. 127 joins Wafhington with the French troops, p. 214 lends the American commander money to fupply his troops, p. 254. Rodney Sit George, appointed to the chief command in the Weft Indies, vol. iii. p. 82 engages and defeats the Spanifh fleet un- der Don Juan Langara, p. 83 engages count de Guichen, p. 85 takes St. Euib.tia,-p.i85 watches count de GrafTe, p. 30^ engages him, p. 306 is created an Englilh peer, p. 312. Rutledge, governor, of South Carolina, retaliates for col. Bal- four's conduct, vol. in. p. 245- ifiues writs for a new election of reprefentatives, &c. p. 269. S. SaviJL', Sir George moves for the reliei of the Papiits, vol. ii. " P- 355- Sa-vannaL evacuated by the Britifh, vol. iii. p. 3:5. Say re Mr. fecured and com- mitted to the tower, vol. ii. p. 59 fues lord Rochford, p. 192. Schaick, colonel Van, his ex- pedition againit the Indians, voJ, ii. 450. -- Scheme, one for ddtroying general Wafnington's army at New-York, vol.ii. p. 92. Sckuyhr, general, diiarms the inhabitants of Tryon Bounty, voK N X. 441 vol.i'i. p. 30 refolutlons of con- grei's concerning him, p. 186, 216. Seal of the United States of America, vpl. iii. p. 223^ Secejfion the, of many of the minority members, vol. ii. p. 196. Ships, Britifti taken in Boflon bay, and the neighbourhood, vol. i. p. 428. i riven from Nantafket, and the port of Bof- ton, opened vol. ii p. 86 [he Phoenix andRofe go op the North river and return, p. 1 10. Slaves, Arrican, firft introdu- ced into the colonies, vol. i. p. 60. Snider y Cbriftopher, killed at Bofton, and buried with the great, ell refpecl, vol. i. p. 196. . Sons of liberty, the rife of the title among the Americans, Vol. i. p. 129. South Carolina, congrefs enter into an aifociation, and refolve upon putting Charleston and :he province into a refpeclable pof- ture of defence, vol. i. 388 the governor, lord William Camp- bell, 'diiiruftiful of his perfonal fafety, quits Charlefton and goes on board, a royal {loop of war, p. 401 the committee of fafety lend troops into the Settlements of the royalifts, and feize their leaders, p. 404 the provincial congrefs determine upon an in- dependent coniritution, vol. ii. p. 51 the Mate goes to war with theCherokees, p. 147 new mo- dels the temporary form of go- vernment, p. 336 is invaded by general Prevoll, p. 443 a ge- neral revolt in favor of congrefs, vol. iii. p. 96. Spaniards, their humanity to their Britilh prifoners, vol. iii. p. 149. Spanijh and French fleets join in the Well Indies, but make no attempt againit Jamaica, vpl. iii. p. 141. Stamp-act, vol. i. p. 122 colonel Barre's fpeech in the de- bates upon .it, p. 124 during the debate, gen. Conway denies the right of parliament to tax the colonies, p. 125 the relblvesof the Virginia houie of burgeffes, refpecling the (lamp-act, p. 130 the fpirits of the coloniirs in- flamed by them,, io that great difturbantes follow, p. 133, 139, 140 the repeal ot" the {lamp-act p. 150 the joy that occasions through the colonies, p. 153. Stamp-papers, the diftributors of them relign, vol. i. p. 139, 141, 142 bufinefs carried c;V without them, p. 143. Stark, genera!, arrives with the NewHampfnire militia in the neighbourhood of Burgoyne's army, in order to cppoie him, vol. ii. p. 255 defeats lieuu colonels Baum and Breyrr.au, p. 258. State of the army under gene- ral Waihington, vol. ii. p. I ! 8- > jn the northern department, p, 119. Steuoen, baron, is chofen in- fpeclor general, -vol. ii, p. 327. Stc~uuart, lieut. colonel, en- gages general Greene at the Eu- taw fprings, vol. iii. p. 142. Sloney Point taken by the I3rl- tifh, vol. ii. p. 447 retaken by the Americans, p. 452. ^ Stonington fired upon by the Britilh fhipping, vol. i. p. 414. $$fitjr*ng\ endured by the gen- tlemen fent from Charleitown to St. Auguftine, vol. iii. p. 22^.' SujfoM county in the Maila- chufetts, their delegateis meet, and come to various resolutions, 44* N D X. vol. i. p. 267 addrefs governor Gage, p. 268 fend to the ge- neral congreis at Philadelphia an account of their proceedings, ibid. which are approved by COngrefs, p. 269. Srffrein, Mr. de, is fent in puriuit of commodore Johnftone, vol. iii. p. 231 a'tacks the com- modore, 212- -ngages ad- miral Huglies in the Eatl Indies, p. 304 engages him afrefh, p. 35 2 - Sullivan, general, his expe- dition to Staten Ifland, vol. ii. p. 234 again ft the Britilh troops, Rhode Ifland, p. 383, 385 engages a number of them, E. 386 retreats from Rhode If- ind, p. 387. Sumpter, colonel, heads the friends of independency, quits North Carolina, and takes the iield in South againft the victo- rious Britilh, vol. iii. p. 19 at- tacks the Britiih poft at Rocky- mount, and at the Hanging- rock, p. 95- on the Wateree, p. 104- is defeated by colonel Tarlnon, p. 108^ is made a brigadier general, p. 112 de- feats major Weyms, and is at- tacked by Tarletpn, whom he repulfes, p. 122 takes the Bri- tifh garrilbn at Qrangeburgh, p. 194. Surge-ins in the American ar- rny, many of them exceffively deficient, vol. ii. p. 129. Synod, the United, of New York and Philadelphia, their paitoral letter, vol. i. p. 383. T. Tallmage, major, furprifes fort St. George, on Long Ifland, vol. iii. p. 136. Tarktsn* lieutenant colonel, jd.efrats colonel Bur ford, vol iii. p. 5; defeats colonel Sumpter, p. 1 08 is repulfed by him, p. 122. Taxes not to be impofed on the inhabitants of New York co- lony, but by- their own repre- fentatives, according to the de- clarative adl of their general court, paired immediately after the revolution, vol. i. p. 85 a fimilar aft paffed by the Maffa- chuletts jegiflarure, p. 86 the fcheme of taxing the colonies re- jected by Sir Robert Walpoie, p, 92 ihe Britifh government un- der no necefluy of taxing the co- lonies for their defence, and the fecurity of the new ceded coun- tries, p. 127- a bill for taxing the colonies atrefh brought in by Mr. Charles Tovvnfend, p. 158. Tea, the Bail Jndia company rfrqueil the repeal of the AmerU can outy uponit, vol. i 126 a bill pailes enabling them to ex- port their own teab, p 127 the colonifls excited to refift the in- trcduclion and fale of their teas upon that plan, p. 230 the confignees at Philadelphia and New York refign their appoint- ment, p. 231 a quantity of tea thrown overboard at New York, p. 232 the New York and Phi- ladelphia tea-fhips return to Great Britain, ibid. the mea- fures taken at Bofhm to induce the confignees at the place to re- fign, p. 233 i-the tea-fhips ar- rive, and are watched, p. 234 the contents of 342 chefts of tea caft into the fait water, p. 237. c ferney, admiral de, arrives at Newport, and is addreled by the inhabitants, vol, iii. p. 65 dies at Newport, p. 88 Thomas, the American gene- ral, dies, vol. ii. p. 78. T'hcr.-.pfcn, general, difpatch- ed to attack the Britifh at Three Rivers, N Rivers, vol. ii. p. 80 is defeat- ed and taken, p. 81. Tobago taken, vol. iii. p. 219 Towns in the Maffachufetts, their conititution, vol. i. p. 262. Trade, the importance of the Britilh Weft India, vol. i p. 332 of the colonies, p. 333. Treaties, debates on thofe for employing foreign troops in A- jnerica, voi. ii. p. 70. Treaty of amity arid commerce between the States General and the American States, vol. iii. p. 345 between Sweden and the United States of America, p. 38$. Trenton, the Heffians there de- feated, vol. ii. p. 167. Trial of captain Prefton, for killing the perfons who fell on the 5th of March, 1776, and his ac- quittal, vol. i. p. 205 of the ioldiers on the like account, and two found guilty of manflaugh- ter, p. 206. Troops, general Gage ordered to fend fome to B< fton, vol. ii. p. 173 two regiments are land- ed in the town, p. 178 the Iol- diers and inhabitants quarrel, and at length the termer fire up- on the latter, and kill leveral, p. 199 which occalio ^.s the utmoft confufion in the town, when it is agreed that the regiments (hould withdraw tothecaitle, p. 203 the perfons (lain are buried with unparalleled pomp, p. 205. The Bofton committee ad fyitemati- cally to prevent all iupplies for the troops in the town under go- vernor Gage, p. 264. Try on county, the inhabitants of it difarmed, vol. ii. p. 30. , governor, arrives at New York, vol. i. p. 396 his influence alarms congreis, p. 4.12. He cjuits New York and X. 443 goes on board the packet, ibid, commands the expedition againft Danbury, vol. ii. p. 209 againft New Haven, Fairneld, and Nor- walk, p. 450. Tyconderoga, colonel Allen's expedition againft it, vol. i. p. 344 the fort furprifed, p. 346 evacuated by generalSt. Clair, vol. ii. p. 221. V. Vergennes, count de, his po- litics, vol. ii. p. 425. Ville de Paris, count de Graffe's (hip, ftrikes to Sir Sa- muel Hood, vol. iii. p. 309. Vincent* St. taken by the French, vol. ii. p. 463. Virginia fettled, vol. i. p. 57 African (laves introduced a- mong the fettlers, p. 60 the commons of England lend a forcd againft them, p. 64. They proclaim Charles II. king of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Virginia, ibid. their council and houfe of burgeifcs petitioa the king, preient a memorial to the houfe of lords, and remon. ftrate to the houfe of commons, p. 122. The refolves of the houle of burgcfles againft the ri^ht of parliament to tax them, p. 130. The circulation of thefe refoives inflame the inhabitants of the (everal colonies againft the ftamp-aft, p. 131, 133, 149. The hcufe of burgeffes is diflblv- ed for their counter-refolves to thofe of the houfe of lords and commons; when the gentlemen who formed it meet, and enter in- to a unanimous affociation againft importations, p. 183 the bur- geffes, before their diflblution, audrcfied the king on the fubjeft of tranfporting perfons from the colonies to be tried in Great Bri- tain, p. 1 88. The houfe of burgeffes 444 N D X; inio ,, burgefies refolve to maintain an intercourfe with the filter colo- nies, p. 228. W. War, the American, the low- er chfs of Englifhand Irilh ad- vene to it, vol. ii. p. 56. Warren, doctor, his letter to general Gage, vol. i. p. 329 is Id) ed at the battle of Breed's, Bii.'called Bunker's Hill, p. 367 * a:s character, p. 369 his re- mains taken up, and honorably burie j by the lodge of Free Ma- fons, vol ii. p. 54. Wafbington George, major, fent by governor Dinwiddie to the French commandant, vol. i. p. 100. , colonel, engages the French, vol. i. p. 101. , efq ; elecled ge- neral to command all the conti- nental forces, vol. i. p. 359 ar- rives at Cambridge, p. 377 letters between him and Gage, p. 416. The general no wife "de /irons of independency, though man) of the New England of- ficers are, vol. ii. p. 28 re- quires 13 regiments of militia to itrengthen the army, p. 33 is for crofting the ice and attacking Bofton, p. 38 fends cfF troops for New York, upon the town's being evacuated, p. 45 attends a thagkigiving fermon preached at his requeit, p. 46 is compli- mented by the MafTachuietts council and reprefentatives in a joint addrefs, ibid. his force at jNew York fmall, p. 93 a con- ference between him and the Britifh adjutant general, p. 109 evacuates Long Ifhnd, p. 1 15 evacuates New York iiland, p. 132 croiTes the North river inio Jerfeys and Pennfylvania, p. 140 his fituauon .after crol- fmg the Delaware,, p. i64-rre- croffes and attacks the Hefiians, p. 1 66 re-enters the Jerleys, p. 169 efcapes from lord Corn- walhs, marches to Princeton, and attacks the fourth Britifh brigad?; p. 170 marches id Morri flown, p. 171 the weak- nefs of his force theie, p. 184. He quits Mcrriftown, p. 213 is perplexed about the deitina- tion of the Britith fleet and ar- my, p 228 marches toward the Brandywine, p. 229 is beaten, p. 240 retreats to Philadelphia, p. 241 recroiTes the Sch.uylkill wiiha firm intent of fighting Sir William Howe, p. 242 provi- dentially prevented by an incef- fant heavy rain, ibid.- pailes the Schuylkill afrefh, p< 243 furprifes the main body oi tie royal army at German-town, p. 246 is obliged to retreat, p. 247 his force, p. 287 at White Marih, p. 291 huts at Valley-forge, p. 292 his remo- val from the command of the ar- my attempted, p. 319 he la- bors to obtain half pay for the officers, p. 324 marches the troops from Valley-forge, p. 368 engages the Britilh near Mon- mouth, p. 375 his thoughts upon the change of public affairs, p. 391 his fcheme for procu- ring good intelligence, p. 430 for iecuring himfelf from an attack, vol. iii. p. 17 mentions the difficulties attending his ar- my, p. 126 proceeds to meet count de Rochambeau and adm. Ternay at Hartford, p. 127 a- grees with the count upon a plan for the next campaign, p. 128 during his abfence Arnold's fcherne for delivering up Welt Point is difcovered, ibid. Waili- ington appoints a board of gene- ra! N examine and report upon major Andre's cafe, p. 132 his thoughts upon the whole bufmeTs p. 134. He detecls a moil grofs impoiition in the fur- nifhing of cattle tor the army, p. 137 -communicates his thoughts to iieut. col. Lauren's and Dr. Franklin, upon the ne- ceifity of aid from France, par- ticularly in money and a naval fuperiority, p. l$4~