University of California 
 College of Agriculture 
 Agricultural Experiment Station 
 Berkeley, California 
 
 SEASONAL LABOR NEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA CROPS 
 SAN BENITO COUNTY 
 Progress Report No. 35 
 by 
 
 R. L. Adams 
 Preliminary Subject to Correction 
 October, 1936 
 
 Contribution from the 
 Giannine Foundation of Agricultural Economics 
 Mimeographed Report No. 53 
 
(Farm Labor Survey — January -June , 1936) 
 
 Progress Report No. 35 
 
 Seasonal Labor Needs of California Crops 
 San Benito County 
 
 Scope of Presentation . — The following considerations govern the present- 
 ation of this progress report: 
 
 1. The data are confined to the area indicated above. 
 
 2. The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored. 
 
 3. The findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements 
 as distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by worker? employed 
 cn a year-round or regular basis of employment. 
 
 4. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or 
 roving workers which comprise an important source of help needed in connection 
 with certain tasks and at "peak" times which seasonally arise in connection 
 with many field, truck, and fruit crops commercially produced in California, 
 
 5. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural 
 workers because of the more pressing problems liable to arise in connection 
 therewith. A later study is planned which will deal with other kinds of labor 
 involved in the production of California's many crops. 
 
 Brief Description of the Area Under Review . — San Benito County is one 
 of the central counties of California, lying about twtnty-five miles inland from 
 the Pacific Ocean. Its northern boundary is about 75 miles southeast of Ran 
 Francisco. It is roughly 25 miles in width, and extends in a southeasterly 
 direction for about 65 miles in length, along the valley of the San Benito River. 
 The Gabilan range on the west divides it from Monterey County, and the Diablo 
 range on the east forms the boundary between it and Merced and Fresno counties. 
 On the north it is joined by Santa Clara County, the boundary line following 
 the Pajaro River for a part of the way, and then extending eastward into the 
 mountains. On the south it joins Monterey County on the western portion along the 
 Lewis Creek and San Lorenzo River; and Fresno County on the eastern portion. 
 
 The most intensively cultivated part of the county lies in the northern 
 part, from Tres Pinos to the Santa Clara County line. Near San Juan, a large 
 acreage is devoted to garlic, sugar beets, lettuce, v-.rious seed crops, and some 
 pear and prune orchards, Around Hollister a large acreage is planted in apricot 
 and prune orchards, which extend southward along the San Benito River to beyond 
 Tres Pinos. A considerable acreage of walnuts is also grown near Tres Pinos. 
 Many orchards are also found in the Santa Ana Valley, which lies 8 or 1C miles 
 southeast of Hollister. 
 
 Hay and grain are grown generally over the county, often on hilly land. 
 
The county contains a total of 890,880 acres, of which 125,898 acres are 
 classed as crop land by the 1935 Census. This crop land is further classified 
 as follows by the Census: 
 
 Acreage 
 
 Crop land harvested in 1934 46,319 
 Crop failure* 17,746 
 Crop land idle or fallow 6,430 
 Plowable pasture 55,403 
 
 Total crop land 125,898 
 
 * The 1934 season was very dry, resulting in a much 
 higher acreage of crop failure than normal. 
 
 Crop acreages in 1935 are estimated to have been as follows:* 
 
 Acreage 
 
 Field crops 33,129 
 Vegetable crops 5,000 
 Orchard and vineyard 16, 553 
 
 Total 54,682 
 
 * Data from Ward B. Saunders, Agricultural Commissioner, 
 Hollister. 
 
 The orchard and truck farming area around Hollister and San Juan lies 
 mostly between 150 feet and 350 feet in elevation. Farming for hay and grain 
 i3 carried on at considerably higher elevations in various parts of the county, 
 on rolling hills and smaller valleys. The Santa Ana Valley lies mostly between 
 600 and 750 feet above sea level. 
 
 W A variety of soils is represented, the major part of the more intensively 
 
 cultivated area in the San Benito Valley in the San Juan and Hollister districts 
 being of the Yolo series, varying in texture from silt loam to silty clay loam, 
 which are about equally represented. Smaller arer.s of fine sandy loam are found 
 at various places near the river channel. These soils are quite uniform in 
 texture to a depth of six feet or more. A short distance cast of Hollister, 
 there is a considerable acreage of Rincon loam, on which apricots have been 
 planted quite extensively. This soil is underlaid at depths of from 1 to 3 
 feet by a compact subsoil. Various other soils occur, probably the most impor- 
 tant of which are the loams, clay loams, and clay adobos of two or three dif- 
 ferent series, occupying much of the lower rolling land which is used for hay 
 and grain in various parts of the county. 
 
 Crops, Acreage, and Production . — The basis used in calculating occasional 
 or seasonal need for labor in addition to that furnished by farm operators and 
 regularly employed workers appee.rs as table 1. 
 
 TABLE 1 
 
 Basis for Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements -- San Benito County 
 
 Crop 
 
 Acreage 
 
 Production 
 
 Field crops:* 
 
 
 
 Alfalfa 
 
 2,009 
 
 7,224 tons 
 
 Hay, other than alfalfa 
 
 6,650 
 
 10,000 tons 
 
 Barley 
 
 12,610 
 
 227,000 sacks 
 
 Wheat 
 
 7,517 
 
 95,000 sacks 
 
 Table continued on next page, 
 
* 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
Table 1 continued. 
 
 3, 
 
 Crop 
 
 Acreage 
 
 Production 
 
 Field crops :( continued) 
 
 
 
 Oats 
 
 875 
 
 17,500 sacks 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 1,407 
 
 14,256 tons 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 200 
 
 20,000 sacks 
 
 ("In fl i (» 
 
 1,200 
 
 85,000 sacks 
 
 Vegetable crops: 
 
 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 1,200 
 
 120,000 crates 
 
 Peas — fell crop 
 
 500 
 
 25,000 hampers 
 
 Tomatoes 
 
 3,300 
 
 16,500 tons 
 
 Fruit crops: 
 
 
 1,460 tons 
 
 Apples 
 
 196 
 
 Apricots 
 
 5,204 
 
 12,000 tons 
 
 Wine erpDes 
 
 1,744 
 
 3,488 tons 
 
 Peaches 
 
 308 
 
 1,848 tons 
 
 Pears — about 40 per cent 
 
 1,278 
 
 2,420 tons 
 
 Bartlett 
 
 
 
 Prunes 
 
 7,030 
 
 13,500 tons 
 
 Walnuts 
 
 736 
 
 450 tons 
 
 Seed crops: 
 
 
 
 Radish 
 
 150 
 
 
 Onion bulbs 
 
 15 
 
 
 Endive 
 
 25 
 
 
 Broccoli 
 
 25 
 
 
 Cauliflower 
 
 15 
 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 300 
 
 
 Sweet corn 
 
 25 
 
 
 Squash 
 
 40 
 
 
 Mustard 
 
 300 
 
 
 Parsley- 
 
 60 
 
 
 Celery 
 
 60 
 
 
 Asters 
 
 35 
 
 
 Zinnias 
 
 15 
 
 
 Snapdragons 
 
 15 
 
 
 Petunias 
 
 15 
 
 
 Verbena 
 
 6 
 
 
 Coreopsis 
 
 2 
 
 
 War i go Id 
 
 15 
 
 
 Salpiglossis 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 * Data on field crops from Ward B. Saunders, Agricultural Commissioner, 
 San Benito County. 
 
 Operations Requiring Seasonal Labor and Time of Need.-- Farm oper- 
 ations requiring the use of seasonal or occasional labor for the various crops 
 raised in San Benito County are indicated in table 2. This tabulation does not 
 include the employing of shed workers needed to wash, pack, and prepare various 
 commodities for shipping and marketing. 
 
I 
 
 61; 
 
 $1 
 
4. 
 
 TABLE 2 
 
 Operations Requiring Use of Seasonal Labor and Times of Needs by Crops 
 
 San Benito County 
 
 ft 
 
 # 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 rieia crops: 
 
 
 
 Garlic 
 
 Planting 
 
 December-January — 50 per cent 
 
 
 
 of acreage each month 
 
 
 Hoeing — first 
 
 February-March — 50 per cent 
 
 
 
 of acreage each month 
 
 
 second 
 
 April -- total acreage 
 
 
 Pulling and 
 
 July-August -- 50 per cent of acre- 
 
 
 piling 
 
 eage each month 
 
 
 Topping and 
 
 
 
 sacking 
 
 July-August — 50 per cent of crop 
 
 
 
 each month 
 
 urain 
 
 Harvesting 60 
 
 June 15-30 -- 10 per cent of acre- 
 
 carxey 
 
 per cent by 
 
 age 
 
 wneax 
 
 seasonal workers 
 
 July 1-31 — 40 per cent of acreage 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 August 1-31 — 40 per cent of acre- 
 
 
 
 age 
 
 September 1-30 — 10 per cent of 
 
 
 
 acreage 
 
 Hay, other than 
 
 Mowing 
 
 April 25-30 -- 10 per cent of acre- 
 
 alfalfa 
 
 
 age 
 
 
 
 May 1-30 — 90 per cent of acreage 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 April 25-30 -- 10 per cent of acre- 
 
 
 
 age 
 
 
 
 May 1-30 -- 90 per cent of acreage 
 
 
 Shocking 
 
 May — 100 per cent of acreage 
 
 
 Trimming shocks 
 
 May 100 per cent of acreage 
 
 
 Baling 
 
 June — 50 per cent of tonnage 
 
 
 
 July -- 50 per cent of tonnage 
 
 Fotatoes -- Use of seasonal labor inconsequential -- hence ignored. 
 
 Seed crops: 
 
 
 
 Radish 
 
 Thinning 
 
 January 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 February 
 
 
 Cutting and piling 
 
 
 
 by hand 
 
 August 
 
 
 Threshing 
 
 August 
 
 Onion bulbs 
 
 Knife weeding 
 
 February 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 May and July -- whole acreage 
 
 
 
 each month 
 
 
 Pulling and piling 
 
 September 
 
 
 by hand 
 
 
 
 Topping 
 
 September 
 
 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
M 
 
 ; 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 5, 
 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 
 Seed crops: 
 ( continued) 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 Endive 
 
 Broccoli and 
 cauliflower 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 Cutting and 
 piling by hand 
 
 Threshing 
 
 January -February -- half acreage 
 
 each month 
 March and May -- total acreage eaoh 
 
 n., „ „u ~ - month 
 December 
 
 January, March and May -- total 
 
 acreage each month 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 
 Lettuce 
 Sweet corn 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 Hand cutting 
 
 Hoeing 
 Shucking 
 
 January-February — half acreage 
 eaoh month 
 
 March-April — total acreage each 
 July month 
 May and July total aero age 
 each month 
 
 October 
 
 
 Squash 
 
 Planting 
 Hoeing 
 
 Pulling 
 
 April 
 
 May and July -- total acreage 
 each month 
 
 October 
 
 w 
 
 Mustard 
 
 Thinning 
 Hoeing 
 Cutting and 
 piling by hand 
 
 Threshing 
 
 January 
 February 
 
 July 
 
 July 
 
 
 Parsley and 
 oelery 
 
 Transplanting 
 Hoeing 
 
 Cutting and 
 
 piling by hand 
 
 November 
 
 January, March and May — total 
 acreage each month 
 
 September 
 
 * 
 
 Asters 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 Cutting and 
 
 piling by hand 
 
 January-February -- half acreage 
 
 each month 
 March, April and June -- total 
 acreage each month 
 
 October 
 
 
 Zinnias 
 
 Thinning 
 Hoeing ■ 
 
 Hand picking 
 heads and 
 piling 
 
 January 
 
 March, April and June -- total 
 acreage each month 
 
 October 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 6 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Seed crops: 
 
 
 
 (continued) 
 
 
 
 Snapdragons 
 
 Knife weeding 
 
 December 
 
 
 Thinning 
 
 January 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 March, May and June — total 
 
 
 
 acreage each month 
 
 
 Hand picking — 
 
 
 
 three pickings 
 
 July-August — half acreage each 
 
 
 
 month 
 
 Petunias 
 
 Knife weeding 
 
 December 
 
 
 Thinning 
 
 January 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 March, May and June — total 
 
 
 
 acreage each month 
 
 
 Cutting and 
 
 
 piling by hand 
 
 Sept ember 
 
 Verbena * 
 
 Thinning 
 
 February 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 March and May -- total acreage 
 
 
 
 each month 
 
 
 Cutting and 
 
 
 
 piling by hand 
 
 July 
 
 Marigolds 
 
 Thinning 
 
 April 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 May-June — total acreage each 
 
 
 
 month 
 
 
 Cutting -and piling 
 
 
 
 by hand 
 
 July 15-31 
 
 Salpiglossis 
 
 Thinning 
 
 February 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 April, May and June — total 
 
 
 
 acreage each month 
 
 
 Cutting and 
 
 
 
 piling by hand 
 
 July 15-31 ' 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 Thinning 
 
 February — 15 per cent of acre- 
 
 
 
 age 
 
 
 
 March -- 35 per cent of acreage 
 
 
 
 April -- 35 per cent of acreage 
 
 
 
 May -- 15 per cent of acreage 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 March -- 15 per cent of acreage 
 
 
 
 April — 35 per cent of acreage 
 
 
 
 May — 35 per cent of acreage 
 
 
 
 June -- 15 per cent of acreage 
 
 
 Irrigating -- 
 
 April, May and June — two-thirds 
 
 
 80 per cent 
 
 of acreage each month 
 
 
 by seasonal 
 
 
 
 workers 
 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 7. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Seed crops: 
 (continued) 
 
 
 
 Sugar beets 
 (continued) 
 
 Topping and loading 
 
 July • — 5 per cent of tonnage 
 August — 30 per cent of ton- 
 age 
 
 September -- 30 per cent of 
 tonnage 
 
 October — 35 per cent of ton- 
 age 
 
 Vegetable crops: 
 
 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 Thinning 
 
 February -- 33 per cent of 
 acreage 
 
 March — 5 per cent of acre- 
 age 
 
 April — 8 per cent of acre- 
 age 
 
 May — 5 per cent of acreage 
 June — 3 per cent of acre- 
 age 
 
 July — 5 per cent of acreage 
 August -- 10 per cent of acre- 
 age 
 
 September — 31 per cent of 
 acreage 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 March -- 33 per cent of acre- 
 age 
 
 April — 5 per cent of acreage 
 May — 8 per cent of acreage 
 June — 5 per cent of acreage 
 July — 3 per cent of acreage 
 August < — 5 per cent of acre- 
 age 
 
 September — 10 per cent of 
 acreage 
 
 October -- 31 per c^nt of acre- 
 age 
 
 
 Irrigating twice — 
 €6 per cent by 
 seasonal workers 
 
 April — 13 per cent of acre- 
 age 
 
 May -- 13 per cent of acreage 
 June 8 per cent of acreage 
 July 8 per cent of acr;;?.ge 
 August -— 15 per cent of acre- 
 age 
 
 September — 41 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 October — 31 per cent of 
 acreage 
 
 — i 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 8. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 l . — ! ' ■ 1 — — 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Vegetable crops: 
 
 
 
 (continued) 
 
 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 Cutting — 
 
 April — 1 per cent of crop 
 
 (continued; 
 
 harvesting 
 
 May -- 40 ptr cent of crop 
 
 
 
 June — 1 per cent of crop 
 
 
 
 July -- 1 p'^r cent of crop 
 
 
 
 August — 2 per cent of crop 
 
 
 
 September — 4 per cent of 
 
 
 
 crop 
 
 
 
 October -- 20 per cent of 
 
 
 
 crop 
 
 
 
 November — 30 per cent of 
 
 
 
 crop 
 
 
 
 December -- 1 per cent of crop 
 
 Peas 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 August -- 400 acres 
 
 
 Picking 
 
 ocpXculDer — — <c\J — ^u, CjO jjci 
 
 
 
 cent of acreage 
 
 
 
 October -- 1-20, 75 pur cent 
 
 
 
 of acreage 
 
 Tomatoes 
 
 Transplanting in beds 
 
 March 
 
 
 Setting plants in 
 
 April 15 to May 15 — 50 per 
 
 
 field 
 
 
 
 cent of acreage each month 
 
 
 Replanting 
 
 May 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 June 
 
 
 Picking 
 
 September — 33 per cent of 
 
 
 
 crop 
 
 
 
 October -- 67 per cent of crop 
 
 Fruit crops: 
 
 
 
 Apples 
 
 Pruning 
 
 November, December, January 
 
 
 and February -- 25 per cent 
 
 
 
 of acreage each month 
 
 
 i Iillll.l **o 
 
 May 
 
 
 Picking 
 
 September 15-30 -- 25 per cent 
 
 
 
 of crop 
 
 
 
 October 1-31 -- 75 per cent of 
 
 
 
 crop 
 
 Apricots 
 
 Pruning 
 
 October 15 per cent of acre- 
 
 
 
 age 
 
 
 
 November — 30 per cont of 
 
 
 
 acreage 
 
 
 
 December — 30 per cent of 
 
 
 
 acreage 
 
 
 
 January — 20 per cent of acre- 
 
 
 
 age 
 
 
 
 February — 5 per cent of 
 
 
 
 acreage 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
I 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 9. 
 
 * 
 
 • 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Fruit crops: 
 (continued) 
 
 
 
 Apricots 
 ( continued 
 
 Thinning 
 Picking 
 
 Cutting for 
 
 drying 
 Other labor in 
 
 dry yards 
 
 April 10-30 -- total acreage 
 July 5-31 — 90 per cent of crop 
 August 1-15 — 10 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 July 5-31 -- 72 per cent of crop 
 August 1-15 -- 8 per cent of crop 
 
 Same as cutting, and for 1Q days 
 later. 
 
 Grapes -- wine 
 varieties 
 
 Fruning 
 
 Hoeing and 
 suckering — 
 
 c jO rn-T* fiprit 
 
 by seasonal 
 workers 
 Picking — 50 per 
 cent by seasonal 
 workers 
 
 December, January and February -- 
 
 33 1/3 p^r cent of acreage each 
 
 , irioritli 
 April-May ** 50 per cent or 
 
 acreage each month 
 
 October-November — 50 per cent of 
 crop each month 
 
 Peaches 
 
 Pruning 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Picking 
 
 Sorting 
 
 November, December, and January — 
 
 S3 \fZ »sf cent of acreage each 
 May month 
 
 August 
 August 
 
 Pears 
 
 Pruning 
 Picking 
 
 November, December, January and 
 February — 25 per cent of 
 
 acreage each month 
 July 20-31 -- 10 per cent of crop 
 August 1-31 — 30 per cent of crop 
 September 1-30 -- 30 per cent of 
 
 crop 
 
 October 1-31 -- 30 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 
 Cutting for 
 
 drying 
 Other labor in 
 
 dry yards 
 
 August-September -- half of ton- 
 nage dried each month 
 
 August-September -- half of ton- 
 nage dried each month 
 
 Prunes 
 
 Pruning -- half 
 acreage each year 
 
 — 75 per cent by 
 seasonal workers 
 
 November, December, January and 
 February -- 12£ per cent of 
 
 acreage each month 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 10. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of nsed 
 
 Fruit crops: 
 (continued) 
 
 
 
 Prunes 
 
 ( continued ) 
 
 Picking up 
 
 Dipping and dry- 
 ing — 75 per 
 cent by season- 
 al workers 
 
 August 20-31 -- 25 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 September 1-30 — 75 per cent of 
 
 crop 
 
 August 20-31 — 25 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 September 1-30 — 75 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 Walnuts 
 
 Knocking and 
 picking up 
 
 September — 10 per cent of crop 
 October -- 75 per cent of crop 
 November — 15 per cent of crop 
 
 * Figures are averages for two years (biennial crop) 
 
 Findings of Seasonal Labor Needs. — Details and summaries of seasonal 
 labor requirements of San Benito County agriculture are presented as table 3. 
 The "size of job" are figures drawn from table 1 in terms of either acreage or 
 output in tons, crates, boxes, or whatever unit is commonly used. The "out- 
 put per man-day" is an average figure for the c-ntire acreage or output figured 
 in packed crates, hampers, or boxes (in casi of fruits and vegetables). If 
 the work is of a nature that requires a crew different members of which perform 
 different tasks (such as cutting, 'trimrring, loading, and hauling cauliflower; 
 trimming and crating celery, etc.), then the average shown is per man based on 
 the entire crew. Length of day is 9 hours, November to February; 10 hours, 
 March to October, unless otherwise stated. Wide variations in output occur 
 between farm and form, field and field, and season and season, because of 
 differences in soil types, climatic conditions, weeds, yields, and other factors 
 influencing the amount of work that a laborer can perform in a given day. 
 Moreover, the basis of output is a mature, experienced male worker, without 
 reference to use of women, children, and more or less inexperienced help that 
 is sometimes used in connection with certain of the tasks requiring use of 
 seasonal workers. The column headed "available days" reflects (a) limitations 
 set from the period within which the work must be performed because of the 
 nature of the task, such as transplanting, thinning, weeding, and cutting, and 
 (b) available days as determined by weatht-r conditions, inclement weather 
 reducing the number of days when a required task can be performed. The "required 
 number of individuals" is given in terms of workers as noted above in connection 
 with "output per man-day." 
 
 It is probable that the estimated number of workers required, as recorded 
 in table 3, will often be too low, for the reason that "peaks" frequently occur, 
 during which an unusually large proportion of the job is done in a very short 
 period. This would naturally require a much greater number of workers than when 
 the work is spread over a longer period, even though the total amount of labor 
 (in man-days) remains the same. 
 
: i 
 
 3 
 
TABLE 3 
 
 Seasonal Labor Needs -- San Benito County — by Months and Tasks 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 Re quired 
 man-days 
 
 Available 
 days 
 
 Required number 
 of workers* 
 
 January Radishes: Thinning 
 Endive: Thinning 
 Broccoli and cauli- 
 flower: Hoeing 
 Lettuce: Thinning 
 Mustard: Thinning 
 Parsley and celery: 
 
 Hoeing 
 Asters: Thinning 
 Zinnia: Thinning 
 Snapdragon: Thinning 
 Petunias: Thinning 
 Garlic: Planting 
 Apples: Pruning 
 Apricots: Pruning 
 Grapes: Pruning 
 Peaches: Pruning 
 Pears: Pruning 
 Prunes: Pruning 
 Totals 
 
 February Radishes: Hoeing 
 
 Onion bulbs: Knife 
 
 weeding 
 Endive: Thinning 
 Lettucei Thinning 
 Mustard: Hoeing 
 
 150 acres 
 12 acres 
 
 40 acres 
 150 acres 
 300 acres 
 
 120 acres 
 17 acres 
 15 acres 
 15 acres 
 15 acres 
 600 acres 
 50 acres 
 1,040 acres 
 580 acres 
 103 acres 
 320 acres 
 656 acres "t 
 
 150 acres 
 
 15 acres 
 13 acres 
 150 acres 
 300 acres 
 
 1.5 acres 
 1.25 acres 
 
 1.75 acres 
 1.5 acres 
 1.25 acres 
 
 0.75 acre 
 0.5 acre 
 0.5 acre 
 0.17 acre 
 0.17 acre 
 0.17 acre 
 0.2 acre 
 0.17 acre 
 1.5 acres 
 0.25 acre 
 0.17 acre 
 0.33 acre 
 
 1.75 acres 
 
 C.17 acre 
 1.25 acres 
 1.5 acres 
 2.5 acres 
 
 100 
 10 
 
 100 
 240 )> 
 
 160 
 34 
 30 
 90 
 90 * 
 3,600 
 250 
 6,240 
 387 
 412 
 1,920 
 1,970 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 18 
 
 15,656 
 
 18 
 
 86 
 
 90 
 11 
 100 
 120 
 
 21 
 
 49 
 
 200 
 14 
 
 347 
 22 
 24 
 
 107 
 
 110 
 
 870 man-months 
 
 23 
 
 Table continued on next page, m 
 
Table continued. 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 Required 
 man- days 
 
 Available 
 days 
 
 Required number 
 of workers* 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 February 
 (cont. ) 
 
 Asters: Thinning 
 Verbena: Thinning 
 Salpiglossis: Thinning 
 
 Garlic: Hoeing (first time) 
 
 Susar beets: Thinning 
 
 Lettuce: Thinning 
 
 Apples: Pruning 
 
 Apricots: Pruning 
 
 Grapes: Pruning 
 
 Pears: Pruning 
 
 Prunes: Pruning 
 
 18 acres 
 6 acres 
 10 -.crcs 
 600 acres 
 £11 acres 
 400 acres 
 50 acres 
 260 acres 
 580 acres 
 320 acres 
 656 acres* 
 
 0.5 acre 
 0.5 acre 
 0.5 acre 
 1.0 acre 
 0.4 acre 
 0.5 acre 
 0.2 acre 
 0.17 acre 
 1.5 acres 
 0.17 acre 
 0.33 acre 
 
 36 ' 
 12 
 
 20 i 
 
 60o" 
 
 527 
 
 800 
 
 250 
 1,560 
 
 387 
 1,920 
 1,970 
 
 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 
 29 
 25 
 38 
 12 
 75 
 19 
 92 
 94 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 8.489 
 
 21 
 
 404 man-months 
 
 March 
 
 Endive: Hoeing 
 
 Broccoli and cauliflower: 
 
 Hoeing 
 Lettuce: Hoeing 
 Parsley and celery: 
 
 Hoeing 
 Asters: Hosing 
 Zinnias: Hoeing 
 Snapdragons: Hoeing 
 Petunias: Hoeing 
 Verbena.: Hoeing 
 Garlic: Hoeing (first time) 
 Sugar beets: Thinning 
 
 Hoeing 
 Lettuce: Thinning 
 
 Hoeing 
 Tomatoes: Transplanting 
 in beds 
 
 25 acres 
 
 40 acres 
 300 acres 
 
 120 acres 
 35 acres 
 15 acres 
 15 acres 
 15 acres 
 6 acres 
 600 acres 
 492 acres 
 211 acres 
 60 acres 
 400 acres 
 
 5,000,000 plants 
 
 1.25 acres 
 
 1.75 acres 
 2.0 acres 
 
 0.75 acre 
 0.5 acre 
 0.5 acre 
 0..5 acre 
 0.25 acre 
 0.5 acre 
 1.0 acre 
 0.4 acre 
 1.0 acre 
 0.5 acre 
 1.0 acre 
 
 5.000 plants 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 150 
 
 160 
 
 70 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 12 J 
 600 
 1,230 
 211 
 120 
 400 
 
 1.000 
 
 > 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 54 
 9 
 6 
 18 
 
 42 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 4.116 
 
 23 
 
 179 man-months 
 
 April 
 
 Lettuce: Hoeing 
 Squash: Planting 
 
 300 acres 
 40 acres 
 
 2.0 acres 
 0.75 acre 
 
 150 
 54 V 
 
 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
■ 
 
Table continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 n vaiicLDi e 
 
 Required number 
 
 Month 
 
 urop ana lcisk 
 
 > U i- *_ v' 1 I, db K 
 
 (lilt r\ 1 1 + »-v J~\ yy\ O W t~\ T T 
 
 uuipui per man-Qciy 
 
 man- days 
 
 days 
 
 of workers* 
 
 April 
 
 Asxers • no e xng 
 
 "2. *^ q r* v o c 
 JJ ttti Co 
 
 u»d acre 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 ( cont . ) 
 
 oxnnxas- noeing 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 Marx gox qs ■ i n inn xng 
 
 
 vj » o acre 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 oaXpl glOSb XS . nOcl ng 
 
 
 u » o acre 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 uariic. noeing \secona Lime; 
 
 x , cajkj acre s 
 
 x i o acre s 
 
 800 
 
 
 
 oo 
 
 
 nay » Mowxng 
 
 OJJ dtl c o | 
 
 iu«u acres 
 
 34 
 
 
 0 
 
 / \ * rom coin 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to ovin; 
 
 
 
 
 cu • u acres 
 
 17 
 
 
 D 
 
 ft v i rom «i Di.n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X.O OUtfl ) 
 
 
 Sugar bectsi ininning 
 
 4y*i acres 
 
 0.4 acre 
 
 1,230 
 
 
 
 04 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 aul o b 
 
 x • u acre 
 
 492 
 
 
 do 
 
 O O 
 EG 
 
 
 x rr x gax-x ng 
 
 / DKJ dCitj S * 
 
 o»u acres 
 
 250 
 
 
 CO 
 
 11 
 
 
 LexiuCc ■ inxnnxng 
 
 yo acres 
 
 u.o acre 
 
 192 
 
 
 do 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 U VJ uL I Cb 
 
 J. • U tttl U 
 
 60 
 
 
 dO 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 x ,cuu crates 
 
 30 packed crates 
 
 40 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 vfor 4 days; 
 
 
 Irrigating 
 
 104 acres | 
 
 3.0 acres 
 
 34 
 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 
 lomaxoes. oexxing pianxs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in field 
 
 1,650 acres 
 
 1 .0 acre 
 
 1,650 
 
 
 12 
 
 (from 15th 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to outh; 
 
 
 npi ltu Lb. i nx fining 
 
 
 
 
 
 lb 
 
 o \ from 10th 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to outh; 
 
 
 
 A"^fi a c \ 
 
 x »u acre 
 
 436 
 
 
 
 iy 
 
 
 1 U \j CLX b 
 
 
 
 5.589 
 
 dO 
 
 243 man-months 
 
 May 
 
 umun uuiub . nut; xng 
 
 xo acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O f\ i~i s% 1*1 f\ ^ 
 fcU dLTcS 
 
 i >cj acres 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 Drotcoii ana cauxxi xower. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 noc xng 
 
 4u acres 
 
 l . / o acre s 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 oweco uui ii> nut- j. rig 
 
 c,o acres 
 
 l.uu acre 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 Squash: Hoeing 
 
 40 acres 
 
 2.00 acres 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 Parsley and celery: Hoeing 
 
 120 acres 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 160 
 
 
 25 
 
 16 
 
 
 Snapdragons: Hoeing 
 
 15 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 retunias: Hoeing 
 
 15 acres 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 Verbena: Hoeing 
 
 6 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 Marigolds: Hoeing 
 
 15 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 

 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 - • 
 
 
 • 
 
Table continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number 
 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man -days 
 
 days 
 
 of workers* 
 
 May 
 
 Salpiglossis: Hoeing 
 
 10 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 20J 
 
 
 
 ( cont • ) 
 
 Hay: Mowing 
 
 2,993 acres t 
 
 10.0 acres 
 
 300 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 2,993 acres "t 
 
 20.0 acres 
 
 150 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 
 Shocking 
 
 3,325 :.xcres + 
 
 30.0 acres 
 
 111 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 
 Trimming 
 
 3,325 acres t 
 
 10.0 acres 
 
 333 
 
 25 
 
 14 
 
 
 Sugar beets: Thinning 
 
 211 acres 
 
 0.4 acre 
 
 528 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 492 acres 
 
 1.0 &cre 
 
 492 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 
 Irrigating 
 
 750 acres + 
 
 3.0 acres 
 
 250 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 
 Lettuce: Thinning 
 
 60 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 120 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 96 acres 
 
 1 .0 acre 
 
 96 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 
 Cutting 
 
 48,000 crates 
 
 30.0 packed crates 
 
 1,600 
 
 25 
 
 64 
 
 
 Irrigating 
 
 104 acres f 
 
 3.0 acres 
 
 34 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 
 Tomatoes: Setting plants 
 
 
 
 
 
 127 (from 1st 
 
 
 in field 
 
 1 , 650 acres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 1 ,650 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 15th) 
 
 
 Replanting 
 
 3,300 acres 
 
 
 825 
 
 25 
 
 33 
 
 
 Apples: Thinning 
 
 196 acres 
 
 10 trees = 0.17 acre 
 
 1,176 
 
 25 
 
 47 
 
 
 Grapes: Hoeing and sucker- 
 
 436 acres f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 436 
 
 25 
 
 18 
 
 
 Peaches: Thinning 
 
 308 acres 
 
 0.4 acre 
 
 770 
 
 25 
 
 31 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 9.301 
 
 25 
 
 372 man-months 
 
 June 
 
 Asters: Hoeing 
 
 35 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 > 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 Zinnias: Hoeing 
 
 15 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 Snapdragons: Hoeing 
 
 15 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 30 
 
 > 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 
 Petunias: Hoeing 
 
 15 acres 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 Marigolds: Hoeing 
 
 15 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 Salpiglossis: Hoeing 
 
 10 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 20^ 
 
 
 
 28 (from 15tr 
 
 
 Grain: Harvesting 
 
 1,284 acres f 
 
 4.0 acres 
 
 321 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 30th) 
 
 
 Hay: Baling 
 
 5,000 tons 
 
 5 tons (per 13-hour day 
 
 ) 1,000 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 
 Sugar beets: Hoeing 
 
 211 acres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 211 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 
 Irrigating 
 
 750 acres t 
 
 3.0 acres 
 
 250 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 
 Lettuce: Thinning 
 
 36 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 72 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 60 .^cres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 60 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 Table 
 
 continued on next p~ge.- • i- 
 
.Table continued. 
 
 1 O- Uil> 
 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Avai lable 
 
 Required number 
 
 Months 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man -day 
 
 man-days 
 
 days 
 
 of workers* 
 
 
 Lettuce : 
 
 
 
 
 
 iu v^or *i oays / 
 
 June 
 
 cutting 
 
 
 T t~\ nn A \r v»o + 
 
 OU • U paCKcQ CraXSS 
 
 AO. 
 
 4 
 
 ^cont . ) 
 
 Irrigating 
 
 oo acres j 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 l 
 
 
 Tomatoes: Hoeing 
 
 "31 "3v f}r\ o » ci r> 
 
 O « OUU dOI cS 
 
 1.0 a c r 6 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 i oxais 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 O^-l ryicavi-.mr'iKi't'inc' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 July 
 
 • 
 
 Onion bulbs: Hoeing 
 
 15 acres 
 
 u . o a c re 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Lettuce: Hand Cutting 
 
 300 acres 
 
 0.5 acre (per 4 
 
 OUU ^ O I n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hours ) 
 
 Vim ivo i 
 
 iiuuj b y 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sweet corn: Hoeing 
 
 cO acres 
 
 i .u acre 
 
 (CO 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Squash: hoeing 
 
 4C acres 
 
 c, .u cicres 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 
 
 Musi.ct.ro.. outimg 
 
 ouu acres 
 
 u.o acre vper o- 
 
 DUUVOl o 
 
 
 > 26 
 
 D 3 
 
 
 
 
 riour oay, 
 
 houro) 
 
 
 
 
 
 i nresning 
 
 
 
 1 HV 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 onaparagons . nana picx- 
 
 o acres 
 
 u«i<c acre \per 
 
 50 ^ 01 fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing li times 
 
 
 nour nay, 
 
 hours ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Verbena: Cutting and 
 
 6 acres 
 
 0.25 acre (p^r 4- 
 
 c4v,OI 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 piling 
 
 
 hour day) 
 
 hours ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mangoio. uuxxing ano 
 
 xd acres 
 
 acre ^per 4— 
 
 ou^Oi 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 picking 
 
 
 nour day, 
 
 hours ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 oaxpigxossis • ouu Ling 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cl n u pin 
 
 j u acres 
 
 u«£3 acre vper 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nour aay . 
 
 nours ) 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 jji 1 1 o . » uxii rig, ana [.'iiiiig 
 
 d ^* >* Ci o 
 
 x • v acre 
 
 Ann 
 ouu 
 
 26 
 
 CO 
 
 
 lopping ana sacKing 
 
 ft<c,ouu sacKS 
 
 xu«u sacKs 
 
 4 , icDU 
 
 26 
 
 lo4 
 
 
 urain. narve s ting 
 
 o , loo acres i 
 
 4.0 acres 
 
 1 , C04 
 
 26 
 
 eft 
 
 OU 
 
 
 nay. uaiing 
 
 d , uuu tons 
 
 o.u xons vper 10- 
 
 1 , UUU 
 
 26 
 
 oy 
 
 
 
 
 hour day) 
 
 
 
 
 
 ougar ueexs. lopping ano 
 
 Til j. 
 
 /lo tons 
 
 o»u tons 
 
 no 
 
 ny 
 
 6 
 
 20 Ifrom 24th 
 
 
 i. ucxqj. ng 
 
 
 
 
 
 xo oisxy 
 
 
 Lettuce: Thinning 
 
 60 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 120 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 36 acres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 36 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 
 Cutting 
 
 1,200 crates 
 
 30.0 packed crates 
 
 40 
 
 4 
 
 10 (for 4 days) 
 
 
 Irrigating 
 
 66 acres T 
 
 3.0 acres 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 Apricots: Picking 
 
 10,800 tons 
 
 1,000 pounds 
 
 21,600 
 
 25 
 
 864" (from 5th 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 31st) 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
Table continued. 
 
 Month 
 
 July 
 (cont.) 
 
 August 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Apricots: 
 
 Cutting 
 
 Other labor in dry 
 yards (15 per cent 
 of cutting labor) 
 Pears: Picking 
 
 Totals 
 
 Radishes: Cutting and 
 piling 
 Threshing 
 
 Broccoli and cauliflower: 
 
 Cutting and piling 
 Snapdragons: Hand picking 
 (l| times) 
 Garlic: Pulling and piling 
 
 Topping and sacking 
 Grain: Harvesting 
 Sugar beets: Topping and 
 
 loading 
 Lettuce: Thinning 
 Hoeing 
 Cutting 
 Irrigating 
 Peas: Hoeing 
 Apricots: Picking 
 
 Cutting for drying 
 
 Other dry yard labor 
 
 Peaches: Picking 
 
 Sorting 
 
 Size of task 
 
 9,000 tons 
 
 242 tons 
 
 150 acres 
 
 40 acres 
 
 8 acres 
 
 600 acres 
 42,500 sacks 
 5,136 acres t 
 4,277 tons 
 
 120 acres 
 60 acres 
 2,400 crates 
 120 acres f 
 400 acres 
 1,200 tons 
 
 1,000 tons 
 
 1,848 tons 
 1.848 tons 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 600 pounds 
 
 1.0 ton 
 
 0.75 acre (per 6- 
 
 hour day) 
 
 1,5 acres (per 6- 
 
 hour day) 
 
 0.12 acre (per 4- 
 
 hour day) 
 
 1.0 acre 
 10.0 sacks 
 4.0 acres 
 6.0 tons 
 
 0.5 acre 
 1.0 acre 
 
 30.0 packed crates 
 3.0 acres 
 0.5 acre 
 1,000 pounds 
 
 600 pounds 
 
 1,800 pounds 
 4.5 tons 
 
 Required 
 man- days 
 
 Available 
 days 
 
 30 , 000 
 4,500 
 
 242 
 
 65.348 
 
 200 (of 6 
 hours 
 50 t 
 
 27(of 6 
 hours 
 
 96(of 4 
 hours 
 
 600 
 4,250 
 1,284 
 
 713 
 
 240 
 
 60 
 
 80 
 
 40 
 800 
 2,400 
 
 3,333 
 
 890 
 
 2,053 
 411 
 
 25 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 "S 
 
 J 
 
 26 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 
 26 
 6 
 8 
 26 
 26 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 26 
 
 Required number 
 of workers* 
 
 l,200(from 5th 
 to 31st) 
 
 180 
 
 25 (from 20th 
 to 31st) 
 
 2.514 man-months 
 
 5 (for 10 
 days) 
 
 23 
 164 
 50 
 28 
 
 10 
 
 10 (for t> days 
 10 (for 8 days 
 
 2 
 30 
 
 187 (from 1st 
 to 15th) 
 
 256 (from 1st 
 to 15th) 
 39 (from 1st 
 to 25th) 
 
 79 
 
 16 
 
 Table continued on next page, m 
 

 
 ,. . _ - ... .... — — v-. -. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 W» ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i .. - ; 
 
 • n : 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 rpitf-Y if 
 
 
 
 
 
 •-vvr. '^Tr * • 
 
 * 
 
 ; 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■V BCMVI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 * 
 
 f*8M i 
 
 
 
 
 il 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 I I 
 • 
 
 
 
 ?0C -""$kC.6 
 
 
 - * " * 1 
 
 O— 
 
 * 1? ■ • 
 
 i pa 
 
 k j 
 1 
 
 M 1 
 
 § 
 
 
 
 KM 
 
 W MM 
 
 I ■ens 
 
 8f& 
 
 0 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 L 
 
 I 
 
 (V* 
 
 si fif 
 
Table continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man- days 
 
 days 
 
 of v/orkers* 
 
 August 
 
 Pears: Picking 
 
 726 tons 
 
 1.0 ton 
 
 726 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 
 (cont . ) 
 
 Cutting for" drying 
 
 250 tons 
 
 0.5 ton 
 
 500 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 Other dry-^yard labor 
 
 250 tons 
 
 0.5 ton 
 
 500 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 Prunes: Picking up 
 
 3,375 tons 
 
 1,500 pounds 
 
 4, '500 
 
 26 
 
 173 
 
 
 
 Dipping and drying 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (fresh weight) 
 
 2,532 tons + 
 
 1,2 tons** 
 
 2.110 
 
 26 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 25.863 
 
 26 
 
 995 
 
 man-months 
 
 September 
 
 Onion bulbs: Pulling and 
 
 15 acres 
 
 0.3 acre 
 
 
 > 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 piling 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ToDDine 
 
 3 t 750 cwt. 
 
 20.0 cwt. 
 
 187 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Broccoli and cauliflower: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Threshing 
 
 — 
 
 
 15f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Parsley and celery: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cutting and piling 
 
 120 acres 
 
 0.3 acre (per 4- 
 
 360 (of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hour day) 
 
 4 hour«) 
 
 ^ 26 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 Petunias: Cutting and 
 
 15 acres 
 
 0.25 acre (per 4- 
 
 60(of 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 piling 
 
 
 hour day] 
 
 hours ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grain: Harvesting 
 
 1,284 acres + 
 
 4.0 acres 
 
 320 
 
 
 10 
 
 32 
 
 (from 1st 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 10th) 
 
 
 Sugar beets: Topping and 
 
 4,277 tons 
 
 6.0 tons 
 
 713 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 loading 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lettuce: Thinning 
 
 372 acres 
 
 0,5 acre 
 
 744 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 120 acres 
 
 1 .0 acre 
 
 120 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Cutting 
 
 4,800 crates 
 
 30.0 packed crates 
 
 160 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 (for 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 days) 
 
 
 Irrigating 
 
 328 acres t 
 
 3.0 acres 
 
 110 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Peas: Picking 
 
 6,250 hampers 
 
 8.0 hampers 
 
 780 
 
 10 
 
 78 
 
 (from 20th 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 30th) 
 
 
 Tomatoes: Picking 
 
 5,500 tons 
 
 2,500 pounds 
 
 4,400 
 
 26 
 
 169 
 
 
 
 Apples: Picking 
 
 365 tons 
 
 1.5 tons 
 
 244 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 (from 15tr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 30th) 
 
 
 Pears: Picking 
 
 726 tons 
 
 1.0 ton 
 
 726 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 Cutting for drying 
 
 250 tons 
 
 0.5 ton 
 
 500 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 Other dry-yard labor 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 
 Tabic continued on next page. 
 

 
 -sse 1 roue i 
 
 • 
 
 
 ""■ 'ga 1 — i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lirtwu?M.|ir ; 
 
 ■ 9S R "^T C X» : 9 © J. ■ ' 
 
 ■ - ■ •■ ; 
 
 to- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ j 
 
 ; ; 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 p, r 1 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ -i-r •;a..y.".-,-,- rfrd 
 
 ! ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
i. ClUX V/ w 11 Is .L. 
 
 
 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 man- days 
 
 days 
 
 of 
 
 workers* 
 
 September 
 
 Prunes: Picking up 
 
 10,125 tons 
 
 1,500 pounds 
 
 13,500 
 
 26 
 
 520 
 
 
 (cont. ) 
 
 Dipping and spreading 
 
 7,594 tons T 
 
 1.2 ton ** 
 
 6,330 
 
 26 
 
 244 
 
 
 
 on trays and drying 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Walnuts: Knocking and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (from 24th 
 
 
 picking up 
 
 45 tons 
 
 0.2 ton 
 
 225 
 
 6 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 30th) 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 30,039 
 
 26 
 
 1.155 
 
 man-months 
 
 October 
 
 Sweet corn: Shucking 
 
 25 acres 
 
 0.14 acre 
 
 175 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 
 Squash: Pulling 
 
 40 acres 
 
 4.0 acres 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 (for 5 
 
 
 Asters: Cutting and 
 
 35 acres 
 
 0.3 acre (per 4- 
 
 105(of 4 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 
 piling 
 
 
 hour day) 
 
 hours) 
 
 
 
 days) 
 
 
 Zinnias: Picking and 
 
 15 acres 
 
 0.16 acre 
 
 90 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 piling 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sugar beets: Topping and 
 
 4,990 tons 
 
 6.0 tons 
 
 832 
 
 25 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 loading 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lettuce: Hoeing 
 
 372 acres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 372 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 Cutting 
 
 24,000 crates 
 
 30.0 packed crates 
 
 800 
 
 25 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 Irrigating 
 
 248 acres t 
 
 3.0 acres 
 
 82 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 (from 1st 
 
 
 Peas: Picking 
 
 18,750 hampers 
 
 8.0 hampers 
 
 2,344 
 
 18 
 
 130 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 21st) 
 
 
 Tomatoes: Picking 
 
 11,000 tons 
 
 2,500 pounds 
 
 8,800 
 
 25 
 
 352 
 
 
 
 Apples: Picking 
 
 1,095 tons 
 
 1.5 tons 
 
 730 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 (from 15th 
 
 
 Apricots: Pruning 
 
 780 acres 
 
 0.17 acre 
 
 4,680 
 
 12 
 
 390 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 31st) 
 
 
 Grapes: Picking 
 
 872 tons--{- 
 
 1.0 ton 
 
 872 
 
 25 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 Pears: Picking 
 
 726 tons 
 
 1.0 ton 
 
 726 
 
 25 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 Walnuts: Knocking and 
 
 337 tons 
 
 0.2 ton 
 
 1 .665 
 
 25 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 picking up 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 22 , £83 
 
 25 
 
 891 
 
 man-months 
 
 November 
 
 Seed crops 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Parsley and celery: 
 
 120 acres 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 160 
 
 23 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Transplanting 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lettuce: Cutting 
 
 36,000 crates 
 
 30.0 packed crates 
 
 1,200 
 
 23 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 Apples: Pruning 
 
 50 acres 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 250 
 
 23 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 Apricots: Pruning 
 
 1,560 acres 
 
 0.17 acre 
 
 9,360 
 
 23 
 
 407 
 
 
 
 Grapes: Picking 
 
 872 tons + 
 
 1.0 ton 
 
 872 
 
 23 
 
 38 
 
 
 fable continued oh next pegc 
 
i 
 
 
 ■ • 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 L- j -, - . 
 
 ,. . 
 
 ... . 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 ia .- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '* **■'" *•'■•' * " 
 
 
 1 , 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 • 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - ,^ .. , » i J 
 
 .. * " r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -. /•*. i 
 
 ; f : •: f 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 ; 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 ? 
 
 - 
 
 
 ^ "• 
 
 '■ 
 
 i 
 j 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 • \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 • ■• i 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ••• . 
 
 1 
 
 • ■ . : 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■ . . • • • I i 
 
 I 
 
 ■ 
 
Table continued. 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per man-day 
 
 Required 
 man-days 
 
 Available 
 days 
 
 Required number 
 montlhl v Ram s» 
 
 November 
 (cont . ) 
 
 Peaches: Pruning 
 Pears: Pruning 
 Prunes: Pruning 
 Walnuts: Knocking and 
 picking up 
 
 103 acres 
 320 acres 
 656 acres f 
 68 tons 
 
 0.25 acre 
 0.17 acre 
 0.33 acre 
 0.2 ton 
 
 412 
 1,920 
 1,970 
 
 340 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 23 
 5 
 
 18 
 84 
 
 86 
 
 68 (from 1st 
 to 5th) 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 16.484 
 
 23 
 
 717nid.n-mo.nthe 
 
 December 
 
 Seed crops 
 
 Broccoli and cauliflower: 
 
 Thinning 
 Snapdragons: Knife weeding 
 Petunias: Knife weeding 
 
 Garlic: Planting 
 
 Lettuce: Cutting 
 
 Apples: Pruning 
 
 /ipjTJ-OUob. 11 UI1J. fig 
 
 40 acres 
 15 acres 
 15 acres 
 600 acres 
 1,200 crates 
 
 50 acres 
 x , oou acres 
 
 1 .25 acre 
 0.16 acre 
 0.16 acre 
 0.16 acre 
 
 30.0 packed crates 
 
 0 .2 acre 
 u . i / acre 
 
 32) 
 
 90V212 
 90J 
 3 , 600 
 40 
 
 250 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 180 
 10 (for 4 
 days) 
 
 13 
 
 ACQ 
 
 4oo 
 
 
 Grapes: Pruning 
 Peaches: Pruning 
 Pears: Pruning 
 Prunes: Pruning 
 
 580 acres 
 103 acres 
 320 acres 
 656 acres* 
 
 1.5 acres 
 0.25 acre 
 0.17 acre 
 0.33 acre 
 
 386 
 412 
 1,920 
 1,970 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 20 
 22 
 96 
 99 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 18.150 
 
 20 
 
 908 man-months 
 
 *0n a monthly basis unless otherwise noted. 
 
 t Estimated portion of job done by seasonal workers. 
 
 ^Allowing 25 per cent extra plants. 
 
 Practically no thinning of apricots was done in 1935. On years of heavy "set" of fruit, however, this may require 
 almost as many workers as picking. 
 
 <fl Estimated as 25 per cent of planting labor. 
 
 i| There are probably 2,000 to 3,000 transient workers employed during apricot harvest on the various jobs at the 
 peak of the season in July, in addition to local or resident workers. 
 
 ••Based on data given in California Agr. Ext. Service Circ. 75. 
 
TABLE 4 
 
 Summary of Seasonal Labor Needs by Months 
 San Benito County 
 1935 
 
 Month 
 
 Required man-days 
 of seasonal labor 
 
 Available work 
 days during 
 month 
 
 Required man-months 
 of seasonal labor 
 
 January 
 
 15,656 
 
 18 
 
 870 
 
 February 
 
 8,489 
 
 21 
 
 404 
 
 March 
 
 4,116 
 
 23 
 
 179 
 
 April 
 
 5,589 
 
 23 
 
 243* 
 
 May. 
 
 
 25 
 
 372 
 
 June 
 
 5,516 
 
 25 
 
 221 
 
 July 
 
 65,348 
 
 26 
 
 2,514 
 
 August 
 
 25,863 
 
 26 
 
 995 
 
 September 
 
 30,039 
 
 26 
 
 1,155 
 
 October 
 
 22,283 
 
 25 
 
 891 
 
 November 
 
 16,484 
 
 23 
 
 717 
 
 December 
 
 18,150 
 
 20 
 
 908 
 
 Total 
 
 226,834 
 
 — 
 
 9,469 
 
 * In seasons when apricots "set" a heavy crop, an additional 
 20,000 man-days (870 man-months) of seasonal labor may be required 
 for thinning during April. 
 
i iiVa^fcus Em 
 
 .v^:». 
 
 8 1 —iHr-m» 
 
21. 
 
 Notes 
 
 Notes on Table 1 . — Acreage and production figures given in table 1 are 
 from the "Crop Report for San Benito County — 1S35," by Ward B. Saunders, 
 Agricultural Commissioner, San Benito County. 
 
 Notes on Table 2 .-- Data shown concerning "Time of need" breaks down 
 seasonal labor into the period when the work is performed, in order to permit 
 a subsequent determination of labor needs by months (table 3). Some operations 
 are done on only a part of the acreage in a given crop; for example, only one- 
 half of the prune acreage is pruned each year. This having been done in four 
 different months, a portion was allotted to each. 
 
 The amount of work done each month is based on the cropping program 
 followed during 1935. The allotting of amounts of work is based on findings 
 concerning local farming practices, resulting from inquiry of producers, and 
 records of carlot shipments, the latter proving helpful in fixing dates of 
 planting, and of subsequent tasks involved in producing certain crops. Pro- 
 portionate amounts of output harvested each month were determined from data 
 of local practices with respect to harvesting, and in some cases from cp.rlot 
 shipments of perishable products. 
 
 Notes on Table 3 . — Table 3 is the condensed summary of labor needs as 
 worked out for San Benito County as a result of findings pertinent to 1935. 
 The data are presented by months with the tasks which were performed in each 
 month indicated by both crop and task. The size of the job was calculated 
 from the data appearing in table 1 (acreage and production) and table 2 (task, 
 time of performance, and percentage of work pertinent to a given month). The 
 output per man-day was calculated as indicated in the foreword presenting table 
 3. The number of required man-days is a result of dividing the size of task 
 by output per man-day. The available days for the different tasks involve 
 two variables. The first is the number of days when field work is possible 
 because of favorable weather conditions. The basis for this column was deter- 
 mined from a study of the monthly weather charts of the United States Weather 
 Bureau for the years 1933, 1934, and 1935. These data indicated available days 
 per month as fellows (based on a 26-day working month without allowance for 
 holidays) : 
 
 Mcnth 
 
 Available 
 
 Length cf 
 
 Month 
 
 Available 
 
 Length of 
 
 
 wcrk days* 
 
 work day 
 
 
 wcrk days* 
 
 work day 
 
 
 
 hours 
 
 
 
 hours 
 
 January 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 July 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 February 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 August 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 March 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 September 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 April 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 October 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 May 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 November 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 June 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 December 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 * Based on rainfall record at Hollister, for the years 1923, 1934, 
 and 1935, from United States Weather Bureau. 
 
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 The second factor influencing the number of available days was the size of 
 the job. If the output was but for a few carloads, then the number of days was 
 limited to the time needed to get out these cars efficiently. If a field oper- 
 ation had to be performed in a period less than the number of available days in 
 the month, then the specific number of days was noted. These restrictions are 
 shown in parentheses. For example, in April, planting of tomatoes was limited 
 to 12 days during the last half of the month, mowing hay to the last week of the 
 month, etc. 
 
 In cases where a job is done partly by regular men and partly by seasonal 
 workers, only the estimated portion done by the latter has been included under 
 the column "Required man-days," and only the number of seasonal workers entered 
 in the last column, "Required number of workers on a monthly basis." 
 
 The totals of table 3 show the total required man-days of needed season- 1 
 labor, the available days for field work during the month, and the necessary 
 number of men (as defined in the opening paragraph of table 3) required on a 
 monthly basis to care for the tasks ordinarily performed by occasional or seasonal 
 workers. 
 
 In an area such as San Benito County, involving a substantial acreage of 
 truck and orchard crops, the findings as set forth in this report are bound to 
 fluctuate materially from year to year, because of the influence of market out- 
 look upon what, when, and how much is planted; because of variable seasonal 
 conditions affecting yeilds, times of performing various operations, and avail- 
 able days; and because of harvesting operations on certain crops being speeded 
 up to supply a good market or retarded to avoid a poor one, resulting in marked 
 variations in the need for harvest labor. 
 
 Notes on Workers 
 
 Workers on the apricot harvest are largely transients who come in the 
 district for this work only. Most of them move on to other localities when 
 the harvest is done. Many local people also work on apricots, however, espec- 
 ially women in the dry yards. 
 
 Prune picking is done to a large extent by families, many of whom are 
 residents of the locality, although some transient help is needed. The total 
 labor per acre on prune harvest averages somewhat less than on apricots, and 
 the season is longer with less of a "peak" demand; consequently a much larger 
 proportion of it is done by local people, even though there are considerably 
 more acres of prunes than of apricots in the county. 
 
 Tomato picking begins before the prune harvest is over, and for a short 
 time the two crops compete for labor. At this time it is sometimes difficult 
 to get pickers for tomatoes. People who are harvesting prunes usually stay 
 until that work is done, and hence are not available for tomato work until later.. 
 , ♦ Transient help is needed for harvesting tomatoes. 
 
 Work on lettuce and garlic is done to 6 considerable extent by men who also 
 work in the vegetable district near Salinas, and apparently have been available 
 in sufficient numbers. Various shippers operate in both districts. 
 
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Peas are a relatively new crop in the county. Harvesting is mostly done 
 by transient workers who follow this crop from one district to another. Fracti- 
 cally no spring peas are raised, but the fall acreage is considerable and require 
 a large number of workers for a short period. 
 
 Pruning, spraying, irrigating, walnut harvesting, grape picking, and many 
 other tasks, while needing seasonal labor, are done mostly by local residents. 
 
 Potential Peak Demands for Seasonal Labor 
 
 The following table is presented to show more clearly the most important 
 labor demands caused by San Benito County crops for which transient labor is 
 usually needed, and the extent to which such demonds may rise when crops are 
 full. It is not expected that the demand for workers will reach the highest 
 point indicated every year, nor that all crops will require the maximum number 
 of workers in any one season. Also it must bo borne in mind that ordinarily 
 the greater the number of workers, the quicker the job will be done, and the 
 shorter the season of employment will be. For this reason the "man-months" 
 as shown for each month in table 3, should be more useful in estimating tha 
 amount of work to be done, although it may not show the extreme peak demands 
 for workers as well as table 5. 
 
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