P L 3933 W7 MAIN UC-NRLF B M 251 S2D « >C^^ ^J^^^^^-^i.ji^'^^ fHE CONSISTING OF GRAMMATICAL NOTES WITH NUMEROUS EXAMPLES AND ANALYSES OF SENTENCES. ^ WMTTEN IN BOTH LANGUAGES AND SPECIALLY - ^DESIGNED rOK EMLISf STtDENTS. BY EDWARD WRIGHT, LATE TEACHER IN THE AMERICAN, BAPTIST MISSION SCHOOL. M A U L M A I N : TRINTED AT THE " TENASSERIM PRESsJ' MOUNG BAH GOON. 1877. .0\ y ^v ^ ^ (:U/7^ /? jf /TtQ*.,^ tr^ T-fl *Z^t^ilfc*^«/ D. ^^ZLa^ PREFACE. Tiiis little work was got up from time to time ; as the writer, who was, and is still employed as a munshee, prepared the hints and suggestions together with the exercises for the information and improvement of those TVho have studied w^ith him. And perceiving the benefit derived from their perusal, he is encouraged to embody them in their present form and present them to the pub- lic. In preparing this little work, the writer has no other aim than to assist those who are desirous of studying the language ; and he would , therefore, bespeak the for- bearance of the public, to the many imperfections abounding in it. Maulmain, The loth November 1877. iv.202399 gfo3GOo£o^WOOo6^llG3QOoS|cC|^Cqjo5^COODCOO[ o^iiooo5^qo6(§£go^6oo^jic^|gco[^2gooo9do1ii q6s 0002^6 o1?00 ^11 OO^O^oSoOGpGOqjoSgy ^^COOCOoB (^11 COolsGODOoSsaDOSOO^ii OgDD0q00G^5§£(§62^S g^qC^il O0d1^(cj^CO02^^2o1sd]il GOOOOO^? GOOOCo6s Og6o6sGC|O0^9D^02| 3QGy03Qo5gG(^^O^SG^^O^ OgSlI OOolsGCXDOoSsOOOSCTDi CO gp5 20^2 C9|oS^GOOO Goqjoo6q]oooQo^Q£coo5(iii COg^SCOO^ gf 3QG|6og6 ogil^GcoGeSBdi Bg^oD^ii (^[o5cq|oS^oo^a:jQ^ GCO(ill95G^S95§6^^ GCXDOy £?CX)OSOOII qoS^GODGG^S 800^11 3Q(J]S(^8C0^II 8g^O^ SDOOoSo^ (^[6^00 J§ ^£61c>)§^^ga:j)Q^Cq)o8ogOgGCO(|]ll 3QGg)S3Q§£^G0O0 ySsOOOgCQII 3QG@o£sOOq 00^ Q^cb GOOG(^58oOg5il gJc^GODOoog^so^oo^g^So^^ii Goq]0aSG3;)3n8jo:j^§ COoSgOoSii Q^O^GODGC^SBoO^ 8g^3QcB q^^^ ^[6o00gG0O0 GgOOG86o^ qcqjoSoSgOODgO ogOSGCO q£cgg[3Q3^3Qc£|£^oii ^m ment ness despotism banishment goodness 00G0D0^CO^3Q GcooSsgSsii )*}' slavery m|^5(q62ii COD ,?- [ •' J !l T ... weight 3Q^^8^(g£zii th ... wsrmtli OCSsfSSsii lulo ... quietude (85oooS(gSoU ty ... cruelty G|o5ory5[g£^ ity ... security c\^[q§£sii ure ... exposure GoT(g§£; ry ... flattery . C^ooSo£§£: tion ... formation c|(S 6 Q 2^0 Sco 6 (3 £s ion ... -.rebellion q^CO|(g£sii sion ... ascension OOCtS^Ssh Nouns ending with the affixes er, or, ist, ent, ant, &c, which denote the agent or doer, are formed by affixing G 000 00 II to the verbal root ; thus, O0GG|SC0000Oii or contracted OO GGa3oo^ii^ Imortgaii'er G000o5(c?00^ii !GOOOo8(o)(g62i assistance QUoqoSii I receipt '3QGo1530j)ll niort2:a£rc GcgjOoSoO^ll Js^OgOorGC^JOOgOII iGCgjOOOGCOOCXjfil to apply lappiication |applicant 93CAj5§£sil 3QCX|^0 GOOD 0^11 appeal [appellant 3Qq3Q9orq9(^62il iOOGp29GOOOOOlOO defence to defend to translate Itranslation cq^lg o5 GO d5i to arbitrate c' 3q2(^o5(g£sii ar1)itration (5)G3Q0£Q_CO^l 0pC3Q0£(^(§6sil to decorate |decoration 330 0000 36 G(gO2;)OC0OO^SG§o(§6: lictation GO go II to dictate //• 0^9]0D^i to confess c^^lgSsii confession jdefendant |OOOOS^^GC>300^II j t ran slat o^' j3qs(gc6GGOOo^ii arbitrator CJ)Q230£[^GCOOO^ decorator 30 coo 0^6 gQo GOOOO^ii dictator O^qGOOOO^II confessor t.*i- i \>///i/nf('(/. Vorb.s. Nouns denoting abstract quality or action. A,j;-(?nt or the actor. GSDOo5a:j5co§iijCQr:)Dnoc\:j6(g6°cii |gdd6c\:^6ccoo ooi to found JFonncIatioii ifoiiiKkT (§£si to a£>;ii;ravate II ag'graA-ition ^^S^^ggsii to imitate iiiuitation to deceive ideceit §5(g£^i! o:jc]o?Goooo^ii to depredate depredation depredator C^oSc^SODgSii OgoSG§s(§£2il cga5G§?Gcooajii to desert desertion deserter aqo59]oo^ii oqoS^g6sii (jqoSgGooDo^ii to detract detractio n detractor CCXDGODODDpSlI GOOGOOOoSg&SII GODGOOOGOOOO^tl to drink drunkenness drunkard CgjOOODD^ii Gg]ooo(g£2ii GgjOOOGCOOO^il to economize economy economist gOGSGOSOD^ll OOGSGOsfgSoii gOGSGOSGOOOO^il to legislate legislation legislator ogoSoo^ii ogoSgSsii Ogc6GOO0O^ll to liberate liberation liberator |?Gpcf^SoSc§i' |2Gpc^6o6(§£2;i I^Gpc^SoSo^ii to negotiate negotiation negotiator §6oo6oog5ii ^(SooSgSsii ^(SooSgcxdoo^ii to oppress op])rcssion oppresser @O^OD^ii (^Og5(g6sii ^O^Sgodocxj to project projection projector a:Gp2^Q^oo^ii OOGpS^gSsil 00Gp§^GCX300^ll to prosecute prosecution prosecutor COoSwOD^ii iGO0Sog5§ii GOoSyGOOOO^ii to protect iprotection protector ['J ContuiuecL Verbs. Nouns denoting abstract quality or action. Agent or the actor. ^K^^" 0^^(36211 Q^^GODOO^ll to rail raillery railler g^050D^ii g^oSgSsii- to recite recitation reciter (^o6qoo6co§ii qo5qco6g£§ii (^cySqco£Gooo3^ii to record record recorder Qqsqicx)g5ii ocjsqgSsii oqs^GODOO^ii to remunerate remuneration remunerator ^0:^603^11 ^c\:j5(g£2ii ^Olf^GCOOO^ll to revel revelling reveller ^e§ ^° a^ oog5^°o§]_aSc30o6 a3§^°og^r>SGQOo6 GoooSoo^'j (g£sii GCX)OO^ii to manage management manager Note. — The, connective GOOD (in denoting the actor) is frequently omited ; as he who goes CgOSO^i instead of OgOSGOOOO^ii he who writes GG|SOOii he who decides The receiver or sufferer of an action or a person act^cl upon is generally denoted hy prefixing Qii^ or 00 11 before GOOOO^ii thus, Mortgagee 3^QO\^^% SGCXJOCx^ii The receiver of a letter, ODQGooooO" The receiver of a gift Coa5GQOo£G|GCOOooii The receiver of an order, ^S| c^GOOOooii He Avho was ])eaten, 3Q ^ nS 08 G OD O^ii He who was tincd, GgslooSoSGODOo^ii Numbers A ]ioiiii divested of idl deiinite adjuncts is taken in its^widest sense ; as. cqa3^CCX300o5oo^ Man is mor- tal. llie plural of all common nouns h formed by affixing eg to the singular ; as cxjc^ mei\ C0GpS3C^ defendants OOGpSC^ eg plaintiffs ; : nd someUWi^s bv' affixing (^02 (many) as a^^c^oS'iODGp^Qc^O^iiOOcp^c^q-^, eg is applied to rational beings and also to animals and things when these are figuratively used. Besides the above there are other affixes used to de- note plurality, such as, COD a crowd, coq a collection or cluster, 00 ^6 S a gang, cooSoS a nest, aD9^5 a flock- ]-)ual number is expressed by affixing coo6§!icoqiico ^ a pair; as, C^OOjiSs a i^a^r of buffaloes, ^O^^CO^Et a yoke of oxen, cgg6ooq a pair of socks, o8^(Scog| ^•> nair of shpes, O^COo^oQSooq a set of chairs." Genders. Gender is generally distinguished bv affixiu- oSs (from 33o§s a male,) foV the masculine, land o f iVonl 30(c) a female) for the femimne. cbz the ULasculme sign is applied to ui.inunal beino-.s aiid in one or two instances to rational beings, as in the Ibllowiug table, but w the femi-^ie si-n iJ' applied to [>'] ])()th rational and lrr.-iion;il iw-Ino-: u^ ^vlll be siY-n l)y the followino' ■'able : — Nonns [loi»: .•»Sign of the n.as. ^-ender. Nouns;. ; Sign of tlio 1 foni. g<'ndor. buftaloe ch\ cat !c@o£ joSsii rat '^^ 1^°'' pig or hog jooS • 1 08' 211 wizard i^o |o8gii y Q>» tiger widower o8°i oo|r>5 Q o5 o ^< The following are some of the exceptions to the gc neral rule : — •' Masculine. Feminine. man ccooa^osii Sgii boy GO30a^02C7DCC02ll SgOOCCOSllSgO CCOSil bachelor benefactor brother, younger GOq]3<|.„'J|6il brother (elder) 3qSo^!I sqS^^ii [ 1^' ] Con finned. Masculine. 1 Feminine. father 3QCOor3QOii 3QC;=)oryG3Qii friar 33%O^GOo5ii 3QgOcc8cO or QoS cScoii oTand-fother 33ci^gll SQOgOSlI liiisband co£ii WODO^II ^ king- J]£cqG]^£ll Sqcpsii nephew son COOSII OoSoii uncle §s(o)£°ii 3Q^2 or GgSGsTi prince oS^ooosii ySsooSsii brother-in-law Gcoor>5oi) w^2felder)GaDo£gQ (younger) son-in-law oooswoSii Q^l^w priest master oo9£ii oooSwii governor y£§ii w6sOQGOo5li teacher QOGpll OOGpCOGOoSli HOD GpQ is applied to a female who ac- tuallv teaches. revenue c o 1 - lector lo^^sii 0^@2CT)G00S(i [11] Continued. Masculine. J Feminine. boat owner C9cxj@=y ccyo^j^scoccoSii slave cg^.. ogj^yi. ship owner coGoSocx^^sii OD Go5o OJ (^S CO li^e servant ogj^cooSii og)^coo5«orogi|c>)ii cock QoSoii QoSyii goat 3806011 s8c6yii sparrow O0<^!l OOOll gander C^§<^ll c|§«ii bull ^OSO^SOr^OSCOOSii g^DSWll deer 3G|oS<^ll scj^oSqii fs[oTE. — cOGCoS is generally applied to the Avives of those who pursue a respectable and genteel calling. Masculine. Feminine. One who has a kyoungl erected. j Gacjjocsoocooii GoqjOCS3f3W! One who has a zayat) erected. j o^qooocooii G^C[03Qyii One who has an image) house erected. J ooScQOQOn oobsswii ;[12] One wlio has a pagodal erected. ( oqcpSOOOOOii oqGpSSDt?! One who has dug wells or supplied water by placing water pots Vqq ^5 0^0(7^3,1 cq^Ss^^wii along the road for' public use. One who has construct- ) c c c c ed a paved way J'^OOetOD^iCO GOoSsOO^SSD the foot of any pa-( 00 On Cc^n goda. ] Note. — When an ecclesiastic addresses a layman 00000 is used for the masculine and 00000 c=) for the feminine. Case. Signs of the Nominative 00 ^11 00^0032" OOOSti c^ OOOSllOOll Sign of the Possessive (^11 Sign of the Objective, (proper) 0811 ^OTE. — The Possessive sign (^ is generally omitted between two nouns. o^ is simply a sign when a noun is governed by an active verb, in every other case a preposition is implied. CX>^ is the sign of the nominative when affixed to a noun, and an assertive when affixed to a verb ; but when placed before a noun it is a demonstrative prefix. [ u ] Sign of the Nominative. Sign of the Assertive. Sliway Lin is stupid. GgjC06;0D^ ^OSCXD^II That liorsc kicks. John is wise. You ^^6 ^ wicked man. cyo£w62c>D§,oroo5cog5 oj^o^sgSco^ii He is a thief. you are a lazy man. " OoSoDgS g£2GODOCC;i§6dill 00 p5 as a demonstrative (this). oo^o:joo^o^sGa30o^§6oo^ii This man is a bad man. Here the first oop5 is a demonstrative ; the second DO^ is the sign of the preceding noun being in the nominative : and the third DOgS affixed to the verb is an assertive* oo^§6°cDO^@|Gaoo@£2@8c>D^ii This horse is a swift horse. oo^c§[Q^oog5oQo5caDOG§i_G^§ScogSii This pleader is a clever pleader. oop5c8Gg5o3s9p§c>3^i ^QODO cScgScSs g6@ ODgii These oranges are sweet oranges. [14 1 Don't tell any one tliese proceedings. oo^Goqjoo65cog53Qog|oo(iii This stone is very hard. CX)p53QGOQCX3^3^0g^q]£§CO^I! This servant is very lazy. 00 p5 [^00 ^ 3Q Ogl ODOOOOCXD gSlI This town is very })leasant. Note. — (§, and 00 p5 are equivalents when used as assertives. The noniinatve signs OOOSiiCOg5oo02ii(Ss g^OGOgSoO^ii My pleader is a Burman, whereas yours is an English- man 0g||6(iGgj_G^00gg|Q0§6cO^lO06d]Ggj_G^C^O00§ o8co5o3o^§6oo^ii You are rich and I am poor. cwoSoSsoD^Ggsdiiclgc^ooosooSs^diii You are tlie Aviuner and I am the los(;r. C(c)o£ w£§00^|5GOODO^§8(iil clS(^00 Jo°^§G003 O^ [15] Sliway Moe is an honest lad as for Shway Yoe he is a thief. The lamb is an innocent animal, whereas the wolf is a treacherous one. O00SCJ)^O0200C^GCO030GCO06§5Gliil Shway Lin is a brave man, but Shway AVin is a coward. Gg] 006203 g5^G|6G0O00^^6(iil Ggj o6°CXD§OOO^GOqj6 00 o5 dill Steamer Rangoon is fast, but Steamer Avagyee is slow. G[^Cyq^ S^OOGoSoOO^Q^dJl 2Q0012(^2 §200Go5oc.|{ O00?C^2Q]il Shway ^lin is short tempered, but his younger bro- ther is not so. Gg]3^8o5c^(iia:j^(ii^coo^glc^«o:;)o5ii The nominative sim 00 is used when the saving's or doings of another person are reported or in repeating one's own. Shvray Xee said he will bring you up.'- Gg)^coiG«o6y£2o^(^20^co£Q^a:^o^61oo^ii Moung Mhyeen the defendant said you persuaded him to steal. OOGpS3GCo)o£^6cOl0^^2G|G3Qo6G«o£y6§C^o5og^S 00 ^ 00 0^61 00 ^11 The police said, you escaped from lawful custody. GpG^OoSoOOSOOl GC:;o£«5s3Q^SG|ODa5oOl CgoSG^S oop5o:jQ^o1oogSii [16] The plaintiff says, you were drunk at the time. The defendant says, that at the time the row took place you were present and saw all that happened. OOGpSQOOl G|^ (g6(§00^3QSnOg6llGyo£«£2 C^oS The counsel for the prosecutor says, he is sick and begs that the case be postponed till Friday next. G^Oo5GOOj^'OG^^C^£G3Qo6o^£cdlo:j)Q^OD^ii The plaintiff says, that he wishes to withdraw the case. The Pleader says, that unless he is prepaid he will not appear in the prosecution of the cause. G^G^(T)3Q0 3QCgj£wGO2Cg]£l3Q^^3^Cj^|ycg0a:j)Q^ oopSii The Myo-oke says, he cannot issue summons unless the cost is paid. (§9^5cT)io^c6QGOscg]£ooo6oo«oqo5a:jQ^o1co§^ii The clerk says, I must pay 5 Rupees for the grant. O3Cq2n0l00)|GCoS0Og5lOG||2;)Ogo5Gg3GO§G]|W^ I told the clerk to take 3 Rupees. oo)^GooScoi^aj61a:jooGC|^2(7^o^o1oogSii The interpreter says, there is no necessity for applying for a pass. ooDo^lg^coi CO o£yo5Q(g£2gl^c^Co)^a:jQ^ 61 CO ^11 The defendant says, the court can only inflict a tine for assaulting him. coGpsScoi oqcr^^n£oo^5;)Ogo5i (|sy£§OQGg3lc05 oooooo2^£oo^a^C)^olco^ii [17] The accused threatened me for reporting the matter to the police. ooGpsQOQi cogSsQcQoS; 3Qcpo^i qo8o5o8c^6 COOOC^o6l!Og|^GOoSo^(§5°oG(gDoS61o0^il The comisel for the defendant asked me to compro- mise the case. P ^ ^ a 1? • - O rj i=^ 5 S <^ O 0^ o --^ n^ r» 1 8 ^ O ^ 0) a. > s 1 >- 8 rO ^ O M r^ o CO > ^ O fe ?e •i-H ■4J rj CO '^, 4-3 o i *TT3 •;::^ ct:^ S o <1 noun wl placed aJ becomes a d befor t when he sent CO •4-J :5 •r-l

O ^ pi o o t-^ ^ Qj oo ^^ _ 3 C3 O oo "s-i « 8"S ^. ^-~ 8 H a C5 [ 18 ] Cd = oo oo — . oo ory-^ 8 8 fi fi 8 g = S 5 § O 8 ^ fi 8 P S 8 o '•o o or^ C9 cr* <^ ^€0 ^>5D c/g^ ^>SD ^>S!) o o o o o o 8 8 8 8 8 8 d = = <^ ^ o o 8 3 5 ^ R 8 P 8 Q 8 Hi si CO o 8 o oo CO § § "^S^ 8 c§ S 8¥og 8*8^ [19 1 o o ^ CO ^ 0^ o 8c^8 8 §-§; 2 o 6 o C9 c iT' 2 8 9 fi 8 fi 9 - oo oo o*' . _ G O O Q G Q h cn b cn b CO 02 o c3 o o O ^ S - SI 8 B CO O (^9 O (^ ^o 8c^8 O O (3 o o o 8 8 8 'S'3 8 o o o 8 8 8 O 8 O oo CO o 8 C3 ^. 8 O o GO O °8 § 8 8 = o « Q 111 to 8 O 8 o § 11 >— ( H oo 3 CO o O O 8 oo 8 C9 § e■8^ 3 3 3 3 3 3 c3 G 'A 5G30o£oOSGOODOOil He who writes. GG|§GOOOCXJil He who arrests. oo5scooocv)ii QOOO as a Connective, A wicked man. An unjust judge. «OOGp§GODOCo)6sil A false witness. yooGpsGooooooScooii A cruel man. C|o5oo5gcX)Oo:jii A careless clerk. CX)c8qGOOOOOG(o^2ii A false rumour. C^OSGOOOOOOoSsil A wrong account. y0§GOO0O3G|£2ll A false account. yO§GOOOCO€|£§ii A false report. The pronunciation of adjectives when used as attri-; butes is smooth and soft but rough and hard when used as assertives. Attributive, Assertive. A good man. The man is good. a:j|GOOo£sQ6oo^i A foolish man. A lazy man. qjSsGOOOO^ii A bad man. S^SGOOOO^ii A timid man. gQooScoooo^ii An unmannerly person, ^SsGOOOb^ii A notorious thief. SQGOqjSoOGOO^GOOO An upright judge. OOGpSGOOOoSsil A correct account. A rough man. ^5§Oo6§GOOOO^ll A just judge. gQo6goooco)6§ii A sharp pleader. [21] The man is foolish. o:j)^oSQSoog5ii The man is lazy. The man is bad. The man is timid. ajG^ooSii The person is unmannerly. He is a notorious thief, cx^co^oj^? GoqjScoo QS The judge is upright. 00gSw£§00^00Gp§(^ll The account is correct. The man is rough. oog5c\:j^co^@(5§oo5§Qiii The judge is just. CO^y6§OO^G[go£(iii The pleader is sharp. 00^G§[G^00^00aS(^li Note. — The assertive sign ^6oo^ is generally omitted. When two persons or things are compared, it is ex- pressed by the word OOoS (than) affixed to an inferior [ 22 ] person or thing and OOOg (being more) prefixed to the assertive ; i, e. Neuter verb or verb formed from adjec- tive. Exam'ples, Shway Moe is wiser than Shway Kho. Ggl^SCOpScgl^OOoSoOD^cSgOOOgSlI Ggi^oonScgi^ODogcSgoco^ii Your hand is softer than mine. GyoSySscoojoogSiclcooSoooSooo^G^ooo^if cl CO o5 00 o5lG(c)D5(c;)5§COo5oOO^GqjOOOp5 II My horse runs faster than yours. cIQSsoo^icwoSwS^QSsooctSooo^gQsoo^ii cyo6y£§g520on6ic]Q620oo^G^2oo^ii This paper is thicker than that. aD^o^|[cog5iio^org|[ooo5ooD§oqoo^ii c^oo^|[oon5ioog5on5l[coo^oqoD^ii This man is a greater thief than that. oo^o:j[00§io^o:j|00o5coo§ (^?coo3o^^sgSoo§ii o^a:j^oooSoop5o:j^ooo§(^oGoooo^^s(^Soo^ii This witness gives more trustworthy evidence than that witness. oo^oooScooDD^i o^oooSGOooooScxDO^oqGCOo GOooo6^r>S5oo^ii c^oooSgoooooSi OOpSoOoSGOOOOO^OqGCOOGOOD oS^oSSoo^ii I had rather be flogged than imprisoned. GOOo£oqi(§620on6i§o5(g6§o^ooo§Q9]£co^ii ^o5(g£§(7^GOOD£oq](§£§oooSooo§5g5cx3g5i( [23] Numeral Auxiliary Afllxes. GOOOoS (General term.) Rational beings. GOODoSpSClsGCOOoSii five men. SqGCOSGODOOOIi four women. GQOGCOSOOSCOOOoSii three children. O0c(gGCO§GC>00(7Sii four dacoits. OO^SOOoSgooooSii ten thieves. cooSsclsGOOOoSii five bad men. Soli {Specific term.) Doctors^ merchants and stall keepers, GO0§0O«D§GCO§§Sii four doctors. OoSoopSsSgoii two merchants. Gq)^OO^oqs§2ii three stall keepers 3s (a certain) as o:jCO§2 a certain person, son {Specific term.) Deities, pagodas, curtains and nets. cqcpSGC02Qq_ii four deities. GOcS^Soqii eight pagodas. ^SgOOoSsSoj^ii two curtains, ogloqsoqii three nets. [ 24 ] Note. — oq is applied to curtain and net by the illiterate, ODW '^^ ^^^^ proper term for the former and OOCOr>5 for the latter, but these terms have fallen into desuetude. OOy is also applied to showers of rain ; as ^e^SsOOQ a shower of rain. olsii {Specific term.) Ecclesiastics, teachers, kings, princes and men in au- thority, also commandments of the deity. OpOoSoooocilsii ten commandments. 5l£oqG|£oqso1§ii three kings. wScOoScC^OOOcTlsii six princesses. q^c(^SGCO§dl§H four phongyees. SOGpcqooSdlsii six teachers. QSoOOOScTsolsit five princes; oScooooSoooSolsii ten assistant ministers^ CcOoSii {General term.) Irrational being & also corpses & carcasses. Gg^oqsCOQo6i/ three dogs. OoSoq^GCTDoSit three pigs. C^ 0000 oS else 0)0 6 II fifteen buffaloes. s^osqooScjSgcooSii twelve cows. 30G00G000£ll) , >- three corpses. oqsGooocii ) [ 25 ] OS" {Specific term.) Elephants, horses, all beasts of burden, carts, carriages and game beasts. 3o£o^s8sii three elephants. G|00023q82j8qooSii twenty carriages. 3 C)oS 0^38211 nine deer. @S§9Q825i830aSii eighty horse. C5)^23q82c1s30oSii fifty carts. ocjJOS^SoSif eight tigers. Lines, ways, causes and reasons. c^^S3QQ^j£2Cq230a5ii thirty lines. 9;)G@o£2Cq2G@o6sii three reasons. OgSsii Rings, anklets, bracelets or any annular thing. COoSg 60^2006211 three (finger) rings. COoSgooD.'tSsSooSsii two bracelets. Glg^SsoqsogSsii three anklets or gyves. PDo5gC020o£sii four snares. [26] Oil Individual thing. OOS^jS^ii two tables. , OOCOOoOqfioosqii three chairs. OGoSgCOoDii four cots or bedstead, ^cls^ii five benches. Note. — qii It is sometimes applied to creeks, roads, and lanes. Go15: or gSsS^SOq^ColSsii three bits of ginger. c(QOo5Gsn6soq§GOl£sii three yams. 9](Sii Anything fiat, such as looking glasses, plates, mats, papers, trays, slates, ^'c. 0[s5i[cn29]6ii five sheets of paper. c^DG^jOoS^cSii sLx mats. Goq]OoSa3£qq^S9]cSii seven slates. q|j|6^(Sii eight looking-glass. [27] Anything long and slender^ such as bamboos^ ca7ies, ivalh ing sticks, fire-ivood, ropes, pins, 7ieedles, tmks, bones, legs, hands, pe7is, pencils, riders, i^'c.^ and sometimes to creeks. dlsoocqoSsii a bamboo. [S556g^o£2ii two canes, COo5o^£^c6oq2G9Jo£§ii three walking sticks. Oo£sQC02G^o£oii four pieces of fire-wood. ^2clsc^o£2ii five pieces of rope. C^oS3Q5G[gor/5c9]o£sii six pins. 9j[63Q5g^j6G^o£2» seven needles. 3Q(gaS5]8G^o£sii eight tusks.. y£ooo^§G9Jo£sii nine pens. c^^So:^S30cSg9Jo£sii ten rulers. 'o5i Ac lip of medicine, or a cup of any liquids GSOSGCOSgobii four doses of medicine. 3QG|n£c1sgn£ii five measures of arrack. GC|G(3o^'75go5ii six cups of water. (q°§g^5SgoSi! seven measures of brandy g|°o ivordsw ooo^s character., OCDDS^Sg^Sii eight words. OOjjSo^Sii eight characters. [28] Plantains^ coeoanuts, flowers, or any kind of fruit in a cluster, goocc^OCOSOO^Gii a bunch of plantains. 9^^SCO200^Cii a bunch of cocoanuts. oqj6c82a^2^6ii three bunches of grapes. O^S^S^Sii two bunches of flowers. 6si OCSii All hinds of floating vessels, spears, knives, umbrellas, corahs, fishing -hooks, Sfc. SsoocoSo^SoSsii two steamers. QoSooCoSoOQoSsi a ship. OOgg|[GC02o£sii four junks. 08° cl 2 060 II five umbrellas. cS?C@or>5o£sii six combs. C5josg^^6o6§ii s^^^en fishing-hooks. (5)51606211 eight spears. Ol2o8so6sii nii^e knives. • GCo6ii Letters, books, {both printed and manuscript,) OOOOCO0611 a letter. 00936oOoSgoo6ii ten books, ^ iH) GQ0^6ii ilcclesiastical erections, and magnificent and lordly buildings. ^|§OOGQO0£ll c^oS^ScoooSii coq]o£§oq2Gcoo£ii eG|6cCO§GQO0£ll a royal residence. two brick houses, three monasteries, four zyats. Note. — For a common residence, the Noun itself is used as auxiliary ; as, a house !386oO!385ii For out- houses o is used ; as, a stable (3£gG€)o£§OOqii GOOoSil o Long and slender fruits and medicinal roots: (bsSGOOoSii two beans. sl SCglcSsGCOSGOOoS" four drum-stick fruits. oops II Dress. qoSssSoopSn two putsoes. GslSsGolSsoqsOO^ii three turbans. 308^ODO0pSii a coat. [;30] o£ii Plants, hairs, twines^ and thread, <^c^ OoSoSsSoSn two trees. 36o£cl2o6ii five hairs. ^SCgonoocii six pieces of twine. 3;)6^^g^^So£ii seven pieces of thread. Bricks, Planks, Coins, or anything flat, hut with some thickness, 9^6^S(g02ii two bricks. qi^c4?@osii three planks. ^oSoocgooS^OSfi six pice. Note. — ^5 and Gos are in some cases used indiscri- nately; as, q)g5oq2§Oo or O^S^ 6 119^6^6^02 or ^S^jcSi qo^osccosgos or GC0§g5ii C3o5ll One of a pair, or one of tivo things or persons placed iii opposition. 8§ii A smaller hunch of plantains six of which form a larger hunch or ^6 which see. goScc^ocSssSSsii two (smaller) bunches or combs of plantains. [ 31 1 Weapons CQODoSooCOoSii COOOii and Carpenter s tooL a chisel. coo^oSoococtSii ogoocorySii cg^clscooS a gmi. a saw. two hammers, five gimlets. o5o£§ccoscooSii four files. oqiw Square timber^ logs, bamboos, boxes, baskets, cups, jugs, clocks^ watches, decanters, pots, cooking utensils, fruits, or any round things, cScgScSssScoSii two oranges. Oo8oODGC020:^§ii four boxes. ^0^cl2o:^gii five clocks or watches. o^goScgooScv^sii six tumblers. COOoSsccoscx^oii four baskets. ^C ISO^Sii ^YQ squares of timber. Principal rivers and roads. §6cls^oS,i fi^^ rivers. Co5sG(gor>5ooaSii six roads. Note. — When the number exceeds 19 the numeral auxiliary precedes the Number ; as, 3o£3Q§s ^SoooS twenty elephants. In speaking of rational beings tlie numeral auxiliary is omitted and the Noun precedes the Number ; as, cvjO^ssooS thirty men. [ •!-' J O o s o 525 o o C CO °8^ OO^ 3 CO g CO 'e '^ CCp 3 _ OCy CO ° CO ^ c^ 8 c^ 8 2 ^^ 8 ^ ^^ 8 ^ ^ rs ) 3 °8^ ,00 eg ^^°8^8 o ^^ 81 = oo ^ 8 - CO C5 Og ^ CO CO OJco O 05= O S ^ ^ 8 § ^ ^ §^^ CO GO = CO O OJ Q O o oJ o cy5 C >^ H cq o on 8 S^ = 430iisuch and such ajc^ii such (of this sort) O^C§" such (of that sort) cf^Soii every. ©11 each. oooS.gggs,, ^£ii own obo^ii such as. neither, either. 00 grill S some. 3Q gosii ) oogosii ) q6c8o other. DOSll^ all ODolsdlsii any one (applied to kings, ecclesiastics & men in authority .j coGooooSccoooSii ooqoo CCOOoSi; any one (ap- plied to persons.) oocooo£g(T)o£ii any one (applied to animals.) OO^SJ^ii ooqco^ii any one (applied to thino-s.) ^66l20c\:^Sii both (applied to kinirs, ecclesiastics & men in authority. ) ^SccoooSocx^sii both (to persons.) jScoOoSocx^Sli lioth (to MJiimnls.) ^6qoc\:^=ciihotli Cto things.) [ '^>'> ] Interrogatives. Who sQooaScxj^abii or 3QooaSo^cog5?ii or 33CX)oS Which 9;)ooaSoooa^ii or 33a)aSoo6sobii or ^ What 003C&II Whose 3QC>DoSo^(f ODOC&II Whom 3QOOoS"o^o8c&ii Relatives. Who CCOOii Which GOODii That CODO! Compound Relatives. Whoever ^ Whosoever ^ c^^a^«^ii3;)g6ajoopS,ia)aSooy38( Whoso J *■ Whatever | ODoSsDcpy q8ii o^pSoopS 33Gp« What-thmgs-sover ]> - l i. C-> O L Whatsoever J Pronominal and Adverbial Intero2:atives. Who 3QOOaSo^CL)il or SQCooSo^cogSsii or SQOOoSo^ Which ^COoScOOC^w or 3QOOoSoo6sabii or 3DC>DoS 9;)Gp^^gii or ODoSoooobii (omit sq) What ooodbii Whose sQCOoSo^^oooobii or oooSoqoDOobii Note. — OOD is a corruption of SD Op (a thing). Where (in what place) 9D00oSc^0obii or OOoSc^odbii or oooSc^cpyocL)!! Where (to what placej 3QOQoSo8cbii Where (from what place) s^ODoSooobii AYhen OOoSaQOiciii or 00oSg000 3Qs1cl)ii or ODoS GOOOobil Why SQOOoSGJTOoScbil or ODoQScSc^ll How 3QOOoSo^cbil or ODoS^gSsdbii cbw CO^Sii ^^Sii are interrogative affixes. Examples. Who brought these letters ? S3ooc5a^ or o:>oSoqoD^o3(^oic^(jqboDob I brought them. CXD^ODC^0§O^0gj|G005cj^?ol00^ll From where did you bring them ? 00^00(^02 o^ooaSooujsoodbii From the Deputy Commissioner's Court. 3QGC|2Q6c:j§6(^2ooaj?o1cx:)^ii [37] Who gave them ? OOoScXJGOSOO^^Sil The Chief Clerk gave them. O3GG|@2GOgdl00^li When did he give them to you ? G«35y£c0^oooS2D§|co§ooabii About four o'clock. GCOS^O^GCOOoSGOSoloOgSlI Very well ; wait I will give you an answer GC7:)0£s[§2llGO0SG^olcg)|(So0§^GO2y^il Verbal Interogatives. Closing affix CX)DSi Do you know this man ? oo^a^o^GWo6«6sc8cocoo§ii I do. What is his name ? Shway Nee Gg|^ii Is he a good man or a bad man ? aj^co^ajGoooSgcoosiia^o^scoosi! He has never been in Court, ajco^<^gyGGpo5cxjjso1ii [38] What is his profession ? ooDcxjcSoosooobii He cultivates. cooSog^oosoloo^ii Does he always cultivate ? 9;)op5cooSog^oocoo§ii Not always sometimes he works as a carpenter. 9DC^ycg|o1iioos)TooGCocoo6oogosc\:j(SdloD^i How loiig have you known him ? Gyo6Q5soqo^c8ooooooScQGCOon6Qo(§abii About four years. cco^^SgcoooS^oIQii Dialogue. Where do you come from? oooScocoooocbw I come from the Court. (|)500COOOO^ll From what Court ? oooS^sooobii From the Magistrate's Court. (^O^^?OQ000OO^il On what business do you go to Court ? /^ ooaScBgG^o£(^^o^ogo§oocbii Because 1 am a Avitness. / ooc6gcx)^6gooog@o6ii [ 30 ] In what case are you a witness ? I am witness in a fighting case. A¥ho fought ? 00 oSoj J £00 oScXj^oo o5 ^oo ob II Nga Nee and Nga Mai fought. C^^6cQCOc6^0OgSll Who be2:an ? oooSo^cooooobii Nga Mai began. CQOOOCO^Il How was it decided ? / sDOooSo^§G|£ooobii 30 Rupees fine or one month's imprisonment. Gg3la6oq2QooSiio§^«ocjo5cooo£s1cu5ooco§c|£oD^i Dialogue. Coun. Do you know the Plaintifi:' ? ooGpsc8o^Goo6«6sc8oocoo2ii Wit. I do. cSoloo^ii Coun. What is his name ? 0^(^2)00^0000^11 Wit. His name is called Shoay Moung. o^cipogScgiGwoSGoTdloo^ii [40] Coim. What is his occupation ? Wit. He is a boat owner. CCj)0^(^gQ8ol00^ll Coun. Does he use the boat himself ? ccfo^c^o^oS 0^68200 COOSlI Wit. Sometimes he uses it himself, and sometimes he sends an agent. ooqIoogco c^oSc^S SsoIoo^ii OOOlcXDGCO o^oSgogoSoloogSii Coun. Were you in the boat the trip the row took place ? G||^8c0O3QOlO26GO0£C:)52dl0OCO0gll Wit. I was. olol CO ^11 Coun. Inform the Court ail that you know and see about the row. oSso^G^Oolil TTit. On Monday last at about sunset, we reached Yea Boo Village ; then, because the boat owner Shoay Moung said, we will anchor the boat and rest here to-night, tlie anchor was let go. After dropping the anchor, and cooking and eating our meal, we slept about half an hour after dark. About the second crowing of the cock the shout of the boat owner was heard. CglcfccoOOOO^SsCODQ^jl G^o6^00CCp3Q^^|ilGq<^ QOd^ GGpoSdloO^ll O^OOOCO GOpO^^S Gg)G(c)o£oO oo^g oo^og5 coq]ooSq§ c^w^q^godog^oSh ccx^oo6q)o1oo^iiGoq|oo6^[§sc9j£oow£soo6o9io5oos [41] CO^l@o6^6o1og^CCODo5c7^1lCCj)0^(^?C3QScx5@02 dloogSii Coun. How did he sliout ? 3QOOoSo^G9;)SoOCl)II Wit. Eouse up ! the boat is adrift. oo@goojig(5)Gc^o[§2G9dSo1oo^ii Coun. Who got up when the cry was made ? G3QScCX)D9QQl3Q00aSa^0000cbll Wit. Xone got up. ooc5o^5|«ooo1ii Coun. Then what happened ? odpSg^ooSoIQS :^ 00200 c& II Wit. Then he called for Shoay j\Iin, the Defendant. aD^G^oo6oocp25Gg]o6§o^GS)T61oo^ii Coun. Did Shoay Min get up ? Gg|o£§0000CO0§ll Wit. He did not. QOOdlll Coun. Did you and Shoay Min sleep together ? Gg]yS§^SGQ0£«£s9;)O:j^^600CO02li Wit. Shoay Min, myself, and Shoay Wa slept toge- ther. Ggiy£siiog)|Gco5iiGgiodlii3Qo:^s86go1oo^ii Coun. In what part of the boat did you all sleep ? G(^|ooaSG^GpQ0^6ooc^ii Wit. I and Shoay AVa slept under the covering of [ -12 ] the boat, Slioay Min near the bow, and the boat owner Ko Shway Monng near the stern. cwo£c7DoyD285dloo^ii Coun. Were you awake all the tune, or were you asleep ? cQooocolsc^oocoosiisS^GqjSG^DOCoosii Wit. I was awake. Coun. If you were awake, why did you not get up wdien Shoay Moung cried out that tlie boat Avas adrift ? 062 IsG^cgjSlI GgjGQoScT) GCJG(^0(§0:^ G3qS GCX)03QOl3QOOoSG@o6yOOaDC&ll Wit. Because I was reluctant to get up. Og)|GCo5oO§6°oGa3DG^o6ll Coun. How did Shoay Moung go toward the bow of the boat ? GCpCXj(^Gg|GC^o£§o98c)§_OOoScOOg02C>DC&il Wit. He walked on the covering of the boat. GolSs^GoTooo^osdlaD^ii Coun. What else do you know of the matter ? 00^^£dlc8GCO2COobll Wit. Moung Shoay ]\Ioung comiug up to Shoay Min abused him and kicked him repeatedly. G(c)o£Gg)G«o5oop5Gg)w£23Q^020^GQpry5GCOD 30Qlll0bGG|S^3Q00|00|G§^£c0|dlcO^l! Coun. What did Shoay Min say tiien ? ■fk o^30olGg|w6scool3^ooabii Wit. Slioay Min said if there be any work to be done order me but do not abuse and kick me, upon this Shoay Moung abused and kicked him again. cooSco oo6§ dbdloopSii c(g^6co^soo^dl oogSii The Lion and tlie Hare. A Lion come across a hare, who ^vas fast asleep in a field. He was just in the act of seizing her, when a fine young hart went by, and he left the hare to follow him. The hare, scared by the noise, awoke and ran off, as fast as he could. The Lion was not able, after a long chase, to catch the hart, and so came back to feed upon the hare. On finding that the hare also had run off, he said, "How foolish I was to let go the food that I had in my hand, for the chance of getting more!'* (g5Goo5£aq(ii3QGQo£2ii §£cooooGcoo£oo^ii cooSjgScoo^ |^6o:^r>5 c^ Gooo oqooGoooSn^ GCgccoiiiii o^oo^o^oqo^o^nS ob(^6cx)^og£ii sG|aScoGC02 ooGOOoSoo^ii q£a3:> ^oscr)c(g2ogo?GCocoo5ii(§£Goooo^ii cqo^cgcSj^n s c|oSo^c^a5GCO(^iiq62oqoo^9DOoQ32Gooo3QQlii co| ^s^ooo6^£oo^3Qc^£s (§^^OG(9°oCCO(^ii(gScooQ|{OQOsii @o(^6(gDc^o6^ 3qoSo^w§^£(gSc5]£ii oqo^oo'e(§£: [44] go§^cooccoQ]ii a:^cog5?ogo5c(9s^ q^c§o62o^§£ G00J3QQlli(g£G00(X)llC)00^iI COo5cbcg6^QOOO 3QO0 O^Cgc6^!i qC003£2C^G|y^(38GOOO 3Qooo^c^o6(g£s cx)^:i9;)cg^^r>Scyoo^cocGosa:j3^ccodiii The Father and Daughters. A Man had two (laughters; the one married to a tarm- er, and the other to a brick -maker. After a time he went to the daughter who had married the farmer, and asked how she was and how all things went with her. She said, 'All things are well with me, and I have only one wish, that there may be a heavy fall of rain, in order that the crops may have water." Not long after he went to the daughter, who had mar- ried the brick-maker, and likewise asked how she fared. She replied," I want for nothing, and have only one wish, that the dry Aveather may last, and the sun shine hot and bright, so that the bricks may dry." The father said to her, " If your sister wants rain and you dry weather, with which of the two am I to join my wish?" 3QGOO^SooS°oC^(i3QGgo£sil CO aDCcx)0oScx3^ii ooSs^SccxiooS^^ii OOGCOOnS GOOO OoSoOO^ COoSoC^SoDQOl^^^S GOOo£(^GCodill GQ^oscoGOOooSoo^ii 9^o5qc6 O0(c:^0o^£ sSSgcooS ^GCO^li OO0CO3QO0|^0(§20O^G^O(^ll9DGCOCXDg5llCCaSc\:j5 COyOS^£285GOOo£oq]GODOCX)Ss38o^Cg02§ 3QGpGpC^2 3QCDoS0^^00^§2O:j)GO^GC0G00SlCO§?C7^ll3Q(^GpC§[2C^ [ -15 ] CX)0«Qp5cb^OOg5(^0:iC^^COOOOo6o6c^COg5GG|C|(g£2 goii^exSc'oog52g':)g|^ocoqS61oo§a;)Q^GCO(ii!0^c^o(^o2 wQoii 9^o6qc6oowo2^6G85GOOo6oq]cooD oo§2o8ol|^ OgO°o^llSSCC[]Scbo^GC^sQ^GCO(^ilODS2CT)3QOOoS3Q^O^ 5]yc^9j6dli'0§^GOoScog52'j GQc^30|oo^ooou(9^ ob^ 61oO^II9^o59|02G(§0o6GO§S2g0IIG§:gOq0O05]g5^llG^ a3^c^g62gocg^°oGoooo5co(§£°ogo!i sqc^^oI ajgSuT) Q^GCO(i]ll CXD£(X)0SG§:CO0COO^3QC^^(i]li0^(^6§cl00^!iy2§^^§ a3G0O0O^G|y^^^SO03^CCO(iill Tlie Turkey and the Ants. A find old Turkey once took her young' ones to feed in the wood>s. " Come here!" she said, as r^oun as they got there;'' come and see this ant hill, Here are plenty of ants for dinner and you may have as many as you like; so eat away as fast as you can. How hard it is, that men should kill us for their Christmas dinners, when Tve might live on such good food until vre died of old age." " Stop! Stop! " said on old ant who had crept into a safe place; " you seem to forget tliat, while you talk of being eaten, you are eating us by hundreds. " ^a5oo£^6og|^o5s8c6<^os3QcQo£2ii [ -i^^ ] ooosooSs(:^56aDogii30oo5^of?5GOOog1cooocbc^o6@ GCOciii GCXDOo6o§^GGpo5GOD03QSniQn6QoS(^§OOilCO^O^ CO0§ Ogj^oSoSc^GCOoSc^O^jg^olGCOOll CXDoSyOg OOC^ OQ oS38o6cj]323QOg^GOl<^02CXD^IlO^C^b63QC^ ^i §^^S0O^3QC^£2O0S@GCO0ll clc^OD^II SQODoS (^sG|£^Goocog5a^£G3QoSii g^isi^^^'^^^^S^^^^ f^DOOCJJOSO^ OOSCXJIoSoG^GOcbll^CoSs ODOoSg^GODOSD ^^ogS ^c^<^ C0g|?Gg§C^q^liClc§O^ ODoSgSs 3D^ C0O03Qq5§ (|°o02oS^G^CaDOO§]_o5s8o5(^2 COGOOOS aDii0^ocoOoO^@o§c2j£ii3^Ssol§sii o^S2d]§oii oo6c§ C^£lic1c§0^ 3QG0006 3QGCX)06s(^£ OOSCOgSo^il GO GO^OJ^SOOCOOoOrjQ^GCodll On Cruelty. Once upon a time, as some boys were at play, they saw some young Monkeys climbing upon trees, and run- ning after one another and amusing themselves. One of the boys said " come let us throw stones at the young Monkeys, or fetch our bows and arrows and shoot them." Some began to pelt the creatures with stones, while others went home for their bows and arrows. At length one of the Monkeys spoke thus to the boys: "Boys why do you pelt us with stones and shoot us with arrows ? We do not hurt you, and why should you hurt us ? think how you would like it, if boys, who are bigger than yourselves were to pelt you with stones or shoot you [ 4' with arrows? I am sure you would not like it; then you should think how we must feel when you hurt us." You know that Monkeys cannot talk. This tale is meant to teach us that we ought not to be cruel to dumb animals. G]_oSoo5(g6o3QG§o£2il o^ogSi"GQoc->53Q^c^oo^iico6o£GoTc^cor>S o^oSii GOGCOoSn^OOGCOoSc^oS^I! 3Qq6s^£?^2GC)]5goO^ o8j3£cCO(ilia:j|CrDGCOSOOG(X)Do5oOilCOoQGOOOG(QOo5 QGC02<^osc5n^^ Q^6Gco2^o§c^(^SToSQ6Q^a:jQ8 gco (ill3Qs5[o:^OOGC02C^CO^II sSSo^jg^^ GCOg>5|02C^O^CA^ o^og6ii 33s^c^a:)^5^£o6^Gao(^'ii ^oo^ @^[§- OOg5G^0r>5iiGQ50OGCyD0£c7^ll (X^COQCOKJ^^Ol 25l^^ (iiia^ooGCOsc^o?c^ii3QooaSGQo6oo£c^OD^ii clc^o^ Goqjor>55^6coo5q£2ii 5|0?^£ccx3Sq62'i oS^cx) ^gSsii cx)£c§o^^ooq]6 Go(g£§goclc^y^ii o^^S^n ^coo5 G^oScTcf^o^ii ^D@£Go§£2go (^goo5)g5°ii co£c^ OOo5(^?GCODa:j[OOGC02C^CX3^liOo£o§O^GOqjOo£5(;^OS ^£Gco5q£°oii9j02c§^SGCoSq62ii oSq(So^6 SQODaSoS^ ygS^^^SQoSGQOlcCOOllO^G^OoSyilOoSc^OO^'l c1c§ GGQoScGQolGOOOUCJQ^GCOci'i Gc^DoSd^oo^ii oooo2wG[go^£QQo£§o^oo5c^c8 <^" sfsc^o^oooosoo^HOooo^ycjgo^SGOoo cB$|^o^ C^O^ C|o6oo6(gOQ^Oo£G@o6§liag||6c^3QOoOo6^ GCOOO^n J6 [48] Verbs. "\'erb.s arc uf two kinds, transitive, wiiicli express ac - tions that pass from tlie agent to the object ; as, ^ 08 oops to strike ; qSoopStolove ; and intransitive, which express being, or some state of being, or an action wliich is confined to the agent ; as, Q8co^ to be ; C^CO^ to remain ; QCOoElOO^ to be good ; qjoScO^ to be ruined, or in a state of ruin. Many transitive A^'erbs are formed from Intransitive ones, by aspirating the initial letter ; thus : — Transitive Intran- sitive. To throw, to put down, to dis- miss from employment. ,, pulverize, to refute. ^, break (z. e, any long thing) to snap. ,, approach, to draw near. ., leave, to set aside. scatter, to make wide apart. ,, frighten. ., ])luck, (^as leaves, flowers and fruit from a tree). T'he same as ^ S 00 p5 11 (see abovej. To split; to divide lengthwise. §OD^. gCO^il jo^oogSii ^copSii '^oogSii cause to feel a rockino- sensa-l q^ c ' o c c tion. ' \^^^&\&^& till up (siirh as a pit. a well.!, (&C. Ignite. ^oogSii G^jOOpSli (SoooSii G(g6oo§i cfooo oqjoo^i! GoqjcxD^ii 200 p5 1] cxjigso^gi ooo5 ;'(^oo^ii §.00^1 [41) To destroy. dilute, to make thin, also to amuse. make lost, to obliterate, unloose, to unite, to answer a question. pull or force open. bend down, commonly to have a flex. make softy by some process. bring' to a proper consistency such as rice &c. make low. awake, to excite (anger). i^^OO make turbid, to confuse, to actj ^ in a cross purpose. G^OCXD^^i warm, to make warm. (|]oScx)^iqja5 CO g5 CqiOrxDgSllGgooDgi! o5aD§ii!ggo5oo§ i press, to crush, to flatten. break,- such as bread, biscuits, &c. produce, to bring to light. burst, to perforate, to make explode, as crackers, guns. tass,Jo raise, to eievate, to^g^^^g,, submerge, to bury. ifof 6oop5 move a thing out of the place,'^"^ ^ transfer oiflcers. throw down. GoSoO^ OOOO^II Q^OOOpSil 8000S11 6oop5ii QoToogSii Go1"oog5 gQooo§,ii ^^OD^Il!Gog[a3^ll throw down. ' c ' \ turn back, to tlinnv hn.-k. to'^^g" j^^g" nncoyer. Cp|cog5a,co|cOpSii [50] Transitive Intran- sitive. T o attempt to frighten. spread ont, to expand. wear, or fritter away. unloose, dislocate, derange. break down , demolish, destroy . fill, make fall, complete. set afloat. singe, scorch burn. make high, elevate, exalt. uncover, to leave unperformed unfilled, turn aside, to transfe r. dissipate, diseminate^ publish or spread. roll over and over, free, to release, deliver, eman- cipate. lessen, diminish, abate. propel violently in a circular motion. sever, to detach, to separate. [g[c5oo QcopSi CgSoDgSll cgoScxD^ii GCgjOODg C9^cx3g5ii goDgSli co6oog5ii c85cx)p5ii c§o5oo§^n CCgjOOD^ cooogSii OgOOD The accidence of verbs are expressed by particles afiixed to the verb, without any inflection of the verb itself. [ -51 ] ^ C o o > •iH o "I \ ^ +-' ^ o 1 f~i '^1 « Op e-pe 3 I o 'r-, "V. u UO C^ ■4^ oo •+J 8 3 fa 1 P3-) r_ t ■4-J fa 3 1 o CD O O fa 3 co» CO 8 -4-1 i^l ~i-i — 1 & r-l oo 1 0=" 1 8^ > fa 1 o CO fa 1 1— t /-> I-H 8 ;h 4J oo . _ 8 ^ ^ 'f!") ^ ' CO 8 8 Future-perfect. Future. 1 1 Plu-perfect. = CO 8^ oo to 8 • +3 O IB' o fa \ Past. 1 CO 8^ oo CO 8 Present. CO CO 8 j 1 [52] o o •rH Pi ll ^ 3 ^ a5 3 1 g^ s -4-^ o^ Q) c^ P^ S S CO 8 1^ o too q3 ^ 1 i rH •4J CO r-> CO 8 1 CO oo o 8 8 1 4-j ^ o ■+j 3 ^ □Q cO<> o cc • rH fH *>? n"> p G"* l-O .^ s CO 8 2 c^ Ph 3 o c3 COJ 3 CO- ^ CO CO •i-H *3 bJ3 1^8 CO 1 e hH c2 CO °8° 1 CSD co^ IS o o oo 901 D£g':@c8cQ^ C00S3 - Will he have taught ? AVill they have taught ? Negative form. The same as the present Indicative. Potential mood. Can ^6ii Present tense. 1. 00)|cSoo£^£o0^ll 1. 0O||(Sc§CX)£^£QcO^I! I can teach. We can teach. 2. oo£oo6^£oo^ii 2. oo£c§oo6^£@co^i! Thou canst teach. You can teach. 3. cx^ooS^SoogSii 3. o^c^oo£^£@oo^ii He can teach. Thev can teach. Interrogative form. 1. co|6oo£^Soocoo2!i 2. og||6c^cxD£|£Qco COOSll Can I teach ? Can we teach ? 2. oo£oo£^£ooco^sii 2. cx3£c5co£^£Qcocoo2 Canst thou teach ? Can you teach ? 3. oooo£^£oocoo2!i 3, a^c^oo£^£@a3coo2ii Can he teach ? Can they teach ? Negative form. I cannot teach. ^^ e cannot teach. 2. Oo£wcX)£^£a^oii 2. CX3£c^yoD£|£go^2ii Thou canst not teach. You cannot teach. 3. o^woofilficxjsii 3. a^c5«a3£|£gcxjsii He cannot teach. They cannot teach. 1. [59 ] Past Tense. I could teach. a3£oo6^£[§sn Thou couldst teach. o^oo£^£[§sH Fie could teach. 1. c8||6c§co£^6@§. We could teach. 2. oo5c^oo£|£@@s« You could teach. 3. o^cf^cx)6^£g@gii Thev could teach. Interrogative form. ]. Og||cSoo£^£(§2COD2l Could I teach ? 2. a3£oo6^£(^2coo^ii Couldst thou teach ? 3. a^oo£^£(§2CODsn ~" Could he teach ? 3, og|cSc§a)6^£@@: cooiw Could we teach ? co£c^oo£^£gg:coo§i Could you teach ? o^c§oo£^£@[§sco^SN Could they teach. Negative form. The same as in the present Indicative, Future tense. J. cg||6a3£§£g^ti 1. og(|(Sd^a)£^£^o^» L will be able to teach. We will be able to teach. 2. co£oo£^£w^n 2. oo£c§oo£^£@«p5i Thou wilt be able to teach. You will be able to teach. 9 [GO] o ^ '^ I ' ^ l' 1 He will be able to teach. They will be able tu teaeli. Interrogative form. 1. cog(|6oo£^£wg5cOj:ii 1. cg||5c^co£|6g;;^ Will I be able to teach ? Will we be able to teach 2. oo£oo£^£qp5coo-§ii 2. oo£c^co£^£@yp5 coosy Wilt thou be able to teach ? Will you be able to teacli ? ;;. cx:j^oo£^£c:85y^CGOsn 3. o^c^co£^£@c85(c^^ CO02!l Will he be able to teach ? Will they be able to teach ? Negative form. The same as in the ])resent PotcntiaL Must C|0^!i Present tense. 1. r:g(|6co£G|c^^ii 1. og)|5c5co£c|(g(c^gSi I must teach. We must teach. 'L oo£co£c|(c)^i! 2. oo£c^co£c|@wg5ii Tliou must teacli. You must teach. ;;. aiOo£G|o^ii 3. ^^^^^%'^^}' He must teacli. They nuist teach. [ ^^1 ] Interrogative form. 1. og||6oo£c|ooScoo2ii 1. ogj|5c^co£q@y^ COOIW Must I teach ? Must we teach ? •2. co£oo£s|w^coo2!i 2. oo£c^oo£g|@;^§coo: Must thou teach ? Must you teach ? :;. o^oo£c|y^coosii o. ojc^ooSqQy^coos' Must he teacli ? Must thev teach ? Negative form. 1. Og||5ooo£c|CqSii 1. Og||6c^WCo6q@CnS L must not teach. ^\e must not teach. 2. CO £woo£c^ocjs II 2. co£c§woo5c|Qoc^^°ii Thou must not teacli. You must not teacli. ;). o^tJoo£G|o:jsii 3. o^c^ycoSci^o^sii lie must not teach. They must not teach. Perfect tense. 1. og||5co£3q2c85wg5ii 1. c2\Sc^oj&cqi(^c88 1 must have taui^ht. We must have taught. 2. co5cxD£a:jc8(5y^ii 2. cx:)£c^cx3£a:j2@o8(Su § Thou must have taught. You nuist have taught. :>,. o^oo£c>^2c85w^ii :]. cx^c^coScxjsgcSSygn He must have taught. They nuist have taught. Future tense. 1. cg|6co£^6c|Q^« 1. og|5c^^6^£c|@y§! I must be able to teach. We must be able to teach. [62 1 2. oo6oo£^6c|w^ii 2, oo£c^oo6^£c|Qy^« Thou must be able to teach. You must be able to teach. 3. o^oo£^6c|OO^ii 3. o^c^ooS^SqQy^u He must be able to teach. They must be able to teach. May (probability). Present tense. 1. og(|6oo£Gcoo£2yoo6 1. cgj|6d^oo6Gcoo6§y 1 may teach. We may teach. 2. oo£oo£Qcoo£2y'a:)£ 2. oDSc^ooSccooSsy w^ii oo6Q(o)gSii Thou mayst teach. You may teach. 3. ooooSccooSsyooS 3. o^c§co£ccoo£syoo£ He may teach. They may teach. Conditional Mood. Present tense. 1. cg|5oo£c9]£n 1. cg||6cf^co£@C9]£i If 1 teach. If we teach. 2. oD£oo£cgj£ii 2. cx)£c^a3£@c9]£ti If thou teach. If you teach. 3. o^oo6c3j£« 3. a^c^oD6@c9]5ii If he teach. If they teach. [63] Negative form. 1. og||cSooo6cg]£ii 1. og||6o^(o)co£@o3j£ If I do not teach. If we do not teach. 2. ooSooDScgjSii 2. ooSc^yooSQcgjSii If thou dost not teach. If you do not teach. o. a^£(§2cg]Sn 2. oDSc^oo6[§2gcgj£ii If thou taught. If you taught, o. OJOoSQscgjSn 3. 0^C§Co£(§2@CC[j£ii If he taught. If they taught. Plu-perfect Tense. 1. og)|6oo£o:j2c9]£« 1. og|6c§cx)£o:j@c3j£i If I had taught. If we had tauglit. 2. odSodScxjscqjSii 2. oj£c^oo£a:j2gcg]£y If thou hadst taught. If you had taught. 3. opoScqic^Sn ;3. o^c^co£o:j2gcg]£ii If he had taught. If they had taught. Interrogative form. The same as th.^ Plii-perlect Indicative. 10 [64] Negative form. The same as the Plu-perfect Indicative. Note. — In Bunnese the future conditional is exp]*es3- ed by the present conditional. Suppositional tense. L cg)|53;>oQoS^oo£ 1. og|5c^3Qooc5'§a:)£ GOoSu QcOdSii Suppose I teach. Suppose we teach. 2. oo£3;)coa5^ oo6goo5h2. cx35c§3q cdoj^ oo£@ coo5« Suppose thou teachest. Suppose you teach. ;>. o^9Dcy^oS§oo£coo5a 3. cxjc^aQcooS^CADSg GOO 5 II Suppose he teaches. Suppose they teach. Imperative mood. Form of Command. I. 1. 1^ Oo£oo6gOO0« 2. CXd£c^CX)6@G00C'I Tench or teach thou. Teach or teach ye or you. Let him teach. Let them teach. Form of permission, '2. cocodSccoo!! i>. oo£cP;ooSgccoo:i Thou mayest teach. You may teach. Let him teacli. Let them teaclj. Note. — The difference between the form of ccmmaud and that of perniission lies in the intonation of tlie voice. Form of entreaty. " 1. og|cSco£6]coH 1. Ogj|5c^Oo£^6lGO:i Do let me teach. Do let us teach. -)^ 2. Do let him teacii. Do let them teach. Form of exliortation. 1. og)|cSd^a3£@§fl Do let us teach. a3£co£Gcoo8 o. oo£c^oo£@gcooh Uo thou teuch. Do you teach. Prohibitory form. 1. i\ co£wco£j£fi 2. co£cf^yco£@^£» Thou must not teach. You must not teacli. :■',. o^o^yco£G05S.i :^. aiC^o^oco£@GC^^£ii l\i not let him teach. Do not let them teacli. [66] Infinitive mood. Present participle. oo5f36!qoii ) oo6[35s e o In order to ^ ^S^^ii I learn. OOCC§ll Teaching. Oo5§2§ or OoSj^^OJjSi Havins^ learnt or lauo-lit. The ^^erb to be is very often preceded by an adjective thus ojoopScxj^COOoSs^Soo^ He is a good man. When the verb (38 is so preceded it is suppressed an( Only the sign (o6p5) is retained, the noun is alsr suppressed. Conjugation of tlie verb To Ibe preceded by to be. an adjective. 1. ogjI^gSoo^B 1. og||(Scooo6sa3^n I am. I am good. 2. ooSgSoogSii 2. ooScoooSsoDgSii Thou art. Thou art good. 3. o^gScxD^i, 3. O^QOOo6sDD^o He is. lie is good. Note. — The plural is formed in the usual way. Interrogative form. 1. OO||6cO0 2llz.e'. §60O^ 1, Ogj|6GOOo6?COCOO?ll?>. ODOsii oo||5o:^GCOo£2 (g5oo COOS II Am I ? Am I good ? 2. C06C002IJ 2. ooSgooo£200coosii Art thou ? Art thou good? r>. o^coo!" /). o^Qoo^£scocoo:n Is he? Is he good? Note.— OOCOOS is an abbreviation of CX)g5cO02ti [67] Negative form. 1. ogj|6wo:j)oSii or oa^oSi. ogj|6Q^ooo62o:;j:i cqiw or y^6o:js 1 am not. 1 am not good. 2. 0060000511 2. oo6ca»Gpoo6:o:jjsii TTiou art not. Thou art not good, :;. 00W000611 3. o^wcooo6§o^2ii He is not. He is not good. Past tense. 1. ogj|0§S@2ii 1 was. 2. 006(^6^211 Thou wast. 1. og||(Sccr:o62§^!i I was good. 2. oo5gooo5s(§2ii Thou wast good. Ho was. 3. O^GOO06s[§?(i He was good. Interrogative form. ]• Cg||6@6@2CO-?il 1. Og)|5GCQ06s@SCO02) Was I ? Was T good V 2. oo6@6[§^.coo?ii 2, co6gooocs@scoo2 Wx^t thou ? AVast thou good ? 3. O^§6(§c°'X0:ii 3. O^GCO062J§SCX)0[ii Was h(^ ? Was he good ? IJ [68] Negative form. 1. og)|6Q@Sc):j§i I was not. Tiiou wast not. He was not. ^The same as in tlie pre- sent tense. 1. 08i'j6@8(§s@2« I have been. ,.. cx>5@8(§s(§;,! Thou hast been. lie has been. Perfect tense 1 I have been good. 2. oo£gcoo£2(§2(§s!i Thou hast been good 3. o^Qcr:)D£?(§?(§2n He has bsen good. Interrogative form. Have 1 been ? O3£g8[§2(§2CO0Sli Hast thou been ? Has he been V :i Have I been good ? oo£crrjo£2§2[§2COD2!i Hast thou been good ? OOGC7Do6cj^o^2COO:ii Has he been irood ? Negative form. The same as in the proseixt tense. [69] Plu-perfect ten^e. 1. ogj|6g6c9j@?H 1. nglcScroo^.^crj^g^H T had been. I had been good. '2. OofiQScrj^l^Sil 2. CO£CCOO£?00 (§^ii Thou hadst been. Thou hadst been good [[(J had been. Hj had been good. Interrogative form. Had I been ? Had I been good ? . ooSlgSocj^l^sco:)^;! 2. oo£cood£so:j?(§2COo^ii Hadst thou been ? Hadst thou been good? ' ^T^QSo^^jSscoD^ii 3. o^GOoo£.!o:;j?j§2COo:i! Had he been ? , Had he been good ? Negative form. . ogj|5Q@5a:ja09jii l. Cf^^S^ccooEicqicqu I had not been. I liad not been good. Thou hadst not bcHV.i. Thou hadst not been good. He liad not been. He had not been good. Future tense. 1. og)^6§6y^ii 1. og)|6ccco£?;pg5.^ I will be. 1 v^-ill be good. [70] 2. cx)£g6y^ii 2. oo6ccx)D5§yg5ii Thou shalt be. Tlioii shalt be G:ood. 3. ajg6c8(SQg5ii 3. ajcoQo£2c85o^ii He shall be. He shall be good. Interrogative form. Shall I be ? Shall 1 be good ? '2, od£§6c:;^coo§ii 2. co£Gcy:>^£syg5coo?ii Wilt thou be ? Wilt thou be good ? 3. oj^QSoSSccJ^coDSfi 3. o^GoooSscSSwpScooji Shall he be ? Shall he be >^ii ' 2, oo6ccoo£s[§§c85y^i! Thou Avilt have been. Thou wilt have been good. 3, o^Q6^2c8(5g^ii :], cxj)QooD6s(§2c8(Sy^ii He will have been. He will have been ^'oofl. Interrogative form. 1. og||6§'8j§§c8(Sy^ 1. og||6GC7Do£2 [§§c85 w^ CCOl[\ C0D2II Will I have been ? Will I liave been o-ood ? Wilt thnu have been ? Wilt tlioti liave been irood ? [ 71 ] C0D2II Will he have been? Will he have been good ? Potential mood. Can IS" Present tense. I. c3|6g5^£co^i. 1. ngj|6Qroo£^|£oo^(J I can be. I can be good. 0» cxDSQS^Sooga 2. cx)6gcoo£s^£oo^b Thou canst be. Thou canst be good. 3. aj'^S^ScogSu 3. 0^G000£§^5CX3^(« He can be. He can be orood. Interrogative form. i. co)^.6§6^£oocoo2ii 1. og|^6cc7^o£s^Soocoo2 Call I 1)0 y Can I be good ? 2. oo6§6^£oocoo2ij 2. oo£cooo£§^£oocoo!a C.mst thou be ? Canst thou be good ? 3. o^36^£oocoOc'M 3. ajQooo£§§£ooco^oi» C-tii he be ? Can he be good ? Negative form. 1. ^')5'-^§S^£j^2ii 1. O2(|6ycooo£§^£o:jju I can not be. I can not be good. 2. co£w@S^£o^^!i 2. cx)£«ccoo£?^£a:j?H Thou canst not be. Thou canst not be good. 3. o^^QSIS^o^sT 3. ajycooo£?^£o^?ii He can not be. He can not be good. 12 [ 72 ] Past tense. 1. ^'5^6^I'^£*' 1- ^'^|<5Gcr)o£:|£g§!i I could be. I could be good. 2. Oo£§6^£(§S!l 2. DDSGCODfg^Sggl! Thou couldst be. Tliou couldst be good He could be. He could be iiood. Interrogative form. Could I be ? Ooidd I be good ? 2. a3£(^6^£[§scoosn 2. co£gooo£?^£[§2Coo2« Couldst thou be ? Couldst thou be «:ood ? 3. o^g6^5(§sooosu 3. o^Qcoo£?^6(§scoo2ii Could lie be ? Could he be good ? Negative form. The same as in the present tense. Future tense. 1. ^|5@S^Sy^(. 1. og|(SQCOD6s^£«^i I will be able to be. 1 will be able to be good. 2. cx)£(36^6yf)5ii 2. oo£GOQoSs^Sy^ii Thou wilt be able to be. Thou wilt be able to b(* good. 3. 0^3?'^£c85y^ii 3. o^cooo£c°^5c85o^n He will be able to be. lie will be able to be ffood. Note. — ypS'i the sign of the future tense is used in the first and second person. c85(a;)pS is used only in the third person,. [ 73 ] Interrogative form. 1. ^^.^ (S'^l'^ U^:O0S!:l. Ogj'^^o ODD £2^60^ COOSil Will I be able to be ? Will I be able to h^, good ? 2. oo6(35|Syo5coo2ii 2. coScctdoS^^Sq^ ODOSll Wilt thou be able to be? Wilt thou be able 10 l>e good ? 3. o^(^5^5c85q^cocsi 3. cx^coooSs ^£c8(5 o^ ODOSil Will he be able to be? Will he be able to be good ? Negative form. The same as in the piesent tense, Must q (0)^11 Present tense. 1. Cg||6§6b|(o)^n 1. OgS6GOOD£sqW^ii 1 must be. 1 must be good. 2. Oo£(36G|yD5ii 2. oo£cooo£sG|y^ii Thou must be. Thou must be good. .3. cxi§SG|y^n 3. ajQcyjo£sG]^w^i.^ lie must l)e. lie must be good. Interrogative form. 1. oo)|6g8c|u^coosi) 1. cg|'|(Sccpo£gG|«§,coor Must I be ? Must I be good ? [ 74 ] Must thou be ? M ist tii.' u be ^ood? ;^,. o^^Sciy^coosD 3. a^Qcoo£sc|yg5coD2H Must lie be ? Must he be sfood ? Negative form. I. cg||(Swjc8Gja:j2ii 1. cy^SSQQCoo^ici^:^^ 1 must not be. I must nor be gooJ. Thou must not be. Tho i must not be o^ood. He must not be. He must not be o:ood. Perfect tense. I must have been. I mist have been good. 2. oo£§6o:jsc85Qg5D 9, ooSccr)o£2o:j2c85yg5 Thou must have bee^^* Thou must have been good. He must have been. He must have been ffood. Future tense. 1 nui8t be able to be. I must be able to be good. 2. oo£g6|£G|Q^n 2. oo£caDo£^|£G|y^ii Thou must be able to be. Thou must be able to be good. 3. oij^S^SqwfSii 3. o^Qooo£sa5§'S|wg5ii He must be able to be. He must be able to be good. 3. c^(^6^£c|Q^ii :;. 3^QCOo6§^£qQ.^ii He must be able to be. He must Ix* .-ible to be * U'OOrl. May (probability.) Present tense. 1' ^l^§S Qcoo8i(j gS 1. ogilScoooSsccooS;^^ I may be. I may ]je good. 2. OD^gSGoooSsygSyg 12. co8 coddSs gctd'^Ssq GaDoSsQgSii Thou mayest be. Thou mayest be good. 0. 0^§8GC7D062C^(36y^il 3. O^ GCOoSs GaDo£2 (J cooo£°wp5ii He may be. He may be good. Conditional mood. Present tense. 1. ogj|6g6cC[j£ii 1. c^|6cc7^o£;c^£ii If I be. If 1 ])e good. o£QScg[]£ii if thou be. /;. ojgScgjSii If he be. 2. oo£gc7jo£3c9jSii If thou ])C good. 3. aj^GcYD^Sso^Sii if he be good. Negative form. ' -jl^ogScgjSii 1. og||6yGooo6°oCCij£ii ii^ I do uot ])e. If I do not be good. i\ aoSwgScgdSii 2. coSyGoooSscgjSn If thou dost not be. If thou (]()<{ not Ix [ 76 ] 8. o^^lySc^ijSii 3. o^wcooo£so3j5h ' If he does not ])e. If he does not be good. Past tense* and Perfect tense . If I have beeii. If I have been good. 2. Oo£§6[§oCgj£iI 2. Co6GC7D0£2(§2Cgj6ll If thou have been. If thou have been good. 3. o^§8§?ccu6ii 3. a^QCQo£§[§2c^£i! If he have been. If he have been sjood. Plu-perfect tense. 1. co||(j§6a:jJC9j£H 1. ogj|cSGCOo£2c>:j»c5[j£ii If I had been. If I had been good. 2. oo£§Sa:j?c9j6ii 2. co6ccr)o£§a:j2a3j6ii If thou had been. If thou had been good. If he had been. If he had been good. Interrogative form. The same as the plu-perfect Indicative. Negative form. The same as the plu-perfect Indicative. ^Nyj'QTE^ — Jn the Burmese the future conditional is ex- pressed by the present conditional. . Suppositional tense. 1. 0g||cS3Q00oS§Q5c00Slil. 0^\6^COoS§ QCOoEt GOoSll Suppose I be. Suppose I be good. [ 77 ] GOoSil Suppose thou be. Suppose thou be good. 3. aj^^oooS^QScooSu 3. aj 3Q cooS§ gcqo£< cooSii Suppose he be. Suppose he be good. Imperative mood. Form of command. 1. 1. 2. ooSQSgoooii 2. ooSgcooSsgoooii Be or be thou. Be or be thou good. 3. ojo^QScoii 3. o^o^Qcy:)o£§GOii Let him be. Let him be good. Form of permission. L L 2. ooS(^6gooo!i 2. coSgcooSsgoooii Thou mayest be. Thou mayest be good. 3. ajn^QScoii 3. o^oSgcooSsgOii Let him be. Let him be good. Note. — The difference between the form of command and that of permission lies in the intonation of the voice. Form of entreaty. I. on||5gSdlGOii L og|6GCQj£26lGO!i Do \eX me be. Do let me be good. 2. 2. 3. O^O^gSdlGOil 3. O^O^GCr)3£solGOii Do let him be. f>o let hini l)p good. 1. [ 7.S ] Form of exhortation. 1. Cg)|c5G0006°og^ii 2. cx)5§8gcooi Do thou be. Do let us be good. Do you be jt^oocI. Prohibitory form. 1- 2. oo5q§S^&i Thou must not be. Do not kU him be. 1. 2. co6wcoQo6sj6ii Thou must not be good. 3. o^o^(^gc7Do£go^£ii Do not let him be 5 c^-^ COOU OOCOOSII Am i calling? Are we calling ? 1.^ oDScoTcqjrySc^coccos'i 2. cxdSc^ gsTcqjoS g2)@ COCOjSII Alt tlioii calling ? Are you calling ? ;>. o^GoToqjn^G^oocoosii 3. o^ c^goTcojoSg^^od CO 0^11 Is lie calling ? Are tliey calling ? Past tense. 1. cgj|6GoTo9jr/5G^[§M 1. ogj|6c§GoTo:5jr>SG^@ge!i I was callino:. Vv'e were callino\ 2. COCGQToqjr/SG^g?!! 2. O^Sc^GoTo^oSG^gg!!! Thou wast calling. You were calling;. 3. o^GoToqjo6G^,(§^.n 3. a^c^GoTo9jo5G^@j§:ii lie was callin^', Thev were calliiiir. Interrogative form. 1. cgjj6 G^Tc^joS G^gu. og)|6d^ GQTo:^aS c^§ C00211 QtCOOSd illing y li "Was I ciilliiig ? Were we calling V [ 80 ] i>. co6cs)Tc9jo5c^[§§coo2ii 2. co£c^ coTcq|rj6 q^IS^ Wast thou callino; ? Were vou callino;? COOSI! Was lie calling ? Were they calling ?* Future tense. !. ogj|5 coToqjoS c^o85 1. ng||6c§C3Tcq]r>SG^ (ra 1 ^vill be calling. We will be calling. i?. oo£ qqT cq]o5 g^ o85 2. cx)£c^ GoTo^rvS c^^ ypSii . c8(Swp5ii Thou slialt ]}e calling. You shall be calling\ :;. cx:^GQTcq)oSG^c85Q^ii ;]. ajc^ gsJT cc^jctS g^Q He shall be calling. They shall be calling. Potential mood.— Present tense. Can ^Sh |o GoToq)oS G^|£ ]. cgj|6c§GS)Tcv^a5G^§£ I can be calling. ^V^i can be calling. o^dS goT cx^oS g^ ^£ i>. 3d£c§ GS>Tc9jo£ G^|£ OD, Thou canst be calling. Yon can be calling, [ 81 ] oop5.i He can be caU'mg. • They can b^' callinu". Interrogative form. 1. og|6cs)Tcq|aSc^ ^£00 1. cg)|6d^GoTcqjnoc5 |£ (■an I be calling ? Can we be calling ? 2. oDScoTcqioSc^^S CO 2. co£c^ GoTa^v-TS c.>|6 COOSli QoOCOOSii Canst thou be calling? Can 3^011 be calling? :]. o^GoToqjoS c^^S CO ?>. o^c^GoToq'jr>5G^|£@ coo:ti 00000211 Can he be callino-? Can thev be calling? Must G|QpSli L. og)|6GQTcq]a5G^G| gdTg^ cSSwgSii gc85ogSii He may be calling. They may be calling. [ ^3 ] Conditional mood— Present tense. 1. ogil^G^TcxijjoSG^o^jSii ]. (^\Scf^ cQToq|o5c^@ If 1 be ciillincr. If we be callinjr. c3j£ii If thou be calling. If you be calling. 3. ajGoTc9|o5c^cgj6ii 3. o^ c^goT cxjjnSc^ ^ cgj£ii If he be calling. If they be calling. Negative form. 1. og||6 GoT o^jctS og^ 1. og|5d^.GoTo:jjo5 qc^ If I be not callinor. If we be not callins:. 2. co£GS)To^r>SgG^o3]6ii 2. cx)£c§G3Tc9ioS oc^l§ cc|]£ii If thou be not calling. If you be not calling. 3. c^GoTcqjo5yG^C5y£ii 3. o^c^GoTccjjnSo g^@ cc|]£ii If he be not calling. If they be not calling. Suppositional tense. 1, ng(|633CDoS^cs)Tc9|r>Si. og||6cf^ 5;) coo5§ gqT Suppo.se I were calling. Suppose \vc were call- 15 [ B4 ] 2. coSsQoooS^GoT 0^062. oo6c§ 3Q ooc5§ cdT Suppose thou wert call- Suppose you were call- ing. mg. 3. aj^30CQoS§coTcq|o5c^3. o^cf^^cooS§^Q'S\'(X^cS Suppose he wei^c calling. Suppose they were call- ;, ing. Imperative mood. Form of command. 1 2, oo£g©To:j|o5c^gcodi. 2. oo5 c^ coT 0:5106 c^g CCOOK Be or be thou calling. Be ye or you calling. Let him be calling. Let them be calling. Form of permssion. 1. L 2. cx:>£GoTo:j|r75c^ccooi! 2. co£c§ GdTcqjoS g^@ GCOOU Thou mayest be calling. You may be calling. a. c^c^goTo9|o5g^cob 3. 0^ c^ ciTo:5|o5 G^g GOll Let him be calhng. Let them be calling. Note. — The diflx3rence between the form of command and that of permission lies in the intonation of the Toice. [ 85 ] Form of entreaty. 1. og||cSc;)Tc9joSG^o1cou. o^I^c^cqTc^ioS c?@ Do let me be calling. Do let us be calling. '2. 2. :^,. c^4coTc9|oSc^o1co:i 3. o^o^o^ goTo:jjoS c^@ d^GOil Do let iiini be calling. Do let them be calliiio- Form of exliortation. '• 1. cTglcSc^csTogc^c^ g I" Do let us be calling. 2. oo6coTo:^r>5cfccoou 2. co5c^ ccTcxjoS c^(c3 GCOOij Do thou be calling. Do you be callino*. ->. 3. Prohibitory form. 1. co£ciTc9jn6«c^jj§i! 2. ooSc^coTo^aS (jc;;,g Thou must not be call- You must not bi call- ing- :]. oj^o^coT c^joS uc^co3. a^c^o^ GJ)Tc9|r>S ^...-> Do not let him be call- Do not let them hr call- ing, mg. [ 8^ ] Infinitive mood. Participles. GS>To:jjoSQ^(g5s\ q]„ / In order cqTojjoSg^c^ii j CiHcqjrySG^gSsti Callino-, cdT^nciT]g:cg[j£i Having called. Adverbs. Adverbs are placed immediately before the word wJiich they modify. Proper Adverbs. CCD^ii Certainly. G(X)|.(^(^ii Surely, wocjoScxjjSii No. (jrjoSobn Yes. ^§2ii^§2cbiiOOOcbii Merely. 33ODcr)0Sii In vain. ^ ^(^^Sii Simply (by). GcgjS^gDii Accordingly. 33^621: 3^<^\ According to. QQQij, As much as. QQ3„ Only, oo^scolloquial. CopSoii Also, ol colloquial. GCOGpcpii Whatever; ^vhere^-er. 0§§5§iiC^@6GCOOG@oS"C^G|go£ii Therefore. [ ^' ] C§cco5co^?fi ^""evcr-tlie-less, but. 9C§i^§?o:jiCO§c^ii likewise, in like milliner. a:j(§^.!! Almost, nearly. OOGQOoGO^SoOi Luckily, (o6ccOo£:c^!i collorjuinl) 3Q Q X) O^ II K n ougl 1 . 9DCOo53QCO|ii Used singly or compound — suffi- cient for the purpose. <:So5cQ38o5ii(c8o5cBo5 colloquial) privately, secretly Adverbs of time. ' oQsQoTii Then, at that time, ^Sl'^Sl^" I^ old times. oC'qG^^w (corruption cDQ^ji) COG^, To-day. y^o5o|ii (corruption (j^'->5g£ii) To-morrow. COOOrySsTliJ The day after, SSs^olii Two days after, O3t?|G?)^00i (corruption WG^^OOii) Yesterday. OOG^^OOij The day before. a tmie. G;>C^£2fi Everyday. G^.O^ii . ... » . ^C'^OI^OD^ iigether. together with. X^ ^ ."'5 OC p5x I i*^ -'^ fit roke. CO^TcC'^Sa i»: u time. CO :qioccoo^ii! i^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^,1 altogether. [ ^0 1 Adverbs of repetition. O coo QCOO ii often, now and then. qSoq^Oh not far between. (X)Oo|ii again, 3Q 00 ^ 00 ^ ii 3:) 0l q1 ii repeatedly, 3Q 00 600 6 11 over and over. i^icBSfcBSiioocfeab) . , ^ Sr^. >-agam and agam. OOOOOCOOji) 3 Co(^5ii once, sS(S5ii twice, 0^2(^611 tlirice. Some Adverbs are formed from adjective or nenrrr vei-bs byre-duplicating the root or by affixing 00 (('(juir valent to the English ly) to the simple root ; thus - - §|§^ii§^gOii quickly, G^SC^SiiGJogOii dowly, GJ^SG^SiicQ^gOii softly, Gcoo£^o§o5SG^o£iiC^o£ii on account oi', lor r he sake of. GCOOoSii about, refers to time, jiumber or distance. 17 [ f»2 1 Locative From OO or y i About oc6o|2oqj5ii oaSo|2oq]£co or (j AijovGy ii.p, on, upon GQCoT ^-AT gqooctSii 33GoTor ^OOoScO or Q ' Across cooodSii cooonSa^ or c^ After or behind S^G^OoSii 3Qc^oaSoo or ^ ' Along cocyionSii ooc^orvScr) oi y Ainid or Amidts GQCOoSii 33CoaS(no or y Around OoSco^n !•-" '' ' ooScopSoo 01 9 , ,I>cforc 3QCg[il 33Gg[00 or y Below, beneath, down, under. J ^ underneath C3QOo5ii G3QOo5cO or y Beside, besides, by or near GQ ^02il .SQ^^II 3;)(jl2;i SQ^OSCTD or y Between, betwixt 3Qffio^iio6 @0^.. 5D@0.!Cyj or y Beyond oorySiiGQC^^ii "^ •,' = ♦ S^Cg^OD or 9 into 3Qc6:i SQcboo or y Within GQOgS^ii 3DOg6^O0 or y ' AViihout 3;)Q£ii x(9£oo or 9 [ 93 ] Adjuncts. To. Forward o^ or 0^11 Ynionp: or Amongst, 00 £ or oojii o ooSo^soqjSo^ or c§ oo5o|2oqj£yo or GOCp^oTorsQOoryScT^ oro§ SQCoTor gqooctSc^o or CO DO oSo^ SQ(>^006o^ 3QX)oSo^ OoSco^O^ or 0§^ C^OCgir;^ or O^ or or or or ^ ^ ^ ^ 'oooooSyo or I iSQC^OoSyO or I |ooQj)OaS(^o or I GQCOoSc^o or I oc6'X>p5yo or I GDCQCcJO (jr § or or 30 or oqjoso^ \ GQCg^rj^ or CQobo^. or i.'3QOg£?r)^ Mjr :?^§6o^ or ^ ^ ^ ^ =§ ^ =§ c 3QOo5 y 30^0^c^' Gocbyo GQog6;f^o -or or D or or 3Q g£^5 O ^oo5o^^oqj£og5 orooS I 30 CoT or GO OOC/S OgS or OoS'i iCOOOoSogS or coS iGOQ^OoSogS or CoS Ioocj]jo5og6 or oaS i30COaSog£ or coS lOoScOgSogS or OoS jGQQg^CgS or Oc6^ I |Q3DOo6og6 or OoS I 30^02 Og£ or OOj 3o!ooo2og£ or ceo ^OCO^OgS or OoS 3DcSog5 or CoS 30OO.62Og£ or coS 3oQ£og£ or coS [ ^'^ ] Conjunctions. 5^Q'!g!i will), an^l. 'o^CGCoSii liowover. moreover. qojoc;^j6ii ;j.^, because. |^2^ii^c;CDj'Jc;gD§!i Jro8^!f whenever. jjSii^'ii y(0\ connects Noun:? nnd Pronoun-^. ^" coii]ic«-ts verb-i. Interjections. A fe\s of th(i most common are as folio w.s : SQoSii eh ! expressive ol'paiTi. 3l>(^0y\3~of(<)O:>QC0li\3:;(0r! o ! expressive of satisfaction. c(^S!i oh ! 0^f» o ! vocative, or indicative of pain. COOOB here now ! expressive of disapprobation, COO09 here ! take it ! COOSCOOSJ threatening. OOCOi wonderful ! rather ironical or disapprobatory. 000(^11 well done ! CCO« haa ! a familiar vocative, rather disrespectful. COOOa there 1 pointing to an object. C3^o5uoSii oh mv ! A. — One verb governs another in the inji7iitive moody as, Forget not to do good- CCOo6§3;^(g£2gO(JCQj}^ii coo so Will you try to read your lesson ? O^CX)^0OCO^9jCS|?(^?G0O3CO00£2cQ0C|^CC0g2ii He has conic to tell you important newr;;. The infinitive mood if: ufced without the signs QcsCOa qSti£|C3Qo£ii5JCCODCO!i Or c^rtbefore the following auxi- liary verbal particles &c. which arc immediately affixed to the verb. 18 [ !^t: ] No IK -hi the Ibllowing exampies the infinitive signs :tiv; placed witliin brackets and should be suppressed ?i.ltogether : — cooocscoSi! It ic good [o; as, cgJs((g62gj)ccr5o6sc§iJ ODJOOpSii ) >- o groimds for op3o(r35cq3,333^p5,, ^ (^hesitation to, or "^ ^ -^ "^ ^ ^ ^ ( have room to, or G'l^baDg:; ) plea,sent to ; as, 350s(^6sg'j)cc^5oog'i coa^pS/J^^ ^-'^^^^^^V^' ^^ ^^^''^^' (^^)' aDos((S62Go)cocSi. O to cause to ; as, "^ vo j ^ ^ OCO^ii To dare (toj; as^ C!gjS((g52go)ooog5ii wcooSii To happen to ; as, CgOsSoo^ii QOop5:i To have to ; as, oO02C|CX3^ii o5:DOp5iiTo endeavour to ; as, o^OioStoo^w CCOonScogiiTo be enough to ; as, cgosCXOoCoo^ii 3QD2COp5ii To be at leasure to; as c^OS3002COp5ii That it is meet, proper, op^oo^g^opSn right, beconung, lit, or *^ re suitable to — implying C^gO^gOj CO ^ii necessity and obligation, cO023;)6cop5ii > without any necessary ^ ^ relation to time, and ^^^Cp^g'' therefore equivalent to 000:cco5co^ti the English word ought cgoscCQjSoogSfl c^oo^ii T-To wish to, need (to) ogosc^cO-^H c^qiSoj^BJ desire to, want to. ^'^^^ ^^" NoTE.—When used as an ainx to another verb ; c8 ii: suppressed and the optative sign sj)6 alone is retained . coSco^ii 35600^^!! GpCOgSil CCQjSoO^i o^o5oo^u , [ f'- : qrySoo^rt from C\cSo('OOO^n to be cruel, to be unfeel- ing enough to, as, ogOSqnSoopSn q|6soop5ii to be reluctant to, or lazy to, as cg»':;cQl£; CO [38 00 ^11 to be practicable to, as o^Ot'QooooSii COoSoo^ii to be easy to, as eg 2 eg oS 00 p5;i OOOjS" denotiiig dilatoriness, infrequency. as oOO?5ogSii Cg^SOO^ii denoting excess, frequency, as cgO^colsa^SjJ (^OOO^ii denoting sympathy, as, ogog^DOOpSi' ODoSoo^ii denoting habit, as 0gD2O0o5co^:< oil! conciliatory, as, ooosolu CCOft persistive, as, CQOSCCOfi cRoS" slightly imperative, as cgOSC^oSii C^Su soliciting acquiescence, as ogOSQ^Sc. w-Sii^CH previous to ; ag. '^OgOsSn or O0gD2Q£ii previ- ous to gomg. j}§fi denoting precedence or priority of time, as, 00^2^^£!lOqj§2!t about to, on the point of. a*^ 0g'j2C\:^[§2ii about to go. Examples. Cgj|6oO^!i 0^009^60^ ggSgSsgo C^CUgS;! or I wish to see that book. cwo£w£soo5Siia:;^9^cf^o^§cco((9£250)oo$co^fi Yon ought to respect the aged. og|5oogSi!0^o^o:^5(@£sq?>vccc^ocop5rt I desire to Ic/ini. cg|6o^oo^iioqGpso^Q@oo5(@£sgo)3;>6co^H We ought to fear God. Note. — CCoSn is the Noun honorific affix. CCoSwcopSii is tiie verbal honorific affix. B. — In English some verbs seem to govern two oojects^ one of the thing and another of the person ; as, Eileii is knitting her brother a purse. In this case the preposition for, is understood before the person ; as, Ellen is knitting {for) her biwther a purse. In translating such a sentence into Bunnese, the pre- position must be supplied. To is equal to 3002 for is equivalent to Cyti Examples. Show nie that letter. She left her brother a thousand rupees. Note. — 9 is a qualifj'lng verbal afiix, implying that the action expressed by the verb is follov/cd by the deposition of the actor from the scene of the action : — The gardtjner paid the men their wages. [ 9 Q 1 Inis messenger brings the citizens good news. Note. — In this sentence o is not the qualifying affix but is part of the verb (JO ^ to bring. DCCpCO^C\:j|OOCC02C^530S^o5c6x@028cOc'@?il The master gave a pice a piece. Note. — qorSoo a pice is a corruption from the Bengali ee word paisa. glitS|cooSQ{{§:[§ii The captam lias ordei-ed his men to advance. C. — After some verbs the present participh may he used instead of the present infinitive and uice versa^ thtts, I saw the hoy {to) strike his brother^ or I saw the hoy striking his brother. In translating such a sentence the infinitive or the participle is expressed by 00^o3iiG^00o5o8ii or cOjoS C^OopSoS which means the continuance or repetition of an action. Examples. I savv' t lie -boy striking his brother. We heard him speaking to his friends. on NoTK. — •'^^ is used instead of \qI as the action is not limited by the circumstance of time or place. The travellers beheld the nun settini:: behii.d t-ie mor.n- tain. cooSoDOSoo^ii <||C3:>ooS^^3:)cocc\:)(SGSCOgSr>Jcg||6 I saw the carpenter working under the shed. Note. — When a past action is not limited by the cir- cumstance of time or place CO^ is used instead of Q'!' D. — A svhordinate subject or object noun- sentence is connected to the jyrincipal senience by meojis of iW particles 00 ^ o^" G^O £ : O^n or y | : o^'i ( y ^ 2 from 5;> y ^ ) to be true. Note. — This last particle is chiefly used when the principal sentence is in the negative form. The object sign 08 is frequently omitted in iLe gecond particle cf93o£2!i and somstimes it is used Vv^th- out a verbal root. Explanatory note — A subordinate sentence is one that necessarily depends on the principal predicate. Each part, by itself, does not make complete sense. The two component sentences are joined tog»"th?r by a particle. A subordinate subject sentence iti one v/hich stands aa the subject of the principal sentence ; and generally be- gins with :— That as, That you stole the book is known to every one. lO.] Whether ; vs, Whether he stole the boui; Hi uiicertaiu.. Who ; as, Who stole the book is not krown. Whose ; as, AVhose book that is I cannot say. What ; as, What that is I cannot tell. o^sQGpi! ooaS^Gp<^^sr^og|6ucQD^£fi Where ; as, Where that book is I know not. When ; as, When that book was stolen, who can tell. 30oooS5;)^^^:X)§o^'<=>§D^c§^^£ooobii How ; as. How that book was stolen, I know not. Wherefore ; as, Wherefore that book was stolen, I can- not tell. (^^20gj|6(JcQo^£n Why ; as, Why that book was stolen I cannot tell. XoTE.— A subordinate object sentence is one which stand as the object of the principal sentence. By transposing the above examples, they become a subordinate object sentences. E. — The prefixes^ Be, En^ Urn, and Im^ and the aj^xes Ate^ En^ Fy^ Ish, Ize^ Ise signify mg to make, are equiva- lent to the Burmese particles COCOgS or Q3O0£Qc>Dj^H 10: ] tohich signify to makt^ io cause to^ or to cause it to become as skowii belotv : — To sweeten To blacken To ameliorate To en'TOurage To embarrass To improve To magnify To publish To civilize To benumb 5[j6GOg5COOO^H c^2§croo£:GOOO^.'t a30§@:c30o£goo Examples. CQo£g£2o^ji oooSojbgoscooocbn Who ordered you to go ? cwoSuSso^clooo^oooSo^cooGOcocbi! orogoScoc^ti Who sent you to me ? Sugar sweetens tea. Note. — CC| is water ; €|g is a solution, a decoction, a liquor. Industry will make a man rich. Note. — OOCCO:h is a diminutive particle and is equi- valent to the word young and the particles, kin, let, et, cle, ling, or ock, !' to be with- out are equivalent to the English affix less. Wi 5^ ^ ^2 ^ ^ I en ^ ?2 -^ CO o o nsf f>f' CiHi.^dtirp jiarfiiJcS. Under this Iiead are iiicludod [1] pariirlp o( c-;^\u^ f-) ) of Motive, [3] of Purpose [4] of Means. Instrument/or Agency and [5? of knowledije. ^) Strictly are expressed by C^Oui ^nd sometimes ^£iiandc^i Particles of cause. By, tlij-ouglj, foi'. and of. Particles of Motive. :@0&ic§i l*roMi. because of, on uc coiiiii of, jind for. Particles of Purpose, and ^Gcoogoii Fur, ibr the sake of, for rhe pm-pose of, and in order to. and To, the sign of the lnhnitivf>. Particles of Means. Instruments, or Agency. cSii Q£ii and jjSu With, by, througli, of, and bv nieans of. Particles of knowledge. C^oSii 3Q0:§Sii and C^^i | Hy and Kroni. Note. — When the predicate of i\ sentence is enlarged by the cau«ative particle cQofiii tlie words s^COfySng;) OgoSoOOii or 3QcQo£:ii ^v^^ omitted a« they are im- plied. i)\ y, fhj-ougij, for. and of. C^OCii ^wA sometimes ^6i!andc^'f Particles of Motive. :@0&i(^i From, because of, on ac count of, and for. Particles of Purpose. §£:goiicgii c|Q3;):)£!i q^n and ^GCX)OgO!i I For. for the sake of, for the purpose of, and in order to, ond To, the sign of the Iniinitivf'. Particles of Means. Instruments, or Agency C§ii gSii and ^S» With, by. througli, of, and bv means of. Particles of knowledge. Q^oSii sgOtQ&i and C^n | By and From. Note. — When the predicate of a sentence is enlarged by the causative particle cQ^fii the words ^COfySyg;) OgoSoOOii or 3^^6906:11 ^^'^ omitted a« they are im- plied. Tho word Nvlibin the bracket sliould be siip})i'esse(i. ill luaking use of the above adjimets the student must, not altogether rely on the above distribution, without thought on his own part. The arrangement is intend- ed to assist in thinking, not to save the neeessitv of it. Examples. cgj|6oo§ifCq^6u§^sQOo1(3:)Cgo6)c@o§(iCG^iirnt dovvf». The dog was killed. o:^^so^/icocoC9jc^(^co^i' The thief was iin[)ri.'?oiied. You will 1)6 forgiven. They will be despised by the people. I. — ^4 subordinate Adjective sentence conveys the idea of a pcissive expression ichen the relative is the 'nominative to the subordinate lyredicate ; thus, ^oqS: CO qo 8r>S GOO00o6o£goo(^:i A tree planted in a room. dies. ExPLANAToiiY NoTE. — A subordinate Adjective sen- tence is distinguished by the relative pronoun, who, which or that, and is equivalent to GCODii It is of two kinds (1) when the relative is nominati\'e ; as, tht- Tree which was planted, (2) when the relati\e is the objec- tive ; as, The tree which I planted. Rule for the '2nd proposition. — When a word inter- venes between the relative and the verb, the relative is the object of the verb, therefore the principal Rule refers only to the first of the above tv/o propositions. As there is no passive expression iji Burmese, the fol- lowing hint is suggested to assist the students discrimi- nating powers, in the note- to the preceding rule, it is [ 107 ] said that a predicate is a word which declares (1) vvjiat, the subject is : (2) what it does : (3) what is done to it. Let us consider the last of these propositions iu connection with the example gi\'e in the principal Rule. A tree planted in a room dies ; the tree is the subject of the verb di^s, and a relative pronoun is necessary as a nominative for planted; thus, It is the tree to which the action is done and therefore the sentence ^;)5sobyo ^r>5 QCOO 00606 is a passive sentence and could be rendered as though it was written — '• which is planted." 3;>co^§oodscoooCjJo8o5o^31coSg'o;c|q^ii The police who was placed on guard should receive punishment. ;jj[6oDo:^cooo^o^3gD:)oSa^ogo6o^ooc)Oo5ii Who released the man that w^as locked up. a^^sScoo^o^^so^cooD63la)5cos<;j<.^^H The thief who was taken should receive prison punish- ment. aj(S^sjj§col6sccx3Dcgo§og|^63^oo^:5c|a)^ii Because I keep bad com])any 1 was arrested. J. — In Burmese verba are generally compounded to modify their signtjlcation. There are two methods of combination : — J St. — To convey the idea of place or position which in English is done by means of adverbs. 2nd. — To give force to the expression b}^ combining words of fjimilar or nearly similar sii^nification. •f-4 I O Pi I I EH 1 (J of I' '''^ ] (^ ^ S ca E il ^ - ^ ^ -B . f^ rr- (TJ* O ci .-^ ^^ ^^ ^ to b D S i 1 09 I o i ^ i 1 g 1 1 i o 1 8 1 il O O ^ O 03 i It -2 o o <^ ^ Sr. Q fe ;=: .! C9 CZ ^ O O n ji 1 ^ 8 CO S- 8 s ^ an ^^ ^''^ ii ^ ;= g 8 g == i. C« CC II.' O x « !; il ^ ii O) c 1-1 c- o j 1 1 'o i ° 1 _ _ ■H..S 'o -^ t- CO t- o ::: S O S - S g g Si Applied to I—* 0. ^ § g s rr. ' — ' ^ H 8:3 1 [ 109 J { oa ;^" ;i <^ Ir: (-^ "3 ^ o ^ _ • e J ^ ^' K% o 'rf ?= O c3 _^ /Q' ^ ^ S bO § Pw d r—l o a o f5 ^ -4J ^s C o r5 o _ oo CO 1 • pot (^ r-i C3 O ^ — s • a> UO CJ j=l -'^ ^ ^ s-s O q.lf > ^ ^ • CD '■ j::" ^^ ^ H z; o -M o (J) ^ w o c^ CO 'go O o o =^ « --j O eo CO a 8°l ^ o ^ CD ;! ^ o P-. o c3 4^ h-2 I .5 a iH « i ^ "* o «w^ 8 ^jr ^ oc?^ ! O ' " tfj ^ 1 ** 3 s 0* o „, g ^ CO o 8 ^ rt ^^ /f^. 5- ° 1? 1 4-2 ^"'^° ^ /Q« •r^ CQ /Qo ^ C CO 8 s:^ S.6 ^' CO 8 '^ e. CO CO B & 8 n -1^ 8 'S^ f! £' 8^ ?^ 8 c3 OP 0-; • • CO CO •• oo C<1 fi°.s QOCO CXP OS 8? ^1 8 2 f M 0) r^ .^ • q J o ^1 i ^ ^ ^V2 4-J 1 4^ OCP o«s 8 [ '^'' i Second method of combinations. TLc Ibllowinii: jirc some of the liio.si coiiiiiioii 0(>ml)in- atioiis. Long anJ ooiistiuit practice and unreniittiiig study are the onW means of obtaining perfection in such combmations and their ap])lication. This being the most difficult part in tlie study of the Burmese language : — Simple. Simple. oqcogSii rooSoo^ii qoo^ii GOODoSoog ggSoDgSH ^o5qo5coe5.|f^-i|| oq^GOolSsoog qoSsoScuf^Sii oooSoo6co§i oooSgo6oo§ oooSwoopSii c§^2|o5co, QOOOoSoO CCO^I ■VQ 05 G rt ^^ -3; fc/jg ' JU fi P' 'o 'g ^^ rt p^ ,^ ^ o -/> S n;. c3 li. +-» ■y n ■4-3 _o i.fe 1-1 X S-i ^ . 4-J ;3 T3 pq g C C3 '4^ -5 -u i~, *- oj rt CJ ;^ a riJ C -T^ p s .0 3 .^ 1^ 'bO K. — On various Particles. Some particles have tlieir corresj^oiKlfui jnii-tic1o,< : thus, ^^Mlcrh(;r i)v. cv3g- t I ! lii ] Whether he will go or not I cannot tell. Whether Moung Xee can swim or not I do not kno^^^ Either Or. cooSqSii ccoScj^!! Either he or I must go I cannot tell. Gg)^cco59£iiGc;o6cj£2Goo596if 009^6 r/:|^sgii Either Slnvay Kho or you stole the book. Though Yet. og||6(.jjigotGco5co§^siog||5oooc\:j5DD§o^c8Gc>3Sco§fi Though 1 was drunk yet I know what I was doing. ogj|6ocoo2Cc;c(§o^£(go§GooSco^2!iogj|6oo5o^goqj6 |oooJ^6oo^o^cSgoosoo^!i Although I was unable to speak yet I was conscious of what was going on around me. Neither Nor. GOoScO^S yil cogSs wii o^GooScog5siio^(^^Goo5co^°.3goog5§cg£(->^ii Neither he nor his brother was in. iX)£s^GCX)OO^C^r;^GX)5cO^SiI (JO^,(d»go:(g£2 y| ogjaSoGcooaj^c^c)^co^2i!Ogj^j£n Neither despise the pooi*. nor envy the rich. When Then . c.^o^G'rpo6G0009C)©^i«o^o^£:^jji':>5c|(|iti Wlien pride coineth then conietli Bhame. \— \ 1 112 ] As- • -As. GCOOoS dill Ggj^OO^'lCgOGCOjQOcSgodilii!! Shway Alio is as clever as Shway Ts33. ogjcSoo9^^Soo^QWD£o£?oo9^6ccoary5ccoo£:o1dia Isiy book ia as good as your book. So x\s. (expressing a negative comparison. ) GCOo-iS cjii Ggj8co^iicgj8:2Coor>SQ9^a:j2ii Shway ivlio is not so old as Sliway Tsee. ?gi?d!§.5soo^i!Gyo£Q6»(i§G:ccooc^QCOOo£sc>:j2ii Shway Xee's iiorse is not so good as yours. As So. As wit! I the one so with the other. oo£Qi8S^aDj]Oo§3;)c^6^iiG9oocg£@£§co§,?(35c85w§ As thy diligence so shall thy success be. So That. Cg^S GCO0gQ3£h C^OO^p2o£sCg^?GOOOG'Qo£!iyQo^.^£tJ He is so deaf that iie cannot hear. Cg|'i63Q3?^^2Cgf2COO::G@3£iiCo52C:^Gj]Oo5^£l o 1 auL so weak that I cannot walk. Like. Such, As. obdS'i ^^g$Oj4;88iCX)^GCODC^aDCCO:r/^yC02i?^^' Such a studious boy as Shway i>wen, is not to la found, o^cbci^Gooogo5o^coo|wS^£.i Such a bird as that is not to be caught again. 20 ! ] :; Or iio^(ja:jo5s I or he mu^t go. Must carry away by cart or by gharry, A nouii in apposition. co^:o^GoooiiQ8QOoo!i ng|6di^QScooDoSooD?co^!i My brother the soldier. o^.^£coo5w6s(^:oopS:o^QC>DOcooco;)oScQo,S^cg£!) Colonel Brown the Commissioner, Rangoon the chief town of British Burma. Note. — The plm'al sig-n of verbs is frequently omitted and the idea of plurality is conveyed by the uour- ainx of number. The student should study the scope of the sentence rather than each word or particle. A Dictionary is of far less use in studying the Bur- mese language than a clear head and a close attention to the contexts. \> L H4 ] ADDENOA. The following Nouns are commonly used as numeral auxiliary affixes. cio;x)oc-ii a pinch. OOSCI'DSh a fistful. -ODCoryS'^aSi a handful. ; , ODoSoSl! a bite. coqnQf^DSH a platefuL ■ coqoQ|o92ft a cupful. ' ooa:^6fj a mouthful^ - CO^'.-TSil a gulp, a swallow. Colb ii a bit or a piece of bread, biscuit aS:c. CO co5i> a bit or a piece of meat, iisli &c. a bagful, a pocketful. oogcooSm a baskstful. ooooSsii a (standard basket) or bushel. oocq_(S'i a packet, a bundle, tied up in cloth. ^ ooopSsn a bundle secured by ropes. ^ CQ^^Sil a bundle i, e. a net work basket made of slips of bamboos. GOQCpK a boat load. CG9^gll a chattyfur. OOO^iO^M a jarful. oDoaD6sii a bottle. COC^il a cluster, see 00^6n oocolSii a raiV.I^, [ 115 ] OOG^H an armfuL oodif V a heap. ODgj^OO" as much as a woman can carry on her head. 0000 u)2n aa much as a man can carry on hia shoulder. OOgO'i a puff. OO^rySiiOO^ii an inhaling, an exhaling. coop 6 §11 a step. OQ^oSi' a meal Equivalent Expressions. To eat. ^CCoSoO^COgSii applied to Kings, princes, qscosco^ii do to Phongyees. c dramatic lano'uasre. COgii ° ° O^S^oQSoD^ii applied to Europeans. OOufisoosoo^ii do to common people. To sleep. Oo6cOQSGa)Toop5iiapplied to kings, princes &c. @ 5 SOD ^ If do to phongyees. sScSoDgSii do to common people. To bathe. """ CC^OgOoScooSc^ applied to kings, princes, &o, GOOD I) ^i\ [ 116 J CC^CX:)3laScO^N to wash pagoda and images. CC|CO^,o5cX)^ii to wash king's children. CC|oqsoo6oo^ii do. do. CC^^sco^'i to common people! To go. csoo(^o§ ccpScoS c ^ applied to deities. Cigr>6GODS<<|{00^ii do to kings, princes l^'«-;Od OJ III '^.11. 3Q'v_/D0<:^[ii dramatic language. ^CCOjii king«', princes' meal. Og<5sii pbongyees' meal or anything offered to deities. OOwcSii rice, common peoples' meal. '3^O0i! food in general (commonh^ applied to animals' food.) DresSo 000800 00^ ro^ii royal dress of a queen. c;)6:c§r'Co|sO0H royal dress of a king or prmce. oo5co^:gooSii common dress of a king. OoSqcOjC^^h any dress or personal ado n; kings or princes. 3;)Oo5ii dress of common people. To offer. To bestow, COrocogn to kings, princes and men in au- thority. 00 6 CO gS 11 to ecclesiastics and deities. CO:co^«. to common people. OjJOopSii to offer religiously. oo^02CCX)S(.^CO^ii to bestow as a favour. 9^@0D^ii to be-Ptow charity on beggers. H ] 1 s To be beautiful. OOjjiOjCO^n applied to pagodag and images. opcO^B do to rational beings. To apply, report. Ccg[]Dnoa3gn to kings and men in authority. CoScogSn Jo do do 9o8q£5oopSii ) Vo o r To report officially. 33co^o:cooTQoogHJ • Taxes or revenue. og5:cQ:fl 30g^C00Sii To be awake. ^' ""7 •[ ilapplied to kings and priu OOOOO ^^ S:00pSii ^^ • ^^ common people To abide. OgOoSc:ooS(^00^« applied to kings and princes. OCqjSccoS'^OJ^!! do to deities. CiCOpSii ' do to common people. olo^OD^ii ^^' ^^ pbongyees. Prostitutes. 119 Magistrate. i.°i« of the tovm. (i.^^" of a town-ship. logcSii of a town. CoS(^:i of a tovvn- ship /(Karen language.) To marry. GOOD6gOCo6cO§i!applied to kmgs. c85^g^SCOg5!i do to princes. 285cooo6oQiOoSti 1 T y o c r ^*^ common people. UOCOOCOOOCOOgii) CoSc^copSii by a female (to common people (vul.) y coo: (^^ 00 ^11 by a male (do do ( do ) Order. 3^S|ll coo6qo5ii OOgJ^ii Wife. M (JODOIW vulgar. S|§W!I vulgar. Husband. coSii vulgar. vulgar. ©Cg^SCOgSii applied to both sexes (polite.) To be carrying or to ba witii ciiild. ^rJ^S-^'l^R'' app^ie^ to queens and prmccs&33. ;ic68r/5ii <^o common people. §2tf do animals. Finis. •94 V' '^ 'r UC BERKELEY LIBRARIES CDHM^b7bl2 r: