MACMILLAN'S LATIN COURSE . .gOOK, M.A, iC^N EDITION EGBERT, JR., PH,D. A r, ^j, . . - > ' y LIB RARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA. OK ^ Accessions No. J4?vv~^. ^/n^y ^vi/., -w .<----- Cfr C<~H' ^O SHORTER LATIN COURSE MACMILLAN'S SHORTER LATIN COURSE BY A. M. COOK, M.A. ASSISTANT MASTER IN ST. PAUL'S SCHOOL REVISED AND ENLARGED FOR THE USE OF AMERICAN SCHOOLS BY J. C. EGBERT, JR., PH.D. INSTRUCTOR IN LATIN, COLUMBIA COLLEGE W17IIISXTT If orfe MACMILLAN AND CO, AND LONDON 1892 COPYRIGHT, 1892, BY MACMILLAN AND CO. TYPOGRAPHY BY J. S. GUSHING & Co., BOSTON, U.S.A. PRESSWORK BY BERWICK & SMITH, BOSTON, U.S.A. mzo? PREFACE. IT has been shown by experience that elementary Latin books, to accomplish their purpose, must pre- sent the fundamental principles of the language and its system of inflections in the simplest and clearest form. They must also provide abundant means for the application of these principles and for practice in the use of inflected forms. With these characteristics there must be combined a natural and attractive de- velopment, so that difficulties may be readily over- come by reason of the very method in which they are approached. It is believed that the present work in its revised and enlarged form possesses these qualifications in an unusually large degree. The design has been to give only essential grammatical information, with the larg- est opportunity for practice. Attention is called to the selections for translation, inserted even in the early pages of the work. These narratives arouse the interest of the pupil, and neutralize whatever is detri- mental in the fragmentary presentation of the lan- guage in the short sentences. v vi Preface. The American editor is responsible for the follow- ing: The Introduction; the additional pages upon the Subjunctive Mood; the revision of paradigms in the main portion of the book and the paradigms of the verbs in the supplement; the indications of long vowels ; a few changes in orthography, such as transUio for transsilio, conicio for conjicio, quotiens for quoties. Few students when entering college are found to possess the ability to pronounce and read Latin with correctness or fluency. The suggestion is therefore made and emphasized that at the very beginning the pupil be required to read the Latin before any trans- lation is given, and that reviews be conducted entirely in Latin. The great object to be aimed at is that the pupil should think in the Latin. The full pronuncia- tion of the Eoman method, with careful observance of quantity, will be found to be a most valuable addition to elementary work. J. C. E. NEW YORK, 1892. CONTENTS. Introduction Pronunciation ; Quantity and Accent . . . 1-5 SECT. 1. First Declension: Singular ..... 6 2. The Accusative Case 6 3. First Declension: Singular (continued) ... 8 4. First Declension : Plural ...... 8 5. Second Declension : Nouns in -us .... 10 6. Second Declension : Neuter Nouns .... 12 7. Second Declension : Ad jectives in -us -a -urn: Singular 13 8. Second Declension : Adjectives in -us -a -urn : Plural 15 9. Second Declension : Nouns in -er .... 16 10. Est Sunt 18 TRANSLATION I. A Letter of a Father to his Boy at School 19 TRANSLATION II. Romulus and Remus ... 20 TRANSLATION III. The Black Slave .... 20 11. Third Declension: Case-Endings .... 20 12. The Gender shown by Meaning 22 TRANSLATION IV. A Fable 25 13. The Stem 25 14. 'Genitive Plural 27 15. Genitive Plural (continued) 29 TRANSLATION V. Coriolanus 31 16. Endings of Neuter Nouns 31 17. Endings of Neuter Nouns (continued) ... 33 TRANSLATION VI. Theseus and Ariadne ... 34 18. Gender of Nouns by Termination : The Masculine Rule 35 TRANSLATION VII. A Surprise 37 vii viii Contents. SECT. PAGE 19. The Feminine Kule 38 TRANSLATION VIII. The Roman Army fights a Serpent 40 20. The Neuter Rule 41 21. The Neuter Rule (continued) 42 TRANSLATION IX. A Battle , 44 22. Exceptions to these Gender Rules .... 44 23. Adjectives of the Third Declension .... 46 24. Adjectives of the Third Declension (continued) . 48 25. Adjectives of the Third Declension (continued) . 50 TRANSLATION X. A Roman Account of Britain . 52 Recapitulatory Exercises A-D .... 53 26. Fourth Declension 55 27. Fourth Declension : Neuter Nouns .... 56 28. Fourth Declension : Domus ..... 57 29. Fifth Declension 59 TRANSLATION XI. A Ghost 60 30. Comparison of Adjectives: Comparative ... 61 31. Comparison of Adjectives: Superlative ... 63 TRANSLATION XII. Arminius ..... 65 32. Comparison of Adjectives: Superlative (continued) . 65 33. Irregular Comparison 67 TRANSLATION XIII. Ixion, Sisyphus, and Tantalus . 68 34. Cardinal Numerals 69 35. Ordinal Numerals 72 TRANSLATION XIV. Dates in Early English History . 73 36. The Verb : Esse 74 37. The Verb : Esse (continued) 75 38. The Verb : Esse (continued) 77 TRANSLATIONS XV., XVI. Bannockburn ... 79 39. Pronouns: Ego, Tu, Se 80 40. Pronouns: Hie, Ille 82 41. Pronouns: Is, Idem ....... 84 42. Pronouns: Ipse, Iste 86 43. Irregular Adjectives : Totus, Alius .... 88 44. Irregular Adjectives : Uter, Alter .... 90 45. Pronouns: Qui, Quis ....:.. 92 Contents. ix SECT. PAGE TRANSLATION XVII. Ulysses and Polyphemus I. . 94 Recapitulatory Exercises E-I 94 46. Verbs : Active, Indicative : First Conjugation . . 97 47. Verbs : Active, Indicative : First Conjugation (contd.) 98 48. Verbs : Active, Indicative : First Conjugation (contd.) 100 49. Verbs : Active, Imperative, Infinitive : First Conju- gation . . . * . 101 TRANSLATION XVIII. Ulysses and Polyphemus II. 102 50. Second Conjugation 103 51. Second Conjugation (continued) .... 104 TRANSLATION XIX. Ulysses and Polyphemus III. . 105 52. Third Conjugation . . . . . . .106 53. Third Conjugation (continued) 108 TRANSLATION XX. Ulysses and Polyphemus IV. . 109 54. Fourth Conjugation 110 55. Fourth Conjugation (continued) . . . .112 TRANSLATION XXI. Ulysses and Polyphemus V. . 113 TRANSLATION XXII. Gains Mucius Scaevola . . 113 Recapitulatory Exercises J-M . . . .114 56. Passive Indicative: First Conjugation . . .116 57. Passive Indicative: First Conjugation . . . 118 TRANSLATION XXIII. A Cork Leg . . . .119 58. Second Conjugation 120 59. Second Conjugation (continued) .... 121 TRANSLATIONS XXIV., XXV. David and Goliath . 122 60. Third Conjugation 124 61. Third Conjugation (continued) . . . . . 125 TRANSLATION XXVI. Nasica and Ennius . . 126 TRANSLATION XXVII. Literal Obedience ... 126 62. Fourth Conjugation 127 63. Fourth Conjugation (continued) 128 TRANSLATION XXVIII. Bacchus and the Pirates . 129 Recapitulatory Exercises N-Q .... 130 Subjunctive Mood 64. Sequence of Tenses, Indirect Questions . . . 133 65. Final Clauses 135 X Contents. SECT. PAGE 66. Final Clauses (negative) 137 67. Consecutive Clauses 138 68. Independent Sentences 139 69. Subjunctive (Hortatory) and Imperative . . . 14-1 70. Miscellaneous Sentences . . . . . . 142 Conjugation of the Verbs 143 Vocabularies to the First Four Pieces of Translation 177 Latin-English Dictionary 179 English-Latin Dictionary 200 . ' - : > ruiriTBRsiTy] SHOETEE LATIN COUESE. INTRODUCTION. PRONUNCIATION. 1. Alphabet. The Latin alphabet is the same as the English, save that it lacks w. NOTE. k is found only in a few words, e.g. Kalendae, and as an abbreviation, e.g. K. for Kaeso, a Roman surname, y and z are found only in words of foreign origin. The char- acters j and v did not originally belong to the Latin alpha- bet, but are additions of the mediaeval period. They were used then to distinguish i the vowel from i the consonant, i.e. /; and u the vowel from u the consonant, i.e. v (pro- nounced as labial v, nearly our w). 2. Letters. Letters are either vowels or conso- nants. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, y. The remaining letters of the alphabet are consonants. 3. Vowels. Vowels may be long (indicated thus _), or short (indicated thus w), or common (indicated thus ). 2 Shorter Latin NOTE. The long and short vowels differ only in the length of time required in their pronunciation. This is termed the Quantity of the vowel. The long vowel requires twice the time in pronunciation that a short vowel does. (In this book all long vowels are marked. The short vowels are indicated only at times to save ambiguity.) 4. Consonants. Consonants may be classified as follows : Mutes, < t, d I k, c, g, q(u) Liquids, /, m, n, r Sibilant, 5 Double consonants, x and z. 5. Sounds of the Letters. There are two methods of pronouncing Latin among English-speaking people. . They are : 1. The Roman Method. 2. The English Method. The Eoman or phonetic method is generally ac- cepted by modern scholars as the one presenting in a fairly exact manner the pronunciation of the educated Eomans of the Augustan Age. It simplifies pronun- ciation, since it has but one sound for each letter, and it aids in the study of Latin versification and com- parative philology. NOTE. It must be remembered that the difference be- tween the long and short vowels is a matter of time required in pronunciation. The English words chosen represent only approximately this difference. Introduction. 3 a. Roman Method. Vowels : a is sounded like the last a in mamma. a " " " a in comma. e " " " a " fray. e " " " e " fret. ? " " " i " machine. " " " i " thin. 6 " " " o " hole. o " " " o " rod. M " " " oo " pool, not like w in cute. u " " " M " pull, " " u " but. Diphthongs : ae is like aye. aw " " oio in cow. ei " " ei " feint.' eu " " w " cute, oe " " oi " oil. wi " " ^ee " tweed. Consonants : b is sounded like English b, save that before s and it is like English p. urbs = urps (not herbs) , obtineo optineo. So scrlbo has perf. scrlpsi and supine scriptum. c is sounded like English k, or c in cat. g is sounded like English g in give. y (i consonant), is like y in young. q, always followed by w, is like English qu. v (u consonant), is like w in woe. t is like English t, never like sh. s is like s in sill, not like z. It is always a sharp hiss. ch is like fc. 4 Shorter Latin Course. b. The English Method. The letters are sounded as in English. Vowels : a as in mate. a as in hat. e as ee " feet. e " " get. i as " wine. i " " fin. o " " note. o " " hot. M " " tube. u " " cub. Diphthongs : ae and oe like e. aw like au in aught, ew " ew " pewter. Consonants : c is like 5, and g like y, before e, i, ?/, ae, oe, ew. Otherwise they are hard, as c in come, and # in get. di is always hard. t before i has sound of sh. 6. Syllables. A word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs. A single consonant between two vowels belongs in pronunciation with the latter. When two words are component parts of a com- pound, these parts must be indicated in pronuncia- tion; as, ab-sum. NOTE. The last syllable is called the ultima : the next to the last, penult ; and the last but two, antepenult. 1. Quantity. 1. A vowel is short when it .stands before another vowel or h, also before nd and nt; nihil, via, lauddnt, laudandus. 2. The following are long : a. Diphthongs and vowels taking the place of diph- thongs ; accuso (causa), excludo (claudo). Introduction. 5 b. Vowels formed as a result of contraction ; mo- mentum (movimentum) . c. Vowels before nf and ns and j (the i consonant) infensus pronounced eenfanesus ; before gn, gm as magnus, dgmen; sometimes before nc and nq sanctus, qmnque. 3. Syllables which have long vowels are long ; sylla- bles which have vowels followed by two consonants (except a mute with I or r), or a double consonant (x ox z), are long. Remember the vowel, if short in itself, does not change its pronunciation, though the syllable is con- sidered long. A syllable in which a short vowel is followed by a mute with I or r is common ; i.e. it may be long or short. 8. Accent. Words of two syllables are accented on the first. Words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult when that is long, otherwise on the ante- penult. Enclitics. Some small words, such as que = and, ne, the sign of a question, are joined to other words. The accent then falls upon the syllable immediately preceding the enclitic. V OP tJNIVBESITY SECTION 1. FIRST DECLENSION : SINGULAR. Learn : ^ a table. Nominative ) > cases, and Vocative > Mensa Genitive case, Mens ae Dative case, Mens ae Accusative case, Mens am Ablative case, Mens a of a table (or) a table's. to (or) for a table. a table. with, from, etc., a table. 1 Write clown in the same way : vita, life. fenestra, a window. colonia, the colony. SECTION 2. THE ACCUSATIVE CASE. We say in English " I strike him" not " I strike lie" and " He strikes me" not " He strikes / "/ for in these sentences the persons who strike are put in the nomina- tive, and the persons whom they strike in the accusa- tive. But very few words in English as it is spoken 1 The ablative case may be translated by from, by, ivith, in, or at. It is very often found with prepositions. 6 SEC. 2.] First Declension. 7 and written nowadays, 1 have an accusative case differ- ent from the nominative. We say, for instance, " The stone struck me " and " I struck the stone/' and the word " stone " is not altered as " me " is to " I." In Latin, on the other hand, most words have an accusa- tive case different from the nominative, and great care must be taken to use the accusative when the noun in English follows the verb. In such a sentence, there- fore, as "He strikes the table," the table would be "mensam." Obs. In putting the Latin sentences into English an a or a the will have often to be added, whichever of the two seems the more suitable* For the words see the Dictionaries at the end. [1.] 1. Puella Juliam laudat. 2. Julia puellam laudat. 3. Cornelia mensam ornat. 4. Cornelia Juliam amat. 5. Puella Corneliam amat. 6. Julia rosam laudat. 7. Puella Juliam amat. 8. Cornelia rosam laudat. 9. Puella mensam laudat. 10. Julia Corne- liam ornat. 11. Cornelia puellam laudat. 12. Julia Corneliam amat. [2.] 1. Cornelia praises Julia. 2. Julia praises Cornelia. 3. Cornelia loves the girl. 4. The girl praises the rose. 5. Julia praises the table. 6. Julia loves the girl. 7. Cornelia praises the table. 8. Julia decorates the table. 1 English used to be more like Latin in this respect ; for instance, " tunge " (now "tongue ") used to have an accusative " tungan." 8 Shorter Latin Course. C SE c. 3-4. SECTION 3. FIRST DECLENSION: SINGULAR (Continued). Other cases than the accusative. [3.] 1. Puella mensam regmae ornat. 2. Julia Corneliae mensam dat. 3. Puella regmam semper laudat. 4. Puella Juliae rosam saepe dat. 5. Cor- nelia puellae epistulam dat. 6. Cornelia mensam Juliae ornat. 7. Keglna epistulam puellae laudat. 8. Regma puellae epistulam dat. 9. Puella^ Corne- liae epistulam dat. 10. Cornelia ! puella mensam semper ornat. 11. Puella reginae Italiae mensam dat. 12. Julia semper, Cornelia saepe, puellam laudat. [4.] 1. The Queen of Italy praises the girl. 2. Julia always praises the girl's letter. 3. The girl gives a letter to the queen. 4. Cornelia always praises the girl. 5. The girl decorates the table with a rose. 6. The queen often gives a rose to the girl. 7. Julia ! the queen gives a letter to the girl. 8. The girl often decorates the table of the queen. SECTION 4. FIRST DECLENSION : PLURAL. Learn : Nom. "| and I Mens ae tables. Voc. j Gen. Mens arum of tables. Dat. Mens is to (or) for tables. Ace. Mens as tables. Abl. Mens is with, from, etc., tables. SEC. 4.] First Declension. 9 [5.] 1. Puellae mensam regmae ornant. 2. Puella mensas regmae ornat. 3. Reginae puellam semper lau- dant. 4. Puella mensam regmae rosis ornat. 5. Julia epistulas regmarum saepe habet. 6. Regina epistulam puellarum laudat. 7. Puellae reginam Italiae amant. 8. Puellae rosis semper mensam regmae ornant. 9. Regina semper rosas puellae habet. 10. Puellae epistulas regmarum habent. 11. Regina puellae men- sam dat. 12. Puellae reginae saepe rosas dant. 13. Regina hodie puellas saepe laudat. 14. Puella reginae semper epistulas dat. 15. Regina puellam, puella reginam, amat. 16. Regina puellis mensas dat. 17. Puellae Juliae epistulam dant. 18. Regina Juliae rosam, Corneliae mensam, dat. [6.] 1. The girls have roses to-day. 2. Julia loves the girls. 3. The girl has a table. 4. Cornelia praises the girls to-day. 5. The girls decorate the tables to-day. 6. Julia always has roses. 7. The girl often decorates the tables. 8. Julia praises the girl to-day. 9. The girls often decorate the table. 10. Cornelia always praises the roses. [7.] 1. The queen often praises the girl's letters. 2. The girls praise the roses of Italy. 3. Julia has the girl's letter to-day. 4. The girls decorate the queen's table with roses. 5. Cornelia always praises the let- ters of the girls. 6. The Queen of Italy has the girl's letter. 7. Julia praises the queen's letter to-day. 8. Julia gives letters to the girls. 9. The girls give a letter to Julia. 10. The Queen of Italy gives roses to the girls. 11. Julia gives roses to the girl. 12. The girl decorates Julia's table with the roses. Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 5. SECTION 5. SECOND DECLENSION : NOUNS IN -us. The greater number of masculine nouns of the sec- ond declension end in the nominative singular in -us, and are declined like : SINGULAR. Nom. > and \- Domin us, a master. Voc. J Gen. Domini of a master or a master's. Dat. Domin 6 to (or ) for a master. Ace. Domin urn a master. Abl. Domin 6 with, from, etc., a master. 1 PLURAL. Nom. "| and > Domiri I masters. Voc. J Gen. Domin orum of masters. Dat. Domin is to (or) for masters. Ace. Domin 6s masters. Abl. Domin is with, from, etc., masters. 1 The Latin for " Master ! " or Master ! " is Do- mine. Domine is called the Vocative Case. In all other nouns but those in -us of this declension the Vocative is the same as the Nominative Case. 1 As dominus refers to a person, a preposition is used with the ablative case to express these relations, hence, with the master is cum domino, and/rom or by the master is a domino. SEC. 5.] Second Declension. Obs. In putting the Latin sentences into English a his, her, or their will have sometimes to be added. It follows that, in turning the English sentences into Latin, these words (for the present put in italics) should be passed over. [8.] 1. Dominus servum laudat. 2. Servi dominum amant. 3. Domini amicos laudant. 4. Marcus ser- vos videt. 5. Dominus regmam saepe videt. 6. Do- mini servos saepe laudant. 7. Marcus Juliam amat. 8. Amici Marcum vident. 9. Domine ! regma servos laudat. 10. Marcus hodie amicum laudat. 11. Domi- nus servis epistulam dat. 12. Begma epistulam servi laudat. 13. Servi mensam dommi ornant. 14. Julia servo rosam dat. 15. Servi domims epistulas dant. 16. " Servi ! dominus epistulam habet. 17. Puella amicis rosas dat. 18. Eegina Marco mensam dat. 19. Amici epistulam domini habent. 20. Regma Cor- neliae epistulam puellae dat. [9.] 1. The slaves praise their 1 master. 2. The masters praise their slaves. 3. The slave has a friend. 4. Marcus praises his slave to-day. 5. Julia praises the slaves. 6. The slave praises the girls. 7. The girls decorate the queen's table with roses. 8. The slaves often praise their master. 9. Marcus praises the Queen of Italy. 10. The slaves see their mas- ter. [10.] 1. The queen gives letters to her slaves. 2. Julia has her friend's letter. 3. The queens praise Marcus's letter. 4. The slaves have the letters of their 1 Words in italics are left out in translation into Latin. 12 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. G. masters. 5. Marcus often praises his slaves. 6. The slave gives a rose to Ms master. 7. The slaves give their master a letter to-day. 8. The master praises the letters of his slaves. 9. The queen sees the girl's letter. 10. The slaves often see their master. SECTION 6. SECOND DECLENSION : NEUTER NOUNS. The neuter nouns of the second declension end in -um; and, like all neuter nouns, they have the nomi- native and accusative cases, both in the singular and plural, alike : SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. 1 and ^Bellum war. Bella wars. Voc. J Gen. Belli of war. Bell orum of wars. Dat. Bell 6 to war. Bell is to wars. Ace. Bell um war. Bella wars. Abl. Bello by war. Bell is by wars. [11.] 1. Praemium domini servos delectat. 2. Servi arma dominorum habent. 3. Dominus servo praemium dat. 4. Bellum Germanos delectat. 5. Julia et Cor- nelia rosas semper habent. 6. Marcus diligentiam ser- vorum saepe laudat. 7. Bellum dominum et servum delectat. 8. German! diligentiam amant et laudant. 9. Domin! serv!s praemium dant. 10. Servi mensam domim hodie ornarit. 11. Eegma diligentiam Juliae SEC. 7.] Second Declension. 13 et Corneliae laudat. 12. Puella anna Marci videt et laudat. [12.] 1. War pleases the slaves. 2. The reward of the queen pleases the girls. 3. The Germans love arms. 4. The queen praises the diligence of the slave. 5. Marcus loves and praises war. 6. The arms of Marcus please his friend. 7. The queen gives rewards to the girl. 8. The slaves have their master's arms. 9. The letters of their slaves please the masters. 10. The lord gives rewards to his slaves to-day. SECTION 7. SECOND DECLENSION ( Continued) : ADJECTIVES IN -us -a -urn, SINGULAR. These adjectives are thus declined in the singu- lar : MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. (like Dominus.) (like Mensa.) (like jBellum.) Nom. "| and f Bon us, g bon a bon um. Voc. J Gen. Boni bonae bori I. Dat. Bon 6 bonae bon 6. Ace. Bon um bon am bon um. Abl. Bon 6 bon a bon 5. Adjectives must be put in the same gender and the same case of the singular or plural as the nouns with which they go. 14 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 7. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. N 'l & V Domin us bon us mens a long a bell um long um. V.J -e -e G. Domini boni mensae longae belli longi. D. Domino bon 6 mensae longae bell 6 long 6. Ac. Domin um bonum mens am long am bellum longuxn. Ab. Domino bono mens a long a bell 6 long 6. [13.] 1. Amlcus meus amicum tuum hodie laudat. 2. Marcus servum tuum saepe videt. 3. Dominus dili- gentiam fidi servi semper laudat. 4. Reglna Marco, amicd tuo, servum dat. 5. Regma diligentiam bonae puellae laudat. 6. Servus domino epistulam meain dat. 7. Regma puellae f idae praernium dat. 8. Mar- cus longam amici epistulam habet. 9. Amici prae- mium meum vident. 10. Longa epistula reginam delectat. 11. Marcus, amicus meus, puellam aniat. 12. Regma servo meo praemium diligentiae dat. [14.] 1. Marcus praises the diligence of your slave to-day. 2. The master gives a reward to his good slave. 3. The good master praises the diligence of Ms slaves. 4. The queen gives a rose to my friend. 5. The master often praises his faithful slave. 6. The slaves see their master's long letter. 7. Marcus and Julia see my letter. 8. The queen praises the good girl. 9. The slaves decorate the queen's table with roses. 10. A long war delights the Germans. [15.] 1. The slaves are decorating their master's table with roses. 2. The girl has my rose. 3. The girls have the arms. 4. My friend praises my dili- gence. 5. Marcus gives the letter to his faithful friend. SEC. s.] Second Declension. 15 6. The girl often sees the faithful slave. 7. Marcus praises my master. 8. Julia loves my friend Marcus. 9. The queen praises the diligence of your friend. 10. Master ! your slaves have the letter. SECTION 8. SECOND DECLENSION (Continued): ADJECTIVES IN -us, PLURAL. These adjectives are thus declined in the plural : MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Norn, -j and > Bon I bon ae - "bon a. Voc. J Gen. Bon orum bon arum bon orum Dat. Bon is bon is bon is. Ace. Bon 6s bon as bon a. Abl. Bon is bon is bon is. [16.] 1. Dominus multos et bonos servos habet. 2. Bom servi multos amicos semper habent. 3. Re- gina diligentiam amicorum meorum laudat. 4. Domi- nus fidis servis praemia dat. 5. Bonae puellae arma tua hodie habent. 6. German! multa arma habent. 7. Puellae mensas tuas, regma, ornant ! 8. Dominus diligentiam bon orum servoruin laudat. 9. Puellae mensam longam multis rosis ornant. 10. Multi domim diligentiam servorum laudant. 11. Longae epistulae puellam delectant. 12. Amici mei puellis multa prae- mia dant. 13. Dominus epistulas servorum fidorum habet. 14. Regina epistulam bonarum puellarum lau- dat. 15. Eegmae bonae fidis puellis multas rosas dant. 16 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 9. [17.] 1. Marcus often sees my friends. 2. The master gives rewards to his good slaves. 3. Slaves always love good masters. 4. The girls give your roses to the queen. 5. Julia praises the diligence of the good girls. 6. Julia ! the girl has your and my letters. 7. The good girls adorn Julia with many roses. 8. The girl gives many letters to the queen. [18.] 1. The queen gives many rewards to the girl. 2. The girl loves the good queens. 3. Your friend gives many roses to the girl. 4. The good queen praises the ' diligence of my friends. 5. His friend gives your arms to Marcus. 6. The good queen al- ways loves good girls. 7. The Germans praise long wars. 8. The girl gives my letters to Julia. 9. My slave gives a long letter to Marcus. 10. Marcus to- day has many rewards. SECTION 9. SECOND DECLENSION (Continued): NOUNS IN -er. To the second declension belong also many nouns and adjectives ending in -er. Most of these drop the e in the other cases : SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. ^ and \- Magister magistr i. yX Voc. J Gen. Magistr I magistr orum. Dat. Magistr 5 magistr is. Ace. Magistr um magistr 6s. Abl. Magistr 5 magistr is. SEC. 9.] Second Declension. 17 A few, however, keep the e throughout : SINGULAR. PLURAL. ^ m * i A/^"*!-* and f Puer ~ pueri. Voc. J Gen. Pueri puer orum. Dat. Puer 6 puer is. Ace. Puerum puer 6s. Abl. Puer 6 puer is. "^L^ir is declined like puer. [19.] 1. Magister pueris boms libros dat. 2. Domi- nus miser epistulam servorum videt. 3. Kegina puel- lam pulchram am at. 4. Puella mensam rosis pulchris ornet. 5. Regma libros puellarum pulchrarum laudat. 6. Puellae bonae pueris miseris rosas dant. 7. Puella regmae miserae rosas pulchras dat. 8. Multi pueri magistiis epistulas longas dant. 9. Kegina puellae miserae libros bonos dat. 10. Bom viri regmam mi- seram amant. 11. Puer puellae rosam pulchram saepe dat. 12. Libri pueros miseros hodie delectant. [20.] 1. The boys see the books of their masters. 2. The master praises the diligence of the boys. 3. The good man gives a table to his slave. 4. The good lord praises the arms of the faithful slave. 5. The boy gives my books to his master. ' 6. The master gives good books to his boys. 7. Your friend sees the queen's unhappy slaves. 8. The good slave sees his master's letters. [21.] 1. The good man always praises the unhappy queen. 2. The unhappy man loves the beautiful girl. 3. The good girl often gives books to the unhappy 18 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 10. queen. 4. The queen praises the girl's beautiful books. 5. The slaves praise the beautiful table of their masters. 6. The unhappy girl loves the good queen. 7. The queen often gives beautiful roses to the unhappy girl. 8. The good girls love the unhappy queen. 9. The masters give many letters to their slaves. 10. The queen always praises the good girl's diligence. SECTION 1O. Est Sunk. Est, is; sunt, are. The Latin for " Julia is queen " is Julia est regma, (not regm&rn). The rule that the accusative is to be put after the verb does not apply to the verb " to be." It is not right to say in English, " It is me" and " It is him," but "It is J," and "It is he." So in Latin, est Julia (not Juliam) will stand for " It is Julia." Be careful, too, to notice that the adjective has to agree with its noun none the less because est or sunt comes between them. So the Latin for " the rose is beautiful " is rosa est pulchra. [22.] 1. Puer est miser. 2. Epistula est longa. 3. Puellae sunt pulchrae. 4. Anna pulchra sunt. ' 5. Vir bonus non est miser. 6. Libii amico meo gratl vv ; sunt. 7. Mensa magistii plena librorum est. 8. Ma- ^ gister Juliam laudat, Corneliam culpat. 9. Horti pul- chri pueiis et puellis grati sunt. 10. Epistula regmae boms puellis grata est. 11. Hortus regmae semper SEC. io.] Est Sunt. 19 plenus rosarum est. 12. Magister pigros pueros cul- pat, impigros laudat. 13. Magister pueris praemium non dat ; non sunt bom. 14. Longa Marc! epistula puellae miserae grata est. 15. Pueri sunt miser! : magister diligentiam non laudat. 16. Magister pueros culpat; semper sunt pigrl. [23.] 1. The letter is welcome. 2. The garden is beautiful. 3. The slaves are faithful. 4. Italy is beautiful. 5. The table is full. 6. The roses are beautiful. 7. The slaves are active. 8. The boy is active. 9. He is a good man. 10. The slaves of Marcus are faithful. [24.] 1. The master is a good man. 2. Julia is queen of Italy. 3. The queen blames the lazy girls. 4. The lord's garden is full of roses. 5. A good man praises diligence. 6. Books are often the rewards of diligence. 7. Balbus is often a lazy boy. 8. The lord always blames the lazy slave. 9. The lord blames Ms slaves ; they are not faithful. 10. Marcus is my friend, not yours. 11. The boy praises my friends and yours. 12. Your lord is a friend of the queen's. 13. Girls are not always beautiful. 14. Books are not always welcome to boys. I. A Letter of a Father to his Boy at /School. (Words on p. 177.) OA^^ yjo Epistula magistri tui, Balbe, grata et jucunda mihi fuit. Nam diligentiam tuam laudat, et scribit : "Filius tuus bonus puer et industrius est." Mater tibf pul- chrum librum, praemium diligentiae tuae, mittit. 20 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 11. Soror tua hodie sex annos habet. Cotidie me rogat : " Quando, pater, revertet frater ? " Yale ! II. Romulus and Remus. (Words on p. 177.) \Ji^&*-- Dum Eomulus muros Eomae multa diligentia aedifi- cat, Eemus, frater, puer piger et improbus, parvos adhuc muros saepe transilit. Verbis contumeliosis, Eomulum compellat. "Carissime frater, quam mag- nifici sunt murT tui ! inimicQS tuos egregie arcent ! " Eomulus, autem, plenus irae, Eemum occidit. Turn muros conficit. III. The Black Slave. (Words on p. 178.) Agrippa nigrum servum habebat. Pueri, autem, miserum servum *in plateis rident. " En," clamant, " quam niger est ! Serve, nemo te lavat ? " Dominus, tarn en, vir bonus et validus, improbos pueros audit. Plenus irae pueros capillo arripit. Frustra clamant ; frustra lacrimas fundunt. Cunctos sine mora in atra- mentum demergit. SECTION 11. THIRD DECLENSION. The case-endings for masculine and feminine nouns of this declension are : SEC. 11.] Third Declension. 21 SINGULAR. Nom. Gen. -is Dat. -i Ace. -em Abl. -e Some nouns, soror, clamor, mutter, for instance, are declined by adding these endings to the nominative singular. Soror therefore is declined : SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. ^ and > Soror soror es. Voc. J Gen. Soror is soror um. Dat. Soror I soror ibus. Ace. Soror em soror es. Abl. Soror e soror ibus. [25.] 1. Pueri puellas clamore terrent. 2. Puer puellam clamoribus terret. 3. Puer bonus a sorore Taudatur. 4. Mulier regmae multas epistulas dat. 5. Puer mulierem clamoribus terret. 6. Servi fid! hodie a domims laudantur. 7. Vir bonus mulieribus libros dat. 8. Aniicus meus sororem Juliae saepe vi- det. 9. Magister puero librum, praemium diligentiae, dat. 10. Balbus a Julia, Marcus a Cornelia, amatur. 11. Pueri a sorore semper laudantur. 12. Pueros pigros magister semper culpat. 13. Vir bonus muli- erem nunquam terret. 14. Puer sorori librum, soror puero arma, dat. 15. Pueri sunt pigrij nunquam praemia habent. [26.] 1. The boys love their sisters. 2. The boy 22 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 12. blames his sister to-day. 3. His sister often blames the boy. 4. Marcus has the books of the slaves. 5. The shouting of the boys frightens the girls. 6. The shouts of the girls frighten the queen. 7. The queen never praises the woman's letter. 8. Marcus gives a book to the woman. 9. Julia has the women's roses. 10. The boy gives a rose to his sisters. [27.] 1. Julia's sisters give a book to the boy. 2. Julia praises her sister's diligence. 3. Wars frighten women. 4. Cornelia never gives a reward to her sister. 5. The sailors' shouting frightens the queen. 6. The boys' sisters have the roses. 7. The queen praises the diligence of her sisters. 8. The boy gives the books to his sister. 9. The lord frightens his lazy slaves. 10. His sister praises the unhappy boy. 11. The master always blames the shouting. 12. The boy sees his sister in the garden. 13. The shouts of the boys frighten the women. 14. The women praise the roses of your garden. 15. Balbus loves the sister of the beautiful Julia. SECTION 12. THIRD DECLENSION (Continued). The Gender shown by meaning. The meaning of some words shows their gender : mercator, a merchant, is masculine ; mulier, a woman, is feminine. " A good merchant," and " a good woman/' will therefore be declined thus ; SEC. 12.] Third Declension. 23 SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. ^ and > Bon us, 8, mercator bon i mercator es. Voc. J Gen. Boni mercator is bon orum mercator um. Dat. Bono mercator i bon is mercator ibua. Ace. Bon um mercator em bon 6s mercator es. Abl. Bono mercator e bon is mercator ibus. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom.'N and } Bon a mulier bon ae mulier es. Yoc. J Gen. Bonae mulier is bonarnm mulier um. Dat. Bon ae mulier I bon is mulier ibus. Ace. Bon am mulier em bon as mulier es. Abl. Bon a mulier e bon is mulier ibus. "By," before a word denoting a person, must be translated by the preposition a (ab always before a vowel, and often before consonants), followed by the ablative : otherwise the ablative by itself is enough. So: Regma a bono mercatore laudatur. The queen is praised by the good merchant. Regiria clamoribus puerorum terretur. The queen is frightened by the shouts of the boys. [28.] 1. Alexander sorori tuae rosam nunquam dat. 2. Multi oratores reginam semper laudant. 3. Puer libros clarorum oratorum hodie laudat. 4. Mercator Germanus reginae vinum dat.) 5. Eegma a multis oratoribus laudatur. 6. Marcus sororem meam amat et saepe laudat. 7. Magister diligentiam sororum mearum laudat. 8. Regina bonis mulieribus pecuniam 24 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 12. cotidie dat. 9. Balbus diligentiam majorum meorum saepe lauglat. 10. Marcus, vir bonus, miseris servis pecuniam dat. 11. Clamores puerorum miseras mulie- res terrent. 12. Bella Alexaiidri elara sunt. 13. Ser- vus domino vmum cotjldie'dat. 14. Servi mei Balbum et Marcum cotidie vident. 15. Mercatoribus bella non semper grata sunt. [29.] 1. Alexander has many sisters. 2. The queen is praised by my sisters. 3. The lord gives money to the active merchant. 4. The poet praises the queen's beautiful sisters. 5. The poet gives his book to the celebrated orator. 6. The celebrated orator praises his ancestors. 7. Your ancestors are praised by the ora- tor. 8. The good merchants give rewards to the sailors. 9. The orator praises the gardens of Italy. 10. The boy praises the long books of the orators. [30.] 1. The queen praises the faithful women. 2. The faithful women are praised by the queen. 3. The lord praises the merchant's wine. 4. The queen often praises the diligence of the German mer- chants. 5. The boy loves his sister, and is praised by his sister. 6. The merchant's gardens are full of beautiful roses to-day. 7. The girl praises the dili- gence of the active women. 8. The boy often has your sister's books. 9. The queen praises the dili- gence of the merchants every day. 10. The slaves give the letters to the merchant every day. 11. The good merchant gives money to the orators. 12. The queen gives wine to the poet, money to the orator. SEC. is.] Third Declension, The Stem. 25 IV. A Fable. (Words on p. 178.) Societatem jungunt led, equus, capra, ovis. , Multam praedam capiunt, et in unum locum comportant. Turn in quattuor partes praedam dividunt. Leo, autem, "Prima pars," inqtiit, "mea est; nam leo rex anima- lium est. Et mea est pars secunda, propter magnps meos labdres. Tertiam partem vindico, quoniam major mihi quam vobis, animalibus imbecillis et par- vis, fame's est. Quartam, derifque, partem si quis sibi ' arrogat, mihi inimicus erit." SECTION 13. THIRD DECLENSION (Continued)-. THE STEM. The nouns of the third declension which have been given so far have been declined by adding the case- endings to the nominative singular. But in order to decline the greater number of nouns of this declen- sion it is necessary to know another case as well. Rex, a king, for instance, is thus declined : SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. "J and > Rex reges. Voc. J Gen. Regis regum. Dat. Regi regibus. Ace. Reg em reges. Abl. Rege regibus. 26 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 13. It is not to rex, but to reg-, that the case-endings are added. [31.] 1. Eegma diligentiam militum semper laudat. 2. Soror parvo fratri bonum librum dat. 3. Fratres praemiis regis et regmae content! sunt. 4. Eex mili- tibus hodie non est contentus. 5. Eegma i ratrem et Bororem in horto videt. 6. Eeges mercatoribus mag- nam pecuniam saepe dant. 7. Rex Germanus multos fratres et multas sorores habet. 8. Horti regum magni et pleni hodie rosarum sunt. 9. Eegma militi- bus magnam pecuniam saepe dat. 10. Magister saepe fratrem culpat, sororem semper laudat. 11. Milites praemiis regmae nunquam content! sunt. 12. Eex nau- tis et militibus multa saepe praemia dat. 13. Magis- ter me culpat, te laudat. 14. Clamores militum me saepe terrent. 15. Eeges fidis militibus magna prae- mia dant. 16. Marcus fidus regum amicus semper est. 17. Fratres tui miser! sunt : nunquam a magistro laudantur. 18. Eegma fratribus meis, Marco et Alex- andro, multos libros dat. 19. Te, amice, magistr! nunquam laudant, me semper ! 20. Frater meus cla- rus est : semper a militibus laudatur. [32.] 1. Wars do not frighten the soldier. 2. The girl is praised by the soldier. 3. The soldiers frighten the girl by their shouts. 4. Julia is never praised by my brother. 5. The slaves gave their lord's letters to the king. 6. The orators are always praising kings and queens. 7. The soldiers give a rose to the women. 8. The shouts of the common people frighten the king. 9. Your sisters see my brother every day. 10. The good king praises the beautiful queen. SEC. 14.] Third Declension, Genitive Plural. 27 [33.] 1. War is welcome to the soldiers. 2. Their sisters are always loved by their brothers. 3. My brothers are always active. 4. The merchants give good wine to the kings. 5. The king gives a large sum of money to the orators. 6. The brothers frighten their sisters by their shouts. 7. queen, the poets always praise you ! 8. My sisters love me, your sis- ters love you. 9. The brother gives many roses to his sister. 10. The king, a good man, gives the ora- tors 7 books to the active boys. 11. To good kings books are always welcome. 12. The soldiers are praised by the good king. SECTION 14. THIRD DECLENSION: GENITIVE PLURAL. Some nouns form their genitive plural, not in -um, but in -mm. The general rule is that nouns whose genitive sin- gular has more syllables than the nominative singular take -um; nouns which have the same number of syl- lables in these cases take -ium. NOM. SING. GEN. SING. GEN. PLURAL. 1. Miles Rex Orator milit is regis orator is milit um. reg um. orator um. 2. Host is Civ is Navis host is civ is 11 a v is host ium. civ ium. nav ium. 28 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 14. [34.] 1. Clamores hostium mulieres saepe terrent. 2. Eegina libros oratorum saepe laudat. 3. Orator diligentiam civiuni Germanorum laudat. 4. Milites navibus hostium non terrentur. 5. Eex reginae epis- tulas sororum dat. 6. Hostes parvis copiis agros vastant. 7. Epistula hostium regi non grata est. 8. Hostes proras navium regum vident. 9. Eegem, virum bonum, hostium clamores non terrent. 10. Eex nuinero navium contentus est. 11. Me clamores hos- tium nunquam terrent. 12. Eegma hostium agros regis vastat. [35.] 1. The king praises the diligence of the citi- zens. 2. The soldiers see the prows of the ships. 3. The brother praises the garden of his 1 sisters. 4. The slave sees the forces of the enemy. 5. The sailors decorate the prows of their 1 ships with roses. 6. The forces of the enemy do not frighten the king. 7. The slaves see the ships of the merchant. 8. The citizens lay waste the lands of the enemy. 9. Julia has a large number of sisters. 10. The king is satis- fied with the diligence of the citizens. [36.] 1. The king sees the enemy's ships. 2. The slaves of my sisters are faithful. 3. The king is loved by his citizens. 4. The enemy see a large number of ships. 5. The shouts of the soldiers frighten the forces of the enemy. 6. The forces of the enemy frighten the unhappy citizens. 7. The king praises the diligence of his ancestors. 8. The boy sees the rewards of the active girls. 9. The ships of the 1 His, her, and their are no longer printed in italics, but are still to be left out in Latin. SEC. is.] Third Declension, Genitive Plural. enemy are praised by the king. 10. To the king of the enemy the war is welcome. 11. The king is satis- fied to-day with the diligence of the soldiers. 12. The soldiers of the enemy frighten the citizens with their shouts. SECTION 15. THIRD DECLENSION : GENITIVE PLURAL (Continued). Some nouns, however, although they have the same number of syllables in all the cases of the singular, make their genitive plural in -um : so do : pater, mater, f rater, . ^ t * r juvenis, and senex. c j And others again, which have more syllables in the genitive than in the nominative singular, make their genitive plural in -ram. Among these are : (a) A number of words, mostly of one syllable, ending in an " s " following a consonant. What, then, is the genitive plural of ars, art is (art), pars, partis (part), mens, mentis (mind), frons, front is (front). (6) Nox, os, vis, make noctium, ossium, vlrium. and also some nouns in Section 17. [37.] 1. Puellae epistulas matrum habent. 2. Senes diligentiam majorum saepe laudant. 3. Copiae regiae agros hostium vastant. 4. Senum pars regem, pars regmam, culpat. 5. Servi navium regiarum partem vident. 6. Juvenum pars laudat, pars culpat poetam. 30 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. is. 7. Puellae saepe libris mat rum non sunt contentae. 8. Copiae hostium partem agrorum regiorum vastant. 9. Clamores mulierum copias regias non terrent. 10. Yerba tua me hodie non terrent, orator! 11. Cla- mores hostium miserarum animos matrum terrent. 12. Puerorum partem culpat, partem laudat magister. 13. Parvae hostium copiae aniinos militum terrent. 14. Te, puer piger, magistri nunquam laudant ! 15. Se- nex servis boms et fidls pecuniam cotidie dat. [38.] 1. The king praises the diligence of the young men. 2. The words of the orators frighten the citi- zens. 3. The words of the orators frighten the minds of the citizens. 4. The shouts of the citizens frighten the heart of the queen. 5. The old man blames the young man, the young man the old man. 6. The let- ters of their mother are welcome to the boys. 7. The words of the old men do not frighten the enemy. 8. The words of the orator are praised by the citizens. [39.] 1. Wars are never welcome to mothers. 2. The king of the enemy wastes the lands of the citizens with large forces. 3. The diligence of the soldiers is praised by the old men. 4. The forces of the enemy lay waste the broad lands of the merchants. 5. The boys are praised by their fathers, the girls by their mothers. 6. The citizens see the ships of the enemy, and the royal forces. 7. My father blames me, my mother praises me. 1 8. The merchant gives wine to the lord, money to the slave. 9. The royal soldiers are not satisfied with the king's words. 10. The words 1 Words printed in italics are to be left out. SEC. 16.] Third Declension, Neuter Nouns. 31 of the old men are not always welcome to the minds of the young men. Y. Corioldnus. (The words will be found in the Dictionary on p. 179.) Coriolanus, clarus Eomanorum imperator, plebi Eo- manae ob superbiam invisus fuit. Ex urbe igitur expulsus, ad Yolscos, acerrimos Eomanoruin hostes, contendit. Ab Yolscis dux exercitus factus, copias Eomanas saepe vincit. Denique ad urbem summis Yolscorum copiis venit. Frustra legati ex urbe veni- unt, pacem-que implorant. Postremo, Yeturia ; mater, et Yolumnia, uxor, ex urbe veniunt ; et, lacrimis pre- cibus-que mulierum commotus, exercitum removet. Ab YolsciSj autem, ut proditor interficitur. SECTION 16. THIRD DECLENSION : ENDINGS or NEUTER NOUNS. Neuter nouns of the third declension have the same endings as other nouns, except that, like all neuter nouns, the nominative and accusative in both numbers are the same, and that these cases in the plural end in -a. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. "| and ^ Nomen nomin a. Yoc. J Gen. Nomin is nomin um. Dat. Nomin I nomin ibus. Ace. Nomen nomin a. Abl. Nomin e nomin ibus. hnrxTBBsxfri 32 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. IG. [40.] 1. Boma caput Italiae est. 2. Nomen amici mei Alexander est. 3. Pater et mater pueris nomina dant. 4. Poeta regmae pulchrum carmen dat. 5. Mar- cus caput parvuin, animum magnum habet. 6. Pulchra poetae carmina saepe laudantur. 7. Series tempora antiqua semper laudant. 8. Nomina librorum tuorum amico meo non sunt nota. 9. Nomiria poetarum et oratorum magistro nota sunt. 10. Patres bom pueris et puellis vmum nunquam dant. 11. Marci longuni, Balbi magnum, caput est. 12. Poetae a te, oratore's a me, laudantur. 13. Nomina amicorum meorum Marco non sunt nota. 14. Poeta tempora antiqua longo car- mine laudat. 15. Juvenis mercatori pecuniam tern- pore dat. [41.] 1. Marcus praises the poet's songs. 2. Old men praise the times of their ancestors. 3. The girls adorn the queen's head with roses. 4. The girls see the heads of the old men. 5. The heads of the girls are beautiful. 6. The poet's songs are celebrated. 7. The old man blames the times. 8. The boys see your head. 9. The soldiers see the heads of the enemy. 10. The names of the slaves are known to the lords. [42.] 1. The names of the celebrated poets are known to the citizens. 2. Your name is not known to my mother. 3. The poet praises the queen in a beautiful song. 4. The boy has a book full of songs. 5. Marcus's head is long and big. 6. The royal sailors see the ships of the enemy in time. 7. The poets praise the queen's beautiful songs. 8. The names of the slaves are known to the merchants. SEC. 17.] Third Declension, Neuter Nouns. 33 9. The orator praises a part of the poet's song. 10. The boy has a book full of songs. 11. The king is not satisfied with the songs of the royal poet. 12. The orator praises the diligence of ancient times. SECTION 17. THIRD DECLENSION : NEUTER CASE-ENDINGS ( Continued) . Neuter nouns ending in ~e, -al, or -ar, make the ablative singular in -i, the nominative plural in -ia, and the genitive plural in -ium : SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. > and f Animal animal ia. Voc. J Gen. Animalis animal ium. Dat. Animal I animal ibus. Ace. Animal animal ia. Abl. Animal! animal ibus. W *.* [43.] 1. Gives hostibus magna vectigalia pendurit. 2. Servuin in conclavi tuo cotidie videt. 3. Equi cal- caribus incitantur. 4. Parva animalia saepe iinpigra, magna pigra sunt. 5. Cives regi magnum numerum vectigalium pendunt. 6. Praemia saepe calcaria dili- gentiae sunt. 7. Eosae in horto, libri in conclavi tuo, sunt. 8. Parva animalia magna saepe capita habent. 9. In conclavi tuo mult! et bom libri sunt. 10. Equos calcaribus, milites praemiis, incitant. 11. Servi libros tuos in sororis tuae conclavi vident. 12. Gives ani- 34 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 17. raos militum clamoribus incitant. 13. Marcus merca- tori magnam pecuniam pendit. 14. Libri bom pueixx rum animos saepe incitant. 15. Servi partem regio- rum conclavium vident. [44.] 1. The enemy pay taxes to the king. 2. The citizens pay part of the taxes to the queen. 3. Small animals are often active. 4. He praises the diligence of the small animals. 5. The girls adorn the queen's rooms with roses. 6. There are many books in your room. 7. The enemy urge on their horses with the spur. 8. The poet urges on the soldiers with his songs. 9. The father gives a horse to the good boy. 10. Your room is full of books. 11. The king is satisfied with a small tax. 12. Balbus urges on my horse with the spur. 13. The rooms of the king are high. 14. The words of the master urge on the lazy boys. 15. The queen has a large number of rooms. VI. Theseus and Ariadne. In Greta msula magnum labyrinthum Daedalus aedificavit, plenum viarum flexuosarum. In medio labyrintho foedum monstrum, taurus partim, partim homo, habitabat. Monstrum, autem, rex Cretae, sae- vus homo, captivis sagmabat. Inter miserandas illas victimas quondam erat Theseus, regulus Atticus. Ariadne, tamen, filia regis, plena misericordiae et arnoris, juveni filum longum mirurn-que gladium dat. Intrat, igitur, labyrinthum, filum-que ad portam alli- gat. Itaque juvenis auxilio fill certam viam in vast! aedificii flexuiis servat. Turn gladio monstrum fell- SEC. is.] Gender of Nouns by Termination. 85 citer necat. Nee longa mora fuit. Theseus cum filia regis navi trans latum mare fugit. Vesperi, autem, ad Naxum msulam veniunt. Media, tarn en, nocte Theseus, ingratus juvenis, puellam fidam et amantem deserit ; solus-que ad patriam redit. SECTION 18. THIRD DECLENSION : GENDER OF NOUNS BY TERMINATION. Masculine. General rule : Nouns which end in o, or, os, er, es (when the other cases of nouns in -es have more syl- lables than the nominative singular), are masculine. Decline : Sermo f acetus witty conversation. Magnus clamor a loud shout. Mos antiquus the ancient custom. Agger altus a high rampart. Pes claudus a lame foot. There are many exceptions to this and the follow- ing rules mater, mulier, soror, for instance, are of course feminine. [45.] 1. Puer magnos et longos pedes habet. 2. Senes faceto juvenis sermone saepe delectantur. 3. Parvus est clarorum oratorum numerus. 4. Senex mores antlquos et tempora antiqua cotldie laudat. 5. Mores tui, puer, a magistris non laudantur ! 6. Mar- cus, puer miser, pedibus claudus est. 7. Milites im- 36 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. is. pigri equos semper calcaribus incitant. 8. Magni puerorum clamores matrem terrent. 9. Altus hostium agger animos militum terret. 10. Magnae hostium copiae agros regies vastant. 11. Marcum et Bal- bum, amicos meos, in hortis regiis vident. 12. Multi dominl fidis servis nunquam sunt content!. [46.] 1. Witty conversation delights old men. 2. The loud shouts frighten the girls. 3. Balbus has a lame foot. 4. The ramparts of the enemy are long and high. 5. The rampart of the enemy is high. 6. The merchants often give wine to the soldier. 7. The songs of the poets are known to my father. 8. The boy's head is small, his feet are big. 9. The citizens pay a part only of the taxes to the king. 10. The old man blames the bad manners of the times. 11. The royal soldiers urge on their horses with spurs. 12. The young man charms the old man with his witty conversation. 13. The master's room is full of books. 14. The king fears the loud shouts of the citizens. 15. Small animals often have big feet. [47.] l 1. Multi homines carmina non amant. 2. Mul- tis hominibus oratores non sunt noti. 3. Magister Balbi mores laudat, Marci culpat. 4. Pulchri colores florum tuorum a rege laudantur. 5. Multi et pulchri flores in hortis regils sunt. 6. Copiae hostium castra magno aggere circumdant. 7. Marcus et Balbus pedi- bus claudi sunt. 8. Verba equitum animos militum non terrent. 9. Prater tuus longo sermone nunquam delectatur. 10. Castra hostium animos equitum non 1 This and the following exercise should not be omitted, as new words are introduced. SEC. is.] Gender of Nouns by Termination. 37 terrent. 11. Me flores pulchri, te arma equitum, de- lectant. 12. Prorae navium multis floribns ornantur. [48.] 1. The names of many men are known to me. 2. The beautiful colours of the flowers delight the girl. 3. The soldiers surround the camp with a high rampart. 4. The horsemen urge on their horses with the spurs. 5. My father is delighted with a long talk. 6. The poet's songs delight many men. 7. Your father praises the beautiful colours of the flowers. 8. The names of many flowers are known to my sister. 9. Lazy men are always unhappy. 10. The gardens are full of beautiful flowers. 11. The enemy's cavalry lay waste the royal lands. 12. The king surrounds the rampart with a high rampart. 13. Many men never pay the taxes. 14. The little girl gives many flowers to the queen. 15. The forces of the enemy lay waste part of the lands. VII. A Surprise. Bello Aegyptio, dum milites nostri castra faciunt, intenti-que opere sunt, subito speculatores accurrunt. "Adeunt hostes," clamant. Et statim ex arbustis un- dique hostes exsurgunt, et multis saevis-que clamoribus in castra irruunt. Nostri confestim arma arripiunt. Pauci extra castra orbes faciunt ; ceteii ex vallo tela coniciunt. Nostii multos amittunt : tandem hostes victi recedunt. Turn horribile spectaculum circa cas- tra nostra efat. Corpora hominum, camelorum, equo- rum mixta jacent. Inveniuntur, etiam, inter mortuos ieminae puerique parvi. Nostri, tamen, quamquam 38 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 19. acii proelio fessT sunt, castra conficiunt. Neque noc- turno tempore gemitus hostium vulneratorum militi- bus facultatem quietis dat. SECTION 19. THIRD DECLENSION: GENDER (Continued). FEMININE RULE. Those nouns in the third declension are feminine which end in is, as, cms, x, s (following another con- sonant, es (not increasing). Decline : Navis longa a long ship (a war-ship). Media aestas midsummer. Summa laus the highest praise. Clara vox a clear voice. Magna pars a large part. Nigra nubes a black cloud. There are many exceptions to this rule also cms, liostis, juvenis, senex, rex, the meaning shows to be masculine. [49.] 1. Naves longae hostium mllites nostros non terrent. 2. Laudes tuae, magister, impigrum puerum delectant ! 3. Magna pars oratorum regem et regmam semper culpat. 4. Nautae magnas et nigras nubes timent. 5. Vox puellae magnae parti juvenum grata est. 6. Tempora nostra et mores nostri saepe culpan- tur. 7. Oratoris sermo facetus me, te longa verba, delectant. 8. Poeta parvos pedes et pulchrum caput SEC. ID.] Third Declension, Feminine Rule. puellae laudat. 9. Nigrae nubes nautas navium regi- arum terrerit. 10. Laus pueris et magistris, servis et dominis, grata est. 11. Hostes media aestate castra alto aggere circumdant. 12. Aestas senibus et juveni- bus, pueris et puellis, grata est. , ^ [50.] 1. The boys see the war-ships of the enemy. 2. Our war-ships are known to the enemy. 3. Wine is welcome in midsummer. 4. Flowers are beautiful in the middle of summer. 5. The master gives the highest praise to the boys. 6. The girl's clear voice charms the young men. 7. The black clouds frighten the sailor. 8. The royal sailors fear the black cloud. 9. The boys see a large part of 'the ships. 10. The master praises the boy's clear voice. 11. Our king gives the lands of the enemy to the cavalry. 12. Little animals have often long names. 13. The names of the active young men are known to the king. 14. Your sister's beautiful voice delights me. 15. The boy gives a large part of the beautiful flowers to his mother. [51.] * 1. Equites regii in media urbe sunt. 2. Laus pueri auribus matris grata est. 3. Parva animalia saepe magnas aures habent. 4. Media nocte equites castra hostium circumdant. 5. Multae urbis nostrae partes puero notae sunt. 6. Nigrae nubes ab equi- tibus timentur. 7. Media aestate pulchri sunt in hortls regiis florum colores. 8. Demosthenes, clarus orator, animos civium saepe incitat. 9. Multos homi- nes antiqua carmina majorum nostrorum delectant. 10. Verba patrum et matrum saepe pigros pueros in- citant. 11. Prorae navium longarum aestate semper 1 This and the following exercise should not be omitted. 40 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 19. floribus ornantur. 12. Rex, vir bonus, equitibus impi- gris pecuniam, praemium diligentiae, dat. [52.] 1. The horses are lame in the feet. 2. Our city is known to many men. 3. The girl's clear voice delights our ears. 4. In the middle of the night shouts frighten the king. 5. At midnight the forces of the enemy lay waste our lands. 6. Our citizens do not fear the words of the orators. 7. The girls deco- rate the queen's head with flowers. 8. My brother is charmed with your conversation. 9. The girl has small and beautiful ears. 10. Praise is welcome to the minds of many men. 11. Many cities are known to the soldiers and sailors. 12. A great number of cities pay taxes to the king. 13. Your letter is wel- come to Our mother. 4 14. Our master is not satisfied with our diligence. 15. In midsummer my room is always full of flowers. VIII. The Roman Army fights a Serpent. Primo bello Punico Roman! castra aliquando in Africa apud Bagradam flumen ponunt ; multisque proe- liis copias hostium egregia militurn. virtute superant. Sed, paucis post diebus, apparet serpens ingentis mag- nitudinis ; et exercitum fluminis usu prohibet. Milites primo ex vallo sagittis telisque serpentem petunt; deinde magnam manum Regulus consul educit. Ser- pens multos ingenti ore corripit ; multos caudae volu- minibus elidit ; reliqui, metu perculsi, ad castra cele- riter fugiunt. Proximo die totus exercitus in campum educitur. Diu et acriter pugnatur. Tandem vero SEC. 20.] Third Declension, Neuter Rule, 41 ballistas et catapultas admovent : crebris lapidum vulneribus serpens interficitur. Sanguis autem mon- stri vicmum flumen imbuit ; et tota regio pestifero adflatu polluitur. Castra igitur Eomani summovent. Cerium, longum pedes centum et viginti, Eomam mit- tunt. Gives in templo ponunt. SECTION 2O. THIRD DECLENSION : NEUTER EULE. The neuter terminations are ar, ur, us, I, a, n, c, e, t. ar, ur, us. Decline : Calcar acutum a sharp spur. Crebrum fulgur the frequent lightning. Litus longum the long shore. [53.] 1. Tempora antiqua laudat senex, nostra cul- pat. 2. Milites nautas hostium et naves in litore vident. 3. Pueri multa genera animalium in hortis vident. 4. Equites acuto calcari equos semper inci- tant. 5. Crebra fulgura animos puellarum non terrent. 6. Opera Ciceronis nota sunt seni et juvem. 7. Non frigus, non nubes, non fulgura te terrent ! 8. Magnam vocem militis mulier timet. 9. Pueri corpora multo- rum nautarum in litore vident. 10. Tempora antiqua ab oratoribus et poetis laudantur. 11. Magni tui cla- mor es auribus nostris non sunt grati. 12. Magnae hostium copiae cotidie urbem nostram circumdant. 13. Milites praemiis regis nunquam sunt content!. 42 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 21. 14. Puellae nigiis nubibus saepe terrentur. 15. Opera oratoris et poetae a multis hominibus laudantur. [54.] 1. The sailors love the shore. 2. The en- emy's horses fear the lightning, 3. The sister gives spurs to the brother. 4. The frequent lightning- flashes frighten the women. 5. The horseman's spurs are sharp. 6. The active boy does not fear the cold. 7. There are many kinds of books. 8. The cold to-day is great. 9. The head is an important (magnus) part of the body. 10. In midsummer the shore is wel- come. [55.] 1. At midnight the cold is often great. 2. Our men see the ships on (m, with abl.) the shore. 3. The works of the orators are known to many. 4. The black clouds frighten the sailors of the war-ship. 5. There are many gardens in our city. 6. There are flowers of many kinds in the garden. 7. My father praises the poet's works. 8. The girls and the women fear the frequent lightning-flashes. 9. The cavalry's sharp spurs urge on the horses. 10. The soldiers see the bodies of the enemy on the shore. SECTION 21. THIRD DECLENSION : NEUTER RULE ( Continued) . 1, a, 11, c, e, t. Decline : Magnum animal a large animal. Pulchrum poema a beautiful poem. Flumen latuin the broad stream. SEC. 21.] Third Declension, Neuter Rule. 43 Album lac luhite milk. Latum mare the wide sea. Magnum caput a big head. [56.] 1. Poemata tua ab amicis meis saepe laudan- tur. 2. Nautae media aestate latum mare transeunt. 3. Amicus tuus librum in conclavi meo legit. 4. Magna hostium corpora nostros milites terrent. 5. Matres pueris fessis multum lac dant. 6. Multa genera ani- malium in lato marl sunt. 7. Mercatores naves lios- tium longas timent. 8. IMagister clari opera Cicero- nis cotidie legit. 9. Balbus et Marcus amicis meis nomina sunt. 10. Gives magnam vectlgalium partem tempore non pendunt. 11. Carmina poetae nostri a multis laudantur. 12,. Puer caput latum, pedes mag- nos, aures parvas, habet. [57.] 1. Many animals have not feet. 2. My friends often read your poem. 3. There are many streams in the lands of the enemy. 4. He gives milk to his sister, wine to his brother. 5. Sailors love the broad sea. 6. The royal rooms are beautiful. 7. My mother is tired with the long conversation. 8. The forces of the enemy cross the broad river. 9. My father is always reading your poems. 10. Your room charms me. 11. The horse crosses the broad river. 12. The girl fears rivers and seas. 13. His sister gives some milk to the tired boy. 14. The names of many books are known to the boys. 15. The citizens pay many taxes to the king. 44 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 22. IX. A Battle. Caesar media nocte castiis omnibus copiis exit ; et iter ad flumen facit. Nota tamen est res hostibus ; et prlma luce nostri copias hostium pedestres in summo colle vident. Turn Caesar in dextro et sinis- tro cornu equites collocat, et militum animos paucis verbis ad pugnam incitat. "Milites, omnis spes civi- tatis Komanae in virtute nostra est ; fortibus victoria est. J ^ Hostes piimo sinistruui exercitus latus, deinde dextrum carpunt ; postremo in medios ordines impe- tuni faciunt. Longa et acris pugna, crebra vulnera. Non terrent nostros ingentia hostium corpora, mag- nique clarnores. Pugnam in manibus faciunt, et brevi tempore hostes ex omnibus partibus superant. Dux hostium in manus nostras incidit. Caesar egregiam militum virtutem laudat; et omnibus praemia dat. Turn summa celeritate donium redeunt, et a civibus magna laude excipiuntur. SECTION 22. EXCEPTIONS TO THE GENDER EULES FOB THE THIKD DECLENSION. There are, as has been said, many exceptions to these rules. Nouns in -6 are masculine, but those in -10, -do, -go are feminine. Oratid, multitudo, imago, are therefore feminine. There are also many exceptions to the rule that the termination -is is feminine. Men- sis and finis, for instance, with many others, are mas- culine. SEC. 22.] Exceptions to the Gender Rules. 45 [58.] 1. Orationes Ciceronis a magistro nostro co- tidie laudantur. 2. Copiae hostium media aestate fines nostros vastant. 3. Nostri magnis copiis mense Januario castra hostium circumdant. 4. Naves longae hostium media nocte inare transeunt. 5. Marco mag- nae sunt aures, Alexandra parvae. 6. Mense Junio pul- chri sunt in hortls nostris flores. 7. Nostra urbs magnos et latos fines habet. 8. Magna hostium mul- titudo agros nostros vastat. 9. Pulchra imago Cice- ronis, oratoris clari, conclave meum ornat. 10. Nautae nostri magnam navium longarum multitudinem in litore vident. 11. Poemata tua a multis hominibus leguntur et laudantur. 12. Fratrum Marcus piger, Alexander fessus, est. [59.] 1. The orations of our king are known to many men. 2. The cavalry of the enemy lay waste our territories. 3. Many busts of our ancestors adorn our rooms. 4. In the month of January our ships cross the sea. 5. There is a great multitude of ani- mals in the sea. 6. Many men praise my speeches. 7. Our king has great and wide territories. 8. They see a great multitude of the enemy. 9. In the month of June he crosses the sea. 10. They read the cele- brated orations every day. [60.] 1. Many horsemen are crossing the river. 2. The citizens blame the king's long speech. 3. The voices of the king and queen are known to the citi- zens. 4. A beautiful image of the queen adorns the king's room. 5. Our sailors are not afraid of black clouds. 6. The enemy's cavalry lay waste the royal territories. 7. The king and queen are beloved by \ 46 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 23. the citizens. 8. Lightning is frequent in the month of June. 9. The master gives wine to the tired slaves. 10. There is a multitude of flowers in the gardens. SECTION 23. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. Adjectives of this declension are not so fully de- clined as those of the second declension. They have seldom three forms for the three genders, arid often only one. Those that end in -is are thus declined : Fortis, brave. Stem, forti. SINGULAR. Masc. and Fein. Neut. Nom. ^ and } Fortis forte. Voc. J Gen. Fort is fort is. Dat. Forti forti. Ace. Fort em fort e. Abl. Forti forti. PLURAL. Masc. and Fern. Neut. Nom. "| and > Fortes fortia. Voc. J Gen. Fortium fortium. Dat. Fortibus fortibus. Ace. Fortes, -is fortia. Abl. Fortibus fortibus. SEC. 23.] Adjectives of the Third Declension. 47 [61.] 1. Omne genus animalium capita habet. 2. Omni tempore amici hominibus grati sunt. 3. Clas- sis Boinana media aestate mare transit. 4. Equites Bom am omnes hostium copias superant. 5. Mense Junio breves, Januario longae, noctes sunt. 6. Bex Marcum, virum fortem et bonum civem, laudat. 7. Senex majores, viros fortes et graves, laudat. 8. Oratio regis a Marco, forti viro, laudatur. 9. Ima- gines ma jorum, virorum fortium, conclave regium ornant. 10. Omne genus operum militibus notum est. 11. Gravia magistri verba et me et te incitant. 12. Orationes regis graves sunt, et ab omnibus lau- dantur. [62.] 1. Our slaves are both (et) faithful and brave. 2. The prows of the war-ships are heavy. 3. The oration is long, the poem short. 4. Balbus praises the diligence of all his friends. 5. In mid- winter our fleet overcomes the Eomans. 6. Our ships overcome the Eoman fleet. 7. Winter is the time of long nights, summer of short. 8. All the works of Cicero are known to our master. 9. The boy's head is long, his body short. 10. Marcus's voice is clear, Alexander's deep (grams). 11. All the enemy's forces lay waste our territories. 12. The enemy's war-ships are seen on the long shore. 13. The horseman's spurs are big and heavy. 14. The enemy pay a large sum of money to the Eomans. 15. The words of the queen are praised by Balbus, a brave citizen. 48 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 24. SECTION 24. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION (Continued). Sapiens and auddx are declined thus : SINGULAR. Masc. and Fern. Neut. Norn. ^ and f Sapiens Voc. J sapiens. Gen. Sapient is Dat. Sapient i Ace. Sapient em Abl. Sapient I, e sapient is. sapient I. sapiens, sapient I, e. PLURAL. Masc. and Fern. Neut. Nom. ^| and > Sapient es Voc. J sapient ia. Gen. Sapient ium Dat. Sapient ibus Ace. Sapient es, is Abl. Sapient ibus sapient ium. sapient ibus. sapient ia. sapient ibus. SINGULAR. Masc. and Fern. Neut. Nom. -| and Y Audax Voc. J audax. Gen. Audacis audacis. Dat. Audac I audaci. Ace. Audac em audax. Abl. Audaci, e audaci, e. SEC. 24.] Adjectives of the Third Declension. 49 Masc. and Fern. Neut. Noin. -| and f Audiices audacia. Voc. J Gen. Audacium audacium. Dat. Audacibus audacibus. Ace. Audaces, is audacia. Abl. Audacibus audacibus. [63.] 1. Mhil sapientium animos terret. 2. Parva puella ingens animal timet. 3. Rex mereatoribus ingentem pecuniam dat. 4. Opera Ciceronis pueris saepe difficilia sunt. 5. Dominus servo, opere diffi- cili fesso, vmum dat. 6. Oratio regis longa, reginae brevis, est. 7. Omnia fortibus et audacibus facilia sunt. 8. Puer animo audaci mare media hieme tran- sit. 9. Pater tuus, vir sapiens, opera Ciceronis legit. 10. Omnia litora nostri maris nautis audacibus nota sunt. [64.] 1. Nothing is difficult to active men. 2. The boy does not fear the huge body of the enemy. 3. Praise is welcome to all men. 4. To the daring mind nothing is difficult. 5. The names of the wise men are known to the boys. 6. The bodies of our enemies are huge. 7. The days are short in the month of January. 8. The royal forces overcome our cavalry. 9. The heads of many animals are huge. 10. Many works are difficult to the lazy, easy to the active. 11. The cold in winter is great and severe (grams). 12. The ships of our fleet are enormous. 50 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 25. SECTION 25. ADJECTIVES OF THE THI^D DECLENSION (Continued). Adjectives in -er of the third declension have three endings in the nominative singular, and are declined like acer : Acer, brave , eager. Stem, acri. SINGULAR. Masc. Fern. Neut. Norn. -^ \ - and > Acer acris acr e. Voc. J 1 Gen. Acris acris acris. Dat. Acri acri acri. Ace. Acr em acr em acre. Abl. Acri acri acri. PLURAL. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. i 1 and y Acres acres acria. Voc. J 1 Gen. Acrium acr ium acr ium. Dat. Acribus acr ibus acr ibus. Ace. Acres, is acr es, is acria. Abl. Acribus acr ibus acr ibus. The one adjective celer is thus declined : Celer, swift. Stem, celeri. SEC. 25.] Adjectives of the Third Declension. 51 SINGULAR. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. -\ and > Celer Voc. J celer is celer e. Gen. Celer is celeris celeris. Dat. Celer I celer I celer I. Ace. Celer em celer em celer e. Abl. Celer I celer i celer I. Masc. Nom. -^ and f Celer es Voc. J Gen. Celer um Dat. Celer ibus Ace. Celer es, is Abl. Celer ibus PLURAL. Fern. celer es ' celer um celer ibus celer es, is celer ibus Neut. celer ia. celer um. celer ibus. celer ia. celer ibus. [65.] 1. Domini acris vox omnibus servis nota est. 2. Classis Eomana mense Decembri mare transit. 3. Navis hostium celeris brevi tempore nostrum mare transit. 4. Equites Eomani copias hostium pedes- tres superant. 5. Eqm equitum celerum fessi sunt. 6. Milites a Marco, acii viro et irnpigro, laudantur. 7. Mense Decembrv magnum et acre saepe frigus est. 8. Equites celeres equos calcaribus acutis inci- tant. 9. Copiae nostrae pedestres ab equitibus hos- tium superantur. 10. Puer miser sinistra aure surdus, pede dextro claudus est. [66.] 1. Quick horses delight the horseman. 2. Noth- ing is difficult to the daring young man. 3. The quick 52 Shorter Latin Cnnrse. [SEC. 25. cavalry of the enemy overcome our forces. 4. The boy sees the horses of the quick cavalry. 5. Marcus is a spirited and active man. 6. The enemy's horses are spirited, their horsemen active. 7. Nothing is difficult for the daring horsemen. 8. In the month of December the nights are long. 9. Our men overcome the infantry forces of the enemy. 10. The enemy overcome our men in a short time. 11. The soldier is lame in the left foot. 12. The active sailors cross the sea every day. X. A Roman Account of Britain. Omnium insularum, quae Eomanis notae sunt, max- ima est Britannia ; et Insulas, quidem, nostri maris ! multis partibus superat. Hominum est infinita mul- titudo; crebra aedificia; pecorum magnus numerus. Arborum omnium generum copia est. Aurum, et ar- geiitum, et alia metalla, inveniuntur. Frigus non est magnum; caelum autem crebris imbribus ac nebulis foedum. Unum latus insulae ad Galliam, alterum ad Hispaniam, alterum ad Germaniam spectat. Incola- rum hfimanissiml sunt qui Cantium incolunt : nam hue naves ex Gallia omnes et mercatores veniunt. Galli, ut est fama, hanc maritimam partem occupabant ; aedi- ficia Gallicis similia, mores idem, sermo haud multum diversus. Non notae sunt Britannis segetes, sed lacte et carne vivunt, pellibusque vestiuntur. Cor- pora vitro mficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem. Crines long! sunt; labrum superius non radunt. In bello ingenti virtute pugnant. 1 " Our sea " to a Roman is the Mediterranean. SEC. 25.] Recapitulatory Exercises. 53 KECAPITULATORY EXERCISES.* A. 1. Balbus, vir fortis et sapiens, dextro pede clau- dus, et sinistra aure surdus, est. 2. Multorum homi- num animi pecunia et praemils incitantur. 3. Omnia Quint 6, vir 6 forti et impigro, facilia sunt. 4. Bex sermone Marci, facet! hominis, saepe delectatur. 5. Poeta, vir sapiens, carmina regis nunquam non lau- dat. 6. Diligentia servi nigii, fidl et impigri hominis, saepe a domino laudatur. 7. Prorae navium nostra- rum hodie a nantis floribus ornantur. 8. Mulieres miserae crebro fulgure et nigrls nubibus terrentur. 9. Mores antiquorum temporum semper ab oratore, summo viro, laudantur. 10. Animi matrum clamori- bus audacium hostium terrentur. 11. Eegem hos- tium, ingentem hominem, nihil terret. 12. Verba Ciceronis, summi viri et boni civis, omnibus grata sunt. B. 1. In the month of December the soldiers are not in arms. 2. My friends are charmed with our letter. 3. They give milk to the little girls, wine to the big boys. 4. The lazy (plur.) praise the body, the wise the mind. 5. The winter is keen, and the cold severe (gravis). 6. The unfortunate (miser) slave has many things on his head. 7. The Eoman fleet does not cross the sea in mid-winter. 8. At midnight the cold is often great. 9. The works of Cicero, a good citizen, charm all men. 10. The brother's voice is deep, the sister's shrill. 1 To be omitted or not at discretion. 54 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 25. C. 1. Quintus has black, Marcus white slaves. 2. The praises of our ancestors are not always pleas- ing to our ears. 3. The frequent lightning delights the boy and frightens the girl. 4. A great number of ships are seen on the shore in winter. 5. Our city has a great number of taxes. 6. The old men pay the money to the merchant in time. 7. The sharp spurs of the cavalry frighten the unfortunate horses. 8. Nothing is difficult to the active and daring boy. 9. The young man likes few words, the old man many. 10. The Roman soldiers surround the camp with a high and broad rampart. D. 1. He has books of all kinds in his room ; he never reads them. 2. My friends Marcus and Quintus are always praising the diligence of their fathers. 3. The sailors praise the king's long speech with loud shouting. 4. My brother is reading the old man's long poem with great industry. 5. The names of many animals are known to the wise. 6. The mer- chant often crosses the sea in a small and swift ship. 7. The king gives a beautiful likeness of the poet to the queen. 8. My room is full of your books. 9. The infantry forces of the enemy are defeated every day by our cavalry. 10. In the middle of the summer the royal forces cross the river, and lay waste the territories of the enemy. SEC. 26.] Fourth Declension. 55 SECTION 26. THE FOURTH DECLENSION. These nouns end either in -us or -u. Those that end in -us are, as a rule, masculine ; those that end in -u are always neuter. The stem ends in u. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. ^ and > Exercit us exercitus. Voe. J Gen. Exercitus exercituum. Dat. Exercitui (u) 'exercitibus. Ace. Exercitum exercitus. Abl. Exercit u exercit ibus . [67.] 1. Exercitui Romano et copiae pedestres et equites sunt. 2. Fluctus ingentes miseram navem in Htus agunt. 3. Crebri hostium impetus nostros in mare agunt. 4. ISTihil exercitibus Romams difficile est. 5. Hostes magno impetuum numero nostros superant. 6. Puer piger a magistro, viro acri et sapiente, culpa- tur. 7. Nostri brevem et acreni impetum in hostes faciunt. 8. Media hieme fluctus saepe ingentes sunt. 9. Sapiens non nubes, non fulgura, non fluctuum im- petum, timet. 10. Hostes equos calcaribus incitant, et magnum in nostros impetum faciuut. [68.] 1. Nothing is difficult to our army. 2. The enemy by a quick attack overcome our men. 3. The force of the waves drives the ship on to (in, with ace.) the shore. 4. The cavalry make a charge on our foot- forces. 5. The Roman armies are often defeated by 56 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 27. the enemy. 6. The old man is lame to-day in his left foot. 7. The daring sailor does not fear the rush of the waves. 8. The foot-forces cross the broad river. 9. The frequent attacks of the enemy frighten our men. 10. Marcus is always active ; Balbus does (agit) nothing. 11. In the month of December there is nothing in our garden. 12. The enemy have many kinds of ships. SECTION 27. EOURTH DECLENSION (Continued). Neuter nouns in -u are declined like cornu : SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. ^ and > Cornu cornua. Voc. J Gen. Corn us cornuum. Dat. Cornu cornibus. Ace. Cornu cornua. Abl. Cornu cornibus. A few nouns in -us are feminine ; for example, mo, nus, a hand, and quercus, an oak (as nearly all names of trees). [69.] 1. Cornua multorum animalium acuta sunt, 2. Dextrum nostrorurn cornu ab hostibus superatur. 3. Multae et antiquae quercus in horto sunt. 4. Aves parvae media aestate in hortis canunt. 5. Equitum pars in sinistro cornu, pars in dextro, est. 6. Magna SEC. 28.] Fourth Declension. 57 avium nmltitudo in summa quercu * canit. 7. Puella manus parvas et parvos pedes habet. 8. Dextrum exercitus cornu acrem impetum in nostros facit. 9. Multae naves hodie in magno portu sunt. 10. Aures, manus, pedes partes corporum nostrorum sunt. [70.] 1. Many animals have horns. 2. All the cavalry are on the right wing. 3. The waves drive the ship into harbour. 4. The harbours are full of war-ships. 5. The boy has large hands and small feet. 6. The master has a book in his left hand. 7. Many birds are singing on the top of the oak. 8. The harbour is welcome to the 'tired sailors. 9. The force of the waves drives the war-ships into harbour. 10. The whole army is in the territories of the Ger- mans. 11. The boy has a book in his left hand, a flower in his right. 12. All the harbours of our shore are known to the sailors. SECTION 28. FOURTH DECLENSION (Continued). Domus, a house, belongs to this declension, though some of its cases are formed according to the second declension. In gender it is feminine. 1 Summus "highest," but summa quercus means not "the highest oak," but "the oak where it is highest," i.e. " the top of the oak." 58 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 28. Shorter Latin Course. [ SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. - | and > Domus domus. Yoc. . J Gen. Dom us domuum or orum. Dat. Dom ui or 5 domibus. Ace. Domum domos or us. Abl. Dom 6 or u domibus. At home, donii. (To) home, domum. From home, domo. [71.] 1. Marcus amicum meum domi tuae saepe videt. 2. Magnum domorum numerum aedificant mer- catores. 3. Miles aestate domo exit, hieme domum redit. 4. Mater mea hodie foris, pater domi est. 5. Servi mane domo exeunt, vesper! redeunt domum. 6. Classis E/omana media nocte in portum redit. 7. Vesper! impetus fluctuum naveni in portum agit. 8. Mane equites in agros hostium exeunt. 9. Aves parvas domos in summa quercu faciunt. 10. Multae imagines majorum domum nostram ornant. [72.] 1. The boy returns home every day. 2. In winter old men are always at home. 3. My friend is satisfied with our house. 4. The merchant's house is large, the master's small. 5. The boys return home in the month of December. 6. Marcus is always at home, Balbus out of doors. 7. The merchant builds many houses for his slaves. 8. On the left wing are the servants of the horsemen. 9. The king is build- ing a big harbour for the citizens. 10. Many animals SEC. 29.] Fifth Declension. 59 have not hands. 11. The daring boys are on the top of the oak. 12. My mother never goes out from home in the winter. SECTION 29. THE FIFTH DECLENSION. The nouns of this declension end in -es, and are feminine. The stem ends in e. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Res, thing. Norn. -| and j^Res res. Voc. J Gen. Rei rerum. Dat. Rei rebus. Ace. Rem res. Abl. Re rebus. Dies, however, is masculine, though in the singular sometimes feminine. Dies and Res alone are complete in the plural. Spes and others have Nom. and Ace. plural. [73.] 1. Balbus rebus in adversis contento animo est. 2. Magna est spes vlctoriae in animis fortium militum. 3. Naves hieme portu nunquam exeunt. 4. Servl domino ingentem domum in litore aedificant. 5. Marcus multos dies domi meae manet. 6. Opera Ciceronis magnam partem die! legunt. 7. Mercator nunquam domi est ; semper mare transit. 8. Sapiens rebus in adversis bonam spem habet. 9. Copiae nos- 60 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 29. trae paucos dies in fmibus hostium manent. 10. Ee- bus in secundis pauci, multi in secundis, hominibus amici sunt. [74.] 1. Adversity does not frighten the minds of the wise. 2. Marcus does many things every day. 3. In "the evening the sailors return into harbour. 4. The days are short to the active, long to the lazy. 5. The wise man never fears adversity. 6. All the hope of the soldiers is in the king. 7. Adversity is known to all men. 8. There is a hope of prosperity in the minds of the citizens. 9. The boys are often out of doors in the summer. 10. The young men have good hopes. 11. The boys remain at home for a few days (ace.). 12. The hope of victory urges on the minds of the soldiers. XI. A Ghost. Athenodorus, philosophus, spatiosam et capacem domum Athems exiguo pretio emit. Aliquot dies ibi feliciter habitabat. Tandem per silentium iioctis, dum librum legit, strepitum vinculorum, longius primo, deinde e proximo, audit. Mox apparet senex : 6s pal- lidum est ; corpus macie conf ectuni ; vestes squalidae ; longa barba ; capillus horridus ; criiribus compedes, manibus catenas, gerit quatitque. Stat monstrum, digitoque Athenodoro adnuit. Surgit philosophus, tollitque lumen, effigiem secuturus. Ibat ilia lento gradu : sequitur Athenodorus. Tandem deflexit in aream domus : tune dilapsa deserit comitem. Atheno- dorus slgnum loco ponit. Postero die locum effodit ; inveniuntur ossa catenis implicita. SEC. so.] The Comparative. 61 SECTION 3O. THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES : THE COMPARA- TIVE. Altus, high ; alt ior, higher. Gratus, welcome ; grat ior, more welcome. Brevis, short; brevior, shorter. Altior, gratior, brevior are called the comparatives of altus, gratus, brevis, which are termed their positives. To form the comparative, the rule is to take the genitive singular of the adjective, arid change the -i or -is into -ior; so altus gen. alti comp. altior brevis gen. brevis comp. brevior There are three degrees of comparison, Positive, Comparative, Superlative. The comparative is thus declined : SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masc. and Fern. Neut. Masc. and Fern. Neut. Norn, -j and > Brevior brevius brevior es brevior a. Voc. J Gen. Brevior is brevior is brevior um brevior um. Dat. Brevior i brevior i brevior ibus brevior ibus. Ace. Brevior em brevius brevior es, is brevior a. Abl. Brevior e, I brevior e, i brevior ibus brevior ibus. [75.] 1. Aestate quam hieme noctes breviores sunt. 2. Magister verbis gravioribus puerum culpat. 3. Opera 62 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. so. Ciceronis quam Caesaris difficiliora sunt. 4. Poetae Graeci quam Roman! clariores sunt. 5. Milites regein de omnibus rebus certiorem faciunt. 6. Caesar milites de adventu regis certiores facit. 7. Puerl quam puel- lae audaciores sunt. 8. Longiores hodie epistulae sunt. 9. Fulgura aestate quam hieme crebriora sunt. 10. Agger noster quain nostrum altior est. 11. Pro- rae nostrarum navium quam hostium altiores sunt. 12. Ees adversae liominibus saepe quam res secundae utiliores sunt. [76.] 1. The Romans are more daring than the enemy. 2. Julia is more beautiful than Cornelia. 3. Horses are more useful to men than birds. 4. Your arrival was more welcome than mine to our father. 5. Balbus has braver slaves than Quintus. 6. Marcus's conversation is wittier than Quintus's. 7. The days are shorter in winter than in summer. 8. The enemy make a more vigorous (acer) attack to-day. 9. Caesar informs the soldiers about (de, with abl.) all matters. 10. The soldiers inform Caesar about the enemy's charge. 11. The soldiers are braver than the citizens. 12. The mind is more useful to men than the body. 13. Things are more useful than words. 14. Your poem is more beautiful than that of your brother. 15. Marcus informs his father of the arrival of the merchant. Niliil utilius quam pecunia est is not the only way in which "Nothing is more useful than money" can be turned. One may also say, Niliil utilius pecunia est, "quam" being left out, and the following noun put in the ablative. SEC. si.] The Superlative. 63 [77.] 1. Marcus Qumto non est facetior. 2. Pueri puellis non semper sunt fortiores. 3. Quid nave loiiga pulchrius est? 4. Quid portu fessis nautis gratius est ? 5. Vox tua mea voce non est clarior. 6. Quid mense Junio quercu gratius est? 7. Quid miseiis sermone sapientis utilius est? 8. Nihil matii ad- ventu tuo gratius est. [78.] 1. Quintus is not more daring than Marcus. 2. The brother is not wiser than the sister. 3. What is more uncertain than hope ? 4. Nothing is more un- certain than victory. 5. Young men are not wiser than old men. 6. The mind is more useful to men than the body. 7. What is more useful to men than the hands ? 8. Poems are not more useful than speeches. 9. The hands are not more useful than the feet. 10. The soldier is not always more daring than the merchant. SECTION 31. THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES {Continued). THE SUPERLATIVE. Altus, high; altior> higher; altissimus, highest. Brevis, short; brevier, shorter; brev issimus, shortest. The superlatives of most adjectives are formed by changing the -i or -is of the genitive singular into -issimus. The superlative altissimus means not only "high- est " or " most high/' but " very high." 64 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 31. [79.] 1. Dies liieme saepe brevissimi sunt. 2. Qum- tus omnium milituin audacissimus est. 3. Vox puellae clarissima et dulcissima est. 4. Pueri saepe dulcis- simum vmum amant. 5. Quid te, carissime frater, terret? 6. Omnium puellfirum Julia hodie tristissinia est. 7. Multa flumina Asiae quam Europae latiora sunt. 8. Epistulae pueri longissimae patrem delectant. 9. Aristophanes omnium poetarum facetissimus est. 10. Qumtus sapientissinius, Marcus sapientior, est. 11. Hostium fortissirni sunt Germani. 12. Mater puerum de morte fratris certiorem facit. 13. Omnium puerorum Balbus hodie tristissimus est. 14. Urbs nostra clarissima est, et omnibus hominibus nota. 15. Bex, vir fortissimus et sapientissimus, mortem non timet. 16. Quid omnibus animalibus vita carius est? 17. Omnium navium nostra longissima est. 18. Orator, vir sapientissirnus, a civibus amatur. 19. Eoma omnium urbium clarissima est. 20. Om- nium rerum mors tristissima, vita dulcissima, est. [80.] 1. Hands are very useful to men. 2. My brother is very sad to-day. 3. What frightens you, dearest sister ? 4. Quiiitus is the bravest of the boys. 5. Our city is very celebrated. 6. Your arrival is most delightful. 7. My dearest brother, all men praise you ! 8. Your letter is very welcome and very pleasant. 9. Of the Eoman orators Cicero is the most famous. 10. My mother and sister are very sad to-day. 11. What is dearer to men than life ? 12. The bravest of the soldiers do not fear death. SEC. 32.] The Superlative. 65 XII. Arminius, the German Leader, defeats the Romans. Qumtilius Yarns exercitu Romano in Germaniam venit, et Germanos pessimo modo tractat. Multa enim vectigalia postulat a Germams, qui neque aurum neque argentum possident ; legibus etiam Romanorum par ere, et lingua Latma in judiciis dicere jubet. Ar- mmius, autem, dux Germanorum, elves a tanta tamque superba Bomanorum dominatione liberare constituit. Yarus igitur per silvam densissimam iter facit. Subito Arminius ingentibus totius Germaniae copiis impetum in Rdmanos facit. Komam, long! labore itineris fessl, impetum Germanorum non sustinent: plurimos in pugna, alios in fuga Germani interficiunt; ceteros capiunt. Yarns autem gladio se ipse interficit. Sic unus vir ? prudentia et virtute, Germanos a domina- tione Eomanorum liberat. Imperator Augustus, simul ac nuntium magnae illius cladis accipit, maximo do- lore adfectus, exclamat, "Qumtill Yare, legiones redde ! " Germania autem ab illo tempore libera erat. SECTION 32. THE SUPERLATIVE (Continued). 1. Pulcher, beautiful; pulcherrimus, most beautiful. Adjectives in -er form the superlative by add- ing -rimus to the nominative. 2. Six adjectives in -is form the superlative by chang- ing the -is into -limus. F 66 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 32. Facilis, -e, easy. facilior, facilius facil limus, -a, -um. Difficilis, -e, hard. difficilior, difficilius difficil limus, -a, -um. Similis, -e, like. similior, similius simil limus, -a, -um. Dissimilis, -e, unlike. dissimilior, dissimilius dissimil limus, -a, -um. Hum ills, -e, low. hurnilior, humilius hurnil limus, -a, -um. Gracilis, -e, slender. gracilior, gracilius gracil limus, -a, -um. [81.] 1. Mores puellarum interdum dissimillimi sunt. 2. Omnium sororum tuariim Julia mine longe pulclierrima est. 3. Prater et soror moribus dissimil- limi sunt. 4. Aulus nuiic omnium longe pauperrimus est. 5. Julia longe difficillimam libii partem nuiic legit. 6. Rex Aulo, homim pauperrimo, pecuniam dat. 7. Senes saepe hieme nunquam domo exeunt. 8. Vita, homiiiibus brevissima, multis animalibus brevior est. 9. Poeinata Yergilii et Horatil pulcherrima sunt. 10. Atlienae (Athens) urbs longe clarissima totms Graeciae est. [82.] 1. The boy is sometimes very lazy. 2. The colours of flowers are very unlike. 3. The queen is like to the king in character. 4. The merchant is now very poor. 5. The bravest soldiers sometimes fear death. 6. All men like prosperity. 7. The queen is a very beautiful woman. 8. His sister is now very like to Quintus. 9. Many things are very difficult for boys. 10. The young man is now read- ing very difficult books. 11. All my brothers love SEC, 33.] Irregular Comparison. 67 you, dearest mother! 12. Labienus informs Caesar of all matters every day. SECTION 33. IRREGULAR COMPARISON. POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE. Bonus, good ; melior, 'better ; optimus, best. Mains, bad; pejor, worse; pessimus, worst. Magnus, great; major, greater; maximus, greatest. Parvus, small; minor, smaller; minimus, smallest. Obs. Major (sometimes major natu, i.e. in birth) may also mean "older" or "elder." In the same way, maximus (natu) may mean "oldest" or "eldest," minor (natu) "younger," minimus (natu) "young- est." 1 [83.] 1. Mores Marc! quam Balbi multo meliores sunt. 2. Sapientissimi viri semper optimi sunt. 3. Ni- hil malo vino pejus, nihil bono melius, est. 4. Quid, pessime puer ! nihil te terret ? nihil incitat ? 5. Cor- pora Gallorum quam Gerinanorum multo majora sunt. 6. Maximae res ? Marce, non semper sunt optimae! 7. Qulntus parvus, Balbus minor, Aulus minimus est. 8. Eratrum Marcus maximus, Qumtus minimus est. 9. Marcus multis anms Qumto natu major est. 10. Filii saepe matribus quam patribus multo cariores sunt. 11. Qumtus servos de morte domini certiores facit. 12. Mercator hodie quam heri multo tristior est. 1 When the ages of relations are compared, omit natu, otherwise insert it. 68 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 33. 13. Omnium puerorum Alexander hodie pigerrimus est. 14. Eex quam regma panels anms natu minor est. 15. Mercator iiantae pauperrimo magiiam pecu- iiiam dat. [84.] 1. Marcns has by far the worst slaves. 2. Your honse is mnch smaller than mine. 3. The boy's head is very small, his feet are very big. 4. The waves are smaller to-day than yesterday. 5. Balbns has a greater reward than his brother. 6. Onr city has very good harbours. 7. The prows of our ships are very big. 8. The elder of the sisters is very beautiful. 9. The mother blames her elder son. 10. The father is always finding fault with his younger son. [85.] 1. Girls are often frightened by the smallest things. 2. Our times are better than ancient times. 3. Your manners, dearest Balbus, are very good! 4. What is better for little girls than good milk ? 5. The son is very like to his mother. 6. Aulus is the young- est of all. 7. The boy is much lazier to-day than yesterday. 8. My arrival was very welcome to all. 9. The sister is very unlike (to) her brother. 10. The master is building a very large and very beautiful house. XIII. The Punishments of Ixion, Sisyphus, and Tantalus. Terribiles poenas pendunt (sic enim antiqui nar- rant) Ixion, Sisyphus, Tantalus. Ixion, autem, ad rotam ferventem alligatus, semper in caelo volvitur. Sisyphus, omne tempus ingens saxum adverse colle SEC. 34.] Cardinal Numbers. 69 trudit. Quotiens, autem, summuin jam collem attin- gere videtur, subito ad imum devolvitur. Iteruin iterumque summus ille labor reiiovatur. Tantalus, in aqua collocatus, semper sitit. Nam quotiens haustum aquae sumere vult, aqua recedit. Turn etiam poma super capite pendent : sed quotiens manum porrigit, ramT, vento moti, recedunt. Saxum etiam (ut alii narrant) capiti impendet : saxi rumam timens, perpetuo metu cruciatur. SECTIOIST 34. NUMBERS : THE CARDINAL NUMBERS. I. Unus, -a, -um. II. Duo, duae, duo. III. Tres, tria. IV. Quattuor. V. Quinque. VI. Sex. VII. Septem. VIII. Octo. IX. Govern. X. Decem. XI. Undecim. XII. Duodecim. XX. Viginti. XXI. Unus et vlginti or vi- ginti unus. 100. C. Centum. 200. CC. Ducenti, -ae, -a. 1000. M. Mille. 2000. IIM. Duo milia. O6s. Other numbers will be found in the Dictionaries. Unus is declined like bonus, except that the gen. sing, is unius, and dat. sing, unl in all genders (like allus, on p. 89). THE (UHI7BESITT) ' Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 34. Duo is declined : Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. Duo duae duo. Gen. Duorum duarum duornm. Dat. Duobus duabus duobus. Ace. Duos, duo duas duo. Abl. Duobus duabus duobus. Tres is declined : Masc. and Fern. Neut. Nom. Tres tria. Gen. Trium trium. Dat. Tribus tribus. Ace. Tres tria. Abl. Tribus tribus. The rest up to 100 are not declined at all. Passus, -us, apace. Mllle passus (nom. plur.), 1000 paces, a mile. Duo mllia passuum, 2000 paces, two miles. Mllle in the singular is indeclinable and is an adjec- tive: mllia (not millia), the plural, is declined, and is a noun, therefore note the genitive passuum. [86.] 1. Copiae hostium uno die unum et viginti flumina transeunt. 2. Duo fratres hodie quam her! multo tristiores sunt. 3. Mllle equites agros nostros vastant. 4. Sen! pauperrimo duodecim filii, qumque filiae, sunt. 5. Duo mllia militum castra aggere lato circumdant. 6. Conclave regium qumquagiiita pe- des longum est. 7. Undeviginti equites regem et regmam circumdant. 8. Viginti qumque naves longae SEC. 34.] Cardinal Numbers. 71 in litore sunt. 9. Sescenta genera florum patii nostro nota sunt. 10. In nrbe nostra oratores triginta, tre- deciin poetae, fcria milia mercatorum sunt. 11. Caesar a fmibus Gallorum milia passuum duodecim abest. 12. Copiae hostium duo milia passuum ab urbe absunt. 13. Frater sorore tribus annls major est. 14. Marcus Qumto duobus annls natu minor est. 15. Qumtus unum et viginti annos natus est. 16. Domus nostra ab urbe quattuor milia passuum abest. 17. Mensis Februarius viginti octo dies habet. 18. Frater meus hodie duodeviginti annos natus est. 19. Portus magnus ab urbe septendecim milia passuum abest. 20. Soror mea undecim annos nata est. [87.] 1. Marcus has one sister and two brothers. 2. The merchant has three sons and four daughters. 3. There are twenty kinds of flowers in the gar- den. 4. The boy is doing two things at (in) one time. 5. Of the three brothers Alexander is the young- est. 6. The sailors see a thousand horsemen on the shore. 7. The royal house has a hundred rooms. 8. Two thousand sailors are on the shore of our sea. 9. The master has a thousand books. 10. Marcus and Balbus are very unlike in character. [88.] 1. The enemy are a mile off. 2. The army is two miles off. 3. The forces of the enemy are two miles from the city. 4. The gardens are three miles from the harbour. 5. My brother is twenty-one years old to-day. 6. The winter is the gloomiest (tristis) part of the year. 7. My youngest sister is four years old. 8. Your house is five miles from ours. 9. The ships are a mile from the harbour. 10. The garden is two hundred feet (ace.) long, a hundred wide. 72 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 35. SECTION 35. ORDINAL NUMBERS. 1st. Primus. 10th. Decimus. 2d. Secundus (or Alter). llth. Undecimus. 3d. Tertius. 12th. Duodecimus. 4th. Quartus. 13th. Tertius decimus. 5th. Qumtus. 20th. Vicesimus. 6th. Sextus. 21st. Unus et vicesimus. 7th. Septimus. 100th. Centesimus. 8th. Octavus. 1000th. Mlllesimus. 9th. Nonus. All these are declined like bonus. [89.] 1. Puer qumtum Caesaris librum legit. 2. Hora die! decima Marcus domum redit. 3. Qum- tus de adventu tertiae legionis Caesarem certiorem facit. 4. Septima noctis hora Caesar omnibus copiis castris exit. 5. Caesar in dextro cornu decimam, in sinistro sextam, legionem habet. 6. Hostes septimo decimo die milia passuum duo absunt. 7. Caesar tii- ginta, Pompeius qumquaginta, naves habet. 8. Puer centesimam pecuniae partem fratri dat. 9. Marcus primus, Balbus secundus, Quintus tertius est. 10. Mil- lesimam partem Marco, centesimam Balbo, dat. [90.] 1. My brother is often first, sometimes sec- ond. 2. Caesar often praises the seventh legion. 3. A thousand birds are singing on the top of the oak. 4. The king gives the fifth part to the queen. 5. The soldiers return on the one and twentieth day. 6. The unhappy boy is five miles from home. 7. Yes- SEC. 35.] Ordinal Numbers. 73 terday he was seventh, to-day he is fourth. 8. An hour is a very small part of a year. 9. A few horse- men overcome a thousand enemies. 10. The ninth legion is always very brave. 11. At the sixth hour of the day the enemy return. 12. Marcus is older than his sister by three years. XIV. Dates in Early English History. Anno qumquagesim.6 qumto ante Christum natum Caesar primum in Britanniam venit, neque tamen diu in msula nostra manet. Deinde^proximo anno iterum cum copiis venit. Post paucos autem menses copias reducit. Anno quadragesimo tertio post Christum natum Claudius, imperator Romanus, in Britanniam venit, et totam paulatim msulam in suam potestatem Eomani redigunt. Annos circiter trecentos qumqua- ginta Eomani msulam tenent. Vias sternunt, castra muniuiit, domos villasque aedificant, frumentum se- runt, muro ingenti feras Caledoniae gentes ab incur- sionibus prohibent; pacem Britannis dant. Anno autem circiter quadringentesimo decimo Eomani legi- ones suas reducunt. Anno quadringentesimo quadra- gesimo nono Angli, majores nostri, primum navibus msulam capiunt. 74 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 36. SECTION 36. THE VERB Esse, TO BE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. 1st Person. Sum, I am. Sumus, we are. 2. 2d Person. Es, thou art or you are. Estis, you are. 3. 3d Person. Est, he, she, or it, is. Sunt, they are. Es translates " you are " only when one person is spoken to. [91.] 1. Fratre meo non tribus anms major sum. 2. Ego sum miles, tii nauta es. 3. Ego omnibus civi- bus earns sum : te ornnes culpant. 4. Puer piger es, et patri tuo dissimillimus. 5. Milites hieme viginti naves aedificant. 6. Dextro pede claudus sum, et siiiistra aure surdus. 7. Ego quattuordecim, tu duo- decim annos natus es. 8. Patri simillima sum, matri dissimillima. 9. OptimI elves estis ; vos omnes lau- daiit. 10. Nos milites sumus, vos nautae estis. 11. Mane legio decima ad urbem redit. 12. Milites nostri omnium fortissimi esse dicuntur. 13. Athenae a Sparta centum qumquagmta milia passuum absunt. 14. Verba magistrl animos puerorum ad major em dili- gentiam incitant. [92.] 1. We 1 are in the garden to-day. 2. I am first, you are second. 3. You are a very brave sol- dier, and a consummate (summits) orator. 4. I am lame, you are deaf. 5. The ships return in the even- ing to (ad) the harbour. 6. The boys are now return- 1 Words in italics are to be left out. SEC. 37.] The Verb Esse, to be. 75 ing home. 7. We are tired ; your conversation is not welcome. 8. / am the youngest of all. 9. We are at home, you are out of doors. 10. I am 'very unhappy; my father never praises me. 11. We are very sad to-day ; our friends are very far away. 12. The very frequent lightning-flashes do not frighten the brave soldier. 13. You are very wise, we are not wise. 14. The harbour is two miles distant from the royal house. 15. The characters of young men and of old men are verv unlike. SECTION 37. THE VERB Esse, TO BE (Continued). Imperfect Tense. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. Eram, I was. 1. Eramus, we were. 2. Er as, you were. 2. Er atis, you were. 3. Erat, he was. 3. Erant, they were. Future Tense. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. Ero, / shall be. 1. Erimus, we shall be. 2. Eris, you will be. 2. Eritis, you will be. 3. Erit, he will be. 3. Erunt, they will be. [93.] 1. Balbe et Marce, anrici mel carissimi, her! ubi eratis ? In urbe, Qulnte, eramus ! 2. Quando doml eris, mi Qumte ? Quid ! ego semper sum doml. 3. Her! Eomae eram, hodie Florentiae (in Florence) sum, eras Veronae (in Verona) ero. 4. Ubi her! eras ? 76 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 37. A Koma longe aberam. 5. Cras vlgint! qumque naves longae in portu maximo erunt. 6. Priamo, regl Trojae (Troy), qumquaginta Mil et qumquaginta filiae erant. 7. Legio decima longe fortissima esse dlcitur. 8. Ubi vesper! erunt ? hora qulnta semper ad urbem redeunt. 9. Temporibus Seivii Tullil octo- ginta tria mllia clvium R/omaiiorum erant. 10. Tu, Balbe, bonus puer es ; vos, Qumte et Marce, semper pigrl eritis ! [94.] 1. To-morrow I shall be at home : where will you be ? 2. Where will you be in the winter ? I shall be in the city, Balbus! 3. / was yesterday in the royal gardens ; to-morrow /shall be at home. 4. Your arrival was very welcome to all, my dearest Marcus ! 5. Balbus, where were you yesterday? /was in the country. 6. You were always very good boys. 7. In the summer our father will be in Italy, we boys shall be at home. 8. My friends, when will you be at home ? We shall be at home to-morrow. 9. The characters of the Gauls and Germans were very unlike. 10. In a few years the works of Caesar will be known to the boys. 11. Yesterday I was the first, you were second, Balbus was third. 12. Yesterday you were first, to- day you are third, to-morrow you will be fifth. SEC. 38.] The Verb Esse, to be. 77 SECTION 38. THE VERB Esse, TO BE (Continued). Perfect Tense. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. Fui, I have been 1. Fulmus, we have been (or) / was. (or) we were. 2. Fuisti, you have been 2. Fuistis, you have been (or) you were. (or) you were. 3. Fuit, he has been 3. Fuerunt ) they have been (or) he was. and fu ere > (or) they were. Pluperfect Tense. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. FuSram, / had been. 1. Fue'ramus, we had been. 2. FuSras, you had been. 2. Fue'ratis, you had been. 3. FuSrat, he had been. 3. Fu grant, they had been. Futurt Perfect Tense. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. Furo, / shall have been. 1. Furimus,tt?e shall havebeen. 2. Fu Sris, you will have been. 2. Fu iritis, you will have been. 3. FuSrit, he will have been. 3. FuSrint, they will have been. [95.] 1. Athenls x saepissime, Eomae minquam, fui- mus. 2. Septima legio saepe fuit omnium fortissima. 1 " In " or " at " before the name of a town is not translated by a separate word. The town name is put in the locative case, which has the same form as the ablative, except in case of nouns in the singular of the first and second declensions, when it is the same as the genitive. So Athenls (abl. of Athenae), " in Athens"; Carthdyine (Carthago}, "in Carthage"; Eomae , "in Rome"; Tarenti, " in Tarentum." 78 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 38. 3. Mane doml fuerant, vesper! forls eraiit. 4. Duos jam annos, nil carissime frater, Romae f uisti ; quando doml eris? 5. Vos, amici, quam ego Athenls saepius fuistis ! 6. Rebus in adversis gratissima sorori fuerint verba fratris. 7. Tu, mi Balbe, fratrl meo optimus amicus f ueris ! 8. Puerl in hortls nostris saepissime fuerant. 9. Qumtus jam sex annos Romae fuerat. 10. Servl Athenis saepissime esse dlcuntur. 11. Opti- mus puer semper f ueras, herl non eras bonus. 12. Bal- bus et fuit, et est, et semper erit, fldissimus amicus. [96.] 1. You 1 have often been in Rome, Qumtus! 2. My friends, you have very often been in Athens ! 3. We shall be at home to-morrow. 4. I have been very often very unhappy. 5. We have been three days (ace.) in Athens. 6. The cold will have been very great in Rome. 7. You are very often out of doors : when will you be at home ? 8. Few boys will have been more often in Rome. 9. You are and always will be a very lazy boy. 10. He had been already three hours (ace.) at home. 11. Your arrival will have been welcome to. all. 12. I had been often in Rome, you had never been. 13. He is said to be very often in Rome. 14. The oak is two miles from our house. 15. I had been two years (ace.) in Rome, three in Athens. 1 The pronouns which should be left out are no longer printed in italics. The endings of the verbs sufficiently express the person. A pronoun should not be used, unless there is particular emphasis, as in such a sentence as I was at work, you were at play. SEC. 38.] The Verb Esse, to be. 79 ' XV. An Account of the Battle of Bannockburn. Rex noster, piger homo et corporis voluptatibus deditus, tandem, crebrls nostrorum cladibus commotus, exercitum comparat, et in fines nostrum iter facit. Rex hostium, simul atque adventum nostrorum intellegit, locum deligit suls opportunum, nostrls inlquissimum. Suos enim in humo sicca firmaque collocat ; f rontem tamen tergumque agminis contineiites paludes cingunt. Sinistra flumen erat, dextra castellum, colle praecipitl impositum. Et, quod nostrl equitibus praestant, cre- bras in palude foveas facit. Solum enim effodit, et insuper locum longurils cratibusque sternit: turn humum gramenque illicit. Calones omnes servosque equitum post vlcinum collem collocat. Turn adventum nostrorum exspectat. XVI. Bannockburn (Continued). Nostrl tandem sub vesperum adveniunt. Noctem non quietl somnoque sed carminibus epulisque dant. Contra hostes silentio opem divmam precibus imploraiit. Postero die dux hostium suos talibus verbls ad pugnarn incitat. " Mllites ! certameii nobis hodie pro llberis et uxoribus, pro parentibus et patria, est. Deus nobis aut victoriam aut mortem gloriosam dat. Si cul vita gloria carior est, domum ex pugna excedat ! " Turn pugna coinmittitur. Primo pedites sagittarii nostrl in aciem inducuntur ; sed equites hostium, incitatls equls, irru- unt ; et summa audacia nostros gladiis hastisque con- fodiunt : nihil enim sagittarii praeter arcus habent. Deinde equites nostrl submittuiitur j sed plerlque, In- 80 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 39. sidiarum ignari, in foveas prom incidunt. Nostris conturbatis, subito calones servique equitum in suinmo colle apparent. Nostri autem, "En, novus exercitus adest ! " clamantes, terga .vertunt, et fuga salutem petunt. SECTION 39. THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Eg6, /. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. Ego, /. Nos, we. Gen. Mei, of me. Nostrum or nostri, of us. Dat. Mihi (mi), to me. Nobls, to us. Ace. Me, me. Nos, us. Abl. Me (with a), by me. Nobis (with a), by us. Tu, thou. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. Tu, thou. Vos, you, ye. Gen. Tui, of you. Vestrum or vestri, of you, Dat. Tib!, to you. Yobls, to you. Ace. Te, you. Yos, you. Abl. Te (with a), by you. Yobis (with a), by you. EEFLEXIVE PRONOUN. SINGULAR AND PLURAL. Nom. Gen. Sui, of himself herself itself or themselves. Dat. Sibi, to himself, herself itself or themselves. Ace. Se (sese), himself herself itself or themselves. Abl. Se (sese), with a, by himself herself itself or themselves. SEC. 39.] Pronouns. 81 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. Possessive pronouns are formed from the stems of personal and reflexive pronouns. meus, -a, -um (voc. sing, mi), my, mine. tuus, -a, -um, thy, thine. suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their. noster, -tra, -trum, our, ours. vester, -tra, -trum, your, yours. [97.] 1. ISTobis sunt centum librl, vobis librorum duo rnilia. 2. Vos nunquam nostri immemores eritis, amicl carissimi ! 3. Ml frater, ubi es ? Adsum. 4. Semper tui memor ero: tu mei semper fuistl me- mor. 5. Marcus semper se laudat: me semper cul- pat. 6. Amlci immemores nostri rebus in adversis fuere. 7. Marcus sul nunquam, mei semper, imme- mor erat. 8. PaucI vestrum l amlcis rebus in ad- versis aderant. 2 9. Ego Eomae ; vos. amicl, Athenls eratis ! 10. Mihi qulnque, tibi decem, libros magister dat. 11. Puella cotidie se floribus ornat. 12. Erater tuus duobus anms quam tu major est. 13. Nos semper pauperibus adsumus, vos nunquam. 14. Quid vos ter- ret, puellae ? ego vobis brevi tempore adero. 15. Ora- tor clvibus pauperibus semper adest : bonus vir est, et sul immemor. [98.] 1. You are never mindful of me, Balbus ! 2. Your father, boy, gives you very beautiful books ! 1 Notice that nostrum and vestrum are used (and not nostri, vestrl) after pars (.meaning " some "), panel, multl, and such words. 2 Adsum with dative means "to stand by some one," i.e. "to help." G 82 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 40. 3. Our slaves are dear to us, but our friends are dearer. 4. We are boys, you are old men. 5. Your letter, brother, was very welcome to me ! 6. The mind is the better part of us. .7. To many of us is the oak known. 8. Your son is never praised by you. 9. When will the poet's song be known to you, boy? 10. I have already been often in Rome. [99.] 1. The girl adorns herself with flowers. 2. Marcus is now building a house for himself. 3. The boys are always mindful of themselves. 4. Julia is praised by you, Cornelia by me. 5. The Germans were better in war than the Gauls. 6. There is not, Quintus, a better poet than you ! 7. In the morning the girls adorn themselves, in the evening they read books. 8. My slaves have always been very faithful to me. 9. I always assist my friends. 10. My brother will always assist me. SECTION 40. PRONOUNS (Continued). Hie, this. SINGULAR. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. Hie haec hoc. Gen. Hujus hujus hujus. Dat. Huic huic huic. Ace. Hunc hanc hoc. Abl. Hoc hac hoc. Masc. Hi Hoi'um His Has His PLURAL. Fern. hae harum his .has his Neut. haec. horura. his. haec. his. SEC. 40.] Pronouns. 83 Ille, that. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut. Norn. Ille ilia illud. IllI illae ilia. Gen. Illius illlus illius. Illorum illarum illorum. Dat. im mi mi. mis mis mis. Ace. Ilium illam illud. Illos illas ilia. Abl. 1116 ilia illo. Illis illls illis. [100.] 1. Hie puer dives, ille pauper est. 2. Hie quam ille multo dlvitior est. 3. Tibi tin, mihi mei, flores pulcherrimi sunt. 4. Hae res certae, illae in- certae, erant. 5. Haec avis semper, ilia nunquam, in silvis canit. 6. Sapientia divitiis multis partibus l melior est. 7. Hujus virtus, illms dlvitiae ab om- nibus laudantur. 8. Multi vestrum semper fuerunt imme mores iiostrl. 9. Marcus et Qumtus fratres fu- erunt : ille ("the former," i.e. Marcus) quam hie panels anms major fnit. 10. Hie semper ille nunquam, vecti- galia tempore pendit. 11. Servus dominum de ad- ventu ineo jam certiorem facit. 12. Rex anno regm vlcesimo quarto maximos et pulcherrimos hortos civibus dat. 13. Dissimillimi sunt duorum puerorum mores : hie fortis est, ille omnia timet. 14. Tibi amlci rebus in adversls semper aderunt : amicorum semper memor es. 15. Ubi sunt Marcus et Qumtus ? Hie in liorto, ille in silva est. [101.] 1. I am known to this woman. 2. These woods are very large. 3. He praises these flowers. 4. This house was mine. 5. They give money to these 1 Multis partibus, by many degrees, i.e. a great deal. 84 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 41. women. 6. That conversation was witty. 7. He gives a book to that boy. 8. Those rooms were very small. 9. The wind drives these ships. 10. I shall never help that man. [102.] 1. These old men are rich, those are poor. 2. They do not praise the speech of that orator. 3. That orator will help these men, 4. This master often assists that boy. 5. The manners of that man are very bad. 6. This man's songs, that man's ora- tions, are praised. 7. Those spurs were very sharp. 8. This man has seven, that eight, horses. 9. Birds very often sing in those woods. 10. This wood is eighteen miles from the city. SECTION 41. PRONOUNS (Continued). Is, that, or he, she, ii SINGULA R. PLURAL. Masc. Fein. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. Is ea id. Ei or ii eae ea. Gen. Ejus ejus ejus. Eorum earum eorum. Dat. Ace. Ei el Eum earn el. Eis or iis id. Eos eis or us eis or us. eas ea. Abl. Eo ea eo. Eis or iis Idem, the same. eis or us eis or us. - SINGULAR. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nora. Idem eadem idem. Gen. Ejusdem ejusdem. ejusdem. SEC. 41.] Pronouns. 85 Dat. Eidem Ace. Eundem Abl. Eodem Masc. Nom. Eidem or ildem Gen. Eorundem Dat. Elsdem or iisdem Ace. Eosdem Abl. Eisdem or iisdem eidem eandem eadem PLURAL. Fern. eaedem earundem elsdem or iisdem easdem elsdem or iisdem eidem. idem. eodem. Neut. eadem. eorundem. elsdem or iisdem. eadem. elsdem or iisdem. [103.] 1. Qulntus amat laudat-que sorores suas. 2. Cornelia ejus-que l frater saepe domum meam veni- unt. 3. Caesar in fines nostrum venit, eorumque agros vastat. 4. Marcus magnam sibi domum aedificat, eam- que omnibus rebus ornat (furnishes). 5. Dominus servos suos ad urbem vesper! mittit. 6. Galli ad Caesarem legates mittunt, faciuntque eum de suis rebus certiorem. 7. Mors omnibus hominibus eadem est. 8. Hi duo pueri eorundem morum esse a magis- tro dicuntur. 9. Marcus et Qulntus semper eadem laudant, eadem culpant. 10. Hie senex sapientissimus est, et idem 2 divitissimus. 11. Quid f ido amlco, eo- demque sapientissimo, dulcius est? 12. Hie orator suas orationes semper laudat, Ciceronis idem culpat. 13. Caesar vesper! omnibus copiis flu men transit : ea res non erat nota hostibus. 14. Legati ad castra veni- unt : mllites de adventu eorum Caesarem certiorem 1 Literally, "and the brother of her," i.e. "and her brother." 2 Idem, lit. "the same man," i.e. "and also." In sentence 12 idem means " and yet." 86 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 42. faciunt. 15. Caesar in fines hostium venit, eosque priino impetu superat. [104.] 1. Where are my letters ? The slaves have them. 2. This bird always sings the same song. 3. The master praises the boy, and gives a beautiful book to him. 4. These orators are always praising themselves and their own orations. 5. Caesar sends the soldiers to the camp. 6. Young men and old men do not praise the same things. 7. These things are dear to you, those to me. 8. Marcus loves his friends, and always assists them. 9. Our army crosses the river : the enemy's army does the same. 10. At that (is) time (abl.) the Roman, name was not known to the Gauls. 11. At the same time the soldiers inform Caesar. 12. The enemy's ambassadors come to Caesar at the same time. SECTION 42. PRONOUNS (Continued). Ipse, self. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fein. Neut. Nom. Ipse ipsa ipsum. Ipsi ipsae ipsa. Gen. Ipsms ipsius ipsius. Ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum. Dat. Ipsi ipsl ipsi. Ipsis ipsls ipsis. Ace. Ipsum ipsam ipsum. Ipsos ipsas ipsa. Abl. Ipso ipsa ipso. Ipsis ipsis ipsis. SEC. 42.] Pronouns. 87 Iste, that of yours. SINGULAR. Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Nom. Iste ista istud. Gen. Istius istius istius. Dat. 1st! istl isti. Ace. Istum istam istud. Abl. Isto ista isto. PLURAL. Fern. Neut. Istl istae ista. Istorum istarum istorum. Istis istis istis. Istos istas ista. Istis istis istis. Ipse, self, is used with a pronoun or noun for emphasis, also alone to emphasize an omitted subject. It must be dis- tinguished from se the reflexive pronoun (p. 80). a. Ipsa soror me laudat. My s ister herself praises me. b. Soror se laudat. My sister praises herself. \_c. Ipse librum legit. He is reading the book himself. Se has no nominative.] [105.] 1. Ipse dux se nunquam, milites suos semper, laudat. 2. Marcus, optimus vir, fratribus pecuniam saepe dat ; ipse paucis rebus contentus est. 3. Maxima pars nostrum tres dies duasque noctes in silvis erat. 4. Neque ego pauperrimus sum, neque ipse tu divitissi- mus es. 5. Ubi sunt istl servi, ml frater ? doml nun- quam sunt. 6. Caesar legates ad castra hostium eodem tempore mittit. 7. Ista oratio, Quinte, rei pub- licae non fuit utilissima ! 8. Ilia puella neque hunc neque ilium librum legit. 9. Ille juvenis neque mihi, amico suo, neque ipsi fratri adest. 10. Balbus neque maximus neque minimus natu amicorum est. 11. Neque ipse venit, neque nos de suis rebus certiores facit. 12. Hi libri me! sunt, Balbe. Quid ! ill! libri tui sunt ! Mel, non tui, sunt. [106.] 1. The queen herself decorates the table with flowers every day. 2. Marcus himself is at homej 88 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 43. Quintus, his brother, is in the city. 3. Those manners of yours, boy, will be welcome neither to your father nor your mother ! 4. This poet often praises his own poems. 5. That song o yonrs, Balbns, is the worst of all ! 6. The ambassadors inform the king himself of their arrival. 7. The ambassadors themselves some- times come to our camp. 8. The slaves come in the morning : in the evening he sends them to the city. 9. You never assist those friends of yours. 10. Neither this man, nor that, is my friend. SECTION 43. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. The following nine adjectives have lus (lus) in the genitive singular of all genders, and I in the dative : alias, alia, aliud, other. unus, -a, -urn, one. nullus, -a, -um, no one. alter, altera, alterum, other of two. solus, -a, -um, alone. neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither totus, -a, -um, whole. of two. ullus, -a, -um, any. uter, utra, utrum, which of two 1 Totus, the whole. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut. Norn. Totus tot a totum. Toti totae tot a. Gen. Totius totius totius. Totorum tot arum totorum. Dat. Toti toti toti. Tot is tot is tot is. Ace. Totum tot am totum. Tot 6s tot as tot a. Abl. Toto tot a tot 6. Tot to tot to tot to. SEC. 43.] Irregular Adjectives. 89 Alius, other. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masc. Fein. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. Alius alia aliud. Alii aliae alia Gen. Alius all us all us. Aliorum ali arum ali orum. Dat. Alii alii alii. Ali is ali is ali is. Ace. Alium ali am aliud. Ali 6s alias aliS. Abl. Ali 6 alia ali 6. Ali is ali is ali is. When alius is repeated in the sentence, the first alius means " some," and the second " other." So Alii regem, alii reglnam, culpant means "some blame the king, others the queen." [107.] 1. Sex menses totos mllites in castrls erant. 2. Aliud pueris, aliud senibus gratum est. 3. Non me solum, sed ipsum etiam se, culpat. 4. Alii patri, alii matri suae, simillimi sunt. 5. Solum unum hoc culpat magister. 6. Alia de causa Mar cum, alia Qumtum, cul- pat. 7. Nobls neque naves erant aliae, neque mllites alii. 8. Nullms carmina quam tua pulchriora sunt. 9. Legionem octavam totam hiemem in castrls habet. 10. Totlus ann! vectigalia maxima erunt. 11. Ista verba neque patri neque magistro grata erunt. 12. Non magistro solum, sed etiam patri, isti mores molestl sunt. 13. Solus hie neque regem neque ipsam reglnam timet. 14. His de causls non clvibus solum, sed etiam mlli- tibus, rex cams est. [108.] 1. Quintus has only one brother. 2. I alone assisted that boy. 3. The songs of no poet are better than yours. 4. In the whole of Italy the cold had been very great. 5. This man often praises himself, others never. 6. Marcus and other boys frighten their 90 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 44. sister by their slionts. 7. Books alone delight that old man. 8. Neither in winter nor in summer shall I be away from home. 9. Some come to the harbour, others remain in the city* 10. Not to me only, but to all the citizens, is the king dear. 11. Some praise this thing, others that. 12. The charge of the whole army frightens the enemy. 13. Some come to the camp, others Caesar sends to the river. 14. The name of one poet only is known to the boy. 15. The boy is already fourteen years old. SECTION 44. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES (Continued). Uter, wliich (of two). SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fein. Neut. Norn. Uter utra utrum. Utri utrae utra. Gen. Utrius utrius utrius. IJtr orum utr arum utr orum. Dat. Utri utri utri. Utr is utr is utr is. Ace. Utrum utr am utrum. Utr 6s utr as utra. Abl. Utro utra utr 6. Utr is utr is utr is. Alter, the other (of two). SINGULAR. Masc. Fern. Neut. Nom. Alter alter a alter um. Gen. Alter ius alter ius alter ius. Dat. Alter! alter I alter I. Ace. Alter um alter am alter um. Abl. Alter 6 alter a alter 6. SEC. 44.] Irregular Adjectives. 91 PLURAL. Masc. Fern. Norn. Alter i alter ae Gen. Alter orum alter arum Dat. Alter is alter is Ace. Alter os alter as Abl. Alter is alter is Neut. alter &. alter orum. alter is. alter &. alter is. Alius, another (other). Alter, the other {of two). Ceteri, the others, the rest. [109.] 1. Bex Agesilaus altero pede claudus erat. 2. Alteram ex duabus legionibus Caesar ad castra mittit. 3. Marcus et Qumtus domum redeunt; ceterl pueri in urbe manent. 4. Auxilium magistrl pigro puero gratissimum est. 5. 111! pueri quam ceterl natii majores sunt. 6. Qumtus, vir optimus, omnia alterius causa facit. 7. Caesar virtutem totlus legionis laudat. 8. Virtus regis non unl soluni legion! sed tot! etiam exercitul nota est. 9. His de causis alterum puerum laudat, alterum culpat, 10. Utri puerorum major est diligentia? 11. Pigerrimus ille puer saepissime a magistro auxilium petit. 12. Ali! saepe auxilium petunt, alii ipsl omnia faciunt. 13. Utra sororum pulclirior est ? Julia quam Cornelia multo pulchrior esse dicitur. 14. Balbus saepissime domum meam venit : is fllius alter Marci ? me! am!c! carissim!, est. [110.] 1. The old man is deaf in one ear. 2. To which of the two boys does he give a reward ? 3. Some are present, others are absent. 4. One is present, the other is absent. 5. Marcus is present, the rest are absent. 6. I have two brothers ; the one is older, the Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 45. other younger than I. 7. Which of the two legions is said to be the braver ? 8. Some boys always ask for help, others never ask for help. 9. The courage of the soldiers is very great. 10. The courage of our soldiers is greater than that of the enemy. 11. Neither my brother nor my sister is older than you. 12. Neither Balbus nor Marcus is away from home in the winter. 13. The king himself is a very brave soldier. 14. One of the sons is very like (to) his father, the other is very unlike. 15. Of the two boys, the one is twelve, the other thirteen years old. SECTION 45. THE PRONOUNS ( Continued) . The Relative Pronoun. SINGULAR. Masc. Fern. Neut. Norn. Qui quae quod who, which. Gen. Cujus cujus cujus whose, of which. Dat. Cui CUI cm to whom, to 'which. Ace. Quern quam quod whom, which. Abl. Quo qua quo by whom (with prep, a), by which. Masc. Nom. Qui Gen. Quorum Dat. Quibus Ace. Quos Abl. Quibus PLURAL. Fern. Neut. quae quae quarum quibus quorum quibus quas quibus quae quibus who, which, whose, of which, to whom, to which, whom, which, by whom (with prep, a), by which. SEC. 45.] Pronouns. 93 Interrogative Pronoun. The interrogative pronoun quis, who, which, what? is declined as the relative qui, except in nom. sing., which has quis, quae, quid, and ace. sing., which has quern, quam, quid. [111.] 1. Fluctus, qui navem in portuin agunt, maxim! sunt. 2. Puer, cujus pater dux erat, ipse dux erit. 3. Orator eos laudat, a quibus ipse laudatur. 4. Hlc est puer ille, cul magister maximum praemium dat. 5. Alii virtutem, alii sapientiam, oratoris lau- dant. 6. Sapiens non eos laudat, quibus pecunia quam sapientia carior fuit. 7. Dux hostium totum exercitum ad mare ducit. 8. Caesar mane duas legioiies equites- que omnes castrls educit. 9. Vesper! idem copias ad castra reducit. 10. Ducem, quern multls verbis laudat orator, ceteri elves culpant. 11. Hi pueri, quos magis- tri semper culpant, tristissiml sunt. 12. Non eum sapientes laudant, cujus divitiae magnae sunt, sed qui suis rebus contentus est. 13. Caesar mllites, quos mane castrls educit, vesper! ad castra reducit. 14. Quis hulc puero aderit, qui nihil alterius causa facit? [112.] 1. The old man, who was already deaf, is now lame. 2. The slaves, who go out in the morning, return in the evening. 3. The girl, who helps her mother, is praised by all. 4. This is the poet, whose works all men are reading. 5. This is the merchant, to whom the leader gives money. 6. To which of the two does he give the better books ? 7. Caesar leads the soldiers to the camp. 8. The leader leads out the cavalry from the camp. 9. The king leads back two 94 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 45. legions to the camp. 10. All men love those men by whom they are loved. 11. Of the leaders the one is the wiser, the other is the braver. 12. The poet whom all men praise is not always the best. 13. The slaves, whom their master blames, are very faithful. 14. Wis- dom is much better than riches. 15. Those (is) are not always the best soldiers, whose words are the bravest. XVII. Ulysses in Polyphemus' s Cave. I. Graecl post excidium Trojae in patriarn revertunt. In his erat Ulixes. Multum ille errat, inultas terras videt, multa maria transit. Prlmo anno cum duodecim comitibus in Siciliam msulam v6nit. Siciliam autem illo tern pore non homines, sed ferl gigantes, habitabant. Cyclopes eorum nomen erat. Haec res Ulix! non nota est. Ulixes igitur et comites ejus ad specum Poly- phemi veniunt. Is ferocissimus omnium Cyclopum est, idemque ceterls corpore ingentior: unum modo oculum in media fronte habet. In specii, igitur, Graecl lac et caseos laeti inveniunt. Ipse autem non adest, sed oves in montibus pascit. Brevi tempore ipse Poly- phemus ad specum cum ovibus revertit. Primum maximo atque gravissimo saxo januam specus claudit. .Deinde oves .mulget, et llgnls ignem f acit. Turn demurn Ulixem duodecimque ejus comites conspicit. (Continued on p. 102.) Recapitulatory Exercises. E. 1. Hlc fllium, ille servum, ad urbem mittit. 2. Eex mercatorem laudat, elque magnam regmae ima- SEC. 45.] Pronouns. 95 ginem dat. 3. Qumtus tibi notus est : is omnium amlcorum milii longe carissimus est. 4. Ubi est ilia domus, quam tuus pater in hac urbe aedificat ? 5. Le- gati, quos hostes mittunt, jam in castrls sunt. 6. Ma- gister pueros laudat, elsque libros dat. 7. Kegl et reglnae eadem virtus eadem sapientia fuit. 8. Hi puerl se pessimis amlcls semper circumdaiit. 9. Rex ad castra hostium copias ducit, agrosque eorum vastat. 10. Uter fratrum major est? Alexander non solum natu major, sed multo etiam sapieiitior, est. F. 1. The king himself informs me of these matters. 2. This legion has three thousand soldiers. 3. The best part of us is not the body, but the mind. 4. The ambassadors were three miles from the camp. 5. The works of Cicero are neither very difficult nor very easy. 6. Girls and boys are often not pleased by the same things. 7. I am to-day twenty-one years old. 8. The courage of the seventh legion is often praised by Caesar. 9. I am older than you by two whole years. 10. Many thousands of birds sing in these woods in summer. G-. 1. Dux se multa oratione laudat; milites suos Idem culpat. 2. Rex legatos de suis rebus certiores facit, eosque ad castra mittit. 3. Ubi sunt illae aves, quae in conclavl tuo semper canunt ? 4. Hie puer ? quern magister hodie culpat, semper a matre laudatur. 5. Hi milites, quibus vita quam victoria carior est, doml manent ; ceterl educuntur. 6. Alii in equites, alii in pedestres copias, acrem impetum faciunt. 7. Florum alii alils colores nmlto pulchriores sunt. 8. Alii servos suos mittunt, alii neque ipsi vemunt 96 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 45. neque nos certiores faciunt. 9. Magnus quercuum, quae in hortis nostrls sunt, numems media aestate gratissimus est. 10. Hulc puero neque pater neque mater pecuniam dat; illj pater noil pecimiam solum sed inultas alias res interdum dat. H. 1. There are a thousand horsemen in that wing of the army. 2. In summer the days, in winter the nights, are the longer. 3. To few men is wisdom dear, but all love riches. 4. These soldiers have no hope of victory ; they are frightened by the enemy. 5. Nobody's horses were swifter than mine. 6. This oak is very welcome to us all in summer. 7. The courage of these men, the wisdom of those, is praised by all. 8. Those birds make their little homes on the tops of the oaks. 9. Of all his friends Quintus was by far the dearest to the king. 10. The master blames not you and me only, but all the other boys also. I. 1. Nothing was more pleasant to me in my trouble than this letter of my mother's. 2. That boy's manners are said by all the masters to be very bad. 3. These Ijoys, who go out from home in the morning, always come back home in the evening. 4. These two men are very rich, the rest are very poor. 5. Of the two brothers the one will be very like his father (dat.), the other very like his mother. 6. The girl, whose brother is known to you, is said to be very pretty. 7. Where are my brother's books, which were in your room ? He has not any others. 8. To this slave, who has been very faithful, his master often gives a reward. 9. The characters of the boys are very unlike ; this one is always, that one never, satisfied. 10. The life of many SEC. 46.] Verbs, First Conjugation. 97 animals is longer than that of men. 11. He has two sisters : the one is in Rome, the other is at home. 12. This ship, which is now in harbour, is by far the fastest of all. SECTION 46. VERBS : FIRST CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE : INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. Amare, to love. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. Am 6, I love. 1. Amamus, we love. 2. Am as, you love. 2. Ainatis, you love. 3. Ainat, he loves. 3. Am ant, they love. To this conjugation belong all the verbs with the endings -at and -ant. Those already in use are : aedificare delectare ornare circumdare l incitare superare culpare laudare vastare dare l Nonne me amas ? Do you not love me ? Num. me amas ? You do not love me, do you ? [113.] 1. Cotidie, Balbe, pauperibus pecuniam do. Num. me culpas ? 2. Quid ! num. tu me, veterrimum amicum, culpas ? 3. Semper pueros ad major em dili- gentiam incitamus. 4. Nonne nos, qu! vobls semper fidissimi fuimus, laudatis ? 5. Ego patris epistulas exspecto : quid tu, Balbe, exspectas ? 6. Quid ! num. 1 These two verbs form their perfects differently from amare. H 98 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 47. vos, mllites, adventum nostrum exspectatis ? 7. eum laudo, cul maximae divitiae sunt, sed qm sapien- tissimus est. 8. Um ex omnibus Sequ^ni nihil earum rerum faciunt, quas ceterj faciunt. [114.] 1. I blame not you only, but your brother also. 2. We all love our brothers and sisters. 3. You are not, are you, Quintus, expecting a letter ? 4. Boys, do you not love your fathers and mothers ? 5. You do not blame me, do you ? I neither blame nor praise you. 6. I do not blame you, my friends ; I blame you, Marcus ! 7. You are not, are you, soldiers, building this ship ? 8. Are you not expecting Caesar's arrival, soldiers ? 9. What ! do you not praise me ? I do not praise you. 10. Marcus blames not himself, but his friends. SECTION 47. VERBS: FIRST CONJUGATION (Continued). ACTIVE VOICE : INDICATIVE MOOD. Imperfect and Future Tenses. Imperfect: Amabam, I was loving. Future : Amabo, / shall love. For the complete tenses, see p. 146. [115.] 1. Tibi dabo duos pulcherrimos libros. Quid tu mihi dabis ? 2. Milites nostr! non has solum, sed majores etiam copias, aliquando fugabuiit. 3. Nihil aliud quam 1 animos civium ad bellum incitabas. 1 You were doing nothing but, etc. SEC. 47.] Verbs, First Conjugation. 4. Nonne, mllites, hostes superabitis ? Nihil aliud quam hostes fugamus. 5. Onus, quod servus in capite portabat, gravissimum erat. 6. Num. tu laudabis hominem, cujus pessimi mores omnibus notl suiit ? 7. Laudabo non puerum solum, sed patrem etiam ma- gistrosque. 8. Dux hostium urbem nostram altissimo aggere circumdabat. 9. Magister me herl laudabat, hodie culpat, eras laudabit. 10. Nonne te verba ma- gistri aliquando ad majorem dlligentiam incitabunt ? 11. Caesar equites onmes in dextro cornu collocabat. 12. Hoc gravissimum onus portabam, neque l f essus erain. [116.] 1. The ships were carrying three thousand soldiers. 2. The soldiers will put to flight the forces of the enemy. 3. I love you, my dearest mother, and shall always love you. 4. Where are those slaves who were carrying this burden ? 5. I will give you a large sum of money some day. 6. This slave will some day be a master himself. 7. He will place part of the cavalry on the right wing. 8. I shall never carry a heavier burden. 9. Will you not give (to) me my books ? 10. Caesar was placing the seventh legion on the left wing. 11. You will not, will you, expect a letter every day ? 12. Your courage will urge on the rest, soldiers ! 13. Neither was I praising you yester- day, nor shall I praise you to-day. 14. The king leads out a part of his forces in the summer. 15. You, sol- diers, will overcome and put to flight the enemy ! 1 And yet I was not. 100 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 48. SECTION 48. VERBS: FIRST CONJUGATION (Continued). Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Tenses. Perfect : Amavi, / have loved, or / loved. Pluperfect : AmavSram, I had loved. Future Perfect : AmavSro, / shall have loved. [117.] 1. Nemo nos exspectavit; omnes nostrl im- memores fuistis. 2. Nonne haec gravissima onera portavimus ? 3. Nonne mllites nostrl fortiter piignave- runt ? 4. Bex et reglna paucos solum annos regnavere. 5. Nonne ingentem navium numerum aedificaveritis ? 6. Equites quattuor totas horas fortissime pugnave- rant. 7. Nemo quam tu f ortius pugnaverit, Qulnte ! 8. Brevi tempore tres naves longas aedificaverimus. 9. Puemm neque ego culpavi, neque tu laudavisti. 10. Eos laudabo, qul fortissime pugnaverint. 11. Mlli- tes nostrl summa virtute pugnaverant. 12. Hostes legiones octavam et nonam fugaveruiit. [118.] 1. I have fought bravely, but nobody praises me. 2. With one charge they had put the enemy to flight. 3. The slaves have furnished the house with all things. 4. No one will have fought more bravely. 5. The queen had already reigned two years (ace.). 6. Your letter, Alexander, will have delighted your father. 7. We have built five war-ships. 8. Your help will some day be very welcome to your mother. 9. The father was very often giving money to his son. 10. The leader has posted some men on the left, SEC. 49.] Verbs, First Conjugation. 101 others on the right wing. 11. You have carried very bravely a very heavy burden. 12. They had overcome the left wing of the army. 13. You will have incited the boy to greater diligence. 14. The king has reigned twenty years. 15. Our men will have laid waste the enemy's lands. SECTION 49. VERBS : FIRST CON ju GATION ( Continued) . THE PRESENT INFINITIVE : PARTS OF THE IMPERATIVE. Am are, to love. Am a, love thou, love (speaking to one person). Am ate, love ye, love (speaking to more than one person). [119.] 1. Quis potest istos mores, puer, laudare? Nemo potest. 2. Servl hoc gravissimum onus mani- bus portare non possunt. 3. Ama fratres, Qumte ! Quid dulcius esse potest, quam fratres amare ? 4. Or- nate, puellae, mensam floribus ! Nihil aliud quam mensam ornamus. 5. Dux equites agros hostium vas- tare jubet. 6. Caesar decimam legionem adventum suum exspectare jubet. 7. Pugnate fortissime, mili- tes ! Hostes iam adsunt. 8. Fugate equites, milites ! Nihil difficilius esse potest quam hos fugare equites. [120.] 1. Nobody is able to carry all the books. 2. Fight bravely, soldiers ! The leader will praise you. 3. He orders the cavalry to urge on their horses. 4. The ambassadors come to Caesar and ask for help. 5. They have fought more bravely to-day than yesterday. 6. Nobody can blame the king and 102 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 49. queen. 7. He orders me to give him wine. 8. Give (to) me Cicero's speeches, boy ! 9. They order the slaves to carry the burden to the city. 10. They are not able to put the enemy to flight. XVIII. Ulysses in Polyphemus 9 s Cave. II. [Translate again No. XVII., p. 94, before doing this.] Polyphemus statim Ulixem comitesque ejus inter- rogat, " Estis mercatores an praedones ? " Gravis vox Cyclopis omnes magnopere terret. Eespondet Ulixes " Graeci sumus : tempestas nos a cursu nostro in istam msulam deicit. Nonne tu, qui magmis homo es et validisshnus, nos, hospites tuos, ut mos est Graecorum, benigne tractabis ? gratissiml in te erimus. Si tameii in nos crudelis fueris, del, quibus hospites curae sunt, crudelitatem tuam vindicabunt." Sed Polyphemus, rldens, "Dei vestri/' inquit, "me non terrent; ego enim et robustior et potentior multo sum, quam illi." Turn duos comites Ulixis magna vl in saxum jacit. Postquam membra eorum laceravit, cenam sibi parat ; carnem et ossa humana devorat. " Quam me delectat," exclamat, " horum Graeculorum caro ! undecim super- sunt : multos dies praeclarissime cenabo." Audiunt Graeci ; gelidus sudor per membra manat. SEC. 50.] Verbs, Second Conjugation. 103 SECTION 50. VERBS : SECOND CONJUGATION. M6ner, to advise. Present, Imperfect, and Future Tenses. Present : Mon eo, / advise. Imperfect : Monebam, / was advising. Future : Mon ebo, / shall advise. To this conjugation belong the verbs already used with endings -et and -ent. These are : habed, jubed, maneo, terreo, timed, video. [121.] 1. Ego mare timeo ; te iieque fluctus neque vent! terrent. 2. Timebant eos, qul saepe exercitus suos superaverunt. 3. Hi homines multam pecuniam ill! mercatori debebant. 4. Nostr! mllites fortissime pugnare debent. 5. Num. nos naves aedificare jubetis ? Jam fessi sumus. 6. Ees adversae animum fortis illms viri non terrebunt. 7. Amicus metis tres annos totos Komae manebit. 8. Pueri saepe clamoribus has parvas puellas terrebant. 9. Nonne vides hos servos, qul naves aedificant ? 10. Brevi tempore, mllites, non equites solum sed totum etiam exercitum supera- veritis ! [122.] 1. Do you not see, my friends, the enemy's ships in the harbour ? 2. Yesterday they were re- maining at home ; to-morrow they will not remain. 3. I often see your slaves in the city. 4. You ought to await your father's arrival. 5. The king was owing a large sum of money to the merchant. 6._You do Q* THE foiiviasww Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 51. not fear the enemy's shouts, soldiers, do you ? 7. Cae- sar's arrival will frighten the king of the enemy. 8. They have fought very bravely, nor did they fear the enemy. 9. They were ordering the slaves to decorate the table. 10. Do you not see the soldiers, who are building the ships? 11. This war will delight the soldiers, it will frighten the citizens. 12. You will not, will you, fear the enemy, soldiers ? Have you not often overcome them ? SECTION 51. VERBS: SECOND CONJUGATION (Continued). Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Tenses. Perfect : Monui, / have advised, I advised. Pluperfect : Monu8ram, / had advised. Future Perfect : Monu Sro, 1 shall have advised. Three of the verbs of this conjugation already in use, jubed, maneo, and video, do not form their per- fects, and therefore their future perfects and pluper- fects, like moneo. [123.] 1. Soror mea optime valuit, ego non valui. 2. Omnes tacuistis, amicl: mini ilium oratorem timu- istis ? 3. Pater tuus hodie melius valere dicitur. 4. Saepe jam monuistl, saepe culpavisti, pueros. 5. Om- nes tacebant : nemo oratorem laudabat. 6. Fluctus, quos hae puellae timuerant, illos pueros delectabant. 7. Pueros cotldie in hortls aestate videbam. 8. 111! pueri miseras aves clamoribus terruerint. 9. Magister SEC. 5i.] Verbs, Second Conjugation. 105 pueros omnes iterum atque iternm tacere jubebat. 10. Tace, 1 puer : sermone tuo jam fessl sunrns. 11. Hi pueri non solum nihil habent, sed nrnltam etiam pecu- niain debent. 12. Yale iterum atque iterum, amice carissime ! Quando te videbo ? [124.] 1. I am always ordering the boy to be silent. 2. The arrival of the master frightened the slaves. 3. My mother was better yesterday. 4. Those girls feared the waves of the sea. 5. Be silent ! In a short time I will be silent. 6. Good-bye again and again, Quintus ! I shall expect a letter. 7. Can he not be silent ? I am tired. 8. The words of the am- bassadors frightened the citizens. 9. The king will have feared the words of the soldiers. 10. You will see the rest of them every day. 11. It is time to be silent : we are all tired. 12. The shouts of the enemy had frightened neither leader nor soldiers. 13. You have never praised me. You have never been silent. 14. I have warned the boy again and again : he can- not hold his tongue. 15. Good-bye, my brother, I shall see you again in a short time. XIX. Ulysses in Polyphemus' ] s Cave. III. Idem facit saevus ille Polyphemus postero die, et post cenam specu excedit, et pecora in montibus pascit ; sed prius saxo, ut antea, ingentr januam specus clau- dit. Turn Ulixes comitesque ejus deliberabant, "Quo- modo nos ab hoc crudelissimo monstro liberabimus ? Nonne omnes lacerabit, omnes devorabit?" Tandem 1 Imperative, see p. 155. Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 52. Ulixes callidissiniuni consilium comitibus aperit, quod omnes laetl probabant. Vesperl, ut mos ejus erat, Cyclops in specum revertit. Turn Ulixes poculum vino, quod secum portaverat, implet, et Polyphemo dat. "Bibe," inquit, "ml Polypheme carissime; hoc vlnmn optimnm est." Bibit Polyphemus. "Verum est quod dicis, hoc vinum optimum est. Da mini, oro te, amice, alterum poculum vinl ! Sed quid tibi nomen est, parve homo ? " Turn Ulixes, postquam poculum iterum implevit, "O Polypheme," inquit, "rarum nomen mihi est, Nemo nomen est." "Ml carissime Nemo," respondet ridens Polyphemus, " optimum vinum mihi das, ego tibi hoc praemium dabo ; te pos- tremum omnium ad cenam mihi parabo." SECTION 52. VERBS: THIRD CONJUGATION INDICATIVE MOOD. Present, Imperfect, and Future Tenses. Regere, to rule. Present : Reg 6, / rule. Imperfect : Reg ebam, I was ruling. Future : Reg am, / shall rule. To this conjugation belong the following verbs, which have already been used : 1. Ago, cano, duco (educo, reduco), lego, mitto, pend5, peto. 2. Facio. [125.] 1. Alii multa dicent, alii tacebunt. 2. Num. tu semper hanc urbem incoles ? 3. Eex elves vectlga- SEC. 52.] Verbs, Third Conjugation. 107 lia pendere jubebat. 4. Puer opera Ciceronis legere debet. 5. Libros, quos semper in manibus habes, legis nunquam. 6. Nemo verba senum illorum sapientium contemnere debet. 7. Tibi, puella, quos habeo pul- cherrimos flores dabo ! 8. Hostes tela omnis generis in equites nostros jaciebant. 9. Hostes semper tela in nostros jaciunt, neque multos inter ficiunt. 10. Quintus fratrem cotldie de omnibus rebus certiorem faciet. 11. Caesar partem equitum in monte collocabit, partem ad flumen mittet. 12. Nonne aliquando liunc librum leges ? te delectabit. [126.] 1. The waves will drive the ships on to the shore. 2. The enemy will not Sill many with their darts. 3. Many birds will be singing in our gardens in summer. 4. Soldiers, you will throw your darts in vain ! 5. When will you be silent ? your conversation is not welcome. 6. What were they saying to you ? They said nothing. 7. We inhabit a very famous and very beautiful city. 8. You ought not to despise your brother's words. 9. The darts of the enemy were very sharp. 10. You are very well, are you not? I am very well. 11. Our men were killing two thousand of the enemy. 12. Caesar was leading out all the cav- alry from the camp. 13. I shall read the book again to-morrow. 14. Will you send your slave to (ad) me some day ? 15. Good-bye, brother ; good-bye, sisters ! the ship is now in harbour. 108 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 53. SECTION 53. VERBS: THIRD CONJUGATION (Continued). INDICATIVE MOOD. Future, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Tenses. Perfect : Rexi, / have ruled, I ruled. Pluperfect : Rex Sram, / had ruled. Future Perfect : Rex Sro, / shall have ruled. By no means all the verbs of this conjugation form their perfects (and consequently the future perfect and pluperfect) like rego. Some of these appear in the following exercise in italics, but only regular per- fects are introduced into the English into Latin exer- cises. [127.] 1. Ille senex octoginta sex annos jam vlxit. 2. 111! nautae navem suam optime rexerint. 3. Hostes gravissima tela in nostros jecerunt. 4. Regem de Cae- saris legionumque adventu certiorem statim fecerunt. 5. Caesar milites majores, quam jam fecerant, naves statim aedificare jubebat. 6. Nostri omnes, qui illam urbem incolebant, homines interfecerunt. 7. Quid utilius esse potest quam bonos libros legere ? 8. Non a me, sed a fratre tuo, Quinte, auxilium pete ! 9. Contemnite dlvitias, elves ; sapientiam amate ! 10. Quid tristius esse potest quam nunquam va- lere ? 11. Prorae ingentes nostrarum navium hostes terruerunt. 12. Frater tuus te valere jubet ; pater eum exspectat. 13. Pende quam mihi debes pecu- niam ! Neque debeo neque pendam. 14. Multis pue- SEC. 53.] Verbs, Third Conjugation. 109 ris tacere res difficillima esse dicitur. 15. Quid regl dixisti? Eadem, quae jam tibi, dixi. 16. Non a te, sed ab amlcis mels, auxilium petam. 17. Non Qulnto solum sed omnibus etiam amlcis pecuriiam debuisti. 18. 111! oratores iterum atque iterum eadem dlxere. 19. Hie rex elves optime rexit, fuitque omnibus caris- simus. 20. Nonne mox tacebis, orator? Non jam (yet) omnia quae debul dixi. [128.] 1. My friend lived thirty-three years (ace.) 2. Caesar had led out three legions at once from the camp. 3. What did you say to your brother ? I said only a few words. 4. The sailor steered (rego) the ship with one hand. 5. The sailors had steered the ships very well. 6. You ought not to ask for help. 7. They cannot inhabit the same city always. 8. You will soon read Caesar's works. 9. The slaves were killing their master. 10. The sailors will soon throw the flowers into the sea. 11. The king led his forces at once to the river. 12. What, my friends, did you say to that merchant ? 13. Caesar will have led the army back to-morrow. 14. The king will have lived fifty years to-morrow. 15. Despise the words and the shouts of the enemy, sailors ! XX. Ulysses in Polyphemus' s Cave. IV. Polyphemum, qu! non unum et alterum solum sed plurima etiam pocula vim biberat, altus somnus oppri- mit. Ulixes autem jam antea palum, quern in specu invenerat, acuerat, et candentem fecerat. Hunc can- dentem palum in unum oculum Polyphemi intrusit, et ita Cyclopem excaecavit. Is, postquam dolorem sen- 110 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 54. sit, omnium Cyclopum auxilitun imploravit. Cyclopes igitur ad specum veneruDt, et interrogaverunt, " Quis te, Polypheme, necare cupit ? " Kespondet ille, "Nemo me necare cupit, amlel." Exclamant Cyclopes, " Cur auxilium nostrum imploravistl, si nemo te necare cupit ! " Turn domum reverterunt. Polyphemus au- teui frustra Graecos toto specu capere cuplvit ; semper ex manibus ejus se eripiunt. " Ubi estis, amic! ? " exclamat. Graeci callide tacebant. Postero die more suo Cyclops saxum, quod januam claudebat, amovet, et oves emittit. Ulixes auteni comites suos sub alvis ovium religaverat ; ipse se manibus sub alvo arietis tenebat. Ita omnes feliciter carcere excedunt. SECTION 54. VERBS : FOURTH CONJUGATION INDICATIVE MOOD. Present, Imperfect, and Future Tenses. Audire, to hear. Present : Audio, / hear. Imperfect : Aud iebam, / was hearing. Future : Aud iam, / shall hear. [129.] 1. Hi miser! pueri dormlre non possunt. 2. Vem solus ! ceteros videre non cupio. 3. Vestras epistulas, amicl, neque potest legere neque cupiet! 4. Num. semper tuam, Balbe, yocem audiam ? Nun- quam tacebis ? 5. Multa hodie scio, quae lieri nescie- bam. 6. Quando fratres vestrl, Balbe et Quinte, do- mum venient ? Nesclmus. 7. Caesar copias omnes SEC. 54.] Verbs, Fourth Conjugation. ad flumen statini convenlre jubet. 8. Legiones ties in armls sunt, duae ad castra redeunt. 9. Mllites decimae legionis mox ad auxilium convenient. 10. Nunquam cum majoribus hostium copils pugnaverunt nostrl. 11. Caesar milites, quorum magnum numerum habebat, ex omnibus portibus convenire jubet. 12. Scio : omnia ex amlco audiebam j semper me de his rebus omnibus certiorem facit. [130.] 1. The leader hears the soldiers' shouts. 2. He will not hear your words : he is deaf in that ear. 3. Where will your brothers be to-morrow, friends ? We don't know. 4. What do you hear from (ex, with abl.) Balbus about these affairs? 5. Caesar orders the soldiers to come together at once. 6. Your brothers cannot come to you every day. 7. Our soldiers will send no dart in vain. 8. You will not, will you, sleep the whole day (ace.) ? 9. Boys, the master desires to see your books ! 10. The king him- self was coming to (ad) the city. 11. When will you come ? I do not know. 12. To-day I know, yesterday I did not know. 13. They wish to sleep, but they are not able. 14. Where are the slaves ? They will come soon. 15. When will you be silent ? Do you not wish to hear us ? Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 55. SECTION 55. VERBS : FOURTH CONJUGATION. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Tenses. Perfect : Audivi, / have heard, I heard. Pluperfect : Audlv&ram, 7 had heard. Future Perfect : Audiv Sro, / shall have heard. 1. Audivisti-ne omnia ? Have you heard everything ? 2. Ndnne omnia audivisti? Have you not heard everything ? 3. Num. omnia audivisti ? You have not heard everything, have you ? [131 .] 1. Quid ! nonne audivl omnia quae puerl vestrl dlcebaiit ? 2. Non hodie cupls, quae her! cupivistl. 3. Mllites jam castra muniverunt; omnes eras inarmls erunt. 4. Audlveras-ne ea quae dicebam ? Audl- veram. 5. Haec-ne omnia nesclvisti ? Nemo me certiorem fecit. 6. Hae puellae totum diem dormlve- runt. 7. Cuplvistl-iie omnes hos, quos habuistl, libros legere ? 8. Partem orationis omnes audiverunt, partem audlvit nemo. 9. Milites, qul herl castra muniebant, hodie omnes in armls erunt. 10. Tempus-ne est dor- mire ? fessum sum. Tempus est, dormi ! 11. Vem, statim, Marce ! nonne me audis ? 12. Yenite, puerl, cotidie ad me cum omnibus vestrls librls ! [132.] 1. Some fortified the camp, others were in arms. 2. Have you heard, citizens, the words of your king ? 3. Have you not already fortified the camp, soldiers ? 4. You have not been asleep all day, Quin- tus, have you ? 5. Come to-morrow, Marcus ! I wish SEC. 55.] Verbs, Fourth Conjugation. 113 to see you. 6. Are you tired, boys ? It is time to sleep. 7. Be silent, boys ! The master will hear your shouts. 8. Did you wish to come ? No, I did not wish. 9. They were ignorant of everything. Did you tell them (dat.) everything ? 10. Quintus will have slept for twelve hours. 11. Will he carry all these things to the city ? 12. Will you fear the enemy's charge ? 13. Will they tell nothing to their brothers and sisters ? 14. Will he hear the songs of the birds ? 15. Will you inform Caesar of the enemy's approach ? XXI. Ulysses in Polyphemus' s Cave. V. Turn summa celeritate ad litus properaverunt. Navem conscendunt, et a lltore solvunt. Ulixes autem magna voce clamavit, u Polypheme, si amlcl tul te in- terrogaverint, ' Quis te excaecavit ? ' ita te respondere jubebo, < Ulixes me excaecavit.' " Polyphemus autem, ira mfensus, ingens saxum in navem jecit, quod Grae- corum navem paene oppressit. Ulixes autem post multos tandem errores f eliciter ad patriam venit. Ad- ventus ejus Penelopae uxor! et Telemacho fllio gratis- simus fuit. XXII. Gaius Mucius Scaevola. Dum Etruscl aliquando Eomam obsident, Gaius Mucius, adulescens nobilis, consilium audacissimum init. Nam penetrare in hostium castra, et ipsum re- gem Porsinam interficere, constituit. Ferum igitur intra vestem abdit^ et castra hostium clam intrat. Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 55. Ingens ibi turba prope regium tribunal adstat ; nam forte mllitibus stipendium datur. Scrlba autem cum rege par! fere ornatu sedebat : eum mllites vulgo adeunt. Mucius igitur A qul regis facieni ignorabat neque rogare mllites audebat, ferrum arripit, et scri- bam pro rege obtruncat. Turn sibi ipse per trepidam turbarn viam facit ; sed mllites regil juvenem compre- hendunt, et ad regem retrahunt. Clamat rex, " Quis te ad hoc f acinus adduxit ? " et milites statim ignem adferre jubet. Turn Mucius, "Civis Romanus sum, iieque Ignem timeo," et statim dextram manum in flammam inicit, neque torrentem retrahit. Rex, tanta audacia attonitus, mllites juvenem ab flammls amovere jubet. "Te vero, tantae virtutis juvenem, liberum dlmitto." Turn Mucius callide, " Quia," inquit, "meam virtutem honoravistl, tibi aperiam quod sclre cupiebas. Nos trecenti, prmcipes juventtitis Romanae, in mortem tuam conjuravimus. Forte ego eorum primus ful; ceterl, suo quisque tempore, aderunt." Rex, his ver- bls conterritus, pacem cum Romanls facit, et exerciturn reducit. Recapitulatory Exercises. J. 1. Omnes-ne tuos servos ad urbem mittes ? Tres solum mittam, ceterl dornl manebunt. 2. Num unus homo hanc totam navem regere potest ? 3. Yale, in! frater, saepe mihi de tuls rebus nuntium mitte ! 4. Ille sapiens homines dlvitias conternnere, sapientiam amare, jubet. 5. Nostra tela longissima, vestra, hostes, brevissima sunt ! 6. Nonne pecuniam, quam mercatorl debetis, aliquaudo pendetis ? 7. Eos mllites, qul for- SEC. 55.J Verbs, fourth Conjugation. 115 tissime pugnaverant, in sinistro cornu collocabat. 8. Milites tertiae legionis, . qul her! in armls erant, castra eras munient. 9. Portate, servi, ad conclave meum omnes hos libros, qui in mensa sunt ! K. 1. You will not, will you, lead back all the in- fantry forces at once to the camp ? 2. Where will you station the cavalry ? I shall station them all on the wings. 3. I will send the slave, whom you see, at once to the city. 4. The enemy will never have fought more bravely than to-day. 5. Have you often been in Koine ? I have never been in Borne. 6. Are you older than your brother ? I am the youngest of all my brothers. 7. Do you always'carry your books on your head ? Are you not tired ? 8. Did not the girl's beautiful voice charm all ? 9. These ships are far faster than those. 10. Have you heard the things which I was saying ? I am deaf, I did not hear your words. L. 1. Quid, puerl, magistro dicetis ? Omnia el, quae tibi jam dlximus, dlcemus. 2. Con tent me fuistis ejus oratione ? ISTon totam oratioiiem, sed pauca solum verba audivimus. 3. Ama matrein, cm non vitam solum sed omnia etiam quae habes et habebis debes. 4. Equitum pars in dextro, pars in sinistro cornu col- locatur. 5. Pulchriores quam quos in hortis habes nores nunquam videbo. 6. Utri superabuiit ? Hos- tes: in animis nostrorum iiulla est spes victoriae. 7. Hi servi, pessimi homines, dominum suum, optimum virum, semper culpabant. 8. N"unquam latiore aggere quam hie est castra muniuntur. 9. Hoc conclave du- centos pedes longum esse dicitur. 10. Fluctusne navem in litus agunt ? Nautae non jam regere possunt. 116 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 56. M. 1. My brother is always charmed by your witty talk. 2. Do you hear those shouts ? I hear. Have our men put the enemy to flight ? 3. What ! sailor, did you fear these little clouds ? you ought to despise them. 4. The enemy will soon come together. 5. The cavalry were killing all who were in arms. 6. Will you not ask help from me, your best friend ? 7. Urge on your horses, soldiers ! you will soon have put the enemy to flight. 8. Good-bye, mother ! good-bye, brothers ! expect frequent letters ! 9. The boy lived ten years only. 10. Have you not fought bravely, soldiers ? Have you not defeated the enemy ? We have fought very bravely, and yet (neque) we have not defeated the enemy. SECTION 56. VERBS : PASSIVE VOICE. FIRST CONJUGATION: INDICATIVE MOOD. Present, Imperfect, and Future Tenses. A marl, to be loved. Present : Am or, / am loved. Imperfect : Am abar, / was being loved. Future : Amabor, I' shall be loved. [133.] 1. Fratres a sororibus, sorores a fratribus, amar! debent. 2. Epistulls tills, frater, omnes delecta- mur ! 3. Milites, qui castra muniebant, a duce laudan- tur. 4. Praemio non ornaris, nam pigerrimus fuistl. 5. Adventus classis nuntiatur ; paucis diebus in portu SEC. 56.] Verbs, Passive Voice. 117 erit. 6. Num. ab hostibus, quos saepe jam supera- vistis, mine ipsl superabiminl ? 7. Nimtios-ne ad Caesarem cotidie rnittebant ? 8. Castra jam a copils hostium pedestribus circumdabantur. 9. Agri nostri totum diem ab equitibus vastabantur. 10. Amlcus tuus carminibus Horatii delectabitur. 11. Crebriores epistulas iifmtiosque ad Caesarem de his rebus mit- tent. 12. Ego amlcique mel pulcherrima puellae voce delectabamur. [134.] 1. It is not given to all men to be always well. 2. It is pleasant to be sometimes praised. 3. The Eoman fleet is being put to flight by the enemy. 4. I am charmed with your welcome letter. 5. You are blamed by those (is) who ought to praise you. 6. The arrival of the whole fleet was being an- nounced. 7. The messengers were coming from Cae- sar to the fleet. 8. That burden will very easily be carried by the slaves. 9. We all desire to be praised. 10. All these things will soon be announced. 11. Will the messengers come soon ? I do not know. 12. The cavalry were being posted on the left wing. 13. The table will be decorated with flowers by the girls. 14. The whole fleet of the enemy will soon be put to flight. 15. Were you not charmed with the king's speech ? 113 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 57. SECTION 57. FIRST CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE: INDICATIVE MOOD (Continued). Perfect : Amatus sum, / have been loved, I was loved. Pluperfect : Amatus eram, / had been loved. Future Perfect : Amatus ero, / shall have been loved. [135.] 1. A ceteris saepe, a te, Quint e, nunquam laudatus sum! 2. Nonne pars equitum in dextro cornu collocabitur ? 3. Triginta jam dies agrl nostrl vastati sunt ; frustra auxilium exspectatur. 4. Magna pars Italiae a Carthaginiensibus vastata erat. 5. Ad- ventus navium longarum a crebris mintils nuntiatus erit. 6. !Nonne tu, Cornelia, hoc gratissimo iiuntio delectata es ? 7. Floribus, qui in horto tuo sunt, saepe delectatl sumus. 8. Classis jam omnibus rebus 6r- nata est. 9. Hoc gravissimum onus a parvo puero ad urbem portatum erat. 10. Copiae hostium a nostrls saepe jam fugatae sunt. 11. Calcaria mea fratri tuo a patre data sunt. 12. Ab equitibus nostrls sex totas horas fortissiine pugnatum est. Notice that the participle (amatus, laudatus, etc.), which along with sum goes to form these tenses, has to agree in gender or number with the subject. [136.] 1. You have been praised by everybody: are you not satisfied ? 2. Our lands have been laid waste by the cavalry. 3. Some have been praised, others have been blamed. 4. The arrival of the ambassadors had already been announced. 5. He is said to be SEC. 57.] Verbs, Passive Voice. 119 charmed with his son's diligence. 6. Will they not wish to be loved and praised ? 7. My sisters have been delighted with the queen's words. 8. I ha^e been praised by some, and blamed by others. 9. The horse had been urged 011 by the spur. 10. The boy will have been urged on by the master. 11. The enemy's ships were being put to flight by Caesar. 12. She was praised (perfect) both by her father and by her mother. 13. The camp was being surrounded by a high rampart. 14. He was praised by many, and blamed by few. 15. These girls are frightened by the smallest things. XXIII. A Cork Leg. Viator Britannicus, a fera quadam atque inculta gente captus, diu de salute sua desperabat. Tandem novum quidem et inaudltuni consilium capit. Cul- trum enim prlmo in alterum crus (corticeum erat) rldens inf Ixit : mirantur qui circumstabant barbarl, et paululum recedunt. Deinde totum crus exuit, et minacl vultu manibus supra caput vibravit. Turn vero illi, maximo commoti timore, summa vi in pedes se dederxmt, 120 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 58. SECTION 58. SECOND CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE : INDICATIVE MOOD. Moneri, to be advised. Present : Mon eor, I am advised. Imperfect : Mon ebar, I was (being) advised. Future : Mon ebor, I shall be advised. [137.] 1. Amarl quam timeri multo melius est. 2. Avesne clamoribus puerorum terrebantur ? 3. Magna peeunia mihi ab illo homiiie diu debetur. ' 4. Tota elassis in lltore a nobls videbatur. 5. Eex hoc nuntio contentus esse videtur (seems). 6. 111! pnerl diutius manere non possunt. 7. Oinnes portu navibusque delectabimur. 8. Nonne puer aliquando a inagistro monebitur ? 9. Mater mea diutissime exspectata erat. 10. Prora hujus navis multis floribus a nautls ornata erit. [138.] 1. The enemy's ships are seen by our sail- ors. 2. They were frightening the horses with their spurs. 3. The horses were frightened by the enemy's shouts. 4. The books have been carried to your room. 5. The leader is not feared by the soldiers. 6. The enemy's lands had been laid waste by us. 7. In vain were they warned by their father. 8. Your friends were remaining at home a very long time. 9. The sailors were seen in the city. 10. His (ejus) conver- sation seems to me to be very witty. 11. The sol- diers seemed to be frightened by the waves. 12. The enemy will not be frightened by Caesar's arrival. SEC. 59.] Verbs, Passive Voice. 121 SECTION 59. SECOND CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE: INDICATIVE MOOD {Continued). Perfect : Monit us sum, / have been advised, I ivas advised. Pluperfect : Monit us eram, / had been advised. Future Perfect : Monit us ero, / shall have been advised. [139.] 1. Ego, amici, vestrls clamoribus non sum territus ! 2. Pueri a me saepe monitl, saepe culpatl sunt. 3. Balbus semper optimiis clvis habebatur. 1 4. Imago reglnae pulclierrima habita est. 5. EquI equitesque crebro fulgure territi sunt. 6. Major so- rorum ab omnibus pulchrior habebatur. 7. Oratio Ciceronis ab omnibus boms utilissima habita est. 8. Nonne saepe jam a nobls moniti eratis ? 9. Sorores, nonne fluctibus territae estis? 10. Ille vir omnium sapientissimus haber! dlcitur. 11. Sapientes clamori- bus istorum hominum non territi erint. 12. Tempora antlqua a multls saepe optima habentur. [140.] 1. The sailors were being frightened by the arrival of the ships of the enemy. 2. The horses were frightened (perfect) by the lightning. 3. The boys have often been warned by the master. 4. Julia is considered by far the most beautiful of the sisters. 5. These flowers have always been considered very beautiful. 6. Your little brother will have been frightened by the lightning. 7. He has always been 1 Haberi, " to be held," i.e. " considered." 122 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 59. considered a very good boy. 8. Caesar, you have been praised by all the citizens. 9. Nobody ought to be considered very wise. 10. The greater part of the soldiers will be kept (habeo) in camp. 11. Mar- cus has always been considered, and is, a very good citizen. 12. Some go out from the camp, others are ordered to remain. 13. The sailors have been warned again and again. 14. Will you not be delighted with your son's diligence ? 15. You will not, will you, be frightened by the spirited horse ? XXIV. David and Goliath. Rex quidarn cum barbaris belluni gerebat. Ex hac parte copiae regiae castra posuerant, ex altera parte barbarl; et inter duos exercitus vallis erat. Veniebat autem cotidie ex castrls barbarorum vir ingentis mag- nitudiiiis ; unumque ex regils copils ad singular e cer- tamen provocabat, magna voce clamans, "Eligite ex vobis virum unum ; is mecum pugnabit. Si ille vice- rit, erimus vobis servl ; sin ego vicero, vos nobls serv! eritis." Erat autem puer quldam, cujus fratres majores natu in regils castrls erant. Hunc pater panem, caseum, vmuni ad fratres in castra portare jubet. V8nit igitur ille puer hostemque videt, et verba ejus contumeliosa audit. " Quid ! " elicit mllitibus qul adstabant, " nemo cum hoc homine confligere audet ? 7? " JSTemo," respon- dent milites. Fratres autem Irati dlxerunt, " Cur hue venisti, et istas paucas oves in deserto rellquisti? Nota est nobls superbia tua. Nonne pugnam videre cuplvistl ? " SEC. 59.] Verbs, Passive Voice. 123 XXV. David and Goliath (Continued). At ille puer ad regem statim properat. "Kex," iiiquit, " cum hoc homine confligere cupio." Quid ! tu qu! puer imberbis es, cum tanto viro confligere audes ? " At ego, puer, ut ais, imberbis, dum oves patris pasco, ipse manu et leonem et ursum interfeci, neque ego hujus hominis verba timeo. Deus enim, qul me de leone liberavit, me de manu liostis liberabit." Turn rex, tanta pueri audacia attonitus, galeam et lorlcam et gladium suum dedit. Respoiidet ille "Harum rerum usum non habeo." Tulit autem baculum suum, quod semper in manibus habebat, et' qulnque lapides de torrente eligit, fundamque manu tulit. Ita armatus adversus hostem procedit. Hostis autem, puerum videns, ridet, "Num ego," inquit, "canis sum? vems enim ad me cum baculo et lapidibus. Hodie pulchrum tuum corpus avibus ferlsque dabo." Turn puer, "Tu venis ad me cum gladio et hasta et clipeo ; ego ad te, Deo adjutore, venio." Puer autem unum lapidem tulit, et funda jecit. Hostem lapis in frontem per- cutit; pronus ille ad terrain decidit. Currit statim puer, et gladium liostis educit : interficit hominem, et caput ejus praecidit. Turn regiae copiae, omnl metu liberatae, adversus hostes impetum f aciunt : ipsos funduiit fugantque, castra omnium rerum plena capiunt. 124 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. co. SECTION 6O. THIRD CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE : INDICATIVE MOOD. RSgi, to be ruled. Present : Reg or, / am ruled. Imperfect : Reg ebar, / was (being) ruled. Future : Reg ar, / shall be ruled. [141.] 1. Nonne saepe, serve, ad urbem a domino mittens ? 2. Cras a patre, puer, ad regios hortos mit- teris ! 3. Quid ! nonne his tells, quae ab omnibus partibus jaciuntur, interficiemur ? 4. Cotidie in silvas a matre mittimiir. 5. Amo te, ml frater, sed a te eon- temnor ! 6. Hae copiae hodie educl non debent. 7. Yectigalia omnia tempore pendentur. 8. Crebri nuntii ad Caesarem de his rebus mittentur. 9. Hoc poema ab omnibus legetur et laudabitur. 10. Caesar omnes copias pro castris mstruxit. 11. Tota classis pro portu Tnstruebatur. 12. 111! servi a domino saepe moniti sunt, sed tacent nunquam. 13. LibrI, qui herl optim! habebantur, hodie contenmuntur. [142.] 1. The soldiers were being drawn up before the camp. 2. The ten ships will be drawn up before the city. 3. I am being sent to the city by my brother. 4. You will be sent to the master to-morrow. 5. You ought to be sent to the camp. 6. The ships were being driven on to the shore by the waves. 7. The messen- gers will be led to the king by the soldiers. 8. You SEC. 6i.] Verbs, Passive Voice. 125 are being despised by the soldiers. 9. The third legion will be led out of the camp in the morning. 10. Our soldiers will be killed by the cavalry of the enemy. 11. The royal fleet of twenty ships is being drawn up. 12. What are you doing, boys ? You had been often warned. SECTION 61. VERBS : THIRD CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE: INDICATIVE MOOD {Continued). Perfect : Rect us sum, / have been ruled, I was ruled. Pluperfect : Rect us eram, / had been ruled. Future Perfect : Rect us ero, / shall have been ruled. [143.] 1. Copiae, quae mane educebantur, jam re- ductae sunt. 2. Navis a nauta optime erat recta, 3. Annos natus novem ad magistrum a patre ductus sum. 4. Hi pueri rnihi pigerrim! esse videntur. 5. Tri- ginta jam naves a mllitibus aedificatae sunt. 6. Tota classis, quae ducentarum navium erat, pro portu m- structa est. 7. Brevi tempore omnes copiae pro castrls instructae erunt. 8. Legiones a Caesare ad flumen ductae sunt. 9. LegatI ad regem hostium mox mitten- tur. 10. Nuntii magnis clamoribus ad castra a militi- bus ducti erant. 11. Hi pueri immemores magistri, neque libros legebant neque tacebant. 12. Jam fessi sumus ; tres horas totas Instruct! sumus, neque hostes videntur. 126 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. ei. [144.] 1. The soldiers have been led back to the camp. 2. The army had already been drawn up. 3. I was led by the boy's shouts to the river. 4. The merchant will be building a ship for himself. 5. Two legions were led out from the camp. 6. Only a few soldiers will be killed by the darts. 7. The ships will already have been drawn up before the harbour. 8. You will have steered the ship better than the sailor himself. 9. You will not be warned again : you have been often warned already. 10. When will the messengers be sent ? They ought to be sent at once. 11. This coast was being inhabited by the sailors. 12. Where are the sailors ? The ship ought to be drawn up at once. XXVI. Nasica and Ennius. " Not at Home." Nasica aliquando ad poetam Ennium venit. Eurn ab ostio quaerit. Eespondet ancilla, " DomI non est." Ita tamen doniinl jussu dixit, et Ennius intus erat, resque Naslcae nota erat. Faucis post diebus vSnit Ennius ad Nasicam. "Non est doml," exclamat ipse Nasica. Turn Ennius " Quid ! " inquit, " ego non cog- nosco vocem tuam ? " Eespondet Nasica, " Homo es inipudens : ego ancillae tuae credidl, tu mihi non credis ipst" XXVII. Literal Obedience. Marcus Pupius Plso, orator Eomanus, servos omnes aliquando convocavit. "Nimium," inquit, "loquaces SEC. 62.] Verbs, Passive Voice. 127 semper estis, et saepe mini, domino vestro, molestl estis. Si quid vos interrogaverim, respondebitis ; alio- qui vos tacere jubeo." Faucis post diebus Plso ser- vum, et alios amlcos, et Clodium quemdam ad con- vlvium invitare jubet. Hora cenae Instat. Aderant ceteri convlvae omnes : solum Clodium exspectant. " Ubi est noster Clodius ? quid agit ? Servl, nonne venit Clodius ? " " Non venit," respondent. Tandem Plso servuni, quern Clodium invitare jusserat, ad se vocat. " Nonne Clodium invitavistl ? " " Invitavl." " Cur ergo non venit ? " " Quia negavit se venire posse." Turn Piso, Iratus, "Cur id non statim dix- istl ? ?; " Quia me non interrogavistl." SECTION 62. VERBS : FOURTH CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE : INDICATIVE MOOD. Audiri, to be heard. Present : Aud ior, / am heard. Imperfect : Aud iebar, / was (being) heard. Future : Audiar, / shall be heard. [145.] 1. Voxne regmae ab omnibus clvibus audiri potest ? 2. Num. tua vox audltur ? Nonne tacere te jubebam ? 3. Haec castra a militibus septimae legionis munientur. 4. Voces vestrae vix a matre audiri possunt. 5. Naves jam aedificatae, et omnibus rebus ornatae, erant. 6. Magister, a quo pueri erudie- 128 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 63. bantur, trlginta sex annos natus est. 7. Milites, a quibus castra muniebantur, ad castra mox convenient. 8. Regia classis, quae qumgentarum navium est, pro portu magno instructa est. [146.] 1. The lazy boys will be punished by the master. 2. The shouts of the enemy were scarcely being heard in the city. 3. I was being educated by that master. 4. You will be scarcely heard by the soldiers. 5. Soon the birds will be heard in the woods. 6. The ships will soon be drawn up. 7. Four ships had already been drawn up. 8. The camp was being fortified by all the soldiers. 9. You are never silent ; you will be punished. 10. The boys were be- ing very well educated. SECTION 63. VERBS : FOURTH CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE: INDICATIVE MOOD (Continued). Perfect : Audit us sum, / have been heard, I ivas heard. Pluperfect : Audit us eram, / had been heard. Future Perfect : Audit us ero, / shall have been heard. [147.] 1. Quot nomina a te audita sunt ? Tria verba vix audlvl. 2. Quotiens ab illo magistro punltl estis ? Nescimus. 3. Estne bene dormitum ? Op- time totam noctem dormitum est. 4. Quam est jucun- dum ab omnibus amari laudarlque ! 5. Quot mllites pro castris tells hostium interficientur ? 6. Pueri, qui SEC. 63.] Verbs, Passive Voice. 129 verba magistrl contemnebant, pumti sunt. 7. Quotiens a nostris vox duels acuta audita est ? 8. Rebus in ad- versis quam est jucundum amlcorum auxilium ! 9. Non eadem a senibus juvenibusque cupientur. 10. Quid ! num haec castra aggere jam munlta erant ? 11. Vox tua vix audita est; nam puer! ill! nunquam tacent. 12. Illud flumen, ilia silva, isti hortl vestrl, quam saepe nos delectaverunt ! [148.] 1. Caesar's words were scarcely heard by the soldiers. 2. How many boys have been punished to- day ? 3. How often has that bird been heard in the woods ? 4. How pleasant it is to be taught by you! 5. How often have you i>een warned? Very often. 6. It is better to be warned than to be punished. 7. The camp will have been fortified by all the soldiers. 8. The birds were often heard in the summer; now they cannot be heard. 9. They were killing the birds, they will be punished. 10. How many words did you hear ? We heard the whole speech. 11. How many oaks are there in your gardens ? I do not know. 12. How often will these boys have been punished ? 13. Were we not charmed with those gardens of yours ? 14. All the soldiers had been led into camp. 15. Those (is) who are never punished are not always the best boys. XXVIII. Bacchus and the Pirates. Praedones quldam puerum in litore stantem vident. Statim propius navl accedunt. Vestes ejus splendidas comasque flavas conspiciunt. Eum filium regis esse crediderunt. Dux igitur praedonum comitibus clamat, K 130 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 63. " Heus ! comites, ad litus celeriter navem appellite ! puerum statim navi tollemus. Non sine multa pecunia, credo, patrl regio puerum reddemus." Jussa duels nautae celeriter faciunt. , Puerum validis compedibus vinciunt. Subito autem puer leviter subrisit : com- pedes, velut arte magica, decidunt. Turn unus ex nautls socils dixit, " En ! deus hie certo est, vel del fllius ! ventos in navem incitabit, et nos non navem solum, sed vltam etiam amittemus. Puerum divinum statim in lltore exponite ! " Socii autem credere nolue- runt. At ille puer subito verba quaedam murmurat : turn multa et mlra prodigia videntur ! Malus enim navis se in vltem convertit, prora coronls florels orna- tur, vmum tota navi fluit. Leo ingens saevusque in prora stat, Iratusque fremit. Quid ! ipsuni etiam mare oculis velut prata videtur ; ubi spuma fuit, nunc albae rosae sunt ; neque fluctuum murmura, sed velut peco- rum voces arboresque, vento agitatae, audiuntur. Nau- tae autem, magno superatl metu, se in mare proiciunt in tlelphmes statim convertuntur. Turn puer, dum leonl vmum e calice aureo dat, nautae, qul solum restat puer unique deum esse dixerat, " Eecte tu quidem dlxi- stl : Bacchus sum, Semeles fllius. Tu autem omnem depone timorem, comes del semper eris, vltamque lae- tam ages." Recapitulatory Exercises. N. 1. Hi servi saepe frustra moniti sunt : tempore nunquam domum redeunt. 2. Mhil manibus utilius hominibus datum est. 3. Ab his sapientia, ab illis divitiae coiitemnebantur. 4. Cur, milites, non statim in hostes impetum facitis? Caesaris adventus ex- SEC. 63.] Verbs, Passive Voice. 131 spectatur. 5. Omnes hi milites, qui hoc tempore in armls sunt, in hostes eras educentur. 6. JSTostii nautae neque fulgure et nubibus, neque multitudine navium regiarum, terrerl possunt. 7. Qui mel sunt, mihi da ; tuos libros tibi habe ! Hoc faciam. 8. Hie puer sibi sapientissimus esse videtur : a ceteris Idem contemni- tur. 9. Naves, quae hieme aedificatae erant, aestate pro portu mstruebantur. 10. Cicero auxilium petebat : duae a Caesare legiones statim ad castra Ciceronis ductae sunt. 0. 1. The soldiers are ordered by the leader to be in arms at once. 2. These boys will be sent home by the master. 3. Read your book, boy ; you will soon be sent home. 4. Are you not sent to the city often ? I am sent not often only, but every day. 5. What ! will you not be silent ? you will soon be punished by your mother. 6. Does it not seem to you a very diffi- cult thing to be silent long ? 7. You, who are a sol- dier, will not be frightened by these shouts. 8. These boys will have been more often punished than praised. 9. Those men have been very well taught by adversity. 10. I have always been loved by you : of all my friends you are by far the dearest to me. P. 1. Caesar jam de his rebus omnibus certior factus est ; ipse ego el omnia dicebam. 2. Alii sibi, alii, su! immemores, amicis solum timent. 3. Ntilla re quam librls conclavia melius ornantur Scio, meum plenum est et Graecorum et Latmorum librorum quos semper lego Optime facis. 4. Quaiido naves aedificatae erunt ? Jam sunt aedificatae Summam vestram diligentiam laudo. Ornataene etiam sunt naves ? BrevI tempore omnibus rebus ornatae erunt. 132 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 63. 5. Audivistisne orationem illlus clarissim! oratoris ? Ego, Qumte, aderam ; sed, ut scls, surdus sum, pauca solum verba audlvl Tu, Marce, num. tu etiam surdus es ? Quid dlxit ille vir ? Optime ego quidem omnia audlvl ; non facetissima solum sed utilissima etiam oratio f uit ; omnes, qul aderant, delectavit. 6. Mllites ! nonne vobis victoria quam vita multo carior est ? Omnis spes civitatis in vobis est. Memores patrum matrumque et parvorum flliorum, memores etiam virtutis vestrae, tela jacite, incitate equos, acer- rimum in hos homines impetum facite! Quotiens a vobis ipsis et a majoribus vestris ingens hostium mul- titude superata et fugata est ? Et nunc etiam brevl tempore superatae erunt hae regiae copiae. Turn a civibus praemia, laudes, omnia quae homines cupiunt, exspectare jubeo. Q. 1. That ship has always been considered the fastest of the whole fleet. 2. The soldiers of the fifth and eighth legions will soon be drawn up. 3. Your father was delighted with your diligence: all the masters were praising you. 4. The soldiers of the enemy, who now surround our camp, will soon be killed by our darts. 5. Industrious boys are blamed by no- body ; but all will blame the lazy. 6. Fifteen ships had been built and fitted up by the soldiers. 7. The greater part of this great city was at that (is) time inhabited by German merchants. 8. The darts were being thrown in vain : the camp had been very well fortified. 9. The infantry forces were remaining in the camp ; the cavalry fought very bravely before the camp. 10. Hold your tongues, boys ! We hear ; we will be silent in a short time. SEC. 64.] Subjunctive Mood. 133 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. SECTION 64. SEQUENCE OF TENSES. Learn the Subjunctive Mood of sum, as found on pages 144 and 145, remembering that the meanings vary with the use, and are not fixed as in the Indica- tive Mood. The uses of the Subjunctive Mood are both dependent and inde- pendent ; but as its name (subjoined} indicates, it is used mainly in dependent sentences. In this dependent use the tense is deter- mined by the tense of the verb of the principal sentence. Consider carefully the following sentences : Audio ubi sit, / hear where he is. Audio ubi fuerit, / hear where he has been. Audiam ubi sit, / shall hear where he is. Audiam ubi fuerit, / shall hear where he has been or was. Audivi ubi sit, / have heard where he is. Audivi ubi fuerit, / have heard ivhere he has been or was. Audivero ubi sit, / shall have heard where he is. Audivero ubi fuerit, 1 shall have heard where he has been or was. Audiebam ubi esset, / heard where he was. Audiebam ubi fuisset, / heard where he had been. Audivi ubi esset, / heard where he was. Audivi ubi fuisset, / heard where he had been. Audiveram ubi esset, / had heard where he was. Audiveram ubi fuisset, / had heard where he had been. 134 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 64. Observe that the principal verbs in the first four groups are fol- lowed by the present or perfect subjunctive, while those of the last three are followed by the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive. The tenses of the first four groups are : 1. present ; 2. future; 3. perfect definite (perfect translated have or has) ; 4. future perfect. These are termed primary or principal tenses. They are followed by primary tenses (present and perfect) of the subjunctive mood. The tenses of the last three groups are: 1. imperfect; 2. perfect indefinite (perfect when translated without have or has) ; 3. pluperfect. These are termed secondary or historical tenses, and are followed by the historical tenses (imperfect and pluperfect) of the subjunc- tive mood. RULE : Primary tenses in the subjunctive mood fol- low primary tenses in the indicative mood, and sec- ondary follow secondary. Notice also that the dependent sentences whose verbs are sub- junctive are really questions with interrogative words, but are not put as questions. These are termed Indirect Questions. Direct Question : Ubi est ? Where is he f Indirect Question : Audio ubi sit, / hear where he is. Direct Question : Quis est ? Who is it ? Indirect Question : Audio quis sit, / hear who it is. RULE : Indirect questions have their verbs in the subjunctive mood. Interrogative words : quis, who ? cur, why ? num, whether ? ubi, where ? quot, how many ? [149.] Scio quid sit. Audivl quot milites fuerint. Audivl quot equites essent. Scit ubi fuerint. Nescio SEC. 65.] Subjunctive Mood. 135 cur homo claudus sit. Imperator audiverat cur homo claudus esset. Germanus audivit ubi serv! fuissent. Pater audiet ubi Mil fuerint. Quidam homo inter- rogavit quae naves longissimae essent. Quae clvitates in armls sunt ? Quaeram quae clvitates in armis sint. Caesar quaesivit quot milites in exercitu essent. [150.] Have you heard how many ships were on the sea? He knows where you are. I will hear where the enemy are, and will soon overcome them. They asked why we had been so sad. Will you tell me why you are so different from your father ? (91, sentence 4.) Where will you be to-morrow? My friends will ask where you will T)e to-morrow. Have your friends often been in Athens ? I asked whether his friends had often been in Rome. The general assembled his soldiers, and asked how many had been at home and how many in the camp. I had already heard where he was ; where he had been. SECTION 65. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (Continued}. FINAL CLAUSES. Learn the subjunctive, active and passive, of amo (pages 147 and 151), and form the subjunctive of the following verbs : opto, desire; porto, carry; conserve, preserve; impetro, obtain; laboro, strive; posttllo, demand. 136 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 65. Consider : Homines arma capiunt ut se conservent. Men take up arms that they may save themselves. or in order that they may save themselves. or to save themselves. OY for the purpose of saving themselves. Notice that ut se conservent expresses the purpose of arma capi- unt, and may be rendered in the various ways given. RULE : Ut "with the subjunctive mood may express purpose. [151.] Caesar postulavit ut mllites arma portarent. Mllites semper laboraverunt ut slgna conservarent. Imperator optat ut naves haec onera portent. Incitat me ut in opere diligentissimus sim. Te her! laudavl ut te ad majorem diligentiam incitarem. Se arma- bunt ut pugnent. Mllites adventum hostium exspecta- bant ut cum dlligentia pugnarent. Puer ut a parenti- bus ametur dlligentissime laborat. [152.] Caesar was placing the seventh legion on the left wing in order that the soldiers might fight most bravely. The teacher gives books to his boys that they may obtain wisdom. Embassadors had come from the town to obtain peace. I beseech you to love your brothers and sisters, in order that you may be loved by them. He exhorts them to put the enemy to flight. I exhort you to read these orations studiously. They advised him to build five war-ships, that he might overcome the enemy. SEC. 66. J Subjunctive Mood. 137 SECTION 66. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (Continued). FINAL CLAUSES (NEGATIVE). Learn the subjunctive, active and passive, of moneo (pages 154 and 158), and form the subjunctive of the following verbs : habeo, have ; debeo, owe ; pareo, obey ; placeo, please ; taceo, be silent. Examine carefully : Monuit me ne arma contra patriam caperem. He advised me not to take up arms against my country. RULE : Negative purpose may be expressed by /? with the subjunctive mood. NOTE. The conjunction ne means " in order that not," " not to," " that not," " lest." [153.] Romani castra circumdabant ne hostes effu- gium haberent. Magnus exercitus missus est ne agri nostri vastarentur. Epistulam ad te scrlbam ne cul- per. EquI postulantur ne mllites gravissima onera portent. Bex pacem cum Eomams fecit ne oppidum oppugnarent. [154.] The general will fight so that his country may be saved. We warned the king not to demand much money. I shall station the cavalry on the left wing, so that the enemy may not hold the hill. They demanded that we should not obey the king. I shall take care that the industrious boys are not blamed. 138 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 67. SECTION 67. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (Continued). CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. Learn the subjunctive of regd, active and passive voices (pages 162 and 166), and form the subjunctive of the following verbs : dico, say ; duco, lead ; veho, carry ; vivo, live. Examine carefully : 1. Accidit ut Romae essem. It happened that I was in Rome. 2. Equites tarn acriter pugnaverunt ut hostes supera- rent. The cavalry fought so bravely that they conquered the enemy. 3. Marius adeo inops fuit ut non cibum haberet. Marius was so poor that he did not have food. These sentences show a use of ut different from that found in purpose sentences, for here it is used with the subjunctive mood to express result. RULE : Ut in affirmative and ut non in negative clauses may be used -with the subjunctive mood to express result. NOTES. a. These clauses of result often follow such ex- pressions as : accidit, " it happens " ; reliquum est, " it re- mains " ; necesse est, " it is necessary." b. After verbs or expressions of hindering, when made negative, quin takes the place of ut, particularly after the phrase non dubito, " I do not doubt." [155.] Tanta fuit ejus diligentia ut domum brevi tempore aedificaret. Accidit ut fortes milites illo tempore in castrls essent. Non dubito quin sint fortes. SEC. 68.] Subjunctive Mood. 139 Tantus hostium timor fuit ut non Romanos exspec- tarent. Non dubito qum adfuerint. Nemo dubitabat qum naves aedificaret. Necesse est ut consul! Marcello pareamus. Accidit ut Marcellus cum exercitu Athe- nis sit. Accidit ut non doml essem. Non dubito qum nostri mllites equites hostium superaverint. Caesaris exercitus tarn acriter dlmicavit, ut nemo superesset. [156.] The enemy were so cowardly that Caesar's troops easily defeated them. Nothing prevents you from going to Athens. I do not doubt that the enemy will fight bravely. I am so poor that I have no money. Caesar led his forces before the camp so quietly that the enemy did not perceive them'. The number of the enemy is so great that we may not conquer. The army is so brave that our enemies will not conquer. It happens that I have no book. SECTION 68. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (Continued). INDEPENDENT SENTENCES. The preceding exercises on the subjunctive mood illustrated its use in dependent sentences. The following show its use in independent sentences. Learn the subjunctive, active and passive, of audio (pages 169 and 173), and form the subjunctive of the following verbs : munio, fortify ; scio, know; flnio, finish ; lenio, soothe. Examine these sentences : 1. Dent tibi di multa bona, May the gods give you many good things. 140 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 68. 2. Utinam falsus vates sim ! may I be a false prophet ! 3. Utinam Scipio viveret! Would that Scipio were alive ! 4. Utinam pater meus venisset! that my father had come I In these sentences notice : 1. The subjunctive mood expresses a wish. 2. When the wish is possible, i.e. can be realized, the present tense is found (sentences 1 and 2). 3. When the wish is represented as not realized at the present time, the imperfect tense is found. 4. When the wish is represented as not realized in past time, the plu- perfect tense is found. RULE : The subjunctive mood is used independ- ently to express a wish, the present tense denotes the wish possible, the imperfect denotes the wish as not now realized, the pluperfect, as not realized in past time. NOTE. Utinam often precedes the subjunctive of wish. [157.] Gives valeant. Utinam elves mel beatl es- seiit ! Illud utinam ne scrlberem ! Ne vlvani si tibi con- cede ! Utinam minus vltae cupidi fuissemus ! Orator videat in prlmls quibus de rebus loquatur. Utinam Caesar omnes copias pro castrls Instmat ! Utinam magister discipulos diligentissimos laudavisset ! [158.] May the slaves be warned by their owner. that my brother had lived and were now putting the enemy to flight ! May the city preserve its liberty. that you had heard the words of your teacher ! O that you were well and happy ! May the shouts of the enemy frighten neither the generals nor the sol- diers. Would that my father were alive ! May I live in the city where I have many friends. SEC. GO.] Subjunctive Mood. 141 SECTION 69. SUBJUNCTIVE (HORTATORY) AND IMPERATIVE. Another use of the subjunctive in independent sen- tences is that expressing commands or exhortations. Consider the following : Audiam, let me hear. Audiamus, let us hear. Audi, hear (audias, with indef. Audite, hear ye. subject). Audiat, let him hear. Audiant, let them hear. From these sentences observe that commands and exhortations are expressed by the subjunctive and imperative moods. In the first person where there is no imperative form and in the third person, there being no imperative form save in the future tense, the subjunctive supplies the place of the imperative. The negative of the hortatory subjunctive is ne, not non. [159.] Ne difficilia optemus. Plurimum in amicitia amicorum bonorum valeat auctoritas. Quidquid ages prudenter agas. Magister discipulos moneat. Ame- mus patriam et hostes ejus vincamus. Videant con- sules ne quid * res publica detriment! capiat. Ne Caesar legates ad castra hostium mittant. Quam ob rem dis- cede atque hunc timorem eripe. Libera rem publicam metu, in exsilium discede. Conservemus, judices, homi- nem quern amicorum dignitate comprobarl videmus. [160.] Let the boys carry the heavy burdens. Orators, do not praise yourselves nor your orations. Let us go to Caesar and inform him of (de) these matters. Boys, love your parents. Let the pupils 1 The indefinite quis and not aliquis is used after si, ne, num. 142 Shorter Latin Course. [SEC. 70. * listen to the words of their teacher. Let them make a bridge in order that the elephants may cross the river. SECTION 7O. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. MISCELLANEOUS SENTENCES. [161.] Nemo dubitat qum haec res brevi tempore a te conficiatur. Fieri potest ut recte homo sentiat et id quod seiitit polite eloqul non possit. Eestat ut do- ceam omnia quae sint in mundo hominum causa facta esse. Audite, quaeso, judices. Hostes tarn fortiter pugnaverunt ut prlmls cadentibus proximl ex eorum corporibus tela mitterent. Moveor his rebus omnibus sed in earn partem ut salvi omnes sint. Defendamus nomen salutemque popull Komani. Quantum f acinus in se admlserit videtis. Desinant insidiarl doml suae consull. Hoc dico ne genus belli neve hostem Ignoretis. Praeclarum illud est ? et rectum quoque, et verum ut eos qul nobis carissiml esse debeant aeque ac nosmet ipsos amemus. Pergamus igitur ad reliqua, et Institutum ordinem persequamur. Haec stultitia facit ut hoc stultissimum facinus sapienter factum esse videatur. Munltiones efficiebant ne quern 1 locum nostrl in- trare possent. 1 See foot-note, page 141. Conjugation of the Verbs. 143 CONJUGATION OF THE VERBS. THE VERB Sum, / am. This verb sum is irregular and defective. Its stems are es and fu. It has neither gerund nor supine, and no participle but the future. Principal Parts : sum (pres. ind.), esse (pves. inf.), fui (perf. ind.), futurus (fut. part.). INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. sum, I am. 1. sumus, we are. 2. es, thou art {you are). 2. estis, you are. 3. es t, he (she, it) is. 3. s unt, they are. IMPERFECT. Singular. Plural. 1. eram, I was. 1. eramus, we were. 2. eras, thou wast (you were). 2. eratis, you were. 3. erat, he (she, it) was. 3. erant, they were. FUTURE. Singular. . Plural. 1. ero, 1 shall be. 1. erimus, toe shall be. 2. eris, you will be. 1 2. eritis, you will be. 3. erit, he will be. 3. erunt, they will be. 1 Hereafter the 2d person singular will be translated by you, referring to one person, replacing the more exact thou, since you is the pronoun commonly used for the 2d person singular in English. 144 Shorter Latin Course. Singular. Plural. 1. fui, I have been, was. 1. fuimus, we have been, were. 2. fuisti, you have been, were. 2. fuistis, you have been, were. 3. fuit, he has been, was. 3. fuerunt or ) they have been, f u ere > were. PLUPERFECT. Singular. Plural. 1. fueram, / had been. 1. fueramus, toe had been. 2. fueras, you had been. 2. fueratis, you had been. 3. fuerat, he had been. 3. fuerant, they had been. FUTURE PERFECT. Singular. Plural. 1. fuero, I shall have been. 1. fuerimus, we shall have been. 2. fueris, you will have been. 2. fueritis, you will have been. 3. fuerit, he will have been. 3. fuerint, they will have been. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. sim 1 1. simus. 2. sis 2. sitis. 3. sit 3. sint. IMPERFECT. Singular. Plural. 1. essem (forem) 1. essemus. 2. esses (fores) 2. essetis. 3. esset (foret) 3. essent (forent). 1 It is impossible to give any one translation of the subjunctive mood that will be satisfactory and not misleading. It is sometimes translated by the English auxiliaries, may, might, should, would; by the English infinitive or imperative ; also by English indicative. Conjugation of the Verbs. 145 PERFECT. Singular. Plural. 1. fugrim 1. fuerimus. 2. fueris 2. fueritis. 3. fuerit 3. fuerint. PLUPERFECT. Singular. Plural. 1. fuissem 1. fuissemus. 2. fuisses 2. fuissetis. 3. fuisset 3. fuissent. IMPERATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 2. es, be thou. 2. este, be ye. FUTURE. Singular. Plural. 2. esto, thou shall be. 2. estote, ye shall be. 3. esto, he shall be. 3. sunto, they shall be. INFINITIVE. PRESENT, esse, to be. PERFECT, fuisse, to have been. FUTURE. futurus es sc, also fore, to be about to be. PARTICIPLE. FUTURE, futurus, -a, -um, about to be. 146 Shorter Latin Course. FIRST CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. VERB am 5 (STEM ama), love. Principal Parts : amo (pres. ind.), amare (pres. inf.), amavi (perf. ind.), amatum (supine). INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. amo, / love, am loving, do amamus, we love, are loving, love. do love. am as, you love, are loving, do am atis, you love, are loving, love. do love. am at, he (she, if) loves, is lov- amant, they love, are loving, ing, does love. do love. IMPERFECT. Singular. Plural. am abam, / loved, was loving, am abamus, we loved, were did love. loving, did love. am abas, you loved, were lov- am abatis, you loved, were lov- ing, did love. ing, did love. am abat, he loved, was loving, am abant, they loved, were lov- did love. ing, did love. FUTURE. Singular. Plural. amabo, / shall love. arnabimus, we shall love. amabis, you loill love. amabitis, you will love. am abit, lie will love. am abunt, they ivill love. Conjugation of the Verbs. 147 PERFECT. Singular. Plural. amavi, / have loved, or / amavimus, we have loved, or loved. we loved. amavisti, you have loved, or amavistis, you have loved, or you loved. you loved. amavit, he has loved, or he amaverunt (-ere), they have loved. loved, or they loved. PLUPERFECT. Singular. Plural. amaveram, I had loved. amaveramus, we had loved. amav eras, you had loved. amaveratis, you had loved. amav erat, he had loved. amav erant, they had loved. FUTURE PERFECT. Singular. Plural. amavero, 1 shall have loved. amav erimus, ice shall have loved. amaveris, you will have amaveritis, you will have loved. loved. amaverit, he will have loved. a,m&vei:int,theywillhaveloved. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. am em 1 am emus. ames am etis. amet am ent. IMPERFECT. Singular. Plural am arem amaremus. am ares am aretis. am aret am arent. 1 See note, page 144. 148 Shorter Latin Course. PERFECT. Singular. amav erim amav eris amav erit Plural amaverimus. amaveritis. amav erint. PLUPERFECT. Singular. amav issem amavisses amavisset Plural. amavissemus. amavissetis. amavissent. IMPERATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 2. am a, love thou. 2. am ate, love ye. FUTURE. Singular. Plural. 2. am ato, thou shalt love. 2. am atote, you shall love. 3. am ato, he shall love. 3. am antd, they shall love. INFINITIVE. PRESENT, am are, to love. PERFECT, ainavisse, to have loved. FUTURE, amaturus esse, to be about to love. PARTICIPLES. PRESENT, amans, -antis, loving. FUTURE, amaturus, -a, -um, about to love. Conjugation of the Verbs. GERUND. Gen. amandi, of loving. Dat. am ando, for loving. Ace. amandum, loving. Abl. am ando, by loving. SUPINE. Ace. ainatum, to love. Abl. amatii, to love, to be loved. 150 Shorter Latin Course, FIRST CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE. Principal Parts: amor (pres. ind.), amari (pres. inf.). amatus sum (perf. ind.). INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. amor, / am loved. amamur, we are loved. amaris (-re), you are loved. amamini, you are loved. am atur, he is loved. am antur, they are loved. IMPERFECT. Singular. Plural. amabar, 1 was loved. amabamur, ice were loved. amabaris(-re),?/0M?tfere/0yed. amabamini, you were loved. amabatur, he was loved. amabantur, they were loved. FUTURE. Singular. Plural. am abor, I shall be loved. am abimur, ice shall be loved. amaberis (-re), you will be amabimini, you will be loved. loved. am abitur, he will be loved. am abuntur, they will be loved. PERFECT. Singular. Plural. amatus sum, / have been or amati sumus, we have been was loved. or were loved. amatus es, you have been or amati estis, you have been or were loved. were loved. amatus est, he has been or amati sunt, they have been was loved. or were loved. Conjugation of the Verbs. PLUPERFECT. 151 Singular. Plural. amatus eram, / had been amati eramus, we had been loved. loved. amatus eras, you had been ' amati eratis, you had been loved. loved. amatus erat, he had been amati erant, they had been loved. loved. FUTURE PERFECT. Singular. Plural. amatus er5, 1 shall have been amati erimus, we shall have loved. been loved. amatus eris, you will have amati eritis, you will have been loved. 'been loved. amat us erit, he will have been amati erunt, they will have loved. been loved. Singular. amer am eris (-re) ametur Singular. am arer amareris (-re) am aretur Singular. amatus sim amatus sis amatus sit SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT. IMPERFECT. PERFECT. Plural. arnemur. am emini. am entur. Plural. amaremur. am aremini. am ar entur. Plural. amati simus. amati sitis. amati sint. 152 Shorter Latin Course. PLUPERFECT. Singular. Plural. amatus essem amati essgmus. amatus esses amati essetis. amatus esset amati essent. IMPERATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. 2. am are, be thou loved. 2. am amini, be ye loved. FUTURE. Singular. Plural. 2. am ator, thou shalt be loved. 2. 3. am ator, he shall be loved. 3. amantor, they shall be loved. INFINITIVE. PRESENT, am ari, to be loved. PERFECT, amatus esse, to have been loved FUTURE, ainatum Iri, to be about to be loved. PARTICIPLES. PERFECT. amatus, -a, -um, having been loved. GERUNDIVE, am andus, -a, -um, to be loved. (FUTURE.) Conjugation of the Verbs. 153 SECOND CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. VERB moneo (STEM mone), advise. Principal Parts : moneo, monere, monui, monitum. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. mon eo, / advise, am advising, mon emus, we advise, are ad- do advise. vising, do advise. mon es, you advise, are advis- mon etis, you advise, are ad- ing, do advise. vising, do advise. mon et, Tie advises, is advising, mon ent, they advise, are ad- does advise. vising, do advise. IMPERFECT. Singular. Plural. mon ebam, / advised, was ad- mon ebamus, we advised, were vising, did advise. advising, did advise. mon ebas, you advised, were mon ebatis, you advised, were advising, did advise. advising, did advise. mon ebat, he advised, was ad- mon ebant, they advised, were vising, did advise. advising, did advise. FUTURE. Singular. Plural. mon ebo, / shall advise. mon ebixnus, we shall advise. mon ebis, you will advise. mon ebitis, you will advise. monebit, he will advise. monebunt, they will advise. 154 Shorter Latin Course. PERFECT. Singular. Plural. monui, I have advised, or / monuimus, we have advised, advised. or we advised. mouuisti, you have advised, monuistis, you have advised, or you advised. or you advised. monuit, he has advised, or he monu erunt (-ere), they have advised. advised, or they advised. PLUPERFECT. Singular. Plural. monu eram, / had advised. monu eramus, he had advised. monu eras, you had advised. monu eratis, you had advised. monu erat, he had advised. monu erant, they had advised. FUTURE PERFECT. Singular. Plural. monuero, / shall have ad- monuerimus, we shall have vised. advised. monueris, you will have ad- monu eritis, you will have ad- vised, vised. monuerit, he will have ad- monu erint, they will have ad- vised, vised. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. mon earn mon eamus . mon eas rnoneatis. mou eat mon eant . IMPERFECT. Singular. Plural. monerem moneremus. mon eres nion eretis. mon eret mon erent. Conjugation of the Verbs. 155 PERFECT. Singular. Plural. monu erim mon u erimus . monueris monueritis. monuerit monuerint. PLUPERFECT. Singular. Plural. monuissem monuissemus. monuisses monuissetis. monuisset monuissent. IMPERATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. 2. mone, advise thou. 2. monete, advise ye. Singular. Plural. 2. moneto, thou shalt advise. 2. mon etote, you shall advise. 3. mon eto, he shall advise. 3. mon ento, they shall advise. INFINITIVE. PRESENT, mon ere, to advise. PERFECT, monuisse, to have advised. FUTURE, moniturus esse, to be about to advise. PARTICIPLES. PRESENT, mon ens, -entis, advising. FUTURE, moniturus, -a, -um, about to advise. 156 Shorter Latin Course. GERUND. Gen. mon endi, of advising. Dat. mon endo, for advising. Ace. monendum, advising. Abl. mon endo, by advising. SUPINE. Ace. monitum, to advise. Abl. monitu, to advise, to be advised. Conjugation of the Verbs. 167 SECOND CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE. Principal Parts : moneor, moiieri, monitus sum. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. moneor, / am advised. monemur, we are advised. mon eris (-re), you are advised, mon emini, you are advised. mon etur, he is advised. mon entur, they are advised. IMPERFECT. Singular. Plural. mon ebar, I was advised. mon ebamur, we were advised. mon ebar is (-re), you were ad- mon ebamini, you were ad- vised, vised. monebatur, he was ad- monebantur, they were ad- vised, vised. FUTURE. Singular. Plural. monebor, / shall be ad- monebimur, we shall be ad- vised, vised. moneberis (-re), you will be monebimini, you will be ad- advised, vised. mon ebitur, he will be ad- mon ebuntur, they will be ad- vised, vised. Er>> 0* TBDB fatltriBSXTT] 158 Shorter Latin Course. PERFECT. Singular. Plural. monitus sum, / have been or moniti sumus, we have bevn was advised. or were advised. monitus es, you have been or moniti estis, you have been were advised. or were advised. monitus est, he has been or moniti sunt, they have been was advised. or were advised. PLUPERFECT. Singular. Plural. monitus eram, / had been moniti eramus, we had been advised. advised. monitus eras, you had been moniti eratis, you had been advised. advised. monitus erat, he had been moniti erant, they had been advised. advised. FUTURE PERFECT. Singular. Plural. monitus ero, / shall have moniti erimus, we shall have been advised. been advised. monitus eris, you will have moniti eritis, you will have been advised. been advised. monitus erit, he will have moniti erunt, they will have been advised. been advised. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. monear moneamur. monearis (-re") moneamini. mon eatur moil eantur. Conjugation of the Verbs. 159 IMPERFECT. Singular. mon erer monereris (-re) mon eretur Plural. mon eremur. moneremini. mon erentur. PERFECT. Singular. monitus aim monitus sis monitus sit Plural. moniti simus. moniti sitis. moniti sint. PLUPERFECT. Singular. monitus essem monitus esses monitus esset Plural. moniti essemus. moniti essetis. moniti essent. IMPERATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. 2. mon ere, be thou advised. 2. mon emini, be ye advised. FUTURE. Singular. Plural. 2. mon etoc, thou shalt be ad- 2. vised. 3. monetor, he shall be ad- 3. monentor, they shall be vised. advised. 160 Shorter Latin Course. INFINITIVE. PRESENT, mon eri, to be advised. PERFECT, inonitus ease, to have been advised. FUTURE, monitum iri, to be about to be advised. PARTICIPLES. PERFECT. mouituB, -a, -um, having been advised. GERUNDIVE, mon endus, -a, -um, to be advised. (FUTURE.) Conjugation of the Verbs. 161 THIRD CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. VERB rego (STEM rege), rule. Principal Parts: rego, regSre, rexi, rectum. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. rego, / rule, am ruling, do regimus, we rule, are ruling, rule. do rule. regis, you rule, are ruling, do regitis, you rule, are ruling, rule. do rule. regit, he rules, is ruling, does regunt, they rule, are ruling, rule. do rule. IMPERFECT. Singular. Plural. reg ebam, I ruled, was ruling, reg ebamus, we ruled, were did rule. ruling, did rule. regebas, you ruled, were rul- regebatis, you ruled, were ing, did rule. ruling, did rule. reg ebat, he ruled, was ruling, reg ebant, they ruled, were did rule. ruling, did rule. FUTURE. Singular. Plural. reg am, / shall rule. reg emus, we shall rule. reg es, you will rule. reg etis, you will rule. reget, he will rule. regent, they will rule. M 162 Shorter Latin Course. Singular. Plural. rexi, / have ruled or / reximus, we have ruled or we ruled. ruled. rex isti, you have ruled or you rexistis, you have ruled or ruled. you ruled. rex it, he has ruled or he rexerunt (-ere), they have ruled. ruled or they ruled. PLUPERFECT. Singular. Plural. rex eram, I had ruled. rex eramus, we had ruled. rex eras, you had ruled. rex eratis, you had ruled. rex erat, he had ruled. rex erant, they had ruled. FUTURE PERFECT. Singular. Plural. rexero, I shall have ruled. rexerimus, we shall have ruled. rex eris, you will have ruled. rex eritis, you will have ruled. rexerit, he will have ruled. rexerint, they will have ruled. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. regam regamus. reg as reg atis. regat reg ant. IMPERFECT. Singular. Plural. regerem regeremus. reg eres reg eretis. reg eret reg erent. Conjugation of the Verbs. 163 PERFECT. Singular. Plural. rex erim rex erimus . rex eris rex eritis. rex erit rex erint . PLUPERFECT. Singular. Plural. rexissem rexissemus. rexisses rexissetis. rexisset rexissent. IMPERATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. 2. rege, rule thou. 2. regite, rule ye. FUTURE. Singular. Plural. 2. regitS, thou shall rule. 2. regitote, ye shall rule. 3. regito, he shall rule. 3. regunto, they shall rule. INFINITIVE. PRESENT, regere, to rule. PERFECT, rexisse, to have ruled. FUTURE, recturus esse, to be about to rule. PARTICIPLES. PRESENT, regens, -eiitis, ruling. FUTURE, rect virus, -a, -um, about to rule. 164 Shorter Latin Course. GERUND. Gen. reg endi, of ruling. Dat. reg endo, for ruling. Ace. regendum, ruling. Abl. reg endo, by ruling. SUPINE. Ace. rectum, to rule. Abl. rectu, to rule, to be ruled. Conjugation of the Verbs. 165 THIRD CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE. Principal Parts: regor, regl, rectus sum. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. regor, / am ruled. regimur, we are ruled. regeris (-re), you are ruled. regimini, you are ruled. regitur, he is ruled. reguntur, they are ruled. IMPERFECT. Singular. Plural. reg ebar, / was ruled. reg ebamur, we are ruled. regebaris (-re), you were regebamini, you were ruled. ruled. regebatur, he was ruled. regebantur, they were ruled. FUTURE. Singular. Plural. regar, / shall be ruled. regemur, we shall be ruled. regeris (-re), you will be regemini, you will be ruled. ruled. regetur, he will be ruled. regentur, they will be ruled. PERFECT. Singular. Plural. rectus sum, / have been recti sumus, we have been ruled. ruled. rectus es, you have been recti estis, you have been ruled. ruled. rectus est, he has been ruled. recti sunt, they have been ruled. 166 Shorter Latin Course. PLUPERFECT. Singular. Plural. rectus eram, / had been recti eramus, we had been ruled. ruled. rectus eras, you had been recti eratis, you had been ruled. ruled. rectus erat, he had been recti erant, they had been ruled. ruled. FUTURE PERFECT. Singular. Plural. rectus ero, I shall have been recti erimus, we shall have ruled. been ruled. rectus eris, you will have recti eritis, you will have been ruled. been ruled. rectus erit, he will have been recti erunt, they will have ruled. been ruled. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. regar regaris(-re) reg atur reg amur. reg amini. regantur. IMPERFECT. Singular. Plural. reg erer regereris (-re) reg eretur reg eremur. reg eremini. reg erentur. PERFECT. Singular. Plural. rectus sim recti simus. rectus sis recti sitis. rectus sit recti sint. Conjugation of the Verbs. 167 PLUPERFECT. Singular. Plural. rectus essem recti ess emus, rectus esses recti essetis. rectus esset recti essent. IMPERATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. 2. regere, be thou ruled. 2. regimini, be ye ruled. FUTURE. Singular. Plural. 2. regitor, thou shall be ruled . 2. 3. reg itor, he shall be ruled. 3. reguntor, they shall be ruled. INFINITIVE. PRESENT. regi, to be ruled. PERFECT. rectus esse, to have been ruled. FUTURE. rectum iri, to be about to be ruled. PARTICIPLES. PERFECT. rectus, -a, -um, having been ruled. GERUNDIVE, regendus, to be ruled. (FUTURE.) 168 Shorter Latin Course. FOURTH CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. VERB audio (STEM audi), hear. Principal parts : audio, audire, audivi, auditum. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. audio, I hear, am hearing, do audimus, we hear, are hear- hear. ing, do hear. audis, you hear, are hearing, auditis, you hear, are hearing, do hear. do hear. audit, he hears, is hearing, do audiunt, they hear, are hear- hear. ing, do hear. IMPERFECT. Singular. Plural. audiebam, / heard, was hear- audiebamus, we heard, were ing, did hear. hearing, did hear. audiebas, you heard, were audiebatis, you heard, were hearing, did hear. hearing, did hear. audiebat, he heard, was hear- audiebant, they heard, were ing, did hear. hearing, did hear. FUTURE. Singular. Plural. audiam, 7 shall hear. audiemus, we shall hear. audies, you will hear. audietis, you will hear. audiet, he will hear. audient, they will hear. Conjugation of the Verbs. 169 PERFECT. Singular. Plural. audlvi, / have heard or 1 audiv imus, we have heard heard. or we heard. audiv isti, you have heard or audiv istis, you have heard or you heard. you heard. audlvit, he has heard or he audiv erunt (-ere), they have heard. heard or they heard. PLUPERFECT. Singular. Plural. audiv eram, / had heard. audiv eramus, we had heard. audiv eras, you had heard. audiv eratis, you had heard. audiv erat, he had heard. audiv erant, they had heard. FUTURE PERFECT. Singular. Plural. audiv ero, 1 shall have heard. audiv erimus, we shall have heard. audiv eris, you will have audiv eritis, you will have heard. heard. audiv erit, he will have heard. audiv erint, they will have heard. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. and iam aud iamus . audias audiatis. audiat audiant. IMPERFECT. Singular. Plural. audirem aud ir emus, aud ires audiretis. audiret audirent. 170 Shorter Latin Course. Singular. audlv erim audlv eris audiv erit Plural. audlv erimus. audlv eritis. audlv erint. Singular. audlv issem audivisses audlvisset PLUPERFECT. Plural. audivissemus. audlv issetis. audivissent. Singular. 2. audi, hear thou. Singular. 2. audito, thou shall hear. 3. audito, he shall hear. IMPERATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Plural. 2. audite, hear ye. FUTURE. Plural. 2. auditote, ye shall hear. 3. audiunto, they shall hear. INFINITIVE. PRESENT, audire, to hear. PERFECT, audlv isse, to have heard. FUTURE. audit urus esse, to be about to hear. PARTICIPLES. PRESENT, aud iens, -entis, hearing. FUTURE. audit urus, -a, -um, about to hear. Conjugation of the Verbs. 171 GERUND. Gen. audiendi, of hearing. Dat. audi endo, for hearing. Ace. audiendum, hearing. Abl. audi endo, by hearing. SUPINE. Ace. audi turn, to hear. Abl. auditu, to hear, to be heard. 172 Shorter Latin Course. FOURTH CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE. Principal parts : audior, audiri, auditus sum. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. aud ior, / am heard. aud imur, we are heard. and iris (-re) , you are heard. aud imini, you are heard. audltur, he is heard. audiuntur, they are heard. IMPERFECT. Singular. Plural. audiebar, 1 was heard. audigbamur, we were heard. audiebaris (-re), you were audiebamini, you were heard. heard. aud iebatur, he was heard. aud iebantur, they were heard. FUTURE. Singular. Plural. audiar, / shall be heard. audiemur, we shall be heard. audieris (-re), you will be aud iemini, you will be heard. heard. audietur, he will be heard. audientur, they will be heard. Conjugation of the Verbs. 173 PERFECT. Singular. Plural. audit us sum, I have been audit! sumus, we have been heard. heard. audit us es, you have been audit! estis, you have been heard. heard. audit us est, he has been audit! sunt, they have been heard. heard. PLUPERFECT. Singular. Plural. audit us eram, / had been audit! eramus, we had been heard. heard. audit us eras, you had been audit! eratis, you had been heard. heard. audit us erat, he had been audit! erant, they had been heard. heard. FUTURE PERFECT. Singular. Plural. audit us ero, 1 shall have been audit ! erimus, we shall have heard. been heard. audit us eris, you will have audit! eritis, you will have been heard. been heard. audit us erit, he will have audit! erunt, they will have been heard. been heard. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. Plural. aud iar aud iamur. audiaris (-re) audiamini. aud iatur aud iantur . 174 Shorter Latin Course. IMPERFECT. Singular. aud irer audireris (-re) aud iretur Plural. aud ireraur. aud iremini. aud irentur. Singular. audit us sim audit us sis audit us sit PLUPERFECT. Singular. audit us essem audit us esses audit us esset Plural. audit! simus. audit i sitis. audit! sint. Plural. audit! essemus. audit! essetis. audit! essent. IMPERATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Singular. 2. aud!re, be thou heard. Plural. 2. aud!min!, be ye heard. FUTURE. Singular. Plural. 2. auditor, thou shalt be 2. heard. 3. auditor, he shall be heard. 3. audiuntor, they shall be heard. INFINITIVE. PRESENT. aud!r!, to be heard. PERFECT, audivisse, to have been heard. FUTURE. audit um !r!, to be about to be heard. Conjugation of the Verbs. 175 PARTICIPLE. PERFECT, audit us, -a, -um, having been heard. GERUNDIVE, audiendus, -a, -um, to be heard. (FUTURE.) VOCABULAEIES TO THE FIKST FOUB, PIECES OF TRANSLATION. I. A LETTER, p. 19. [The words are given in the order in which they come in English.] fuit, was. jucundus, pleasant. mihi, to me. nam,/or. scribit, he writes. filius, son. industrius, industrious. mater, mother. mittit, sends. tibi, to you. praemium, as a reward. soror, sister. sex, six. annus, year. rogat, she asks. me, me. quando, ivhen. pater, father. frater, brother. revertet, will return. vale, farewell, good-bye. II. -ROMULUS AND REMUS, p. 20. [The words are given in the order in which they come in English.] dum, while. aedificat, is building. murus, ivall. Roma, Rome. improbus, ivicked. transilit, jumps over. adhuc, as yet. parvus, small. compellat, addresses. contumeliosus, insolent. verbum, word. carissimus, dearest. quam, how. magnificus, magnificent. arcent, they keep off. inimicus, enemy. egregie, splendidly. autem, but. ira, anger. occidit, kills. turn, then. conficit, he finishes. feliciter, happily. r 177 178 Shorter Latin Course. III. THE BLACK SLAVE, p. 20. [The words are given as they come in the Latin.] Agrippa (a name), niger, black. servum, slave. habebat, had. platea, street. rident, laugh at. en ! see ! clamant, they shout. quam ! hoio ! nemo, nobody. te, you. lavat, wash. tamen, however. validus, strong. audit, hears. capillus, hair. arripit, he seizes. frustra, in vain. lacrima, a tear. fundunt, they shed. cunctus, all. sine, without. mora (abl.), (without) delay. in, into. atramentum, ink. demergit, dips. IV. A FABLE, p. 25. [The words are given in alphabetical order.] animal, animal. arrogat, claims (unjustly). capiunt, they take. capra, a goat. comportant, they bring it together. denique, lastly. dividunt, they divide. equus, a horse. erit, he will be. fames, hunger. imbecillus, weak. inquit, (he) says. jungunt,/orm. labor, labour. leo, a lion. locus, place. major, greater. ovis, a sheep. | partem (ace. sing, of pars), part. \ partes (ace. plur. of pars) , parts. \ praeda, booty. primus, first. propter, on account of. quam, than. quartus, fourth. quattuor, four. quoniam, since. secundus, second. sibi,/or himself. si quis, if anybody, ivhoever. soci8tas, a company. tertius, third. unus, one. vindico, I claim (justly). vobis, to you. LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY EXERCISES AND TRANSLATION. Obs. 1. Words that occur in the Exercises are printed in thicker type, (Many of these occur also in the Translation.) Obs. 2. A figure after a word denotes the declension or conjugation to which it belongs. a, ab, by or from (with abl.) ; it is not used for by before things ; see p. 23. abdit, (he) hides. abest, is absent; absunt, are absent ; from absum. accedo (3), I approach* accidit, it happens, or it hap- pened. accurrunt, (they) run up. acer, acris, acre (gen. acris, abl. acri), fierce, keen, spirited. acerrimus, a, um, the bitterest. acies (5), battle, line of battle. acri, abl. sing, of acer (above). acris (see acer). acriter (adverb) , keenly, fiercely. acuo (perf. acui), I sharpen. acutus, a, um, adj., sharp. ad (with ace.), to, towards, for, against. It translates to only when " motion to " is meant, e.g. to the city, ad urbem. But in the case of names of towns the accusative without ad is used, e.g. to Home, Ro- mam. adducuntur, (they) are led. adduxit (perf. of adduco), (he) led up, tempted. adest, is here, is upon us. adeunt, (they) are coming, ap- proach. adfectus, a, um, moved, touched. adferre, to bring. adflatu (abl. sing, of adflatus) (4), breath. ad imum (collem), to the bottom (of the hill). adjutor, helper; Deo adjutore, God being my helper. admitto (3), misi, missum, ad- mit, (in se) commit. admovent, (they) move up. adnuit, (he) nods to, beckons. adstat, (he) stands by. adsto (1), I stand by. adsum, lam present; with dat., I help. adulescens, entis, a youth. 179 180 Shorter Latin Course. adv&riunt, (they} are coming up, come up. adventus (4), arrival. adverse colle, up-hill. ad versus, a, um, adj., adverse; res adversae, adversity, trouble. ad versus (preposition with ace.) , against. aediflcat, (he} builds; aedifl- cant, (they} build. aedifico (1), [aedis, facio], build. aedificavit, (he} built. aedificium (2), a building. Aegyptius, a, um, adj., Egyptian. aeque ac, as well as. aes, aeris, n., copper, money. aes alienum, debt (literally, other people's money}. aestas (gen. aestatis), summer. ager (gen. agii), field, land. agger (gen. agggris), rampart, mound. agit, (he} is doing, (he} does; vitam ago, J spend (my} life. agitatus, a, um, tossed. agmen (gen. agminis), army (on the march}. ais, you say. albus, a, um, adj., white. Alexander (gen. Alexandri), Alexander. alii, others. alioqui, otherwise. aliquando, some day, once upon a time. aliquot, some few. alius, a, um, other (p. 89); alii alii, some others. alligat, (he} ties, binds. alligatus, a, um, bound. alter (see p. 90), the other (of two) , another, a second. alterum (neut. nom. sing, of alter). altus, a, um, adj., high, deep. alvus (2), belly. amans (ace. sing, amantem), loving. amat, (he} loves; amant, (they} love; B,ma,tur,(he)isloved; amantur, (they) are loved. amicitia, ae, friendship. I amicus (2) , friend. I amitto (3), I lose. amittunt, (they) lose. amor (gen. amoris) , love. amoved (2), 1 move away. an, or. ancilla (1), maid, servant-girl. animal (gen. animalis, neut.), animal. animus (2), mind, heart. annus (2), year. ante (adverb), before; (or prep- osition with ace.), before; ante Christum natum, before the birth of Christ (our B.C. in dates). antea (adverb), before. antiqui, the ancients. antiquus, a, um, adj., ancient, old. aperio (4), (ui, turn), / impart, disclose. aperit, (he) imparts. apparet, (he) appears. appello (3), I put in (a ship to shore} . apud (prep, with ace.), by, near; apud plebem, before the peo- ple. aqua (1), water. arbor (gen. arboris), (fern, gen- der), a tree. arbustum (2), a shrub. Latin-English Dictionary. 181 arcus (gen. arcus), bow. area (1), court, courtyard. argentum (2), silver. aries (gen. arietis) , a ram. arma (plur.), arms (of a sol- dier). armo (1), arm, equip. armatus, a, um, armed. arrfpit, (he) snatches up, seizes. arripiunt, (they) snatch up. ars (gen. artis), art. assiduus, a, um, adj., assiduous, continual. at, but. Athenis, at Athens. Atticus, a, um, adj., belonging to Attica, of Attica. attingere, to r&ach. attonitus, a, um, astonished. auctoritas, atis, f., authority. audacia (1), daring. audax (gen. audacis, p. 48), daring. audeo, / dare. audit (4), (he) hears. audiunt, (they) hear. aureus, a, um, adj., golden. auris (gen. auris), ear. aurum (2), gold. aut, or ; aut aut, either or. autem, however. auxilium (2), help. Aventmus, a, um, Mons Aventi- mts, The Aventine Hill (one of the seven hills of Rome). avis (gen. avis), bird. B baculum (2), a staff. Bagradas (ace. Bagradain), a river in Northern Africa. B ballista (1), engine (of war, a huge bow for throwing stones in sieges). barba (1), beard. barbarus (2), a barbarian. beatus, a, um, adj., blessed, happy. bemgne, kindly (adv. of benig- nus). bibo (3), I drink; perf. bibi, im- perative bibe. bonus, good ; melior, better ; optlmus, best. brevis, breve (abl. brevi), short. cado (3) , cecidi, casum Jail down. caelum (2), sky. caeruleus, a, um, adj., blue. Caesar, arista Roman general and statesman. calcar (gen. calcaris, neut.), spur. Caledonia, now Scotland. calix (gen. calicis, masc.), a cup. callide, cleverly. callidus, a, um, adj., clever. calo (gen. calonis), a camp-fol- lower. camelus (2), a camel. campus (2), a plain. candens (gen. candentis), burn- ing. canis, is, a dog. canit, (he) sings; canunt, (they) sing. Cantium, Kent. capax (gen. capacis), capacious. capere, to take. capere terram, to arrive at the land. capillus (2), hair. 182 Shorter Latin Course. capio, / take, form, adopt ; insu- lam capiunt, they make (i.e. arrive at} the island. captivus (2), a captive, prisoner. captus, a, um, having been tak- en, captured. caput (gen. capitis, neut,), head, capital. career (gen. carceris), m., prison. carmen (gen. carminis, neut.), song. caro (gen. carnis), flesh. carpunt, (they} harass. carus, a, um, adj., dear. casgus (2), cheese. castellum (2), a fort, castle. castra (2, plur.), a camp. catapulta (1), a catapult (on a large scale : used by the Ro- mans in sieges) . catena (1), a fetter.' cauda (1), tail. causa, ae, f., cause, reason. causa (after a genitive), for the sake of. celer, celeris, celere (p. 51), quick. celeritas, celeritatis, speed. celeriter, quickly. cena (1), dinner. ceno (1), I dine. centum, num. adj. (indeclinable), hundred. certamen, a struggle, combat. certo (adverb), certainly, assur- edly. cert us, a,um, adj., certain, sure; certiorem (es) facit, (he} informs. ceteri, the rest. cibus (2), food. Cicero (gen. Ciceronis), a Roman orator and statesman. cingunt, (they} surround. circa (with ace.) , around. circiter, about. circumdat, (he} surrounds; circumdant, (they} sur- round; circumdatur, is sur- rounded. eircumstat, stands around. clvis (gen. civis), citizen. civitas (gen. civitatis), state. clades (gen. cladis), defeat. clam, secretly. clamans (gen. clamantis), shout- ing out, calling out. clamantes, nom. or ace. plur. of clamans. clamo (1), I shout. clamor (gen. clamoris), shout, shouting. clarus, a, um, adj., clear, cele- brated. classis (gen. classis}, fleet. claudo (3), I shut. claudus, a, um, adj., lame. clipeus (2), shield. cognosce, / recognise, know. collis (gen. collis, rnasc.), hill. collocat, (he} places, stations, posts. collocatus, a, um, placed. colloco (1), I post. color (gen. coloris), colour. comae (plur.), hair. comes (gen. comitis), compan- ion. committitur, is begun. commotus, a, um, moved. comparat, (he} prepares, gets to- gether. compes (gen. compe'dis), fetter, shackle (for the feet}. comprehendunt (they} seize. comprobo (1), approve, assent to. Latin- English Dictionary. 183 concede (3), cessi, cessum, yield, ivithdraw. conclave (gen. conclavis, neut.), a room. confectus, a, um, worn. confestim (adverb), hurriedly. conficio (3), fed, fectum, finish. conficiuut, (they) finish. confligo (3) , I fight. confodiunt, (they) stab. coniciunt, (they) throw (with force). conjurant, (they} conspire. conjuro (1), I conspire. - conscendo (3), I climb; with navem, I embark. conserve (1) , preserve. consilium (2) , meeting, plan. conspicit, (he) sees, observes. conspiciunt, (they) see, ob- serve. constitui (perf . of constituo) . constituo (3) , I determine. consul (gen. consults), consul (a Roman magistrate) . contemno (3), I despise. contendit, he went off. contentus, a, um, adj., content, satisfied. conterritus, a, um, very fright- ened. continentes, continuous. contra (adverb), on the other hand. contumeliosus, a, um, adj., in- sulting. conturbatis nostris, our men hav- ing been thrown into confu- sion. convemre, to assemble. con viva (1), guest. convivium (2), an entertain- ment. convoco (1) , I call together. convertit, (he) turns. convertuntur, are turned. copia (1) , a supply. copiae, forces. cormm (2), skin. cornu (abl. cornu), horn, wing (of an army) . corona (1), chaplet, wreath, crown. corpus (gen. corporis), body. corripit, (he) seizes. corticeus, a, um, adj., cork, made of cork. cotldie, every day. eras (adverb), to-morrow. crates (gen. cratis), a hurdle. creber, crebra, crebrum, adj., frequent. credo (perf. credidi, with dative), / believe, 2 fancy. Greta (1), Crete. crmis (gen. crmis), hair. cruciatur, he is tortured. crudelis, e, adj., cruel; crudelis in, cruel to. crudelitas, crudelitatis, cruelty. crus (gen. cruris, neut.), leg. culpo (1), blame. culpat, (he) blames; culpant, (they) blame. culter (gen. cultri), knife. cum (with abl.), along with. cupidus, a, um, adj., desirous. cupi5 (perf. cupivi), / wish, desire. cura (1), care; curae esse, to be (for) a care. currit, (he) runs. cursus (gen. cursus), course. Cyclops (gen. Cyclopis), one of the Cyclopes, the name of some giants. 184 Shorter Latin Course. D dat, (he} gives; dant, (they} give; datur, is given; dan- tur, are given. datur, is being given. de, prep, with abl. (with certio- rem f acit, of} , from, about. debeo (2) , I ought, owe. December, bris, bre, December (adj. agreeing with mensis). decidit, (he} falls down; deei- dunt, (they} fall down, fall off. dgdi, perfect of dare, / gave. deditus, a, um, given up, devoted (from dedo) . defends (3), di, fensum, protect, defend. deflexit, (he} turned aside. deinde, then, next. deicit, (he) throws down, casts. delectat, (he) delights, pleases, charms; delectant, (they) delight ; delectatur, is de- lighted ; delectantur, are delighted. delibgro (1), I deliberate, con- sider. deligit, (he) chooses out. delphmes (ace. plur.), dolphins. demum, at length. demque, lastly. dens (gen. dentis), tooth. densus, a, um, adj., thick. depono (3), / lay aside, put away. deserit, (he) deserts. desertum (2), a desert. desino (3), sii (sivi), situm, cease. despero (1) , I despair. detrimentum, i, loss, damage. Deus (2), God. devolvitur, it is rolled doiun, it rolls down. D devoro (1), I devour. dexter, dextra, dextrum, adj., right; dextra, on the right hand. dicfire, to say, to plead. dico (3), I say, I tell. die, abl. sing, of dies. diebus, abl. plur. of dies. dies (5, masc.), day. difflcilis, e, adj., difficult (su- perl. difncillimus)., dignitas, atis, f., dignity. digitus (%}, finger. dilapsus^ a, um, disappearing, gliding away. diligens, entis, industrious. diligentia (1), diligence, in- dustry. diligentissimus, a, um, superla- tive of diligens. diligentissime, adv., most indus- triously. dimico (I}, fight. dimitto (3), I dismiss. discedo (3), cessi, cessum, de- part. discipulus, I, pupil. disslmllis, e, adj., unlike (su- perf. dissimillimus). diu (adverb) , for a long time ; diutius, for a longer time ; diutissime, for a very long time. diversus, a, um, adj., different. dives (gen. divitis), rich. divmus, a, um, adj., divine, god- like. divitiae, riches. dixit (from dico), he said. do (1), / give; perf. d6di; da (imperative) , give ! dolor (gen. doloris) , grief, pain. domare, to tame, subdue. Latin-English Dictionary. 185 D dominatio (gen. domination! s), rule, tyranny. domum, (to) home. domus (see p. 57, fern.), house. dormiS (4), I sleep. dubito (1), hesitate, doubt. ducit, (he) leads ; ducunt, (they) lead. duc5 (3), Head. dulcis, e, adj., sweet, pleas- ant. dura, while. duo (see p. 70), two. duodevig-inti, eighteen. dux (gen. ducis), leader, gen- eral. e, ex (with abl.),/rom, out of. e proximo, from quite near. educit, (he) leads out, draivs out; educunt, (they) lead out; educitur, is led out. efficit, (he) makes (efficio, ere, fed, fectum). effigiem (ace. of effigies), figure, ghost. effugium, il, way of escape. effodit, (he) digs up, digs out. ego (p. 80), I. egregius, a, um, adj., remarka- ble, extraordinary. elidit, (he) crushes. eligo (3), I choose out. eloquor, eloqui, elocutus (depo- nent verb), speak out. emit, (he) bought. emitto (3) , I send out. en, see I behold I enim, for. eorum (gen. plur. of is) , of them, their. E eos (ace. plur. of is) , them. epistula (1), letter. epulae, a banquet. eques (gen. equitis), a horse- mar ; equites, cavalry. equus (2) , horse. erat, was. ergo, therefore, then. eripio (3), / snatch out, escape (111, reptum). errat, (he) wanders. error (gen. erroris), wandering. erudio, I teach. et, and; et et, both and. etiam, also. Etrusci, the Etruscans. ex' (with abl.) , from ; ex hac parte, on this side. excaeco (1), 1 blind. excedit, (he) goes out; excedat, let him go out, depart. excidium (2), overthrow. excipiuntur, (they} are received. exclamat, (he) calls out, ex- claims. exercltus (4), army. exiguus, a, um, adj., small, in- significant. exit, (he) goes out ; exeunt, (they) go out. expono (3), I put out. expulit, (he) expelled, drove out. expulsus, a, um, having been ex- pelled. exsilium, ii, exile. exspecto (1), wait for. exspectat, (he) awaits; ex- spectant, (they) arvait. exsurgunt, (they) rise up. extra (with ace.), outside. extremus, a, um, adj., extreme. exuo (3) , / take off. 186 Shorter Latin Course. facetus, a, um, adj., ivitty, fa- cetious. facies (5), face. facllis, e, adj., easy (superl. fa- cillimus) . f acinus (gen. facinoris), deed, crime. facio, / make, do; fed, I have made; factus, having been made. facit, (he) makes; faciunt, (they) make ; certiorem facit, (he) informs. factum esse, perf. pass, infiii. of facio. facultas (gen. facultatis), a chance. facundus, a, um, adj., eloquent. fama (1), report. fames, is, hunger. feel (perf. of facio), I made. feliciter, happily, successfully. f emma (1) , a woman. fera (1), a wild beast. fere, almost. ferox (gen. ferocis), adj., fierce, proud. f errum (2) , iron, dagger, sword. fert, (he) brings, carries. ferus, a, um, adj.,./?erce, ivild. fervens (gen. ferventis), red-hot. fessus, a, um, adj., tired. fieri (inf. pass, of facio), to be- come. fllie, (1) , daughter. films (2), son. filum (2) , a thread. finis (gen. finis, masc.), end; fines, boundaries, territory. firmus, a, um, adj.,/rrm. flamma (1), flame. flfivus, a, um, adj., golden. flexuosus, a, um, adj., winding. flexura (1), winding, turn. floreus, a, um, adj., flowery, made of flowers. flos (gen. floris) , flower. fluctus (4), loave. flugre, tofloiv. flumen (gen. flummis) , river. foedus (gen. foederis), treaty. foedus, a, um, adj., hideous, gloomy. f oris (adverb) , out of doors. forte (adverb), by chance, as it happened. fortis, e, adj. (abl. plur., forti- bus), strong, brave. fortiter, bravely; comp. for- tius, more bravely; superl. fortissimo, very bravely. fovea (1), a pit. frater (gen. sing., fratris ; gen. plur., fratrum), brother. fremgre, to roar. frigus (gen. frigoris), cold. frons (gen. frontis), front, fore- head. frumentum (2), corn. frustra, in vain. fug& (1) , flight. fug-6 (1), I put to flight. fugit, (he) flies, escapes. fugiunt, (they) fly, escape. fuit, 10 as. fulgur (gen. fulguris), light- ning; fulgura, flashes of lightning. funda (1), a sling. fundo (3), I rout. G galea (1), helmet. Gallicus, a, um, adj., Gallic, be- longing to the Gauls. Latin-English Dictionary. 187 G gelidus, a, um, adj., cold. gemitus (i) , groaning. gens (gen. gentis), tribe, nation. gentes (plur. of gens), nation, tribe. genus (gen. gengris) , a kind. gerit, he carries, ivears. Germanus, a German, German. gero, / carry, wear ; bellum ge- rere, to wage war. gigantes (3) , giants. gladius (2) , a sivord. gloria (1), glory. gloriosus, a, um, adj., glorious. Graecii, the Greeks. Graectilus (2), a little Greek. gradus (gen. gradus) , a step. grameii (gen. grammis), grass. gratus, a, um, adj., welcome, pleasant, pleasing ; gratus in te, thankful to (towards) you. gravis, e, adj., heavy, deep. H habeo; orationem habere, to de- liver a speech ; consilium ha- bere, to hold counsel, to hold a meeting. habet, (he) has, keeps ; habent, (they) have, keep ; habetur, is considered. habitabat, lived. habito (1), 1 inhabit. hanc (sing. ace. fern, of hie) , this. hasta (1) , a spear. haud multum, not much. haustus (4) , a draught, a drink. heri, yesterday. heus! Ho! hiems (gen. hiemis), w inter. his (abl. plur. of hie), these. Hispania (1), Spain. hodie (adv.), to-day. H hom5 (gen. hominis), a man. honoravisti, you have honoured, done honour to. hora (1), hour. horribile (from horribilis), adj., horrible. horridus, a, um, adj., matted (hair) . hortus (2) , garden. hospes (gen. hospitis), a guest. hostis (gen. hostis) , an enemy ; bosses, the enemy. hue (adv.), hither. humanissimi, the most civilised. humanus, a, um, adj., human. humus (2, fern.) , ground, earth. ibat, (he) was going, walking. ibi (adv.), there. idem (see p. 84), the same. igitur, therefore. ignarus, a, um, adj., ignorant. ignis (gen. ignis) , fire. ignoro (1), / am ignorant of, do not know. ille (nom. sing. fern, ilia, gen. sing, illius, ace. plur. fern. illas; seep. 83), that. illo (sing. abl. masc. or neut. of ille), that. illo (adv.), thither, to that place. imago (gen. imaginis, fern.), image, likeness. imber (gen. imbris) , a shower of rain. imberbis, e, adj., beardless. imbuit, dyes. immemor (gen. immemoris) , adj., unmindful, forgetful. impendet capiti, overhangs his head. 188 Shorter Latin Course. imperator, oris, general (em- peror) . imperium (2), rule. impetus (4), charge, rush. impiger, impigra, impigrum, adj., active, energetic. impleo (perf . implevi) , I fill. implicitus, a, um, enveloped. implorant, (they} entreat for. imploro (1), I entreat for. impositus, a, um, set, perched. impudens, entis, adj., impudent, shameless. imus, a, um, adj., lowest; ad imum (collem), to the bottom (of the hill). in, with abl., in, on ; with ace., into, on to, against. inauditus, a, um, unheard of. incertus, a, um, adj., uncer- tain. incidit, (he) falls into ; incidunt, (they) fall into. incltat, (he) urges on; inci- tant, (they) urge on. incitatis equis, their horses hav- ing been urged on; (with their horses at a gallop). incola (1), an inhabitant. incol5 (3), I inhabit; incolunt, (they) inhabit. incultus, a, um, adj., uncivi- lised. incursio (gen. incursionis) , as- sault, inroad. inducuntur, are led on. mfensus, a, um, adj., enraged, furious. innciunt, (they) dye. mfigo (3) , I thrust in, dig in. infmltus, a, um, adj., infinite, innumerable. ingens (gen. ingentis, abl. in- gentl, nom. plur. neut., in- gentia), adj., huge. ingratus, a, um, adj., ungrateful. in his, among them. imquus, a, um, adj., unfavour- able. illicit, (Tie) throws over, thrusts. init, (he) forms. inquit, (he) says. insidiae (1), snares. insidior (1), ari, atus (deponent verb) , lie in ambush. mstat, approaches, is almost come. institutus, a, um, arranged, begun. mstruo (3), I draw up. insula (1), island. insuper, on the top. intellSgit, (he) knows of, under- stands. intentus, a, um, adj., intent. inter (with ace.) , among, between. interdum (adverb), sometimes. interflcio, / kill; interflcere, to kill ; interflciunt, (they) kill; interflcltur, he is killed, put to death ; (perf. interfeci). interrogo (I), I ask, question. intra (with ace.), within, inside. intrat, (he enters) (intro, are, avi, atum). intrude (3, perf. intrusi), I thrust in. intus fadverb), within. invenio, / find ; invem, I have found, I found; inveniun- tur, (they) are found,. invisus, a, um, hateful (invideo). invito (1), I invite. ipse (see p. 8(5), himself, etc. ipse se interficit, he (himself) kills himself. Latin- English Dictionary. 189 iratus, a, um, angry, enraged. irruunt, (they) rush on. is (gen. ejus, p. 84), this; he, she, it. iste (see p. 87) , that (of yours) . ita, so. Italia (1), Italy. itaque, so. iter, itineris (neut.), way; iter facit, he marches. iterum, again ; iterum atque iterum, again and again. jacent, (they) lie. jacio (perf. jeci), I throw. jam, already. janua, door (of a house). jubeS (perf. jussi), I order. jubet, (he) orders. judex, icis (masc.), judge. judicium (2), a trial. jussa, orum (2), orders (mostly in plural). jussus (gen. jussus), order, com- mand. juvenis (gen. sing, juvenis, gen. plur. juvenum), a young man. juventus (gen. juventutis, fern.), youth. labor (gen. laboris, ace. laborem) , toil, labour. laboro (1), work. labrum (2), lip. labyrmthus (2), labyrinth, maze. lac (gen. lactis) , milk. lacgro (1) , / tear apart, in pieces. lacrima (1) , a tear. laetus, a, um, adj., happy, joy- ful ; laeti inveniunt, are de- lighted to find. lapis (gen. lapidis, masc.), a stone. latus (gen. lateris), side, flank. laudat, (he) praises; laudant, (they) praise ; laudatur, is praised; laudantur, are praised. laus (gen. laudis) , praise. legatus (2), ambassador. legibus (dat. plur. of lex), laws. legio (gen. legionis, fern.), a legion. leg-it, (he) reads ; legunt, (they) -read ; leg-Itur, is read. lentus, a, um, adj., slow. leo (gen. leonis) , a lion. leviter, gently, softly. liber (gen. libri) , a book. liber, a, um,/ree. liberatus, set free. HbSri, children. libero (1), I set free; liberare, to set free. lignum (2), wood, log of wood. lingua Latina, the Lathi tongue, language. litus (gen. litoris), shore, coast. locus (2), a place. longe (adverb), by far, far, a great deal. longius (adverb, comparative de- gree), at some distance. longurius (2), a long pole. longus, a, um, adj., long. loquax (gen. loquacis) , talkative. loquor (3) , locutus, speak (depo- nent) . lorica (1), a cuirass. liioe (abl. sing, of lux), light, 190 Shorter Latin Course. lumen, inis (3), the light lima (1), the moon. M made (abl. sing, of macies), icith leanness. magicus a, um, adj., magic. mag-ister (gen. magistri), a master (of pupils). magnitude (gen. magnitudinis), size. magnopgre, greatly. magnus, great, large, big (comp. major, superl. maximus). majores, um, ancestors. mains, a, um, bad; pejor, worse; pessimus, worst. malus (2), a mast. manare, to flow, drop, stream. mane, in the morning. manet, (he) remains; manent, (they) remain. manus (4, fern.), a hand, a force of soldiers; puguam in manibus faciunt, they en- gage in a hand to hand fight. mare (gen. maris), sea. maritimus, a, um, adj., belonging to the sea. mater (gen. sing, matris, gen. plur. matrum), mother. maximus, a, um, adj., greatest, largest, biggest (superl. of magnus) . me, ace. of ego. mecum (me and cum), ivith me. medius, a, um, adj., middle; in agreement with a noun, in the middle of. melior (neut. melius, gen. me- lioris, comp. of bonus), better. melius (adverb), better. membrum (2), member, limb. M memor (gen. memoris), mindful. mensis (gen. mensis, masc.), month. mercator (gen. mercatoris), a merchant. metallum (2), a metal. metu (abl. of metus), with fear. metus (4), fear. meus, a, um, my, mine. mi, voc. of meus. miles (gen. imlitis), soldier. militia (1), military service. mille (indeclinable in sing., plur. milia, see p. 70), a thousand. ; miuax (gen. minacis), adj., threatening. minimus, a, um, least, smallest (superl. of parvus) . rninisterium, (2), ministry, at- tendance. minor (neut. minus, gen. mi- noris), less, smaller (comp. of parvus); natu minor, younger. miror (1) , / wonder at. This is what is called a " deponent " verb. It has active mean- ing, but passive form. minis, a, um, adj., wonderful. miser, misera, miserum, adj., un- happy, viretched, miserable. miserandus, a, um, piteous. misericordia (\),pity. mittit (3) , (he) sends ; mittunt, (they) send, (ere, misi, mis- sum.) mittitur, is sent. mittunt, (they) send. mixtus, a, um, mixed. modo (adverb), only. modus (2), manner. molestus, a, um, adj., trouble- some, annoying (a nuisance). Latin- English Dictionary. 191 M mons (gen. mentis), M., a moun- tain. monstrum (2) , a monster. mora (1), delay. morbus (2), disease, sickness. mors (gen. mortis), F., death. mortims, a, um, adj., dead. m5s (gen. moris), M., manner, custom, habit, character. motus, a, um, moved. moveo, ere, movi, motum, move. mox, soon. mulget, (he) milks. mulier (gen. maligns), woman. multitud5 (gen. multitudinis) , a multitude, a large num- ber. multo (adv.), by much, much. multum, much. multus, a, um, adj., much. mundus (2) , the world. munio (4), I fortify. mumtiones, fortifications. muniunt, (they) fortify. murmuro (1) , / murmur. murus (2) , a wall. N narrant, (they) relate. natu (abl. of natus, 4), by birth ; natu major, older; natu minor, younger ; natu maximus, oldest ; natu minimus, youngest. natus, having been born ; duos annos natus, tioo years old. nauta (1), a sailor. navi (abl. of navis), in a ship. navis (gen. navis) , a ship ; navis longa, a war-ship. ne, conj., that not, not, (pages 137 and 141). N -ne (used in asking a question, see p. 112). nebula (1), a cloud. nee, ?io?\ ngcat, (he) slays. neco (1), I slay. nego (1) , I deny. Negat se venire posse, he said that he could not come. nemo (inis), (ne, homo) nobody, for the genitive use nullms, for the ablative use nullo. neque, nor; neque neque, neither MO?',- neque tamen, 9io?" yet, not however. nescio, I do not know. neve, nor (introducing a clause of purpose after ne) . niger, nigra, nigrum, adj.,&facfc. nihil (not declined, neut.), nothing. nimium, too much, too. nobilis, e, adj., noble. nocte (abl. of nox) . in the night. nocturnus, a, um, adj., belonging to the night, nightly, night. noluerunt, (they) would not, ivere not ivilling. nomen (gen. nominis), name. non, not; non jam, no longer. nos (nom. and ace.), we, us. noster, nostra, nostrum, our. n5tus, a, um, known. novus, a, um, adj., new, strange. nox (gen. noctis), night. nubes (gen. nubia), cloud. nullus (see p. 88) , no. numerus (2), number. nunc, now. nunquam, never. nuntio (1), I announce. nuntius (2), a message, messen- ger. 192 Shorter Latin Course. ob (with ace.) , on account of. obiit, (he) died. obsident, (they) besiege. obtruncat, (he) cuts down, strikes down. occiditur, (he} is killed. oculus (2), eye. occupabant, (they) occupied, seized. octoginta, eighty. omne tempus, for all time, for ever. omnibus (abl.plur. of omnis), alt. omnis, omne, adj., all. onus (gen. onfiris), N., burden. opem (ace.), aid. opgre (abl. of opus), on the work. opportunus, a, um, favourable. oppressus, a, um, oppressed, iveighed down. opprimit (from opprimo ; perf. op- press!) , overcomes, sivamps. oppugno (1), attack, besiege. optime (adv.), very well. optimus (superl. of bonus) , very good, best. opto (1), desire. opus (gen. operis), N., work. ora (1), shore. oratio (gen. orationis), speech, oration. orator (gen. oratoris) , orator. orbes faciunt, (they) form circles (= our squares) . ordo (gen. ordinis, masc.), rank, order. ore (see os). ornat, he adorns, decorates, equips, fits out ; 5rnant, (they} adorn, etc. ornatus (gen. ornatus), adorn- ment, grand dress. oro (1), I pray. O os (gen. oris) , mouth, face. os (gen. ossis) , a bone. ostium (2), entrance, door. ovis (gen. ovis) , a sheep. pacem (ace. sing, of pax) , peace. paene, (adv.), almost. pallidus, a, um, adj., pa/e. palus (gen. pali), stake. palus (gen. paludis), marsh. panis (gen. panis), bread. par (gen. paris), equal. parens (gen. parentis), a parent. parere (inf. of pareo, with dat.), to obey. paro (1), I prepare. pars (gen. partis), a part, some. partibus ; multis partibus, a great deal. partim, partly. parvus, a, um, adj., small, little. pascq, I feed ; pascit, (he) feeds. passus (4), apace (see p. 70). pater (gen. sing, patris, gen. plur. patrum) , father. patrcs, um, the Fathers. patria (1), native country. pauci, a few. paullatim, adv., by degrees, little by little. paululum, for a bit. pauper (gen. pauperis), adj., poor. pax (gen. pacis), peace. pecunia (1), money, a sum of money. pecus (gen. pecoris), a herd, flock. pedester (pedestris, pedestre) adj., foot; copiae pedestres, foot-forces, infantry ; iter pedestre, a journey on foot. Latin-English Dictionary. 193 pejor (comp. of malus) , worse. pellibus (abl. plur. of pellis) , (3) with skins. pendent, (they) hang. pendit, (he) pays; pendunt, (they) pay. penetro (1), / penetrate, make my way. per (prep, with ace.), through, daring, over. perculsus, a, um, stricken. percutit, (he) strikes. pergo (3) , proceed. perpetuus, a, um, adj., perpet- ual. persequor (3), deponent verb, follow. pes (gen. pedis) , foot ; in pedes se dederunt, took to their heels, ran away. pessimus, a, um, (superl. of malus), ivorst, very bad. pestifer, a, um, adj., pestilential, poisonous. petit, (he) asks for, seeks ; pe- tunt, (they} ask for, seek. petunt, (they) seek; make for, attack. philosophus (2), a philosopher. piger, pigra, pigrum, adj., lazy. piscis (3), a fish. plebs (gen. plebis), F., the com- mons. plenus, a, um, adj.,/ttZL plerique, the greater number, most. plurimus, a, um, adj., very much ; plurimi, very many. poctilum (2) , a cup. poema (gen.poematis) (neuter), a poem. poena (I), penalty, punishment. poeta (1), a poet. polite, adv., elegantly. polluitur, is polluted. ponmm (2), fruit. ponit, (he) places. pono, / place; posui (perf.), I placed, I have placed. ponunt, (they) place. porrigit, he stretches forth. Porsma (1), king of the Etrus- cans. porta (\),gate, door. portat, (he) carries; portant, (they) carry. porto (1), carry. portus (4) , a harbour. posse (inf. of possum), to be able (see nego). possent, imperf. subj. of possum. possident, (they) possess. possit, pres. subj. of possum. post (adverb), afterwards; prep. behind, after ; post Christum natum, after the birth of Christ (our A.D. in dates). posterus, a, um, adj., next, fol- lowing. postquarn, after that. postremo (adverb) , last of all. postremus, a, um, adj., last. postulat, (he) demands. postulo (1), demand. potens (gen. potentis), power- ful. potest, (he) (it) is able, can; possuut,(they) are able, can. potestas (gen. potestatis) , power. praeceps (gen. praecipitis) , adj., headlong, precipitous. praecidit, (he) cuts off. praeclarissime, very splendidly (adverb of the following) . praeclarissimus, a, um, adj., very celebrated. O 194 Shorter Latin Course. praeclarus, a, um, adj., cele- brated. praedo (gen. praedonis) , a pirate. praemium (2) , a reward. praestant, (they] excel, have the advantage. praeter (prep, with ace.) , besides, except. pratum (2) , a meadow. prgcibus, ivith prayers. pretium (2), a price. prlmo (adverb), at first. primum (adverb) , first. primus, a, um, adj., first. prmceps (gen. prmcipis), chief, leader. prius (adverb) , first. pro (with abl.), before, on behalf of, instead of. *prob6 (1), I approve. procedit, (he) advances. prodigium (2), a prodigy, won- der. proditor, oris, traitor. proelium (2), battle. prohibet, (he) keeps off. proiciunt, they throw forth. pronus, a, um, adj., headlong. prope (prep, with ace., also ad- verb), near, nearly. propero (1), I hasten. propius (adverb), nearer. prora (1), a prow. provoco (1), I challenge. proximus, a, um, adj., the next, the following; e proximo, from quite near. prudenter, wisely. prudentia (1), skill. puella (1) , a girl. puer (gen. pueri), a boy. pugna (1), battle. pugnatur, it is fought. Q pugnS (1), I fight. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, adj., beautiful. Pumcus, a, um, adj., Punic ; Car- thaginian. punio (4), I punish. quadragesmms, a, um, num. adj., fortieth. quadringentesimus, a, um, num= adj., four-hundredth. quae (see qui, p. 92) , ichich. quaero, ere, sivT, situm, ask. quaerit, he asks for, inquires for ; quaerunt, (they) ask for, seek. quaeso, I pray. quam, than; with a note of ex- clamation, hoy) ! quamquam, although. quam ob rem (adv.), for what reason. quando, when? quantus, a, um, how great. quatit, (he) shakes. -que, and. The que is attached to the second of the two words; "brothers and sis- ters " is fratres sororesque (or fratres et sorores) . quercus (4, fern.), an oak. qui, who (seep. 92). qui (nom. plur. of qui), those who. quia, because. quid, indef. pron., anything (p. 141, foot-note). quid, ivhat? (See quis, p. 93.) quidam, quaedam, quoddam, a certain ; quidam (nom. plur. masc.), certain. Latin- English Dictionary. 195 Q quidem, indeed. quidquid (nom. or ace. neuter of quisquis) , whatever. quies (gen. quietis), rest, quiet. quietus, a, um, adj., quiet, inac- tive. qum, coiij. [qui, ne], but that, that. qumquagesimus, a, um, num. adj., fiftieth. qumquaginta, fifty. q unique, five. quisque, each. quod (see qui, p. 92) , which. quod (adverb), because. quomodo, how ? quondam, once. quot, hoiv many ? quotiens, how often? in XIII., as often as. R radunt, (they) shave. ramus (2) , a branch. rarus, a, um, adj., rare, extraor- dinary. recedit, (he) retires; recedunt, (they) retire, draw back. recte, rightly. rectus, a, um, adj., right. redclo, I give back, return; redde, give back ! redeunt, (they) come back, re- turn. redigit, (he) reduces, subdues; redigunt, (they) reduce. redit, (he) returns; redeunt, (they) return. reducit, (he) leads back. reg-ma (1), a queen. regio (gen. regionis), district, region. R regius, a, um, adj., royal. regno (1), I reign. rego (3), I rule, steer. regulus (2), a prince. religo (1), I tie. relinquo, (3), / leave; reliqui, I have left, I left. reliqui, ae, a, adj., the rest, the remainder. removet, (he) removes, with- draws. renovatur, is reneived. res (5) , thing, fact, matter, af- fair. res publica (1), state. respondet, (he) answers. restat, (he) (it) remains. retrahit, (he) draios back; retra- hunt, (they) draw back, drag back. revertit, he returns; revertunt, (they) return. reverto (3, perf. reverti), I re- turn, come back. rex (gen. regis), a king. ridens, smiling, laughing. rideo, / laugh. robustus, a, um, adj., strong. rogare, to ask. Romanus, a, um, adj., Roman ; Romam, the Romans. rosa (1), a rose. rota (1), wheel. ruma (1), downfall. saepe, often; saepius, more often; saepissime, very often. saevus, a, um, adj., cruel, fierce. sagmabat, (he) used to feast, gorge. 196 Shorter Latin Course. s sagitta (1), an arrow. Sagittarius, a, um, adj., using bow and arrows; sagittarii, archers. salus (gen. saliitis), safety. salvus, a, um (adj.), safe. sanguis (gen. sangumis), blood. sapiens (gen. sapientis), toise, a ivise man. sapienter, adv., wisely. sapientia (1), wisdom. saxum, rock. scid (4, ivi, itum), I know. scriba (1) , a secretary. scribo (3), scrips!, scriptum, write. se ipse interficit, (he) kills him- self. secedo (3), I secede, withdraw. secum, with him (cum, with, is tacked on to se) . secundus, a, um, adj., second. secuturus, a, um, in order to follow, with the intention of following. sed, but. s6deo, / sit. sSges (gen. seggtis) , a crop. Semele (gen. Semeles), Semele. semper, always. senex (gen. sing, senis, gen. . plur. senum) , an old man. sentio (perf . sens!) , I feel. septendecim, seventeen. sequitur, (he) follows. sermo (gen. sermonis), conver- sation, talk; in X., language. serpens (gen. serpentis), a ser- pent. sSrunt, (they) sow. servat, keeps. servus (2) , a slave. sescenti, ae, a, num. adj., six hun- dred. si, if. si cui, if to any one ; si quid, if . . . anything. See foot- note, p. 141. sic, so. siccus, a, um, adj., dry. Sicilia (1), Sicily. slgnum (2), a sign, mark, stan- dard. silentium (2), silence. silva (1), a wood, forest. similia (plur. neut. of similis), like. similis, e, adj., like (superl. si- millimus). simul atque, as soon as. sin, conjunction, but if. sine (with abl.), without. singularis, e, adj., extraordinary, single. sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, adj., left. sitit, thirsts, is thirsty. socius (2) , a companion. solum (2), earth. solum (adverb), only. solus, a, um, adj. alone (p. 88). solvo (3), I cut loose, put off (a ship). somnus (2) , sleep. soror (gen. sororis), sister. spatiosus, a, um, adj., spacious, roomy. spectaculum (2), sight, spectacle. spectat, (it) looks. speculators, the scouts. specus (gen. specus) , a cave. spes (5) , a hope. splendidus, a, um, adj., splendid. spuma (l),/oam. squalidus, a, um, adj., dirty. stantem (ace. of stans), stand- ing. Latin- English Dictionary. 197 stat, (he) stands. statim, at once. sternit, (he) lays; sternunt, (they) lay. stipeudium (I), pay. strepitus (gen. strepitus), clank- ing. stultitia (I), folly. stultus, a, um, adj., foolish. sub (prep, with abl.) , under ; sub vespSrum, about evening- time. subrto, suddenly. sublatus est, ivas removed. submittuntur, (they) are sent up. subrideo (perf . subrisi) , 1 smile. sudor (gen. sudoris), sweat. sui (nom. plur.), his own men. suniere, to take. summovent, (they) remove. summus, a, um, adj., highest, extreme, great ; summus collis, the top of the hill; summa vi, ivith all their might ; summis Volscorum copiis, with all the forces of the Volsci. suo quisque tempore, each at his own time (at the time that he finds convenient). super (prep, with abl.), above. superat, (he) defeats; supe- rant, (they) defeat; in X., is greater than. supsratus, a, um, overcome. superbia (I), pride. superbus, a, um, ad]., proud. superius (neut. of superior), upper. supero (1) , pass over, overcome. supersunt, (they) remain over, are left. supra (prep, with ace.), over, above. surdus, a, um, adj., deaf. surgit, (he) rises. sustinent, withstand t stand up against. suus, a, um, his (own), their (own). tabes, is, F., wasting, consump- tion, decay. taceo, 1 am silent, I hold my tongue. talis, e (gen. talis), adj., such, the following. tarn-en, however. tamque, and so. tandem, at length. tantus, a, um, adj., so great, such. taurus (2), a bull. te (ace. of tii), you (of one per- son). telum (2), a dart. tempestas (gen. tempestatis) , a storm. templum (2), temple. tempus (gen. temporis), time. tenet, (he) holds; tenent, (they) hold. tergum (2), back, rear. terra (1), land. terret, (he) frightens ; terrent, (they) frighten; terretur, is frightened; terrentur, are frightened. terribiles (from terribilis, e, adj.), terrible. timens, fearing. tlmet, he fears ; timent, (they) fear. timor (gen. timoris) , fear. 198 Shorter Latin Course. tollitque, and (he) lifts, takes up. tollo (3) , / take away. torrens (gen. torrentis), torrent, brook. torreus (gen. torrentis, adj.), burning, as it burned. totius (gen. sing, of totus). totus, a, um, the ivhole (see p. 88). tractat, (he) treats. trans (prep, with ace.) , across. transit, (he) crosses; transe- unt, (they) cross. trecenti, ae, a, three hundred. tredScim, thirteen. trepidus, a, urn, adj., excited. tres (see p. 70) , three. tribunal, alis, tribunal, throne. tricesimus, a, um, num. adj., thir- tieth. trigintfi, thirty. tristis, e, adj., sad. Troja (1), Troy. triidit, pushes. tu (p. 80), you (of one person). tulit, (he) took, perf. of fero. turn, then. tune, then. turba (1) , a croivd. tuus, a, um, your (of one person). U ubi, where ? uncle viginti, nineteen. imdique (adverb) , from all sides. unus, a, um, num. adj., one (see p. 88). urbe (abl. of urbs) . urbs (gen. urbis), city. ursus (2), a bear. usu,from the use. usus (gen. usus, abl. usu), use, experience. U ut, adv. and conj., as; that, in ordeftlmt, so that. uter, a, am, adj. (see p. 88), which ? ' (of two) . utilis, e, adj., useful. utinam (adverb), would that, O that, I wish that. uxor (gen. uxoris), wife. valeo (2) , 7am well ; vale, fare- well, good-bye (to one per- son) ; valete, farewell, good- bye (to more than one per- son). valid us, a, um, adj., strong. vallis (gen. vallis), valley. vallum (2) , a rampart. vastat, (he) lays ivaste ; vas- tant, (they] lay waste. vasto (1), lay waste. vastus, a, um, adj., vast. vectig-al (gen. vectigalis), a tax. vel, conj., or. velut, like, as if. v&nio, I co?ne ; veni, I have come, I came. venit, (he) comes; veniunt, (they) come. venter (gen. ventris), the stom- ach, belly. ventus (2) , the wind. verbum (2), a word. vero (adverb), however. vertunt, (they) turn. verus, a, um, adj., true, just. vesper! (adv. from vesper), in the evening. vester, tra, trum, your (of more than one person) . vestis (gen. vestis), clothing; vestes, clothes. Latin-English Dictionary. 199 vestiuntur, they are clothed, clothe themselves. vi (abl. of vis), with force, might. via (1), way, path, road, course. viator (gen. viatoris) , a traveller. vibro (1), I brandish. vicmus, a, um, adj., neighbouring. victima (1) , a victim. victoria (1), victory. victus, a, um, conquered. videns, seeing. video, I see. vldet, (he) sees ; vident, (they) see. videor (2), seem. videtur, seems; videntur, are seen, seem. vigeo (2), I flourish. viginti (indeclinable), twenty. villa (1), a country-house (do- mus, a town-housed). vincio (4) , vinxT, vinctum, I bind. vincit, he conquers. vinco (3) (perf. vici), I conquer. vinculum (2) , a chain. vindico (1), I punish. vir (gen. viri), a man; the word is only used in praise, e.g. bonus vir; "all men" is oranes homines. virtus (gen. virtutis), bravery, courage, virtue. vis (abl. vi) , force, strength. vita (1), life. vitis (gen. vitis), a vine. vitrum (2), ivoad (a plant used for dyeing). vivo (3), I live. vivunt, (they) live. vix, scarcely. voco (1), I call. Volsci (2), the Volscians. volucris, is, a bird. volumen (gen. voluminis) , coil. voluptas (gen. voluptatis) , pleas- ure. volvitur, is whirled. v5s, you (plural of tu). vox (gen. vocis), voice. vulgo (adv.), generally, com- monly, mostly. vulneratus, a, um, ivounded. vulneribus (abl. plur. of vulnus), with lapidum, by the wounds inflicted by the" stones. vulnus (gen. vulne'ris) , wound. vult, he ivishes. vultus (4), look, expression. ENGLISH-LATIN DICTIONARY. Obs. A .figure after a word denotes the declension or conjugation to which it belongs. Obs. The letters M, F, N in small capitals refer to the gender. able, is able, pdtest; are able, possunt. absent, is absent, abest ; are absent, absunt. active, impiger, impigra, impi- grum. adorn, (he) adorns, ornat ; (they) adorn, drnant. adversity, res adversae (i.e. adverse things), advise, moneo (2). affair, res (5) , F. again, iterum ; again and again, iterum atque iterum. Alexander, Alexander (gen. Alexandrl} . alive, to be, vlvere (3). all, omnis, omne. alone, solus (gen. solius, p. 88). already, jam. also, etlam ; not only but also, non solum sed etiam. always, semper. ambassador, legdtus (2). ancestors, mdjores. ancient, antlquus, a, um. and, et, -que. (" Brothers and sisters," for instance, may be either frdtres et sorores, or frdtres sororesque.) 200 animal, animal, N. (p. 33). announce (to), nuntidre. another, alias (see p. 88). approach, advent us (4). are (they) , sunt. arms, anna, drum, N. army, exercitus (4), M. arrival, adventus (4), M. ask, rogo (1). ask for, (he) asks for, petit; (they) ask for, petunt. asleep (to be), dormlre. assemble, convenio (4), ire, veni, ventum. assist (to) , adesse (with dative) . at Athens, Athenis (locative case) . Athens, Athenae. at once, statim. attack, impetus (4), M. await (to), exspectdre. away (to be) , abesse. B bad, mains, a, um. beautiful, pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum. before, pro (preposition with the ablative) . English-Latin Dictionary. 201 B beseech, obsecrd (1). best, optimus, a, um. better (adj.) , melior, us ; (adv.) , melius. bid, (he) bids, jubet; (they) bid, jubent. big, mdgnus, a, um. bird, avis, gen. avis, F. black, niger, nigra, nigrum. blame, (he) blames, culpat ; (they) blame, culpant. body, corpus (gen. corpdris), N. bold, auddx (see p. 48). book, liber (gen. librl), M. both, et. boy, p uer (2). brave, fortis (see p. 46). bravely ,fortiter ; more bravely, fortius; most bravely, /or- tissitnc. bridge, pons, pontis, M. broad, ftzfrw, a, um. brother, f rater (gen. sing, frd- tris, gen. plur./rairurti). build, (he) builds, aedificat ; (they) build, aedificant. burden, dnus (gen. on$ris}, N. bust, imago (gen. imdginis), F. but, sed. by ; by a person, a or. ab (ab always before a vowel) , with the ablative ; by a thing, the ablative without d or ab. camp, castra (2), N., plural. can, (he) can,p#/,es; (they) can, possunt; (he) cannot, non potest. capital, caput (gen. capitis), N. carry (to) , portdre. cavalry, equites (plural of eques, a horseman). C celebrated, cldrus, a, um. certain, certus, a, um. character, mores (plural of mds), M. charge, impetus (4), M. charm, (he) charms, delectat ; (they) charm, delectant. Cicero, Cicero (gen. Cicero- nis) . citizen, clvis (gen. cms) , M. city, urbs (gen. urbis) , F. clear, cldrus, a, um. cloud, nubes (gen. nubis), F. coast, lltus (gen. lltoris) , N. cold, frlgus (gen. frlgdris) , N. colour, color (gen. coloris) , M. come, (he) comes, venit; (they) come, veniunt. come back, (he) comes back, redit ; (they) come back, redeunt. come together (to), convenlre. conquer, vinco, ere, vlci, vic- tum. consider, is considered, habe- tur ; are considered, haben- tur. content, contentus, a, um. conversation, sermo (gen. ser- monis), M. country, patria, ae, F. courage, virtus (gen. virtutis, fern.) . cowardly, Igndvus, a, um. cross, (he) crosses, transit; (they) cross, trdnseunt ; that they may cross, trdnseant (pres. subj.). D daring, auddx (see p. 48). dart, telum, N. 202 Shorter Latin Course. D day, dies (masc., see p. 59) ; every day, cotidie ; to-day, hddie. deaf, surdus, a, um. dear, cams, a, um. death, mors (gen. mortis), F. December, December, bris, bre; in the month of De- cember, mense Decembrl. decorate, (he) decorates, drnat; (they) decorate, drnant. defeat, (he) defeats, superat ; (they) defeat, superant ; are defeated, superantur. delight, (it) delights, delectat ; (they) delight, delectant. demand, postulo (1). desire (I), cupid (4), ivl, Hum. despise (I) , contemno (3) . different, dissimilis, e. difficult, difficilis, difficile (for the comparison, see p. 66). diligence, dlligentia, F. distant (is), abest; are distant, absunt. do, ago, f acid. draw up (I), instruo (3). drive, (he) drives, agit; (they) drive, agunt. E ear, auris (gen. auris), F. easy, facilis, facile (for the comparison, see p. 66). easily, facile. eighteen, ilndeviginti. elder, ndtu major (i.e. greater by birth). elephant, elephds, antis; also elephantus, i. The first form is usual in nom. case, the second in other cases. E embassador, legdtus, I. enemy, hostis (gen. host is) ; the enemy, hostes (plural). enormous, ingens (gen. ingen- tis, abl. ingenti). evening (in the) , vesperi. every, omnis, e. everybody, omnes (plural of omnis) . every 4ay, cotidie. exhort, hortor (1), deponent verb, (passive form, active meaning). expect (to), exspectdre. faithful, fldus, a, um. famous, cldrus a, um. far, by far, longe ; is far off, lonr/e abest; are far off, longe absunt. farewell, to one person, vale; to more than one, valete. farther, longius; farthest, (or) very far, longissime. fast, celer, celeris, celere. father, pater (gen. sing, patris, gen. plur. patrum) . fault, to find fault with, cul- pdre. fear, (he) fears, timet; (they) fear, timent. few, panel, ae, a. fifty, quinqudgintd. fight (1), pug no (1). fleet, cldssis (gen. cldssis), F. flight (I put to) , fugo (1) . flower, fids (gen. floris). foot, pes (gen. pedis) ; " foot " is an adjective in foot-forces, copiae pedestres (pedester t pedestris, pedestre). English-Latin Dictionary. 203 forces, copiae, plural, F. fortify (I) , munio (4) , (Ivi, itum). frequent, creber, crebra, cre- brum. friend, amlcus (2) , M. frighten, (he) frightens, terret (2) ; (they) frighten, terrent ; is frightened, terretur ; are frightened, terrentur. from, a or ab (with abl.) full, plenus, a, um. furnish (to) , orndre. G garden, hortus (2), M. general, imperdtor, oris. German, Germdnus, a, urn. Germans, German!. girl, puella (1) . give, (he) gives, dat; (they) give, dant; it is given, datur. go, eo, Ire, Ivl or il, itum. go (let us), edmus (pres. subj.). go out, (he) goes out, exit; (they) go out, exeunt. good, bonus, a, um. good-bye, to one person, vale; to more than one, valete. great, mdgnus, a, um. hand, manus (4, fern.). happens (it) , accidit perf . acci- dit. happy, bedtus, a, um. harbour, portus (4) , M. has (2), habet; (they) have habent. head, caput (gen. capitis), N. H hear (to), audlre. heart, animus (2), M. heavy, yravis, grave. help (noun), auxilium, (2), N. help (I), adsum (ad-sum) with dative. her (see his), high, altus, a, um; highest praise, summa laus. hill, collis, is (masc.). his is generally left out: suus can be used when the his means his own (i.e. when the his refers to the subject of the sentence) . hold (2), teneo. hold the tongue (2) , taceo. home, (to) home, ddmum; at home, dtimi; from home, dtimo. hope, spes (5), F. horn, cornu, us, N. horse, equus*(2). horseman, eques (gen. equitis), M. hour, hora (1). house, domus (4, fern., see p. 44). how! quam. how many, quot (how many men, quot homines). how often ? quotiens. huge, ingens (gen. ingentis). I, ego (p. 80). ignorant, I am ignorant of, nescio, (4). image, imago (gen. imdginis, fern.), immediately, statim. 204 Shorter Latin Course. in, in, with the abl., but " in summer," "in winter," etc., are put in the ablative with- out in; "in Rome" is Ro- mae (see p. 77, note). in order that, ut. in order that not, ne. incite (to), incitdre, (4). industrious, diligens, entis. industry, dlliyentia (1). inform, he informs Caesar, Cae- sarem certiorem facit; they inform Caesar, Caesar em certiorem faciunt (i.e. they make Caesar more certain) . inhabit (I) , incdld (3) . into, in (with ace.). is, est; is from, abest. Italy, Italia (1). January, Januarius, I, M. June, Junius, I, M. K keen, deer, dcris, acre (p. 50). kill, (he) kills, interficit ; (they) kill, interftciunt. kind, g$nus (gen. generis) , N. king 1 , rex (gen. regis) , M. know (I) , scio (4) ; I do not know, nescio. known, notus, a, um. lame, claudus, a, um. land, ager (gen. agrl), M. large, mdgnus, a, um. lay waste, (he) lays waste, vastat ; (they) lay waste, vastant. lazy, piger, pigra, pigrum. lead, (he) leads, ducit ; (they) lead, ducunt; lead out, edu- cit, e ducunt ; lead back, re- ducit, reducunt. leader, dux (gen. duds}, M. left, sinister, sinistra, sinistrum. legion, legio (gen. legionis, fern.). letter, epistula (1). liberty, llbertds, dtis (fern.) life, vita (1). lig-htning, fitlgur (gen. ful (ju- ris) , N ; flashes of lightning, fulgura. like, similis, simile (superl. si- millimus). likeness, imago (gen. imdginis, fern.) . listen to, audio (4). little, parvus, a, um. live (I), vivo, vlvere, vlxl, vlc- tum. long (adjective), longus, a, um; (adverb), for a long time, diu; for longer, diutius; for very long, diutissime. lord, domlnus (2). loud, mdgnus, a, um. love, (he) loves, amat ; (they) love, amant; is loved, awa- iwr; are loved, amantur. M make, /' 'acid, facer e,feci,factum. man, 7iomo (gen. hdminis) ; a (good) man, vir (gen. v?rz). manner, ?nos (gen. mdris) , M. many, multl, ae, a. master, of pupils, magister (gen. magistrl) , (2) ; of slaves, dominus (2). matter, res (5) , F. English-Latin Dictionary. 205 M me, me (p. 80). merchant, mercdtor (gen. mer- cdtdris), M. message, nuntius (2), M. messenger, nuntius (2) , M. middle, medius, a, um; in the middle of summer, media aestdte (i.e. in middle sum- mer). mile, mllle passus (see p. 70). milk, lac (gen. lactis). mind, animus (2), M. mindful, memor (gen. memd- ris) . mine, meus, a, um. money, pecunia (1). month, mensis (gen. mensis, masc.). morning (in the) , mane. mother, mater (gen. sing, md- tris, gen. plur. mdtrum). mound, agger (gen. aggeris),w. much (by), multo. much, multus, a, um. multitude, multitude (gen.mul- titudinis, fern.). my, meus, , um (vocative, ml). N name, nomen (gen. nominis), N. neither nor, neque neque. never, nunquam. night, nox (gen. sing, noctis, gen. plur. noctium) , F. nineteen, undeviginti. no, nullus, a, um. See p. 88. nobody, nemo, inis. (Use nul- lius for gen. and nullo for abl.) not, nan. N nothing, nihil (neut. indeclina- ble). now, nunc. number, numerus (2). O, O that ! utinam. oak, quercus (4, fern.). obey, par eo (2). obtain, acqulrd (3), slvl, sltum. of, informs some one of, de. off, is off, abest. often, saepe. old, of things, antlquus, a, um ; 'of people, two (etc.) years old, duos (etc.) annos ndtus ; older, ndtu major; oldest, . ndtu mdximus. old man, senex (gen. sing, senis, gen. plur. senum) . on, in (with abl.) . on to, in (with ace.). once, at once, statim. one, unus, a, um (gen. unlus, p. 88). only, solus, a, um (see p. 88) ; (adv.) solum. oration, ordtio (gen. ordtionis, fern.) . orator, orator (gen. orator is) . order, (he) orders, jubet; (they) order, jubent. other, alius, a, um (see p. 88). ought (I), debed, (2). our, noster, nostra, nostrum. out of doors, foris. overcome, (he) overcomes, su- p$rat; (they) overcome, su- perant; supero (1). owe (I), debed, (2). owner, dominus, i, M. 206 Shorter Latin Course. parent, parens, entis, M. and F. part, pars (gen. par It's), F. pay, (he) pays, pendit; (they) pay, pendunt. peace, pax, pads, fern, perceive, video (2), vldl, vlsum. place, pond (3),posia, positum. pleasant, grains, a, um ; dulcis, e. please, (it) pleases, delectat ; (they) please, deleciant. poem, poema (gen. poematis) , N. poet, poeta (1). poor, pauper (gen. paup&ris) . post (I), colldco (1). praise, laus (gen. laudis), F. praise, (he) praises, laudat ; (they) praise, laudant. present (I am), adsum. preserve, servo (1). pretty, pulcher, a, um. prevent, prohibeo (2). prosperity, res secundae. prow, prora (1). punish (I),punio (4). pupil, discipulus (2). put to flight (I),/w//o (1). Q queen, reglna (1). quick, cefer, celeris, celere (p. 51). quietly, quiete. rampart, agger (gen. agger is}, M. read, (he) reads, %; (3) (they) read, legunt. reign (I), re.7?ici (i). R remain, (he) remains, manei; (they) remain, maneni. rest (the), c^eri. return, (he) returns, redit ; (they) return, redeunt. reward, praemium, N. rich, dives (gen. dlvltis). riches, dlvitiae, drum. right, dexter, dextra, dextrum. river, flumen (gen. flumlnis) , N. Roman, Romanus, a, um. room, conclave (gen. concldvis) , N. rose, rdsa (1). royal, regius, a, um. rush, impetus (4) , M. S sad, trlstis, triste. said, is said, dlcitur ; are said, tftcunttir. sailor, nauta (1). same, ide?>i (p. 84). satisfied, contentus, a, um. save, conserve (1). say, (he) says, dicit; (they) say, diwtnt ; (he) is said, dlcitur; (they) are said, dlcuntur. scarcely, vix. sea, mare (gen. mans), N. see, (he) sees, videt; (they) see, vident. seek, (he) seeks, petit; (they) seek, petunt. seem, (he) seems, videtur ; (they) seem, videntur. seen, (he) is seen, videtur ; (they) are seen, videntur. send, (he) sends, mittit; (they) send, mittunt. seventeen, septendecim. seventh, septimus, a, um. English-Latin Dictionary. s s 207 sharp, acutus, a, um. ship, ndvis (gen. ndvis), F. shore, lltus (gen. litdris), N. short, brevis, breve. shout, clamor (gen. cldmoris) , M. shouting 1 , clamor (gen. da- moris), M. shrill, acutus, a, im. silent (lam), taceo (2). sing, (he) sings, cam' (3) ; (they) sing, canunt. sister, soror (gen. sororis). six hundred, sescenti, ae, a. slave, serviis (2). sleep (I), dormid (4). small, parvifs, a, um. so, (with adj.) tarn; ita. so great, tantus, a, um. so that, ut. so that not, ut non. soldier, miles (gen. militis). some others, alii alii. some day, aliquando (adv.). sometimes, inter dum (adv.). son,filius (2). song, carmen (gen. carminis) , N. soon, mox. speech, drdtio (gen. ordtionis, fern.), spirited, deer, dcris, acre (p. 50). spur, calcar (gen. calcaris), N. station (to), collocdre (1). stay, (he) stays, manet; (they) stay, manent. steer (I), rego(S). stream, flumen (gen. flumi- nis), N. studiously, studiose. sum of money, peciima (1). summer, aestds (gen. aestdtis), surround, (he) surrounds, cir- cumdat ; (they) surround, circumdant. sweet, dulcis, dulce. table, mensa (1). take care, curd (1). talk, sermo (gen. sermonis], M. tax, vectlgal (gen. vectlgdlis) , N. teach, erudio (4). teacher, magister, trl. tell, (ZFco (3), dzxz, dictum. territory, /mes (plur. of finis) , 'M. that, conj., ut. that not, ne ; (after expressions of doubt) qum. that, pron., is, ea, id; Hie, ilia, illud (pp. 83-4). their, situs, a, um. thing, res (5). thirteen, tredecim. thirty, trigintd. this, hie, haec, hoc (p. 82). throw, (he) throws, jacit; (they) throw, jaciunt; of missiles, mitto (3). time, tempus (gen. temptiris), N. tired, fessus, a, um. to, meaning motion to, ad with ace., but "to Rome" is Ro- mam, and " (to) home " is domum. to-day, hddie. to-morrow, eras, tongue, to hold the tongue, tacere. top, the top of the oak, summa quercus. town, oppidum, i, N. 208 Sliorter Latin Course. troops, cdpiae (plur.) M. trouble, res adrersae. true, verus, a, um. U uncertain, incertus, a, um. unfortunate, miser, a, um. unhappy, miser, misera, mise- rum. unlike, dissimilis, dissimile; superl. dissimillimus. unmindful, immZmor (gen. im- memdris) . urge, (he) urges on, incitat; (they) urge on, incitant. useful, utilis, utile. vain, in vain, friistrd. victory, victoria (1). virtue, virtus (gen. rirtutis), fern, voice, vox (gen. vocis), F. W wait for (I), exspectd (1). war, bellum, N ; war-ship, ndvis longa. warn (to), monere. waste, (he) lays waste, vastat ; (they) lay waste, vastant. wsive,fluctus (4), M. we, nos. weighty, gravis, grave. welcome, grains, a, um. well (I am), valeo (2). well (adj.), integer, Integra, in- tegnim. what (interrog. pronoun), qids, quae, quid; (interrog. adj.) qul, quae, quod. W when? qaando. where? ubi. \vhich, rel. pron., qul, quae, quod. (Interrog. pron., see what.) which (of two) ? uter, a, um. white, albus, a, um. whole, totus, a, um (see p. 88). why, cur. wide, Idtus, a, um. wine, vlnum (2), N. wing, cornu (of an army) (4), N. winter, hiems (gen. hiemis), F. wisdom, sapientia (1). wise, sapiens (gen. sapientis}. wish, (he) wishes, cupit ; (they) wish, ciipiunt. witty, facetus, a, um. woman, mulier (gen. muli- eris) . wood, silva (1). word, verbum (2), N. work, tipus (gen. op$ris), N. worse, pejor, pejus, gen. pejoris ; worst, pessimus, a, um. would that, utinam. wretched, miser, misera, mi- serum. year, annus (2), M. yesterday, herl. you, tit (sing.), vos (plur., p. 80). younger, ndtu minor; young- est, ndtii minimus. young man, juvtnis (gen. sing. juvenis, gen. plur. juvenum). your, yours, of one, tuus ; of more than one, vester, vestra, vestrum. MACMILLAN'S ELEMENTARY CLASSICS. The following Elementary Books, edited with Introductions, Notes, and Vocabularies, and in some eases with Exercises, are ready : 18mo. 4O cents each. AESCHYLUS. Prometheus Vinctus. Edited by Rev. H. M. STEPHENSON, M.A. ARRIAN. The Expedition of Alexander. Selections. Edited by J. BOND, M.A., and A. 8. WALPOLE, M.A. With Exercises. AULUS GEULI US. Stories from Aulus Gellius. Edited by Rev. G. H. NALL, M.A. With Exercises. CAESAR. The Helvetian War. Being Selections from Book I. of " The Gallic War." Adapted for Beginners. With Exercises. By W. WELCH, M.A., and C. G. DUFFIELD, M.A. American edition, with References to American grammars, edited by S. Gr. ASHMOKE, L.H.D. [Shortly. The Invasion of Britain. Selected from Books IV. and V. of "The Gallic War." By. W. WELCH, M.A., and C. G. DUF- FIELD, M.A. With Exercises. American edition, with References to American grammars, edited by S. G. ASHMORE, L.H.D. The Gallic War. Book I. Edited by A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. The Gallic War. Books II. and III. Edited by the Rev. W. G. RUTHERFORD. The Gallic War. Book IV. Edited by C. BRYANS, M.A. The Gallic War. Book V. Edited by C. COLBECK, M.A. The Gallic War. Book VI. Edited by C. COLBECK, M.A. The Gallic War. Scenes from Books V. and VI. Edited by C. COLBECK, M.A. The Gallic War. Book VII. Edited by Rev. JOHN BOND, M.A., and A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. De Bello Civili. Book I. Edited by MALCOLM MONTGOMERY. MACMILLAN & CO., 112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. MACMILLAN'S ELEMENTARY CLASSICS. CICERO. -De Senectute. Edited by E. S. SHUCKBURGH, M.A. De Amicitia. By the same Editor. Stories of Roman History. By the Rev. G. E. JEANS, M.A., and A. V. JONES, M.A.- With Exercises. EURIPIDES. Alcestis. Edited by the Rev. M. A. BAYFIELD, M.A. Medea. Edited by A. \V. VEBRALL, Litt.D., and Rev. M. A. BAY- FIELD, M.A. Hecuba. Edited by Rev. JOHN BOND, M.A., and A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. EUTROPIUS. By W. WELCH, M.A., and C. G. DUFFIELD, M.A. With Exercises. HERODOTUS. Tales from Herodotus. Edited by G. S. FAB- NELL, M.A. HOMER. Iliad. Book I. Edited by Rev. J. BOND and A. S. WALPOLE. Iliad. Book XVIII. The Arms of Achilles. Edited by S. R. JAMES. Odyssey. Book I. Edited by Rev. JOHN BOND, M.A., and A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. HORACE. Odes I.-V. Edited by T. E. PAGE, M.A. Each 40 cents. LATIN ACCIDENCE AND EXERCISES. Arranged for Be- ginners. By W. WELCH, M.A., and C. G. DUFFIELD, M.A. L.IVY. Book I. Edited by H. M. STEPHENSON, M.A. Book XXI. With Notes adapted from Mr. CAPE'S Edition, by J. E. MELHUISH, M.A. Book XXII. Adapted from Mr. CAPE'S Edition, by J. E. MEL- HUISH, M.A. Books XXI. and XXII. in one vol., 75 cents. Legends of Ancient Rome. Edited by HERBERT WILKINSON, M.A. 18mo. The Hannibalian War. Being part of the XXI. and XXII. Books of Livy. By G. C. MACAULAY, M.A. The Siege of Syracuse. Being part of the XXIV. and XXV. Books of Livy. By G. RICHARDS, M.A., and A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. With Exercises. L.UCIAN. Extracts from Lucian. Edited by Rev. JOHN BOND, M.A., and A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. With Exercises. NEPOS. Selections Illustrative of Greek and Roman His- tory. By G. S. FABNELL, M.A. With Exercises. MACMILLAN & CO., 112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. MACMILLAN'S ELEMENTARY CLASSICS. OVID. Selections. Edited by E. 8. SHUCKBURGH, M.A. Easy Selections from Ovid in Elegiac Verse. Arranged and Edited by HERBERT WILKINSON, M.A. With Exercises in Latin Verse Composition. Stories from the Metamorphoses. Selected and Edited by Rev. JOHN BOND, M.A., and A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. Witb Exercises. PHAEDRUS. Select Fahles. Adapted for the Use of Beginners by A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. With Exercises. THUCYDIDES. The Rise of the Athenian Empire. Book I., Chapters 89 to 117 and 128 to 138. Edited by F. H. COLSON. With Exercises. VIRGIL. Aeneid. Book I. Edited by A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. Aeneid. Book II. Edited by T. E. PAGE, M.A. Aeneid. Book III. Edited, with Notes and Vocabulary, by T. E. PAGE, M.A. 18mo. Aeneid. Book IV. Edited by T. E. PAGE, M.A. Aeneid. Book V. Edited by Rev. A. CALVERT, M.A. Aeneid. Book VI. Edited by T. E. PAGE, M.A. Aeneid. Book VII. The Wrath of Turn us. Edited by ARTHUR CALVERT, MA. 18mo. Aeneid. Book IX. Edited by Rev. H. M. STEPHENSON. Aeneid, Book X. Edited by 8. Gf. OWEN, M.A. Bucolica. Edited by T. E. PAGE, M.A. Georgics. Book I. Edited, with Notes and Vocabulary, by T. E. PAGE, M.A. 18rao. Georgics. Book II. Edited by Rev. J. H. SKRINE. Selections. Edited by E. S. SHUCKBURGH, M.A. XENOPHON. Anabasis. Book I. Edited by A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. Anabasis. Book II. Edited by A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. Anabasis. Book I., Chapters 1 to 8. By E. A. WELLS. With Exercises. Selections from Book I. of the Anabasis. By W. WELCH, M.A., and C. Gr. DUFFIELD, M.A. Anabasis. Book III. Edited by the Rev. Gf. H. NALL, M.A. ISmo. Anabasis. Book IV. Edited by Rev. E. D. STONE, M.A. The Retreat of the Ten Thousand. Selected from Anabasis. Book IV., with Exercises, by Rev. E. D. STONE, M.A. Selections from the Cyropaedia. Edited by A. H. COOKE, M.A. With Exercises. MACMILLAN & CO., 112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. MACMILLAN'S ELEMENTARY CLASSICS. The following more advanced Books, with Introductions and Notes, but no Vocabulary, are ready: CICERO. Select Letters. Edited by Rev. G. E. JEANS, M.A. HERODOTUS. Selections from Books VII. and VIII. The Expedition of Xerxes. Edited by A. H. COOKE, M.A. HORACE. Selections from the Satires and Epistles. Edited by Rev. W. J. V. BAKER, M.A. Select Epodes and Ars Poetica. Edited by H. A. DALTON, M.A. PLATO. Euthyphro and Menexenus. Edited by C. E. GRAVES, M.A. TERENCE. Scenes from the Andria. Edited by F. W. COR- NISH, M.A. THE GREEK ELEGIAC POETS. From Callinus to Calli- iiiachus. Selected and Edited by Rev. H. KYNASTON, D.D. THUCYDIDES. Book IV., Chs. I.-XLI. The Capture of Spbac- teria. Edited by C. E. GRAVES, M.A. V Other volumes to follow. MACMILLAN'S LATIN COURSE. By A. M. COOK, M.A. First Part. New edition, revised and enlarged. 90 cents. Second Part. Irregular Verbs, etc. 60 cents. Shorter Latin Course. First Year. Revised for American Schools by JAMES C. EGBERT, Ph.D., of Columbia College. 16mo. 40 cents. MACMILLAN'S LATIN READER. A L,atin Reader for the L,ower Classes in Schools. By H. J. HARDY, M.A. 16mo. 60 cents. MACM1LLAN & CO., 112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. Macmi Man's Shorter Latin Course. By A. M. COOK, M.A. A BOOK FOR BEGINNERS IN LATIN, With Exercises of Gradually Increasing Difficulty, and Easy Passages for Translation. AMERICAN EDITION Revised, and Adapted to American Schools, by JAMES C. EGBERT, Ph.D., Instructor of Latin in Columbia College. 18mo. 4O cents. The Saturday Review says: "The book is a good one. The exer- cises are plentiful, and the words which they contain are such as will be useful to learners when they pass on to^higher work." The Literary World says : " The young learner who cannot ' get on with ' his Latin under so simple and gently-progressive a course as Mr. Cook has here laid down, had better be allowed to give it up altogether. The teacher's work has been greatly simplified and lessened by the omission of any advanced rules or complex examples. . . . The book seems to us admirably suited for girls' schools as well as for boys', and it is marvellously well printed and got up for the price charged." The Glasgow Herald says: "This manual is admirably adapted to the Latin requirements of the Scotch Code for the first year. All the ground is covered, and the exercises for translation from and into Latin are numerous and judiciously arranged. The plan of the book is one by which the pupil is made to take stock of his knowledge at every step, and security is thus got for the foundation in Latin grammar being soundly laid. The book is likely to become a favorite. . . . The book is admir- ably simple and practical." MACMILLAN & CO., 112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. CAESAR. -The Helvetian War. BY W. WELCH, M.A., and C. G. IJUFFIELJ), M.A. REVISED FOR AMERICAN SCHOOLS BY Prof. S. G. ASHMORE, L..H.D., Selections from Book I. of " The Gallic War," arranged for the Use of Beginners. With Notes, Vocabulary, and Exercises. 18mo. 4O cents. Educational News : " By far the most remarkable novelty in this book is the manner in which the text is arranged in the first twenty-nine chapters. Teachers, as a rule, find a difficulty in initiating pupils into the reading of Caesar, which is, in almost all cases, the first Latin author read after the accidence has been mastered. This difficulty has, we Venture to say, been obviated in this book by each sentence having a separate line." CAESAR. The Invasion of Britain. Selections from Books IV. and V. of "The Gallic War." Adapted for the Use of Beginners. With Notes, Vocabulary, and Exercises. JStno. 4O cents. BY WELCH, M.A., and C. G. DUFFIELD, M.A. REVISED, WITH REFERENCES TO AMERICAN GRAMMARS, BY Prof. S. G. ASHMORE, L.H.D. The School Board Chronicle says : " Caesar's Invasion is a very useful combination of a reading book and an exercise book for beginners. It is furnished with an excellent map of Britain as known to the Romans, and with two vocabularies, English and Latin, and Latin and English. At the beginning of each chapter is wisely given a summary of the sense; this will be found a great help to beginners. The notes are admirable, short, to the point, and very practical." The Saturday Review says: "The notes, which deal chiefly with simple points of syntax, are short and generally sufficient." MACMILLAN & CO., 112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW TORE. A COMPANION SCHOOL CLASSICS. By JAMES GOW, M.A., Litt.D., Head Master of the High School, Nottingham. Late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Second Edition, Revised. With Illustrations 12mo. $1.75. " By ' school classics ' I mean classics with commentaries for use in schools, and by describing the book as a ' companion ' to these, I mean that it attempts to give the information which a commentator is, from the nature of his task, compelled to assume even in a young student. My aim is to place before a young student a nucleus of well-ordered knowledge, to which he is to add intelligent notes and illustrations from his daily reading." From the Preface. " Mr. G-ow has presented a vast amount of information in a small compass; yet it is so well arranged, and so clearly stated, that, notwith- standing its condensation, it is read with ease and pleasure. Indeed, we do not know where to look for so good an account of Athenian and Roman public affairs in a form at once clear, concise, and full enough for ordinary students as Mr. Gow has here given us." Science. "He has made use of the most recent authorities, and the young student will find the pith of many books in the space of less than 400 pages. . . . Much of the information would be sought to no purpose in the ordinary manuals, and what is given is conveyed in its true connection." Nation. " Excellently planned and admirably executed. The author for Mr. Gow is more than a compiler has had a distinct object in view. He is a distinguished student of the classics, and he is an eminent practical teacher. With such qualifications, we turn with confidence to a reliable book." Educational Times. MACM1LLAN & CO., 112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. LD 21-50m-l,'3 U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES OF CALIFORNIA WBRARY