UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES SCHOOL OF LAW LIBRARY . LAW LIBRARY IVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LQSANGELES CONFIDENTIAL REPORT ON LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1919 US. UW LUr m CONFIDENTIAL REPORT ON LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1919 T R c TABLE OF CONTENTS. (a) Ir (6) F! Page. I. Political activities of trades-unionists 5 Similarity to British movement 5 Post-war programs 5 Growth of trades-unionism 5 Platform of Trades and Labor Congress prior to 1917 ft Its attitude toward the formation of a labor party prior to 1917 6- Independent Labor Party formed in Ontario. : 6 Trades and Labor Congress of Canada approves of formation of Domin- ion-wide Labor Party 7 Programs of provincial conventions 7 British Columbia 7 Manitoba 7 Ontario 7 Quebec & General progress xip to September, 1918 8 1917 elections 8 Progress and temper of the movement & 1918 elections 8- Educational activities of the new party .10 II. Industrial disturbances 1O Increase during the years 1917 and 1918 10 Factors making for peace, and the reverse 11 III. The Government's change of attitude toward organized labor 11 IV. Labors' attitude toward the Governments' war and peace policies 12 Attitude toward the war 12 Attitude toward conscription and other governmental policies. ..... 13 Enlistment among trades-unionists 13 Appendix I. History of labor movement and structure of organizations 14 Growth of trade-union membership 14 General groupings 14 Groupings by trades 14 Unions with international affiliations , 15 Unions with non-international affiliations 15 Independents 15 Trades and Labor Congress of Canada 15 Federations of local unions 16 District councils 16 Railroad brotherhood committees 16 Trades and labor councils Ifi Trade-union Ideal units 17 Federations 17 Canadian Federation of Labor 17 Internationalism in Canada, growth of 17 Nova Scotia Mine Workers' Union, Amalgamation 17 Industrial Workers of the World 18 Social Democratic Party 18 Appendix II. Selected list of labor leaders in Canada 19 Appendix III. Settlement of disputes 21 Industrial Disputes Act of 1907 21 Origin 21 Nature of act 21 Jurisdiction 21 Provisions for investigation of causes of disputes 21 Penalties for violation 21 Effect of law in operation 22 Penal provisions have not been enforced 22 3 749052 4 CONTENTS. Appendix III. Settlement of disputes Continued. Industrial Disputes Act of 1907 Continued. Amendments 22 Attitude of labor toward the act : 22 Trades and Labor Congress seeks its repeal Board of appeal 22 Royal commissions 23 Commission to adjust disputes in shipyards Rejection of award and subsequent adjustment and agreement Other commissions 23 Railway Adjustment Board 23 Constitution of board Number of workers affected Operation 23 No-strike Urder in Council of July, 1918 Approved by representatives of labor and industry Provisions of order. . .'. 24 No-strike Order in Council of October 11 Hostility aroused 25 Defiance of its terms 25 Repeal Appendix IV. Conscription and other compulsory and restrictive measures... Conscription . Unlawful associations and literatures Organizations Censorship ' Anti-loafing law Appendix. V. Government and organized labor 28 Appendix VI. Platforms, declarations of principles of labor and allied parties and organizations Platform of principles of the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, 1918. . . Platform of Independent Labor Party of Ontario Platform of Quebec branch of Canadian Labor Party Platform of British Columbia branch Platform of Manitoba branch Platform of Saskatchewan branch Program of Non-Partisan League of Alberta Joint recommendations on reconstruction Bureau of public welfare j Survey of imports Raw materials Scientific and industrial research Immigration. . Public works Technical education Land settlement Employment bureaus Demobilization Water power Optimism campaign * Appendix VII. Bibliography General sources Reports T Newspapers and periodicals REPORT ON LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. I. POLITICAL PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES. The beginning of the year 1919 finds the labor movement in Can- ada emerging from the four years of war increased in strength, more definite and progressive in its policy, and committed to a program of vigorous political activity. SIMILARITY TO THE BRITISH MOVEMENT. Its leading labor organization, the Trades and Labor Congress, has definitely set as its goal the creation of a labor party along the lines of the British labor movement. In spite of the fact that the connections of the congress with the American Federation of Labor have been close, and include the recognition of the congress by the federation as the legislative mouthpiece of organized labor in the Dominion, the Canadian organization shows an increasingly marked tendency to break away from the traditions of the American federa- tion in a degree corresponding to its growing allegiance to the British labor program. POST-WAR PROGRAMS. The signing of the armistice and the imminence of peace have brought about the definition of labor proposals to meet peace needs. Workers both in the eastern and in the western provinces demand the extensive control of wages and working conditions by the Govern- ment, Canadian control of the immigration policy, the establishment of employment exchanges and adequate representation of labor on boards and commissions. The western group manifests its more radical tendencies by opposition to the eastern representative who accompanied the Canadian delegation to the peace conference by con- tinued interest in and reference to international affairs, particularly the Bolshevist movement and the activities of the minority Socialists in Germany and by criticism of the program and activities of the American Federation of Labor. It is to be noted, however, that like the eastern group it reprehends any resort to extraconstitutional means for the achievement of its objects, and is opposed to the I. W. W. principle of direct action. GROWTH OF TRADES-UNIONISM. If the years 1913, 1914, and 1915 be excepted, the history of trades- unionism in the Dominion is marked by a steady growth. At the end of 1917 it numbered 204,630 within its ranks. 1 These were divided among a number of organizations, local, provincial, national, and in- 1 For the statistical record see p. 14, infra. 6 LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. ternational. 1 The dominant organization in the Dominion was, and for many years has been, the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada. 2 At the end of 1917 it numbered 81,687, and by September, 1918, its membership had grown to 117,498. 3 The voting population of the Dominion at that time approximated 2,000,000. PRINCIPLES OF TRADES AND LABOR CONGRESS OF CANADA. For many years prior to 1917 the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, which is the dominant labor organization of the Dominion, had promulgated annually a political program which included a demand for a legal working day of six hours, and six days to a week, 4 for government inspection of all industries, for a minimum living wage based on local conditions, for public ownership of all public utilities, such as railways, telegraphs, telephones, waterworks, mining, etc., and for tax reform by lessening taxation on industries and in- creasing it on land values. ITS ATTITUDE TOWARD A LABOR PARTY PRIOR TO 1917. Prior to 1917, however, it had confined its activities in furtherance of this program, to the attempt to influence legislation by conference with and recommendations to the leaders of the legislative bodies and, while it had interposed no bar to local organization in the Provinces and in municipalities for the purpose of electing labor representatives to office, it had declined to lend its sanction to the creation of a Dominion-wide labor party. The year 1917 witnessed its departure from that policy and the adoption of resolutions in favor of the formation of a Dominion- wide labor party based upon a program conceived in the spirit of the British Labor movement and looking to the association of all workers in an effort to secure, through united political action, a greater participation in the conduct and the fruits of industry. CREATION OF INDEPENDENT LABOR PARTY OF ONTARIO. The preliminary step leading to this reversal of policy had been taken in Ontario in July, 1917, when a convention called at the in- stance of labor leaders of the Province resulted in the organization of the Independent Labor Party in that Province. This party, which sought to unite all workers of whatever shade of political opinion and of whatever labor affiliations, adopted by-laws providing among other things that no member of the party might retain membership in any other political organization and that no candidate of any of the old capitalistic parties should ~be indorsed by it. It adopted a platform which included declarations in favor of free textbooks in the schools, the public ownership of all sources of wealth, the nationalization of banking and credit systems, direct legislative action through the initiative, referendum, and recall, old-age pensions 1 For a description of the organization see pp. 1415, infra. 2 For statistical record see p. 16, Infra. 8 Report of 1918 Convention of Trades and Labor Congress of Canada. * Prior to 1916 the demand was for an 8-hour day and 6 days a week. The 1917 program In detail will be found at p. 29, Infra. LABOB SITUATION IN CANADA. 7 and pensions for mothers with dependent children, and the elimi- nation of the judicial power to declare legislation of the Dominion Parliament unconstitutional. It announced as the general basis of its appeal for the support of the workers : That we stand for the industrial freedom of those who toil and the political liberation of those who for so long have been denied justice. 1 TRADES AND LABOR CONGRESS REVERSES ITS POLICY AND APPROVES OF THE FORMATION OF A LABOR PARTY" IN 1917. The formation of this party and its resolutions with respect to the indorsement of candidates was formally approved by the Conven- tion of the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada held in September, 1917, and that convention adopted resolutions urging that the party organized in Ontario be expanded to cover the Dominion, and that " The workers of Canada should follow British precedent and organize a labor party upon such a basis that trade unionists, socialists, fabians, coopera- tors, and farmers can unite to promote legislation in the best interests of the wealth producers of the nation." 2 This recommendation was received with approval by the labor organizations and other bodies representative of the workers throughout the Dominion and during the closing months of the year 1917 and throughout the year 1918 such organizations were per- fected in most of the Provinces. PROGRAMS ADOPTED AT PROVINCIAL CONVENTIONS. The programs adopted by the various Provincial organizations vary somewhat markedly in scope and temper but throughout ap- pears the determination to secure control of the legislative machinery with a view to the furtherance of a program of social reconstruc- tion in the interest primarily of the working classes. BRITISH COLUMBIA MANITOBA. Thus in British Columbia where, if the utterances of the official organ of the Vancouver branch, the British Columbia Federationist, can be regarded as representative, the aims of those in control of the movement are frankly socialistic, a platform was adopted which announced the party program succinctly as follows : 3 " The Federated Labor Party is organized for the purpose of securing indus- trial legislation and the collective oivnership and democratic control of the means of wealth production." And in Manitoba 4 a platform was adopted which included as its first plank the statement : " The abor Party stands for the transformation of capitalist property into working class property to be socially owned and used." ONTARIO. In Ontario the convention rejected a statement of objects phrased in similar socialistic terms and adopted instead the statement that its object was " To secure for the producers by hand or brain the full fruits of their industry and the most equitable distribution thereof and generally to promote the po- 1 Seventh Ann. Report of Labor Organization in Canada, pp. 40, 41. 2 Report of the Trades and Labor Convention, 1917, p. 43. 8 British Columbia Federationist, Dec. 13, 1918. 4 British Columbia Federationist, Feb. 15, 1918. 8 LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. litlcal, social, and economic emancipation of the people and more particularly of those who depend directly upon their own exertion by hand or brain for the means of life." QUEBEC. While in Quebec the platform seems to have been confined to the advocacy of such reforms as State insurance against sickness, old age, and accident, a State bank to take the place of the present banking sygtem, abolition of the Senate, etc. 1 GENERAL SURVEY OF PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT. The general progress of the movement is described in the report of the executive council of the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada to the 1918 convention of that organization in the following terms : 2 " Reports reaching your executive council indicate considerable activity among the workers of Canada in the organizing of provincial labor parties on lines similar to the British Labor Party, the object being to ultimately organize a national Canadian Labor Party. Already the Provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia, 8 have carried out the recommendation of the Ottawa convention and held conventions to organize provincial sections of the Canadian Labor Party, and while the plan of organi- zation differs slightly in the different Provinces there has been an evident desire to organize upon such a basis that will afford adequate opportunity for men of different views on working class political action to come together to present a united front in the interests of the workers of the Dominion. Your executive council would, therefore, recommend that this work of organizing the Provinces be continued until every Province is thoroughly organized, and that a convention to organize a National Canadian Labor Party be called by the joint executive committee of the provincial parties at as early a date as practical." 1917 ELECTION. Prior to the organization of this party the workers as a class had neither secured nor combined in seeking official representation in the Dominion Parliament, though there had been some activity and some success in the endeavor to elect representatives to Provincial and Municipal legislatures, and the Socialist parties had also suc- ceeded on several occasions in electing their representatives to the Provincial legislatures. 4 At the elections held in December, 1917, thirty-six candidates for the Dominion Parliament were indorsed by the Independent Labor Party which had just come into being. Of these only two were elected and apparently a great number of the remainder were de- feated by overwhelming majorities. It is to be noted, however, that conscription was one of the issues, if not the dominant issue, of that campaign and that organized labor had been consistent and vigorous in its opposition to this policy. 1918 ELECTIONS. During November and December, 1918, the Industrial Banner, of Toronto, which is the official organ of the Independent Labor Party of that Province, reports marked success in municipal and bye elec- 1 Seventh Annual Report of Labor Organizations of Canada, p. 41. 2 Report of the Thirty-fourth Annual Convention of Trades and Labor Congress, p. 36. 3 Saskatchewan should be added to this list ; i. b., p. 54. 4 See infra, p. 18. LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. y tions on the part of the labor and allied parties in various sections of the country. 1 In connection with these successes, however, it is to be noted that on October 11, 1918, an order in council had been issued by the Dominion Government which imposed compulsory arbitration with prison penalties for the violation of its terms and that this action had provoked a storm of protest throughout the labor world and adverse comment from a portion of the general press. RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY TRADE AND LABOR CONGRESS CONVENTION IN 1918. Some further indication of the growing strength and of the temper of the movement for political activity in furtherance of the class in- terest is. to be found in the renewed endorsement of the political ac- tivities by the 1918 convention of the Trades and Labor Congress and by its adoption of resolutions, supplementary to its general plat- form of principles, to which reference has already been made, in sup- port of the following policies : Government control of the prices of essential foodstuffs and necessities of life and the fixing of price therefor at a level not in excess of the then existing level ; Government ownership of railways ; the nationalization of the medical and dental professions and the control of all hospitals by the State; a govern- mental scheme of old-age pensions ; the abolition of private employment agencies; representation of labor on commissions governing public utilities; the selection of factory inspectors by a referendum vote of organized labor ; a compulsory insurance law; a national fund to meet needs of dependents in cases of disasters causing loss of life; free transportation of laborers going from cities to farms or from farm to farm ; expropriation of land held for speculative purposes. 2 ATTITUDE OF WESTERN DELEGATES. This action is thrown into higher relief by the dissatisfaction with the results of the convention which was expressed by the more radi- cally minded western delegates. This expression took the form of an immediate caucus of those delegates for the purpose of calling a convention of western representatives to be held prior to the next annual convention of the Congress with the view of so organizing as to afford a more effective means of enforcing the policies advocated in the west ; and such a convention for that purpose to be held during the month of March, 1919, has been called and approved by the labor organizations of the four western Provinces, Manitoba, Saskatche- wan, Alberta, and British Columbia. There is reason to believe, however, that though the western labor- ites are more frankly socialistic than the dominant influences within the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, the grounds of dissatis- faction to which this conference is designed to give expression are based as much upon considerations of internal politics and upon dis- satisfaction with what was asserted to be the arbitrary conduct of the dominant faction at the 1918 convention, as upon differences in essential policy. For the Industrial Banner, of Toronto, the official organ of the Independent Labor Party of that Province, describes the divergence between the East and the West as based upon con- 1 Industrial Banner Issues of Nov. 1, Dec. 13, .and Dec. 27. J The Labour Gazette, October, 1918, pp. 832, 833, and 847, et seq. 10044219 2 10 LABOB SITUATION IN CANADA. siderations of tactics rather than of principles, 1 and the British Columbia Federationist, one of the important organs of the western group, though describing the convention as a " farce," directs its criticisms chiefly at the methods of the convention and is somewhat vague as to the policies with which the western contingent desired to express dissatisfaction. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF THE NEW PARTY. One of the interesting features of the activities of the new labor party is the intensity of its educational campaign. In Vancouver, for instance, it holds weekly meetings at which addresses are marie on economic subjects and political movements, and similar meetings have been inaugurated in Toronto. II. INDUSTRIAL DISTURBANCES. The two years, 1917 and 1918, which witnessed this initiation and development of political activity by the workers and the increase in the membership of the unions was marked also by an increase in the number of industrial disputes and a restoration of something ap- proximating the pre-war situation with respect to their number and intensity. On the whole, however, the situation in that respect is re- garded as satisfactory by those competent to speak with authority. Thus the Executive Council of the Trades and Labor Congress in its report made to the 1918 convention of that body held at the end of September summarizes the situation as follows : The large increase in membership has given added virility to the movement and enabled the different organizations to make a more effective stand for increased wages to meet the increased cost of living. Through the industrial disputes investigation act many disputes have been settled in the interests of the organized workers, without resort to strikes. In some instances, however, it has been necessary to declare strikes to enforce the demands of those who were desirous of improving their conditions, but taking the Dominion as a whole the number of industrial disturbances have been feic compared .tcith the num- ber of demands for higher wages, shorter hours, and improved working con- ditions* And while there may be room for other interpretation of the situ- ation the statistics seem to bear out this appraisal. While the number of disputes in 1917 rose to 148 and in 1918 to 292 as com- pared to 150 in 1912, which was the highest number recorded since 1907, and far in excess of the years 1914, 1915, and 1916, which were abnormally free from such disturbances; and while the number of 1 employees involved during the years 1917 and 1918 rose to 48,329 and 89,899, respectively, as compared to 40,511 in 1912, which was the highest year in that respect within the period referred to, the num- ber of days lost was 1,134,970 in 1917 and 729,444 in 1918 as com- pared to 2,046,650 in the year 1912, the year of the highest record in that respect during the period referred to, and the average days lost per employee was 23 in 1917 and only 8 in 1918 as compared to 68 ji 1 " The movement in the West is far more radical than in the East. * * * In many respects they (the Western organizations) are more aggressive than the East, and any difference that may exist between East and West is only one of tactics and not of prin- ciples or loyalty to the labor movement." (Industrial Banner of Toronto, official organ of the Independent Labor Party of that Province, issue of Sept. 27. 1918.) 8 Report of Thirty-fourth Annual Convention of Trades and Labor Congress, p. 14. LABOB SITUATION IN CANADA. 11 1911, 27 in 1912, and 49 in 1914 when the number of disputes and Hie number involved was abnormally low. 1 In dealing with this opinion and with these statistics for the pur- pose of any forecast as to the manifestation of industrial disturb- ances in the future, however, it is probable that some considerable weight should be given to the influence of patriotic sentiment and to the consequent disinclination of large numbers of the workers to assume responsibility for the curtailment of the production necessary to sustain the over-seas forces, and that with the growing strength of the unions the maintenance of industrial peace will be dependent upon the degree to which leaders of industry on the one hand and leaders of labor organizations on the other shall display a spirit of moderation and shall endeavor to find the bases of mutual under- standing and accommodation. FACTORS MAKING FOR INDUSTRIAL PEACE AND THE REVERSE. Some indication of such a spirit has been furnished by the con- stitution of a committee composed of representatives of the Canadian Manufacturers Association, the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, and a joint committee of technical organizations and its agreement on November 29, 1918, after a harmonious session upon a joint memorandum of recommendations for governmental action to meet the needs of the reconstructive period in Canada. 2 It is re- ported also in the Canadian Official Record of November 26, 1918, that employers generally agree that at present there must be no wage reduction. A contrary tendency, however, is evidenced by the con- ditions which in August, 1918, led the minister of labor to issue a statement expressing his regret at the attitude of antagonism to the unions evinced by many of the employers and to their practice of forbidding their employees to become members of such organization under the penalty of dismissal. 3 III. THE GOVERNMENT'S CHANGE OF ATTITUDE TOWARD ORGANIZED LABOR. An important factor in the present situation is the increased dis- position of the Government to consult with the leaders of organized labor and to accord to it representation upon official boards. This policy seems to have been initiated early in 1918 when the Govern- ment called the official leaders of the labor movement into consulta- tion for the purpose of a confidential discussion of the needs of the situation and thereby secured the indorsement by those leaders of an official program calling for a cessation of strikes and lock-outs and establishing methods of conciliation and arbitration to be resorted to as a preliminary to such action. It resulted, also, in a request by the labor leaders for the appointment of representatives of labor on all Government boards and committees dealing with subjects in which labor was primarily interested, with the understanding that these representatives should be such as would be approved of by the offi- 1 The statistics for the years 1907-1918 will be found at p. 25, infra. 2 The memorandum adopted by the conference is adopted in full at p. 30. 3 Labour Gazette, August, 1918, p. 558. 12 LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. cial leaders of the labor movement and in the appointment of such representatives upon a number of official boards and committees. 1 GOVERNMENTAL ACTION IN THE LINE OF LABOR RECOMMENDATIONS. Among the recent activities of the Dominion Government in con- formity with policy advocated by the labor leaders, has been the creation of a governmental employment agency organized with a central agency established by the Dominion Government to act in cooperation with provincial agencies maintained by the several Prov- inces, the appropriation of $:25, 000,000 to aid the Provincial Gov- ernments -in financing housing projects through which the workers are to be given an opportunity of acquiring their dwellings through small installment payments, and the creation of a committee to deal with conditions affecting the workers. IV. LABOR'S ATTITUDE TOWARD THE WAR AND THE PEACE CONGRESS. The pronouncements whereby the Trades and Labor Congress ex- pressed adherence to the cause of the allies were accompanied by vehement disclaimers of responsibility on the part of the workers of the world for the catastrophy and by explicit attribution of the responsibility therefor to the capitalistic classes in control of the Governments. They were accompanied also by expressions of belief in the existence of an attitude of resentment toward autocracy on the part of the German workers and of a conception of the conflict as a struggle to free the German people from the yoke of autocracy as well as a defense of the rest of the world against its imposition, and they were marked by the constant recurrence to a note of warning against the dangers to the interest of the working class which were regarded as inherent in the situations created by the war and by a call for the exercise of vigilance to see to it that their rights were not permanently infringed. And from the outset emphatic indorse- ment was given to the demands of the General Federation of Labor in France and of the American Federation of Labor that a confer- ence of workers should be summoned in conjunction with the peace conference. 2 This attitude is summarized in the report of the executive council to the convention of September, 1918, in the following words: More than once have we set forth the fact that war is a condition brought about by principles and means that the Labor movement disowns and repudiates. That this mighty conflict has fallen upon the world as a plague is due to principles diametrically opposed to those that underlie and permeate the move- ments of organized Labor. Could Labor have prevented this calamity it would have done so ; but it was none of our doing. * * * The time has long since come for a clear-cut pronouncement of the exact terms on which a solid peace can be established. It is our opinion that it is the working classes of each country, and not the Government thereof, that arc best calculated to attain this 1 Canadian Official Record, Oct. 22, 1918, p. 9 : The list given is as follows : On the war trade board, 1 representative ; Canadian registration board, 1 representative ; superintendents of registration, 3 representatives ; labor subcommittee on reconstruction, 2 representatives ; soldiers' vocational training, 1 representative ; adviser to the fuel controller, 1 representative ; Canadian Railway adjustment board, 6 representatives. 2 Report of Convention of Trades and Labor Congress of 1915, p. 22 ; 1916, p. 22 ; 1917, p. 40; 1918, p. 31. LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. 13 end. Meanwhile the present demands of us the continuation of our every effort to assist in the prosecution of the struggle right on to a final and conclusive victory for the Allies the principal one of which as far as our interest goes is the empire of which our Dominion is such an important part. Again do we affirm that we are in perfect harmony with the General Con- federation of Labor in France and the American Federation of Labor, when these two bodies declare in favor of an International Congress, at the time and place to be indicated by the international diplomats for the establishment of peace terms when the war shall be over. While we are considering every available means of assisting our Dominion in its efforts to play an honorable, patriotic, and effective part in this epoch-making struggle between democracy and autocracy, ice must not allow the future to be obscured nor the interest of the working classes which it holds to be overlooked or neglected. ATTITUDE TOWARD CONSCRIPTION AND OTHER GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES. During the war the Trades and Labor Congress was insistent in its opposition to conscription, which is characterized as " veiled serf- dom," 1 and in common with other representatives of labor opinion it opposed legislation by orders in council in general, and registered especially vigorous opposition to the order of October 11, 1918, which sought to impose compulsory arbitration, and to certain features of such orders as that restricting the assemblages of certain political or- ganizations and the dissemination, possession or publication of certain literature and to antiloafing legislation. 2 On the other hand, it is to be noted that it concurred with representatives of industry in the Government's promulgation of a policy in opposition to strikes and lockouts and of the submission of differences to arbitration of officially recognized bodies so long as no compulsory features were attached and so long as no attempt was made to sanction the pro- cedure for the enforcement of the decisions by any power other than* that of public opinion and the patriotic impulse. 3 ENLISTMENTS AMONG TRADES-UNIONISTS. Further, it is to be noted that if the statistics of the executive coun- cil of the Trades and Labor Congress are accurate, only about one- fifth of the number of trades-unionists who were reached by the compulsory enlistment Act awaited the application of that act before joining the colors, 4 and of course there can be no question as to the general exhibition of loyalty to the cause of Great Britain and her allies on the part of the laboring classes as a whole. 1 Report of the Convention of the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, 1915, p. 15. 2 For elaboration of this subject see infra, p. 26. 3 For elaboration of this topic see infra, pp. 24-25. * The figures given are as follows : Voluntary enlistments up to 1917, 26,438 ; total number resulting from enforcement of compulsory service act, 32.000--i. e., about 5,500 additional. (Report of the 1918 Convention of the Trades and Labor Congress, p. 13.) APPENDIX I. HISTORY OF LABOR MOVEMENT, THE STRUCTURE OF ITS ORGANI- ZATIONS, AND MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. HISTORY OF THE LABOR MOVEMENT. Growth of trade-union membership. The prewar history of labor organization In Canada parallels in large part the development of the American Federation of Labor, which was organized in Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1881. As so-called " inter- national " unions have from time to time been established in Canadian trades, they have, through their affiliations with the American Federation of Labor, contributed to the growth of the membership of more than 2,000,000 which is recorded by that federation in recent years. The resultant tendencies are de- scribed as follows in the American Labor Year Book for 1917-18 (p. 293) : " The general labor movement in Canada is strongly under the influence of the American Federation of Labor. This may be the reason why the Labor Party, founded by the labor unions of Canada, has progressed far more slowly than those of England and Australia. The nationalist spirit of the Canadian worker resents what is called the dictatorship of American leaders, and therefore, opposes the pure and simple labor movement." The progress of the movement is indicated by the following figures : * 1915 143, 343 1916 ' 160, 407 1917 204, 630 1911 133, 132 1912 160, 120 1913 175,799 1914 _. 166, 163 General groupings. The general groupings at the close of the year 1917 are ^indicated by the following figures : " There were 1,974 local branch unions in Canada of which 1,702, with a mem- bership of 163,986, were affiliated with international organizations; 244 with n membership of 32,243, were connected with noninternational bodies, and 28 unions, with a membership of 7,391, were independent units. During the year the international local branches increased their membership by 35,773 ; the non- international bodies increased their membership by 9,459, but the independent units reported a loss of 1,009 members." Groupings by trades. The proportionate distribution of the membership by trades and occupations was as follows : * Per cent. The railroad employees . 28.5 Metal trades 11. 9 Mining and quarrying 10. 5 The building trades group 10. 1 Other transportation and navigation trades- Clothing, boot and shoe Printing trades Personal service and amusement trades All other trades and general labor - 16. 6 The geographical distribution as given for 1915, when there were 1,883 branches is as follows : * Ontario T 57 Quebec Nova Scotia ' 10 < New Brunswick British Columbia 1 American Labor Year Book, 1917-18, p. 293, and Labor Gazette, July, 1918, p. 467. 2 Labor organizations in Canada, 1916, p. 17. * Annual Report of Labor organizations for 1917. * Imperial Year Book for 1917-18, p. 193. 14 LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. 15 Prince Edward Island 10 Manitoba 135 Saskatchewan 116 Alberta 149 Unions ivith international affiliations. The membership of the unions with international affiliations comprised more than 80 per cent of the total. They were affiliated with 93 different international organizations, with one or more branches, in Canada. Their total membership as reported in 1917 was 164,896. The following list includes those with the largest membership. Membership. Number of Canadian local units. Reported member- ship of all units in Canada. Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders, International Brotherhood of 30 4,260 Bricklayers, Masons, and Plasterers' International Union of America 51 3,S90 Carpenters and Joiners of America, United Brotherhood of 102 6,484 Clothing Workers , Amalgamated 12 7,000 Garment Workers, United 11 3,250 Locomotive Engineers Brotherhood of. . 90 5,100 Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, Brotherhood of 92 7,387 Machinists International Association of 78 9,915 Maintenance-of-way Employees, International Brotherhood of 155 16,000 Mine Workers of America, United 32 5,484 Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers, International Union of 17 4,781 Musicians , American Federation of 38 3,550 Railway Conductors, Order of 62 3,000 Railway Carmen of America, Brotherhood of 84 6,053 Railway Telegraphers, Order of 11 6,500 Railway Trainmen, Brotherhood of 88 12,000 Street Electric Railway Employees, Amalgamated Association of . . . . 23 5,859 Typographical Union, International 47 4,872 Noninternational organizations. There are 13 noninternational organizations : Amalgamated Mine Workers of Nova Scotia. President, Silby Barrett, Nova- Scotia. Brotherhood of Boiler Makers, Iron Shipbuilders, and Helpers of Canada. President, Alex Ure, Ontario. Canadian Association of Stationary Engineers. President, Rodger F. Gofton, Ontario. Canadian Brotherhood of Railroad Employees. President, A. R. Mosher, Nova Scotia. Canadian Federation of Musicians. President, P. Siman, Quebec. Canadian Federation of Labor. President, James Higgins, Toronto. Federated Association of Letter Carriers. President, A. Victor, Beaupre. Federation of Textile Workers of Canada. Secretary, Oscar Nautel, Quebec. La Corporation Ouvriere Catholique Des Trois Rivieres. President, Emery Bergeron, Quebec. La Federation Ouvriere Mutuelle Du Nord. President, Joseph Menard, Quebec. National Association of Marine Engineers of Canada. President, Ephraim Read, British Columbia. Saskatchewan Brotherhood of Steam and Operating Engineers. President, T. H. Manifold, Saskatchewan. Union Nationals Des Ouvrieres de la Rive Sud. President, J. E. A. Samson, Quebec. Independents. In addition, there are 28 independent units in the Dominion, 20 of which report a membership of 7,391. THE TRADES AND LABOR CONGRESS OF CANADA. This is the most important labor body in the Dominion. It was established in 1873, lapsed for a period, and was reestablished in 1885. At the close of 1917 its membership was 81,687 ; in September, 1918, 117,498. The representation is divided as follows : Forty-one international organizations represented by 1 delegate each ; 1 Provincial Fed- eration, 1 delegate; 25 trades and labor councils were represented by 43 dele- gates ; and 253 local branch unions had 351 delegates. The congress reciprocates with the American Federation of Labor and the British Trade Union Congress by an exchange of fraternal representatives. 16 LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. With the American Federation of Labor It is closely allied, but it asserts complete autonomy with respect to all legislation within the Dominion. The congress does not interfere in jurisdictional disputes between unions, the set- tlement of such controversies being recognized as properly belonging to the American Federation of Labor. Many of the international organizations are coming to recognize the authority of the congress in all the Dominion legisla- tive and purely Canadian affairs. The energies of the congress have been largely devoted to promoting legisla- tion in the interest of wage earners. The president is a salaried officer and spends most of his time in watching proposed legislation in Ottawa. An execu- tive committee is elected for each Province to deal with provincial legislation, except in those Provinces where provincial federations of labor have been es- tablished and are working under charter from the congress. The total membership in the congress for the year 1918 was 117,498. Its growth is indicated by the following statement: 1 Membership. 1901 8, 381 1902 13, 465 1903 16, 108 1904 22, 010 1905 22, 004 1906 27, 676 1907 32, 295 1908 40, 728 1909 36, 071 Membership. 1910 51, 000 1911 57, 259 1912 66, 128 1913 80, 801 1914 80, 094 1915 i. 71, 419 1916 _' 66, 573 1917 81, 687 1918 117, 498 The president is Thomas Moore, of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, Niagara Falls, Ontario. He succeeds James C. Watters, who has been president for many years. Federations of local unions. In many instances local unions of kindred trades have formed themselves into federations composed of delegates from consenting units. These federated bodies, which are supported by a per capita tax, are designed for the purpose of dealing collectively with trade conditions and other matters of concern to the affiliated bodies. The federations in Canada include provincial federations and councils, representing building trades, metal trades, printing trades, railway employees, and theatrical em- ployees. The jurisdiction of the provincial federations, all of which are chartered by the Trades and Labor Congress, covers their respective Provinces. District councils. The scheme of trade-union organization proceeds on vari- ous lines, having developed as the needs of closer affiliation have presented themselves. Not only do local branches of kindred trades sometimes band together for mutual interest, but local branches of particular occupations have in many cases established what are termed " district councils " or " conference boards." The naaintenace of these bodies is provided for by a per capita tax on the units included in the membership. The jurisdiction of the district councils varies, being in some instances confined to a locality where two or more branches of the same craft organization exist; including in other instances all the local branches of a given trade within a stated area, and oc- casionally extending to an entire Province, or even covering the Dominion. The councils meet at stated intervals to consider matters pertaining to the welfare of the membership, and which it is thought could not be so advantage- ously dealt with by individual branches. Raidroad brotherhood committees. The various railroad organizations have a system of delegate bodies, including committees known as " grievance," " adjustment," " protective," and " legislative." The first three types of these boards deal with matters affecting conditions of employment on the several railways on which they have members employed, and are an important adjunct in the settlement of disputes. In addition to these boards, some of the railway employees' associations have officers under salary as legislative representatives who reside in Ottawa, while others have representatives in Ottawa during the sessions of Parliament. Trades and labor councils. One other form of delegate organization has also been developed in localities where a number of local branch units exist. These bodies are known under the familiar term of " trades and labor councils," and 1 Seventh Annual Report on Labor Organization In Canada, p. 100. LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. 17 are constituted by delegates representing the branch unions in a given city or district. Being purely voluntary, no local union is compelled to affiliate, although as a result of agitation on the part of certain trades and labor councils many of the international central organizations urge the importance of having their several local branches affiliate with the trades and labor councils in their respective districts. No power to issue charters is vested in these bodies, but each local union affiliated is required to pay a per capita tax for the purpose of meeting the general expenses. Trades and labor councils are formed for the purpose of dealing with matters of common interest, and are designed in part to give expression of the opinions on certain public questions of the organiza- tions brought together. The councils in the larger industrial centers have at times gained considerable prominence by their attitude of advocacy or opposition to matters of local and sometimes of wider import. Trade-union local units. These are chartered by a central organization and are given jurisdiction over a stated area. They contribute to the support of the central organization. Federations. Federations are developed by local branches of kindred trades ; and trades and labor councils are established in localities where the local branches are sufficiently numerous to maintain them. The funds necessary to maintain these several adjuncts in the scheme of organization are contributed by 1 the affiliated local units. CANADIAN FEDERATION OF LABOR, Among the minor organizations is the Cana- dian Federation of Labor. This body is comprised of about a score of unions located in Quebec and Toronto. The majority of those with paid-up dues have an average membership of less than 50. The last printed report of proceedings shows a number of unions in arrears. The members of the Canadian Federation of Labor are not in sympathy with the system of international unionism. Some non-international bodies are affil- iated with the Federation, some have seceded from international organizations. The Canadian Federation also includes in its membership the Canadian branches of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, an organization having headquarters in Great Britain and other parts of the world. A number of local trade-unions, having no previous affiliations, have also been chartered by the Canadian Federation. The list includes two societies in the Province of Quebec composed of workingmen of the Roman Catholic faith. The stated object of these in some points is so closely in line with those of trade-unions that they could not be properly omitted. The tenth annual convention held at Toronto, 1918, was attended by 16 delegates. Its newly elected president is James Higgins, of Toronto, who suc- ceeds Charles G. Pepper, for many years president. The secretary-treasurer is Charles E. Clay, of Toronto. Growth of internationalism in Canada. The national trade-unionism move- ment in Canada, which for a time threatened to give the officials of the inter- national unions considerable trouble, had not made such headway during the past four years. With the outbreak of the war .and the constantly increasing price of necessities of life, the need of a more virile type of labor organization than a purely national union was recognized. Among the workmen who recognized the necessity of organizing along international lines were the bookbinders of Toronto, who had broken away from the international union several years ago and weakened the spirit of internationalism among the men and women of that craft, but who have returned to the " international " fold, AMALGAMATION or NOVA SCOTIA MINE-WORKERS' UNIONS. The Provincial Workmen's Association, established in the coal fields of Nova Scotia in 1879, long had undisputed jurisdiction in the Province. In 1916 a union started under the name of the United Mine Workers of Nova Scotia. During the winter of 3918 strong agitation developed for an increase in wages among members of both organizations. Applications were made by both bodies under the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, but owing to the iuterunion conflict of views, a Royal Commission was appointed to investigate. The commission proposed an amalgamation of the two bodies which was later effected. The name selected for the new organization was the Amalgamated Mine Workers of Nova Scotia. At the close of the year this organization had five locals and 9,200 members. It has since affiliated with the Trades and Labor Congress. 10044219 3 18 LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. THE IMIVSTHIAI. WOUKKUS OK rni: WOKI n. In V.MXt the Industrial Workers of the World began organization in Canada and succeeded in forming many br:inches in Alberta and British, Columbia. In 1911 as many as 10,000 members were claimed. In 1914 the organization bad only 4<>.~> members in Canada. At the close of l!ir> it was reported that the three local branches in Canada had been dissolved on account of the war, thus leaving the Industrial Workers of the World without Canadian alliliations. No information as to the member- ship of tht> organization could be secured at the close of 1917. 1 SOCIALISTS. In 1890 there were brandies of the American Socialist Labor Party in .Montreal, Toronto, and Winnipeg. A short time before the split of the Socialist Labor Party in the United States in 1899, a Canadian Socialist Lea .true was organized, because there was a lively dissatisf action with the methods and tactics of the Socialist Labor Party. In a short time 60 leagues had been organized in the Province of Ontario, which was followed two years Inter by the Socialist Pnrty of British Columbia. The Western Clarion became the official party organ. The following statistics of membership indicate the progress of the party." 1903 3. .".07 1907 3, 670 1908 8, 670 1909 9, 688 1910 10, 929 1911. 15, 852 1912 15, 857 1913 : 17, 071 1915 16, 800 The Canadian Socialists have not yet succeeded in returning any representa- tives to the Dominion Parliament. They did succeed, however, in electing O'Brien in Alberta in 1909 and Rigg in Manitoba in 1915 to the Provincial legislature. In 1911 a second Socialist Party came in existence, the Social Democratic Party of Canada, which, on January 1, 1915, had 230 locals, with a membership of 5,380, a paid secretary and two representatives. Jack Place and Parker Wil- liams, in the House of British Columbia. In 1915 the party had several weekly and monthly papers in the English and other languages. To-day only The For- ward, the official organ of the party, is still published. This party joined the International in 1915, while the Socialist Party has no international connec- tions. The latter has refused to join so long as the labor parties of Great Britain and Australia are admitted to the International. In the provincial election in Ontario in 1914 the Social Democratic Party polled over 6,000 votes (14 candidates) and in the municipal election in Winni- peg 2,000 votes -were polled for its candidates, as against 2,500 for the Liberal and 3,000 for the Conservative. The British Columbia Federationist of Vancouver, a weekly, which is frankly and radically socialistic, claims an increase in circulation during the year 1918 from less than 4.000 to about 15,000. 1 Seyenth Annual Report Labor Organization in Canada for 1917, p. 86. 1 American Labor Yearbook, 1917-18, p. 292. APPENDIX II. SELECTED LIST OF LABOR LEADERS IN CANADA. Ainey, Joseph. Montreal. President of Quebec branch of Labor Party of Canada. Arcand, Narcisse. Montreal. Vice president for Montreal of Trades and Labor Congress. Bancroft, Fred. Toronto. Member of boards under industrial disputes act. 1918. Barlow, G. Secretary Winnipeg Labor Party. Western representative for Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners, 1918. Baxter, Robert. Glace Bay, Nova Scotia. Vice president Amalgamated Mine Workers of Nova Scotia ; vice president Trades and Labor Congress. Bruce, John W. Toronto. One of two representatives of labor on Board of Ap- peal for Conciliation Boards, August, 1918. Nominated by Trades and Labor Congress. Campbell, James. President of Vancouver Trades and Labor Council. Clay, Charles E. Toronto. Vice president of Canadian Federation of Labor. Coburn, W. M. Winnipeg. Vice president for Manitoba of Trades Congress. Crothers, Thomas W 7 . Minister of labor, 1911-November, 1918. Draper, P. M. Ottawa. Secretary of Trades and Labor Congress a number of years; reelected 1918. One of the representatives of the Canadian Govern- ment peace conference, 1919. His influence in the 1918 convention and what was asserted to be his arbitrary merhods is assigned as one of the grounds of dissatisfaction by the western representatives. Eisnor, R. V. Halifax, Nova Scotia. Vice president for Nova Scotia of Trades and Labor Congress. President of Halifax District Trades and Labor -Council. Franco, Gustave. Montreal. One of two representatives of labor on the Board of Appeal for Conciliation Boards nominated by the Trades and Labor Con- gress. Defended the industrial disputes act in Trade and Labor Congress 1916. Halford, H. J. Hamilton, Ontario. Vice president for Ontario of Trades and Labor Congress. Harrison, C. R. Nipissing, Ontario. Elected in Dominion election, December. 1917. Hawthornthwaite, James H. Representative of labor in British Columbia Legis- lature, session ending April, 1918. Elected from' constituency of Newcastle in January, 1918. Proposed extension of compensation act. Asked definite program for returned soldiers. Higgins, James. Toronto. President of Canadian Federation of Labor. Elected November, 1918, as successor to Charles G. Pepper. Member of board under industrial disputes act, 1918. Kelly, Gordon. Vancouver. Represented employees on commission to adjust disputes in British Columbia shipyards, 1918. President Trades Council of Vancouver. Kinney, James Andrew. Edmonta, Alta. President Alberta Federation of Labor. Lodge, William. Ottawa, Ontario. Fraternal delegate to American Federation of Labor. Convention, Buffalo, November, 1917. McCallum, Duncan. Vancouver, British Columbia. President of British Co- lumbia Federation of Labor, 1918. Business agent of Machinists' Union, Vancouver. McLachlan, J. B. General Secretary of Amalgamated Mine Workers of Nova Scotia. Helped negotiate wage increases with Dominion Coal Co. McVety, James H. Vancouver, British Columbia. Director British Columbia Federationist. Served on conciliation boards under industrial disputes act. Attacked industrial disputes act in Trades and Labor Congress, 1916. 19 20 LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. Martel. Arthur. Montreal, Quebec. Member of executive board United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, vice president of Trades and Labor < 'omrress. Midgley, V. R. Vancouver, British Columbia. Secretary of committee to call conference of labor in the four western Provinces, 1918. Moore, Tom. I 'resident of Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, September, 1918. Canadian organizer of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners. Secretary of the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, 1918. Fra- / ternal delegate from Trades and Labor Congress to American Federation of Labor Congress in June, 1918. President of Federated Trades Council (west- ern Ontario), 1917. Member representing labor at the November (1918) conference on reconstruction problems called by the Canadian Manufac- turers' Association and the Joint Committee of Technical Organizations. Is a pronounced advocate of political action. Moslier. A. H. Halifax, Nova Scotia. President Canadian Brotherhood of Railroad Employees. Pepper,. Charles G. President Canadian Federation of Labor, elected 1917. Succeeded by Higgins, 1918. Perry, H. Regina, Saskatchewan. Vice president for Saskatchewan for Trades and Labor Congress. Member of committee to conference of labor in the four western Provinces. Pettipiece, R. P. Director British Columbia Federationist. Rees. David. Vancouver, British Columbia. Member of United Mine Workers, V.-mcouver. Vice president of Trades and Labor Congress, chairman to call conference of labor in the four western Provinces. 1918. Rigg, R. A. Vice president of Trades and Labor Congress. Resigned early 1918. Member of Manitoba legislature, 1915. Ex-business agent of Winnipeg Trades and Labor Council. Robertson, Honorable Gideon. Minister of Labor, 1918. Third vice president of the Order of Railroad Telegraphers. Robinson, E. Winnipeg. Member of committee to call conference of labor in the four western Provinces. Secretary and business agent of Winnipeg Trades and Labor Council. Rollo, W. R. Hamilton, Ontario. Secretary of Trades and Labor Council, Octo- ber, 1918. President of Independent Labor Party of Ontario. Shaw, Jabez. Toronto. Vice president of Canadian Federation of Labor. Simpson, James. Toronto. Vice president of Trades and Labor Congress of Canada. Representative of employees on board of conciliation under indus- trial-disputes act, 1917. Fraternal delegate to British Trades Congress elected September, 1915. Stevenson, T. A. Secretary of Toronto District Labor Council. Sugrue, J. L. St. John, New Brunswick. President New Brunswick Federation of Labor. Taylor, Archie. Toronto. Represented Workmen's Political Defense League in meeting of Toronto District Labor Union. December 7, 1918. Protested against arrest of members of Social Democratic Party. Tipping, F. G. President of Winnipeg Trades and Labor Council. Yervilie, A. St. Denis, Quebec. Nominated by labor interests and elected in Dominion elections. December, 1917. (Listed as Independent Liberal.) Walsh, M. J. Quebec, Quebec. Fraternal delegate to American Federation of Labor from Trades and Labor Congress, 1918. Watters, James O. Ottawa. President of Trades and Labor Congress of Canada to September, 1918. Fraternal delegate from Trades and Labor Con- gress to British Trades-Union Congress. Elected September, 1918. Wells, A. S. Victoria, British Columbia. Secretary of British Columbia Fed- eration of Labor. Manager of British Columbia Federationist. Wheatley, F. Bankhead, Alberta. Member of committee to call conference of labor in the four western Provinces, 1918. APPENDIX III. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES. (A) INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES ACT OF 1907. 1 Origin. In 1906 a bitter and prolonged coal strike in Alberta deprived the western Provinces of fuel. This was to the Canadian Northwest what the anthracite coal strike of 1902 was to our Eastern States. The Dominion Gov- ernment was forced to intervene, and partly by moral suasion and partly by the power of public opinion compelled a settlement. The Industrial Disputes Act was designed to prevent similar crises in the future. Nature of act. It is not a compulsory arbitration law. Its compulsory fea- tures are limited to the prohibition of lockouts and strikes pending investiga- tion in accordance with its provisions. Jurisdiction. It extends only to industries that serve immediately the gen- eral public. These embrace railways and transportation lines, yard and wharf labor, telegraphs and telephones, power, light, and traction companies and lines. Workers and employers in other industries may, however, agree to have their difficulties investigated and adjusted through the machinery created by it. Recently, as a war measure, the jurisdiction has been extended to muni- tion workers and others employed in war industries. Provisions for investigation of cause of disputes. The law provides ma- chinery not essentially different from thaht of the earlier conciliation acts in both Canada and the United States. The compulsory investigation features were new in American labor legislation. It provides that no change in the labor conditions of the industries affected may be made without 30 days' notice. If either employers or workers object to a proposed change they may apply to the Federal minister of labor for a board of investigation and conciliation, on the ground that a lockout or strike will occur unless the points at issue are settled. Thereupon, the min- ister, after assuring himself of the facts, appoints a board for that particular dispute. This board consists of three members, one of which is nominated by the workers and another by the employers. These two select the third member, or if they fail to agree, the Minister of Labor appoints him. The third member is chairman of the board. These boards have power to subpoena witnesses and documents, and to take testimony under oath. They may inspect shops and factories concerned in a dispute and interrogate employees. If the parties can not come to terms, the board reports its findings, which need not be unanimous, but may consist of a majority and minority report, or conceivably of three individual reports. These contain a statement of the grounds of the dispute and opinion as to the justice of the respective claims presented and recommendations for a settle- ment of the points in controversy. Penalties for violation. Pending the investigation, a lockout or strike is pro- hibited under penalties ranging from $100 to $1,000 a day for lockouts, $10 to $50 a day for striking, and $50 to $1,000 for inciting or aiding an unlawful lockout or strike. After the board has reported, employers may lock out their employees, or workers may strike, if they wish to do so, unless both parties have previously signed a formal agreement to abide by the decision of the board. Of 212 disputes which had been referred for adjustment in more than nine years, 21 eventuated in strikes, so that about 9 out of 10 disputes were settled without stopping work. Of these 212 disputes, 167 were reported on by boards or settled through their mediation, and others were terminated before boards were organized or while the disputes were still under investigation. 1 This account of the nature and working of the industrial disputes act of 1907, some- times known as the Lemieux Act, is summarized from a description by Victor S. Clark, who made a study of the working of the act for the United States Government. 21 22 LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. Effect of the In ir in <>i>< ration. Seventy-live boards were appointed in rail- way' disputes, and in all but six of these strikes were ended or averted. City traction lines were involved in 21 references, only 2 of which terminated in a strike. Only 1 out of !> cases of labor ditlicully upon municipal works caused a stoppage of labor. Eleven shipping disputes, two upon telegraph lines, two upon telephone lines, and three affecting light and power cases were settled without a single interruption of employment. On the other hand, out of 4 disputes in coal mines. ( resulted in strikes, while in metal mining only 8 out Of 13. controversies referred to boards were amicably adjusted by them. The act has not been so successful in mining as in transportation and other public-service industries, partly because popular sentiment is less intelligently informed and less actively interested in mining controversies than in those more immediately affecting the general welfare. Probably the number of employees involved in strikes that have occurred in Canada, either in violation of the industrial-disputes act or legally under the act, because workers refused to accept the findings of a board averages larger in each difficulty than the number involved in disputes that were successfully adjusted. Nevertheless, no great strike affecting immediately the public wel- fare has paralyzed the industries of Canada since this law went into operation. The few strikes that occurred in open contempt of the act were not disputes in which the public had much at stake, and usually were to be explained by some local condition that prompted irresponsible men to the impulsive action. Some years ago the United Mine Workers in western Canada struck in violation of the law, but later they themselves applied for a board, which was granted, and settled the difficulty. Penal proi-isioiix hare not been enforced. In case of violation, the Govern- ment may prosecute the offenders; but in practice it generally leaves the en- forcement of the penal features of the law to the aggrieved parties in the dis- pute. No effort has been made to punish a large body of men for striking. This raises the question of the value of the penal provisions of the law. It is agreed that if the act does not put strikers in jail and subject offending employ- ers to heavy fines, these provisions are useless. But even though violations are seldom prosecuted, neither strikers or employers dare to defy the law of the land in disputes prominently before the public and affecting the prosperity and comfort of a large body of citizens. Amendments. The original statute was amended in 1910. Early in 1916 an order in council was issued making the provisions of the statute applicable to disputes in industries having to do with material needed for the purpose of the war. A bill revising and explaining its provisions has been prepared and will prob- ably be brought before Parliament at the close of the war. The amendments of 1910 and the proposed revision are designed chiefly to simplify and expedite procedure and to hasten decisions. Attitude of labor toward the Act. The Act has been commended by the gen- eral public, by employers, and by the mass of the working people; but has evoked criticism from many labor leaders. Their objections are directed rather to details of the law than to its fundamental principles. When the amend- ments of 1910 were before Parliament the minister of labor read letters from the legislative representatives or other high Canadian officers of the brother- hoods of locomotive engineers, of locomotive firemen and enginemen, of railway trainmen, of maintenance-of-way employees, and of the Order of Railway Telegraphers, all commending the existing law and the proposed amendments. The Canadian Federation of Labor is on record as approving it. Trades and Labor Congress seeks its repeal. -The Trade and Labor Congress of Canada has passed a resolution every year since 1913 asking that the law be repealed. 1 It is said that this opposition is attributable in some measure to labor leaders in the United States who have opposed similar legislation there, and who see in the limitations imposed by the act an interference with the power to bring about a strike in Canada in aid of demands in the United States. In Csinada opposition is said to be stronger among the leaders than among the rank and file. Board of appeal. By the order in council 1743 of July, 1918,* declaring the Government's war labor policy, provision was made for the establishment of a 1 The 1918 convention, however, confined Itself to urging amendments on the ground that repeal was unlikely. Report, p. 35. 2 See infra, p. 24. LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. 23 Board of Appeal. This board hears appeals from either party in cases where the recommendation of the board of conciliation is not accepted. It is composed of two representatives of labor, nominated by the executive council of the Trades and Labor Congress, two representatives of the employers, nominated by the executive of the Canadian Manufacturers' Association, and a chairman, nominated by the members of the board, or in case of failure to agree by the minister of labor. The personnel of the board as established is as follows : F. S. Maclennan, of Montreal, chairman ; John W. Bruce, of Toronto ; Gustabe Francq, of Montreal ; nominated by the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada ; S. R. Parsons, of the British American Oil Co., of Toronto; G. R. Duggan, of the Dominion Ship- building Co., Montreal, nominated by the Canadian Manufacturers' Associa- tion. (R) ROYAL COMMISSIONS. Commission to adjust dispute* in xliipj/ards. In cases where the Industrial Disputes Act does not apply owing to an internniou conflict of views or to the fact that a number of employers are involved, special royal commissions have been appointed to investigate. Such a commission was appointed in March, 1918,. to adjust disputes in the British Columbia shipyards. The strikes on the Pacific coast of the United States, which the United States Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board under- took to adjust, had not extended to the Canadian Pacific coast, but much unrest existed among the employees. Consequently the Imperial Munitions Board, which controlled many of the contracts in the Canadian yards, under- took to use its influence to secure in the Canadian yards the adoption of the same wage schedule which might be recommended by the wage-adjustment board for the United States yards. This schedule was adopted in the Cana- dian shipyards in question. Subsequently, however, the United States board added 10 per cent to the wage rate named in the schedule, and this went into effect in the United States shipyards. Canadian employees urged a similar increase for their own case, but this view was not accepted by the imperial munitions board. The employees were prepared to strike, but "a royal com- mission was appointed to investigate the situation and to bring about a work- ing agreement. The commission was composed of Mr. Justice Murphy, of the British Columbia Supreme Court, chairman ; Mr. Gordon Kelly, of Vancouver, representing the men ; and H. Tonkins, of Victoria, representing the employers. The board recommended that the increase be granted and made retroactive from February 1, provided the men were willing to work 48 hours a week on straight time in all yards, except during June, July, and August, and provided they accepted the ruling as to carpenters and wage rate for laborers contained in the Macy award, which fixed rates to be paid to all classes of labor in the shipbuilding districts of the United States Pacific coast. Rejection of award and subsequent adjustment and agreement. The men voted against accepting the board's award and declared a strike. The dispute was adjusted through the efforts of the Hon. G. D. Robertson, who had pro- ceeded to Vancouver at the request of the Dominion Government. After full conference with the minister of labor, an agreement was made which provided that there should be no strikes or lockouts during its life. Other commissions. Similar commissions have been appointed to deiil with disputes in metal shops, automobile repair shops and coal mines. The commission appointed to adjust a conflict in the coal fields of Nova Scotia in which the Provincial Workmen's Association and the United Mine Workers were involved proposed an amalgamation of the two bodies which was later effected under the name " Amalgamated Mine Workers of Nova Scotia." (C) RAILWAY ADJUSTMENT BOARD. Constitution of board Number of icorkcrs affected Operation. Six of the large railway brotherhoods representing 54,000 men entered into an agreement with the Canadian Railway War Board that all disputes should be settled hy an adjustment board upon which the railways and employees would have equal representation. It was further agreed that any railway organization hav- ing disputes could refer their grievances to this board of adjustment. The board now consists of six labor leaders, one for each of the brotherhoods, and six railway executives. In the event of a disagreement, the board will use 24 LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. a referee and if the referee can not be agreed upon, the governor general in council, through the Minister of Hallways, will be asked to make the appoint- ment. This combine covers employees to the number of 147.000 men and women. Numerous cases have been heard and a unanimous decision has been reached in each. The board has announced that no more strikes were likely on rail- ways. (D) THE NO-STRIKE ORDER IN COUNCIL OF JULY, 1918. In January and February. 1918, two conferences were held in Ottawa at- tended by large delegations of labor men and manufacturers at the Govern- ment's invitation. Approved by representatives of labor and industry. With the approval of representatives of the Canadian Manufacturers' Association, as well as of the Dominion Trades & Labor Congress, the Government declared its war-labor policy by an order in council dated July 11. The Labour Gazette for August, 1918, published this declaration of war labor policy, the most striking feature of which was the no-strike order. (P-. C. 1743.) It was stated that the action was taken upon recommendation of the minister of labor who had represented that industrial unrest had be- come general and was causing serious interruption in war work. The adoption of the principles summarized below were therefore urged upon employers and workmen for the period of the war : Provisions of the order. 1. There shall be no strike or lockout during the war. 2. All employees shall have the right to organize in trade-unions. 3. Employers shall have the right to organize in associations. 4. Employers shall not discharge workers by reason of membership in trade- unions. 5. Workers shall use neither coercion nor intimidation to influence persons to join their organizations. 6. Union standards as to wages and hours shall con-tinue in establishments where a union shop exists. 7. Where nonunion men and women now work together and the employer meets with employees engaged in such establishments, the continuance of such conditions shall not be deemed a grievance. 9. All workers shall be entitled to a wage ample to enable themselves and their families to live in decency and comfort and to make provision for old age. 11. Women on work originally performed by men shall be allowed equal pay. 12. Eight hours shall be the basic day. 13. Methods which operate to delay or limit production artificially shall be discouraged. 14. The employers and employees shall keep local employment agencies fully informed as to labor required or available. 15. In fixing wages, ' hours, and conditions regard should be had to labor standards prevailing in the locality. 16. After once establishing an agreement as to wages and working conditions employers and employees should agree to its continuance during the war, sub- ject only to such changes as cost of living may justify. 17. Should recommendation of Board of Conciliation not be accepted either party may appeal to the Board of Appeal. This Board of Appeal shall be com- posed of two representatives of labor nominated by the executive council of the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada. Two representatives of the em- ployers nominated by the executive of the Canadian Manufacturers' Associa- tion, and a chairman nominated by the said members of the board, or in case of failure to agree, the Minister of Labor shall appoint such chairman." It is to be observed that this order was really a declaration of policy by the Government and an expression of adherence by representatives of labor and industry, and that it was without compulsory provisions. (K) NO STRIKE ORDER IN COUNCIL OF OCTOBER 11, 1918. On October 11 the Government passed a further order in council (P. C. 2525) forbidding strikes and lockouts for the duration of the war. This order referred to the order in council of July, and to the railway adjustment agree- ment, and imposed penalties for the violation thereof. The issuing of this order LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. 25 raised a storm of protest from all labor groups and adverse comment from the press in general. Hostility aroused. The president and secretary of the Trades and Labor Congress conferred with the premier, Sir Robert Borden. and requested its repeal, claiming that it interfered with the bona fide activities of trade-unions, and stating that the demand for its repeal came from all parts of the country. In Winnipeg, when it seemed probable that the Government would prosecute Calgary unions striking against the Canadian Pacific Railway (October-No- vember, 1918), 92 per cent of the workers voted for a general strike in protest, and urged similar action upon workers throughout the Dominion. The British Columbia Federationist for November 1, 1918, makes the following comment on the order : " There has never been any action taken by the Government that has been looked upon with more suspicion * * * the order in council provides for stoppages of work during the period of demobilization * * *. It is not for stoppage of strikes during the war, but to prevent any expressions of unrest after the war is over, and well does the Government know that without the power to strike the employing class can do as they will with the workers in times which are bound to follow the cessation of hostilities." Defiance of its terms. In defiance of the order, 1,200 men employed at the Ogden shops of the Canadian Pacific Railway walked out on October 12 in a sympathetic strike in aid of the freight handlers. This action was condemned by the press in general, but had warm sympathy from the labor press. Repeal. On the 19th f November the Governor General in council, on recommendation of the Minister of Labor, repealed the order in council of the llth of October. The minister's report submitted that the actual termination of hostilities had rendered the sustained operations of war industries unneces- sary ; that he was informed of concerted movements under way aiming at better relations between employers and employees, and that in his opinion the order in council was no longer necessary. (E) Strike statistics. Year. Number of dis- putes. Number of em- ployees involved. Days lost. Average number days lost per em- ployee. 1907... 149 36,624 621,962 17 1908 68 25, 293 708 285 28 1909 69 17,332 871,845 50 1910 84 21.280 718, 635 34 1911 99 30.094 2, 046, 650 68 1912 150 40,511 1,099,208 27 191J. 113 39, 536 1, 287. 678 33 1914 44 8,678 430.054 49 1915 43 9,140 lOfi, 149 11 1916 75 21, 157 208,277 20 1917 148 48, 329 1,134,970 23 1918 i 292 89,899 729,444 8 i Averaged from actual statistics for 10 months. Causes of disputes in 1917. In disputes of the year 1917 the question of Wages was the most important cause, 74 disputes or 50 per cent of the total number being due to requests for increased wages, and 22 disputes or 15 per cent of the total to requests for increased wages and other changes. Thus the demand for higher wages was the dominant cause in 65 per cent of the disputes. In 15 cases or 10 per cent of the total the dispute was due to a request for shorter hours. In about 3 per cent of the disputes the dominant cause was a demand for recognition of the union " closed shop " or other trade-union principles. Victories and defeats of strikers in 1917 disputes. Eighty-two disputes or 56 per cent of the total number terminated in favor of the employees, while 31 or 21 per cent of the total terminated in favor of the employers. In 20 per cent of the cases the disputes ended in a compromise and 4 per cent were indefinite or unterminated. Of the total number of employees concerned, 62 per cent were involved in disputes which resulted in favor of the employees, 13 per cent in disputes which terminated in favor of the employers, and 23 per cent dis- putes which were compromised. APPENDIX IV. CONSCRIPTION AND OTHER COMPULSORY AND RESTRICTIVE WAR MEASURES. (A) CONSCRIPTION. Prior to the outbreak of the war many organizations had rules prohibiting their members from joining the military forces, but these were commonly amended and the report on labor organizations for the year 1917 shows 27,108 voluntary enlistments from 1,333 local branches. The Province of Ontario led the other Provinces and was followed by British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, and Prince .Edward Island in the order named. Enlistment was advocated by certain labor leaders, notably Charles G. Pepper, who urged it in his presidential address at the convention of the Canadian Federation of Labor in 1915. Conscription, however, was opposed as unnecessary and unjust. 1 (B) UNLAWFUL ASSOCIATIONS AND LITERATURES. Organizations. The Government on September 28, passed an order-in-coun- cil declaring the following associations and organizations unlawful during the war : The Industrial Workers of the World, the Russian Social Democratic party, the Russian Revolutionary Group, the Russian Social Revolutionists, the Russian Worker's Union, the Ukrainian Revolutionary Group, the Ukrainian Social Democratic Party, the Social Democratic Party, the Social Labor Party, Group of Social Democrats of Bolsheviki, Group of Social Democrats of An- archists, the Workers' International Industrial Union, Chinese Nationalist League, Chinese Labor Association. It was further declared that any association that endeavored to bring about any governmental, political, social, industrial, or economic change in Canada by the use of force or by threats, or which defended the use of force, should also be considered unlawful. Any person being connected either as an official or member, or who knowingly allowed his premises to be used as a meeting place for such association, or who printed any book or pamphlet in which force is advised or defended, would be liable to fine and imprisonment. The order provides that " any person who * * * shall act as an officer of any such unlawful association, or who shall sell, speak, write, or publish anything * * * as representative of such unlawful association * * * or who * * * shall wear, carry, or cause to be displayed * * * any motto, card, or other device whatsoever * * * indicating that he is a member * * * shall be punished by imprisnment. * * * If it be proved that the person charged has at any time since the beginning of the war been a member of such unlawful association, it shall be presumed in the absence of proof to the contrary that he continues to be a member." It also made it a punishable offense to hold or attend meetings the proceed- ings of which are conducted in the language of any enemy country or in the Russian, Ukrainian, or Finnish language. This prohibition, however, did not apply to religious services. The order declaring associations advocating the use of force, unlawful, al- though unpopular in the radical labor press, did not arouse the degree of pro- test which would have undoubtedly resulted if such organizations as the In- dustrial Workers of the World had been more active in Canada at the time. (C) CENSORSHIP. On the other hand, the Government measures limiting free speech and the free circulation of literature were generally opposed, especially in the papers 1 See further, p. 13, infra. 26 LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. 27 socialistic support, and resolutions expressing dissatisfaction and demand- ing repeal were passed by a number of local labor bodies. (D) THE ANTI-LOAFING LAW. In view of the urgent need for labor for war essentials, an order in council was passed on April 4, 1918, in which it was ordered that every male person residing in the Dominion of Canada shall be regujarly engaged in some useful occupation, with the exception of (a) those under 16 or over 60, (ft) bona fide students proceeding with some useful occupation, (c) bona fide students in actual attendance, (d) usually employed but temporarily unemployed owing to differences with employer, (e) physically unable, (/) unable to obtain em- ployment within reasonable distance. Like many other rulings aimed to increase production through the control of labor, the order evoked general protest from labor throughout the Dominion, but particularly in the western Provinces. APPENDIX V. Till: GOVERNMENT AND ORGANIZED LABOR. 1 Since the elections of 1917 frequent conferences have been held between Government officials and labor representatives at the invitation of the Govern- ment for the discussion of matters pertaining to labor. At the important ones held in January and February, 1918, when agreement was secured for the Gov- ernment's no-strike policy, labor requested in return to be consulted on im- portant matters of public policy relating to labor and the war and to be giveii representation on various committees and boards. This request has been car- ried out and labor has been given the following representation : On the War-Trade Board 1 On the Canada Registration Board 1 Superintendents of Registration 3 Labor Subcommittee on Reconstruction 2 Soldiers' Vocational Training 1 Advisor to the Fuel Controller 1 Labor Appeal Board 1 Canadian Railway Adjustment Board 6 The Government has agreed further that on all advisory committees which would have to do with the prosecution of the war and reconstruction in which labor was affected, labor should be given fair representation. At the January, 1918, conference, the labor men were given confidentially a statement as to the needs of the military situation ; the great necessity for increasing agricultural production, and the requirements of the railways for the coming season. The labor representatives held several meetings in order to decide on a policy to suggest. At a second series of conferences the labor representatives, whose number was greatly augmented, submitted their sug- gestions. A circular letter was later issued by the labor representatives to the local branch unions of the Dominion defining their attitude on the various ques- tions submitted. This circular was followed by a statement from the Govern- ment that there would be no importation of coolie labor at present but that matter might well be given further consideration, to which exception was taken by the labor men. No decision was* reached in regard to the conscription of alien labor. In February, 1918, the railroad situation was discussed and the labor men asked for nationalization of all roads, or failing in this, a central control board which should operate the railways as one system during the war. As counter proposals to conscription of labor and importation of aliens, the labor men suggested that efforts should be made to organize more effectively the present labor supply of the country. They advocated public employment ex- changes and special railway rates to laborers going to employment. They asked for the protection of women in industry and equal wages. A special conference was called in October, 1918, to discuss the strike situ- ation in the mining industry and to consider a number of proposals in the interests of labor generally. Other conferences have discussed such subjects as old-age pensions, labo_r representation on committees, regulation of public eating places, readmission of the paper known as Jewish Forward, abolition of the patriotic fund as or- ganized, appointment of a labor representative to the central immigration au- thority, conscription, Government ownership of railways and aircraft, soldiers' pensions. For many months past the conferences have included reconstruction projects. A subcommittee on labor has been added to the reconstruction and development committee of the cabinet. It is the duty of this committee to investigate essential and economic conditions of the workers of Canada and to recommend reconstruction policies and measures with reference to labor problems, both during the war and in the reconstruction period. 1 See also p. 11, Infra. 28 APPENDIX VI. PLATFORMS DECLARATIONS OF PRINCIPLES OF LABOR AND . ALLIED PARTIES AND ORGANIZATIONS. (A) PLATFORM OF PRINCIPLES OF THE TRADES AND LABOR CONGRESS OF CANADA, 1918. 1. Free compulsory education. 2. Legal working day of six hours and six days to a week. 3. Government inspection of all industries. 4. Abolition of the contract system on all public works. 5. Minimum living wage based on local conditions. 6. Public ownership of all franchises, such as railways, telegraphs, tele- phones, water works, mining, etc. 7. Tax reform by lessening taxation on industry and increasing it on land values. 8. Abolition of the Dominion Senate. 9. Exclusion of all Asiatics. 10. Union label to be placed on all manufactured goods where practicable and all Government and municipal supplies. 11. The abolition of child labor for children under 16 years and the establish- ment of equal pay for equal work for men and women. 12. Abolition of property qualification for all public offices. 13. Voluntary arbitration of labor disputes. 14. Compulsory rate and proportional representation with group constituen- cies and abolition of municipal awards. 15. Direct legislation through initiative and referendum. 16. Prohibition of prison labor in competition with free labor. 17. Equal suffrage for men and women over 21 years of age. (B) PLATFORM OF THE INDEPENDENT LABOR PARTY OF ONTARIO. Free and compulsory education, free public textbooks, public ownership of all public utilities and natural sources of wealth, naturalization of banking and credit systems, direct legislation through initiative, referendum, and recall ; gradual elimination of unearned increment through increasing taxation ; equal pay for equal work ; abolition of property qualification for all municipal offices ; abolition of all election deposits ; proportional representation with grouped con- stituencies ; abolition of the Canadian Senate ; no court to be legally competent to declare any act of the Parliament of Canada unconstitutional ; amending the British North American act in order that the decisions of the highest court of appeal in Canada may be final in all matters ; that adequate equal pensions be granted to all disabled soldiers ; pensions for mothers with dependent children ; old-age pensions; creation of national reserves of coal and timber; we believe that performance is better than promise, and we rest our claim for the support of the workers on the general declaration that we stand for industrial freedom of those who toil, and the political liberation of those who for so long have been denied justice. (C) PLATFORM -OF THE QUEBEC BRANCH OF THE CANADIAN LABOR PARTY. (ORGANIZED LATE IN 1017.) The platform includes free State insurance against sickness, old age, and accident, abolition of prison labor, a State bank to take place of the present banking system, free speech and free press, abolition of the sen.-ite, and a fixed date for Federal election. (D) PLATFORM OF BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH. (See p. 7, supra.) (E) PLATFORM OF MANITOBA BRANCH. (See p. 7, supra.) 29 30 LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. (F) PLATFORM OF SASKATCHEWAN BRANCH. The resolutions recited thnt the opposition and indifference to the interests of the workers by existing political parties necessitated the organization of the- party, condemned the war-time election act, advocated pensions on the basis of equality, abolishing differentials between commissioned and noncommis- sioned ranks and recited that " Whereas Canada having entered the world war in defense of the empire and in the name of democracy, and whereas the resources of the allies will be taxed to the utmost if the war is to be won, and believing that there can be no sacrifice too great to be borne if equally distributed in order to bring about ultimate success: Therefore be it "Resolved, That this convention declares it is in favor of a government in Canada that would organize the entire resources of the Dominion, eliminating all private profit on industry, and administering our industrial activities for the prosecution of the war and in the protection of the people as a whole. " * (G.) PROGRAM OF THE NONPABTISAN LEAGUE OF ALBERTA, OCTOBER, 1918. 1. Democratization of politics. (a) Direct legislation in Federal politics, (&) proportional representation, (c) woman suffrage, (d) the abolition of the- senate, (e) the abolition of the patronage evil. 2. Democratization of industry. (a) Nationalization of the means of trans- portation and communication, (b) nationalization of industries sufficiently cen- tralized to be operative, (c) securing the land for the people. 3. Taxation. (a) Direct tax on land values, (b) graduated inheritance tax r (c) graduated income tax. ; 4. Social reform. (a) The abolition of the manufacturing of intoxicating liquors, (b) abolition of official charity, substituting national compulsory in- surance, covering accidents, sickness, and age and death, (c) all patriotic funds* assumed by the State. (H) JOINT RECOMMENDATIONS ON RECONSTRUCTION PRESENTED TO THE CABINET BY A COMMITTEE REPRESENTING THE CANADIAN MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, THE TBADES AND LABOR CONGRESS OF CANADA, AND THE JOINT COMMITTEE OF TECH- NICAL ORGANIZATIONS. 8 Memorandum of joint recommendations drawn up at a meeting held in Ottawa on Friday, November 29, 1918, by representatives of the Trades and Labor Con- gress of Canada, the Joint Committee on Technical Organizations, and the Canadian Manufacturers' Association for presentation to the Dominion Gov- ernment. Bureau of public welfare. That the Government be requested to establish immediately a bureau of public welfare to deal with such matters as health, sanitation, town planning, housing plans, accident prevention, and every other matter pertaining to the physical efficiency of the Nation. Owing to the present dearth of suitable homes for workingmen this particular subject should receive the bureau's first consideration. Much could be accom- plished through the coordination of the many agencies, private, philanthropic, and governmental, dealing with these matters. Survey of imports. That a permanent representative bureau be established to take a survey of imports with a view to ascertaining what part of such imports could be avoided, particular attention to be paid to the classification of the customs tariff. The information thus gathered should be accessible to interested parties as similar information is in any other countries. Raw materials. The good work already done by our Government in arrang- ing to have more of our minerals refined in Canada, as in the case of nickel, should be continued as a general policy relating to all raw materials, so that such materials will leave the country in as advanced stage of manufature as possible. Scientific and industrial research. Having regard to the important part which research must necessarily play in Canada industrial reconstruction, the appropriation for its purpose should be increased to not less than $1,000,000 1 Report of 1918 convention of Trades and Labor Congress, p. 56. 8 Labour Gazette, December, 1918, 1102. LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. 31 annually. The board handling that work should not be merely advisory as at present, but should be clothed with specific executive powers, which powers should preferaby be exercised by a board of managers upon which labor, manu- facturers, and engineers would all have representation. Immigration. That the establishment of a central-empire authority on emi- gration be approved of for supplying information to parties intending to emi- grate, as to conditions in the countries to which they desire to so emigrate, and that the established immigration department in Canada give serious con- sideration to the question of further restricting undesirable immigration. Public icorks. All necessary public works, Dominion, provincial, and mu- nicipal, should be carried forward as promptly and energetically as possible. As the chief consideration will be the matter of finances, we would suggest that the Government render all possible financial aid to works not coming strictly within its own scope. Technical education. The advancement of technical education is of such vital concern to the whole country that the burden ought not be left entirely to the municipalities and Provinces. The Dominion Government should cooperate by such means as are best calculated to assist the authorities and expand the fa- cilities for this work. It is urged whatever plan be adopted that there be kept constantly in mind the necessity of working it out on lines that will bring tech- nical education within easy reach of all classes. Land settlement. That a practical land settlement plan be worked out at once, and in connection with same the publicity department should start a cam- paign to interest our soldiers in the advantages of farming. An interesting series of booklets should be supplied to our soldiers as soon as possible and prior to demobilization particularly designed to show that com- munity farm life can be made not only profitable but socially attractive in the older as well as the newer Provinces. Educational facilities for the thorough training of soldiers who desire to settle on land should be provided. It is further recommended that the Federal and Provincial Governments take such steps as are necessary to procure suitable laud for such communities in proximity to already settled areas. Employment bureaus. The establishment of one chain of employment bu- reaus, operated by the Provinces in cooperation with the Federal Government, is heartily indorsed, and in this connection the absolute undesirability of dual and private employment offices is emphasized and the abolition of such recom- mended. Demobilisation. The time having arrived for demobilization, the militia and other governmental departments should cooperate with the Government employ- ment bureaus in order that the lapse of time between discharge and employment be as short as possible, due regard being given to priority on account of length of service and to married men. Water power. That the Government should adopt a fixed policy and a com- prehensive scheme for the utilization of our water powers already and to be developed. This applies particularly to those on international waterways and especially to those of the St. Lawrence River. To give industry the proper freedom for expansion, power supply must be kept always in advance of demand. Optimism campaign. That the Publicity Department of the Government start at once an optimism campaign, and that in this the press of the country be requested to cooperate. The country is drifting into a pessimistic state of mind as regards the imme- diate future which might easily bring about far-reaching depression unless it is quickly checked. Respectfully submitted. Labor representatives : T. Moore, president Trades and Labor Con- gress of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario ; A. Martell, vice president Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, Montreal, Quebec ; D. Rees, vice president Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, Van- couver, British Columbia ; R. Baxter, vice president Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, Glace Bay, Nova Scotia ; J. A. Flett, Canadian organizer, American Federation of Labor, Hamilton, Ontario ; T. A. Stevenson, labor representative, Department of Soldiers' Civil Reestablishment, Toronto, Ontario ; E. W. A. O'Dell, general representative, Boot and Shoe Workers, Interna- tion Union, Hamilton, Ontario; C. Lawrence, legislative repre- 32 LABOR SITUATION IN CANADA. sentntive, Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, Ottawa, Ontario. Joint Committee of Technical Organizations: Wills Maelachlan, To- ronta, Ontario; H. G. Acres, Hydro-Electric Power Commission, Toronto, Ontario; F. It. Ewart, Ewart & Jacobs, Toronto, On- tario ; A. A. Dion, Ottawa Electric Co., Ottawa, Ontario. Canadian Manufacturers' Association : H. J. Daly, H. J. Daly Co., Ottawa, Ontario; C. Howard Smith, chairman Montreal Branch, Canadian Manufacturers' Association, Montreal, Quebec; Maj. L. L. Anthes, chairman Toronto Branch, Canadian Manufac- turers' Association, Toronto, Ontario; R. E. Jamieson, Canadian Consolidated Rubber Co. (Ltd.), Montreal, Quebec; George A. Slater, George A. Salter (Ltd.), Montreal, Quebec; S. J. Wil- liams, Williams, Greene & Rome Co., Kitchener, Ontario; G. M. Murray, general secretary, Canadian Manufacturers' Association, Toronto; W. P. Hughes, Montreal secretary Canadian Manufac- tural Association, Montreal, Quebec. APPENDIX VI I. BIBLIOGRAPHY. GENEBAI, SOTJBCES. Aoland, F. A. Canadian Legislation Concerning Industrial Disputes. Re- printed from the Labour Gazette, April, 1916. American Labor Yearbook, 1917-18. New York, 1918. Clark, Victor. The Canadian Industrial Disputes Act. Proc. Acad. Pol. Sci. January, 1917. Imperial Yearbook for Dominion of Canada, 1916-1918. Ottawa, 1918. National Industrial Conference Board. The Canadian Industrial Disputes In- vestigation Act. Boston, 1918. Selekman, B. M. Industrial Disputes and the Canadian Act. Survey, March , 31, 1917. Victor, E. (ed.) Canada's Future. A Symposium. Toronto, 1916. BEPOBTS. Canada, Department of Labor. Fifth Annual Report on Labor Organization. Ottawa, 1916. (Same, 6th, 1917; 7th, 1918.) Canada, Department of Labor. Seventh Report of the Registrar of Boards of Conciliation and Investigation of Proceedings under the Industrial Disputes Act. 1915. (Same, 8th, 1916; 9th, 1917; 10th, 1918.) Canadian Federation of Labor. Proceedings of Seventh Annual Convention. Ottawa, 1915. Trades and Labor Congress of Canada. Proceedings, 1913-1916. NEWSPAPEBS AND PERIODICALS. Industrial Canada. Toronto. Le Bien Public. Le Progres du Saguenay. The British Columbia Federationist Vancouver. The Canada Gazette. Ottawa. The Canadian Labour Leader. Sydney. The Industrial Banner. Toronto. The Labor News. Hamilton, Ontario. The Labour Gazette, Ottawa. The Labour Herald. Calgary. The Labour World. Montreal. The Nation. New York. The New York Call. The Voice. Winnipeg. The Western Labour News, Winnipeg. 33 INDEX. Page. Ainey , Joseph 19 Amalgamated Mine Workers of Nova Scotia 23, 15, 17 American Federation of Labor, indorsement given to 12 American Federation of Labor opposed to industrial dispute act 22 Antiloafing law i 27 Appeal board 12,7 Areand, Marcisse 19 Asiatics, exclusion of i 29 Bancroft, Fred 19 Banking and credit systems, nationalization of 6 Barlow, G 19 Barrett, Silby, Nova Scotia 15 Baxter, Robert 19 Bergeron, Emery, Quebec 15 Bibliography. . .*. 33 Board of appeal 22,12,7 Board of investigation, industrial disputes 21 Boiler Makers and Iron Ship-Builders, International Brotherhood of, statistics of locals and membership 15 Borden, Sir Robert 25 Bricklayers, Masons, and Plasterers' International Union of America, statistics of locals and membership 15 British Columbia shipyards, disputes 24 British Columbia, platform of Canadian Labor Party 28 British movement, similarity of Canadian to 5 Brotherhood of Boiler Makers, Iron-Ship Builders and Helpers of Canada 15 Bruce, John W '. 19, 24 Campbell, James 19 Canadian Association of Stationary Engineers 15 Canadian Brotherhood of Railroad Employees 15 Canadian Federation of Labor 15, 17 Membership 17 Approves industrial disputes act 23 Canadian Federation of Musicians 15 Canadian Labor Party: British Columbia, platform 29 Manitoba, platform 29 Quebec, platform 29 Saskatchewan, platform 30 Canadian Pacific Railway strike 25 Canadian Socialist Party, growth 18 Canadian Socialist League, organized. . 18 Candidates to Dominion parliament nominated by Independent Labor Party, 1917 8 Candidates of Labor parties, 1918 , 8 Carpenters and joiners of American United Brotherhood of, statistics of locals and membership 15 Censorship 26 Charity, abolition of official 30 Child labor 29 Children under 16 26 Chinese Labor Association 26 Chinese Nationalist League 26 Clay, Charles E 19, 17 Clothing Workers, Amalgamated, statistics of locals and membership. 15 Coburn, W. M 19 Compulsory enlistment act 13 35 36 INDEX. Conditions of workers, investigation of ....................................... 27 Conscription .............................................................. 26, 27 Attitude of Trades and Labor Congress ................................... 13 Opposed by organized labor .................. .............. . ............ 9 Contract system, abolition of on public works ................................ 29 Crothers, Thomas W ....................................................... 19 Dental profession, nationalization of ........................................ 9 Dependents, fund to meet needs of ......................................... 9 Disputes: Arbitration of .......................................................... 29 Shipbuilders' ............... ........................................... 22 District councils ........................................................... 16 Divergence between East and West ......................................... 10 Dominion-wide Labor Party created ......................................... fr Draper, P. M .............................................................. 19 Duggan, G. R ............................................................. 23 Eating places, regulation of public ........................................... 28 Education, free ........................................................... 29 Educational activities of Labor Party ....................................... 10' Eight-hour day, order in council July 11 ..................................... 24 Eisner, R. V ......................................................... ..... 1 Elections, 1917, 1918 ...... . ................................................ 8 Employment agencies ............................................ , ......... 24 Private abolition of .................................................. 9 Employment exchanges, public ............................................ 28 Enlistment act, compulsory ................... ............................. 13 Enlistments, trade-unionists ................................................ 13 Equal pay for men and women, order in council July 11 ..................... 24 Fares, railway .............................................................. 28 Federal elections date .................................................... 29 Federated Association of Letter Carriers ..................................... 16- Federation of Textile Workers of Canada ........................... ......... 15- Federations .............................................. ................. 17 Federation of local unions ................................................... 16 Foodstuffs, Government control of .......................................... 9- Forward, The .............................. ................................ 18 Franchises, public ownership of .......................................... . . 29 Francq, Gustave. : ........... . ............................................. 19, 23 Free textbooks in schools ................................................... 6 Garment Workers, United, statistics of locals and membership ................ 15 General Conferation of labor in France ...................................... 12 General Federation of Labour in France, indorsement given to ................ 12 Gofton, Rodger F., Ontario ................................................. 15- Governmental employment agency ............. , ........................... 12 Government inspection of industries ........................................ 6 Government ownership of railways .............................. . ........... 9 Halford, H. J .............................................................. . 19 Harrison, C. R ..................... ....................................... 19 Hawthornthwaite, James H ................................................ 19 Higgins, James, Toronto ..................... : .............................. 19, 15 Higgins, James ........................................................... 17 Hospitals, State control of ................................................... 9 Housing projects, Government aids in ....................................... 12 Imperial Munitions Board, secures adoption of wage schedule in shipyards ..... 23 ; Independent Labor Party: Platform of ........................................... ................ 6- Apprpval of by Trades and Labor Congress ............................... 7 Candidates to Parliament .............................................. 8- Programs adopted at provincial conventions .............................. 7 Progress of movement .................................................. 8 Elect candidates to Parliament .......................................... 8- British Columbia program ............................................. 7 Manitoba program .......................................... . ..... ..... 7 Ontario Organized ........................................................ & Program ........................................................... 7 Quebec, program ...................................................... 8 Independent labor unions, memberships ..................................... 15 INDEX. 37 Independent Workers of the World: Page. In Canada 18 Declared unlawful during the war 26 Opposition to principles 5 Industrial disputes, appeal board 12 Provision for investigation of 21 Industrial disputes act of 1907 21 Amendments 22 Attitude of labor toward , 22 Approved by Canadian Federation of Labor : 22 Approved by American Federation of Labor 22 Penal provisions not enforced 22 Penalties for violation 21 Repeal sought by Trades and Labor Congress , 22 Industrial disturbances, 1917 and 1918, increase in number of, statistics 10 Industrial peace and the reverse, factors making for 11 Industry, democratization of 30 Industries, inspection of, by Government '. 29 Insurance: Compulsory. '. . 9 National 30 Pre-S tate 7 International labor unions. 15 International unionism, attitude of Canadian Federation of Labor toward .... 17 Internationalism in Canada, growth of 17 Jewish Forward 28 Kelly, Gordon 19, 23 Kinney, James Andrew 19 Label, union 29 Labor: Attitude toward industrial disputes act 22 Represented on commissions governing public utilities 9 Representation on committees 28 Labor movement: In relation to American Federation of Labor 14 History of 14 Progress of 14 General groupings , 14 Grouping by trades 14 Labor Party created, Dominion wide 6 Labor unions: Geographical 14 Independent-membership 15 With international affiliations 15 Noninternational 15 La Corporation ou Ouvriere Catholique Des Trois Rivieres 15 La Federation Ouvriere Mutuelle du Nord 15 Land : Expropriation of 9 Securing for people 30 Legislation, direct 29, 30 Lemieux act 21 Liquors, intoxication '. 30 Literature, restricted 13 Lockouts and strikes: Cessation of 11 Prohibition of 21 Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, Brotherhood of, statistics of locals and membership 15 Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of, statistics of locals and membership 15 Lodge, William , McCallum, Duncan 19 McLachlan, J. B 19 Machinists, International Association of, statistics of locals and membership.. . 15 McVety, James H 19 Maclennan, F. S 23 Macy award rejected 23 38 INDEX. Maintenance-of-way Employees, International Brotherhood of, statistics of 'locals and membership ................................................... 15 Manifold, T. H., Saskatchewan ............................................. 15 Manitoba, platform of Canadian Labor Party ............................... 29 Martel, Arthur ............................................................ 20 Medical profession, nationalized ............................................ 9 Menard, Joseph, Quebec ................................................... 15 Midgley, V. R ............................................................ 20 Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers, International Union of, statistics of locals and membership ....................................................... 15 Mine Workers of America, United, statistics of locals and membership ........ 15 Mine Workers, Amalgamation of, in Nova Scotia ............................. 17 Moore, Thomas ............................................................ 20, 16 Mosher, A. R., Nova Scotia ........................................... . ---- 20, 15 Murphy, Justice .......................................................... 21 Musicians, American Federation of, statistics of locals and membe.rsb.ip ....... 15 National Association of Marine Engineers of Canada ......................... 15 Nautel, Oscar, Quebec ..................................................... 15 Noninternational labor unions ............................................. 15 Non-Partisan League of Alberta, program ................................... 30 Nonunion men and women working together ............................... 24 No-strike order in council: Approved by representative of labor and industry ...................... 24 Of October 11 .......... . ............................................. 24 October 11 , repealed .... ........ . .................................... 25 Nova Scotia Mine Workers, Amalgamation of ................................ 17 Order in Council: April 4, antiloafing law ..................... . ......................... 27 July 11, no-strike, provisions of order ................................... 24 October 11, repealed .................... . ............................. 25 Organized labor: And Government ..................................................... 28 Attitude toward the war ............................................... 12 Represented on official boards ......................................... 11 Represented on Government boards .................................... 28 The Government's change of attitude toward ............................ 11 Organizations, unlawful ................................................... 26 Parsons, S. R ............................................................ 23 Patriotic fund abolished .................................................. 28 Pensions: For mothers with dependent children ................................... 7 Old age .............................................................. 28,7,9 Soldiers' .............................................................. 28 Pepper, Charles G ........................................................ 20 Perry, H ...... ............................................................ 20 Pettipiece, R. P ..... . ............................. ........................ Physically unfit .......................................................... 27 Platform : Canadian Labor Party, British Columbia ............................... Canadian Labor Party, Manitoba ............................... ........ 29 Canadian Labor Party, Quebec ........... .. ........................... . 29 Canadian Labor Party, Saskatchewan .................................. 30 Non-Partisan League, of Alberta ....................................... Of Trades and Labor Congress .................. ......................... 29 Policies of labor leaders, governmental action on ............................ 12 Political activity, growth of ................................................ Political program and activities ............................................ Politics democratized ....................................................... 30 Post-war programs presented .................. ' ............................. Prison labor, prohibition of ................................................. Property qualification, abolition of ......................................... 29 Provincial Labor Party, progress of movement ............................... Provincial Workmen's Association ......................................... 17 Public ownership: Of factories ............................................................ Of railways, etc ........................ . .............................. 6 Of all sources of wealth ................................................ 6 INDEX. 39 Page. Quebec, platform of Canadian Labor Party 29 Railroad brotherhood committees 16 Railroad situation discussed by labor men 28 Railway Adjustment Board constituted 23 Operations 23 Railway Carmen of America, Brotherhood of, statistics of locals and membership 15 Railway Conductors, Order of, statistics of locals and membership 15 Railway Telegraphers, Order of, statistics of locals and membership 15 Railway Trainmen, Brotherhood of, statistics of locals and membership 15 Railways, Government ownership of . . 28, 9 Read, Ephraim, British Columbia 15 Reconstruction : Discussed 28 Recommendations 30 Reconstruction period, suggestions of policy applicable to 11 Reconstruction and Development Committee 29 Rees, David 20 Reform. Social 30 Rigg, R. A 20 Robertson, Hon. G. D . 20, 23 Robinson, E 20 Rollo, W. R 20 Royal commissions 23 Russian revolutionary group 26 Russian Social Democratic Party 26 Russian social revolutionists : 26 Russian Workers Union 26 Samson, J. E. A., Quebec : 15 Saskatchewan, Brotherhood of Steam and Operating Engineers . . 15 Saskatchewan, Platform of Canadian Labor Party 30 Senate, abolition of 29, 30, 7 Shaw, Jabez 20 Shipbuilders 22 Siman, P., Quebec 15 Simpson, James 20 Six-hour day 29, 6 Social Democrats: Of anarchists, group of 26 Of bolsheviki, group of 26 Social Democratic Party 26 Elections .-. 18 Membership 18 Social Labor Party 26 Socialist League, Canadian, organized 18 Socialist Party 18 Socialist Party, Canadian, growth 18 Socialists, growth of 18 Speech and press, free 29 Stevenson, T. A 20 Street Electric Railway Employees, Amalgamated Association of, Statistics of locals and membership. Strikes and lockouts, promulgation of policy in opposition to 13 Students : 27 Suffrage 29 Sugrue, J. L 20 Tax, income 30 Taxes, inheritance 30 Tax reform 29, 6 Taxation 30 Taylor, Archie 20 Textbooks, free in schools - - 6 Tipping, F. G 20 Tonkins, H 23 Transportation : Free to farm laborers Nationalization of the means of . . 30 40 INDEX. Page. Trades and Labor Congress of Canada 15 Adopt resolutions 9 Appoints two representatives 11 Attitude toward Labor Party prior to 1917 6 Attitude toward American Federation of Labor 15 Growth of 5 Membership 16 Platform 29 Policy reversed ." Program Represented on board of appeal 7 Seek repeal of Industrial Disputes Act 22 Trades and labor councils 16 Trade union : Growth of membership 14 Local units 17 Trades unionism, growth of 5 Trade Unionists , 13 Typographical Union, International, statistics of locals and membership 15 Ukranian revolutionary group 26 Ukranian Social Democratic Party 26 Union labels 29 Union Nationals Des Ouvrieres de la Rive Sud 15 Unions: With international affiliations, statistics of locals and membership 15 With noninternational affiliations, list of United Mine Workers of Nova Scotia 17 Unlawful associations and organizations 26 Ure, Alex, Ontario 15 Verville, A 20 Victor, A., Beaupre i 15 Wages , 24 Eciual 28 Fixing of 24 Minimum 29 Reduction of 11 And hours, standardization of + 29 Walsh, M. J 20 Watters, James O 20 Watters, James C 16 Wells, A. S 20 Western Clarion 18 Western delegates, attitude of, toward convention 9 Wheatley, F 20 Women in industry 24 Women in industry protected 28 Woman's suffrage 29, 30 Workers' International Industrial Union. . . ... 26 LAW LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. LAW LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES GAYLAMOUNT PAMPHLET BINDER <*-> Manufactured by GAYLORD BROS. IrK. Syracuse, N.Y. Stockton, Calif.