Californi 
 
 egional 
 
 acility
 
 <*** 

 
 /***'/' 
 
 MEMOIR, 
 
 ETC. ETC.
 

 
 YorXG. M. L)._T. R.S._F. L.S. c.fcc. 
 
 f /* 
 
 1^/044*71* ^^J) 
 
 *s 
 
 F1EHF.R. SOU * C? LONDON. 163O.
 
 MEMOIR 
 
 LIFE 
 
 THOMAS YOUNG, M.D. F.R.S. 
 
 FOREIGN ASSOCIATE OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF FRANCE, 
 ETC. ETC, 
 
 A CATALOGUE 
 
 WORKS AND ESSAYS. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 JOHN & ARTHUR ARCH, CORNHILL. 
 MDCCCXXXI.
 
 LONDONs 
 PRINTED BY J. t,. COX, GREAT QUEEN STREET, 
 
 Lincoln's-Inn Fields.
 
 MEMOIR, 
 
 THE following slight Memoir of the Life of the 
 late Dr. Young was drawn up, from some short 
 memoranda of his own writing in the possession 
 of a near connexion, by one who had the advan- 
 tage of long and intimate acquaintance with that 
 distinguished scholar and philosopher ; but who, 
 never having been engaged in the pursuits of accu- 
 rate science, feels himself incompetent to give more 
 than an imperfect sketch, which he trusts to see 
 filled up hereafter by an abler hand. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Young, a man eminently distin- 
 guished in more departments of literature and 
 science than any other individual of his age and 
 country, was born at Milverton in Somersetshire, 
 the 13th of June, 1773. He was the eldest of 
 ten children of Mr. Thomas Young of that place, 
 and his mother was a niece of Doctor Richard 
 Brocklesby, a physician of eminence in the metro-
 
 6 
 
 polls, who was well known both from his con- 
 nexion with the first literary societies, and with the 
 highest political circles of the times in which 
 he lived. 
 
 His parents were both of them of the society 
 of Quakers, and of the strictest of a sect, whose 
 fundamental principle it is, that the perception 
 of what is right or wrong, to its minutest ramifi- 
 cations, is to be looked for in the immediate in- 
 fluence of a Supreme intelligence, and that there- 
 fore the individual is to act upon this, lead where 
 it may, and compromise nothing. To the bent of 
 these early impressions he was accustomed in after- 
 life to attribute, in some degree, the power he so 
 eminently possessed of an imperturbable resolu- 
 tion to effect any object on which he was en- 
 gaged, which he brought to bear on every thing- 
 he undertook, and by which he was enabled to 
 work out his own education almost from infancy, 
 with little comparative assistance or direction 
 from others. 
 
 From a very early period Dr. Young was chiefly 
 an inmate in the family of his maternal grand-fa- 
 ther, Mr. Robert Davies, of Minehead ; a gentle- 
 man who amidst mercantile avocations, though 
 no very deep or accurate scholar, had culti-
 
 vated a taste for classical literature, which it 
 was his earnest endeavour to impress upon the 
 mind of his grandson. It is stated that whilst 
 domesticated with him, he had learnt to read with 
 fluency when he was two years old, and that soon 
 after this, in the intervals of his attendance on a vil- 
 lage schoolmistress, he was made to commit to me- 
 mory a number of English poems, and even some 
 Latin ones, the words of which he retained without 
 difficulty, although at the time unacquainted with 
 their meaning. 
 
 Before he was six years old, he attended the 
 seminary of a dissenting minister, and went after- 
 wards to a school at Bristol, where he remained 
 about a year and a half, and where the deficiency 
 of the instructor appears to have advanced the 
 studies of the pupil, as he here first became his 
 own teacher, and had by himself studied the last 
 pages of the books used, before he had reached 
 the middle under the eye of the master. 
 
 His father had a neighbour, a man of great 
 ingenuity, by profession a land surveyor and land 
 steward ; and in his office, during his holidays, 
 he was indulged with the use of mathema- 
 tical and philosophical instruments, together 
 with the perusal of three volumes of a Dictionary
 
 of Arts and Sciences, which he also found there. 
 These were to him sources of instruction and 
 delight of which he seemed never to weary, 
 and which, thus accidentally thrown in his way, 
 had probably no small influence on the issues of 
 his future life. 
 
 In 1782, he was sent to the school of a Mr. 
 Thompson, at Compton, in Dorsetshire, of whom 
 he was always accustomed to speak with great 
 respect, as a person of an enlarged and liberal 
 mind ; and who, possessed of a moderate and 
 miscellaneous library, permitted and encouraged 
 his scholars to turn it to their profit ; the prin- 
 ciple which he adopted in the course of his 
 instructions, being to allow them a certain degree 
 of discretion in the employment of their time. 
 
 Here Young went through the ordinary course 
 of Greek and Latin Classics, together with the ele- 
 mentary parts of the Mathematics ; and by rising- 
 earlier and sitting up later than his companions, 
 with the assistance of a schoolfellow who had some 
 French and Italian books, he rendered himself 
 tolerably familiar with those languages. He had 
 acquired, in his visits to his father's neighbour, the 
 art of land surveying, and the amusement of his 
 walks was to measure heights with a quadrant.
 
 9 
 
 The next study he undertook was Botany, and 
 for the sake of examining the plants which he ga- 
 thered, he attempted the construction of a micro- 
 scope from the descriptions of Benjamin Martin. 
 This led him to Optics ; but in order to make his 
 microscope, he found it necessary to procure a lathe. 
 Every thing then gave way to a passion for 
 turning, and science was forgotten for the acquire- 
 ment of manual dexterity ; until falling upon a 
 demonstration in Martin which exhibited some 
 fluxional symbols, he was never satisfied till he 
 had read and mastered a short introduction to the 
 doctrine of Fluxions. 
 
 Mr. Thompson had left in his way a Hebrew 
 Bible. He began by enabling himself to read a 
 few chapters, and was soon absorbed in the study 
 of the principal Oriental languages. At the age 
 of fourteen, when he quitted Mr. Thompson's 
 school, he was thus more or less versed in Greek, 
 Latin, French, Italian, Hebrew, Persic, and 
 Arabic ; and in forming the characters of those 
 languages, he had already acquired much of 
 the beauty and accuracy of penmanship which 
 was afterwards so remarkable in his copies of 
 Greek compositions, as well as of those subjects 
 connected with the literature of ancient Egypt.
 
 10 
 
 In 1787, the friends of Dr. Young were begin- 
 ning to think seriously of the line in life which 
 might be most advantageously taken by a youth 
 of such extraordinary promise. When at the 
 house of one of his relations he accidentally met 
 a connexion of Mr. David Barclay, of Youngs- 
 bury, in Hertfordshire, who was then wishing 
 to form an arrangement for the education of his 
 grandson, and through the intervention of Sir 
 William Watson, it was agreed that Dr. Young 
 and the grandson of Mr. Barclay should pursue 
 their studies together, under a private tutor, in 
 Mr. Barclay's house. The tutor who was engaged, 
 found a situation of greater permanence, and never 
 came ; so that two boys being left together, whose 
 ages differed only about a year and a half, Young, 
 then little more than fourteen, took upon himself, 
 provisionally, the office of preceptor. They were 
 afterwards joined by a gentleman who was then 
 in progress of perfecting himself in the higher 
 branches of classical attainment, of somewhat 
 maturer years, and who has since been known 
 to the world as the author of the " Calligraphia 
 Grseca." But Dr. Young did not relinquish the 
 task which he had previously undertaken, and 
 already far advanced beyond the limits of ordi-
 
 11 
 
 nary scholastic attainment, was the principal 
 director of the studies of the whole party. 
 
 When about the age of fourteen, he was at- 
 tacked by symptoms of what was feared to be 
 incipient consumption. But under the attend- 
 ance of his uncle Dr. Brocklesby, and Baron 
 Dimsdale, he recovered his health, without suffer- 
 ing any ultimate inconvenience, and was enabled 
 for the most part, to pursue his labours through the 
 whole duration of his indisposition, merely reliev- 
 ing his attention by what, to him, stood in the 
 place of repose a course of Greek reading in such 
 authors as amused the weariness of his confine- 
 ment. 
 
 In the five years between 1787 and 1792, re- 
 siding during the summers in Hertfordshire, and 
 for some months of the winter in London, with 
 no other assistance than that of a few occasional 
 masters in the latter place, he had rendered him- 
 self singularly familiar with the great poets and 
 philosophers of antiquity, keeping ample notes 
 of his daily studies. Of the various and con- 
 flicting opinions of the ancient philosophers he had 
 drawn up a most admirable analysis ; and as his 
 reading was not merely the gaining words and 
 phrases, and the minuter distinctions of dialects, 
 
 B 2
 
 12 
 
 but was invariably also directed to what was the 
 end and object of the works he laboured through, 
 it is probable that the train of thought into which 
 he was led in this analysis, was not without its 
 effect, in somewhat mitigating his attachment to 
 the peculiar views of the sect amongst whom he 
 had been born. 
 
 He had acquired a great facility in writing Latin. 
 He composed Greek verses which stood the test of 
 the criticism of the first scholars of the day, and read 
 a good deal of the higher mathematics. His amuse- 
 ments were the studies of botany and zoology, and 
 to entomology in particular he at that time gave 
 great attention. 
 
 In the winters of 1790 and 1791, having pre- 
 pared himself by previous reading, he attended 
 the lectures of Dr. Higgins in chemistry, and 
 began to make some simple experiments of his 
 own on a small scale. But he was afterwards 
 accustomed to say, that at no period of his life was 
 he particularly fond of repeating experiments, or 
 even of very frequently attempting to originate 
 new ones ; considering that, however necessary 
 to the advancement of science, they demanded a 
 great sacrifice of time, and that when the fact was 
 once established, that time was better employed
 
 13 
 
 in considering the purposes to which it might be 
 applied, or the principles which it might tend to 
 elucidate. 
 
 His uncle Dr. Brocklesby had at this time de- 
 sired to receive from him a regular report of his 
 literary and scientific pursuits, intending to take 
 upon himself the supervision of his further educa- 
 tion for the practice of physic, which was the line 
 he recommended him to adopt ; and having com- 
 municated some of his Greek translations to Mr. 
 Burke and Mr. Windham, with both of whom Dr. 
 Brocklesby had lived in intimacy, an acquaintance 
 with these two distinguished persons ensued ; in the 
 course of which, Mr. Burke was so greatly struck 
 with the reach of his talents and the extent of his 
 acquirements, more particularly by his great and 
 accurate knowledge of the Greek language, that 
 Dr. Young may be considered as in no small de- 
 gree indebted to the good offices of that eminent 
 statesman, for the extent of interest which his 
 uncle took from this period in his future settle- 
 ment in life. 
 
 It may probably be considered that it was in 
 these years that his character received its deve- 
 lopement. He was never known to relax in any 
 object which he had once undertaken. During the
 
 whole term of these five years, he never was seen 
 by any one, on any occasion, to be ruffled in his 
 temper. Whatever he determined on, he did. He 
 had little faith in any peculiar aptitude being 
 implanted by nature for any given pursuits. His 
 favourite maxim was, that whatever one man had 
 done, another might do ; that the original dif- 
 ference between human intellects was much less 
 than it was generally supposed to be ; that 
 strenuous and persevering attention would accom- 
 plish almost any thing ; and at this season, in the 
 confidence of youth and consciousness of his own 
 powers, he considered nothing which had been 
 compassed by others beyond his reach to achieve, 
 nor was there any thing which he thought worthy 
 to be attempted, which he was not resolved to 
 master. 
 
 This self-conducted education, in the privacy of 
 a singularly regular family, was not however with- 
 out its disadvantages. The acquisitions he was 
 thus making in seclusion were great, but he was 
 not in the way of gaining that which is acquired 
 insensibly in the conflict of equals in the commerce 
 of the world the facility of communicating know- 
 ledge in the form that shall be most immediately 
 comprehended by others, and the tact in putting it
 
 15 
 
 forth, that shall render its value immediately ap- 
 preciated. 
 
 It was in 1791 that he made his first communi- 
 cations to the press, through the Monthly Review 
 and the Gentleman's Magazine, being Greek cri- 
 ticism, chemical theories, and remarks on botany 
 and entomology. 
 
 Towards the end of 1792, Dr. Young esta- 
 blished himself in lodgings in Westminster, in 
 which he resided about two years, for the purpose 
 of pursuing his medical studies, attending the 
 lectures of Baillie and Cruickshank in the Hun- 
 terian school of anatomy ; and he was during that 
 period amongst the most diligent of the pupils of 
 St. Bartholomew's Hospital. 
 
 In 1793, he made a tour in the west of England, 
 principally with a view of studying the mineralogy 
 of Cornwall ; and about this time having been in- 
 troduced to the acquaintance of Charles Duke 
 of Richmond, who had long been a friend of his 
 uncle's, and was then Master- General of the Ord- 
 nance, he was offered by his Grace the situation 
 of assistant- secretary in his house. He felt that 
 this was an opportunity for entering into public 
 life which might lead to ad vantage and distinction. 
 Mr. Burke and Mr. Windham recommended him
 
 16 
 
 rather to proceed to Cambridge and study the 
 law ; but after some consideration of these con- 
 flicting proposals, he determined to adhere to the 
 pursuits of science, and to proceed to the practice 
 of physic, as most congenial both to his predilec- 
 tions and his habits, and to which the position 
 occupied by his uncle appeared to offer a natural 
 introduction. 
 
 In this year he gave to the Royal Society his 
 Observations on Vision, and his Theory of the Mus- 
 cularity of the Crystalline Lens of the Eye, which 
 became the subject of much discussion, and John 
 Hunter immediately laid claim to having pre- 
 viously made the discovery. Dr. Young was soon 
 afterwards elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, 
 when he had just completed his twenty-first year. 
 
 In the autumn of 1794 he went to Edinburgh, 
 and there attended the lectures of Doctors Black, 
 Munro, and Gregory. He pursued every branch 
 of study in that university with his accustomed 
 intensity, but made the physical sciences more 
 peculiarly the objects of his research. He now 
 separated himself from the Society of Quakers, 
 and amidst his medical, scientific, and classical la- 
 bours, he determined on cultivating some of those 
 arts in which he considered that his early education
 
 had left him deficient. But every thing, be its na- 
 ture what it might, was with him a science ; what- 
 ever he followed, he followed scientifically. He 
 was extremely fond of music, and of the science of 
 music he rendered himself a master. He had at 
 all times great personal activity, and in youth he 
 delighted in its exercise. But perhaps it may 
 provoke a smile, though too characteristic an anec- 
 dote to omit, that in instructing himself in the 
 figure of a minuet, he made it the subject of a 
 mathematical diagram. 
 
 Towards the close of 1795 he went to the uni- 
 versity of Gottingen, where he took his doctor's 
 degree. His extraordinary attainments, and the 
 almost incredible industry with which he pur- 
 sued his studies in all their variety, excited the 
 wonder of the laborious school in which he had 
 now placed himself. He found their academical 
 library peculiarly rich in works of reference ; and 
 in composing his inaugural dissertation, " De 
 Corporis Humani Viribus Conservatricibus," he 
 left few volumes unconsulted which had any con- 
 nexion with the subject on which he was treating. 
 
 In all periods of his life Dr. Young was entirely 
 exempt from those dissipations into which young 
 persons unhappily very generally fall, and here, as
 
 18 
 
 at Edinburgh, he diversified his graver studies by 
 cultivating skill in bodily exercises. He took les- 
 sons in horsemanship, in which he always had 
 great pleasure, and practised under various mas- 
 ters all sorts of feats of personal agility, in which 
 he excelled to an extraordinary degree. 
 
 The victories of the French at this time pre- 
 vented him from visiting Italy, which he had 
 intended to do previously to his return to England ; 
 and unwilling to be deficient in any species of 
 knowledge, he proceeded to Dresden ; where he 
 spent some time for the purpose of studying the 
 works of Italian art in the galleries of that city, and 
 to compare what he saw with that which he had 
 learnt of them from the Lectures of the professors 
 of Gottingen. Before returning home, he completed 
 his stay on the Continent by a short visit to Berlin. 
 
 Dr. Young, during his residence in Germany, 
 had gained a very general and accurate acquain- 
 tance with the language and literature of that 
 country, which he kept up throughout his life ; 
 but he remarked that he found in Germany a love 
 of new inventions, singularly, and somewhat 
 pedantically, combined with the habit of sys- 
 tematizing older ones, and giving an importance 
 to things in themselves trifling, which in his
 
 19 
 
 case rather confirmed an original habit of dwelling 
 on minutiae more than his subsequent experience 
 led him to think was advantageous. 
 
 In consequence of some new regulations of the 
 College of Physicians, which had taken place 
 during his residence abroad, he found himself pre- 
 cluded from immediately practising as a licentiate 
 in London; he therefore entered himself as a 
 fellow-commoner in Emanuel College, Cambridge, 
 of which Dr. Farmer was then master, who was 
 an intimate friend of his uncle's. He here pro- 
 ceeded to take his regular degrees in physic in 
 that university, pursuing, during his residence, 
 the various studies in which he was engaged ; but 
 finding no rival in the variety of his knowledge, 
 and few competitors in most of its branches, he 
 lived with those most highly gifted, discussing 
 subjects of science with the professors, but not 
 attending any of the public lectures, considering 
 that they were in their nature intended for a junior 
 class of students, and relating to branches of 
 knowledge with which he had already made him- 
 self acquainted. 
 
 Dr. Brocklesby died in December 1797, when 
 the larger part of his fortune was inherited by his 
 nephew, Mr. Beeby ; the remainder, with his
 
 20 
 
 house, his books, and his pictures, was left to Dr. 
 Young. He now found himself in circumstances 
 of independence, surrounded by a circle of aca- 
 demical friends and associates, and formed many 
 friendships in distinguished and highly cultivated 
 society, which he continued to prize and to enjoy 
 through life. 
 
 He had, during his residence at Cambridge, 
 given some papers to the Royal Society, and had 
 amused himself by contributing several essays on 
 philosophical and other subjects to some periodical 
 publications ; a part of these he afterwards re- 
 printed, but considered others of a lighter texture 
 than would bear the criticism of severer expe- 
 rience. 
 
 When his necessary residence at college was 
 completed, Dr. Young settled himself as a phy- 
 sician in London, in Welbeck-street, where he 
 continued to reside during twenty-five years. It 
 was not long, however, before he accepted the 
 situation of Professor of Natural Philosophy in the 
 Royal Institution, where he was for two years 
 colleague as lecturer with Sir Humphrey Davy. 
 The first volume of the Journals of the Royal Insti- 
 tution and a part of the second were edited, and 
 for the most part composed by him. He gave two
 
 21 
 
 Bakerian lectures on the subjects of Light and 
 Colours to the Royal Society, and in 1802 he pub- 
 lished a Syllabus of a Course of Lectures on Natural 
 and Experimental Philosophy, with mathematical 
 demonstrations of the most important theorems in 
 mechanics and optics ; and containing the first 
 publication of his discovery of the general law of 
 the Interference of Light, being the application of 
 a principle which has since been universally ap- 
 preciated as one of the greatest discoveries since 
 the time of Newton, and which has subsequently 
 changed the whole face of Optical science. 
 
 As a lecturer at the Royal Institution, Dr. 
 Young was apt, in no small degree, to pass 
 the capacities of his audience, who at this 
 conjuncture were led to their attendance more 
 as a matter of fashion, than from a love of re- 
 search, and who for the most part had little 
 previous knowledge. His style was compressed 
 and laconic ; he went into the depths of science, 
 and indeed gave more matter than it would 
 perhaps have been possible for persons really 
 scientific to have followed at the moment without 
 considerable difficulty. 
 
 In the summer of 1802 Dr. Young accompanied 
 the present Duke of Richmond and his brother,
 
 22 
 
 Lord George Lennox, in his medical capacity, to 
 Rouen in Normandy, with their tutor, Mr .Vincent; 
 and in an excursion from thence to Paris, was first 
 present at the discussions of the National Institute 
 of France, at that time attended by Napoleon ; 
 where he made the acquaintance of several lead- 
 ing members of that distinguished body, into which 
 he himself was eventually elected. On his return 
 he was constituted foreign secretary to the Royal 
 Society, an office which he held during life, being 
 long their senior officer, and always one of the 
 leading and most efficient members of their 
 council. 
 
 In 1804, Dr. Young married Miss Eliza Max- 
 well, daughter of James Primrose Maxwell, Esq., 
 of Cavendish-square, who has lived to lament his 
 loss, after an union which was attended with unin- 
 terrupted happiness. 
 
 At this time he resigned his office as lec- 
 turer to the Royal Institution, it being thought 
 by his friends that his holding it longer would 
 be likely to interfere with his success as a me- 
 dical practitioner. This view, as regarding his 
 continuance in a situation which would appear to 
 the public to be anomalous to his profession, and 
 hardly compatible with its duties, was probably a
 
 23 
 
 just one. But in settling in married life, Dr. Young 
 carried a deference to the supposed feelings of the 
 world towards those physicians who distinguished 
 themselves in lines of research not obviously con- 
 nected with their calling, to an excess which, in a 
 man of his extraordinary talents and attainments, 
 was certainly to be lamented, and possibly even 
 with reference to those objects proposed to be com- 
 passed by it. 
 
 His resolution at that juncture was to confine 
 himself for the most part to medical pursuits, 
 and to make himself known to the public in no 
 other character. But he had resolved on that 
 which to him was impossible. He never slackened 
 either in his literary or philosophical researches. 
 He was always aiding, and always willing to be 
 the counsellor of any one engaged in similar inves- 
 tigations. He was living in the first circles of 
 London, amongst all who were most eminent. The 
 nature of his habitual avocations was necessarily 
 well known ; and therefore in putting forth his non- 
 medical papers, separately and anonymously, he 
 was making a fruitless as well as voluntary sacri- 
 fice of the general celebrity to which he was 
 entitled ; and shrinking as it were from the cumu- 
 lative reputation which he must otherwise have
 
 24 
 
 enjoyed, he waived, in some degree, the advantage 
 which is given by a great name towards the pur- 
 suit even of professional success. 
 
 In 1807 however, Dr. Young published his 
 " Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and 
 the Mechanical Arts," in two volumes quarto. 
 This elaborate work he stated to have been the 
 result of the unremitting application of five years ; 
 two having been given to the composition of the 
 original lectures, and three more to the compilation 
 of the mass of references in the second volume, to 
 all those works to which the student might advan- 
 tageously have recourse who wished to pursue any 
 more minute enquiry ; and to incorporating at the 
 same time with the Lectures, as at first given, such 
 results as might require insertion. 
 
 The booksellers engaged in this publication 
 failed at the moment of its coming out, which 
 greatly injured the immediate sale of the work ; 
 but it was a mine to which every one has since 
 resorted, and contained the original hints of more 
 things since claimed as discoveries, than can 
 perhaps be found in a single production of any 
 known author. For some years, indeed, it seem- 
 ed hardly to have made its way to general use 
 in England, but it was so appreciated by the phi-
 
 25 
 
 losophers of the Continent, that one of the men 
 most distinguished for science in Europe has been 
 known to say, that if his library were on fire, 
 and he could save only one book from the confla- 
 gration, it should be the Lectures of Dr. Young. 
 
 For sixteen successive years from the period of 
 his marriage, Dr. Young passed his winters in 
 London and his summers at Worthing, having 
 been in 1810 appointed physician to St. George's 
 Hospital. In his profession his published labours 
 would prove him to have been of the most learned 
 of scientific physicians, and his judgment and 
 acuteness were equally great : but in the prac- 
 tice of medicine Dr. Young was not one of those 
 who were likely to win the most extended occupa- 
 tion amongst the multitude. He was averse to 
 some of the ordinary methods by which it is ac- 
 quired. He n'ever affected an assurance which he 
 did not feel, and had perhaps rather a tendency to 
 fear the injurious effects which might eventually re- 
 sult from the application of powerful remedies, 
 than to any overweening confidence in their imme- 
 diate efficacy. His treatises bear the same impress. 
 That on Consumption, is a most striking instance 
 of his assiduity in collecting all recorded facts, and 
 his abstinence in drawing inferences from isolated 
 
 D
 
 26 
 
 cases, or putting forth that which he did not feel 
 was established with certainty. Possibly he herein 
 was an example, that increase of knowledge does 
 not tend to increase of confidence, and that those 
 whose acquirements are the greatest, meet in the 
 progress of their investigations with most that leads 
 to distrust. However it might be, his practice, 
 though respectable, was never very extensive. 
 
 Dr. Young afterwards published a " Syllabus 
 of Lectures on the Elements of the Medical 
 Sciences," as delivered by him at the Middlesex 
 Hospital, and his " Introduction to Medical Lite- 
 rature, including a System of Practical Nosology" 
 the latter a work of great labour, forming like 
 his Natural Philosophy, a text book of the highest 
 practical utility, and accompanied by a mass of 
 references, which, to industry and perseverance 
 less than his, it should seem almost impossible to 
 have accumulated. 
 
 The Lectures, like every thing which proceeded 
 from Dr. Young, were, even in his own estimation, 
 too full of matter and too much compressed to be 
 conveniently followed by the hearer in a course of 
 oral instruction. Indeed, in all things he was ra- 
 ther too apt to presume a knowledge in other per- 
 sons which they did not possess, and consequently
 
 27 
 
 to fail in his estimate of how much of explanation 
 was needed in communicating the results of 
 science to those who were comparatively ignorant. 
 
 To the larger of these works he prefixed a 
 " Preliminary Essay on the Study of Physic;" in 
 which he gives a singular picture of what, in his 
 opinion, is required to constitute a well-educated 
 physician ; enumerating nearly every possible 
 quality of which man could wish, but of which 
 few could hope, the attainment. 
 
 Dr. Young contributed to the Quarterly Review 
 a variety of articles, literary and scientific. He 
 first engaged, at the suggestion of Mr. George 
 Ellis, one of his most intimate and most valued 
 friends, to furnish those on medical subjects to 
 that work. But his communications soon branched 
 into other lines, many of them connected with 
 the higher departments of science, and containing 
 the results of some of his most laboured re- 
 searches. The Review of Adelung's Mithridates, 
 Vol. X. October 1813, is perhaps the most remark- 
 able, not only from the immense knowledge it 
 displays of the structure of almost all languages, 
 but as having been the composition which first led 
 him to the investigation of the lost literature of 
 ancient Egypt.
 
 28 
 
 In the year 1814, Sir William Rouse Bough ton 
 had brought with him from Egypt some fragments 
 of Papyri, which he put into the hands of Dr. 
 Young ; the fragment of the Rosetta stone having 
 been about this time deposited in the British 
 Museum, and a correct copy of its three inscrip- 
 tions having been engraved and circulated by the 
 Society of Antiquaries. Dr. Young first proceeded 
 to examine the enchorial inscription, and after- 
 wards the sacred characters, and after a minute 
 comparison of these documents, he was enabled to 
 attach some " Remarks on Egyptian Papyri, and 
 on the inscription of Rosetta," containing an inter- 
 pretation of the principal parts of both the Egyptian 
 inscriptions on the pillar, to a paper of Sir Wil- 
 liam Boughton's, which was published by the So- 
 ciety of Antiquaries in 1815, in the eighteenth vo 
 lume of the Archaeologia. 
 
 Dr Young now found he had discovered a key 
 to the lost literature of ancient Egypt. He had 
 occupied himself, though without deriving from it 
 the asistance he had at first expected, in the study 
 of the Coptic andThebaic version of the Scriptures ; 
 but having satisfied himself of the nature and 
 origin of the enchorial character, he produced the 
 result to the world anonymously in the Museum
 
 29 
 
 Criticum of Cambridge, part the sixth, published 
 in 1815; being then determined to prosecute the 
 discovery, but at the same time abstaining from 
 claiming it in a more substantive form, from the 
 resolution he had previously taken to be known 
 only as a medical author. 
 
 The labour he bestowed on these investigations, 
 and the minuteness and accuracy with which he 
 copied the papyri, and compared the materials 
 which came into his hands, would be nearly in- 
 credible to those who had not access to him whilst 
 employed on this pursuit. 
 
 In 1816, he printed and circulated two addi- 
 tional Letters relating to his hieroglyphical dis- 
 coveries, and the inscription of Rosetta ; the first 
 addressed to the Archduke John of Austria, who 
 had recently been in this country, the other to 
 M. Akerblad. These letters announce the pro- 
 gress of the discovery of the relation between the 
 Egyptian characters and hieroglyphics, forming 
 the basis on which Dr. Young continued his 
 enquiries, as well as of the system afterwards 
 carried further in its details by M. Champollion, 
 whose attention had long been directed to similai 
 studies, and in which he has since so greatly dis- 
 tinguished himself. The letters were Jirst pub-
 
 30 
 
 llslied when re-printed in the seventh number of 
 the Museum Criticum in 1821 ; and were, with 
 the former letters in that work, beyond all ques- 
 tion or dispute, the earliest announcement of the 
 discovery of a key to a character which had 
 remained uninterpreted for ages. 
 
 In the same year he agreed with Mr. M'Vey 
 Napier to furnish various articles to the Supple- 
 ment to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, conducted 
 under the superintendance of that gentleman ; 
 and in this work, under the head " EGYPT," he 
 first brought out the whole results of his disco- 
 veries in a perfect and concentrated form. 
 
 To the Supplement of the Encyclopaedia Bri- 
 tannica, Dr. Young furnished sixty-three articles, 
 scientific, biographical, and literary ; the signature 
 by which they are marked, being two consecutive 
 letters of the sentence " Fortunam ex aim'' His 
 adoption of such a motto appears to have been 
 caused by his considering at this period of his life, 
 that he had not succeeded to his wish or expecta- 
 tion in the profession which he had chosen, and 
 that he had reason to complain of some injustice, 
 in that the extent and utility of his labours in 
 science, after having been fully appreciated by the 
 philosophers of the Continent, had not appeared
 
 31 
 
 to have met with the same acceptance amongst his 
 own countrymen. But this feeling-, as it was 
 transitory, so it should seem that it was hardly 
 well-founded. By those competent to form a 
 judgment, he was known to stand at the head 
 both of the letters and of the science of England ; 
 but from the time of his quitting the professorship 
 of the Royal Institution, all his philosophical and 
 literary tracts, with the exception of his Lectures 
 and his communications to the Royal Society, were 
 scattered through so many and such diverging 
 channels of publication, as well as branched into 
 such varied lines, that they never were within the 
 reach of any one class of readers, nor ever in the 
 aggregate came before the public as proceeding 
 from him; to which may be added, that the 
 slightest reference to his non-professional works 
 will shew him, in these years, to have used 
 expressions studiously to conceal himself. 
 
 Of Dr. Young's philosophical articles in the 
 Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, some 
 of which contain the results of his most elaborate 
 investigations, the writer of the present memoir is 
 not competent to speak. Many of his biographi- 
 cal sketches are admirably given ; but he would 
 refer to the Life of PORSON, not only as being in
 
 32 
 
 itself a most masterly production, but as contain- 
 ing a very interesting indication of some of Dr. 
 Young's opinions, both on the value of classical 
 studies, and on the mechanism of the human 
 mind ; and he would instance the dissertation on 
 " LANGUAGES," as containing the stupendous 
 collections he had made for the subject, when led 
 to it by reviewing Adelung's Mithridates for the 
 Quarterly Review. 
 
 Early in 1817, Dr. Young having occasion to 
 visit a patient in Paris, was greatly pleased with 
 his reception in the scientific circles of that metro- 
 polis. With the Baron Alexander Von Humboldt, 
 Messrs. Arago, Cuvier, Biot, and Guy Lussac, 
 he had made previous acquaintance in this coun- 
 try. He found himself happy in renewing his 
 intercourse with these very eminent men, and 
 after his return to London, he went back to Paris 
 for a few weeks in the summer of the same year. 
 
 In 1818, he was appointed by a commission 
 under the Privy Seal, together with Sir Joseph 
 Banks, Sir George Clerk, Mr. Davies Gilbert, 
 Dr. Woollaston, and Captain Kater, a commis- 
 sioner for taking into consideration the state of the 
 weights and measures employed throughout Great 
 Britain. Dr. Young acted as secretary at the
 
 33 
 
 meetings of this Board, and to the three Reports 
 which were laid before Parliament he furnished 
 both the scientific calculations, and the attached 
 account of the various measures customarily in use. 
 It seems right to state, that in pursuing these in- , 
 vestigations it was his opinion, that however theo- 
 retically desirable it might be, that all weights 
 and measures should be reducible to a common 
 standard of scientific accuracy, yet that, practi- 
 cally, the least possible disturbance of that to 
 which people had long been habituated was the 
 point to be looked to, and on this ground he was 
 extremely averse to unnecessary changes. 
 
 Towards the end of the year 1818, Dr. Young 
 was appointed secretary to the Board of Longitude, 
 with the charge of the supervision of the Nautical 
 Almanack, under a new Act of Parliament brought 
 in by Mr. Croker and Mr. Davies Gilbert ; having 
 in the first instance been nominated in the Act as 
 one of the Commissioners, without his previous 
 knowledge. This appointment was to him a very 
 desirable one, though the labour in which it in- 
 volved him was great, as his anxiety to increase 
 his medical practice henceforth ceased, and it 
 made that the business of his life which had 
 always been his inclination.
 
 34 
 
 He now discontinued his residence at Worthing, 
 and devoted the summer to a hasty tour into Italy, 
 an object which he always had in view. In about 
 five months he visited all the most remarkable 
 Italian cities, and amongst other objects of inte- 
 rest, gave the first place to the examination of the 
 Egyptian monuments preserved in that country. 
 He returned to England by Switzerland and the 
 Rhine. 
 
 From the year 1820 to the end of his life, Dr. 
 Young continued to furnish a variety of astrono- 
 mical and nautical collections to Brande's Philo- 
 sophical Journal, the greater part of which were 
 original, and others which were translated were 
 accompanied by his own comments. 
 
 In 1821, he published anonymously an " Ele- 
 mentary Illustration of the Celestial Mechanics of 
 La Place, with some additions relating to the 
 motion of Waves and of Sound, and to the cohesion 
 of Fluids." This volume, and the article " Tides," 
 in the Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 
 were considered by him to have contained the 
 most fortunate of the results of his mathematical 
 labours. He proceeds in his own course and man- 
 ner of investigation, and uses his own processes, 
 and the great reach of mind displayed in these
 
 35 
 
 works seems universally acknowledged ; but whe- 
 ther he have sufficiently established all the points 
 which he considered himself to have proved, re- 
 mains matter of dispute amongst those best quali- 
 fied to judge. They were spoken of in the highest 
 terms of praise by Mr. Davies Gilbert from the 
 Chair of the Royal Society ; but there are some 
 amongst the most distinguished of surviving Eng- 
 lish philosophers, who still think that his theory 
 of the Tides rests too exclusively on analogies, 
 and that many of the elements of the computation 
 are too much out of human reach to render the 
 boldness of the original thought susceptible of 
 being subjected to the severity of mathematical 
 deduction. 
 
 Dr. Young as a mathematician was of an 
 elder school, and was possibly somewhat preju- 
 diced against the system now obtaining, both 
 amongst the continental and the English philoso- 
 phers ; as he thought the powers of intellect exer- 
 cised by a preceding race of mathematicians, were 
 in no small danger of being lost or weakened by 
 the substitution of processes in their nature me- 
 chanical. 
 
 The next year he went again to Paris, and in 
 1823 he published his "Account of some recent
 
 36 
 
 Discoveries in Hieroglyphical Literature and Egyp- 
 tian Antiquities," in which he gave his own ori- 
 ginal alphabet, his translations from papyri, and 
 the extensions which that alphabet had received 
 from M. Champollion. This was the first non-pro- 
 fessional publication since 1804, to which he had 
 prefixed his name, and made open claim to his dis- 
 coveries ; having, as stated in his Preface, now 
 attained his fiftieth year, and having at last deter- 
 mined to throw off the shackles by which he had 
 hitherto considered himself to be bound by the 
 etiquette of a medical practitioner. 
 
 At this time he attempted to form a society 
 of about fifty subscribers, for the lithography of 
 a collection of plates of Egyptian antiquities, 
 subservient to the study of hieroglyphical lite- 
 rature. This work was, however, entirely carried 
 on by Dr. Young, and was afterwards made over 
 to the Royal Society of Literature, and continued 
 during the remainder of his life, to be executed 
 under his supervision. 
 
 In 1824, he made an excursion to Spa and to 
 Holland, and on his return undertook the medi- 
 cal responsibility and mathematical direction 
 of a society for life insurance. This was esta- 
 blished at a moment when a mania for joint stock
 
 37 
 
 companies was springing up in England, and 
 which at the time was supposed to offer great pe- 
 cuniary advantages ; but Dr. Young's most scru- 
 pulous regard to what he supposed the strictest 
 justice, never forsook him : he declined all parti- 
 cipation in the speculation, and confined himself 
 to the performance of the duties which he under- 
 took. The connexion however with this company 
 led him into new lines of research, in which he 
 took great interest. He contributed to the Royal 
 Society a " Formula for expressing the Decrement 
 of Human Life," in a letter addressed to Sir 
 Edward Hyde East, which was published in the Phi- 
 losophical Transactions for 1826; and a " Prac- 
 tical Application of the Doctrine of Chances," 
 to Brande's Philosophical Journal for October in 
 the same year ; whilst he had a singular satis- 
 faction in witnessing the prosperity of the concern 
 in the department under his direction. 
 
 The year before this he removed from Welbeck- 
 street to a house which he had built in Park 
 Square in the Regent's Park, where he continued 
 to reside during the remainder of his life, and 
 where, in a situation to which he was extremely 
 attached, he led the life of a philosopher, sur- 
 rounded by every domestic comfort, and enjoying
 
 38 
 
 the pleasures of an extensive and cultivated society, 
 who knew how to appreciate him. He expressed 
 himself as having now attained all the main objects 
 which he had looked forward to in life as the sub- 
 ject either of his hopes or his wishes. This end 
 being, to use his own words, " the pursuit of such 
 fame as he valued, or of such acquirements as he 
 might think to deserve it." 
 
 In 1827, Dr. Young was elected one of the 
 eight foreign members cf the Royal Institute of 
 France, and was much gratified, not only by the 
 honour conferred, but by being associated with so 
 many distinguished persons, with whom he had 
 long been in habits of correspondence and of 
 friendship. 
 
 His health had hitherto, with the exception of 
 the consumptive tendency which had visited him 
 in youth, been uninterrupted by a day's serious 
 illness, and no person would have appeared as 
 giving a promise of greater longevity ; but in 1828 
 there was a perceptible diminution of strength. In 
 that summer he went to Geneva, and appeared to 
 suffer what was to him an unusual degree of fatigue 
 on great bodily exertion, and his friends from that 
 time could not help remarking symptoms of age 
 which appeared to be on the increase, and which
 
 39 
 
 contrasted strongly with the singular freedom from 
 complaint which he had hitherto enjoyed. 
 
 During the time that Dr. Young was abroad, the 
 general state of the finances of the country had 
 been submitted to the examination of a Committee 
 of the House of Commons. Amongst other things, 
 some of the severer economists had brought under 
 their consideration the construction and utility of 
 the Board of Longitude as being under the direction 
 of the Admiralty, and as giving an allowance of a 
 hundred pounds a year to certain professors of the 
 two universities, whose attendance was not often 
 called for. The committee did not consist of mem- 
 bers who were much acquainted with science ; not 
 one scientific person was examined before them. 
 The amount of saving by the abolition of the only 
 salaries which the government of England held 
 forth for the encouragement of science, little if at 
 all exceeded 500 a year ; and though many pro- 
 jects which might not prove of utility were referred 
 by Government to this Board, yet the sums actually 
 expended through them on such as they might 
 conceive to be useful, had been extremely limited. 
 But on the recommendation of this committee a 
 bill was passed abolishing the Board, at the same 
 time permitting the Admiralty to retain the officer
 
 40 
 
 entrusted with the calculations of the Nautical 
 Almanack. 
 
 Dr. Young continued to execute these duties ; 
 but this singular, and as it should seem ill-advised 
 proceeding, caused great heart-burnings and dis- 
 content in the scientific bodies, amongst those 
 who considered themselves or their friends treated 
 unhandsomely as well as illiberally, in the manner 
 in which their services had been dispensed with ; 
 and the assistance of men of science was soon 
 found to be so indispensable to many departments 
 connected with the Admiralty, that a new council 
 of three members, consisting of Dr. Young, Cap- 
 tain Sabine, and Mr. Farraday, was appointed for 
 the performance of the duties which had before 
 devolved upon the Board. 
 
 The discussions incident to this subject, and the 
 various reports which Dr. Young had in conse- 
 quence to draw up, together involved him in more 
 labour than the situation of his health rendered 
 him competent to perform without injury, and 
 exacerbated a complaint which it afterwards ap- 
 peared must have been long in progress, but 
 which now was bringing him rapidly to a state of 
 extreme debility. 
 
 He had from the month of February 1829, suf-
 
 fered from what he considered repeated attacks of 
 asthma, and though he said little of it, as unwil- 
 ling to alarm those about him, was evidently un- 
 easy at the situation of his health. This gradually 
 deteriorated. He had in the beginning of April 
 great difficulty in breathing, with some discharge 
 of blood habitually from the lungs, and was in a 
 state of great weakness. His friends and physi- 
 cians, Doctors Nevinson and Chambers, con- 
 sidered that there was something extremely wrong- 
 in the action of the heart, as well as that the lungs 
 were very seriously affected. 
 
 Though thus under the pressure of severe ill- 
 ness, nothing could be more striking than the 
 entire calmness and composure of his mind, or 
 could surpass the kindness of his affections to all 
 around him. He said that he had completed all 
 the works on which he was engaged, with the 
 exception of the rudiments of an Egyptian Dic- 
 tionary, which he had brought near to its com- 
 pletion, and which he was extremely anxious to 
 be able to finish. It was then in the hands of 
 the lithographers, and he not only continued to 
 give directions concerning it, but laboured at it 
 with a pencil when, confined to his bed, he 
 was unable to hold a pen. To a friend who ex- 
 
 F
 
 42 
 
 postulated with him on the danger of fatiguing 
 himself, he replied it was no fatigue, but a great 
 amusement to him ; that it was a work which if 
 he should live it would be a satisfaction to him to 
 have finished, but that if it were otherwise, which 
 seemed most probable, as he had never witnessed 
 a complaint which appeared to make more rapid 
 progress, it would still be a great satisfaction to 
 him never to have spent an idle day in his life, 
 
 His last anxiety concerning the proceedings of 
 one or two persons who had made him the object 
 of reiterated attacks, in consequence of being dis- 
 satisfied with the arrangements of the Nautical 
 Almanack, was, that nothing should go forth on 
 his part to increase irritation, and when papers 
 were sent him which went to enumerate and to 
 prove the errors, into which these individuals had 
 fallen, his desire was that they should be sup- 
 pressed. 
 
 In the very last stage of his complaint, in the last 
 lengthened interview with the writer of the present 
 memoir, his perfect self-possession was displayed 
 in the most remarkable manner. After some in- 
 formation concerning his affairs, and some instruc- 
 tions concerning the hieroglyphical papers in his 
 hands, he said that, perfectly aware of his situation,
 
 43 
 
 he had taken the sacraments of the church on 
 the day preceding ; that whether he should ever 
 partially recover, or whether he were rapidly taken 
 off, he could patiently and contentedly await the 
 issue : that he thought he had exerted his faculties 
 through life as far as they were capable of, but 
 that for the last eight years he had been careful of 
 straining them to more than he thought they could 
 compass without injury; that he had settled all 
 his concerns ; that if his health had been conti- 
 nued to him, he might have looked forward to the 
 prolongation of much that was to be enjoyed ; but 
 that though he was in no other suffering than that 
 of great oppression and weakness, still that if life 
 were continued in the state he then was of inability 
 to any of his accustomed employments, he could 
 hardly wish it to be long protracted. 
 
 His illness continued with some slight variations, 
 but he was gradually sinking into greater and 
 greater weakness till the morning of the 10th of 
 May, when he expired without a struggle, having 
 hardly completed his fifty-sixth year. The disease 
 proved to be an ossification of the aorta, which must 
 have been in progress for many years, and every 
 appearance indicated an advance of age, not 
 brought on probably by the natural courses of time,
 
 44 
 
 nor even by constitutional formation, but by un- 
 wearied and incessant labour of the mind from the 
 earliest days of infancy. His remains were depo- 
 sited in the vault of his wife's family, in the 
 Church of Farnborough in Kent. 
 
 To delineate adequately the character of Dr. 
 Young would require an ability in some propor- 
 tion to his own, and must be ill supplied by one 
 incompetent to judge of the talents of a man, who 
 as a physician, a linguist, an antiquary, a mathe- 
 matician, scholar, and philosopher, in their most 
 difficult and abstruse investigations, has added to 
 almost every department of human knowledge that 
 which will be remembered to aftertimes "who," 
 as was justly observed by Mr. Davies Gilbert, 
 in his eloquent address to the Royal Society, 
 over which he so worthily presided, " came into 
 the world with a confidence in his own talents 
 growing out of an expectation of excellence enter- 
 tained in common by all his friends, which expec- 
 tation was more than realized in the progress of his 
 future life. The multiplied objects which he pur- 
 sued were carried to such an extent, that each 
 might have been supposed to have exclusively oc- 
 cupied the full powers of his mind ; knowledge 
 in the abstract, the most enlarged generalizations,
 
 45 
 
 and the most minute and intricate details, were 
 equally affected by him ; but he had most plea- 
 sure in that which appeared to be most difficult 
 of investigation." The president added, that " the 
 example is only to be followed by those of equal 
 capacity and equal perseverance ; and rather re- 
 commends the concentration of research within 
 the limits of some defined portion of science, than 
 the endeavour to embrace the whole." 
 
 Dr. Young's opinion was, that it was probably 
 most advantageous to mankind, that the researches 
 of some inquirers should be concentrated within 
 a given compass, but that others should pass 
 more rapidly through a wider range that the 
 faculties of the mind were more exercised, and 
 probably rendered stronger, by going beyond the 
 rudiments, and overcoming the great elementary 
 difficulties, of a variety of studies, than by employ- 
 ing the same number of hours in any one pursuit 
 that the doctrine of the division of labour, how- 
 ever applicable to material product, was not so 
 to intellect, and that it went to reduce the dignity 
 of man in the scale of rational existences. He 
 thought it so impossible to foresee the capabilities 
 of improvement in any science, so much of acci- 
 dent having led to the most important discoveries,
 
 that no man could say what might be the compa- 
 rative advantage of any one study rather than 
 of another ; and though he would scarcely have 
 recommended the plan of his own as the model of 
 those of others, he still was satisfied in the course 
 which he had pursued. 
 
 It has been said, that the powers of imagination 
 were the only ones of which he was destitute. 
 From the highly poetical cast of some of his early 
 Greek translations, this is at least doubtful. It 
 might, perhaps, have been said more justly, that 
 he never cultivated the talent of throwing a bril- 
 liancy on objects which he had not ascertained to 
 j belong to them. Dr. Young was emphatically a 
 man of truth. The truth, the whole truth, and no- 
 thing but the truth, was the end at which he aimed 
 in all his investigations, and he could not bear, 
 in the most common conversation, the slightest 
 degree of exaggeration, or even of colouring. Now, 
 all exercise of what is ordinarily called imagina- 
 tion, is the figuring forth something which, either 
 in kind or in degree, is not in truth existent ; and 
 whether originally gifted with this faculty, or other- 
 wise, Dr. Young would, on principle, have abstained 
 from its indulgence. 
 
 To sum up the whole with that which passes
 
 47 
 
 all acquirement, Dr. Young was a man in all the 
 relations of life, upright, kind-hearted, blameless. 
 His domestic virtues were as exemplary as his 
 talents were great. He was entirely free from 
 either envy or jealousy, and the assistance which 
 he gave to others engaged in the same lines of 
 research with himself, was constant and un- 
 bounded. His morality through life had been pure, 
 though unostentatious. His religious sentiments 
 were by himself stated to be liberal, though ortho- 
 dox. He had extensively studied the Scriptures, 
 of which the precepts were deeply impressed; 
 upon his mind from his earliest years; and he! 
 evidenced the faith which he professed, in an un- 
 bending course of usefulness and rectitude.
 
 A 
 
 CATALOGUE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 WORKS AND ESSAYS 
 
 OF THE LATE 
 
 DR. YOUNG. 
 
 (Found in his own Hand-Writing, to 1827.)
 
 1. A short Note on Gum Ladanum, with a verbal Criticism 
 on Longinus, signed with his initials, and inserted in the Monthly 
 Review for 1791, seems to have been his first appearance before 
 the Public. The criticism was admitted by Dr. Burney to be 
 correct. 
 
 2. In the Gentleman's Magazine for April 1792, Observa- 
 tions on the Manufacture of Iron : an attempt to remove some 
 objections to Dr. Crawford's theory of Heat, which had been 
 advanced by Dr. Beddoes. 
 
 3. Entomological Remarks ; Gentleman's Magazine, Decem- 
 ber 1792 : on the habits of Spiders ; on a passage of Aristotle, 
 with an illustration of the Fabrician System ; and a plate of the 
 mouth of an insect. 
 
 4. Observations on Vision : Philosophical Transactions, 1793, 
 p. 169, explaining the accommodation of the Eye, from a mus- 
 cular power in the crystalline lens a theory not altogether new, 
 but immediately afterwards claimed by John Hunter, as a dis- 
 covery of his own. 
 
 5. Contributions to Hodgkin's Calligraphia Graeca, 4to. 
 London, 1794 ; including Lear's Curses in Iambics. 
 
 6. Description of an Opercularia. Linnaean Transactions, 
 Vol. III. p. 30. London 1797: read in 1794. The Opercularia,
 
 52 
 
 Aspera of Gaertner, called by Persoon, Cryptospermum Youngii, 
 from the name here suggested. 
 
 7. Some Notes and an Epigram, in Dalzel's Collectanea 
 Graca, 8vo. Edinburgh, 1795. 
 
 8. De Corporis Humani viribus conservatricibus, Disserta- 
 tio, 8vo. Gottingen, 1796: an Inaugural Dissertation, col- 
 lected from a multiplicity of authors. 
 
 9. Translation of Lichtenstein on the Genus Mantis. Lin- 
 naean Transactions, Vol. VI. p. 1. : read in 1797. 
 
 10. The Leptologist. British Magazine, 1800: a series of 
 Essays on Grammar, Criticism, Geometry, Paintings, Manners, 
 Riches, Exercises, Medicine, and Music ; some of them reprinted 
 afterwards. 
 
 11. 12. There is also an account of the French Calendar and 
 Measures, and an Essay on the Morals of the Germans. 
 
 13. Experiments and Enquiries respecting Sound and Light. 
 Philosophical Transactions, 1800, p. 106 : the vibrations of the 
 air observed by means of smoke ; those of strings counted, and 
 their orbits observed with a microscope ; their harmonics sup- 
 pressed at pleasure. 
 
 14. A Bakerian Lecture on the Mechanism of the Eye. 
 Philosophical Transactions, 1801, p. 23 : describing a new 
 Optometer, and shewing that the eye retains its power of ac- 
 commodation under water ; measuring also the dispersive power 
 of the eye. (Dr. Y. remarks, that he " afterwards found that 
 his own eye lost almost the whole of its power of accommoda- 
 tion soon after fifty, remaining fixed at its greatest focal dis- 
 tance.") 
 
 15. A Letter respecting Sound and Light. Nicholson's 
 Journal, August 1801, in answer to Professor Robison, of 
 Edinburgh.
 
 53 
 
 16. A Syllabus of a Course of Lectures on Natural and 
 Experimental Philosophy; 8vo. London, 1802: presenting a 
 Mathematical Demonstration of the most important Theorems 
 in Mechanics and in Optics; and containing the first publica- 
 tion of the general law of the INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT, which 
 has been considered as the happiest result of all the Author's 
 efforts. It was not till the year 1827, that the importance of 
 this law could be said to be fully admitted in England : it was 
 in that year that the Council of the Royal Society adjudged 
 Count Rumford's Medal to M. Fresnel, for having applied it, with 
 some modifications, to the most intricate phenomena of pola- 
 rized light. 
 
 17. A Bakerian Lecture on the Theory of Light and Colours ; 
 Phil. Trans. 1802, p. 12, developing the law of Interference, and 
 entering into all the details of the theory to which it leads ; 
 dwelling, at the same time, upon the difficult points, with some- 
 what more of candour than might have been consistent with his 
 object, had he been anxious to obtain proselytes. 
 
 18. An Account of some Cases of the Production of Colours, 
 p. 387, containing a simpler statement of some applications of 
 the same law, intended to exhibit the facts in a more concen- 
 trated form. 
 
 19. A Reply to Mr. Gough's Remarks. Nicholson, Novem- 
 ber 1802, p. 1. This Letter, together with some subsequent 
 Correspondence, relates principally to the coalescence or com- 
 position of Sounds, affording an analogy to the interference of 
 Light. 
 
 20. Journals of the Royal Institution, 8vo. London, 1802-3. 
 A first volume, and part of a second, were edited, and chiefly 
 written, by Dr. Young. 
 
 21. Experiments and Calculations relative to Physical Optics. 
 Phil. Trans. 1804, p. 1. Another Bakerian Lecture, continuing 
 the demonstration and the application of the law of Inter- 
 ference.
 
 54 
 
 22. A Reply to the Animadversions of the Edinburgh Re- 
 viewers, 8vo. 1804: a defence of the Papers printed in the 
 Transactions against two articles supposed to have been written 
 by Mr. Brougham. 
 
 23. To an Imperial Review, which was an unsuccessful spe- 
 culation of some booksellers in 1804, he contributed several 
 medical and some other miscellaneous articles. The works that 
 he reviewed were, Dumas Phisiologie, Darwin's Temple of 
 Nature, Blackburn on Scarlet Fever, Percival's Medical Ethics, 
 Fothergill's Tic Douloureux, Crichton's Table, Nisbet's Water- 
 ing Places, Rowley on Madness, Hutton's Ozanum, Buchan on 
 Sea-Bathing, Robisons Astronomy, Winterbottom's Sierra Leone, 
 Macgregor's Medical Sketches, Wilson's Philosophy of Physic, 
 Richerand's Physiology, and Joyce's Scientific Dialogues. 
 
 24. An Essay on the Cohesion of Fluids. Phil. Trans. 1805, 
 p. 71, containing many of the results which were published as 
 new, about a year afterwards, by La Place. The mathematical 
 reasoning, for want of mathematical symbols, was not under- 
 stood, even by tolerable mathematicians ; from a dislike of the 
 affectation of algebraical formality, which he had observed in 
 some foreign authors, he was led into something like an affecta- 
 tion of simplicity, which was equally inconvenient to a scientific 
 reader. 
 
 25. A COURSE OF LECTURES ON NATURAL PHILOSOPHY 
 AND THE MECHANICAL ARTS ; two volumes, 4to. London, 
 1807. This elaborate work was the result of the unremitting 
 application of five years ; two, whilst the Author was engaged in 
 giving the Lectures at the Royal Institution, and three more in 
 compiling the mass of references contained in the second volume, 
 and in incorporating their results, when requisite, with the text 
 of the first. By means of numerous plates, and by indexes of 
 various kinds, he had endeavoured to render the book as conve- 
 nient for occasional reference, as it was correct for the purposes 
 of methodical study. (The failure of the Booksellers who pub-
 
 55 
 
 lished this work, at the moment of its appearance, so greatly in- 
 jured its sale at the time, that it did not repay the expenses of 
 the publication; and Dr. Young considered that his labours 
 were first generally appreciated by the Natural Philosophers of 
 the Continent.) 
 
 26. Remarks on Looming, or Horizontal Refraction. Nichol- 
 son, July 1807, p. 153, supplying some deficiencies in Dr. 
 Wollaston's Theory, particularly with regard tothe occurrence 
 of actual Reflection. 
 
 27. A Table of Chances, with remarks on Waves. Nichol- 
 son, Oct. 1807, p. 116. 
 
 28. A Theory of Covered Ways and Arches. Nicholson, 
 Dec. 1807, p. 24. 
 
 29. Remarks on a Pamphlet of Professor Vince. Nicholson, 
 April 1808, p. 304; pointing out the mathematical fallacy of the 
 Professor's supposed refutation of the hypothesis of Newton re- 
 specting the cause of Gravitation. 
 
 30. Calculation of the rate of Expansion of a supposed Lunar 
 Atmosphere Nicholson, June 1808, p. 117. 
 
 31. Determination of the Figure of a gravitating Body. 
 Nicholson, June 1808, p. 208. 
 
 32. Calculation of the Attraction of a Spheroid. Nicholson, 
 August 1808, p. 273. 
 
 33. A Review of Sinclair on Longevity. British Critic. 
 
 34. Abstracts and Criticisms in the "Retrospect," about 
 1808 and 1809. 
 
 35. Hydraulic Investigations. Phil. Trans. 1808, p. 164; 
 principally subservient to an intended Croonian Lecture. 
 
 36. A SYLLABUS OF A COURSE OF LECTURES ON THE 
 ELEMENTS OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES ; 8vo. London, 1809. 
 These Lectures were delivered for two seasons at the Middlesex
 
 56 
 
 Hospital. (Dr. Young remarks, that "they were little frequented, 
 on account of the usual miscalculation of the Lecturer, who 
 gave his audience more information in a given time, than it was 
 in their power to follow.") 
 
 37. Computation of the Depression of Mercury in the Baro- 
 meter. Nich. March 1809, p. 215. Continuation of the 
 Paper on the Cohesion of Fluids, Oct. p. 81. 
 
 38. Remarks on the Friction of Wheels, in Buchanan's Essay 
 on Wheel-work, 8vo. Glasgow, 1809. 
 
 39. A Croonian Lecture on the Heart and Arteries. Phil. 
 Trans. 1809, p. 1 : attempting to demonstrate, on Mathematical 
 principles, that the larger arteries can have little or no concern 
 in propelling the blood by their active muscular powers. 
 
 40. A Numerical Table of Elective Attractions. Phil. Trans. 
 1809, p. 148: with remarks on the sequences of double decom- 
 positions, shewing that if numerical expressions of electric 
 attractions are possible, their effects in double decompositions 
 may be compendiously expressed by tables of sequences only. 
 
 41. A Memoria Technica for Elective Attractions, in a few 
 Latin hexameters. Nich. April, 1809. 
 
 42. Account of the Pharmacopeia Londinensis, in Cumber- 
 land's London Review, 1810. 
 
 43. To the earlier Volumes of the Quarterly Review he con- 
 tributed a variety of Articles, which frequently, according to 
 the custom of modern times, contained more of original research 
 than of immediate criticism. To Vol. I. La Place, Action 
 Capillaire. Vol. II. Haslam, Pinel, Cox, and Arnold, on 
 Insanity; La Place, Refraction Extraordinaire. Vol. III. Her- 
 culanensia ; Jones on the Gout ; Memoires tf ArcueiL Vol. VI. 
 Cuthbert on the Tides. Vol. VIII. Davy's Chemical Philo- 
 sophy. Vol. IX. Blackall on Dropsies. Vol. X. ADELUNG'S 
 MITHJRIDATES ; Gothe on Colours. Vol. XI. Malus, Biot,
 
 57 
 
 Seebectc, and Bremter, on Light; Bancroft on Dying; Davy's 
 Agricultural Chemistry ; Adams on Ectropium. Vol. XIII. 
 Wells on Dew. Vol. XIV. Jamieson and Townsend on Lan- 
 guages; Pym and Fellowes on Yellow Fever, an article 
 printed, but not published in the Work. Vol. XIX. p. 411. 
 Restoration and Translation of the Inscription on the Sphynx. 
 
 44. Berzelius on Definite Proportions, from the German, 
 appeared in several successive numbers of the Philosophical 
 Magazine, from January 1813 to April 1814. 
 
 45. A Theory of the Tides. Nicholson, July Aug. 1813. 
 
 46. AN INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL LITERATURE, INCLU- 
 DING A SYSTEM OF PRACTICAL NOSOLOGY, 8vo. London, 1813 : 
 a work of considerable labour, though far less arduous than the 
 " Natural Philosophy." The Appendix contains an abstract of 
 Berzelius's Animal Chemistry, from the Swedish. To a second 
 edition, published in 1 823, were added the References to later 
 Journals, and an Essay on Palpitations, which first appeared in 
 the fifth Volume of the Medical Transactions of the College of 
 London. 
 
 47. Remarks on the Employment of Oblique Riders, and on 
 other Alterations in the construction of Ships. Phil. Trans. 
 1814, p. 303 ; the substance of a Report before presented to 
 the Board of Admiralty, relating to Sir Robert Sepping's 
 Improvements, with some additional illustrations. 
 
 48. An Investigation of the Thrust of soft Substances. 
 Hutton's Mathematical Dictionary, Edition 2, 1815. Article, 
 Pressure. 
 
 49. A PRACTICAL AND HISTORICAL TREATISE ON CON- 
 SUMPTIVE DISEASES: 8vo. London, 1815; being a condensed 
 abstract of every thing recorded to have been said or done, 
 with regard to Consumption. Particular circumstances had 
 pressed the publication of this Work within nine months after it 
 had been commenced. 
 
 H
 
 58 
 
 50. In the eighteenth Volume of the Archaeologia, London, 
 1815, appeared some Remarks on Egyptian Papyri, and on the 
 INSCRIPTION OF ROSETTA, annexed to a communication made 
 by Sir William Edward Rouse Boughton, Bart. They contain 
 an interpretation of the principal parts of both the Egyptian 
 Inscriptions on the Pillar found at Rosetta, AND CONSEQUENTLY 
 
 A KEY TO THE LOST LITERATURE OF ANCIENT EGYPT ; 
 
 though, for professional reasons, the discovery was made public 
 with as little parade as possible. 
 
 51. Extracts of Letters and Papers relating to the Egyptian 
 Inscription of Rosetta, in the Museum Oiticum of Cambridge, 
 Part VI. 8vo. 1815 ; a Correspondence with MM. Silvestre de 
 Sacy, and Akerblad. 
 
 52. An Investigation of the Pressure sustained by the fixed 
 supports of flexible Substances. Phil. Mag. Sep. 1813, applied 
 to the Hoops of Casks, and to Dock Gates. 
 
 53. An Algebraical Expression of the Values of Lives. Phil. 
 Mag. Jan. 1816, with a Diagram. 
 
 54. Account of some Thebaic Manuscripts, written on 
 leather. Legh's Narrative, 4to. London, 1816. 
 
 55. Additional Letters relating to the Inscription of Rosetta ; 
 the first addressed to the Archduke John, who had lately been 
 in England ; the second to M. Akerblad, Museum Criticum 
 VII. The Letters lucre printed and distributed in 1816 ; the 
 Journal uas not published till 1821. THEY ANNOUNCE THE 
 
 DISCOVERY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT 
 
 KINDS OF EGYPTIAN LETTERS, OR CHARACTERS the basis 
 on which the system of M. Champollion was afterwards erected. 
 
 56. Letters of Canova, and two Memoirs of Visconti, trans- 
 lated from the French and Italian. 8vo. London. 1816. A 
 volume of 200 pages, which was completed in twelve days ; 
 together with remarks on an error of Delambre, which was 
 afterwards confuted more at large by MF. Cadell.
 
 59 
 
 57. It was in 1816, that Dr. Young complied with an appli- 
 cation made to him by Mr. M'Vey Napier, to write some articles 
 for a Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, conducted 
 under the superintendence of that gentleman, and completed in 
 1825. 
 
 The Articles which he furnished were : Atwood Adden- 
 dum to Annuities Bathing G. Beccaria Bloch Borda 
 Boulton Bramah BRIDGE Brisson Bryant Camus 
 Notes on Carpentry Cavallo Cavendish Chromatics Cohe- 
 sion Condamine Coulamb Dolland Dolomieu Duhamel 
 EGYPT Fermat Fluents F. Fontana G. Fontana J. R. 
 Forster J. G. A, Forster Fourcroy Frisi Guyton de Mor- 
 veau Herculaneum Hydraulics Ingehousz Lagrange 
 La Lande Lambert LANGUAGES Lemmonier Luc Mai us 
 Maskelyne Mason Mechain Messier Orme Pallas 
 Pauw PORSON Preservers of Life Road-making Robison 
 Rush Steam-Engine Tennant Thomson Count Rumford 
 TIDES Tooke Wakefield Watson Weights and Mea- 
 ures Polarization by Arago, translated, with Notes. In all, 
 about sixty-three articles, each marked with two different letters. 
 (These were two consecutive letters of the sentence " Fortunam 
 ex aliis ;" the u in fortunam being sometimes printed as a u.) 
 
 58. Remarks on some Theorems relating to the Pendulum. 
 Phil. Trans. 1818, p. 95, in a Letter to Captain Kater. 
 
 59. Translation of some Greek Inscriptions. Light's Tra- 
 vels. 4to. London, 1818. 
 
 60. Specimen of a Greek Manuscript in the possession of 
 the Earl of Mountmorris, 1819. Archaeologia, vol. XIX. This 
 may possibly have been a pawnbroker's account : another piece 
 nearly resembling it was sent by Mr. Salt to the British Mu- 
 seum. 
 
 Gl. Remarks on the Probabilities of Error in Physical Ex- 
 periments, and on the Density of the Earth, considered espe-
 
 60 
 
 cially with regard to the reduction of Experiments on the Pen- 
 dulum. Phil. Trans. 1819, p. 70, computing the density of the 
 earth, upon the supposition of the compression of a homogeneous 
 elastic substance only. 
 
 62. Dr. Young edited the Nautical Almanac, from the year 
 1819, for the remainder of his life. 
 
 63. Remarks on Laplace's latest Computation of the Den- 
 sity and Figure of the Earth. Brande's Journal, April 1820 ; 
 determining the Ellipticity, on the supposition of a compressed 
 elastic substance. 
 
 64. Dr. Young furnished quarterly, for many years, to 
 Brande's Philosophical Journal, about twenty pages of Astro- 
 nomical and Nautical Collections, beginning in 1820 ; the 
 greater part either original or translated by himself. 
 
 65. Appendix to the second edition of Belzoni's Travels, 
 4to. London, 1821. 
 
 66. ELEMENTARY ILLUSTRATION OF THE CELESTIAL ME- 
 CHANICS OF LAPLACE, 8vo. London, 1821 ; with some ad- 
 ditions relating to the motions of Waves, and of Sound, and to 
 the cohesion of Fluids. (This volume, and the article "Tides," 
 in the Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Dr. Young 
 considered as together containing the most fortunate of the 
 results of his mathematical labours.) 
 
 67. AN ACCOUNT OF SOME RECENT DISCOVERIES IN HIERO- 
 GLYPHICAL LITERATURE AND EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES, in- 
 cluding the author's original Alphabet, as extended by M. 
 Champollion, 8vo. London, 1823 ; with a translation of some 
 Greek Manuscripts on Papyrus, the most remarkable of which 
 was Mr. Grey's " Antigraph " of an Egyptian original then 
 lying on his table ; the discovery of which singular coincidence 
 was the immediate cause of the publication of the volume. 
 
 68. Hieroglyphics, collected by the Egyptian Society, folio. 
 London, 1823 a collection of Plates of Egyptian Antiquities
 
 61 
 
 subservient to the study of Hieroglyphical Literature, litho- 
 graphized at the expense of about fifty subscribers, but not at 
 that time publicly sold. The second number, plates 16 to 40, 
 contains nearly all that was known of the interpretation of the 
 Hieroglyphics, the evidence for each word being exhibited in a 
 comparative Index. 
 
 (This work was entirely carried on by Dr. Young ; but the 
 subscriptions not being adequate to the expenses, it was after- 
 wards made over to the Royal Society of Literature, he under- 
 taking to continue the supervision as before.) 
 
 69. A finite and exact Expression for the Refraction of an 
 Atmosphere nearly resembling that of the Earth. Phil. Trans> 
 1824, p. 159 ; a computation derived from an optical hypothesis 
 not exactly agreeing with the probable height of the physical 
 atmosphere, but affording correct results. 
 
 70. Remarks on Spohn and Seyffarth. Brande's Phil. Jour- 
 nal, Oct. 1826, in a Letter addressed to the Baron William Von 
 Humboldt. 
 
 71. A Formula for expressing the Decrement of Human Life ; 
 in a Letter addressed to Sir Edward Hyde East, Bart. Phil. 
 Trans. 1826, intended to render the interpolation from the 
 best observations more regular : it is followed by a correction of 
 Dr. Price's mistake, respecting the periodical payments of an- 
 nuities. 
 
 72. Practical Application of the Doctrine of Chances, as it 
 regards the subdivision of Risks. Brande's Phil. Journ. Oct. 
 1826 ; shewing the Limitations under which Speculations on 
 Probabilities may be conducted with prudence. 
 
 73. Remarks on Mr. Peyron's Account of the Egyptian 
 Papyrus. Brande's Phil. Journ. Jan. 1827 the great Greek 
 Papyrus of Turin : in which Mr. Grey's three contracts are 
 cited and explained, not two of them only, as had been sup- 
 posed by Mr. Peyron.
 
 62 
 
 The follarvaing Articles, of a later date than those contained in 
 the above Catalogue, are known to have been "written by 
 Dr. Young. 
 
 74. Hieroglyphical Fragments. Brande's PhilosophicalJournal, 
 
 April June, 1827. Hieroglyphical Fragments; with some 
 
 Remarks on English Grammar : in a Letter to Baron William 
 Von Humboldt. Brande's Phil. Journal, July September, 
 
 1827. Hieroglyphical Fragments, illustrative of Inscriptions 
 
 preserved in the British Museum ; with some Remarks on M. 
 Champollion's Opinions: in a Letter to the Cavalier San 
 Quintino. Brande's Phil. Journal, October December, 1827. 
 Hieroglyphical Fragments. Brande's Phil. Journal, Ja- 
 nuaryMarch, 1828. 
 
 75. A Letter to M. Arago, relating to M. Champollion's 
 Discoveries : dated, Geneva, July 1828. Inserted in the Clas- 
 sical Journal, No. 75. 
 
 76. Comparison of different Tables of Mortality. Brande's 
 Phil. Journal, December 1828. 
 
 77. Letter to Mr. Bailey, April 1829. 
 
 78. A Translation of Fresnel's Elementary View of the Undu- 
 latory Theory of Light. In various Numbers of Brande's Phil. 
 Journal; commenced in January 1827, and concluded in April 
 1829. 
 
 79. Dr. Young left also Rudiments of an Egyptian Dic- 
 tionary in the ancient Enchorial Character; containing all the 
 Words of which the Sense has been ascertained. Intended as 
 an Appendix to Mr. Tattam's Coptfc Grammar. 
 
 (This Work was under the hands of the Lithographer at the 
 time of his death.)
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed by J. L. Cox, Great Queen Street, 
 Lincoln's-Inn Field*.
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 THE progress that has been hitherto made in the 
 investigation of the modes of writing of the ancient 
 Egyptians, however inconsiderable in its extent, is 
 yet sufficient to throw some important lights on the 
 philosophy of language in general. 
 
 It is obvious that a written language may be 
 either essentially expressive of sounds only, or may 
 represent the objects to which the words relate, like 
 our numerical cyphers, without any reference what- 
 ever to the sounds. It is now generally understood 
 that the Chinese written language is an original, 
 independent of any sounds supposed to be pro- 
 nounced by the reader : and the Hieroglyphics of 
 Egypt, as well as those of China, appear clearly to 
 have been, at first, rude pictures only of sensible 
 objects. In the course of ages, the resemblance 
 seems to have been forgotten in both countries, and 
 imitations of the imitations only were employed ; 
 sometimes for denoting the same objects, and some- 
 times for expressing either the whole or a part only 
 of the sounds of the names which were applied to 
 them.
 
 IV 
 
 The Hieratic characters of the Egyptians appear 
 to have been intended for simple imitations of the 
 distinct Hieroglyphics ; and from these the Enchorial 
 or Popular characters seem to have been gradually 
 derived, without any abrupt or systematic changes : 
 the written language being in both cases principally 
 independent of the sounds employed in speaking, 
 except in the case of foreign proper names ; and 
 retaining always some parts which were never 
 fully expressed in speaking. Neither this nor any 
 other intelligible account of the Egyptian modes 
 of writing can be derived from the vague descrip- 
 tions of the Greek authors ; which., among other 
 reasons, are probably the more confused from the 
 habitual use of the same word to express writing and 
 drawing. 
 
 The essential identity of the Enchorial characters 
 with the distinct Hieroglyphics had been conjectu- 
 rally suspected by some former critics, but was first 
 fully demonstrated in the MuseumCriticum for 1816. 
 The examples of dates, which are here exhibited, 
 will serve to illustrate the steps by which the changes 
 of forms took place between the reign of Psam- 
 metichus, and the dynasty of the Ptolemies: the 
 manuscripts, which belong to the time of Psammeti- 
 chus, appearing to be decidedly Hieratic, and to 
 follow closely the traces of the distinct characters, 
 while those of Darius approach in some degree to 
 the Enchorial form, which probably came into 
 common use as the " epistographic" character, while
 
 the Hieratic was so called as being more employed 
 by the Priests for the purposes of their religion. In 
 the mean time other changes must have been made 
 in different parts of the language ; which caused the 
 characters to vary more widely from each other. 
 The report that a manuscript of the age of Sesostris, 
 written "in superb demotic characters," still exists at 
 Aix, appears in many respects to require confirmation. 
 
 A single example will be abundantly sufficient to 
 show the way in which some of these changes took 
 place. The city of Cairo was probably first called 
 Memphis or Memphe, the Hieroglyphic name being 
 read MA-M-PHTHAH, the place of Phthah or Vulcan : 
 its elements consisting, according to the most natural 
 reading, of TEMPLE, or SACRED PLACE, and PHTHAH. 
 Before the time of the Ptolemies, the place had 
 apparently assumed the synonymous appellation of 
 PANUF or PHANOUPHIS, the NOPH of the Hebrews, 
 meaning the temple of the Good god, which is clearly 
 the sense of the two Enchorial characters H and T-, 
 while the sound PANUF is as little expressed by the 
 distinct Hieroglyphics as MEMPHE is by the popular 
 characters. But in neither case did the sound 
 adequately express the written characters; the 
 sacred of the one, and the god of the other, being 
 equally omitted in the pronunciation. 
 
 The correct interpretation of the Enchorial dates 
 depends almost entirely on the ingenious and suc- 
 cessful investigations of the justly-celebrated Jean 
 Francois Champollion, applied to the manuscripts
 
 VI 
 
 which he had the good fortune to discover at Paris 
 and at Turin, and which exhibited a great variety of 
 numbers in the form of accounts : and he has been 
 equally happy in illustrating the characters denoting 
 the months, which an unaccountable error of the 
 original engraver of the pillar of Rosetta had before 
 thrown into confusion. 
 
 His SYSTEM of phonetic characters may often be of 
 use in assisting the memory, but it can only be 
 applied with confidence to particular cases when 
 supported in each by the same kind of evidence that 
 had been employed before its invention. His 
 manuscript communications have furnished many 
 valuable additions to this work, all of which have 
 been acknowledged in their proper places. 
 
 From the mixed nature of the characters em- 
 ployed in the written language or rather languages 
 of the Egyptians, it is difficult to determine what 
 would be the best arrangement for a dictionary, 
 even if they were all perfectly clear in their forms, 
 and perfectly well understood : at present, however, 
 so many of them remain unknown, and those 
 which are better known assume so diversified an 
 appearance, that the original difficulty is greatly 
 increased. Every methodical arrangement, how- 
 ever arbitrary, has the advantage of bringing 
 together such words as nearly resemble each other : 
 and it appears most likely to be subservient to the 
 purposes of future investigation, to employ an 
 imitation of an alphabetical order, or an artificial
 
 Vll 
 
 alphabet, founded upon the resemblance of the 
 characters to those, of which the phonetic value 
 was clearly and correctly determined by the late 
 Mr. AKERBLAD ; "and to arrange the words, that are 
 to be interpreted, according to their places in this 
 artificial order ; choosing, however, in each instance, 
 not always the first character that enters into the 
 composition of the word, but that which appears to 
 be the most radical, or the most essential to its 
 signification, or sometimes that which is merely the 
 most readily ascertained or distinguished. 
 
 It is obvious that neither the numbers nor the 
 names of months require to be admitted into this 
 arrangement, their natural order being so much 
 more simple and determinate: they are therefore 
 placed at the beginning of the work. 
 
 If, on the one hand, the meagerness of this 
 catalogue should be considered as somewhat 
 humiliating, it must be remembered, on the other, 
 that thirty years ago, not a single article of the list 
 existed even in the imagination of the wildest 
 enthusiast : and that within these ten years, a 
 single date only was tolerably ascertained, out of 
 about fifty which are here interpreted, and in many 
 instances ascertained with astronomical precision. 
 
 It must still be confessed that notwithstanding all 
 the efforts of the few well-qualified persons who 
 have laboured in this field, it still remains extremely 
 uncertain whether these Enchorial words can be 
 properly said to belong to an ancient Coptic
 
 Vlll 
 
 language, or no : at any rate, the historical evidence 
 of the antiquity of the original Coptic words collected 
 by Wilkins, Lacroze, and Jablonsky, affords fuller 
 demonstration of the truth than any thing hitherto 
 obtained from Hieroglyph ical literature : though 
 some of the particles and some forms of gram- 
 matical construction do appear to coincide with the 
 Hieroglyphical characters more nearly than those 
 of any other language would do. But on the 
 whole, I have little to add to the opinion which I 
 published in a letter to M. Silvestre de Sacy, dated 
 October, 1814. Mus. Crit. 
 
 "The remark of Varro upon the Egyptian 
 language is even more correctly applicable to this 
 inscription [on the pillar of Rosetta], than to the 
 Coptic ; that is, that the nouns are the same in all 
 the cases. Aetos Aetos, for example, is Aetos the 
 son of Aetos ; Mptolomeos, Mptolomeos, Ptolemy 
 the son of Ptolemy : and indeed we sometimes find 
 the same relation similarly expressed in the Coptic ; 
 thus, NIUDAS SIMON, Jo. xiii. 26, Judas the son of 
 Simon. Verbs are scarcely distinguished from par- 
 ticiples or from nouns, in the Coptic, and still less 
 in this inscription. The Copts had their articles, 
 which they used nearly as the French, or rather as 
 the Italians ; in the inscription there is [rarely] a 
 definite article [p or P] in the singular, and the 
 prefix, which assists in the formation of the plural, 
 may represent either the definite or the indefinite 
 article, but seems to resemble the latter rather than
 
 IX 
 
 the former. The prefix M of the Copts, which can- 
 not be translated, is frequently found in the inscrip- 
 tion, with the same indifference as to the sense : 
 [representing apparently a part of the royal ring.} 
 In short, we may venture to assert, that this 
 language is formed entirely on the model of the 
 Hieroglyphics, and that the rules of grammar, which 
 are almost superfluous in Coptic, would here be 
 totally inapplicable. [Perhaps the strongest coinci- 
 dence of the old Egyptian with the Coptic is that 
 of the article masculine, which occurs in many 
 places in the same form with some of the characters 
 representing a P ; characters not easily recognised 
 in the pillar of Rosetta, but more lately identified in 
 several manuscripts by Professor Ungarter as well as 
 by myself. We also often find the passive tense 
 expressed as in Coptic by the M, followed by F, 
 him as it.~\" 
 
 It was in a subsequent letter dated August, 1821 r 
 and addressed to the Archduke John of Austria, 
 that I first made known the original identity of 
 the different systems of writing employed by the 
 old Egyptians, observing that "A loose imitation of 
 the Hieroglyphical characters may even be traced 
 by means of the intermediate steps in the Enchorial 
 name of Ptolemy, which is the only proper name 
 that remains among the Hieroglyphics of the stone 
 at Rosetta." The same comparison I afterwards 
 extended to the name Berenice: and it is well 
 known how much further M. Champollion has since 
 had the ingenuity and good fortune to carry it.
 
 It deserves to be mentioned as an encouraging 
 circumstance for the application of the Hierogly- 
 phical literature to the subject of chronology, that a 
 German Professor as well as myself had recognised 
 in an inscription found near Cosseir, published at 
 Cairo by Mr. Burton, the names of three Persian 
 kings, with dates confirming the testimony of the 
 Greek chronologers, and which seem to be the same 
 that M. Champollion has since mentioned in one of 
 his letters from Egypt, with a similar interpretation. 
 
 I have reprinted, from the Quarterly Journal, as 
 an illustration of this subject of chronology, an 
 enumeration of the principal events mentioned by 
 the astronomer Ptolemy and his commentators, with 
 a mathematical determination of the times of their 
 occurrence, so accurate and indisputable, as to 
 remove all scepticism respecting the precision not 
 only of these epochs, but of many others which are 
 connected with them by a similar train of evidence 
 and reasoning. 
 
 The dates are principally referred to the exact 
 instants of the true equinoxes or solstices of the 
 year concerned, in a manner suggested by the mean 
 equinoctial time of Mr. Herschel, which supersedes 
 every artificial regulation of the length of the year. 
 
 The words have all been accurately compared with the 
 original documents, except the last 16 pages, which have been 
 taken of necessity from the rough copy.
 
 The following Rudiments of an Egyptian 
 Dictionary in the ancient Enchorial Character 
 were completed by the late lamented DR. YOUNG 
 during the progress and under the pressure of 
 his last illness. 
 
 He had composed the Advertisement, and 
 overlooked the Proofs as they came from the 
 Lithographer to the 96/A page; and those 
 following, to the end of the Work, have been 
 carefully compared with his own Copy, under the 
 supervision of the Rev. MR. TATTAM, who had also 
 the kindness to furnish the Index on the plan in 
 which it had been commenced by DR. YOUNG.
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 H ....... Hieroglyphics, arranged by Dr. Young. 
 
 Lond. Vol. I. collected by the 
 
 Egyptian Society, 1823. Vol. II. 
 
 continued by the Royal Society of 
 
 Literature, 1828. 
 Th ....... Notice de deux papyres Egyptiens. 
 
 Par M. Champollion Figeac. 8vo. 
 
 Par. 1823. Journ. Asiat. 
 Champ. Tabl. Champollion le jeune, Sybteme Hiero- 
 
 glyphique. 8vo. Par. 1825, 1827. 
 
 Tableau general. 
 Mai ...... Catalogo dei Papiri Egizj del Museo 
 
 Vaticano. 4to. Rom. 1825. 
 Cb. Bl. ii. . . Seconde Lettre a M. le Due de Blacas. 
 
 Par M. Champollion le jeune. 8vo. 
 
 Par. 1827. 
 Koseg ..... Kosegarten, de prisca Aegyptiorum Lit- 
 
 teratura commentatio prima. 4to. 
 
 Weimar, 1828. 
 A. Z, A'. . . Z', A". See Dates.
 
 i. ASTRONOMICAL CHRONOLOGY of EGYPT, deduced from 
 PTOLEMY, and his Commentators. 
 
 Year 
 
 1 of the canicular cycle, called by Theon, (MS. "2390") as 
 cited by Larcher and Champollion Figeac, the epoch of Me- 
 nophres, is ascertained by the testimony of Censorinus, chap- 
 ters 18 and 21; he says that the 986th year of Nabonassar, 
 in which he wrote, was the 100th of the canicular cycle of 
 1461 Egyptian years : the 1st year of that cycle, which may 
 be called the 1462d of the preceding cycle, was consequently 
 the 887th of Nabonassar, and the 1st of Nabonassar the 
 576th of that cycle, which began 575 Egyptian years before 
 the epoch of Nabonassar, or as many tropical years wanting 
 139.3 days ; and, this epoch having been determined to be 
 746>' 30. 4d (Collections for April, 1828), in true equi- 
 noctial time, the date was nearly _ 
 
 $ 132iy+108.9 d . 
 
 This determination is very simply and directly obtained 
 from a comparison of the mean motions of Saturn and Jupiter, 
 which agree perfectly with those of the modern tables, so as 
 to make it impossible that they could belong to any other 
 year than that which is assigned : the early eclipses, com- 
 puted by Ideler and others, afford us still more precise con- 
 firmations of the dates. 
 
 It appears from Censorinus, that the canicular period began 
 when the 1st Thoth was the 20th July. The number of years 
 allotted to it seems to have been very simply deduced from 
 the supposed length of the true year, as consisting of 365J 
 days, without any knowledge of the distinction between the 
 tropical and the sidereal year : and it commenced when the 
 apparent heliacal rising of Sirius was on the first day of the 
 Egyptian year; the sun being supposed to be about ten 
 degrees below the horizon. Professor Ideler has shown 
 (Halma's Ptolemy III., p. 31, 38) that this occurred on the 
 1 Thoth in 1321 as well as in + 139, exactly at the in- 
 terval of 1460 tropical years ; but that in + 1599 it must have 
 happened about two days later : and he very truly observes, 
 that there was nothing in this phenomenon that could serve 
 to establish or to correct the supposed length of the year, 
 deduced, as it must have been, from the regular return of the 
 seasons. 
 
 The nature of the heliacal rising of the stars is illustrated 
 by a passage of Geminus (Halraa, p. 57). " The heliacal 
 risings of the stars are either true or apparent ; the true are 
 when the sun and star are at the same instant on the horizon; 
 
 A
 
 2 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 
 
 Year 
 
 but these are not visible, on account of the strength of the 
 sun's light. The sun, however, moving gradually among the 
 stars from west to east, the given star will rise every morning 
 afterwards a little more and more before the sun ; when it has 
 become so remote from it as to be visible, the star is said to 
 be at its apparent heliacal rising: and in this manner the 
 risings are predicted and are observed." " It is a vulgar 
 prejudice," he continues, (p. 67,) " to suppose that the rising 
 and setting of the stars have any influence on the atmosphere: 
 they are far too remote for the clouds to come within their 
 reach. The weather has been observed at certain times of 
 the year, and the places of the sun at these times having been 
 noted, the rising and setting of the stars have been employed 
 as marking those places and those seasons only : and a lighted 
 beacon might as well be called the cause of a war, as the 
 appearance of the stars the cause of a change of weather. 
 And since the sun has been about 40 days in the neighbour- 
 hood of the tropic, about the time of the rising of the dog 
 star, the coincidence serves to mark the hottest time of the 
 year, without giving the dog star any claim to be the cause of 
 heat: and in fact it is the time of the apparent heliacal rising 
 that we remark : not that of the true rising, as it ought to be, 
 if any immediate operation of the stars were concerned." 
 
 Mr. Champollion Figeac has attempted to go back to the 
 era of Menophres, in order to bring down from it, by the tes- 
 timony of miscellaneous authors respecting some facts of very 
 high antiquity, the dates of the series of reigns enumerated by 
 Manetho. But unless we prefer these authorities to that of 
 Manetho himself, we gain nothing by this substitution. The 
 name of " Menophres" cannot be identified with any kind of 
 certainty among Manetho's kings : while the date of the reign 
 of Darius is as well ascertained as that of the accession of 
 Lewis the 14th: and this reign belongs as clearly to Manetho's 
 27th dynasty, as to Ptolemy's records of eclipses. 
 
 Egyptian year 
 of Nabonassar. 
 
 1, Thoth (I.) 1 ; true noon at Alexandria. This is the general 
 epoch of Ptolemy's tables, except those of the stars, which 
 are reduced to the first year of Antonine. His mean solar 
 time is reckoned from the true time of this epoch. 
 
 In order to proceed with regularity in the computation of 
 the correct date of the epoch, it will be necessary to antici- 
 pate some of the observations of Hipparchus : premising also 
 a table of the length of the true tropical year, beginning from 
 the reign of Nabonassar, according to the numbers lately 
 employed by Mr. Poisson, which afford us, for any number 
 a; of years beginning about this time, 365.2423854#
 
 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 
 
 Egyptian year 
 <>r Nabonassar. 
 
 .000()00033275a; 2 , for the days that they contain. Hence, if 
 we include in the variation that of the time of the true equi- 
 nox, as shewn in the Supplement to the Nautical Almanac 
 for 1828, we obtain the number of days wanting in the 
 Egyptian years. 
 
 Egyptian 
 years. 
 
 100 
 200 
 
 Days wanting of 
 in. tr. years. 
 
 24.23854 
 48.47708 
 
 (.000333 
 .001331 
 
 Corr. of 
 true E. 
 -.01) 
 .05 
 
 Sum. 
 .010 
 .051 
 
 300 
 
 72.71562 
 
 .002995 
 
 .07 
 
 .073 
 
 400 
 
 96.95416 
 
 .005324 
 
 .09 
 
 .095 
 
 500 
 
 121.19270 
 
 .008319 
 
 .12 
 
 .128 
 
 600 
 
 145.43124 
 
 .011979 
 
 .15 
 
 .162 
 
 700 
 
 169.66998 
 
 .016304 
 
 .17 
 
 .186 
 
 800 
 
 193.90832 
 
 .021296 
 
 .18 
 
 .201 
 
 900 
 
 218.14686 
 
 .026955 
 
 .19 
 
 .217 
 
 1000 
 
 242.38540 
 
 .033100 
 
 .20 
 
 .233 
 
 2000 
 
 484.77080 
 
 .133100 
 
 .20 
 
 .333 
 
 2500 
 
 605.96350 
 
 .207975 
 
 .19 
 
 .398 
 
 The principal observations of the vernal equinox, made by 
 Hipparchus, were in the years 
 
 602, Mechir27, 2h. before N.; 60F 175.917 d 145.512". 
 613, Mechir 29, 12h ; 612* 178.5 d 148.176 d . 
 
 620, Phamenoth 1, 6h. ; 619^ 180.25" 149.870". 
 
 The first gives 30.405, the second 30.324, and the third 
 30.389, for the time of the vernal equinox in the first year of 
 Nabonassar : the mean being 30.366. But the two latter 
 observations being confirmed by their coincidence with those 
 of the intervening equinoxes, they must be allowed to prepon- 
 derate in some small degree, and we must call the most 
 probable mean about 30.360, and the epoch 
 
 0746'' 30.36 d . 
 
 TT 
 
 It can hardly be supposed, however, that this number is 
 much more decidedly accurate than 30.40; but some further 
 corrections might possibly be obtained from the early eclipses, 
 if greater precision were of any importance. 
 1, Paophi (II.) 1, at 9^h., was consequently the eq. 746^. 
 
 27, Thoth (I.) 29, 2^ hours before midnight at Babylon was the 
 middle of a total lunar eclipse, which lasted in the whole four 
 hours. (Ptolemy, p. 95, Ed. B. p. 244, H.) The interval is 
 26 E. y. 28|| days, allowing for the difference of longitude ; 
 the days wanting 6.29; and the whole time elapsed 26 y 22.15, 
 making 72oy 8.2l d . 
 
 Ideler has computed the time of this eclipse from Mayer's* 
 tables, and finds the beginning a minute later, the end six
 
 4 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 
 
 Egyptian year 
 of Nabonassar. 
 
 minutes earlier than the observation recorded by "Ptolemy. 
 Burg's tables agree much less accurately : but still later astro- 
 nomers have corrected the node nearly in the manner that 
 Ideler has suggested. The sun's true longitude is made by 
 Ptolemy 354 30'. 
 
 " This was the 1st year of Mardoc Empadus." 
 28, Thoth (I.) 18, at the midnight of Babylon, was the middle of 
 a lunar eclipse of three digits, (p. 95, B. p. 245, H.) Now, 
 27 E. y. 17.46 d are 27 eq. y. 10.93 d ; whence we have 
 
 0719* 19.43 d . 
 
 <Y> 
 
 Ideler makes the middle 48 minutes earlier than the re- 
 corded time, and the magnitude only 1| digit. (H. IV. 172.) 
 
 28, Phamenoth (VII.) 15, 3h. before midnight at Babylon, 
 somewhat more than 6 digits on the moon's northern limb 
 were eclipsed, (p. 95, B. p. 245, H. The date is I76.7 d 
 later than that of the preceding observation, or 719^+157. 3 d . 
 
 Ideler finds the time assigned to the middle, 12 minutes 
 too early. 
 
 127, Athyr (III.) 27, 17h. true Alexandrian time, 16fh. mean 
 time, reckoned from the epoch of the tables, the middle of an 
 eclipse of 3 digits on the moon's southern limb was observed 
 at Babylon, (p. 125, B. p. 340, H.) Now 126 E. y. 86 7 d 
 require a correction of 30.52 d , leaving 126 y 56.18 d , which 
 
 makes 620y+25.82 d . 
 
 nr 
 
 Ideler finds the middle Ih. 4m. earlier, and the magnitude 
 only li digit. 
 
 The year was the 5th of Nabopolassar, consequently the 
 1st of Nabopolassar was the 123rd of Nabonassar. 
 219, 1st Cambyses. See 225. 
 
 225, Phamenoth (VII.) 17, 1 hour before midnight at Babylon, 
 the moon was eclipsed half a diameter on the northern limb, 
 (p. 125, B. p. 346, H.) For 224 E. y. 6m. 14 days, the 
 correction is 54.24 d , leaving 142.16 : 522 y +111.80 d . 
 
 Ideler makes the time of the middle ll^h. ; the magnitude 
 as observed. 
 
 This year was the 7th of Cambyses; whence the 1st of 
 Cambyses was the 219th of Nabonassar. 
 
 246, Epiphi(XL) 28, 10|h., Alexandrian time, the moon eclipsed 
 ^ of a diameter on the south side, according to the records 
 employed by Hipparchus : the moon being near the apogee. 
 The correction is 59.56 d , for 246 E. years, of which the inter- 
 yal wants 37.36 d . 5007127 .28 d .
 
 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 5 
 
 Egyptian year 
 of Nabonassar. 
 
 P. 102, B. p. 269, H. Ptolemy observes that the date is 
 218 E. y. 309d. 23h. 12m. after the eclipse in the second 
 year of Mardoc Empadus. Ideler finds the middle 12 minutes 
 later than the observation, and the magnitude 2 digits only. 
 
 The year was the 20th of Darius, the successor of Cam- 
 byses ; whence the last of Cambyses must have been the 226th 
 of Nabonassar, which was also the eighth of Cambyses. 
 
 257, Tybi (V.) 3, lOh. 30m. true time at Alexandria, or 
 lOh. 15m. mean time reckoned from the epoch, the moon was 
 eclipsed 3 digits (p. 102, B. p. 267, H.) : the 31st Darius I. 
 Correction, 61.99 d . 490?. +30.09*. 
 
 Ideler makes the middle 35 minutes earlier, the magnitude 
 1 digit (H. IV. p. 177). 
 
 316, Phamenoth (VII.) 20-21, (p. 62, B. p. 162, H.) The 
 summer solstice, roughly observed by Meton and Euctemon, 
 is recorded as having occurred when A pseud es was archon of 
 Athens, in the morning of the 21st Phamenoth : from this 
 observation to that of Aristarchus in the 50th year of the first 
 period of Calippus, according to Aristarchus himself, there 
 were 152 years ; and this 50th year was the 44th from the 
 death of Alexander : it was 419 years earlier than that of 
 Ptolemy made in the 463rd year after Alexander : so that 
 from Meton to Ptolemy there were 571 years. Now the 
 476th of Nabonassar is called the 52nd from the death of 
 Alexander (p. 252, B.) ; and the 468th would be the 44th ; 
 whence, deducting 152, we have 316; and the correction 
 76.27 d , giving 43iy+94.12 d . 
 
 The interval between the vernal equinox and the solstice, 
 as assigned by Hipparchus and Ptolemy, was 94^ days : at 
 present it is 92.9. 
 
 The first year of Calippus must have been about the 419th 
 of Nabonassar. See 547. 
 
 The names of the archons, mentioned by Ptolemy, are 
 found in their proper places in the Anonymous Catalogue of 
 the Olympiads, not improbably compiled by Africanus, and 
 published in Scaliger's Eusebius. 
 
 366, Thoth, (I.) 26-7, ((p. 105, B. p. 275, H.) According to 
 Hipparchus, a lunar eclipse was observed at Babylon, of which 
 the middle was apparently 18^ hours, " correctly" 18|, after 
 
 the Alexandrian noon of the 26th Thoth. 381? 92.98 d . 
 
 <r 
 
 This was in the 6th Athenian month Posideon, near the 
 winter solstice : Phanostratus being archon. 
 
 366, Phamenoth (VII.) 24, (p. 105, B. p. 276, H.) A lunar
 
 6 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 
 
 Egyptian year 
 of Nalwnassar. 
 
 eclipse observed at Babylon; the middle at 8h. 15m. Alex- 
 andrian mean time apparently ; but correctly at 7h. 50m. : 
 
 the whole duration about 3 hours. 38U+4.59 d . 
 
 T 
 
 Phanostratus was still archon : the month being Scirrho- 
 phorion, which was the 12th of the Athenian year, preceding 
 the summer solstice. 
 
 Both these eclipses are mentioned in the Catalogue of 
 the Olympiads, as having occurred in the 394th Olympic year, 
 
 which must therefore have commenced about 382?+94 d , 
 
 
 
 and ended about 38Jy+94 d : and, deducting 393, the 
 
 qp 
 
 first Olympic year began 775 y +94 d : so that we may find 
 
 the equinoctial year by deducting 776 from the Olympic year, 
 and adding 776 to the equinoctial date at midsummer, we 
 have the corresponding Olympic year, which begins about that 
 solstice : for instance, at the midsummer of 1828, we have the 
 beginning of the Olympic year 2604 : or, according to the 
 Connoissance des Terns, in July, 1828; and indeed Ptolemy 
 mentions a solstice as occurring towards the end of an Athe- 
 nian year. 
 
 367, Thoth (I.) 16, (p. 106, B. p. 278, H.) The middle of a 
 lunar eclipse observed, at Babylon, at lOli. 10m. apparent, or 
 9h. 50m. correct Alexandrian time: the interval being 366 E. 
 
 y. 15.4 days: correction 88.62<i. 380* 103.58 d . 
 
 T 
 
 This was in the month Posideon the earlier, Evander being 
 archon at Athens. 
 
 418. The first year of the first period of Calippus. The 
 Catalogue of the Olympiads, CXII. 2, has the " Battle of 
 Arbela : beginning of the periods of Calippus of Cyzicum." 
 The year of Calippus probably began with the Olympic or 
 Athenian year : and the 50th ended in 468 ; consequently the 
 first ended in 419. See 597. 
 
 425, Thoth 1. The first year after the death of Alexander ; 
 
 begins. See 316. 552. 322* 133.03d. 
 
 HP 
 
 438. The first year of the " Chaldean era." See 504. Of 
 this era little or nothing more is known. 
 
 454, Paophi (II.) 16, (p. 171, B. vol. 2, p. 26, H.) Timocharis 
 writes that he observed at Alexandria, in the 36th year of the 
 first period of Calippus, on the 25th of Posideon, at the be- 
 ginning of the 10th hour of the night, that the moon exactly 
 touched, with her northernmost point, the northern star in the 
 forehead of the scorpion : the longitude of the star, reckoned 
 from the autumnal equinox, being 32, and its latitude
 
 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 7 
 
 Egyptian year 
 ol'Nabonassar. 
 
 1 20' N. The year was the 454lh of Nabonassar, the days 
 elapsed 45.62 : the correction 109.69, giving 293? 94.43 d . 
 
 454, Tybi (V.) 5, (p. 170, B. vol. 2, p. 23, H.) Timocharis 
 writes that he observed at Alexandria, in the 36th year of 
 the first period of Calippus, the 15th of Elaphebolion, at the 
 beginning of the 3rd hour of the night, that the moon touched 
 Spica with her eastern limb, the star cutting off exactly one 
 third of a diameter on the north: the year being the 454th of 
 Nabonassar : the star's longitude from the tropic of Cancer 
 being 82 20'; its latitude 2" south : the time Tybi 5, 8h. 
 
 _ 293* 15.72 d . 
 
 nr 
 
 464, The first year of Dionysius. See 476.. 507. This astro- 
 nomer named his months from the signs of the zodiac, and of 
 course employed the true length of the year, as far as it was 
 ascertained. He is said to have allotted to it 365d. 5h. 49m. ; 
 and to have made it begin the 26th June ; but perhaps with- 
 out any very good authority ; for his determination of the year 
 could scarcely have been unknown to Ptolemy. This was 
 the first year of Ptolemy Philadelphus. 
 
 465, Athyr (III.) 29, (p. 109, B. vol. 2, p. 21, H.) Timocharis 
 writes that he observed in Alexandria, the 47th year of the 
 first Calippic period of 76 years, on the 8th of Anthesterion, 
 or the 29th of the Egyptian month Athyr, 3J hours before 
 midnight, the moon in y 020'; her southern half occulted 
 the following third or half of the Pleiades : the extremity of 
 the Pleiades being in nr 29^, and in nearly 3 2' N. lat. 
 
 282V 54.35J. 
 
 <TT 
 
 466, Thoth (I.) 7, (p. 170, B. vol. 2, p. 24, H.) Timocharis 
 continues, that in the 48th year of the same Calippic period 
 of 76 years, on the 26th of Pyanepsion, which was the 7th of 
 Thoth, about 14| h., the moon, just after her rising, touched 
 the star Spica at her northernmost limb : the latitude of the 
 star was 2 S. ; its longitude 172|. These two observations 
 of Spica give the precession 10' in 12 years, as they ought to 
 
 do, according to more modern experience. 28 l y 136. 34 d . 
 
 468, (p. 62, 63, B. p. 162, 163, H.) Aristarchus observed the 
 summer solstice at the end of the 50th year of the first Calip- 
 pic period ; that is, according to Hipparchus, 152 years after 
 Meton and Euctemon, or in the 44th from the death of Alex- 
 ander, which was the year 468 of Nabonassar. See 316. 
 About 279^ + 94". 
 
 <Y> 
 
 476, Athyr (III.) 20, (p. 252, B. vol. 2, p. 226, H.) In Diony- 
 sius's 13th year, the 25th of his month Aegon, the planet 
 Mars came close to the northernmost star in the forehead of
 
 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 
 
 Egyptian year 
 
 of Nabonassar, , - . j i ., 
 
 the scorpion ; this was in the 52nd year after the death o f 
 Alexander, or the 476th of Nabonassar ; the 20-21st of the 
 Egyptian month Athyr, toward sunrise: the star being in nt 
 2 o 8 i 5 '. -2717-65.62*. 
 
 476, Mesore (XII.) 17. (p. 242, B. vol. 2, p. 205, H Timo- 
 charis records an observation made in the 13th year of Phila- 
 delphus, on the 17-18th of Mesore; Venus passed exactly 
 over the star opposite to the forerunner of Vindemiator, which 
 is the star following the star at the end of the southern wing 
 of Vir-o, the year being the 467th of Nabonassar ; the time 
 near sunrise. " 0-271"+ 201.38". 
 
 It follows that the first year of Philadelphus was the 464th 
 of Nabonassar, or the 40th after Alexander. The astronomers 
 seem not to have continued to date from the epoch of Ptolemy 
 Soter so long as the medals. 
 
 484, Thoth (I.) 18. (P. 237, B. vol. 2, p. 187, H.) In the 21st 
 year of the era of Dionysius, which was the 484th of Nabo- 
 nassar, on the 22d of the month which he calls Scorpion, or 
 the 18 19th of the Egyptian month Thoth, in the morning: 
 the planet Mercury was at the distance of the moon's diame- 
 ter from a line passing through the northern and the middle 
 star in the Scorpion's forehead, and was two diameters to the 
 
 north of the northernmost. 263? 129.56 d . 
 
 <Y> 
 
 486, Choeac (IV.) 17. (p. 231, B. vol. 2. p. 168, H.) In the 
 year called the 23d of Dionysius, the 27th of Hydron, the 
 planet Mercury was three diameters of the moon to the north- 
 wards of the bright star in the tail of Capricorn. The year 
 was the 486th of Nabonassar ; Choeac 17-18, in the morning. 
 
 _26iy 41. OS". 
 
 486, Phamenoth (VII.) (p. 232, B. vol. 2, p. 169, H.) In the 
 23rd year of Dionysius, the 4th of Tauron, in the evening, 
 Mercury was at the distance of 3 moons from the line drawn 
 through the bull's horns, or in y 23 2' ; the year being the 
 486th of Nabonassar : the mean sun being in v 29| : the 
 time was " Phamenoth, the evening of the 30th to the 1st:" 
 this must have been the evening between the 30th of Mechir 
 and the 1st of Phamenoth, in order that the sun's longitude 
 may have been less than 30 : or 261 y -f 31. 6 d . 
 
 486, Payni (X.) 33. (p. 232, B. vol. 2, p. 170, H. In the 24th 
 of Dionysius, the 28th of Leonton, in the evening ; Mercury 
 preceded Spica, according to Hipparchus's reckoning, a little 
 more than 3 ; being in 19 of -njj 26iy+151.6 d . 
 
 491, Pharmuthi (VIII.) 5. (p. 232, B. vol. 2, p. 169, H.) In the 
 28th year of Dionysius, the 7th of Didymon in the evening,
 
 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 9 
 
 Egyptian year 
 of Nabonassar. 
 
 Mercury was in a line with the heads of the Twins, If moons 
 to the south of the southernmost, or in n 29 20'. 
 
 256y + 65.39 d . 
 
 op 
 
 504, Thoth(L) 27. (p. 232, B. vol. 2, p. 171, H.) In the 67th 
 year according to the Chaldeans, on the 5th of Apellaeus, 
 Mercury was in 1TL 2 20' : this was the 27-8th of Thoth, 
 504 N. towards the morning. 243* 125.55 d . 
 
 Hence the first Chaldean year must have been the 438th of 
 Nabonassar. Apellaeus is the second of the Macedonian 
 months; and if Dius the first had 30 days, this Macedonian 
 year must have begun about 159| days before the vernal 
 equinox; if 29, 158|. 
 
 507, Epiphi (XI.) 17. (p. 261, B. vol. 2, p. 263, H.) In the 47th 
 year of Dionysius, the 10th of Parthenon, Jupiter eclipsed 
 the star called the southern ass, near the nebula of Cancer, 
 in 11 20', the 17-18th of Epiphi in the morning, the 83d 
 year after the death of Alexander. 240?+ I63.82 d . 
 
 512, Thoth (I.) 9. (p. 232, B. vol. 2, p. 170, H.) In the 75th 
 year according to the Chaldeans, the 14th of Dius, Mercury 
 was above the southern star of Libra, half a cubit, or in =d 
 14 6': this was the 512th of Nabonassar, the 9-10th of Thoth 
 in the morning. 235 y 145.39' 1 . 
 
 The 1st of Dius and of the Macedonian year, was here 
 consequently about 158| days before the equinox : so that if 
 Dius had 29 days, there were exactly 8 correct years from 
 the beginning of the 67th to that of the 75th Chaldean year. 
 See 504. 
 
 519, Tybi (V.) 14. (p. 269, B. vol. 2, p. 288, H.) In the 82d 
 
 year of the Chaldeans, the 5th of Xanthicus, in the evening, 
 Saturn was below the southern shoulder of the Virgin 
 4 digits: this was in the evening of the " 12 Tybi, the 519th 
 of Nabonassar;" but, for 12, Ideler and Halma read 14. 
 
 228 y 22.38 d . 
 Jfc 
 
 If the five Macedonian months preceding Xanthicus con- 
 tained 147 days, the 5th of this month was the 152d of the 
 year, which must have begun 173g d before the vernal equinox, 
 instead of 158| ; that is, 15 days earlier than in the year 512. 
 
 547, Mesore (XII.) 16. (p. 106, B. p. 279, H.) An eclipse of 
 the moon, quoted by Hipparchus, was observed at Alexandria, 
 in the 54th year of the second Calippic period, on the 16th of 
 the Egyptian month Mesore : the middle was 5| hours before 
 midnight, 546? 345 d 6| h from the epoch. 200y+182.74 d .
 
 10 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 
 
 Egyptian y*ar 
 
 of Nabonassar. . ., i / . 
 
 The 51st year of this Calippic period began therefore about 
 the 9th Egyptian month of 544 N ., that is, soon after the 
 summer solstice of that year; which was 76 years later than 
 468, the date of the solstice observed by Hipparchus, at the 
 end of the 50th Calippic year of the first period : the begin- 
 ning of which was 50 years earlier, or in 418 of Nabonassar. 
 
 548, Mechir (VI.) 9. (p. 106, B. p. 280, H.) In the 55th year 
 of the same period, the middle of a total lunar eclipse was 
 547? 158 d I3^ h after the epoch, or 199? 4.24 d . 
 
 The interval from the last eclipse, according to Hipparchus, 
 was 178 d 6 h ; according to Ptolemy, 178 d 6 h 50 m . 
 
 548, Mesore (XII.) 5. (p. 106, B. p. 281, H.) A second total 
 eclipse of the moon occurred in the same 55th year of the 
 second Calippic period, on the 5th of Mesore: the middle, 
 according to Hipparchus, was at 14 J, simply; or accurately, 
 reckoning by mean time, at 13 h , giving 547? 334 d 13f h from 
 the epoch, and an interval of 176 d f h from the time of the 
 preceding eclipse, that is, () 199?+171.78 d . 
 
 There can be no ambiguity respecting the succession of the 
 first and third of these eclipses, which happened at the 
 distance of a lunar year from each other, and which must 
 naturally have happened in two successive years of any 
 system of chronology. But it is much less intelligible, that 
 the second eclipse should be referred to the latter rather than 
 the former of the Calippic years, which must be supposed to 
 have begun about 94 d after the vernal equinox of 199, 
 while the eclipse happened a few days before the equinox; 
 though certainly in the same Egyptian year. There cannot 
 well be an error in the manuscripts; because the years are 
 expressly called the same. 
 
 552, Mechir (VI.) 18. The date of the Pillar of Rosetta. The 
 476th of Nabonassar being the 13th of Philadelphus, the 
 38th, or last of this prince must have been the 501st N.; the 
 25th of Evergetes the 526th; the 17th of Philopator the 
 
 543d, and the 9th of Epiphanes the 552d. 195*+4.2 d . 
 
 <Y> 
 
 The same inscription bears the date of the 4th of Xanthicus, 
 which was probably the 151st of the Macedonian year, and 
 the beginning of this year was about 154 days before the 
 vernal equinox : while in 512, that is 40 years before, it had 
 begun 158 days before the equinox: the difference amount- 
 ing but to 4 days, which is probably less than the error that 
 would attend any other date that could be substituted : and 
 Mr. St. Martin's attempt to prove, that the year of the young
 
 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 11 
 
 Egyptian year 
 oi Nalwnassar. 
 
 king began with the 15th of his father, appears to be 
 completely unsuccessful. Dr. Young seems to have been too 
 hasty in allowing the opinion of this ingenious antiquary to 
 influence his dates of the reigns of the Ptolemies in this 
 particular, (Discoveries, p. 143.) 
 
 The perfect agreement of the Macedonian year, at least as 
 observed by the " Chaldeans," in 504 and 512 of Nabonassar, 
 with the true tropical year, leads us at once to suppose, that 
 they must have retained the very ancient mode of intercala- 
 tion which consisted in inserting three months in each 
 " octaeterid :" and the example of the year 519, when the 
 Macedonian year began "15 days earlier than it must have 
 done in 520, shews that there must have been an intercalary 
 month at the end of 519, though there seems to be but 26 days 
 left for it. The precise order of the intercalations has not 
 been fully explained in any good authority : and it is certain 
 that it must have varied greatly among the different nations 
 of the Greeks : for we have the direct testimony of several 
 historians, and particularly of a letter of Philip, quoted by 
 Demosthenes, to prove that the Macedonian names of the 
 months were employed with considerable variations in 
 Macedon and at Corinth. But the best account of these 
 periods is found in Geminus, the author of the Introduction 
 to the Phenomena. (Halma's Ptolemy, vol. 3, p. 44.) 
 
 " The first chronological period employed by the ancients 
 was the Octaeterid, which contains 99 months, 3 of them 
 intercalary, and 2924 days. The solar year containing 365| 
 days, and the lunar 354, they observed, that the lunar year 
 was 11| days shorter than the solar, and they inquired what 
 multiple of this time would give them complete months. 
 Now, 8 times 11| are 90 days, or 3 months: and these 
 months they introduced in the 3d, 5th, and 8th years of each 
 cycle : leaving two years unaltered between two of the pairs 
 of intercalations, and one between the other pair: and since 
 two lunar months make 59 days, they reckoned the months 
 alternately of 29 and 30 days, or deficient and complete, as 
 they were called. 
 
 " The octaeterid, thus constituted, agreed sufficiently well 
 with the course of the sun, but not so accurately with that of 
 the moon : for the true month consists of of a day more 
 than 29|, so that the 99 true months made 2923^ days: while 
 the 8 solar years gave only 2922 days: and the lunar period 
 was a day and a half greater than the solar, two octaeterids 
 wanting 3 days of the corresponding 198 months: of course, 
 in 20 octaeterids, the difference amounted to a month ; and 
 it was necessary to omit an intercalary month once in 160 
 years, and to make only 29 instead of 30 intercalations in 
 that period.
 
 12 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 
 
 Egyptian year 
 of Nabonassar. 
 
 " These proportions, however, are still in want of further 
 correction, and instead of omitting an intercalation in 20 
 octaeterids, it is more accurate to omit one in 19: and instead 
 of 3 x 19 or 57 intercalations in this time, to make only 56, 
 that is 7 in each period of 19 years. 
 
 " On this last correction the periods of [Meton,] Euctemon, 
 Philippus, and Calippus, were founded. They first took the 
 solar year as containing 365 -fg days, making 6940 days in 19 
 years, and of the 235 months in this period they made 125 
 complete and 110 defective; the complete and defective 
 months not being always alternate : and 110 being [about] 
 the 63d part of 6940, they left out one day of a complete 
 month every 63d day of the period. Calippus afterwards 
 found that the year, thus measured, was T '^ of a day too short : 
 he therefore established a period of 76 years, in which he 
 corrected the error by dividing it into 940 months, of which 
 28 are intercalary; the whole containing 27759 days." 
 
 This arrangement of Calippus was admirably adapted for 
 preserving the order of the true lunar months: but it must 
 have deviated very considerably from that of the solar years; 
 and we have no positive evidence of the manner in which the 
 seven intercalary months were distributed among the 19 years 
 into which each quarter of the period was divided. 
 
 The same period of nineteen years is still of considerable 
 use in modern chronology : for in the present century, if we 
 divide the date of the Christian year by 19, multiply the 
 remainder by 11, and divide by 30 ; the last remainder will 
 be the EPACT, or the moon's supposed age on the first of 
 January; and the former remainder, increased by 1, will 
 give the GOLDEN NUMBER. Thus in 1828, the golden 
 number is 5, and the epact 14. 
 
 But to return to the Pillar of Rosetta; it is perfectly true, 
 that the agreement of the two dates would be more satisfactory, 
 according to the evidence of 504 and 502 N. if we supposed 
 the time 3 years earlier, as Mr. St. Martin has done. For 
 at those dates the Macedonian year began 158 days before 
 the vernal equinox ; and if it had done the same in 552, as 
 we should expect, the date would have been the 8th of 
 Xanthicus: in 551, since an intercalation must have inter- 
 vened, as in 519, the date of the same Egyptian day would 
 have been 19 days later, or the 27th; the year before, the 
 16th; and in 549, probably about the 5th of Xanthicus, 
 instead of the 4th. But this analogy is by no means 
 sufficient to make it probable, that the real 6th year of 
 Epiphanes should have been called the 9th : and we may 
 oppose to it the direct inference from the later date of the 
 year 519, in which the 5th of Xanthicus was 22 days before
 
 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 13 
 
 Egyptian year 
 of Nabonassar. 
 
 the vernal equinox, and according to the regular observance 
 of the octaeterid, this must probably have happened again 
 in the year 551 : and to the 5th of Xanthicus in 552 there 
 must have been 354 + 29 = 383 days, or 18 days above the 
 solar year: which deducted from 22, leaves four days for the 
 date of the 5th of Xanthicus before the vernal equinox, or 5 
 days for that of the 4th : while the Egyptian date of Ptolemy 
 gives us 4| : and no greater perfection can reasonably be 
 descried in such a coincidence : indeed we have only to 
 suppose the intercalary month to have contained 30 days, 
 which is perfectly admissible, to have the 4th of Xanthicus, 
 instead of the 5th, for the synonym of the 18th of Mechir. 
 
 The knowledge, which we have thus acquired of the Mace- 
 donian calendar, will enable us to form a satisfactory estima- 
 tion at least, if not a certain demonstration of the date of the 
 death of Alexander, which was clearly in the Egyptian year 
 424 of Nabonassar, and which, as Plutarch informs us, on the 
 authority of the official journal of his illness, happened on the 
 28th of the month Daesius, which was the eighth month of 
 the year, and the day the 234th. Now, if the Macedonian 
 year began 158 days before the vernal equinox of 504, it 
 probably did the same in 424, and the former year beginning 
 about 243? 158 d , the latter must have begun about 
 <T> V' 
 
 >^ 323 y 158 d , and the day in question must have been about 
 323y + 76 d : that is, in the common language of chrono- 
 
 logers, about the 9th of June, 324 B. C. This date agrees 
 sufficiently well with the season of the year assigned by an 
 ancient author, quoted by Mr. St. Martin, to the death of 
 Diogenes, which is supposed to have happened on the same 
 day with that of Alexander: but even if it was on the 
 22d of June, as Mr. St. Martin supposes, it could scarcely 
 have been on his road to the Olympic games, that Diogenes 
 died. The intercalary month this ingenious critic thinks the 
 " Dioscorus" mentioned in the Maccabees. Plutarch tells us, 
 that Alexander was born on the 6th of the month of Lous, 
 which was the tenth of the Macedonian year; and this date 
 agrees well enough with the story of Philip's receiving an 
 account of a victory at the Olympic games, and of the birth 
 of his son on the same day. 
 
 574, Phamenoth (VII.) 27. (p. 142, B. p. 389, H.) In the 7th 
 year of Philometor, which is the 574th of Nabonassar, the 
 27-8th of Phamenoth, the moon was eclipsed to the extent of 
 7 digits on the northern limb; the interval from the epoch to 
 the middle of the eclipse being 573? 206 d 14 h mean time in 
 Alexandria. 173^+37.51*.
 
 14 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 
 
 Egyptian year 
 of Nabonassar. 
 
 The last year of Philopator having been 543 N., that of 
 Epiphanes 567 N"., the 7th of Philometor must have been 
 574 N. : so that the lengths of the reigns of these kings 
 assigned by the chronologers is fully confirmed by the 
 authority of Ptolemy, as well as by that of the manuscripts of 
 the Cholchytae still existing at Turin. 
 
 586, Mesore (XII.) 30. (p. 60, B. p. 156, H.) Hipparchus says 
 that in the 17th year of the third Calippic period, the autumnal 
 equinox was observed the 30th of Mesore, about sunset. 
 
 16iy+187.0 d . 
 
 The interval 187 days agrees with the direct observation of 
 Ptolemy, (p. 72, B.) 
 
 The autumnal equinox of the first year of this period must 
 have been in 570 N. We have already seen that Mesore 547 
 was in the 54th year of the second period, and Mesore 570 
 would have been in the 77th of that period, or the 1st of the 
 succeeding. 
 
 589, Epagomenae (XIII.) 1. (p. 60, B.) Three years afterwards, 
 that is, in the year 20, the equinox was at, on the 1st of the 
 Epagomenae in the morning, 158 y -|-186,9 d . 
 
 590, Epagomenae (XIII.) 1. In the 21st year the equinox was 
 observed at the 6th hour. Q 157 y +186.9 d . 
 
 601, Epagomenae (XIII.) 3-4; after 11 years, in the 32d year 
 of the period, the autumnal equinox was observed at 
 midnight, the 178th year after Alexander, 285 years before 
 the 9th of Athyr in 463 after Alexander: the observation 
 
 was made with great care. 146 y +186.87 d . 
 
 602, Mechir (VI.) 27. (p. 62, B. p. 154, H.) Hipparchus says, 
 that the vernal equinox was very accurately observed in the 
 32d year of the third period of Calippus, on the 27th of 
 Mechir in the morning, about the 5th hour : the year being 
 the 178th after the death of Alexander, which is the 602d 
 
 of Nabonassar. 145y+.05 d . 
 
 if 
 
 Ptolemy says that this observation was 285 years before 
 that of the 7 Pachon, 463 after Alexander: this must there- 
 fore have been subsequent to the autumnal equinox last 
 mentioned, which he refers to the end of the same Egyptian 
 year after the death of Alexander ; and there must either 
 have been a mistake in some of the numbers, or Ptolemy 
 must have reckoned the year after the death of Alexander 
 from the summer. The error has been already corrected by 
 making the dates of the autumnal equinoxes from 586 to 601, 
 a year earlier than would be inferred from the year of
 
 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 1& 
 
 Egyptian rear 
 of Nabonassar. 
 
 Alexander: and it has been found that the date of the 
 Calippic period becomes correct 686 N. We find also that 
 both these equinoxes happened 285 Egyptian years and 70 
 days before those of Athyr (IV.) and Pachon (IX.) of the 
 3rd of Antonine, and this could only have been true, if one 
 was at the end of 601, the other in the middle of 602. 
 
 602, (p. 61, B.) Hipparchus found the longitude of Spica 186 30'. 
 
 602, Epagomenae (XIII.) 4. (p. 153, H.) After a year the 
 autumnal equinox of Calippus's 33d year was on the 4th of 
 
 the Epagomenae in the morning. 145^+186. 88 d . 
 
 603, Mechir ( VI.) C(P- 60 > B The vernal e q ui - } 144.00*. 
 
 . n/r 1.- /TT-T \ 1 nox, according to Hipparchus, I *X! , ,. _ 
 
 604, Mectur (VI.) 1 was ' obaerve< f yery ^ a j \ $ -143.00X. 
 
 605, Mechir (VI.) f intervals of 365| days. ' J 142.00 y . 
 
 605, Epagomenae (XIII.)4. (p. 60, B. p. 153, H.) The autumnal 
 equinox was observed in the evening. 142*+186.9 d . 
 
 606, Mechir (VI.) Vernal equinox. 141.00*. 
 
 607, Tybi (V.) 2. (p. 142, B. p. 390, H.) In the 37th year of 
 the third Calippic period, the middle of a lunar eclipse 
 observed at Rhodes, was 606? 121 d 10 h 10 m after the epoch, 
 
 both in apparent and in correct time, or 140? 55.65 d . 
 
 607, Mechir (VI.) (p. 60, B.) Vernal equinox. 140.00*. 
 
 613, Mechir (VI.) (p. 60, B. p. 156, H.) In the 43d year of 
 the third Calippic period, the observation of the vernal 
 equinox was made at midnight of the 29-30th of Mechir, 
 agreeing with the time of the observation made 11 years before. 
 
 134y+0.03 d . 
 
 T> 
 
 614 . . 620, (p. 60.) The agreement of the equinoxes with the 
 regular interval of about 365| days was observed in each of 
 these years by Hipparchus, about 133.0? to 127. 0*. 
 
 620, Phamenoth (VII.) 1. (p. 60, 63, B. p. 163, H.) The equi- 
 nox was observed about sunset, that is l|d. later than the ob- 
 servation made 7 years before, in the 43d year of the period. 
 
 0127.00*. 
 
 620, (p. 167, B. vol. 2, p. 12. 13, H.) In the 50th year of the 
 third Calippic period, the longitude of the Lion's heart, 
 according to Hipparchus, was 29 50'. Ptolemy made it 
 2 40' more in the 2d year of Antonine. 
 
 620, Epiphi (XI.) 16. (p. Ill, B. p. 295, H.) Hipparchus found
 
 16 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 
 
 Egyptian year 
 ot'Nabonassar. 
 
 at the interval from the epoch of 619^ 314 d I7 h 50 m , appa- 
 rently, but accurately 45 D1 , the distance of the sun from the 
 moon 86" 15'. 127^+134.51". 
 
 621, Pharmuthi (VIII.) 11. (p. 1 12, B. p. 299, H.) Hipparchus 
 relates, that he observed at Rhodes the true distance of the 
 sun and moon, 313 42' very nearly, 620? 219 d 18^ h , appa- 
 rently, but correctly 18 h , after the epoch I26y+39.28 d . 
 
 621, Payni (X.) 17. (p. 114, B. p. 304, H.) In the same year, 
 197 after the death of Alexander, Hipparchus observed in 
 Rhodes the moon's longitude 20 of Si, both apparently and 
 truly, for she had then no parallax in longitude: the time 
 was 62Qy 286 d 4 h , apparently, but correctly 3|h. after the 
 epoch. 126*+ 105.66*. 
 
 719. The first year of Augustus, (p. 79, B. p. 204, H.) From 
 the 1 Augustus to the 17 Adrian, the interval is 161 Egyptian 
 years: from the epoch to the 17 Adrian. 879: this year was 
 therefore the 880th of Nabonassar, and the first of Augustus 
 the 719th. 
 
 723. Hence the 5th of Augustus was the 723d of Nabonassar. 
 It was in this year, as we are informed by the fragment of 
 the emperor Heraclius, published in Dodwell's Dissertationes 
 Cyprianicae, 1684, (p. 111.) that the Greeks of Alexandria 
 adopted the Julian system of intercalation : and "the number 
 of days added is found by dividing the number of years 
 elapsed from the 5th of Augustus, and neglecting the 
 remainder." This year began with the 28th, or rather the 
 29th of August, which was the 1st of Thoth: and in the 
 August of the year preceding each bissextile, the Alexandrians 
 reckoned 6 Epagomenae, instead of 5. In Raima's Ptolemy, 
 vol. 3, p. 9, there is a note of Logothetes, from a manuscript 
 in the king's library at Paris, which tells us that the 
 tetraeterids of the Alexandrian year are reckoned from the 
 beginning of the 6th year of Augustus : the bissextile having 
 been introduced at the time of the taking of Alexandria by 
 that emperor. See 1112. 
 
 The 1 Thoth 723 was 24 y 205.2". 
 
 
 
 = 25 y +160.0 d . 
 
 nr 
 
 This is about 27 days before the autumnal equinox. It 
 has been generally admitted that the 1st Thoth of this 
 year was the 29th of August. The words of Heraclius are, 
 "the Alexandrians call the first month Thoth, which is
 
 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 17 
 
 Egyptian year 
 of Nabonassar. 
 
 September, comprehending three days of August:" and the 
 29th would give but two days of August, and would make 
 the autumnal equinox the 25th or 26th of September. The 
 calendar of the stars attributed to Ptolemy (Halma, v. 3, 
 p. 21,) has, indeed, an interpolation of a Roman, after the 
 1st Thoth, " according to our date, the 29th of August :" and 
 the autumnal equinox is marked on the 28th Thoth : the vernal 
 the 26th of Phamenoth; the summer solstice the 1st Epiphi; 
 the winter the 26th Choeac : agreeing sufficiently well with 
 the reduction from Ptolemy; for 205 days from the 1st Thoth 
 give us the 26th of Phamenoth. Logothetes, and the other 
 later chronological fragments published by Halma, agree in 
 making the 29th of August the 1st of Thoth. 
 
 840, Tybi (V.) 2. (p. 170, B. vol. 2, p. 22, H.) Agrippa relates 
 that he observed in Bithynia, in the 12th year of Domitian, 
 the 7th of "their month Metroiis," an occultation of the 
 southern following part of the Pleiades; whence the true 
 place of the moon is made 3 7 ' , the date being the 840th 
 year of Nabonassar, 2d Tybi, 6f h apparent time, 6 h correct 
 
 time. +93* 112.23 d . 
 
 nr 
 
 The 1st of Domitian was therefore 829 N. 
 
 883, Athyr (III.) 13. (p. 332, H.) Ptolemy observed the moon's 
 transit in the 20th of Adrian, the 13th Athyr, just before 
 sunset, 5h. 50m. after noon : the altitude of her centre being 
 50 55' ; whence the parallax is found 50' 55" : the interval 
 from the epoch was apparently 882y. 72d. 5h. 50m., but 
 correctly 5h. 20m. +136^ -171.69 d . 
 
 In this computation the latitude of Alexandria is made 
 30 58', instead of 31 12' : and it is inconceivable how an 
 error of such magnitude can have been committed by astrono- 
 mers so numerous and so accurate as those of the school of 
 Alexandria. 
 
 1112, Phamenoth (VII.) 6. (Theon, p. 284, 277, 281, B.) An 
 eclipse of the moon was observed by Theon the commentator, 
 6^ hours after noon of the 6th Phamenoth, or 7 T ^.hours 
 apparent time : the moon being in y 28 15' 10". 
 
 +365V 113.9 d . 
 
 <Y> 
 
 This was " the 81st year of Diocletian, according to the 
 Alexandrians, in the month of Athyr ; but according to the 
 Egyptians, the 81st year, in the month of Phamenoth." 
 " The conjunction which took place in the month Thoth, 
 was on the 24th, according to the tables, and reckoning 
 back 97 for the difference of the years, we have the 22d
 
 18 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 
 
 Egyptian year 
 
 ofNabonassar. . 
 
 Payni of the preceding year for the Alexandrian date, 
 since 24+36597=389 97=292." The Alexandrian 
 year having been introduced in 723 of Nabonassar, we have 
 1112 723 389=4 x 97|. And in the same manner the 
 6th Phamenoth, deducting 97 days, gives the 29th of Athyr, 
 which was the Alexandrian time of the eclipse. The 
 preceding conjunction, was, according to the tables, oa the 
 21st Mechir. 
 
 It follows that the years of Diocletian are found! by 
 deducting 1031 from those of Nabonassar, and that the first 
 of Diocletian was 1032 of Nabonassar. Heraclius says that 
 there were 313 from the 1 Augustus, to the 1 Diocletian, 
 and 7J9+313=1032. 
 
 We are informed in the same chapter of Theon, (p. 280,) 
 that the "table of cities" gives the longitudes East from 
 the " Fortunate islands;" and we are directed to take out 
 of it the difference of the longitude of a given place from 
 that of Alexandria, in order to find the time of that place. 
 
 In Heraclius's example of Alexandrian time for the 77U* 
 of Diocletian, the time reckoned from the 5th of Augustus 
 is 385 years, or 4 x 96J, and 96 days are deducted. P. 111. 
 See 723. 
 
 1223, Athyr (III.) 21. (Halma, vol. 3, p. 11.) The 192d year 
 of Diocletian, the 21st Athyr, the moon was observed by 
 Thius at Athens to pass over Venus, in 13 V? > and 48 from 
 
 the sun. This would be -f 477* 24(i d . 
 
 <> 
 
 But the longitude of Venus being 283, that of the sun 
 should have been 235, or 331, which it could not be 
 246 days before the equinox. The time must therefore have 
 been Alexandrian, that is, 125 days later, or +477* 121 d . 
 
 -f 476y+244 d . 
 
 and the sun must have been behind Veaus. The other obser- 
 vations of Thius are probably recorded in the same time. 
 
 1245, Paonon (IX.) 6. (Halma, vol. 3, p. 10.) Heliodonts 
 observed in the 214th year of Diocletian, the 6-7th Pachon, 
 the second hour of the night, Mars in perfect contact with 
 Jupiter. The interval from the epoch was 1244? and either 
 245.33<. or 375.33 d . E. T. +498* 38. l d . 
 
 or A. T. Q +498y+91.9 d . 
 
 1250, Mechir (VI.) 27. (Halma, vol. 3, p. 10.) Heliodorus 
 observed in 219 of Diocletian, an occultatiou of the planet
 
 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 19 
 
 Egyptian year 
 of Nabonassar. 
 
 Saturn by the moon, the 27-8th Mechir, a little after the 
 4th hour of the night, the middle being about 5 hours after 
 sunset : the emersion was at the middle of the enlightened 
 part of the moon. Either E. T. +50 8V 156.3 d . 
 
 or A. T. +503V 24.3 d . 
 
 1256, Thoth (I.; 30. (Halma, vol. 3. p. 11.) Thius observed 
 the passage of Jupiter 3 digits to the North of Regulus, 
 the 225th of Diocletian. The 133 days of intercalation 
 make this the 163d day of the old Egyptian year, and the 
 equinoctial date +509? 182.0 d . 
 
 1256, Phamenoth (VII.) 15. (Halma, vol. 3, p. 11.) Thius 
 found that the moon in 16^ must have occulted the 
 Hyades in the day time: 225 of Diocletian. +509? 6.2 d . 
 
 1256, Payni (X.) 29. (Halma, vol. 3, p. 11.) Thius observed 
 that soon after sunset the planet Mars was near to Jupiter 
 1 digit to the west: in the situation which the tables 
 indicated for the 23d of the same month : the year was the 
 
 225th of Diocletian. +510y+98.3 d . 
 
 i|S 
 
 1257, (Halma, vol. 3, p. 12.) In 226 after Diocletian, Thius 
 found that Venus was 20 digits before Jupiter .... and on 
 the 29th. . . 10 digits behind him, in the same latitude : 
 while the ephemerides made the conjunction on the 30th: 
 Bouillaud says, of Mesore. 
 
 The year began in Alexandrian time -f511 y 20l d . 
 the 30th Mesore, noon, -f511 y +158 d . 
 
 DATES from the Catalogue of OLYMPIADS. 
 
 Olympiadte Solstitial date of 
 
 year. the beginning. 
 
 In Scaliger's edition of Eusebius, there is a Cata- 
 logue of the Olympiads, among the Collections not 
 translated, which has every appearance of high authen- 
 ticity: the author was acquainted with the principal 
 astronomical occurrences which are mentioned by 
 Ptolemy, and he has introduced many of them in 
 their proper places, at intervals agreeing with those 
 which are assigned by Ptolemy : he seems to have been 
 a person of correct judgment, and he was a Christian, 
 though too fond of recording fictitious prodigies. 
 There is great reason to suppose that he was no other 
 than Africanus, to whom Scaliger himself attributes 
 the more meager catalogue of Oympic victors.
 
 20 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 
 
 OUmpiadic Solstitial date of 
 
 year. the begiuning. 
 
 Troy taken by the Greeks. See 692. The begiuning 
 of Grecian history. About 1016 
 
 1. Establishment of the Olympic epoch. See 366 N. 775 
 
 6. p. 313, Ol. II. 2. Birth of Romulus and Remus. 770 
 
 S3 
 
 23. Ol. VI. 3. " Rome founded according to some 
 
 authors." 
 
 25. Ol. VII. 1. Rome founded. 751 
 
 S3 
 
 This date is confirmed by Dionysius and others. 
 Tarutius, the friend of Varro, as quoted by Plutarch, 
 makes the birth of Romulus the21stThoth following 
 the 23d Choeac, in the 1st year of the lid Olympiad, 
 and says, that Rome was founded the 9th Pharmuthi, 
 VI. 3: but the Varronian era has not been generally 
 considered as of high authority. Pharmuthi was about 
 the autumnal equinox. 
 
 30. Ol. VIII. 2. The begiuning of the era of " Na- 
 
 busar." 746 
 
 S3 
 
 This Olympic year must have ended about rj< 746' 
 
 '+94 d , that is, at the first midsummer in the reign 
 
 of Nabonassar: consequently, the first Olympic year 
 
 should have begun 30 years earlier, or 7767 +94 d . 
 
 or 776*, and not 775*. ^ 
 
 S3 
 
 Hence it appears that the beginning of the era of 
 Nabonassar is here set down as belonging to the 
 Olympic year which began soon after it, and not to the 
 year which was nearly ended at that epoch. 
 
 55. p. 314, Ol. XIV. 3. The 1st year of Mardoc Empadus; 
 
 an eclipse of the moon. See N. 27. 721 
 
 S3 
 
 The eclipse happened a little before the vernal 
 equinox following this solstice, that is, 720. 
 
 137. p. 315, Ol. XXXV. 1. Thales born. 639 
 
 188. p. 316, Ol. XL VII. 4. Vaphres began to reign in 
 
 Egypt. 588 
 
 S3 
 
 The article Egypt has 590 B. C. ; which, expressed 
 in astronomical language, is 589. 
 
 191 . Ol. XLVIII. 3. Foundation of the Pythian games. 
 
 An eclipse of the sun foretold by Thales. 585 
 
 35
 
 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 21 
 
 olympiadic Solstitial date of 
 
 year. the beginning. 
 
 Mr. Baily makes the eclipse mentioned by Herodotus 
 as foretold by Thales, 610, B. C. that is 609. Ph. 
 Tr. 1811. Both these dates might have been in the 
 reign of Alyattes : and if the story of Herodotus is 
 true, Mr. Baily's computations are sufficient to prove 
 that the earlier date is correct ; and that the eclipse 
 here mentioned was not that of Herodotus. Pliny is 
 the oldest author that has recorded this eclipse, in the 
 reign of Halyattes, as having happened Ol. XLVIII. 4. 
 Mr. Baily makes it 30th Sept. 610, B.C., the sun's 
 declination being 8": that is, 609.0y; the 167th 
 Olympiadic year. 
 
 251. p. 318, Ol. LXIII. 3. Amasis dies, having reigned 
 
 55 years. Cambyses conquers Egypt. 525 
 
 254. Ol. LXIV. 2. The moon eclipsed in the 7th year 
 
 of Cambyses. 522 
 
 23 
 
 This was 225 N. about 13 days after the solstice of 
 522 ; so that the Olympic games must have followed 
 very shortly after the solstice. 
 
 275. Ol. LXIX. 3. The moon eclipsed, in the 20th of 
 
 Darius Hystaspis. 501 
 
 See 246 N. 
 
 344. p. 321, Ol. LXXXVI. 4. Apseudes being Archon, 
 Meton, the son of Pausanias, erected a dial, and made 
 known his cycle of 19 years. 432 
 
 The solstice observed by Meton, while Apseudes 
 was Archon, appears from Ptolemy to have been 
 
 431, 94 days after the vernal equinox: and the 
 Olympic year having begun soon after the solstice of 
 431, this observation must have been made at the 
 end of the archonship of Apseudes: and we find, in 
 Nabonassar 468, Aristarchus observed the summer 
 solstice at the end of a Calippic year. 
 
 394. p. 324, Ol. XCTX. 2. Phanostratus being Archon, an 
 eclipse of the moon in Posideon, and again in Scir- 
 rophorion. 382 
 
 S3 
 
 The latter was only 10 days before the solstice of 
 381, which was near the end of this Olympic year: 
 the former about the winter solstice, or the middle of 
 the year. See N. 366.
 
 22 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 
 
 395. Ol. XCIX. 3. Menander or Evander being 
 
 Archon. An eclipse of the moon in Posideon. 381 
 
 About midwinter. See N. 367. 
 413. p. 326, Ol. CIV. 1. An eclipse of the sun. 363 
 
 415. Ol. CIV. 3. Tachos, king of Egypt, went 
 
 through Arabia to meet Artaxerxes, who died this 
 year, after a reign of 43 years. 361 
 
 417. Ol. CV. 1. The reign of Philip began ; it lasted 
 
 24 years. 359 
 
 J 
 
 420. Ol. CV. 4. Alexander born. Some say a year 
 
 later. 356 
 
 25 
 
 427. p. 327, Ol. CVII. 3. Nebtanebos, king of Egypt, 
 abdicates, and flies into Ethiopia. Artaxerxes con- 
 quers the whole of Egypt. 
 
 441. p. 238, Ol. CXI. 1. Philip is killed, having reigned 
 
 24 years. 335 
 
 3 
 
 442. Ol. CXI. 2. Alexander crosses into Asia. 334 
 
 
 
 446. p. 329, Ol. CXII. 2. Alexandria founded; an eclipse 
 of the moon; battle of Arbela; beginning of the 
 periods of Calippus of Cyzicum. 330 
 
 452. Ol. CXIII. 4. Alexander marries Statira. 324 
 
 3 
 
 453. Ol. CXIV. 1. Alexander issues a proclamation 
 before the opening of the Olympic games, for the return 
 of all the Grecian fugitives. He dies in Babylon, 
 having reigned 12 years and 7 months. Diogenes, the 
 cynic, died the same day. See N. 552. 323 
 
 23 
 
 The proclamation was probably issued after the 
 king's actual death. 
 
 [467. Phil. Tr. 1811. Mr. Baily makes the eclipse of Aga- 
 
 thocles, mentioned by Diodorus, _ 309] 
 
 23 
 
 602. p. 333, Ol. CLI. 2. An eclipse of the moon, in the 7th 
 
 year of Philometor. _ 174 
 
 r\ 
 
 Nab. 574. $ I73y+37.51<; of course before the 
 
 solstice 173. The 7th of Philometor began about 
 the autumnal equinox 174. 
 
 692. p. 335, Ol. CLXXIII. 4. Troy taken by Sylla, 1100 
 
 years after its capture by the Greeks. _ 84
 
 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 23 
 
 Olympiadic Solstitial date of 
 
 year. the beginning. 
 
 714. p. 330, Ol. CLXXIX.2. Cicero consul. Augustus born. 62 
 
 729. p. 337, Ol. CLXXXIII. 1. Battle of Pharsalia. Siege 
 of Alexandria. Epoch of Caesar's empire, and of the 
 
 era of the Antiochians. 47 
 
 
 
 731. Ol. CLXXXIII. 3. End of the History of 
 
 Diodorus. Caesar corrects the Roman year. 45 
 
 735. Ol. CLXXXIV. 3. Battle of Philippi. 041 
 
 737. Ol. CLXXXV. 1. Herod called king of the 
 
 Jews. 39 
 
 O 
 
 746. Ol. CLXXXVII. 2. Battle of Actium, " to- 
 wards the middle of the Olympiad," that is, towards 
 
 the end of the year. 30 
 
 747. Ol. CLXXXVII. 3. Antony kills himself. Q 29 
 
 748. 4. Octavius triumphs over 
 Egypt. 28 
 
 771. Ol. CXCIII. 3. Herod dies, and Archelaus 
 
 succeeds him, 5 
 
 Q 
 789. p. 338, Ol. CXCVIH. 1. Augustus dies. +13 
 
 808. p. 339, Ol. CCII. 4. Passion of our Saviour Christ. +32 
 
 816. Ol. CCIV. 1. Death of Tiberius. 0+40 
 
 
 835. p. 340, Ol. CCIX. 3. Nero puts to death Agrippina. 
 
 An eclipse of the sun, during which the stars are seen. +59 
 
 844. Ol. CCXI. 4. Nero destroys himself, and is suc- 
 
 ceeded by Galba. +68 
 
 855. Ol. CCXIV. 3. Vespasian succeeded by Titus. 
 
 Herculaneum and Pompeii destroyed by an eruption 
 of Vesuvius. +79 
 
 876. p. 341, Ol. CCXIX. 4. End of the Chronicle of Justus 
 
 of Tiberias, which begins with Moses. +100 
 
 892. Ol. CCXXIII. 4. Trajan dies, after a reign of 
 
 19 years. His bones are deposited in his column. +116 
 
 916. p. 342, Ol. CCXXIX. 4. So far the Olympiads were 
 written by Phlegon of Tralles, a freedman of Adrian, 
 in 16 books.
 
 24 Astronomical and Nautical Collections. 
 
 Olympiadic Solstitial date of 
 
 year the beginning. 
 
 979. p. 343, Ol. CCXLV. 3. Secular games celebrated. +203 
 
 992. Ol. CCXLIX. Heliodorus conquers in the 
 
 stadium. +216 
 
 TP 
 
 DATE of the Letter of MANUMISSION. Hier. 46. 
 
 " Constantius Augustus VII.; and Constantius the most 
 lllustrious.Caesar III. Tybi 17; the XIII Induction." 
 
 1130. p. 282. Epitome of Chronology. Ol. CCLXXIII. "3:" 
 or, in the margin, 2. Constantius Augustus " IX." and 
 
 Constans Caesar III. Indiction XII. +354 
 
 Q 
 
 The numbers are greatly confused, but this seems to be 
 the year intended : the consuls for the next are Arbetion 
 and Lollianus; and in the Catalogue of Idatius, p. 31, these 
 names are preceded by Constantius VII. and Constantius III. 
 The Indictions of Constantine beginning in September, it is 
 very possible that the number 12 in the catalogues belongs 
 to the earlier part of the year, and 1 3 to the later. 
 
 The catalogue in Dodwell's Diss. Cypr. (p. 103), has 
 Constantius VII., Constantius Caesar III., in the year 354. 
 And the common school books exhibit the same date. 
 
 In p. 260, the first year of the Indiction is marked 
 Ol. CLXXXIII. 2; in the margin, CLXXXIV. 3: the 
 
 6th year of Cleopatra, the 1st of Julius Caesar: the An- 
 tiochians began their era on the 12th of Artemisius, and the 
 Indiction began the 1st of Gorpiaeus." See 729 O. 
 
 In p. 279, the 1st Indiction of Constantine is marked 
 Ol. CCLXXIII. 2; in the margin CCLXXIII. 1. 
 The year 1828 is now called the 1st Indiction; and 
 1828 15 X 125 =47; agreeing with the catalogue of 
 Olympiads.
 
 ENCHORIAL NUMBERS. 
 
 2. H30 t 34- A 70,36'. -^^L ^ 
 
 3. S25, 30, 3*. 3 3 ' 
 
 4. *? ^ 2 ** M "***i * 
 
 * > * ^ ^ ^ 
 
 6. B. 37. 1,1. 3j ii ^.' 
 
 t ai a? 
 
 TI n 
 
 15. 
 
 -<x y a a/ 
 
 9. 
 
 \ 
 
 7 7,7, 
 
 2 ^. 
 
 10.^2.5-. -A 
 
 /J 
 
 / X,. 
 
 A A 
 
 11. 
 
 y 
 
 i/ 
 
 IA 
 
 12 
 
 y 
 
 ,/ 
 
 MA 
 
 13. 
 
 y 
 
 J/ 
 
 PA
 
 2 ENCHORIAL yi'MBERS . 
 
 jy. ffieratic Deyj EnckoT^ulDfU/S timimon. BumAf ftm*f EatJisnaJ 
 
 \7.E 
 18. H 
 
 19. 
 20. 
 21. 
 
 22. 3^ *? 
 
 23. 
 
 24. 
 
 25. 
 
 20. 
 
 27. 5/' i7/ 
 
 28. 
 
 29. 
 
 ^. 
 
 So.Laj&Eza. fc {ic 
 51. 
 
 36. 
 
 46. 
 
 5>Q.ff34A f . T/t t \Jl Peyron,.
 
 JT. 
 52 
 
 60. 
 70. 
 80. 
 90. 
 
 1OO. ( SeeP/OS) 
 
 ENVHORJAL LUMBERS 
 
 EruAvriai. 
 
 Hienafcc 
 
 SOO.ffJS. feyrtm 
 4OO. 
 
 60O. 
 6OO. 
 700. 
 800. 
 0oo. 
 
 20OO 
 3000 
 4OOO. 
 
 ^ 
 
 6OOO. 
 6OOO. 
 
 7000. 
 
 fgy 
 
 8OOO. *^\ i. 
 

 
 4 ENCHORIAL FRACTIONS. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 2 .3433. /\ Hz*Ais./\ Ma+An.t 1 
 
 B 
 
 '7. /? B'G. 
 
 r. 7AAVttHB4H 
 
 Oui-^^V S'tften 
 
 5 ff8. Champ, 
 
 5? 
 
 -5 
 
 
 -*" "// CJuunja. 
 
 M 
 
 MnJirmtttrvl't ftt&it; ^ i<t ^^^ euui 3 ^T? .- ^^beinp pC,^ aAere s
 
 EGYPTIAN MONTHS . 
 
 i. GREEK. COPTIC. SACJ&ED CHARACTERS 
 
 c 
 ft 
 
 I. THOTH. 
 
 JZ.PAOPHI. JIAXUJCJ. 
 
 HI. ATHYR. AJ&lf p _ 
 
 ^KCHOEAC.'Y'OJAK. tJJ 1 *^ ^ U*< 
 
 K TYBI. 
 
 >ZMECHIR. JUL6TEIP. S >H 
 
 'OV 
 I27JHAMENOTH . 
 
 mjREARMUTHl . 
 
 ^cnl YAl 
 
 eg& 
 
 St 
 
 . ETtHTC. ^ess 2t 
 
 
 lar.EPAGOMi-a^AE. 
 
 r/?ci?.
 
 ENCHORIAL DA TJKS . 
 
 ? PSAMMETICHVS 
 
 A . C/iarnpallion, Z (ff L fttre P. op. Pi 2K . Frorn a Papyrus of receipts a. 
 'n . Supposed to fa In tKe reign of Memnon .year XTV.PliarmuthilO 
 
 Fy.J. 
 
 . .. 
 
 or Ramses the tentk 
 a> vfryea.rb/ r&0n,j SOILS & exemplify t&fjDny 
 
 C. Champot&trn, w- 3fa. i. N. 23 . T. IS. Front Osfraymit.nfcf papyrus at~ 
 "The year Xtt, Mecbir 11 , of P SAMJMLBTiCHrS 7 The Jtrsf year v 
 TsammtticAiuf wru probably ffo 84-th ofJMzfona<t<sar: ffo 72th the QSJ^ati .
 
 ENCHORIAL DATES 
 
 * t 
 Li. 
 
 D . IDaivs vf & sncuutj 'crt-jo? 0f tfe mujeum. ttfr 2^ru^ tsi, tn c^ifJ- 
 
 2uf J K$y C>nu7vu7iiafectiy 
 ^ Mechir ^rBiameiiotli 28 , of 
 
 Kmg PSAMMETICHUS.T;.^ 
 
 CHUS ? 1.76 . 'Dxe^earXIAV/MecliirZS, of King P SAM MBIT CSUS 
 . . everlivijag . 
 
 year o sammetciu^, ti#72'7ti tiaonassar, or 
 e -SfA oflfaZopolaASar/fa'pafv G* _ 620 y ~ 6i*f t-fiatij 67 days before the 
 
 (rue 
 
 tunar ecl 
 
 pse 
 
 
 E. T>sttesef a papyrus usifb (tdviuifo 
 
 Ll Tke year XLV, TjJbiS .of King PSAMMETICHU5 . L6. Thejeaj 
 
 X5CS , Pkarmuthi 6 of King PSAMMETJCHUS .
 
 ENCHORIAL DATES . DARIUS . 
 
 f. Date of a papyrus <z 7^rirv,0f which tt tracing u> as ff&ligi 
 sent fa/ Mr. San. Qu,t.nin#, a-7id a, #pz/ fy Hfr. C/iamp>0Hion. . The 
 vear V , Pharmuaii 6 , of King DARIU5 : It is .declared ...... 
 
 Tfa r>ame DARIUS i*s said fa tiepin tvitk JS in the Zendish,, its 
 
 of CAIR0! 
 
 ca of Mr. 
 
 o 
 
 U14r' 
 
 nno 
 in in 
 
 IA: 
 
 L 
 
 /YearXXTVl ;YearVIof 
 ;[TE]L (xESJiafNTALiosH; CAUBTSES 
 
 Ist.yearef Darius wcut the 22? 'tk. 0/ 
 
 6?. A papyrus 6 wag kt by Mr. CaMiaud fa the Musfztm at Paris, framed 
 and am,.7nuntfated fy Mr. C/tampoUwn .- dated The year VI , Tybi , of 
 King DARIUS .
 
 ENCHORIAL DATES . DAJtIUS . ALEXANDER . 9 
 
 2T . Da2eofaspapy-ru<s capied- aTurin fy Jfr. 
 
 The year 3CV, Pharmwfchi,of King DARIUS 
 
 jf. Date 0f& papyrus <zf~Titri-n-i/rvn^alracm^ sent&t/ 3/r. San. Quin- 
 ttn0,07itiacopt/ fyJlfr Cham/?0tti0rv: The vearXVI , PAopld.'?? of 
 King: DARirs... 
 
 urin : The year XXM , Mechir' 7 9 of Kin. g' 
 DARIUS . Frrrm^n tracing senf~6r/ Mr: SewQl&t&nOf atvaLa- copy fy Jfr. 
 
 L. Date 0fa.pajoyruj afijTurin: capital dy 3ttr. (Tiampollion. , Tixeyea-r 'XXYV^ 
 PhamenLotk , of Kiag DARIUS ... 
 
 -AT. A papyrus at Farts , ctaltct ... 
 of Mr.
 
 10 ENCHORIAL DATES . EVER GETJES . 
 
 Theyeai33H ,Epiphi , of Kng PTOLEMY , Scot of'PTOLE^nr and ARSIJToE , 
 gods Jrraternal , ' AL E XICRAT S ? Son of PIOGENE S being' pnest 
 of ALEXANDER andtke Fra-terruilgods , and die ^od Beneficent : 
 BERENICE daughter of CLEOKICUS heing l>aket bearer of 
 AR SIN OE ,tKe Brother loving. It is declared ...... Tkisappearsfo
 
 ENCHORIAL DATES . PHLLOPATOH . 11 
 
 KyO / 
 
 The year HI, 
 
 i 7'V 'Pachon? of KLug PTOLBMY$oiLof PTOLEMTazidBKRKNlCE , 
 godsBeneficeut, DEMKTRJUg Sou of 'APELLA? being priest of 
 ALEXANDER and of the Fraternal gods.of Uiegods Beneficent ,acl. of 
 the Pather loving gods : tkebstsket bearer of ARSINOE tke Brother lo- 
 ving ... It is declared . . . See ChampoUion, in. Miai . PZ4. 
 
 Oil . 
 
 
 @. Papyrus at jfans, tmccdiy direction. ^MrC/u&njv0lt'07v t dafai Th.e 
 yearVlljEpipKi, of Ifin^ PTOLEMY Son of PTOLBMYand BBRNICE , 
 gods Beneficent : AET17S Son of AETtJS bebgpriet of ALEXANDER 
 and tke Fraternal gods , the gods Beueticeut, tie gods father loving-. 
 PHLLESIA daughter of DEMETRIUS being Jbasket hearer of ARSINOK 
 the Brother loviug ...
 
 ENCHORIAL DATES . KPIPHAJVES 
 
 ^ . Papyrus at 
 
 Dale : The year vm, PharrautKi , of King PTOLEMY, Son of PTOLEMY 
 audARSixOK tke gods [father loving! : the priest of ALEXANDER ztnd the 
 Praiternal gods , the gods Beneficent, and tte Father loving gods, and of 
 King PTOLEMT the Illustrious , being DKMETRIUS the Son of <S IT- 
 ALTHKS? JtndARESA the daughter of OIOGENBJS beingthepriae bearer 
 of BERENICE the Beneficent : NBSAKA the daughter of APBL,Lu\ 
 ( a; heing the haskct bearer of ARSINOH the Brother lovingjH IRENE 
 tkt daughter of PTOLEMY being the priestesi of ARSINOE the Father 
 loviag. It is declared .... 
 
 Z,3. 
 
 The year VI, Mechir , of the King everirving .
 
 EXCHORTAL J)A TJSS. EPIPllAXES . 13 
 
 L4. 
 
 tot 
 
 R.LZ, f. The year VH1 ; Pharmiztbii , of tke Km 
 at~
 
 14 ENCHORIAL DATES. EPIPHANES . 
 
 S.PMa,r0fH0se8gt..S2Li. [The year IX,] tlie Egyptiaii Trxonth Mecliir 
 18 ,of theymmgKing,*kohaA received, die dotmnion of the country from 
 ki$a.tJiOT,Lotdc(fdiediAdfiaQis,^reat mglory,WhoTi&s established E^jpt , 
 j ucst, ^beneficent, pious towarde tKe ^ods,sicperiortoliis adversaries, -who 
 h.a.s corrected, tke lives of tnen ,Lord o tbe feasts of 3O years , like Vulca^n 
 tiie ^rea,t kin.^ ; like the Sun thetfreat king of th.e "upper and lower 
 <ouatri.es , Son. of the Fatherloving ^ods , approrecL by Vttloan , to -wliotn. 
 tiie Sun liA8 gtvrv the victory , die Evin^ ima.^e of Jove , the son of the 
 Sun: PTOI/EMT the everlrvijig, ieloved by Phthtk , the Illustrious 
 aadMtouficmt,SonofpTOLEMYaiidARSrisrOE the Father loving 
 ^oda : the priest of ALEXAKD ER , and the Saviour godg , and the 
 Beneficent gods,aiid the Father loring ^ods, and of King PTOLEMT 
 the gocl lUitttrious and Munificent , being ABTUS .
 
 ENCHORIAL DATES. EPIPHAtfES . 15 
 
 the Son of AJETUS -. PYRRH A the daughter of PHILINUS being the 
 prize bearer of BERENICE the Beneficent .AREA the cUughter of 
 DIOGENES bein^tlie.fcasket bearer of AR5INOE the Brother loving: 
 HIRENTS the diugliter of PTOLEMY being liiepriestess of ARSIXOE 
 the Ea-tlier loving: on that day 'and^ear ? It was decreed .... 
 
 ^^. For along time; many years. \^\/L j tjfj/^ U H 
 
 Z^>. PoriioTis . 
 
 Theyearl of bis late father. ) Q \/,M Jj \ <jJ* 
 
 : 
 
 L /^. The jear vra . 
 
 ^// As far as tneyearvm . ^ { C 
 
 L23. Three times a day . 
 
 . Ten diade?Tis. 
 
 . Mesore 30 . 
 
 The 50 and 17'? )' % \ fj| Q 
 
 v 
 
 Lty. Annually, ThoBil ,for5day5. {1 | VO I |3L^3 ? J O.
 
 ENCHORIAL DATES. EPIPSANES . 
 
 PI 3 1 Xi*. /5//2/1 k i 
 
 I '. ' t ' 
 
 to Mr. Thsdenalr. Jeurn.Asuit. "jl" Preamble ; The year TTT , PaopKi ' 
 of Bug PTOLEMY Son of PTOLEMY aadARSrSOE tke father loving 
 gods : the priest of ALEXANDER, and. the Fra^tern/d gods ,and the 
 gods Beneficent and tke Father loving ^ods and tke ' Saviour ? 
 gods heing PTOLEMY tkeSonof PTOLEMY Sonof 'CHRYSARMUS? 
 THYPttAENA, daughter of "ME NAP ION?? being priz-e bearer of 
 BERENICE^the Beneficent: DEJVIETRIA dau^kter of PHlLINtrS 
 being basket beAr-er o ARSINOE the Brother loving : H I REN E 
 daughter of PTOLEMY being priestess of ARSl^fOE the fitter loving 
 It is declared .... 
 
 L "J. The rear JCXI ? Paopni 19 ,
 
 . 
 
 ENCKORJAL DATES . EPIPHANES.PHILOMETOR. 17 
 
 i . r 
 
 l 
 
 
 r . Papyrus at Berlin 4i.t>-o<*egr. Pl.JHE . The year JCXBI , Cluoeax 19 _, 
 of King PTOLE>tY,Sonof PTOiBJdX aaxd ARSlNOE , the ^odbs TatKer 
 loving , a-nd the prieat of ALEXANDER and the Fraternal gods , tke 
 god* Berteficeixt . . . 
 
 f, c h4^Xo.f>/u ul >./ 
 
 X. Tapyrus at^erUn^^. Koseg. PI.JJH. TJie year VI , Tybi 2O , of King 
 OPTOLEMY.Son of PTOLEMY and CLEOPATRA: tke gods lUustriouS; 
 AdthepriestofALEXAXDER . . . The year TO , Tybi 2O, 
 
 of King PTOLEMY. . .
 
 18 JE&CHORIAL DA TES. PffLLOMETOR . 
 
 ,T 
 
 -. , 
 
 : - / 1* - J ^ r 
 
 \.z 
 
 A' 
 
 JT HMGneyA) Z, 
 of^fr/^hampolli^. 
 aaid CUEOPATRA. 
 
 . 
 
 < 
 
 Y, 7., His Trife , son and daughter o PTOLEMY ^Ul.d CLEOPATltA, 
 IllustTious . Z , Living; for ever. 
 
 J.'. n'. Hb sister ami-wife > Qff8prmg<rfPTOLT.MTaTidCLB(^^ 
 
 1^1' fi' And the priest of ALEXANDER ,tke Saviour god,th.e gods Ira 
 ternal , the
 
 EWCITOIZIAL DATES. J>HILOMEIVJl . 19 
 
 .4^' BeaeCLcerLt , tie Fatkerloving- gods,ilie gods Ulustrious , tiie gods . 
 
 Y t A',B'. Mo tber loving ; and iiuepruse bearer of BERENICE . 
 
 . r 
 
 Y, A', B'. The B eaeficeai , and tke basket iearer of AUSINOE 
 
 ^l'5'The BID tb.er loving and th.e priest of AR SINCE
 
 20 ENCHORIAL DATES . PHlIjOMETOR . 
 
 / i -ju* v r 
 
 J^^5! < Appcmited?iafliein.etropolis[Racotis];aiidm tke Royal citj. 
 V\ v u if YA/L\k ^(ni/n^f/i^ /l2^.\X w ^Vl . F 
 
 //f M 
 
 Jx. 
 
 Y,A',E'. The 'noble? priest of PTOLEMY SOTER , and tie priest . 
 
 .*l ^ O U ?n (jl\/li^>Tf2 -Y 
 
 x- /i ./ 
 
 Of PTOLEMY tibeMotber loving;, and tke priest of PTOLEMY. 
 
 r,^'5' The Brother loving, andtke priest of PTOLEMT the B eneficent 
 and. die priest .
 
 ENCHORIAL DATES . PHILOMETOR . 21 
 
 ^.ut~<w_/^fUo VWWXlr. r 
 
 Y,A' t .' 
 
 /I ' 
 
 X^i' J! Thatls the Munificent , and tkepriest of die Queen CLEOPATRA, 
 aiict tite priest . 
 
 ^X>i<??VfKM^^ 
 
 '.B*. Of CLEOPATRA tlie 'Motlierlsis? Ulustcious, and. fh basket teaier . 
 
 A'^'.Of ARSINOE the Broliierloiviii. . . It is dedared. . . .
 
 22 ENCHORIAL DATES . P&ILOMETOR . 
 
 .LJ4, 7f 
 J,Jt,J3. 
 
 F, Z,A',' Year XXVUI , PadioulS, of die Bag ever living . 
 
 'V /xl I XO V\.c f 
 
 ^T' /fe/p erl.38a. JfosepJPl.XZL . The year ^prr , Tj-M 4 , 
 PTOLEMT and CLEOPATRA bis sister 'children? of PTOLEMT 
 andCL^EOEA-TRA, ^ods Dltcstriotcs : and the priest of ALEXANDER 
 and tb.e Sa-rio^tr ^bd . . .
 
 DA TES . fSIL OMETO& . 
 
 23 
 
 XXXV.. 29 
 
 liis sister, Son. and daughter of PTOI/EMY and CLBOP-ATItA 
 gods Dhtstrious : and tKe priest of ALEXANDER and. the Sanour 
 gods, the gods Fraternal , the gods Beneficent, the gods [Father] 
 loving , the gods lllitstrioirs , the god Defender of his Father .and 
 the godsHother loving: and the prize fceaxer of BEILEKICE the 
 Beneficent, and the basket bearer of ARSINOE the Brother loving 
 and (he priest of ARSDTOE the.. Father loving in the metropolis 
 being . . It is declared . . . 
 
 L22. Thepriests of AMOJSTRASONTHER andthe'rraternal? gods, the 
 gods Beneficent , the gods Father loving, and the gods Illustriotts, 
 die god Defender of his father, and the gods Motiier lovitig. Amen.
 
 24: EXCHORIAl* DA TKS . PHILO11ETOR . 
 
 E'.H31. Papifncs ofCa<fa^ atParis. Writing dated y ^\ \ V f . E ' 
 
 F.'Eosy.PLEL. $ f>. <;> X 
 F.'fiip.Beri.tf. ^/^'TkeyearXXXVI^AtliyrlS, of King ITOLEJMY 
 
 x/r- Uff. 
 
 ,'/!'' And CLEOPATHA Ms sister, son and daughter o PTOLEMY". 
 
 //I'And CLEOPATRA the gods . . . Ulizstrious , and 
 
 oil 
 
 Thepri&stof ALEXANDKB and tKe Savioitr gods ,the gods Illustrious 
 
 -jX^xj .*fc * nfe 
 
 - A ^ ^^ ir^ JLj r^ , f^ ^/\i^ v^j fa* . r 
 
 The gods JB eneficeot , the gods Fatherloving, the godslllustrious , tic god 
 
 i ji 
 
 'Defender of ? his father and the god Mofiier loving : and thetearer of
 
 .V. PHILOMETOR . 2J 
 
 .' 
 
 E:F.' frizes of BE REN1CE the Beneficent , and the hearer of ____ 
 
 of ARSINCE the Blotter loving, and thepiiest of ARSFNOE 
 
 E'.F' The Fatherloving appointed in the metropolis .- andin. the Royal city 
 
 uu 
 
 /2 7 :' The 'nohle ? priest of PTOLE^IY SOTER 
 
 Pip 7 lv . ^' 
 
 ' n ' ^ 
 ' !-> '^ . ^ 
 
 ^ 'And thepriest of PTOLEMY the EatLerlovin^ : and the priest 
 
 : - A ! { 'A 
 
 ^^i^^^p^ 
 
 . / /: / Of PTOLEMY theBTotherlovmg, and the priest of PTOLEMY
 
 26 ENCHORIAL DATES . PHILOMETOR . 
 
 > 
 
 : F. "The Beneficent , and the priest of PTOLEMY. E .'The Mother-loving 
 
 JK' Tke'Fatherloviug j" 
 
 /r'Andtkepiiest oTPTOLEMYthe god Defenderof tis fadier,ajidtiiepriMtafPTo 
 LEMT 
 
 ti ifumficnt; and ^J/| tf. V-^ 6^ I -ATi 1 1 'V * Jl. 
 
 * i J : 
 
 J*.7r^lidtheprie5tess<f the Queen Cl.EOPATBA.'.^udtlie7>Eiestess of CLE OPATRA. 
 
 VtJ if? 
 
 ings daughter. J7^ 'And the priestess of CLEOPATRA the'Mofherlsis ? 
 
 The goddess lll\tricnis ,aiid the basket Jjearer of AR SISTOE 
 
 The Brother loving . . . It is declared ___ .
 
 ENCHORIAL DA TES . PHlLOJMETOfr . PBYSCON. 2 7 
 
 5 
 E'.F.' The year XXXVI, Atkyr, of die King everhving. 
 
 frl^ 
 
 The priest* of,\itONRASONTHER aad tlie Fraternal ^oda^thegods Beneficent 
 
 .'^' The god Father defending and die 
 ds Mother loving Amen . 
 
 Signed wtnesses 16 ..... ..... The 16 . 
 
 \- 
 
 G'. Pap.Berl. 15. osef,Pl.Xm. The.yeaT^DCDC'Mesore 14 ? of Ki 
 PTOLEMY the Beneficent , Son of PTOLEMY and_Queeu CLEOPATRA 
 and CLEOPATRA Ms vrife. .and the priest of ALEXANDER and the Sa- 
 viour gods. Tkwwaj the <$itfi. i/fftr of Physwnj s<!f>ara.te- restjrntffr, 
 
 years
 
 28 ENCHORIAL DATES .PKYSCON. 
 
 f- t 
 
 y-1iKS2 . f f(v fci< uo OC e^q/i ffaj.l\/x> 1 ; 1>XO >' 
 
 ;0& fcQ|^> C^ttP2>P^ 
 
 ' " t 
 
 
 R'PapBerl.W . b. Koseg.Pl.Xni. The year XXXIV ( K.) TVbi2, of 
 Kin^ PTOLEMY the odBeaeficent, son of PTOLEMY and CLEOPATRA 
 gods Illustrious , and Queen CLEOPATRA his sister, and Queeu. CLEO- 
 PATRA his wife, gods Beneficent ,and tke priest of ALEXANDER ____ 
 
 
 =1. 4% > Q V t 
 
 l'. Papyrus at Pares traced by direfb'0n 0f Mr. C/tam/wMon. (1 ) The 
 yearXLV/Tybi?!*, of Kiu PTOLEMY the god Beneficent , son of 
 PTOLEMY} (2) and Quen CLEOPATRA his wife ,gods Beneficent : 
 <ind tuepriest of ALEXANDER (3} aud the Saviour gods, fche god* 
 Patter loririg, the gods. .'Beneficent .1 ... (4) the gods Beneficent aiul 
 tu.e ha ket hearer (3) of ARSIXOE the Brotherlovm^ Jjeino^ in the 
 MetropoB. s, and in the Rojal city ... It is declared. . . 
 
 L9 10. , * 
 
 YeariDT 'Tybi ? of the Kin*:
 
 ENCHORIAL DA TES . PHYSCOlf. 29 
 
 \\ . 
 
 K*. Pap. fieri. 42a. t>se#. PI.XH.L'. Pap. ert.*6. 
 
 cvntinuecf frem* a ctytM/fiuMr. C'/uzjnpe>tlion> . The^yea^r J<l,VI y Payrii2o / of 
 
 king PTOLEMY the god Beneficent, son of 
 
 EMYajad CLEOPATRA, gods Illustrtoi^and Queen 
 
 
 CLEOPATRAhis sister.and Queen CLEOPATILV his wife. 
 
 . >? on 
 
 The gods Beneficent, ard tKe priest of ALEXANDER.Zta&.Ai!, 
 
 L 1 . Saviours, die ^od*fi i aterual,the^'ods Beneficent, the j^ods Father loving. 
 
 ft, TlicodsIlliistriou^tlieotlMotiierLoving.tliegodDefeHJ^r ofhisfalher,tlieo<l8 
 
 L f . Beneficent , and the priae hearer of BERENICE .
 
 30 ENCHORIAL DATES.fHYSCON. 
 
 . TheBeneficent,a.nd the basket bearer of ARSINOE 
 
 L ' 
 
 L'. The Brother loving , and the priestess of ARSEtfOE theFattier loving. 
 
 2X Appointed in the metropolis : and the *noHe priest*. . It is declared. 
 In this envmeratioTi, the reiyniny fang se&nstobe fovice narrud, first as Eufxi 
 tor, and immediately afterwards as one oftfveyocsBen<ficent; or, Every etes . 
 
 M'. N36\ SfdtbPapi/rus,ryistereci apparenitylKDflljbut possiblyXJjIir . The 
 dates here copied frorrvth&text are yuike cteuT,outhy may have related to 
 an earlier transaction. TheyearXLULjPLamenotli^f tiie Kiug" ever living . 
 
 A. fip^VA i H 30 T) . 
 
 Si^^ 
 
 2V. fajD^crt.3/6 .Kossg. Pl.XH. They ear UIj PachonS, ofKiugPTOI.E>ftr 
 the god Beneficent, son of PTOLEMY; and Queeix CLBOPATRA his 
 sister, and. Queen. ClOPATRA.his\v-ife,gods Beneficent : and f.Le 
 piiest ofA-LEXANDER . . . The date tflhtyect-r i*
 
 ENCHORIAL DATES . PNYZCON. ALEXANDER . 3 1 
 
 , Thoflil9,of Kin^ PTOLEMY 
 in^ ^_BoTussffnofBonusa/uLSenpo(Tiii~^ has declared . The name of 
 recedes the won/ declare , ft* in the piflar o 
 
 5? 
 
 P'Jb/>.Bfrl. ty.Kos-cy. Pl^IL. 'J^eyearXI,Mecl)ir l l2 ? 'of Queen. CLBO 
 EA.TEA and Kmg PTOLEMY suroained ALKXANDER,andtiie ptiest 
 of ALEXANDER andtlie Saviour ^ocls , and (iie aods . . . It WCLA 
 later m this year that <? semnf? 
 
 &Rip.Berl.40.Kosep. Pl.XH. Theyear XI\ r , wMcL is theyearXL, Phamenoth 
 l8,ofQneen CLEOPATRA ^Isis ? the Widow ? the Beneficent 4 and King 
 PTOLEMYsiniLaiiiedALEX.^NDBR kerSon. tlie Savioiir gods . . .
 
 32 ENCHORIAL DATES. ALEXANDER . 
 
 ,R ' Papyrus at Tu rin, copied; by Mr CAatnpolHon . The year JiYI, Choeac 
 !8?o/Kin^ PTOLEMY sumaiaed. ALEXANDER and Q_ueeii'BERENICE? 
 his si&t*r, gods 'Mother if loving, and the priest of ALEXANDER, and 
 tlie Saviour gods, the gods 'Fraternal? the god* Beneficent, the god* 
 'Father Vloviag, the ^oclsDlustrioua, the olod'SOTER? the gods Mother 
 losing, tli" god ' D efender ? <he gods Beneficent, the ^ods Mother loving, 
 appointed in the Metropolis , and in the Great city. . . It is declared. . . 
 
 ,. Koseff. Pl.XE. The yearXXyi^Choeac 19, of Ring PTO- 
 LEMY surnamed ALEXASTDEIt, and Qiieen BERENICE his sister, 
 gods' Mother? loving; and die priest of ALEXANDER . . . Perhaps 
 tfti-s mm/ be a. duplicate oftJtif tsrsl ntanujcripl } awef t/iey rttsi.y twt/ibeof 
 iJieyrar HXVI;fffrllH'tr seem* fa hair been n/tyetu-lLFI qfAl&Eanderii'ith T 
 mtl hl4
 
 ENCHOTUAL DATES .LATHURUS. AULETES . 33 
 
 TTxevear XXX,Th.oth 22, 
 
 pTOliBMT son. of PTOLEMY, the. god [M : R.O&r] ever Tivnxg. 
 There Lf non of 'the later Pfalemi&s , ejxept jLathuruj , that reckoned* & year 
 XX V~?asut t/ii.5 inscription, iff evutentiy rt^i~oftfvea.rltf reiffn : wtmay t/ifre^m" 
 noum' epithef M : R : N ~\ must have belonged to LatJutruJ. 
 
 U.'HJS. TatletjMm>acckcun,.L7. Year IXL/EpipM? 9 , of thegpeafc 
 PTOLEMl r , the ^od^EUS ? DIO2ST5TSUS ... ever living 
 
 HI L\ 
 
 . The great SSn^PTOLEMY the god *NEUS? DIONYSUS ever living. 
 7% tablet is of a, later reign , but these fa'ti&s belong fo Auletes , the yoiuig 
 ^^ Dicmysius or Denys, as he is sometimef called.
 
 ENCffORIAL DATES. TRY PHAENA. CAESAR. 
 
 r 
 
 ' Thpyriis at Paris. tmcedltyeitactianrtfMr. QuanpaUwri . Ll. The v ear VI.IL , 
 Phaiueuotii29, of King PTOLEMY atid Queen CLEOPATR_\ , simiainfd 
 TRYPHAKNTA god Fafliei- loving and Mother loving , aivd ike priest of 
 ' the great Bn^ ?. . . . It is declared . 
 
 L 2,3. 
 
 L 2.3 Sfcreelmrly. Tkeyear VHI .Phaxnoioth 29 of the 'great ? King TTOLE^IY, 
 andCLEOPATRA simiamedTRYPHAEXA,gods Fatherlorm^aiitOrother loving, 
 everiiving . It is uncertain tvfw these sovereigns were . 
 
 Y.'H7lB. Tablet fivrn. Setccha,. with If) stars. Year XIX ot' tke King tke 
 ^reat god "NE r S ?? PTOLEMY " the ivarlike , JjeloTed. ITV Ph Aali and 
 Isis?? . . . Cleopatra and Gzesar being 'afterwards mentioned i/ithe- 
 . it M jarcbaMctJiat thi^ Ptolemy must hare bee?i 
 
 L o,b. The year \H ot^ Qiteen CLEOPATRA "NEi 
 
 L.b .The vearlX. 4>|
 
 ENCHORIAL DA TE S . CL EOPA TRA . CAESAR . 35 
 
 .L^. The year XX? . . [to CAESAR ] * J 
 
 tKO^, lt> which. iJiis passage $ec/nst(> njer, w&<s in %Xf C 
 
 The year. ... of CAESAR" AUGUSTUS ?? 
 Z^ATheyearTJI of CAESAH.Paoplvi tt. 
 
 Z' JIJ4A. F.la. The year VI of Queen CLEOPATRA 'the munificent ?'Keoteta? 
 'Juno ? <?/' Father loving? . . . 
 
 Theye&r X.VU of Queen CLEOPATRA. 
 
 The year XF of Queea CLEOPATRA the ' munificent'? . 
 
 *>>**^^^^^ i 
 
 The year XXI of Queen CLEOPATRA 'the munificent ? 
 
 The year A XXI?.AUTOCRA1X)R CAESAR ' the munificent ? 
 >. The year VI.
 
 ENCHOJUAL DA TES. CLEOPATRA . CA ESAJL 
 
 <~\ 
 
 J " H51 . Ettcfwncd tablet BR. Jf. Ll. The year *FX , whict is IV 
 'Payni 1? of Queen CLEOPATRA ..... and King [PTOLEMY] sur- 
 nanied CAESAR. 
 
 Z//.TearXIX:,whichisyearIV"Payiu < ? K^^^ ' 1 ^T<( M^i^ VM 
 La .Year XK, whickis year IV. Q Vsb i t *CA II 
 
 1 1 
 
 learXESl, wiiickisyearIV,Ea,ym,. . . ct'Kin^ PTOLEMYazid Queen CLEOPATRA. 
 
 xji>r UL 3 
 
 B"H7o,7#. OtaJk tablet famr-Seucha. . Li. .. Of Kiii<; PTOLEMlf 
 siraiajxied CAESA1* , ihe god ' Fa iho- loving *? aitd Mother loving, ererliving . 
 Caesarian stem* to be called. Philopatvr and Pfiil&mefor, as Peynm /ut,t 
 already remarked. , in fAe Greek injcriptiem of the PiMa.r of Turin/, which, 
 >m(<st have 6etn fit first indtftiitetfy and carelessly engraved , and, i#
 
 EXCKORJAJ* DATES. CLEOPATRA. CAESAR. 37 
 
 B'.'H7c.L27.2Z. Tlueyear VI ? Pajfni* 12 ? cdT die Queen mxmiffcent . . 
 andtke King PTOLEMY surtiartied CAESAR ever living. We should 
 most TiahunUy read Tear VHI-, wkzc^L wcwld be fa year after 
 death.
 
 38 ENCHORIAL DATES . UNCERTAIN REIGNS 
 
 C'.' ChampottwninMai.N.ll. frmnPhamenoth 1. to PharmutM 1 . P. J<9. 
 
 D'! ChampoUionw Mai.M/S. YearEt , Pharmuthi 1 . 
 
 EC PMarat Vienna, copiedfyMr. Chcimpollivn . Day of birtK , Phamenoth 
 3d. day, aoid the end of Ms Efe , PhArumthi 26 day. Mr.jLoseffarten u-endct 
 prr>bably?iave read- Qxoea^/tTrHjamnithi \6itt thedi<s/inct-Hierryiyf>h.i?s a 
 
 an g-t O 
 
 Hiamenotb 5 ... PharmutM 26. Ju e 
 
 F."Pap. Berl.55. Koseg. flXXV. Year iVI.Choeac, 2S of the divine King . 
 Perhaps Auleles .
 
 ARTIFICIAL ALPHABET. 
 
 onrnn-Tt, REJEMBXAX-CES . iDEumfiBTt AS Z.EGIBC.E . FA.GK. 
 
 y o p p' /* j_j 3 
 
 , clCSl 
 
 tt 
 
 /A ;/ J 
 
 3 0. 74,11 
 
 ? -0 -A .75.N 
 
 7 J <0 I /.95. P 
 
 P V"i ^< >) ,; ; oi^-oe.c 
 
 r ^02.117 
 
 --* tu cw *X I -^- ^ * .100, 5dr 
 
 59
 
 RUDIMENTS OF A DICTIONARY. 
 
 LEGIBLE 
 
 TA, ,*&,; ?ANUCIS, Vesta,. Champ. Toll. N. /,<?,J2. 
 AETO S . #//, ^', M. V ( (I \~1 (ll 
 
 /. AETOS 
 
 son of AB'TOS. 
 
 A L EX I CRATE S *? 6? 7 . if HfrS' 
 
 ALEXANDROS. JT/. 
 
 . Afaandria . 
 
 AMMOKIUS . 
 
 ANTIMACHUS. 
 
 40
 
 jff./. D a tighter f>f Diegenzs. 
 HARPOCHRATES . See Petckarpochratc<s . 
 ARSINOE. 5"^^'. 
 
 J. 
 
 R/. Tl 
 AUTOCRATOR . 
 
 // \,*-> 41 
 
 APKLLA ? /^. 
 APOLLONIUS ..#.32 Z2^. 
 
 APOLLOS *? - ^. p CU 
 
 BARMEN IS "J7J2 ZJJ, ?T^S?n, ARBESI . )
 
 42 
 
 DOTTBTFUL 
 
 HASOS .HASYS . 
 
 A' 4
 
 (XJ)43 
 
 Which had been . J2" 1$ uc 6 T AX Jftf CU1X J ? U 
 
 Remlered 
 
 Men celebrate . ff2 
 
 As is Ame . ^ 26' zr-. tfe ^j/. ^ Lj 
 
 Acrustouieti UlQ 'Hi. ^ V) 
 
 Inmakm^ processions. Ht&jucv. T hC/^ M i^ 
 
 Time ffZ3 ^L ? Gx l PONCVM . *f ? >3 
 
 Crave . .# /* ^/i . AN AT E o H K t.H. 
 
 Swperiorto. Hrf i .YOE^TEpOY. 
 
 Animal s . HZJ xviu. \JLl < W
 
 . Ck. 
 V. Men. 
 
 H37L70.7/JZ. Hispeople . I 
 
 ii. Ill men. 
 
 l# vii, 111 other men . 1 \" LI p 1 TlJ 
 
 Regarding. H24xv. . ENTO12 
 
 v. 
 
 Inwkicli . ffZf) ocxiv. JL/ 
 
 Mav become. Hl6jc.r.v. Hemi^Kt make R21 -xii,. tJ I 
 
 HlS&ziriit . MaJdng;. p I 
 
 Things proper. If 23 xiiii, | ^O )J P^ 
 
 They had treated ill . JST27 . /5A| I O i. V" P P V 
 
 Z2 a-.ut. ..... <^>/>^ WT^U P I 
 
 Who had-, who were. HJJiv. * ^f ^ 
 
 Is kept ; when they keep. ff2<9 axzii.. **^$ \J i-^ 
 
 Shafl be called -, 'shall men callit? J"^ II .
 
 4J 
 
 Milk. ,#32 LI A . epCU-'f' ; "in- ( 
 EL 32 L 76'. 
 
 F'.Koseg. PLX. t ti O 
 
 viO^ A 
 
 PL3Z. 1 >- 
 
 Egyptians . ZT/6^'. CC>^ -2^. JD 
 
 Hiero gramm ate *.HlJ iv. . . ' Writing men < 'J^l'PM^v 
 
 Tea: tlie use, or service . ^2-3 r*-). I D OL)Oc 
 
 * Sometimes tnerely a terminal mark, a*? in SYN2jXES : aL r* 
 
 efertutwnerAa/M^Ta^raSfoapfr^rnafne. See H 
 Than . ^r/<? ir. Y V 
 
 V-V-
 
 LEGIBLE 
 
 /\ ^ f* m 3 ' 
 
 SHIPS. 
 
 EYES ?//<: 
 
 BE.RNICF. , BERENICE . 
 
 U3JL5. 
 
 Rr. 
 
 TJ. 
 
 w 
 
 H4$ RMsfr. 
 
 Themitniflceat BERENICE. 
 SHARE . PART . QT HP? OSOROERIS. 
 
 LIMIT > ffasc/s. rc\'-j^f\^\ 
 
 ?^.^'? Part of the saidplace? 
 *. A certain part . Set 
 
 WEH, VE&, orBER. in, 0SORO&HJ3 ffjut, SENPOERIS,
 
 (B)... 
 
 rbrever. 
 Everliving. 
 
 Life . 
 
 Living. Rj6 it. 
 
 Hostile > hostilelv . 
 
 Attacked . 
 
 Obsidional. 
 
 Strength , or health . ff24 xri<-. 
 
 Restored. H2O ec-. 
 
 Ordered, or fixed them . Hl&iii. Sec LIMIT abave. 
 
 Prize . See j^. .
 
 48 CB)... 
 
 Baskets.
 
 (Bj... 
 
 fjuf in I) I ,it: i.s fiwivliketfae bee T/ie sound, is < 
 
 H 26'. wt.' . Queen . 
 
 H 37 LJ . Sovrrotiiisx^^ Sue Bo/fas 
 
 ff-3-/ 8/.">. 
 
 . Queea. 
 
 R st Lf,>. 
 H Si Lib. 
 
 H82 L 6 ? UnjouMished teMetJlr. M'us.
 
 *> 
 
 OBJ--. 
 
 Altar. 
 
 City ^2/ .r//-. -e^lt J . #2^ 77^^. 
 
 ,.. RJ. 
 
 Racoiis v.HJJZJ. M&randria . jLK O 
 
 x See Dates. 
 
 Phylacteries. U37 
 
 Guards . H2J,rw. 
 
 Funerals. 7/?J j.-iiu. See Bujirif. \ *V^* Al 
 
 Lycopolis ,i'^M. 
 i-gy. H3J L.g . 
 
 ttCPAnCY IIH . ^1 c^Oi 6ff ? ^ 2J 2 
 
 Temple.
 
 51 
 
 LEGIBLE. 
 ZBENDETES . fftlLM. 
 
 f LEGIBL 
 [ 5 ll J^t- 
 
 H<U C6. 
 THYZBEXDETES. L' . . . 
 
 K'w. In Th . 
 
 7^^ tiuJffi/ /nay ifossi&tt/ hare Arm a %f f fatt if is rt0l 
 shnyritshafr/e /Tf7n tAe pf/>*rff>/7HS of R' and, CH . 
 
 SXACNOMES. 
 
 /- JTOT-TO? ^- 
 
 f". Koseg .PiX. 
 K'j. Cha m/ ,. 
 2-N J T NTI S . ^ J/ Z, /^. 
 
 ^ S. 
 
 > 'V 
 
 ASS UMPTION . ^ 77 v . Jtuj e H ? Y \L 
 
 ffu
 
 CAESAR . H6J LZ . Se$ Dates. 
 Ej4-A6a. Caesans 
 
 S V^ 
 
 CLEOPATRA . 
 
 ff3JCr.2. 
 
 HdJ LJ.J . 
 EGYPT. H)6i. 
 
 BWvi. 
 
 W NE' ; CHTH1MONTHES. H31 L/o. 
 
 ffj'f Lto. 
 H3fL7/. X-&- 
 
 K'e,6. a. MS. 
 
 CHAP O CRATES . JMrLg. 
 
 F'. Kesey. Pi. SI. 
 K'. fO. Champ. 
 
 K'.ro. Ch. 
 CHAPOCHONS-IS. F'. fosey. 
 
 H3J LH. 
 
 K 6". Chump 
 CHOLCHYTA? 
 
 * *. 
 1^. 
 
 t'^^t^t^ 
 
 ^J^of/^lfff-i) 
 
 ^ 
 
 * j/r!7^r/^ 
 
 >$a^z-j>4^ 
 
 ^r/2 2 rx- 
 
 VAOJLd 
 \JU2^1 
 
 |>3<vXi4 
 po2-J4^1 
 
 -J2^ 
 
 P>/>io^ 
 
 PO |y/ C? 
 
 f-o|u6[ 
 
 ro 4 x/ <ii 
 
 p^)-^<sl 
 
 r* ?/ 
 
 f<2- <txU> 
 
 r;^?^j<>
 
 F,K,:>C,Cr'? DornTfvi. ?< 53 
 
 Land . H21 .xit. < \ 
 
 H27MU. 
 
 Them K? 
 
 Gardens . ^ &r. (T^f ? ! t It 
 
 Feasting : making' sacrifices . J72.3 cr&r . dA I X ? p | \ <V^ ^!x J I \ 
 
 rJ'wV. 2.^-j>fK? X ^ - 1
 
 5i (r) . . . 
 
 iLLECrl FILE . 
 
 Shrine aud staiue . 
 
 Affairs." ff/6' rii . 
 Who fought-, \vlio defended . 
 Fiuthifcr. MZZ 
 . ffZZ .?t: 
 
 Laid waste. 
 IVClitarv. 
 
 . See Great , A . 
 
 Conquered. . BlZxv. Sec Goad , <j . 
 
 Victory, ffrffu. Good jig hi . 1J? C 
 
 Should remain . SZ'Jjcti. yj \ .>~+^9 
 
 Also. HZ+xtJ- . KC ? Hh J? <^^^. 7*3<9 
 
 Gavelvim. Sj6u. 
 
 r . Have
 
 (r)... 
 
 Bank #27, ctu .XAMA. 
 Rod, oecopedic cubit . ff34A 
 
 HZ5C8. 
 H35 Cg. 
 
 Cubit square. M$4 An. Peyn>n,l$Z$. 
 
 Collection. ff3/ L # . 
 
 , r4, IS. 
 T'3 . Koseq. FIX. 
 F'3. Koseg. TlX. 
 K'4. C/iatnp.MS. 
 
 <J-.& 
 
 e/^lil 
 
 I!f4tfii^/j 
 
 li'Mon-^A? 
 \ttbj]Vi 
 
 to^M-t 
 l/iK/y/i^^
 
 56 (D - 
 Sold. 
 
 He Las sold him . ^7. 
 Soldthee? JT'JZ. (fieri
 
 (r)... . .57 
 
 The re st. fft/nf. 
 
 HIS i'd , and elsewhere. I / I < 
 
 H34A13. Remaining. 
 H34BU. 
 
 3B^ I /^" 
 
 ffence pretty clearly ~^r~- / ty<> i <; " V7 TT, w, <?o- ^>z z'; | CJ I 
 
 ^H~+*rr 
 
 a.iui rwl "fAe yc'cfo of the coimtry ." 
 
 Collection .Hw<t. X Y A A. H "V IN. -\ O 
 
 Collected. ? H'ZOJCi ' , or Lisitr^ents . ^ ^ 
 
 See in. , Y . C/ 
 
 See v , .VL . 
 
 xessing. \J |0^ 2 
 
 00 ONICXN. Cotton. 
 
 O9.. . IN . 1 
 
 Festival^ H%*xxiiu. I 
 
 ^7^ ^^Trt . Dresses ? ^^> i3 F^ 
 
 Corrected. ^2-^ <2ir. npoi.AmPOflZXTo.^-^w^^'. / |
 
 58 (F)... 4 - 
 
 Bestowed. Kl4.xijc. See Gt.ms. /\ ^ ^ 
 
 Image. H iff n. / / 
 
 
 
 rut.--. Images . | L-"C 'C <
 
 $ O ^ 59 
 
 TBAEAIS. ff3J-4. y ||| 
 
 ;r f/i x ->- ^ 
 
 f 
 < ; 
 TOTOES. ff3ZZ2?. TO *r;^/^^ ^ ^ ? Clt.T.j&S. Ti?" << 
 
 DIOGENES. 
 
 DIONYSUS ^/o/;/ 
 
 BlJLy. 
 
 T^EPHIBI S , T EE PHJSTI S . ^J / A //. f ( V / J 
 
 DKSfETRlA. Tl. Tro6a6l v . Y 
 
 D EME TRTTS . ^ 7. Pro6aMy. 
 
 JP7. fll 
 
 TRYPHAEtfA. 7*7.- 
 
 X.'J, 3. A 
 
 THE . See Dates . T ,*f- ; t/t *t"pOJLLTl 1 . 1" 
 
 DAUGHTER ? #J4 ^<9 , ^J . Raffie.rT f tJuui Tifcf pp I . ^ Jr , -b
 
 THF. 
 
 .. t&if-ke.fanrdncartidf. S&J)atf#.ewr,/\Tii\, 7 
 
 OTH . //7 compounds . and perhaps 
 Tke list . H 32 L 27. jl V 
 
 The list of them. A r <?. C/^^p. HOY CUJT . 
 
 Tke ckantffer answers c/*arly to UA&in.AMENOTHES ^ & if ? 
 A' A^?/ if Ch/impoi'tian's readt.ng tUTt ^^ (.vrrerf, ?ke word U'eis 
 p7vbat>ty 6UO3T ?/z //.f t'-igjnal state. ff seems ti> Jtifan fi- urrit 
 tia.me ,7vni, THOTK the 
 
 Clerk of &e priests . Zf32 L 1$. | } Q< I \\&- 
 
 f. Fnw. PI XI. 
 H.ORSIESI >. 
 
 V 
 
 HARSIESIS. H31JLW, alsoR,'. % c J ^1^4 , ^* 
 
 H32L30.
 
 His progenitor. 
 
 Is, being? H31L6. Perhaps TG 
 
 Who had been -.Who lias. 
 
 Wherever may l>e . HJtfjzKzu. J ^-X. 
 
 ^Vhick lia A teen . Hjg ix, t 
 
 Rendered. AYepE? See &, p LJ 
 
 As is clone . RluSxacw. ^^^) U L3 0~\ 
 
 Who liad-, vrko were. Stj iv, **^\J \ 
 
 When, they keep . Hltfxxiii. ^3 p 10 
 
 For the use . <5^ Fo J>^5> \J JJ ? 
 
 ^N'lakin.^ sacrifices . c5V<? II yH ^^y^> -*~5 J ' ' 
 
 M-^x / 
 
 Who -were assembled . HZljcui-. \ { ^ J^) I 
 
 \Vkat Kad been done . H2O*. "JLJ - jQ \ 
 
 Who said; they said . ETJ i'. 
 
 That. See ^ . 
 
 Belong to, H2J axcvn-. 
 
 Feast. JS 76 i. 
 
 At>\m.dance. HZijciii. III! ^ _ |
 
 62 
 
 Also ordered. H.Jg i/iii. See And,(T ) Vi/^^ ? \\ 
 
 << Of 
 
 And. 
 
 H51LI2. OW 
 
 H32LTA. i>M 
 
 B37 LJ2. ] Q | 
 
 A"J. Also in. . ^f^. 
 
 r'4. His women. Ch.AfS. 
 
 K'4- . Their wive i.Ch.M.S. \ </. 1 
 
 Thf last nine lines are inserted hcrv/vr comparison.^ eutof their orcter. 
 
 AIL 
 
 2137 L/2 . u To complete ?? O t^ ) 
 
 All. 
 
 %^. See Assembly , <f/.
 
 All acts. 
 
 All.. 
 
 F/veryttioTith . ff 27 crt7/ti. "X * 
 
 A reduplication, , /rorri. <> , *Fp > 
 We have elsewhere ^Hpd'r j Hvja'V" ma prvper 
 Muniftceut . JV<? , * ^ ^ > 
 
 $cicrecl. See ccc I ^ 
 
 Granted. 
 
 Tolnm. H24,rjci. Gavcliim'? S 
 
 Gave "him. HjGii. Hi /_/_. 
 
 Gave ? ^-^^ ^^. 6W //?/^/ /fe ^7^j- . ? "Vi- 
 NEPH.THT ? X> 4 . **S ^ S /\ e A- ^-T ? ffwm&'e 
 
 The rcudtng 2fLPHTTY is very ingeniously de/htced /?/ 
 ChaJnpflH(v?i front tke sacrad dkamc&rj arid, certainly fen/fa 
 b> Cfirifirrri (Ae- soujitt 'which, ke. aMrihttc s fo 
 
 Gave tke victory. Hf4Aa.
 
 64 
 
 To place? 
 
 ShaULe placed . #2/3az>. tn \ <E\Zd A\ ^e<JUL. O I O I 
 
 Enemies. 
 Upon . #27 
 
 In ? At ? 
 
 Rititii. For this ; therefore -, on. purpose . \SA\\ <-O J 
 What liad. been done . H2#x. <~~ XJ OJ | 
 
 Illustrious . 27/tf w' . E n 14 Ai4 H Z . I/ 
 
 Honours. .ff24 a?&r. TA Ti M I A . <"!-) Xt> 
 
 . . - " 
 
 H 30 xxx. 
 
 le .TI M I ftTATA . &L CT *JO 
 Venerate. H3Ojzx<x>i. 
 Enter ; be sent . JS /7 iv. 
 
 HZO&ii. 
 Glorioxcs. ff?&i;
 
 . <_ *=r i= V C- 65 
 
 e. H2/ t r(C. ..- ^ X~ \ tT 
 
 Approaching. E'l/.rii. ''/ \**L* 
 
 Great . flj&i . 
 
 X '2 . Ilie great queen . \C///\ 2M 
 
 P -^/' 
 
 Ty? fbrar3matkxn.Jf^&t < . SeeGatv^ll ^ r^v y>^ 
 
 Aims . J72/*Y. 
 
 Jc. OHAON 
 
 Piizes . 2T/7 ^ Cp f i 1 M ^-/ CJZ. 
 
 -If 34- A3 . Tl'fi/t fa tAr/nosfchffjincfcnslirvart CL^L -4 O j^6/ ? -^ 
 
 **,^*>4)*Kjn**~r 
 
 constant in a//. 
 From. HjQvtii. From in en. 
 
 -^^ wi. Troni a time . i ij ,J^ |^^- 
 
 #30 jc. Excused ironi . I ^_ 
 
 H23jcvfi '. Iraiutlie temples. } ^___^ , 'f ^J^ 
 
 Arura^2^crw'. Sec Rod , r. f-^i ^ f^T 
 Proplets . j!77/ m ^tt^^<&erblad.SeeChimna.rnu3. | S I M >
 
 2 . Defender? 
 
 H3SC23. Defender <yfkis Father ? 
 Father -^ ?VoT8?? Ch.TIW. 
 -ciHi. His progenitor. 
 
 66 . 
 
 Patrimonial'? revenues . //>j? *v. npOXOAOYJi, 1 I 2L J^ 
 
 . 1
 
 (A.) 
 
 Foot-, private. ffl& vii-. OAAOZ-, 
 
 , nEXIKM 
 
 #27 r- . n eiov . \ 
 
 
 v. People. I ^ 
 
 Assembled . ^'22 OVY; --OU OT T ? <&? THOTS 
 Bare ground.. 5i?X Z/3 ^lAorVAcihTX^xciTor? pMM 
 B31JLJ6'. 
 
 I ? "Pbxecages" 
 
 Thrjr said . ^T //.ta*. ^A- E JUU ? v^5 ^5 t ! 
 
 Itis declared. ff34A#,H3. See Dates . _ * 
 
 Svmiamed. 
 
 Ttf 
 
 y* 
 
 ES7LZ. 
 SS/ L1J.
 
 ' 
 
 Surnamed . A''/. Fern,. C/w-C^ . 7 
 
 X'2.Tryphaf!tia..SeeJ)<ztf*r. w*J ' 
 
 .Against. tJ2o^c.U. em. 
 
 H27.-xti. em. 
 
 yor . H2/Jciv. l\Sv^ 
 
 Most couspicuous . H2Sococui . See 'Illustrious. \ ix<> JO 
 Gave? 
 
 W hich are placect . Jf2/.Kxvi . 
 
 belonging to.//^> ix. K.AOHKOYI AT. . 
 
 Authorsjcauses^ff^o^et/^. APXHFOI . pi7l. y I 
 
 Going oixt . HZ&JCJCV. 
 
 To keep . ^J<? JKCXL. 
 
 That he might render. Htfvii. \ -O 
 
 Because; \vWeas . 
 
 Past,wbich had been. S2oa;i. 
 
 Grandfathers . HZSac^ii. L^D ^V/ ^ I ? 
 
 Fre<lece88or ; cause; y&&t.I[2S<xxii;jiun^f. j+ ~^> "^jj *
 
 (A.) 
 
 That-, for that. J'lhfw. 
 
 To do ; to give . H'16 , r,s /. v. 
 
 To do to , or as . //? <r t r,/v r . 
 
 Is done ? ff23,ci r ii. 
 
 Collecting. HlJ.rif. 
 
 Proper toibe done . ffWsci. TO nPot-MKOH. 
 
 sea . .2 A ru.- erasvrrtl \J ^ 
 
 Power H/?i> .<%. . XAET. 
 
 0-. Su&ject. 
 
 . m ; / 
 
 D C/ 
 
 . 1 v | (J
 
 / , I , l\\j 
 
 SISOIS . See W seem* tn&eer. * L (l( U 
 
 Order. U2oac. 
 
 Hj6U. HSJLiJ.ChamotiUort. < /TCU v/ II 
 
 . Not in order. ^LT"? C7// 
 . Decorously. 
 
 tr 
 
 In j into . E293COCCC. /// 
 
 Manjr. ,)"<&? Numerate. Hundxeds? /U .21. 
 
 "** C( 11 
 
 TO?^/2/; ^.Champ.T.71,.6 \ Hieratic. / 
 
 Being . /f/^z/i . YnAfX^N . OJ ? ^ J v 
 
 H32X/6. 
 
 H/SLJ. possibly. 
 Adversaries . ^/^'. VJ i t
 
 (H) A 7i 
 
 , : n,, 
 
 - n,. 
 
 i;, yearly. 
 
 Illustriotis . ^TJ/X 2 Ipijofaw*} p&tr,- 
 HUL2. S 
 
 To. ffZOx To Alexandria-: 
 
 Temples. Hljiv. kA\\l"i ] ? 
 
 Countrv? K?ffj.. FtMs ami forces ? /\ \ 3 1 
 
 Those under . .Kjtfvi. 
 House -, temple . JZ 2 4- <xia.' . 
 Iii, Dwelling in -f ff34 Aft. 
 
 In -. to , for JTftf vii. /Pi / 
 
 ' i.-ti- : under . 
 *; to- 
 
 >**>^V < ^,
 
 72 (H) 
 
 Walls 
 Lower. Hie. 
 
 Chapelt Hjfv. At Memphis. lerfuzps simph/ into. | 
 
 Place. 
 
 \^\ '^/ 
 
 Peiithebaic. 
 
 ^Txole field ^/- piece '? H3+A7A, SW :H36 C/O, //. 
 
 Money-, stores. Hl&vis. See JUL C//A 
 
 H23 JCVu . *L I TOY TE. KAI A.Vr>T P Y . 
 J/z, ^>L? names of the months &iis character always 
 
 to n 
 
 greatly Ttem2>le3 if. seems fate THY, in. UTITKABUlfUX, 
 
 being perhaps related fo ecu JUC , burial .- thus
 
 *,.. // 
 
 LUBAIS . JfMAj, 10, BS. if / l+>\ V 
 
 &34B3. -<-^ \y 
 
 Child. ni6i. 4*/\ or? ^. 
 
 Crime . Hi? viti. ENA\TlA]X.?\OUi2tn 
 Vineyards. ^. J^A-^OAI ? 
 
 !5 1 VX 
 
 y I 
 
 > Ml AJ &? On tke altars? Hj I ~ 
 
 Sacrifices. 
 
 Feast. - 
 
 Dates? Hzpjxcjc. x?HMXTirMOY . 
 
 Descriptions ? HsrLp. JVfD AAXTtA^ . |\ ^
 
 74 H. 
 WITNESSES . H32L20. . a ee p . Kasegarten. If I 
 
 MUTHE $M3iLg. Grab dovJhtfuL?ni 9 hlle&iSESorMA.SES. 
 
 MAESIS . ^2 
 
 < \ V 1/3^ 
 
 , UIRRJSIS? 
 Who has or is . jffrt* . i . 
 
 .- its place ^ 
 
 Same plaxv, . H3OJZKxii. Perhaps ratAfr^ tkan.**.. X CW% 
 
 Besides. ^2^, ratr. L) ^ 
 
 jcuv.^K*\ . \J\\S ] ^JU 
 
 ,-, AC K K1 . t$!w v^/z^ O. ?"/ | t/ 
 
 Liberally. ffM.wui. .
 
 (II)... 
 
 Lycopolis. EZT.xiu. SIOUTU. _> 7 
 
 This might be OTCUffJ T-&*XJ; theirdtialis something 
 Like 
 
 Contiibutions ; impositions . Hftii'ii. See^ * \ /1 
 
 Expending. HZ7 <zu'. 
 Money . 
 Geins . 
 
 Solemn? ^2^'r. Psvcarsitm, . 
 
 Restraining. ffZlaciu. 
 
 Debts. .% */. Debtors > guflty; captive . | ^ 
 
 ^. OT ON . 
 iac, uc. Tributary ; was due . L/^ I V 
 
 Having inquired . 
 
 Ornamented . SZ4azc. See Illu.*truruj . y 1 / S 
 
 HONNOPHRIS <7TCHOKOPRES . ^J/Z/. J^ <3Wj-. | 
 
 . O TO/1 - ffO*VpX? I K ^i
 
 76(11),.. 
 
 A dd -, luauiier . ffZS-KXf,. E H W ^ \ N . 
 Parents .ffttaxu. 
 
 o. JUL^pe 
 
 .xxiv. Placed . 
 
 ^* jj \ 
 
 *O / 
 
 ^^ I O 
 
 . Held. Xr El VI . 
 
 t;'. Raced . C n I OE ; NA. I . Csy I 
 fcxvu,. Placed. 
 
 
 .xrw. Honoured? 
 
 ti'. Pla.cecLXTHXAI . 
 
 ixndi,, Placed . C/ 44- / 1 /^ ! O 
 
 / ^ X, 
 
 ssiv . Carded . 3Y N E 2OAEY E IK | 7*>\ I 
 
 . Plared. 
 
 . Placed. lA^Y^A^QAl. i l(-f->V IO 
 Ptit o^er. tri KE -QA . W O;J ^ I C
 
 <> 
 
 J-O 
 
 (IIJ o-O'O .3 77 
 
 Wore in state. UZJazcvi.. The only past tense. v> /M C^ - A.I2 
 
 Shall be written. H2ycc<KJC. KATJkXfl-PlSAK ^ I / v) 
 
 mich. shall ielcmg ? Hlgj&cx. I * [ C? 
 
 Tkey should remain. H'lO-xu. V-5V^-*P| 
 It shall te done. HMtXxvci. 
 It shall be lawful . S3Oxx*L E 2 E I N A I .^ ( ^. 
 r Hiereslianbeprq)ared.^^^77l>^z^c^/4^^> >^ ? ^^ ^ 
 Day. O EH .JU,gp?&feyK>&we7tta& QODV. 
 Hljiv. This day and year '? 
 
 '. This day. 
 
 uc. Five days . \) } vO 
 
 i,. Both days? 
 i. Eadiday. 
 
 Da% ; quotidian. IfTE? 
 w.\ Birth day. j 
 
 .///$> V-. hi the dav s . ~L^2 \ { 
 
 H24MC. In Ms days. 
 ff23wii. To the day ; until .
 
 78 (II) . . . 
 
 From Htyjctar. TTit&ne. 
 The year and day aforesaid ^ 
 
 ? SSL 
 
 Justice .Hz0x>i: TOA)KAoKI . O^-K . 
 
 'Itao 
 
 Illustrious. 7V. ... Gl . A^J j 
 
 Loving. See Dates. JH.P I ?lt6i>rpE?ia? =^ ?^ ? ^ 
 
 S^^PP.^fB/ 
 
 Wefuu/e JM, R/; mokinyin, RJ 
 a,J#minute title t/f 
 
 \\\ 
 
 ) < \ )O 
 
 rik Plur. UU fvp vL ' 
 
 ff//ur. Fern,. 
 
 E37I.4-. F&K. A} 
 
 I /5|/1 
 
 */./*.
 
 (ID... oo<3 
 
 Pliilopaor. 7?x 
 
 X7 
 
 Philometor. JEf>. 
 
 / . 
 
 Y ' ) 
 
 A- rJ . 
 
 Philafielplms . IffJ u>. Fern . 
 
 M L3. 
 
 /9 
 
 < o. 
 
 Aforesaid. ^%%at^9rwkfiezL .nPoitpHMENON . 
 
 #34 A 8. very cemwmly *^,^ ^ enJ,<f Jtedr 
 
 *^
 
 30 N. .v 
 
 IN;OF 
 
 ir. FRX)M. 
 ^. FROM. 
 DARITJS. F/,r 
 NYSIA? /. 
 
 *' N ov B | t vftke amulets fintlafan inscription 
 fffrmj </ M e&nflrnury tfopboruiKc rwidznff .- u;7iance tft/> 
 encfi^ruil charaste,rx <see7n fr> have been; nrtpleyea. '/&rM N instead 
 
 . Jitao ? H > * C 
 .034- V15. Juno ? / 
 
 AMENOTHB t> . H3 tAfO, B5. AmunlJiotJiesi '." See Tkotk. \ ^ 
 
 J13 1 > 
 
 AMIVXORYT1US . H.3ZL31. AmtatJtor. U 
 
 AMONRASONTHER. 
 
 t
 
 M 
 
 R . Win r of Tnrin,8. 
 
 J Y\ f'l I I' '' 
 
 Inthe GtwkL 3, tie/utse . . . 
 
 TOY 
 
 C^/SHNtKOtZ KAI 
 
 O V.Z3 tf .TO A*. ^M 
 
 A\tHHtiToii 
 
 rfA**IA*(. .'. 
 
 TOY 
 
 MNH "A0 YNHN . This wcu therefore a. biti 
 
 is again called n0?DJ53f0n:c but EtnCHo 
 
 . deify 
 
 9 
 
 EOSfl 
 ****** \\ 
 
 i or 
 
 77 TT TT 
 
 
 i 
 -^ 
 
 those two inscri!G&07L$ : ffie 
 i figure uith. a fauvks food 
 a?id<i< disc u turned Ihc 
 
 ay: and its in.scrip- 
 Less distinct than tAij , 
 but seems go &e nearly the 
 same . The head dresses have 
 
 . See Ckamp. TA. 366, 
 
 AMUNET 
 
 Ch. 
 
 
 ty/A' PA/M ) I?- 
 
 BZ5C7,<9 .
 
 82 (H)...- 
 
 Health . SZ4 an. 
 
 Of-. helon^ng to . fffff liO. People of Egypt . tj\> 2u- 
 
 E 20 scavc. To the lempks. 
 
 Higviii. Those under. 
 
 *^\ 
 
 &Z4&X. Wherefore . *^J 
 
 v. Rite 8; cuxvirting to Jaw. * ^O*^^ 
 
 a;. Rites. HowixowseKK . \ *^J & 
 
 . MOM i M ON, 
 
 Savioxrrs. Hiffii. <VOO At? See Dates. 
 
 cf /. 
 
 The rest. ^(T) 
 
 Shallte honoured. &* (JL| O^ I O 
 
 Sacred. ^27 azw. TAltpA 
 
 S23xviu. Honotirs. ^ | ^XV 
 
 ,ff 27 oa*?". Whea he celebrated .
 
 (H) 
 
 Others .Higix. Q 
 23 MX. 
 
 That. 
 
 a,t/0rpasstifykMm*.\+*m* 13 /^N w 
 
 i. Took care that *? ^ 
 
 &r. Tkat Viey skem&l eh . 
 
 ix. That they should ifcot. 
 Parents predecessors. J?2 Saxau,.- ''^^ wX J^ * 
 
 Gold. ,ff>^ ^z^ u cv 
 
 ff2ff,jzciv. Golden. 
 iv. Ck>lden. 
 
 J/^ distinct cheimcter appears fo t>c pSS 
 
 in- Mr. CTuunfvlli'OTt^ opiruen 
 t,n> washing gotd* dust " heh^frund il'Jl26vJlL, 
 . .Inthe same line there i-s *^SSL 
 Entkcruil' c/utnxcfgr.
 
 Gold . H 7t) ex. To pa\' . \ ^ 
 
 KlZacvi. 3Ioney due ? ^ V f 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 Ej4Aja. Gold , silver , gems *? 
 .Gold, silrer, mucli. 
 . Gold, gems , all ^ 
 
 . Sold?
 
 0/p. I as 
 
 . Cfi. 
 
 ' ' ' 9, OTJ of plurals. f ,or *T of participles ?? 
 Field. ^2<3< r^V. lEPAZTHZ. 
 
 ir. Gardens. 
 
 ^. Vineyards. 
 
 E23jaiii. Vineyards. AwnEMTVfcoi. " 
 ff34Al3. Bare ground. I 2. /tt
 
 PHABIS E32L7&. 
 
 F'.&oseg. Pl.XT. 
 
 i / 
 
 -pOOT .\"A "X Hfr-httnx CD &'l . li 
 
 . Hi6ii,u. 
 
 Ki] Hi. 
 
 H37 LI. 
 
 S34A1. 
 
 &34B7. 
 
 H34J. 7. 
 
 Hi. See Dates. 
 PHILIWS. SJjiU. 
 T7. 
 
 PYRRHLA. Hi] id. 
 PYRRHIUS. S3SC&. 
 
 PATS AS. 
 
 PORTIS. H32L2&.
 
 PHAKRES. H3ZL12. P. R. 
 
 OSIRIS. 
 
 w OTHp, B . 
 
 FIX. ^JfAmenf-Art. Egypfr ] fli 
 Ch. M. S. 
 
 j as weli ets the eye oftfu distinct ffwrotflypkie , 
 Rossi's 
 
 ISIS. JIf&ii. ^L KCJ?^^rt*fctolJUU/f, rfdkiw*. I \ 
 
 lf&2L34 . Ins Jfaeju . perhaps & jynoTix/ms. \\4r\ *?f 
 
 . CERES ? A.HA\h rf 
 
 '/ ?<"**& Synonyms.
 
 88 II. 
 
 Tffl TO 
 PET. Champ. TaJfl. n,g, /<S>, // o , A 
 
 PETEUTEMLS, 
 
 Ch.MS. 
 
 F'J&sy.PlX. W UL.IU 
 
 ? | Z 
 
 PETJ5ARTRES. &3ZL23. PETEARPRES ?Gi. 
 
 I 
 
 "t O * 
 
 ^ /> 
 
 PETE URIS . ^.32 Z 2^. ^ > WX ( V 
 
 PETECHONSIS . E 32 LJ3.
 
 XL 
 
 PETEMESTUS. H37LJO. J ^^V\ 1 '** 
 
 f\-<, **fS i / > 
 
 E31I.20. \ > ^Vl < I C/ 
 
 F'.Koseg. PIX. j A tT 1 Tl I U 
 
 ^TV ^vi. ^V/^. Petfmnesitt^ . 
 PETO SIRI S . ^J^ J, J/ 
 PETOFHOIS. H3Z.L36. 
 
 fT 
 
 PECHYTBS. ff-^^^f JtafvA*.!**'* 1 t ^JL> >tm^ > ^ 
 
 PACHEMI S . 
 
 PaiBTSjPHIVIS. 
 
 PSAMMETICHUS . ' #/. SeeDaies . *C <7^X 
 
 PSEXCHONSIS. H32Z26. [ !J* < ^4' 
 
 pSEis'AjvrtJNis. sasCff. \3j 
 
 P4.
 
 90 in) 
 
 Menmonia. Hc>l Lg. 
 
 , 
 
 To wkom . H26 &riii. y 
 
 Q> 
 
 Silver U/.yri; H27 rw'. APFYP1KAZ 
 
 Ceramiimi ; pot . 
 
 Baskets. Hd I L Z . Perhaps of silver. Sw Dates. 
 
 &ctsu By which? 
 
 \j 
 
 W 
 
 In it? On it . 
 
 if] 2\ 
 
 Put. ff2?<rir. Guards. 
 
 Came . Hijiv. \\Taoliad come . 
 
 Jfry t'iii. \\Tiicli amounted to . 
 
 JfSff.m. TOVI EnEAQONTA*. 
 
 UZZxirii,. \VHckamountedto. /i^ <M 
 
 Month. ^MV. .S'^ Months. ^ 
 
 HZfJacviu. ^T O 
 
 HzfMtuc. Monthly. 
 Corn. '
 
 Temples. J?7/ ii/ 
 
 Inhabitant of Memphis . 
 
 i2.!)l 
 
 I'll? 
 
 Approved.. Hl6u 
 
 fix 
 
 . 817 * 
 
 m-. 
 
 \ I 
 
 Jj > \*O-SL 
 
 a. See Advertisement. .J i | X*-*'^- 
 
 Which ahaH be placed. HZSOSXOXM,. 
 
 Illustrious . 72 /. ir 
 
 Deceatly. Ki&viii. 
 
 Prizes. yr A .
 
 HIM-, IT. HZQMrix. J. ,x t "9" Ch.T.15. / 
 
 > 
 
 BEARER BEARER , 1ORB- 
 
 Hljiii. BEARER. AkerMad. 
 
 TO H1AT. 
 
 " o on " 
 PHTHAH. ///^.Vidcan J a Ch.TW. 
 
 j^/^X/.Appravcd^vJPBTBAB. ^> I ( /I I 
 
 Ht6'ii. Loved iy PHTHAH . I O ) c7 
 
 HIS. UWMKiiHtoLg. Possibly *j X 
 
 y. Rxnu Ms 
 
 Jhmihis fetter. 
 
 , His fatter. [ < r* 
 
 i. Their owa . ... OT ? '^^^fy 
 
 v 
 
 . Tluml.
 
 To . ffZ/eawM-. Belong to . 
 
 Going out. IL'zGtVacv. 
 
 Going in to. KlfiXx^i. Singul/ir. 
 
 GOOD. $ . J- , r. ftCkOfOVC 
 
 beneficent. 11 14 MV. ttPrtTiKe>tM 
 
 JJ.r<P.ri. JZ/fiiu; 
 Jlfjui. Few. . 
 
 3113 Fern. 
 
 r?) 
 
 $4 A 2 Z'l. 
 ^ 34 A3 F. 
 
 pious. 
 
 ". These Ihrec together. 
 Benevolent. Httfvi. txtPCeTiKft 
 
 vi. Bolh togetfur. 
 
 )/ X I iJ 
 
 ) *"V\ 2- 
 
 < J1 > 4^ 
 
 f| *1^ M" a^ 
 
 A**"
 
 Munificent. H7J r. 
 
 \\/ **-$jS 
 
 . Also? 
 
 F'Xoseg. PIJK. 
 Granted. ff/<?n. CYEPrTKE.N < C/JL.M 
 
 Corrected ; improved . H?^. vOy3~>% 
 
 Mayprosper. ff7pi^. tN tVHM\A aZ\N ( \JV\~}\ f 
 
 Apprcn-ed; resolved. Hl5jcjci t EAOS 6.N. <K?/'7fewrf.^J| ! ( 
 Nuf ^.Apparently a jiame ofPktJiaA , in JUe?npkis.See^ ; ,2. . V* 
 
 SlS,PSKNCHONSIS. SetFJtitis, \\ 
 
 Ch^mpollien ma&as-t& CHONS . Tabt.n. t$6 ; 6uf "^i 
 ft fan , and scarcely a. gieve . See Cf . 
 
 , GOOD , rtOTq S; also Q , B , V. See Memphis, Phiris
 
 TO HIM. <5<?<? i , tpOCf . See Arsinoe , Alexander. *V 
 
 PART. Sef Mtmf.7iais . pE. X 
 
 SONOF . #37 LQ, 70, //. H3ZL2Z. 
 EVERY. H^asx-idti: THp? 
 WITNESSES. 
 
 Asp tearing. H27 
 
 Ditxrh.es; canals. HZTxiv. TA4POZ. JOp ? 
 
 Year. See J)ates. r. 
 
 Year s } Time . 
 
 ENOAITiU XPONSU ci' 
 
 ^ - a .. Many years . ////. lj ^ 
 
 A pillar. ffjOjaaeii. Q
 
 96 C. 
 
 S O TE R . H37 L 4-. Chanijo. K/ fV^ (' H li> 
 
 334 A -5. See Dates. f/ f/^ ( ^ *J 
 PB.1C E . &J2 L 7ff. TTCOT etf 1 See Sold CD 5 I *1 // 
 
 H34-L76. 
 
 #34- 73. 
 A'4. 
 
 . Have sola . ^ - ^ t/ t ^ I 2.1 I *f 
 
 F 2. V. Darius. _ 
 
 ^3. ^TT.Z>77W . >r Z J 3TJ. ^ - ^ ^/y f | ^ 
 
 ff 23 XtH. TA.TMAJL. ^ | 
 
 hU-n ?-. y > i ^t 
 
 Bare gix>und ? H32L/& . Toss idly OLOTTJ ro>ywr.wjTov r 1 1 1 I M
 
 H37I.7Z. 
 II 32 73. 
 ff-32 1,74-. 
 
 F.' ose#. FIX. 
 
 F.' 
 
 Ff 
 
 (O) 4 97 
 
 Fixed. Higiaz. MENE.IN enix^XPAE. Perha/osG . i5^XNl T ^/2 A / 
 Established. TTitfY. KATAETHZAM ENOY . 
 
 K ATA TH 21A GA I . 
 
 MENOYZHZ . 
 
 C/ r Cl 
 
 . It Ls <ssf'ilishe<i ? i C/ / 2. " , 
 
 1J 1 
 
 k 
 
 Collections.
 
 98 < C ) < 3 S 
 
 Ornaments . H'26'^ci^'. \ EPON KOZMON . O J " 
 
 Conspicuous. HlGx&ir. EYSHMOSL. ^-^O^ * I 
 
 out 
 
 Without , not . 20 &. 
 To i>e paid "? ^^? ^^. 
 Sea.; \\-ater. See A. . 
 
 \\JD . J 
 
 SITALTHES ?J27. Or. CLITUS ? 0/^.>iuJU/ O | 
 SISO1S . H34AW. Perhaisr > . j L Hi I L 
 
 Their. B23xviu. ^ /. 
 
 Canie . HZZxvi. ^E ? J <^
 
 C... 
 
 Brothers. HIS ami. CJSMOV CA,. T.n.260. 
 
 4VW* 
 
 H31 L 2 . Possttfy htwever \ 
 JS3lAl. ffis sister. T-cq COONS. 
 
 ISLS jVv JT. 
 
 Likewise. 
 
 Liketojas. 
 
 OMotn.1 AE KAI . 
 
 . CON\ 
 
 KAOA. 
 
 i. As. 
 
 iii. As is custonisuiy. 
 Tke same; the like ? ff23<xvu. 
 Contributed to . ff24jcijc. 
 
 >J Tl 
 >- j 
 
 ^3
 
 100 ( C ) . . - 
 
 Horsemen ; horse . Jf2o &ii. i n n i K A 
 
 H2J icii'. 
 E verlivino . Sec & . 
 
 o 
 
 lait^ H 2S axaiii, 
 ^Vas ^ood. ff/Siic. 
 Approved . See S. - 
 Mother. See Philornetor,X4_; Dates. 
 . HisMotlier. 
 
 PJiilometores . 
 I'6,J. With a, flower. 
 Sacred scribe . HJJ&. iEPorpAM(v\Are<. Ipllp'Jh^ 
 
 Letters. H3Oac,xxii. CjS&t ? I i 
 
 1r 
 ^.^ 
 
 JKKXU.
 
 Co... r, r,i 101 
 
 Secretary . H-3>2Li6\ MO vorp A <|>oz . "c<$s uir" Ck M 2. ~ I 
 
 Written. ^J/Z/. ^ J J? V f 
 
 Feather bearers . HIJ w. n T E 1 Po*o PA \ . /< II t J-5 f 1 1 
 
 I P x 
 Named? 5"^Z.a?.<?r Written? d party ,J J en0mm* t * ' I 2. [ 
 
 #34 AS. l"2 1 
 
 .X"'/. Feminine ? 
 
 T 7 ^. Tftne times. 
 Sculptor. J^J/ ^ //. z co rA-T 4 o s . <^L* f: /3 I 
 
 Written and engraved ? JT/^ 1 JJ 2P. << I f 3 ^? '> II
 
 102 u;. . . f 
 
 O . See Ptolemy , Cleopatra,. AictocraloT. \ 
 GREEK. SoO,XMXZi. OTtirfirf. Ionian. ^j&s^) \\\\ 
 
 God-, godlike. ffj<?in. O EOZ . d> OT, &kry. (T 
 
 ff/<9ti. A goddess. <Jr 
 
 fffffi. Lord. KVPIOY. (\O 
 
 ; Gods ; plund. \ \\>\ 
 
 . The opd . TT . (fu 
 
 jR /. God and goddess . \^}\ Wvs 
 
 R7. J?G&^ 
 
 . Goddess. < f . 
 
 (I 
 
 Sacred ..... H23asviii. h^ I ^ 
 
 v. Divine. !TFv) 
 
 U. Characters. \ y tO 
 
 O SIRIS . y//^ D eceased . See TT . T 2 
 
 ISIS ? ^ J/X < D eceAsed- .
 
 \ 103 
 
 The Sun . Sjffi. $ p H . I-/ 1/ 
 
 JE7ffii. \U 
 
 Hrffii. \*J 
 
 ThotK } Hermes . JW J& . 1 Z. , I l/U 
 
 Apis. S. 23 JCWJ.1/. \ '%_ | 
 
 . <** ^^ i 
 
 ~* - * 
 JMneui s . Ji 23 xi/ut^. ^ 
 
 Venerable . Sl3 caiH. See Faiker. i 111 
 
 Assumed. 
 Solemnity; feast. Sjjv. See (T ) 
 
 Af&embl. 
 
 . (EOPrAis. KAI 
 
 < 
 
 Decent. Hiox-. x A HKOYXAN . iX-^*!
 
 104 (UJ) . .. 
 
 Solemnized: Ended. HdZLtg. 
 
 F: fosey. n. xr. I FTI~ 
 
 ii. Remitted. 
 
 Dismissed ffifvii,. See (p) V ^/"M f" 
 
 v. E&ciuai. y ^7 5 
 
 f 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 6\ Cfdtd. O ^
 
 (U/)... 1 f 105 
 
 Taking CATC. H2O<xi. 4> PON rizn. IN. cu*<? <1 1 l< J> ) 
 
 HlOXU. nPOE-INOHGH. 4. "1 I I <^5 
 
 HZfazcvii. Considerable .notable. /All I U \ 
 
 /A I I I <. \ 
 
 To pour 9 
 
 \ CUTfcN ? <JJT ? OT ? 
 
 11 
 
 Priest. MM 
 
 ' $L| . Perhaps OTH. 
 
 \\ 
 
 S3. 
 
 /^/2 Jfasc. 
 
 *-V 
 
 *'? 
 
 w. Priestess? 
 
 2v?_ 
 
 S3J 
 
 - J. Riestess. 
 
 <2.12 
 
 H3JJL3. Priests. 
 
 Hr/iv. High priests. A PXiEPElZ 
 
 HTjiv. Sajictuarv AAtTONPriesthoitse. 
 
 \tyfa#r^fcdtfek4t,mptetylfanif>kisl/ }\ \J | } 
 a. Sanctuary ? 4 4 A \ | 
 
 i*x. Ordination -. inauguration. < I v ^ / \ 
 
 See Dates. JfJ/J^l/J&tA-f.Aipeadiarpiiest in, Ptolenuzis J^ U*? *l 
 Portion. Rjgijc. See Numbers. Vn
 
 106 Hf... r, +-,-i-,- 
 
 SOX. ffrfii. Tt^E. YOY. -LU 
 
 EK *-' 4 
 
 I 
 
 -, Children.. TEKNOIZ ^ U4 
 
 ff37 LI. Son and dLaxighter. 
 
 H3/ Lg. His Sons and daughters. 
 
 '. J&seg. Pi SI. 
 
 E34A7. Son ;md daughter. 
 
 JS3-/-S2. 
 
 R /; Tl, /. 
 
 B T* SI RI S . H27 aeui. Scarcely A n 
 SENCHONSIS .H34AH. Seen-ewhonsis, PtfrcTumsis. 
 
 A'4. 
 JB'S. 
 
 SENAMUN IS . B34 A/Oj S6. See Psenawtnis. 
 SEXERIEUS. 
 
 A'3. 
 '4.
 
 ... -1-.107 
 
 SENOSORPHIBIS. H34-A/O. 
 
 B'S. 
 
 SENPOERIS. Zfo/Z/. 
 
 E34B8. And elsewfarefretpuently. fcZ. O I > 
 ". J? OYH jo . B . C^l ^ / < < 
 
 DAU GHTE R . M// ill. %j E pi . 
 
 ff/jiv. 
 R2,2. 
 T2. 
 
 . Prolatfy. 
 
 TAXES. Hyi-tii. ZYNTA^EIJL
 
 108 (Jiff)... 
 
 o en 
 
 Birth, dav. 
 
 Burials. 
 
 Times H25x<ziu. TPix . COTtr 
 
 ArtaJba. 
 
 .-//z Egryp&cm. cubic Jvot, according to Capeltus , 
 70 f pounds of welter^ or to iTnperiaZ gal&m~s . 
 
 South. S34-A/3. Sec*) 
 
 North . ffJ4-?e. See % A 
 
 Younger. F'fosecf. FIX 3. 
 
 ,?/ X /. cfe &>vOT- < *?<- 
 
 U 
 
 22<xi>. Little ? OAro.i ? 
 
 Sochoris. Champ. T.n.ty ffiervtfic. 
 PimLshed;beat. H22xvi. 
 Rites. JW^xx.. 
 
 Great. Hwxi. OMerAZ KAI MErAr.. C* / 
 
 Greatest. SZSjxcui/. KYPI^ITATOZ.. / ^^^^ ( J i i > 
 
 Much ; many things . ^>cP z^. JV<? Numbers. &. lit /L/ 
 
 Stone? Jl3o xxxii TossMy hard. 4 
 
 2S ? JW r^zm^. A . ^ 
 
 Fattier . H36U. H34A 2 . Rather Ktu than TOY . SeePkikpabr. f
 
 3 
 
 ( i) yo, D,^, j 109 
 
 f"i i c 
 
 PHIBIS . H34 AlJ . Kg. ] I >/ I 
 
 r. 
 n 
 
 HALECIS. 
 
 HERACLITUS./^Sonof MEMNON. $S2^I^ J 
 
 HERIEUS. 
 
 HIRENE.ZT//^. EIPMNH. 
 RZ. 
 7-2. HZ.) XX) 
 
 AXE ? ZTbr^.o.J_. ^t ? Ctu&np. T.rt.38. See T *i\} 
 
 tra 
 ILLUSTRIOUS ^^^wZ^.^p.^lp, C?uzmp.Tn.34<5.<feju*. J C J 
 
 TOWARDS . H34-B70. ^A. Blou^ng NORTH 
 A'+.^in^UL^r See 
 JoO\ ^4t perhaps a, 
 
 A'S. 
 37
 
 110 
 
 Towards. R34- AS. The South. Vj&pHC? Y rf" ^ ^ 
 
 334- sn. 
 
 34-373. 
 
 H34B74-. 
 
 . sw?
 
 INDEX. 
 
 THE NUMBERS DENOTE THE PAGES. 
 
 A. 
 
 ABUNDANCE, 61. 
 
 Accustomed, 43. 
 
 Acts, 63. 
 
 Add, 76. 
 
 Adversaries, 14, 70. 
 
 Aetos, 40. 
 
 Aetus, 11, 14, 15. 
 
 Affairs, 54. 
 
 Aforesaid, 78. 
 
 Against, 68. 
 
 Alexander, 9 to 12, 14, 17, 
 
 18, 22 to 24, 27 to 32. 
 Alexandria, 40, 50. 
 Alexandras, 40. 
 Alexicrates, 10. 
 All, 44, 62. 
 Also, 54, 62. 
 Altar, 50. plu. 73. 
 Amen, 23, 27. 
 Amenothes, 80. 
 Ammonius, 40. 
 Amonorytius, 80. 
 Amonrasonther, 23, 27, 80, 
 
 81. 
 
 Amounted to, 90. 
 Amun, 80. 
 Amunerphei, 81. 
 Amunet, 81. 
 
 And, 10, 11, 26, 62, 70. 
 Animals, 43. 
 Annually, 15. 
 Antigenes, 40. 
 Antimachus, 40. 
 Anucis, 40. 
 Apella, 11, 12, 41. 
 Apis, 103. 
 Apollonius, 41. 
 Apollos, 41. 
 
 Appointed, 20, 25, 30, 32. 
 Approaching, 65. 
 Approved, 14, 91,92,94, 100. 
 Arbesi, 41. 
 Are, 68. 
 
 Area, 12, 15, 41. 
 Armenis, 41. 
 Arms, 65. 
 
 Arsinoe, 10 to 12, 14 to 19, 
 21,23,25,26,28,30,41. 
 Artaba, 108. 
 Arura, 65. 
 As, 15, 61, 99. 
 Asp-bearing, 95. 
 Assembled, 61, 67. 
 Assembly, 103. 
 Assumed, 103. 
 Assumption, 51. 
 At, 64.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Athyr, 5, 24, 27. 
 Attacked, 47. 
 Augustus, 35. 
 Authors, 68. 
 Autocrator, 35, 41. 
 Axe, 109. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bank, 55. 
 
 Bare, 67, 96. 
 
 Basket, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 
 
 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 30. 
 
 plu. 48, 90. 
 Be, 76, 77. 
 
 Bearer, 24, 25, 92. see basket. 
 Beat, 108. 
 Because, 68. 
 Become, 44. 
 Being, 10, 11, 14 to 16, 28, 
 
 61, 70. 
 Been, 43, 61. 
 Belong, 61,77, 93. 
 Belonging, 61, 68, 82. 
 Beloved, 14, 34. 
 Beneficent, 10 to 20, 23, 25 
 
 to 27, 29 to 31,93. 
 Benevolent, 93. 
 Besides, 74. 
 Besiege, 65. 
 Bestowed, 58. 
 Bernice, 10 to 12, 15, 16, 19, 
 
 23, 29, 32, 46. 
 Birth-day, 38, 77, 108. 
 Blowing north, 109. 
 Bought, 84. 
 Brother-loving, 11 , 12, 15, 16, 
 
 19 to 21, 23, 25, 26, 28, 30. 
 
 Brothers, 99. 
 Burials, 108. 
 Busirrs, 106. 
 By, 69, 90. 
 
 C. 
 
 Caesar, 35 to 37, 62. 
 Caesaris, 52. 
 Call, 44. 
 Called, 44, 76. 
 Came, 90, 98. 
 Canals, 95. 
 Canbyses, 8. 
 Captive, 75. 
 Care, 83, 105. 
 Carried, 76. 
 Causes, 68. 
 Ceded, 104. 
 Celebrate, 43. 
 Celebrated, 82. 
 Ceramium, 90. 
 Ceremonies, 63. 
 Ceres, 87. 
 Certain, 46. 
 Chapel, 72. 
 Chapochonsis, 52. 
 Chapocrates, 52. 
 Child, 73. 
 Children, 22, 106. 
 Chimnarus, 81. 
 Cholchyta, 52. 
 Chonopres, 75. 
 Choeac, 5, 17, 32, 38. 
 Chons, 94. 
 Chrysarmus, 16. 
 City, 20, 25, 28, 32, 60. 
 Cleonicus, 10.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Cleopatra, 17, 18, 21 to 24, Declared, 10, 11, 12, 16, 21, 
 
 26 to 31, 34 to 36, 52. 
 
 Clerk, 60. 
 Clitus, 98. 
 Collected, 57. 
 Collecting, 69. 
 Collection, 55, 57. plu. 97. 
 Come, 90. 
 Complete, 62. 
 Conquered, 54. 
 Consecrated, 83. 
 Considerable, 105. 
 Conspicuous, 68, 98. 
 Contributed, 99. 
 Contributions, 75. 
 Corn, 90. 
 
 Corrected, 14, 57, 94. 
 Cotton, 57. 
 
 Country, 14, 71. plu. 14. 
 Crime, 73. 
 Cubit, 55. 
 Customary, 65, 99. 
 
 D. 
 
 Daily, 77. 
 Dated, 24. 
 Dates, 73. 
 Darius, 8, 9, 80, 96. 
 
 23, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 
 
 34, 67. 
 
 Decorously, 70. 
 Defended, 54. 
 Defender, 24, 26, 27, 29, 32, 
 
 66. 
 
 Defending, 27. 
 Demetria, 16, 59. 
 Demetrius, 11, 12, 59. 
 Descriptions, 73. 
 Diadems, 14, 74. 
 Diogenes, 10, 12, 15, 59. 
 Dionysius, 33, 59. 
 Diospolis, 81. 
 Dismissed, 104. 
 Ditches, 95. 
 Divine, 102. 
 Dominion, 14. 
 Done, 43, 61, 64, 69, 77. 
 Do, 69. 
 
 Dress, & plu. 57. 
 Dressing, 57. 
 Due, 75. plu. 65. 
 
 E. 
 
 Each, 77. 
 East, 110. 
 
 Daughter, 10, 12, 15, 16, 23, Egypt, 14, 52, 82. 
 
 26,41,59,107. 
 Day, 15, 38, 77, 78. plu. 1, 2, 
 
 15, 77. 
 
 Debt, 75. plu. 75. 
 Debtors, 75. 
 Deceased, 102. 
 Decent, 103. 
 Decently, 91. 
 
 Egyptian, 14. 
 Egyptians, 45. 
 Enchorial, 1 to 38. 
 End, 38. 
 Ended, 104. 
 Enemies, 64. 
 Engraved, 101. 
 Enter, 64.
 
 IV 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Epagomenae, 5. 
 Epiphanes, 71, 74. 
 Epiphi, 5, 10, 11, 33. 
 Established, 14, 97. 
 Eupator, 66. 
 Ever, 18, 47. 
 
 Everliving, 7, 12 to 14, 27, 
 31, 33, 34, 36, 47, 100. 
 Every, 63, 95. 
 Excused, 65, 104. 
 Exhibition, 75. 
 Expending, 75. 
 Eyes, 46. 
 
 F. 
 
 Father, 14, 15, 23, 24, 26, 29, 
 66, 92, 108. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gardens, 53. 
 
 Gave, 43, 54, 63 to 68. 
 
 Gems, 75, 84. 
 
 Give, 69. 
 
 Given, 14, 54. 
 
 Glory, 14, 102. 
 
 Glorious, 64. 
 
 God, 21, 23 to 30, 32, 33, 34, 
 
 36, 102. 
 Gods, 10 to 12, 14, 16 to 19, 
 
 22 to 24, 27 to 34, 102. 
 Goddess, 26, 102. 
 Godlike, 102. 
 Going out, 68, 93. 
 Going into, 93. 
 Gold, 83, 84. 
 
 Father-loving, 11 to 30, 34, 35. Golden, 83. 
 
 Far, 15. 
 
 Feast, 61, 73, 103. plu. 14. 
 
 Feasting, 53. 
 
 Feather-bearers, 101. 
 
 Festival, 57. 
 
 Field, 72. 
 
 Fifth, 55. 
 
 Fighting, 54. 
 
 Figure, 58. 
 
 Five, 77. 
 
 Fixed, 47, 75, 97. 
 
 Foot, 67, 86. 
 
 For, 15, 45, 47, 64, 68, 71. 
 
 Fought, 54. 
 
 Fractions, 4. 
 
 Fraternal, 10, 11, 12, 17, 23, 
 
 24, 27, 29. 
 
 From, 14, 38, 65, 78, 80, 92. 
 Funerals, 50. 
 
 Good, 93, 94; 100. 
 Grandfathers, 68. 
 Granted, 63, 94. 
 Great, 14, 32, 33, 34, 65, 98, 
 
 108. 
 
 Greatest, 108. 
 Greek, 102. 
 Ground, 67, 96. 
 Guards, 50. 
 Guilty, 75. 
 
 H. 
 
 Habitations, 72. 
 Had, 43,44,61. 
 Halecis, 109. 
 Hand, 69. 
 Harpochrates, 41. 
 Harsiesis, 60. 
 Has, 14, 56, 61, 74.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Hasos, 42. 
 Hasys, 42. 
 Have, 54. 
 Having, 75. 
 Health, 47, 82. 
 Held, 76. 
 Heraclitus, 109. 
 Herieus, 109. 
 Hermes, 103. 
 Hierogrammates, 45. 
 Hieratic, ] . 2, 3, 5. 
 High Priests, 105. 
 Hirene, 12, 15, 16, 109. 
 Him, 92, 95. 
 His, 38, 44, 92. 
 Honnophris, 75. 
 Honourable, 64. 
 Honoured, 76, 82. 
 Honours, 63, 64, 82. 
 Horsemen, Horse, 100. 
 Hostile, 47. 
 House, 71. plu. 72. 
 Hundreds, 70. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ill, 44, 74. 
 
 Illustrious, 12, 14, 17 to 24, 
 
 26 to 29, 64, 71, 74, 78, 
 
 91, 109. 
 
 Image, 14, 58. plu. 58. 
 Impositions, 75. 
 Improved, 94. 
 In, 20, 44, 64, 70, 71, 74, 80, 
 
 90, 100. 
 
 Inauguration, 105. 
 Inhabitant, 9L. 
 Inquired, 75. 
 
 Insurgents, 57. 
 
 Into, 70, 72. 
 
 Is, 61, 74. 
 
 Isis, 21, 31, 34, 99. 
 
 It, 92. 
 
 Its, 74. 
 
 Jove, 14, 80. 
 
 Juno, 35, 80. 
 
 Just, 14. 
 
 Justice, 78. 
 
 K. 
 
 Keep, 44, 61, 68. 
 
 Kept, 44. 
 
 King, 6 to 37, 49, 103. 
 
 Laid, 54. 
 
 Land, 53. 
 
 Late, 15. 
 
 Lawful, 77. 
 
 Letters, 100. 
 
 Levied, 98. 
 
 Liberally, 74. 
 
 Life, 38, 47. 
 
 Like, 14, 99. 
 
 Likewise, 99. 
 
 Limit, 46. 
 
 List, 60. 
 
 Little, 108. 
 
 Liturgy, 50. 
 
 Lives, 14. 
 
 Living, 14, 18, 33, 47. 
 
 Long, 15. 
 
 Lord, 14, 92. 
 
 Love, 78. 
 
 Loved, 92.
 
 VI 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Loving, 78. see Father. 
 Lower, 14, 72. 
 Lubais, 73. 
 Lycopolis, 50, 75. 
 
 M. 
 
 Maesis, 74. 
 
 Make, 44. 
 
 Making, 43, 44, 53, 61. 
 
 Man, 44, 45. 
 
 Manner, 76. 
 
 Many, 15, 70, 108. 
 
 May, 44. 
 
 Mechir, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15. 
 
 Memnon, 6, 109. 
 
 Memnonia, 90. 
 
 Memphis, 91. 
 
 Men, 14, 43, 44, 65. 
 
 Menapion, 16. 
 
 Mesore, 5, 15, 27. 
 
 Metropolis, 20, 23, 25, 28, 
 
 30, 32. 
 Might, 44. 
 Military, 54, 55. 
 Milk, 45. 
 Mirsis, 74. 
 Mneuis, 103. 
 Money, 72, 75. 
 Money due, 84. 
 Month, 63, 90. plu. 5. 
 Monthly, 90. 
 More, 74. 
 Moreover, 74. 
 Most, 64. 
 Mother, 26, 100. 
 Mother-loving, 19, 20, 23, 24, 
 
 26, 27, 29, 34, 36. 
 
 Much, 108. 
 
 Munificent, 14, 21, 26, 35, 
 
 46, 63, 75, 94. 
 Muthes, 74. 
 
 N. 
 
 Named, 101. 
 Nechthmonthes, 52. 
 Neotera, 34, 35. 
 Nephthy, 63. 
 Nesaea, 12. 
 Neus, 33, 34. 
 Noble, 20, 25, 30. 
 North, 108, 109. 
 Not, 98. 
 Notable, 105. 
 Ntaliosh, 8. 
 Nuf, 94. 
 
 Numbers, 1, 2, 3. 
 Nysia, 80. 
 
 O. 
 
 O, 85. 
 
 Obsidional, 47. 
 Oecopedic, 55. 
 Of, 80, 82. 
 Offspring, 18. 
 On, 80, 90. 
 Order, 70. 
 Ordered, 47, 62. 
 Ordination, 65, 105. 
 Ornamented, 75. 
 Ornaments, 98. 
 Osiris, 87, 102. 
 Osoroeris, 87. 
 Oth, 60. 
 Others, 83.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Til 
 
 Over, 76. 
 Own, 92. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pachemis, 89. 
 
 Pachon, 5,11, 18,22. 
 
 Paid, 98. 
 
 Panas, 86. 
 
 Paophi, 5, 9, 16, 35. 
 
 Parents, 76, 83. 
 
 Part, 46. 
 
 Party, 101. 
 
 Pases, 74. 
 
 Past, 68. 
 
 Patrimonial, 66. 
 
 Pay, 84. 
 
 Payni, 5, 29, 36, 37. 
 
 Pechytes, 89. 
 
 Peculiar Priest, 105. 
 
 People, 44, 82. 
 
 Perithebaic, 72. 
 
 Permitted, 53. 
 
 Pet, 88. 
 
 Peteartres, 88. 
 
 Petechonsis, 88. 
 
 Peteharpochrates, 88. 
 
 Petemestus, 89. 
 
 Petenephotes, 88. 
 
 Peteutemis, 88. 
 
 Peteuris, 88. 
 
 Petophois, 89. 
 
 Petosiris, 89. 
 
 Phabis, 86. 
 
 Phamenoth, 5,7,9,30, 31,38. 
 
 Phanres, 87. 
 
 Pharmuthi, 5 to 9, 12, 13, 38. 
 
 Phibis, 89, 109. 
 
 Philadelphia, 79. 
 
 Philesia, 11, 86. 
 
 Philinus, 15, 16, 86. 
 
 Philometor, 79, 100. 
 
 Philopator, 78, 79. 
 
 Phthah, 14, 34, 92. 
 
 Phylacteries, 50. 
 
 Piece, 72. 
 
 Pillar, 95. 
 
 Pious, 14, 93. 
 
 Place, 64, 72, 74. 
 
 Placed, 64, 68, 76, 91. 
 
 Portis, 86. 
 
 Portion, 105. plu. 15. 
 
 Pot, 90. 
 
 Pour, 105. 
 
 Power, 69. 
 
 Predecessor, 68. plu. 83. 
 
 Prepared, 77. 
 
 Price, 96. 
 
 Priest, 10 to 12, 14, 16, 17 to 
 
 32, 34, 105. 
 Priests, 23, 105. 
 Priestess, 12, 15, 16, 26, 30, 
 
 105. 
 
 Priest house, 105. 
 Priesthood, 69. 
 Private, 67. 
 Prize, 47. plu. 65, 91. 
 Prize-bearer, 12, 16, 19, 23, 
 
 29. 
 
 Procession, 75. plu. 43. 
 Progenitor, 61, 66. 
 Proper, 44, 69. 
 Prophets, 65. 
 Prosper, 94. 
 Province, 91,
 
 vin 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Psammetichus, 6, 7, 89. 
 Psenamunis, 89. 
 Psenchonsis, 89. 
 Ptolemy, 10 to 12, 14 to 34, 
 
 36, 37. 
 
 Ptolemy Soter, 20, 25. 
 Ptolomeus, 86. 
 Punished, 108. 
 Put, 76, 90. 
 Pyrrha, 15, 86. 
 Pyrrhius, 86. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Queen, 21, 26, 32, 34 to 36, 
 49, 65. 
 
 Quotidian, 77. 
 
 R. 
 
 Racotis, 20, 50. 
 Ramses, 6. 
 Received, 14, 74. 
 Redressed, 57. 
 Regarding, 44. 
 Released, 104. 
 Remain, 54, 77. 
 Remaining, 57. 
 Remitted, 104. 
 Render, 68. 
 Rendered, 43, 61. 
 Resolved, 94. 
 Rest, 57, 82. 
 Restored, 47. 
 Restraining, 75. 
 Revenues, 66. 
 Rites, 82, 108. 
 Rod, 55. 
 Royal, 20, 25, 28. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sacred, 63, 82, 102. 
 Sacrifices, 53, 61, 73. 
 Said, 61, 67. 
 Same, 99. 
 Sanctuary, 105. 
 Saviour, 14, 16, 18, 22 to 24, 
 
 27, 31. 
 
 Saviours, 29, 82. 
 Scribe, 100. 
 Sculptor, 101. 
 Sea, 69, 98. 
 Secretary, 101. 
 Senamunis, 106. 
 Senchonsis, 106. 
 Senerieus, 106. 
 Senosorphibis, 107. 
 Senpoeris, 31, 107. 
 Sent, 64. 
 Service, 45. 
 Seventeenth, 15. 
 Shall, 44, 76. 
 Share, 46. 
 Ships, 46. 
 Should, 54, 83. 
 Shrine, 54. 
 Siege, 50. 
 Signed, 27. 
 Silver, 84, 90. 
 Siouth, 75. 
 Sisois, 70, 98. 
 Sister, 18, 22 to 24, 28 to 30, 
 
 32, 99. 
 
 Sitalthes, 12, 98. 
 Sixteenth, 27. 
 Snacnomes, 51. 
 Snacnomneus, 51.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sochoris, 108. 
 
 Sold, 56, 96. 
 
 Solemn, 75. 
 
 Solemnity, 103. 
 
 Solemnized, 104. 
 
 Son, 18, 23, 24, 31, 106. 
 
 plu. 106. 
 Son of, 10, 12, 14, 15, 27 to 
 
 30, 33, 95. 
 Soter, 20, 96. 
 South, 108, 110. 
 Sovereigns, 49. 
 Splendid, 81. 
 Spotus, 51. 
 Square, 55. 
 State, 77. 
 Statue, 54. 
 Stone, 108. 
 Stores, 72. 
 Strength, 47. 
 Sun, 14, 103. 
 Superior, 14, 43. 
 Surnamed, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 
 
 67, 68. 
 Syntaxes, 45, 107. 
 
 Taking, 105. 
 
 Taxes, 107. 
 
 Tbaeais, 59. 
 
 Teephibis, 59. 
 
 Temple, 71. plu. 65, 71, 91. 
 
 Ten, 15. 
 
 Terminal, 45. 
 
 Than, 45. 
 
 That, 21, 26, 61,69, 83. 
 
 The, 59, 60. 
 
 Their, 98. 
 
 Therefore, 64. 
 
 They, 44, 67. 
 
 Things, 44. 
 
 Thirtieth, 15. 
 
 This, 77. 
 
 Those, 71, 82. 
 
 Thoth, 5, 15, 31, 33, 60, 103. 
 
 Thou, 53. 
 
 Three, 15. 
 
 Thuoris, 6. 
 
 Thyzbendetes, 51. 
 
 Time, 15, 43,65, 95. plu. 108. 
 
 To, 69, 70, 71, 93, 95. 
 
 Took, 50, 83. 
 
 Totoes, 69. 
 
 Towards, 14, 109. 
 
 Tranquil, 53. 
 
 Treated, 44. 
 
 Tributary, 75. 
 
 Tryphaena, 16, 34, 59, 79. 
 
 Tybi, 5, 7, 8, 11, 17, 22, 28. 
 
 U. 
 
 Under, 71. 
 United houses, 72. 
 Until, 77. 
 Upon, 64. 
 Upper, 14. 
 Use, 45, 61. 
 
 V. 
 
 Venerable, 103. 
 Venerate, 64. 
 Vesta, 40. 
 Victory, 14, 54, 63. 
 Vineyards, 73. 
 Vulcan, 14.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 w. 
 
 Walls, 72. 
 
 Warlike, 34. 
 
 Was, 100. 
 
 Waste, 54. 
 
 Water, 98. 
 
 Wearer, 92. 
 
 West, 110. 
 
 When, 44, 61. 
 
 Whereas, 68. 
 
 Wherefore, 82. 
 
 Wherever, 61. 
 
 Which, 43. 
 
 Who, 44, 54, 61, 74. 
 
 Whole, 72. 
 
 Whom, 14, 90. 
 
 Widow, 31. 
 
 Wife, 18, 27 to 30. plu. 62. 
 
 Without, 98. 
 
 Witnesses, 27, 74, 95. 
 Women, 62. 
 Wore, 77. 
 Worship, 50. 
 Writing, 24, 45. 
 Written, 77, 79, 101. 
 Wrought, 58. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Y,85. 
 
 Year, 6 to 12, 14 to 22, 23, 
 
 24, 27 to 38, 77, 78, 95. 
 
 plu. 6, 15, 95. 
 Yearly, 71. 
 Young, 14. 
 Younger, 108. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zbendetes, 51. 
 Zminis, 51.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 XI 
 
 AFEIN, 76. 
 AAYTON, 105. 
 AEI, 43. 
 AIQNOBiai, 47. 
 AMHEAITIAOS, 85. 
 ANATE0HKEN, 43. 
 ANHKOYSIN, 44. 
 AHENEIMEN, 83. 
 AHOMOIPAS, 4, 15. 
 APFYPIKAS TE KAI SITI- 
 
 KAS, 90. 
 APEIAS THS AIOFENOYS, 
 
 41. 
 
 APXHFOI, 68. 
 APX1EPEI2, 105. 
 ASITOY, 67, 96. 
 BYSSINQN OeONIflN, 57. 
 TNilPIMON, 98. 
 AE KAI, 74. 
 AHMHTPOS, 87. 
 AIAHANTOS, 43. 
 AIATETHPHKEN, 97. 
 AIKAION, 78. 
 AIOS, 80. 
 AYOMEPH, 4. 
 EAOKIMASEN, 91. 
 EAOSEN, 94. 
 EA11PH2ATO, 94. 
 EI6ISMENA, 82. 
 EIAEN, 50. 
 EIPHNH, 109. 
 
 EIS TON AHANTA XPO- 
 
 NON, 47. 
 EK, 106. 
 
 EN AITIAIS, 73. 
 EN EY9HNIAI OSIN, 94. 
 EN TOIS ANHKOYSIN, 44. 
 E#EINAI, 77. 
 [EOPTAIS KAI HA] NHFY- 
 
 PE2IN, 103. 
 EHAMYNANTOS, 54. 
 EnAYiSEIN, 76. 
 EHEAeONTAS, 90. 
 EHI, 68. 
 EHIGEINAI, 76. 
 EniKEIS9AI, 64, 76. 
 EHIfcANHS, 64. 
 EPMHS, 60. 
 ESTAI, 76. 
 EYEPFETHKEN, 94. 
 EYEPFETIKOS, 93. 
 EYEPFETIKON, 93. 
 EYEPFETIKOS AIAKEIME- 
 
 NOS, 93. 
 EY2EBOYS, 93. 
 EYSHMOS, 98. 
 EXEIPiiSANTO, 47. 
 ZiirAY*OS, 101. 
 HMEPAS, 77. 
 HPA, 80. 
 6EOS, 102. 
 6EPAIIEYEIN, 50.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 lAIilTAlS, 67. 
 IAPYE20AI, 76. 
 IAPY2AS0AI, 76. 
 IEPA, 82. 
 
 IEPA KAI NAOYS, 91. 
 IEPAS THS, 85. 
 IEPON KOSMON, 98. 
 IEPO TPAMMATEIS, 100. 
 IIIIIEIS, 
 IimiKAI, 
 KA0A, 99. 
 KAOAHEP, 99. 
 KA0HKOYSAN, 103. 
 KA0HKOYSAS, 68. 
 KA0IAPYSAI, 76. 
 KATAHAOY, 69. 
 KATA2THSAMENOY, 97. 
 KATASTHSAS0AI, 97. 
 KATAXQPISAI, 77. 
 KYPIOY, 102. 
 KYPK1TATOS, 108. 
 AOFEIA, 97. 
 MEFAAAIS, 98. 
 MEFAAOAO^OY, 64, 74. 
 MENEIN EHIXiiPAS, 97. 
 MENOYSHS, 97. 
 MHTPOS, 100. 
 MONOrPA*OS, 101. 
 NOM1MON, 82. 
 NOMIZOMENA, 82. 
 NOMIZOMENflN, 63. 
 OAAOS, 67. 
 OAimi, 108. 
 OAirai XPONiil, 96. 
 OHAON NIKHTIKON, 66. 
 OHAiiN, 65. 
 OMEFAS KAI MEFAS, 108. 
 
 AEKAI, 99. 
 ONOMATA, 73. 
 OY2IAS KAI SHONAAS, 73. 
 nANHFYPEliN, 103. 
 HAPAAEISflN, 85. 
 HAPATI9ENAI, 76. 
 HEZIKAI, 67. 
 HEZOYS, 67. 
 
 nE*IAAN0PIinHKE, 100. 
 HPOEIPHMENON, 79. 
 nPOENOHGH, 105. 
 nPOSArOPEY2IN, 76. 
 nPOSAKlPeilSATO, 57. 
 HPOSHKON, 69. 
 HPO2OAOY2, 66. 
 HPOSOAilN, 55. 
 nPOSONOMASGHSETAI, 
 
 67, 76. 
 
 IIETPOfcOPAI, 101. 
 SITOY TE KAI APFYPIOY, 
 
 72. 
 
 STE$ANH*OPH2OYSIN, 73. 
 STHSAI, 76. 
 STOAISMON, 57. 
 SYAAH^IN, 57, 69. 
 SYNE&OAEYEIN, 76. 
 SYNTA5TEIS, 107. 
 SYNTEAEIN, 76. 
 EYNTEAOYNTAS, 76. 
 TA HPOS, 44. 
 TA*POIS, 95. 
 TEKNOIS, 106. 
 TIMAS, 96. 
 TIMIA, 64. 
 TIMIiiTATA, 64. 
 TON EHEI TA XPONON, 43. 
 TOHON, 72.
 
 INDEX. Xlii 
 
 TPIS, 108. XPHMATI2MOYS, 73. 
 
 TON NEKPflN, 102. XPHMATON IIAH00S, 90. 
 
 YIOY, 106. XPONON, 47. 
 
 YHAPXONTA TIMIA, 64. XPONQN, 43. 
 
 YIIAPXflN, 70. XflMA, 55. 
 
 YHEPTEPOY, 43. IAOY TOIIOY, 96. 
 *PONTIZilN, 105. 
 
 EGYPTIAN, AND SUPPOSED EGYPTIAN WORDS. 
 
 >, 5. etucntT, 67. 
 
 r, 73, 108. ecjoire, 5. 
 
 % 70. I.,&.XoXl, 73, 85. 
 
 J, 43, 61. I0p, 95. 
 
 >, 70. K, 53. 
 
 J, 65. K.,I, 53. 
 
 ?, 43. KG, 54. 
 
 v, 46. XtUlXl, 73. 
 
 i, 46. ,XA&.n:u}XiX, 50. 
 
 I, 47. JULi-pe, 76. 
 
 oojjpi, 106. Axeepc, 74. 
 
 >, 48. JULGI, 78. 
 
 ), 46. jutenpe, 78. 
 
 e, 70. juiep, 77. 
 
 eie6.T, no. Axepe, 73. 
 
 eAXi-cgo, 74. jutectopw, 5. 
 
 enHH, 5. JULGTOTH&, 69. 
 
 epoq, 95. juteTXtupi, 69. 
 
 epurf , '45. juiHini, 75. 
 
 GT^CClJtOni, 43. JU.ITH, 74, 95. 
 
 HI, 60- JULIO}!, 74. 
 
 HCI, 87. JUlOp, 74. 
 
 * 60. *APP, 78. 
 
 L, 67. H, 80. 
 
 HI, 50. n^.K, 104. 
 
 i, so. ne&-eT, 63.
 
 XIV 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 , 83. 
 
 ftOYql, 93, 94. 
 
 no&ejui, 82. 
 t\n, a. 
 
 ItTe, 77. 
 flTpIUXLJ, 80. 
 
 Jiq, 93. 
 
 01, 70. 
 Of, 92, 105. 
 
 cnremm, 102. 
 
 OYH&, 105. 
 OfHp, 46, 87, 107. 
 OYI, 85. 
 OYOJUL, 75. 
 
 cnroit, 75. 
 oYoit-noYq-pH, 75. 
 
 OYT, 85. 
 
 <UCI, 75. 
 
 , 87. 
 IU.nOYq,91. 
 
 i, 5. 
 , 5. 
 5. 
 , uo. 
 
 T, 59, 60. 
 
 , 61*" 
 
 , 99. 
 
 , 62, 95. 
 THpOT, 62. 
 TOT, 59. 
 TOYS, 66. 
 TOTI, 108. 
 Tp, 62, 63. 
 TOJ&I, 5. 
 
 Tcyepi, 59. 
 
 5. 
 5. 
 
 , se. 
 
 60 
 103. 
 
 , 56. 
 52. 
 
 52. 
 , 5. 
 
 102. 
 
 OUT, 105. 
 
 105. 
 
 OJ, 62. 
 
 neT-ncnrq-eoje-Hei, 88. OJA.I, no. 
 
 , 60. 
 nco^en, 96. 
 n. T. &. 92. 
 
 ncge, IOG. 
 
 , 109. 
 
 pi.KO'f , 50. 
 
 pe, 4, 95. 
 pojmm, 95. 
 poq, 92. 
 cnHcnr , 99. 
 com, 99. 
 con, 108. 
 i, 100. 
 
 J, 64, 98, 108. 
 
 cyen, 5i. 
 ojepi, 107. 
 
 OjHpI, 95. 
 *, 73. 
 I, 51. 
 
 51. 
 
 q, 92. 
 
 1, 92. 
 ., 109. 
 I, 109. 
 
 ', 109. 
 I, 110. 
 :, 94.
 
 INDEX. XV 
 
 ,74,109. ,p, 74, 109. 
 
 74. XA.X, 53. 
 
 , 78. X.ftH, 53. 
 
 , 87. *<*> 108. 
 
 54. tfXlX, 53. 
 
 109. tfO 1 ? 53. 
 
 , 74. *f 5y - 
 
 , 77. fpOJULTII, 59. 
 
 Hotflett an.it Hrhnmer, Printers, 10, ^VV/i Strtet, Soho.
 
 University of California 
 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 
 
 Return this material to the library 
 
 from which it was borrowed.
 
 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 A 000 049 624 o
 
 Uni