;;;*»S^' 'Blacl{ie &f Son Limited P?- IV ate Library Case ./W.ot. Shelf ..i. TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY CONFERENCE TRANSACTIONS AND IM^OCEEDI NGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY CONFERENCE HELD IN LONDON July 13-16, 1897 LONDON PRINTED FOR MEMBERS OF THE CONFERENCE 1898 PRINTED BV MORRISON AND GIBB LIMITED, EDINBURGH \> \< !•: F A C E. jT ilic iiiLxtiiig uf ilic Library Association held at AbcrdcL-ii in i8<)3, ;i resolution was carried, inviting the American Lihrary Association U) cross the Atlantic. Much friendly correspondence followed in the lourse of the next two or three years, and at one time it was ho[x:d that a joint ( onference of the two Associations might he arranged. y\t the annual meeting of the Library Association at Buxton in 1896, congratulatory telegrams were exchanged between the two bodies, and finally a great number of American visitors |)romised to come to London in 1897. The idea of a joint meeting developed into the larger scheme of an International Conference, which it was thought would ai)|)ropriately mark a dale just twenty years after the first International Conference of Librarians in 1877. A representative Organising Committee was formed, of which a complete list will be found on page 210. The work of making the arrangements for the Conference was divided up among the following committees : — I'apers and Discussions {Chairman, Dr. Richard Garnett, C.H., LL.D. ; Secretary, Mr. J. D. Brown), Reception Committee {Chairman, Mr. Charles Welch ; Serrelaiy, Mr. E. M. Borrajo), Exhibition Com- mittee {Chairman, Mr. Herbert Jones ; Secretary, Mr. Thomas Mason), Finance Committee {Chairman, Mr. Henry R. Tedder, Honorary Treasurer of the Con- ference ; Secretary, Mr. J. \\'. Knapman). The Honorary Secretary-General of the Conference was Mr. J. \ . \\ . MacAlister. The Organising ("ommittee were fortunate in securing Sir John Lubbock as President. A very large number of Nice-Presidents, including distinguished names in science, literature, and art, men of mark of all kinds, and librarians from all countries, added the support of their names. Invitations were issued to the ministers of public instruction of Europe and all the great libraries of the world to send delegates ; and no less than fourteen Governments and 313 libraries were represented at the Conference. The total roll of members amounted to 641. About forty of these had attended the first Conference in 1877, whose membership e.xtended to 217 names. The Corporation of the City of London kindly offered a meeting-place in their Council Chamber, and permitted an exhibition of library appliances to be held in the great hall it.self. The subjects discussed extended to all departments of library- economy. The papers numbered forty-six, and covered important subjects like History and Evolution of Libraries, Libraries and Public Culture, Training of Librarians, Cataloguing and Classification, Choice of Books, Helps to Readers, Library Com- mittees, Library Buildings, Bibliography, and History of Printing. Some departments were very fully treated : for instance, the Progress of Libraries in the British Empire and the United States, the Training of Librarians, Library Co-operation, State Library Associations in the United States, and Library Committees. Special attention was paid to Bibliography. vi PREFACE A reference has been made to tbe members attending the first International Conference in 1877, and a word may be added to indicate the progress since that time. The zeal and enthusiasm shown twenty years before were in no way slackened. The proceedings of the Conference of 1897 showed a further development of professional feeling, an increased fellowship, a higher tone as regards the duties and qualifications of librarians, a more earnest desire to serve the public, and a determina- tion to bring the best books to the very homes of the people and even to young children. The Conference was in every way a great success. The meetings were well attended, and the quality of the papers and discussions may be seen in the present volume. Every quarter of the world sent representatives — Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Sweden. Representatives from the libraries and the Governments of the British Colonies, and about seventy visitors from the United States, greatly added to the success of the gathering. While quite international in its character, the Conference was remarkable as showing the advance which has been made in Great Britain and the United States during the last twenty years. This has been largely due to the work of the two Associations. The Conference was an undertaking separate from both bodies, but was planned and carried out by members of the Library Association of the United Kingdom, with the active co- operation of the American Library Association. The English Association having received from the Queen the rarely-bestowed honour of a charter of incorporation, British librarians may now claim to be recognised by the State as belonging to the organised and professional classes. The advantages of this charter to the library profession throughout the empire cannot fail to be great. The business of the Conference lasted four days — July 13 to 16, 1897. The papers and discussions form the present volume, which also includes an account of the social pleasures of the Conference, a brief catalogue of the exhibition, a financial statement from the Treasurer, a geographical classification of the libraries represented, and a list of the members. The duty of editing this volume was confided by the Organising Committee to — J. D. Brown, Secretary of the Papers Committee. Richard Garnett, Chairman of the Papers Committee. J. Y. W. MacAlister, Secretary-General. Henry R. Tedder, Treasurer. C O N T I<: NTS. REPACK Inaucurai. Address. l\y tliu I'resident, llic Riglit Hon. Sir John Luhbock, Bart., M.l'., F.R.S. Introduction ok European Printing into the East. Hy Richard (larnctt, Keeper of the Printed Books, British Museum ........ So.ME Tendencies ok Modern Liiirarianship. By J. Y. W. MacAlister, Librarian of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, London . The Evolution of the Public Library. By H. R. Tedder, Secretary and Librarian, 'i'hc Athenaium, London, ..... Relvtion 01' THE State lo the Puiii.ic Lihrarv. By Melvil Dewey, Director of the New York State Library, Albany, U.S.A. Library Authorities, their Powers and Duties, etc. By Herbert Jones, Librarian, Public f-ibraries, Kensington, London .... The Duties of Lii'.kary Committees. By Harry Rawson, President of the Library Association ........ Training of Librarians. By Charles Welch, Librarian, Corporation Libr^lry, Cuildhall, London ....... Special Training for Libkakv Work. By Hannah 1'. James, Librarian, Osterhout Free Library, Wilkes-Barrti, Pa., U.S.A. .... Female Library Assistants and Competitiye Examination. By E. R. N. Mathews, Librarian, Public Libraries, Bristol .... Hindrances to the Training of Librarian.s. By J. J. Ogle, Librarian, Public Library, Bootle ....... Books and Text-Books: the Library as a Factor in Education. By F. M. Crunden, Librarian, Public Library, St. Louis, U.S.A. National Biography and National Bibliography. By Sidney Lee, Editor of the " Dictionary of National Biography " . The Relations of Bibliography and Cataloguing. By Alfred \\". Pollard, Hon. Secretary of the Bibliographical Society .... The Alphabetical and Cl.\ssified Forms of Catalogues Co.mpared. By F. T. Barrett, Librarian, Mitchell Library, Glasgow fAGK V 5 9 '3 19 23 27 31 34 40 44 46 55 63 67 viii CONTENTS FACE On the Aids Lent by Public Bodies to the Art of Printing in the Early Days of Typography. By C. Dziatzko, University Library, Gottingen, Germany . . . . . . -72 Freedom in Public Libraries. By Wm. H. Brett, President of the American Library Association . . . . . . . -79 The Expansive Classification. By Charles A. Cutter, Librarian, Forbes Library, Northampton, Mass., U.S.A. . . . . .84 Classification in Public Libraries. By A. W. Robertson, Librarian, Pubhc Library, Aberdeen . . . . . . .89 Library Work in New South Wales. By H. C. L. Anderson, Librarian, Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney . . . -93 The History and Cataloguing of the National Art Library. By W. H. J. Weale, Librarian, National Art Library, South Kensington Museum, London . . . . . . . -97 Reminiscences of Library Work in Liverpool during Forty Years. By P. Cowell, Librarian, Public Libraries, Liverpool . . .99 Public Library Architecture from the Librarian's Standpoint. By F. J. Burgoyne, Librarian, Public Libraries, Lambeth, London . -103 Library Architecture from the Architect's Standpoint. By Beresford Pite, F.R.I.B.A., London . . . . . . .106 Books that Children Like. By Caroline M. Hewins, Librarian, Public Library, Hartford, Conn., U.S.A. . . . . . .111 Our Youngest Readers. By J. C. Dana, Public Library, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A iiS The Organisation of Co-operative Work among Public Libraries. By J. N. Lamed, late Librarian, Buffalo Library, Buffalo, N.Y., U.S.A. . izo Co-operation in a Catalogue of Periodical Publications. By H. H. Langton, Librarian, University of Toronto, Canada . . . .122 Printed Card - Catalogues. By C. W. Andrews, Librarian, John Crerar Library, Chicago, U.S.A. . . . . . . .126 Local Library Associations in the United States. By Herbert Putnam, Librarian, Public Library, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. . . . .129 The Public Libraries of the Northern States of Europe. By A. S. Steenberg, Horsens, Denmark . . . . . -135 An Indicator-Catalogue Charging System. By Jacob Schwartz, Librarian, Free Library of the General Society of Mechanics, etc.. New York, U.S.A. . 142 A Hint in Cataloguing. By F. Blake Crofton, Librarian, Legislative Library, Halifax, Nova Scotia . . . . . .146 Theoretical and Practical Bibliography. By E. A. Petherick, London . 14S Bibliographical Endeavours in America. By R. R. Bowker, Publisher, New York, U.S.A. . . . . . . . -150 Description of Lmportant Libraries in Montreal, etc. By C. H. Gould, Librarian, McGill University, Montreal, Canada . . -154 Libraries the Primary Factor in Human Evolution. By E. C. Richard- son, Librarian, I'rincuton University, New Jersey, U.S.A. . . -158 CONTENTS IX ("oi'NiiNC ANi> TiME-RrccoRDiNi;. I!y Joliii Thorldirn, Librarian, Cicological Survey of Canada, Ottawa ...... i'liK Ai'i'RAisAi. (JK LiTERATURi:. By (jcorgc lies, New York, U.S.A. . I.iitKAUY Work in Jamaica. I?y Frank ("undall, Librarian, Institute of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica ..... lioUCATION ANK LlllRARIES OI THE CaPE OK GOOO Hoi'K. Hy U. C. V Leibbrandt, Keeper of the Archives of the Cape of Good Hope, etc. Reoistraiion ok Colonial Puiii.ications. liy J. R. C. .\dams, Public Library of South Australia, Adelaide .... LiHRARV OK THE UNIVERSITY OK SvuNEV. By H. li. Barff Public Libraries in New Zealand. By Thoma.s W. Rowe . Auckland I-'ree PuBLip Liiirarv. By Edward Shillington Library Facilities ok Scientikic Investigators in Melbourne. By E. F. J. Love ....... The Australian Museum Library. By Sutherland Sinclair . General Programme Proceedings and Discussions of the Conference . Brief Account ok the Social Proceedings. By E. M. Borrajo Catalogue ok the E.xhibition ok Library Appliances held in th Guildhall ........ List of (641) Members ok the Conkerence List ok (313) Libraries and (14) Governments Represented Financial Statement. By Henry R. Tedder .... Index. By Miss E. Hetherington ..... 160 166 '73 '7V 194 "97 199 201 204 207 209 227 25' 255 259 273 277 281 INAUGURAL ADDRESS. llFE is a succession of surprises, and I am full of astonishment at fniil- ing myself President of this Congress. However, I will not waste any lime in making excuses. Besides, I am sure that you will wish me at once to thank the Lord Mayor for his kindly welcome and for all he has done to promote the success of the Conference. The Library Association is to be con- gratulated at meeting in the Guildhall. One of my |)redecessors, sjK'aking in the far nor.th, indeed remarked that, while no doubt possessing many attractions, " Meetings in London, I may say for the information of our northern friends, labour under a serious defect as compared with Aberdeen and other more favoured places — a deficiency in the accessories of sight- seeing and hospitality." I confess I was surprised that anyone should describe London as devoid of objects of interest ; and certainly no one who looks at our programme could com- plain of any want of hospitality. We meet indeed under favourable auspices, and I fully hope you will have a good meeting. The e.xistence of this Congress is an indirect result of an Act passed by a private Member of Parliament, Mr. Ewart, in the year 1850. W'c often hear arguments in favour of leaving the time of the House of Commons mainly to Government, on the ground that comparatively little legislative work has been accomplished by private members. No doubt Government pass most of the contentious political Bills, but, having regard to the time at their disposal, in social measures private members have certainly done good service. The Public Libraries Act is a striking example. It has been adopted by some three hundred and fifty places containing nearly half our people. Moreover, the progress has been remarkable. It was passed in 1850, and soon adopted by several places, from 1857 to 1866 it was adopted by fifteen localities, from 1867 to 1876 by forty-five, from 1877 to 1886 by sixty-two, from 1887 to 1896 by no less than 1 90 ! In London the recent progress has been even more remarkable. From 1850 to 1866 only one public library was established, and Westminster has the honour of taking the lead; from 1867 to 1876 not one, from 1876 to i886 only two, from 1887 to 1896 no less than thirty-two. These libraries now contain 5,000,000 volumes ; the annual issues amount to 27,000,000, and the attendances to 60,000,000. Five millions of volumes sounds enormous, but after all, in proportion to the population, it is not large. Passing to the Colonies, Australia has 844 public libraries, with 1,400,000 volumes ; New Zealand 298, with 330,000 ; South Africa about 100, with 300,000. In Canada the public libraries contain over 1,500,000 volumes. The United States possessed in 1890 1686 public libraries, containing 13,800,000 volumes. In 1 89 1 the United States had, accord- ing to the Government statistics, 3804 public and school libraries, containing 26,896,537 vols. ; in 1896, according to the last official statistics, it had 4026 libraries and 33,051,872 vols. These numbers, however, are hardly comparable with ours. They include in some cases college and law libraries. Moreover, we have many public libraries which are not included in the above CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS numbers. The British Museum alone contains 2,000,000 volumes. Those who doubt the advantage of public libraries generally base their argu- ment on the assertion that an immense preponderance of the books read are novels. But there is one consideration with reference to this which they seem to overlook. Suppose that 50, 60, or even 70 per cent, of the books read are novels. Still, it must be remembered that a book of poems, and even more a work of science, will take much longer to read than a novel. We all run through a novel in a few hours ; a work of science takes days, or even weeks ; so that, even taking the facts as stated, the time devoted to books of fiction would be much less than to solid works. Moreover, many novels are not only amusing and refreshing, but also instruc- tive. A great critic (Mr. H. D. Traill) has recently told us that the average novel had much improved ; the " work- manship is so respectable, and in some cases so excellent, that the reviewer has absolutely to read them through before he can pronounce judgment." \\'e are, however, all agreed that, useful as public libraries are, they are not so useful as they might be. There is indeed the preliminary question, " What is a book ? " The Chancellor of the Exchequer has told us that he used to think he knew, but that the Postal Guide devotes two pages and a half of close print to a definition ; and after reading them he found he was quite mistaken and could not understand what a " book " really is, so that the definition must be even more difficult than finance or bimetallism. No doubt the wise choice of books is becoming more and more difficult. This has been slowly dawning on us. 'We are becoming more and more in need of lists and indexes. The National Home Reading Union has done and is doing excellent service in assisting our countrymen and country- women to what to read, and how to read. Moreover, the question is not only what to read, but where to find it. We not only want books to be in existence, but get-at-able. A recent writer has referred to the treasures of ancient lore in Egyptian papyri, which are now scattered in large numbers through the museums of Europe, where, for want of catalogues and descrip- tions, they lie well-nigh as profoundly buried as if they were in their original tombs. Many authors bury their own creations by misleading titles, or by bringing together incongruous subjects, which lead to unfortunate results, like other ill-assorted marriages. A friend of mine recently mentioned a remarkable case in point. "In the year 1850, Dr. Mitchell, the Director of the Observatory of Cincinnati, which was then the only astronomical observatory in the United States, brought out a perfectly beautiful book, and it came over here for sale in the ordinary way. It was called The Planetary and Stellar Worlds. A wise friend of mine afterwards happened to see the publisher of the book, who complained bitterly about it, and told him that he had not sold a single copy. My friend said, 'Well, you have killed the book by its title. Why not call it The Orbs of Heaven ' ? " That was acted upon, and I am told that six thousand copies were sold in a month. The result of bringing together incon- gruous subjects is also unfortunate, and may be compared to the custom said to have formerly existed in Mexico, of chain- ing together the criminal and witness to await the trial, with the result that when the day arrived neither of them were forthcoming. Mr. Campbell, of the British Museum, in his interesting work on Bibliography, has well said that " we continue to build libraries and to accumulate books, but we have not paid sufficient attention to making books still more accessible for research. Our attention has been too exclusively concentrated on collections in particular libraries, to the neglect of the great annual national collection pouring from the press." He mentions, as offering special dififi- culties, the publications issued by Govern- ments and by scientific societies. As regards Governments, I believe that our own has set a good example. In saying this I do not rely on any English authority, which might be prejudiced. I may quote an American writer (E. H. Walworth) in an article on " The Value of National Archives," who has paid us the compliment of stating that " Perhaps no nation has been more careful than England in the preservation of her archives, and perhaps no nation has INA UG URA I. ADDRESS Ijcci) more careless in this direction than the United States." 'i'his is, however, no longer true of the United States (lovernment, which now issues excellent monthly catalogues. India also has for some time taken nuirli |)ains to make her publications as availahle as possible. The Royal Colonial Institute has recently takei\ an important step in adopting and forwarding to every Colonial (lovernmcnt a resolution "that the Colonial (jovernnients be res()ectfully invited to issue —through the medium of their Government (lazettes or otherwise — registers containing entries of all ])ublica- tions within given periotls, and also all other locally [jublisheil works, wilii their full titles, so as to furnish for general informa- tion complete records of the literature of each colony." To judge from the replies that have been received, some at anyrate of our colonies are doing little justice to their own [jublications. 'I'urning to the scientific societies, our own Royal Society has accomplished a great and most useful work in its cata- logue of scientific papers, contained in nine thick (juarto volumes. These have been — and here I speak from personal ex- perience — extremely useful. The Society is, moreover, organising a catalogue which aims at completeness, and is intended to contain the titles of scientific publications, whether appearing in periodicals or inde- pendently. In such a catalogue the titles of scientific publications should be arranged not only according to authors' names but also according to subject-matter, the text of each paper, and not the title only, being consulted for the latter purpose. And the value of the catalogue would be greatly en- hanced by a rapid periodical issue, and by publication in such a form that the portion which pertains to any particular branch of science might be obtained separately. It is needless to .say that the prepara- tion and [)ublication of such a complete catalogue is far beyond the power and means of any single society. Led by the above considerations, the President and Council of the Royal Society have appointed a committee to inquire into and report upon the feasi- bility of such a catalogue being compiled through international co-operation. There is one other catalogue to which I should like to refer and to express my gratitude, namely, the Classified Index of the I-ond(jn Library. Here arc given the names of the princi[)al authors who have written on each subject ; and the assistance there given to the student is invaluable. To every true lover of books it is sad to see our countrymen and countr)'women neglecting the great masterpieces of science and literature, and wa.sting their time over " books that are no books," merely because they are new — in many cases, to use Ruskin's words, " fresh from the fount of folly." Ikit, ladies and gentlemen, I feel myself intruding on subjects with which you arc much more competent to deal. There is, however, one point of view in which I yield to no one present, and tliat is the love for and gratitude to books. "Through the walls of time and sight IJoors they arc to the Infinite." Sir G. Grey, when Governor of the Cape, was anxious to obtain some re- markable manuscripts from N.I'^. Africa. Some years after, an old Arab gentleman, Mohamed Naser Eben, boarded an English man-of-war at Mombasa, and delivered a packet addressed to Sir George, and con- taining some manuscripts for which he declined any payment, which he spoke of as "full of golden leaves," and with the following letter :— " De.\r Friend, — If we see a garden surrounded by a wall, and its gate is locked, I do not think we can judge as rightly about its fruits — whether they are sweet and delicious or not — except we enter into it and taste its different varieties. So it is with books : unless you understand and read them with care, you cannot realise their beauty and sweetness." Ascham, in The Schoolmaster, tells a touching story of his last visit to Lady Jane Grey. He found her sitting in an oriel window reading Plato's beautiful account of the death of Socrates. Her father and mother were hunting in the park, the hounds were in full cry, and their voices came in through the open window. He expressed his surprise that she had not joined them. But, said she, " I wist that all their pleasure in the park is but a shadow to that I find in Plato." I assure you that we in the city are not so immersed in business but what we can CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS many of us re-echo the words of an old Enghsh song — "Oh for a book and a shadie nooke, Eyther in doore or out ; With the grene leaves whispering overhead, Or the street crj-es all about ; \^^lere I may reade all my ease, Both of the newe and old ; For a joUie goode booke whereon to look, Is better to me than gold." Gentlemen, we welcome you here in the old City of London. We hope you will have a pleasant meeting, and are sure that we shall benefit by your delibera- tions. We thank you for your valuable assist- ance in the search for what we want, and for your wise guidance in our choice, and congratulate you on your noble privilege of presiding over these stores of concen- trated interest and delight. Sir John Lubbock. INTRODUCTION OF ICUROPKAN rUINTING INTO THK KAST. ll'lCAKINC; lo-niglu as President of tlic I5il)lio- gin[)hical Society, I have I'oiincI it necessary to select some point of l)iljliogra[)hy as the sub- ject ol my discourse. 'J'he subjects which i)r()ritably occupy the ordinary meetings of the Society would not be appropriate to a numerous and various assemblage like the ()resent. Now that Internationalism and Imperialism are in the air, and that the thoughts of the Queen's home-bred subjects have perforce been carried far beyond the precincts of their native isles, I have deemed that interest might be felt in a brief retro- spect of the first steps by which the most intellectually valuable of all the arts was trans[)lanted from I'Airope to the other quarters of the Old World. Ameri- can typography I leave to our visitors, better qualified to treat it. I prefer no claim to originality, but rather rest the utility of my paper upon the advantage of bringing to one focus a number of facts hitherto scattered through a number of books, and by consequence but partially known. I have often thought that our reunion with our Aryan brethren of Hindostan, when, after millenniums of separation, we Europeans returned to them in the charac- ter of travellers, merchants, and mission- aries, may be compared to the meeting of Jacob and Esau. As of old, the younger brother had been the more prosf)erous. We brought them gifts more precious than any we could receive from them, and among these was the art of printing. But it was out of our power to bestow such a boon upon the more numerous yellow race, for it already jiossessed it. China, and Korea too, had been acquainted with printing for centuries, and not merely with block printing, but with movable types. These, however, were rarely employed, in consequence, I imagine, of the great extent and complexity of the Chinese alphabet, or rather syllabarium ; and it no more entered into the head of a Chinese to i)rint a foreign language than it occurred to a (Ireek of the Roman Empire to trans- late a Latin book. Amazing consequences would have followed if China would but have reformed her alphabet and communi- cated her art to her neighbours. Had it but found its way to Constantinople by the tenth century, we should have preser\'ed most of that lost classical literature for which, with much to encourage and much to dispirit, we are now sifting the dust of Egyptian catacombs. It does indeed appear from recent discoveries among the papyri of Archduke Rainier that the Saracens of Egypt had grasped the prin- ciple of block printing in the tenth centur)', probably from intercourse with China. But this does but increase the wonder that they should have merely struck off a few insignificant documents and carried the idea no further. Even when at length the art of printing became known in I'^urope, its progress v.-as for some time marvellously slow. For several years its practice was confined to a single city, and this would probably have continued still longer but for civil dissen- sions, which drove the printers abroad. We need not be surprised, then, that it should have been a.hundred and six years after Gutenberg before any book pro- ceeded from a European press upon the continent of Asia ; or, if we date from the voyage of Vasco da Gama, now exactly four hundred years ago, we shall see that sixty-four years, or two generations, elapsed before the Portuguese conquerors gave a printing press to India. There was prob- r.lily but little need for tjpography either in the military or the civil senice ; but in process of time another interest assert cxi CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS itself — the missionary. We shall find that the larger number of Spanish and Portu- guese books printed abroad, whether in America or the East, were designed for the conversion and instruction of the natives. This was not, however, precisely the case with the first book printed in India, or printed by Europeans in any part of the Old World outside of Europe, although it was a religious book. The Spiritual Compe7idium of the Christian Life, by Gaspar de Leao, first Archbishop of Goa ; Goa, 1 56 1. The author had come out as Archbishop in 1560, and this book appears to be either the full or the abridged sermons preached by him in the visitation of his diocese in that year. It is much to be hoped that a book so memorable for the cir- cumstances of its publication may be still extant; but Silva, in his Portuguese Biblio- graphical Dictionary, does not, as he usually does when he can, intimate the existence of a copy in the National Library of Lisbon or elsewhere ; nor does Martim Antonio Fernandes allude to the existence of it, or any other of Archbishop Leao's writings at Goa, in the sermon which he preached on the occasion of the translation of his remains in 1S64. Archbishop Leao printed two other books at Goa — a tract against the Jews, and another against the Ma- hometans ; but these were posterior to the second Goa book, a copy of which is in the British Museum — the L)ia/ogues on Indian Simples and Drugs, by Garcia da Horta, printed at Goa in 1563. This is a work of great merit, said to contain the first account of Asiatic cholera. It is also remarkable as the first book in which any production of Camoens was given to the world ; for, although the Lusian bard had written much, he had published nothing previous to the appearance of a compli- mentary copy of verses to da Horta, prefixed to this book. The Museum is, no doubt, indebted for its copy of this very rare work to its founder. Sir Hans Sloane, for whom it would have much interest. A Latin translation went through many editions, and the original was re- printed in 1872. Thirteen books are enumerated by Ribeiro dos Sanctos as having been published at Goa up to 1655, and there were probably others of a merely ephem- eral character. The most interesting are a Life of St. Peter in Marathi, by Estevao da Cruz, 1634 — if not a translation, per- haps the first book, other than a catechism, written by a European in an Indian vernacular ; and the record of the pro- clamation of John IV. in 1641, when Portugal recovered her independence. This book, which is in the British Museum, indicates the lowest stage of typographical debasement, but is interest- ing from its patriotic feeling. Two Tamil books are said to have been printed by the Jesuits in 1577 and 1598 respectively, at Ambalakata, a place on the Malabar coast, probably now ruined, or known by some other name. Before leaving India, I may mention a remarkable circumstance, not, so far as I know, hitherto recorded in typographical history. It appears from that marvellously interesting book, too soon interrupted, Mr. Saintsbury's Calendar of the Papers of the East India Company, that in 1624 the Shah of Persia "having an earnest desire to bring into his country the art of printing," was " very importunate " with the agents of the Company at Ispahan, "to write for men skilful in the science, whom he promises to maintain at his own charge." It does not appear that the Company, who were then meditating the relinquishment of their Persian branch as unprofitable, took any steps to fulfil the Shah's wishes, and of course the casting of Oriental types in Persia, or their trans- port thither, would have been very diffi- cult undertakings. But the desire to endow Persia with a printing press never- theless reflects the highest honour upon the Shah, who was no less famous a person than Abbas the Great. From India we pass to China ; and here an important discovery has been made of late years. It has until very lately been universally believed that the first book printed by Europeans in China was by Eduardus de Sande, De Missione lega- toriim Japonensium ad Romanam Curiam, Macao, 1590. My friend, Senor Jos6 T. Medina, the Hercules and Lynceus of South American bibliographers, has, how- ever, found from the book itself that this cannot be the case, for the writer of the preliminary address, Alexander Valig- nanus, states that he has himself previously published at the same place a book by Joannes Bonifacius, De honesta puerorum institutione. This must have appeared in 1589, if not sooner, and is undoubtedly the first book printed by Europeans in China. Unfortunately it cannot be pro- duced, for it is not to be found. A copy may still be lurking in some ancient library, and great will be his merit who INTRODUCTION OF EUROPEAN PRINTINC INTO THE EAST ^ hriiif^s it to linl't. It "I'ly ''<-• niciitionud that altliougli the Ixjok /M Alissione prin- cipally relates to J'Airoi)C, and was com- piled under the fiction of imaginary conversations with the Japanese ambassa- dors (who really had visited liurope and returned) for the information of the Japanese [aipils of the Jesuits, one chapter is an account of China for the henelit of ICuropean readers. It is full of interest ; and although its [)arliculars iiave long become coinnicjn pro|)erty, it would be well worth translating as a contem[)or- ary accoimt. Sande's book, it is needless to state, is of exceeding rarity. It may be seen in a show-case in the King's Library at the British Museum, side by side with the very oldest South American books. European jjublicalions in China since 1590 are numerous, and have been enu- merated by that distinguished Sinologue, M. Henri Cordier, in his epoch-making bibliography. Time, however, compels me to pass to Ja[)an, where the subject has received most important illustration from the labours of the present English minister to that country. Sir Ernest Mason Satow. Sir Ernest found examples of the use of movable types in Japan about 1598, and endeavoured to ascertain whether the art had been imported from Korea, where, as I have already stated, it existed at a much earlier period, or whether it was taught to the Japanese by the Jesuit missionaries. The point remains undecided ; but Sir Ernest's researches have acquainted him with four- teen books printed by the missionaries between 1591 and 1605 — some in I-atin, some in Japanese, some in both languages. Some are religious in character, others philological. One, exceptionally, is a translation into Japanese oi ^Esop's Fables, thus curiously restored to the East, whence they originally came. Sir Ernest, himself a Japanese scholar, has given a minute account of all, with the aid of numerous facsimiles. All, of course, are of the greatest rarity, and chiefly to be found in the public libraries of London, Paris, Lisbon, Oxford, Leyden, and Rome, or in the collection of the Earl of Craw- ford. Sir Ernest Satow mentions, in an appendix, others which have been stated to exist, but have not been recovered. Some of these, it is probable, were merely manuscripts. It may be added that the engraved frontispieces of these books, engraved by natives under European direction, evince much talent, and that the same is the case with similar work subsequently executed in South America and the l'hilip|)ines. 'I'he extirjtaticjn of (Christianity in Japan destroyed i-^uropean printing in that country ; but books relating to Japan, chiefly acts of Japanese martyrs, con- tinued for some time to be produced at .Manila, the capital of the Phili[)- pines. The history of Manila printing is thoroughly investigated in the classical work of Sefior Medina, whom I have already named as the discoverer of the real beginning of [irinting at Macao. It seems probable that the art was directly imported into Manila from the latter city. Two books— one in Spanish and Tagala, the other in Chinese — appear as printed in 1593, then follows a gap of nine years, after which publications begin to be tolerably frequent, and altogether a hundred and twelve are enumerated up to the end of the seventeenth century. A large pro- portion are in the vernacular languages. It is remarkable that the Caxton of the Philippines was a Chinese convert, whose celestial origin is disgui.sed under the name of Juan de Vera. This fact is only known by the testimony of a Dominican, since it is another remarkable circumstance and peculiar to the Philippines, that for a very long time the name of no private indi- vidual appears as that of a printer, the imprint being always that of some religious or educational institution. One other important city in the Eastern Archipelago possessed printing at an early date. This was Batavia. The Museum possesses treaties with native princes printed there in 1668, and these were probably not the first. A printed book also is referred to the same year. Now, like Scipio, we must carry the war into Africa. As might be expected in the Dark Continent, the appearance of the first African printed book is a matter of some obscurity ; not that the statements respecting time and place and authorship are not precise, but because it has hitherto been impossible to verify them. Nicolas Antonio, in his Bibliotheca Hispanica, distinctly mentions Theses rethorka:, varia tniditione refertce, by Antonio Macedo, a celebrated Portuguese Jesuit, who is said to have had a hand in the conversion of Queen Christina of Sweden, as printed at Funchal in Madeira in 1637. I cannot find that this book has ever come to light, or that any other early production of the 8 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS Funchal press has been recorded, though one would think that such must have existed. I need not say that the first African book would be a treasure almost rivalling the volume with which Mexico initiated American typography in 1539, or the Goa and Macao books whose probable disappearance we have been lamenting. There is room for error ; Antonio hardly appears to have himself seen the book. But, on the other hand, there may well be copies in the possession of persons to whom the imprint Funchal suggests nothing. A Macao or Manila book at once announces itself as some- thing extraordinary by the peculiarity of its paper, but a book printed at Madeira would probably be indistinguishable in general appearance from contemporary productions on the Portuguese mainland, whose appearance at the period was fully in keeping with the then fallen fortunes of the nation. If, therefore, the book ever existed, I shall not despair of its being found, most probably at Lisbon, Funchal, or Rome. If its existence is mythical, the first African printed book would probably be the Catechism or Baptism in the Angola language by Francisco Pacconio, executed at Loanda, the capital of the Portuguese settlements on the West Coast, said to have been printed in 1 64 1, but perhaps only sent out from Lisbon. If actually printed at Loanda, it would be the first book printed on the African mainland, and hence of the highest bibliographical interest. But it may have been confounded with a similar Catechism by the same author, published at Lisbon in 1642. Books were printed at Santa Cruz de Tenerife at least as early as 1754. Port Louis, the capital of Mauritius, followed soon afterwards. Apart from official documents, the first book printed in South Africa is G. F. Grand's Memoirs of a Gentleman, Cape Town, 1 8 14, exhibited at the British Museum. To prevent misunderstanding, it may be remarked that the honour due to the first African book has been claimed for a narrative of the capture of the island of Terceira by the Marquis de Santa Cruz in 1583, but it is clear that the date Angra, the capital of the island, is not an imprint, but refers merely to the place where the despatch was written, and that it was printed in Spain. I am not quite sure whether Australia properly belongs to my subject, but two circumstances of especial interest induce me to include it. One is that the first Australian publication, the official Sydney Gazette of 1803, is, I understand, at present a visitor to England in the custody of Mr. Anderson, librarian of the public library at Sydney, who con- templates reproducing it. The other is that what is believed to be the first Australian book, as distinguished from a newspaper or official notification, has been very recently acquired by the British Museum. It is a narrative of the crimes and death of William Howe, the last and worst of the bushrangers of Tasmania, and was printed at Hobart Town in 181 7. It was noticed by the Quarterly Revieiv so long ago as 181 9, when it was prophesied that Australian bibliographers would one day fight for it as fiercely as English collectors contend for Caxton's Reynard the Fox. If they do, they must fight with the Sydney Public Library, which, I am informed, has three copies. There is also a copy in the Bodleian. The subject of the beginning of print- ing by Europeans in Asia and Africa is one which must gain in interest as print- ing itself extends. Typography in these countries is as yet but in its infancy, for it has not laid hold of the mass of the people. It seems evident that the cum- brous Oriental alphabets must eventually give way to the simplicity of Roman type, and then one great bar to the inter- communication of ideas among Oriental nations will have ceased to exist. It may be that they will go a step further, and employ a single language for the purposes of general intercourse. So far as we can see at present, this language can hardly be any other than English. Should this come to pass, Lord Beaconsfield's cele- brated saying, " England is a great Asiatic power," will prove true in a deeper and wider sense than he intended, and we shall look back with augmented venera- tion to the labours of the zealous and disinterested men who paved the way for European culture by first bringing the European printing press to the far East. Richard Garnett. SOME TENDENCIES OF MOlJi:k.\ LIliRAklAXSHlI'. uiuippruciau-d will not hurt il'ORlC tills ConfLTcnce is over, \vu shall liavc i,nough of mutual con- ,L;iatulati()naiKl of trumptl lowing to huarlcn us for another twenty years of labour, and therefore it us much if, before the multitude of smooth things we are to hear, we are remintlcd of some of the rough things that may be said. When we com[)arc things as they are now with the conditions existing sixty years ago, we have indeed much to be thankful for. Even twenty years ago it would have been impossible to have organised such a meeting of library folks as are gathered here under the hospitable roof of the mother of cities. The Conference of 1877 was, for its time, a brilliant success, but it demand-'d an enormous exercise of energy and dogged hard work on the part of the able men who promoted it — whereas this Conference has organised itself. Our difficulty has been not to get enough together to make a respectable meeting, but to cope with the unexpected numbers that have upset the calculations of even a month ago. This is a significant fact that speaks for itself, and which, therefore, I need not enlarge upon. With a few brilliant exceptions of the type of I'aniz/,i, combining sound scholar- ship with business capacity and organising power, — which are the three essentials of good librarianship, — the average librarian of sixty years ago was one of two kinds, both of them utterly unfitted for present- day needs. The best was a scholar, — narrow, prob- ably, and pedantic, but still a scholar, — generally of the type that absorbs and gives nothing back. If such a man failed to succeed in one of the learned pro- fe.ssions, it was thought to Ijc not only kind lo iiim ijut to the institution to instal liim as a librarian — and in some (|uiet iiaven of refuge he would sjiend the remainder of iiis days, happy in his sur- roundings, which he regarded as s|>ecially designed for his comfort, and keenly resented the impertinence of any rash reader who dared to suggest that he too had his rights. It was an extravagant way of endowing a learned failure, and a pension list as long as that of our American cousins would have been sounder economy in the long-run. The other type is still familiar to many of us : the superior servant past his work but fond of reading, or the old sergeant who had charge of the regimental library, consisting of fifty odd novels and an old army list, — these are still occasionally provided for at the expense of a long- suffering community by the selfish so- called generosity of their friends, who possess local influence. Only the day before yesterday, on the Calais boat, I was introduced to a world- famed military officer, who, when he understood I had some connection with the L.A., exclaimed, "Why, you're just the man I want ! I have been rather an.xious about my man of late, old Atkins ; you see the old boy with a stoop shelter- ing behind the funnel. Poor old beggar ! quite past his work, but as faithful as a dog ; and it has just occurred to me that if you could shove him into some snug library in the country — nice mild climate, etc.^I'd be awfully grateful to you. His one fault is a fondness for reading, and so a library would be just the thing," and so on. I am too busy just now to look for a place for Atkins, but shall be glad to give his address to any committee man present. CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS About fifty years ago the movement, which was to change all this, began to be felt. The people, beginning to feel the effects of the repeal of the Corn Laws, Free Trade, and other ameliorative legislation, finding the struggle for existence a little easier, and that they could enjoy occasional leisure, began to think that they had a right to ask the State to do something more than merely protect life and property ; and the earliest library legislation was initiated. It is significant that in the beginning libraries were sought for as means of recreation, and the Bills expressly set this forth. The first libraries were wanted by readers who, having leisure, wanted to read, and knew what they wanted. The occupation of the old type was gone, and the librarian of the earliest public libraries must be a smart business man, with a faculty for organisation, and if mechanical, so much the better. He must arrange his books in such a way that the reader knowing his book should get it in the shortest possible time — and that was all. He need not be a scholar — indeed a scholar had a poor chance, as possibly regarding himself as superior to his masters ; and dictation or advice from a mere libraruin would be resented. But so great a movement once begun could not stand still, and even the central idea is undergoing a change. Two things have happened v,-hich have combined to change the old library idea. Free and universal education has produced a generation that has learned to read, but has no knowledge of what it should read, and stands waiting for guidance. Their fathers also have learned that in the public libraries which were created for their recreation they possess a potent teaching agency, which, if wisely used, may, for every son or daughter of the people, realise Carlyle's great ideal of a public library. They therefore demand three things of their libraries : — 1. That we shall provide wholesome literature for the young, and guide them in their choice. 2. That we shall provide for their elders books both to recreate and to instruct, and that we shall so arrange our catalogues and our libraries that the time of the reader who knows his wants shall be saved, and that he may instantly find what he wants. 3. That we shall, from the stores of our personal knowledge, be able to give to every man that asketh the informa- tion he wants, or unerringly to direct him to it. I believe we can honestly boast that the first tvio demands are complied with, and on the whole admirably ; but can we boast that we satisfy the third demand ? I am afraid not. Why? When the practical and business-like librarian was first called for, as I have shown, scholarship was not wanted. If it was there (as we know it was, and is — in many places), good and well ; but the librarian was given to understand that it was not much appreciated. If he could unostentatiously put it into his catalogues it was welcome, but he must not obtrude it elsewhere. And so it has gradually come to be ignored and almost repudiated, and a librarian who v/ants to distinguish himself is driven to mechanical inventions, designed to save either the time of him- self or his readers. My critics will tell you that the more time-saving apparatus is used the more time the librarian will have to cultivate his intellect and discourse with his readers on the beauties of Browning or of Byron. But is the time saved by mechanism used in this excellent way } I am afraid not. The taste for such things grows on what it feeds, and the librarian who has invented an appliance for supplying his readers with the books (they would rather not have) by means of an automatic ticket-in-the-slot machine will not be happy, or spend any time in reading Browning, until he has invented one which will, by the touching of a button, shoot the book into the reader's home, and so save for the busy librarian the time lost in opening the library door. Master craftsmen tell us that an excess of time - saving machinery and consequent specialisation of labour deadens the intellects of the workers. Bookbinders tell us that the old craftsman, who through all the stages of stripping, folding, sewing, forwarding, covering, and tooling, finished the entire book, was a more intelligent person than the present-day worker, who does only one of these things. And so I think we should do well to rest content for a while with our present mechanical achievements, and devote the time thus saved to the polishing up of our own intellectual armoury — ^in too many cases grown rusty for v.ant of use. If SOME TRNDRNCIES OF MODERN /J/iRARELVS/f/P 1 1 .1 iK'w iiKicliiiK.- conu's to l)o waiilc-d very badly, it will he producal ; l)Ul let lis wait lor an imijcrativi: demand, instead of cogitating how we can, hy clipping off the corner of a card, or sticking in a new pin, or even hy calling an old spade ati agricultural iniplemi.'nt, secure fame for ourselves as original invt ntors. Akin to nuchanicalisni, and though loftier in aim almost equally dangerous, is the exaggerated value attached hy many to co-o|)erative work. It is no exaggeration to say that the ideal of some librarians is that all cataloguing should be done by a central co-operative board, and that there should be pre()ared by co-operative labour one gigantic uni- versal catalogue on cards, one gigantic universal index of knowledge, also on cards, and that these cards should be bought at so much per gross by every library accord- ing to its stock. If this could be realised, your catalogue and index would overwhelm you by their unwieldy immensity ; the references to John .Smith alone, and his achievements ill the regions of theology or of crime, would fill the Hritish Museum, and would make it necessary to found a college of John .Smith specialism. But it would have another and more deadly cfTect upon ourselves. With such a central bureau of biblio- logy available, a score of consulting ex- [lerts in library economy could organise and supervise all the libraries in the British Empire in five years, and there- after committees would find a staff of junior clerks at twenty shillings a week, each quite adequate for all the work of the library. And wliere should we be? Another tendency, which was at first wholly good, but now goes too far among a large class of libraries. As I have pointed out, recreation was a distinct if not a leading object with the early promoters of the movement, and, in conse(|uence, some libraries may have contained an over-proportion of light literature. As the instruction idea gained strength in the minds of the people, this predominance of fiction became a griev- ance. The tendency of some people being always towards exaggeration, the instruction idea has become with them a sort of religion ; and this, like all new religions, has found plenty of new-made priests. These priests are the librarians who, to please their co-religionists, lose no oppor- tunity of crying out against the deadly thing, fiction. Il<-re and there I have no doubt there is a librarian the narrowness of whose skull or whose bringing up allows him to be sincere in this, but fe- ing appointed by vestries. Thus we had, at the very inception, two utterly different classes of public library authorities placed in power, and who have since that time carried on the work. But not only that : in their powers, duties, responsibilities, and methods of procedure, the two classes of authorities varied in many directions, especially as to the means with which they were endowed for carry- ing on tlieir work. This may be shown to you, familiar as you must be with its details, by recapitulating a few points, by which it will be seen that the library authorities were allowed all sorts of lati- tude in one direction, while, at the same time, they were severely limited in the other direction. We find the library authority may, if it be of a city or borough, consist of any number of ]x;rsons ; if of a parish, it must not exceed nine in number. So it is found in one city to consist of thirteen men, of whom four are honorary members. In another case twenty-nine is the number of the board, with no honorary members. In another twenty-three form the committee, and in a similar there are forty-one councillors and twenty non-councillors, making sixty-one 23 24 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS in all ! for a borough with a library rate of about ^1300. In a very similar district the number is seven. In yet another the library authority is an open vestry, consisting of about some hundreds of members. One district with a library rate of little over ;^"icoo has a library committee of thirty-five men. Another with an income of nearly _;^i 2,000 has a committee of twelve men. This is not to be surprised at ; the fact is, the legislation that governed the matter was so inconsequent and careless that no uni- formity was probable. Some local boards, you will find from their reports, take the trouble to appoint men of light and leading, who may not be of their own body ; others do not, and you have the councillor or vestryman, and nothing but the councillor or vestryman. Some com- mittees keep minutes, as commissioners are bound under the Acts to do, and submit them to the local authority ; others keep minutes, but submit them to nobody but themselves ; and in some cases the librarian is clerk to the board ; in others he is not, and attends no meeting of his own body, and obtains all his instructions second-hand through a non-library officer. Some committees and commissioners have separate banking accounts ; others have not. Some draw their own cheques with- out intervention of the local board; others do not. Some can purchase books and carry on the various details of their library, without constant criticism of the larger local body at each board meeting ; others cannot buy a coal-scuttle but it is subjected to the criticism of a large council or vestry, who have nothing better to do than to debate such matters of detail. Some meet fortnightly, some monthly, others whenever they think fit. I have not found out that some of them do not meet at all, but I should not be at all surprised if such were the case. I do, as a matter of fact, know one case which came before the Library Associa- tion this year, where the local authority only met twice a year, and then left everything to one or two members of the library committee to carry out with a free hand. You see, therefore, that there is little uniformity of action amongst the public library authorities, or, if there be any uniformity, it is got at by the common-sense of those boards, and not by any aid that legislation has given them. You will find also that the library committees have various methods of carrying on their work. When we come to the question of library commis- sioners, we find that the Act is much more formal, elaborate, and business-like, formulating provisions for the guidance of those boards as to their number, election, term of office, of resignation, re-election, and the like. They are limited in number, being not less than three nor more than nine. They are a body corporate, with a common seal. They have a large amount of liberty, influence, and power in carrying on their work. In fact, they are masters in their own house, which the library committee is not, and cannot be, unless by leave, not of the people, but of the superior locaV authority of which they merely form a part. You find that only very few local boards have delegated their powers to the library committee, as the Library Act allows, so that the committee may carry on its work properly and without unnecessary criticism or interference. When the case of transfer of library authority arose in many places, I asked questions on this point this year of some twenty librarians, and found to my surprise that this clause was hardly acted on at all. There is no doubt whatever that, in forming a body like library commissioners, the Legislature had been proceeding on the right lines, although it may not have gone far enough, and it would be well for us if they had continued on that line instead of depart- ing from it as they have lately done. It was intended that the public library authorities were to carry out the behests of the people as regards those institutions, so it was most uncalled for that another body, no matter how important, should be put over them in their own district, and as to their own peculiar library work. Moreover, the Library Act said that the people adopting it should only incur the liability of the amount of rate legally fixed. Then why should it be necessary to go to another body, and year after year ask them formally to sanction what the voters of the district have already ordered by their votes shall be done? I say that this is an injudicious and need- less limitation of library power. Neither as regards the method of obtaining the sanction of this local authority can we find any uniformity. One board requires the most minute statement of proposed expenditure from their library committee ; another votes the amount of the rate, practically without inquiry. All l.inKARV AUTJIORITJES, THEIR POWERS AND DUTIES 25 tliis Ijcinj; so, you will site tlial tlic tendency of pulilic lil)rary lej^islatioii has been twofold : it lias Iciuied to restrict ill': powers of one class of library authority and to ani|)lify those of another. After the (jossing of the I'ublic Library Act under which we now work, the [)ui)lic library commissioners were found to have fairly ample jiowors in their hands, and it was understood that those powers should be, if anything', extended, certainly not limited nor interfered with, mu( h less done away with as regards some library authorities. But no sooner was that understood in the library world than, for no possible reason and entirely uncalled for by anyone connected with library work, a clause was put into the Local Government Board Act of 1894, which, I say without fear of contradiction, marked the most retrograde step taken during the present generation in public library law, and which [iracti- cally undoes the library advance of many years. Here we have a clause which gives certain local boards power to apply to the Government and have the public library authority of the parish transferred to themselves, for no cause shown. If that transfer be sanctioned by the Govern- ment, the commissioners thereby cease to exist, and their powers, no matter how well they may have been executed, are taken away and vested in another body, which may or may not be friendly to the carrying on of the libraries, and which may or may not have any time to properly see to the work, and which was never elected to do the work. It may be said that the tendency of modern legislation is that there shall be one body, and a responsible body, which shall have the control of all local matters. My answer is that this may be so as to general matters of public economy, but that it does not hold, and was never meant to apply to special cases and peculiar work, such as library administration essentially is ; and anyone going on that general theory loses sight of the most important part of the matter — that is. Are we likely to have libraries better administered by a small and picked body of members, duly elected and specially selected for their fitness and appointed for a fair length of time, and retiring regularly by sections, or by a larger body, elected partly every year and engaged in all sorts of other matters, and who have not time to devote to the careful, special, and minute administration of the most skilled character, which public library 4 work more than any other demands ? I think (he answer will be that the .smaller body will be more likely to carry out the work efficiently than the other that luu to attend to all sorts of other work and changing duties. I have said that no cause has been shown why these si>ecial boards that have carried on their work so well should be done away with, no cause as regards economy or administra- tion has been alleged. I'ublic control for the smaller boards such as commis- sioners is ample. Commissioners cannot levy their rate or collect it ; the vestries do this. The commissioners cannot alter the incidence of the rate. They cannot expend their rate without the sanction of the vestries, a statement of which is sub- mitted every year or half-year. The library board cannot borrow any money without the sancti(m of the vestry. It is obvious, therefore, that no (juestion of economy can arise from the transfer of the commis- sioners' powers to a local board such as a vestry or council. Moreover, experi- ence shows that, in any case in which the general local board has absorbed the library authority, additional expense has been the result. This must come out of the rate for the library or out of the other rates. If from the library rate, then the small sum available for carrying on these institutions is reduced by needless official expense ; if out of the local rates, then the ratepayers have a new and un- called-for library expense put upon them. So far, then, as economy is concerned, the unnecessary character of the Local Government Board Act change is evident. Now as regards efficiency. There is a universal concensus of opinion amongst those experienced in the administration of libraries that it is better to have a si^ecial and absolute authority, such as a board of commissioners, than a larger and less authoritative one, such as a committee of some larger body. It may be noted that continuity of policy is more probable under a body of special commissioners than under a committee. The former will, as a rule, be men who wish to devote their whole time to library work. In the case of a committee, there may be members whose time is much occupied by all sorts of other committee work, and who would not have the same time, even if they wished, to devote to the library. The question for library legislation for the future, I think, is. Should not more efTort be devoted to the endeavour to secure a 26 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS uniform library authority throughout the country? Let the public library authority be directly elected by the ratepayers of each district, parish, borough, etc. Let them be strictly limited in number, so many members pro rata for the population. Let them retire by one-third of their number yearly, as is the case now with commissioners. Let them be absolute as regards all matters of library administration, subject only to this, that they keep their expenses within the amount sanctioned by the voters in adopting the Library Act ; and as regards loans, subject only to the sanction of the Local Government Board. Let it be necessary and required that their chief officer or librarian be also in every case a responsible clerk or secretary' to the board. In too many cases it happens that the chief librarian is not the clerk and executive officer of the library board. I regard this as lamentable, inconvenient, and as tending to lower the status of librarians, that there should be any library office the executive power of which does not rest solely in, or sub- ordinate to, the hands of the chief librarian. I would have this board elected by public vote, at the same time and in the same manner as the ordinary elections for the local council or board or vestry for the locality are carried on, the expenses to be borne out of the general rate. I would have a central Government control, more indeed of an advising than a cur- tailing character, from some department of the State, whose advice and supervision might tend to direct the energies of the libraries of this country in one steady direction, economising their strength, directing it more in a national and less in an aimless manner, and tending to make the public libraries more than they are now, a great department of State education. If you go upon these lines which I have foreshadowed, you are more likely to get a body of men who, having these great powers and responsibilities placed on them, will devote themselves systematic- ally to the work, than would be the case with bodies which vary from year to year, and who look upon the library as a small and too often an irksome and even unnecessary encumbrance of their public work. If the public libraries of the future are to be constituted on some uniform basis, the ordinary local board must have only the most nominal control over the library authority, and that solely as regards loans. The advance of our public libraries in England, I believe, will necessitate some such course being adopted, so that they be placed upon some more solid and sure foundation than that on which they now rest. Such legislation as I have briefly and imperfectly suggested will be the means of solidifying, unifying, and, I will add, of simplifying the duties and powers of the library authorities in England ; and if this Conference only succeeds in drawing attention to this need, it will have done a most important work, and the country will have reason to thank you for having dealt with the matter to-day. Herbert Jones. THE DUTIES OF LIHRARY COMMITTEES. jllATEVliR qualification I may liave to address you i> derived from a long uHicial connection with llie |)ul)lic free libraries of Manchester. They were the first in England to be founded on the " Libraries and Museums Act " of Mr. William Ewart, of 1850, and were estab- lished in Sejjtember 1852. It is interest- ing to know that, almost simultaneously, a movement in the direction of jniblic free libraries took ])lace in America ; and since that time nowhere has the accumula- tion of books been so ra])id as in the States, and nowhere has the economy and management of these invaluable institu- tions been carried to greater perfection or supported with a more munificent generosity. The coincidence of date is striking. It is possible enough that the sagacious author of our Public Libraries Act anticijjated the American project. It is also conceivable that he obtained from the States a suggestion of his admirable measure. If so, he added another to the innumerable " itotioiis," which have laid us under so many obligations to our esteemed cousins and friends on the other side of the Atlantic, which we will agree to regard, not as dividins^ us from them, but rather as uniting us in the bonds of a common brotherhood of confidence and affection. At the opening of the first Manchester public free library the reference depart- ment contained 15,744 vols. ; it has now 107,449. The lending library numbered 7195; our lending branches now contain 1 59,065. Instead of one lending library, we have now eleven, and four reading-rooms besides. Our annual circulation of books to the homes of the people is about a million, and the number used in the reference room is 419,949. Notwith- standing this extensive use of our literary possessions, our losses from missing or spoiled books are absolutely trifling, and may reach, perhaps, forty shillings a year. On our staff is the considerable number of eighty - four women librarians and assistants. I can s[x;ak with perfect confidence of their suitability in these capacities, and we employ probably more of them than are engaged in all the other libraries of the like kind in Great Britain. Their services in the reading-rooms set apart for boys are especially valuable, exercising a restraining influence over the lads, and conducing to quietness, order, and decorum. In the engagement of officers and assistants, three main considerations pre- sent themselves to committees and other managers. First, the working hours should not be unreasonably prolonged ; the salaries should be framed in a spirit of friendly liberality ; and the younger members especially should be afforded opportunities for increasing their educa- tional fitness and jiromoting their further culture. For this latter purpose, the English Library Association has for several years provided a summer school for literary and technical instruction, which has proved highly successful. Hitherto it has been available chiefly for London and the South ; but plans are under consideration for supplying these valuable agencies to I-ancashire and the North. Is it needful to say that entire confidence should be cultivated between committees and their officers, and that their intercourse should be accompanied by the courtesies which obtain amongst gentlemen ? Unlike some other library committees, the Manchester committee is composed entirely of members of the City Council. There are, undoubtedly, cases where it is found expedient to add a certain propor- tion of non-official persons, selected for 28 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS their qualifications as experts in particular branches of literature ; and much advan- tage may thence accrue. But whether it be from a trustworthy confidence in our own powers, or an overweening conceit about them, we have never called in any such extraneous aid. Now, no more important duty devolves upon library committees than the selection and purchase of books. In the reference department, efforts should be made to fill up every special class with the best and newest publications. Old and obsolete copies should be periodically weeded out. This is especially important in various departments of physical science, as, for example, in chemistry and geology. Good editions of the standard poets, dramatists, and novelists are indispensable ; but most of the modern novels may be relegated to the lending libraries. Their interest is often of a fleeting character ; and every few years they may be removed, to give place to others, whose lives also may be brief, if not troubled. In this part of a committee's labours no little discretion is required. W'hilst avoiding a too rigid or puritanic Judgment, it often becomes a duty to decline works the moral tendency of which is at least doubtful. Perhaps one of the most conspicuous of the services rendered by public free as compared with many of the circulating libraries they have largely superseded, has been the ex- clusion of unwholesome literature from their shelves. Literary quality is not the sole requirement of a new story — however it may be for a tim.e the rage. So numer- ous are our youthful readers, that parents and guardians may justifiably demand that nothing detrimental to morals shall be placed in their hands. The extent to which theological works should be purchased sometimes excites a difference of opinion. Of course the great classics in divinity should be found in every good reference library. But modern controversial discussions may generally be left to those who find in them some irre- sistible attraction. ^Vhen, however, they proceed from universally recognised autho- rities, they may be admitted, provided that no partiality be shown to any particular church or school. It may be remembered also that, as in physical science so in theology, a little revision is desirable now- a-days, and some advance towards present standards ! Although the preparation of lists and the recommendation of specific works per- tain primarily to the office of the chief librarian, the final responsibility, in all cases, devolves upon the committee. The class of readers to be catered for, and the available means for purchases, must both be kept in view. A seaport or a com- mercial town may require some books that would be of comparatively little service in a cathedral city. A recom- mendation book should be available to readers who may wish to direct the at- tention of the committee to particular works. Many booksellers are willing to send in once a month a selection of the newest issues, on the principle of " sale or return," and at reductions from the pub- lishing price so considerable that some tender official consciences scruple to accept them. Still, in dealing with public money, as we have nothing to " sell in the dearest," we are, I think, bound to " buy in the cheapest market." Hints as to desirable books may be obtained from an inspection of The Publisher's Circular, The Bookseller, from other lists, and from reviews. The latter are not to be implicitly relied upon, but their critiques are often very useful. \\'hen exceedingly expensive works are recommended, it is desirable to ascertain whether copies have been or are being purchased for neighbouring libraries, so as to avoid needless duplication. In the case of such as deal with peculiarly tech- nical subjects, we have consulted local authorities on the staff of The Owens College, whose kindly services are never sought in vain. Whether or not it be expedient to attend public sales of books is a question worthy of attention, but it is difficult to lay down any rule thereupon. So far as to books. A\'hat about the ever-increasing flood of periodicals and netvspapers for the reading-rooms ? How to make a judicious selection from amongst them, so that, whilst instructive and entertaining, they shall also answer to every variety of opinion and taste ? Again, which shall be preserved for binding, and which shall end their brief existence in the paper - maker's vat ? These are points of no little difficulty, and demand the serious attention of committees. Obviously, as to newspapers, the leading organs of the chief political parties must be provided. Now, I am inclined to attach peculiar value to the educational influences exerted by the perusal of opposing party papers. Surely TJIE DUTIES 01' LIBRARY COMMITTEES 29 wc arc all loo imi( li \\\ the habit of rcadint; lliosc only wliicli harmonise with our own ojiinions -thus conlractinf; our mental ranf^c, and |)rol)aljly intensilying our prcjuchcx-s. llul let a man study some burning ijuestion of the hour in, say, tlie columns of The Tiims, and then on the same subject consult T/ii: Daily News, and he will derive a valuable illustration of the truth that there are two sides to most thinj;s. It should also provide him with an argument against the infallibility of human judgments, and a lesson in the virtues of toleration. With regard to periodicals, the same remarks will, in a measure, apply. Among reviews, The Quarterly and The luiiiil'iiri^h remain, like a coujjle of grand old battle ships of the line, surrounded with a swarm of [)etty steamers and fussy ferry-boats. They should still be pre- served as storehouses of information and discussion on topics of permanent importance, and as examiiles of deliberate and stately comi)osition. The Conserva- tive organ on the one hand, and the Whig "buff and blue" on the other, are equally indispensable. In the discretion of committees, such additional monthly and weekly magazines will be secured as seem best adapted for their readers. In the case of soiled periodicals and books which must occasionally be dis- carded, appreciable service may be done by selecting those least damaged for use by the inmates of workhouses and hospitals. There is hardly any duty more incum- bent on committees than the provision of am[)le and suitable furniture and other appliances. The lighting, heating, and ventilation of the various rooms must also be sedulously regarded. Not only are the health and comfort of the staff thus promoted, but much will be effected in the preservation of the books. The use of gas as an illuminant should be abandoned, and the electric light take its place. It has, however, to be re- membered that, whene\er this change is made, a demand will arise for some additional artificial warming apparatus — the difference in the teniperature of a room between the one light and the other amounting to many degrees. No chief librarian should be entirely immersed in the details of his office. He should be at liberty to supply useful clues to sources of information generally, and especially to render assistance to inventors and specialists. He should, indeed, be a centre of literary lilc and activities in his locality. He can i>er- form no higher oflice tlian that of the friend and consultant of students and in<|uirers. 1 think it is obvious that, in the near future, the connection already Ijcgun between free libraries and technical schools is destined to become closer, and their influence on each other more considerable. Notification should be jHiblicly made of recently ac(|uired bookii on technical subjects, so that teachers and I)U()ils alike may learn where to look for the most recent additions to knowledge in their particular departments. Within thi; last few years much in- creased facilities have been afforded to borrowers. Formerly, in Manchester, a guarantee against loss or damage was required from two responsible house- holders. Now one only is asked for, and non-ratepayers may borrow on their own surety. No harm has resulted from these rela.xations of the old rule, whilst the number of readers has largely in- creased. 1 may add that we never levy fines of any kind. Now, as he would lamentably fall short of " the whole duty of man " who should restrict his attention to merely personal concerns, so every library com- mittee should cultivate relations of amity and goodwill with every other. Excellent service may be done to the common cause by the exchange of information, the communication of experience, the explanation of success, the discussion of failure. The establishment of new libraries, the extension of their useful- ness, the improvement of library legisla- tion, — all are proper subjects of interest to committees and managers. In these and many other directions valuable con- tributions have been made by the Library- Association of the United Kingdom, established in 1877. It was, indeed, the offspring of the First International Library Conference. Unity is strength ; and hence changes have been success- fully accomplished, to effect which separate effort would have been power- less. As an illustration, may I quote the defeat of a recent attempt by the English Revenue Office to extend the income tax to public free libraries : and this in spite of the indefensible restriction of the wretched penny in the pound, against which I have always protested 3° CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS and shall still protest. But, supported by pecuniary contributions from most of the important libraries, the committee managing those at Manchester resistea this new imposition. Defeated in one court, they carried their case to a second, a third, and a fourth, up to the highest tribunal in the land. Ultimately they succeeded. Not only their own, but every other public free library was thus protected from the threatened danger. It was a happy combination of forces, crowned with a brilliant victory. Mr. President, many years ago it was my happy privilege to hear a mar\ellous series of speeches in my native city, which led to the abolition of the Corn Laws. We had "the un- adorned eloquence " of Richard Cobden, and the fervid rhetoric of the "great orator of the Saxon race " — John Bright. On one occasion Mr. Cobden closed his speech with this remark, " Mr. Chairman, I have said my say. I never perorate." I don't think I can now do better than humbly follow so excellent an example. Harry Rawson. r \l A I \' I N (] O !•' I.I li K A R I A N S. 1 1 1', subject is a very wide one, and might well form the subject of a whole treatise of cyclo- )X'dic extent, as it is roni one point of view CO extensive witli Hbrarianslii]), and varies with the ever-differing standard which public opinion for the time being sets up as the ideal of what it expects from the librarian. In years gone by the librarian was master of the situation, being a keeper of the books in a ver)' literal sense of those words ; and in some old-world libraries this tradition lingers to the present day, the claims of the public on the library being almost resented, or en- tertained only on sufferance. Modern opinion and practice have deposed the librarian from this autocracy, and the tendency in recent years has been to select a librarian with sjjecial qualifica- tions for administering the library whose management he is required to undertake. For instance, in scientific or other special libraries, a disposition may be seen to regard as a main or even sole qualifica- tion an extensive knowledge of the special subject with which the library treats ; and again, in a popular rate-supported library, preference is frequently given to a candi- date whose sole qualification is practical experience. It is even possible that, with the present tendency to over-estimate the importance of the practical side of a librarian's quali- fications, the librarian of the near future may be chosen with main regard to purely physical qualities and pre-eminence in muscular activity. It seems desirable, therefore, on such an occasion as the present, when it is possible to reach the public ear, that the imjiortance of a wide and liberal educational training as an indispensable part of a librarian's qualifi- cations, though it be a thrice-told tale. should be kept prominently in view. This pur(;ly intellectual side of the librarian's training can, however, only claim a second- ary place. I propo.sc to consider my subject in three divisions, following what I conceive to be the order of their relative value and importance. I St. The library as a training school. 2nd. The general education and culture supplied by self-training or by a college and university career. 3rd. The bibliographical training to be acquired in the book mart. Each of these three great schools of librarianship may claim its triumphs and point to a long series of distinguished alumni. It will no doubt be admitted that the ideal training for a librarian would be a combination of these three schools, and, by the very nature of his duties, the practising librarian is continually receiv- ing a professional, intellectual, and biblio- graphical training. The immediate object of this paper, and all that is possible in the short summary which I propose to lay before you, is to discuss the preliminary training of the librarian — his proper equipment for start- ing in his career. Opinion will doubtless be agreed that he should possess a liberal education as a foundation for all subse- quent attainments. If it were necessar)- to choose between the three courses of education which I have mentioned, there could be no hesita- tion in selecting the training of the library as far superior to any other educational course. It is conceivable that the art of swimming may be acquired on dry land, and that the soldier may be trained to the duties of his profession in mimic warfare ; but the water is the only natural school 32 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS for the swimmer, and campaigns make the soldier. So it is equally indisputable that no librarian can be properly trained with- out that insight into the duties of las profession which can only be gained by actual practice in each department. There can be no doubt, in the second place, that the elevating influences of college life are highly desirable ; and if this course can be crowned with a uni- versity qualification, the possession of a degree will be of great advantage to the librarian in many ways. The problem to be faced is how these purely intellectual qualifications are to be secured without the loss of the practical training which we have just considered. The third school of librarianship — that of the book mart — is also of great import- ance, and the addition of a regular ap- prenticeship (no mere amateur study), by which two or three years can be devoted by the young librarian to this valuable means of gaining sound bibliographical knowledge, would be of the greatest value to him in his professional career. There are certain subsidiary aids which it may be convenient to mention here, the principal of these being the attendance at schools of library economy, the study of hbrary literature, and, perhaps more im- portant than all, visits to other libraries and a study of their systems. I do not wish to undervalue any of these, more particularly the library school, which I am convinced is very helpful to librarians, both young and old ; but I venture to think it is easy to attach too much import- ance to the systematic training, whether extending over weeks or years, which is received by the student in a large dose, and has a tendency, like systems of train- ing in other professions, to give an artificial qualification without the sound experience that can only be gained by actual employ- ment in the library. This systematic training, it seems to me, is wholly out of place at the beginning of the young librarian's career, but can come in most usefully at a later stage. It is a trite saying that the librarian's training is never complete, and no one is more conscious of his ignorance and other defects than the conscientious librarian. As he becomes more expert in the tech- nique of his profession, he will be the more anxious to educate the moral side of his professional faculties. For instance, a true sympathy for readers can best be gained by the librarian who tries to put himself in their position. He will never fully understand the best means of search- ing out authorities until he has himself become fairly practised, in some form or another, of literary search ; and I venture to give a high place to literary work, undertaken, of course, in a moderate degree, as a subsidiary aid to the librarian's professional training. To sum up, I fear that 1 have done little more than state what I conceive to be the great problem in the librarian's early education, namely, how to combine the university and purely bibliographical train- ing with the practical training of the library itself An ideal system would be to combine these three methods of education, — to place a well-educated lad as an assistant in the library at the age of, say, fifteen, giving him at the same time facilities for keeping up his education ; after four years in the library to send him to the university for his degree, with which might well be combined the training of the library school. After taking his de- gree, should the individual be so fortunate as to get a couple of years' experience of the book trade, he would probably be fitted, as far as training could fit him, for the post of assistant librarian, with a good chance of a distinguished career. No doubt such a scheme is hopeless of realisation. It could not be attempted without Government aid, and such a uni- form system of administration in libraries as would make it possible for librarians and assistants to be transferred from one library to another without loss of official seniority or the claims attaching to length of service. It is pardonable, perhaps, for everyone to have his ideal, and this I venture to put before you as my ideal of what the training of the librarian should be. Mean- while, we must look the matter practically in the face, and the great question that confronts all effort for raising the standard of the librarian's qualifications is the poor recompense which is at the present day considered as an equivalent for his services. In this country at anyrate, whatever may be the case in America, the public idea of the value of the librarian's work does not justify fathers in giving their sons an expensive education as a qualification for a librarian's post. It is only to the influence which assemblies such as this can bring to bear upon public opinion that we may hope for a change TRAINING UJ' JJJIRARIANS 33 for the littler. 'I'hu public mind is slow to be convinced, but we must wait for the realisation of our hopes till the time when our masters, the jjublic, will recognise that the efficiency of a public library ami its value to the general welfare in chief measure depend upon the character and fiualifications of the librarian to whom has been entrusted its custody and ad- ministration. Charles Welch. j^ ^ SPECIAL TRAINING FOR LIBRARY WORK. fPECIAL training for special work is becom- ing an acknowledged necessity in every walk of life. Scientific train- ing for scientific work is universally demanded. The opportunities for such training are multiplying, owing to the demand. The methods of half a century ago are no longer tenable. The technical schools of all kinds are the out- growth of the scientific spirit of the age, which is not content to look at one side of a question only, but requires all the light possible upon it, and from every obtainable source. Philosoph)', religion, sociology, the arts, and history, as well as science, are feeling the breath of this inspiration to scientific research and methods ; and what wonder is it, then, that the profession so intimately connected with one source of supply for all this study and research should awake to the necessity of more scientific methods of organisation and administration within its own borders ? When we reflect upon the change that has come over the conduct of libraries within the last half century, we can see what an immense sociological influence has been at work to effect this develop- ment. The books in chains at Hereford Cathedral are typical of the administrative chains which were thrown around the free use of most libraries until a comparatively recent date. Then the ruling principle was, how to keep, how to preserve ; while now it is not alone how to preserve, but how to diffuse in the wisest and most effective manner. The problems of to-day in connection with our public libraries are not only. How shall we obtain a collection of books best suited to the wants of the community in which we live ? but, How shall we best organise and administer this collection ? The rapid increase of public libraries in America (there are fully 5000 of them now) has made the answer to these prob- lems of vital importance, and in J883 Mr. Melvil Dewey, then librarian of Columbia College Library, submitted a proposition to the trustees of the college, looking to the establishment of a school for the training of librarians. Among other arguments, he stated that, " In the past few years the work of a librarian has come to be regarded as a distinct profes- sion, affording opportunities of usefulness in the educational field inferior to no other, and requiring superior abilities to discharge its duties well. There is a growing call for trained librarians animated by the modern library spirit. . . . Recognising the importance of this new profession, and the increasing number of those who wish to enter it, we are confronted by the fact that there is absolutely nowhere any pro- vision made for instruction in either the art or science of the librarian's business. . . . Young men and women of good parts, from whom the best work might fairly be expected, seek in vain for any opportunity to fit themselves as librarians. It is simply impossible for the large libraries to give special attention to the training of help for other institutions. Each employee must devote himself to the one part of the work that falls to his share, so that he can know little of the rest except what he may learn by accidental and partial absorption of its methods. There is a constantly increasing demand for such trained librarians and cataloguers, and there is no place where such can be trained. The few really great librarians have been mainly self-made, and have attained their eminence by literally feeling their way through long years of darkness." Mr. Dewey's proposition was referred to the library committee of Columbia College, which reported unanimously the 34 SPECIAL TRA1NI\'(: lOR J.IJSRARY WONK 35 followinf^ year in favour of " cstablisliiiin a sclu^ol for ihc instruction of jjcrsons desiring to (|ualify tlicnisclvcs to take cliart^e of libraries, or for cataloguing, or library or Ijihliographical work." Owing to tlic erection of a new library biiikling at (Columbia, the school did not open until January 1887. The announce- ment of a three months' course in library economy had been made, and the number of students limited to ten. In response to urgent rei|uests, tliis limit was raised gradually to twenty. At the middle of the term the class petitioned for a fourth month, and at its end a majority of the class had decided to take a two years' course which was then offered, while some asked for a third term of advanced work. In the second year the term was extended from four to seven months of solid work, and now it covers nine months. In the spring of 1889 Mr. Dewey was elected State librarian at Albany, and the school was removed to that place. In 1 89 1 the school, having been carefully examined in its working and results by the Board of Regents of the State of New York, it was unanimously accei)ted by them as an integral part of their great educational system, and was designated the New York State Library School, with j)0wer to hold regents' examinations and to confer degrees, to receive endowments and appoint fellowships and scholarships. In the year 1883, the same year in which Mr. Dewey presented his plans to the trustees of Columbia College, he had also explained them at length to the Buffalo meeting of the A.L.A., and received its hearty endorsement, two eminent librarians only dissenting and favouring the old ap- prenticeship system. But, at the meeting of the Association in 1887, one of these dissenters offered the following resolution : " That this Association has observed with pleasure and gratification the first years workings of the school of library economy at Columbia College, and that it regards the work there initiated as of great power for the future." Since 1S83 the Association had kept in touch with the school by pro- gress reports, and in 1889 it was resolved that, " With a desire to aid in securing the greatest efficiency of the library school, the library association appoints a com- mittee of three as a committee of corre- spondence with the authorities of the school. Said committee is hereby in- structed to inquire in what way they can be of service in promoting the objects for which the school is conducted, and to render such service to the ext":nt of their jKAver." Thus it will be seen that the library school is not only a jiart of the university of the State of New York, but is officially recognised by the A.I..A., and ha.s a vital connection with it. I-'rom the first the aim of the school has been to fit its members for advanced positions in the different dejwrtmenls of library work. 'I'o this end the entrance examinations are severe, ("ollege graduates are pre- ferred, and admitted without examination, |)rovided they have covered the prescribed ground. Other apjjlicants must have taken a high-school course, or its eiiuivalent in two years of college work ; but the college- trained pupil is preferred, as having already acquired a capacity for persistent intel- lectual work, as well as a general fund of knowledge on many subjects. The examinations are in literature, history, general information, first-year French and (ierman, and either Latin or Italian. An ability to read these languages readily is required. The work of the school is mani- fold, but all with a practical end in view. " I'ractical training rather than mere in- formation is the end sought, and any method that promises to make more efficient librarians is tried." The course of study for the junior year covers elementary cataloguing, elementary bibliography, accession department work, elementary dictionary cataloguing, ele- mentary classification, shelf department work, loan systems, bookbinding, reading seminars, library language lessons, scope and founding of libraries, government and service of libraries, regulations for readers, library buildings, literary methods and bookmaking, library bookkeeping, and acquaintance with the specimens of the Bibliothecal Museum, which includes the collections made by the A.L.A., Columbia College, and whatever was added to it at tlie World's Fair exhibit. Students are also required to make personal collections of library blanks and equipments as far as possible, and arrange them systematically in albums for future reference. The " senior year is designed to qualify students for more important and better-jjaid positions. The method is largely compara- tive, and students are systematically trained, not in a single good way for doing each thing, as in the junior year, but in know- ledge of various systems, and specially of 36 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS the principles that should determine which should be selected, or what modifications should be made in adapting any method to local requirements. Students who are specialising are allowed, as far as prac- ticable, to do more of their work in the State library in the department chosen." The course of study is a development of the junior course, and includes advanced bibliography, comprising reading-lists on different subjects, e.g. " A complete list of books and articles on the housing of the poor," " A select list for a travel club on Italian art, architecture, and antiquities " ; reference work, with lectures and quizzes ; advanced cataloguing, a comparative study of catalogue codes, advanced dictionary cataloguing and classification, history, and the origin of libraries. An original biblio- graphy and a thesis must be prepared by each graduating student. All through the course lectures are given by visiting librarians who are specialists in some given department, and also by prominent educators, booksellers, printers, binders, and advocates of various systems and theories of library science. " Problems presenting difficulties liable to be met with in all departments, e.g. cataloguing, indexing, aiding readers, hunting down hard questions by a skilful use of bibliographic apparatus, are given ; and the novice faces many puzzling ques- tions of after-experience, and learns their method of solution, without the mortifi- cation and expense of mistakes in real administration." Seminars are held frequently, in which all library questions are discussed, short papers read, and free expression of opinion encouraged. Practical work in the State library is done by each pupil, under the supervision of the teachers. The juniors devote one hour daily for sixteen weeks, and four hours daily for the rest of the year ; while the seniors give two hours daily for forty weeks to the actual work of the library, thus enabling them to put in practice the lessons they have learned. The students are also encouraged to assist in various outside benevolent and other libraries, for the benefit of the experience gained. That the students may be brought in touch with other libraries more fully, the course requires a visit during the Easter vacation to the leading libraries of New York and Boston on alternate years. This study of comparative methods is very valuable, and impresses the fact upon them that there are many admirable ways of doing the same thing, and that individuality of method is to be looked for and respected. Peculiar points in the administration of these libraries are specified in advance, and reports by the students are required on their return, followed by free discus- sions. " Students are thus taught how to get most quickly and systematically from other libraries the lessons they have to teach. With similar preparation, there are visits under guidance to representative houses, where can be learned to the best advantage so much as a librarian needs to know about publishing, printing, binding, illustrating, bookselling, book auctions, second-hand book stores, and other allied business. Comparative study of all ma- terial and methods is one of the strong points of the school, and the students have fairly placed before them all methods approved in successful library administra- tion, and are taught to select or combine from various plans what is best adapted to any circumstances in which they may be placed." The library school possesses especial advantages in being so intimately connected with the State library, which contains over 250,000 volumes, many manuscripts, and a large collection of pamphlets. It is also the headquarters of several hundred travelling libraries, which are constantly being sent out to villages, schools, study clubs, and extension centres throughout the State. Thus it is evident that every department of library work has been treated in a thorough and practical way. The student has been taught how to select, classify, catalogue, identify, and distribute his books in the most scientific and liberal manner. He knows the me- chanism of the book, and can judge of its printing and its binding ; he has also been taught that deeper lesson, how to find the hidden stores of wisdom within the book, not only for his own sake, but for the benefit of others ; and if he has imbibed the true modern library spirit, he will realise that this is the chief reason why he is a librarian. The missionary spirit of the library school is one of its striking characteristics. Thus equipped, theoretically and practi- cally, with a knowledge of the beginnings of library administration, each student, according to his ability, is enabled to make more rapid progress towards the desired goal than would otherwise have been possible. He has an ideal of library work, the accomplishment of which will depend largely on his own personality. S/'EC/A/. TRAINING FOR /./JIRARV WORK 37 Tliis question of personality enters so vitally into the [lossihiliticrs (;f his future work, that the directors of the scliool liave wisely determineil to grant hereafter tlie second year's course to those only who have shown decided (lualifications for the profession. I.ihrarians, as well as poets, are " horn, not made," ami thouf^li one may be ahle "to sjieak with the tongues of men and of angels, and understand all mysteries and all knowledge," yet, if he has not the [leculiar (jualities that go to the making of a true librarian, it will profit him nothing so far as really successful work is concerned. We have dwelt somewhat at length upon the- course of study in the library school, in order to show what care is taken to prepare the pupils as thoroughly as possible for any question or emerget)cy that may arise, not only by the most pains- taking instruction, but by actual practice and the fullest discussion of all library methods. Hut it must not be supposed that at the end of the two years' course these library school graduates are ex- pected or advised to assume responsible positions at once. At least a year of work in a subordinate position in some library is recommended, where everyday working with the public can be had and the two years of study can be tested by actual experience. After one or two years of such apprenticeship, the rise of the able student is rapid and assured. \Vhile the library school guarantees employment to none of its graduates, yet it is constantly looked to to supply some of the most responsible and im[)ortant positions in State, college, public, and other libraries, as chiefs, as cataloguers, or assistants. The high standard of requirements of the library school practically excluded many who, while unable to meet them, were yet fitted by nature and education to do admirable work as assistants or as heads of smaller libraries, and, with experience, to advance to more important positions. To meet this want, in 1890 a library train- ing class was opened at the Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, under the direction of graduates of the library school. Miss Mary U'right Plummer (class of '88 library .school), the librarian of the Institute, is also the director of the class. Examinations, while not as exacting as those of the parent school, yet require the equivalent of a good high-school course to ensure success, and whenever possible a personal inter%'iew with the applicant is requested. The examination covers general history, general literature, and current events. A one year's course of nine months was offered at the beginning, which covered the ground as thoroughly as jwssible in that time. Six months were devoted to study of theory, and the last three required twenty-four hours a week of practical work in the library. In i8<;6 a second year's course wxs ojjened to those who could pass the recjuisite examinations and had the neces- sary personal fiualifications, and who wishcfl more extended and thorough pre- paration for their work. This course is not wholly an extension of the first-year work, but rather a develo]>ment of another ])hase— the historical and bibliographical, advanced cataloguing and bibliography, library administration and history of libraries, ancient and modern literature, history of books and printing, binders and binding, engraving, etc., and Italian. Ger- man is taken in the first year's course. (Collections of books such as are requisite for this kind of work, including MSS., incunabula, etc., are rare in the United States ; and this school is fortunate in being near, and privileged to use the fine collec- tions of, the Lenox and Astor Libraries in New York. The final examinations on this second-year work are conducted by specialists outside of the school, who also mark the papers. Admirable work has been accomplished in the Pratt Institute class, and its graduates have filled with acceptance many places as assistants, and not infrequently as head librarians. The Institute offers the great advantage of a public library of 56,000 volumes, with a circulation of 300,000 yearly ; and its nearness to the great libraries of New- York City tends to broaden the student's idea of his chosen profession, and to quicken his enthusiasm from a sociologi- cal point of view. In 1892 the "Drexel Institute of Art, Science, and Industry " of Philadelphia established a training class, under the direc- tion of Miss Alice B. Kroeger, librarian, a graduate of the library school, class of '91, and with other graduates as assist- ants. While following the lead of the Pratt Institute class, the examinations have not been as severe, or the course as extensive. Instruction is in the form of talks or lectures, with practical work under super\'ision, and includes the techni- cal and the literary or bibliographical work. A course in the history of English litera- ture, studies in modern European authors, reference work, and bibliography is given, CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS and also lectures are had by specialists in various departments of knowledge. This school has furnished many assistants to the. Philadelphia libraries as well as to some other places, and graduates con- scientious painstaking workers. The next year, 1893, saw the establish- ment of another high-grade training class at the Armour Institute, Chicago, under the direction of Miss Katharine L. Sharpe, B.L.S., of class '92 of the library school. \Vithin a few weeks this class has been removed to the beautiful new library of the University of Illinois, and has taken the name of the Illinois State Library School. There will hereafter be no e.xa- minations of candidates, as all must have matriculated at the university and have taken a two years' course. Freshmen and sophomores who register for the library course will take reference work and general lectures in connection with their college studies. The two years' technical work will rank as junior and senior, and will be given only to those who have received credit for the two years' college work. " Future purpose will also be considered, and physical condition and personal quali- fications as well. . . . The intellectual life of a community must not consciously be put into the hands of a librarian who lacks gentleness, sympathy, tact, and public interest, however well qualified she may be in other respects." Here a four years' course is provided, looking to a systematic and thorough training in library science from every standpoint — intellectual, technical, and practical. The practical side will be learned in the library of the university, which numbers 30,000 volumes, and is incieaiiing rapidly every year. The Maine State College instituted a course in library economy in 1894, in w-hich technical in- struction, supplemented by lectures, is given. Still another style of training class was developed at Los Angeles, California, where classes were organised to supply civil service instruction to applicants for Hbrary positions, and from their ranks to furnish assistants. Classes are limited to six. Examina- tions are conducted by a committee of the board of directors, and designed to deter- mine the previous education and adapt- ability of the candidates. Terms are divided into courses, six months each, three hours daily. Each student, under the direction of the assistant librarian. serves as under-study to the heads of the various departments of the library. Lessons in comparative methods are given in each department, which are followed by a term of general application. No promise of permanent employment is given to any of the students, but members of the library staff are added only from the training class. In 1893 the Denver (Colorado) Public Library instituted a training class similar to that at Los Angeles. They receive but one class of six pupils, and desire that they should have received a high-school diploma. This is not an absolute require- ment, however. Applicants must appear in person, and undergo a written and oral e.xamination. They are admitted in the order of their standing. Practical instruc- tion in technical work is given all through the course, and students give five hours daily for nine months to the work. Those most successful are taken on the staff as occasion requires. To reach a class which none of the above-mentioned schools are adapted to assist, a number of summer schools have been opened. That at Amherst College was started in 1S91, and is conducted by I\Ir. ^\'illiam I. Fletcher, well known in connection with Poole's Index. In five weeks of five days each and four hours a day, he exhibits, by lectures and by practi- cal work of the pupil under his direction, the entire ground of library economy. This course is designed for beginners who wish to get some idea of library methods, and for librarians of small libraries w'ho feel the need of special information, which they have been unable hitherto to obtain. The class of '96 numbered thirty-six. The University of Wisconsin Summer School, opened in 1895, gives six weeks' teaching of the technical work of the library. In 1896 twenty-seven pupils were in attendance ; all but four had previous experience. The New York State Summer School was open only during the summer of 1896. The moving of the school to different quarters in the Capitol will pre- vent their holding a session this season, but another year it will be resumed. A very able comparative report on the four library schools was made by the committee of the American Library Asso- ciation last summer — Professor J. N. Lamed, chairman. He notes the greater proportion of technical instruction given in the library school at Albany than elsewhere, and predicts that the time now SPECIAL 7h'A/m.\'(; FOR t.lHRANV WORK V) taken lr)r the study of litctaHin: in lln' other s( liools will eventually he devoted to li'( linical work, and more thorough and hroader preparation lj(; rei|uire(i in entrance examinations. 'I'hat not only a l)revious familiarity with helles leltres will be demanded, but also with the literature of science, of philosojjhy, of religion, of history, of biography, of politics and social economy, in which more than half the problems of library science and the difticulties of library service arise. That the [)olicy of the library schools will in the future, as in the past, be ever o[)en to all wise and i)ractical methods tending to a fuller and richer preparation for their chosen work is assured, for their watchword is ever " Forward ! " They are alive, and must progress to live. The number of students in the New York State School in the ten years of its existence has been 246, and these have filled 529 positions. Pratt Institute has had in six years 142 students, IJre.xcl Institute in four years 81 students, and Armour Institute in three years 41 students. I have used throughout this paper the masculine form of the personal pronoun in speaking of the library student, referring thereby to mankind in general according to common usage, and the recognised principle that the greater includes the less. In this particular instance, however, the less so outnumbers the greater that it would have been almost entirely correct to use the feminine form, for over 99 per cent, of the students and graduates have been women. There is something in the |)rotesMc)M tliat ap|iials strongly to them, and their ability to fill some of the most important positions has been proved by their successful management of .Stale libraries, college libraries, large city libraries, and hundreds of smaller ones. The skilful direction of the library schools is in the hands of women, [prominent among whom is Miss Mary iS. Cutler, wlujse rare ability and intelligent enthu- siasm have impressed them.sclves so strongly upon many of her pupils. IIap[)ily, however, the question of sex in library science seems not to be recognised, and, apart from occasional local prejudice or rea.son in favour of either man or woman, library positions are bestowed according to ability, and not according to sex. Character, intelligence, executive ability, and a thorough training are the factors that count, and these are the equalities which the training schools are striving by their methods of education and elimination to furnish. There is no limit to the po.ssibilities of library extension in America. The library and the school have clasped hands, and before many years have elapsed the public library will be everywhere recognised as a part of the educational system of the country, the free university for all, and trained librarians will be deemed as in- dispensable for the one as trained teachers are for the other. In the broad, judicious, enthusiastic training of the library schools lies our hope of the future. Hannah P. James. v^ FEMALE LIBRARY ASSISTANTS AND COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION. ?HY should not the public libraries of our large towns and districts em- ploy female library assist- vrj^r^v-r-^iv'^ ants?" has been a topic '^''"'" '■"•■•^""•"iiia.i* frequently discoursed up- on. Can public library work be regarded as a desirable occupation for young ladies? for the young woman (to use the more respectable designation) of education and social position, who may be indifferent to marriage, and may have no preference for any other profession ? for those who would hesitate to seek a situation in shop, factory, or warehouse ? for those, again, who may lack the necessary talent for public life in the musical or dramatic professions, or for whom the prosaic duties of governess would have little attraction ? To the question raised, the Bristol Library authorities have long given practical answer in the affirmative. From the time of the adoption, in 1874, of the Public Library Act at Bristol, young women of education and respect- able parentage have been selected for the public library service. The example was no doubt offered by the earlier experience of the Manchester public libraries, which I believe were the first to engage female library assistants. In a paper read by Mr. Alderman Baker at the Manchester meeting of the Library Association in 1879, " On the employment of young women as assistants in public free libraries," what was then thought to be a new departure was referred to by Mr. Baker in the following words : " Neither the chance of promotion to better positions in the reference library nor to appointments as branch librarians, combined with a reasonable increase of wages, were sufficient to keep the young men in the service of the committee. while the frequent vacancies which occurred caused much trouble and in- convenience in the maintenance of that order and efficiency which are essential to the carrying out successfully of the work of the libraries." At that time the subject of woman — her rights, duties, and employment, particularly her exclusion from certain trades and professions — was attracting the attention of thoughtful people. The claims of the woman librarian were, however, not generally taken up very enthusiastically, and the new departure was then followed in few public libraries. Many library com- mittees and librarians, on the contrary, were very much averse to the female library assistant, preferring rather to "bear those ills they had than to fly to others they knew not of." With the years that have intervened, we find the aspect of things considerably changed. The pro- gress which women have made during the last decade or two in advanced instruc- tion, and their growing importance as representatives and disseminators of that instruction, are among the notable features of our time. With the advance of educa- tion everywhere has been the successful operation of the Public Libraries Acts. The formation of the Library Associa- tion, with its examination tests, the Summer School, and the Library Assistants' Association, have all followed in sequence. These, together with the many other increasing facilities which to-day are in reach of the student, assuredly indicate that the position of the library assistant of either sex has greatly improved within the last twenty years. With a view of increasing the efficiency of the library staff at Bristol (which com- prises between forty and fifty women 40 FF.MAJ.E J.JJiRARV ASSISTANTS 4« librarians and assistants), and for the purijosu of making soiin-- improvcincnls in its organisation, it was last year siiggi-sii'd that information might he obtained as to the cm|)loyment of ft-males in otiier places, and as far as possible also the o])inions ol the public librarians of some of the towns who employ them, viz. : — Aberdeen, Hattcrsea, Birmingham, Hlack|)ool, Bradford, Ohelsea, Clerkenwell, Derby, lidinburgh, Liverpool, Manchester, Netting ham, Oklhaiii, Paisley, St. Helens, and Salford. The following (|uestions were asked and courteously responded to in each instance : — How many women assistants have you ? .Are any in charge of branch libraries? Do you limit the age for admission to the staff? When a vacancy occurs, do you throw it open to candidates by competition ? If so, have you any form of examina- tion ? What fiualilications do you lay down as essential for young women candi- dates ? Are they a[)pointed by the committee or librarian ? What salary do your female assistants usually commence with ? \Vhat is the highest salary paid to your female assistant or branch librarian ? Have you in force any scale of promo- tion and increase of salary ? Are they advanced by capacity and merit, or length of service only ? What are their hours of duty ? It was felt that, for the better regulation of the staff at Bristol, it would be well that every assistant employed in the libraries should have her relative position on the staff assigned ; that, in fact, a distinction should be made between the grade of a "junior assistant," entering the library service as a beginner to place her- self in training for the work, and that of a "senior," who may have acquired experience and attained some degree of proficiency in librarianship beyond the mere initia- tive routine of giving out books. While recognising the truth of the adage that "learning is preferable to beauty," it was deemed inevitable that promotion should be contingent solely on ability and experi- ence. It was then decided — 6 'I'hat the staff in luiun: \>r. graded as follows : — ((/) Junior assistant. (/') Seni(ir assistant. ic) Branch sub librarian. {t access to select Ijihlio^^rajjliies, special catalogues, dictionaries of literature, and other well-known works. The cause of the deficiency in some cases is the reluct- ance of the committee of managers to sanction the ]nirchase of an ex])ensive book, unless someone outside the staff has asked for it. In ajjproaching the last - named hind- rance—the want of the prospect of a good livelihood in the practice of the profession of a librarian - we come to the main cause of trouble. During the period of pupil- age, library assistant.s, speaking generally, are not loo badly ])aid, but what shall be said of the trained assistant's remunera- tion ? Advertisements for such at a salary of from j^65 to ;^8o are not infretpient in England. Indeed, a librarian-in-chief is asked to face the upbuilding and organi- .sation of a large town library for an annual salary oftener nearer one hundred than two hundred pounds. In 1878 Mr. Robert Harrison advocated ^{[^250 as a minimum .salary for a competent librarian. Are his views yet accepted ? With few exception.s, that salary is only yet within the sphere of rea.sonable hope for |)ublic librarians in British towns below 100,000 inhabitants. Is this due to the deficiencies of the librarians themselves ? ('crtainly not in ^.i.nn--^ oi imt.im cs, for no craft or profession has called forth more generous and enthusiastic service than ours. Many bodies of commis- sioners and committees of public libraries would gladly reform the existing evil but for the statutory limit of one |x:nny in the pound to the library rate. The crux of the difficulty is /itre. In thus presenting the matter I speak not as an aggrieved party, for I have the good fortune to .serve a considerate com- mittee. The fear of a cliarge of trades- unionism has long kept librarians silent; but this matter is in reality one of jjublic importance and affects educational pro- gress. A school-board rate of 6d. or is. is willingly paid to twich our youth to read. Shall an additional twopence be- grudged to turn that reading talent into right and safe channels, where it may work for the public welfare and economy? One final word : let it not be thought that the British public library assistants of to-day are all uneducated or indifferent. I have reason to know that the devotion and enthusiasm of the men who attended the International Congress of twenty years ago are being worthily emulated by many of the younger generation, who are now beginning to gather the fruit of our predecessors' labours. J. J. Ogle. BOOKS Ax\D TEXT-BOOKS: THE LIBRARY AS A FACTOR IN EDUCATION. fOME ten years ago it was my good fortune to spend a month's vacation in the company of one of the most distinguished mem- S;SSi5sSSJS#ecoming good citizens." nearly ready for the high school, none but the prescribed readers, urithmeticii, get^grajihies, etc., were allowed. (Jthcr books Were occasionally smuggled in ; but reading them was a more lia/ardous, because a more ab.sorbing, [ustime than |)laying pins. Sooner or later the culprit was sure to be caught and thrashed, while the book was seized as contraband. Proving incorrigible in this itarticular, I was allowed (luring my last term to spend the last half-hour each day in reading; and having pos.sessed myself of a copy of Sargent's Standard Speaker, which I had previously been reading on the sly, I daily feasted my mind, kindled my imagination and nourished my soul with poetry and eloquence, with Ix-autiful images and noble thoughts. It was a scrapi)y diet, com])0.sed of tit-bits appear- ing under such general headings as " Moral and Didactic," " Martial and Popular," "Senatorial," "Narrative and Lyrical," and ending with a dessert of "Comic and Satirical." To change the figure, this book was to me an Aladdin's lamp, a Forlunatus' cap that wafted me to distant countries and carried me back into past centuries. Now I sat in the Roman Senate and heard Cicero's denunciation of Catiline or the noble self-renunciation of Regulus; or I stood with the crowd in the streets of Rome and listened to the calm statement of Bnitus and the artful and impassioned appeal of Mark Antony ; or I went further back in Roman his- tory and saw how Horatius kept the bridge — "Alone stood brave Horatius, But constant still in mind ; Thrice thirty thousand foes txfore And the broad flood behind." I had but to turn a few pages to enter the British Parliament and feel the spell of Burke's eloquence or the thrill of Chat- ham's appeal for justice to the American Colonies. Again, my heart went out in sympathy to Emmet as he stood a con- demned man, asking only the charity of the world's silence ; and, though I did not understand what it was all about, I was moved by the beauty and tenderness of Curran's appeal to Lord Avonmore, closing with the lines which I then committed to memory and have never forgotten, referring to those "attic nights" which they could " remember without any CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS other regret than that they can never more return ; for ' We spent them not in toys or lust or wine, But search of deep philosophy, Wit, eloquence and poesy ; Alts which I loved, for they, my friend, were thine.'" "But," the school - keeper may say, " this was not education. Very innocent amusement, and kept you out of mis- chief; but it didn't teach you anything. You'd better have been studying the arithmetic lesson that you failed in the next day." Why, my dear sir, those poems and speeches were worth more to me than all the arithmetical knowledge of Zerah Colburn. Man cannot live on numbers. Compared to my school text-books this volume was as bread to bran, as ambrosia to bitter aloes. It did not, to be sure, teach me arithmetic ; but it did much to teach me the English language — its spelling and grammar and rhetoric. And as President Eliot says, "The highest education can do no inore than impart to the pupil an accurate and refined use of the mother tongue." It also taught me history — real history, not dates and names. I learned from the speeches of Pitt and \\'ilkes and Barre, what my school history failed to teach me, — that Lord North's ministry was not the English nation, that all Englishmen were not blind to the injustice inflicted on the American Colonies. But more than this, I learned patriotism, love of liberty, regard for justice, admiration for manly courage and unselfish devotion to duty. If this book did not teach me arithmetic, it helped me to endure that study and other school burdens, and encouraged me to try to master any task set me, by impressing on me, through an exhortation of Sydney Smith, that nothing is to be gained without effort, that genius itself is powerless without labour. "Was not this worth more than the rule for finding the greatest common divisor ? I may say, then, that during this period the most valuable part of my acquirement at school was what I got myself surrepti- tiously, or by special favour, against the rules of the school. The book I have referred to furnished a daily repast that was palatable and wholesome, though there was rather too much variety and spice about it. It was like picking the plums out of the pudding. Eortunately, I found more solid fare at home. But if the school curriculum had been pro- perly arranged, if reading had been encouraged instead of forbidden, then, instead of mere extracts, I should have read, with the greater interest that comes of understanding and the growth and discipline that are gained by unity and continuity of thought, the whole of the "Iliad" and "Marmion" and "The Lady of the Lake," and a dozen good histories, perhaps a play or two of Shakespeare — for I remember, long before I reached the dignity of the Fifth Reader, listening with rapt attention to the platform scene wretchedly read by the " first class " — certainly Lamb's Tales, w-hich I did not come across till two years later. Actual experience often makes a point clearer than abstract argument ; therefore, with due apology, I venture to continue with another chapter — a contrasting ex- perience — from my own school life. Just before entering the high school I went to another grammar school, presided over by a young man whose views and methods were diametrically opposed to those of my former teacher. He en- couraged his pupils to read, and to write and debate about what they had read. Every Friday evening he invited some of us to his room, and read to us from the " Biglow Papers," or " Hiawatha," or " Evangeline," or other literature, prose or poetry, which served at once as a delight and an inspiration. Occasionally he tried on us a portion of an essay by Emerson, or something else that was then supplying his own mental growth. From these, too, we derived much enjoyment and profit, though the thought was only partially comprehended. That last term in the grammar school was the turning- point in my life : to those Friday even- ings I owe the pleasure and honour of appearing to-day before this distinguished gathering. Did our school studies suffer by the time given to other books ? No ; our school carried off the honours in the examinations for the high school, and members of our class kept the lead all through the high school course. We learned reading and spelling and grammar in the only way they can be learned — by familiarity with the English language. Books of travel gave interest to our geography lessons : the dry bones of our text-book on United States history had here and there been clothed with flesh HOOKS AND TEXTJIOOKS 49 and f;ivcn soincwiiat the aspfct of a livin(^ reality tlirougli our rL•a(lill^; uf " Last of tlie Moliicans," "(irccii Mountain Hoys," and " Cirandfallier's (,"liair." In short, our text- books heiaiue interesting, because we had acquired from other hooks a desire for knowledge as tlie source of power and pleasure. Sir John Lubbock once said (I cannot now recall where or when, but I have repeated it so often that I might omit the (luotation marks if the author were not near at hand, and if, moreover, 1 did not always want to add the weight of his name to the wisdom of his words) : - - "The iiii])ortant thing is not so much that every cliild should be taught, as that every child should wish to learn. A boy who leaves school knowing much but hating his lessons, will soon have forgotten almost all he ever learned ; while another who had accjuired a thirst for knowledge, even if he had learned little, would soon teach himself more than the first ever knew." To resume my narrative : this grammar- school principal, as the natural result of the success of his methods, was shortly l)romoted to the principalship of the high school ; and the last two years of my course there were under his direct influ- ence. My four years at the high school were thoroughly satisfactory ; but the subsequent college course was, instead of an advance, a retrogression — a reversion to the old, dry, text-book, recitation methods of our early years. The case was, of course, much worse because of our consciousness of the evil and because of the greater value of our time. Moreover, the period for the differentiation of studies had arrived ; and we were all compelled to follow the same prescribed course, I chafing under the compulsory waste of time on chemistry, the general principles of which — all I cared to know — I had previously learned ; while one of my classmates, who had chemistry in view as his life pursuit, was cursing (ireek — in which he found plenty of company, though it was not because, like him, we wanted more chemistry. In the high school we studied Homer and Virgil as literature : the Greek we read in college was treated as collections of sentences and words to be dissected for rules and derivations ; and it was much the same with the Latin. If I could go over my college course again, I would give the hour a day that for two years I devoted to grubbing for 7 dead (Ireek roots to the sowing of living seeds (jf thought that would yield a rich harvest in after-years. I am not opjxjsing the study of ( Jreek itself, though I think the number very small to whom it is now a [jrofitable occupation ; I am condemn- ing the narrow text-book method of education. The n\ost letter-perfect student I ever knew stood at the head of my class in college : the only brilliant man we had stood at the fijot. The former knew the textbooks thoroughly, but nothing el.se, and his life has been an utter failure : the latter would not interru[)t his reading of Hegel or Comte to find out what Sir William Hainilton had to say on the subject of the day's lesson ; and, though he could not give in order the chapters and headings of Whately's Rhetoric, he had already absorbed its substance in an extended course of reading in English and German classics. But I am not greatly concerned about college men : they are few, and they ought to be able to take care of themselves. College methods, too, have been pretty generally reformed in the last twenty-five years. The elective system is about universal, and the seminar plan is followed in all progressive institutions. My plea is for the great masses, who do not, who cannot, under present conditions, go beyond the grammar school — most of whom, indeed, fall far short of completing even this elementary course. When upon graduating I took charge of a grammar school, I determined to follow, so far as I could, the methods of the master whom I considered, and still consider, an ideal teacher. In the outset I had it understood by the graduating class, which I personally instructed, that if the reading lesson was well prepared the first four days in the week, I would read to them on Friday. They complied with the condition and accomplished more in the four days than they would otherwise have done in five ; and I believe the Friday reading hour was as profitable as any other two. They were always glad to meet me on Saturday mornings. One of the Saturday readings was Poe's "Gold- bug." For several weeks afterwards the whole class was eagerly occupied in inventing and deciphering cryptographs ; and I believe that from this they got at least as good mental exercise as from their arithmetic. They did not, meantime, neglect their arithmetic ; indeed they 5° CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS took greater interest in all their studies, for they began to see the connection of these with the realities of life. The extension of this method throughout the school was opposed by my assistants, who had become accustomed to the well-worn ruts of routine ; but eventually they saw that real books did not clash with text- books, but assisted them ; and those teachers who most encouraged their pupils to read, made the best showing at examinations. Higher education is more and more accepting the dictum of Carlyle, that " the true university is a collection of books." Now, what is wanted is a system of secondary and primary instruction that shall regard all children as candidates for this university and proceed at once to prepare them for it. This preparation cannot begin too soon. The child learn- ing his letters, as well as the young man in college, should be taught that his text- books are merely tools, keys to unlock the doors to the temple of knowledge — the library. The most important function of the school is to awaken curiosity and to point the way to its gratification through books. Dr. William T. Harris, United States Commissioner of Education, says, "What there is good in our American system, points towards this preparation of the pupil for independent study of the book by himself It points towards acquiring the ability of self-education by means of the library." It was Franklin's theory that a child should be taught nothing till he desires to learn it. This maxim put into practice would form the basis of an ideal education. According to any rational system, the highest office of the teacher is to incite and guide, not to goad and criticise. President Eliot says, "American teaching in schools and colleges has been chiefly driving and judging ; it ought to be lead- ing and inspiring." The first thing is to awaken interest. This is not difficult to do : the novelty and the infinite variety of the world about him make the child eager to learn. This desire should be quickened and fed, not deadened and crushed by setting him at dull tasks that seem to bring him no result and to have no relation to the things he wants to know. He wants knowledge itself, not tiie tools and symbols of knowledge. These, of course, he must acquire ; but he should be shown the use of them as he goes along; he should never be allowed to lose sight of the end they are meant to subserve. How absurd to give a child that universal tool of knowledge, reading, and never show him how, or encourage him, to use it ! It should be applied from the beginning, and used to open up to his eager mind the realm of knowledge in every direction. In the May number of the Amerkan Journal of Sociology, Pro- fessor Albion W. Small says, " It is a misconstruction of reality to think and accordingly to act as though one kind of knowledge belongs to one age and another to another. The whole vast mystery of life, in all its processes and conditions, confronts the child as really as it does the sage. It is the business of the educator to help the child interpret the part by the whole. Education from the beginning should be an initiation into science, language, philosophy, art, and political action in the largest sense. When we shall have adopted a thoroughly rational pedagogy, the child will begin to learn everything the moment he begins to learn anything. Am I demanding a pedagogy which presupposes one philosopher as teacher and another as pupil ? Certainly. Every teacher ought to be a philosopher. Every child already is one until conven- tionality spoils him. More than that, he is a scientist, poet, and artist in embryo, and would mature in all these char- acters if we did not stunt him with our bungling." Therefore, from the first, open up the world of books, which is nothing less than the accumulated thought and experi- ence of the race from the beginning of its history. This may be done even before the child can read, and it will serve as the greatest possible incentive to him to learn to read. It will be found, too, that he can discriminate between that which has literary merit and a mere sequence of sentences written to accom- pany a picture. A four-year-old will show marked preference for " John Gilpin " or "The Night before Christmas" over the inanities that make up the text of the ordinary reading -book. I have known more than one four-year-old to whom the reading before bedtime was the greatest enjoyment of the day. One of them is now ten years old. Last summer at the age of nine he read " Ivanhoe," " Talisman," and " Quentin Durward ." He had previ- ouslyread Bulfinch's "Ageof Chivalry"and " Age of Charlemagne," and other books of similar character. Hehasalsoread Bryant's BOOKS AND TEXT HOOKS 5' translalionofll e"lliawt acquired this love of books, it speaks badly for the system of schoolijig which tliey did have until their fourteenth or sixteenth year. The best test of a system of education is ivhether it creates and continues in those receiving it a taste for books and reading." But the most potent and all-pervading source of educational weakness is limiting education to mere preparation for in- dustrial pursuits. I accept in the main Spencer's " rational order of subordina- tion " in education, but I hold that preparation in all these divisions should go on simultaneously, and that they can be made to do so through co-operation of school and library. Moreover, the whole includes the part ; the higher aim will not fail of the lower mark. If children are in their earliest years brought into intimate contact with the higher life of the race, if they become familiar with the best thoughts of the greatest men of all ages, they will hardly fail of the plainest duties of life ; they will hardly lack the ability and the will to make a living. In the words of Charles Dudley Warner, " Real literature is the best open door to the development of the mind and to knowledge of all sorts. The shortest road to the practical education so much insisted on in these days, begins in [thus] awakening the faculties." What we want, what education should aim to create, is not mechanics or farmers or engineers or merchants, but men. This should be kept in view even in professional schools. An eminent civil engineer said to Professor Atkinson, " Do not train your young men into mere engineers. I can hire plenty of pro- fessional knowledge at any time, but what BOOKS AND TEXT BOOKS 53 I caiinoi find is llic men I want lo il(j professional work." " Wit!) rcs|)ect to tl)e traiiiin({ of s(>cci- aliscd abilities, the first re<|uirei7ient is to ensure llicir si)ecialisalion in the right direction. For lliis |)iir|)Ose it is iii)|)ortaiit lliat everyone should he provided, as near the outset as jjossible, with a broad survey of life as a whole, in order that he may be able to i hoose as wisely as ])Ossible the particular line in which his own tastes and capacities lead him. This fact furnishes us with an additional ar^;uinent for limiting; the earlier i)arts of education lo what is most universally applicable rather than to what is most immediately useful for jjractical purposes." ' If their early education is properly directed, advanced students will, before the age of i)re[)aration for their sjiecial work, have actjuired an ac(|uaintance with literature and a love for reading that they will never lose ; and, other things being criual, they will be better students and more successful men, even in the narrower sense of professional success. I""or inspira- tion is better than instruction ; a desire for knowledge is worth more than any knowledge that can be acquired in school or college ; and it is written, " Man shall not live by bread alone." As that noble American, (leorge William Curtis, once said, "The highest gift of education is not the mastery of sciences, but noble living, generous character, the sjdritual delight that comes from familiarity with the lofti- est ideals of the human mind, the spiritual power that saves each generation from the intoxication of its own success." My plea is for the great mass of children who have little or no home training and * " In a complete eeconie the particular individual into which he is by nature fitted to develop. In the third place, there is the training by which he is enabled to bring his own in- dividuality into harmonious relationship with the rest of his world. In other words, we have first to acquire intelligence, then abilities, then wisdom. " In spite of the authority of Dogberry, it is scarcely true that ' reading and writing come by nature ' ; but it is in the main true that tliose kinds of knowledge and ability which arc immediately applicable to the .affairs of life, are readily acquired by anyone whose intelligence has been fairly well developed. Hence it is on the whole safe to ' take care of the beautiful ' and let ' the useful Lake care of itself.' There is not much fear that the common will be neglected. It is more important that we should be taught to rise above the commonplace, by which, as Goethe tells us, we are all in danger of being limited. " — An In- troduction to Sciitii Philoiofihy, by Professor John S. Mackenzie, p. 410 ct sri/. but fi:w years of schooling. Whether they remain at school four or six or eight or ten years, I would l)avc those years made years of pleasure : I would give them a taste of the highest joys of human life — " the |)urest and most perfect pleasures that (jod has ])rei)ared for His creatures." However little they might learn, I would awaken :inel them ever onward and upward through life. I would lead the child to the library, and tell him that here are gathered the most I)recious, the only indestructible treasures in the world — the accumulation of all time ; that they are his — that he may help himself to whatever will yield him the greatest profit and enjoyment. Then, whether he leave school at ten or twelve or fourteen, it will be to become a life student in the People's University, the public library, in which he will find an infinite variety of elective courses adapted to every age, taste, and capacity. Our school systems have been indiffer- ently reformed ; but the public library makes it possible to reform them alto- gether. I>et text-books be made merely an introduction to real books : let the child from the first be brought into familiar contact with the highest thoughts and aspirations of the race : arouse in him "historic consciousness": awaken in him purer desires than those of the flesh, nobler ambitions than the acquirement of wealth and the enjoyment of lu.xury : place before him those ideals pronounced worthiest by the consensus of mankind. He will thus learn that his activity and usefulness, and his consequent happiness, depend in this world largely on the health and vigour of his body; that his body is the temple of the living soul, and that it must be kept clean and pure — a fit habitation for an immortal spirit. He will realise that he is the heir of all the ages, and that it is his duty to transmit that heritage, duly enriched, to succeeding generations ; that, above all, it is his sacred obligation to give to those he has brought into the world the best possible training — mental, moral, and physical — and that the perform- ance of this duty begins prior to father- hood. He will know that, as he profits by the labours of countless millions in all parts of the world, he owes to his fellow- men a reciprocal semce, and especially to those with whom he is bound by ties of a common nationality. And his reading of history will teach him that we owe the 54 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS liberty and security that we now enjoy to a process of development which is far from complete, and that his views and his acts constitute contributing factors, how- ever minute, in this infinite progress. All this will come to him as the natural result of a desire for knowledge and a taste for reading acquired in childhood ; and having all this, there can be no doubt of his ability to render semces that will secure for him the means of physical subsistence. The whole includes the part, the higher life the lower. By thus placing the child in his earliest years under the tutorship, and securing for him through life the guidance and companionship, of the wisest, greatest, and best of mankind, you will develop his soul, you will furnish his mind with high ideals; you will lead him to "complete living " ; you will enable him to secure success in life; you will make him "a brave, helpful, truth -telling Englishman, and a gentleman and a Christian." " Let, then, lesson-books and lesson- hearers depart, and reading - books and teachers come in." Fred'k. M. Crunden. ^iiii^^ P?0©00000€) -^. NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY AND NATIONAL HIBLIOGRAPHY. Biot^rap/iY. lloriv 1 may take for urantcil that tlic lihra- riaiis who arc attending this Conference are ac- quainted with the Dic- I io II a ry of Na tional I had an opp)ortunity of setting; forth, in a lecture which I de- livered last year at the Royal Institution, the general principles which determined the Dictionary's form and methods. The publisher of the Dictionary, Mr. (leorge Smith, to whose enterprise and public spirit the work is due, and who honours us by his presence here to-day, has presented copies of this lecture to members of the Conference, and I under- stand that it is now in your hands. I need not traverse ground that is, or will be, familiar to you (for I hope that you will find lime to read my lecture), but I believe that I shall make my immediate purpose plainer if 1 devote a very few words to the Dictionary's aims and scope. In general terms, the Dictionary may be defined as a biographical census of all dwellers in the British dominions who have achieved anything that is likely to be deemed by their successors worthy of commemoration. No field of human energy lies outside our scope. We do not even overlook those who by evil deeds have left any permanent impression upon the nation's history, or have per- manently excited the nation's imagination. Our business is not panegyric. We have to record with accuracy, sobriety, and impartiality every achievement of English- man, Scotchman, Irishman, Welshman, or Colonist — and, as in Acts of Parliament, I intendtheword "man"to denote "woman" as well — respecting whom information may be sought, now or here;ifter, either by the student or the general reader. I hope the visitors of other countries will forgive me for confining my survey of both national biography and national bibliography to the experiments made in both directions in this country alone, but I hope that I may say .something that may be of service to other countries if our vi.sitors will be good enough to substitute for the words " Hritish Empire" the words " United States of America," or one or other of the great nations of Europe which are here represented. The most notable feature in our methods of execution is our effort to give our authority for every fact we record. To each of our articles we append, in justifi- cation of our statements, a list of books or manuscripts, sometimes with critical comments on their credibility, which are intended to serve those who may after- wards follow in our footsteps. We also introduce into the text of our articles full references to sources of information re- specting particular facts which are either matters of controversy or have hitherto escaped the notice of inquirers. The value of our articles, I venture to think, often largely depends upon the complete- ness of the critical apparatus which our bibliographical references supply. The Life of Shakespeare would be practically useless did we not carefully determine step by step the authenticity of each of the traditions which have accumulated about his name. If any will do me the honour of examining that Life in the Dictionary, they w-ill, I think, recognise that I have in effect attempted on a modest scale a bibliography of Shakespeariana arranged in the order in which the student of Shakespearian biography is likely to find it convenient to approach the books. ^ly bibliography is far from complete : the catalogues of the British Mu.seum Library, with its 3680 entries, the Barton collection in the Boston Public Librarj", with its 2500 entries, and the Birmingham 55 56 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS Public Library, with 9640 volumes, supply far longer lists of Shakespeariana. But, following the example of Mr. H. R. Tedder, the honorary treasurer of this Conference, who added a bibliographical appendix to the article " Shakespeare " in the last edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, I have endeavoured to observe some logical principle of classification which the larger library catalogues do not attempt. Important books bearing upon critical incidents in Shakespeare's career are enumerated at the close of the para- graphs dealing with those incidents. The accounts of the poaching affray at Charle- cote, of the travels of acting companies in which Shakespeare is often alleged to have taken part, of the publication and significance of the Sonnets, of the arguments for and against Shakespeare's responsibility for plays of dubious author- ship, of the authenticity of the portraits, of the growth of Shakespeare's reputation at home and abroad, — my remarks on these subjects are fortified by a mention of the publications where opinions of value which other writers hold on such topics may best be studied. At the close I give a chronological list of all original works which attempt a general biography, from Fuller's Worthies of 1662, in which the earliest attempt at a biography of Shakespeare was made, to Mr. Fleay's recent Biographical Chronicle of the English Drama, a short list of histories of Stratford-on-Avon, of con- cordances, and of notable collections of general criticism. I conclude with a brief bibliography of the Bacon - Shakespeare controversy, which I bring as far as Mr. Donnelly's Cryptogram. I feel it somewhat presumptuous in me to suggest any change in the methods of cataloguing adopted by librarians ; but I venture to suggest, merely in the capacity of a student of catalogues of Shakes- peariana, that when cataloguing their " Shakespeariana " they might not find it unprofitable, at anyrate, to consider the principle of classification which the Dictionary seeks to exemplify. It will at least compare favourably with the common arrangement, which brings into immediately consecutive order such items as a forgotten elocution master's Shake- spearian readings, Mr. W. H. Smith's lame argument in favour of the Baconian hypothesis, some early eighteenth-century anonymous remarks on Hamlet, an ob- scure historical play on Shakespeare's early days by a recent writer, illustrated editions of Shakespeare's songs, a collec- tion of songs sung at the Stratford Jubilee organised by Garrick, an anonymous article in the Westminster Revieiv on the Sonnets, and Spalding's valuable essay on the authorship of the Two Noble Kinsmen. Of course there is no other author whose work has evoked so large a litera- ture. Shakespeare consequently occupies an exceptional position in catalogues and elsewhere. But there are a good many authors about whom much interesting and valuable critical or biographical literature has collected — for example : Sir Walter Scott, Milton, Dryden, Sir Walter Raleigh, Dr. Johnson, Alexander Pope, and Charles Dickens. A principle of classification under the general heading of the author's name, of titles of books dealing with his biography and criticism, similar to that adopted in the Dictionary, would, I believe, increase the value of library catalogues for students and readers of our great authors. Take the comparatively simple case of Sir Walter Scott, ample materials for whose biography are found in compara- tively few books. After lists of his separ- ate publications in order of dates of the chief collected editions of his works, you would set down Lockhart's Life, followed by the recently published Journals and Familiar Letters, and the chief volumes of reminiscences, like those of James Hogg, R. P. Gillies, and Washington Irving's Abbotsford. In the more difficult case of Sir Walter Raleigh, an enumeration of his literary works is succeeded in the Dictionary by brief critical notices of as many as ten modern general lives, while many mono- graphs are noticed dealing exclusively with separate episodes of his career — his adventures in Ireland, his relations with North American exploration, his e.xpedi- tion to Guiana, and his literary efforts. Detailed references are also given to the accounts of his political career appearing in the chief political histories of the time, and to papers issued by the Devonshire Archteological Association on his family history and position in local society. In the case of less eminent personages, there is no opportunity of observing any elaborate principles of classification in the enumeration of our sources of knowledge. All that is possible is to mention as a NATIONAL BIOGRAPIfY AND NATIONAL lillil.IOGRAI'll Y 57 rule ill chronological .sc(|iicncc the chid articles or memoirs previously [)uhlishcd. IJut where, as often hap[jens, the suhject of the biograjjhy has devoted himself to d(;velo[jin(^ some mechanical or scientific invention or some prolitahie train of thounht in rl•ii^;ion, philosophy, economics, or the natural sciences, it is desirahle to tabulate amonj^ our authorities the hooks where the history of the to|)ic has been already dealt with, so as to enable the reader to realise the character and extent of the advance made by the subject of the biography. In the case of eminent hor- ologists or watchmakers like Thomas Mudge or Daniel Quare, wc supply in our bibliographical a|)|)endices many refer- ences to the literature of horology. Our article on \Villiaiii Murd(jch, the inventor of coal-gas lighting, or Patrick Miller, the projector of steam navigation, su[)plies at least the rudiments of bibliography of both those engaging to[)ics. Our articles on the city poets — Thomas Middlcton, Munday, Jordan, and ICIkanah .Settle — suggest the places where full light is shed on the genesis and development of the Lord Mayor's Show— a pageant which, in the days when it was officially illustrated by poems, came closer to the domain of literature than it does now that it is shorn of literary ornament. If anyone seeks to investigate the byways of religious life, he has only to turn to the article on founders of sects like Muggleton, Sandeman, or Ann Ixe, the originator of the Society of Shakers, and study both the articles and their bibliographical appendices. The literature of great events in history, like the struggle for Welsh independence, the growth of Welsh and English Method- ism, the emigration of the Pilgrim Fathers, the Jacobite rebellions, the Irish outbreak of 1798, and practically every incident that has stirred the nation, — the literature recording such events is briefly catalogued under the names of the effective actors. I could give the names of hundreds of men whose memoirs in the Dictionary supply the titles of books throwing light on dark places in the suppression of the Indian Mutiny. Take, again, our accounts of those who took part in the first Afghan War of 1842, which opened with the mas- sacre of Kabul and the retreat and mas- sacre of the British army through the Khyber Pass, and ended with the triumph of our armies at Jellalabad and Clanda- mak. I hope if you e.xamine our biogra- phies of MacNaghten, Barnes, Brydon, 8 Pollock, Nott, and Sale, that you will not find omitted any lifjok that illustrates any important aspect of tliat disaster and its ultimate reparation. The same may be said of our references to a single in c:idi;nt in the Crimean War— the charge of the Light Brigade — as anyone can test for him.self by examining our articles on Lord Cardigan or Kaglan, and, above all, our article on a less eminent soldier, a knowledge of whose career is more or less needful to a full understanding of that fatality — our article on Captain Nolan, who was sent by I>ord Kaglan with the order that resulted in the charge. Detailed accounts of epochs of literary history could be equally well worked out from the books enumerated under the names of Dr. Johnson and his disciples or of Byron and his friends, while interesting phases of literary or artistic society could, I believe, be recovered by similar ex- amination of the memoirs by Mrs. Kliza- bcth Montagu and members of her blue- stocking circle, or of Allan Ramsay, the Edinburgh barber-poet. The Dictionary's list of authorities thus contains much that is material for the pre- paration of a subject-catalogue of litera- ture. A subject-catalogue is obviously of high im[)ortance in developing the utility of public libraries. A perfect librarian — that is, one who combines with his other functions a capacity to guide his readers to the books where the subject they seek to study may be best and most exhaus- tively studied — should be himself a walk- ing subject - catalogue. I daresay they often are. But many a perfect librarian, and many an assistant librarian who is on the road to becoming a perfect librarian, might, I believe, find his journey facilitated were he to use the Dictionary as the groundwork or substitute or supplement for a subject - catalogue. Of course I know there are many admirable subject- catalogues in existence. There are Mr. Fortescue's subject-catalogues of recent acquisition at the British Museum, of which all I need say is that they are so useful that I deeply regret that they do not cover chronologically more extended ground. There are indexes of wider scope, like that to Mr. Sonnenschein's bibliographies, which, serving the single purpose of subject - catalogues, are per- haps so arranged as to be easier of con sultation than the Dictionary, which serves a great many other purposes. The Dic- tionary is, moreover, practically limited to S3 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS the achievement of the English-speaking subjects of the British Empire, although we tabulate works by foreign writers throwing light on such achievement. After making these qualifications, and allowing that the Dictionary treats all topics almost exclusively in their historical aspect, I think our bibliographical refer- ences will facilitate minute investigation, in pure historical research at anyrate, more efficiently than almost any existing subject-catalogue. I notice, for example, that in Mr. Sonnenschein's Best Books, under the heading " British Campaigns in Afghanis- tan," he notes only three volumes which are likely to aid students of that subject, whereas the Dictionary records nearly twenty. When the work is completed, it might perhaps be possible to devise an index which should make the uses of the Dictionary more obvious in this relation. Such an index would in effect be an index to British history in all its aspects — political, naval, military, literary, artistic, religious, legal, and social ; but, even in the absence of such an aid, I do not think I have over-estimated the service that the Dictionary renders in sagacious hands to those who stand in need of a minute subject-catalogue. The making of subject-catalogues is a subsidiary branch of the science of biblio- graphy. In its essence, bibliography is the science of describing books as books in contradistinction to books as literature. To the bibliographer the contents or subject-matter of a book are by no means of first importance. His attention is mainly concentrated on such external material details as the title-page, the date of publication, the place of publication, the printer's name, the character of the type, the number and often the linear measure of the pages. The biographer need not concern himself with the whole of these details, but whenever he writes the life of one who has written books he has to trench on much that lies within the bibliographer's province. The life of an author, that is to say, such portions of his life as are worthy of commemoration, centres about the composition and publica- tion of books, and, in a large record like the Dictionary of Natio?ial Biography, which owes its efficiency to conciseness of treatment in its component parts, a small author's life must often resolve itself into a catalogue of the books he has com- posed and published. In such a case a biographer, for all practical purposes, has to play the part of bibliographer. But the biographer ought always to remember that he is treating books as acts and deeds ; for him they are parts of his hero's life. He has to bestow his chief attention on such of the books as are most closely interwoven with the author's intellectual development or material progress. In dealing with the life of Thomas Scott, the Calvinistic minister of the Church of England, whose commentaries on the Bible intensified the country's piety, as Cardinal Newman admitted in his Apologia from personal experience, our writer mainly dwells on the facts con- nected with Scott's composition of his voluminous edition of the Bible. The technicalities that are essential to the bibliographer's description of that or any other publication, the biographer is not merely permitted, he is bound, to ignore. Despite the enforced absence of tech- nicalities, a work planned on the scale of the Dictionary of National Biography ought in the result to offer an exhaustive catalogue under authors' names of the titles of all books that have exerted in- fluence of any moment on any section of the nation. If we who have contributed to the Dictionary have done our work aright, the Dictionary should supply a full account of the literary eflbrt of the British Empire. I am not of opinion that everything that is printed should find mention in a work like the Dictionary, or even in any w'ork specially devoted to national biblio- graphy, if national bibliography is to serve practical ends. The principle of selection, if effective completeness is sought, must be generously conceived, and of course it must not be limited by personal or sectional prejudices. Discretion must be given free play. Literature that serves in any degree an explicable purpose from any point of view, either aesthetic or historical or scientific, or even anthro- pological, is our quarry, and the bio-biblio- grapher must exercise his judgment in excluding or including each book as each one comes under his notice. In dealing with only one class of printed matter have I deemed it desirable in my own experience to enunciate a hard-and-fast rule. Some years ago I laid down for my contributors the regula- tion that "no sermons or religious tracts should be included in a list of an author's publications unless of a very early date or NATIONAl. PIOCRAI'HY AND NATIONAL lUIU.IOCRAJ'HY 59 possessing very sjiecial interest." I am not disjioscd to disjjute the practical wisdom li- cation in itself proof that the preacher enjoyed an unusual mea.sure of estima- tion, we invariably note. 'I'he rules that apply to separate ser- mons a|»ply equally well to all contro- versial literature that fails to l>ecome classical. Modern [lamphlets, esfjecially on passing phases of jKjIilics, hardly de- serve, as a rule, more bibliographical attention than leading articles in the daily news])a])ers. Hut wherever a pam- phlet can be shown to influence public policy, as in the case of lUirke's tracts on the French Revolution or Mr. (Jladstone's tracts on the Eastern question of twenty years ago, it must be accorded almost as much attention as a |)lay of Shakespeare in Shakespeare's biography or a novel of .Sir Walter Scott's in Scott's biography. Thus, despite all limitations and the absence of the technicalities that belong to purely scientific bibliography, the memoirs of writers of books in a work like the Dictionary ought to satisfy the reasonable demands of intelligent readers, modest book-collectors of the more robust type, and directors of moderate - sized public libraries. In the case of early writers, say down to the end of Queen Mary's reign, all of whose books are rare and inaccessible, our aim has been not merely to mention all that are known to be extant, with an indication of the place where a copy may now be consulted, but the names of works which, although not now known to be extant, are known from trustworthy evidence to have been at some former time in existence. A lost book may possibly be recovered. There are many old libraries the contents of which are still as imperfectly known as was the library of Sir Charles Ishani at I^mporl Hall thirty years ago, when some of the richest extant treasures of lilizabethan literature were brought to light there for the first time for some two centuries and a half. We desire to give what aid we can in the establishing of the identity of newly-discovered literary treasures. This may sound like a counsel of per- fection, and this aim of ours may not always have been reached ; but it was, and is, one of our aims. From the opening of Elizabeth's reign to the outbreak of the Civil Wars, some ninety-four years later, we have endeavoured to note in sinjilar detail the publication and, wherever we could, the hitherto unprinted writings of all who achieved, or deser%ed to achieve, a genuine reputation in that great period 6o CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS of literary activity. During the Civil Wars we have endeavoured to allot to the authors we commemorate the more in fluential of those political and religious pamphlets in which the contemporary ques- tions at issue were almost as hotly debated as on the field of battle. Thomason's great collection of seventeenth - century tracts in the British Museum has been overhauled by our writers, who have stripped many a malignant pamphleteer of his veil of anonymity. During the later periods we have consciously ex- cluded very little apart from sermons and religious tracts. But we have not deemed it necessary to set forth in full the titles of every contribution to for- gotten controversies, whether theological or otherwise. We have omitted, too, persons of whom nothing is known ex- cept that their names figure on the title- page of a single unimportant volume, and we have treated somewhat cavalierly poetasters and novelists of the last and present century whose reputation, always slender, may be treated as dead and buried and past the hope of resurrection. None the less we have cast our net very wide, and, for the sake of our own reputa- tion and our pretensions to completeness, I have no personal wish that those writers whom we have omitted should, meta- phorically speaking, come to life again. National bibliography, I am aware, has been three or four times attempted in- dependently and on a generous scale. For the literature of Great Britain and Ireland there exists at present four notable experiments in national bibliography. At the beginning of the century Robert Watt, a poor surgeon of Paisley, sacri- ficed twenty years of arduous labour in compiling his Bibliotheca Britannica, an elaborate catalogue mainly of British literature, though a few foreign works are included, arranged in two indexes — one of authors' names, the other of the titles of books. The history of the publication is not encouraging to those who propose to follow in the same foot- steps. Hardly any publication encoun- tered a longer series of disasters. The author died when the printing of the MS. had just begun. His two sons, John and James, undertook to see it through the press, and one of them, John, died while most of the sheets were yet in proof. A portion of the MS. was then burnt by burglars, but the surviving son, James, repaired the damage, and, having seen the whole in type, sold the copies and all his rights in them to the Edinburgh pub- lishers, Archibald Constable & Co., Sir Walter Scott's partners. James Watt re- ceived in payment bills of the nominal value of ;^'2ooo, but when the bills fell due they were dishonoured. Neither the author nor his family thus received a single penny in exchange for their self-denying industry, and some years later Watt's last surviving daughter died in a Glasgow workhouse. Such was the reward ac- corded to the first endeavour to provide the nation with a national bibliography. It is seventy-three years ago since the last part of Watt's Bibliotheca was pub- lished. I believe public opinion in this country would not tolerate a repetition of the tragedy, at anyrate in all its gloomy episodes. The fact that \\'att's Biblio- theca now fetches from ;^6 to ;^8 when it figures in public sales, is proof that it has at length achieved public estimation. ^^'att's performance is in no way critical. His index of authors was really little more than a magnified bookseller's catalogue, and his predilection for science led him, not always wisely, to supply in separate entries the titles of all papers contributed to transactions of scientific societies, thus greatly extending the bulk of the volume with hardly an equivalent advantage to the student. The next effort in national bibliography was made by William Thomas Lowndes, who, in his Bibliographer's Manual, first published in 1834, endeavoured to arrange the titles of books (under authors' names) with some regard to their intrinsic interest. Lowndes mentions less than half the publications noticed by Watt, but, as in ^Vatt's case, his labours brought him neither fam.e nor money. He finally be- came cataloguer to Henry George Bohn, the well-known bookseller and publisher, who, after Lowndes' death, revised, im- proved, and republished his manual. Lov,'ndes, after many years of abject poverty, lost his reason, and died in 1843. The third great attempt at a biblio- graphy of English literature was made in America, and it is to the credit of that great country that its history involves no distressing incident, like those which accompanied the efforts of Watt and Lowndes. Allibone's ample Dictionary of English Literature was projected in 1850, and the last proof-sheets were read by the author on the last day of 1870. NATIOi\'/ri. lilOiiRAI'llV AXI) NATIONAL liIJi I.IOCRAJ'IIV 6i 'I'lic W(;rk was jiulilishcd l>y Messrs. l.ippiiKott of l'hil;iilcl|)liia, in three larj^c volumes, and a su()|jleriienl in tw(j volumes, almost c(|ually large, ap|)eared in 1891. Living authors are included as well as the dead, and to all hooks of inijiortancc there are ap|K.'nded illustrative (|uotations from critical reviews. Although Allibone's hook is o|)en to criticism — a good many titles are included which could he spared, a good many hooks are noted which the coni- l)iler had not jiersonally examined; there are very conspicuous inei|ualities of treatment /i/w//(7/;r of National Biography owes very much. Hut I believe that the bibliography it supplies will compare favourably with any of them. I have taken at random the names of four authors whose works arc likely to be frequently consulted by students or general readers, and I have compared the accounts given of them by the Dictionary with those given of them by the earlier experimenters in national biblio- graphy. I take first Nicholas IJreton, a voluminous and attractive Elizabethan writer in both prose and verse, whom no student of the period can afford to neglect : Watt mentions sixteen of his publications, Lowndes fifty-one, but of these seven at least are wrongly a.scribed to him ; AUi- bone gives no list, but merely refers his reader to Lowndes' account ; the British Museum Catalogue gives twenty-nine, the Dictionary forty-four. In the case of the poet Andrew .\larvell, Watt mentions eight works, Allibone and Lowndes each five, the liritish .Vlusi-um Catalogue four- teen, including some doubtful entries, the 1 )ictionary sixteen, of which five are shown to he dubious. Of Fielding's works — novels and plays — Watt enumerates twenty- three, Lowndes only four, Allibone thirty- one, the British Museum Catalogue thirty- six, the Dictifjnary forty-one. In the case of a more mrxlern writer like Thomas Love I'eacock, who flourished after Walt aixl Ixjwndcs had ended their labours, .'\llibone mentions twelve publications, the British Museum Catalogue sixteen, the 1 >ictioJiary eighteen. Thus, to sum u|) in the case of these four authors, we find that Watt only deals with forty-seven of their books, Lowndes with sixty, Alli- bone with thirty-nine, and the British Museum Catalogue with ninety-five, while the Dictionary records a total of 119. I do not wish to attach undue importance to these statistics, but I believe the figures roughly indicate the degree of complete- ness subsisting among these five elaborate endeavours to form a national biblio- graphy. I am aware that the bibliography of the Dictionary has been occasionally criticised from two mutually contradictory points of view. It has been objected that, in a work having so many other objects, we pay more attention to bibliography than it deserves : while I have heard it hinted, on the other hand, that here and there we have paid too little attention to biblio- graphy. With regard to the second point, if we have inadvertently sinned against our established rules of inclusion or ex- clusion in one or two of our 30,000 articles, we may hope to supply the defects. Critics holding the first view- have asserted that men and women who write books figure more numerously in our pages than any other class of the community, and our predilection for authors has been explained on the homeo- pathic principle that the compilers of the Dictionary, being themselves men and women of letters, prefer to deal with the practisers of their own craft rather than the practisers of another. I do not think this criticism, which has always been expressed in the friendliest terms, is quite justifiable. As I have said, when- ever we commemorate a man who happens to have written a book, we record the fact. But not all the men, the titles of whose publications we record, prove, when 62 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS their articles are carefully read, to be, like most of the contributors to the Dictionary, professional authors. Physicians, surgeons, soldiers, sailors, artists, actors, lawyers, occasionally write books, but they can very rarely be classed among professional authors ; and if this qualification be allowed, I do not think that the professional authors who figure in the Dictionary are greatly in excess of the representatives of other pro- fessions. Even if the criticism were justi- fiable, I do not think the result is one which librarians are likely to deplore. I could conceive a national bibliography which should be independent of national biography, that should satisfy at all points the desires of the technical bibliographer, and should prove a far more exhaustive catalogue of tides than the Dictionary could within its limits supply. But when one considers the organisation requisite for so herculean a labour, the vast ex- pense it would entail, and the impro- bability that the general public, which regards bibliography as something of a dismal science, would bestow upon the enterprise much effective favour, I doubt the possibilities of its realisation. Libra- rians are the persons to take such a scheme in hand, but remembrance of the fate of \\'att and Lowndes will not, I fear, evoke among them much enthusiasm for the suggestion. At anyrate, while they are hesitating to come forward, they may be expected to study our Dictionary with some enthusiasm, and to express gratitude to Mr. George Smith, the initiator and proprietor of the Dictionary, and to Mr. Leslie Stephen, my predecessor as editor, who defined the scope of the work, for having relieved them of the pressing necessity for sacri- ficing their lives and fortunes at the altar of national bibliography. Sidney Lee. Till': RI'.LATIOXS Ol- lUIU-KXiRAIM I Y AND CATALOGUING. tlicy art- regarded pj V'lOKY great improvetnent Ijrings with il its small dangers and tempta- tions, and the trifling dangers of which I am about to speak — for as little more — may perhaps as arising out of the in- estimalile advantage of printed catalogues. So long as a catalogue remains in manuscript, no one is likely to spend his time in foisting upon it l)iljliograi)hical refinements, whether of arrangement or of description. But as soon as it comes to be prepared for press, the compiler is sorely tempted to bethink him of the existence of other librarians into whose hands it will fall, and of other catalogues with which it may be compared ; and a spirit of rivalry may spring up, quite healthy in itself, which may possibly lead our cataloguer at least some inches astray from his j)ro])er business. Even in the breast of such a fly on the wheel as the writer of this paper, a wild desire at times arises that, in this point or that, the IJritish Museum should "go one better" than the Bibliothe(iue Nationale; and it is at such moments, when they occur to more responsible persons, that the interests of readers, who care very little for the minutia; which we think important — who, in fact, only want to get their books as quickly as possible — are in danger of sufiering. For, if we are honest, we must confess that what readers do want from us, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, is just this and no more — to help them to get their books quickly ; and that as we are bound in honour to be librarians first (for business), and bibliographers afterwards (mainly for [jleasure), any sys- tem which compels a reader to look in two places instead of one, any system which compels him to read a page of a catalogue instead of a single entry, any system which demands of him the special knowledge which it is so ea.sy for us to pick up in the course of our work, but for which he may have no opportunities or no apj)etite, is really, from the point of view of librarianship, fundamentally wrong. To take some trifling examples first, I hope we shall all agree in condemning the ()edants who want to enter the works of Ouida (despite her protests) under her birth-name. La Ramee, or those of Max O'Rell under Blouet, or those of (ieorge Eliot under Evans, or Lewes, or Cross.' It is said, of course, that the real names of these writers are an open secret, or not a secret at all. But if it is our business to know these facts it is not the business of our readers, and to send them from one end of the catalogue to another, in order that we may air our knowledge, is surely unwarrantable. I wish I were eciually sure of carrying this Conference with me in my own prefer- ence for the alphabetical system of arrang- ing a subject -catalogue over the most beautiful of those logical classifications, which demand that a reader shall take exactly the same view as the librarian of that very debatable subject, the classifi- cation of knowledge, or else that he shall refer to the catalogue at least twice for every subject re(iuired. It seems to me so obviously better, if I want a book on Miracles, or on Miracle Plays, or on Missions, or on the Mississippi, to be able to find it at once under these headings, with no other help than a knowledge of the alphabet, that I sincerely hope that I am ' r hope it will be obsened that the instances given are examples not of ordinary pscudon)tns, but of pseudonyms which, for literar)' purposes, have entirely superseded the real name. Whatever rule is adopted in other cases. I think tlierc can be no doubt tiiat these should be adopted as headings, in preference to the private names for which they have been substituted. 63 64 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS right in thinking that Mr. Barrett's paper, which is to follow mine, is intended speci- ally to deal with this question, and that I may learn from him, more clearly than I have been able to do from others, what there is to be said on the other side. But you will gather from what I have already said that I think we ought to rule out of court any arguments based on the Eternal Fitness of Things, or on the Educational Value to our readers of exhibiting to them all the departments of knowledge in the beauty of their interdependence, or even on the advantage to ourselves of a system which will force us to face such a fact as that we possess no work on the philology of the South Sea Islands. I think that a librarian ought to be able to take stock of his possessions without forcing on his readers a special form of catalogue for the purpose, and I would rather leave the educational side of the question in the hands of experts like Mr. Herbert Spencer and his critics. But, as I have said, I hope to learn a great deal from Mr. Barrett's paper, and I have no desire to trench further on his subject. I pass on, therefore, to another section of my argument — the difference between a bibliography and a catalogue in the entries of the different works of a single author. In a bibhography I think all biblio- graphers will agree that the true arrange- ment of the works of an author is that which follows in chronological sequence the dates of publication of the first editions. It is only by such a chrono- logical arrangement that we can pass in review the author's literary career, note the subjects or kinds of composition which attracted him from year to year, and (if we care for such trifles) the differ- ent printers and publishers with whom he dealt, and the material form (type, paper, and binding) with which his books were invested. No other arrangement, it is agreed, can show all this so well as the chronological, and we must all hope that it may be more and more generally followed in bibliographies. But how irritating it would become if it were applied to cata- logues, and what mistakes from overlook- ing rare issues the hard-pressed cataloguer would be likely to make ! Except, irjdeed, in the case of complete collections, the special advantages of the chronological system would almost disappear. A chrono- logical arrangement by the dates of the earliest editions which happen to be in the library would be absolutely misleading. and a chronological arrangement of the second or later issues according to the dates of the absent first editions would be partly bewildering and wholly unsatis- factory. Moreover, the chronological arrangement, as soon as it is regarded not as an exposition of facts to be studied, but as a means of indicating what books are in a given library, breaks down alto- gether. For it requires everyone using a catalogue, either to read through the whole of a heading or to carry in his memory the dates of the first publication of all the author's works — dates which we librarians can ascertain, more or less accurately, from works of reference, when preparing a special catalogue, but which it would be absurd to expect the average reader to remember. I approach next the thorniest part of my subject — the cataloguing of books interesting on account of their printers ; and here I tremble lest I should find myself treading on the corns of some of my most valued friends. But, in the first place, I would respectfully protest against any treatment of the books of the fifteenth or sixteenth century which ignores the paramount rights of their authors. The fifteenth century was not a great age of literary originality, but it is the meeting ground of Mediaevalism and the New Learning. It is extremely interesting to note what books were in the greatest demand when the press was first estab- lished — and there are many of these books which students still want to read, and of which there are few or no modern editions available. Thus, even for the fifteenth century, we shall all agree that, before the compilation of any special catalogue of any kind, these incunabula ought to be entered, at least in the general catalogue, in the same way and according to the same rules as to the selection of headings as any other books. But for the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries we may go further. As decade after decade passes, the literary interest of the books published, more especially in our own country, grows stronger every year, and the typographical interest declines. It is only reasonable, therefore, that .special catalogues for this period should be provided for t'ne students and collectors interested in the history of literature, before the students and collec- tors interested in the history of printing can expect to be catered for. For this reason I cannot help regarding any proposal that the "General Catalogue of English r/rr. relations of luiu.iocRAriiv and CATAf.ocu/NG 65 Books |)rintcd heforc 1640," aljoul wliicli wc so often talk, or any contrihution to it, should be arranged according to towns and ijrintcrs, instead of by authors, as, hlcraliy, a most prcijostcrous |)lan. 'I'hat wc should look for the main entries of the works of Shakesjieare unagL-s may jiass away ami l)c seen no more. However, while notes of llu; kind indi<"ated are reiiuired, tliey can lie and are used in (.alalogues of each kind. I refer a Huie later to the claim that annotations can be more economically introduced in the classified form. Again, very much ha.s been said of blunders and omissions and excrescences in dictionary catalogues ; but all this must be |)ut aside as having no bearing on the subject at issue. No school of cataloguers can claim a monopoly of ineflicieni workers, and no reason has been adduced for sujjposing that he whose work was perfunctory and careless in comjjiling a dictionary catalogue would develop into a model of assiduity and accuracy if he were led to undertake a catalogue in classified form. If those who have entered with so much enjoyment into the gentle sport of blunder-liunting in ali)habetical cata- logues apjjly themselves to some class- lists, they will I'lnd game not less worthy of their powers. If we arc to arrive at a sound con- clusion, we must proceed on the line of com|)aring a good catalogue of the one kind w'ith an e(iually well-executed one of the other, and not confuse the issue by assaults and reprisals on bad work on either side. We will then suppose, on the one hand, an alphabetical catalogue, carefully constructed on the lines laid down in Mr. Cutter's rules, although not of neces- sity conforming to those rules in every particular ; and, on the other hand, an equally well-made catalogue in which the entries are arranged in the order of one or other of the available methods of cla.ssilication, furnished with a full index, which will refer the reader not only to the several classes of literature and their subordinate subject-headings, but also to the names of the authors, and to the titles of such books as are known and (juoted by title ; and that the.se two catalogues are of equal rank or grade in the matter of fulness or bre%'ity of entry. The answer to our question must be sought first in a consideration, in a little detail, of what is required of the catalogue beyond the mere furnishing a list of the books contained in the library. The objects with which readers consult the catalogue have not, I think, been any- where more clearly 01 iwin: 1 omplrtely stated than by Mr. C'utter at the forefront of his famous rules, and those who advocate the use of cla.ssified catalogues may accept his statement of these require- ments of the reader equally with those who think the alphabetical form sufjerior. 'I'here are of course many readers who enter the library and apjfroach the cata- logue with what we may, to avoid any appearance of disrespect, call "an Ofjcn rnind." They have half an hour or an hour to sjiare, and they want something to read— not this thing or that, but some- thing. They open the catalogue and look down its columns or turn over its cards until they find some title which engages their interest. I'erhaps visitors of this kind have not the strongest claim for consideration ; l)ut their desire, such as it is, is probably more likely to be satisfied in the variety of topics presented to their notice in the alphabetical catalogue than in classified lists in which all the neighbour- ing entries relate to books on the same kind of subjects. Hut the large majority of those who con- sult the catalogue do so with some definite end in view. To u.se Mr. Cutter's grouping — one reader desires tofind someindividual book of which he knows either the author's name, or the title, or the subject with which it deals. Another may wish to see what the library possesses of a given writer's works, or what it possesses on a given subject or in a given kind of literature. In considering the bearing of these requirements on the question in hand, it is necessary to have regard to the relative frequency with which they occur. In my experience the inquiry which is most frequently made is — What is there in the library on some stated subject? The alphabetical catalogue answers this question under the name of the subject, which is the place first referred to ; in the classified catalogue reference must first be made to the index, which guides the reader to the page containing what he wants. But the reader, at least as I know him, does not wish to be referred to some other place ; he wants the information "right there," if I may use that phrase in this presence. Following in frequency are those who look for some particular book under the name of its author. Here, again, the alphabetical catalogue answers the question on the first reference. In the classified cata- CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS logue reference must, as before, be first made to the index, and the reader may there find a reference to a single page, in which case his second search brings him to his answer ; but he may also find that there are books by his author on two, or on five, or on ten different pages in the catalogue, and he naturally wonders which he should turn to first. The same situation faces the readers, and they are by no means infrequent, who desire to ascertain what books by a given author are in the library. To illustrate this, I mention one of the latest class-lists which I have seen — a class-list, I would say, well conceived and thoroughly well executed. It is a list of books on the sciences and on the fine and useful arts, and it is furnished with an index to the authors and a second one to the subjects. I do not trouble you with the names of authors whose works appear on two, or on three, or on four or five pages of the catalogue, but I would ask you to note that the student who wishes to know what the library possesses of Charles Darwin must turn to six different pages ; of Professor Tyndall or of R. A. Proctor, to seven places ; if he makes the inquiry in relation to the works of our dis- tinguished President, it will cost him an examination of eight separate pages ; of Professor Huxley, nine pages ; if of J. G. Wood, a list of twelve pages will assuage or stimulate his ardour, according as he is more or less in earnest. Then, in order that the situation may be fully appreciated, it must be remembered that the reference in the index is to a page of the catalogue, and necessitates a careful scanning of each page — a pathetic thought to those who have observed the pain and labour which even the simplest examination of a cata- logue entails on many worthy people. The case of the reader who knows the book he wants by the title only — and this usually applies to books which have titles more or less arbitrary and fanciful — is met in the alphabetical catalogue by the inser- tion of the title in its alphabetical place. In the classified catalogue it must be sought through the intermediary of the index ; again two references instead of one. There remains for mention the class of consulters who have occasion to inquire what the library contains, not only on specific subjects, but in the large classes to which these specific subjects belong. They desire to know, for instance, what there is not only on, say, baptismal re- generation, but what throughout the whole field of theological learning ; not only what books on the camel are avail- able, but what on all divisions of zoology and of natural science. These inquirers are better .served by the classified cata- logue, no doubt. But it must be observed, first, that this is a demand seldom made ; and secondly, that it may be provided for in the alphabetical catalogue by exhibiting a table of such subject-headings as occur in it, in a classified arrangement. More- over, those who ask this service from the catalogue will generally be persons familiar with books and indexes — persons to whom the consultation of a catalogue of any kind occasions little difficulty. We must now examine the advantages which the classified form presents, and which are either unattainable, or attain- able in an inferior degree, in the alpha- betical catalogue. The advocates of the classified catalogue claim with justice that that arrangement enables the readers to purchase the part of the catalogue that they are interested in, and no more. The advantage is a little reduced in value by the consideration that it may tend to confirm some readers in their exclusive devotion to the litera- ture of fiction ; and on general grounds it would seem desirable that everyone should be reminded that there are fields of learning and of literature outside that in which he most delights to labour. Further, to attain this advantage, each class-list must be indexed separately, and that in addition to the index to the entire catalogue. There is another advantage of the classified catalogue which has not, so far as I have seen, been claimed by its advocates. In libraries where free access to the shelves is permitted, perhaps some convenience would arise from the entries in the catalogue being in most cases in the order in which the books stand on the shelves. It is claimed that the classified cata- logue, by omitting the entries under the authors' names, may be produced at less cost than the alphabetical. This is true, and it is illustrated in the catalogue of the A.L.A. Library, not the least of the many important services rendered to librarian- ship by the United States. There the same books are catalogued independently by two systems of classification, and on the Cutter plan. The two classed cata- AI.rilABiyilC.M. AXI) CLASSIFIED I-ORMS Ul CATAI.OCUKS 71 loglics (withoiu iiidcXLh; orciipy n ■^|)|•|J tivL'ly 108 and 1 12 |)agcs, tlic al|)hal)cli'al one 322 |)a(4cs. 'I'lic tliffcrciicc of sjjace occupied is not, however, nearly so great as these ligures would aijpear lo siiow ; for, while each of the classified catalogues has its own notation or press- marking only, the alphabetical catalogue is furnished with both, with the result that the line of ty[)e devoted to the text is only about two-thirds as long as in the other cata- logues. Hut even allowing for this, and for the absence of indexes in the classed catalogues, it is clear that the last-named form can be printed more cheaply. It is im|)ossible to regard this claim without sympathy. It touches on the painful and j)itiful poverty under which many public libraries, especially in our smaller towns, are called on to perform, and do perform, a most important and valuable public duty. But it may be observed that its force is greatest in the case of those libraries where the form of catalogue is of relatively less importance, namely, where the collections are small, and where the catalogue, whatever its form, can be readily examined from end lo end. The claim that explanatory notes can be more economically made in the classed catalogue, as there are no author entries at which they should be inserted, may be mentioned in this connection. The claim is well founded, as was that last named, and it is subject to the same quali- fication. I do not dwell on the suggestion that the classed catalogue may be made with liss labour lo the librarian. 1 am not prepared to admit that this is so to any ajjpreciable extent, but in any case it is not an argument, I trust, which will have much force with many (jf us. .Summarising, it would appear that the cla.ssed catalogue possesses some advan- tages — in the main, of economy. On the other hand, the alphabetical catalogue offers what was defined as the test of the best form, namely, the readiest access lo the contents of the library. Of all the readers who consult the catalogue with .some definite intention, I am of o[)inion that, with the alpha- betical catalogue, 80 jjer cent, will find their inquiry answered by the first refer- ence made, and 20 per cent, may find it necessary to make a second reference ; whereas, in the case of the classified catalogue, not more than 10 per cent, would be able to go at once to the required entry, and it would be neces- sary for 90 per cent, to make two or more references before arriving at the information for which they seek. Thus, after a general survey of the (juestion, which has been of necessity brief, but which I have at least en- deavoured lo make complete and im- partial, I am constrained lo say that I find myself confirmed in the opinion that, on a comparison of the respective merits of the classified with those of the alphabetical form of catalogue for use in public libraries, the balance of advantage is largely in favour of the latter form. r. T. Barrett. ON THE AIDS LENT BY PUBLIC BODIES TO THE ART OF PRINTING IN THE EARLY DAYS OF TYPOGRAPHY. ,RIEDRICH NIETZ- SCHE, while treating in the second number of his Uiizeitgemasse Betrachtungen (Leipzig, 1874) of the advantages and disadvantages of history to Ufe, ascribes to our time a " consuming historic fever," and characterises the historic spirit of the time as a hyper- trophic virtue. This statement certainly does not apply to the efforts of the modern librarian, especially to those of our English and American colleagues, who in this Confer- ence form the preponderating majority. The varied literary demands of the present, the examination and most suitable means of satisfying these demands, indeed, to a certain extent, the investigation and primary support, form the main object of the earnest and successful activity of this large number of professional associates. So much the sooner may the individual be allowed to glance with retrospective eye at the beginnings of modern books, which gave to libraries, by means of typo- graphy, a powerful stimulus, large aims and means ; indeed, to glance at an aspect of this subject which to this day has proved conducive to the success of book production. I mean the attitude of the State, or, to speak more in accord- ance with the disjointed and often still unregulated relations of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, of the attitude of secular and ecclesiastic authorities, towards the development of the new art of printing. How beneficial the opportune interven- tion of the State can prove has been ex- perienced especially in England and the United States of America by the public library movement. The energetic efforts of the leaders of this movement were from the very beginning directed towards the legal foundation of the establishment of such libraries, which met with success in England in 1850, and at almost the same time in America — first in Boston. In France also the institution of the similar bibliothcques communales rests upon the foundation of a much older law (De- cree of 28, I. 1803). In yet another province, which lies very near my theme, did England, not to speak of the isolated and short-lived efforts of certain small States, long take the lead in a legal ordering of relations, that is to say, in the law of I 709 upon copyright. If this was already a full-ripe fruit on the widespread- ing tree of that protection which the State grants to the book trade, a brief sketch of the beginnings of this protection and of the relations in general between the autho- rities and printers may not be entirely without interest. Here, as in other provinces, we see that weighty institutions and customs of a later time were even then in part present in the germ ; that then already, as later, the same causes were at work, and the same needs were pressing to the same solution. The nature of the material makes it a matter of course that I shall not limit myself strictly to the fifteenth century, but occasionally refer to a later time. Oscar von Hase, the well- known biographer of the Kobergers (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1885) has brought, in the Archil' fiir die Gesch. d. deiitschen Buch- handels, Bd. x. (1886) S. 27 ff., documentary evidence in the limited province of the relations of Antonj Koberger to the Council of Niirnberg, to the effect that Koberger experienced, in the most varied directions, the " promotion of the practice of his calling " and " legal protection." I shall of course deny myself here the cita- tion of documentary material ; on the other 72 AIDS liY I'Ulil.lC JSOD/ES TO Till'. ART OF I'KINl'INC 7.5 hand, various iliings will iiavc lo he re- ferred to, for the mention of which no occasion was offered hy Kolierf^er's rela- tions to liiscity. A|)arl Irotii this, however, the survey of tiie relations of the authorities to printing shall he, in accordance with my theme, as comjjrehensive as possihle. I. 'i'he first and most direct assistance \vlii( li the authorities hestowed u[)on the young art of [)rinting consisted in the well-disposed treatment and material sup- port of deserving printers, especially of the prototypographers. The assistance was naturally confined lo the narrow limits of the particular place in which the art was practised. In fact, there was at that tiine [)ractically no central State power in those countries which come chiefly into consideration, (iermany and Italy ; and especially did the protection of trade and commerce in these lands devolve almost entirely upon the authorities of the cities, among which the (Jerman im- perial cities, through their powerful and skilful government, were most prominent. France and ICngland were more central- ized ; hence there, sooner than elsewhere, can the intervention of a greater power of the State be observed. A good understanding with the autho- rities and their well-dispcsed assistance were sought by Cutenberg during his sojourn in Strasburg. For in the year 1434, "in honour of and in affection for the masters and Council of the city of Strasburg," who had interceded with him in behalf of the city of Mainz, he released the town clerk of Mainz, Nicolaus, from arrest and debt, which the latter had in- curred to Ciutenberg. Then, however, only his first attempts in typography can have been made. The support which he received from the Archbishop of Mainz, Count Adolf of Nassau, in the evening of his life (i8th Jan. 1465) we may more definitely ascribe to his great deserts as inventor of the art of jirinting (cp. 1. H. Hessels' Guteiiherg, p. 1 14 ft".). In Rome, according to a recent documentary dis- covery, the first two printers of Italy, Sweynhcim and I'annartz, obtained full assent to their far-reaching requests, directed in the year 1472 to Pope Sixtus IV. (cp. Jos. Schlecht in Festschrift z. woo jlihrigeii Juliil'dum des dtsch. Campo Santo in Rom, 1897, S. 207 ff.). We must certainly explain in a similar manner the bestowal of a canonry with benefice upon Breslau's first printer, the siica-iitor Caspar Elyan, in whose favour another canon ileclined it (< [). K. Iv.ialzko in /eilsc/tr. ,/. Vfr. /. Gesc/i. II. All. Schles. xv. S. 6 ff.). Johann Mentdin of Strasburg received from tin; I'ytiiperor l-'riedrich ill,, in the year 1466, a hereditary coat-ofarms (c[). A. V. d. Ivinde, Gesch. d. Erfind. d. liiiihdr., i. S. 98), surely not without re- cognition of his activity as a printer ; and sfimewhat earlier in the same year his fellow artisan, Ileinrich Kggestein, wa.s taken into special guardianship, together with his assistants, through a letter of protection by l-'riedrich v. d. I'falz, as ("lovernor of the provimx- of Ixjwer Ivlsa.ss (<■[). (,1iarles Schmidt, '/.ur Gesch. d. liltlest. Jiihl. zii Stnisbiirt^', S. 98 ff.). We are told of similar protection being exercised in 1496 by Bishop I.aurence of Wiirzburg towards Jeorius Reyser (cp. Archiv f. Gesch. d. deiitschen Ji.fl., xv. S. 6). In ICngland, Richard Fynson, it is said, had already been appointed court |)rinter by King Henry viii. In France, the list of im[)ortant regulations, which served to raise the art of printing, and in the course of the sixteenth century quickly j)rocured F"rench typography the pre- cedence of the productions of other countries, begins with the ordinance of March 1488, of King Charles viii., which declared 24 libraires, 2 enlumiiuurs, 2 relieiirs, and 2 ecrivains de livres mem- bers of the university, and at the same time, like the scholars, free from taxes. On the other hand, the excellence of their productions in regard to paper, types, and correctness was carefully controlled. Material personal advantages and con- tributions for the establishment of an artistically and technically complete print- ing apparatus in connection with the limi- tation of the number of printers, and strict demands on the excellence of the work, were in fact the means by which the kings of France were able to promote the trade of printing. There, too, we see the first State print- ing establishment arise, the model of similar creations in other lands. The number of examples might be greatly increased, even without considering the privileges, which are to be treated of in an especial paragraph. II. A further advance is made by the attraction of foreign masters when such are lacking at home, or when those who are there are insufficiently qualified. For example. King Charles vii. of France sent, in the year 145S, according to a well- authenticated report (ordonn. of 4th Oct.), 74 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS Nicolas Jenson to Mainz, in order to secretly investigate the new art and then introduce it into his own country (cp. Samml. bibl. Arl>., ii. p. 41 ff.). Especially do those countries which are more remote from general culture furnish evidence of such interposition of State power. I would call to mind the summons of Jacob Kromberger to Lisbon to print a code of laws for King Manuel in the year 1507-S (cp. K. Haebler in Centr. /. BibL, xi. p. 554 f); likewise the decree according to which foreign Christian printers, who could give evidence of a certain property, were, in case of their taking up their abode in Portugal, to be appointed " knights of the royal household " without incurring the customary obligations. To print the first Danish Bible Ludwig Dietz was summoned from Rostock (1550) to Copenhagen. In Sweden also the first printers required royal assistance (cp. G. E. Klemming u. J. G. Nordin, Svensk Boktryck. Hist., p. 148 fif.). But also in the countries which took the lead in early printing there is no lack of analogous instances. University cities in particular exerted themselves at an early date to attract competent printers within their walls, as Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Wiirzburg, and others. In other places ecclesiastical or civil authorities procured suitable skill for the production of separate works whicli required a special get-up, as, for example, in Regensburg, whither Bishop Heinrich summoned Joh. Sensenschmidt and Joh. Beckenhaub in the year 1485 to print a missal ; in Augsburg, whither Erhart Rat- dolt was recalled by the bishop in i486 from Venice ; in Niirnberg, where Em- peror Maximilian i. caused the Theiterdank to be printed in 15 17 by Hans Schons- perger of Augsburg; in Konigsberg (1519), Berlin (1540), etc. The Roman Curia must also be mentioned here, which made powerful exertions in the sixteenth century, in connection with the counter-reforma- tion, for the establishment of competent printing houses in Rome, and also attracted the celebrated Paulus Manutius under favourable conditions to Rome. The establishment of private printing houses by civil or ecclesiastical rulers, as Frederick 11. of Denmark, by French and English kings and princes, by the Bishop Jens Areson in Iceland (1531), and others, falls under the same head. III. We see the same desire to favour one's own district when the effort is made to retain printing at home as a source of income, and the transference of a printing machine to another place is rendered diffi- cult. Accordingly, as early as 24th Feb. 1468 Dr. Conrad Homery was obliged to give the Archbishop of Mainz, Count Adolf of Nassau, a pledge to use the printing machine formerly among Guten- berg's effects and then belonging to him- self (Dr. Homery), only in Mainz, and, in case of its sale, to allow a citizen of Mainz the right of pre-emption (cp. J. H. Hessels, p. 119 f.). In course of time this sort of protection of home industry was given up, since that which was not to be carried away from one place could easily be pro- cured from another. IV. Of much greater importance, wider extension, and more persistent duration, indeed, of influence even upon the present time, was the effort of the authorities, through the exclusion of foreign printing products, or indirectly through demanding of competition undertakings, to keep for their own district the sale of certain pro- ducts of printing. Perhaps we can thus explain the production of two editions of the oldest printed letters of indulgence (of 1454-55) which are printed in entirely different types. It still seems to me simplest to suppose with Heinrich Pertz {Abhandl. Berliner Ak. 1856, S. 717) that one edition was intended for the arch- diocese of Mainz, the other for that of Cologne (cp. Samml. bibliotli. Arb., iii. p. A similar explanation might be given of the two editions of St. Augustine, De arte praedicandi, which were first issued by Joh. Mentelin in Strasburg and then by Joh. Fust in Mainz (cp. J. Schnorrenberg in Beitrdge z. Kenntn. d. Schrift, etc. 7ves. iii. p. I ff ; Dziatzko, p. 5, note), and also, without doubt, of a great part of the numerous pirated editions of other works, of which, however, owing to the remote times, the proof can not be adduced in each instance. It is well known how actively and effec- tively in the last century, and even in our own, the authorities of one State promoted with the same motives pirated editions in opposition to another. Under the same head of the protection of home industry belongs the open and covert hostility towards foreign bookdealers, such as the firm of Pet. Schoeffer, for example, had to encounter in 1474-75 in Paris, when their agent, Hermann Stadloe, died there, and the books which were then in his posses- sion, to the value, according to a later AIDii BY PUBLIC BUDJES TO THE ART OF I'la.XTlNG 75 estimation, of more tlian 2^125 thaler, were conliscatcd in atxordancc with the droit ifitu/iainc, althoiij^li, as was well known, they were not the man's [)ro|ed book trade, like Venice, that the personal element, which is usually connected with j)rivilege, recedes more and more, and the general i)ur]jose of publishers' rights comes into more jironounced favour. 'I'here was, to be sure, an early though not general or lasting mixture of two factors which counteracted that tendency : the fiscal interest, when privileges were sold by the .State, and es|)ecially the censorship. Owing to the international character of the industry of jjrinling then as now, |)rivileges were of course fully effective only in those cases in which the work in (juestion could count upon an exclusive or preponderating sale within the limits of the privilege. Such are jirints of local or, at most, pro- vincial character, school-books, liturgies of special dioceses, — in which, moreover, the will of the clergy and the recommendation of the authorities could materially support the privilege, — calendars, and other popular writings — on the whole, neither in number nor contents, the main part of literature. In privilege, which is first authenticated both in Italy and Oermany at about the same time, towards the end of the fifteenth century (cp. among others Fr. Kapp, p. 37), State protection of publishers and printers found for many centuries its official ex- j)ression. Apart from the purely personal element which found its expression in the custom of renewing privileges in case of a cliange either in the proprietorship of a firm or in the person of a ruler, a great disadvantage aro.se very early in the practice of retjuesting and granting privi- leges even for works which had not yet appeared but were only in prospect — a fact which, together with the sale of privileges by the privileged, necessarily crippled the enterprise of other printers and led to material embarrassments. The Republic of Venice, which in the fifteenth centur)" contained in its small territory about as many printing houses as all Germany possessed at the same time, is especially instructive for the earliest history of privilege. The monumental work of Hor. I-". Brown, on the \'enetian printing presses (London, 1891), makes it possible for us to follow this history step by step. The bestowal of official printing commissions upon certain individual printers, the acquiring of books needed for official purposes from individuals, as well as the official recommendation of indixiduals, 76 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS went hand in hand with the privileges and had essentially the same results (cp., for example, O. Hase in Arch., x. p. 28 ff.). VI. Especially in the territories where the State power had extensive authority and the personal element was gradually lost sight of, did privileges, notwithstand- ing their inherent faults, contribute greatly to sharpen the sense for the right of the publishers to the protection of their in- terests and to pave the way for the recogni- tion of this right. In the Italian republics, also in the cities of Germany, as well as in England (Stationers' Company reorganised 1554-56), publishers protected themselves against piracy in their own country by means of corporate associations, which came into existence and were supported with the aid of State protection, Before as well as after this time, however, authors sought not infrequently to protect their interests directly by becoming themselves publishers, and obtaining, by means of privileges, the protection of the authorities for their work. The way in which the authors' right, at first, so to speak, included in the publishers' right, developed indepen- dently out of the latter, and in fact became the more influential for modern legislation, I have sought to sketch in another place {Beitriige z. Urheber-Recht. Festgabe . . . Dresden, 1895, p. 149 ff.). Only, let me here briefly repeat that it was first in Venice, in 1545, as far as we as yet know, that especial mention of the authors was made as requiring protection. The protection, of course, is especially granted to the living author. That in early times a distinction was made between the works of authors who had been long dead, so-called literary public property, and those works which had been recently composed, the latter being protected while only the former were regarded as common property, must not be believed. Numerous works of living authors which were continually pirated and translated contradict this idea. I refer, for example, to Bernh. v. Breyden- bach's yo«?7/(y to the Holy Zrt«(/ (Mainz, i486, in Latin and German, by Erh. Rewick), who.se purely personal preface is repeated in all the pirated editions and translations. Only the remark (Bl. ri6") that Rewick had carried on the printing in his own house is naturally omitted in the other prints. The repetition of this remark by another printer would not only have been a thoughtless piracy, but, under certain circumstances, an intended decep- tion. In case of the two editions of St. Augustine, De arte praedicandi (at Stras- burgand Mainz), both of which contain in the preface of the editor the explanation that he had besought Joh. Mentelin, respectively Joh. Fust, to print the work, we must not think of a shameless piracy, — we should rather call it deception, — but of two distinct editions issued in succession by the same editor (cp. Section IV.). VII. With this chapter another very interesting question is connected, but one which has been hitherto only superficially treated, that of the publishers' and printers' marks. Like the notaries' signets which have been recently (1896) fully discussed by Fried. Leist, and the individual coats- of-arms, these were marks of recognition which, in addition to the signature or even without it, could prove at a glance whose typographical work one saw before him in printed form. They were certainly prima- rily intended to recommend the books which were thus provided. From this signifi- cance of the marks, there developed, under certain circumstances, that of a mark of protection, which prevented foreign un- dated books being issued — perhaps in retail sales — as productions of the firm which bore the mark. Both of these pro- blems, however, could only be solved by the marks when their imitation by others was both morally and legally inadmissible. This was indeed apparently the case. I know in the fifteenth century, among the countless completely pirated editions, of no example of the imitation of a printers' or publishers' mark, which might have been easily recognised by the varied types. Not until the sixteenth century did the high reputation of the Aldines tempt un- authorised individuals, in their desire for gain, to imitate the Aldine coat-of-arms (anchor with dolphin ; cp. A. A. Renouard, Anna/, d. Aides, 3rd ed. pp. 70, 72, 317, etc.). This, however, was always regarded as a deceptive act. Paulus Manutius, on the other hand, notwithstanding his own extensive publications, transferred for money, twenty gold scudi per month, the use of his printers' mark to his business friend, Domen. Baza, in Rome (cp. Ed. Fromman, Aufs. z. Gesch. d. Buch., im 16. Jht. 2. Heft, p. 69) — the best proof of the fact that the arbitrary use of a strange mark was not permitted. In the Statutes of the Association of Printers and Book- sellers at Milan in 1589, chap. 32, the use of the firm-mark of another establishment was expressly forbidden (cp. Ed. From- man, p. 153). Similar conditions evidently AIDS liY I'Ulif.rC BODIES TO THE ART OE I'lilNTING 77 prevailed, as in case of printers' and pub- lishers' marks, so too in re(;ard to the marks and monograms of artists — for example, the engravers. An interesting instance may conlirm this. This is a town record of 2nd Jan. 15 12, furnished hy (J. E. Waldau ( / 'erm. Beitriif^e z. Gesclt. d. Stadt Nunilxtx, I. 1786, p. 68), and recently reprinted by 10. Munimenlioff in the Archiv f. Gcsc/i. d. dfiilsc/i. Ji.J/.'s (ii. p. 237 ff.). According to this, a stranger who iiad wood engravings (" Kunst- brief") for sale in Niirnberg, among which some that had Albrecht Diirer's hand- mark, which had been fraudulently copied, was obliged to remove all these marks, and to ofTer none of the specified thus for sale. Otherwise, all of these sheets ("brief"), that is to say, surely, those which bore the false mark, were to be confiscated as forgeries ("als ein falsch "). Presumably, the woodcuts as well as the monogram were imitations. The latter was to be unconditionally removed. On the other hand, the sale of the jiictures was per- mitted, in respect to which I )urer probably had no privilege. VIII. The extensive market which most publications were forced to seek brought printers from the first into countless busi- ness relations with the citizens of their own city, with other cities and countries, and gave the book industry an inter- national character such as probably but few callings then possessed. The same reason, that numerous copies had to be set before the cost of the printing was covered, as well as competition, led, more- over, very early to an extensive system of credit among publishers and book agents. Finally, the latter were exposed, while travelling from place to place or establish- ing themselves in a strange city, to mani- fold vicissitudes, which involved them in conflicts with the members of foreign communities. All this frequently placed the members of the book trade in a position in which they were obliged to undertake extensive and difficult cases at law, both in their own land and abroad, which they did with the help of their immediately superior authorities. The willingness to do this, and to pro- mote foreign trade, the providing of a safe conduct through dangerous regions in unsettled times, — all this implies at once a peculiar friendliness on the part of the authorities and a warm interest in the prosperity of the book trade, also the clear recognition of the importance of this prosperity. And yet, notwithstanding the paucity of the sources of our hi.story of those early times, there arc numerous instances of such protection on the part of the .State authorities. What hapjxrned to I'eter .Schoeffer of Main/, after the death of his agent, Hermann of Stadloe, in Paris, was already mentioned in .Sec- tion IV. We know that in two instances, i.\(>() and 1480, the Council of the city of I'rankfort-on-the-Main interceded with the Council of Liibeck in behalf of Conrad Henckis and the heirs of l''ust, in order that they might receive aid in the collec- tion of sums of money (cp. Fr. K.app, pp. 759 (. and 762). A dispute between the master [irinters of liasle and their appren- tices (in 1.171) had to be settled by the authorities (cp. Fr. Ka()p, j). 112); like- wise a similar conflict in Paris ( 1 539), and in Lyons (1541), in con.sequence of which the i)rinciples laid down in the royal decree controlled for some time the nature of the relations between the printers and their assistants. Further information on • the same subject has been furnished by O. von Hase in connection with the life of Ant. Kobcrgur in the Archiv, x. 36 fT. IX. The reverse side of the well-dis- posed protection of the authorities of the printer's art in its beginnings is furnished by their supervision, for which they soon found reason in the really, or alleged, dangerous contents of the books and the rapid diflusion which these contents thus obtained. Nor did the attempts to guide and guard the press, having once begun, rest until they found expression in the modern press laws, which received in different countries a varying form. The orthodox circles of the Church in Mainz (1485) and Cologne — that is, the region where the cradle of the new art had stood — made the beginning, and were also, later, as a rule the moving agents, although in the course of time the civil Government also considered itself peculiarly menaced, as, for example, in the peasants' move- ment of the first decade after the Refor- mation. The relations between the authorities and the art of printing, both in respect to aid and supervision, which at first were more accidental and dependent on the at- titude of the ruler, became simplified in the course of the centuries, and assumed more and more a legal character. Esp)ecially have privilege and censorship disappeared for the most part before the modem principles of freedom in .trade and 78 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS the press, with their imposed limitations. Metternich's plan for a State organisation of the book trade (cp. Archiv f. Gesch. d. deutsch. B.H's, i. p. 91 ff.) surely no one would care to undertake, even though one is convinced that in many respects the State can still advantageously influence the development of the book trade. At all events, we librarians, whose life-interest is in books and the printers' productions, have every reason to follow the form of the relations of civil and ecclesiastical authorities towards the exercise of printing in its various aspects with attention and complete sympathy.^ C. DZ!.\TZK0. 1 Translated from the German by Miss H. Shute, of Gotlingen. \i-J-' , FKHKUOM IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES. IIS is a sul)jc<;l u()on which ikjI iiiLTfly divti- Hciil but dianictrically o|)posing views arc- honestly held and ear- nestly maintained. Pos- sibly, some of this dilTerence of opinion is due to a failure on the one hand to make clear, and on the other to com- prelKiul, what is meant by free access. \\'e all recognise that there are libraries composed of special collections, not of public interest, or of specimens of early printing or of fine binding, or of books containing fine illustrations, which should be cared for and shown only under such conditions as may ensure their safety. We also know that many public libraries contain collections which should clearly be guarded and shown in the same way. Upon the proper methods of caring for books of special value, both the advocates and opponents of open shelves are agreed. The question is simply whether it is necessary and desir- able to exercise practically the same care of the entire library, or whether, as some maintain, it is both possible and desirable to throw open to all (jualified users of the library all that part of it which is of interest to the general reader, to pupils of our schools, and to advanced and special students, excepting only such books as require special care, for the reasons already mentioned, or for similar ones. 'I'he question is an important one, in- volving as it does the plan and arrange- ment of the library building, the furniture, appliances, and methods. It also bring.s with it a change in the popular idea of the duties of the librarian, and makes him appear to be, not a mere custodian of the books, but rather a helpful assistant and friendly guide to those who need direction. A question of such importance deserves careful consideration, from which, as far as possible, all [jreconceived opinions shall be eliminated and all selfish inter- ests excluded. 'I'he sole question should be as to the value of the plan which {per- mits [jublic access, with the limitations I have already mentioned, as compared with the one which prohibits it. In what I have to .say I shall endeavour, as far as is possible for one who is a firm believer in free access, to set forth fairly the relative advantages and disadvantages of each plan. The principal sources of information upon this subject are the files of the various journals devoted to the work of libraries, and the discussion of it is mostly included within the last few years, as, while freedom of access has been permitted in some smaller libraries for many years, it is only within recent years that it has been introduced in any of the larger libraries. The two plans may be fairly compared as to their economy, their educational value, and their moral effect, and under each head I shall consider the objections which have been urged. One of the most important questions of economical administration is that of room ; and one of the objections which is urged most strongly against free access is that it takes more room, and is there- fore more expensive. There is some force to this objection. It is true that it does require more room to show books in open shelves in alcoves wide enough for public use than in stacks, but not so much more, however, as might appear at first glance — for two or three reasons. First, all libraries issuing books from closed shelves require public delivery- rooms proportioned to the amount of their use. Now, each open alcove is just so much added to the available public space of the library, and lessens the space necessary to reser\'e. for a general public 79 8o CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS room. Again, as the rare and specially valuable books of the library are to be. provided for elsewhere, and shelved on the same plan in libraries permitting free access as in those prohibiting it, we lessen further the amount of additional room required. A still further reduc- tion may be made by shelving com- pactly in stacks all duplicates which are in surplus during the less busy months, and also such books as are seldom used. For instance, in Italian history, Guicci- ardini might be represented in the open shelves by a dummy or by a single volume. This is but a single example of what may be done with many books which are only rarely used, and whose absence does not render the collection less valuable to most readers, but, on the contrary, makes it more convenient to examine. A parallel collection convenient of access might thus be established, which could be drawn upon for duplicates, and to which admission might be given readily to the few who wish to exhaust the entire resources of the library upon any particular subject. By thus providing in some suitable way for that part of the library which it is agreed by all should be especially guarded, and by arranging a parallel collection in stacks, or other compact plan of shelving, the amount of extra space required for the open shelves is kept within reasonable bounds, and any serious objection to the plan on this score is removed. As far as the expense for furniture and appliances, there seems to be no reason for any special difference between the two plans. The cost of service is the most import- ant consideration. The issue of a book from a library includes getting it from the shelves, charging it, and, when it is re- turned, crediting and replacing it. In the open library the time used in getting the book is saved. On the other hand, a certain amount of displacement, due to the examination of the shelves by readers, must be rectified, which may possibly offset this saving. My own observation of one of the large libraries in which free access has been permitted for more than seven years, and in which the disarrangement is readily rectified as the books from the receiving desk are replaced on the shelves, leads me to think that the difficulty from this .source is slight, and that the balance of economy of time is in favour of the open-shelf plan as compared even with libraries in which the book borrower is confined strictly to the catalogue for his selection. When, however, libraries with closed shelves endeavour to give their readers some opportunity to examine the books them- selves, by carrying a selection to tables in the public room or elsewhere for exami- nation, as many do, there can be no doubt that the open-shelf plan is more economical. I have thus far been speak- ing of what is absolutely necessary to the issue and return of a book, without taking into account the assistance to readers which is given in most libraries, and which is usually so closely connected with the issue of the books as to render it impossible to make a separate estimate of its cost. The opportunities for thus assisting readers are much greater in the open library, and superior ability, which commands higher pay, is required to do it efficiently. The value of such service, and the larger amount of it given in the open library, may fairly be taken into con- sideration in making comparisons of the statistics given in library reports. The most serious dangers to the library are those of theft, of mutilation, and of careless handling. The mutilation of books from the circulating department, and other misuses of them, occurs when the books are out of the library, and I see no reason why it should be affected by the plan of issue. The possibilities of theft are greater, but the experience of the few large libraries which have adopted the plan shows an inconsiderable loss, and that of books of small value. The great danger to libraries is from the experienced book thief, who slily carries off the rare first edition, or dexterously removes with a wetted string the valuable plates from the folio. The average book of the circulating libraries, labelled and stamped as it is, offers little attraction to the book thief. He cannot turn it into money without great danger of detection, and it has little other value to him. The records of book thieving in libraries show that the greatest thefts have been perpe- trated by men of education and address — men who would be able, by plausible statements, to secure special privileges in the library, which, under the plan , of restricting access, are denied to the honest mechanic. The great safety of the open library lies in the appeal which it makes to the J'RJU'.DUM J.\ J'Ulil.IC LIKRARIES 8i honour of those using it. It says in effcMt, " We trust you, and we believe that you will prove worthy of this con- fidence." 'I lie exjjerience ain (travels in .Sjjain, .Spanish drama), 47 for Oermany (derman language, (Jcrman literature), and so on. No other system has this feature. A notation that uses only letters or only figures cannot have it, because, as the single kind of characters u.scd must in that case mean sometimes countries and some- times other subjects, there is nothing to show in any particular ca.se whether they mean country or not ; whereas, in the expansive classification, as two or three numbers together never mean anything but a country, whenever they occur in a mark one knows at once that the book so marked treats of its subject with special reference to some country ; e.g., when one sees N 83, or O 83, or Ri'K 83, one knows that the mark means something about the United States, 83 being the United States country number. These three marks denote the flora, fauna, and fisheries of the United States. This local list, as we call it, by the two figures from 1 1 to 99, gives marks to the eighty - eight most important countries. The addition of a third figure, and some- times a fourth figure, enables us to mark all the independent countries of the world. Parts of and places in countries are arranged alphabetically under each. We, are now prepared to comprehend one of the many instances in which the size of our notation base enables us to lay out different parts of the classification in such a manner that one part corresponds to another. Y is the class literature ; Y 45 would then be English literature ; but, in order to have a short mark for the numerous books in a class which is so large in English and American libraries, we use Y alone, marking the general works under literature with the world's mark, 11, therefore Y 11. A CJerman library would of course use Y by itself for German literature, and the full mark Y 45 for English. A French library would use Y for French literature. Z marks the book arts, which include literary history and bibliography. Combine the two and you have Zv, history of English literature. Yd is one division of English literature, English drama. ZvD is history of English drama. Yp is another division of English literature, English poetry. Zvp is history 86 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS of English poetry. Yf is English fiction. Zyf is history of English fiction. But it sometimes happens that a book treats of a country in many different rela- tions, or it may be that we desire to get together in one place the history, the topography, the art, the educational facilities, the governmental arrangements of a place. This need the local list can supply perfectly. One has only to put the local mark first, the aggregate of such marks forming the locally arranged section of the library. If desired, the books about each country can then be divided by sub- ject by putting the letters after the figures, as: 36 F, Italian history ;i 36 ^V, Italian art, and so on. Then, by simply adding any country mark to Y and to Zv, we have the literature and the literary history of that country. 47 is the German number. In an English library : Y 47, German literature ; Zv 47, history of German literature ; Y 47D, German drama ; Zy 47D, history of German drama ; Y 47P, German poetry ; Zy 47P, history of German poetry, and so on. As Zy is literary history, so Zt is biblio- graphy proper. We can transfer all of these divisions to the new class : Zt, English bibliography in general ; Ztp, bibliography of English poetry ; Zt 47, English bibliography, and so on. Class Z offers another instance of corre- spondence. Z\v is subject bibliography ; it is divided by adding to these two letters the class-mark of the subject, whatever it is, and however small. For example, F being history, 39 France, and E the special letter in the table of French history for the French Revolution,- Zwf is bibliography of history, Zwf 39 bibliography of French history ; and if you have a work on the bibliography of the French Revolution, and think it worth while to separate it from your other bibliographies of French history, the work is Zwf 39E or Zwf 393, according as you prefer letters or figures to indicate the subdivisions of French history. Some persons prefer to keep their subject bibliography with the sub- jects. The expansive notation provides a place for that also. The liberality of ' This use of the local list, which had been only briefly noted in the margin of the paper, was omitted in the reading ; and in the discussion Mr. W. G. Lane called attention to the problem and its solution. The statement is included here to make the paper complete. - A double table is provided for French history, one of letters and one of figures, for those who prefer not to mix letters and figures. In the latter, 3 is used instead of E. choice between dififerent courses is every- where a very marked characteristic of the system. The seventh classification was tested before printing by actually classifying 150,000 volumes, and I afterwards found, by careful comparison of one section (social sciences) with the books on the shelves of the British Museum, that a carefully-selected library of that size con- tains very nearly all the subjects that the immense museum has. If I remember right, all my search gave me but one new subject-heading. Medicine was applied to a collection of over 15,000 volumes. Besides this, catalogues were consulted to get suggestions of new topics, and the subjects themselves were studied in books to discover the logical relations of their parts, and to forecast, if possible, their future development. Philosophy, religion, history, geography, and medicine have been printed, and the social sciences are now in press. The rest was long ago worked out, but is still open to revision. The expansive classification follows the evolutionary idea throughout, in natural history putting the parts of each subject in the order which that theory assigns to their appearance in creation. Its science proceeds from the molecular to the molar, from number and space, through matter and force, to matter and life ; its botany going up from cryptogams to phanerogams ; its zoology from the protozoa to the primates, ending with anthropology. The book arts follow the history of the book from its production (by authorship, writing, printing, and binding), through its distribution (by pub- lishing and bookselling), to its storage and use in libraries public and private, ending with its description, that is, bibliography, suitably divided into general, national, subject, and selective. Economics, too, have a natural order — population, produc- tion, distribution of the things produced, distribution of the returns, property, con- sumption. Fine arts are grouped into the arts of solid — the landscape gardening, architecture, sculpture, casting ; and the arts of the plane — painting, engraving, etc. ; and the mixed arts, being the smaller decorative and semi-industrial arts. Similar examples of logical, or, if you please, natural arrangement, are : Putting Bible between Judaism — to which the first part, the Old Testament, belongs — and Christianity, whose sacred book forms the second part ; putting Church history THE EXPANSIVE CLASSIFICATION 87 between Christian theology and liistory ; jjutting statistics l)et\veen geography and economics, since it might liave gone in cither ; putting music between the re- creative arts and the fine arts. There are many sucii transitions, part of them, at least, novel in classification. They are not merely ingenuities pleasing only to their contriver ; they have a certain practi- cal value, since they bring books together which one may wish to use at the same time. The result of thirty years' library cx- ])erien(e would lead me to say to a classifier. Be minute, be minute, be not too minute. I'arts of the exijunded seventh are worked out to extreme fineness.' (Jn the other hand, there are jilaces where, although the scheme gives opportunities for fine work, it counsels, without impos- ing, broadness. Individual biography, for instance, might be divided according to the j)rofessions into grf)U[)s of engineers, lawyers, warriors, statesmen, etc., or into national grou[)s of I'renchmen, (iermans, Englishmen. Hut many a library- -by no means every one — will find it best to put all single biography in one great aljihabet, like a biographical dictionary. Artists' lives, because as a class they contain so many reproductions of works of art, are best put with the art books. I will not weary you with other examples, but only call your attention to a ijrincijjle of some importance : that one should divide when division is easy, and avoid division where it is hard to comprehend the reasons for ' See Greek philosophy BB, Indian religions liZU. the subdivisions to be used with any religion (note after H/.V), Bible CB. Apocryph.T CBV. Life of Christ CCiQ, Papacy DG.\, the Huguenots DJ 39Z, History of Rome F 35. .\s a specimen, an unprinled scheme for the airangement of a large Shakespeare collection is appended. it, and difficult to see the diffcrcnccH between the separated subjects. Ixjcal divisions, it is oljvious, are extremely easy to understand, and for the most part easy to make. liven a very small library, therefore, may profitably break \\\> its historical and geogra()hic:al de|)artmcnts into many subdivisions. Here the local list comes in as a means of doing this neatly and expeditiously. Hut in such abstract sulijects as theology and ])hilo- so|)hy, fine division increases the work of the classifier out of all projjortion to the very doubtful help which it gives to the user of the library. The letter |)art of the notation of this scheme has been objected to. It is urged that the succession of numbers being known to everybody from the earliest youth, is more ea.sily and more quickly grasped l)y the eye and mind than the less familiar combination of letters when they do not make a word. This is true, l)ut it is of little importance. Nobody has any difficulty at all with one letter or two letters, and three can be taken in at a glance, with scarcely any perceptible hindrance. Now, the marks which can be made with three letters and less amount together to 18,278, which certainly is enough for all but the minutest cla.ssing. In fact, the expansive classification reaches the fourth letter only in very minute work ; the fifth, though it does occur, is almost unknown. I have tried to provide a classification at once logical and practical ; it is not intended for a classification of knowledge, but of books. I believe, however, that the maker of a scheme for book arrange- ment is most likely to produce a work of permanent value if he keeps always before his mind a classification of knowledge. SCHEME FOR A SHAKESPEARE COLLECTION. SYNOPSIS. SA — SSr, Shakespeare's Works. SA — SE Editions arranged chronologically. SF Translations, arranged by languages, and then by translators. SG, SM Selections, imitations, tales founded on the plays. SI — SM Separate plays and the poems. SN — SZ, SlIAKESPEARIANA. SN — SU, about the works ; SV — SZ, about the man. SN General and miscellaneous works, including dictionaries, periodicals, and societies. SO — SU Criticism, bibliography, literary history, commentaries, illustration. SV — SZ Biography. For those libraries which use the Cutter-Sanbom order-tables, in which S is followed by figures, not letters. 88 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS Y.Sa — Y.Se. Works and Collected Plays. Y.Sa. 1st folio. Y.Sad. 1st folio, 1st reprint. Y.Sae. 1st folio, 2nd reprint. Y.Sb. 2nd folio. Y.Sc. 3rd folio. Y.Sd. 4th folio. Y.Se. Later editions arranged chronologically either by Biscoe date-letters or by the full date, e.g. Y.Se 1773, ^" edition published in 1773. Y.Se 1773 B., another edition of 1773 ('be editor's initial being B.). Y.Sf. Translations, e.g. : — Y.Sffg. French version by Guizot. Y..Sfgs. German version by Schlegel. (Translations of single plays go in Y.Si. ) Y.Sg. Selections, e.g.: — Y.Sgw. Selections by Warren. Y.Sh. Imitations, Talf.s founded on the plays, etc., e.g.: — Y.Sh.L. Lamb's Tales from Shakespeare. Y.Si — Sm. SEPAR.-iTE Plays and the Poems. Marked as in the other list, except — Y.Sj. Poems. Y. Sk. Venus and Adonis. Y. SI. Lucrece. Y. Sm. Sonnets. SHAKESPEARIANA. Y.Sn. General and Miscellaneous Works about Shakespeare and his Writings. Y.Sn.5 Dictionaries. Y.Sn. 7 Periodicals. Y.Sn.8 Societies. The society publications are to be distributed when they are independent works. Y.Sn. 9 Collections by several authors. Y.Sn. A, etc. General and miscellaneous works arranged by authors. Y.So. Criticism and Commentaries. Y.So. General criticism or commentaries on the whole works or large parts. Y.Sp. Bibliographies. Y.Sq. Literary history. (l) The writing. Y.Sqs. Authorship. Y.Sqc. Sources, Analogues. Y. Sqd. Chronology. Y.Sqf. Forgeries. Y.Sr. Literary history. (2) The performance both in Shakespeare's time and since. The local list may be used. Y.Ss. Literary histor)'. (3) The appreciation, e.g. "The century of praise," "The Shake- speare cult." The local list may be used. Y.St. Literary character. Y.Stc. Characters in the plays. Y.Stl. Language. Y.Stt. Treatment of particular topics, e.g. Law, Medicine, Botany. Y.Su. Illustrations. Y. Sua. Artistic. Y. Sum. Musical. Y.Sv — Sz. Biographies. Y. Sv. Various personal matters, e.g. : — Autograph .Sva, house .Svh, name .Svn, profession . Svp, religion .Svr, will .Svw. It will be necessary to take care that similar books do not get into .Stt and .Svp or .Svr. Probably it will be best to choose one place to put all the books in. Y. Sw. Contemporary or early allusions to Shakespeare (allusions to his IVoris go in Yss) and fictitious or dramatic works in which he is introduced. Y. Sy. Iconography. Y. Sz. Lives. Charles A. Cutter. CLASSIFICATION IN I'UHLIC LIHRARIlvS. jJT was with no small mis- giving that I consented to come before you to- day and address you on a subject which, as you know, bristles with points. Of all questions which have perplexed, and still i)eri)lex, librarians, surely this one of the classification of books, in its different asjiecls, is the most per[)lexing, and no one who has followed the treatment it has received during the numerous discussions which have taken [ilace during the last twenty years — to go no further back— can alto- gether escape at the end a certain feeling of bewilderment, so many and so varied have been the counsellors ; and yet, if only you tried to place yourself at their several points of view, you found yourself agreeing with so much advanced by each in turn. But, happily, the last stage of bewilder- ment—despair and a folding of the hands —has not yet been reached ; nor is there any reason why it should be reached by anyone who truly craves for light and solid ground. On the contrary, I am in- clined to think that we are very near indeed to that better, brighter state ; and in any case, as one who thinks he has himself succeeded in attaining to a clearer view on the subject, I am here to give expression to a few of the ideas which have gradually taken shape in my mind. It may be that they will give help and comfort to some struggling brother who is young, or at least has in his hands the moulding of an institution that is young. For my less fortunate brethren who are wedded to systems of their own creation, or to systems handed on to them, which it is barely possible for them to break away from, — for such my remarks will have, as indeed most remarks aiming at a new and sounder system of shelf- classification must have, a more or less 12 academic and speculative character, in- teresting as such, but having no immediate and ijraclical bearing. Now, my object is to be practical in the first instance, and, as a proof of this, I will at once say that I have ntf scheme of shelf-clxssification of my own to propound, nor do I set myself of purpose to criticise destructively that of anyone else. The time at my command forbids this, even had I the disposition or the ability to attempt any such enterprise. My task is the humbler and more agreeable one of placing before you a few ideas begotten of personal experience and study, which may perhaps be none the less acceptable or profitable because they make no profession of being specially original. At the outset, then, it may be assumed that every public library must have some form of shelf-classification. As a collec- tion of heterogeneous things which are in constant use and being constantly added to, it must, from its very nature, have its component parts arranged according to some principle or principles of order. The only (luestion is as to what these principles should be, and the considera- tion of them takes us to the heart of the whole matter. For in dealing with our books for purposes of shelf-arrangement, we have to ask ourselves. Shall we be content to regard only extrinsic qualities in them, or shall we go further and take cognisance of intrinsic qualities also? or, to speak in logical terms, shall we have regard only for those qualities which are mere accidents, or shall we also take into our view those which are of the very essence of the books and are invariable and constituent attributes of them? To the former class belong such features as shape, size, binding, and order of accession ; the latter consists of the subject-matter itself of the books, which is ever the same. If we are satisfied that in the one class of 90 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS features, which are purely external in their character, we have a sufficient means of differentiating the constituents of our collection, then the work of shelf-arrange- ment is a very simple one indeed, and the burden of life will rest lightly on our shoulders. But I daresay that, common as such a practice may be in small private libraries, whose owners love to see their shelves tidily and prettily arranged, no public librarian would venture to deal with his charge in this easy, unedifying way. Whether he likes it or not, he has to take cognisance of the intrinsic qualities of his books as well as of their extrinsic features, and sooner or later he has, in relation to their subject - matter, to answer the question : Shall I be content to arrange my books in a few, broad, general classes, or shall I proceed further and group the members of each of these large classes in smaller sub-classes, which shall be related to each other in scientific order? In other words, is my arrangement on the shelves to be a broad or a close classifi- cation ? and, in either case, what is to be my scheme of classification ? Now, in deciding between a broad and a close system of arrangement, a librarian, if he is wise and prudent, will give heed to certain considerations. In particular, he will bethink himself that, though his library may be small to begin with, and may have no representation, or but a scanty one, of many important divisions of knowledge, yet the day will surely come when not only will it contain numerous representatives of all the better - known subjects, but it will also reckon among its volumes not a few wliich may be of com- paratively limited range of subject, but of intrinsically great worth to his particular library. Accordingly, though in the day of small things he may be content, and rightly content, to arrange his library in a few large groups in accordance with generally understood ideas of the divisions of knowledge, and based more upon a consideration of the books actually upon his shelves than upon any philosophical tabulation of human knowledge, yet even then he will do well to remember that soon his stock of books will swell and multiply, and that, too, in some directions more than in others. Having this in view, he will see that his system of classifi- cation is such as that he can bend it or break it at various points to suit the varying and pressing needs of his case. Further, if he is wise and prudent, he will have a regard not only to the fact that his collection is growing in size and altering in character, but also to the needs and demands of his readers, which also are ever shaping themselves anew, and becoming more and more defined in character. Thus it may happen that subjects which at first are represented by two or three books, prove to be like grains of mustard seed, which grow into veritable trees of knowledge of a well- defined order. These he will have to recognise, and, though they may cover but a very sm.all section of the great field of knowledge, he ought to dignify them by a careful and special treatment apart. And thus it will come to pass that in course of years the public library, which began as a small thing, broadly classified for the most part, will, by inevitable pressure of circumstances, develop into an organisation of very many parts, of which not a few are very minute in size, and the change will have happened in a natural, one might almost say, in an automatic way. The library which thus expands and adapts itself to its altered conditions will ere long find itself in possession of a system of classification which is not a classification of knowledge, nor is it a classification according to a system devised for some other and perhaps quite different library ; but it is such a systematic and orderly arrangement as its immediate practical requirements have determined, and such as the books actually composing it, albeit they are a very small portion of the vast mass which embodies human knowledge and learning, have called for. For such a library happy is the librarian who has not set out by aiming at being strictly philosophical or logical, but has yet kept himself in touch with books and ideas in their scientific relations and with the fluctuations which are ever going on in science and literature. Close classification, then, in a greater or less degree, must in the long-run be the outcome of the labour of each one of us ; and in this we cannot help ourselves, even did we wish to do so. As soon as we begin to act upon the recognition that at some points and for some special purpo.ses it is desirable to bring together those books which are closely alike in their subject or treatment, and to sepa- rate out those which are unlike, we are slowly but surely driven to apply the process to an increasing number of sub- jects, and to apply it at some points in CLASSII'ICATJOy IN J'U/UJC J.lllRARIES 91 an ever greater degree of niinuleness. Dill the result is only a cause for joy ; for not only does it give us lilirarians a Letter grip of our resources, but it increases their usefulness manifold to those who have access to them. To many readers it is of the first consetiuence that they should be able to see and handle on short notice what books a library [As- sesses on some definite subject, and it is «;(|ually of consecjuence to the administra- tion of the lilir^iry tli.it tliis should be done with the least exi>enditure cjf time and physical energy. I'or this double service no more convenient way can i>e found than that which enables us to have books on a special subject ranged side by side on the shelf, with those on related subjects on either hand, and to have these at easy command to place before the reader, or to point to for his personal examination on the shelf. Hut, some one may say, no system of shelf-classification will reveal the resources of a library as a well-constructed catalogue will reveal them, for many books are coiiijjosite in their nature, and a book can only be in one place at one. time, whereas a title may appear in several places. True, but by having your books classified on the shelves you do not impede in any way the construction or usefulness of your catalogue, you only add to its value. Many readers are unskilled in the use of a complete catalogue, which must often be a complicated catalogue, even though it should be a printed one in book form, and of course their difficulties are im- mensely increased if they have to deal with a card-catalogue. 'l"o such readers the personal examination of a few of the books in the library on a special subject will in most cases be of more help than the scanning of any number of titles in a catalogue. Nor should we forget that in many subjects, especially those which arc concerned with concrete sciences, by far the largest proportion of books do treat of limited and well-defined topics, and may therefore be closely classified ; and that it would be a mistake and a loss to ignore these, with their eminent facility for classification, just because there are others which it is as evidently difficult or impossible to treat in that way. Many of the latter are such as elude the most skilful cataloguing by classes or subjects, and, so far as they are concerned, the catalogue of no library can ever be a complete guide to its resources in their subject-matter. In respect of them, and for the few thorough students who are pursuing an exhaustive research, the only true and com|)lete guide is the author- catalogue, which is and must ever remain the (inal and main stay of every librarian. In the course cjf his reading and investi- gations such a student gets to know, from books which come into his hands, from bibliographies, from library catalogues, the names of those who have written in book or other form on the subject he i.s studying ; and, having got his references to them, his concern is to ascertain whether these authors are represented in the library to which he has access, and rejjresented by the described works ; and this is information which he gels imme- diately and unerringly from a good author- catalogue. So far we have been considering only one aspect of our subject— that, namely, which relates to the advisability of arrang- ing the books on our shelves in such a way as that those which are alike shall be brought together and those which are unlike shall be separated. IJut there is yet another aspect to be considered ; and as it is not only one of prime importance, but is also inseparably connected with that just dealt with, we must, before quitting our subject, give it some atten- tion. I refer to the question of the marks which .shall be atfixed to the indi- vidual books as they stand on the shelves, for the purpose of enabling us to get them readily and accurately when we want them, and to return them to their proper places when we are done with them. This is the much-discussed ques- tion of notation, which each library tries to solve for itself, unless it adopts one or other of the forms which are associated with the names of Dewey, Cutter, Schwartz, and others. In respect of principle, notation forms divide them- selves into two systems^the one being known as the fixed location, the other as the movable or relative location. In the former a number is given to the shelf, indicating that it is such or such shelf in such or such ca.se of shelves in such or such section of the library, and that number is given to every book placed on that shelf with probably some other mark to indicate its particular place on the shelf. In the movable or relative location, on the other hand, the number given to the book has no relation to the shelf or case of shelves on which it is for the 92 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS time being placed, but is determined solely by the subject of which it treats, or by the literary form in which it is cast. To the fixed location system belongs the merit of requiring but a very small num- ber of signs to indicate the place of any book in the library, for it only requires to be marked with the sign of the case and the number of the shelf in that case, and perhaps also the order on the shelf. But beyond the merit of short and simple notation there is little to be said for the system. In particular, it has the serious, some may think the fatal, objection that in planning out your scheme of shelves, and consequently your notation for the different classes of literature, you must gauge by anticipation the probable rate of growth in the several classes. But experience must have brought it painfully home to most of us how frequently and how speedily our best calculations in this respect have been at fault, some sections overflowing their limits with embarrassing rapidity ; others, with an equal embarrass- ment, growing but slowly, or ceasing altogether to grow. The result is the same in either case — alterations in the original plan of arrangement, much altera- tion of shelf-marks on the books, and a re-doing of much of our own or our predecessors' work. It is the distinguishing merit of the movable system, on the other hand, that no such serious trouble as this can arise, and that through all changes and chances the press-mark assigned to a book re- mains the same, for it was originally determined by an essential feature, namely, by its subject or its form, and, as that cannot change, it stands for all time. A no less distinguishing merit is that it enables us to bring together the books on a particular subject or by a particular author, and to interpolate in its proper place every successive addition to the library, as well as to make fresh class sub- divisions if they are desired, and all this without disturbing the existing arrange- ments or altering the marks of the rest of the books. The convenience of this flexibility and expansiveness is a daily joy, but it is bought at a price — the price, namely, of a form of marking which, in the simplest yet devised, is still somewhat complex and, to the uninitiated, somewhat unintelligible. This is undoubtedly a disadvantage, but it is a disadvantage of which the effect may easily be e.xaggerated. My own experience inclines me to think that we may use five or six Arabic figures, if necessary, without causing trouble to either readers or staff. They are easily written and easily read, and have none of the bizarre effect produced by a notation which is composed of a combination of figures and letters. And now, before I finish, I have just one other remark to offer. It has been my endeavour to show that we are, by the force of circumstances and the operation of natural causes, constrained to go on subdividing the constituents of our lib- raries, and that it lies to each of us to work out our own classification as deter- mined by those constituents. Does this exclude the hope of our working on a common basis ? I think not. On the contrary, when we remember that, though public libraries may differ greatly in size and in the proportion of their component parts, they have a wonderful similarity in their general character and purpose. Then, remembering these things, we may, I think, reasonably hope for the develop- ment of some method of classification which shall embrace all the more import- ant subjects in their generally recognised relationships, and find that under this common method each librarian may yet be free to work out the special classifica- tion of his own library. For purposes of library comparison, and for its economy of time and thought, such a common scheme would be of priceless value, and the undertaking of it would be a feat that would be worthy of an International Conference. A. W. Robertson. LIBRARY WORK IN NEW SOUTH WALKS. (UR conditions of life in iliis young country are M) dilTerunt from those in tile older countries of the world that naturally library work is carried on in a way peculiarly our own, and suited, as we think, to the present needs of the people. It is not perhaps unnecessary to remind you that the area of New South Wales is about 300,000 square miles, while the population is less than 1,400,000. This sparse population does not tend to encourage the formation of libraries on the system pursued in Clreat Britain and the United .States. \Vc have no Library Act at [)resent, and therefore the people cannot demand the formation of local libraries out of local funds. The municipal councils have certainly the power to spend a portion of their funds on library purposes, but, generally speaking, the rates are so urgently needed for their own peculiar objects that little can be spared for books. Libraries are therefore usually started by local committees in connection with schools of arts and mechanics' institutes, and the central (iovernment subsidise such efforts by a capital grant of pound for pound and the annual subscriptions at half that rate. The cost thereby entailed on the central Government varies year by year, but probably averages ^10,000 a year. \\'henever a municipality determines to form a town library, and has got the approval of the Ciovernment to its regula- tions, a grant of ^200 is made from the public funds, solely for the purpose of forming the nucleus of a reference library, and the books are first approved by the Minister for Public Instruction. After this initial grant, the.se libraries are augmented and supported entirely from local funds. The number of institutions thus subsi- dised by the Government comprises 251 country libraries and nearly 100 municipal libraries, which altogether contain approxi- mately 1,000,000 volumes. In Sydney there are some good libraries, and 1 am informed by competent authori- ties that the quantity and quality of reading done in the subscription libraries are both very high. Booksellers in London have also assured me that the Australian colonies generally buy a high class of literature, and that even among the works of fiction tho.se of the classical and literary schools form a wonderfully high percent- age. The Sydney School of Arts is a sub- scrijjtion library containing over 65,000 volumes, the issues consisting largely of fiction. It is a good library of its class, and occupies an analogous position to the subscription library of British cities. The Sydney University has a good library of about 50,000 volumes, chosen chiefly, of course, for academic purposes. The Royal Society and Linnasan Society have each an excellent scientific library, strong in serial publications best adapted to their special requirements. There are se\eral very good, well- equipped book club.s, corresponding to your Mudie's, and there are many very good private libraries, chief among which is that of Mr. David Scott Mitchell, M.A., who has got together a unique collection of Australian literature. The public library of New South Wales is purely a State institution, being under the control of the Minister of Public In- struction and supported by a Parliamentary vote, which amounted to ^^6970 for last year, but was ;^ 10,000 six years ago. It is controlled by a board of twelve trustees, to whose wise judgment, aided by Mr. R. C. A\'alker, the late principal librarian, the present high intrinsic value of this national library is largely due. 93 94 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS They are appointed by the Government, and the present president is the Hon. James Norton, LL.D., M.L.C. Its functions are various, for it embraces a reference library, in which we are trying to get the best AustraHan collection possible, also a lending branch and a country library branch, which lends boxes of books to country libraries, which thereby get a class of literature that would not otherwise be available to them. During 1 896 our stock of books numbered 1 16,000 volumes ; the number of visits was 415,182, the daily average being 1167. In the lending branch there are 25,293 volumes. The borrowers during 1896 numbered 6061, and the number of issues was 89,890. Fiction comprises 11.7 per cent, of the total volumes, and 28.3 per cent, of the total issues. We also issued boxes of books to 1 7 2 libraries in remote centres, containing 14,208 volumes. I cannot speak too highly of this branch of our educational work, which is extended to any group of students in lonely country places, and is of great benefit to teachers, clergymen, cultured men and women of various degrees, and students who are striving to improve their minds or to raise themselves out of the narrower environ- ment in which they happen to be placed. We have seventy - four boxes that are constantly equipped for this work, but we also make up special boxes to suit the peculiar needs of any group of students who apply for the library's assistance. The library staff has other duties to perform, among them being the adminis- tration of the Copyright Act, the editing and publishing of the Historical Records of New South Wales, — a very valuable work, of which five large volumes have already been issued, — and all the distribut- ing business connected with the Board of International Exchanges. As chairman of that Board I shall be glad to open communication with any important library which can profitably use our Government publications, and can offer us in exchange any State, historical, or scientific publications that will be of value to any of our Government departments or to our national library. A few words about our internal adminis- tration may not be out of place. Our stafi" consists entirely of the inferior sex at present, but I believe that our Public Service Commissioners consider our work peculiarly suited for women, — and the experience of librarians in Great Britain and the United States fully supports this view, — so that, when it is necessary to appoint some more juniors, I believe that they will comprise two intelligent, well- educated girls, one of whom may repre- sent the public library of New South Wales at the International Conference which will meet in Sydney about fifty years hence. The junior assistants are chosen by our Public Service Commission after a competitive examination, which ensures the selection of intelligent, well-educated young lads of seventeen years of age. I hold classes for the junior officers, which I have found invaluable for training these assistants to thoroughly understand our own system of cataloguing and index- ing, and to deal intelligently with the public whom we have to serve. \\'e have to deal with all classes of the community, and I have found that the young men who come first into contact with visitors must be far more than messengers : my aim has therefore been to enable them to be of use to the inquirer for information, and thus leave the assistant librarians and myself free for our own special duties. I can speak highly of the good feeling en- gendered in the younger members of the staff by these classes, and have always the satisfaction of feeling that I have ready to my hand a succession of m.en well fitted to accept higher duties and responsi- bilities in our own or any other similar library, and to efficiently fill any vacancy that may arise on our own staff. The system of cataloguing we have adopted is one that we found best adapted to our conditions. We have our own printing staff, and the books are catalogued by author-entry in monthly batches, and the printed slips cut up and pasted into two current volumes for the use of the reading-rooms. These different galleys are kept standing till the end of the year, then they are put into alphabetical order, set up in pages, and published as a yearly supplement. At the end of the second year this supplement is combined with the current year's slips, and a two years' supplement is thus avail- able. This process goes on for five years, so that our supplements will not be too frequent, and at the same time always kept up to date. The author - catalogue comprises the first part of each supplement, and the second consists of a subject-index, in which classes, sub-classes, sections, and subject- headings are given in alphabetical order, LI BRAKY WORK IN NEIV SOUTH WAJ.ES 95 and every Ixiok is placed under its own appropriate siit)je( I headings. After the (ierce, not to say Ijlood- thirsty, controversy which was waged in your l.il'iary some months ago on llu; res|)ec:tive merits of tlie classifieil and dictionary systems, I ho|)e tliat my scali) will he safe when I say that I feel that tiie dictionary system of classifying or index- ing the i)Ooks is the better suited for our general students, and certainly nnich better suited for the I'asual visitor and the aver- age library assistant. In order to have no confusion among the five men who are more or less engaged upon indexing our library, I have coni|)iled a guide to the library, a copy of which I submit for your criticism. This contains sixty-six rules for cataloguing, in com|)iling which I freely used, as far as my circum- stances demanded, those excellent rules of Mr. Cutter. I have made fre(iuent references to his name to indicate my obligation for the basis of some of my rules, and I now offer him, on behalf of myself, and I believe I can say on behalf of every librarian in Australia, our grateful thanks for the unselfish and in\aluable work he has done, in common with other British and American librarians, for library workers throughout the world. His name is fre(iuently invoked in my library, and always with gratitude and respect. The guide also gives very full details and particular examples for dealing with (iov- ernment [niblications from all countries; and here I would venture to express the ho[)e that our large American libraries may some day agree on a conuuon method of nomenclature for their State depart- ments. In one good catalogue you will find a pul)lication placed under United States — Department of War ; in another, equally good, you will find the same work under United States — War Department. Surely one of these is the right way. At anyrate, we have adopted one way, and, whether it be always right or not, it shall be always consistent. Perhaps this guide will be of use to my American fellow-librarians in showing them the recognised sub-headings for Australia in general and each colony in particular. It is just as absurd for a large library to place the publications of the Government departments of New South Wales under the general heading Australia as it would be for us to place the New York State publications under the general heading United States or North America. In order to practically grouj) together all co-related subjects, we have given in the guide all the subjecl-headingH now used in our index- about 5ooO'-making cross-references from the large general classes to the smaller subclasses, sections, and allied subject-headings. Thus, under Agriculture, there are cross-references to 43 sub-classes and sections contained in the class Agriculture or closely allied to it, and under each sub-class there are sinular cross-references, l-lach subject-heading is cross-referred to any other ihat is similar or ro-related, and every synonym is given with its ap|)ropriate reference. This guide enables a number of cata- loguers to work at the same time on one and the same plan, and consequently our catalogues, whatever their other defects may be, will not be disfigured by the inconsistent class-entries that are so efTcc- tual in concealing the contents of a library. The number of index-entries for each volume averages four to five. We find it expedient to print index- sujiplements only twice a year ; and these supplements are grouped tf)gether each year, as with the author -catalogue, and forms the second part to the latter. A yearly supplement, such as that for 1896, which I submit for your inspection, thus fills about 183 pages of royal quarto, of which 77 pages are occupied with the index, in printing which we use Clarendon ty|)e for the headings, and brevier for the entries. I lately received from America a list of subject-headings for a dictionary-catalogue, which I compared very carefully with my own ; and I was gratified to find that we were all working on fairly similar lines, and, if I had received such a list two years ago, might have saved myself many hours of hard work. After a long visit to Great Britain's national library at the British Museum, I may say that we are working on lines very similar to those of that great institu- tion, and I shall be very proud to continue to build our national library on this grand model. As delegate from Victoria as well as New South Wales, I should say a few words about the library system of ^'ictoria, the neighbouring colony ; but as Mr. E. La T. Armstrong, LL.B., the librarian of the Melbourne Public Library, may possibly write an account of it for publication in your proceedings, I shall content myself by saying that in general principles the 96 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS library work of the two colonies is identical. The public library of Melbourne — the State library of Victoria — is a very fine one, both as to its books and its building. It has adopted the card system of cataloguing, and thus keeps its catalogue up to date in a manner even more prompt, if somewhat less durable, than our own. To this library's trustees is due the credit of taking the necessary steps to convene a meeting for the purpose of forming an Australian Library Association. This was very successfully formed at Mel- bourne last year, and the next meeting is fixed to take place at Sydney next Easter. I shall conclude by expressing the hope that our association will emulate the excellent example of the older associa- tions of Great Britain and America, on whose model it is based, and whose ex- cellent work will ever be of the highest educational value to your distant brother- librarians in Australasia, and an incentive to us to work unselfishly and heartily for the advancement of libraries, which we all deem so important a factor in the higher education of the people. Henry C. L. Anderson. r"'i? - *r* — y^ • fi^a .?rft»£^^"^ Illl'. IIISIOKV AND CAI AI.OGUING Ol' TllK NATIONAL Akl I. HORARY. Ill'', i\.-ition;il Art l.ilirary :irKl the museum wliich ii adjoins were founded is|)ecially for the use of (raftsmen and designers. Tliis end has, however, most untortuiiatcly not been all along kept in view, and I for one regret that the museum did not receive for its title the Museum of Applied Art, or the Indus- trial Art Museum, or some such title, which would have been a constant reminder that it was not intended to be a jjlace of popular amusement, but an institution designed to help the British craftsman to compete successfully with foreigners. In July 1890 the keepership of the library became vacant by the death of my dear friend, Mr. Soden -Smith, well known to many here [)resent for his archaeological knowledge and his extreme urbanity. I was a[)[)ointed to succeed him. When I entered on my duties, in August 1890, I found that there had never been any rules drawn up for the guidance of cata- loguers, beyond that of following their own common -sense. The catalogue in use in the reading-room was in its way a curiosity. It consisted of sixty-three oblong volumes, in which were laid down all the entries in the Uni7'(rsal Catalos^ie of Books on Art, su[)plemented by MS. titles of books acquired subsequently to the publication of that compilation ; so that it was really a catalogue of books in the library and of books relating to art not in the library. As the system of leaving each individual member of the staff to catalogue accessions according to his own ideas could not be allowed to continue, I set to work at once to draw- up a set of rules. All works acquired since the first of September 1890 have been catalogued in 13 accordance with those rules. In order to secure absolute uniformity, every slip was, during four years, revised by me before being .sent to the printers. Since the com- mencement of 1895 I have gradually entrusted more and more of this duty to my able and careful assistant, Mr. Palmer. Since the commencement of 1893 the catalogue of the books acquired each week has been sent to the printers on the Monday following, and a printed proof of this has been, with very few exceptions, posted in the reading-room on the Friday. I believe I am correct in saying that ours is the only library in Europe in which newly- acquired works are so soon made accessible to readers. I should here add that, whereas formerly the titles only of reviews and of the publications of learned societies were entered in the catalogue, now every article relating to art has a separate entry. By this system we not only draw the attention of readers to the existence of these articles, but we are safeguarded from purchasing copies printed apart, which are not only always issued at a relatively higher price, but have to be bound, and take up shelf room. I will mention an example, to show how this works out. The twenty-six volumes of memoirs read at the annual general meetings of the French Departmental Societies of Fine Arts contain from thirty to fifty memoirs each. The volume for 1895 contains fifty-two memoirs. By cataloguing these when the volume came in, we avoid all risk of buying the memoirs separately. The memoirs in the collected one-volume form cost 7 s. 6d. ; purchased separately, they would cost from ;^6 to ;^io. Then we should have to make fifty-two entries instead of one in the inventory, should have fifty-two pamphlets to bind and dust 98 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS periodically, and the shelf room required would be three times as great. A general catalogue under the names of authors is an absolute necessity in a library, but such a catalogue, however perfect, is far from supplying all that is needed. It is certain that the value of any library would be immensely increased if properly-classified class-catalogues were available. This is especially the case in a library frequented by craftsmen and artists, who are seldom acquainted with the names of authors of their own country, much less with those of foreign writers. In order to supply this want, I have devised a plan by which we are forming a series of thirty- three classified class-catalogues, enabling students to ascertain in a few minutes what the library contains on any particular branch or subdivision of art. Each main title written for the general or dictionary catalogue is endorsed with the indication of the class-catalogue in which the book or article should be entered, specifying, moreover, the section and subdivision. When the weekly list of accessions has been printed, copies of the slips, with headings transcribed from the endorse- ments, are at once placed in boxes set apart for them. If a reader wishes to know what books or articles the library contains by any particular author, he has to consult the general catalogue. If, on the other hand, he wants to ascertain what it contains on any par- ticular subject, he will consult the class- catalogue relating to it, and will there find a chronological list of all books and articles on that subject. To the title of each work are appended cross-references to articles or correspondence to which its publication may have given rise, also to reviews which are not mere summaries. In addition to our weekly catalogues of new publications we print monthly cata- logues of works acquired before 1890, and I hope that, in the course of a few years, not only every book but every article relating to any branch of art will be made easily accessible. At the end of last June the card-catalogue commenced by me in September 1890 contained 32,097 entries, the classified class-catalogues over 70,000. W. H. James Weale. REMINISCENCES OF LIBRARY WORK IN LIVKRI'OOL DURING FORTY YEARS. Tlul slein. Everythinj^ modest and ' is nearly forty-four years since I issued the first liooit from one of the two liranch lending libraries istablished in I.iverjjool in 1853. w.is Mrs. Shelley's fninkcn- about that library was uni)retenlious. It began with one thousand volumes and thirty readers, was located in a schoolroom, and was 0j)en during two evenings in the week for two hours. That was the time of tentative work, for it fell to the lot of Manchester and Liverjjool, as the pioneers of free libraries in England, to ex])eriment and prove for themselves many things in library economy which other libraries established later have had the benefit of. The books issued during that first evening numbered seventeen, seven of which were nautical tales by Marryatt and Cooper— a clear proof, you will doubtless say, of literary taste being governed by environment. One of the volumes issued on that evening, I well remember, was The Flora of Liverpool, a book which was re- sponsible for many an ejaculation the reverse of pious among our more youth- ful readers, who knew nothing of book classification, and whose minds were intent more on tales of adventure and romance than on acquiring a knowledge of plants. Most of those who asked for and received that useful little book imagined The Flora of Liverpool to be a ship, and fondly expected to have the pleasure of reading some thrilling tale of sea life and adventure. In one or two cases Flora was pictured as a local beauty and breaker of hearts. I need hardly say that that day of small things with us has grown into a day of much larger things, and that in connection with this one Ijranch alone it has been considered desirable to spend some ^13,000 in providing fitting accommoda- tion for its many thousands of books and readers. It seems to me now, that among those who came to our library in those early years of its e.xistence there were propor- tionately more earnest, persevering, and determined readers than at present. A desire to remedy deficiencies of early education and to read new books for the sake of what they contained attracted not a few. 1 )uring the first year of lending only a little more than half the books issued were novels and romances. In those days we called all tales and stories — except, of course, those in metrical form — novels and romances. We were innocent then of "juveniles " in making up statistics, and we had not learnt the art of bribing readers into taking out a volume of music, history, or philosophy by letting them have a second ticket of membership. All these things have been taught us by a younger school of librarians. Readers of fiction, when disappointed of getting the particular book they wanted, could not be persuaded then, as they can now, into taking a volume of one of the many popular illustrated monthlies, which, though largely devoted to fiction, are not commonly classified under that head. We had, it is true, Blackwood, Bentley, Fraser, Sharpe, the A^ew Monthly, and others of similar kind, but none of them, I think, will compare as popular magazines with Harper, Century, Fall .\fall. Strand, the Idler, and others. It will thus be inferred that our 44 or 45 per cent, of books issued other than novels and 99 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS romances, or prose fiction (as our American friends have taught us to classify them), were books of a somewhat solid character. There was some heroic reading done by the members of the library in its early years. One reader read consecutively the whole of RoUin's Ancient History, Alison's Europe, Gibbon's Rome, and Ranke's Popes, and another the Universal History, Gibbon, Macaulay, and Lingard. And there were others like them. Persistent, steady reading like this is now comparatively rare. Magazines, reviews, and journals have to a great extent, particularly with commercial people, superseded the text-book, and the drift of public taste in reading is steadily in their direction. Something of breadth and independence of thought and depth of knowledge may be lost by readers thus confining themselves to the brevity of magazine articles ; but it is obvious that if people desire to know something of the many subjects which are always more or less engaging public attention, and if they are closely employed in business, they cannot do more than inform themselves through the medium of magazines and reviews. Elementary and other schools have undoubtedly raised the level of general education, but, except in the direction of the scientific and literary magazines and reviews, the statistics of public libraries did not indicate this fact. When I was a junior I knew the book- taste of the majority of the readers fre- quenting the library to which I belonged, and could always satisfactorily help them when they were disappointed in not getting some particular book they were in quest of. And the help was not all in one direction. I, in turn, had often the benefit of bits of shrewd criticism and bibliographical information from them. It is the benefit I gained in this way that makes me now so indifferent to placing obstacles in the way of librarian and reader coming into personal contact. I fully recognise the merits of the indicator, but it is one of my " obstacles." Of course, if readers would supply us with written opinions of the various books they read (I don't mean on the margins of the pages) and bibliographical tit-bits, the indicator might be dismissed on the charge I have preferred against it ; but it is just possible that we might have too much of a good thing, and find ourselves over- burdened with such riches. The follow- ing piece of criticism, evidently written by a girl, was recently found in one of our books. As the young lady intended her remarks for all readers of the book criticised, it may be not out of place if I read it here. " Dear reader, — Don't you think it is a pity they don't let dear Irene live? — she is the nicest girl in the book. I should have been delighted if she had married Walter. Hilda is too selfish ; I don't like her a bit. I like Willie and Aunt Dorothy exceedingly. The Arnison family are too good altogether." Now, will anyone say after this that the reading of novels is wholly unprofitable ? This girl critic despises the selfishness of Hilda, and decidedly objects to her attain- ing the honourable estate of matrimony in preference to Irene, who has to be content with the love of the gods and die young. Further, she sees in the Arnison family the " unco guid," and despises their hypocrisy accordingly. If our young friend has learnt to despise selfishness and hypocrisy, or only increased her contempt for them, by reading this book, it has done her good. Librarians have often to find excuses or good and sufficient reasons for what the opponents or lukewarm friends of free libraries call the excessive and dispro- portionate number of novels circulated, compared with books of a more solid and educational character. Perhaps, therefore, this little piece of girlish criticism may be useful to them. It is this charge of exces- sive novel - reading which causes us in our annual reports to emphasise any diminution of this class of hterature and corresponding increase in the higher classes. Personally I am always ready to do this, for, while I believe in the useful- ness of the novel, I think at the same time that the inveterate reader of them would add to his mental bone and sinew if he would vary his reading a little oftener with books of a more thoughtful kind. How to induce such readers to do this is not by any means out of the province of a public librarian. Looking back again to the youthful days of the branch library to which I belonged, it appears to me that our readers then were much more appreciative of and grateful for their opportunities of borrowing books than they are now. It was then regarded as a boon, now as a right. Our library had not been estab- lished very long before some of the readers became wishful to have the opportunity REMINISCENCED OF LIliRARY WORK IN LIVERPOOL loi of givin({ expression to their iaudaljlc feelings, and so some of Iheni met to- gether one evening in order to discuss the matter and arrange a suitable occasion. As a pulilic dinner after tlie orlliodux lOnglish fashion was not likely to l)e resi>onded to on account of the expense, a tea-iiarty was resolved up(jn instead, which came off in due course. A member of our library committee presided, and s[)eeches were delivered wliicli liad the appraisement of free libraries and those who administered them as their principal themes. As may be expected, there were rounds of applause. The great event of the evening, however, was the recitation of a poem written for the occasion by a v/orking - man reader, a brushmaker by trade. It was as remarkable a [jroduction, both in sentiment anil versification, as could be imagined. But versification is nothing when the sentiment it encases is noble and inspiring. \Vhen the reciter uttered with marked deliberation and emphasis the line, " The heart that beats fondest is found in the stays," the burst of applause which greeted the sentiment showed unmistakably how deeply it had affected the audience. It is just forty years since we sought to popularise our lending libraries by circu- lating vocal and instrumental music. This gave great satisfaction to a number of persons, and the circulation of music has formed a feature of the work of all our libraries ever sirtce. If it is not too late in the day to make the recommendation, I would enjoin all lib- rarians to let the music of the great composers have a place on their shelves and enter into competition for popularity with novels. As an instance of catholicity of taste among lovers of music, we were asked recently by a young woman for The Gaiety Girl or The Messiah. The introduction of books for the blind, about the same time as we began to circulate music, came as a blessing to an unfortunate class. We published a little list of the books, and, by means of a local society for visiting the blind in their own homes and teaching them to read, we made known to them the books which were at their service in the library. \\'e further suspended the library rules affect- ing the return of books, and practically permitted the return of them just as weather and opportunity permitted. I remember one of those early blind readers very well, for he made me a confidant and a writer of his love-letters. He has long passed away to where I presume love-letters are not written, otherwise the JSraille system would now enable him to write his own, and so keep them inviolate. I felt at times that he suspected I had a twinkle in my eye as he dictated .some of his most endearing ei)ithets. He carried a watch, and when he entered the library one of the first things he usually inquired from us was the time of day. He then proceeded to feel the time on the dial of his watch, and adjust its fingers with his own if our time and his did not agree. The long absence from the library of another blind reader led me once to in(iuire the cause, when he told me that in the winter - time he was prevented a good deal from reading through the cuticle of his finger-tips becoming hard and in- sensitive through the cold. It will be seen that a librarian, if, like Harkis, he is " willin'," may make himself very u.seful in his generation. He will certainly have the opportunities, but it depends upon temperament whether or not he makes use of them. I have al- ready stated that I consider any induce- ment to readers to vary their reading a little more than many of them do with the more directly instructive in literature is within the sphere of a librarian's duties. It is a delicate thing for a librarian to assume the role of mentor, for to attempt giving, unsolicited, the mildest form of advice as to what should or should not be read might be regarded as interference, and so resented. A librarian actuated with the best in- tentions in this way, but wanting in a little knowledge of human nature, might easily do more harm than good. Our more illiterate readers often show a preference for borrowing useful books when they are introduced to them and otherwise made acquainted with their existence. Not being accustomed to read the literary reviews or hear new books discussed and criticised, they have no means of knowing what books have been recently published or anything about their contents. Any means, therefore, taken by a librarian to bring readers and books together cannot fail to be an advantage. Some librarians speak favourably of exhibiting a selection of books on the librar\- desk or counter, either in a glass-case, or so that they can be freely handled ; and those who advocate CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS open access to the library shelves testify to its effect in increasing the demand for books in the higher classes of literature. This is not the first time I have borne personal testimony to the largely-increased issue of our technical books several years ago, produced by means of a small cata- logue or hand-list of them circulated gra- tuitously in the workshops of Liverpool. Hand-lists of books on special subjects in our reference library have been printed from time to time and presented gratis to all who applied for them. Many persons have borne testimony to the use these lists have been in revealing to them what books on the several subjects were at their command. Another way of popularising the public library and making known its contents is to invite, from time to time, the various local literary and scientific societies, and display for their delectation such books as members would regard with the greatest favour and interest. As a simple inducement to scientific, historical, and geographical reading, the free popular lecture in connection with public libraries deserves to be mentioned on such an occasion as the present. It is well on for forty years since the com- mittee of the Liverpool libraries instituted free lectures, and the unquestionable benefit which has resulted from their delivery has proved the wisdom of their institution and served to establish them as a part of our ordinary library work. If any librarian is anxious to evolve the scientist and philosopher from the ■working man, he v.-ill have, I think, a better chance of attaining his object through the medium of lectures made attractive and interesting by means of lime-light illustrations, simple experiments, or maps and diagrams, than by supplying him indiscriminately with "dime novels and story weeklies." It is a fact that old and young of both sexes attend such lectures, and give unmistakable evidence of their apprecia- tion and comprehension of them, who will not read books on the same subjects. To obtain an average of 1200 persons at some forty to fifty lectures every winter is complete evidence of their popularity, and full justification of our administering, so to speak, the pith and marrow of many of our books in this attractive way. That books are referred to by those who have heard our lectures and wish to know something more about the subjects treated of in them, we know with certainty ; but even if books are not referred to, it almost goes without saying that none can listen to such lectures without coming away wiser and better. It is not necessary for me to proceed further in enumerating the directions in which the public library might be made useful, and even a blessing, to a com- munity. Those which I have recorded have stood the test of some forty years, and are likely to bear a still longer test. The librarian whose heart is in his work will never fail to discover new ways of public usefulness, and will, when neces- sary, adapt the old ways to the ideas and feeling of his day. Peter Cowell. ^^52^ I'UIU.IC I.ll'.RARY AKCillTlCCTURK I-'ROM TlIK I.IHRARIAN'S STANDPOINT. ' i\ .sliorl [japcr, only ex- cctud to last fifteen minutes, it is manifestly impossible to go into the ilrt.iils of library archi- I'Cture, and I can only lujpe to bring betore your notice some few points which seem to me to have received little consideration in many of our more im])ortant library buildings. A librarian naturally considers the (|ues- tion of library architecture from the utili- tarian point of view rather than from the artistic. He is chiefly concerned with the internal arrangements of the building, and its adaptability for the proper performance of the work to be carried on within its walls. Of course every building should combine an artistic exterior with a well- arranged plan ; but if both cannot be obtained, the librarian would prefer that the plan should be perfect, even if it is at the expense of the elevation. The first and most important considera- tion is the provision of a suitable site. This should be central, so as to be easily accessible, and on a main street, so as to be readily seen by strangers and visitors. It should be as c|uiet as possible, and not have surroundings likely to inter- fere with the comfort of the readers and the safety of its contents. Above all, it should be large enough not only for pre- sent needs, but for the future extension both of shelving for books and accom- modation for an increased number of readers. Few architects seem to have realised the rapid growth of our public libraries, and consecjuently we see in all directions that costly buildings have been erected, which should, in the ordinary course of events, last one hundred years, but which in a decade are found to be too small both for the books and readers. The idea which the architect has formed of the public library and its work has been founded, insensibly perhaps, on the almost moribund cathedral or college library, with a very limited income and a growth chiefly dej)endent u[)on the casual gifts of the few persons interested in it. The stock of the town's library, on the contrary, advances with lea[)s and bounds, and the larger it is, the more likely is it to attract to itself and absorb smaller collec- tions ; and so it needs almost indefinite space for expansion. The rate of growth has been much accelerated during the last few years from the wonderful cheapening of the cost of book production, and the consequent increase of the purchasing power of library incomes. A few figures taken from a table in my book on Library Architeclure^ \;'\\\ illustrate my point. '1 he total stock in 1875 •^'^ '^^ central libraries only of Birmingham, Bolton, Cardift', Glasgow, Leeds, Liver- pool, Manchester, and Nottingham, was 276,000 volumes. In twenty years' time, at the end of 1895, ^^^ stock was over 800,000, a growth of nearly three times. In 1875 the total issue in the central libraries of these towns was, roughly, one and a half million, but in 1895 ''^^ issue had increased to nearly four millions — an increase the more marvellous when it is remembered that branch lending libraries and news-rooms have been opened in the suburbs of most of the towns, to relieve the pressure upon the central establishment. It will be seen, therefore, that in procuring a site for a central library it is most important to obtain a large one, for it will be fatal to the work if the building is only large enough for > "The Library Series," edited by Dr. R. Gamett ; vol. ii. Library Construction and Archittcture, by F. I. Burgoyne, 1897. 103 I04 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS present needs and cannot be extended in the near future. Some of you may think that I have exaggerated the probable rate of growth of new hbraries, but examples may be seen in all directions. Here in London, the Battersea Central Library, only erected in 1890, is to be enlarged forthwith. In the provinces the central library at Man- chester, opened in 1852, has been re- moved to new premises, and now has out- grown them, and needs a second removal. Leeds, opened in 1872, Glasgow in 1877, have both outgrown their original build- ings, and are now in new buildings, which have also in turn proved too small, while the central libraries of Birmingham, opened in 1866, and Liverpool in 1853, have had to be enlarged by the absorption of adjoining properties, and, in the case of Birmingham, need enlarging a second time. The internal arrangements or plan of the building will, to a great extent, depend upon local wants. A central library should at least contain rooms for the reading of newspapers, periodicals, magazines, and books, both for adults and children, and a lending library for issuing books for home reading. To these may be added, if funds and space permit, many other useful adjuncts, such as a lecture hall, art gallery, museum, rooms for classes and for the meetings of learned societies, thus making the library the intellectual centre of the life of the town in which it is placed. The newspaper and magazine rooms are best situated near the entrance, where they are easy of access, for many of the readers will want to use them for but a few minutes daily. They should not be too large — two rooms each 50' x 30' are much less noisy than one 60' x 50', and smaller rooms are generally less draughty and easier to ventilate than larger ones. The lending department in most of the British libraries is separate from the refer- ence department — the books forming two distinct libraries, with separate numbering and classification ; roughly speaking, the cheaper books going into the lending department, and the dearer being reserved for reading upon the premises. Li the United States the arrangement seems different ; the whole of the books in the library form one collection, and it is allow- able to the reader to have any book either for home reading or perusal upon the premises. The difificulty of printing a complete catalogue of the whole of the books in a library seems to me an objection to the American plan. Our readers are not con- tent with a MS. or card catalogue, which can only be consulted upon the premises; they expect to be able to purchase for sixpence a printed catalogue of the books available for home reading. This they can consult at home, and from it they can make a list, send a messenger for their book, and so save the trouble of a per- sonal visit. Such a catalogue can be reprinted and brought up to date every three or four years, for the growth of the lending department will be comparatively slow, as the new books will take the place of those discarded from being worn out, or as being of but ephemeral interest. It is no hardship to a reader to have to use a card catalogue for the books of reference, for he has to visit the library to use the books. Before the lending department is planned, the method of issue to be adopted should be considered and settled. If it is decided to have the " open access " system, it will be necessary to provide at least twice as much floor area for the books than will be necessary if the public are not allowed to go to the shelves. A different arrangement of counters and fixtures will also be necessary, and, if an indicator system of issue is adopted, ample counter space for its display, with light on both of its sides, must be pro- vided. The height of the counter will also require careful consideration. Con- sideration of these matters should prove to library committees the importance of appointing a librarian competent to aid their judgment, before instructions are given to the architect to design a building. The method of shelving the books should also be determined before pre- paring plans. It must be decided whether the books are to be arranged in alcoves, or around the walls of the rooms to which the public have access, or whether they shall be shelved in separate stack-rooms. The latter system, of course, is the most economical of space, but in practice it will be found that a combination of both systems will probably be most ad- vantageous. The height of the shelving is now hardly a question for discussion ; we are all agreed that high shelving is a mistake, and no book should be placed where it cannot be reached without the aid of a ladder. The proper lighting of the library is rUIH.IC I.IIIKAKV ARCIII riiCTUUlL 'OS most im[)ortant, and tlic arcliiii-ci sliouUi adopt a style wliidi alKjws liigh windows witl) square to])s. The windows should l)c |)laccd as high as possiliit; from tin; floors, to allow the light to travel readily over the bookcases, newspaper-stands, and other furniture. Double windows are necessary where the street tralTic is heavy, and large S(iiiares of jjlatc glass are better than small panes or leaded lights. If light can only be obtained from one side of a room, care should be taken to have it of a moderate width, say twenty-five feet, but, if the room is lofty and the windows high in the walls, it may be thirty. In one-storey buildings to[) lights can be obtained, but they should always be double and have an inner glass ceiling to interce|)t the direct rays of the sun and prevent draughts in cold weather, caused by the heated air chilling against the outer cold gkass and falling bark again ii|)on the readers. The great trouble of skylights is the difficulty of keeping them rain()roof. This can be minimised by inserting the glass only in the clerestory and not in the slope of the lantern. The best artificial light for a library is the electric. \\'here gas is cheap electricity will be a little more expensive, but the saving in other ways compensates for the difference in cost. In none but the largest libraries will it pay to manu- facture the light, if it can be purchased from a comj)any at anything below 8d. per Board of Trade unit. If from any cause it is necessary to provide an in- stallation and manufacture the light, the machinery should be [)laced in a separate detached building away from the library. If it is placed within the main building, the noise and vibration will soon be found to be a nuisance of the first magnitude. The best kind of gas lighting is some system which conveys all the products of combustion into ventilating shafts and so away from the interior of the building. Probably, the most economical form would be a combination of incandescent burners and ventilators similar to those used in the well-known sun-burner systems. The heating and ventilation of large buildings is a very wide question. In England most of our libraries are heated by hot water on the low-pressure system, but I notice that in America steam and hot air seem to be the favourite methods. With these it is usual to use a thermostat for regulating the heat, an instrument invented by Dr. Ure about 1830, but which has not come into general use in 14 tin; land of its birth. I would b<- glad if some of my auditors from Anicrira who have i)ractical experience would give u» a few facts a-s to how it works and as to its reliability. Whatever system of heating is used, it is imjjortant that all pii)es convey- ing the heat should be easily accessible, in order that they may be iM.-riodically cleansed from dust. Here the librarian is apt to come into collision with the architect, for the latter gentleman generally objects to the look of e.xposed pipes ruiming round the walls of the rooms, and wants to bury them in trenches and put them out of sight under gratings, where they will collect dirt and dust, and as soon as heated give it off in fine charred particles for consumption by the readers. All large buildings should have some mechanical method of ventilation, and not trust to the mere opening and closing of windows. A little reflection will show- that it is impossible for the same inlets and outlets, which are satisfactory in summer, when the outside air is, say, 20" warmer than the inside, to be also efficacious in winter, when the air inside the building is 30" to 40° warmer than the external. Of the various mechanical methods of ventilation, the system in use in the Aberdeen Public Library seems to be as near perfection as possible. There the air is pumped into the building, in summer being cooled and washed from dust and other impurities by being drawn through a moistened screen of manilla hemp. In winter it is afterwards warmed by passing over steam pipes suitably heated. The air enters the rooms by inlets some six feet high in the walls, and leaves them through grated openings close to the floor, which lead to a large shaft, with exit in the roof. A full description of the work- ing of the system from the pen of our colleague, Mr. Robertson, will be found in vol. vi. of The Lihrary. In reading over this paper I am con- scious that I have said nothing new or fresh. It is simply an appeal to architects and committees to see that common-sense is used in the planning of new libraries. But common-sense must be properly informed before it can come to reasonable con- clusions ; and so I would urge all who intend building, to most fully consider what their prospective wants are likely to be before they either buy a site or give their architect instructions to prepare the plans of their future " Palace of Delight." Fr.\XK I. BVRGOVNE. LIBRARY ARCHITECTURE FROM THE ARCHITECT'S STANDPOINT. ^■ENTURE to address the Conference of Librari- ans through being moved with some fear that the true character of archi- tectural beauty is in danger of being neglected in the build- ings which contain libraries, and that a divorce may be improperly made be- tween an art and a science which are legally, and in no case more fitly, united than in providing a home for the highest and widest embodiments in litera- ture of the poems and romances, as well as of the indexed facts and described sciences, as yet revealed to and discovered by the mind ; and inasmuch as the pur- suit of architecture herself involves excur- sions into those delightful concatenations of literature and art, of writing and draw- ing, of elucidation and illustrations, which constitute both architectural books and an architectural library, I may beg sympathy while hinting, implying, urging, and I hope proving those eloquent artistic con- victions which are expressed in didactic arguments so well known to you all, within lettered bindings bearing such legends as The Seven Lamps of Architecture, or The Stones of Venice — convictions which in idyllic reality colour the visions of all the poets of bliss, and give splendour to the settings of the fictitious characters of romance ; and as upon these the public mind founds its ideals and recreates itself, they surely may demand the attention and awaken the interest, if not enthusiasm, of library lovers. Fear as to the treatment of this aspect of library buildings is not necessarily based upon an assumption that boorish neglect of fine art or mere Philistinism have dictated an abstinence in the em- ployment of either architects or their architectural wares ; they are, at all events, sufficiently in evidence in modern libraries to dispel such an idea ; but, owing to the considerable attention demanded to the practical working out of a public library, the function of the architect is in some danger of being supposed to consist only of solving the problems of the arrange- ment of the rooms, so that the work of the librarian and the access of the public may be facilitated with economy and respectability. The many pubHc libraries of recent years in England illustrate the evolution of an interesting and successful type of plan for buildings of a moderate size, varying naturally with the requirements of site and locality, but always economical, manageable, and useful. There are so many examples of successful planning of this class that no public or private bodies, or architects, are in much need of preced- ents for their schedule of requirements or arrangements. Upon such matters the librarian is the authority, and the collation of facts and requirements of the working of buildings, with critical estimates upon those already in existence, by such prac- tised authorities as Mr. Greenwood and Mr. Burgoyne, removes difficulty in the provision of data for the architect's work. Without regarding all the problems con- nected with library planning as completely solved, we can yet well afford now to insert our plea for the higher art, which, accepting the facts of the plan, as arrived at in the best adaptation of the rooms and parts to their respective uses, desires to illuminate the utility of the structure with the impression of the pleasurable exercise of thought by the designer, and, appealing to the onlooker, awaken those sympathies of interest and enjoyment which we ex- press in the admiration of beauty. io6 ARCnriT.CTURE FROM THE ARCHITECT'S STANDJ'OJNT 107 Among all classes of puljlic Iniildings no oni; so iitlraclivcly (.onihini-'s (j|)|jor- tunitics lur the i)roi)cr display of archi- tectural cx|)rcssion as a Iniildiii^; tliat is ()rimarily devoted to wiiat 1 would venture to describe as intellectual utility,— that has practical service in mental enj(jynient and ini|)rovement, that is a delightful necessity, and has actual concrete value as well as [)oetic ideal [uirpose. Without staying to speak of the varying motives which bring within its walls the readers, for whose use a library is built — as varied as the scope and [)ur|)ort of all its books — itself a microcosm of the universe, the idea which originates and maintains a public library, as a means of providing an increase of knowledge and ()leasure in the lives of the community, is analogous to the vital motive of the great constructive art, which in building builds picasurably, alike ministering to utility and beauty, in its own prose of use and rhythm of design. Appealing thus to that which is intellectual in man, how consistent should not such a building be with its genius ! and, as cliief among its many i)ur|joses of satis- factory pleasure, minister, by the noble art of design, to the delight of the mind through the eye, perhaps more directly and forcibly, as certainly more simply and widely, without words, in the mysterious impressions of beautiful form which were man's heritage, before even that of literary expression. It is no platitude to assert that the influence exerted by a beautiful library building is of value. It furthers the object for which libraries are founded, and the Philistine (is he to be found?) who wouki exclude poetry, romance, and philosophy from the library shelves, is no more deserving of blame or pity than he who ignores the influence of art upon man, and disdains the beauty of architecture in the library building. The existence of such a mood is maybe problematical, and it would be perhaps unpractical to pursue it further, as there are faults and mistakes of another char- acter which render this plea for an earnest consideration of the architectural claims of the library necessary. If it be granted that library buildings afTord a proper opportunity for the dis- play of the higher iiualities of architectural design, and possessing a character of their own, should secure its expression in their design, and that this character is not merely utilitarian and commercial, or votive and monumental, luit a healthy delight in useful mental effort, — if so much indeed be granted, I fear it nmst Ik; conceded that the success attending the planning of library arrangements is all that architecture has yet achieved in this lield, and that the nobler rei|uirements of the opportunity for fine design have not been satisfactorily fulfilled. The modern public library has its show front, which fears ncjthing from comparison with its other municipal rivals for popu- larity — the baths and washhouses, or local police offices. The council house or vestry hall is perha|)s allowed some jjre- eminence, as consecrated to the more potent intellectual force of elo'iuence. Hut in ornament — and this to most on- lookers at public buildings is beauty, architecture, and opulence — the library front is rich. It has the curling gables of town fashion, perhaps the oriels of the suburbs, or the broken and shaped jjctty pediments of the provinces, the school board Jliche ; each and several and all combined, in contrasting pink and white terra-cotta or stonework, but all front — show front — as histrionic, violent, and effer- vescent as the illustrated yellow backs of a two shilling novel, itself an evolution by traceable progression from the penny horrible. If these buildings were not built so well, if they were but leasehold, or if the ornament were but stucco and gradually paled under coatings of white-lead paint ; if they could but afford relief to the distressed ratepayer, by earning rent as advertisement hoardings, say only of book advertisements, they might perhaps pass without any more painful objection than is provoked by the designs on the yellow- backed novel, which, having served their purpose in deluding the purchaser, quickly vanish into mist. But that buildings whose inception and use illustrate the liberal appreciation of arts and learning, which characterise this great Victorian age of ours, should have no other echo or reflection of the higher purposes of art than an ornamental popularity, is an incon- sistent anachronism, that it is surely un- necessary to enlarge upon. It is freely to be admitted that the fault lies more with the designers than with the promoters of library buildings ; but a healthy public opinion and spirit must be engendered before a people's art can be affected, and among no branch of the community is it more likely to be favour- ably received, and influentially attended to. io8 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS than among librarians. If designs for libraries were judged and adopted, primarily on account of suitability to purpose, and then for real endeavour to produce thoughtful and suitable design, of high purpose and art, we may be sure that the appreciation that would ensue would have a very beneficial effect upon their current architecture. An instance parallel in many respects may be observed in the history of modern ecclesiastical art, where the Oxford move- ment, originating in the opinions of Cardinal Newman, and developing a re- vived interest in pre-reformation doctrine and services in England, infected archi- tecture with a mediaeval contagion, the enthusiasm of which is only lately waning, but is leaving behind it throughout the kingdom enduring monuments in the buildings of our cathedrals, churches, and universities, of a Gothic style, owing its vigour and stimulus to contemporary thought and life. The word "style" in architectural use has, unfortunately, so much lost its true meaning and application, through being applied only to differentiate the forms and details adopted by different races at various times, that it would be vain to attempt another use of it at present. But the word "character" will perhaps serve as well, and then " style " can be reserved for its more accustomed use. The character of a library building should be expressive of thought in design. There are many buildings in which the idea of free and careless accident is charming, — a small country grange resi- dence, for example, where set purpose in external design would be generally inhar- monious w^ith site and locality. A broad picturesqueness of treatment is in that case most desirable, and incidental breaks of roof-line or wall-surface with chimney shafts or dormer windows, suggestive of comfort and ease in the internal arrange- ment, andofthathappy disregard of conven- tion even in dress, which makes country life seem so enjoyable in such summer days as these. A regard for symmetrical purpose, a largeness of proportion and form, sim- plicity in detail, and great restraint and refinement of moulding and ornament, to indicate the value of expressed study and well-considered and mastered effects, are qualities which may well characterise a public library, avoiding the meritricious- ness of features borrowed from domestic buildings, such as oriel windows and ingle nooks. Internally as well as externally such rules and limitations can hold good, and the architect who has the sense of proportion and freedom of hand to guide his knowledge of form will find the passages, halls, rooms, and parts of the building as good material for his skill to play- upon, in balancing, adjusting, and designing, as could be wished for. The character of restraint already dem.anded will govern the employment of ornament. It is hardly a question whether ornament as such — that is, detached and concen- trated features and detail — is suitable within library rooms ; for is not an orna- mental bookcase a waste of thought and art ? The concentration of interest is on the titles on the book covers, and, not being unpleasing in their form and variety, the books rob any ornamental features near them of interest and life. In the reading-rooms, more especially, ornament which attracts the eye and creates interest — which it is sure to do if it is good, and if it be bad or weak is irritating and annoying — will really be a hindrance to the usefulness of a room, where quiet for the mind and eye is necessary for reading and reflection. The designer will have enough material in his wall and window spacings, in the ordering of proper bays of light and shade, and perhaps in the opportunity of casing some of the walls with book-shelves, for the exercise of thoughtful design. The entrance hall and staircase should, however, be regarded as legitimate occa- sions for imparting more architectural effect and impressiveness to the building ; the grouping of the entrances, and the height of the staircase, may all become means to a satisfactory end. Before passing to the matter of so-called "style," a word generally upon the subject of ornament may not be amiss. It should invariably be not only good, but the best of its kind obtainable. It ceases to be ornamental if, after drawing attention to itself, it proves to be inferior. It should have definite purpose and meaning — that is, its aim ought to be manifestly achieved, it may be to give proportion to a space, to give emphasis to a part, as to the capital of a column, or to a doorway, or to a band in a cornice or frieze ; if architectural in nature, having the greatest refinement, and being the most obviously carefully-de- signed feature in the building. The Ionic volute, or the ornament known as the Greek fret, and the egg and dart enrich- ment, each would illustrate this point. ARCHITECTURE FROM J J/J. AJ^CJ/JTECT'S STAXDPO/XT 109 And if the orii;iriu;nt is carved, and re- presents foliage or Iniman and animal forms, the same rule holds, though it may be more difticult to a[)ply. 'I'he carving of this class that adorns our smaller jiuhlic buildings has little or no artistic value. Let the ruk;, that only the highest and best work is truly ornamental, apply, and nearly all the money that has been expended in the decoration of our modern public libraries is seen to have been wasted. It is a much wi.ser and better policy to have no ornament at all, and to spend the available money in better material and workmanshij), than to fall short of the proper standard of truth and beauty in ornament, by creating a jjcr- manent failure. It should be remembered thilt good figure sculjJture in the present day is costly, and cannot be obtained without the assistance of a competent sculptor, and that those accomplished artists whom we have with us, in a small but increasing number, find, ha()[)ily for themselves, but unfortunately for us, that portraiture is more remunerative than we can make architectural carving ; and thus the i)0|)ular taste for sweets has to satisfy itself with cheap and inferior substitutes for artistic work. Each ornament should be a work of art, expressing the in- dividuality of its artist, and his manifest delight in his work. A dire parsimony as to ornament, and especially cheap sculpture, among public library commissioners, would have had a healthy effect upon the design of these buildings, and doubtless would have proved a real blessing in disguise, much its some architects would have grumbled thereat. It is impossible to dictate nowadays the style of architecture to be employed for a public building, though it was not so when the Houses of Parliament, the Government Offices, or the Law Courts were built, as in each of these cases it was expressly stipulated what period the build- ing was to represent. We are in a jiosition of perfect freedom, with every past archi- tecture in a condition of renaissance, and omniscience the demanded acquirement of every architect, as it is the presumed attainment of each philosopher. The requirements of character can be met by the intelligent use of the traditions of the great past, without designing a temple either to poetry or learning. A satis- factory use can be made of the same motives that actuated C/reck designers, in the developing and refining m imir forms, by a (trocess of elimination, that finds it.s highest expression in the majestic severity of the iJoric order, if eni|)loyed with insight and affection for the jjurpose in hand, as well as for the traditions of the past. .Similarly, the delightfully romantic Gothic ages sup])ly us with instances of vigour and power in construction, illumined by a charming life in detail, with freedom from conventionality as to jjroportions or rules, that are lessons instinct with helpful- ness and stimulus to the modems. It is a pleasure to mention how a remark- able American architect, the late H. II. Richardson, has given to the world some instances of very powerful design, based ui)on Gothic and Romanesiiue elements rather than features, in some of his library schools of art and museums, and which have acted as examples and precedents for many similar designs in America and here at home. Libraries of all buildings should, how- ever, be freed from the trammels of a merely arch;eological architecture. The accidental charms of ancient medixval buildings, with their old-world associa- tions, of such indefinable though real value, are not to be reproduced in so essentially a modern development of public spirit and progress as a rate- supported library. The architect of the present day is apt to rely too simply upon precedent, and perhaps is in need of an impetus from without to make him embark upon a natural but original conception of the ideal library. Let him be eclectic as to motives in design, but avoid reproduction and recliciuffc ornament ; the studied architecture of rhythm, which is every- thing in the design of a Greek temple, is his, as well as the unaffected representa- tion of the plan and meaning of the interior by the exterior, which is so characteristic of Gothic work. The motives are available, the spirit still lives, though the forms are dead. A passing survey of one of the greatest libraries of the world, itself the work of a master artist, will leave us, in conclusion, with a realisation of artistic dignity and suitability, which perhaps will assist the memory in retaining an ideal of practical value. The Mediceo-Laurentian Library at Florence was designed for Lorenzo de Medici, by Michael Angelo, in the heyday of the Renaissance of classic learning and CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS arts, during the first quarter of the sixteenth century. Of its wonderful contents, its unrivalled manuscripts, excelling in value even those of the Vatican, one can only say that the highest effort of architectural skill could scarcely express their preciousness. The " Codex Amiantinus," which is the earliest MS. of the Vulgate ; the earliest copy of Virgil; the only MS. of the first five annals of Tacitus ; a transcription of the Divina Commedia, completed in 1343, twenty-two years after the death of Dante ; the Decajiieron, transcribed from the author's autograph by his godson ; a copy of Cicero's Epistles from the pen of Petrarch ; and a map of the world of 1 4 1 o, showing the Nile as rising in two great lakes, — these are among the thousands of treasures contained in this building, the character and history of which reflects the genius of the master and the accuracy of his judgment and taste. The entrance vestibule expresses the sense of dignity and power of which the architect was conscious ; he plays with v.-all and columns as with plastic material, designing and placing his masses, for their purely decorative values of light, shade, and proportion. The cornices and mould- ings, the capitals and panels, are each refined and most original in profile, though classic in foundation and proportion. The interior of the apartment itself is rectangular, with a dignified proportion imparted to it, by the order of pilasters that divides the wall-surfaces into bays, and by delicately-adjusted panels around the windows and niches. There is a breadth and subdued power in the design, satisfactory alike to the artist and to the perhaps unconscious reader. Neither is there any lack of wealth of design. The ceiling is of carved woodwork, showing its modelled beams and inlaid panels ; the rich lines and forms of decoration being subdued and governed by the square lines of the beams. All was designed by the great architect. The bookcases and stands are very interesting and beautiful ; a naturalness of purpose and line governs them, the mouldings are refined and graceful, and the ends have carved panels of great beauty ; and withal, conscious of the subdued power of the designer, the effect is most eminently successful, as exhibiting the value of the contents rather than the beauties of the casket. The ancient college libraries of England before the Renaissance have a picturesque- ness and charm of their own, as natural and characteristic — in such instances as Merton College, Oxford, and St. John's, Cambridge — as the unsophisticated beauty of a rural landscape. Sir Christopher Wren's fine library of Trinity College, Cambridge, is a Palladian development of the existing and accepted ideas of arrange- ment, but contained in an apartment of great stateliness and dignity of scale, well lighted and picturesquely fitted with portrait busts and sculpture — an innova- tion most strikingly avoided in the great sculptor -architect's library at Florence. Mention can also be made of Wren's smaller charming library building in the cloisters of Lincoln Cathedral, which, by a strange aberration, the Dean and Chapter were recently induced by their architect to remove ; but lack of funds happily prevented what lack of wisdom would not have done. From these a step onwards, through two centuries, to the vast reference-hall of the British Museum two-million library, m.arks the progress of reading as well as of buildings. This index-room is a noble conception, carried out by Sir Robert Smirke with judgment and success. The vastness of the space is characteristic of the extent of the collection, the circular plan admirable for its special purpose of a reference - index, and the architectural treatment and detail unobtrusive and harmless, but withal not unv.-orthy of so great a whole. The extension of numerous buildings in the ever-growing subdivision of local public libraries has already met with its approbation for plan and criticism in art. In the general devolution of smaller buildings upon distinct and smaller bodies and individuals, this, though to be re- gretted, cannot be wondered at ; but if the establishment of an architectural ideal by fair criticism, and a wider appreciation of the opportunity afforded in free public libraries for the exercise of the higher qualities of architecture by their de- signers, is attained, the consideration of this subject by the Conference will have accomplished an object worthy of the occasion and of lasting value to art and life. Beresford Pite. BOOKS THAT CHILDRICN LIKE. gestion that drcn should I'l" a niculing of llic New jersey and Pennsylvania Library Clubs in Atlantic City last April, Mr. Uowkcr, of the Library Journal, made the sug- a list of books for chil- be jjrinted, with annota- For eight tions by ciiildren themselves or ten years I have been in the habit of reading hook - lists with comments made by boys and girls from twelve to fifteen years old, and afterwards talking over the lists with their young critics. 'J'wice I have asked for letters from chil- dren of all the schools in the city where I live, and have received the answers which I shall road you. I wrote to Mr. Bowker that I had material for his annotated list, but before the letter was mailed heard that he had sailed for England. An answer from his otificc, however, assured mo that my pa[icr would in no way con- flict with his plans, and he has since expressed his pleasure that the children's opinions had been collected. The letters are from children of all sorts and conditions — from a boy who has a pony and " prefers books of the eques- trian order," and another who has several thousand books at home and does not need the public library, to the children of Russian or Polish emigrants, who read English imperfectly and have no books of their own. I live in a city with a popu- lation of from seventy to eighty thousand, made up of descendants of original settlers of English blood, with a later addition of Irish, Germans, Swedes, Danes, Russians, French-Canadians, Italians, and Poles. One child who comes is a bookish boy, the son of a clergyman with a small salary and not much money to spare for books. The next is a Polish Jewess of fourteen, whose teacher sends a note with her, saying that she cannot read English well, and would like a simple and easy book. 'I'he third is a little .Swede with a liking for books on electricity, and the fourth a girl who cares for nothing except stories about girls of her own age. These are fair specimens of letters from children whose reading is miscellaneous and not beyond their age ; — " 1 take books from the library, and I like it very much. I have one card, and it is for stories. I had Slorits for Boys, Little Men, Adventures at Rangley Lakes, Old, old Fairy Tales, The End of the Rainboiv, Crimm's Fairy Tales, The Three Scouts, Green Fairy Book, The Two Cabin Boys, Children's History Book, Little Smoke, Partners, Chris the Model Maker, At War with J'onliac, Tom Clifton, By Sheer Pluck. Of all these I like The Three Scouts, and in it I like Harry best." (In some of the schools the children are a.sked, " What characters in books that you read do you like best, or would you like to have for friends?") " I like books about ancient history and books about knights, also stories of adventure, and mostly books with a deep plot and mystery about them." " As a rule, my reading goes in streaks ; that is, I will get an Indian story, and will like it so well that I will get half a dozen of the same kind. In the last six months I have read more books on the Civil War and Slavery, and the troubles which the early settlers in the West had with the Indians, than any other kind. I have lately read Julius Ccesar, by Shakes- peare. I think I like Brutus and Cato best. The books which I do not like the best at first I generally like the best after- wards. I think that you do not enjoy the book which you read so well the first time as the second and third times. I think I like Indian stories the best, and esf)ecially Deerfoot in the Ellis books." CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS The poorer children are, and the fewer books they have at home, the more they love fairy tales. Hawthorne's Wonder Book and Tanglnvood Tales are delightful for children whose vocabulary is large, but the style is too mature for nine-tenths of the children in public schools. Francillon's Gods and Heroes is better for them. A writer in Blackwood last year defines what he considers the true style of writing for fairy tales : " A style which belongs exclu- sively to no special period unless it be the first quarter of this century ; a style adorned with an occasional touch of grand- iloquence, with a fair sprinkling of long words, and with a handsome allowance of idiomatic turns of expression that have now dropped out of common speech." Andrew Lang, the writer says, has adopted his style in the fairy books — Red, Yellow, Green, and Blue, which are among the most popular. The fat Treasury of Fairy Tales, with the old-fashioned woodcuts, may sometimes be found nowadays, but is hard to get. There is a simplified abridgment of a part of Lang's Blue Fairy Book, in seven little volumes, known as Longman's Supplementary Readers, that are the delight of children who do not read very easily. Irish children like Curtin's Hero Tales of Ireland. Andersen and Grimm, Irving's Alhambra (in the abridged edition). The Arabian Nights, Frere's Old Deccan Days, if you can get it, Kipling's Jungle Book, Uncle Remus, for the children who can read the dialect, Gulliver's Travels and Alice in ]Voiider- land, Alice Corkran's Down the Snow Stairs, M 'Donald's Dealings zvitk the Fairies, Howard Pyle's IVonder Clock, Frank Stockton's Floating Prince and Bee- man of Orn, with Kingsley's Water- Babies, and Thackeray's Rose and the Ring, for the children who enjoy them, as not all the children will, are a very fair beginning for your library of imagination. You will soon find out who the children are who are beginning to love and appreciate the best you can give them, and they are the ones whom you can lead to your own favourites. The children say of fairy tales — " I like to read a book over two or three time.s, for I find something new in it that I did not notice before, and new thoughts appear to me when I read a hook the second time. A year or two ago I found, in reading fairy stories, that what seemed to be rather silly corresponded to what was real facts, and what might have happened. My favourite book then of fairy stories was Wonder Clock, and I was delighted when I had the book to read over what seemed to be a tenth time, and seemed to be as new as though I had never read it before." " In the Adventures of Ulysses, I liked him best because he always escaped in any time of danger." "When I used to take books I took Jack the Giant Killer. I like Jack the best. He dug a large hole and covered it with trees, and when the giant ran to catch Jack he fell into the hole and was killed. I read the Wonder Book, and the story I liked best was the ' Three Golden Apples.' " " I do not like Gulliver's Travels, be- cause I think they are silly." " I liked Uncle Remus because it was funny, and because it told about the Tar Baby. I like the Tar Baby because it was so funny. I liked Uncle Remus because he talked so funny." " I am much interested in electricity, and have of late been reading books about it," says one boy. Another writes : " The book ' a.d. 2 GOO ' is very interesting. Cobb, who dared trust his life for a hundred years' sleep, had a good deal of courage, and must have been a very smart inventor. The account of the world in 'a.d. 2000 'was very good, and some of the things seem not to be impossible. The principle of the pneumatic railroad is already practical on a small scale in the large stores for conveying change, and in New York for conveying messages, and it does not seem impossible to have it on a large scale, or the plan for having stations on the Atlantic Ocean to help shipwrecked people The method of electing a president would not work very well at the present time, but in time it would not be impossible. The inland sea as told in that book is not at all improbable, and some scientific men say there is danger of such an accident." I have known many children much interested in Atifs, Bees, and Wasps, whose author it has been our great pleasure and privilege to meet as Presi- dent of this Conference. There are two or three books in story form — Maurice Noel's Buz, or the Life and Adventures of a Honey Bee; Marshall Saunders' Beautiful Joe ; and Anna Sewell's Black Beauty — that are great favourites with children. One says — "■' Beautiful Joe, by Marshall Saunders. BOOKS THAT CI///./>U/:.\' LIKE "3 I liked tliis liook because it was alioiit duiiili animals, I made a friend with Beautiful Joe. It taught me lo be kind to dumb animals." A child with really scientific tastes soon outgrows the books of elementary science written for children, and spends his pocket-money in a subscription to a scientific journal. .Such a boy or ^\x\ is ready for the best that the library has for older readers ; but for children who need encouragement and can be taught to love stars and (lowers and rocks, trace the niakin;.; of river valleys and cartons in mutl-puddles and gullies left by showers, watch for spring birds and collect insects, with the help of simple and interesting books, there are those like Agnes Ciiberne's Sun, Moon, and Stars, I'roctor's Easy Star Lessons, or Ser\iss's Astroitomv with an Opera-Glass, Meadowcroft's ./ B C of Electricity, Jane Andrews' Stories Mother Nature Told, Mrs. Herrick's Earth in Past Ages, or Charles Kingsley's Madam How and Lady Why. This is what one child learned from a book called Earth, Sea, and Sky : — " Earth, Sea, and Shy taught me about animal life. In one picture I saw where there was a hungry biar. He lived upon the mountain, and one day the bear came down to get something to eat. He met hundreds of mos([uitoes and tried to eat some of them, and there were so many of tliem they all lit on him and bit him, and the bear died there." Cochrane's ] Winders of Modern Mechan- ism and Hopkins' Experimental Science are books that we put into our children's library, and we have had the former carefully analysed, to answer questions about such subjects as the use of Niagara as water-power, the Mont Cenis Tunnel, the Forth Bridge, ice making, horseless carriages, and many other modern inventions. Experimental Science is a book that boys delight in more than in any other of the kind. There are a few others that encourage the use of the hands — ]Vays to make and do Things, Boys' Useful Pastimes, Beard's American Girls' Handy-Book, American Boys' Handy-Book and Book of Out-Door Sports, of which more than one copy is often needed in a library. Then there is a demand for books of games, tableaux, dialogues, " pieces to speak," and sugges- tions for school entertainments. It is hard to find books of this class that are 15 nf>t cheap, dull, or silly, but there are a few that are worth putting into libraries, although they are not all well bound. I take a few titles from our own shelves — Camp's American Eootball, Cassell's Book of Jn-Door Amusements (the outdoor book is more expensive, and written for ICnglish boys), (Jhadwick's Sports and J'astimcs of American Boys, Canthony's Practical Ventriloi/uism, an ICnglish book (every boy has as|)irations at some time in his life towards being a ventriloquist or a magician), Hale's Fagots for the Eire- side, The Book of a Hundred Gama. Some of the best plays for children are in the children's magazines. 1 here are some good little volumes, of Terra-cotta plays by C. M. Frevost, and Half-hour plays by Amabel Jenner, published by Stokes. Boys say— " I like sporting books, adventure, and e.vplorers best. I like the African and Alaskan explorers and adventures best." " I have read a number of the bound volumes of Scribner's, Harper's, and other such magazines, but have been chiefly interested in more practical books. Among them are or were books on printing, machinery, and science. I was also interested in The Roadway lo Wealth, Heroes and Martyrs of Inven- tion, and Captains of Industry." "The most interesting book I have read was American Boys' Handy-Book and Book of Sports. I have tried to make the kites and traps described in the book, and have succeeded in making some." " I am very fond of books on boats. I have taken the American Boys' Handy- Book three or four times, and think it is the best book of the kind I ever read. I took some books on drawing and mechanical operations, but did not read them through." " The books and stories I like the best are ones that have excitement in them or tell about out-door sports, unless it is a good history story." We keep on our children's shelves a small collection of poetry — for example, Aytoun's Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers, and Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Home ; some compilations like Wendell Garrison's Good-Night Poetry, Henley's Lyra Heroica, Agnes Repplier's Book of Famous I 'erse, and Our Children's Songs, published by Harper &: Brothers, and edited anony- mously. We have Mrs. Lowell's Posies, 114 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS and Patmore's Children's Garland; illus- trated editions of the Lady of the Lake, Marmion, The Lay of the Last Minstrel, Drake's Culprit Fay, and a few of Shakes- peare's comedies ; Christina Rossetti's Sing - Song, and Stevenson's Child's Garden of Verse. The children are so fond of Longfellow and Whittier, some of whose poems they read in school, that we have some volumes for their especial use. One little girl says — " I am very fond of poetry, and Whittier is my favourite poet. I enjoy his Snow- bound as well as anything." Another wTites, in her imperfect English — '^Evangeline, author Longfellow. I did like the book because it told me not to give up and say I can't do such and such a thing. I did make a friend in the book. I made a friend with Evangehne." A third " liked Evangeline because when the British drove the Acadians from their homes Evangeline was separated from Gabriel her husband, and Evangeline had followed Gabriel all around and would not stay with anyone, but she wanted to see Gabriel." Some of the children have read two or three of Shakespeare's plays in class, and these are their comments : — "The character I like best in The Merchant of Venice was the lady named Portia, who saved a man's life by dress- ing herself up in men's attire, and dis- guised herself as a counsellor." " During this last term of school I have read a few books which I consider very fi-ie. For instance. The Merchant of Venice, by Shakespeare, is one of the most interest- ing books to me in English literature. There arises above all other characters in this book the shrewd, pure, brave, and beautiful form of Portia ; next, that of Antonio, who was willing to give his life to save another. There were also the characters of true Bassanio, spry and witty Gratiano, and fierce and just Shy- lock, the Jew." " I like Julius C?esar for his braveness, boldness, kindness, generosity, and noble- ness as a consul." " I have read most of Shakespeare's plays, and think they are lovely. In the Merchant of Venice I think Portia is the best character, and in Hamlet Polonius. I think the play A Midsum/ner Nighfs Dream is perfectly lovely." Most of the children of course read historical stories, but one says — " I like to read histories better than stories about them." Then he goes on : " For fiction I like stories about life in the country, stories about life at schools better than stories of adventure. I am now- reading Miss Alcott's books for about the fourth time, and I become more interested in them the more I read them." A second says — " I like Miss Alcott's books the best," but the next writes — " I read Little Men. I did not like this book." And still another — " If I was six or eight years old I might like Louise Alcott's or Molly Seawell's stories, but I am a little older. Lately I have been reading Trilby, Age of Electricity, Cabin in the Clearing, Little Smoke, Log- Cabin to JVhite House, and a great many other books, but I liked Age of Electricity best." Miss Alcott is unequal, but her best books should be in every library for the wholesomeness of their teaching with regard to work for girls. She has been one of the many inspiring forces that have in the last generation taught girls to regard self-support as honourable. Cooper's novels please boys and girls. One says, " A book which greatly took my fancy was The Spy, by Cooper. The character in this book which greatly in- terested me was Frances, who would have gladly given everything she possessed in the world to save her brother ^^'alton. Closely beside that of Frances there arises in my mind the character of her lover, Major Dunwoodie, who wants to release her brother, for he knows he is innocent ; yet he must be true to his country. There was a strong contrast between Frances and her sister Sarah, who was so foolishly carried away with love." The testimony of two or three others is — " I like The Last of the Mohicans, be- cause it tells about the adventures of two young girls in the French and Indian war." " My favourite books are Cooper's works. I Hke them because they are Indian tales." " Cooper and Scott describe their charac- ters and scenes beautifully." The children, ten or twelve years old, in one school, have been reading A Christ- mas Carol. One of the questions which their teacher asked them was, " A\'hat characters in the story would you like to /WOKS THAT CIlll.DKI.N LIKE "5 have for friends?" 'I'liey arc diildrun from |)()or homes wliuru linglisli is nol spoken. 'I'lieir ri'ijlies are — " A L'hrislmns Carol. Tlic autlior is Charles Dicicens. I lilted it because the ghost did Scrooge so much good. I made a friend with the Cratchits because they were poor and happy. It taught nie not to be cross." " I like the Christmas Carol because it taught me to be kind and generous." " The Chrislmas Carol; author, Charles Dickens. I liked it because it was funny. I made friends with Scrooge. It taught me not to bo afraid I read it all." " Christmas Carol ; author, Charles Dickens. I did like the book. This book taught 'me not to do mischief — to be good and kind to everyone. I made a friend with Scrooge's nephew." " // Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens. I read it 20th December. I liked this book. I made a friend of Mr. Fezziwig. I liked him because he tried to make everybody happy. This book taught me to be good. 1 read it all." Much has been said in the meetings of the American Library Association both for and against Henty's books, but the general opinion is in favour of them for the historical knowledge that they give to young readers. One of them expresses himself thus : " Of all the books that I have read, I think I like those of Henty best, as they are not just dry history, but a combination of history and adventure in a sort of story form." Twoothershaveread, besides their Henty stories, several books of history and travel. " My favourite author is Mr. Henty, who has written books that are both instructive and interesting. He takes for his topics the wars and strifes of olden times. During the last six months I have read Knight of the White Cross, a story of the Order of St. John : Story of the White Hoods (the butchers of Paris, and the war between Duke Orleans and Burgundy, and the battle at Agincourt) ; Young Carthaginian (Hannibal's invasion of Italy) ; /// Times of Peril (mutiny of the sepoys in India) ; Condemned as a JVihilist (escape from the Siberian prisons) ; Kedskin and Co^vhoy (a tale of Western life) ; and am now read- ing Under Drake's Flag. All of these are written by Henty. I have read also. Life of Abraham Lincoln, Battles for the Union, Campaign of General APClellan, Bushmen of South Africa, Discoveries in the Amazon liasin, Life of I'eter the Great and his Jiattles, Invasion (f Xafxileon into Russia, and the early part of the Hntory of England. I have also read Dragon and Raven, In I'rcedom's Came, and Ttvo Thousand Years ago in /taly." " On my card for histories I have read Northern Myths, and the Bluejackets of 181 2. This is one of the best books I have read. The most interesting charac- ters in it are Lieutenant I'erry, Captain Decatur, and Captain liarry. Hesides this, I have read Starland and Two Thou- sand Years Ago. On my story card I have read all of Verne's works, and W ith Clive in India, and more of Henty's works. I have read all of Du Chaillu's works, and Stanley's JJmu I found Livingstone, and Down the Congo. I think this is all I have read." " Henty is an English writer, but all American boys find much interest in his books." " I think Henty's books are good, but they are too much alike." Some of Scott's novels have been read in class this year. " Kenihvorth I like better than any other book I have read lately. I am be- coming very much interested in Scott's novels, as he describes everything so beautifully. His sketch of the character of Queen Elizabeth and the Earl of Lei- cester I think is very fine, and he de- scribes life among the English nobility in such a way as to make you imagine that you are amidst the gaieties of the court.'' " I like Jvanhoe, by Scott, better than any. My favourite characters in this book are Brian de Bois-Guilbert, Rebecca, and Richard. I think, for all his selfishness and jealousy, that Bois-Guilbert had a much stronger character than Ivanhoe. His character shows itself in his love for Rebecca. He would give up what his ambition had hoped for, all for the love of Rebecca. I think it was very noble of him. I also liked Rebecca. I think she had a nobler character than Rowena. I admire her more than ever where she is accused of sorcery. With all Bois-Guil- bert's pleadings she remained firm. She would sacrifice her life rather than yield to Guilbert. Richard also was a noble character. I admire him for his courage and bravery. It was very noble of him to forgive his brother John as freely as he did. There are not many who can give good for evil." "We have read 'Tales of Chivalry,' ii6 CONFERENCE 01- LIBRARIANS which are selections from Sir \\'alter Scott's IvanJwe. I grew so interested in these parts of Ivanhoe that I got the book and read it through." " I was very much charmed with Rebecca. She was a beautiful person, of a very strong character. She loved all that was right and good." " I like King Richard, not for his rule as a king, but for his pleasantness as a companion. I think he was a man we would all like to meet. He was a sincere friend to all those he liked, and would do anything for them." " I like the Talisman very much. In fact I like all of Scott's works. I like the Talisman because it tells so much about Richard the Lion-hearted and the Cru- sades. I like it because it is a regular history put in story form, and I like history very much. It has helped me a good deal, for when we were studying English history last year I knew a good deal more than some of the others about the Cru- sades." " I do not care much for historical reading, and do not like books by Henty and Ellis. I like Scott in Lady of the Lake, and tried to read Ivanhoe, but could not get interested in it." " Some people recommend such ones as Scott's works (all poetry) for boys, but I like one full of adventure." " I love to read, and have just finished Rob Roy, by Scott. I have also read Kenilworth, Marmion, Ivanhoe, and a great many other books written by him." " I liked Ivanhoe because of the good nature and strong mind of Rebecca. And how honourable Rebecca was when Brian de Bois-Guilbert wanted her to run away and not have any trial for the crime the people accused her for. I liked Brutus in Julius Casar because he was honour- able and beloved by all. When he slew Ctesar he did not do it so as to get a place in the State or town, like Cassius did, but because he thought it was right and for the welfare of the people. I liked King Richard in Ivanlwe because he was humble, and liked to associate with the common people as well as with the nobihty." " My favourite characters are Ramona and Countess Amy Leicester. I like Ramona because she was so loving and gentle. I liked Countess Amy because she had so many winning ways." " Ramona is one of the most interesting books I ever read. I read it when we were studying about the Indians. Ra- mona, the heroine, I liked very much. I think she was very brave and i:)atient. I almost hated the Senora. Felipe I liked pretty well, but he was so weak. To use the common phrase, I would say, ' He was tied to his mother's apron strings.' " " I liked Alessandro, he was such a strong character, and so brave. Reading about him gave me a very different idea of Indians. The priest who visited them I liked because he treated Ramona so kindly." There are three books which excite children's compassion for the cruelly treated, and have the best influence upon them. These are Uncle Tom's Cabin, Ramona, and Anna Sewell's Black Beauty, the Story of a Horse. One little girl says, " You will think it very funny that I have not a cross beside Uncle Tom's Cabin, but I cannot truly and honestly say I like it very much, be- cause I do not like sad books. I got it for Christmas, and have tried to read it two or three times, but when I get to where Uncle Tom is sold I stop. The other day I made up my mind I would read it, and I did. I am sorry to say that I do not like to read out of a news- paper very well, but my mamma always tells me things that she thinks will interest me. She tells me every morning the news from Greece and Cuba." Another writes to me that she was so excited over Uncle Tom's Cabin that she dreamed she was the kind woman who took Eliza in, and got up in her sleep and opened the house door, saying, " Now she is in." One " made a friend of Aunt Chloe because she was a nice cook." Another says, " I like Uncle Tom's Cabin because the book tells about slave -life, and makes it seem as if I were there." " My favourite books are Uncle Tom's Cabin, Christmas Carol, The Making of Ahiv England, and Uncle Remus. I like Uncle Tom's Cabin because it teaches me not to be cruel." " My favourite books are Andersen's Fairy Tales, The Lamplighter, Dickens' Christmas Carol, Bird's Christmas Carol, and Szviss Family Robinson. My three favourite characters are the Fezziwigs, be- cause they were so jolly ; George Washing- ton, because he tried to help his country ; and Eva St. Clare, because she was always trying. to help everybody." " My favourite books are Tom Sawyer, JiOOKS THAT CJlll.nKEN JJKE "7 Uncle Tout's C(il'in,and Scuddcr's Aiiuriui/i /fislon, Ijc'Causc they arc so interesting to read. I like 'rem Sawyer because he was so jolly, Uncle 'I'oin because he was so faithrul, and Nathan Hale because he was so brave." " Uncle Tom's Cabin, by Harriet II. Slowe. I liked this book very much be- cause it was about slavery. I made a friend with Uncle Torn because he was so faithful. It taught me to dislike slavery." " Uncle Tom's Cabin, by Harriet Beechcr Stowe. I liked Mrs. Shelby because she was so syin])athetic. I read it all." " Uncle Tom's Cabin I believe 1 have read fully eight times. It is a book I never tiro of, and I think I never will." One child writes at the end of a long miscellaneous list, " I like the above- named books, because some of them enlighten me in history, others make me feel happy, and the others teach me the different arts of the world." We cannot measure all children by the exceptional boy of whom Mr.Crunden told us yesterday, or by the other boy of nine, the son of the secretiiry of the American Library Association, whose list of favourite books is printed in the June numlxrr of J'ublic Libraries. Sir Walter Scott said, "To write down to children's understand- ing is a mistake ; set them on the scent, and let them puzzle it out," but children who never hear li^nglish spoken at home must be considered in buying books for an American library. They are receptive, and often enjoy good literature more than children from better homes, but master- pieces must sometimes be abridged and simplified for them. Do not e.xpcct too much of children at first. Out of a hun- dred such as we have to supply books for, ninety leave school before they can do more than read the daily newspaper, nine can l)e trained to enjoy the best authors, and one has the true book-hunger that Sir John Lubbock counts as one of his " pleasures of life." Caroline M. Hewins. OUR YOUNGEST READERS. LIBRARY was formerly not much more than a collection of books, to be made use of by a few men of learning, perhaps by very few save the librarian him- self As book knowledge and the use of books became more common, the number of students for whom the library seemed to be designed increased. But it did not for a long time change its essential nature as a workshop for students pure and simple. With the growth of the free public library idea, the feeling became widespread that a collection of books might also well be used as a means for promoting general happiness and well- being. First, perhaps, by furnishing, through novels and literature, properly so called, entertainment and recreation for the common people ; secondly, by furnish- ing, through books of a popular nature on all kinds of subjects, a means of general education for the adult. The idea that a collection of books might properly be associated with the work in the common schools of the country, schools designed for and patronised by the children of the average citizen, was very slow in growth. It is scarcely twenty years since Mr. Green, of Wor- cester, Massachusetts, began to talk and write of the work of the free public library in furthering the educational work of the schools proper. And it is only within the last five or six years that librarians generally, even those who are most progressive and are most alive to the possibilities of the public library, have realised that one of the important fields of work for a collection of books, if not the most important field, is the seconding the efforts of the common schools to start the young people of the country on the road to good citizen- ship. The issuing of lists of books arranged by grades and by classes, with appro- priate annotations or appraisal notes, in all departments of knowledge, for young people — even the very youngest ; the spread of the custom of giving to teachers special privileges in the way of carrying from a library large collections of books for use in their schoolrooms ; the develop- ment of the schoolroom library idea — an idea which involves the placing in every schoolroom in which is a group of forty or fifty children a well-selected group of forty or fifty books adapted to those children ; the addition of the library department to the National Educational Association — the largest and perhaps the most influential association of people interested in popular education to be found in the world ; the large amount of attention that is paid in the periodical press to the reading of the children, — all these are but indications of the fact that librarians and teachers alike have in the last few years come to realise that even in elementary educational work a collection of books is almost an absolute necessity. This brief outline of the way in which library and educational work have become intimately related in recent years is per- haps a sufficient demonstration of the duty the librarian is under to adapt his library, to a large extent, to the needs of children and the schools. ^Vithin the past two years careful inquiries have been made in several places in the United States as to the reading habits of children, and in a good many instances these inquiries have ex- tended to the reading habits of the very young. From the data as yet obtained, it is perhaps not safe to make any posi- tive general statements. We can, however, for the purposes of further investigation, 1 [i8 OUR YOUNGEST READERS 119 and for the purposes of properly directing, in tin; iiiiiiiecliate futuri;, the work of pro- rnolinn rcadinj^ among younj; cliiklren, assume that these investigations have demonstrated two or three tilings : — I'irst, for example, that average 1 hildren, whether they come from the homes (jf well-to do and fairly wcrll-educaled people, or from the homes of the poor and rather illiterate peo|)le, — I am s|)eaking now, of course, of the United States in general, — arc ready and willing to begin to read by the time they are six and a half or seven years of age. Second, that the reading habit in- creases from this time up to about twelve or fourteen years ; and that, between the years of eleven and fourteen, children, both boys and girls, are, in their excess of vitality, and in their eagerness for acquisition, and in their half-unconscious desire to touch the life about them at as many points as possible, looking about for things to lay their hands and brains to, and read with great avidity whatever comes in their way. Third, that during the years from about fourteen to eighteen or nineteen the read- ing habit loses somewhat in intensity, and gains somewhat in definiteness of direction. Fourth, that with the child of six or seven, the formation of the reading habit, the subjects he will take an interest in, the cla.ss of books he will choose, all dcjiend very largely on the influence of tlujse peo])le who are most closely asso- ciated with him, and especially of the teachers. The testimony comes again and again from teachers who have experi- mented in these matters, that children of six, .seven, eight, and nine years of age can be interested in anything in the world if the teacher will but take pains with them, and can be led to read with eagerness about almost any subject in which the teacher herself endeavours earnestly to interest them. The moral of these few facts is very evident. We must put into the hands of teachers shorthand methods, through ap- praisal lists largely, of getting acr]uainted with the best books for the young ; and we must extend, as far as possible, the use of these methods among parents. We must make it possible for teachers of children in the very first grades, of chil- dren but six, seven, eight, and nine years of age, to put before these little ones the books best adapted to them, and the books which will be most likely to lead them to form the habit of reading. All this amounts to saying that the free public library, in its educational work, must be, to a very large extent, and to a much greater extent than it has commonly been heretofore, the library for the very young. J. C. Dana. MM. THE ORGANISATION OF CO-OPERATIVE WORK AMONG PUBLIC LIBRARIES. jHE possibilities of co- operative library work have been broadly in- dicated by experiments already tried ; the im- possibilities have not yet been finally proved, but the obstacles in the way stand quite clearly revealed. For example, I do not think it can be said that co-operative card cataloguing of current literature has been condemned, on practical or economical grounds, by any experience yet complete ; but no satis- factory progress has been made in the contriving of methods for removing the more serious objections to it. How to adjust it to the different ranges of book selection and book purchase in different libraries, without wastefulness, and how to make it prompt enough for most demands, are problems which seem to be far from solution. Nevertheless, there is no warrant for deciding that the solu- tion is impossible, and there is really fair en- couragement for hopefulness in the matter. On other lines of co-operative work the success has been decisive. Critical book selection, for public library guidance, is being systematised by co - operative methods in the United States, and promises to assume the greatest possible importance. Beginning with what is known as the A.L.A. (American Library Association) Catalogue, of 5000 volumes, prepared for the model library exhibited at the Co- lumbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, the idea has since developed a continuous undertaking of selective criticism, applied to current literature. The book product of every year is being subjected to sharp examination and sifting, first by the pas- sage of lists from hand to hand, among the members of a considerable jury, for comment and vote-marking, and then, as thus sifted, by discussion at meetings of the library associations. State and national. In this critical, selective work, the libra- rians have no wish to put trust in their own judgments alone, but are enlisting more and more of help from .specialists in every department of literature. A finer and more perfect expansion has been given to the same idea by Mr. George lies, of New York, in his plan of a systematic " appraisal of literature " for the guidance of readers. It is a scheme already realised so far as to demonstrate the immeasurable possibilities of educa- tive influence which lie in it. The co- operation contemplated reaches widely out among scholars and men of letters, to bring them into service with the libraries in as great an effort to give light and lead- ing to the public as can well be conceived. The undertakings already carried out by Mr. lies, at his own cost, in this appraisal of literature, and the larger projects which he has in view, are set forth, I understand, in a paper by himself, to be read at this meeting. But the field for co-operative work which seems to be peculiar to the libraries, which demands no outside aid, and which has no obvious limit, is comprehensive indexing. By comprehensive indexing I mean the indexing which passes beyond single books, to boldly gather a multitude within the embrace of one alphabetical system. It is wholly modern as a need, wholly modern as a conception, wholly modern as a possibility, on any great scale. The vast multiplication of books in our time — of books more or less necessary to the completeness of increasing human knowledge — has created this new need, and is making it every year more pressing. It is a need that in any former time, if felt at all, would have been the need of a 120 COOPERATIVE WORK AMONi; I'Ulll.lC I.IHRARIES 12 r few. 'I'hc public libraries of this day, which multiply readers and in(|uiriiif5 stuileiits even faster than books arc multijilied, have made it the want of many. It is for the libraries to satisfy the want they have created, and there is nolhinn they can do more easily, by co- operative organisation. Kvery where, in books of all classes, there are tojiics either suggestively touched or carefully treated which do not lie obviously enough within llu; liounds of the writer's subject to be readily disc(jvered by any ordinary seeker after light u))on them. Lecky's chapters on the causes of the I'Yench Revolution, in his History of Eiijiland in the Eij^hteentli Cciiliiry, and on industrial history, including slavery, in his History of Rationalism ; liryce's chaf)- ters on Tammany Mall and on Wall Street, in his American Commonwealth ; Leslie Stephen's chapter on l^olitical Theories, in his History of Ent^lish Thoiif^ht in the Eij^hteenth Century, are instances in ])oint. To make and continuously maintain a subject inde.x or directory to all such out-of-the-way or hidden pieces of information and discussion, is surely one of the greatest services that are waiting to be rendered to the cause of public educa- tion. Some steps toward it have already been taken in the A.L.A. Index to General Literature, tidktid by Mr. Fletcher, and pub- lished in 1893, with nnniial continuations since ; but they only skirt the field. ^\'hen the great Subject Index to Peri- odical Literature was completed, in 1882, by the combined labour of many librarians in England and America, under the editor- ship of Poole and Fletcher, there seemed to be nothing of its nature too vast to be undertaken in the same mode. And, so far as concerned the labour side of the matter, nothing could offer itself as a project of useful work in this field that would have been discouraging then or since. If we reflect that one hour per week, or ten minutes per working day, given by forty-eight persons united upon the same task, is equivalent to the con- tinuous labour of one person giving eight hours in the day to it, we may reasonably believe that the library staff of Great Britain and America alone might apply, under right conditions, to an undertaking of common interest, what would equal the continuous work of a dozen men and women, and do it so easily that the eJort would scarcely be felt. On the primary labour side of the 16 matter there is nothing to forbid under- takings of any magnitude whatever in useful indexing. The difficulties and obstacles lie on that side of these under- takings which is beyond the reach of volunteer workers. They begin where a ([uestion of money has its necessary be- ginning, and that f|uestion rises in advance of the commercial questions of publication and sale. It rises as a qucs- ti(jn of editorship, for the proper organisa- tion and direction of the co-oiierative work. Heretofore, in what has been done, the editorial labour has either been given outright, or it has been dependent for its reward on the chances of commercial profit from the publication ; and those chances are slender in the most promising case. If that must continue to be the condition under which such work is done, our co-operative undertakings can never be advanced to the scale which they ought to attain. For the scale as well as the quality of the work de[)ends peculiarly upon the organisiition and direction that are editorially given to it. No important undertaking in it can be properly planned and conducted as a ca.sual task, by one who gives night hours and odd moments to it only as he is able to snatch them. The whole attention and whole time of an editor of the first order of ability are none too much for its demands. As I look at the matter, the results which can easily be attained by a sys- tematic organisation of co-operative work among the libraries of Great Briuin and America, if not of the world at large, in the subject - indexing of general litera- ture alone, are so great in importance that the cost of a permanent editorial director for it, salaried with liberality, is an insig- nificant trifle to pay for them. Among libraries and individuals, are there not enough to be found who will divide the small cost between them ? Let it be done, I would suggest, by the formation of a new index society — a subject - index society — more practical and more broadly utilitarian in its aims than the deceased society of that name. A membership of 300 or 400, with an annual membership fee of two guineas, or ten dollars, would provide for the execution of the work, leaving publications to be subscribed for according to their cost, with advantages in price given to members of the society. I make the suggestion, with little com- ment of mv own, hoping that it may be discussed. ' J- N- L.\rned. CO-OPERATION IN A CATALOGUE OF PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. HE subject upon which I have the honour to ad- dress you is one of bib- liographical as well as ^^ practical interest, but it is from the librarian's standpoint, as distinct from that of the bibliographer, that I intend to discuss it. My purpose is to draw attention to the fragmentary and defective condition of the bibliography of periodicals, and to suggest a method of co-operation by which a complete catalogue of serials may be compiled, to the permanent benefit of international bibliography and bibliotheconomy. I venture to hope also that the initial steps to this desir- able end may be taken by this Con- ference. For it appears to me that a meeting of librarians so v\idely representa- tive as this is, above all things, an oppor- tunity for collective action. I do not depreciate the advantages of discussion and of the interchange of ideas, which constitute the most obvious business of a conference. Librarians as a rule know too little of the stimulus and encourage- ment derived from personal contact with others of the same calling, and many of the singularities supposed to characterise them as a class, which none of us will admit for a moment, would be cured by mere gregariousness. But, however great the benefits which we as individuals receive from discussion and criticism, there are other important and more lasting results that can be accomplished by united action. An international conference is the highest tribunal of professional opinion that can be called into e.xistence, and its authority may be successfully exercised in a practical sphere where private enterprise or the efforts of a body less influential would fail. No one who has followed the advances of knowledge in recent years can have failed to notice the growing importance of periodicals, particularly of those devoted to original research. The advantages of association for the purpose of enlarging the bounds of science have been long recognised. With that object, academies of science and learned societies were founded, and their meetings were the readiest means of making known dis- coveries and of submitting theories to the test of expert criticism. The printed reports of the proceedings at these meet- ings form the nucleus of that periodical literature of science and research which has reached such huge proportions in the present generation. The principle that underlies the existence of technical peri- odicals is the same as that which led to the foundation of societies. It still is association, to enable individuals to bring their ideas and discoveries before an audience ; but the audience has been amplified, from the mere handful of sym- pathisers that anyone place could assemble, to the whole body of similar specialists in every civilised country. The technical journal is the new vehicle of communica- tion, and to its methods of publication the older academy or society has conformed, issuing bulletins or transactions with the same regularity and with the same object of appealing to a larger public than the audience of active members. With such facilities for publication, it is not surprising to find that every item of original research is now recorded as soon as made, becom- ing common property and a point of departure for fresh investigations by other workers in the same field. It is also easy to understand that the specialist who intends to keep abreast of the times must have access to all the periodicals in which COOJ'ERATION IN A CATALOGUE OF PERIODICALS .23 tlic observations and discoveries of liis fcllow-woritcrs arc- rlironiilcd, tlial he may know what has already Ijeen done, and in what (hrcclion he may most profitahly em|)ioy his energies. Here begins the task of the L)ibiiograi)her. It is iiis busi- ness to supjjly tile key to the mass of material contained in all the existing journals, and to furnish an inventory of the [jublications devoted to each depart- ment of knowledge. The natural and physical sciences are the subjects in whose .service the technical |)eriodical has reached its fullest developiiiiiit, and valual)le guitles have been furnished the student of science in Scudder's (Catalogue of Scien- tific Serials and the Royal Society's C!ata- logue of Scientilic l'ai)ers. ]5ut tlicic are other branches of knowledge in which the scientific methods of observation and experiment are also emjiloyed, and in which the scientific practice is equally in force of accumulating the records of re- search in volumes of [)eriodical publica- tions. The student of archa:ology, or of history, or of philology, is becoming hardly less deiiendent ujion jieriodicals than the student of chemistry or botany. In short, every department of thought, every branch of science, every business or trade, not excc{)ting our own, has its technical journals, which'serve to store up as well as to dispense the information acquired by many workers in the same f^eld. I3ut, while periodical literature has been growing in extent and importance, biblio- graphical information about it has been very inadeciuately provided. 'l"he great desideratum, never to be supplied, is a colossal subject-index to the periodicals of the world. By division of labour some steps may be taken to that desirable and impracticable end. The Royal Society |)ropose to begin a subject and author catalogue of the papers contributed to all scientific journals — a huge ta.sk, even if, as is reported, it is limited to current issues. Moreover, by the co-operative industry of American librarians, the general reader is already provided with an index to the chief literary and ]5opular magazines in the I'^nglish language. So, by degrees, an approximation to the ideal index may be reached. But these are tasks for the bibliographer rather than for the librarian. A far more modest requirement, and one that falls properly within the sphere of library economy, is a simple catalogue of the periodical publications of the world, exclusive of news]japers and literary maga- zines. Partial lists have been drawn u|>, limited to certain subject.s, or to a single language ; but the need, I take it, is for one comjirehensive catalogue, classified accord- ing to subjects, enabling the librarian or the si)ecialist to a.scertain from a single source the extent of the jjeriodical j)ubli- cations in any department or the details of issue in the ca.se of any jjarticular journal. Such a work would, from its comjjrehensiveness and utility, be worthy to rank with the great national book- catalogues, as jjart of the indispensable equi[)ment of every library. We have the ICnglish Catalogue of Hooks, the American Catalogue, Lorenz' Catalogue de la Librairic fran(^aise, the Bucher-Ix:xicon of Heinsius or of Kayscr, and similar repertories for other book-producing countries of Europe. Each of the.se aims at completeness for the [>eriod which it covers, and each is continued and enlarged by supplementary volumes, issued annually oral less frequent intervals, to keep pace with the constant stream of new jjublications ; so that it may fairly be claimed that no book appears that is not recorded in one or another national book-catalogue. Why should we not also be able to claim that no periodical is issued that has not its entry in a similar international catalogue of serials ? I'artial lists of periodicals, I have said, do exist, and imperfectly answer to our needs. There are bibliographies, fairly comi)lete, of material on special subjects ; there are directories of learned societies ; there are national catalogues of current journals ; there are also the catalogues of great libraries like the Bibliotheque Nationale or the British Museum, that contain their thousands of periodicals, supplying valuable bibliographical data not easily procured elsewhere. But these sources of information have no relation to one another. Some are large volumes, some are pamphlets, some are but portions of other publications. Few of them are exhaustive even for their own restricted range, and the most perfect will be ren- dered defective by the lapse of a few years. Moreover, there are not many libraries large and comprehensive enough to have collected all the available catalogues, and, when all are assembled, it will be found that there still remain classes of periodicals unrepresented by any list. I need not dwell longer on inconveniences that each of us has probably felt more or less frequently. What is needed, as much by 1-4 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS the smaller as by the larger libraries, is a single publication, superseding the variety with which we now have to deal, exhaust- ive instead of approximately complete, and continued by supplements at annual or other regular intervals. We should then have a catalogue of periodicals as final and reliable as the great national book-catalogues already mentioned. Let me particularise a few of the essential, or at any rate the leading, principles to be obser\-ed in compiling such a catalogue. I. First, its scope must be limited to periodicals devoted to science and re- search. To catalogue the newspapers of the world would hardly be more than a bibliographical amusement. Magazines and literary reviews might also be ne- glected. They merely reflect the taste of the day, and cater to our entertainment without being serious contributions to knowledge. II. Secondly, classification by subject should be attempted in some way, either in the arrangement of the catalogue itself or by means of an index. An alpha- betical arrangement by title, like that of the Smithsonian Catalogue, or classifica- tion by country and place of publication, as in Mr. Scudder's and the British Museum catalogues, is simple and readily intelligible. But the simplicity of either system would seem to be in the interest of the compiler rather than for the en- lightenment of those who seek for infor- mation. The extent of the periodical literature in any department is a question that often arises, and that is not easily answered with the existing bibliographical guides. A catalogue arranged according to subjects would also admit of satisfac- tory and logical division into volumes, and the convenience for consultation would be thereby much increased. A title-index and an index of localities would naturally be added. III. Another, and perhaps the most essential, feature of a satisfactory catalogue of periodicals is, that it should be con- tinued and kept up to date by supple- ments issued at regular intervals. One of the greatest drawbacks to individual effort in publications of this kind is the isolated character that is necessarily im- pressed upon them. Being issued spas- modically, so to speak, to meet the re- quirement of the moment, they fail to maintain the place to which their merit and the industry of their compilers entitle them, chiefly because of the impossibility of providing for revision and re-issue when the accumulation of new material has rendered them obsolete. In course of time a new compiler arises, a new publi- cation is put forth, perhaps on different lines, but with the same fate of premature neglect. The preface to Mr. Scudder's catalogue contains a melancholy recom- mendation — melancholy because it has been without result — to the effect that a list of additions and emendations should be published in 1880, with decennial supplements thereafter. Nearly twenty years have passed since Mr. Scudder published his catalogue, and no supple- ment has appeared. The consequence is that, when the next catalogue of scientific serials is issued, all the material so laboriously collected by Mr. Scudder will be re-collected and re-edited, in addition to that which has come into existence since 1876. But supplements at intervals of ten years are not sufficient. Librarians must have information of the latest publications of all kinds. Every year new periodicals are begun and old ones are discontinued, new societies are organised and old ones die. The aston- ishing growth of periodical literature can only be kept pace with by a system of annual supplements, which should exer- cise a double function — recording the decease as well as the birth of periodicals and societies. By this means alone can a catalogue, adequate in all other respects, be kept in force perpetually as an authori- tative guide, and its value and utility increased instead of diminished with the lapse of years. In conclusion, let me explain the reason for bringing up the subject before this Conference. The preparation of a cata- logue such as I have outlined is a work of considerable magnitude, not so much from the quantity of material involved as on account of the numerous and widely- scattered localities from which informa- tion has to be gathered. It is not merely a question of the output of the great publishing centres, London, Paris, Leipzig, New York, etc. The smaller towns in every country have their local societies, — scientific, archaeological, and historical, — whose transactions are, as a rule, printed and published in the place where the meetings are held. To obtain accurate and complete accounts of these societies and their publications from every pro- vincial town of the civilised world would COOPERATION IN A CATALOGUE OF PERIODICALS 125 lie practically impossible for an individual. His name would be unknown to the lar^e majority of those with whom he tried to put himself in communication, the lan- guage of his letters might be unfamiliar to them, his very nationality possibly suspect. Information at first hand would therefore be beyond the reach of [irivate enterprise, and the compiler's chief re- source would be the partial catalogues already issued, with the addition of such assistance as the largest libraries could render him. Unfortunately, both the catalogues and the libraries have been shown by experience to be untrustworthy guides where absolute completeness is aimed at, and their deficiencies would be too likely to be repeated in the new compilation. Moreover, one feature that I have ventured to call an essential of the catalogue would be absent, viz. the certainty of its continuation by annual supplements. No individual author could supply that guarantee, without which all the labour expended upon the catalogue would in a few years count for nothing. Only co-operation can ensure thorough- ness in the collection of information, and nothing but the undying responsibility of an association can provide for the issue of periodical supplements. The Smithsonian Institution, with its correspon- dents in every part of the world, is able, no doubt, to frame a list of all the existing scientific societies ; but there is no great body, enjoying the same advantage of world-wide recognition, to do for history, archa:ology, and philology what the Smith- sonian Institution can do for science. In fact, no s[)ecialism is adequate to the task of compiling a catalogue of all periodicals ; it is an undertaking co- extensive with the whole field of know- ledge, and should be the concern of the only class of men making profession of omniscience — librarians. The librarian of a public or of a university library is in touch with the learned of every de- nomination ; he cultivates the friendship of the local geologist and of the local archiiLologist with perfect impartiality, and both of them look to him for support, intellectual and sometimes financial. None but he, in any town, district, or province, is so likely to be aware of the local as- sociations of specialists and their publica- tions. He is therefore peculiarly fitted to supply the information that is the hardest to gain. In the great cities the publishing trade is sufliciently organiiicd to provide complete lists of the journals that appear there. Hut the ])rovincial publiiaiions are not so easily discovered, and it is through the librarians of munici|>alitics and universities that such material for a catalogue of serials can be collected most easily and most successfully. This Con- ference represents the librarians of the world, and the influence of its name among them should be at least as great as that of the Royal Society or of the Smithsonian Institution with the men of science. If a committee of this body were appointed for the purpose of compiling an inter- national catalogue of serials, it would speak with the authority of the Conference itself, and letters and circulars issued in its name would command the attention of librarians in every country. I5y con- stituting the committee a self-perpetuating body, the publication of supplements would be permanently provided for, and the process of collecting information for them would be the same as for the original catalogue. A last word on the financial aspect of the question. Bibliographical works that are merely retrospective tend to become more and more obsolete with every year that passes, and consequently the demand falls off and the price goes down. But experience has shown that a serial record of publications, which aims at complete- ness, has a rising value in the book market. The early volumes are not super- seded by the later ones, but the whole forms a single work. The catalogue of periodicals that I have suggested would be a publication of this nature. The annual supplements would refer to the original volume and complete it. In fact, the various portions would depend upon one another in a far more intimate sen.se than the different volumes of a great book- catalogue. The original catalogue would continue to be consulted for current as well as past issues, until the time when the number of supplements had increased to such an extent as to render it necessary to re-cast the whole publication. Mean- while the work would remain one and indivisible — a standard catalogue, indis- pensable to every library of reference. The demand, therefore, for the original volume would not cease until all libraries were supplied, and the commercial success of the undertaking would be reasonably assured. H. H. L.\NGTON. xr.'-:r.-- r ■■_- PRINTED CARD-CATALOGUES. |iM^^^^_)Si AM aware, and greatly MT^i^ ^"^iW regret, that my ignor- ance of the practice of European libraries will make these notes on printed card - catalogues less valuable than they would be if they were prepared by someone of broader experience. Yet I hope that the record of the e.xperiments of a few American libraries in this not unpromising line may be of sufficient interest to Justify their presentation. In the first place, let me say that it is not my intention to compare card -cata- logues with other forms of catalogues, nor to treat of points in regard to card- catalogues other than those which are affected directly or indirectly by the use of printed cards, instead of the usual manuscript or typewritten cards. I must pass by, also, the question to what extent printed accession sheets, such as those of the British Museum, the Royal Library at Berlin, and Harvard University, may be considered satisfactory substitutes. Of American libraries, at least four — the Boston Public, Harvard University, New York Public, and the John Crerar — are now printing all cards added to their catalogues. Many others, while not doing any printing themselves, still make con- siderable use of printed cards, either as subscribers to the series published by the Publishing Section of the A.L.A., or to one or another of the various card-indexes which have been started within the last few years. These indexes now cover agriculture, botany, zoology, and mathe- matics ; and there are proposed not only co-operation among certain American hbraries, but also the far more extensive plans of the International Bureau at Brussels, and of the Royal Society. Under this development in the use of printed cards, the question has become of much wider interest than if it were simply one of the form of the catalogues of isolated libraries. Returning, however, to this narrower question, the advantages which may be claimed for the printed over the usual manuscript or typewritten cards may be stated briefly as, greater legibility, greater uniformity, greater care almost necessarily taken in preparation, and the possibility of indefinite multiplication without appre- ciable increase in cost. It seems unnecessary to do more than mention the first two points — legibility and uniformity. While they may be inconsiderable if the comparison is made with a catalogue written in the best library style, yet it may be said safely that the very large majority of manuscript catalogues are decidedly inferior in these respects to one printed from clean type of good style. A special weight, it seems to me, may be given to such considera- tions of external form, in the case of libraries which are intended to be orna- ments to the city or memorials of their founders. As to the greater care taken by the cataloguers in the preparation of titles which are to be printed, but little needs to be said. It is by no means inconsiderable ; but it can be obtained in other ways, as in the ■ preparation of bulletins or printed book-catalogues. The last advantage mentioned, how- ever, — that of indefinite multiplication,- — is so important as to deserve detailed con- sideration, and its importance increases very greatly with the number of copies used ; for, with printed cards, each ad- ditional card costs only the cost of the material, while with manuscript or type- written cards each one costs just as much as the first. The vital question, then, it seems to me, is whether the circumstances of a library require or allow it to make use of so many copies of its catalogue entries as to justify the extra expense of printing them. It is surprising to find, when the ques- tion is approached from this side, in how many wa)-s these extra copies have been or may be utilised. 26 PRINTED CARD-CATALOGUES •27 III tliu first placi', the niimljcr of ad- ditiunal entries, especially under subject- headings, may he increased to any extent desired to secure the maximum of useful- ness of the catalogues. In the second place, the entire catalogue, or such |)arts of it as may ije wanted, may be du|)licated for consultation in branches or in the de[)artnienta! libraries of educa- tional institutions. An experiment along this line is being tried in ("hicago by the library which I have the honour to repre- sent. A copy of each j)rinteil aird-cata- logue entry of the John Crerar Library is sent to six institutions in the city or its immediate vicinity. These institutions are the (Chicago I'ublic Library, the New- berry Library, the University of Chicago, the Northwestern University, Armour Institute of Technology, and the Field Columbian Museum. It will be seen that they are all institutions whose patrons or teachers and students are likely to use the books of the John Crerar Library. The experiment, which was suggested to nie by the plan of an Austrian libraiian, has not been on trial long enough to allow judgment to be given, but the welcome given these cards by the authorities of the institutions receiving them, and the re- quests received from other institutions, give us hope that it will prove successful. It should be said that the cards are sent on condition that they are arranged and stored so as to be accessible to the public. They cannot be considered, therefore, as a free gift, but as one entailing on the recipients some little expense for cases and time necessary for arrangement. Again, this inexpensive multiplication of our catalogue entries has led us to experiment with a triple form of our card catalogue, giving an alphabetical author, an alphabetical subject, and a classed subject arrangement, which, together with liberal use of additional entries, also made possible by printed cards, we hope will combine all the advantages obtainable in a card - catalogue. Here also, unfortu- nately, the experiment has not been in operation long enough to warrant the formation of any judgment as to its suc- cess. I am confident of it, however, for I agree with Mr. Peddie and the other speakers yesterday, that all three forms of catalogues are required before any library can be considered satisfactorily catalogued. The real question, therefore, is that of the correlation of these form.s, and of the ways of presenting each form. It offers a wide field for discu8.sion, but especially should it be remembered that what is the best form of author - catalogue may not be the best form of classed or alphabetical subject catalogue. Another use of the extra copies has been brought to the front in the (jast year by the proposal of the American libraries printing their cards to exchange analytical references, each library agreeing to analyse certain sets of serials. It will be seen that the i)lan is capable of indefinite expansion, and that it can be made to include books and index work, as well as regular analy- tical work, as needs or opi>ortunities develop. In addition to these methods of employ- ing the printed cards, there is the pcjssi- bility of using the type itself, or electro- types made from it, for the preparation of lists of accessions, bulletin.s, cla.ssed lists, or, as was done by Columbia University in the case of the Avery Architectural Library, even for the printing of a book- catalogue. At the John Crerar Library the type has been electrotyped in a patent form, which allows the titles to be made up into pages in any desired order. In this connection it may be of interest to refer to the increasing use of celluloid plates as a substitute for electro plates. These cellutypes, as they are called, are not only cheaper and much lighter than electro plates, they are also more durable and less easily damaged. It is not im- possible that they will lead to a revival of Mr. Jewett's plan for a central cataloguing bureau which shall furnish material from which each library can print its own cata- logue at a minimum expense. There are, of course, some disadvantages to be set against these many advantages. Here, again, let me remind you that this f)aper will not deal with those disadvan- tages which belong to the card system as a system, but only with those which pertain to the printed card in comparison with the manuscript one. Of these there are two which appear to merit serious consideration, namely, the extra delay in making books available to the public, and second, the increased cost. The time required for the actual printing of the cards can be reduced so as to make any objection on this score untenable. It is rather the extra time needed to complete the title bibliographically, or to perfect the volume or set if any defects are found, or to secure information which could be added afterwards to the WTitten card, that I2S CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS will cause most dissatisfaction with the printing process. It is possible, however, to minimise this, for example, by the use of temporary MS. entries, or by the ex- posure of new books uncatalogued. The great and, in many cases, decisive objection is the increased cost. Con- siderable as this is, it easily may be over- estimated, for, as has been said before, it diminishes very rapidly as the number of copies used increases, and may in some cases, therefore, prove to be a positive economy. Still, it is so fundamental a point that it will appear worthy of detailed consideration, even though the details apply only to conditions as they exist in the United States. The figures which have been given me by the librarians in question are as follows : — per title. Har\'ard . 8 copies . 20 cents Boston . • 6 „ S-io .. New York ■ 2 „ • 12 ,, J.C.L. ■ 20 ,, ■ l6 ,, A.L.A. 3 )j . 2i „ The great variations in these figures is caused by the different conditions under which the work is done. Harvard Uni- versity prints its cards on the college press, and the cost is raised by the fact that a large plant has to be kept ready for occasional heavy demands. The cards of the A.L.A., New York Public Library, and the John Crerar Library are printed by outside printers on a commercial basis, and include all expenses and a fair profit to the printers. Those of the New York Public Library and the John Crerar Library are in very close agreement, and probably represent the minimum attain- able in the United States on this basis. The figures furnished by the Boston Public Library are the most interesting as showing what may be looked for under favourable circumstances. Their work is done in the library by library employees, on Mergenthalen linotype machines. By omitting all charges for rent, light, heat, and power, and by supposing that the library can keep two machines constantly at work, there is obtained the lower limit of cost quoted, namely, s cents per title. The upper limit, lo cents, would allow for these omissions and for a much less constant use of the machines. The figures of the American Library Association are interesting as showing the advantages of co-operation. There is one other element in the additional cost of printed cards, which has been alluded to already, namely, the greater time and care required in their preparation. It is evident that there is a distinct loss of time inevitable when work is done piecemeal, as is necessary to secure prompt current cataloguing, instead of in the better co-ordinated work of revision or of preparation of bulletin material. On the other hand, in considering the question of cost, it must not be forgotten that, apart from the saving of the time of the library assistants, caused by the many cross-references and analytical cards, there is the positive financial economy where many copies are used, and that this economy often can be obtained by reduc- ing the number of titles. For example, a single card with contents note for a book consisting of a series of articles will give a much cheaper means of analysis than the usual series of analytical cards. Again, the variations of title and editor in the case of any periodical sets can be given more clearly and intelligibly in a single title, which is entered in the card-catalogue as often as is necessary, than on a series of MS. cards, each of which can contain in- formation in regard to a fraction of the set. A final consideration deserves mention, as it is apt to be passed over in the dis- cussion of the cost of our catalogues. It should not be forgotten that the main cost is in the preparation of the titles, not in their reproduction. Assuming, as I believe is done in the United States, that the preparation of titles will cost, if well done, from 25 to 35 cents each, then the 5 cents paid by the Boston Public Library to put these titles in the most useful and beautiful form cannot but be considered as proportionally a very small matter, while even the highest price paid for the same work is not excessive. I shall be content if these notes have convinced you that the subject is one having a practical bearing on several lines of library work, and that it is worthy of serious consideration under certain con- ditions. I cannot close, however, without ex- pressing my cordial agreement with the remarks of Mr. Lane on the first paper of the Conference, that the real use of these practical methods is to so economise the time of librarian, assistants, and readers, that all may do more work with less drudgery, and my hope that they may succeed in so doing. C. W. Andrews. '■:^^::CR'^ LOCAL LIi;i^\RY ASSOCLATIOXS IX Till-: UXITliD STATES. Tliat stands jHE organisation which the sixty odd delegates from ihe United StiUes repre- sent at this Conference is, of course, the Ameri- can library ^Association, is the only organisation which for the federated interests of the libraries of the United States as a whole. But within the jjast twelve years there have been formed nearly thirty other organisations, which repre- sent federated effort by and in behalf of American libraries, but federated effort within a narrower area. This movement started with the formation on June i8, 1885, of the New York Library Club, — for the City of New \ork and its imme- diate vicinity, — which was followed by the formation, in July 1890, of the New V'ork Library Association, the area of whose activities exteniled to the State at large. The e.xample ([uickly sjiread to the west and to the east, so that now, omitting organisations formed for merely temporary purposes and now discontinued or merged, there are in existence twenty-five such local associations. With u.s, after a federal association, the ne.\t in diminishing constitutional area is a State association. But in the creation of these local library associations formal constitutional rei]uirements have been subordinated to convenience. Of the twenty-five, sixteen are State organisations, four are city organisations, three repre- sent certain districts only of some State, one represents ostensibly two cities, and one at least, the Massachusetts Club, has embraced two States. In fact, however, in most instances, while the area of activity may be local, the area of membership extends to all persons interested. The objects of organisation are gener- ally stated to be " to promote the library interests" of the State or other area 17 designated. In some ca.ses the constitu- tion ex()ands this into the phrase, " by consultation and co-operation to increase the u.sefulness and advance the interests of the libraries " included ; thus adding purposes more liberally objective, as a project to advance the interests of religion is more liberally objective than one to advance the interests of the Church. The "aim " in view, as sLited in the manual of the Chicago Library Club, is so much more explicitly expressed that I venture to (juote that statement in full : — " The Chicago Library Club believes in the broadest possible interpretation of librarian.ship as a profession, that a wide culture is of equal importance with library technique, and that the opportunities of the librarian should be such as bring him into direct contact with workers in allied lines. "The club, therefore, will seek co- operation with authorities having in any way to do with the creation of literature and interested in its conservation and use, and will endeavour to establish an acijuaintance and friendly relationship with literary workers, especially in Chicago. "During the coming season, 1895-96, the clul> will consider the formation of a State Library Association and a State Library Commi.ssion, and in its discussions pay particular attention to specialisation in libraries, library architecture, and prac- tical methods of making libraries in cities anil vicinity more helpful to the public. \\'henever possible and advisable, lectures on these various subjects will be secured from specialists outside of the club. The question of forming a co-operative list of the serials on file in the libraries of Chicago, and of preparing bibliographies on special or local topics, will also be taken up." There is usually a written constitution : there are the usual four officers — some- 130 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS times executive and other committees ; the dues are usually but fifty cents, and never exceed one dollar per year ; and the ex- penses are generally confined to postage and minor printing. It is not therefore strange that, although the treasurers are not required to give bond, no instances of malfeasance with respect to funds has yet been reported ! The chief responsi- bility of the executive committee is to determine places and arrange programmes for the various meetings. The place of meeting is constantly shifted, within the general area, with the deliberate purposes : (i) To acquaint the members with the library facilities and conditions of each locality of the larger area; and (2) to stimulate in each such locality in turn the interest of the public in library affairs. The hbrary interests of these more special localities are therefore served by the meetings of these local associations, as those of more prominent places are served by the meetings of the A. L.A. The Nebraska Library Club, for instance, whose leading purpose is " to educate public sentiment," arranges its meetings to coincide with those of the State Teachers' Association. The number of meetings yearly ranges from one in the case of certain of the clubs, to a maximum of nine in the case of others ; and the membership, from 20 in the case of the smallest club (that of Maine), to 356 in the case of the largest (that of Massachusetts). The twenty-five associations and clubs together have an aggregate membership of 1985 persons. If, therefore, one were to attempt an estimate of the organised effort by and in behalf of the library interests of the United States, one must add to the American Library Association, with its 750 members and its one meeting a year, these twenty -five local associations, with their 1985 members and their aggregate of ninety-two meetings a year. The need of these local organisations, in addition to the national one, may easily be made intelligible : — 1. The A.L.A. is a national organisa- tion. It stands for an area of 3,000,000 square miles. It must represent the in- terests of the 7000 libraries of the United States — {a) in their relations with federal government ; (b) in their international relations. 2. The programmes of the A.L.A. must deal with what is common in interest to the libraries of the country as a whole, representing every variety of type. 3. The undertakings of the A.L.A. must be undertakings calculated to render a service in some degree — a service uni- form to the hundreds of libraries repre- sented in its membership, and the 7000 in the country at large. 4. The discussions of the A.L.A. at its one annual meeting must be confined in the main to what is theory and^ generali- sation. In common with the A.L.A., the local associations may discuss the problems of ordinary library economy : Library build- ings and equipment, organisation of staff, selection of books, cataloguing, classifi- cation, notation, binding, use, access to shelves and other regulations, charging systems, and library statistics. They need not avoid consideration of the treatment to be accorded to pamphlets — that criminal class in literature, whether it is to be dealt with by separate confinement or incarcera- tion in group. But in nearly all such subjects the local associations will have the advantage over the A.L.A., in that their discussions may particularise, by detail and by direct illus- tration. For instance : — 1. They may study particular libraries — (a) by inspection in detail ; (p) through historical sketches. 2. They may study particular systems and library devices by inspection of these in actual operation. 3. They may induce and arrange specialisation and co-operation between particular libraries within a narrow area, having interests and problems in com- mon, and interdependent constituencies. Specialisation may be in function, or in the purchase of books, convenienced by an interchange of titles. Co-operation may be in the reading of books, in cata- loguing, in publication, in service to readers by inter-library loans, in enter- prises for mutual protection, e.g. as against book thieves. Several of the city clubs have been specially active in securing the compilation of a union list of the peri- odicals currently taken in the libraries of the vicinity. The manual issued by the Chicago Library Club has, appended, the descrip- tion of each of some sixteen public libraries accessible to the constituency represented by the club, and the manual issued by the Library Association of Washington adds to a similar description of sixty- I.OCA!. UniiARY ASSOCIATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES 131 one public libraries of Washington similar information as to twenty three |)rivate <:ol- leetions. 'I'he information given rovers, in the ease of each library, the date of foundation, the location, the hours of opening, tiie regulations for us<-, the; size, liu' amount of use, the special strength in tli(; several departments of literature, and the administration. Such information not merely brings into public and more certain knowledge the library resources of the locality, but serves as an indispensable preliminary to schemes of differentiation and specialisation. ( !o-o|)eration as a theory is a matter of princi])les, easy to determine ; the intro- duation. No. of Mectina* Yearly. 1 Xtemben i Central Californi.T .San Francisco and too miles around. Feb. 22, 1S93 9 60 Chicago Any person interested. Dec. 17, 1S91 6 no Colorado . State and all interested. Dec. 29, 1892 8 45 Conneciicut State. Feb. 23, 1891 3 97 Illinois State. Jan. 23, 1896 2 71 Indiana State. Dec. 30, 1 89 1 I 68 Iowa .... State. Nov. 13, 1890 I 30 Maine State. Mar. 19, 1891 I 20 Massachusetts Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Nov. 13, 1890 4 356 Michigan . State. Sept. I, 1S91 I 41 Milwaukee (Round City. .Mar. 7, 1895 I ** '5 Table) . Minnesota . State. Dec. 29, 1S91 1 3S Nebraska . State. .\pril 22, 1897 As yet but I 22 New I lanipsliirc . State. Sept. II, 1890 2 75 New lersey State and all. Dec. 20, 1S90 2 60 New York (City) City and vicinity. June iS, 1885 5 >57 New York (State) Slate. July II, 1S90 2 84 North Wisconsin (trav- North Wisconsin. Nov. 14, 1S96 At call. 25 oiling library) . Ohio .... State. l"cb. 27, 1S95 1 125 Pennsylvania State. (Phila. Ian. 29, 1892) 7 226 Twin City . St. Paul, Minneapjlis. Feb. 1S97 4 25 Vermont Slate. Oct. 17, 1894 5 40 Western Pennsylvania . W'estern Pa. and adjoining towns. Sept. 28, 1896 4 40 Washington City All interested. June 15, 1894 9 75 Wisconsin . State and all interested. Feb. II, 1891 I 80 Tutal numlKT of associ.itions, 25. Aggregate number of meetings yearly (see North Wisconsin), 92. Aggregate membership, 19S5. 134 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS APPENDIX II. I. Book-printing (by a practical printer) ; book- binding (by a practical binder) ; book illustration (by an expert); art illustration (with exhibits); paper and ink (by a commissioner of public records) ; highest legibility of type ; size of page ; some bad features of good books ; making of a newspaper. II. Care of maps ; keeping a library clean ; bulletins ; delivery stations vs. branch libraries ; use of costly and rare books ; catalogues of portraits and pictures ; children's rooms in libraries ; the information desk ; deliver)' desk difficulties ; what a woman librarian earns ; reference work of a college library ; book thieves ; duties of a library to its staff; schoolroom libraries; district libraries; ways of advertising a library ; a " librarj' institute " (practical lessons in library economy, by a trained teacher from a librar)- school) ; scrap books ; public documents ; " best books " of 1S96 ; how can the character of the reading be improved ? how to read and what to read ; how far should reading be controlled in libraries ? reading for the young ; rescue from the-dime novel habit ; how the interest of parents in children's reading may be secured ; place and proper character of fiction in public libraries ; principles of the selection of books ; the line of exclusion ; literature of domes- tic architecture ; should American literature be especially favoured in our libraries? specialisa- tion ; broad lines on which a reference library should be established and maintained ; local col- lections in public libraries ; amateur photography and the public library (by an outsider) ; collec- tions of photographs of local interest ; State laws and publications ; travelling libraries of photo- graphs ; statistics of reading in grades. III. The relation of the publisher to the lib- rarian ; book - publishing and book - selling in California (characteristics and vagaries of Cali- fornia printers and publishers ; California maga- zines ; historical notes on book - selling, the import trade, and notes of a random publisher ; commercial conditions of the book trade in Cali- fornia, past and present ; trials of a publisher ; incidents of the second-hand book trade ; book auctions). I\^ Function of a public library ; value of a public library to the community ; influence of literature upon the active life of the time ; some of the philanthropic aspects of library work (papers by outsiders engaged in philanthropic work) ; the library as a city missionary ; settle- ment libraries ; home and club libraries ; parish libraries ; railroad libraries ; help of libraries in training for citizenship ; the library and the patriotic societies ; power of the book ; the library and the business man (by an outsider) ; reading in our farming communities ; university extension ; library extension ; libraries and museums ; rela- tion of the library to the higher education (outsider) ; should mercantile libraries be sus- tained independently, or merged in public libraries ? library law. \ . The British Museum ; libraries and litera- ture of the Orient, India, Ceylon, Tibet ; a chat on French libraries ; some bibliothecal memories ; national library of France ; history of the libraries of Manchester, England ; gleanings from some European libraries ; a whirl through the East ; account of the Halliwell-Phillipps library ; history of book-binding ; the MS. age ; books and book- making before the age of printing ; early illustra- tion by woodcuts ; Plantin press and museum of Antwerp ; some of the ancestors of a modern hook ; John Gutenberg and the early printers ; invention of printing — what was it ? some of the versions and editions of the Bible ; bibliographies ; science of books ; the literature of libraries — Bibliothekswesen ; exhibition and description of fac - similes of renowned books ; exhibition and description of issues of the Kelmscott press and publications of the Grolier Club ; a shelf of books ; pleasures and regrets of a book collector ; books and bookmen ; life and works of R. H. Barham ; books relating to the history of Con- necticut ; early editions of journals of the Conti- nental Congress ; poets laureate ; Robert Burton ; genesis of the novel. ^W^%S. TllM rUHI.IC I.I HKAR lies OF 'rillC NORTHERN STATES OF EUROPE. (SwEDKN, Norway, Dknmakk, and F'inland.) Saliiioiisciis Konvenationslekiikon, vol. ii., KiilK'nhnvn, 1894; article " Uililiotck" (by I. U. I liilvorscii). Nonliik Familjehok, vol. ii., .Stock- lioliii, 1S78 ; .iml supplcin. vol. i., .Stockholm, 1896. MineiTa, Jahrbuch der gelihrleii Well, vol. iii., Sirassli. 1894 (for the history) ; latest accounl in \..I. ■. i., Strassb. 1897. |T is a characteristic feature of the public libraries of the Northern States of Euroix; that the scientific libraries and those which arc called "people's libraries" are standing much farther apart from each other than in iMigland and the United States of America. ^Vhile the scientific libraries, with a few exceptions, are State libraries, the people's libraries very often are private institutions though supported by the State or the municipalities. And while the scientific libraries are well off and can bear a com- parison with those of foreign nations, the people's libraries are much behindhand, especially in comparison with the libraries of the English-speaking nations. In the .scientific libraries every man and woman who can get a guarantee can take out books for home reading ; to the reading- room every person is admitted without any formality. The admission to the people's libraries is given to every person, either free or by paying a very small sum. SWEDEN. Bcrnhard Lundstedt : "Notice sur les Uibliolhcq\ies Publiques en SuMe" (in J^cvite inlcmatioiiak dcs Archives, ties Bthliothfqufs (I dcs Miisies, Paris, 1895). C. M. Carlander : Sveiiska bibliotek ocit cx-li/>ris, i.-iii., Stockholm, 1S89-94. Aarskatahg fir sveiiska bokhandeln (an annual c-vtalogue of the Swedish publications of the year). Scientific Libraries. Koiij^lij^a Biblioteket i Stockholm. (The Royal Library of Stockholm.) Celsius, M., Hisloria Bibliolheac Re);i,c liolmiensis, Holmue, 1 75 1. A'ongl. Hihliolektls J/aml/iiigar (an annual report from 1878). The history of this library can be traced back to the sixteenth century. It grew very fast, especially in the seventeenth century, by booty obtained from Clerman libraries (Wtirzburg, Prague, etc.). Great parts of it were, in 1654, brought to Rome by the Queen Christina and incorporated in the library of the Vatican. The remaining parts were greatly increased by the Swedish kings. The library was partly destroyed by fire in 1697, when the royal palace, where it was lodged, was burnt down. It was again lodged in the royal palace from 1768-1877; then it was removed to a new library building. In the last century the library also grew by great donations of books. The library receives its books by the delivery of all Swedish printed matters ordained by law (since 1661), by purchase (spending circa ^1890 every year), by exchange, and by donations. It contains more than 335,000 volumes and 1 1,000 manuscripts, besides several hundred thousands of pamiihlets, etc. The Swedish literature forms a special division of the library. There are two catalogues — one alphabetic and one systematic — both of them card-catalogues. The building is very beautifully situated in the park "Humlegarden." It has been constructed exclusively of stone and iron, at a cost of ;^5 0,000. It is heated by a system of hot-water pipes, and is lighted by electricity. The staff consists of a chief librarian, '35 136 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS two librarians, four assistant librarians, and seven extraordinary assistants. The reading-room has fifty tables, each accommodating several persons. The library is open from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.; the reading-room being open during the same hours, and from 5 lo 7 p.m. The library is used by about 30,000 persons every year. In the reading-room 70,000 volumes are used ; for home reading c. 10,000 volumes are borrowed. The Royal Library publishes Sveriges offeiitliga hibliotek — Stockholm, Upsala, Lund, Go/el'org — Accessionskatalog, an annual systematic inventory of all foreign books acquired by the libraries, stating the library in which each book is placed. Kongliga Universitets Biblioteket i Upsala. (The Royal University Library of Upsala.) Celsius, O. , Biblioleio: Upsaliensis Historia, UpsaliiT., 1745. Annerstedt, C, Upsala Univer- sitets biblioteks historia till Oi'h vied 1 702, Stockholm, 1895. C. A[nnerstedt], Upsala Universitets bihliotek oih forslaget till dess om- gestalning, Upsala, 18S7. Annerstedt, C, Upsala Universitets bibliotek, 1872-1896, Upsalp., 1897 (in Upsala Universitet, 1S72-1897). Annual reports in Redogorelse for A'ongl. Univer- sitetet i Upsala. Founded in the reign of Gustaf Adolph, who presented to it a great part of the Royal Library of Stockholm ; it has re- ceived large collections of books, which the Swedish kings have brought home as booty in their wars. Since 1707 it has been by law entitled to receive a copy of all Swedish printed matter. It receives its books in the same way as the Royal Library of Stockholm. It every year spends c. £\Z?>'^ '" the purchase of books. It has one catalogue alphabetically arranged, but a systematical catalogue is not available. The Swedish literature forms a separate division of the library. The shelf arrangement is syste- matical ; the place of the book is marked in the alphabetical catalogue. It contains 300,000 volumes and 12,000 manuscripts. The building, erected in the first half of this century, has lately been very much enlarged. The staff consists of a librarian, a vice- librarian, three assistants, and four extra- ordinary assistants. The library is open every week-day in the two terms (15th Jan.-ist June, 1st Sept.-i5th Dec.) from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., the reading-room at the same time through the whole year. The reading-room is used by 6000 borrowers, who annually consult 60,000 volumes and 4800 manuscripts. For home reading 16,000 volumes are borrowed. The library published formerly an accession - catalogue, Upsala Universitets biblioteks accessions - catalog 1850— 1885, Upsala, 1853-86. Since 1886 it has been united with the accession-catalogue pub- lished by the Royal Library of Stockholm, and mentioned above. Kongeliga Universitets Biblioteket, Lund. (The Royal University Library of Lund.) Annual Reports in Liinds Universitets Arsberiittelse. This was founded in 1666 from the collection of the old libraiy of the cathedral of Lund. Since 1698 it has received a copy of all Swedish printed matter. It has also received large donations of books from Swedish kings, noblemen, and men of science. The yearly purchase of books amounts to c. ^950. It contains 170,000 volumes and 5000 manuscripts (besides a great collection of pamphlets, etc.). Two card-catalogues are in existence — one systematical, and one alphabetical. The shelf arrangement follows the syste- matical catalogue. The building, the old university build- ing, dates from the fifteenth century. It is to be enlarged this year at a cost of c. The staff consists of a librarian, a vice- librarian, two assistant librarians, and eight extraordinary assistants. The library is open at the same hours as the University Library of Upsala ; in the vacations, two days in every week. The reading-room has places for thirty-five to forty readers. The library is used by c. 9000 readers every year. 26,000 volumes are used in the reading-room. For home reading 9000 volumes are taken out. From 1853-1S85 the library published an accession-catalogue, which since 1886 has been united with the above-mentioned accession-catalogue for all Swedish libraries. G'dteborg Stadsbibliotek. (The Town Library of Gothenburg.) Goteborgs mitsei tjiigo/emars-beriittelse /ran 20 December 1861 till 20 December 1886, Goteborg, 1888 (a report of the Museum of (lothenburg from 1S61-86). The library was founded to replace the libraries of Gothenburg Museum and of LI I! I< ARIES OF rilE XORTIIERN STATES OF EUROl'E 137 Oothenhurj^ Hi(;h Scliool, whicli in 1891 were amalgaiiiatcd under one administra- tion. It receives its l)ooks Ijy purchase, by donations, and tiy exchan^;c. 'I'lie town spends every year c. £.220 on it ; but besides, it receives contributions from the Hi^;li Scliool and from j;rcat lef,'acies. The library contains more than 60,000 volumes — for the greater part modern literature. The books are shelved in systematic order. It |)ossesses two card- catalogues- — ^one following the shelf ar- rangement, the other being al|)habctic. A new building is to be erected this year at a cost of J^,\ 1,000. There is one librarian, one assistant, and two extraordinary assistants. The library is open every week-day during four hours. In the reading-room there are twenty-one places. 8500 j)er- sons use the library every year. In the reading-room 5500 volumes are used, and 5500 volumes arc given out for home reading. The Libraries 0/ Ike Royal Grammar Schools (" Allmiinna laroverk "). Bidrag til S^icriges offiiiela stalislik. P. Under- viminxs-vasendel. 2. Berdltehe oin stalens etc- menlarliiroveri for gossar, Liisehrel, 1876-77. Each royal grammar school (in all 78) has a library, about which the law ordains that it shall be opened for use to the teachers and pupils of tlie school and to other persons living in the town and its environs. These libraries are then work- ing, on a smaller scale, in the same way as the great libraries mentioned above. Some of them, especially the grammar school libraries of the episcopal cities, into which the old libraries of the diocese have been incorporated, are of a considerable size. The largest are the libraries of Linkoping (80,000 volumes and 1600 manuscripts), of Skara (30,000 volumes and 600 manu- scripts), of Strengnas (25,000 volumes), and of We.xio (25,000 volumes and 600 manuscripts). Several scientific institutions have great libraries. In Stockholm the greatest are Kongliga Vetenska/'s-akadeinieiis hibliotek (the library of the Royal Academy of Science), 70,000 volumes ; Riksdagens bibliotek (the library of the Parliament), 22,000 volumes ; Kongl. Tekniska Hcg- skolans bibliotek (the library of the Royal Technical High School), 22,000 volumes. 18 People's Lihrakik-s. In some of the larger towns the work- ing men's associations have founded libraries. In Stockholm are Slucklwlms Arbetarein- slitttls Bibliotek (the library of the Work- ing Men's Institute), and Stucklwlms Arbel- areforenings Jiibliotek (the library of tiie Working Men's Association). The first is o[)en every week-day from 6 to 8 ]).m., has 2000 volumes, and gives out 3000 volumes to 300 borrowers a year. The second is open twice a week, and contains 2000 volumes. The Students' Association, " Verdandi," of Upsala, which publishes very cheap scientific booklets, in 1891 founded a library, which contains c. 2000 volumes, and gives out c. zooo volumes every year. The association has heli)ed to form twenty-eight people's libraries, by selling books very cheap, and by giving advice in the founding of the library. In other Swedish towns are older libraries. But from 1850 and the follow- ing years many of the towns had libraries which were the propertyof the municipality. They had from 300 to 3000 volumes. Similar libraries, but smaller, are founded in the villages. They are named " Socken- bibliotek " (libraries of the parish). The Ciovernment does not subscribe to the peojile's libraries. It has been ordained by law that the municipalities are bound to found libraries, and that the inspectors of the public schools shall see that the law is carried into effect. But this law is, in our days, in many places not very much more than a dead letter. It is the teachers of the public schools and the associations of the working men who arc the most interested in forming public libraries. The total of the Swedish people's libraries is f. 3000 with 1,000,000 volumes. NORWAY. Monrad, S.S., De bibliotheds Nonuegia , Christ. 1777- Scientific Libraries. Universitets Biblioteket i Ckristiania. (The University of Christiania.) Drolsum, A. C, Om Universitets Biblioteket, Christ. iSSo (with a supplem. vol. 1881). Uni- versitets Bibliotekets Aarbog (.-in annual report). The library, together with the uni- versity, was founded in 181 1 on 30,000 duplicates from the Great Royal Library 138 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS in Copenhagen. Since 1851 it has been lodged in the new building of the univer- sity. In 1880 it was enlarged and adapted to modern requirements. Since 1883 it has received copies of all Norwegian printed matter. It spends every year c. j£,\iqo in the purchase of new books. It is divided into a Norwegian and a foreign division, and h.as an alphabetic and a systematic catalogue. The staff comprises one chief librarian, two sub-librarians, six amanuenses, and two assistants. The reading-room is open every week-day, 1 1 a.m. to 3 p.m. and 5 to 8 p.m. ; the lending bureau from 12 to 3, and in the vacation (ist July to 15th Aug.) from I to 2 p.m. In the reading-room 30,000 persons use 40,000 volumes annually. For home reading 25,000 volumes are borrowed. The library publishes in its annual report, the year- book of the university library mentioned above, an alphabetical catalogue of the Norwegian publications of the year {Norsk Bogfortegnelse), which is also pub- lished separately. Other scientific libraries are libraries of some of the royal grammar schools — for instance, Ckristiania Cathedrahkoles Bib- liotek (the library of the Christiania Cathe- dral School), 30,000 volumes ; and Trcmd- hjems oifentlige Bil'liotek (Trondhjem Pub- lic Library), which belongs to the Royal Norwegian Scientific Society. People's Librarie.s. Det Deichmanske Bibliotek i Christiania. Carl Deichman's .S'aw//;/i,^d';\ Christiania^ I790. Moe, B., Om dct Deichmanske Bibliothek. Chris- tiania, 1839. Founded 17S0 by C. Deichman, it has been augmented by donations from private persons. It is the property of the town, contains 30,000 volumes, spends every year ;^ioo in purchase of books, is open two hours every week-day in the winter months, and two hours twice a week in the summer months. It has a reading-room. 25,000 volumes are borrowed every year. Bergens offentlige Bibliotek (the Public Library of Bergen) was founded by private donations, and is, since 1872, in the pos- session of the town. In many respects it is working like the English and American free libraries. It contains 72,000 vol- umes. A card - catalogue (alphabetically arranged) and a printed class-catalogue are used. The books are arranged in accord- ance -with the class-catalogue. One libra- rian and three assistant librarians are the staff. The reading-room, which has thirty sitting places, is open every v.-eek-day from 12 to 2 p.m. and 5 to 8 p.m.; the lending bureau, 12 to i and 5 to 7 p.m. In the reading-room c. 7000 volumes are issued ; for home reading 40,000 volumes are bor- rowed. In several other towns there are public town libraries, often developed from the libraries of the royal grammar schools. Such libraries are Arendal School public library and museum, and Frederikstad town library, which derives its means chiefly from the " Brsendevinssamlag," a company for selling liquor on the Gothenburg system. The villages in the country often have small libraries ; they are subsidised by the State, which every year spends c. ;^ 11 00 on them. In return the State requires that the library shall be the property of the parish, that the parish shall spend on the library a sum equal to the grant of the State, and that the grant only shall be used in buying books. The libraries each contain several hundreds of volumes. DENMARK. Dansk Bogforlcgnelse (an alphabetical catalogue, with s)-3teinatical index, of the publications of the year). Scientific Libraries. Det store Kongelige Bibliotek i Kobenhavn. (The Great Royal Library, Copenhagen.) Werlauff, E. C. , Hisloriske Efteyielninger oin det store kongelige Bibliothek, 2 Udg. Kbhvn. 1 844. Bruim, C, Dct store kongelige Bihliotheks Stiftelse^ Kbhvn. 1875. Bruun, C, Det danske Katalog i det store kongelige Bibliothek, Kbhvn. 1875. Bruun, C, TilErimin'ngot?iJonErichsen,YMti\n. 18S7. Bruun, C, Paa Hiindrcdaarsdagen efter at det store kongelige Bibliothek, bleo erkloret fctr at vore et offentligt Bibliothek, Kbhvn. 15 Nov. I S93. Aarsberetningcr og Meddelelser fra det store kongelige Bibliothek, iidg. af Chr. Bruun, vol. i., 1S64, etc. (an annual report). Lange, H. O., BenhO-kninger og lagtlagelser om offentlige Bib- liotheker ister om det store kongelige Bibliothek i A'Jobenhavn, Kbhvn. 1895. Founded by Frederic iii. (1648-1670), it has grown very amply, as well by gifts of books from men of letters as by pur- chase and other means. It was not open for the public till 1793. It is lodged in a wing of Christiansborg Palace. The greater part of this palace was destroyed by fire in October 1888. The library escaped the danger, but it had been very imminent ; and this event, together with the permanent growth of the library, has brought into existence a Library Act of LIBRARIES OF THF. XORTHERN STATES Of EUROPE '39 1897, by wliii:li ii library builcJing, al a .m. The lending department is open every week-day from II a.m. to 2 p.m. The library often lends books to jK-rsons not resident in Copenhagen. In the reading-room c. 2 7,000 volumes are used every year by 9000 bor- rowers ; c. 12,000 volumes are taken out for home reading. The library [)ublishes a very im])ortant bibliographical work, BibliothecaDanka — a systematical catalogue of the Danish litera- ture from 148^-1830. The first volume of this work was published in 1872. Kobenhaviis Universitets Bibliotek. (The University Library of Copenhagen.) Itirkct Smith, S., Om Kjobenhavin L'liircrsilels- bihtiolkek for 1782, Kbhvn. 1882. Nycrup, U., Kjiibenhai'iis U»i~''fisitcls AHiiakr, Klihvn. 1805. Annual rcporis in Aarbogfor Kobenhavns Uitiver- sitct, Kbhvn. The library can be traced back to 1482. In 1728 it was completely destroyed by a lire, which laid in ashes the church, in the loft of which it was lodged. When re-founded it grew very rapidl)', and now contains (•. 350,000 volumes, besides a great many pamphlets and c. 5000 manuscripts, among which the Arnamagna;an collection of old Icelandic and old Norwegian manu- scripts (catalogued in Kaalund, Kr., Kaia- loj^ over den Arnuma^i^iKcanslct llaandikrijt- saiii/iiif;, Ii. i. og ii. Kbhvn. i888og 1894). It has received large gifts of books from men of letters — for instance, in 1867, , K., Om . I'oUI'ililioltk, IlcKinKrors, l.S(j2. Ni)rilmiUiii, I'., Om Hil>liotek, l.iiitsalar och t-'oreJrag for Fotkel , 1 Iclsinyftjrs, 1889. //e/sini^ors /''ulkhibliotck. (The People's Lihrary of llelsingf(jrs.) Anriunl KciMirls in the Kcpnrts on tliv Adminibtration of llic Town. 'I'lii- library was founded in 1859 with 517 volumes. It now has more than 18,000 volumes. The town spends every year ^"1000 on it. The books are ar- ranged in divisions according to subjects, and alphabetically in each division. There are three dilTerent catalogues — a stock catalogue, a general catalogue on cards, alphabetically arranged, and a printed sys- tematical catalogue forlheuse of the public. The building is large and well arranged. It has two reading-rooms — one for news- papers, the other for magazines and books, which cannot be had for home reading. The library is open from 5 to 8 p.m. every week-day; Sundays from 4 to 7 [).ni. The reading-rooms are used by i 70,000 persons every year. From the loan bureau in 1895, 80,000 volumes were given out (in 1884, 14,000 volumes). In some other toiviis (Aabo, Wiborg) there are great people's libraries. In the country there were in 1889 606 libraries, with some hundreds of volumes; in 1895 they numbered c. Soo (150 Swedish and the other I'inniiih). .Some of them have reading rooms. 'i'he movement fel M\c Association for the j'jilighlenment of the People) in Helsingfors (secretary, I )r. A. A. (Jranfeldt), which is working more particularly for the I'innish libraries ; and the Sveiiska Eolkskolans Vdnner (the I'riends of the Swedish Primary School ; secretary, Dr. P. Nordmann), which has ])romoted the foimdation among the Swedish-speaking population only. The latter society in 1895 founded a special library committee (secretary, Mr. H. Bcrgroth), which has issued several |)apers on the organisation and management of public libraries. Ani>kkas Sch. Stekndekg. "IIorscn.s, Denmark, xolhjiity 1S97. ' ' I have the honour to present to the Committee on !'a|K'rs and Ui.scu.s.sions of the Second Inter- national Library Conference a short account of the hljrar)- resources of the Northern States of i:uro|x-, which I have written at the request of the committee. In writing it I have received very kind help from many lihrarits and librarians. (Jrij;inally I had founded it on a broader l^asc, but I have lieen obliged to shorten it for the .sake of uniformity. I still hope that it gives a fairly accurate picture of the liiirary resources of the Northern Slates, and that ever)-one interested in them may be able to gather some information as to their nature and extent. — Most respectfully, "Andreas Sen. Steenberc. ' ' The Second Inlei-national Library Conference. The Committee on Papers and Discussions." AN INDICATOR-CATALOGUE CHARGING SYSTEM. |T is a strange and un- accountable fact that two nations speaking the same language, and with essentially the same laws, manners, and cus- toms, should differ so widely in the manner in which loans to readers of circulating libraries should be recorded. In England, what is known as the "indicator" is, I believe, in some form or other, generally the only system that has found favour, whereas in the United States the "indicator" is practically unknown, the general practice being to depend upon loose slips or cards. A partial explanation of this difference of practice may perhaps be found in the fact that in England the libraries are usually arranged on a broad system of classification, in which books are num- bered, in each class, according to the accidental order of their purchase, whereas in the United States the general practice is to have a more or less " close " classifica- tion, in which future accessions are inter- polated among the books previously added. The English " indicator " system, with fi.xed pigeon holes, is not of course adapted to such a system of classification, and, even where the partitions are movable, it is with great difficulty that the " indi- cator " system can be adjusted to the con- ditions prevalent in the United States. It has occurred to me that a com- promise might be devised which will preserve the salient features of both systems, and which could be applied to American as well as English libraries, and at a comparatively trifling expense, and with more economy of space than is afforded by the usual " indicator." The method I am about to describe was suggested by a casual remark of my friend, Mr. Charles A. Cutter — who has kindly consented to read this paper — when describing his system of charging in an old number of the Library Journal. While he is in nowise responsible for the details of the present plan, I feel that something is due to him for, in a sense, suggesting the original idea. I have therefore concluded that it is no more than right that we should share the credit and the blame equally — that is to say, if the system should be a success, I will take all the credit, whereas, if it should prove a failure, Mr. Cutter is to take all the blame. I am sure nothing could be fairer than that. I am not acquainted with all the varieties of the " indicator " that the in- genuity of English librarians has evolved ; and while I believe my plan to be original (it is certainly original, so far as I am concerned), it may be possible that I have hit upon something that bears a resemblance to some plan already de- vised, and possibly already in use. If so, I can only comfort myself with the thought that great minds run in the same grooves, and that a presentation of an old difficulty from an American point of view may be of interest, even if it be without value. After this preliminary and perhaps unnecessary introduction, I will proceed to the description of my plan. ilACHINERV OF THE SvSTE.M. I propose to use two cards or slips — (i) the book card, and (2) the reader's or borrower's card ; and (3) some boxes or drawers in which to file the cards or slips. These cards may be of any size, thick- ness, quality, or colour that the needs or fancy of any library may suggest as desirable. The only condition I insist upon is, that (i) the book card must have a pocket in which the borrower's card can be slipped into readily, and (2) that the borrower's card be small enough to allow 142 AN JXDICATOR-CATAI.OGUR CIIAHGING SYSTEM H3 the title of tlic l)f)(jk, on tin; liook card, to be read easily after llie former is slipped into the [)o<;ket, and that it Ije large enough to allow the name of the reader or borrower to be easily read after it is plafX'd in the pocket. 'I'here is to be a separate card for every volume, iniludini; every du|)licate, in the hbrary. 'I'he obverse side is to iiave a reasonably full title of the Ixwk, and the reverse side is to have ruled sjiaces to stamp each issue. There is to be a separate card for every reader. The obverse side is \.o have the name, number, and address of the reader, with such particulars as may be necessary in any individual library to indicate when his card expires, and the reverse side is to have ruled spaces for stamping the date of every book issued. The samples I submit are merely illustrative of the idea. They are not necessarily for publication, but merely given as an evidence of good faith. They can be altered, of course, to suit the exigencies of each individual library. Let us suppose that there is a book card for every volume in the library, and a borrower's card for every reader of the library, and the system will be applied as follows ; — 'i'he book cards are to be sorted in the order of their shelf numbers, and are to be put in the charge of a special clerk, to whom readers are to go after they have ascertained the number or numbers of the book or books they want. By consulting the assistant or the book cards them- selves, readers can learn whether the books they want are ;>/. If the book wanted is in, the clerk takes out the card representing it from the general series, and puts the reader's card in the pocket, and hands both to an attendant, who gets the book and stamps tl-e date of issue on both cards on the. reverse side. These cards are filed in the order of their shelf numbers. If desired, each day's issues can be kept by itself. But in that case it will be necessary to have a slip in each book issued, on which to stamp the date of issue, so that the date, where a given book card is filed, can be instantly ascertained. Whenever a book is returned the reader's card is returned to him, and he retains it until he draws another book. Advantages of the System. (i) There is no writing whatever after the cards are prepared, as the record is kept entirely by stamping the dates of issue. (2) There is i)rartically a receijrt from the reader for every book issued to him, and [)ractically a receipt from the library for every book returned by a reader. (3) Readers have their cards only when there is no book charged to them, hence the usual objection to readers' cards is reduced to a minimum. (4) Readers cannot get more than one book at a time. (5) Readers are sure of getting the books they ask for, because they have to go to the indicator - clerk to find out whether they are in. (6) I'he indicator itself can be used as a catalogue. (7) Readers cannot evade responsibility, as no books will be delivered to them e.\cej)t in exchange for their own cards, and they can prove that they have no books out by simply showing their cards. (8) Each book card shows how often a book has been used, and each reader's card shows how many times he has drawn books. (9) It is as easy to figure out fines as in any other system. (10) The indicator- catalogue — even with 100,000 cards — will take up a com- paratively small space compared with the usual English indicators, and it is more satisfactory in its operation, as fairly full titles can be given on the cards, in place of the meagre numbers or brief titles usually provided for in the more popular indicators. (11) If each day's issues are kept sepa- rate, it is easy to send for books overdue. (12) It is easy to know where any given book is if the book cards are kept in one series, and comparatively easy if they are kept by each day's issue sepa- rately ; because, if the limit for keeping a book is two weeks, there will be only twelve places to examine in the most extreme case. Possible Objections. (i) It will take too much time to con- sult the indicator. Anriver. — As the majority of the readers in a public library want the most popular books, most of which are usually out, it must save time, on the average, to know that they are sun of getting the book they ask for. Besides, there is no reason why there should not be two, three, or more clerks 144 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS at the indicator. There might be, for example, one clerk for fiction from A to M, another for fiction from N to Z, and another clerk for the other books, tne proportion of clerks being varied, of course, according to circumstances. In any event, one of the great advantages of the system is that the clerks cannot say to the reader that a given book is " out " when in fact it is "in." This difficulty all existing systems in the United States are powerless to overcome. (2) The reader's card may become separated from the pocket of the book card. If so, there is no way of knowing what book he has. Ansiver. — Possible, but not probable. Even if it does happen, there will be a book card without a reader's card, which will connect the two. If there are several such cases, in the same day, this identifica- tion will not be possible. But in such extreme and unusual cases the reader can be asked to return his book, or the library can wait two weeks, when the matter will probably adjust itself. If none of these plans are satisfactor)', the reader's number can be put on the book card opposite the date of issue. This will ensure greater accuracy at the expense of rapidity. The whole objection could be removed by some simple mechanical device that would prevent the small cards from falling out. At anyrate, the library would be no worse off than in the current systems in vogue in the United States when a wrong book number is put on the reader's card, or a wrong reader's number is put on the book card. In any event, the proposed system shows that a given reader has a book, and it is known who the reader is. In systems in which the book card only is kept in the library, the wrong number of the reader on the book card leaves the library entirely at sea as to ivko has the book. So that even here the pro- posed plan compares favourably with any yet devised, at least in the United States. (3) The reader's card tells when he got books, but not what books he got. Ans7ver. — All the charging systems that can't furnish this information are based on the theory that it is unnecessary, hence it cannot be necessary in the pre- sent system. If, however, any library should require such information, it could be easily supplied by adding the number of the book opposite every issue stamp on a reader's card. This, however, would hamper speed still further. The reasons why a record of what books each reader has read is useful are : (i) To see if he is making a beneficial use of his privilege. But such knowledge, while theoretically useful, is rarely taken advantage of, even in libraries where the readers' cards are kept in the library ; hence it may be dis- pensed with, unless otherwise essential to the system. (2) If the reader brings in a mutilated or damaged book, other books he has taken out can be examined, and, by similar damage, the guilt can be fas- tened on him. This is, apparently, a strong point, but if the books are care- fully examined when they are returned it loses its force. (4) It is not possible to tell what book or books a reader has out at a given time, in case he should ask the question. Answer. — Unless we except subscrip- tion libraries, or libraries where a reader can take out as many books as he wants (within limits, of course), libraries ought not to be expected to adjust their systems to the reader's laziness, shiftlessness, or lack of ordinary memory. A reader who takes out one book only should certainly know what book he has out. If he simply wants to know whether he has a book out, his possession of his own card will prove that he has, whereas its absence will prove that he has not. Besides, as most all the schemes in existence do not give this information, it certainly cannot be made an objection to the proposed plan. If such information should really be needed in a public library, which is a doubtful contingency, the present system cannot give a satisfactory answer. (5) While the usual objections to the annoyance caused by a reader losing his card are almost removed, still cases of loss of cards may occur. Ans'cver. — If so, there is no more trouble than in any of the usual systems where the loss of readers' cards occurs frequently. Besides, as the reader's card is small, he can easily put it in his pocket-book ; and, at all events, after one experience, he will probably not annoy the library and him- self by losing his card again, as the results fall entirely upon himself. Still, if there should be a large percentage of such cases, — that is, large in the fe'cv cases where readers take their cards home,— it would be an objection to the system, but a lesser objection, in any event, than can be made against any system heretofore devised AN JNDICATURCATALOGUE CJlARdlNG SYSTEM MS wlicre readers have possession of their cards. (6) The indicator-<:l<;rk will necessarily pick out some [jarticular diiplii ate, where the library has duplicates, and the attend- ant must get that copy and no other. Will this not consume time ? Answer. — Not if the duplicates are numbered i, 2, 3, 4, etc., or a, I), c, d, etc., or ijy any other method where they can be arranged consecutively. If they are kept in the same order on the shelves, it will be as easy to [)i(:k out a |)articular dui)licate as it is to get a particular edition or a [larticular volume. 'I'hese are all the advantages and dis- advantages that occur to me. Doubtless there are others, of both kinds, which will readily suggest themselves to my hearers, especially those who are familiar with the use of " indicators," I'erliaps it may be objected by Mnglish librarians that I have been unnecessarily diffuse, and by American librarians that I have been too brief Hut our Ivnglish brelhriMi should remember that, so far as " indicators " are concerned, American libraries are still in the kindergarten class, and that the modus operandi of that very useful device is as unfamiliar to American librarians as is, generally speaking, the American card - catalogue to English librarians. With the hope that the proposed plan may be deemed at least worthy of dis- cussion, the writer submits it to the con- sideration of the present Conference. Jacou Schwartz. 19 A HINT IN CATALOGUING. i|T is admitted that no humour is so dehcious as unconscious humour. Most of us have seen some tragic actor, whose paroxysmal rant in some supreme crisis has succeeded in making him supremely comical. Indeed, to hold a complimentary ticket and sit in a prominent seat on such an occasion, as was once the writer's experience, and to have your mirth fettered by your obligations as a guest, constitutes what is known in dramatic parlance as a very intense situation. In books there are infinite stores of similar unconscious drollery. In some books the language of the shop or the conventicle intrudes itself grotesquely into poetical environments ; in other books wicked straw men are set up and gallantly assaulted by quixotic reformers having a quixotic faith in the vitality of their pet bogies ; in others, the stately periods of Gibbon are imi- tated by some egotist or flatterer nar- rating the little deeds of his commonplace hero. How to reveal to the average reader these latent provocatives to mirth is a vast problem for the cataloguer. The indexer of the future who may invent a system by which people in need of relaxa- tion and amusement may select nuggets from this unworked and exhaustless mine of humour will be not only the greatest ornament of his profession, but also one of the chief benefactors of mankind. He will enable us to dispel our gloom at will by turning on a current of laughter, or perhaps even to unfold the wrinkles of care by a continuous smile. Her collections of books are not the pride of Nova Scotia. The generous beneficence of Nova Scotian testators has not yet embraced the libraries of that province. Our facilities for liter- ary, historical, scientific, artistic, and industrial research lag far behind the other factors of our intellectual progress. And the distinction achieved by various Nova Scotians, in spite of inadequate library equipment, helps to make our people underrate the weight of their handicap. But there is a single biblio- graphical point in w'hich I flatter myself we are at least up to date, if not even "a little too previous." The Legislative Library of Nova Scotia has taken a pioneer step towards the cataloguing of involuntary humour. And it was this fact alone which emboldened me to accept the honour that was offered me — the high but undue honour of addressing this dis- tinguished assembly of bibliophiles and librarians. There is a class of publications known too well to librarians, at least to those of the United States and Canada, which illustrates all the phases of unintended drollery. I allude to those biographical dictionaries which are mainly autobio- graphical. The publishers of these com- pilations trade successfully upon the vanity of mankind, inviting nonentities to subscribe for a certain number of copies, and send sketches of their lives, adding extra fees if they desire the publi- cation of their portraits. A few real notables, dead and living, are included, and their lives are commonly the sample ones shown by the advance agent to aspiring nobodies, in order to convince them that they will be in distinguished company. The motto of the editors seems to be " De vivis nil nisi bonum," and the only subjects of their strictures are the unsubscribing dead. A favourite maxim of the publishers is that one man's money is as good as another's — and sometimes a very great deal better. For the prig who subscribes also takes upon himself all the trouble of writing his own life ; and he is 46 A HINT IN CATALOGUING '47 ajU to write it in a manner so pleasing to himself that he will excx-ed his agree- ment and buy several uncontracted copies, to delight liis friends or tantalise his enemies. A hasty examination of one of these precious ijuhlications, whiih is exclusively Canadian, and has a preface explaining the high ideals of its [jrojectors, showed me a number of refreshing absurdities. It includeil an Anglican prelate, who had not yet arrived in the I)omini(jn, while it excluded the Anglican metro- politan. It recorded the doings of minor Roman Catholic priests, wholly omitting distinguished archbishops of the same denomination. It had lengthy notices of unknown members of the Dominion and provincial legislatures, and not a word about Sir Richard Cartwright, Mr. Dalton M'Carthy, or Mon. C. H. Tupper. It gave over two columns to the school and college life of a private member of Parliament, and less than two columns to the whole career of Mr. Laurier (then leader of the Dominion Opposition) or of Mr. Fielding (then Premier of Nova Scotia). It omitted more than one prin- cipal of a university, and devoted a column and a half to a gentleman whose only named claim to distinction was that " he was formerly principal of the Blank County Academy." Kminent judges were denied, and obscure lawyers were given a place in this delectable publication. Among the hapi)enings recorded was the marriage of a schoolmistress, "a lady," wc were told, " of good education and refined taste," to a lawyer, who is characterised as " a man of sound judgment, excellent address, diligent in business, and pos- sessed of an untarnished reputation for integrity." " One son has been born of this union," said the biographer, fitting his style to the historic occasion. A still smarter business advertisement was worked in by an enterprising physician and druggist, to whose ancestry, pro- geny, and virtues over three columns are dedicated. "In iS8 — ," according to this charming cyclopedia, " by the death of a professional brother, a valuable drug-stand was put in the market. This he bought and fitted up with all modern improve- ments, putting a competent man in charge." In addition to this " compe- tent man in charge," the doctor himself, we were told, " has given his profession that close and careful attention which is always necessary to become a model practitioner, and success has abundantly crowned his efforts." " He is a genial companion," wc were further informed, "a faithful friend, and self-sacrificing to a degree. It goes without saying that he is beloved even by those who do not agree with his opinions, and by those who do " (//(•/■(■ the affecliottate biuj^raplur liecomes iini^rammadcal) " he has their confidence and love to an unlimited extent." In the field of Canadian letters several such distinguished workers as Coldwin Smith and William Kingsford, the Abb(S Casgrain and Lx)uis l-'rechette, are ignored; while letters to newspapers, and even un- published manuscripts, are thought worthy of being enumerated among the so-called " works " of certain literary xspirants. I must accord these biographical or autobiographical dictionaries their due meeil of |)raise for rescuing from oblivion many evidently noble and gifted person- ages, who have been sadly unappreciated by their generation. Another merit of these books is that they conclusively prove the doctrine of heredity, for about 99 per cent, of the talented men who.se lives they outline are shown to be descended from equally renowned ancestors. But the chief charm of these delightful works resides in their unconscious humour. Of this I shall give one last sample, from the preface of the very book I have been quoting. " The enterprise," says the altruistic editor, " has been tedious, labo- rious, and expensive ; but if it will supply a record that the country should not let die, if it preserve the memory of worthy men and women whose deeds deserve to be remembered, it surely will have well repaid the time, the anxiety, and the pains that have been expended upon it." I must ask the pardon of Mr. Cutter and the other lawgivers whose excellent rules for cataloguing I have so often un- wittingly transgressed, if I have once sinned against them with premeditation. But I have been presumptuous enough to take a first step in the direction of cata- loguing involuntary fun by entering the aforesaid biographical dictionary under the subject-heading of "Wit and Humour." It may be that, in so enter- ing it in the catalogue of the Legislative Library of Nova Scotia, I may have given it an undue pre-eminence, for I am told that its comic attractions are rivalled, if not excelled, by some kindred publications. F. Bi..\iCE Croftok. THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. N preceding papers read at this Conference very much of what I had intended to say upon theoretical and practical bibliography has been anticipated. My paper will therefore be a short one, and illustrative rather than didactic. Let me say, first, that I take biblio- graphy in its widest sense as including the making of ordinary book-catalogues, for these are now becoming so full and com- plete in their descriptions, as well as in the arrangement of their contents — association of books in classes being an additional description — that it is difficult to say where cataloguing ends and biblio- graphy begins. The art of bibliography, too, as evidenced in bibliographies of particular authors, now trenches upon the domain of the literary critic. We have not only the full title-pages, with date, place of publication, size, pagination, and other typographical details, but an infinity of textual details, even to the variations in difterent editions of the same poem. Some further details than the title of a book are often necessary in the most con- cise catalogue — a list of the contents of a volume of miscellanies, for example. The utility of a catalogue is its chief recommendation, and we have had several specimens recently of periodical catalogues which attempt to satisfy the requirements of librarians, booksellers, and general readers, with, I think, only partial success. Perhaps the best-known e.xample in this country is the English Catalogjie, formerly issued in two parts, now issued as " author " and " index " catalogue combined. Use- ful as this may be for some purposes — finding the price or publisher of a given work — it is not sufficient for the specialist. Referring to the latest volume for titles of works issued in 1896 upon " Australia " or " Australasia," I find under these headings eleven works only — four novels, two histories, two scientific works, one volume of essays, one of poetry, and a year-book. Surely these do not represent all the literature upon Australia or Australasia published in London during the past year ? They do not. Other works kindred to these were published ; but that I may discover them it is necessary to search through 224 pages of double columns, when I shall be rewarded with forty or fifty additional titles — provided always that I am acquainted with the subjects or the authors. A stranger would not find half of them. These additional titles thus scattered had not the words " Australia " or " Australasia " upon their title - pages, or, if they appeared in a subsidiary title, the cataloguer has not noticed them. The inclusion of titles under their generic heads would result in the increased circulation of many books ; whereas large trade losses result from imperfect cataloguing every year. Only an analytical or systematic cata- logue will answer to the needs of the specialist. Such a catalogue, however, should not be issued too frequently. From long experience I know that the titles in weekly catalogues are not read. Even the monthly Bookseller, which con- tains the most useful classified lists of English books that I know, is issued too often for many readers and some librarians. A quarterly classified list is frequent enough for the generality of readers and for specialists searching for literature more than three months old. I have heard of daily lists of new books, but weekly alphabetical lists and quarterly classified lists, I believe, are all that are necessary. Upon library catalogues I venture to remark that their utility will consist, first, in their application to the collections they are supposed to represent, and secondly, in 48 THEORETrCir. AXD rRACTlCAL lUI! l.lOd RAI'IIY 1. 19 the aid they give as works of reference elsewhere. I'or the latter ])iirpose, the date and jilace of jjiiljiication should be given of every sejjarate work, and excerpts or magazine articles should give the name and (late of the [leriodical or transaction from which it is taken. The omission of these last-mentioned details is misleading, and I have often seen works advertised for wiiich never existed in separate form, and th'-refore cannot be found. A good catalogue can only be compiled by earnest and enthusiastic labour. It is a mistake to sujipose, as many do, that cataloguing is merely mechanical work. No catalogue was ever less useful because the compiler could intelligently abridge or condense a title-page, or because the comiiiler knew something of the contents of the books catalogued. In addition to such qualifications, the comi)iler should possess a bird's-eye view of the whole iield of knowledge and of the relations and interdependence of books as well as of men, their minds and manner of thinking. One man remembers names of men and places, another remembers subjects and things ; the majority of men and women remember neither. The compiler will accordingly endeavour to produce a catalogue which shall help all inquirers. He has also to satisfy his committee, and, as it is more than probable that his tinancial limits will not allow of his pur- chasing half the books he needs or those recommended for purchase, he will seek to make the best use of those he has on his shelves. His own memory not being perfect — an encyclopaidia is not perfect — he will prepare complete and analytic lists of his collection as it stands, and in doing so will often find that he can supply something better than the work asked for or recommended for purchase. Consider- ing also the valuable time occupied by careful and exact work, and the expense of printing, the i)rudent librarian or cataloguer will adopt methods with a view- to making his work permanent. Coming to national bibliography, I wish to say that I do not consider it is im- practicable, and, as some evidence that it can be accomplished, I respectfully invite attention to a Bihliogral^hy of Australasia and Polynesia, which has occupied my leisure for many years, the manuscript of which is exhibited in this hall. The work is unfinished, but is sufficiently advanced as to be ready in uomc sections for the jirinter. When finished it will contain over thirty thou.sand titles and references — to all known |)ub- lications, articles in jjeriodicals, and papers in transactions, in any language — relating to Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and other island groups of the Pacific, since the beginning of the sixteenth century. I'rom one-third to one-half of these titles belong to local publications, 'i'he titles are grouped under subjects, and arranged in chronological order for convenience of reference. Earlier writers upon ever)' subject thus obtain their rightful pre- cedence, and, on the other hand, the int|uirer may see at a glance the latest publication on any subject regarding which he is in search of information. \\'hen a date is not ])rintcd ujwn a title- I)age, the correct year has been ascer- tained, from internal or external evidence, and inserted in brackets. I have also obtained the names of the real authors of a large number of anonymous and pseudonymous publications. These works will, however, be readily found, as they are catalogued under their respective subjects in the order of their date. As you will see from the printed pro- spectus, this bibliography of Australasia is founded [)rimarily u[)on an extensive library of books, pamphlets, newspapers, and majjs, which 1 have collected during the last thirty years, upon information gathered in the Australian Colonies, and upon searches made in the Record Office, the Colonial Office, the Royal Colonial Institute, the Paris National Librar)-, other Continental libraries, and in the British Museum. The specimen pages, which I have already printed, and which have been reprinted by the New South Wales ("lOvernment in the official histor)' of that colony, will show the manner in which I am doing the work. For the rest, as the architect and builder, I point to the work itself, merely adding that I am labouring to produce a historical and bibliographical work of reference, useful to the journalist, the statesman, the statis- tician, the man of science, the scholar, and the student, as well as to the librarian, the bibliographer, and the. bookseller — a work which shall be indispensable in every Australasian collection, and worthy of a place in every important public library in the world. Euw.ARD A. Petherick. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENDEAVOURS IN AMERICA. HE wearied bibliographer, at -tt'ork upon a book about books, has some- times an overwhelming sense of the littleness of human endeavour. He feels himself a " second cousin twice removed " from literature, a cube root only in the integration of books, a mino: craftsman, who makes the key which opens the door to the vestibule of " kings' treasuries." The scholar, indeed, is dis- posed to aver that the bibliographer often makes not so much a key as a burglar's "jemmy," forcing entry into all storehouses of knowledge, which should be properly approached only by trained skill and patient research. The Scripture text, " Of making many books there is no end, and much study is a weariness of the flesh," comes home with a realising sense indeed to the bibliographer. Perhaps I have no right, as chiefiy an editor, a bibliographer by proxy, to voice these complaints ; but I am, nevertheless, in the better position to recognise that patient toil, often done in the dejection I have indicated, by the great number of biblio- graphical scholars, whose work, after all, is of real and wide service, the more in these days and in coming days, when even the work of selection is beyond the province of any one scholar in any one field, and when the bibliographer must be more and more depended upon to clear the way for the scholar. It is in this spirit that I shall endeavour to present briefly to this company of English and Americans gathered under their common roof, and of librarians and bibliographers from many sister nations, an index review of American endeavours in bibliography. In the early years American biblio- graphy was largely a book-trade matter, and such in good part it has continued to be. So early as 1802 an American com- pany of booksellers was organised, which made almost its first business the publica- tion, in 1804, of a Catalogue of all the Books printed in the United States, which catalogue had the imprint of the " book- sellers in Boston." Thereafter there was little outside the book-lists printed periodi- cally in the Fort/olio and in the North American Review until, in 1847, Simeon Ide, of Claremont, N.H., published a Reference Trade List, compiled by Alexander V. Blake, which proved the avant courier of an important kind of work, though it is scarcely to be classed as bibliography. This publication pre- sented the book-lists of American pub- lishers of the day, printed in the order of publishers, and was the forerunner of the several aggregations of publishers' lists into one or more volumes, now to be found in the United States, England, France, and Italy. The idea was taken up by Mr. Howard Challen, who printed in 1867 a uniform trade list circular, into which publishers' catalogues were com- bined, which was followed in 1872 by the Trade Circular Annual, issued by Frederick Leypoldt. In 1873 Mr. Leypoldt began in its present form the Rulilishers' Trade List Annual, which gave the model for ^Vhitaker's Reference Cata- logue of English Literature, published successively in 1874, 1875, 1877, 1878, 1880, 1885, 1889, and 1894; for the Catalogo Collettivo della Libreria Italiana, doing like service for Italy, first issued in 1878 ; ondfox Ihe Bibliographie fran(aise, started in France during the year past by H. Le Soudier. In the meantime, American biblio- graphers in England, as well as English bibliographers, were doing more for American bibliography than the Ameri- cans at home. George P. Putnam, the publisher, issued in 1845, while in London, a compilation of American Facts, con- taining a literary department. That veteran bibliographer, Sampson Low, printed in 1856 his American Catalogue, or English Guide to Atnerican Literature, purporting to give works published in the United States since 1800, but containing 150 lUlil.lOCNAI'UlCAI. RNDRAVOUKS IN AMERICA '5' rually books after 1840; NiclKjlus'IriibiiLT published in 1855 his Jiibliiij^ni/'hiail (!iiirt- ance. This work is the culmination of the trade bibliographical work carried through the office of the Publishers' Weekly, beginning with the weekly full- title annotated record, proceeding with the monthly index in the first issue of each month, carried forward in the Annual American Catalogue, for which the type has literally been kept standing from week to week till the end of the year, and so on to the great five-yearly volumes. 'J'his is perha|)s the most comprehensive national bibliography which has been attempted in the book trade. Work is now going forward ujjon a volume in this .series scheduling the books of the early part of the century not in print in 1876, which, with the volume for 1895-1900, will complete a record of American books of the nineteenth century, and the material for a systematised gene- ral catalogue, supplementing that noble achievement, the British Museum printed catalogue, should it be found practicable to print such a comprehensive and costly work. I am glad to note that Dr. Garnett has kindly indicated the willingness of the British Museum authorities to give every facility for completing this material from its rich resources, one of many sers'ices, for which I have endeavoured to indicate the gratitude of American bibliographers by inscribing to him the current volume of the American Catalogue. The works of Obadiah Rich, who published his Bibliotheca Americana Nova, 1 493-1 844, in London in 1835 and 1846 ; of E. G. Allen, who printed a small catalogue of books before 1800 relating to America ; and of the two Russell Smiths, whose Bibliotheca Americana (really sales catalogues), were published in London in 1849, 1853, 1865, 1871, and 1874, were the predecessors of the very remarkable piece of work initiated by Joseph Sabin, another American veteran, who gave years of his life to the prepara- tions for his Bibliotheca Americana, not completed during his lifetime, but con- 152 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS tinued, under the publishing management of his son. Many of the early volumes had the benefit of the editorship of C. A. Cutter, and the later volumes have been edited by Wilberforce Eames, librarian of the Lenox Library, New York. Mr. Sabin, during his years of bookselling and auction- room experience, collected every title on which he could lay hands, and of his great work one hundred and sixteen parts, carry- ing the alphabet to " Smith," have already been issued. \\'hether the work will be ultimately completed through the alphabet, it is not fully possible to say. In this cate- gory is to be mentioned also Henry Harrisse's Bibliotheca Americana, descrip- tive of works relating to early America, 1492-1551, published in New York in 1856, with a supplement issued in Paris in 1872. One of the most interesting of early American publications was the Bookbuyer's Manual, published in New York in 1853 by George P. Putnam, which was resumed in 1872, and continued under the title of Best Reading in successive volumes, under the general management of his son and worthy successor, George Haven Putnam. These books were intended as select guides to general literature, foreshadowing Sonnenschein's Best Books, and since the issue of that more important work it has been found unnecessary to continue the American publication. Meantime, however, a new class of bibliography has developed in America, based on what Mr. George lies, its chief promoter, calls the " evaluation '' of books. The Readers' Guide in Economic, Social, and Political Science, issued, through the Society for Political Education, by Mr. lies and myself in 1S91, was an attempt in this direction ; but the best example of it has been found in the so-called " List of Books for Girls and Women and their Clubs," originally planned in other shape by Miss Ellen H. Eve, but issued under the auspices of the American Library Asso- ciation in 1895, under Mr. lies' manage- ment and chiefly at his cost, Mrs. A. H. Leypoldt being associated in the editorial work. Since the issue of that volume — or, in its small series, volumes— Mr. lies has also provided for an expansion of a part of the work, the division of fine arts and music, into a very remarkable anno- tated bibliography of those subjects, pre- pared respectively by two of the first American scholars in those departments, Mr. Russell Sturgis and Mr. Henry E. Krehbiel. This work, although covering only two specific fields, is an admirable example of the work to which Mr. lies is most altruistically devoting his time, force, and money. Something of the sort, although not in bibliographical form, had already been done by American scholars in the field of history ; but the descrip- tive notes and comparative annota- tions planned by Mr. lies are a distinct development of bibliographical literature proper. In the library field America has made several bibliographical endeavours worthy of note. The great catalogue of the Boston Athenceum, although now out of date, has been for years a standard in cataloguing. The composite catalogue of the Brooklyn Library, semi-dictionary, semi-classed, compiled by Mr. S. B. Noyes, its first librarian, was for many years used throughout American libraries as a substitute for such a volume as Sonnenschein's work. The Peabody In- stitute of Baltimore has issued a remark- able catalogue ; and there are others beyond possibility of mention. American library bibliography has, however, taken the shape rather of special lists, such as those of the Boston Public, Harvard, Providence, and other libraries, published usually in library bulletins, or of card- catalogues, often with useful notes or annotations as to the value of a book ; and this last method has developed into the co-operative card-catalogue promoted by the American Library Association, and published for it by the Library Bureau. The plan of providing co-operatively full- title entries, with annotations for use on library cards, has been under consideration in American library circles for many years, and one attempt was made in the weekly Title and Slip Registry, which reprinted the weekly lists from the Pub- lishers' IVeekly on one side of thin paper, so that the entries might be cut out and pasted on cards of any size. These same titles were also printed for a while on cards ; but then, as now, it was diflficult to obtain adequate support for such work, and it is still a question whether the cards issued by the A.L.A. Publishing Section, which are su'oscribed for by less than one hundred libraries, can find a continuous and adequate support. Within the year past, five of the most important libraries, at the initiative of Dn John S. Billings, of the New York Public Library, now in process of organi- nnw.ior.RAPirrcAi. f.x/)f.avouns in A.\t erica "S3 salion, have united in llic preparation of printed cards for articles in tiie scientific I)eri(jdicals, and a plan is under considera- tion for puttin;^ these cards at the service of other lihraries througli the medium of the I'uhhsliing Section. The I'uhlisliinj; Section of the American l.ihrary Association itself is one of the most interesting developments in Ameri- can bibliographical work. Its purpose is to |)r()vidc for the printing of biblio- graphies and other library aids which could not be provided by any one library and would not be i.ssued by any one publisher. Among its distinctive work has been the ])rovision of lists of books for children, such as Sargent's Rtadittf; for the Youiii^ and Miss Hewins' recent little list of Books for Boys and Girls. This use of library co-operation may be cordially commended to the associations of other nations, for it has jjroved one of the best results that the American Library Association can show. Under its ausi)ices, and under the title of the A. L. A. Index to General Literature, there has been published an index to essays and the chapters of composite books, edited by Mr. W. I. Fletcher, the associate of Dr. Poole and the chair- man of the Publishing Section, which is of international value. A word should be said of the remarkable work of Dr. Poole himself, known through- out the world as Poole's Index, the more remarkable because it was planned and first issued by him while a student in Yale College. This index to periodical literature is perhaps as well known as any single bibliography published. It has been extended in live-yearly supple- ments by Dr. Poole's associate, Mr. Fletcher, with the co-operation of mem- bers of the American Library Association, and is now continued also, as is the A.L..\. Index to General Literature, in annual lists, which form part of the Annual Literary Index. The monthly and ((uarterly compilation of this sort had been discontinued with the appear- ance of the Annual Literary Index, but within the year past Mr. W. H. Brett, of Cleveland, has issued from his Cleveland Public Library a " Cumulative Index " to periodical literature of most interesting plan. He uses the linotype to print in January an index to articles in January magazines, in February an index to January and February magazines, and so on, until the December issue covers 20 cumulatively the entries for the whole twelve months, and becomes a record of the year and a permanent volume. Our National Library, still called the library of Congress, has not yet taken its proi)er place, so worthily fdled in the mother country by the British Museum, of heading and centralising bibliographical work. The few printed volumes of its catalogue are i)artial, incomi)lete, and anticjuated, and the jihysical congestion jjrevailing until lately has made progress difficult. The Weekly Rej^ister of copy- rights also has not been bibliographically useful. Hut the National Library is now removing its books to the finest library building in the country, and it is in process of re-organi.sation, the registry of copyrights being made a distinctive department. This gives the library a remarkable opportunity. For a fee of 50 cents (2s.) additional to a like fee for copyright entry, the register of copy- right is obliged to return a record of copyright, and it is the practice of zo\ty- right proprietors to pay the double fee and obtain the record in all cases. If, in the new developments, it should be arranged that this record shall take the shape of a printed ciftd for catalogue entry, and if duplicates of such cards could be supplied to subscribing libraries, a great step forward in practical biblio- graphy could be made. For co-o[)eration, and in this case cen- tralisation, is a vital feature in this class, especially of library work. All that can be done once for all and by one for all should be so done. The more "the librarian of the future " is freed from mere record work, the more chance he will have for the useful exercise of his in- dividuality. F'irst collection, but foremost selection, must be the golden word in the handling of books. So, first co-operation, but foremost individualisation, must be the golden word in the administration of libraries. The superstition that one book must be catalogued a hundred times in as many libraries to ensure a supply of cataloguers and librarians is unworthy of the day. The printed card, the general bibliography, co-operation helps of all kinds, should liberate the time, the money, and the force of the librarian and his staff for the more vital work of adapting his library to the local and individual needs of the particular community of human beings which it is his duty and his delight to serve. R. R. Bowker. DESCRIPTION OF IMPORTANT LIBRARIES IN MONTREAL, WITH REMARKS UPON DEPARTMENTAL LIBRARIES. ^ T will be my aim to present to you some information with regard to the libraries of Montreal, and to further allow myself a few words on the subject of depart- mental libraries or libraries of special sub- jects, because, for reasons which will appear later, this is a matter of vital interest to at least one of our important libraries, and, so far as I can find, has hardly received the attention which its importance to all universities at least would seem to deserve. Omitting collections of less than looo volumes, Montreal possesses to-day twenty- five libraries, to which the public, or classes of the public, obtain access. This does not include the very valuable archives of St. Mary's (Jesuit) College, and of the Seminary of St. Sulpice. Of these twenty-five libraries, fourteen contain not less than 5000 volumes each, while the archives are the repositories of many documents of unique interest to the history of the city and the Dominion. The libraries may be classified as follows : — University or college libraries These consist of those of McGill and her affiliated colleges, about 90,000 ; and that of the College de Montreal, 40,000 ; with a small col- lection belonging to the recently established branch of Laval University, and to Bishop's College. Free public libraries . Law libraries .... Incorporated Mechanics' Institu- tions ..... Libraries of various societies and associations, etc. . Containing I 50,000 vols. 40,000 26,000 24,000 240,000 vols. besides the archives of St. Mary's College and the Seminary of St. Sulpice already mentioned. Fifty years ago, during the political agitation of 1848, the Houses of Parlia- ment in Montreal, which was then the capital of the united provinces of the Canadas, were burned by a mob, and the legislative libraries were destroyed. This act, besides costing the whole country many priceless documents, deprived Mon- treal of the seat of government as well as of a valuable library. The collections which she now possesses have, in great part, accumulated since that time, and the comparatively unsatisfactory position of libraries in Montreal to-day may, to some extent, be traced to the disturbances of fifty years since. Recently, however, very fair progress has been made. Within the last five years nearly $400,000 have been bequeathed, or given outright, towards founding or endowing libraries, and, but for an unfortunate incident in connection with the Eraser Institute, the chief free public library of Montreal, a large sum more would now be available for that institution. A library club has been formed, itnd is doing needed work in the way of acquainting librarians with each other, as well as with the resources and wants of the various in- stitutions with which they are connected. There is increased co-operation between the principal libraries, and a beginning has been made at what will probably soon be a joint-catalogue of the periodical literature in Montreal, both scientific and general, indicating whether a particular set be complete or otherwise, and where it may be found. Altogether, the position may be said to be one of awakening interest on the [54 DESCRll'TJON OF IMPORTANT I.IliRARlES IN MONTREAL 155 |)art of the [jiililic and incrcabcd effort on the ])art of tlic libraries. A few words on tlic history of two of the largest of our libraries may here be of interest. 'J'hc Fraser Institute owes its e.xistence to the late Mr. I""ra.ser, of Montreal, who in the year 1870 left property, chieOy real estate, worth about half a million dollars (^,110,000), to found and main- tain a free library and art gallery for the city of Montreal. Unfortunately, the validity of this will was (|uestioneart in human evolution, as a part of the educational machine, but i.s not to be confused with the collections of books to form a basis for progress in knowledge. The very same library, used both for the general dissemination of knowledge and a.s the bxsis of progress in knowledge, is exercising two different functions, the one being indirect and secondary, the odier direct and primary. The one multiplies the individuals of a given siK-'cies ; the other unites the favour- able variations of many individuals in any one s|)ecies as material for the creation or evolution of a higher sp.;cies. The one represents dissemination of knowle{lKTOv)," " thC 1 8th year, the 20th month Epiphi, the 3rd indiction," corresponding to a.d. 600. The transcriber of a work by Gregory Nazian/en, archbishoj) of Constantinople, closes with a note, giving the name and ihc date when the MS. was finished, as follows : " firjvl fiaiui t'l'S. i vijc','' and attacjjed to another Ac: of the "Conmiiseris of the Coinoun burdens " the date is the nynteentjj of August Jo'vjc' fourtic twa yeers." Here obviously "> or M represents 1000, and lieme the only possible use for the J is that it stands for I ; and this view is confirmed by the date mvv^ and seventy-four given above, where they is omitted. In The History of Bii;)^ar and the House of I'/eniiiii; there is a document signed by the " Errl of Athol," Chancellor of Scotland, etc., which concludes as follows : " servit w' o' hand in Edinburgh ye zeir of god ye xxvii Oct. Jav^'-' thre scoir auchtene zeirs." Here Jav^'-' is used for 1500; but why this is so I am unable to conjecture, unless it be that a mistake has been made in the printing, the v ha\ing been left out. It is worthy of notice that a similar method of expressing dates was at one time in use in Fr. docs. Thus, in the Jugements et Deliberations dii Conscii de la Nouvelle France, 1675 is thus given: "gbic soi.xante quinze." I find that on Feb. i, 1700 ==gbiic is found for the last time, and that in all subsecjuent dates the modern method is used. Here probably ;:; is meant for M, and b = v. Calendars anil almanacs came into use in England about the middle of the fifteenth century, and some of the early specimens contained manycurious matters, often dealing largely in omens and forecasts of the future. In one of these we have a " prognosty- cacyon of Mayster John Thybalt, medy- cyner and astronomer of the Emperyall Majestic of the year of our Lord CJod Mcccccxxxiij. (sc. 1533), comprehending the iiij partes of this year, with the con- stellacions of them that be under the vij pianettes, and the revolucions of kyngs, and princes, aiid of the eclipses and comets." The date of tlie reform of the calendar in 1 700 is curiously and ingeniously recorded, as shown by Sir John Howring, where the date is variously indicated by enlarged letters. In one of these chrono- grams, as they are called, we find Geen /A-rten C'a/en/'ers Z>enkzah/., that is, i)i)i>ci.i. (1700), "In remembrance of the reformation of the (Jalendar." The following is an exam])le of the same whimsical device from the name of Ceorge V'illiers, first I )uki;(jf Buckingham : Georc;- 11% DVX, u KCk/nga.I//ae, the date being «rS !^ "'" (,628). Here is ° 1600 20 8 ^ ' one in I.^tin on a medal struck by (Justavus Adolphus : Ch/ristFs DVX; ergo tr/ /'J/ph / s, that is, 1 00 + i + 5 + 500 + 5 + 10+1+5 + 1000 + 5 «■ 1632. A great deal of confusion has arisen from thcdifferent systems adopted indating manuscripts. Sometimes they were dated by the year of indiction, sometimes by the year of the Christian era, .sometimes from the commencement of the reign of kings, etc. Another source of confusion arose by commencing the year from difierent days in different countries, such as the 25th of March, the 25th of December, or I St January. Without, however, entering more fully into a detailed statement of these, I may state that, to obviate this source of trouble and to regulate the commencement of the year in Britain, an Act of (George 11., 1751, w-as passed, making the commencement of the legal year the first day of January. The year 1751, which began on the 25th of March, was brought to a close on the 31st December, but was reduced by eleven days in the month of September, by calling the day after the 2nd the 14th, thus ado[)ling the reformed calendar of Gregory xiii., known as that of the " New Style." Curiously enough, when this took place, we are to'd that bands of labouring men went round calling out, " Give us back the lost days," supposing that they had been robbed of eleven days. In countries under the Greek Church, such as Russia and Greece, the Julian Calendar, or, as it is called, " Old Style," is still in use, and in some country parts of Scot- land, up to a comparatively recent time, the old style was observed. John Thorburn. [Note : It has not been found possible to do more th.in imil.ite the signs and marks used in oM documents, owinR to there tjeing no equivalents in modern printing founts] THE APPRAISAL OF LITERATURE. |HE American Library As- sociation this year comes of age, and auspiciously marks the event by cross- ing the Atlantic to ex- change counsel and cheer with its British cousin. At such a season a word of retrospect may be in order, carrying with it, as it must, somewhat of forecast. When the American librarian takes a backward glance as far as '76, and con- trasts what he was able to do then with what he can do now, he finds abundant room for gratulation. Every passing year has meant more of usefulness, a corre- sponding growth of public regard. Toward this happy issue influences of two kinds have impelled him. The first of these influences was born with the Association itself In the very act of union there was an inevitable strengthening of hands. At the yearly musters workers from lonely outposts, or from busy centres slow to acknowledge the claims of literature, have been comforted and inspired. They have found how goodly the army in which they were enlisted. Old friendships have been quickened and deepened ; new friend- ships, soon as warm, have been kindled at every gathering. A young man, just acro.ss the threshold of his profession, would bring his perplexities with trustees or aldermen to the sympathetic ear of an elder. Forthwith the Hill Difficulty, which had so much dismayed him, would disclose the easiest of curves and gentlest of gradients. At these meetings, too, ad- ministrative details, upon which so much of success may turn, have year by year been compared and discussed, until now they emerge as a tolerably clear code of practice. There is substantial agreement to-day as to how our buildings should be constructed, planned, and furnished ; how books should be selected, classified, and placed in the hands of the public. J\lean- while, the publication of indexes, bibho- graphies, and the like, has gone on apace — aids which would never have seen the light without the Association to create them and provide their market. Alliances, already fruitful and big with promise, have united the public library with the public school, the art gallery and the museum. And one State after another wheels into line, to form a chain of library com- missions, soon to stretch, let us hope, from Maine to California. How much all this would astonish the old-time librarian who here and there lingered on the stage of '76 ! A grim warder of alcoves was he, grudgingly dispensing his stores to a favoured few, reluctance in his step, suspicion in his eye. To-day we have no more turnkeys of literature, but bankers rather, whose capital is accumulated in the sole aim that its value be multiplied fifty- or a hundred-fold by the freest using. The librarian's doors stand open ; he all but compels us to come in. Little wonder that his hospitality is requited by the heartiest public appreciation. In not a few of our towns and cities the public library is the acknowledged centre of in- tellectual life, of every movement which stirs the once separated and removed cream of culture back again into the plain people's milk — to enrich their toil, to sweeten their leisure, to lift and widen their outlook. Let a user of libraries, who owes much to librarians, here add his word of thanks to the general chorus. But forces other than those active within the profession have profoundly stirred the librarian's pulse. They were potent enough two decades ago, to-day they are simply irresistible. They move under the banner of science. It is applied science which has augmented wealth and so diffused education that the ability to write a book 166 yy/A' Ai'i'RMSAi. or i.iri:i<.\TUiiE 167 — of some kind or other — is coninioiier than ever, while the cost of the niakin|4 fails lower and lower. The first and most evident result, then, of the rei^n of science is to engulf the lihrarian in a Ihxjdtide of (irintetl iiiatler, which mounts higher and swee|)s faster every twelvemonth. In the United .Stales alone ahout 80,000 new- hooks or new editions have heen pulilished since '76. To |)ass from <|uantily to the Weightier matter of theme, new hooks hy the thousand deal with suhjecls harely recognised, or indeed utterly unimagined twcnty-onc years ago. Consider the recent advances in chemistry, especially in its single department of ph()togra|)hy ; bestow a glance at the triumphs of hacteriology, with its new defiance of disease and death. In '76 aluminium was still made into jewel- lery, to-day electricity gives it to us as kitchenware. The new physics — chemistry, biology, |)sychology, and the rest — have been won in large measure by new instru- ments of excjuisite ingenuity. These sciences converge in welding a body of scientific method in itself incomparably more powerful as an instrument of explora- tion than telephone, or spectroscope, or Rontgen bulb. So revolutionary are the victories of science, that literature, to its remotest corner, breathes its ozone, its stimulus to scrupulous exactitude, to unfaltering faithfulness to fact directly observedand patiently interpreted. Accord- ingly, we to-day find the candour, once rare in biogra[)hy, steadily growing common. Plain speaking certainly went its full length last year in Hare's Story of Afy Life, Hamerton's autobiography, and Purcell's Life of Cardinal Manning. As a shining example of the modern historian, take Francis Parkman. With toil unwearied, and at an outlay only to be met by a private fortune, he gathered the documents upon which his works were based. These documents, open to his critics, are in the library of the ^[assachusetts Historical Society in Boston. Mr. Parkman visited every town and hamlet which he has described. Frequently in the foreground of his canvas are Indian chiefs and tribes ; wherever their descendants survived, he sought familiar acquaintance with them. Hence he gives us those minor traits of race that are detected only in close and sympathetic scrutiny, together with the traditions, the fringe and tassel of custom, never to be conveyed in second-hand impressions. Whether such a man as Parkman devotes his life to the telescope, the test tube, or the jjcn, e'lually is he the .servant of truth. Turn we for a moment to the novelist, and wc shall see him bowing to the new sceptre, for all that his imagination is as chainless as ever. There is .Stevenson, in hislast days at Samoa, penning his strongest romance, Weir of H(rmislun,'M\i\ minded to try Archie Weir on a charge of murder elsewhere than at Fdinburgh. IJut could he do so with truth? He deemed it incumbent to (|uestion a legal friend in faraway .Scotland. The response, with its detail of time, court, and |)lace, delighted him ; all was reserved for fullest use. Introducing a fact as a fact, novelists before Stevenson have been careful, but his scrupulous anxiety is quite character- istic of a day when chemists are engaged on analyses true to the fifty-thousandth part, by the help of scales freely turning with a half-millionth of their load. And what does naturalism, that scrofulous off- spring of realism, attempt but to tell the truth about the gutter and the sty ? And further, if we refresh ourselves in peering for a moment over the fence that divides letters from art, we shall again sec the dominion of the spirit which makes for reality, for immediate impressions, for consent between partners too long at cross purposes. Ob.serve Seymour Haden as he etches a landscape, not from a sketch in the seclusion of his studio, but at the very brookside itself. See Timothy Cole in the presence of the masterpieces of Da Vinci and Raphael, translating their ineffable beauty on the block before him. Note Meissonier as he corrects his drawings of the horse at full gallop with the aid of an eye swifter and surer than his own — that of the instantaneous camera. Listen to Wagner, who, beginning his career when an opera was formed of a libretto and a score that looked askance at each other, gives us at last the music-drama, in which sound echoes sense, in which language and music but interpret and exalt each other. To return to the library. It is of course in the field of its own literature that the compulsions of science chiefly appear. A little more than a century ago Oliver Gold- smith could indite a History of Animated Nature, not because he knew more than his neighbours about animated nature, but because he could re-state the writings of others — themselves perhaps borrowers — with fluent grace. To-day, for the task he assumed so light of heart, how elaborate would be the attack ! First of all would i68 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS be installed, as editor-in-chief, a naturalist whose mastery of a particular branch of natural history had brought maturity of judgment as to work in other branches. Around him would be assembled a corps of specialists, each a man of wide and thorough familiarity with birds or insects, beasts or fish. Every chapter would be copiously illustrated by the camera. The multitudinous facts of form, colour, and habit would be threaded upon clue-lines of cause and law, while philosophy would redeem, for illustration and instance, every jot and tittle of detail otherwise oppressive through sheer mass and variety. The naturalists of Goldsmith's day looked upon nature as a tableau disposed by the Master long ago, to stand unchanged for ever. The naturalists of our time show us that in truth nature is a drama, of shifting scenes, of personalities mutable to the very core, moulded by forces as coercive now as in the illimitable past. A change of view surely no more significant for science than for its twin phase of reality, literature. Those historians-in-the-large, the evolu- tionists, tell us that chief among the faculties of mind which have lifted man from brute are those which flower in language. Golden though the spoken or written word may be, immeasurable harm has been done by its permitted usurpations. Too often the writer, who should first have been an observer, an explorer, a doer, has been but a scribe, putting forth with a scribe's lack of authority the distortions of hearsay, the unavoidable falsities of second- er third-hand impressions. Why does so dreary a desert separate the science of Aris- totle from the science of Galileo — a desert across which commentator and disputant flit, one after another, all with empty hands ? Simply because Aristotle was followed only in the repetition and discussion of what he had said, not in his direct appeal to fact. Only when nature was probed anew in his own fearless way did the reign of the schoolmen come to an end, did man enter upon his modern comprehension of nature, the new mastery of his fate. We have only to turn the pages of metaphysical abstraction to come upon words that float in a serene detachment from real things, from genuine thoughts, words independent of the solid earth, and useless there. In the juvenile debating clubs of the last generation a favourite question was, " Is the pen mightier than the sword?" Commanders, all the way from Julius Cjesar to General Grant, have demonstrated that the pen is never mightier than when the sword has been laid down that the pen might be taken up. And in other fields than those of war the pen has might only because the chisel or the brush, the scalpel or the lens, has been exchanged for it. To-day, therefore, we find the desk set up in the workshop, the studio, the laboratory, with incalculable profit to literature. The new books of science gain by qualifications, exceptions, side- lights from bafflement and failure, a value incomparably greater than was possible in the recent days which it is no disrespect to call pre-scientific. Thus draws to its term the ancient discord between theory and practice ; theory takes on modification and limit in the face of the complexities which it is the darling vice of language to ignore or over-simplify. Practice, en- lightened by generalisation, passes from the rule of thumb to the sway of law. By virtue, too, of a knowledge which compre- hends many a distant province of truth, there spring up what Clerk Maxwell happily called the cross-fertilisations of science. The physicist has only to dig deep enough to find that the chemist and himself occupy common ground. Delve from the surface of your sphere to its heart, and your radius at once joins every other. Mark Sir Archibald Geikie, as in his Geology he cheerfully lays hands on what the physicist and chemist, the astronomer and meteorologist, might once have regarded as estates exclusively their own. Behold, also, the fruitful reaction of adequate records upon invention and discovery as they march to new victories. Visit Mr. Edison, and you will find his library as generously equipped as his laborator}'. Perhaps in no part of our modern life is the new adjustment of words and deeds more telling than in education. In our best schools, all the way from the kinder- garten to the university, books are being gradually withdrawn from work they should never have been allowed to perform. No longer is memorising the printed page the be-all and the end-all of instruction. Any- thing that should be observed is observed ; anything that should be done is done, instead of being merely talked or written about. Books come in for reference, for direction, as means of continuous explana- tion, as sources of knowledge concerning observations, experiments, generalisations far beyond the horizon of the student. THE APrRMSM. or i.iterature • 69 Restricted thus to its ri(;htful sphere, a book rises to a utility, because it has a truth it could not know when the word was a substitute for the act, instead of beitJg its c(jn)plenieiit. In those wider spheres of letters whose aiu) is recreation, charm, inspiration, there is obedience to the same tidal impulses. We have a fiction as true in essence as history ; a body of poetry as rightly echo- ing the perplexities and aspirations of our age as the pages of a cautious analyst may record the cominon()laces of trade and treaty. The novelist, the dramatist, the essayist, all the writers who are the servants of beauty, are to day effectively so in pro- portion to their allegiance to truth. 'I bus are the standards of literary criticism heightened and sharpened liy that world- movement whose citadel is science, whose con(iuests are arrayed in provinces of new knowledge, such as no thousand years before our century ever won. 'I'he motto of the American library Association is, " The best reading for the largest number at the least cost." Hut how shall we know what part of the enor- mous mass of modern reading is best, and what other part, while not best, is still useful enough to repay the reader or student ? Vou may tell me that reviewing is a somewhat ancient institution, that from among the criticisms which ajjpear anonymously in such a journal as the Nation, of New York, or under signatures in such periodicals as the American Historical Rcviav and the Political Science Quarterly, there is much to meet our want. But such reviews, good as they are, do not fill the need of the librarian's public ; commonly they are too long, too dis- cursive ; how shall they be readily found when wanted ? What is needed is a brief note of descri|ition, criticism, and com- parison, written by an acknowledged authority, signed and dated, and placed where the reader cannot help seeing it, both within the lid of the reviewed book itself and on a card next the title card in the catalogue — it being assumed that, acconling to the practice more and more prevailing in America, a card-catalogue is freely accessible to all. If a book treats of a question in debate, as socialism or bi- metallism, fact and opinion should be carefully distinguished, and views of opposed critics might be presented. By this means the inquirer would know which book is best or among the best of its kind : he would be made aware of the defects which mar even the best books ; lie would learn how one work can gain- fully piece out another, and would gather indicuti(jn of the i>eriodicals or transactions whii h bring a story of discovery or resear<:h down to date. In a final line he might be told whi;re detailed reviews are to be found. And where shall we find the pcrsonn (jualified to undertake all this arduous business of ap|>raisal ? (Jhiefly, I think, in the ranks of professional reviewers. Many of these are busy in classrooms, bringing books daily to the severest test of ex[)eriment and study. Ix-t them go on writing reviews of customary lengtli for their [)resent employers, and let them also boil down these reviews for us. \\'herever necessary, other critics, skilled for the service we require, may lend their aid. Thus shall the seeker and the knower be brought together ; thus may everyone who enters a public library have at his elbow competent and trust- worthy pilots through the swirling sea of literature. Instruction or recreation may then be pursued with the utmost effect and pleasure, because with the soundest available intelligence. Of course this aid should not be confined to the litera- ture of utility. \\'hy should pleasure in fiction or belles-lettres be flabby when it can so easily be hearty ? Fiction, indeed, in the circulation of some of our libraries rises to a figure exceeding 80 per cent. With this fact in mind, and believing a large part of the fiction to be poor stuff, Mr. Goldwin Smith impugns the whole principle of supporting free libraries out of the public treasury. "People,'' he says, "have no more right to novels than to theatre tickets out of the public taxes." The point of his objection can be turned only in one way — by seeing to it that only good fiction is placed upon the shelves. Exclusion, courageous and tactful, must be the policy here. Mr. W. M. Stevenson, librarian of the Carnegie Library, Alle- ghany, Pennsylvania, has dropped from his catalogue a round of novels popular enough but lacking literary merit. To the demand, Why cannot we have what we like, instead of what you think we ought to like ? the answer must be, Read Austen, Cooper, Scott, Thackeray, Dickens, Hawthorne, and Stevenson, and you will soon thank us for withholding Mrs. Holmes and Mr. Roe, your appetite for their screeds being irrecoverably lost. 170 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS Reading, for all that Dogberry may say, does not come by nature ; neither, when the art of reading is acquired, is it spon- taneously partnered with power to choose the most gainful and pleasure - giving books. Just as fast as the school educates the public in the intelligent choice of literature, with equal pace will vanish the charge that the public library does aught but public good. There is a difficulty much more serious than that of wishy- washy fiction, with regard to novels of the Satanic school, deliberately produced to contaminate. Against these it is high time that danger signals were set up, so that neither carelessness nor accident may allow their intrusion. The steps taken in America toward engaging the best available guidance for readers and students in our public libraries are briefly these : About twenty years ago Professor W. G. Sumner, of Yale University, drew up for his classes a short list of works on political economy, with notes. This list, enlarged to an annotated pamphlet of thirty-six pages, was soon after published in New York by the Society for Political Education. The pamphlet was favourably received, and when it passed out of print a widespread demand arose for its reissue in expanded form. Accordingly, the Reader's Guide in Economic, Social, and Political Litera- ture — a book of some one hundred and sixty pages — was issued in 1891. In its preparation, the editors, Mr. R. R. Bowker and myself, were assisted by a score of representative American and English specialists. The Guide met with a warm reception. Copies of it are to be seen in college libraries, thumbed almost to tatters. To this day it is doing good service in hundreds of editorial offices, classrooms, and public libraries. An appendix to it may appear next year. The next demand for an annotated biblio- graphy came from the clubs of girls and women, which are constantly increasing in number and importance, and are estab- lishing libraries by scores every month. To meet this need, Mrs. Augusta H. Leypoldt, editor of the Literary News, New York, and myself edited two years ago, for the American Library Associa- tion, A List of Books for Girls and Women and their Clubs. This biblio- graphy comprises 2100 titles in the leading branches of literature. Each of its departments was contributed by a man or woman of authority. Although .speci- fically addressed to girls and women, and setting forth especially the books which deal with their livelihoods and home toil, the List in the main is as useful to boys and men as to their sisters and mothers. The notes on good literature which chiefly fill it appeal to all readers. Take an example of its usefulness : Wis- consin is an agricultural State, with a population for the most part centred in small towns and villages. The chairman of the State Library Commission, Mr. F. A. Hutchins, writes that the List has doubled and quadrupled the pur- chasing power of the few dollars usually available in forming or extending small libraries. In Milwaukee, much the largest city in the State, the question might be, Which is the best exposition of Browning's The Ring and the Book ? But what the village of Fox Lake wants to know is. Which are Dickens' six best books, and which are the best editions for six dollars ? Two departments of the List for Girls and IVoinen proved particularly helpful — that of fine art, by Mr. Russell Sturgis, and that of music, by Mr. H. E. Krehbiel. Accordingly, these two critics, each a master in his field, were engaged for a fairly full bibliography of Fine Art, about one thousand titles in all. This work, which I edited, also issued by the Ameri- can Library Association, appeared March 1897, and has thus far met with a gratify- ing reception. However much we may wish to see notes of appraisal printed on catalogue-cards, it will always be desirable to give book form as well to such notes as those of Mr. Sturgis and Mr. Krehbiel. Only thus can the reader take connected views of his subject, observe the canons of criticism in their broad application, and gather those suggestions which teem from a richly-freighted mind as, in one masterly effort, it passes upon a whole literature, from the first noteworthy volume to the last. The next task of the American Library Association, in the way of ap- praisal, will probably be a bibliography of American history. A scholar of the highest competence has said that, if possible, he will act as its editor-in-chief, giving his services gratuitously. An attempt will be made to issue its notes in both book and card form. Following this task, we hope to issue a bibliography of applied science : for its departments we are already volunteered the aid of several contributors of mark. What 1 should like to see would be a series of biblio- THE AI'l'KAlS.ir. OF f.ITERArURF. '7' graphics covering wiili tolerable complete- ness the whole round of literature, and coni[)rising a selection of about ten thou- sand works. With these as a basis we might enlist our contributors for the ap[>raisal of every noteworthy book as it leaves the press, distributing the notes on cards. In Hoston is an agency of the publishing section of the American l.ibrary Association, which selects from current literature and issues title cards for a circle of subscribing libraries, — this with a view- to introducing uniformity, and of jxiying one printer instead of fifty. Hy adding notes of appraisal in the future, the value of this service could be vastly heightened. What our publishing section is clearly moving toward is the foundation of a central superintcndency (the title Library Bureau is preempted), which shall oversee this whole business of appraisal, of enter- ing into relations with the plans, now international in sco|)e, for indexing scien- tific and other literature, which shall make it easy to establish new libraries on sound lines, and to extend existing libraries with the utmost economy and efficiency. From the work of such a superintcndency manifold gain would arise. Throughout America there are constantly appearing annotated lists of works on economics and history, folk-lore and what not. The labour which goes into iheir production, much of it duplicated, and all of it local, both in origin and utility, might easily be organised for the service of the whole country, with a decided improvement in quality, a saving in time and strength. A systematic effort might also be made to rescue from neglect the great books which, from such causes as the untimely death of their authors or the sheer brunt of advertisement, are overlaid by new and much inferior writing. To a competent hand might be committed, for example, the sifting out all that still retains worth and interest in Dagehot, who was at once an economist, a wit, and a literary critic of distinction. Much that he wrote was for his own day, much remains of the rarest value for our day. What is true of Bagehot is true of Jevons, and of many more. N\'e are not so much concerned about the newest books as about the best. Much might be done also in bestowing upon boys and girls a thorough familiarity with the great classics. Here our hope lies in school libraries, chosen with the most enlightened care. There are, let us say, fifty books which everyone should read between his tenth year and hiii fifteenth; let us enlist "the concensus of the competent " in drawing up a list of these works, and then, by creating a de- mand for good and cheap editions, stimu- late to the full, not simply acquaintance but intimacy with the masterpieces of all time. A minor service, well worth ren- dering, is in pi^inting out which books of the vcjluminous masters are best worth having. Not more than half .Scott's are, and perhaps not so large a fraction of (!ooper's. Publishers are interested in sujjplying complete sets ; we desire to see small libraries expend their few dollars for the best choice possible. No one has gone very far in biblio- graphy without di.scovering many gaps even in copious literatures. In the Atliinlic Muitthly for June 1893 Mr. Justin Winsor described the Societii Franklin of Paris, which acts as a central agency for the libraries of France. It has found that, with an assured sale for its round of libraries, a trained writer and a responsible publisher can be engaged to supply any needed book. This plan avoids the heavy tax for advertising in- exorable when a new book lacks an organised circle of buyers. In the ordi- nary practice of publishing, the odd pur- chaser here and there, hit through the press, well - nigh costs his weight in ammunition. When the List for Girls and Women was being edited, it became clear that, however imperious the voice of science may be upstairs, its echoes in the kitchen are rumblings of the faintest. Scarcely one cook - book in a hundred recognises that cooking is a branch of chemistry, having vital relations as well with physiology and economics. In the colleges where domestic economy is taught, I have been informed that its themes, in their scientific treatment still in the experimental stage, are as yet not crystal- lised into literature. In this department of household well-being take a singular example of a lack where one would expect repletion. For years the electric light com- panies have waged war upon the gas in- terest. One would suppose that the fight would give us many a good pamphlet on the incandescent mantle which multiplies the light from gas, on the multifarious uses of gas for cooking, heating, and manufactur- ing. Yet not a page on the subject could I find published in America two years ago. Nor could I discover any succinct, connected description of the scores of 172 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS ingenious devices for relieving household drudgery which attract the eye at every American fair. Nor, so far as I know, is there to this day any brief account of the principles which underlie the judicious care of property — a matter of prime im- portance, especially to women who may inherit an estate with little qualification for its guardianship. The fact is, pub- lishing is a somewhat haphazard business, and librarians organised for the public behoof can on occasion do something to supply a declared want for a pamphlet or a book. Every twelvemonth sees works on rhetoric, botany, geometry, tumbling from the press by the score ; but scarcely ever a book to tell ordinary people an acceptable word about the sciences of food and clothing, shelter and health. Much is said, and truly, about the claims of original research ; much, with equal truth, may be said for giving knowledge already acquired the widest diffusion. Here a word of caution must be spoken. Easy it is to say that a book is needed ; it may be impossible to lay hands upon the writer who should give it to the world. Why is there no American work on zoology as sound and good as that on botany by Asa Gray? Because America has no zoologist the size of Asa Gray. Literature lacks a comprehensive work on American forestry ; but think of the extent and variety of American forests ! So recently has their systematic study been begun, that the first American to be thoroughly trained and equipped for the task is still a young man. To sum up, on one side stands the great public, encompassed by mountains of books rising ever higher and higher ; on the other side stand the critics, who know which of these books are best, which are merely good, or offer here and there a helpful chapter or page. It is plainly time that these critics were judici- ously organised by librarians for the aid and comfort of the great public who read or study or may be induced to read or study. The spirit of science has entered the world of letters, but in more than one province of its empire there is sturdy resistance to its sway — an echo is still heard where there should only be a voice. Let every movement that makes for ac- curacy, sincerity, truth, in literature, be generously and wisely promoted, and in the only possible way — by organisation, with its attendant boons of economy and scope. In these latter days of demo- cracy culture ceases to be the possession of a caste, of a class apart, and works as a leaven throughout the whole mass of the people. To-day workmen and clerks listen to the university lecturer ; the great art of the present and the past migrates from the metropolitan museum to the suburban hall ; in the concert-room Beet- hoven and Bach are now appealing to the million instead of the upper ten thousand. So also in the field of litera- ture, the records of the best that has been thought and done in the world grow in volume and value every hour. Speed the day when they may be hospitably proffered to every human soul, the chaff winnowed from the wheat, the gold divided from the clay. Gkorge Iles. LIHRARY WORK IN JAMAICA. JM accepting the invitation of the Organising Com- mittee to read a (japer before the International Library Conference, I do so with diffidence, for I feel that I can do but little to aid in the important work which will be placed before the meeting. As the committee ha.s left me unfettered as to choice of subject, I have thought I could not do better than say a few words — I much regret that I have to say them by proxy — on library work in Jamaica in general ; for, living on a byjjath of civilisation, as it were, we in Jamaica must of necessity follow, in the main, the rules laid down in the great centres, modi- fying them only in so far as our local needs may demand. The conditions of life in the West Indies are by no means conducive to successful work on the part of the librarian. In the past, any lime that was spared by the sugar-])lanler or pen-keeper from the making of sugar and ruin and the rearing of stock was, for the most part, devoted to political strife with the local administration or the home government, or to amusement of a not highly intel- lectual character. In the "great house" of an estate in the so-called palmy days, it was quite the exception to find either a bookcase or pictures. There have, of course, been a few exceptions, but as a rule it was not the planting class which produced Jamaica's few men of letters and book-lovers — f.,^. Edward Long, the historian, was a judge and Speaker of the House of Assembly, and Hryan Edwards, the historian, was a merchant ; but Michael Scott, the author of the ever-green Tom Criiii^le's Log, was, it is true, engaged in agricultural as well as mercantile pursuits. Of men of letters who have visited and written in and of Jamaica, the best known are Sir Hans Sloane; "Peter Pindar"; William Iteckford, cousin of the author of Valluk ; I )r. Wright ; Dr. Dancer ; William James, the naval his- torian ; "Monk" Ix-wis and Phili[) Henry (lo.sse; but they have only imparted in- formation about Jamaica in England, and have had no influence in forming a taste for literature in the island. Oosse's colla- borateur, Richard Hill, a distinguished native of the island, and an ardent student of natural history, laboured also in the cause of literature. At the beginning of the present cen- tury, if we may believe the "gentleman long resident in the West Indies," J. Stewart by name, who published in 1808 An Acfount of Jamaica and its Inhabilanis, literature was but little considered in the island. " Literature," he says, " is little culti- vated in Jamaica ; nor is reading a very general favourite amusement. There is a circulating library in Kingston, and in one or two other places a paltry attempt at such a thing, these collections of books not being of that choice and miscellaneous nature which they ought to be, but usually composed of a few good novels, mixed with a much larger proportion of those ephemeral ones which are daily springing up, and which are a disgrace to literature and an insult to common-sense." He further tells us that two attempts at publishing periodicals, intended to diffuse literary taste and promote useful local knowledge, failed, jiartly by reason of too high a subscription (16 dollars per annum for twelve numbers), and partly because much of the contents was mere transcript from British journals ; but he adds, " It is true that the number of subscribers never was good enough to give a fair encourage- ment to the work."' Doubtless the same remarks might be applied with truth to other similar undertakings. 173 174 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS The earliest libraries of any kind in the island were those of the Legislative Coun- cil and the House of Assembly, each of which had a collection of books of its own. But they were only intended for the use of members, and the librarians were ap- parently nothing more than custodians of books. At times the office was held by the sergeant-at-arms, the assistant clerk, or by the messenger. At another time the librarian received ^loo per annum, while the messenger received ^^200. The library of the Assembly, which may fairly be regarded as the parent of the library of the Institute of Jamaica — for to the former the latter owes a large pro- portion of its best volumes — consisted chiefly of books treating on law, history, and travel, biography and science, and was intended primarily for the use of the Governor of the island, and all who were connected with the Legislature. When, in 1872, the seat of government was removed from Spanish 'I'own to Kingston, the library of the House of Assembly was transferred to the new capital, and was first opened as a public library in 1874, in Date Tree Hall, v.-hich had been for many years utilised as one of those hostelries — half hotel and half boarding-house — commonly met with in former times in Jamaica. Though it is solid and fairly suitable to the climate as a dwelling-house, it is but ill adapted or adaptable for the purposes of a library ; but in it the best that can be done under the circumstances is now being done in the cause of literature. Other smaller libraries have existed from time to time, but they have lasted only for a comparatively short period, and have exercised no permanent influence on the community. In 1798 the Kingston Medical Society, which had been instituted four years earlier, had formed a library of sufficient import- ance to require a librarian. By 1832 the society was apparently defunct, and no traces of its library remain. In 1824 was established, in the parish of St. George, a St. George's Library Society. In 1838 it had seventy-nine members. It existed until 1882, when the books of the society were transferred to the library of the Institute of Jnm.aica. In 1836 there was an Athena:um Club formed in Kingston. Attached to it was an extensive library, composed of the most literary, useful, and entertaining works. In 1838 we first find a record of the St. Elizabeth Library, and in 1840 an entry of a St. James's Library Associa- tion. In 1850 the old Jamaica Societ)', which had been founded in 1827 for the cultivation of agriculture and other arts and sciences, ceased to exist, and the property, including the library, was distri- buted amongst the late contributing mem- bers. In its stead was formed, " for the improvement of all classes and the de- velopment of the talent which exists — but exists in a latent form — in the island," the Colonial Literary and Reading Society. The then Governor became patron. The annual subscription was at first four shillings a month, but was subsequently reduced to half a crown. In the first four months of its existence 438 volumes were borrowed by readers. The library included copies of Bohn!s Library, Murray's Home and Colonial Libraiy, and the Family Library. The society did much useful work for many years, but its existence must have been at times precarious, for at its second half-yearly meeting it discussed and settled a possible division of its property amongst members in the event of its dissolution ; and at its third a reference was made to the difficulty experienced in collecting subscriptions. However, in the fourth half-year, with a total of 1 105 volumes, no fewer than 1689 books were lent out. At the fifth half- yearly meeting, in May 1852, the com- mittee recorded its opinion that " the society has not only miade indubitable and substantial progress, but that, speak- ing advisedly and in all sincerity, it has attained to such a maturity of age and stability of position as, while they almost preclude positive declension, give ample reason for contemplating the permanent existence of their charge." After many years of usefulness, however, the society was merged into the Kingston Literary and Reading Society. When this broke up, about the year 1878, the books were distributed amongst its members. In 1852 the local literary societies existing in the various parishes into which the island is divided had received an addition by the foundation of the St. Catherine Literary Society at Spanish Town ; and four years later the Trelawny Literary Society was founded in Falmouth, and the St. Ann's Literary and Reading Society in St. Ann's Bay. In 1867 was founded, through the instrumentality of Sir Francis M'Clintock, who was then commodore of the Jamaica station, the LIBRARY WORK J. \' JAMAICA »7S I'ort Royal Literary and Mechanics' Insti- tution, which was suiiportcd hy the Hon. Kiciiard Hill and other men of literary anil scientific attainments. Other societies ])r()l)aljly existed during the earlier part of the century (jI which no records are now ohtainahle. Hut in 1869 the only learned societies recorded in the almanac lor that year (one of a series dating from 1751 to the present time, in the lihrary of the Institute) were the Koyal Society of Arts and Agri- culture and the Kingston Literary and Reading Society, both of which were unfortunately waning. 'I'hc lesson which one may apparently learn from the history of the few ahove- mentioned of the many societies which have e.\isted in Kingston arid in other towns in the islam! during the eigiiteenlh and nineteenth centuries, is that in a community like tliat of |amaic;i voluntary societies founded at moments of temporary enthusiasm are de|)endent in great mea.sure on the activity and |)ecuniary and moral su|)port of a few individuals, and that, so soon as the support is lost, through death or removal, the societies decline. \Vherc the financial conditions are dependent on yearly subscriptions there is no certainty of long life, and, moreover, where the committees of management are self-ap- pointing, there is little likelihood of con- tinuity of policy, without which there can be no permanent success. ("oming from the past to the |)resent, we find that the Institute of Jamaica was founded in 1879 for the encouragement of literature, science, and art, under a board of governors appointed by the ("lOvernor, whose duties are to establish and maintain an institution comprising a librarj-, reading-room, and museum ; to provide for the reading of papers, the delivery of lectures, and the holding of examinations on subjects connected with literature, science, and art ; to award premiums for the application of scientific and artistic methods to local industries ; and to provide for the holding of exhibi- tions illustrative of the industries of Jamaica. The Institute includes, in a new building of its own, a natural history museum, which makes a speciality of col- lecting examples of local fauna, flora, and geology, the curator of which is in corre- spondence with many scientists of note throughout the world. But the scientific work of the Institute does not fall within the scope of this paper. In the main building is situated a small art gallery, containing portraits of Jamaica wrjrthics, views of Jamaica scenery, and other ob- jects of local historic interest. On the same (u])|)er) floor are situated a lecture hall (in which meetings are held of inem- liers of the Institute and |)apers are read on literature, science, and art), and the Jamaica and West India Library, which now nuiiihers i.ii.i volumes. 'J'he lower floor is devoted to a reading-room and to the storage of books. The reading-room is oi)en free to the public daily from 1 1 a.m. to y p.m., the ten hours best suited to the comnninity. During the la.st six years, during which a careful record has been kept, there has lx:en a steady increxsc in the number of readers — from 11,725 in 1891-92 to 39,573 in 1896-97. The |)opulation of the town of Kingston, it may be mentioned, was 46,542 in 1891. .So far as records show, the cooler months of the year bring a few more readers than the hotter, but there is no very marked dilTerence. The reading-room is most largely attended in the evening. All the books in the library are avail- able for reference and perusal in the ])ublic reading-room. In addition to this, members of the Institute^by a rule which in 1890 superseded an earlier plan of lending books to any respectable person who deposited ^i, the interest on which was manifestly no commensu- rate return for such loans — have the privi- lege of borrowing books and periodicals. There are at present, in addition to honorary and corresponding members, about 300 subscribing members, whose subscriptions produce j[_,'ilo per annum, which makes a useful supplement to a vote of about jQiooo, which is yearly granted to the Institute by the Legisla- ture, the municipality of Kingston contri- buting nothing directly to its maintenance. It is essentially an island institute. The library at present consists of 10,202 volumes, made up as follows: — Works on Jamaica and West Indies . 1,414 Tfieology 289 I'hilosophy ...... 219 Ilislory ...... 1,396 liiiigrapfiy ...... 1,019 Travels 588 I-iw, politics, sociolog)-. . 395 Education 272 Art 1,184 Science and natural histor)' . . 1,317 Poetr)' and the drama .... 294 Linguistics and philolog)' ... 85 I'rosc fiction 1,291 176 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS Miscellaneous .... Dictionaries and works of reference Reports of societies 599 3qO 444 The 2S9 members who, during 1896-97, availed themselves of the lending library borrowed 6343 volumes, or an average of 22 apiece. The books were borrowed in the following proportions : — per cent. Theolog)-, philosophy, etc. . . . 1.25 History, laiography, travels . . .8.83 Law, politics, sociology, etc. . . . 1. 10 Art, science, natural histor)' . . . 4.S9 Poetry and the drama . . . .1.42 Prose fiction 40-20 Miscellaneous. ... .1.70 Periodicals 39-40 West Indies i-2! from which it will be seen that fiction does not bear so high a proportion to the rest as in many public libraries in England and elsewhere. This is due rather to the fact that the novels in the library bear a smaller proportion to other classes of literature than is commonly the case in public libraries, and also because works which are commonly placed in a reference library are allowed to leave the Hbrary, the only exception being made in favour of rare works and works of special value. So far as fiction is concerned, the " last new novel " is asked for in vain. Good standard novels are added to the library, but the main object kept in view is the procuring of all books obtainable on Jamaica, the best publications on the other West India Islands and the West Indies generally, good works of refer- ence, and as many as possible of the current contributions of the higher branches of literature ; while the part of the members' subscriptions available for the purchase of books, which in the aggre- gate is small, is all that is spent on even the best class of ephemeral books. For many years the library of the Insti- tute was expected to play the double part of a reference library for the whole island and a popular lending library both for Kingston and the parishes. Jamaica is somewhat peculiarly situ- ated with regard to library work, on account of the difficulty of travelling and the transmission of parcels, albeit the last few years have seen many and great improvements in this respea. In most countries it is sufficient to have in every good district a central reference library, containing all the more valuable works, with a lending library of lighter literature. In Jamaica there are numbers of readers living at considerable distances from Kingston, who desire to consult, for pur- poses of their occupations, as well as for their intellectual enjoyment, some of the more valuable works in the library. They cannot, in many cases, afford the time to come to town, and they feel it a hard- ship that the works should not be sent to them. But it would seem that the central, or what one may call the metropolitan, library should have the first considera- tion ; and the risk that a book runs every time that it is sent out of the library by steamer, rail, mail-cart, or mule-back, is too great a one to be lightly undertaken by those who regard the interest of a really solid and useful library in the metropolis of the British West Indies as being of the highest importance. With respect to means of sending books to places distant from the central library, the first idea that occurs is, of course, that of local branches. In former years branches of the library existed in various towns ; but, owing to lack of proper super- vision, they resulted in loss of books, and were closed. During the last few years much con- sideration has been, given by the executive authorities of the library to the question of spreading the advantages of literature to the country districts of the island. A scheme by w^hich bo.xes of books would be circulated in rural districts — on the lines of the Yorkshire village libraries — was contemplated, but the obvious fact that this, at the best, would only benefit a few isolated readers, and the manifest success during the last few years of the public reading-room in Kingston in attract- ing the young men of the island, led to the decision to found, if possible, a series of small public reading-rooms, with lending libraries attached, throughout the island. Last year a branch library, which, it is hoped, may form the first of a series, was opened at Mandeville, a small town in the centre of the island, near the railroad. A sufficient number of books of reference has been furnished, and two sets of books embracing examples of all branches of literature have been lent, and with them book-lists for the use of members. The initial cost of the branch was borne by the Institute, and the local comm.ittee is allowed to spend the subscriptions (;^2o) of its members, who number forty ; and J. I UN ANY WORK fh' JA.\rAICA •77 it receives in addition a grant to defray the upiteep of the reading-room. It is intended that while the reference books remain, the "sets" of ijoolts shall he cxehaiined from time to time. Judging from llii- experience gained during tiie six months of its existence, the Mande- villc branch gives every |)romise of suc- cess ; the more esi)ecially as the one essential feature in these cases, the com- petent and willing working head, has been founil. And a second branch is shortly to be opened at I'orl Maria, on the north side. The formation of future branches will be dependent on the vote of the Ix:gislature, for it would of necessity be some time before such small libraries— if they have to maintain public reading- rooms -would become self-supporting, even if the books were lent free of charge. I'^ven when some eight or ten of them were founded, it would still leave a very large number of persons living in remote rural districts practically untouched by the influence of literature ; but the scheme that is here roughly sketched is all that is possible under existing circumstances. It would be well for Jamaica if she had a few enthusiastic ladies of the type of Miss Verncy, of Middle Claydon, for without enthusiasm it is almost impossible to keep alive an interest in library work in small village communities. One obstacle to the successful working of branches is found in the fact that the local authorities — the fourteen Paro- chial Hoards which govern the local affairs of the fourteen parishes into which the island is divided — pay no heed to the claims of literature. And wherever a desire is evinced for literary advantages, it is at the instigation of private persons — usually the clergy. For a country with so scattered a popu- lation, with many thousands of inhabitants many miles from a town, the best plan would pcrhajts be that which has been adopted in the small island of Grenada, where country members of the library, on payment of double fees (2s. per quarter), can obtain their books by post, free of extra charge ; but this, of course, entails a loss on the post office. The cost of sending books by mail coach is almost prohibitive. The liberality of the Atlas Steamship Com[)any and the railway comi)any renders their transmission by sea and rail devoid of cost ; but that means is, of course, only open to towns near the seaboard and the railway. 23 So far as the bulk of the population of the island is concerned, it is not a rjucstion of providing literature to those who desire it, but rather of creating a desire for books where none exists. In the old days planters cared nothing for reading, and the slaves were taught anything but to improve their minds. Small wonder is it, therefore, that the community as a whole is unliterary. It is, however, unfortunate that it should be so, for one can imagine no recreation more suitable to a [)lanter who has worked hard in the open air all day than the perusal of a good book. If the clerk who ha.s [Kired over a ledger from early morn ■ to late afternoon seeks enjoyment in the evening at the billiard-table, one is not surprised ; but, as change of occupation is the truest recreation, one would exi>ect the planter and pen-keeper to turn with pleasure to their books after a hard day's toil. Of late years, however, several forces have been at work in improving this state of affairs. The elementary schools of the island, some 930 in number, are un- doubtedly producing a generation prone to read — a generation unfit for agriculture in a land dependent on agriculture, the planter and pen-keeper say. But this reproach, even if it be true, has been met by the i)reparation — under the authority of the Board of Education, and with the approval of well-known scientists pos- sessing local knowledge — of Blackie's Tropical Readers, which will tend to i)ro- duce habits of observance of, and deduc- tion from, incidents in natural life in the island. The volumes of the cheap series of Colonial Libraries, issued by various well-known London publishers, and the numberless cheap magazines, find a ready sale ; and, last but not least, the press of the island plays an important part in the cause of literature. A danger in all this is that p>eople are led to " read something," without much caring what it is. As an antidote, a Jamaica branch of the National Home Reading Union was formed last year, which may in time, it is hoped, bear good fruit. Two things militate against the forma- tion and maintenance of private libraries in Jamaica, as in most other tropical countries. The one is the climatic condi- tions, and the other is insect life. In some parts of the island, where the rainfall is heavy, books suffer much from the damp, and bookcases with glass doors are essen- 178 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS tial ; but this is not so in the case of the capital, although glass doors are a great protection against dust, which is very prevalent in the plain on which Kingston stands. In damp places books would suffer more from being left open than from the damp arising from cases being closed by glass doors, as Mr. Blades points out is the result in England. For protection against insects, bookcases should be of hard wood, such as mahogany, and the shelves should be of cedar (cedrela odoratd), the smell of which is unpleasant to insects ; for which reason this wood is frequently used by cabinetmakers in the manufacture of wardrobes and cupboards. Cases with glass doors are the best protection ; but, if bookcases are closed, they should be inspected periodically. If books are to be left to themselves, they are almost better on open shelves than in closed cases. The worst insect enemy that books have in Jamaica is the bookworm {a/w/num) ; but its presence is somewhat indicative of neglect and absence of the effect of light. When bookworms are met with in the public library it is usually found that they have been brought in by some book of local interest, purchased from a house where little heed has been paid to the care of books, or in some bookcase which has been longer than usual without its periodi- cal inspection. Another insect enemy of books is the cockroach {Periplanetd). Unlike the bookworm, he never damages the inside of books. He confines his attention to the cover. He appears to be fond of bright colours, especially green. He certainly prefers newly - bound to old books, possibly because the paste is sweeter. Book-loving friends have told me that they have noticed that cock- roaches attack the books of some pub- lishers more than those of others. I rather suspect it is that they attack the books of some binders, those that use the sweetest materials, more than those of others. For myself, the books in my private library which have suffered more than any others are the Tennysons, in their original bright green cloth. To those who bind for the tropics I would say, Avoid bright colours, and use poison. The cockroach eats paper and cloth much more readily than he does leather, and, strange to .say, the better bound a book is, the more he seems to respect it. But when he does attack a book, he will ruin a side of the cover in a single night. Glass doors are a great protection against the predatory cockroach, though, if left to himself, he will breed behind their shelter. A solution of corrosive sublimate applied to the crevices of bookcases, and, if neces- sary, to the books themselves, is usually found a sufficient preventive ; but the best protection in the case of new books is to have them bound with poisoned paste and glue. All new books bought for the Institute library are thus bound, and all second-hand books that do not need rebinding are washed with the poisoned solution. Some old MS. records, that had to be re-bound in the colony, I had bound with brown paper sides, as I had noticed that all insects respect that material. Another insect found some- times, but not often, in books is the silver-fish {Lepis?na), or " fish-moth," as he is called in Jamaica ; but, contrary to the experience given by Messrs. L. O. Howard and C. L. Marlath, in their Principal Household Insects of the United States (United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1896), I have never yet been able to convict him of eating books, although friends have informed me that their experience differs. In any case, however, the fish-moth in Jamaica is not nearly so great a plague as the cockroach. The termite, or white ant, which is such a scourge in some parts of the tropics, does not, so far as my experience goes, inter- fere with books in Kingston, although in some parts of the island, especially the damper and wooded districts, he does great damage, if books are not frequently inspected. None of the insects touch the wood of the bookcases and their shelves in the library. The library is lit by electric light, and no harm is done to books by natural heat, so long as they are not left exposed to the actual rays of the sun. But in spite of insect pests and climatic difficulties, in spite of an unliterary past and a somewhat apathetic present, the future of literature in Jamaica is by no means gloomy ; and it may be safely considered as one of the forces of the future in moulding the character of the people of the island. I have made this paper longer perhaps than the subject demands, but I have felt justified by the belief that much which I have written is true, not of Jamaica alone, but of the whole of the British West India Islands. Fr.\nr Cundall. KUUCATION ANU LIllRARIKS (JF THK CArK OK GOUlJ HOl'E. .mswcr 10 tlic retiuest 'I your Orj;anisinn C'oni- inittec of the ai'proach- in;^ International Library Conference "to contri- bute a paper represent- ing the Colonial side of lilirary work," I regret that it will be in:i)ossible for nie to be present. To make up for it, however, as far as lies in my j)ower, I have put on paper a few notes, which I trust will not be found devoid of interest. The colony of the Cape of CJood Hope is now two hundred and forly-five years old. It was established in 1652 by the Dutch liast India Company as a place of call, or refreshment station, and for nearly five years merely con- sisted of a commander and a garrison, which, in addition to the discharge of their military duties, were also employed in garden work, in barter expedi- tions among the neighbouring abori- ginals, and in herding such cattle and sheep as were obtained from the Hottentots for the use of the passing vessels. This system, however, was found un- satisfactory in the long - run, and under certain conditions soldiers and sailors received their discharge, and were allotted portions of land, which they were expected to cultivate properly, and on which, in course of time, they might also breed cattle and sheep to be sold to the Com- pany for the consumption of the garrison, the hospital, and the Company's ships calling here. The creation of this class, mentioned as freemen, was n.iturally followed by domestic life, wives and children. Hence not a very long time elapsed before the question arose regarding the education of the young. Permit me to give you a few examples to show how this momentous subject was gr.ippled with, and the difficulties under which the earliest settlers laboured. In the Journal of the 30th November 1663 the following is minuted : — " I'riday, the 30//1 Not'ember 1663. " Whereas our new sick-visitor, Ernestus Hack, besides his ordinary duties, is daily making every effort to teach the Cape children, both Dutch and Black, to read, as well as catechising them, we have decided to accord him such emoluments as are recorded below — " Mrs. Blanks shall pay him for each of her children, named Johannes and Johanna, half a rixdollar per month. " Hoonities shall pay the same amount for his daughter Marietje and his two sons, Rynier and Dirk. " Elbert I )iemer likewise an equal sum for his son Dirk. " Jannetje F'erdinandus, for her son and daughter also half a ri.xdollar each. " Jan Reyniersz, for his little daughter Jannetje the same sum. "This fee to be charged for each freeman's child. " The two girls Sarah and Maria Rosen- daels, as well as a little Hottentot girl (een Hottentoosie) are, hov.cver, to be taught />ro Deo. " And as the Hon. Company desires that its own as well as other baptized slave children, especially those begotten by European fathers or Christians, shall be taught, and in good time brought to the right knowledge of God, and you have already made a laudable beginning to this end in the case of Amazie, Crisin, Zon, and Basoe, we pray that the Most High may grant His grace and mercy on it. " (Signed) Z. \V.\(jen.\.\r." In 1684 the newly-established village of Stellenbosch, which had asked for a school- master from home, was advised by the '79 I So CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS Board of Seventeen (the directors of the Company) to look for one among the men of the passing ships. On the 15th of July 1685 a code of regulations for the slave school of the Company was promulgated by the Com- missioner-General, H. A. van Reede, which required, (i) " That the schoolmaster shall be at his duties from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. (2) That he shall hear the children's lessons twice. (3) That he shall teach them good Christian conversation and manners, and not permit any evil or vile talk. (4) No other slaves nor any Dutch children shall be allowed in the school. (5) He shall follow them to church every Sunday, and every Wednesday and Saturday, and, according to their apprehension, make them answer the questions in the Heidel- berg Catechism or the ' Abridgement ' (Kort begrip). (6) The seniors are to be taught to sing the psalms, to write, and daily say their ordinary prayers. (7) No white children are to be accepted. (8) The parents shall take care that the children attend the school regularly, and pay proper respect to all officials en- countered in the streets. (9) They shall not neglect their lessons, and are to be punished if they do. (10) They shall appear twice in church on Sundays ; and finally, (11) the minister was directed to visit the school twice weekly to see how the children were progressing." On the 22nd December 1687 Com- mander Simon van der Stel impressed on his council the great importance of main- taining the schools as " nurseries of all the virtues," especially among these " coarse and rough inhabitants," so that it was decided, in order the more to encourage the children, both free and slave, to present each of them with a prize on Christmas Day, after previous examination by the superintendents (schoolarchs), and, after having given proof of their progress in reading, writing, and ciphering, as well as the Creed ; whilst the three first free- born, of whatever se.x they might be, were to receive each a silver pen of the value of a rixdollar, and the next three a similar pen of the value of half a rixdollar. The rest were to receive two skillings in money, whilst everyone, moreover, would be presented with a cake, the size of the latter being in accordance with the child's position in the school. A cake was also given to each slave child for its encouragement, whilst it was further resolved, in the interest of the colony, to exercise the boys from nine to thirteen years old every Saturday afternoon in the use of arms, by means of the drill sergeant on the drill field, to enable them to march under their own banner on New Year's Day, on pain of an arbitrary fine " to be inflicted on their parents, should they be absent without lawful excuse." On the 6th June 1690 the first infant school for children below seven years of age was established, with Aagjie Keysers as teacher. On the 3rd April 1 700 Governor W'illem Adriaan van der Stel informed the political council that, in consequence of the steady growth of the Drakenstein parish, he had felt that also the Dutch portion of the congregation there should be provided with a sick-visitor and school- master, to teach the young reading and writing ; and that he had accordingly appointed for the purpose Jacobus de Groot of Haarlem, who was well versed in reading, writing, and the f'rench language. On the 6th June 1708 the Rev. H. Beck, of Stellenbosch, urged the Govern- ment to appoint as permanent teacher at Stellenbosch the soldier Bastiaan Cevaal, at the time on loan to the burgher Jan Mostert. His request was granted, with the proviso that no one else, except pedagogues teaching in private families, would be allowed a similar privilege. The said Cevaal was permitted the use of the church porch for his purpose, and at the same time appointed sexton. On the 2 1 St August 17 14 another code of school regulations was issued in order to secure fit and God-fearing school- masters, and to ward off all who would teach otherwise than what the Reformed Church believed. Every teacher was therefore to be previously examined by the governor and council as to life and doctrine. He was to teach every child as early as possible the Lord's Prayer, the Decalogue, the Creed, the evening and morning prayer, the prayers before and after dinner, and all other ordinary prayers, that it might be imbued with a proper idea of God. Afterwards it was to be taught the Heidel- berg Catechism, and to answer its ques- tions in the church ; to be exercised in the singing of the psalms, and thus be able to assist in the church singing. At the opening and closing of the school all the children were to say the prayers aloud in turns, and according to circumstances. On church days the teachers were to EDUCATIOX AND l.inKAKIllS (>/■ Tlir. CAI'i: OI' COOD JIOt'E i8i conduct the children to service, and after- wards examine them in the school on the sermon, S[)eaking to them words of cncouraf,'ement and admonition, hased on the subject discoursed upon, and warninj^ them against all evil, that from their youth they might he imbued with a taste for (iod's Word, and able, when grown up, to serve (lod and their country. Hoys and girls Were not to sit together. All were to be divided into classes. Only such books were l(j be used as had been approved in Holland. Lessons were t(j be repeated, and registers of attendance kept. I -ate comers were to be punished, and the parents visited of those that were absent. The rector and teachers were to frame and hang up a list of the work to be done, the subjects to lie treated, as well as the divisions of time, classes, etc. The children were to go home straight from school. All peojjle of position, as well as their own parents, were to be respectfully greeted when met in the streets. Offenders were to be punished. 'I'here were to be only two half-holidays weekly, and the children were to be exercised at honest play. The holidays here were to be the same as in Holland. The school fees were to remain as hitherto. The "secunde," minister, and captain of the castle were to act as " schoolarchs " (managers) under the governor and council. The teachers were to sign the same test - form subscribed to by the ministers of the Dutch Reformed Cliurch, with the clause added which embraces the five doctrinal rules of Dordrecht. Under this ordinance an elementary school was started, which for more than six years was presided over by the Rev. Lanibertus Slicher, who had arrived here with the rank of cadet (.\delborst), and afterwards sen-ed as minister at the Cape and Drakenstein. In 1720 the number of scholars had so increased that he was obliged to ask for more desks and benches as well as new ink-pots. All these laudable though puny elTorts to educate the children at the Cape (Cape Town) did not, however, appear to affect those in the country districts, especially those far removed from the centre of government. In 1743 Governor-General Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff, during his stay here, made a journey inland, and with surprise and pain witnessed how little attention was bestowed on public worship, and in what great carelessness and ignorance a large seclioei of the country were living in this respect, caring very little for religion, so that it looked there more like a collection of blind heathens than a colony of KuroiK-ans and Christians. He had accordingly con- sulted the Cape ministers (le Sueur and van Gendt) on the subject, who declared that, though the decline of religion and the non-practice of the same were partly the result of the laziness and want of education of the older resiflents, they were mainly owing to the fact that the [leople were scattered about so far from the nearest churches that they had but few opportunities to attend divine .service, some being from two to three days' journey from the .Stellenbosch and I )raken- stein churches, so that they had no o])i)ortunity to have themselves and their children instructed in the principles of religion ; and that therefore it wa.s of the utmost importance to establish two additional churches in the interior, each provided with an able minister and a clerk (voorlezer). That he intended to act in accordance with this advice, and, moreover, to settle a third sick-comforter in the most distant locality, to open a boarding school in order to meet the e.xcuse of the parents why they did not educate their children. After consultation, the council decided to establish one church in the " Zwarte- land " and the other near the little Berg River, between the " Roode Zand " and the Twenty-four Rivers, provided that the surrounding residents bore all the costs ; and to settle a clerk at the so-called " Groot Vader's bosch," to open a boarding school and conduct divine service there every Sunday. And it was further decreed that, as soon as effect had been given to this measure, only such private tutors were to be tolerated as had been pro- perly examined and found fit by the Cape Church Council, as otherwise a door would be opened for all kinds of irregularities among the ignorant con- gregations. Notice of this resolution was duly given to the Lords Seventeen. In 1769 the resolution that all teachers should be properly examined was once more enforced, everyone being required to carry with him a proper certificate, to be produced to the minister in whose parish he desired to work. On the 2nd September 1779 the first detailed school report was submitted to l83 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS governor and council. "That on in- vestigation they had found that the com- plaints of the privileged schoolmasters ' that the numbers of their pupils were considerably decreasing, in consequence of the schools opened by persons not privileged to do so, and that consequently they feared that their schools would finally collapse,' were without any foundation — for, as will appear from the list submitted, every privileged schoolmaster that did his duty had as many children as he could reasonably manage, yea, even more ! — and further, that the person of Johan Simon Wedel, against whom the charges are principally levied, as well as other private teachers, mainly confined themselves to the teaching of the French language and various sciences, without interfering with the work of the public schools, which consisted of spelling, reading, writing, and the elements of the Dutch Reformed re- ligion. They also found that the teacher of the slave children was very poorly paid, so that he was compelled to take in hand other work besides to make both ends meet, and that the slave children were often taken away from school to assist in doing light work for the Company before they had been sufficiently instructed, so that they lost more in a month than they had profited in four. They therefore advised that the teacher's salary should be increased, and that arrangements be made by which the slave children are better kept to their lessons. Finally, they requested that, should any improvement in the management of the schools appear to them to be necessary, they might be allov,-ed to make it, and that such regula- tions may be strictly obeyed. "On the 13th August 1779 in Cape Town — The School of Meyer contained- Boys . . . . . Girls Slave children . 37 34 6 Total 77 That of Mellet contained- Boys . Girls . Slave children , That of During containcd- Boys . Girls . Slave children . 24 Total 62 34 zo 2 Total 56 That of Knoop contained — Boys .... Girls .... Slave children . Total The School of Joosten contained — Boys ..... Girls Slave children . Total That of Weydenian contained- Boys .... Girls .... Slave children . Total That of Redelinghuys contained- Boys Girls . . . . . Slave children . Total That of Job Jacobse contained - Boys .... Girls .... Slave children . Total 49 62 136 42 56 17 40 55 3 46 51 5 18 16 16 50 or a total of 696 children, exclusive of the slave lodge school, in v,-hich were instructed of the lodge children 44 and of the burgher slave offspring 40, or a total of 84." The council adopted this report, and decided henceforth to supply the teacher of the slave school with double rations, and allow him Rds. 3 per month instead of Rds. 2 which he had hitherto received ; also to issue instructions that the children were to be kept regularly to their books as long as they attended school, and that from time to time such fresh regulations vrere to be made as were necessary, and to which the teachers were to submit. On the 9th April 1782 the governor and council drew up a code of regulations for the licensed schoolmasters of Cape Town, which enacted, " That ( i) they were to teach personally, but that the Govern- ment would give them assistants approved of by the schoolarchs whenever they had more pupils than they could personally manage. The only holidays were to be the three days succeeding Easter and Whitsunday, the week reckoned from the day preceding Christmas Day until the second New Year. There were also to be holidays during the days of the burgher parade, and finally a holiday on the birthday of the Lord Prince of EDUCATION AND LlliRARlKS OF Till: CAJ'E OF GOOD IIOl'E 1H3 Orange and Nassau. Wednesday and Saturday afternoons were likewise to he free, to eiialjle the children to liave a moderate exercise. 'I'lie scliool hours were to be from 8 to 11 a.m. and 1 to 4 p.m., and careful inquiry wa.s to be made in the case of the absent. The school was to be oi)cned with prayer and closed with firayer and a psalm -everylhiny in an orderly and reverent manner ; the children when leaving the school to be admonished to live a moral and virtuous life. 'I'he teachers were to provide suitable tlesks and benches, and kee|) the boys and girls se|)aratc, classifying them according to their abilities. Only such books as have hitherto been in use shall be used ; this also applies to catechisation books. They were earnestly to admonish their pupils to fear the Lord, and show all reverence to their parents, those in authority, the ministers, and all who were above them ; treat their inferiors in a friendly and un- assuming manner, and beware of profan- ing the name of the Lord and making use of vile and blasi)hemous language, or in any way insulting anyone. The children were to attend the .Sunday services regu- larly, as well as the lower catechisation classes held in the church on Wednesdays. Ekich schoolmaster was to take his turn to be present, but the one of the ' Dia- conie' (church school) shall always be present with his pupils ; the teachers kindly inviting the parents to help them in carrying out this rule. The teachers were to maintain good discipline, praise the industrious and well conducted, and reprimand those who were lazy and irre- gular, and in case of stubbornness chastise them with the usual domestic instrument of punishment, the birch and ferule (plak), commensurate with their offence and their different natures. "The teacher may claim fees as fol- lows : — "(1) For those being taught ciphering and writing, one rixdollar. " (2) For tho.se being taught spelling and reading, four skillings. "(3; For those being taught the alphabet, two skillings, with power to charge less or nothing at all in the case of the poor, it being ex- pected that they will be fully recompensed for this sacrifice by the well-to-do section of the community. For all instruction outside of office hours they may charge extra. Every teacher acting contrary to these rules may e.xpect to be deprived of his oI/k e. A coj)y of the same will l>e given to every one of them." In 1788 the clia[)lain of tlii; Wurtem- berg Regiment submitted a very hy, the history of the I'atherlanfl, and Italian bookk<'eping. The third should teach the 1-alin and Oreek languages for the benefit of those who might desire to proceed to a liluro- pean university. Hut to carry out the latter portion of the programme it would be necessary to have, besides a rector, a conrector, and, if possible, also a [jrecejJtor, that the work might not be interru])ted by the death of the rector, and that the lower teachers might also be gradually educated for the higher ajipointments. 'I'he I )utch teacher should therefore have a salary of Rds. 1000, the French one the same amount ; the rector of the I^tin school 1200 guilders, the conrector 800, and the preceptor 600 guilders. It would extend this paper beyond reasonable limits were I to mention the suggestions regarding the raising of the fees and other matters financial, all which were carefully weighed by the schoolarchs and submitted for consideration : The necessity of securing such rank and emoluments to the teachers as would encourage them to persevere in their work, and to induce other capable men to come out to South Africa to help to fur- ther it. The schools were to be well venti- lated, and made as convenient as possible for the pupils. Proper examinations were to be held, and prizes awarded to the de- serving. Schoolmasters might be trained, and pupil -teachers employed, and the scholars grounded in the elements of religion by attending once a week (those above twelve years old) in the church, to be questioned in the Catechism which the Sunday before had been the subject of the sermon. This would encourage the parents to send their children to church ; the diligent ones to sit in the front row, " as, however trivial this arrangement may appear, it causes the greatest emu- lation." Finally, the schoolarchs suggested that, as in Holland, the prizes should be distributed publicly in the church, as the best encouragement for the children. This report was adopted by the council, the schoolarchs being empowered to start i86 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS the institution as proposed; but beyond the administration of the fund, nothing appears to show that the school was started, the troubles of the year 1795 ^'si'y likely haviiig prevented any further progress. In 1804 C. M. Villet and the sworn translator, Benirt de la Motte, were per- mitted to open a private school for the teaching of the English, French, and Dutch languages. It is therefore evident that the intentions of the council, ex- [iressed in 1791, had not been carried out. In the same year the Commissioner- General de Mist published his very ex- haustive code of School Regulations, to which, however, the Government had no opportunity to give effect before the second surrender of the Cape to the English, about eighteen months later. Previous to the publication, however, he had requested the Government to appoint a committee to report on the best way to raise a general tax for the support of schools in the capital and country dis- tricts. This committee, consisting of the heads of the various departments, sug- gested as a first step that annually a general collection should be made through the town by the schoolarchs, and further, that the following import duties should be levied for the same purpose : — On every cask of foreign beer Rds. 4 On every anker of wine or 40 bottles . . . . Rd. I On every adult slave (male or female) .... Rds. 5 On every slave (male or female) below twelve years . . „ 2A On all movable property sold, to be paid by the seller . . One-half per cent. On all immovable property, to be paid by the buyer . ,, On all new or renewed loans at the Lombard Bank, per milk .... Rd. i On all emancipated slaves for whom formerly Rds. 50 were paid into the church fund, but which were now to fall to the school only . Rds. 75 On the estate of everyone dying without heirs a voluntary legacy, but never less than . . . ,, 25 On all intestate estates falling to collaterals or strangers the sum of Rds. 25, for each inheritor residing within the colony. On everyone residing outside of it . . . . Rds. 50 On every coach used within the town . . . ,,10 On all horses, exclusive of those of the military and burgher cavalry, four skillings. On every owner of twenty slaves, two skillings per head for the first four, four skillings per head for the next eight, and six skillings for the rest per head, and for every addi- tional one above that number . . . Rd. i Members of licensed or pri- vate clubs shall pay in- dividually, whether man or woman, one rixdollar annually. The landlords of those clubs, lodging-houses and inns, as well as billiard - table keepers . . each, Rds. 10 All canteen keepers . >> u 5 The tax to take effect in 1805. No effect, however, was given to this recommendation, for the reason already mentioned, and de Mist's School Regula- tions remained for a long while a dead letter. In 18 1 3 Governor Sir John Cradock, by advertisement, also appealed for sub- scriptions to establish a system of educa- tion that would give the required under- standing of the Scriptures, and at the same time lay the foundations, among the humble ranks, of civihsed, moral, and industrious life. He was sanguine that all would press forward to create a com- mon and extensive fund for the purpose, so that it would not be necessary to direct a general taxation through the several districts commensurate with the expenses of school education within the province. A Bible and school commission was accordingly appointed, which, according to a proclamation of Lord Charles Somerset four years later, had effected considerable improvement by means of the " seminary, open to all, wherein the first rudiments of education are successfully implanted." As, however, neither the funds hitherto available, nor obtained as voluntary con- tributions from benevolent individuals, had been sufficient for meeting the un- EDUCATION AND LJHKARIES OJ' TJIE CA/'E OF COUD HOPE j«7 avoidable expense of the said seminary, the governor decided to estabiisli an additional toll at the several outlets of the town on Sundays, and on the side of (irecn I'oint during the days of the race weeks, the receipts to be handed over to the school commission. 'I'he following tariff was lixed : — Waggons drawn by six horses or more were to |)ay . 4 skillings. Waggons drawn by four horses and less were to pay 2 ,, Coaches, carriages, etc., drawn by four horses . . 2 „ Coaches, carriages, etc., drawn by two horses . i skilling. A saildle horse . 2 slivers. Ox waggons to pay no toll, as well as officers and others legally exenii)ted from the usual payment. The money to be collected by the Burgher Council at the latter's expense. The capture of the Cape in 1806 by the English forces had made it almost impossible for the Dutch Reformed Church to obtain ministers from the old mother - country ; hence the governor, I^ord Charles Somerset, decided to meet the want by the introduction into the colony of a number of ministers of the Established Church of Scotland, who had received instruction in the Dutch language in Holland, as well as " competent and respectable instructors, employed at public expense, and stationed at every principal place throughout the colony, for the pur- pose of facilitating the acquirement of the English language by all classes of society." The latter having arrived here in 1822, the governor decided that the English language should be exclusively used in all the Courts of the colony from the first day of January 1827, and that after 1S25 all documents of the several public offices, the Records of the Court of Justice excepted, were to be drawn up and pro- mulgated in the English language, whilst all documents prepared and issued from the office of the Chief Secretary to the Government were to be in English from and after the first day of January 1823. On the 25th July 1824 Lord Bathurst authorised the establishment of a classical school at the Cape, to be conducted by a clergyman of the Established Church, a man of first-rate abilities for the purpose, who was to receive ;^6oo per annum for three years, and after that half the amount, as it was supposed that the school would then be so flourishing as to recoup him for the loss of half his previous salary. In both cases he would have a free resi- dence. On the 20th December of the same year Lord Itathurst informed the governor that the kev. .Mr. Judge had been ap|)ointed headmaster of the grammar school. In 1829 "several persons subscribed certain sums of money, in shares of j{^io each, for the purpose of establishing a college or institution for the instruction of young persons in the colony in certain branches of literature and science." The result was the establishment of the " South African College " by ordinance No. 1 1 of 1837, jjromulgated by Governor Sir Ben- jamin D'Urban. It will be sui^rfluous to trace the history of that useful institution, its struggles to make both ends meet, and its final trimnph. The good it has done is incalculable. But, fortunately, it was not left to flourish alone ; gradually, how- ever slowly, others arose in the peninsula and the country districts, and, whatever the merits of others, the colony has to thank the late superintendent. Sir Langham Dale, that colleges exist in the most im- jiortant centres of South Africa, and good schools in every village and the great majority of the country homesteads. Of course there is nothing perfect under the sun, and the same may be said of our educational system ; but, comparing the present v.ith the past, the difference is as night and day. After this rapid but imperfect survey of our educational history, — for I have left out much of perhaps equal interest with what I have noted down here, — it will be evident that, with education at such a low ebb, it was impossible to establish a library, or, if one existed, to find many readers to frequent it. Those of a studious inclination were accordingly obliged to form their own private libraries, or small reading clubs, with the object of obtaining as many books as possible for the least amount of money, whilst the East India Company supplied the ministers of religion with a select theological library, and its other servants with books and instruments, such as were individually required by them for the proper discharge of their duties. Among those at the Cape who loved books, and during the course of their lives succeeded in collecting a consider- able number, was Joachim Nicolas von Dessin, secretary to the Orphan Chamber, CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS and a deacon of the Dutch Reformed Church. He made his last will on the i2th July 1761, and it was proved on the 18th September 1761, by S. C. Ronnen- kamp, first sworn clerk, at the office of the Secretary of the Council of Policy. He was fifty-seven years old when he died. He appointed the Orphan Masters his executors, left his soul in the hands of Almighty God, his Creator and Saviour, and desired that his dead body should be buried in his own vault in the church. He left to the Cape Church his whole library, with all the manuscripts, shelves, fittings, etc., all his mathematical and astrological (astronomical) instruments, and his best pictures. The latter were to be selected by the Church Council, or persons properly authorised by them for the purpose — on the absolute condition, however, that the library was under no circumstances to be alienated, as it was intended to be a nucleus of a public library for the colony, and was to be annually further augmented with books of all "faculties," and all kinds of know- ledge. And, to prevent the spending of any church funds for the latter purpose, he left the diaconate a legacy of Rds. 1000 (^200), with the interest of which that augmentation was to be met. He also bequeathed to the same Church Council all the books of the Very Reverend and learned Uaniel Pels, conrector of the Latin school at Amsterdam, and such other books as might arrive at the Cape after his decease. By this disposition, he believed that he would still be doing some good to the public after his death, and therefore begged the political commis- sioner, ministers, elders, and deacons, forming the Church Council, to render every assistance in carrying out the terms of his will. Should, however, the Church Council decline to accept the trust, the books, etc., were to go to the Orphan Chamber, to be dealt with as it might deem proper. In the latter case, the Rds. 1000 left to the church' would also revert to the Orphan Chamber. . . . To the sergeant at the castle, Benjamin Nothling, and his wife Johanna Lombard, for having taken care of him during his late illness, as well as for other daily assistance rendered,,/ 2000 (Indian valua- tion, or ;£^i66, 13s. 4d.), as well as his vault in the church — No. 27 — (date of title deed, 17th Oct. 1752) in which he was to be buried, and which was not to be opened for twenty-five years. After the expiration of that time, the bones of himself, his wife, and daughter were to be collected, placed in one small coffin, and re-deposited in the same vault. Extract of this will was submitted to the Cape Town Church Council on the 5th October 1761, which decided to accept the library on the conditions mentioned ; but, as there existed no suitable building for the safe custody of the collection, to request the governor and councillors to authorise the consistory to build a proper hall for the purpose, and to furnish it with the necessary material on behalf of the Company at invoice price. This request was granted on the 2nd November following. Two days later, the Orphan Masters, as heirs of the late Sieur von Dessin, offered the various curiosities, silver and copper medals and foreign coins, to the Church Council, to be pre- served by it, together with the library, which gift that body accepted. On the 2nd November the Orphan Chamber dehvered to the consistory 3856 printed volumes and manuscripts, shelves, fastenings, etc., 4 bookbinders' presses, 2 step-ladders, some mathematical and "astrological" instruments, 32 paintings, Rds. 1000 in cash, some curiosities, con- sisting of 17 silver medals, 123 divers large coins, 103 medium-sized ditto, 118 small ditto, and some copper coins. On the 4th January 1762 the consistory received from the Orphan Masters, as heirs of Dessin's estate, and in reply to its letter of the 7th December preceding, Rds. 1000 to assist it in building the hall required for the collection. On the 14th June following the Church Council considered the advisability of rebuilding the sexton's house, and adding an extra apartment to it, in which to deposit the books. The matter was again referred to on the 6th February 1 764, but no conclusion seems to have been arrived at. On the 7th November 1763 the con- sistory put out on interest the Rds. 1000 legacy received with the books, etc., and On the 6th August 1764 appointed the second minister of the Dutch Reformed Church librarian, the first minister having declined the appointment. On the I St October following the first regulations for the library were drawn up, and which were briefly as follows : — (i) The books were to be numbered and catalogued. (2) The library would be open to the general public every Wednesday afternoon, from one to four EDUCATION AND I.IJUiAKIES OF THE CAI'E OF GOO/) IIOI'E 189 o'clock, Ihat all respectable people wishing to visit it might have the ojjportunity. (3) All persons of quality would he en- titled Id keej) a v(jluine at their house for one month, and those living in the country for three months. (4) Any [)crson damag- ing a hook, to pay its value. In January 1765 the consistory re- quested the ( Jovernment that such hooks as Were hought in Holland for the library might he shipped as (loveriiment pn^perty, freight and duty free, and to ajipoint the Amsterdam bookseller, Jan ten Houten, as their agent. In April 1 766 a blank hook was openeil, in whii'li to mark down all the books pre- sented to the library. On the 5th January 1765, the interest accruing from the Rds. 1000 having pro- duced / 452.16 (Dutch), it was decided to spend that amount on books to be ordered froni Holland. Eighteen months later, the librarian, the Rev. Joh. Kred. Bode, reported that the books had arrived, but had cost/ 757.13, or/ 304. 1 7 more than the interest in hand. This delicit the council decided to meet with the interest falling due. This was done on the :nd January 1 769. On the 7th October 1771 the consistory was informed that a painting had been bought for the collection for Rds. 10. On the 24th January 1774 the Rev. Mr. Bode reported that there were/ 672 in hand, and suggested that books for that amount should be obtained from Holland, and the directors of the Company requested to have them conveyed to the Cape, freight and duty free. On the 2nd October of the following year the books arrived, having cost/ 732.4. In September 1777 the librarian re- ported that he had bought some books very cheaply at a public sale held here. Three months later it was decided to remit 1 1 o ducatoons to Holland, to pay the bookseller's account, as well as for more books. The same thing was done in June 1785, when/ 1744 were remitted to Holland, in payment of books received. Si.x months later (2nd Jan. 1786) an additional 200 ducatoons were remitted to Europe for more books, and another 200 on the 4th February 17S8. On the 14th July 1800 a special meet- ing of the Cape Church Council or Con- sistory was convened by the political commissioner, Johannes Isaac Rhenius, who communicated to the members the desire of the governor, Sir (jcorgc Yongc, that the newly-formed .Society of Arts and Sciences should hold a general meeting in the building destined for the library. The librarian, however, namely, the Rev. J. 1'. Serrurier, submitted that the a|jplication could not very well be enlertain<;d, as, if granted, he would not know what to do with the books, and, moreover, did not wish to he held responsible should any disappear when a crowd of persons was assembled in the hall, to whose misbehaviour no proper attention could be given. (Jn the other hand, should the request be refused, the consistory might expect that the Covernment would not weigh the reasons adduced by it, but, as was done in the case of the burgher watchhouse, would issue an order ; so that, to avoid this, it would be better to grant the request of Mr. Rhenius. The president, however (the Rev. Christiaan Fleck), was of opinion that the council could not comply with the retjuest without at the same time in- forming the governor of the difficulties in the way. With this the members agreed, likewise bearing in mind that, as the build- ing had been erected from funds of the residents, it did not, according to the capitulation, belong to the properties of the former sovereign, and should therefore be left untouched. All this the political commissioner undertook to communicate to His Excellency. \\'hat the result was I have not found minuted. On the 6th December 18 15 books were again received for the collection from Holland, valued at/ 1000. On the 20th March 181 8 Governor Lord Charles Somerset issued a proclama- tion, in the second section of which the standard measure of every wine cask is laid down, and decreed that for the gauge and certificate of each cask passing through the market one rixdollar should be paid to the collector of tithes ; the money so received, after deducting the gauger's salar)', to be deposited in the Government Bank in the name of the following com- mittee — viz. the Colonial Secretary for the time, the Chief Justice ditto, His Majesty's Fiscal ditto, the senior ministers of the Reformed and Lutheran Churches, and the senior chaplain of the Established Church of England — so as to create a fund for the formation of a public library, to be open to the public under certain regulations to be framed at a later date, and to lay the foundation of a system I go CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS >Yhich shall place the means of knowledge ■within the reach of the youth of this remote corner of the globe, etc. On the 28th December 1827 Lieu- tenant-Governor Sir Richard Bourke re- peated the above proclamation, " by virtue of whose provisions a valuable public library had been formed in Cape Town, and which it was desirable to preserve and maintain for the public benefit." Instead of the committee which had hitherto acted, he appointed three trustees to take charge of and make such regulations for the library as to them might seem fit for the preservation of the books, manuscripts, and other things belonging thereto, and for the inspection of the same by the public ; the said trustees to be only removable from office by the will of the governor. This ordinance was repealed by one dated the 3rd February 1830, which mentions that, in consequence of the repeal of the proclamation of the 20th March 18 18, "the library had been de- prived of those certain means of support which were formerly drawn from the pubHc under the authority of Govern- ment ; that with the view of preserving that valuable institution from decay, certain persons had entered into a voluntary annual subscription for its support ; and that therefore it was expedient that the management and administration of that institution should be vested in a com- mittee of nine persons, to be elected by and out of the said subscribers — the office of trustees being abolished at the same time. This ordinance, in its turn, was repealed by that of the 25th July 1836, which was intended " to make better and more effectual provision for the management of the said library." But we must go back to Lord Charles Somerset. On the 31st July 1S18 that governor placed himself in communication with the Church Council, desirmg that the Dessinian Collection should be considered as the nucleus of the public library intended to be established, as the flourishing circum- stances of the colony permitted the exten- sion ; and further, that the new books obtained by the lately - appointed com- mittee should be deposited in the apart- ment containing the Dessinian Collection. The consistory did not object to the latter suggestion, if intended as a tempor- ary measure, " care being taken that the Dessinian library be not mixed up with others, and that nothing be broken or altered in the apartment without per- mission of the consistory ; that all ex- penditure incurred in this respect should be borne by the committee ; that mutual arrangements be made that no books were lost or injured ; and that, by means of proper conferences, all points be settled that might crop up from time to time." It was also quite prepared to agree, according to von Dessin's will, that his collection should remain a nucleus of a much larger library, be subject to the regulations to be framed for the pubhc library, and under the supervision of the directors of the same; but "it could not forego its right of control over the Dessinian Collection, as an asset of the church, as it had to carry out the terms of the will." The result was a long correspondence with the governor, who pointed out the great advantage of incorporating the Dessinian Collection into the new one about to be formed, and stated that he had no intention whatever to interfere with the rights of the consistory, but that it would seriously inconvenience the library committee, and cause unnecessary extra expense, if the new collection were only to be temporarily housed in the Dessinian apartment — the second storey of the sexton's house, built expressly for the purpose ; that two administrative bodies would cause confusion, and frus- trate the objects of the committee ; that either the latter should take the complete control over the Dessinian collection, or the Dessinian Collection should be com- pletely severed from the library about to be established, and thus not only cause useless extra expense, but remain for ever incomplete. Nor would the arrangement proposed by him vitiate the terms of the will, as the committee consisted only of persons appointed by virtue of the public offices held by them and representing the corporations to which they belonged ; and as the consistory was represented on it by its first minister, the committee might justly be considered as uniting in itself the administration of the Dessinian library originally entrusted to the consis- tory. It would not interest the hearer or reader to note all the further arguments adduced on both sides in this lengthy correspondence. Suffice it to say that in the same year (18 18) the governor em EDUCATION A\n [ IHKARIF.S OF 77/F. CAPE Ol- COOD HOPJ. \ ,\ powered the jiuljlic library coniniiltec to remove the llessiiiiun Collection, under |)rotest of the consistory, from the apart- ment sj)eeially tniilt for it, and withdrew it from the control of the (JIuirch (Jouncil. In 1823 the latter complained of tliis arbitrary proceeding to the < onimissioners of incjuiry, and furnished it with copies of all the correspondence on the subject. The result was the proclamation <-f Sir Richard Kourke in 182S, alrea \ , * • ' ■" AUCKLAND TRIiK I'UHLIC LlliRARV. -MAY stale, l>y way of introduction, that a MK'chanics' institute and lil)rary were established three years after the foundation of the colony, viz. in 1843, which did good service in their day, and lasted until superseded by the present free public library in 1880. This, the first, and I may say destined to be the greatest, of public libraries in New Zealand, was opened in September 1880 by Mr. 'I'hos. Peacock, Mayor, with about 5000 volumes, the larger and most valuable [)ortion of which belonged to the Provincial Library, which ceased to exist on the abolition of the province in 1876, and about 1000 volumes belonging to the Mechanics' Institute forming the nucleus of the library. About this time Sir George Grey, K.C.B., whose name is a familiar word in the Colonies — a name for ever to be associated with every good work of progress in New Zealand — in due time promised to donate his library and art collection to the people of this city, which promise he fulfilled in 1887. The management is in the hands of a committee of the City Council, the Mayor l)eing president, assisted by an advisory committee. The library is supported by a half- penny rate, supplemented by the income received from ^12,150, a bequest of the late Edward Costley, of Auckland, and the revenue from the circulating branch, ojiened in iSS;. Total income from all sources about X'l^oo per annum. The new library was opened by Mayor A. E. T. Oevore in NIarch 1887, the foundation stone of which was laid by Mayor W. R. Waddell in 1885. It con- sists of a handsome building, situate in a central position, on a portion of Albert Park, close to the Auckland University 36 College, (Jrammar School, (iirls' High School, Technical Training School, and the principal State schools of the city. I need hardly say to what extent advan- tage is taken of the library by the students of these educational institutions. The Auckland Public Library and Art Gallery to be ap[)reciated should be seen. The library contains the largest and cer- tainly the most valuable collection in the colony, and in many respects the richest of literary treasures this side of the line. In the first place, this is chiefly owing to the munificent gifts of the Right Hon. Sir George Grey, K.C.B., etc., of some 13,000 rare and choice books, about 700 .MSS., 3200 autograph letters, etc. etc. ; many paintings and water colours, large collection of Maori wood-carvings, green- stone implements, etc.; rare curios from Africa, China, India, and the islands of the Pacific; Maori war-flags and banners, besides many valuable gold Mexican ornaments, and pottery recovered from a tomb near Colon, Central America; a large number of maps, charts, and plans, chiefly relating to the early marine and land surveys of the Colonies ; maps of the Indian Mutiny and plans of Maori pas — the collection of a lifetime : secondly, to the late Edward Costley, for the bequest of ;^i2,i5o: thirdly, to the late J. T. MacKelvie, for his large and very valuable collection of oil and water colour paint- ings, and other articles of vertu — gold and silver — which now constitutes the MacKelvie Art Gallery, besides his valu- able library, composed principally of works of graphic art : fourthly, to Mr. J. M'Cosh Clark, for his gifts of books during his three years' term of mayoralty : and fifthly, to the City Council, for the erection of the library and art gallery, at a cost of ;^23,ooo, apart from the new annexe containing the MacKelvie Col- lection. The building also contains the CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS Elam Free School of Art and the muni- cipal offices. At present the library contains 33,000 volumes, including 3000 pamphlets, varioas MSS., about 700 autograph letters, docu- ments, etc. (about 3200), and 450 maps. Every department of literature is repre- sented, special care being taken by Sir George Grey in providing for the wants of those coming from the East and the islands of the Pacific ; and European languages — French, German, Italian, Rus- sian, etc. — altogether about 180 languages ; early voyages and explorations, mostly in original editions — not a few works relating to the Colonies generally. There is a large number of medifeval MSS., some being beautifully illuminated in gold and colours. Amongst them is a copy of the Gospels, tenth century ; a Lectionarum, eleventh century. Both are written in Greek. A large folio MS. Bible, written in Latin on sheets of vellum, about the thirteenth century, in two volumes, supposed to be the copy from which Gutenberg and Faust set up their type. In t;he binding of the back of the MS. Sir George Grey found a slip of old paper inserted with a Latin inscription, of which the following is a translation by the present Earl of Stamford, when last in New Zealand, for Sir George Grey : " In the year of Christ 1450, at Mainz, in Germany, John Goudenberg, with two partners, first founded type, arranged and fitted it to a press, to such great amaze- ment of all and to such furtherance of the public advantage, that he wrote on the printing machine, ' It prints in a day as much as scarce can be written in a year.' " It may be interesting if I subjoin a few details I have been able to obtain from Mr. Curzon's work, an authority on such antiquities, especially as ft throws light on ]\ISS. already in the library. In his Monasteries of the Levant, p. 106 : " The Coptic books were all of them liturgies ; one of them, a folio, was orna- mented with large illuminations, intended to represent the Virgin and Infant Saviour. It is almost the only specimen of Coptic art that I have ever met with in a book." The Arabic books, as well as the Coptig, consisted of extracts from the New Testa- ment, written on skins or cotton paper. It may be interesting to add that speci- mens of each of the kinds of MSS. described by Mr. Curzon are now in the library. Page 170, In the Via Dolorosa: "Jerusalem, the Greek Monastery, there is likewise a MS. of the whole Bible ; it is a large folio, and is the only one I have ever heard of, with the exception of the one in the British Museum." Since Mr. Curzon thus wrote, another such Bible, a third, has been found in the library of the monastery at Mount Sinai, and there is a fourth one in the Grey Collection, Auckland Library. Beside it, in the same case, lies the only MS. of St. Luke's Gospel in the language of the abo- rigines of the Hunter River, New South \Vales, written by the Rev. L. E. Threlkeld. It is beautifully illuminated. A MS. of the New Testament written on sheets of vellum by Thomas \ Kempis. A hand- somely-illuminated MS. of the statutes from Edward i. — 3 to 23 — Henry vi., 1445. The Commentaries of Pope Gregory the Great on the Book of Job. This MS. was formerly in the posses- sion of Henry v. Another MS. lately added to the library, a very large vol. — Antiphonal, or Roman Catholic Ser\-ice Book, written on vellum, original oaken boards, date about 1460. A French MS. translated out of the Latin for Philip le Beau by Jehan de Meun, author of Roman lie la Rose. The MS. correspondence of Oliver Cromwell's secretary. Sir Philip Meadows, afterwards ambassador to the King of Sweden ; and the famous Treaty with the United Protestant Powers, con- cluded by Richard Cromwell in 1659. The MSS. of Sir Joseph Banks, and a copy of a letter in the handwriting of Captain Cook, dated 1765 ; besides many African, Maori, and Polynesian manu- scripts of great interest. Amongst the autograph letters are seventeen signatures of Queen Victoria, two of King William iv. (the earliest signature of the Queen is June 26th, 1837); one of Marie Antoinette, being an order on the French Treasury. One letter, dated 26th October 1857, conveys the Queen's thanks to Sir George Grey, governor of Cape Colony, for his action in sending troops from the Cape to the Indian Mutiny. There are many early printed works of the fifteenth century, amongst which is probably the second book printed with Greek type — jEsopi Fabula, illuminated (1479); ^ Bible, the first book printed at Delft (1477); three by Caxton — Foly- chronicon (1482), Golden Legend (1483), and Virgil's Eneydos ( 1 490) ; a rare copy of the Polyglot Bible in six volumes (1514- AUCKLAND FREE J'U/I/JC LlJiRAKY 203 17). This is |)r()l)al)ly one of tlic earliest impressions, liaving the cardinal's hal in the centre of the title-pane jirinted in lilack in vol. v., in the (Jthers in red, with the arms of Ximenes at the bottom of the title-page. Shakesfware folio eilitions, i«'a:i I As i/r». «>mplete with his jjoenis, which also contain his portrait ; and, last but not least, Ix)pez's Report of the Kiu^- ifom of Coitj^o, 1597, with maps and plates. I will now conclude by sayinj^ it is always pli-Msunl to know thi: interest taken in the .Auckland I'ublic Library from, startinjj by such personages as the ICarl and Countess of .Aberdeen, I/jrd .Stanniore, Sir William and Lady Jervois, Lord and I-ady Onslow, Lord and I^dy (llast^ow, the liishop of Salisbury, H. .NL Stanley and Mrs. Stanley, C. \V. Holgale, I-'. W. I'ennefather, the late J. .\. I'foude, liaron von Hubncr, and thejale (I. A. Sala. Imiw.vko Smi.t.INUTON. LIBRARY FACILITIES OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATORS IN MELBOURNE. vidcd Public library equipment of city of Melbourne its suburbs is rich varied. The liber- of the Victorian Government has pro- and maintains the Melbourne Library ; the University and Medical School afford their alumni large and valuable collections of books and periodicals ; the scientific societies possess important collections, consisting chiefly of the journals of other learned societies and scientific magazines ; while the various museums, technical institutes, and the departments of Government are furnished with libraries, generally well stocked with publications relating to the matters which come within their respective provinces. The question I wish to consider is : How far is this mass of material of service to persons engaged in scientific research — a class which seems to merit some exceptional consideration, engaged as its members are in advancing the bounds of natural knowledge ? There are two distinct problems involved — (i) the extent and degree of complete- ness of the available material — considera- tions which determine its value to the investigator ; (2) its accessibility. (i) Extent and completeness. It may be taken for granted that the investigator's main requirement is not so much treatises on branches of science, as monographs and original papers dealing with individual problems. These generally, though not always, take one of three forms : they appear either {a) in the reports of Government departments ; (/') in the journals of learned societies, or in special volumes published under the auspices of such societies ; or {c) in the magazines devoted to special branches of science or to science in general. The value of library equipment to the scientist may therefore be estimated from the amount and variety of this kind of periodical literature. The scientific publications of Govern- mental departments are, in most cases, sent to Melbourne. The libraries of the Government offices, the Royal Society of Victoria, the Observatory, the University, and the Melbourne Public Library receive among them a very large amount of such literature. Many publications of this kind are, in fact, sent to more than one of these institutions, so that their availability leaves little to be desired. Melbourne is rich in journals of those learned societies which — like the Royal Society of London — accept contributions bearing on all branches of science. Nearly all the leading societies and academies of this class exchange publications with the Royal Society of Victoria ; while those which do not thus exchange, generally forward their publications to the Public Library, University, or Observatory — in some cases to all three. The Royal Society also exchanges with a large number of smaller societies which concern themselves with general science, and the publications of others are to be found in the public or university libraries. Magazines which deal with general science are taken by all the libraries, to a greater or less degree ; most of them are to be found somewhere in Melbourne. The " general science " literature, then, is tolerably complete. The case with regard to publications dealing with special branches of science is somewhat different. The astronomical investigator is well cared for. Melbourne is fortunate in the possession of an observatory of the first rank, and in that observatory's library practically all the current astronomical 204 FACILITIES or INVESTIGATORS IN MELIiOURNE 205 literature of any importance — journals of societies, records of observatories, and magazines— is received. The observatory also receives the i)rin<:i|)al pul^lications bearin){ on the scientu's of ^;eens(; of procuring " back numlxirs," even when such are attainable —which is by no means always the case — is often prohibitive ; and though the generosity of the ( lovernment and of private donors has done much to alleviate this disad- vantage, it is not altogether removed. Apart from this consideration, however, it may be said that the .Melbourne stock of scientific periodical literature is much more than respectable ; it largely exceeds that to be found in many cities of similar size in (jrcat iiritain, and in variety and completeness may be con- sidered well worthy of a metropolitan centre. (2) Accessibility. The Public Li brar)' stands alone among the larger collections, in that its stores are open, as a matter of right, to every member of the community ; but this fact makes little difference to the investigator, seeing that the various Government de- partments and scientific societies are at all times willing to afford him access to the sources of information at their dis- posal. The great drawback in all cases is the lack of complete published cata- logues. The Public Library does, from time to time, issue a catalogue of the periodicals in current receipt, and the societies generally print their exchange lists ; but this proceeding would be in- sufficient, even if it were universal, as these lists take no account of publica- tions the receipt of which has for any reason ceased, nor do they yield in- formation as to the completeness or other- wise of the sets of serials. Informa- tion on these heads can, in general, only be obtained by inspection of the full catalogues at the various libraries ; and it may well happen that the net result of a long search may be the discover)-, either that the desired serial is not in the library, or that the particular volume wanted is missing from the series. Fortunately, the latter result is exceptional, as, in the great majority of cases, the more important series are completed from the date of inception, and others are but seldom re- quired ; but it not infrequently happens that the earlier volumes of a series are not 206 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS to be found in the same library with the later ones. To sum up : the scientific investigator in Melbourne can generally — though not always — obtain the information he seeks ; in most cases it is ready to his hand, in others the search for it is troublesome. The main difference between his position and that of workers in older centres con- sists less in the amount of material avail- able than in its comparative lack of accessibility, owing to its distribution over a large number of libraries. It is hoped that steps may ere long be taken to mini- mise the inconvenience thus caused. E. F. J. Love. ■- Till'. .\rslR.\LIAN MUSHIUM I.IIJKARV 1110 Australian Museum was fouiiilcd ii) ttu: year 1836, and incorporated under trustees in 1853, tjut the liljrary is of much more recent growth. Not tluii ui. I. ... i.: no books in earHer days, but they hardly constituted a hbrary. In 1 88 1 there were about 1000 volumes, now there are over 7000. The first catalogue was published in 1883. It was compiled by Mr. Thomas Fielding under the sujiervision of Mr. \V. A. llaswell, then acting curator, now professor of biology at the Sydney Uni- versity. I'or a few years attempts were made to keep this up to date by annual supi)lements, but these were discontinued owing to the rapid growth of the library, and an entirely new catalogue has been prepared by the present librarian. As yet this is only in MS., but it is ready for printing when funds and time will permit. This catalogue when completed will consist of four parts, the first and last of which will contain an account of the whole library, while the second and third will give more detailed accounts of special parts of it. Part I. An alphabetical list of all the books in the library, arranged mainly under names of authors or institutions. Part II. A more detailed list of periodical literature, including maga- zines, proceedings of societies, museum publications, etc., in alpha- betical arrangement of publications under their respective countries, with ample cross-references. The geogra- phical order adopted is : — AusTK.\i,.\si.\ — General : New South \\'ales, ^'ictoria, Tas- mania, South Australia, Western Australia, Queensland, New Zealand, Polynesia. British Empiki;- Ixjndon, Eng- land, Scotland, Ireland, (Janada or IJritish Anierii a, India, Africa. U.NITKU Statks. liLKOi'K — France, Helgium and Molland, fiermany, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, Por- tugal, Sweden, Norway, Den- mark, Russia. Asia — China, Japan, etc. Part III. Pamphlet-s, collected in bound volumes. Part I\'. A general subject-index. This is intended to contain references not only 10 the titles but to the contents of as many of the books as possible, and will necessarily be the last part to be published. Much consideration has been given to the classification of the books, and all available schemes were studied, including Dewey's decimal classification. None of these was found suitable, as this is a library of limited compass accumulated for a special purpose. The classification adopted is, however, so arranged that it can at any time easily be translated into Dewey's or any other similar system if so desired. It is as follows : — Class A., Zoology. — A. O. general; I, mammalia; 2, birds; 3, rep- tiles and batrachians ; 4, fishes ; 5, mollusca ; 6, insects ; 7, other invertebrata. Class B., BioiOGV (other than zoology). — B. I, botany; 2, anatomy, physiology, and em- bryology; 3, anthropology, eth- nology, and philology. Class C, Geoloov and Pai./EON- TOLOGV. — C. I, geology; 2, palae- ontology ; 3, mineralogy and allied subjects. Class 1)., I'ERIODICAUS. — D. I, museum publications ; 2, library 207 208 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS catalogues, bibliography, and indexes ; 3, exhibition catalogues and literature ; 4, magazines ; 5, ofificial and parliamentary ; 6, reports, proceedings, transac- tions, etc. Class E., Topography. — E. i, sur- veys ; 2, voyages and travels, Australian and Pacific ; 3, Asia and Africa ; 4, America ; 5, general. Class F., Works of Reference. — F. I, encyclopaedias; 2, diction- aries ; 3, atlases and maps. Class G., GENER.-iL Science. — G. i, agriculture; 2, physical sciences ; 3, aquaria ; 4, microscopy ; 5, taxidermy and technology ; 6, collectors' manuals. Class H., Miscellaneous. — H. i, general literature ; 2, commerce and colonisation ; 3, statistics ; 4, Acts of Parliament ; 5, rare books ; 6, manuscripts. The books are stored in two rooms, of which the larger has sixty cases and contains the periodical literature, while the smaller with forty cases has the special subjects. As far as funds permit, books are bound uniformly in brown or green half morocco, and they are all marked on the outside with their case and place on shelf. The books are arranged on the shelves somewhat in the same order as the classifications, so that a glance at the shelf- list shows what may be in the library on any given subject. There is no restriction put on the use of the books by the staff of the museum within the institution, and in fact large numbers of books are shelf-marked for cases in the scientific work rooms, besides what are on the shelves in the library. The museum library at present consists of 7429 volumes under the following main headings : — Periodicals — Including proceedings of societies, museum publications, magazines, etc. Publications. Vols. British — London . 39 1520 England .19 116 Scotland . 12 75 Ireland . 3 40 Publications. Vols. India . 1 1 116 Canada . 7 84 Australia . 72 565 Total 163 2 y6 United States . 57 826 Foreign . . .102 i 668 Total 322 5010- — 5010 Zoological works 1265 Botanical works 72 Paheontological works 365 Geological works 130 Voyages and travels . 370 Dictionaries and encyclopa;dias III Exhibition literature . 70 Library catalogues 54 Pamphlets in bound volumes 42 Miscellaneous . 50 Total 7429 vols. The library is strictly for the use of the trustees and the officers of the museum. It is a public library only in the sense that it belongs to a national institution and is maintained by public funds ; but it is in practice available to all who may desire to consult it, as no respectable person is refused permission to refer to it, and it is frequently taken advantage of by students and others seeking information. Needless to say, books are not lent out. The trustees of the Australian Museum are not only accumulating a library for the use of the scientists of Australia, but they also issue publications, which are sold at low prices or given to other institutions in exchange for theirs, and form a very valuable adjunct by means of which many important series are added to the library. The museum publications consist of — The annual reports of the trustees and their officers, with summaries of museum work. Catalogues of specimens in the museum and of Australian natural history. Memoirs, containing accounts of ex- peditions or description of specimens. Records, a periodical issued at irregular intervals containing descriptions of new species and details of museum work. Sutherland Sinclair. THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY CONFERENCE, (1897), To be held, by the kind permission of THE CORPORATION OF THE CITY OF LONDON, IN lui: COUNCIL CHAMBER, GUILDHALL, On JULY 13//;, 14//;, 15//;, aniJ ]6//j, I 897. ^t^ GENERAL PROGRAMME. --'^ President - The Rioht Hen. Sir lolin Liiljbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S. /'ram 9.30 a.m. lo 1 p.m. and from 1.30/.//;. to 3.30/.///. each day. Hen. Sily him, in wrilifi)^, with their London Addresses. It would also facilitate the work of the Reception Committee if they would promptly inform Mr. Borrajo what Entertainments and Visits they propose to take part in. Tickets for the Conference Dinner must be obtained not later than Tuesday. It has been decided not to make organised visits to the various Libraries in I>ondon, of which a list will he found at the end of this Programme. Nfembers are therefore advLsed to make their own arrangements for visiting these, as they will be able to do so at much greater advantage, either individually or in small groups. Latic Papers. — A number of papers have been received too late to be included in this Programme, but they will either be printed in the Transactions of the Conference, or, with the permission of the Authors, reserved for the Annual Meeting of the Library Association to be held in October next, and will be i)rinted in the Transactions of that meeting. Detailed information as to Entertainments and Visits will be found in the Programme of the Reception Committee, at pp. 224, 225. Photograph of thk Conference. — It is proposed to take a Photograph of the Members of the Conference. Full particulars wll be announced at the Morning Session on Wednesday. TIME TABLE. Tuesday, July 13th— 10.30 a.m. lo I p.m. — Opening by ihc Lord Mayor — President's Address — Papers. I p.m. — Luncheon. 1.30 p.m. to 4 p.m. — Second Session — Papers. 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. — Reception at Sion College, Vic- toria Embankment. 9 p.m. to II p.m.— Reception at the Mansion House. Wednesday, July 14th— 9.30 a.m. to I p.m. — Third Session — Papers. I p.m. — Luncheon. 1.30 p.m. to 4 p.m. — Kourth Session — Papers. 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. — Marchioness of Bute's Garden Party. 10 p.m. to 12 p.m. — Lady Lubbock's Reception at 2 St. James's Square. Thursday, July 15th- 9.30 a.m. to I p.m. — Fifth Session — Papers. I p.m. — Luncheon, to 4 p.m. — Sixth Session — Papers, to 6 p.m. — Visits to Brook House, Park Lane ; Apsley House, I'icca- d\\\y {First Party) ; Grosvenor House, Upper Grosvenor St. 8 p.m. — Sir Henr)- Ir\-ing, at the Lyceum. 1.30 p.m 4 p.m Friday, July 9.30 a.m. to 6th— I p.m. — Seventh Scssion- I p.m. — Luncheon. ■Papers. 1.30 p.m. to 4 p.m. — Eighth Session — Papers. CLOSE OK CONFERENCE. 4 p.m. to 6p.m. — Visits to Lambeth Palace; Staf- ford House, Sl James's ; Apsley House {Second Party). 6.30 p.m. — Conference Dinner at Hotel Cecil. LIST OF LONDON PUBLIC LIBRARIES To which visits may be made by Members of the Conference. These an in addition to the Libraries named in the Programme of the Reception Committee. The following Libraries are all established under the provisions of the various Public Libraries Acts, and are administered by the Local Boards or Vestries, or by special Boards of Commissioners elected from each district. To those unfamiliar with the local government of the County of London, it may be weU to explain that these Libraries are independent of each other. Hours vary from 8, 9, 10, etc., a.m., to 9 and 10 p.m. NORTH OF THE THAMES. CHELSEA, Manresa Rd., off King's Rd., S.W. Branch at Kensal Town, Harrow Rd., W. Librarian : J. H. QuiNN. CLERKENWELL, Skinner Street, E.C., near Farringdon Road. Librarian: J. D. Brown. FULHAM, Fulham Road, S.W. Branch at W.-indsworth Bridge Road. Librarian : Franklin T. Barrett. HAMMERSMITH, Ravenscourt Park, W. Branch at Shepherd's Bush, W. Librarian: S. Martin. HAMPSTEAD, Priory Road, N.W. Three branches. Librarian : W. E. Doubledav. HOLBORN, John Street, W.C, near Gray's Inn Road. Librarian: H. Havvkes. KENSINGTON, High Street, W. Branches at Netting Hill, etc. Librarian : H. Jones. POPLAR, High Street, E., near East India Dock Road. Branch at Isle of Dogs. Librarian: H. ROWLATT. ST. GEORGE, HANOVER SQUARE, Buckingham Palace Road, W. Branch at South Audley Street. Librarian : F. Pacy. ST. GILES and ST. GEORGE, BLOOMSBURY, High Holborn, W.C. Librarian : W. A. Taylor. ST. MARTIN-IN-THE-FIELDS, St. Martin's Lane, W.C, close to Trafalgar Square. Librarian: T. Mason. SHOREDITCH, Kingsiand Road, E. Branch at Pitfield Street, E. Librarian : W. C. Plant. .STOKE NEWINGTON, Church Street, N. Librarian: G. Preece. WESTMINSTER, Great Smith Street, S.W. Branch at Trevor Square, Knightsbridge. Librarian: II. E. PoOLE. WHITECHAPEL, High Street, near Aldgate, E. Librarian: A. Cawthorne. SOUTH OF THE THAMES. BATTERSEA, Lavender Hill, S.W., near Clapham Junction. Branches at Lurline Gardens and Lammas Hall. Librarian: L. Inkster. BERMONDSEV, Spa Road, S.E. Librarian: J. Frowde. CAMBERWELL, High Street, Peckham, S.E. Branches at Old Kent Road, etc. Librarian: E. Foskett. CHRIST CHURCH, Charles Street, Blackfriars Road, S.E. Librarian: R. Austin. CLAPHAM, Clapham Common, S.W. Librarian: J. R. Welch. LAMBETH, Brixton Oval, S.W. Branches at Kennington, West Norwood, Lower Marsh, Wandsworth Road, etc. Librarian: F. J. BuRGOYNE. LEWISHAM, Catford, S.E. Librarian: C. W. F. Goss. NEWINGTON, Walworth Road, S.E. Librarian: R. W. Mould. ROTHERHITHE, Lower Road, S.E. Librarian: H. A. Shuttleworth. ST. SAVIOUR, Southwark Bridge Road, S.E. Librarian: H. D. Roberts. sTREaTHAM, S.W. ZzVfl>-/a«; T. Everatt. WANDSWORTH, S.W. (near High Street). Librarian: C. T. Davis. In the immediate neighbourhood of London, the most important Libraries are at Croydon, Ealing, Kingston, Richmond, Tottenham, Willesden, West Ham, Wimbledon, and Walthamstow. To those Libraries which are not freely accessible to the public, members of the Conference will no doubt obtain admission on making application to the Librarians. J>^ PROGRAMME OF PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS, ^/^/i Abstracts of the Contents of Papers. ^ COMMITTEE ON PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS. CHAIRMAN. RICHARD GARNETT, C.B., LL.D., British Museum. MEMBERS. E. M. BORRAJO, Guildhall Library. L. INKSTER, Public Libraries, Battersea. HERBERT JONES, Public Libraries, Kensington. J. W. KNAPMAN, Pharmaceutical Society, Bloomsbury Square. J. Y. \y. MacALISTER, Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. T. MASON, Public Library, St. Martin-in-the-Fields. A. W. POLLARD, British Museum. H. R. TEDDER, Athensum, Pall Mall. C. WELCH, Guildhall Librar>-. Jlon. Secretary of the Committee : JAMES D. BROWN, Public Library, Clerkenwell, E.C. All conimiinications relating to Papers arid Discussions should be addressed to Mr. Brown. It is particularly requested that all Papers be handed to the Hon. Secretary of the Papers Committee, to ensure their being read in case of the temporary absence of the Authors, and to secure their appearance in the printed Transactions of the Conference. ORDER OF PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS, Owing to the length of the Programme, discussions must necessarily be limited, and speakers arc requested not to occupy more than five minutes with their remarks. The Papers have been arranged with the view of bringing together all those on kindred subjects, and classifying them according to a systematic scheme. The Papers will be read as far as possible in the order set forth in this Programme, and any remaining unread at the end of a Session shall be adjourned to the following Session. Members are particularly requested to keep their seats during the reading of Papers and the discussions thereon. TUESDAY, JULY 13. First Session, at 10.30 a.m. Welcome by the Right Hon. The Lord M.wor to the Members of the Conference, after which the RIGHT HON. SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., M.P., the President, will deliver the INAUGURAL ADDRESS. I.— RICHARD GARXinT, C.P.., L1..L)., Kcc[)er of the Printed Books, British Museum:— "The Introduction of European Printing into the East." (This Paper will be read during the Conversazione on Monday, July 12.) 2. — J. Y. W. MacALISTER, Librarian of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, London ; Hon. Secretary of the Library .Association : — "Some Tendencies of Modern Librarianship." .^t the beginning of the present reign the average librarian w.ts cither a scholar who disdained the practical arts of librarianship, or else an uneducated person (often an old soldier), who owed his position to the selfish generosity of a patron. The scholar knew some of his bks, and by their aid wrote others, or gave valuable assistance to scholars working in his own line, but his library was chaos to the ordinary stxulent. The old soldier kept his library tidy, and keenly resented haWng to disturb his well-drilled files of volumes for the sake of any invading reader. The pendulum has swung forward — h.TS it not swung too far, and is there not a danger of our losing something worth keeping by ignoring scholarship in our admiration of the modem soi-Jiiant practical man, whose ideal of a perfect library is : "Put a ticket in the slot and the book (you doD't want) will come out " ? 215 2i6 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS 3.— HENRY R. TEDDER, Secretary, Athenaeum Club, London; Hon. Treasurer of the Library Association : — "The Evolution of the Public Library." A Historj' of Libraries might well form part of the great histor>' of sociological development designed and partly completed by Mr. Herbert Spencer. Brief view of the characteristic features of ancient, medixval, and modem public libraries. Some curious survivals still to be seen of ancient methods. How does the modern public librarj' differ from earlier examples? Its educational and civilising influences. It is the university of unattached scholars, and the librarian (now recognised as a skilled professional man) is a worker in the cause of intellectual progress. A glimpse at the future. 4. — MELVIL DEWEY, Secretary of the University of the State of New York, and Director of the State Library, Albany, U.S.A. : — "The Relation of the State to the Public Library." Plea for an extension of legislation in favour of libraries, on the ground that they are as necessary to the public welfare as are the public schools. Other aspects of the question. 5. — HERBERT JONES, Librarian, Public Libraries, Kensington, London : — " Public Library Authorities, their Constitution and Powers, as they are and as they should be." Librar}' authority, varied definitions. \'agueness of the original conception as to this matter in the early Acts. All sorts of conflicting modes of forming and carrying on the authority, and as to numbers, powers, duration of oflice, etc. Control by other local bodies. Control by the State. Uniformity of constitution of library authority. How it might be arrived at. Great advantages, to the libraries, to the public. Final control by the State through a Government Department. TUESDAY, JULY 13. Second Session, at 1.30 p.m. 6.— ALDERMAN HARRY RAVVSON, Public Libraries Committee, Manchester; President of the Library Association : — " Duties of Library Committees." Constitution of Public Library Committees : wholly or partly official ; number and proportion of members ; comparison of advantages. Duties in regard to librarians and assistants — salaries and hours of work — educational fitness and means of further culture. Attention to lighting, warming, and ventilation. Selection and purch.nse of books and periodicals. Special proWsion for boys and girls. Relation of libraries to technical schools. Literary assistance to readers — the question of fines. Improvement of library legislation. Establishment of new libraries and the extension of their usefulness. Note. — Papers 7, 8, g, a?id pa, bei/ig on the same subject, will be dealt 7vith in one discussion. 7. — CHARLES WELCH, Librarian, Corporation Library, Guildhall, London :— "The Training of Librarians." The library as a school, university and college training, the training of the book-mart. Ideal training to combine these three. The problem of the librarian's early education. How can it best be dealt with ? 8.— HANNAH P. JAMES, Librarian, Osterhout Free Library, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., U.S..A. :— "Special Training for Library Work." Description of the library training schools and claisses of the United States. 9.— E. R. N. MATHEWS, Librarian, Public Libraries, Bristol :— " Female Library Assistants and Competitive Examination." Introduction of female assistants at Manchester, and afterwards at Bristol, in 1876. Brief resume of the work at Bristol, and description of the scheme of competitive examinations for appointments. Remarks on the general capacity of young women for the public library ser\-ice. ORDER OF PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS 2 1 7 i-yi. — J. J. Or,|,i;, l.ilirarian, I'ulilic l.iljrary, Hootlc ; — "Hindrances to the Traininjc of Hfficicnt IJhr.irians." y/EDNESDAY, JULY 14. Third Session, at 9.30. \o.—V. M. CRUNDEN, Librarian, Public Library, St. Louis, U.f^.A. :— "Books and Text-Books: the Function ol the Library in Education. " II. — .SIDNEY l,l",i;, Isdiior nf (lie "Dictionary of National liio^ra|)hy " : — "National Bioj^raphy and National Bibliography." The " Dictionary of Nttiion.il UiDcruphy " regarded as a conlrihulion to National Bibliography and ns nn index In what is nicmoralilc in naliun.il literature. 12. — A. W. I'DLLARD, liritish Museum; Hon. .Secretary of the Uibliographical .Society: — "Relations of Bibliogfraphy and CataloKTuing:." Bro.idly spe.ikini;, the aim of the c,italiii;uer stinuld lie such a description of a Ixwk in a particular library as will enable a visitor to the library to identify it as the XxmV. he wants in the shortest and simplest manner possilile. The aim of the liibliographcr, on the other hand, should lie such a clescription of a book as will most comp.->ctly and conveniently show its relations to other IxkjIcs, cither Ui other copies of the same edition, or to other ediiions of the same work, or to other works by the same author ; or, a(;ain, to other works on the s;iMie subject ; or, la.stly, to other Xxxiks printcfi by the simc printer. The [wper will illuslrale how the confusion of these two objects may cause needless trouble to everyone who has to use a catalogue, and may, at the same time, lower the standard of bibliographical precision. It will also briefly consider how far bibliographical refinement can Ite introduced into different kinds of cataIog\ies without injury to their proper usefulness. 13.— F. T. BARRETT, Librarian, Mitchell Library, Glasgow:— "The Alphabetical and Classified Forms of Catalogue Compared." An attempt to estimate the advantages and disadvantages of each form respectively for public library use. 14.— PROFESSOR C. DZIATZKO, University Library, Gottingen, Germany :— "On the Aid lent by Public Bodies to the Art of Printing in the Early Days of Typography." WE DNESDAY, JULY 14. Fourth Session, at 1.30. 15.— W.M. H. BRETT, Librarian, Public Library, Cleveland, U.S.A.; President of the American Library Association : — "Freedom in Public Libraries." Absolutely free access of all borrowers to the shelves of the public circulating library entirely feasible. It is desirable on the score of economy, as it elTects a great saving of the time of those using the library. It is desirable, as greatly increasing the educational value of the library. It aflbrds facilities for a much more satisfactory selection of Ixioks than is possible from a catalogue alone. It broadens the scope of reading, and promotes the use of the better classes of books. It is desirable for its moral effect— for its expression of confidence rather than of distrust. The experience of those libraries which are employing this plan shows that this confidence is not misplaced. It is consistent with the spirit in which the free library is founded and maintained. Note. — Papers 16 and IJ -ivill be discussed together. 16.— CHARLES A. CUTTER, Librarian, Forbes Library, Northampton, Mass., U.S.A. :— "A Classification and Notation." Concise account of the characteristics of the " Expansive Classification" of books on the shelves, with remarks on classification in general. 28 ^ 2i8 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS 17.— A. W. ROBERTSON, Librarian, Public Library, Aberdeen:— " Classification in Public Libraries." Necessity of some form of shelf-classification assumed. Though at first the Librarian may be satisfied with a broad general classification, he is gradually driven, by the expansion of his library and the requirements of his readers, to adopt a fuller and closer classification, this last being determined Ijy the books on his shels-es and not by any theoretical tabulation of human knowledge. Some good results to librarians and to readers from such increasing application of closeness of shelf-arrangement indicated. The question of a notation an essentia! part of the problem, and the merits of the fixed and of 'he movable or relative location discussed ; the balance of advantage being shown to lie with the latter, owing to its flexibility and expansiveness. Desirability of having a scheme of classification common to all libraries, such a scheme being an enterprise worthy of an International Conference. 18.— HENRY C. L. ANDERSON, Librarian, Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney :— " Library Work in .New South Wales." ig. — AV. H. JAMES WEALE, Librarian, National Art Library, South Kensington Museum, London : — "History and Cataloguing of the National Art Library." Sketch of its histor)' from 1852. Developments — actual contents. Rearrangement and new system of cataloguing introduced in 1890. Its advantages. THURSDAY, JULY 15. Fifth Session, at 9.30. The Fifth and Sixth Sessions will be held in the Old Coitncil Chamber at the Guildhall. 20.— PETER COWELL, Librarian, Public Libraries, Liverpool:— "Public Library Work Forty Years ago." As exemplified in the work of the Liverpool Public Libraries. Comparison of past and present accommodation. Solid character of books read. Critical readers. Personal contact between librarian and reader desirable. Enthusiasm of readers forty years ago. Circulation of music ; its advantages. Books for the blind and the readers thereof Free lectures as aids to library work. Note. — Papers 21 and 22, being on the same subject, ivill be dealt with in one discussion. 21. — F. J. BURGOYNE, Librarian, Public Libraries, Lambeth, London: — " Public Library Architecture from the Librarian's Standpoint." The Librarian chiefly concerned with the internal arrangements of librarj' buildings. The rapid growth of libraries, and importance of having sites large enough for future extension. The plan. Arrange- ment of rooms and shelving of books. Systems of issue, lighting, heating, and ventilation. 22.— BERESFORD PITE, F.R.L15.A., London:— " Library Architecture from the Architect's Standpoint." The building an extended bookcase with mechanical functions — but more — a good book deser\-ing a good binding. A good collection of books deserves a good building, hence the aesthetic function, similar in contrast to that, say, between a Dictionary of Dates and Ruskin's "Modern Painters." This an overlooked aspect of library architecture. A library building most fitting for the expression of intellectual pleasure in construction and design. Suggestions for such design. Dignity, simplicity, restraint. The fitness or relation of ornament in libraries, e.g. in a reading-room or entrance-hall. The use and abuse of decoration. Architectural styles — Philosophic Greek to Romantic Gothic. A possible Eclecticism. Some types. College libraries, club libraries, British Museum Reference. Modern public libraries. An ideal. Note. — Papers 2J and 24 will be disaissed together. 23.— CAROLINE M. HEVVINS, Librarian, Public Library, Hartford, Conn., U.S.A. :— "Books that Children like." 24. — J. C. DANA, Librarian, Public Library, Denver, Colorado, U.S..'\. : — "Our Youngest Readers." ORDER OF I'Al'ERS AND DISCUSSIONS 219 THURSDAY, JULY IS. Sixth .9fss/o/i. nt I. .10. Ndii;. — Papers 35, 36, ami 27 will be diuussed logelher. 25. -J. N. I-ARNl-:!), late Lil)rari.m, Itiiffalo I.il.rary, liufTalo, N.Y., U.S.A.:— "Organisation of Co-operative W«>rk amonj; Public IJbraries." The iKissiliililius (if CO o|x.r.itivc wutL •■inioiij; [iiiljlic libraries c;iii Ik; rcaliwl only liy an organiulion l)\al will provide for il a iKTinanciil cdilorial director, adeiiiialcly salaried, and devoiinj; his whole allcntion to ihc work. I'rolmlily liie l>est mode in which this may lie accomplished is liy the formation of a distinct iiUernational association for Ihc (nirpose. 26— II. II. I.ANCi'l'ON, Librarian, University of Toronto, Canada: — "Co-operation in the Compilation of a Catalogue of Periodicals." The increase in iiunil>er and ini|K>rlance of technical pcrifxlicals and of the serials iisuc'l I'y learned societies calls for suitahle ljililioi;raphical treatment. At present the information obtainahle is fr.Tgmenlary, and scattered amonj; a variety uf publications. There is nee1upe." 40. J. R. V,. ADAMS, I'ublic Library of Soutli Australia, Adelaide:— " Rejiistration of Colonin! Publicntions." 11. IL K. HARFF:— "Library of tlic University of Sydney." 42.— THOMAS W. ROWE:— "Public Libraries in New Zealand." 43 -EDWARD SHILLINGTON:— "Auckland Free Public Library." 44. -E. F. J. LOVE:— "Library Facilities of Scientific Investigators in Melbourne." 45.— SUTHERLAND SINCLAIR :— "The Australian Museum Library." tl i ^ p ROGRAMME OF Reception Committee July i2th to idtli, i8gj. ^ "3 2 24 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS MONDAY, JULY 12. 8 p.m.— Conversazione in the Guildhall Library, Museum, Art Gallery, and Council Chamber, by invitation of the Reception Committee and the Bibliographical Society. Lecture by Dr. Richard Garnett, C.B., President of the Bibliographical Society. Entertainment by some Members of the Savage Club. TUESDAY, JULY 13. 10.30 a.m. — Welcome by the Right Hon. The Lord Mayor to the Members of the Conference, after which the Chair will be taken by the President, the Right Hon. Sir John Lubbock, Bart., who will deliver the Inaugural Address. 1 to L30 p.m. — Interval for Luncheon. L30 p.m.— AFTERNOON MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE. 4 to 7 p.m. — Reception by the President and Court of Governors at Sion College, Victoria Embankment. Exhibition of Books and Manuscripts. 9 to 11 p.m. — Reception at the Mansion House, by invitation of the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress. WEDNESDAY, JULY 14. 9.30 a.m.— MORNING MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE. 1 to 1.30 p.m. — Interval for Luncheon. 1.30 p.m.— AFTERNOON MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE. 4 to 7 p.m. — The Most Hon. the Marchioness of Bute will receive the Members at a Garden Party at St. John's Lodge, Regent's Park. 10 to 12 p.m. — Lady Lubbock's Reception at 2 St. James's Square. THURSDAY, JULY n. 9.30 a.m.— MORNING MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE. 1 to 1.30 p.m. — Interval for Luncheon. 1.30 p.m.— AFTERNOON MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE. 4 to 6 p.m. — Visit to the Library of Brook House, Park Lane, by invitation of the Right Hon. Lord Tweedmouth. I'ROCRAMMK OF RECKPTJON COMMITTEE »JS 4 to 6 p.m. — Visit to Ahsi.kv House, I'iccadilly, by invitation of His Grace the Duke of Wellington. I'irsl I'lirly. 4 to 6 p.m. — AiTKKNOON Tka at Grosvenor Housk, Upper Grosvenor Street, by invitation of His (Jracc the Duke of Westminster, K.G. 8 p.m.— Si'i.ciAi, I'liRioRMANCK OK "Thk Mkrchant OK Venick," at the Lyceum Theatre, by invitation of Sir Henry Irving. FRIDAY, JULY 16. 9.30 a.m.— MORNING Mi;i:riN(; or rilK CONFERKNCE. I to 1.30 p.m. — Interval for IaiikIicom. 1.30 p.m.— -VITERNOON MEETINt; OF THE CONFERENCE. 4 to 6 p.m. — Visit TO Lamukth I'ai.ace and Liurarv, by invitation of the Most Rev. His Grace the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury. Exhibition of Books and Manuscripts. 4 to 6 p.m. — Visit to Stafford House, St. James's, by invitation of His Grace the Duke of Sutherland. 4 to 6 p.m. — Visit to Apsley House. Second Party. 6.30, for 7 p.m. — Conference Dinner at the Hotel Cecil. The Library ok the British Museu.m will be open to visitors every day in the week between lo a.m. and 6 p.m. during the Session of the Conference. Dr. Richard Gamett, C.B., Keeper of the Printed Books, has kindly promised to prepare an Exhibition of American Books and Books relating to America, and to receive Members who visit the Museum when he is in the Building. The Department of Science and Art will admit Members free to the South Kensington Museum on any Students' Days, and to the Science and Art Libraries when open. Members' Tickets must be shown at the entr.-ince. Mr. W. H. James Weale, F.S.A., Keeper of the National Art Librar)-, will be pleased to receive Members any day, or (by appointment) on Monday, Tuesday, or Saturday evenings. The Museum and Search Rooms of the Public Record Office, Chancery Lane, will be open from lo a.m. to 4 p.m. during each day of the Conference, when Sir H. C. Maxwell Lyte, K.C.B., Deputy Keeper, has kindly promised to afford Members special facilities for their inspection. 29 226 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS The Committees of the undermentioned Clubs have elected Members of the Conference Honorary Members for the week : — City Liberal, Wallbrook. Junior Athen.'eum, ii6 Piccadilly. National Liberal, Whitehall Place. Savage, Adelphi Terrace. Alexandra, 12 Grosvenor Street. (Ladies' Club.) Members availing themselves of this privilege must show their Tickets of Membership to the hall porters whenever they enter the Club-houses. The Roval Botanic Society of London will open the Society's Gardens in Regent's Park to Members, during the Conference Week, upon production of their Tickets of Membership. The Zoological Society of London will open the Society's Gardens in Regent's Park to Members of the Conference, from Sunday July 1 1 to Saturday July 1 7, both days inclusive. Members' Tickets must be shown at the gates and the Visitors' Book signed. (QtiBceffaneoue 3nformatiott. CfoClft (^oome. — A Ladies' Cloak Room is provided in the South Lobby of the Council Chamber, and Cloak Rooms for Gentlemen will be found at the entrance to No. i Court, and adjoining the Aldermen's Court Room. £,unc^eon0 txxxb £tg3^ Q^eftCB^tltenfe. — Luncheons and Light Refreshments will be provided by Messrs. Ring & Brymer at a moderate tariff, in the basement of the Council Chamber, Guildhall, from 1 2 o'clock to the close of the Meeting on each day. (QteeoengcrB. — The services of Boy Messengers can be secured at 66 Queen Victoria Street (corner of Queen Street). ^oef ©fftCC ani ^cfcgrame. — Letters can be posted in the Hall, close to the steps leading to the Council Chamber. Other Post Office business, including the despatch of telegrams, can be carried out at 72 Aldermanbury, or at the Wool Exchange, Basinghall Street. ^CCrefarB*e dffkc. — The Honorary Secretary of the Reception Committee (Mr. Edward M. Borrajo) will attend in his office, adjoining the Library, on July 12 (from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.), and from July 13 to 16 (from 9.30 a.m. to the close of the Meetings), to issue tickets, answer inquiries, etc., in connection with this Programme. •Wrtftng (Roome. — Accommodation for writing, etc., will be provided in the Aldermen's Court Room, and in the Lobby of the Council Chamber. 1 For a list of Loudon Libraries open to visitors see end of General Programme. PROCEi: DINGS OK TMK SHCOM) IXTHKNATIOXAL LIBKAKV COXI-HKliNCE. London, Jui.v 13, 14, 15, and 16, 1897. TUESDAY MORNING, JULY 13///, 1897. FIRST SESSION. 1 1 1 '. mcmliors asscmlilcd in the ( "uncil Chamber of the (luild- liall, wliich had been kindly placed at their dis[M>sitii)n by ihe Corporation. The Kic.iir Hon. THE Lord Mayor ok London, in wel- coming the members of the Conference, said : I believe it should tx: the custom of Lord M.iyors — for I think it is a good custom — that if they have nothing to say they should not take up a long time in speaking at public iissemblies. liut I have one thing to s-iy to you, and it is a word of welcome — welcome in the name of the Corporation of London, who arc delighted to see you here to-day, and will welcome you to this ancient hall and to the City of London. Later on I hope also to see you all at the Mansion House. I am very glad to see that Sir John Lubbock, who is to address you soon, is present to-day, for he will be able to s|X'ak to you better than L The question of public libraries is one in which I take the greatest possible interest. As Chairman of the Public Libraries at Hertford, I believe that the town ,-ind the county of Hertford have received undoubted benefit, and I may add my humble testimony to the great interest that is generally taken in the movement. I have been a collector of books all my life, and before I was made a Lord Mayor I occasionally looked inside them. It is all very well to love to collect books, but the collector of books and the reader of books do not always go together. Public libraries are a great boon, and the love of reading is a thing which ought to be inculcated in early youth, or public libraries will lose much of their efticacy. So I think that the two things — collecting books and reading them — should go hand in hand. I am quite aware that in this matter careless reading is to be deprecated, and indiscriminate reading is, I think, the general object. But indiscriminate cliarily i^ better than no charity at all, and I Iwlieve that indiscriminate reading is Ijcttcr than no reading at all. And now I will retire, for you will shortly have the opportunity of listening to Sir John Lublxick, to whom I now accede the chair. The Prksident (the Right Hon. Sir John LublK)ck, Hart., M.P.). — I am sure that we all hope that the Ixird Slayor will remain in the chair a moment or two longer, lx.'cause I know we would not wish him to depart without passing a vole of thanks to himself and the Corporation for allowing us the use of this hall, which must con- tribute largely to the success of this Conference. WTien I had the honour conferred upon me — the honour of being asked to preside over this meeting — I looked back to see what had been said by my eminent predecessors, and I learnt a great deal of information. But the statement of one struck me fwrticularly. This gentleman was delivering an address in .\berdeen, and on that occasion informed his audience that we in London laboured under two serious defects. He said that London, com- pared with Alx;rdeen, would be found deficient in opportunities for sight-seeing, and also deficient in hospitality. With all respect to .\bcrdeen, and without any unkind comparison lielween London and other cities, I must say that I am surprise'|'y of it in arlvance, Ixcause I Ijelieve that criticii>in i» very useful to him, and he conicn init in the cn>l all the lielter for the criticism. Mr. W. (,'. I.ANK (liooton Athcnxum). — Th«e is one thing that Mr. .MacAlisler liai to ' but which has not l(een referred lo in Up I refer to llie subject of coojji-ration u r, ,].. . This is a subject in which I take very much interest, an of co-o|>cration would do away with the skilled librarian. Hut I lielieve there is no fear of n wholesale scheme of the kind doing that. Of course there are diiTercnt needs in fliffercnt libraries, and a difference in (>rcat llritain and America. We lately started a system in which cards were circulalec a good thing for us lo strive to bring our library trustees more into harmony with library work. As in the case of college professors, so alvj in the ca.sc of librarians -these trustees are the native enemies. Hut the truslec i.s here, and he is here to slay, and we must therefore deal with him. Wc must not fight him, but must try to convert him. .\i,I)UR.MAN J. W. SoiniiKRN (Chairman of the Manchester Public Library Committee). — I have taken great interest in the work of the Library .\ssociation for many years, and take an active |)arl in the w>jrk ; and I sup|«)se .Mr. Dewey would place inc among the trustees as Chairman of the .Manchester Kree Public Library. It always gives me great plexsure to come to such conferences as this, and to listen lo the experience of those from many places who work under great diversity of conditions. The experience which was re- counted by .Sir Thomas ISaker, many years ago, as to the difiiculties in gelling assistants having a fair amount of preliminary <|ualifications and likely to develop into valuable librarians, is just as true now .^s it was then, and I am not surprised to hear that in America 99 per cent, of those who obtain the diplonuas of the Library College there have belonged to the fairer sex. We have now at least four large libraries under the charge of lady lib- rarians. If I were to take a stranger into the Manchester Library, I think it would prfKluce a most favourable impression upon his mind. I sliould lake him lo a library in one of the poorest districts of Manchester. In a beautiful structure we should find a library presided over by a lady — a lady who came from what might Ix; termed the lower classes. I might point out that there is always a great demand for the position of assistant librarian, but it is almost impossible to retain even a few names on our books of youths or young men applying for the position. What is the cause of this ? I certainly think that the emoluments offered to duly-i|ualifiee able lo find a kindly, ready, and responsive spirit — one who would find for them the information they desire. Mr. II. R. Tedder (Secretary and Librarian, .Vthenxum, London). — I well rememt)er that many years ago, when, I lx;lieve, I was the person who first introduced the question of training of librarian assistants, the proposal was not received with great enthusiasm. We had to fight for some years against opposition. The proposal was thought premature and unnecessary. It is there- fore a great delight lo me to see that now there is not such opposition, but that the idea is approved by everybody. We have been told what the require- 232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE merits of librarians are, and I think that I might be allowed to say that the prayer of tlie Scotchman has been vouchsafed, and that God has given us a good conceit of ourselves. But not only should a librarian be fully equipped with technical learn ing and be a man of business, hwi a!x)ve all he should he a lover of books. The love of books and the love of reading are, after all, the chief qualifications of a librarian. Mr. R. A. I'EDniE (Newcastle). — The paper of Mr. Welch gives us a great deal to think about. We must recognise and admit the point that several speakers have driven home — that the financial condition of public libraries is not as we should like to see it, but we must try to do the best with the conditions which we have. I think that something might be done in the way of getting lectures from prominent people in the labour world, and in trying to start classes to do a work which would have a good eftect in the near future. I believe that in America women often do the same work as men, and I consider that if the work is equal the pay should also be equal. WEDNESDA V MORNING, JUL V 14///, 1S97. THIRD SESSION. R. F. M. CRUXDEN (Public , Library, St. Louis, U.S.A.), fi read a paper on "Books and Text-Books: The Library as a Factor in Education" {see pp. 46-54). The Chairman (The Eari. of Cr.wvford). — I believe that it will be a very long time before all that Mr. Crunden has prophesied will come to pass. I do not think that it is possible to get such a system as he has suggested to become absolutely universal, and to suit all children. I think that the greater part of it would not be likely to conduce to the true welfare of the child — even to the one he speaks of who had such an extraordinary range of learning at ten years of age. That child, I think also, is an exceptional case. He is certainly not the ordinary chilcT of the British Isles. I do not think it good for a small child to go through such a course of learning, for it would be infinitely better that his body should be developed in the first place. Mr. Sidney Lee (Editor of the Diclianaiy of National Biography) read a paper on " National Biography and National Bibliography " {see pp. 55-62). Mr. George Smith. — When I came to this meeting, it was in the expectation of being much interested ane perinilled to exprevs a hope that an index to the Dictionary will be made. It may seem imi^racious to ask anything uuire, hut if an inilex be provided it will form a lurejit and fillini; crown to one of the j;reatest moiuiments of uur times. Mr. M. L. JoNi'.s. — I am deliphted to Ik.- able to aild my few words lecial interest in what he says, on account of Ijeing a colleague of his for many years. As Mr. Pollard will know, I have never lieen able lo sec eve to eye with the Biblio- graphical Society, of which he is the Honorary .Secretary ; but there is no one who has gri-atcr .-idmiralion than I for the work it [K-rfornis — as far SIS it goes. The works it prints are s|x:cimen» of what .Mr. Pollar himself ; they breathe the spirit of many leading librarians in this country. (Jne p<->int which, I think, is of special im[)orlance to us, is that ihere is a clear distinction l>etween the librarian and the bibliographer. To my mind the bibliographer plays a more important part than the librarian, because I do not think ihat the librarian can be of real service in a library except in proportion sis he h.as a knowledge of the prin- ciples which alone render literature of service — the knowledge which makes the bibliographer. The work of the bibliographer must command our admiration, for no one can regard him as a man of pleasure : we must regard him as a man of self- denying |X)wer. Mention has lx;en made of .scholarship in connection with library work. Of course Ihere is plenty of room for scholarship in this work, but the librarian should never forget that his chief duty is to enable others to become -scholars. I will not enter upon the debatable subject of classification. We have, however, in this room, welcome guests from across the water, who have done more in the matter of classification — I may say it without detracting from what the French have done — than perhaps any country has done : certainly more than we have done. The reading public has always been in favour of cl.-ussified catalogues : that underlies the whole foundation of cataloguing. -Mr. W. H. J. Weai.e (National .^rt Library, South Kensington Museum). — There is one great difficulty when you enter names under the authors' assumed names. Suppose an author has three pseudonyms, and you enter under each, it would scatter about the information which, if entered under the real name, would be easier to get at. Mr. R. A. Pf.ddie (Newcastle-upon-Tyne). — With regard to entering books under the author's assumed name, I might mention that in our library at Newcastle we adopt the name which is best known to the general public. I think that the difficulty regarding several assumed names is thus easily got over. I think Mr. Pollard said that it is not desirable to require the readers lo make more than one reference, but, if he always uses the real or .awumed name, he must have two references. Does it not contradict what he says previously? But I think that no library can be considered complete without cataloguing under the three heads — under authors' names, according to cLossi- fication, and also alphabetically. Mr. Councillor Welch (Chairman, Technical 234 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Instruction Committee, Eastbourne). — It is with a great deal of diffidence that I intrude my remarks upon this meeting. I am only the modest Chair- man of a committee which last year formed a public library in Eastbourne. I came here to pick up hints and to learn, and during the time I have been here this morning I have derived a great deal of benefit and instruction. With regard to this particular matter, cataloguing, I think it is very important indeed, and that the paper has dealt with it very ably. There is one remark made by Mr. Pollard with which I perfectly con- cur. He says that, whatever method of cataloguing be used, it should be made perfectly clear to the reader. He also says that a librarian should not follow his own hobbies. As an outsider, I think that the great object in view is to so arrange the catalogues that they may be perfectly clear to the humblest readers. Dr. Justin Winsor now took the chair. Mr. "F. T. B.^RRETT (Mitchell Library, Glasgow) read a paper on "The Alphabetical and Classified Forms OF Catalogues Compared " (.fd^e: pp. 67-71). The Chairman (Dr. Justin Winsor).— It has been my luck, if not my good fortune, to direct two large libraries for the past twenty years, — one at Boston and the other at Harvard University, — and I long ago came to the conclusion that a librarian should adopt that form of cataloguing which best suited his own individuality. If, how- ever, he adopted a class-catalogue, let him also have an author-catalogue ; and if he has an author- catalogue, let him also get a class-catalogue. But, besides this, he must also get a proper subject- index. Mr. DE PuTROX Gliddox (Montana, U.S.A.). — Although one from the wild and woolly West, I make no apology for what I am going to say. We want to be practical. My idea about libraries is this : The greatest power in the world is thought, and a library ought to be something which helps to direct thought. I was walking along a street in Montana the other day, and I met a man, and said to him, "Have you heard that they are going to have a strike down yonder ? " He said, "Come along up the street;" and I went. He said, " We are not going to have a strike." I said, "Why not?" He pointed to the public library, and said, "That has taught us to think." Although I am not a librarian, I am greatly interested in the work of libraries, and I think that the libraries must receive a great deal of assistance from the press, with which I have the honour of being connected. The newspapers know how the librarians can help them, and the libraries may, I am sure, make great use of the press. Mr. R. A. Peddie. — I should like to say that I believe it is owing to the poverty-stricken state of liljraries in England that they are unable to adopt full catalogues. With regard to the dictionary system, I think it all depends upon the size of the library whether it be useful or not. The great rule to be followed, I think, is to take the more minute point and put the books under the head, and then refer to the main divisions, giving the headings under which the items may be found. Mr. C. W. Vincent (Reform Club Library).— In my opinion, and perhaps in the opinion of a large majority. Dr. Winsor summed up the whole matter when he said there must be classification, and there must be alphabetical cataloguing, as well as a full subject - index. If we cannot have both, then it appears, from a business point of view, we must take that form which makes the books most accessible to the readers ; and experience shows that to be the alphabetical system. A paper contributed by Professor Carl Dziatzko (University Library, Gottingen, Germany) was partly read by Mr. T. W. Lyster, National Library of Ireland, Dublin. The subject was — " Ox the Aids lent by Public Bodies to the Art of Printing in the Early Days of Typography " {see pp. 72-7S). CONFERENCE OF LJBJiAR/ANS 235 WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON J/'f^ 't'/', i«v7- FOURTH SESSION. UK chair wan lukcn liy iln- iRKsiKKM (Sir John I.uli- h..rk). Mr. CiiAKi.l'.s A. CtiriKR (.Icirtits I.ilmiry, Norlhainp- Ion, Massiichusclis, U.S.A.) fcail a paiKT on "Tin: ixiANsiVE Classification" (set pp. 84-88). Mr. A. W. KoiiKRTSON (Public Library, Atwr- <]een) read a paper on "Classification in Public Lihrariks" (sec pp. 89-92). The two above pajwrs were di.scusscd together. Mr. J. J. Odi.K (llooile).— On this side of the Atlantic, as many of >is know, the classification that .Mr. Cutler h.as jusi described is very lilllo known. It h;is it.s mcrils, and, in view of its natural liasis in opposition lo an artificial Ixtsis, I think it appeals very much and very strongly to the linglish mind. Mr. Cutter's scheme could he specially filled for vilbge libraries, while the librarians of larger libraries wouUI find the scheme one ihat would suit them also. It has a class- index, similar to that referred lo by .Mr. Dewey, and a type cht'isificalion is appearing in sections. The section on medicine is really a masterpiece, liul while Mr. Culler's scheme may not be very well known lo many in this country, his cataloguing rules are in the hands of every English librarian. When we have all gone home and purchased his system, and studied il, and seen its merits, and thought over the intensely practical rem.arks of Mr. Cutter, we shall agree that he has achieved a great deal of good. Mr. I'". M. Cri-nden (.Si. Louis, U.S.A.).— I remember Mr. Cutler, in his inaugural address as President of Northampton Library Association, dealt with the subject of "Common Sense," and I think ihal all Mr. Cutter does is Uxsed upon that quality. That has always lieen his guide. Certainly, a most essential thing in any system of classification is capability of expansion. A librari.an never knows whal a libr.ar)' is going to l>e. Me must go slowly, bui he docs not want to Ijc encumbered by an elaborate system. Mr. Cutler h.vs provitled for all that. There are some things upon which we arc all agreed. We all agree, for instance, that we must have cl.assification, and that as the library grows the classification must be closer and closer. As to fixed and relative location, Mr. Kolierlson made it plain that fixed location is a thing of the past. As to movable location, it is not neces.s.ary to have five or six fig\ires, .as Mr. l\oberts<.in s;iys. In the system referred toby Mr. Robertson it would Ix; necessiiry for the reader to go and find lioth the numlx'rs and the letters of any hook he regiail arrangement. .Mr. Cuttcr'i is perhaps a more natural system than the figure notation ; but I consider, after the ex|)eriencc of l.tst ye-ar, that the decimal system, with all iu capabilities, works out Ijcttcr than any other system when uselii cnilciivoiir to answer tlicni. Mr. li. K. TiuiiiKK (The Athcnaium, I'lill M»ll). — I should like lounk I>r, Winsor whellicr he haH used the cicrlric fnn, and if no, huw he found it lo work t Dr. Just IN WiNsok. — I have only seen the electric fun used in a few cases. The fact is, my experience with so-called nuhlic lilirarics relates lo some tweiily yrars Bj;o ; init we have with us two reprcsentalivcs of lari;e pulilic lilirarics in the United Stales, unri I have nrnmlion than I am alile to. Mr. K. T. HARKlil f (tllasnow).— I should like lo nsk if Dr. Winsor am tell us whether laryc pipes with low |)ressure or small pii)C» with a hi|;h pressure are preferalile? Ur. JusTl.N Winsor. — I will only say that, as far lis my experience (;oes, small pi|K-s with a hi^h pressure appear to work better. Mr. I'". T. IfAKRi:! 1. — In one or two cases I have known small pipes under (jreat pressure lo pro(hicc somcthinj; like a burnt atmosphere ; anil thai fault, I believe, is not found in pipes of a large tliameter healc. WaisiiN (llawirk). — I think that it must lie upixircnt lo all, ihut to use a small pipe aiic area ihc heat is distributed more evenly. I< It not a disadvantage lo have an exlrcmcty high pressure in a limited s|Mec and in a liiniled time, unless there lie komc apparatus for diktribuling the heal ? .Mr. M. K. TkiiIiKK.— I had an electric fan in use for a long lime — not in a library, but in a kitchen. .My ex|x.-riencc as to the fan is lliat it if not of much use unless the wimlows are constantly cl<>seIass., U.S.A.) — I wish to s.ay a word in apprecia- tion of Mr. Dana's paper, for the possibility of dealing with children in the earlier stages of their career is a most important question. With regard to Miss Hewins' work, every library in the United States should move a vote of thanks to her for what she has done. In Boston, I might say, we have been attempting experiments in the special treat- CONFERENCE OE l.HiRARIANS iy) niciil of cliiUlrcii's rc-a(lin|{, TIicm: cxpcriiiicniH, while nut l)ciii({ IcHlcd hy [{real icn|{tli of lime, iirc iiitciiilcd to icKt tlicHC three (|iientions — firtt, whrlher the IwiiikH Hhoiild lie pliiced in o|)en h1h-Iv(.-?> ; M;C(»ndIy, wlielher, if iiliircd in rijK'n shclviH, the chiinuMer anil stand ird of the Ijooki shoulil not lie tuiheil ; ami thirdly, Hhirlhcr, if n list of luiolis is selected for liieir H|xr< iai use and placed in open shelves, it is nceessiiry that the list of I ks should he a very lon(; one. Al our central lihrary, and also nl the hranches, there is now reserved a small selection of Ixniks for the children. We have printed a select list of hooks, of which we pro|Kise to nndliply copie.4. That list comprises only 1200 titles, anil I iliiuht whether we shall exceed 1500. With the assumption, which i)erha|)s may not he correct, that 1500 titles will include all the Ixjok.s that a child necil rc;usonnl)ly reipiire to read, I think the (jrc.ilesl (;ooil is likely to result from such a de|>artment of work. A short time lieforc I left home wc received a bcipiest, amountinf^to ;^40,ocxD, accom- panied hy the expression of the desire that it should he djvoled chielly for the iK'nelil of chil- dren. In carrying; out this work — I say it very heartily — Boston will turn to its Hartford finenils for ^lidance and advice. Miss K. L. Sll.AKt' (Armour Institute, Chicago, U.S.A.). — I should like to say a word with regard to one phsuse of lihrary work which has not yet been touched upon. I refer to home libraries for children. Our custom is to jxick aliout twenty lH>r>ks in each of a number of small Ciises, and send them to children in various parts of the district. Itesides the supply of books in connec- tion with the home libraries, a good work is also carried 011 by the library visitors. Kor a long time home libraries have been started in connec- tion with diflerent library schools, and when once started the work has soon spread to other towns. This kind of work is now l)eing carried on, notably in Hoslon, New York, and several other cities in the States, and in Chicago it is carried on by the Chililren's .Aid Society. The idea of this work is to get hold of the children before they reach what might lie called the " librar)' age" — before they are alW'wed to use the public library. Then, in order to get the full interest of even the youngest child, we have games and pictures to amuse and instruct them until they are old enough to go to the public libraries. I m.iy say that there is nothing like competition between these home libraries and the public libraries, for as soon as a child is old eiKaij-h we say to him, " Now you can go to the pidilic librar)'." The iKwks wc use are princi|Killy of a mixed character : wc have a little science, a little p a visitor might see a nunilier of children who, she thought, hxikcd at though they needed the Ixxiks. We usually ask the women of the f.tmilies if they will allow us to (le|xisil the lioxes at their houses, telling tliciii that their children will have the privilege of reailing the Ixjoks, and als*) asking whether they will hxik after the other children who come to her house. We have found these women usually lake the stigveslion very kindly — that the work has invariituly had a gofxl cMcct all rounit. Mr. \V. II. K. Wrioiit (Krcc I'liblic Library, Plymoulh). — With reference to what has Ix-cn said about l.'indon schixil libraries, I am told that the head teiichcrs are made res|xinsible for the IxKiks supplied to the libraries, aiid that therefore, if they are lost, thi* teacher has to make up the deficiency. If this lie so, it would not lie surprising to find that the teachers did not lake very much interest in the work. My chief object, however, in rising is to say that I think that we in Kngland are not doing enough in this direction — in the direction of school libraries. .Some of us have been at this work for many years, but too few libraries have adopted such a work. At I'lyinouth we have lx:en arranging with the .School Board for us to supply to each of the schools in the district a certain nuinlier of Ixxjks. The School Hoard bears the exix'nse of the cases, and the head teachers take charge of the books, appointing someone as librarian, and seeing that the books are circulated. But wc not only supply the Board schools, but the N'oluntary schoi:cn saiil iiliiiiil (.-inply sticlvi'H, liiil I am nut Hiirc that I roiiiii fur new IkmiUs. Wliin |>laiiiiiii(; the ^hulvcs, wi' slioiilil mil iiiily sillily ihc iinincdialc wanlH, lull pro', j'l. I'lt im- Muniii; mI i."- aliiiiiHl an imli-finilc time In conii:, : architect, when plunnini; a lilirnry, »hoii: . .. only arrange for the prcwnt Iaii alto for the future. i^^^2 TirURSDA Y AI'TEKNOON, JUL V 15///, 1897. SIXTH SESSION. . Mi;i,\'IL UKVVKV tiKik llu* rhair. Mr. J. N. Lakned (late I.ilirarinn, Hufl'alo, N.Y., U.S.A.) conlrilnilcd a paper, rca.lliy .Mr. W. II. K. Wright (I'lymoulh), on "Orcanisation ok Co • ori.;RATivK Work AMONC I'UIII.U: LlllRARIP.s" (J« pp. I20-I2I). .Mr. II. II. I.ANGTON (University Library, Toronto) read n paper on " CO-OI'ERATION IN A CATALOGUE OK I'lvRIODl- CAL Publications" {see pp. 122-125). Mr. II. K. Tf.diikr.— Dr. I.umlsicdi, the dis- tinjjuishcil delf^ate from the Swedish Government, wishes to present a reniarkalile book to the Con- ference, in his own name ank-form publications arc printed like slips, the l)ack left blank so th.-it they can be cut out and pasted. The cards are the size of those of the librarv' bureau. The International Institute of Bibliography h-xs adoptetl Ihe well-known decimal .system of classification, so that it is possible to translate these classifications into all langu.iges. l"he Inlemali0n.1l Institute of Bibliography hopes that Ihe application of this mcthixl will give to the bibliographical world the co-ordination which is now so much wanted. Their first steps have con- vinced them that the method has great advantages, 242 PROCEEDINGS OF THE and that it is possible to unite many efforts. A Bibliographia Philosophica has already been pub- lished by the Philosophical Institute of Louvain ; a BibiiograpJiia Sociologiia by the Bureau Socio- logique of Brussels ; a Bibliographia Zoologica and a Bibliographia Atiatoniica by the Concilivim Bibliographicum of Zurich — director, M. Field ; a Bibliographia Physiologica by the Institute of Physiolog)' of Paris — director, M. Richet ; a Biblio- graphia Astronomiea by the Belgian Astronomical Society ; a Bibliographia Mediia Italica^ by one of the most important reviews of Italy, " II Poli- clino " ; etc. This method enables us to consider the card-catalogues published by the publishing section of the A.L.A. as a branch of this inter- national co-operative work. The methods of the International Institute can be perfected and adapted to the separate wants of individual nations. There- fore we have convoked an International Confer- ence to meet in Brussels the 2nd of August next, and in the name of the Institute I request the members of the International Library' Conference to do us the honour of coming to this Conference, and to aftord us the assistance of their experience. Mr. C. W. Andrews (John Crerar Librar)-, Chicago, U.S.A.) read a paper on "Printed Card-Catalogues" {see pp. 126-128). Mr. H. Putnam (Boston, Mass.). — I am very glad of this opportunity to direct the attention of the Conference to a small pamphlet. It is a state- ment of an experience at Boston, in connection with the use of the linotype machine for the printing of cards and catalogues in book form. During the past year and a half we have done all the composing and printing of cards and catalogues in our office by means of a linotype machine. I regard the question as to the practicability of adopt- ing linotype machines for librar}- work as quite beyond dispute, especially if there be a friendly co-operation between the different libraries of a district. If it be possible for us — as it is — to compose press titles, and print eight or ten copies of cards on that title at a cost of 5 to 10 cents, it would also be possible to print thirty cards with an inappreciable increase in the price. So that with the use of linotype we may look forward to a great decrease in the cost of card and catalogue printing. The Chairman. — Twenty years ago, one of the great questions which occupied our minds was as to the practicability of printing our cards and catalogues on the library premises. There were some who said it was not likely to come to pass ; but the difficulty is solved, and the work has been found to be quite po.ssibIe. Mr. R. A. Peddie (Newcastle-upon-Tyne). — I should like to ask Mr. Putnam whether the titles can be used and then stored away with a view to their being used again ? Mr. }I. Putnam. — Yes, it is very easy to store them. We are able to re-group the matter used in the monthly lists for making up the .annual lists. It would be possible to store tons and tons within a very narrow compass. Mr. Andrews. — Our printer, I might say, stores the matter and uses it again at what seems to us to be a very inappreciable cost, and the whole work is carried on with comparatively little labour. Mr. J. J. Ogle (Bootle).— This of course is a financial question, and I have been working out what will be the cost of setting up a catalogue I have to do with. I find that the cost would be '44 of a penny, and for 15,000 copies the cost would be a little under I cent per title. Mr. W. C. Lane (Boston). — I should like to present a copy of the last report of the publishing section of the American Library Association. The experience of the section with regard to printed cards, as referred to by previous speakers, is that the work is fairly successful. We try to do the printing very- promptly, including the titles of all the books, leaving out very slight things and \t^ry technical things. We have about sixty sets of subscribers, for we only offer to distribute a few sets to each subscriber. The work of selection, however, has been very difficult, and involved a good deal of extra expense. There is a great future for the printed cards and for the work that has been out- lined. For printed cards for periodicals there is a still larger field, and this work will be found to be exceedingly easy and inexpensive. The report which I present says something about this, and also about the other work of the publishing section. I hope that in the course of another year the work of printing the cards for articles in periodicals, which can be subscribed for by the libraries, will be well under way. Mr. G. T. Shaw (Liverpool Athenreum). — If the titles were stored for two or three years, when taken up for use again would their condition be such that they would not require anything which would increase the cost ? In a small library, for instance, where they print supplements at the end of five years perhaps, would there not be the cost for repairing the type to consider ? If this be the case, the present statistics may be misleading. Mr. Putnam. — We have not yet reached that point, for our work only dates back from two years ago. I do not think, however, that there would be any deterioration of consequence in the type within a few years. Mr. Frank Campbell (British Museum). — It was a source of gratification to me to see that the subject of co-operation among libraries was included in the programme of the Conference. I was also gratified to hear the Chairman — so distinguished a librarian — express his views as to libraries being placed in the proper position, namely, under the patronage of Government. I see in all the pro- fessions no greater waste of time and energy than is to be found in the librar)' profession. It is not the first time that co-operation in library work has been suggested, as those who follow the subject know. But there is one feature which must strike one, and that is the almost absolute failure to attain our ends. And why is this ? It is because we have not sought success in the right direction ; the cause of our failure is because there has been among librarians no proper basis for co-operation. Some important points have been raised with regard to classification, and we have had some very good schemes laid before vis, namely, those of Mr. Dewey and Mr. Cutter. True, they differ in certain respects, and the very fact that they are each so good is the reason that there has been more discussion upon them. Might I suggest that, as the basis of future registration of literature in the libraries, we should adopt for public class- catalogues the ten general groups which are so well defined ? Mr. R. R. BowKER (F.ditor of the Library Journal., New York). — I have the misfortune to read to-morrow a paper covering a field which COXFERENCE OE JJJJRARIA.XS 24. -5 h:is Ih-cii pretty well *liscu'>vs, almost iiHt'tess to expect the <:opyri({hl (lUIJciilly lo Ik.' solved until there is HyHlemulic aelioii all naiiid. Iliil the l.ilirary of Ci>ii(;reMi, I iiii|{hl iiieiil 1(111, has now reached a new hln(;e In itH if llie inellMKls at till.* library, making it a national library and the centre of fiililio^raphlcal w«)rk. The twti countries, l':n|;lanil and America, are in vimewhat diflerent iKisilions as rei;ards the ijuesiion of copyrij;hl. \\'e can indeeu chiim one or twrj advarita^e.s. Uiuler our copyri(jhl laws, the proprietor of a copyright can claim a record of copyriuhl, — which is usually ilone, — so that he nets from the Library of Congrc.s.s an acknowled|;ment that such a Ixxik or such a title hius lieen receivee demanded at present by the pro- prietor. Hill as lo le^'islalion for both countries, we hope that some day the Iwo ^;reat national libraries — the British Musium Library and the Library of Cont;ress — may form a. record, and thus save the libniries ihc loss of lime and money now sustained, uflcn over the most insignificanl iKKiks. Mr. R. A. PkiUiIi;.— I certainly think that very much ini^ht be effected if we co-o|jerated in the matter of printing; the cards and catalogues. If we could arrange for a few liitraries t lliiy often are al presenl, lo rio very niurli. \V>- »hall only gel a truly satisfactory state of things when wc make it clearly unilerslood thai the e)i|>etiHL>> of libraries are just a.s much (joverm lliose relating to scIkkjIs or ih^ Ia-1 Us, then, rio what we can by • . ,. 1 we must al Ihe Mime lime agitate for the provi- sion of gre-.iter facilities for carrying on our work ; and I think our way lie'i in the direction of national libraries, .Mr. IIkkiikkt Putnam (Librarian, I'ulilic Library, Iloston, U.S.A.) rciul a | Statrs" (/« pp. 129-134). Mr. .Maiiki.ky (Warrington .Muwuni). — With regard lo hical a.ssocialions, I suppose we have a few in Kngland, but one feels almost afraid to mention our associations in Ihe same bre;ilh as lliose of .America. We have such :L^^<^cialions, however, and I should like to refer to a curious contrast Ijclwecn our .i.s.SfK:iations and those in the United Slates. VVherca.s, in the United Statc-s, the discussions upon practical questions are the chief characteristic of the American Library Association, and other less pressing questions are brought forward at the district awiciations, with us it is <|uite the other w.iy. (Jur annual meetings are almost invariably the receptacle of not very imporUint papers upon aniiijuarian subjects, or of purely local interest ; whereas at our district meetings the (lucslions which arise are generally of a highly practical character. ^^^=^m?^^^^ FRIDA V MORNING, JUL Y \bth, 1897. SEVENTH SESSION. Ill*, chair w.xs taken by the Eari. ok Crawkorii. Mr. .\MiREAs S. Stken- BERi: (llorscns, Denmark) read a paper on " I't'BLlc L111RARIF.S OF THE Northern States of EuKorE" (j« pp. 135-141). Mr. J. J. Oi-.i-E (Boolle). — Mr. Stecnlierg ought not to be allowed to return to his own country without receiving an tytpression from Ihe Conference of our appreciation of the work which he is accomplishing in Denmark. Two years ago wc had the great pleasure and honour of a visit from him, and he then gave us .some valuable information which he had manly the other day it was that Mr. Stecnt>erg contributed an illustratetl article to one of the magazines of that country, containing pliulographs of m.iny of the English libraries, and a sort of indication of others, together with a very admirable account, as far as I could judge, of the different libraries which he h.id visited in certain parts of this country. Mr. Steenberg also sent .in article to an illustrated paper, which many of us read to our profit, describing the free libraries of London and the work which has tieen accom- plished since the first Internal ional Library Con- ference, not only in Great Britain but among other English-speaking races. I am sure that we shall give him our hearty congratulations upon the work he hasaccoinplisheluiiii-« a (lay ummI Iiv a working ixipulnlion. Vim rinci IliLTc |iriil>ulily fiiur - liflliH are taken from the shelves Ijetweeii six aiul nine in the evening;. It is ut that lime that the |)eoi>le come to clmnKe their IxMiks, If ymi roulil iina(;lne 200 or jrx) iieo|)le within lluit limileil |H.'[ini| nf time having free aciess to the shelves —well, Sir William llailey woiilil lie ri^ht in ilescrihin^ the result oit anarchy. With rei;uril to the Patent Department, siich ii|)en access woiihl certainly Ix: unlc. Where there are such ilemaixls U|X)n a lilirary within sui h .1 limileil |x-rio(l of lime, I think it woulil he highly inconvenient to have o|K-n access j Inn I do not siiy that uixler no circiinnttances would it Ik: successful, for I tindersland that it works very successhilly at Clerkenwell. On the other hand, I know many libraries which wriuki have to Ik.' entirely reconstnirted, and where the space woiiM have to lie e the gtiardi.an of the Inxiks in his library, but also the conserver of the iMioks.for soniethine in regard to the library is due to piistcrity. Then, of course, there is the iiucxlion of convenience to \k connidercd, and the i|ue»lion lU to how Iml to mimulalc a love of residing the more useful iKKiks by ih<- f;<-nrnil public. I have Ik" 1 I ' '> containing 50,000 \' \kk\\ tried with mic<, 1 1 with one in which there are 70o,oc<> I here ofK*n access h.as proved pret';. i. In this latter library there are loo.cxiij Uxiks to which free ncccwt i» given, and in this de|jartincnt our losses were, during the first year, less than 40 volumes. These iKxiks were insignificant ils regards price, and not such as anyone would Ijc likely to steal delilK-rately. Then another im- |jortant [xiint is, that the shelve.s must Ik: *i> arrangefl tliat the Ixxiks likely to Ik: required may be placed within as small a space as possible. In the case of libraries, Kiy, of half a million volumes, it i.s then very necessary to have proper catalogues. Hut it seems lrily difler according 10 circumstances. Some libraries seem to think it necesviry to have some attractive Ixxiks to the front to .ict as a kind of Ijait ; but my conviction is, that if you let the public apprartnient may be thrown open, and we have also opened for free access the entire depirtmenl of fine art.s. But it is all a matter of discretion — it is a question of libraries and libraries ; while in large libraries it maybe a question of departments. Mr. L. Stanley Jast (Kree Public Library, I'eterborough). — The arguments — I use the word in a courteous sense only — used by several speakers this morning who are not in favour of open access have been just of the usual type. We have heard them all before, and I do not think that those who believe in o|>en access are likely to Ik; moved by what they had heard against it this morning. With regard to the remarks of .Sir William Bailey, I am quite sure that Sir William would not wish us to take his remarks too seriously. I may say with reference to the arguments alxjut the cost of books which might Ik; stolen, my own opinion is that, taking the worst p&ssible conditions, and supposing the loss to amount to C'^o, or even £,y>, in the course of a year, the advantages of open access would Ik: worth the cost. In our own librar)', where we have not open access (because the library was not built or arranged for the purpose), we have a very close cla.ssification on the shelves ; and we use the decimal system, and carry it out most satisfactorily in the lending department. Mr. Radford has remarked that at the Clerkenwell Library the a.'vsist.ints were on their honour to make the work successful during the first year ; but I think Mr. Brown will tell us that the assistants arc on their honour to make it successfiil every year. If those in a library are not on their honour to make the work successful, then the only thing for the librarian to do would Ix* to resign his position or dismiss his assistants. With reference to what .Mr. Putnam .said alxiut handing the books on to posterity, the chief duty of the librarian is not to hand the books on to posterity, but to see that good use is made of them m the present. If the lxx>ks show signs of wear, this is generally also a sign that they have been used ; and I do not care two straws if we hand the 246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE books on to posterity in such a condition, for I think it will show that we have done our work well in getting the books well used. Mr. W. E. DouBLEDAY (Public Library, Hampstead). — I do not think that Mr. Jast Has added much to what had already been said, or that his arguments are any better than those used by previous speakers. With regard to the question of open access, a great deal has already been overcome, but there is still a great deal more to be overcome. I see a difficulty, particularly with regard to London libraries wliich have branch libraries, because it would mean that the staft would have to be enlarged, and this would soon tend to exhaust the library's income. In libraries where there is not much doing during the day, and not very much in the evening, it would be necessary to have an extra assistant to look after the work where there was open access ; whereas, with the ordinary indicator, one assistant could do the work. Mr. Brett has said that those who condemn open access are those who have not tried it ; but one might just as well say that those who condemn dishonesty are those who have not tried it. I understand that in some places — partic\darly in Bootle — the open access system is abbreviated, 40 or 50 books only being placed upon the counter for the people to pick up and read. Such books as may be exciting the attention of the public might be used in this way, and, being immediately under the eye of the assistant, it would entail no extra labour. The Chairman (the Earl of Crawford). — With regard to this paper, the only thing I have to say about it is concerning what goes on at the British Museum Library. We all know that here there is freedom of access, and not freedom of access. It has already been remarked that the whole question depends upon circumstances, and I entirely agree with that. In the reading-room at the British Museum there is freedom of access to some 20,000 volumes, and anyone may take books from the shelves to the place at which they sit, and when done with the books may leave them there. The readers are not required to return the books to the shelves. This is important, because books put in wrong places are, until discovered and returned to the right places, practically lost to the library. Everybody present will agree that it would be absolutely impossible to allow free access to all the shelves in the British Museum Library. The space is comparatively so small for the myriad of presses that it would be impossible for two persons to examine a press together. I must protest against what Mr. Brett has said about library managers not having the right to make regxdations for the use of libraries. Mr. Jast. — What Mr. Brett said was that he considered no library committee had the right to make regulations for the use of libraries, except such as could be shown to be absolutely necessary. The Chairman (continuing). — I think I should go further, and be inclined to give the librarian discretion in the carrying out of the regulations. But I think that full powers should be left in the hands of the governing body. Mr. Jacob Schwartz (Free Library of the General Society of Mechanics, New York) con- tributed a paper, read by Mr. C. A. Cutter, on an " Indicator-Catalogue Charging System " (wpp. 142-145). Mr. Thomas Duckworth (Public Library, Worcester). . — I may mention that this system, which has been so ably explained to us by Mr. Cutler, is not a new .system. It is practically the system we use in connection with the open access system. In one place are shown the books which are in, and in another are shown those which are out. Mr. J. H. QuiNN (Chelsea). — I should like to ask Mr. Cutter whether they do not use cards in connection with the catalogues as well as in the charging system ? The cards are used in the catalogues of the library, and the charging system also, I think. Mr. Cutter. — I understand that is so. Mr. F. T. Barrett (Glasgow).— If Mr. Quinn's supposition be right, it would mean that each book would only appear once in the catalogue. With respect to searching for books of a popular character in lending libraries here, I believe that one of the chief difficulties with an indicator arises from the fact that it is necessary to examine perhaps thirty or forty numbers before a suitable book is found. Mr. Cutter. — I suppose that the person who wants a book goes first to the indicator-catalogue and finds out whether the work is in before he asks for it, and therefore, of course, would not ask for any he found were not in, Mr. F. Blake Croftcn (Legislative Library, Halifax, Nova Scotia) read a paper entitled " A Hint in Cataloguing " (see pp. 146-147). Mr. E. A. Petherick (London) read a paper on "Theoretical and Practical Biblio- graphy " (see pp. 148-149). Dr. Richard Garnett (British Museum). — I should like to allude to a subject of national importance, to which this paper provides an opening. I refer to the great importance of the Copyright Act being enforced in the Colonies. It is so very difficult to enforce this Act, and indeed I do not think it will be done except the Colonies see how advisable it is that their books should find their way to England. It is true that a number of the Colonies do give us the benefit of their books, but I think that their number is usually in inverse ratio to their importance. The Cape of Good Hope seems to be the only place from which we receive the books regularly. Canada passed an Act some time ago, from which we expected great things ; but so far we have received little else than, large selections of Canadian music. But I hope all the Colonies will see the great importance of their aflairs being known in England, and do their best by complying with the requirements of the Copyright Act. Mr. R. R. Bowker (Editor, Library Journal) read a paper on " Bibliographical Endeavours in America " (sec pp. 150-153)- Mr. F. T. Barrett. — I have myself— speaking from an individual point of view — derived so much assistance from works which are the outcome of what Mr. Bowker entitles " Bibliographical Endeavours" that it is impossible for me to allow this opportunity to pass without acknow- ledgment. There is no department upon which we can look with more satisfaction in the world's history than upon the way in which they in America have devoted their attention to books and reading. As lo what Mr. Bowker has .said about a cumulative index, the advantages of such a work cannot be overestimated. COiVFEREXCE Oh I.IHRARIANS *47 J-iaPAY AFTERNOON, JULY \Ulii, 1897. EIGHTH SESSION. I.r)i;KM.\N IIAUKV RAW. SON (Manclii-slcr) tuks, or IxiokscUers' shops, and one day I rememlier talking of bnii»res favourably with s.ilaries generally in England. .\l the same time, I think that the librarians in England musl Iw regarded as memliers of a coining profession. Those of us in middle life remember that it is only within the last quarter of a centur)' or so that education has become v« general, and the number of rciiders v) inullitiidinous j and a.i each gcncralion grows up there will In.- nuire and iiioie regard for the librarian. Most of ihe libraries llial have licen recently established are larger, I think, than those of former days ; and as we get larger libraries and a larger iiuinU-r of rc-aders, the .salaries of librarians will increa.se. Several psijiers contributed by Colonial librarians were taken as read. They will lie found on pp. 179-20S. VOTKS OK THANK.S. rrofes,sor Comm. Gihdo I',ia<:i (Librarian of the I-iurenlian Libniry, J'lorence, and Delegate of the Italian Government). — As delegate from the Italian Government, allow me to manifest my high appreciation of the most important results of this Conference. « Allr)W me alvi to render our best, our heartfelt thanks, for the kindnevs with which we h.ive lieen receiveil by the represenla- lives of this noble A.ssociation of the United Kingdom. It is with nmch pleasure that I have attended the Conference, and I shall lot)k lack upon this occasion with great satisfaction. I will close my remarks with the hearty greeting general among this great English people, the founders of liberty, and the ancient friends of Italy, and my greeting shall lie in Italian — I'iva la Craziosii Rcf^itn — " I^)ng live the Gracious <,)uecn." Mr. Andreas S. Steenberg (Denmark). — I should also like to express thanks to this Con- ference for the kind manner in which we from other countries have been received by our friends of Great Britain— or, I will say. Greater Briuain. The representatives of many nations have attended this Conference, and have all Ijecn received in the same kind manner ; anfi I am sure we are all grateful for the hospitality we have received, and for all we have been able to learn while attending the meetings. Dr. B. LuNDSTEDT (.Sweden). — I am glad lo have had the pleasure of attending this Conference, and Ix-'g, on beh.alf of the Government I h.ave the honour to represent, lo thank all those who have extended their kind courtesy to me. I musl beg your pardon, ladies and gentlemen, if I speak bad English, but my speech comes from my heart, and I am sure it goes to yours, even though you do nol understand every word. (The speaker went on to address the assembly in Sweeen so for us to see them amongst us. Literature knows no distinction of nationality. Before the march of intellect all diH'erenccs of creed and nationality 24S PROCEEDINGS OF THE disappear. I repeat that we are pleased and honoured to have our friends from other lands amongst us, and if we have done anything to render their visit pleasant we are more than gratified. In speaking of the foreign delegates, of course, w^e do not include our American friends. Mr. Melvil Dewey. — ^I think that we Ameri- cans could not sit still and fail to express our thanks for the kind welcome that has been extended to us here in England. We feel that it has been good for us to be here, and we shall now, I believe, do better work through taking part in the discussions at this Conference, and go home feeling that we are brothers in race with our British friends, labouring together to work out the problems before us. We have, in a comparatively short time, been to many places in England, and every^vhere we have received boundless hospitality ; and I am sure that 1 express the feelings of all my American friends when I say that we never received such glorious hospitality as we have received here in London ; and some of us, who have not been here before, are sure to come again. Many of those here, who visited London twenty years ago, thought it would be their only visit, but this year found it so easy to come back again. Those who now visit this great city for the first time will, no dovibt, find it just as easy to come again ; and again I speak for all my American ijiends when I say that we hope to see our English friends oftener in America. The fact is, it is only a very little farther from London to New York than it is from New York to London. I thought this morning, when we were speaking of the growing freedom of libraries, and free access to the library shelves, that if we looked backward a little it would do us good. The library is a great storehouse, but at first it was only the favoured few wlio were allowed to use it. Then those who paid a sub- scription were allowed to come in and use it ; then, again, the doors were thrown open and all were allowed to enter. But that was only the beginning. Then came the lending to the favoured few, then to those who paid for the loan of the books — now to all. Now, also, we have libraries extending far and wide, and the larger ones are throwing out branch libraries. But we still go forward, and send books by telephone. We have the home libraries, and still we go on and approach the time when national libraries shall so have spread that by telephoning to one great central librar)' we may be able to expect know'ledge of the whole world free of cost. With regard to open access, we can learn practical wisdom from the shopkeeper. Go to him and ask him if he believes in the public having open access to a view of his goods. This open access is another step, and, although it may be long delayed, we are moving in that direction, and the whole work is broadening out in widening circles, as the ripple of the water when a stone is thrown into it. The whole history of the world has been so ; we march onward, ever onward and upward. We cannot stand still : we go back if we fail to go forward. But this means labour and effort. " The heights which great men reached and kept Were not attained by sudden flight ; But they, while their companions slept, Were toiling upward in the night." Again, on behalf of my American friends, I beg to thank our English friends for the hospitality which has been extended to us, and wc thank you because you have recognised us as being, as it were, a part of dear old England. Mr. H. H. Langton (Toronto). — As a repre- sentative from the Colonies, I should like to convey my own thanks and the thanks of those who also come from the Colonies to our esteemed friends in England for the hospitality which has been accorded to us. Librarians are dealers in words, and are sometimes supposed to deal only in words, but we can go beyond that when occasion requires, and speak from our hearts, and I now wish sincerely to present the thanks of the Colonists here to the other members of the Conference for the most hospitable and courteous reception which has been accorded to us. En'jiro Yamaza (Japan). — As one from a country far distant from this, I should like to say just a word of thanks for the kind reception that has been accorded to me by all the ladies and gentlemen here. After all that has been said by my colleagues, I feel there is veiy little for me to say for my own sake. I am sorry to say that library w'ork is still in a very primitive condition in Japan, but we are slowly progressing, I think, in the right direction. I need scarcely say that I have profited a great deal by attending this Con- ference, and I trust that my country will reap great benefit from the proceedings of this Conference. The Chairman. — We have to acknowledge our indebtedness for the hospitality received from a great number of friends. Among them are the Lord Mayor of London, the Duke of Westminster, the Duke of Wellington, Lord and Lady Tweed- mouth, the Trustees of Sion College, the Marquis and Marchioness of Bute, Sir John and Lady Lubbock, the Duke of Sutherland, and the Arch- bishop of Canterbury. I propose to say nothing further on this matter beyond just reading out the names of our kind entertainers, but will leave the proposition for Sir William Bailey to second. Sir William H. Bailey. — It is my privilege to second this vote of thanks, and, in doing so, we from the North of England congratulate you, Mr. Chairman, and all librarians may congratulate you, upon looking so well as you do. Mr. Alder- man Rawson is a great deal older than he looks, I may tell the company, and many who come from the North of England will probably be surprised to know that, as I am told, in the early days of free libraries Mr. Rawson was scarcely a young man. It is very gratifying to find such a highly esteemed veteran in the chair at this Conference, and as the President of the Library Association. It must be very gratifying to you, sir, to see public libraries established throughout the country, and to know that their existence is in a great measure due to the labours of yourself and other friends of education. I wish that our expressions of apprecia- tion bore a more equal proportion to our gratitude to those kind friends who have entertained us during this week. I am sure that we w^ho are aVjout to leave London will go away feeling that we have a good stock of pictures in our memories, which we shall look at from time to time with the greatest of pleasure, and that we shall feel we have been well treated during our stay in this great city. We shall leave London full of grati- tude and admiration. We shall feel that this Conference has Ijeen held with pleasure and profit to ourselves, and I hope to the library movement in this land, in the Colonies, in the United States, and throughout the entire world. In seconding the resolution, I beg to congratulate you, sir, that youhave been spared to prove such a useful citizen CONFERENCE OJ- /JISRAN/ANS 249 of Manrlii-slcr, und lliat you Imvc i>liari-il -to much ill this nwlilv wcirk. Mr. Ai.i>i:kman Jamks (OldKani).— On liehalf of ihc Ciir|niraliciii of (he Horou(;li of Oldlmiii, I Imvc very ^rcat pk'aMirc in HU|i|)orlin^ llic|>ro|x)Hi- tion which has just hofMi |>iii|josrd and seconded. Although (Imirinaii of ihi: Oldham I'rcF I'uhhc I.ihrary Coiniiiilii'f, I am lorry to say that I can- not cnirr fully iiilii llit dclails of the work, hut ktill 1 am ahlc to appicciatc nnich of ihc knowledge thai has Iwrn sel tiefori- llic Conference 1 lio|)e IhnI ihat knowledtje will prove IjcneficinI all rounil, not only lo vis in this crainlry, hut also to those representatives frimi other |>arl.s of the world. .Mr. K. K. lioWKI'^K (New York). — I nm sure that wc visitors, and es|)ecially we American visitors, consider ihc hospitality we have received even lieyond that lar^;e rajwiily for speech inak in); which is soineliines attributed lous. The hospitality extemled to us has l>een im|K-rial — inii)erial a.s this imperial year. I feel that wc of the .American party in |>arlicular must thank lirsl and es|K'cially those who, in the North of l'!n);land, welcomed us .so cordially. Ihil I cannot extend my word of thanks to adei^uately cover all this most wonderful hospitality which wc have received iMith in the North and here in London. We from America have, I am sure, appreciated most fully the way in which the owners of (^reat houses have oix-ned their doors to us. We feel that we have hecn welcomed by the Hrilish nation, and we ou(;hl to recognise, I think, all that that means to us. Once a(;ain we thank you with all our hearts. We feel that we are at home here, and are almost sorry to j;o from this home to our other home. We hoiH', aj^ain and attain, to have the pleasure of ihankinj; you for similar hospitality, which we know will ever be extended to us when we visit you. The Clt.MRMA.N. — The resolution, Iae we shall not tiave lo wail for twenty yoirs Ijcfore gelling il. I think wc may ho|K* for it within, say, five years, and when wc meet we iihall iirobably Ik.- able to record triumphs even greater than those recorrlol at this (."infer- ence, for a gre-at impulse has lx:en given us by these meetings. As has lieen cvidcnceil by ihe speeches and \a\Kts we have listened to, the cause of library work has liecome more prominent than upon any former occa.sion, and we can see that the great advance in civilised countries which has taken place in Ihe w.iy of educali'm is pre|>.irini; for what you, as librarians, are working for, namely, by united efforts lo extend useful knowledge lo all |KirLs of Ihe world. The motion w.as carried aniidxt cnthuisiastic cheers. Sir John Li.'IiBock now came forward, and Ihe whole assembly, rising lo their feet, greeted him with prolonge'l cheering. .Sir John Liuiiiock then said : — lamexircmely grateful to you for the rc-vjlution which you have just pa.ssed. I a.ssurc you that it was with s' much in promoting the success of this Conference, and their oflicers have shown a kindly desire to render every assistance in their power. Mr. W. CooLiDGE Lane (Boston), in second- ing said : — I count it a privilege indeed to take the humble part of expressing the appreciation of my friends to all those who have been good enough to provide so hospitably for us. We feel under special obligations to the authorities of the Guild- hall Librarj', and also to the staff, for they have taken endless pains that ever}-thing should go well with us. The resolution was carried unanimously. Mr. Charles Welch (Librarian of the Cor- poration). — I am sure it has been a great pleasure to the Corporation of London, and also to the Library Committee, to see the members of the Conference here. It was also especially pleasant to me to find that it was possible to get our library in good order before the Conference closed, so that you might be able to see us as we really are. We presented a deplorable appearance until to-day, but now, I think, we are about straight. I am sure I shall be permitted to express the warmest thanks of the Committee for the resolution which has been so kindly passed. Upon being called upon, Mr. E. M. Borrajo (Sub- Librarian of the Corporation), said ; — I think I shall best consult and conform with your wishes this afternoon by simply asking you to receive my very best thanks. The Conference then dissolved. M.<>^r. BRIIiF ACCOUNT Ol' THIC SOCIAL PROCKKUINGS 0I-- Till-: CONFKRENCK. 15V Edwakd M. IkjRRAjo, Hon. Six. oi- tiii: Reception Committee. fill'- prof^rammc of the Reception Committee commenced on the eve of the (.'onfcrencc with a conversazione at the (luildliall, which, with the adjoining apartments, was placed at the disposal of the committee by the courtesy of the Lord Mayor and the Corporation of the City of London. The Bibliographical Society were associated with the committee as joint-hosts on this occasion, and the proceedings were in- augurated by a lecture, delivered in the council-chamber, by the I'resident of the Society (Dr. Richard Carnett, C.H.) upon "The introduction of European printing into the East," the Earl of Crawford, K.T., in the chair. Upon the motion of Dr. Justin Winsor, a hearty and unanimous vote of thanks was passed to the lecturer. An entertainment by some members of the Savage Club, who had kindly offered their services, followed ; in the course of which, amongst others, Mr. Charles Arnold, Mr. Cheeswright, and Mr. NichoU sang, Mr. Barrett played some flute solos. Mr. Bertram showed card tricks, .Mr. Charles Collette recited, Mr. Cribble sketched, and Mr. Ivimey played the pianoforte. Whilst the audience in the council-chamber were enjoying the performances of the Savages, other guests were listening to the concert in the liiirary, where the following programme was ren- dered by students of the Guildhall School of Music : — 1. SONO . "Sing, Swccl Bird ■* . Can:. Miss Jessie Kradkorp. 2. Song . " The B.iiulolero " Leslie Stuart. Mr. R. UKIKfirHS-l'ERCY. I'lANOKOKTK Soi.O— ' ' Caprice Espagnol " A/mziffwtki. Mr. Geo. Douglas Boxall. "The Worker" Miss Maude Ci.oiu;ii. SONC So.so . " I lome of my I leart " . Mr. I'KEIlERICK Wn.l.lAMS. Gounod, li'atla^e. Balfe. •Jude. »t Song . . "Kill.irncy" . .Miss Jessie Braukord. Song . " The Mighty Deep " . .Mr. B. GRii-Frnis-I'ERcv. Pianoforte Soi.os— (a) " Nocturne " . . Chopin. \h) " IrLindaise " /■ramesco Berger. Mr. (;eo. Douglas Boxall. Song . " When we meet " /•'. H. Cowen. Miss Maud Clougii. Dibdin. Song Song Song SoN(; Song "Tom Bowling" Mr. Frederick Williams. . "Roses" . Emil Bach. .Miss Jessie Bradford. . " The Soldier's Song " Mascheroni. Mr. B. Griffiths-Percy. Miss Maud Clougii. " Evening Song " Blumenthal. Mr. Frederick Williams. At the Pianoforte: Miss Louie Bon ham. Many visitors inspected, with much interest, the unique collection of London antiquities in the museum, and the notable loan collection of works of the English school of the Victorian age in the art gal- lery, where the Blue \'iennese Band played the under-mentioned selection of music : — I. March '• Gigerl " . U'apicr. 2. Waltz . " Rosen Sudcn" Strauss. 3- Overture "Orpheus" . . Offenbach. 4- Minuet PtxJerewski. S- Selection "Geisha" . Jones. 6. Intermezzo "Forget-me-not" . Macbeth. 7- Waltz. ' Bonheur Pcniu " GilUt. S. March " Hungarian" . M. IVurm. 252 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS Refreshments were served during the whole evening in the reading-room and at the west end of the library corridor. On the afternoon of the first day of the Conference (Tuesday July 13) the members were received at Sion College by the President (the Rev. J. H. Rose) and the Court of Governors of that founda- tion. The reception took place in the library, where an exhibition of some of its more rare and interesting contents had been arranged by the librarian (the Rev. W. H. Milman), assisted by Mr. Henry Guppy. A charming concert was given in the hall, when the following programme of music was performed : — PART I. Trio for Violin, Violoncello, and Piano — "Novelleten," Op. 29 . Cade. (Allegro — Sckerzando — Larghetto con vioto — Allegro.) Miss Adelina Dinelli, Mr. Bertram Loud, and Mr. W. R. J. M'Lean, Mus.B. Song . "My Dreams" . Tosti. Mr. Samuel Masters. Song . "ASummer Night" C()r;«_f7yjo«aj. Miss Lucie Johnstone. . Ries. Violin Solos 5 Sm' 3°""!^ t" i j (0) " Gavotte j Miss Adelina Dinelli. Vocal Duet "Oh! that we two were maying ! " Alice Mary Stnith. Miss Stanley Lucas and Mr. Samuel Masters. Songs PART IL Trio for Violin, Violoncello, and Piano — " Deuxieme Trio," Op. 12 Fesca. (Adagio — Scherzo. ) Miss Adelina Dinelli, Mr. Bertram Loud, and Mr. W. R. J. M'Lean, Mus.B. I (a) " Lullaby " . Brahms. (i^) " Snowflakes " . Cowen. Miss .Stanley Lucas. Serenade " Angels guard thee " . Godard. Mr. Samuel Masters. Violoncello Solo "Romanze" Karl Matys. Mr. Bertram Loud. Vocal Trio ."O Memory" . Leslie. Miss Stanley Lucas, Miss Lucie Johnstone, and Mr. Samuel Masters. At the Pianoforte : Mr. W. R. J. M'Lean, Mus.B. The common room and the porch room were devoted to refreshments. A copy of a " Brief account of the library of Sion College," from the pen of the librarian, was given to each guest. In addition to the members of the Confer- ence, many Fellows of the College and their friends were present. In the evening the Lord Mayor and the Lady Mayoress (Sir George and Lady Faudel-Phillips) welcomed the members of the Conference at the Mansion House. The guests were received on arrival in the saloon, and then passed on into the Egyptian Hall, where Herr Wurm's White Viennese Band played the follow- ing programme of music : — 1. March. . "Glocken" . . Ziehrer. 2. Valse . " Nachtschwarmer " . Strauss. 3. Overture "L'Espoirdel'Alsace" Hermann. 4. Polka. . "Wanderlust" . Fahrbach. 5. Grand Selection — " Traviata " . Verdi. 6. Valse. " Aux Bords du Alster " Fetras. 7. Fantasie " Round the World " . Conradi. 8. Galop . " Kleine Ursachen " . Strauss. The collection of plate was exhibited here, and traditional civic hospitality was dispensed at two long buffets at either end of the hall. The two pretty drawing- rooms were also thrown open. Among the guests were Lord Crawford, Sir E. Maunde Thompson, Mr. Lecky, M.P.; Sir Henry Howorth, M.P.; Miss Faudel- Phillips, Miss Stella Faudel-Phillips, Dr. Garnett, Dr. Justin Winsor, Mr. B. S. Faudel - Phillips, Mr. Lionel Faudel- Phillips, Mr. and Mrs. Philip Henriques, Miss Wingfield, Fraulein Springer, and Miss Marie Corelli. On Wednesday afternoon the Mar- chioness of Bute gave a garden party in the grounds of St. John's Lodge, Regent's Park, which was very numerously attended. The Marquis and Marchioness received their guests on the lawn in front of the house. The delightful gardens were look- ing their best, and the hard-worked mem- bers of the Conference enjoyed the relaxation of having nothing to do ex- cept listen to the strains of the band of the Scots Guards, amidst such pleasant surroundings. Refreshments were served in a large marquee specially erected for the purpose. In the evening the President of the Conference and Lady Lubbock gave a reception at their house, 2 .St. James's Square, at which practically all the members were present. The " Bijou " orchestra was stationed at the foot of the staircase, and played the following selec- tion of music : — Menuet . "Pompadour" . Wacks. Valse . " Meerleuchten " . Ziihrer. Air de Ballet " Sylphen Reigen " . Sabathil. Valse . . " Arc en Ciel " . VValJteufel. Aubade . . " Pizzicato " . Schnekead, Selection " The Geisha " Jones. SOCIAL PJiOCEEDJNGS 35 iNTKKMKZ/.fl " Love in IfllcncSH" . Mdihtlh. (Iraliano . Mr. I'.I'.N Wkiistek. Vai.si', . "IIcIh.-" . WitUlni/cl. \AiX*l\\Ul . Mr. (;oK|M)S CKAIC. KoNDK "Niiii" MaiiolU, 'IlllKll . . .Mr. Aki hkk. Skktch . " Darkic-s' Jiiliilcc " 'J'urner, I^iiiiicclot Gublju. . Mr. .S. Joii.ssos. Ski.kciion " I'oniiliir SonnH " "Tlici'lainsiif I'carc' . nWiami. Ol.l GoblK) . . Mr. Kkv.mii.ds. CdrnktSoi.o ' , /iiimarii. (Jaultr . .Mr. Okaiiam. Vai.sk . " ' Unc Kiilii: (Ic IVslh " ' . Catnitio, l^'oriartlii . .Mr. .Makki.s. KoMASCP. . " KriililiriKs Krwaclicii lUch. liallliarar . Mr. Iing in the Green Room to tender their best thanks to him, on behalf of the Con- ference, for his kindness. On Friday afternoon a visit was paid to Lambeth Palace, by invitation of the Arch- bishop of Canterbury, where the party were conducted over the library, the guard - room, the corridor, and the chapel, by Mr. Kershaw, the librarian. Stafford House was also visited, by invita- tion of the Duke of Sutherland, and a second party visited Apsley House. In the evening the last item on the pro- gramme was reached, when the Conference dinner took place at the Hotel Cecil, under the presidency of Sir John Lubbock. During the dinner the band of the Royal Artillery ])layed the following programme of music ; — March (Overture . i.ster mezzo Selection . Gavohe . rrodana Nevesta " . Smctana. "Esmeralda" . Hermann. ' Danse des Bacchantes " Gounod. " The Geisha ' . . Jonts. " Windsor Castle " . Golkmer. Song (Cornet Solo) " Adieu " . . .Schitbtrt. MenUET Vaderewski. Valse. . " The Queen's Own " . CooU. Selection . . " I'aust " . . Gounod. Galop . "Maraschino". . .Lee. Conductor: Sergt. -Major W. Suae. After dinner the under-mentioned list of toasts was conscientiously gone through ; but, thanks to the brevity of the speakers, 254 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS the proceedings were not unduly pro- longed : — • 1. Her Majesty the Queen. Proposed by the Right Hon. Sir John Lub- bock, Bart., M.P., F.K.S. 2. Their Royal Highnesses the Prince anp Princess of Wales and the other Members of the Royal Family. Proposed by the Right Hon. Sir John Lub- bock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S. 3. The Rt. Hon. The Lord Mayor and the Corporation of the City of London. Proposed by the Right Hon. Sir John Lub- bock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S. Reply by Charles Welch, Esq. 4. The Ladies and Gentlemen who have entertained the Conference. Proposed by Dr. Richard Gamett, C.B. Reply by Bram Stoker, Esq. The President of the Conference the Earl of Proposed by the Right Hon. Crawford, K.T., F.R.S. Reply by the Right Hon. Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S. 6. The American Library Association. Proposed by Henry R. Tedder, Esq. Reply by Melvil Dewey, Esq. 7. The Foreign Delegates. Proposed by J.. Y. W. MacAlister, Esq. Reply by Prof. Com. Guide Biagi. S. The Library Association of the United Kingdom. Proposed by Dr. Justin Winsor. Reply by Mr. Alderman Rawson. 9. The Executive Committee of the Con- ference. Proposed by Sir William Bailey. Reply by E. M. Borrajo, Esq., and Herbert Jones, Esq. 10. The Ladies. Proposed by Frederick M. Cnmden, Esq. Reply by Miss Hewins and Miss Hannah P. James. For the design on the menu card, which was much admired, the Reception Com- mittee were indebted to the facile pencil of one of their number, Mr. Herbert Jones. During the whole of the Con- ference week special facilities were afforded to the members to visit the British Museum Library, the Science and Art Libraries at South Kensington, the Public Record Office, and the gardens of the Zoological and Royal Botanic Societies in Regent's Park ; and the committees of the City Liberal, Junior Athenseum, National Liberal, and Savage Clubs elected the members of the Conference honorary members of their several clubs, similar hospitality being extended to the lady members by the committee of the Alex- andra Club. CATALOGUE 01' Till: KXIIIIHTION OV LIHRARY APPLIANCES iiij.i) IN Tiir: ci'ii.nn.M.L. MliKiiKK'i jns'Ks, Kc'nsiii|;t(in I'ulilic Libroricsi {L'Aiiirmtin). F. T. Harrkti, I'ullmni I'uhlic Library. IC. M. HoRRAjo, tliiiUlhall l.ilirary. J. 1). Hrown, Clorkcnwcll I'uljlic Lilirary. A. 11. Cartkr, St. Marlin-iii-thc-Kickis Tulilic Library. C. J. Davkntort, British Musoiim. \V. K. DouiU.KDAV, Ilampstcnd I'ublic Mhrarics. II. W. KlNCllAM, CDimnissioncr i)f Clfrkcnwcll I'liblic Library. KicilAKii Garnktt, C.B., LL.I)., Keeper of the Printed Hooks, British Museum. II. GUPI'Y, Sion College. K. \V. IlKATON, Hishopsgale Institute. J. W. K.sapman, rharniaceuliail Society. ICxilllll'I ION CoMMlTTi-.K. V. VV. T. Lanok, St. Bride's Institute. J. v. W. MacAlister, Royal Medical and Chir- urgical Society. Frank I'acv, St. George (Hanover S<|unrc) I'ulilic Library. A. \V. I'oi.LARi), British Museum. J. II. fJutNN, Chelsea Public Libraries. Samukl Smith, Sheffield Public Libraries. Aldkrman IIv. Rawson, Manchester Public Libraries. H. R. Tf.dder, Athcn.xum Club, Pall Mall. Charles Welch, Guildhall Library. W. H. K. Wright, Plymouth Public Library. Thomas Mason, St. .Martin-in-thc-Ficlds Public Library {ffoii. Sc(retary). A large colkclion of Library Flans, Apijjianccs, Catalogues, and Forms, from the Museum of the Library Association, was exhibited on a series of tables and stands on the right of the main entrance to the Guildhall. OTHER EXHIBITORS. ADAMS, MAURICE B., F.R.I.B.A., 332 Strand, W.C— Plans and Elevations of the Pa.ssmore Edwards Libraries at Edmonton, Hammer- smith, Shoreditch, St. George's in the East. ALUREI), '1'., Librarian, Barrow-in-Furness— Model of Indicator, invented by the Exhibitor. ALMACK, EDWARD, 99 Gresham Street, E.C.— Specimens of Old Binding. BANTING, J., &: SON, 258 King's Road, Chelsea, London, S.W.— Bindings suitable for Lending Department ; Solid Leather Reading Covers ; Sanitary Cloth Reading Covers ; Readers' Tickets. BOWRY, W. C, & CO., 28 Dempster Road, Wandsworth, S.A\.— Newspaper Files. BRISTOL MEDICAL LIBRARY (per L. M. CIrikhths, Librarians- Photograph of the Library. 255 2 56 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS CAPETOWN, JOINT LIBRARY OF PARLIAMENT— View of Library. CARDIFF FREE LIBRARIES (per John Ballinger, Librarian)— Public Library Journal of the Cardiff and Penarth Free Public Libraries ; View of Central Library, Cardiff. " CERES " AUTOMATIC LETTER AND CARD FILES (Patentee, T. Bowater Vernon), i i Brook Street, W. — The " Ceres " Automatic Letter and Card Files, Tables, Desks, etc. CHELTENHAM PUBLIC LIBRARY (per William Jones, Librarian)— Cheltenham Public Library, Plans, Catalogues, etc. CHISWICK ART WORKERS' GUILD (per T. Carr), Bedford Park, Chiswick— Specimens of Binding. COTGREAVE, ALFRED (Librarian, West Ham Public Libraries)— Indicators, Library Plans, Catalogues, etc.. Racks for Magazines, etc.. Automatic and other Steps for Book Presses, Book and Magazine Covers, Newspaper Rods and Clips, Number Labels for Books. COTTON & COMPANY LIMITED, Victoria Works, Holmes Chapel, Crewe, Cheshire, England — Noiseless Chair Pads. CUTTER, C. A., Forbes Library, Northampton, Mass., U.S.A.— Expansive Classification. De COVERLEY, ROGER, 6 St. Martin's Court, London, W.C— Specimens of Binding. DUNDEE FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY (per John Maclauchlan, Librarian)— Model of Kennedy Indicator, invented in 1875 by Mr. John Kennedy, of the Dundee Free Library Committee ; Model of Book Disinfector used in the Dundee Free Library since 1885 ; Catalogue, with Annual Supplements, of the Dundee Free Library ; Catalogue of the Lochee Branch of the Dundee Free Library. ELLIOT, JOHN, Librarian, Free Library, Wolverhampton — Model of the Original Library Indicator. FAUX, AV., King Square Avenue, Bristol — Newspaper Stand. GARNER, RUSSELL, & COMPANY, 9 Belvoir Street, Leicester- Specimens of Bookbinding. HAMMOND TYPEWRITER. Exhibition of the Hammond Typewriter. IRELAND, NATIONAL LIBRARY OF (per T. W. Lyster, Librarian)— Plans of the New Building, opened August 1890; Photographs by Mr. Robert Welch, of Belfast ; Photographs by Mr. Archibald McGoogan, of the Science and Art Museum, Dublin; Supplemental Catalogues, 1874-93, 15 Volumes. JACKSON, WILLIAM, 18 Back Wynd, Aberdeen- Specimens of Bookbinding. EXHIBITION Of LIBRARY APPLIANCES 257 KII)1)1:RMIN.S1J';R I-UIMJC LIURAKY (per Aut.ii. SrAkKK, Librarian)— (JrountJ rian of the liuiiding ; Rules, Catalogues, etc. LAMUKRT, A. W., 11 Sunny Hank, South Norwood, Ix)ndon, S.K.— Book Stacks ; Charging Systems ; Card Catalfjgucs ; Newspaper Fastenings ; Reading Stands ; Periodicals (Indicator) List, etc., and other items. LIHRARV UURIiAU I-IMITEI) (Ckdkic CiiiVEk.s, Manager), 10 Bloomsbury Street, London, W.C. — Book Stacks; Card Catalo^;ue Cabinets; Desks; Library Indicator; Library Binding ; Choice Bindings ; Sundries. LIBRARY SUPPLY COMPANY, 4 Ave Maria Lane, Paternoster Row, E.G. (\V. \V. FoRTUNK, Manager) — Cards and (Jabinets for Card Catalogues, Borrowers' Indexes, Application I'orms, Museum Catalogues, Desks, Stationery, etc. LUCY, \V., & CO. I.IMIIED, Eagle Iron Works, Oxford (George Gardiner, Manager) — New .System of Overhead Rolling Book Stacks; Stacks fitted with Lambert's Patent Self-adjusting Shelving ; American Stacks, patented by " Stikeman." McGILL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY (per C. H. Gould, Librarian)— Cabinet, showing arrangement of Catalogue ; Accession Book (.Modified " Library Bureau ") ; Binding Book ; Description of Library Building. NEW YORK STATE LIBRARY— Catalogue Department : Drawers, Cards, etc. ; Charging Systems. .Shelf Depart- ment : Sheets, Records. Library School : Lists, Notes, etc. New York State Library : Reports, etc. New York State Public Libraries Division : Publications. New York State Library School : Publications ; Dewey's Decimal Classification. "REVIEW OF REVIEWS" (per Miss Hetherington)— " Annual Index to Periodicals." ROTHERHITHE PUBLIC LIBRARY (per H. A. Shuttleworth, Librarian)— Skeleton Newspaper Holder ; " Delivery Station " Application Forms and Registers ; New Lettering for Books with Loose Backs ; Overdue Circulars. SACCONI-RICCI, Mrs. GIULIA, Biblioteca Marucelliana, Florence- Mechanical Binding for Catalogues. ST. HELENS FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY (per Alfred Lancaster, Librarian)— View and Plans of the Gamble Institute ; Forms for Borrowers, etc. SANDERSON, T. J. COBDEN, The Doves Bindery, No. 15 Upper Mall, Hammersmith — Specimens of Binding. SCULL, A. S., 17 Redcliffe Street, Bristol- The " Bristol " Library Indicator. SHANNON LIMITED, 14, 15, and 16 Ropemaker Street, London, E.G.— Letter Filing Cabinets ; Card Indexing Cabinets ; Library Desks, etc. STADERINI, P., Rome- Cataloguing Appliances. 33 258 CONFERENCE OF LIBRARIANS TURNER, THOMAS, 44 Holborn Viaduct, E.G.— Card Index Files ; Filing Cabinets ; Wernicke Cabinet ; Elastic Bookcases. VOLPRIGNANO, T., 35 Archel Ro".d, London, W.— Exhibit to show the facility of turning the leaves of a book one by one, from end to end, with a single finger. Printed sheets cut in blocks by machinery, and folded and bound in books in the usual way. WRIGHT, W. H. K., Librarian, Free Public Library, Plymouth- Model of Catalogue Indicator in use at the Plymouth Free Library ; Framed Photographs of L.A.U.K. Groups. WRIGHT, W. H. K., and FINCHAM, H. W., 172 St. John Street, London, E.G.— Album containing Book Plates and printed Book Labels belonging to various libraries, and separate exhibits of the Plates of libraries and institutions from various parts of the world. ZAEHNSDORF, J. W., 144-146 Shaftesbury Avenue, London, W.C— Specimens of Binding. LIST OF (641) MKMliKRS Ol'" THE CONFERPINCE. IIA'l'T, Miss, New York, U.S.A. AiiHOTT, 'I'. K. (Libra- rian), Trinity College, Dull! in (Vice- Presi- dent). Ahki., .Sir Frederick A., Mart., K.C.n. (.Secretary, lni|)erial Insti- tute), Kensington ( Vue-rresideitt). Aci.ANu, I'rof. Sir Henry \V., Hart. (Librarian), RadclilTc Lil)rary, O.xford ( Vice-President). Adams, J. R. (). (Librarian), Public Library, Adelaide, South Australia ( Vice- President). Agak, Miss E. M. F., care of T. J. Agar, 9 Bucklersbury, E.G. Agar, T. J., 9 Bucklersbury, E.G. Ahk.rn, Miss M. E. (Editor, Public /.i/iraries), Library Bureau, Ghicago, III., U.S.A. Ai.DKN, Percy (Chairman of the West Ham Public Libraries), Mansfield House, Canning Town, E. ( Vice-Presi- dent). Ai.iiis, Harry G. (Secretary and Librarian), Philosophical Institution, 4 Queen Street, Edinburgh. Ai.DKKi), Thomas (Librarian), Public Library, Harrow-inFurness. Ali.en, Edward (London Agency for American Libraries), 28 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.C. Almack, Edward, 99 Gresham Street, E.G. Ai.MACK, Mrs. Edward, 99 Gresham Street, E.G. Ames, Harriet H. (Librarian), Hoyt Library, East Saginaw, Mich., U.S.A. Ames, Percy \V. (Hon. Librarian of the Royal Society of Literature), 20 Hanover Square, W. Ani>kkson, Henry Charles Lennox (Lib- rarian and Secretary, Free Public Library, Sydney ; delegated by the Governments of New .South Wales and Victoria), 75 Southampton Row, W.C. ( Vice-President). Anderson, James Maitland (Librarian), University Library, St. Andrews. Anderson, Peter John (Librarian, Aber- deen University Library;, University Library, Aberdeen. Anderion, Basil (Librarian), Public Library, Newcastle-upon-'l'yne. Anderkjn, Mrs. Basil, Newcastle-upon- Tyne. Andrews, Clement W. (Librarian), The John Crerar Library, Chicago, 111., U.S.A. Armstrong, E. L. T. (Librarian), Public Library, Melbourne, Victoria {Vice- President). ARMsrRONc, J. F., 80 North Side, Clap- ham Common, S.W. Arrowsmith, William J. (Librarian), The Edward Pease Public Library, Dariington. AsHiiEE, H. S., Fowlers, Hawkhurst, Kent. AsHTON, R. (Librarian and Curator), Public Library, Museum, and Art Gallery, Blackburn. AVMAI.E, H.R.H. the late l-tuc d' {Vice- President). Austin, R. ( Librarian), Christchurch Public Library, Charles Street, S.E. Avery, Miss E. M., Cleveland, O., U.S.A. Axon, William E. A. (Chairman of the Moss Side Public Library), 47 Derby Street, Moss Side, Manchester ( Vice- President). Baer, S. L. (representing Messrs. Baer & Co.), Frankfort. Baggui.ev, W. Hildon (Librarian, Canning Town Branch Library), Public Library, Canning Town, West Ham, E. Baggui.ev, Mrs. W. H., 104 Balaam Street, Plaistow, E. Bailey, Sir William H., Salford Public Library Committee ( Vice-President). 259 26o LIST OF MEMBERS Bailev, Lady, Sale Hall, Cheshire. Bain, James (Librarian), Public Library, Toronto ( Vice-President). Baldwin, Miss E. G., New York, U.S.A. Ballinger, John (Librarian), Public Library, Cardiff ( Vice-President). Banting, G. F., 258 King's Road, Chelsea. Barff, H. E. (Librarian), University Library, Sydney, New South Wales ( Vice-Preside7it). Barras, Albert A. (Librarian), Public Library, Richmond, Surrey. Barker, Rev. Canon William (Maryle- bone Public Library Committee), 38 Devonshire Place, W. ( Vice-President). Barrett, Francis T. (Librarian), The Mitchell Library, 21 Miller Street, Glasgow ( Vice-President). Barrett, Franklin T. (Librarian, Fulham Public Library), Fulham Public Libraries, Fulham Road, S.W. B.arton, Edmund M. (Librarian), Ameri- can Antiquarian Society, 'Worcester, Mass., U.S.A. Barton, Mrs. Edmund M., Worcester, Mass., U.S.A. Barwick, G. F., 20 Regent's Park Road, N.W. Batsford, Herbert (Publisher and Book- seller), 94 High Holborn, W.C. Battersea Public Library, London. Battye, James S. (Librarian), Victoria Public Library, Perth, Western Aus- tralia ( Vice-President). Beeby, J. Henry (Chairman of Peter- borough Public Library Committee), The Gables, Peterborough. Beer, William (Librarian, Howard Memorial Library), Howard Memorial Library, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. Belinfante, L. L. (Assistant Secretary and Librarian), Geological Society, Burlington House, W. Beijame, Prof. Ale.xandre, Universite de France, I'aris ( Vice-President). Bell, George, 95 Upper Street, Islington, N. Bell, John (Chairman, Wandsworth Public Libraries Committee), 22 Upper Richmond Road, Putney. Benha.m, Rev. Canon (Manager, London Institution), London Institution, Fins- bury Circus, E.C. Bergroth, H., I Sutherland Place, Bays- water, W. Besant, Sir Walter, Frognal End, Hamp- stead ( Vice-President). BiAGi, Prof. Comm. Guido (Librarian of the Laurentian Library ; delegate of the Italian Government), Biblioteca Mediceo-Laurenziana, Florence ( Vice- President). Bibliographical Society, 20 Hanover Square, W.C. Bigmore, Edward C, 4 Trafalgar Square, W.C. Billings, John S. (Librarian), Public Library, New York, U.S.A. {Vice- President). Birch, A. J. (Librarian), Great Western Railway Mechanics' Institution, New Swindon. Birtwell, Mary L., Associated Charities of Cambridge, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. Biscoe, Alice M., U.S.A. Biscoe, Ellen L., U.S.A. Biscoe, Lucy W., U.S.A. Biscoe, Walter S., State Library of New York, U.S.A. Blackett, Spencer C. (Managing Director of Messrs. Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner, & Co.), 20 Charing Cross Road, W.C. Blackie, J. Alexander (Publisher), 17 Stanhope Street, Glasgow. Bl.ackie, Walter W., 17 Stanhope Street, Glasgow. Blackwood, William (Publisher), 45 George Street, Edinburgh ( Vice- President). Blades, East, & Blades, Messrs., 23 Abchurch Lane, E.C. Blakeway, G. B., care of E. M. Borrajo, The Library, Guildhall, E.C. Blore, Charles Christopher, 29 Carlyle Square, S.W. BoASE, Frederic (Librarian), Incorporated Law Society, Chancery Lane, W.C. Bolton, Charles K.,Treasurer of American Library Association (Librarian), Public Library, Brookline, Mass., U.S.A. (Vice- President). Bond, Sir Edward A., K.C.B. (late Librarian, British Museum), 64 Prince's Square, W. ( I 'ice-President). Bond, Henry (City Librarian), Pubhc Library, Lincoln. BoococK, Councillor John (Vice-Chair- man of the Southport LibraryCommittee), Sunnyside Hydro., Southport. Boose, James R., Royal Colonial Institute, Northumberland Avenue, W.C. Borrajo, Edward M. (Senior Sub- Librarian of the Corporation of the City of London), The Library, Guildhall, E.C. {Hon. Secretary, Reception Com- tnittee). LIST Ul' MEMBERS 261 Boui.ioN, lrc(lcri(k (ii-orgc (Comniih- sioiiLT, Clurkeiiwcll I'liljlic Library), 75 Goswcll koad, Clcrkciiwcll, li.C BowKi'.i-, K. R. (I'Milor rjf tlic Library Jounia/, Ni-w \'()rk) {Viie-I'residtnt). Bkaiikixik, v.. W ., C.H. ('I'ri-asurcr of the Royal Society of Litcratun-), 28 Abing- don Street, S.W. {Vkt-President). Bkausiiaw, William (President), Bromley House Library, Nottingham. BuAMWKi.L, \V. S. (Librarian), Public Library, Preston. BuAssiNcnoN, W. Salt (Librarian), Shakes- peare Memorial Library, Stralford-on- Avon. BRicrr, William IL (President of the American Library Association), Public Library, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. ( Vice- PresiilenI). BRiNKiiRHoiK, Adelaide, Mansfield, Ohio, U.S.A. Briscok, J. Potter (librarian), Public Library, Nottinj^ham ( Via- President). Bri.scok, Mrs. J. Potter, care of J. P. Briscoe, Esq., Public Library, Notting- ham. Bkiiiain, Alderman W. H. (Chairman, Shet'field Public Library Committee), Public Library, Sheffield ( I'ice- President). Brittain, Mrs. W. H., Sheffield. Brouiih, Ijennet H. (.Secretary and Librarian), Iron and Steel Institute, 28 Victoria Street, S.W. Brown, Edith, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Brown, Dr. Francis H., Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Brown, Mrs. Francis H., Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Brown, James 1). (Librarian), Public Library, Skinner Street, Clerkenwell, E.G. {Ho/I. Secretary, Committee on Papers and Discussions). Brown, Joseph, Lancaster House, Upper Dicconson Street, Wigan. Brown, Mrs. Joseph, Lancaster House, Upper Dicconson Street, Wigan. Brown K, Nina E., American Library Association, Publishing Section, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Bruun, C. W., Royal Librar)', Copen- hagen ( Vice-President). Bull, H. W. (Librarian), Public Library, Wimbledon. Bullen, .\. H. (Publisher), 16 Henrietta Street, Covent Carden, W.C. Burgoynk, Frank James (Librarian, Lambeth PubUc Libraries), The Tate Central Library, Brixton Oval, S.W. BuRREi.i. J. Charles (Deputy-Mayor of iiasliiins, and Chairiiiaii cj( tint liiai-wry Institute), Blacklatids, Hastings. JiruKi.!.!., .Mrs. J. Charles, BUicklands, lla.stings. BuiciiKK, Albert, Belle firove, Welling, Kent. BuiLKR, W. I'., Queen's (Jollege, Cork. Burr, Arthur N., London Institution, Finsbury Circus, K.C. Cauknhkai), James F. (Sub-Librarian), Public Library, Aberdeen. CAi.VKRr, A. E. (Member of the Widncs Corporation Free Library Committee), Widnes Road, Widnes. Camkkon, Mrs. Malcolm, The Ix>dgc, . Vatton, Somerset. Ca.mi'Dki.i., Frank (Assistant Librarian, British Museum), British .Museum. Cami'Hki.i., G. Lamb, 15 Talbot Street, Southjjort. Carnec.M':, Andrew, Pittsburg, U.S.A. (Cluny Castle, N.li.) (Vice-President). Cart, Rev. Henry, Queen Anne's Mansions, S.W. Carticr, a. H. (Assistant Librarian), St. Martin's Public Library, I^ondon. Carter, B. (Librarian), Public Library, Kingston-on-Thames. Cavk, Rev. Alfred, D.D. (Principal of Hackney College), Hackney College. Cawthorne, a. (Librarian), Public Library, Whitechapel, E. Chapman, Henry A. (Vice-Chairman, Swansea Public Library Committee), 235 High Street, Swansea. Chase, Fredk. A., City Library, Lowell, Mass., U.S.A. Chivers, Cedric (Manager, Library Bureau), 10 Bloomsbury Street, London, W.C. Chiveks, Mrs., 10 Bloomsbury Street, W.C. Christie, Richard Copley, Ribsden, Bag- shot, Surrey ( / 'ice-President). Christie- Miller, Wakefield, 21 Sl James's Place, S.W. Clark, Elizabeth R., University of Nash- ville, Peabody Normal College, Nash- ville, Tenn., U..S.A. Clark, J. T., Keeper of the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh ( Vice-President). Clarke, Sir Ernest (Secretary of the Royal Agricultural Society of England), r3A Hanover Square, W. Clifton, Alderman George, 48 London Road, Leicester. CoLQUHOUN, James (Treasurer and Sub- Convener of the Library Committee, Glasgow Town Council), 158 St, Vincent Street, Glasgow. 262 LIST OF MEMBERS CoNANT, Marjory, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. CopiNGER, Miss, The Priory, Man- chester. CopiNGER, W. A. (President, Manchester Incorporated Law Library Society), The Priory, Manchester. CoRSAR, David (Donor of the Arbroath Public Library), The Elms, Arbroath ( Vice-President). CoTGREAVE, Alfred (Librarian), Public Libraries, West Ham, E. CoTTERELL, T. Sturge, The Lodge, Yat- ton, Somerset. CowELL, Peter (Librarian), Public Library, Liverpool ( Vice-President). CowiE, A. H., St. Oswalds, Claughton, Birkenhead. Cox, Henry Thomas (Librarian), Carlton Club, Pall Mall, S.W. Craig-Brown, T., Woodburn, Selkirk, N.B. Craigie, James (Librarian), Public Lib- rary, Arbroath. Crawford, The Right Hon. the Earl of, K.T., Haigh Hall, Wigan {Vice- President). Crofton, F. Blake (Librarian), Legis- lative Library, Halifax, Nova Scotia ( Vice-President). Crossley, S., 21 Suffolk Street, Pall Mall, S.W. Crowther, W. (Librarian), Public Lib- rary, Derby. Crowther, Mrs. W., Derby. Crunden, Frederick M. (Librarian), Public Library, St. Louis, Mo., U.S.A. ( Vice-President). Crunden, Mrs. Frederick M., St. Louis, Mo., U.S.A. CuLLiNGWORTH, Charles James, ALD. (President of the Obstetrical Society of ■ London), 14 Manchester Square, W. CuNDALL, Frank (Librarian), Institute of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica ( Vice- President). Curran, Mrs. Mary H. (Librarian), Bangor Public Library, Bangor, Maine, U.S.A. Curtis, Benjamin, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. CuRZON, Frank (Organising Secretary of the Yorkshire Union of Institutes and Yorkshire Village Libraries), Victoria Chambers, Leeds. Cutter, Charles Ammi (Librarian, Forbes Library, Northampton, Mass.), Forbes Library, Northampton, Mass., U.S.A. ( Vice-President). Dale, Rev. Lawford '\V. T. (Chairman, Chiswick Public Library Committee), The Vicarai:;e, Chiswick. Daniel, Edwin (Librarian), Godshill, Wroxhall, Isle of Wight. Davenport, Cyril J. H., British Museum, W.C. Davidson, Herbert E. (First Vice-Presi- dent of the Boston Library Bureau), 146 Franklin Street, Boston, U.S.A. Davies, Jesse Thomas (Chairman, Wood Green Public Library Committee), Riversdale, Wood Green. Davis, Cecil T. (Librarian), Public Library, Wandsworth, S.W. Davis, Mary L., Pratt Institute Library, Brooklyn, New York. Davis, N. Darnell (British Guiana), Royal Colonial Institute, Northumberland Avenue, W.C. Davis, R. C. (Chairman of the Newington Public Libraries), 7 Falmouth Road, S.E. Day, Charles (Day's Library), 96 Mount Street, Grosvenor Square, W. Debenham, Frank (Marylebone Public Library Committee), i Fitzjohn's Avenue, Hampstead, N.W. ( Vice- President). De Celles, a. D. (Librarian of the Dominion Government of Canada ; delegated by the Government of Canada), Houses of Parliament, Ottawa, Canada ( Vice-President). De Coverlev, R., 6 St. Martin's Court, Charing Cross Road, W.C. Delisle, Leopold (Administrator of the Bibliotheque Nationale), Bibliothfeque Nationale, Paris ( Vice-President). Dent, R. K. (Librarian), Public Library, Aston Manor, near Birmingham. Dewey, Melvil (Director, New York State Library ; delegated by the L^nited States Government), State Library, Albany, New York, U.S.A. ( Vice-President). Donaldson, S. F. (Librarian), Public Library, Inverness. Doubleday, W. E. (Librarian), Hamp- stead Public Library, 48 Priory Road, N.W. Douthwaite, D. W., Steward's Office, Gray's Inn, W.C. Douthwaite, W. R. (Librarian), The Library, Gray's Inn, W.C. ( Vice-Presi- dent). Dowden, Prof. Edward (Trustee of the National Library of Ireland), Buona- vista, Killiney, Co. Dublin {Vice- President). Downing, William (Bookseller), Chaucer's Head Library, Birmingham. Duckworth, Thomas (Librarian and Secretary), Public Library, Worcester. LIST OF MEMBERS 263 Diiiii.KiN AM) AvA, 'I'Iil: Miiht lliin. the M;iri|iicss of, K.I'., Clatidchoyc, Uclfast ( Viic-rresiilnit). DuKouk, Th., Hil)li<)llii.-, I'rof. C, Universitiits-Hiblio- thck, Gottingcii ( Vice-President). Kakins, William Cieorge (Librarian of 1-aw Soriety of Ui)|)er Canada), Osgoode Hall, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. EcKiOKSi.iiV, Alderman James (Chairman of the OldJKim Tuhlic Lii)rary Com- mittee), ruhlic Library, Oldham. Ediniiurc.h Pl'hlic Liukakv. Edmonii, John Philip (Librarian to the Earl of Crawford), Haigh Hall, Wigan. Edwarij, Alfred S., 46 I'ountayne Road, Stoke Ncwington, N. EiiwAKDS, J. Passmore, 51 Bedford SON, John (Chairman, St. Giles' Public Library), 22 Bedford Sc|uare, W.C. Forsyth, Kate .A., Public Library, Edin- burgh. Fortescl'e, G. K. (Assistant Keeper of Printed Books), British Museum, W.C. I''oskktt, Edward (Librarian), Public Library, Camberwell. Foster, W. E. (Librarian, Providence Public Library), Puljlic Library, Provi- dence, R.I., U.S.A. {Vice-President). FovAROt'E, H. W^. (Honorary Solicitor of the Library Association), Town Hall, Eastbourne ( Vice-President). Fowler, Mary, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. Francis, Mary, loi Elm Street, Hartford, Conn., U.S.A. P'razer, R. W. (Librarian and Secretary), London Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. Froehi.ich, The Cavaliere, K.C.I. (Italian Consul, Manchester), 30 Faulkener Street, Manchester. Furnish, Arthur H. (Librarian), Public Library, York. Gamiile, Robert C. (Commissioner, St. Martin and St. Paul's Public Library), 115 St. Martin's Lane, W.C. Gardiner, George (Representative of Messrs. W. Lucy & Co. Limited), Eagle Ironworks, Oxford. Gardiner, Miss H. C. GARNErr, Richard. C.B., Keeper of the Printed Books, British Museum ( Vice- President, and Chairman of Committee on Papers and Discussions). CiARNEiT, William (Secretary to the Tech- nical Education Board of the London County Council), St. Martin's Place, W.C. {Vice-President). 264 LIST OF MEMBERS Gee, Alderman John, Park View, Wigan. George, Henry, 38 West Smithfield, E.G. Gilbert, Alderman H. M. (representing Southampton Public Library Com- mittee), 26 Above Bar, Southampton. GiLBURT, Joseph (Messrs. Day's Library), 96 Mount Street, W. Gillies, Rev. William (Chairman of the Library Committee, Institute of Jamaica), 37 Westbourne Road, Shef- field. Glan FIELD, William Tankerville, 9 Ox- berry Avenue, Fulham Road, S.W. Gliddon, A. M. de Putron (Delegate of the Butte Public Library, Montana, U.S.A.). Gnoli, Domenico, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Vittorio Emanuele, Rome ( Vice-President). GoLDSiMiTHS, The Worshipful Company of, Foster Lane, E.G. Goodfellow, J. H. (Southampton Public Library Committee), Public Library, Southampton. Goodyear, Charles (Librarian, Lancashire Independent College), 39 Lincroft Street, Moss Lane East, Manchester. Gosnell, R. E. (Librarian), Legislative Assembly Library, Victoria, British Columbia ( Vice-Presideuf). Goss, Chas. W. F. (Librarian), Public Library, Lewisham, S.E. Gould, C. H. (Librarian), McGill Uni- versity Library, Montreal, Canada ( Vice-President). GoviER, Albert (Mayor of West Ham), 125 The Grove, Stratford, E. Graves, Robert E. (Assistant Keeper, Department of Printed Books), British Museum, W.C. Gray, Albert (Librarian), Public Library, Gosport. Green, John A. (Librarian), Public Library, Moss Side, Manchester. Green, Samuel S. (Librarian), Public Library, Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.A. ( Vice-President). Greenhough, William H. (Librarian and Superintendent), Public Library, Reading. Greenhow, J. H. (Member of the Manchester Public Libraries Com- mittee), 46 Princess Street, Manchester. Greenwood, Thomas (Author of Public Libraries)., Frith Knowl, Elstree, Herts ( Vice-President). Grevel, H. (Publisher), 33 King Street, Covent Garden, W.C. Grey, Right Hon. Sir George, K.C.B. ( Vice-President). Grice, Henry R., 221 Ebury Street, S.W. Griffiths, L. M. (Hon. Librarian), Bristol Medical Library, University College Bristol. GuiLDiNG, Rev. J. M. (Member of the Reading Public Library, Museum, and Art Gallery), Abbot's Walk, Reading. Guinness, Miss E. M. (Librarian), Royal Holloway College, Egham. GupPY, Henry (Assistant Librarian), Sion College, Victoria Embankment, E.G. Halsbury, Rt. Hon. Earl (The Lord High Chancellor), 4 Ennismore Gardens, S.W. {Vice-President). Hamilton, J. C. (Chairman, Preston Public Library Committee), Public Library, Preston. Hampstead Public Library (represented by Dr. C. W. Ryalls, Chairman of the Hampstead Public Library Committee), 59 Haverstock Hill, N.W. Hand, Thomas W. (Librarian), Public Libraries, Oldham. Hannam, Agnes (Secretary and Librarian, Obstetrical Society ,; and Assistant Honorary Secretary, Library Associa- tion), 20 Hanover Square, W. Hanson, Alderman Sir Reginald, Bart., M.P., 4 Bryanston Square, S.W. {Vice- President). Hardcastle, J. H. (Librarian), Public Library, Eastbourne. Hawley, Mary E., New York State Library, Albany, N.Y., U.S.A. Hay, The Hon. John (American Am- bassador), Carlton House Terrace, S.W. ( Vice-President). Haves, Rutherford P. (Secretary of American Library Association), 675 East Broad Street, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. ( Vice-President). Hazell, Rev. James J. (Member of the Bibliographical Society), 41 Brook Green, W. Heaton, Ronald W. (late Director and Librarian), Bishopsgate Institute, E.G. Heinemann, William (Publisher), 21 Bedford Street, W.C. Henderson, Sir William, 7 Billiter Square, E.G. Herne, Frank S.(Secretary and Librarian), Permanent Library, Leicester. Hetherington, Miss E., 14 Shaftesbury Road, Hammersmith. Hewins, Miss Caroline M. (Librarian), Public Library, Hartford, Conn., U.S.A. Hevwood, James (Founder of the Ken- sington Public Library), 26 Palace (hardens, W. ( Vice-President). LIST OF Af EMBERS 265 H11.CKKN, (i. !•. (l.iljMriaii), I'uljlii: Library, liclluml (Irccn, K. Hii.i., It. R, (I^ihrarian), I'lihlii; Library, Suntlcrlaiul. Hir.r., I'rank V. (IJhrarian), I'ublic Library, Newark, New Jursc-y, U.S.A. ( Vice-l'r(sulenl). Hn,i.s, .Stuart S. (Lil)rariaii), Public Library, Cracc Hill, t'olki-stoiic. IIll.l.s, W. J. (.SiipcriiitL-ndcnt), I'ublic Library, Bridj^i-port, Conn., U.S.A. HoiiiUvs, K. t;., 374 Wandsworth Road. Hoiiiis, (^'liarics ((loniinissioncr, St. Martin and St. Paul's l'ul>lic Library), 115 St. Martin's I>;ino, W.C. Hoix.K, G. IL ((Ihairnian of the Chelsea I'ublic Libraries), 19 Tadcma Road, Chelsea, S.W. Hoi.r;A-n;, ClilTord \V., 'I'hc Close, Salis- bury. Hoi.MKs, Richard R. (Queen's Librarian), Windsor Castle ( Vice-Presid(nt). Hoi'wooi), O. T. (Librarian), Public Library, Southampton. HoKNiiv, James, Swinley Mouse, W'igan. HoKNKR, F. W. (("omniissioner, St. Martin and St. Paul's Public Library), 115 St. Martin's Lane, \V.(". HowoKTii.SirHenrylL, K.C.LE.,M.P.,3o Collingh.nn I'lare, S.\V.( K/,v-/'/rj/). Hudson, Baker (Librarian), I'ublic Lib- rary, Middlesborougli. HunsoN, Rev. Canon J. Clare (Canon of Lincoln), Thornton Vicarage, Horn- castle. Huc.iiK.s, George (Librarian), Public Library, Pontypridd. Hur.mcs, William R. (Chairman, Hands- worth Public Library), Wood House, Handsworth Wood, Birmingham. HuiSH, Marcus B. (Hon. Librarian, Japan Society), 21 Essex Villas, Phillimore Gardens, Kensington. Hui.i., Fanny (Librarian), The Brooklyn Union for Christian Work, Brooklyn, New \'ork, U.S..\. Hui.MK, E. W'yndham (Librarian of the Patent OfHce), 53 Lansdowne Road, Notting Hill. HuMPHKRv, George R. (Hon. Secretary of Messrs. Braby's Library and Club), 16 St. Donatt's Road, New Cross, S.E. Hi-.Mi'HRKVs, Arthur L., 187 Piccadilly, W. Hunt, F"red. W. (Librarian), Public Library, Hevonport. Hutchinson, Alfred J. (Librarian), Public Library. Millom. Cumberland. Hutchinson. Charles Hare (President), The .-Xthenanim, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 34 Ln<;kam, I'rof. J. K. (late Librarian of Trinity College, Dublin), 38 Upper Mount Street, Dublin ( Vice /'resii/cn/). Inkstkk, Lawrence (Librarian, Battcrsca I'ublic Library), I'ublic l^ibrary, Uvender Hill, .S.W. Irvi.m;, I'^milius, (.).C., Toronto. Irvini;, Sir Henry, 15A (irafton Street, Bond Street, W. ( Vice-President). Jamks, H. L. (Librarian), I'arliament Library, Wellington, New Zealand ( Vice-Freiidetit). Ja.mks, Hannah 1'. (Librarian), Osterhout Free Library, Wilkes-Barrc, I'a., U.S.A. ( Vice-President). Jamks, Hugh (I'ublic Accountant), 6 Gorsl Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. Jasi', L. Stanley (Librarian), Public Lib- rary, Peterborough. Jknkinson, Francis J. H. (Librarian), University Library, Cambridge ( Vice- President). Jknks, Henry A., Canton, Mass., U.S.A. Jenks, Rev. Henry F. (Trustee), Canton Public Library, Canton, Mass., U.S.A. Jkrvois, Edith V. (Librarian), The Gold- smiths' Institute, New Cross, .S.E. Johnson, Alderman Benjamin S. (Chair- man, Bootle Public Library Committee), 3 Merton Road, Bootle. Johnson, Alderman G. J. (Birmingham Public Library Committee), 36 Waterloo Street, Birmingham ( Vice-President). Johnson, James (Commissioner, Clerken- well Public Library), 50 Baker Street, Lloyd Square, W.C. Johnson, Octavius (Assistant Librarian), University Library, Cambridge. Johnston, H. E. (Librarian, Gateshead Public Library), Swinburne Street, Gateshead. Johnston, Thomas (Librarian), Public Libraries, Croydon. JoNE-s, Evan Penllyn (Librarian), Uni- versity College of Wales, Aberystwyth, South Wales. Jones, Francis Henry (Librarian), Dr. W'illiams' Library, Ciordon Square, W.C. JoNEUs, Gardner M. (Recorder of American Library Association) (Librarian), Public Library, Salem, Mass., U.S.A. ( Vice- President). Jones, Mrs. Gardner M., Salem, Mass., U.S.A. Jones, Herbert L. (Librarian), Public LibraPi', High Street, Kensington, W. ( Chairman, Exiiibition Committee). 266 LIST OF MEMBERS Jones, Mary L. (Librarian), University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb., U.S.A. Jones, William (Librarian), Public Library, Cheltenham. Joseph, Gerard A. (Librarian and Secre- tary), The Museum, Colombo, Ceylon ( Vice-President). Kappel, a. W. (Librarian), Linnsan Society, Burlingion House, W. Keating, Geraldine (late Librarian), Rockville, Conn., U.S.A. Kenning, J. W. (Librarian), Public Lib- rary, Rugby. Kettle, Bernard (Sub-Librarian), Guild- hall Library, E.G. KiNNAiRD, The Right Honourable Lord (Commissioner, St. Martin and St. Paul's Public Library), 115 St. Martin's Lane, W.C. KiRKBY, C. Vernon (Librarian), Public Library, Leicester. KiRKBY, Mrs. C. v., 5 Prebend Street, Leicester. KisTNER, Otto (Representative of F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig), Schleussigerweg I A, Leipzig. Knapman, J. W. (Librarian of the Phar- maceutical Society), 17 Bloomsbury Square, W.C. {Hon. Secretary, Finance Conmiittee). Knight, Henry (Deputy Librarian), The Public Hall, George Street, Croydon. Knight, T. L. (Chairman), Public Library, East Ham, E. Knill, Alderman Sir Stuart, Bart., The Crosslets, The Grove, Blackheath, S.E. ( Vice-President). Kyd, Mrs., Aberdeen. KvD, Thomas (Pubhc Library Committee), 74 Queen's Road, Aberdeen. La Fontaine, H. (Director, International Institute of Bibliography, Brussels), Institut International de Bibliographie, Rue de Musee, Brussels ( Vice-President). Laing, David (Commissioner, St. Martin and St. Paul's Public Library), 115 St. Martin's Lane, W.C. Lambert, Arthur W., 11 Sunny Bank, South Norwood, S.E. Lancaster, Alfred (Librarian), Central Library, The Gamble Institute, St. Helens. Lancaster Public Library. Lane, Mrs. C. M., Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Lane, Lucius P., Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Lane,W. Coolidge (Librarian), Athensum, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. {Vice-President). Lange, F. W. (Librarian of General and Technical Libraries), St. Bride's Founda- tion Institute, Bride Lane, E.C. Langton, H. H. (Librarian), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada {Vice- President). Latter, Charles (Chelsea Public Lib- raries Committee), Kensal House, Harrow Road, N.W. ( Vice-President). Lauder, James (Secretary), Glasgow Athenseum, St. George's Place, Glasgow. Laurence, H. Walton (Publisher), 16 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.C. Law, T. G. (Librarian), Signet Library, Edinburgh ( Vice-President). Lawrence, Hon. P. M. (Judge President, High Court of Griqualand ; President, Public Library, Kimberley), Kimberley, South Africa ( Vice-President). Lawton, William F. (Librarian), Public Library, Hull. Le Crone, Anna L. (Librarian), Public Library, Champaign, 111., U.S.A. Lee, Edward (Chairman of the Guildhall Library Committee), The Library, Guildhall, E.C. ( Vice-President). Lee, Sidney, 108 Lexham Gardens, W. ( Vice-President). Lee, Venie J., University of Nashville, Peabody Normal College, Nashville, Tenn., U.S.A. Lecky, W. E. H;, M.P., 38 Onslow Gardens, S.W. ( Vice-President). Leibbrandt, H. C. V. (Librarian of the Library of Parliament, Cape Town), Houses of Parliament, Cape Town, Cape Colony ( Vice-President). Leigh, Charles W. E. (Assistant Secretary and Librarian of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society), 36 George Street, Manchester. Leigh, George H., Moorfield, Swinton, Manchester. Lelacheur, J. I. (Managing Director, Guille-Alles Library), St. Martin, Guern- sey. Lemcke, E., U.S.A. Lemcke, Mrs. E., U.S.A. Letts, Charles (Solicitor), 8 Bartlett's Buildings, E.C. Levinsohn, Henry Raphael (Librarian of the Working Men's College, Great Ormond Street), 16 St. Helen's Place, E.C. Lewis, F. S. (Librarian), South African Public Library, Cape Town, Cape Colony ( Vice-President). Lewt.\s, Miss K. (Librarian), Public Library, Blackpool. Lewtas, Miss N., 28 Albert Road, Black- pool. LIST OF AfF.Af/IEUS 267 LlllKAKV AssO< lA r ION, 20 HailOVl.T S(|., W.C. LiNDSAV, W'illi.-iin A., Q.C. (Windsor Herald, Deputy Lieutenant, County Devon), Middle 'I'emijle, V.M. Lord, Mrs. (l.ilir.iri.m), I'uhlic Library, Kiniherley, S(jiith Africa. LoroN, John J. (Librarian), I'uhlir Lib- rary, Ratliiiiines, !)ublin. LovK, IC. l'". J. (Honorary Librarian), Royal Society, Melbourne, Victoria ( Vice-Prfsident). LOwv, Rev. Dr. A., 15 Acol Road, West End Une, N.W. LuimiicK, The Right Hon. Sir John, Bart., M.I*., St. James's Stjuare, S.W. (J'resuknt of the Conference). Lucas, Rev. J. K. (Chairman, lilackpool Public Library Committee), I'ublic Library, Blackpool. LuNDSTicur, Dr. B. (delegated by the Swedish Government), Royal Library, Stockholm. LuzAc, C. c;. (Publisher), 46 Great Russell Street, W.C. LvsTKR, T. W. (Librarian), National Library of Ireland, Kildare Street, Dublin ( Vice-rresident). MacAlisticr, Donald, 65 Margravine Gardens, W. ^^\cAl.lsTl^R, George Ian, 65 Margravine Gardens, W. Mac Ai.isTKR, J. Y. W. ( Honorary Secretary of the Library Association and Librarian of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society), 20 Hanover Square, W. (Jion. Secretary-General of Conference). MacAlistkk, Mrs., 20 Hanover Square, W. McCall, p. J., Dublin. McCrorn, Harrietle L. (Librarian), State Normal School, Millorsville, Pa., U.S.A. Macdonalu, John M., ^ Lombard Street, E.G. Mackari.ank, lohn, British Museum, W.C. Mack, Councillor J. J. (Deputy-Chairman, Bootle Public Library Committee), Norfolk House, Breeze Hill, Bootle. Maci.ai'chi.an, John (Librarian), Albert Institute, Dundee. Maclauchuan, Mrs., Albert Institute, Dundee. McLkan, J. Hardie (Representative of Messrs. W. Lucy & Co. Limited), Eagle Ironworks, Oxt'ord. Macmu i..\N, Frederick (Publisher), 29 Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C. ( Vice-President). .M< .N'lciidi 1., Hailic James (.VfemViCr of the San(|i--nian I'ublic Library Committee), 22 Kinnoull .Strec't, Perth. MAi)i.r.i;v,(,'harles(Librarian and Curator), The Mu.seum, Warrington. Maniji.kv, Alderman J. (;. de T. (Chair- man of the Salford .Museum, Libraries, and Parks Committee), Salford. Ma.vn, Mrs. I'Vances .M.( Librarian), Public Library, Dedham, Mass., U.S.A. Marsiiai.i,, lidward H. (Librarian, Hast- ings Corjjoration Reference Library), The Brassey Institute, Hastings. Martin, Samuel (Librarian), Public Library, Hammersmith. Martin, Mrs. Samuel, Public Library, Hammersmith. Mason, Thomas (Librarian, St. Martin and St. Paul's Public Library), 115 St. Martin's Lane, W.C. (Hon. Secretary, E.xhilntion Committee). Mathkws, E. R. Norris (Librarian), Public Library, Bristol. Mathkws, H. J. (Chairman, Brighton Public Library Sub-Committee), 45 Upper Rock Gardens, Brighton. Matiiikson, E. C, Beechworth, Hamp- stead Heath, N.W. Mattukws, James (Librarian), Public Library, Dock Street, Newport-on- Usk. May, W. (Librarian), Central Library, Hamilton Street, Birkenhead. Mavhew, a. H. (Library Agent), 8 Shakespeare Road, Heme Hill, S.E. Meissnlr, Dr. A. L. (Librarian, and Pro- fessor of Modern Languages), Queen's College, Belfast. Merchant Taylors, The Worshipful Company of, 30 Threadneedle Street, E.C. Midland Railway Institute (repre- sented by E. A. Baker), Derby. MiLKAU, Dr. Fritz (Delegate of the Ger- man Government), Universitats-Biblio- thek, Dorotheen-Strasse 9, Berlin. Mill, H. R. (Librarian of the Royal Geographical Society), i Savile Row, W. Miller, Arthur W. K. (Assistant Keeper of Printed Books), British Museum, W.C. Mii.lward, Arthur (Chairman of the Clerkenwell Vestry), 1 2 Albemarle Street, Clerkenwell, E.C. Milman, Rev. W. H. (Librarian), jSion College, Victoria Embankment, ELC. ( Vice-President). Milner, Alfred (Librarian), Subscription Library, Royal Institution, Hull. 268 LIST OF MEMBERS MiLSTRA, Joseph, White Lodge, Streatham Common, S.W. MiNTO, John (Librarian), Sandeman Public Library, Perth. MoCATTA, F. D. (Chairman of Paddington Pubhc Library), 9 Connaught Place, W. MoNFORT, E. M., Mariette, Ohio, U.S.A. Moon, Z. (Librarian), Public Library, Ley ton, E. Moore, AY. (Librarian), Bromley House Library, Nottingham. Moore, Mrs. Morgan, Junius S. (Associate Librarian), Princeton University Library, Prince- ton, N.J., U.S.A. MoRG.\N, Thomas (Chairman, Southamp- ton Public Library), Public Library, Southampton. Morrison, Hew (Librarian), Public Lib- rary, Edinburgh ( Vice-President). Mould, Richard \V. (Librarian and Secre- tary), Public Library, Newington, S.E. Mullen, Benjamin H. (Curator and Librarian), Royal Museum and Library, Salford. MuLLiNS, J. D. (Librarian), Public Lib- rary, Birmingham ( Vice-Fresident). Murray, John (Publisher), 50 Albemarle Street, W. ( Vice-President). Naake, John T., British Museum, W.C. Newman, Thomas (Librarian), Atkinson Public Library, Southport. Newton, Henry WilUam (Chairman, Newcastle Public Library Committee), Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Nicholson, E. W. B. (Bodley's Librarian), Bodleian Library, Oxford ( Vice-Presi- dent). Nolan, Dr. Edward J., Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. NovES, J. A. (Library, Harvard College), Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. Nugent, Lieut. -Colonel J., Royal St. George Yacht Club, Kingstown, Ireland. O'DoNOVAN, Denis (Librarian), Houses of Parliament, Brisbane, Queensland ( Vice-President). Ogle, J. J. (Librarian), Public Library, Bootle. Omont, Monsieur H. (Conservateur- Adjoint ; delegated by the French Government), Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. Otlet, Paul (Secretary-General of the International Institute of Bibliography, Brussels), International Institute of Bib- liography, Brussels ( Vice-President). Owen, Henry, 44 Oxford Terrace, Hyde Park, W. Pacy, Frank (Librarian), St. George, Hanover Square, Public Library, 160 Buckingham Palace Road, S.W. Palmer, G. H. (Assistant Librarian), National Art Gallery, South Kensington Museum, S.W. Paterson, W. J. S. (Librarian), Stirling's and Glasgow Public Library, 48 Miller Street, Glasgow. Pearson, Howard S., Amberley, Bristol Road, Birmingham. Peddie, Robert Alexander, Library of the Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Pennock, John (Mayor of Birkenhead), Roslyn, Clifton Road, Birkenhead. Pentland, Young J. (Publisher), 38 West Smithfield, E.G. Perir.\, G. N. Monti, Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon ( Vice-President). Petherbridge, Miss, Secretarial Bureau, 9 Strand, W.C. Petherick, Edward, 3 York Gate, Re- . gent's Park, N.W. Phillips, George Bayne (Librarian), Car- negie Public Library, Ayr. Phillips, Joseph, 62 Grand Parade, Brighton. Phillips, Miss M. E. (Librarian), Public Library, Oneonta, N.Y., U.S.A. Pickle, R. J., 8 Park Yiew, Wigan. Pickles, Councillor Robert, 600 Garnett Terrace, Platt Bridge, near W'igan. Pierce, Kate E. (Librarian), Public Library, Kettering. Pink, John (Librarian), Public Library, Cambridge. Plant, William C. (Librarian and Clerk), Public Libraries, Shoreditch. Pleyte, C. M. (Director of E. J. Brill's Oriental and Ethnographical Depart- ment, Leyden), Leyden. Plummer, Henry (Deputy Chairman, Manchester Public Library Committee), 38 Fountain Street, Manchester. POLL.\RD, A. W. (Hon. Sec. of Biblio- graphical Society), 13 Cheniston Gar- dens, W. Popplewell, Alderman John (Chairman, Bradford Public Library), 3 Cowper Place, Bradford. Potter, George, 10 Priestwood Mansions, Archway Road, N. Preece, George (Librarian and Clerk), Public Library, Stoke Newington, N. Pressnell, George (Librarian), Public Library, Tonbridge. LIST OF MEAfliERS 2Gi, I'koi li'.K, I'osti-T VV. (ComniissioiHT of Chi-lsL-a I'uljlic Lihraries), 25 l^liii I'ark Gardens, S.VV. Pkociok, Aiinc J. (Iley, William (Senior Sub-Librarian, Kensington Public Libraries), 108 Lad- broke Grove, W. Walker, Harriet A., Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass., U.S.A. Walker, Herbert (Librarian), Public Library, Longton, Staffs. Ualli-u, F. W., Ihe (Juildhall, Glou- cester. Walpole, Sir Horace, K.C. IJ. (Assistant Under - Secretary of State for India ; delegated by the India Office), India Office, Whitehall, S.W. Walsh, [•'rancis (Librarian), Library of Parliament, Sydney, New South Wales ( Vice-J'resideiit). Ward, ICdward J. Keightly, 16 Honor Oak Park, I^ndon, .S.E. Ward, .Mrs. Mary Keightly (Member of Board of Guardians), Shandon, Merton Road, Southsea. Ward, James (Librarian), I'ublic Library, I^'igh, I>ancs. Ward, Mrs. James, Avenue Terrace, Ix-igh, Lanes. Ward, .Mderman William (Chairman, Portsmouth Public Library Committee), Shandon, .Merton Road, Southsea. Water HOUSE, Frederick Herschel (Lib- rarian to the Zoological Society), 27 Ringford Road, Wandsworth, S.W. Watson, I). McB. (Member of the Hawick I'ublic Library Committee), Hillside Cottage, Hawick. Watson, Col. G., Jersey City, N.Y., U.S.A. WATTEVH.LE, Baron de (late Directeur des Sciences et I^ettres, Ministere de rinstruction Publique), 63 Boulevard Malcshcrbes, Paris ( Vice-President). WAV, Right Hon. S. J. (Chief Justice of South Australia, Delegate of the Adelaide Public Library), ( Vice-Presi- dent). Weale, W. H. James (Keeper of the National Art Library), National Art Library, South Kensington, S.W. Wehster, H. a. (Librarian), University Library, Edinburgh. Webster, J. A., Anthropological Insti- tute, 3 Hanover .Scjuare, W.C. Welch, Charles (Librarian), Corporation Library, Guildhall, E.C. {Vice-Presi- dent, and Chairman, Reception Com- mittee). Welch, Councillor (Chairman of the Eastbourne Technical Instruction Com- mittee), Eversholt, Eastbourne. Welch, J. Reed (Librarian and Secretary), Public Library, Clapham, S.W. Wellbv, Philip S. (Publisher), 9 Hart Street, W.C. Wesley, W. H. (Librarian), Royal Astro- nomical Society, Burlington House, W. Wheeler, Anne, Albany, N.V., U.S.A. Wheeler, Martha T., New York State Library, Albany, N.V., U.S.A. 272 LIST OF MEMBERS Whitney, James Lyman, Boston Public Library, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Whitney, Margaret Dwight, Pratt Insti- tute Library School, Brooklyn, Nev York, U.S.A. WicKSTEED, Rev. Philip Henry (Chair- man of Book Committee), Dr. Williams' Library, Gordon Square, W.C. WiLDMAN, Gertrude, Newton, Mass., U.S.A. WiLDM.\N, Linda, Boston Athen^um, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Wilkinson, James (Librarian), Public Library, Cork. Wilkinson, Thomas Read, Vale Bank, Knutsford, Cheshire. WiLLi.^MS, John (Head of Artistic Crafts Department, Northampton Listitute), Northampton Listitute, Clerkenwell, E.G. Willi.\mson, George Charles, The Mount, Guildford. WiLM.i^NS, Professor August, Konigl. Bibliothek, Berlin ( Vice-Fresident). Wilson, Wright (Honorary Librarian of the Archajological Section of the Bir- mingham and Midland Institute), 85 Edmund Street, Birmingham. Wilson, W. R. (Superintendent of the Reading Room), British Museum, W.C. Windsor, The Right Hon. Lord, Cardiff ( Vice-President). Winks, Rev. W. E. (Cardiff Public Libraries Committee), Public Libraries, Cardiff. WiNSHiP, George Parker, John Carter Brown Library, Providence, R.I., U.S.A. WiNSOR, Justin (Librarian of Harvard College ; delegated by the United States Government), Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. ( Vice- President). Wood, Butler (Librarian), Public Library, Bradford. Woollcomee, Dr. Robert Lloyd, 14 Waterloo Road, Dublin. Wright, Miss C. R. Wright, Mrs. Henry, 3 Ambrose Place, Worthing. Wright, W. H. Kearley (Borough Lib- rarian of Plymouth), Public Library, Plymouth ( Vice-President). Wright, Mrs. W. H. K., Plymouth. Yarwood, Thomas Y. (Librarian), Brun- ner Public Libraries and Museums, Northwich. Young, Sir Frederick, K.C.M.G., Royal Colonial Institute, Northumberland Avenue, W.C. Young, H. ''^M:^'' LIST OF (313; LIBRARIES AND (14) GOVERNMENTS REl'RESENTED. Australia. Adelnidf — l'ul)lic Library. Brishanv — ParlianiciU I -ihrary. Melbourne — I'ulilic Lilirary. ,, Royal Sooicly. Perth — Victoria Public Library. Sydney — Australia Museum. „ Library of Parliament. „ Public Library. „ University Library. The Government ok New South Walks. The Govern.ment of South Aus- tralia. The Government ok Victoria. Belgium. Brussels — Ribliothequc Royale. ,, Institut International Bibliographic. de British Columbia. Victoria — Legislative Assembly Library. British Guiana Canada. Halifax (N.S.)— Public Library. Montreal — McGill University Library. Ottawa — House of Parliament Library. „ Geological Survey of Canada. Toronto — I^iw Society of Upper Canada. ,, Public Library. ,, University Library. Winnipeg — Manitoba Legislative Lib- rary. The Canadian Government. Ceylon. Colomho- -The Colombo Museum, Denmark. Copenhagen ■ 35 Det Store Kongelige Bibliothek. France. Paris — Univcrsite de France. „ Bibliothequc Nationale. Tin: French Government. Germany. Berlin — KcinigL-Bibliothek. „ Universitats-Bibliothek. Gottingen — Universitiits-Bibliothek. TllK GkRMAN GOVERN.MENT. Hungary. The Hungarian Government. India. ' The Government of Indi.a. Italy. Florence— ^M\o\.Q.c^ Mediceo-Lauren- ziana. Rome — Riblioteca Nazionale Centrale. The Italian Government. Japan. The Japanese Government. New Zealand. ^//i:/t/<7W— Public Library. ffi/Z/V/^/^^w— Parliament Library. „ Public Library. The Government of New Zealand. Portugal. Lisbon — Bibliotheca Nacional. South Africa. Cape Toivn — Library of Parliament. „ South Africa Public Library. Kimberley—V\\h\\c Library. Spain. /1/(7(/r/V/— Biblioteca Nacional. 274 LIBRARIES AND GOVERNMENTS REPRESENTED Sweden. Stockholm — Kongl. Biblioteket. The Swedish Government. Switzerland. Geneva — Biblioth^que de la Ville. United Kingdom. The British Government. Aberdeen — Public Library. „ University Library. Aberxshvyth — University College of Wales. Abingdon — Public Library. Arbroath — Public Library. Ashton-under-Lytie — Heginbottom Pub- lic Library. Ayr — Carnegie Public Library. Barroiv-in-Furness — Public Library. Bath — Royal Library Belfast— lAWftn Hall Library. ,, Public Library. „ Queen's College. Birkenhead — Public Library. Birmingham — Aston Manor Public Library. „ Birmingham Library. „ Birmingham and Mid- land Institute. „ Handsworth Public Lib- rary. ,, Public Libraries. Blackburn — Public Library. Blackpool — Public Library. Bootle — Public Library. Bournenwuth — Public Library. Bradford— YwhXxc Library. Brentford — Public Library. Brighton — Public Library. Bristol — Bristol Medical Society. ,, Law Library. „ Museum and Reference Lib- rary. ,, Public Library. Cambridge — Girton College Library. ,, Public Library. „ University Library. Cardiff— ?vi!o\v:: Library. Cheltenham — Public Library. Chiswick — Public Library. Colchester — Borough Library. Cork — Queen's College. ,, Public Library. Croydon — Public Library. Cymmer — Workmen's Institute. Darlington — Edward Pease Library. Derby — Midland Railway Institute. „ Public Library. Devonport — Public Library. United Kingdom {contd.) — Dublin — Incorporated Law Society of Ireland. „ King's Inn Library. ,, National Library of Ireland. „ Rathmines Public Library. „ Royal College of Physicians, Ireland. „ Trinity College. Dundee — Albert Institute. „ Public Library. East Ha7n — Public Library. Eastbourne — Public Library. Edinburgh — -Advocates' Library. „ Philosophical Institute. „ Public Library. „ Signet Library. „ University Library. Egham — Royal Holloway College. Folkestone — Public Library. Gateshead — Public Library. Glasgow — Athenaeum. ,, Baillie's Institution. „ Mitchell Public Library. „ Stiding's and Glasgow Public Library. Gosport — Public Library. Guernsey — Guille-Alles Library. Hastings — Brassey Institute. Haivick — Public Library. Hitidley — Leyland Public Library. Inverness — Public Library. Kettering — Public Library. Kiddermi?ister — Public Library. Kingston-on-Hull — Public Library. „ Subscription Library, Royal Institution. Kingston-on- Thames — Public Library. Kingston {Ireland) — Royal St. Geo. Yacht Club. Lancaster — Public Library. Leeds — Yorkshire Union of Institutes and Village Libraries. Leicester — Permanent Library. „ Public Library. Leigh — Public Library. Leyton — Public Library. Lincoln — Public Library. Liverpool — .\thenaeum. „ Public Library. London — Anthropological Institute. „ AthenKum Club. „ Battersea Public Library. „ Bethnal Green Public Library. ,, Bibliographical Society. „ Bishopsgate Institute. „ Braby's Library and Institute. ., British Museum. „ Camberwell Public Library. ,, Carlton Club. LIBRARIES AND GOVERNMENTS REPRESENTED 275 United Kingdom (cimUl.) — London — (,"liL-lsi:a I'uldic Lilirary. „ (!lirisl(:hur<;li I'uljlir I, library. ,, ( 'la|)liaiii l'ul)li<: Lihrary. ,, ( Irrkciivvfll I'liljlic Lihrary. „ (.'orporation Library (Ouild- hall). „ Day's Lilirary. ,, \)t. Williams' Library. „ l'"ulliam I'uljlic Library. „ (Jcoloj^ical Society. „ (J(jiclsmitlis' Institute. „ Ciray's Inn. „ Hackney follcKC. ,, ILainniirsiiiitli I'ublic I^ibrary. ,, Haiiipsiiad I'ublic Library. „ Imperial Institute. ,, Incorporated Law .Society. ,, India Office Library. ,, Iron and Steel Institute. „ Japan Society. „ Kensington I'ublic Library. ,, Lambeth : Tate Library. ,, Lewisham I'ublic Library. ,, Library Association. ,, Library Hureau. ,, Linn.X'an Society. „ London (!ounty Council. ,, London Institution. „ London Library. „ Marylebone I'ublic Library. ,, Newington Public Library. ,, Northampton Institute. „ Obstetrical Society. „ Paddington I'ublic Library. „ Patent Office Library. „ Pharmaceutical Society. „ Putney I'ublic Library. ,, Quekett Microscopical Club. „ Reform Club. ,, Rolherhithe I'ublic Library. ,, Royal Agricultural Society. „ Royal Astronomical Society. „ Royal Colonial Institute. ,, Royal Medical andChirurgical Society. „ Royal Geographical Society. ,, Royal Society of Literature. „ .St. Bride Foundation Insti- tute. „ St. George (Hanover Square) I'ublic Library. „ St. Giles' Public Library. „ St. Martin and St. Paul's Public Library. „ St. Saviour Public Library. „ Shoreditch Public Library. „ Sion College. , South Kensington Museum : National .\rt Gallery. Unitki) KiNODOM {(onld.)— Ij)ndon — Stoke Newington Public Lib- rary. ,, .Streatham : Tate Library. ,, Wandsworth Public Library. „ \\'liitu(:lia|jel Public Library. „ Working Men's (Jlub, (ireat Ormond Street. ,, Zoological Society. Lon^lon — Public Library. Imveslo/I — Public Library. MancliesUr — Incorjwrated I^w Library. „ John Rylands Library. „ I^ncasliire lnde|>endent College. „ Literary and Philosophic Society. ,, Manchester Geographical Society. ,, .Moss Side Public Library. „ Owens College. „ I'ublic Library. ,, Technical Instruction Committee. Middlesl'orouj^h — Public Li brary. Millom — Public Library. Newcttstle on-Tyne — Literary and Philo- sophic .Society. „ Public Library. Neivport-on- Usk — Public Library. NoHhiuich — Brunner Public Library. Norwich — Norfolk and Norwich Lib- rary. Nottingham — Bromley House Library. „ Mechanics' Institution. „ Public Library. Oldham — Public Library. Oxford — Bodleian Library. ,, R.adclifTe Librar)'. Perth — Sandeman Library. Pctcrhoroui^h — Public Li brary. Plymouth — I'ublic Library. Pontypridd — Public Library. Portsmouth — Public Librar)". Preston — I'ublic Library. Reading — Public Librar)'. Richmond (Surrey) — Public Library. Rugfiy — Public Library. St. Andreit's — University Library. .SV. Helens — Gamble Institute. Saffron ll'alden — Public Library. Salford — Public Library. ,, Royal Museum and Librar)'. Sheffield— VwhXxz Library-. Soutliampton — Public Library. Southport — Atkinson Public Library. Stratford-on-Avon — Shakespeare Memo- rial Librar)-. Sunderland — Public Library. S-vansea — Public Library. 276 LIBRARIES AND GOVERNMENTS REPRESENTED United Kingdom (contd.) — Sivindon, New — Great Western Railway Mechanics' Institu- tion. Tonbridge — Public Library. Treorchy — Workmen's Library Institute. Warrington — Museum. West Ham — Public Library. Widnes — -Free Library. Wigan — Haigh Hall Library. „ Public Library. Willesden — Public Library. Wimbledon — Public I library. Windsor — Queen's Library. Wolverhampton — Public Library. Wood Green — Public Library. Worcester — Public Library. Wroxhall (I.W.)— Public Library. York — Public Library. United St.\tes of America. Albany (N.Y.) — State Library. Alleghany (Pa.) — Carnegie Library. Baltimore (Md.) — Enoch Pratt Public Library. Bangor (Maine) — Public Library. Boston (Mass.) — American Library As- sociation. „ Athenreum. „ Library Bureau. „ Public Library. Braddock (Pa.) — Carnegie Free Library. Bridgeport (Conn.) — Public Library. Brockton (Mass.) — Public Library. Brookline (Mass.) — Public Library. Brooklyn (N.Y.) — Brooklyn Union for Christian Work. ,, Pratt Institute Lib. Butte (Montana) — Public Library. CambridgeQAass.) — AssociatedCharities of Cambridge. „ Harvard College Library. Canton (Mass.) — Public Library. Chatnpaign (111.) — Public Library. Chicago (111.) — Armour Institute. „ John Crerar Library. United States of America (contd.) — Chicago (111.) — Library Bureau. Cleveland (O.) — Public Library. Dedham (Mass.) — Public Library. Det?-oit (Mich.) — Public Library. East Saginaiv (Mich.) — Hoyt Library. Hartford (Conn.) — Public Library. Ithaca (N.Y.) — Cornell University Lib. Jersey City (N.J.) — Public Library. Z/«tW«(Neb.) — University of Nebraska. Lowell (Mass.) — City Library. Ma?-iettc (O.) — Public Library. Millersville (Pa.) — State Normal School. Nashville (Tenn.) — Peabody Normal College. Neivark (N.J.) — Public Library. New Haven (Conn.) — Yale University Library. New Orleans (Lo.) — Howard Memorial Library. N^ewton (Mass.) — Free Library. N'ew York (N.Y.) — Public Library. Northampton (Mass.) — Forbes Library. Oneonta (N.Y.) — Public Library. Philadelphia (Pa.) — Academy of Natural Sciences. „ Athenteum. ,, Drexel Institute. Princeton (N.J.) — University Library. Providence (R.I.) — John Carter Brown Library. „ Public Library. Rockville (Conn.) — Public Library. St. Louis (Mo.) — Public Library. Salem (Mass.) — Public Library. IVashngton (Col.) — The University of Columbia. JVellesley (Mass.) — Wellesley College. IVilkes - Barr'c (Pa.) — Osterhout Free Library. Wobicrn (Mass.) — Corporation Library. Worcester (Mass.) — -Amer. Antiq. Soc. „ Public Library. The United States Government. West Indies. Kingston (Jamaica)- -Jamaica Institute. ■«>; KINANCIAL STATEMENT. will be seen from the aiiptndud Account of Receipts and I^xpendi- tiire Ihul liiere were 587 sul)scril)itig meniliers of the Conference. Tliere were al.so 54 honorary nienihcrs, chiefiy vice-presidents. The total nuniher was 6.| i . Three liundred and thirteen libraries and fourteen Governments were represented. From the guinea subscrii)tions of members the sum of ^616, 7s. was received. As a large number of American and Colonial library delegates, as well as representatives from the chief libraries of the Continent, were expected to attend the Conference, the Organising ( 'omniiltee fell it their duty to arrange for such hospitalities as foreign visitors might well expect to receive in London. Although the ordi- nary expenses of the Conference would be fully covered by the guinea subscriptions, the sum thus obtained would not have been sufficient for any entertainment, and it was decided to invite donations towards the anticipated expenses. Dona- tions of more than one guinea were considered as including mcmbershi[) of the {^'onference. The Reception Fund amounted to ^388, 4s., which included the subscriptions (^113, 8s.) of 108 con- tributors. As regards expenses, the items of reporting, clerical assistance, advertising, jirinting, and petty cash amounted to ;C^7~> 2^' 4'^' ' ''^' coiiv rsa/iDiie at the Cuildhall and other hospitalities cost ^115, IS. 5d., and the dinner at the Hotel Cecil jCii(>, 8s. zd. The sum exjjended on the ICxhibition of Library Appliances was ^20, 7s. 51!., from which should be di'ducted the donations of exhibitors (^8, 8s.). 'I'he Account shows a balance in hand of ^^405, lis. 8d., and the only expense now to be met is the production of the l)resent volume, a copy of which will be sent to every subscribing member of the Conference. While the cost of printing and binding may be roughly estimated at JC200, the expense of distribution cannot be estimated ; it will be the duty of the Organising Committee to consider the best method of administering the surplus. A certain sum will also be realised by the sale of a limited number of surplus copies of this volume. A final Balance-sheet will be published in the official organs of the Library Association and of the American Library Association. The subscription books and all vouchers have been carefully examined by the Honorary Auditor of the Conferente (Mr. T. J. Agar), who for many years has been Honorary Auditor of the Library Association. His formal certificate is appended. Henry R. Tkdder, //oil. Treasurer of the Conference. LIS I' OF DONATIONS TO RECEPTION FUND. Merchant Taylors Company Mrs. Rylands . . . . Goldsmitlis Company The Bibhoi;raphiail Society ILR.H. the late Uuc d'Aumale . SirW. II. H;ule>- Messrs. IJladcs, Kasl, & Blades . Mr. Alderman VV. H. Urittain . F. Debcnhani, Ksq. . c s. d. V 10 26 "i 2S 20 .<; 5 5 5 5 5 s S s s V. J. n. Jcnkinson, Esq. . J. Si. Macdonald, Esq. C. R. Rivington, Esq. A. dc Rothschild, Esq. lieorgc Murray Smith, Es<|. Lord Strathcona Edward .Mmack, Esq. R. C. Christie, Esi). . K. M. Crunden, Esq. 5 S o o S 1 5 o S o 277 278 FINANCIAL STATEMENT I J. «-. £ J. l/. Dr. Richard Garnett, C.B. ■ 5 O O C. v. Kirkby, Esq. . 2 2 Sir Reginald Hanson, Bart. 5 O O A. W. Lambert, Esq. 2 2 O Sir Stuart Knill 5 o H. W. Lawrence, Esq. 2 2 O C. Latter, Esq • 5 o o J. J. Le Lacheur, Esq. 2 2 O Mr. Alderman Harry Rawson . 5 o o G. H. Leigh, Esq. 2 2 Lord Windsor .... ■ 5 o o Charles Letts, Esq. . 2 2 O J. Maclauchlan, Esq. 4 4 o H. K. Levinsohn, Esq. 2 2 O L. Thompson, Esq. . 4 o o W. Lucy, Esq 2 2 O Sir H. W. Acland, Bart., K.C.B. 3 3 o Frederick Macmillan, Esq. 2 2 O G. F. Banting, Esq. . 3 3 o E. R. N. Mathews, Esq. . 2 2 O W. Blackwood, Esq. 3 3 Rev. W. H. Milman . 2 2 O Sir W. Henderson 3 3 o F. D. Mocatta, Esq. . 2 2 O Mr. Alderman G. J. Johnson • 3 3 o Colonel Nugent 2 2 O T. \V. Lyster, Esq. . 3 3 D. O'Donov.an, Esq. . 2 2 O J. V. W. MacAlister, Esq. 3 3 o B. (^uaritch, Esq. 2 2 O F. C. Mathieson, Esq. 3 3 o J. Quinton, Esq. 2 2 O John Murray, Esq. 3 3 o A. B. Railton, Esq. . 2 2 B. F. Stevens, Esq. . 3 3 o A. Smith, Esq 2 2 O Henr>- R. Tedder, Esq. . 3 3 o Mr. Alderman J. H. Southern . 2 2 O Charles Welch, Esq. . 3 3 o Leslie Stephen, Esq. . 2 2 E. Allen, Esq 2 2 o H. N. Stevens, Esq. . 2 2 O Basil Anderttm, Esq. 2 2 o H. Tate, Esq 2 2 W. E. A. Axon, Esq. 2 2 o Sir E. M. Thompson 2 2 O T. Ballinger, Esq. 2 2 T. R. Wilkinson, Esq. 2 2 O F. T. Barrett, Esq. . 2 2 o F. S. Lewis, Esq. 2 O J. H. Beeby, Esq. . 2 2 George Bell, Esq. . I 6 Sir Walter Besant . 2 2 o J. R. Boose, Esq. I 6 E. C. Bigmore, Esq. . 2 2 o £. ^L Borrajo, Esq. . I 6 F. Boase, Esq 2 2 A Butcher, Esq. I 6 Sir E. A. Bond, K.C.B. . 2 2 o Frank Cundall, Esq. . I 6 Councillor J. Boocock 2 2 o R. de Coverley, Esq. . I 6 E. W. Brabrook, Esq., C.B. . 2 2 o G. R. Humphery, Esq. I 6 A. H. Bullen, Esq. . 2 2 o J. W. Knapnian, Esq. I 6 Rev. H. Cart .... 2 2 o A. Milner, Esq. I 6 Rev. Dr. A. Cave 2 2 o W. Robson, Esq. I 6 Cedric Chivers, Esq. . 2 2 W. H. K. Wright, Esq. . I 6 A. Cotgreave, Esq. . 2 2 o T. J. Varwood, Esq. I 6 Dr. C. f. CuUingworth 2 2 Sir Frederick Voung . I 6 H. E. Davidson, Esq. 2 2 D. H. Wade, Esq. . I C. Day, Esq 2 2 C. H. Gould, Esq. . o Edinburgh Free Library 2 2 o E. W. Hulme, Esq. . o His Excellency Hon. John Hay. 2 2 o A. W. Robertson, Esq. 5 o James Heywood, Esq., F.R.S. . 2 2 L. S. Jast, Esq. . . . . 3 6 Rev. Canon J. Clare Hudson 2 2 o J. I'hillips, Esq 3 6 Herbert Jones, Esq. . 2 2 T. W. Newton, Esq.. O o 6 O. Johnson, Esq 2 2 o F. C. Fr)e, Esq FINANCIAL STATEMENT 2T) CO U y. u u 2 o u 03 < o a: w 5? o u u u H Q y. u a, X u "8 = ;r -8 l-- a 1/ o C .r 3 . . 3 3 fi "d tj G ■ ■ 2 o -D . . rt «^ 3 • • •C o) 8S Ji c a. u o "3 . ■C CJ _;: e ti is £ 2 8. u O VS o o »•© 1 t 2"0 M r. •^ t O. M PI — •n5 1 8 I i; U o o m (- es « !- -a W -2 in « 3 is a) o o-l .2 ~0 -• 2 o.— « X 0-33 "> O •A o E u u ul a: 1^ o p S 2 ^ 1 -I .1 H l<3 O H K 3 _ c 3 3 O §1 ■5j= * c Is gj ss c — INDKX. AfiKHDKKN l'uni.ic I.tiiMAKV t System of V'ctitiliitiuii, 105. ActK rchitiiiK lu I'liMic l.ibraricik, c. by H. C. V. Lcil>- braridt (Paper). 170. Albany (New Vorlc) Library School, 34-37. J9. 43- Ali-oti, Mis-s, Work. s of, 114. Aldine Prcs^, 76. Alexander, Ittshop, i^. Alexandria: Karly Libraries, 14, 17. Ali(onkin Indiana, 161. AIlcKbatiy, Pcnn:iylvania : Carnegie Library, 169. Allen, K. C, Publisher, 151. Allilwne'.s " Dictionary of lLi]gli:>b Literature," 60, 61. American Bo\'s Handy'Uook," 113. American CfaUlogue ' of Jamos Kelly. 151. American Catalogue" of V. Lcy- poldl, 151. ^ American Catalogue" of Sampson Low, 150. American Facts," 150. American Historical RrviciVy 169. A tfterican Journa/ p/ Socioioty, 50. American I jbrar>' Association : Organisation, 130. Programmes, i«. Publishing Section, is3- Ribtiographles issued by the A.L.A., 152, 170. The A.L.A. Library Catalogue, 70-71, i»o. A. L. A. Index to General Litera- ture, 131, 153. A.L.A. Card-Catalogue, 128, i^*. Poole's Index to Periodical Litera- ture, 131, 153. American Library Work (see also American Library Association above) : Copyright in America, 343, (rtjvemmcni Publications, 3. Public Libraries, i, 37, 73. New York State Libraries' Depart- ment, 33. Travelling Libraries. 33. Libraries for Children, sec Juvenile Libraries. Library .Assoination-i. etc., 17. Loail Librar>' Assi,>:iations in the United Slates, by Herbert Putnam (Paper), i3(j; Discussion, 341. Special Training for Library- Work, by Miss H. P. James (Paper). 34 ; Diwrussion. 331-3. Library- Schools, 34, 43. Summer Schools 3^39- Bibliographical Kndcavours in .^merica, by K. R. Howker (Paper), 150; Discussion, 346. Ameriuin Library Work -contd. Printed L'a^d■Cal;d■^i(Uc^, by C. W. Andrcwi«(Paiicr), 1^6; L)iansivc Clavsificalion, by C. A. Cutter (Paper), 84; Discus- sion, 3 15-6. Dewey Classification, 197, 341. nr>en Accevs at Ilosiun, 345. Philadelphia Library Company, 17. .Amherst C'>'lcgc Summer School, jS, Aiulerson, Hcnr>' C. L., on Library Work in New South Wales (Paper), 93", Discussion, 336. Anclrcws, C. W., on Printed Card- Catalogues (Paper), 136 ; Discus- sion, 343-3. " A.D. 3000," I 13. "Annual American Catalogue" of F. LeytMjIdt, 151. AHti-Jacohin^ 67. Antiochus the Great, 14. Antonio, Nicolxs, 7, 8. Appliances, see Librarj- Appliance-^ Arabic Numbers, Origin uf, .63. Architecture of Public Libraries : Public Library Architecture from the Librarian's Standpoint, by F. J. Hurgoync (Paper), 103; Dis- cussion, 336-7, 340-f. Public Library Architecture from the Architect's Standpoint, by Bercs* ford Pite (Paper), 106; Discus* sion, 340-1. .\rcson. Bishop J., 74. Aristotle, Boole-Collector, 13. Armarium and Armarius, 15. Armour Institute (Chicago) Library-, "7. Armour Institute (Chicago) Librar>- Class. 38, 39. .\rmstrong, k. La T., Librarian, 95. Art: The History and Cataloguing of the N.-itiona] Art Library, by W, H. J. Wcalc(Papcr), 07. Russell Sturgiss "Catalogue of Workson the Fine .\rts," 153, 170. Ascham, Roger, and Lady Jane Grey, 3. Assistants, see under Librarians. Ass>Tia : Ancient Libraries, 13. Use of Numbers, 162. ".\l the Sign of the Red Bible," 151. Athens, Ancient : Care of Stale Documents, 13. Libraries 13-14, 17. Atkinson, Prof., 53. Atlantic Montkiy^ \i\. Auckland Public Library, 199. Paper by Edw. Shillington. 201. Augustine, St., Bishop of Hippo, Book* Collector, 14. AugUkiincA (M.J •■ De Arte Praedi- candi," 74, 76. Augu«tinians and Libraries, 15. Augustus and Publk Libraricft, f4< Australasia (sec kIm) Australia, New i^eahiiid. Tasmania) : 1iibli'*grapby of Australasia, 148. " Itibll»gr.)pby of Australasia and Polyiic-'ia," 149. Australia : Karly Prititing, 8. The Registration of Colonial Pub- lications, by J. K. G. Adam^ (Pa|>cr^. 19^. Public Libraries, 1. Library Work in New South Wales, by H. C. L. Anderson (Paper). 91 ; Discussion, 336. Syifncy Libraries, 93. Sydney PuIjIi.: Library, 8, New South Wales Public Library, 93-95- The Library of the University of Sydney, by H. K. Barfl" (Paper), 197. Victoria's Library System, 95. Library Facilities of Scientific In- vestigators in Melbourne, by K. F. J. l-ove (Pai»cr), 304. The Australian Niuscum Librar)*, by Sutherland Sinclair (J*aper), 307. Austria: Public Libraries, 17. Author-Catalogues : Pseudonjtns, 63, '33- . . Authority or Commissioners, see under Public Libraries Acts. .\vcry .-\rchitectural Library, 137. Aver>', Mr, on Newspajjcrs, 230. Axon, W. E. A., on the Conference, ay- Aztecs of S. Amenca, 161. Babvlonian Use ok Numbers, i6a. Kacon-Shakespeare Controversy, 56. Bailey. Sir William H., On the Choice of Fiction, 339. On Children's Libraries at Man- chester, 337. On Open Access, 343. On the Conference, 348. Baker, Sir Thomas, on Women -Assist- ants, An, 331. BarflT, H. K., on the Librar>' of the University of Sydney (Paper), 197. Barnwell Priory Library, 15. Barrett, F. T., (GUsgow), On the Alphabetical and Classified Forms of Catalogues comiared (Paper), 67; Discussion, 334. On Classification in Libraries. 335. On the Reading of Fiction, 339. On the " Dictionary of National Biography," 333. On American Bibliographical Work, 346. . On Healing, etc., 337. On the Indicator, 946. Batasia and the .Vrt of Printing, 7. Bathurst, Lord, and Education at the Cape, 187. Ba>-eux Monastic l>ookcase, 13. Ba/a, LKtmcn., Printer, 76. Bcacooslicid, Lord, quoted, 8. 36 INDEX Beck, Rev. H., and Education at the Cape, I So. Beckenhaub, J., Printer, 74. Beckford, William, 173. Belgium: Public Libraries, 17. Benedictine Libraries, 15, 16. Bergen Public Library, 138. "Best Books" of W. S. Sonnenschein, 152- "Best Reading" of G. H. Putnam, 152- Betoi of the Orinoco, 160. Biagi, Prof. Comm. Guido, on the Conference, 247. "Bibliographer's Manual,'' by W, T. Lowndes, 60, 61. " Bibliographia Anatomica," 242. "Bibliographia Astronomica," 242. " Bibliographia Medica Iialica," 242. "Bibliographia Philosophica," 242. "Bibliographia Physiologica," 242. "Bibliographia Sociologica," 242. " Bibliographia Zoologica," 242. "Bibliographical Guide to American Literature," 151. Bibliographical Society, 17. "Bibliographic Fran^aise" of H. Le Soudier, 150. Bibliography (see also Cataloguing, Classification): The Relations of Bibliography and Cataloguing, by A. W. Pollard (Paper), ty., Discussion, 233-4- Theoretical and Practical Biblio- graphy, by E. A. Petherick (Paper), 148; Discussion, 246. National Biography and National Bibliography, by Sidney Lee (Paper), 55; Discussion, 232-3. Bibliographical Endeavours in America, by R. R. Bowker (Paper), 150; Discussion, 246. The International Institute of Bibliography at Brussels, 241. Robert Watt's "Bibliotheca Bri- tannica," 60, 61. W. T. Lowndes's "Bibliographer's Manual," 60, 61. Allibone's "Dictionary of English Literature," 60, 61. The British Museum Catalogue, 61, 151. G. K. Fortescue's Subject - Cata- logues, 57. Colonial Publications, see Colonial Literature. Children's Books, see Juvenile Li- braries. Special Subjects, see Art, Music, Science, Shakespeare, Scott (Sir Walter), Raleigh (Sir Walter). Bibliography of Periodicals, see ■ under Periodicals. Classified Catalogues, see Classifica- tion. " Bibliotheca Americana " of Henry Harrisse, 152. " Bibliotheca Americana " of O. A. Roorbach, 151. "Bibliotheca Americana" of Joseph Sabin, 151-2. "Bibliotheca Americana" of Russell Smith, 151. *' Bibliotheca Britannica," by Robert Walt, 60, 61. " Bibliotheca Americana Nova " of Obadiah Rich, 151. Billings, Dr. John S., 153. Biography : National Biography and National Bibliography, by Sidney Lee (Paper), 55 ; Discussion, and Vote of "Thanks, 232-3. Birmingham Proprietary Library, 17- Birmingham Public Library' : Shake- speare Books, 55. Blackpool Public Library ; Ventila- tion, 237. BlackivoocCs Magazine quoted, 112. Blake's (Alexander V.) " Reference Trade List," 150. Blind, Books for, 101. Bode, Rev. J. F., Librarian at the Cape, 189. Bodleian Library, 8, 17. Bohn, Henry George, and Lowndes's " Manual," 60. Bonifacius, Joannes, 6. " Bookbuyer's Manual " of G. P. Putnam, 152.' Bookcases of Mediaeval Libraries, ^5- ... Bookplates : The Ex-Libris Society, Books (see also Bibliography, Cataloguing, Classification, Typo- graphy, Literature, etc.): Definition of a Book, 2. Titles, 2. Educational Value of Books, see Libraries. Books of Public Libraries (see also Fiction, Periodicals, Music, etc.): Selection of Books, ig-22, 28. Children's Books, see Juvenile Libraries. " Books for Boys and Girls," by Miss Hewins, 153. Booi'se//er referred to, 28, 148. Booksellers' Libraries of i8th Cen- tury, 17. Bookworm in Jamaica, 178. Bosanquet, Bernard, quoted, 159. Boston Athenseum Catalogue, 152. Boston Public Library : Card-Catalogue, 128. Open Access, 245. Shakespeare Collection, 55. Children's Books, 238-9. Bourke, Sir Richard, and Libraries at the Cape, igo, 191. Bowker, R. R., On Bibliographical Endeavours in America (Paper), 150; Discussion, 246. On Copyright in the United States and in England, 242. On Children's Books, in. On the Conference, 249. Bowring's (Sir John) " Decimal System," 160, 165. Brassington, W. Salt, 233. Breton, Nicholas, 61. Brett, William H., on Freedom in Public Libraries (Paper), 79 ; Discussion, 243-6 ; " Cumulative Index to Periodical Literature," '53- Breydenbach, B. von, 76. Brinton, Dr., 161, 162. Bristol Public Library : Female Librarj^ Assistants and Competitive Examination, by E. R. Norris Mathews (Paper), 40; Discussion, 231-2. British Museum Library : Reference Hall, no. Number of Volumes, 2. Early Printed Books, 6-8. General Catalogue, 61, 151. G. K. Fortescue's Subject - Cata- logues, 57. Shakespeare Books, 55. Brooklyn Library : S. B. Noyes's Catalogue, 68, 152. Brooklyn : Pratt Institute Library School, 37, 39. Brown, H. F., 75. Bryce's (James) "American Common- wealth," 121. Buffalo Meeting of the A.L.A., 35. Burgoyne, Frank J., on Library Archi- tecture from the Librarian's Stand- point (Paper), 103; Discussion, 236-7, 240-1. Burj', Richard de, 15, 16. Byron, Lord, and His Friends, 57. C-*:sAR AND Public Librarirs, 14. Caine, T. Hall, quoted, 42. Cakchiquels of Yucatan, i6z. Cambridge ; University and College . Libraries, 16, no. Camoens referred to, 6. Campbell, Frank, Quoted, 2, 195. On the Bibliographer and the Li- brarian, 233. On National Libraries, etc., 242. Canada : Public Libraries, 1. Important Libraries in Montreal, by C. H. Gould (Paper), 154. Legislative Library of Nova Scotia, 146. Canary Ids. : Early Printing, 8. Canterbury Monastic Library, 15. Cape Colony, see under Africa. Card -Catalogues, see under Cata- loguing. Cardigan, Lord, 57. Carlyle, Thomas, quoted, 50. Carthage Libraries, 14, CZarthusians and Libraries, 15. " Catalogo CoUettivo della Libreria Italiana," 150. " Catalogue of American Books in the British Museum, 1856," 151. "Catalogue of Books printed in the United States," 150. Cataloguing (see also Bibliography, Classification): The Relations of Bibliography and Cataloguing, by A. W. Pollard (Paper), 63 ; Discussion, 233-4. The Alphabetical and Classified Forms of Catalogues compared, by F. T. Barrett (Paper), 67 ; Dis- cussion, 234. Classification, see Classification. Bibliographies and Catalogues of Special Subjects, see Bibliography, Classification, Art, Music, Science, Periodicals, Colonial Literature, Juvenile Libraries, etc. The A.L.A. Card -Catalogue, 128, 152. The A.L.A. Library Catalogue, 70-1, 120. Printed Card -Catalogues, by C. W. Andrews (Paper), 126; Discus- sion, 242-3. The Linotype for the Printing of Catalogues, etc., 153, 242. Cutter's Rules, 69, 95. Cutter's Dictionary-Catalogue, 67- 70. / A Hint in Cataloguing, by F. Blake Crofton, 146. Pseudonyms in Catalogues, 63, Brooklj-n Library Catalogue, 68, 152. Peabody Institute Catalogue, 152. Catalogue of the New South Wales Public Library-, 94-95. An Indicator-Catalogue Charging System, by Jacob Schwartz,( Paper), 142 ; Discussion, 146. Cathedral Libraries, 14-16. Catholic Church and Libraries, 14-16. Cesena Library, 16. Chained liooks, 16, 34. Challen, Howard, Publisher, 150. Charge of the Light Brigade, 57. Charging : An Indicator • Catalogue Charging System, by Jacob Schwartz (Paper), 142 ; Discussion, 246. Charles vii. of France and the Early Printers, 73. Charles viii. of France and the Early Printers, 73. Chelsea Public Library : Children's Librar>', 238. Chicago Libraries, 38, 127. Chicago Library Club, 129, 130. Children's Books, see Juvenile Li- braries. China and the Art of Printing, 5-7. Chippeway Indians, 161. Chnstchurch, N.Z., Public Library, 199, 200. Christian Literature in Libraries, 14- 16. Christiania Libraries, 137, I38._ Church and Monastic Libraries (sec also Vatican) : Early Libraries, 14-15. Benedictine and other Monastic Libraries, 15-16. Circulating Libraries of 18th Century, ^7- . Cirta Library, 15. Cistercians and Libraries^ 15. INDEX '8.1 Citeniix Monnittic Library, i(. Cily i'licU, yi. Cluirvaux ^^M[mk1ic I,il>riiry, 15. Clork'n (J. M'C'inh) i;ifl 10 AiKklaml, 901. Clarli'» (J. WillU) " I.il.riii-!, in tlic Mcdiicvulniid k«riait»antc Pcrioih " rufotreit to, t6. CliinsificAliuii (>ce alxi llililiograpliy) : The AifjImlKtical ami Cla"ineii KurrnMuf CataloKueHConiiMircd. by I'". T. UaiToit (I'aiKr), 67 ; Uin- cuKoion, 3 \\. Cla'oilic.iliuri in Htililic I.iWotica, by A. W, Kolicrlton (I'alicr), B.; ; liiscun^iul), «j,s-6. The Kx|>a^^ivc Cln»iM:vu»ioll, Dcwcy Cla^iiflCAtlon, 197, v^i. Cbixilitaliun in the lllblioi(ru(iliir» of tllQ •' Dictionary uf National HiuKra|)liy," 56. Special Subjects ami niblio|;rn|>liieH, tec Itibliniira^ihy, l-olonial IJtem- turc, Juvenile I.ibri»riei», Art, Muvic, Science, Scolt(Sir Walter), KaleiKh (Sir Waller), Shake- iipcare. Clerkenwell Public Library ; Open AcccHH, 344, 'J45. Cluniacii aiul Libraries, 15. Cobtlen, Kichanl, nuolcd, 30. Coclirane's " Wonders of Modem Mcchaniftni," 11 j. Cockroach, ICneniy of Bookn, 178. Colo, Timothy, luiKraver, 167. _ College and University Libraries, see Universities. Colonial Libraries, see Africa, Aus- tralia, Canada, Jamaica, New Zea- land. "Colonial Libraries" Series, 177. Colonial Literature (see also Austral- asia, etc.) ; The RcKislration of Colonial I'ub- lications, 3. The Kegistration of Colonial Pub- lications, by J. K. G. Adams (Paper), 194. The Colonics and Copyright, ■i'fi. Literature in the Colonics, 2^7. Columbia CoUeg< School, 34-35. Crawford, Eall of, Scjondeil Vole of Thank, to Sll John l.iil.l'xl., -iM. Cliairmaii, .i-jrl, 336. On the Karly Kducaiion of the Child, tyi. On Vrntilalion, 337. On Olfcn Access, 346. Creo Inilians, 161. Crcrai (John) Library, Chicago, U7 8. Crimean War, 57. Crofion, K, lllake, on Cataloguing ; a Mint, 146. Crunden, I'fctlcritk M., Chairman, ajO. On lliKiks aii.l Tent • norary, Washington, 153. Constable & Co., and Wall's " Hib- liothcca Britannica," 60. Conslantine the Cleat, 1^, 163. Constantinople ; Early Library, 15. Cook, Captain, Relics of, 191. Cooper's (Jaincs Fenimorc) Works, 1 14. Co-opcralion in Library Work, 10, 153, sag. The Organisation of Co-operative Work among Public Libraries, by J. N. Lamed (Paper), 130; Dis- cussion, 343-3. Co-operation in a Catalogue of Periotlicals, by H- H. Langton (Paper). 1^3; Disciission, 343-3. Cope, Prof. E. 1)., ijuoted, 158. Copenhagen Libr.iries, 138-140. Copyright : Copyright. Law of 1709, 72. Copyright in England and .\merica, 343. Copyright in the Colonies, 346. Copyright Act in New South Wales, Cordicr, Henri, 7- Coslley (Edward) He<|ucst to Auck- land, 199, 301. Counting and Time - Recording, by John 'J'horburn (Paper), t6o. Cowell, Peter, On Library Work in Liverpool during I'orty Years (Paper), 99; Discussion, 336. On Library Arcniteclure, 340. Cradock, Sii John, and Education at ihc Cipe, 186. 33B. Early Training of C hildren, On the Reading of Fiction, aj8. On Scholarship among Librarians, 330. On llie Cuttrt Classification, 33J. On the Thermostat Apparatus, 336. On Healing, 317. CruAs (E»lev.io da) " Life of Si. Pclcr,^' 6. Cundnll, Frank, on Library Work in Jamaica (Pa|H:r), 173; Discuslion, 347- Curran, J. P., limited, 47-48. Curtis, Cicorgc William, ipioled, ji. Cur/on, F., on the Yorkshire village Libraries, 936. Cur/on's (Hun. C. N.) "Monasteries of the Levant " (pioted, 303. Cutter, Miss .Mar)' S., 39. Cutter, C. A-, 153. On the I'.jipansivc Classification (Pa|>er), 84 ; Discussion, 335-6. Cutter's Rules, 69, OS- Culler Uictionary-Cataloguc, 67-70. Dacotas anu the Use ok Nu.m- IIUKS, 160. Daily Nt-ivs referred to, 39. Dale, Sir Langhani, and Education at the Cape, 187. Dama-scus, Pope, 15. D.ina, J.C.,on Our Youngest Readers (Paper), 118 ; Discussion, 337-40. Dancer, Dr., 173. Darwin, Charles, 46. Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, 67- Davis, N. Darnell, On the Newspaper Press, 930. _ On ihe "Diction.ary of Nat10n.1l Biography," 232. On Open Access, 244. On Literature in the Colonies, 247. Dawson, Sir J. W., nuoled, 13. Decimal Cl.xssificaHon of Melvil Dewey, 197, 341. " l)ecim.al System, " Book, by Sir John Howring, 160, 165. Deichman Library, 138. Denmark : Early Printing, 74. Public Libraries, 138, 343. Denver Public Library Training Cl.xss, j8. Dessin, Joachim Nicolas von, Book- Collector, 187-103. Deutsche Kumiscliau referred to, 47. Devorc, A. E. P., Auckland, 301. Dewey, Melvil, Chairman, 341. On the Relation of the Stale to Uic Public Library (Paper), 19; Dis- cus,sion, 330-30. On Library Training Schools, etc., 331. On Children's Reading, 939. On the Structure of the Library, On the International Institute of Bibliography at Brussels, 341. On the Priming of Catalogues, 343. On National Libraries, 343. On the Conference, 348. Library School al Albany, 34-57. 39i 43- ., . Dewey Clarification, 197, W- DicbmtV " Chrlumu Ckro)," 1 M-i if • Dick- I' I- ' ■ 'mreb, i«4. " Uii ' ,:li>ii I.iursiure," by .\ " fii,,ii iry '.i ...itional rii(/graph>;," by Sidney l^e (Paper), jjl Di»- cussi'jii, and vote uf Hianfek, 9ia-j. Diderot tpioted, 49, Diet/, Ludwig. Printer, 74. I^oliiitian anu Public Llbrarir«, 14- Donnctly'k "CryplograJil," jO. Duubkilay, W V. . On 0|M:ii ■•. On the I I ^ue, 67. Drencllnsiii ,.iiu) Library Cla»», 37- l'-. ■•■< Duckworth, Thoina«, on Open Accew, 346. Duncdin, N.Z., Librario, 199, acu- DUicr, Albiccht, 77. Durham Mona.tic Library, 15. D/ial/ku Prof. C, on the Aids h;nl by Public lii«lies to the Art of Printing; in the Early Days uf Typography (Pa|>er), 73. Easik>, Wii.urm")Rc«, Ubrarian, 153. " Earth, Sea, and Sky,' 113. Kl>crt, Librarian, 17.^ F^clesiastit.al Libraries, 14-16. Edinburgh : Bo.jksellcr«' Libraric*, 17. Kdinhurgh iin'trn' referred to, 99, Edis': Arrange- ment of Books, 235. Gliddon, A. M. de Putron, on Libra- ries, 234. Goa : Early Printing, 6. Goldsmith's (Oliver) " Animated Nature," 167. Gosse, Philip Henry, 173. Gothenburg Town Library, 136. Gould, C. H., on Important Libraries in Montreal (Paper), 154. Government Publications, 2. Governments represented at the Con- ference, 273. GraafF, Governor Cornelius Jacob van de, and Education at the Cape, 184. Grahamstown Library, S. Africa, 192. Grand's (G. F.) "Memoirs of a Gen- tleman," 8. Gray, Asa, 172. Greece, Ancient : Care of State Documents, 13. Early Libraries, 13-141 i?- The Use of Numbers by the Ancient Greeks, 160, 162. Green, Mr., Worcester, Mass., 118. Grenada Library, 177. Grey, Sir George, 3 ; " Grey (Sir George) Collection " in the Public Library, Capetown, 192; "Grey (Sir George) Collection" at Auck- land, 1Q9, 201, 202. Grey, Lady Jane, and Roger Ascham, 3- Gutenberg Printer. 73. Haden, Seymour, Etcher, 167. Haebler, K., 74. Hain's " Repertorium," 65. Hamerton's (P. G.)" Autobiography," 167. Hare's (Augi, '.tus J. C.) "Story of My Life," 167. Harris, Dr. Wm. T., quoted, 50. Harrison, Robert, 45. Harrisses (Henry) " Bibliotheca Americana," 152. Harvard University Library : Card-Catalogue, 128. Hase, Oscar von, 7c, 76, 77. Haswell, W. A., 207. Hawthorne's "Wonder Eook,"etc.,ii2. Heating of Libraries, 105, 236-7. Heinrich, Bishop, 74. Helsingfors Libraries, 140-141. Henckis, Conrad, 77. Henry vm. and the Early Printers, Henty'sCG. A.) Works, 115. Hereford Cathedral Chained Books, 34- Hessels, J. H., 73, 74- „ , Hewins, Miss Caroline M., on Books That Children Like (Paper), iii; Discussion, 237-40 : " Books for Boys and Girls," 153. Hill, Richard, 173, 175. Hippo Library, 14. Home Libraries for Children in America, 239. Homery, Dr. Conrad, Printer, 74. Hopkinss " Experimental Science," 113- Horace quoted, 184. Horology Literature, 57. Horta's (Garcia da) " Dialogues on Indian Samples and Drugs," 6. Howe, Wm., Bushranger of Tas- mania, 8. Hughes's U"tlse) "Tom Browns Schooldays" quoted, 47. Hutchins, F. A., 170. Huxley, Prof., 20. Iceland: Early Printing, 74. Ide, Simeon, Publisher, 150. lies, George, 120, 152, 170. On the Appraisal of Literature (Paper), 166. lies (G.) and R. R. Bowker s " Reader's Guide in Economic, Social, and Political Science, 152, 170. Illinois State Library School, 38. IinhofF, Governor - General Gustaaf Willem van, and Education at the Cape, 181, 185. Inaugural Address, by Sir John Lub- bock, I ; Discussion, and Vote of Thanks, 228. Income Tax : The Manchester Case, 29-30. _ Index Society, 17. Indexing: The Index Society, 17. Indexing on a Co-operative Plan, 120-121. Classified Index of the London Library, 3. The "A.L.A. Index to General Literature," 121, 153. Poole's "Index to Periodical Litera- ture," 121, 153. W. H. Brett's "Cumulative Index to Periodical Literature," 153. India: Government Publications, 3. The Art of Printing, 5-6. The Indian Mutiny, 57. Indians of America and the Use of Numbers, 160-1. Indicator-Catalogue Charging System, by Jacob Schwartz (Paper), 142 ; Discussion, 246. insect Enemies of Books, 178. International Conference : Inaugural Address, by Sir John Lubbock, x\ Vote of Thanks, 2z8. Programme, 209-226. Proceedings, 227-254. Financial Statement, 279. Irving, Sir Henry, 249, 253. Isham, Sir Charles, and His Library, 59. Italy: Early Printing, 73-77. Ecclesiastical Libraries, 15. The Vatican Library, 14. Public Libraries, 17. The Laurentian Library, Florence, 16, 109. Cesena Library-, 16. "Jack the Giant-Killer," 112. Jacobite Rebellions, 57. Jamaica Library Work, by F. Cun- dall (Paper), 173; Discussion, 247. Jamaica, Institute of, 175. James, Alderman, on the Conference, 249. James, Miss Hannah P., on Special Training for Library Work (Paper), 34 ; Discussion, 231-2. James, Miss M. S. R., on Women Librarians, 42. James, William, Naval Historian, 173. Japan and the Art of Printing, 7. Jast, L. Stanley, On the Pseudonym in the Catalogue, 233- On Open Access, 245. Jenner, Amabel, 113. Jenson, Nicolas, 74. Johnson, Dr. Samuel, and His Dis- ciples, 57. Jones, F. H., on Open Access, 244. Jones, Herbert, On Library Authorities : Their Powers and Duties (Paper), 23; Discussion, 230-1. On the Financial Condition of Li- braries, 229. On the "Dictionary of National Biography," 233. Jordan, Poet, 57. Judge, Rev. Mr., Teacher at the Cape, 187. Julian and Public Libraries, 14. Juvenile Libraries, Children's Books! Books That Children Like, by Miss C. M. Hewins (Paper), in; Dis- cussion, 237-40. Our Youngest Readers, by J. C. Dana (Paper), ti8; Discussion, 237-40. Children's Libraries at Manchester, 237- Children's Library at Chelsea, 238. Work of the London School Board, 238, 239, 240. Other School Libraries, 239. Home Libraries in America, 239. Other Work in America, 238, 239. Kapp, F., 75. Keble on National Apostacy, 59. Kelly's (James) "American Cata- logue," 151. Kidd, Benjamin, quoted, 158. Kingston (Jamaica) Libraries, 174. Kirkstall Monastic Library*, 15. Kiemming, G. E., 74. Koberger, Antonj, 72, 77. Korea and the Art of Printing, 5. Krehblels (Henry E.) "Catalogue of Works on Music," 152, 170. Kroeger, Miss Alice B., 37. Kromberger, Jacob, Printer, 74. Kyd, Thomas, on the Library Com- mittee in Scotland, 231. Lamb's " Tales from Shakespeare," 48. Lanciani's (R.) " Ancient Rome referred to, 15. Lane, W. Coolidge, On Co-operation in Library Work, On the Cutter Classification, 235. On Printed Card-Catalogues, 242. On the Conference, 250, Lang's (Andrew) Fairy Books, 112. Langton, H. H., On Co-operation in a Catalogue of Periodic.ils (Paper), 122; Discus- sion, 242-3. On the Conference, 248. INDEX »85 Urnnl, IVof. J. N.. i^. Oti (ho OiKaoikniiuii uf Ca-op«ro(iv« Work iiiiiiiittf l'ul>li(; Lititurie* (t*a|>crK uo; l>lw:u»niun, v^./'^ Lnurciicr, llit, y jc (Paijcr), 179. I.ci«*», K., 70. LrSuudicr, M.,nndthe*' Bibllosraphie I-'rftn<,iiiHc," 150. Levin* (W. H.) Gift to Wcllinuton, , " Monk," 173. Lcyptjldi, Mrs. A. H., 159, 170. I^wi«, "Monk," 173. ixypoldi, Frederick, Fubli%ncr, is^t 151. LibrarianA and A^Mitantn : Development of the Librarian, 17. ^ t)omr rendcncieH of Moilern Li- brarian.thip, by J. Y. W. Mac- Alister (Paper), 9; iJtMTunsion, aaB-g. The I,ibrarian of the Future, 18, a». The Society of Public Librarians, 17. Salaries of I^ibrnrian-i, 45. The Library Avsislants" Association, 17, 40. The TrnininR of Librarians, by Charles Welch (Paper). 31; Uis- cu?tston, 331-3. Hindrances to the TraininR of Kflicicnt Librarians, by J. J. Ogle (Paper), 44: I>tHCUs.sion, aji-?. Special Traininn for Library Woik, by Miss H. P. James (Pai»er), 34 ; Discussion, 231-a. Female I>ibra^ Assistants and Competitive Examination, by K. R. Norris Mathews (Paper), 40; Discussion, 331-2. Women in Library Work, i3, 37, Library Schools in America, 34, 42- Summer Schools in America, 38-39. Summer School of the I.ibrary Association, 37, 40. Libraries : The Kvolution of the Librat^', by H. R. Tedder (Paper). 13. HooksanJ TextBooks: The Library as a Factor in Education, hy I-, M. Crunden (Paper), 46; Dis- cussion, 333. The Relation of the State to the Public Library, by Melvil Dewey (Paper), ig; Discussion, 239-30. Libraries the Primary Factor in Human KvoUition, by K. C". Richardson (Paper), is8. Children's Ikwks, sec Juvenile Li- braries. Libraries represented at the Con- ference, 373-4. Libraries Abroail. see France, Ger- many, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland. Libraries under the Acts, see Public Libraries. Libraries in the Colonics, sec Africa, Australia, Canada, Jamaica, New Zealand. Libraries in the United Slates, see American I^ibrar>* Work. Libmry^ 104. " Library Age," tp. Librarj* .Appliances, Library Work : Eihibition of Appliances, etc., 955. Bookcases in Mcdiicval Librano, IS- Library A|»pliance«, etc.— <■*«/*/. An Indicator •Catalotfuc Charnin^ Svfttrni, by Jacob Schwartz (Pn|K:r), ii-j; iJiKUMlort, t^t. Freedom in Public Librario*, by W. JL Hrcti(Pa|>er), 79; DlM:uh«ion, 34 j-'J- Library Architecture, nee Archi- tecture. Co-operation in Library Work, »ee Cooperation. Ctttalotfuet, Mr Catuloifuing, CUluI- ficaliunj lliblioicraphy, etc. Hooks, Fiction, New«[ia(>«ri, Peri- odicaK,ser htfukn, 1-iction. New«- pupent, PcriinlicaU. lectures. I'rj, 'Jj6. Library Wmlc at Liverpool durinu Kuily Veitrs, by I'eter Cowoll {PajKTr), «y9 ; Discussion, 3j6. Library A^nist.inls' Asjuxiatiun, 17. Library Association, 17, 39. Programmes, 1 yt. Library Association of America, see American Library AsAocialion. Library Association of the Mency l>irstrict, 17. LibraryAssociationofthe Midlands, 17 Library Associailons, Ixical, in the United States, by H. Putnam ^Pai>er), 139; Discussion, 343. Ltbraty Journal, iji, LiKhtinjc of Libraries. 104, 937. Lincoln Cathedral Lilirary, 110. Linde, A. v. (I., 73. Linotype Printtnc Linotype etc., 151, 343. "Listof^U< ^ ' K for Catalogues, Books for Girls and Women," 153, 170. Literature (sec also Rooks, Biblio- Krapby, CalaloKuinK, Colonial Literature, etc. etc.): The Appraisal of Literature, by GeorRC lies (Paper), 166, The Educational Aims of Libraries, sec Libraries, Liverpool Flora, 99. Liverpool Proprietary Library, 17. Liverpool Public Library : Reminiscences of Librar>* Work in Liverpool during Forty Years, by Peter Cowcll (Paper), 99; Discus- sion, 236. The Library HuiUlinc, 940. Local Government Uoard Act of 18941 35. Local I^ibrary Associations in the United Stales, by Herl>crt Putnam (Paper), 139; Discussion, 343. London : Karly Circulating Libraries, 17. I'ublic Libraries Act, i, 17. Ix>ndon City Poets, 57.^ London Libr.iry: Classified Index, 3. LonK. Kdwatil, Historian, 173. l^)nKfclIow's Poems, 48, ti.|. Lord, Mrs., on Works of Fiction, 339. Lord ^L1yo^'s Show, S7- Los AnRcles Library Classes, 38. Louis XI. of France and the Boole Trade, 75- lx)ve, K. r. J., on the Library Faci- lities of Scicniil'ic Investigators in Melbourne (Paper), 304. Low, Sampson, Publisher, 150. Lowell, James RuAcU, referred to, 46, 48. Lowndes's (W. T.) "Bibliographer's Manual," 60, 61. Lubl>ock Sir John, 46, 70, its. 117- President, 335, 937. Proposed Vote of Thanks to the Lord Mayor and Corporation, 337. 8 noted, 49. n Library ProRres^*; : In.iuKUr.il Address, 1 ; Vote of Thanks, 328. On the Library Work of the London School Board, 340. On the Conference, 949. Lucas, Rev. J. E., on Gas and Elec- tricity, 317- Lucullus, liook -Col lector. 14. Lund Royal University Library, 136. Lundstedt, Dr. B., on the Conference, Lui>dtiedt't(Dr.) "HUtoryorSwtditb PeriodlcaU mid Newspapers," 941, LyMer, T. W.,on Library Archluc- lure, 340. MacAliitkp, J. V. W., On S'tmr 'I'-n'letM.ieo of Modem I , (i'aper), 9 ; Difccuv '. Aurktand, jux. Ma(.keii', 15. Mechanics' Institutions, 17. Medina, Jos^T., 6, 7. Meissonier, Artist, 167. Melbourne, sec under .Australia. Members of the Conference, 359. Mendicant Friars ami Libraries, 15. Mentelin, Johann, Printer, 73, 74. 76. Mersey District Librar>* Association, »7- Merton College Library*. 16, no. Mctlernicb and the Book Trade, 78. Mexican limcRecordinp, 169. Michigan Library Assocuition, 139. Nliddleton, Thomas, Poet, 57. Nlidland Library Association, 17. Milter, Patrick, and Stean^ Naviga- tion, 57- . . Mist, Comroi.ssioncr-Gcneral de, and Education at the Cape, tBd Mitchell, David Scott. Librafj- of, 93. Mitchells (Dr.) "The Orbs of Heaven," 3. Mivart, Prof. St. George. ouoted, 158. Molson, William, N!ontrcal. 155, Mona.siic and Church Libraries, 14-16. Monckton, Sir John, on ibe Confer- ence. 350. Montagu, Mrs. Elizabeth, Blucstock- inc. S'. Montreal Libraries, by C H. GooU (Paper), 154. ... MudRc. Thoma*. natchmaker, 57- MuRglcton Sect. 57. MummcnhofT, E. , 77. Mimday, Poet, S7- Murdoch, William, and Coal Gas Lighting, 57. Murd<.^'s " Couniini: and Measuring among the Eskimo," 161. 286 INDEX Museums Association, 17. Music in Public Libraries, loi. Henry E. Krehbiel's " Catalogue of Works on Music," 152, 170. Namuk, Librarian, 17. Nassau, Count Adolf of, and Guten- berg, 73, 74. Nation of New York, 169. National Art Library : History and Cataloguing of tbe Librar>% by W. H. J. Weale (Paper), 97. National Home Reading Union referred to, 2, 177. Natural History Museum : Building, 240. Nebraska Librar>' Club, 130. Netley Monastic Library, 15. New South Wales, see under Aus- tralia. New York Libran,- Club,_i2p. New York Library- Association, 129. New York Public Library : Card-Catalogue, 12S. New York State Libraries Depart- ment, 22. New York State Library- School at Albany, 34-37, 39. 42- ^ ^ , ^ New York State Summer School, 38. ■New Zealand : Public Libraries, i. Public Libraries in New Zealand, by Thomas W. Rowe (Paper), 199. Auckland Free Public Library, by Edw. Sbillington (Paper), 201. Newberry Library, Chicago, 127. Newcastle - on - Tyne Literary and Philosophical Society's Library : Heating, etc., 237. Newman, Cardinal, 58, 59. Newspapers in Libraries, 19-20, 28-29, 229, 230. Nicholson, Sir Charles, Sydney, 197. Nietzsche, Friedrich, quoted, 72. Nolan, Capt.,and the Charge of the Light Brigade, 57. Nordin, J. G., 74. North, Lord, and the American Colonies, 48. North American Review Book Lists, 150. "Northern Myths,'' 115. Northwestern University Library, 127. Norton, Charles E., 151. Norton, Prof. Charles Eliot, quoted, 52- Norton, Dr. James, 94. Norway ; Public Libraries, 137. Norwich : School Libraries, 239. Nottingham Mechanics' Institution : Open Access, 245. Nova Scotia, Legislative Library of, 146. Novels, see Fiction. Noyes's (S. B.) Catalogue of the Brooklyn Library, 68, 152. Numberg, Council of, and Antonj Koberger, 72. Ogle, J. J., - . . On Hindrances to the Training of Efficient Librarians (Paper), 44 ; Discussion, 231-2. "The Free Library," 228. On the Cutter Classification, 235. On the Sturtevant System of Ven- tilation, 2:16. On the Printing of Catalogues, 242. On Mr. Steenberg, 243. Open Access, 18. Freedom in Public Libraries, by W. H. Brett (Paper), 79; Dis- cussion, 243-6. An Indicator-Catalogue Charging System, by Jacob Schwartz (Paper), 142 ; Discussion, 246. "Orbs of Heaven," by Dr. Mitchell, 2. O'Rell, Max, in the Catalogue, 63. Otlet, Paul, on the International In- stitute of Bibliography at Brussels, 241. Ouida in the Catalogue, 63. Owens College, Manchester, 28. Oxford : Bodleian Library-, 8, 17. College Libraries, 16, no. Oxford Movement, 59. Pacconio, Frai CISCO, referred to, 8. Palmer, G. H., 97. Panizzi, Sir A., referred to, 9, 17- Pannartz, Printer, 73. Paris : Library at St. Germain-des-Pr£s, 16. Sorbonne Library, 16. The Bibliothcque Mazarine, 16, 17. Parkhurst, Dr., quoted, 51. Parkman, Francis, Historian, 167. Pattison, Mark, quoted, 12. Paulus, Aemilius, Book-Collector, 14. Peabody Institute (Baltimore) Cata- logue, 152. Peacock, Dr., 160. Peacock, Thomas, Auckland, 201. Peacock, Thomas Love, 61. Peddie, R. A., - - ^ On the Financial Condition of Libraries, etc., 232. On the Pseudonym in the Cata- logue, 233. On the Form of Catalogue, 234. On Classification, 235. ^ On Co-operation in the Printing of Catalogues, 243. Peignot, Librarian, 17. Peliechet's (Mile.) Catalogue of French Incunabula, 65. Pels, Very Rev. Daniel, 18S. Penny Rate, 29-30, 45- Pergamus: Early Libraries, 14. Periodicals : Selection of Periodicals, 28-29. Periodicals in the Liverpool Public Library, 99-100. Co-operation in a Catalogue of Periodicals, by H. H. Langton (Paper), 122; Discussion, 242-3. Poole's " Index to Periodical Litera- ture," 121, 153. W. H. Brett's "Cumulative Index to Periodical Literature,'' 153. Persia and the Art of Printing, 6. Periz, Heinrich, 74. Peruvian " Quipos," 161. Petherbridge, Miss, on the American Library School, 42. Petherick, Edward A., on Theoretical and Practical Bibliography (Paper), 148 ; Discussion, 246. Petzholdt, Librarian, 17. Philadelphia : Drexel Institute Library (^la.ss, 37-^8. 39- Philadelphia Librar>^ Company, 17. Philippine Ids. : Printing at Manila, 7. Phillips, Wendell, quoted, 46. Photius, 15. Pilgrim Fathers, 57. "Pindar, Peter," 173. Pisistratus, Book-Collector, 13. Pite, Beresford, on Library Architec- ture from the Architect's Standpoint (Paper), 106; Discussion, 240-1. Plummer, Miss Mar>- Wright, 37. Plymouth : School Libraries, 239. Poe's (E. A.) " Goldbug," 49- Political Science Quarterly^ 169. Pollard, Alfred 'W., on the Relations of Bibliography and Cataloguing (Paper), 63 ; Discussion, 233-4. Pollio, Asinius, and Libraries, 14. "Polynesia, Bibliography of," 14^- Poole's "Index to Periodical Litera- ture," 121, 153. Port Elizabeth Library, S. Africa, 192. "Porter Collection" in the Public Library, Capetown, 192. Portfolio Book Lists, 150. Portugal : Early Printing, 74. _ _ Portuguese Introduction of Printing into India, 5-6. Pratt Institute (Brooklyn) Library School, 37, 39. Premonstratensians and Libraries, 15- Presidential Address, by Sir John Lubbock, I ; Discussion, and Vote of Thanks, 228. Prevost, C. ^L. 113- Priests as Librarians, 17. Pringle, Thomas, Librarian at the Cape, 191. Printing, see Typography. Printing of Catalogues, see under Cataloguing. Proceedings of the Conference, 227-250. Proprietary Libraries, 17. Pseudonyms in the Catalogue, 63, 233. Public Librarians, Society of, 17. Public Libraries : General Statistics, i. The Evolution of the Public Library, by H. R. Tedder (Paper), 13. The Educational Aim of Libraries, see Libraries. Library Appliances, Library Work, see Library Appliances, etc. Librarians and Assistants, see Libra- rians. Public Libraries under the Acts : Ewart Act of 1850, i, 17, 27, 72. Adoptions of the Act, i. Adoptions in London, i, 17. Library Authorities: Their Powers and Duties, by Herbert Jones (Paper), 23 ; Discussion, 230-1. The Duties of Library Committees, by Alderman H. Rawson (Paper), 27 ; Discussion, 230-1. The Penny Rate, 29-30, 45. Income Tax Case at Manchester, 29-30. Ptihlisher's Circular referred to, 28. " Publishers' Trade List Annual," 150. Publishers Weekly., 152. Purcell's (E. S.) " Cardinal Manning, 167. „ Putnam's (George Haven) Best Reading," 152. ^ -^ , ,. , r Putnam, George P., Publisher of "American Facts," 150; Roor- bach's " Bibliotheca Americana,'^ 151; and the "Bookbuyer's Manual," Putnam, Herbert, On Local Library Associations in the United States (Paper), 129; Discussion, 243. On Children's Reading, 238-9. On the Printing of Catalogues by the Linotype Machine, 242. On Open Access, 245. Pynson, Richard, Printer, 73. QuARE, Daniel, Watchmaker, 57. Quarterly Review referred to, 8, 29. Quinn, J. H., On Children's Libraries, 238. On the Use of Cards with Open Access, 246. Radford, J. T., on Open Access, 245. Raglan, Lord, 57. Rainier, Archduke, 5. Raleigh (Sir Walter) Bibliography, 56. Rameses i. and Libraries, 13, 18. " Ramona," 116. Ramsay, Allan, Poet, 17, 57- Ratdolt, Erhart, 74. Rate levied, 29-30, 45- Rawson, Alderman Harry, Seconded Vote of Thanks to the Lord Mayor, 228. Chairman, 247. On the Duties of Library Com- mittees (Paper), 27 ; Discussion, 230-T. On the Foreign Delegates. 247. ^ " Reader's Guide in Economic, Social, and Political Science," by G. lies and R. R. Bowker, 152, 170. ' ' Reading for the Young, " by Sargent, Redpath, Peter, Montreal, 155. Reede, Commander-General H. A. van, and Education at the Cape, 180. " Reference Catalogue of English Literature," 150. "Reference Trade List" (of Books), by A. V. Blake, 150. Registration of Colonial Publications, see Colonial Literature. Rein, Dr., 47. Reinet (Graaff) Library, S. Africa, 192. INDEX 387 Kcnuimril, A. A., it\, Kcwick, K., 7I. Keyser, Jconui, I'riiitar, 73. K)iciiiii%, Juhttrinc* Kaac, ofihoCtiiic, I By. Kich\ <0)>aUinl)) " lUMiothcca Amen- caiitt Novu," i^t. KictianUon, luiteitt C'tifttitiiKi «n I'i- linirirs the I'riinitry Kucior in lluiiiiin Kvolutioii (l\ii*rr), 138. Ric)ur5., 6. Sandc, Kduardu-s dc, '», 7. S.-tndeman Sect, 57. Sarncnt's " Rcairmg for the Young," J53- Sargent's " Stand.ard Speaker," 47. Sntow, Sir Krnc.Ht Ma:.on, and Print- ing in Japan, 7. Saiinder>'> (Mar>hall) " Beautiful Joe," I \3. Scnlecbl, los., 73. Sclimidt, Charles, 73. Scbnorrcnl>crg, J., 74. Schocffer, Peter, 74. 77. SchOnspergcr. Haiin, Printer, 74. School Libraries in Sweden, 137. Schwartz, Jacob, on an Indicator- Catalogue Charging System (Paper), 143 ; Dtscu»ion, 246. Science : Catalogue of Scientific Papers com- piled by the Royal Society, 3, lai. Scuddcr's Catalogue of scientific Serials, 133, iii. Bibliographies of Special Subjects, 34a. Librar>' F.icilities of Scienttfic In- vestigators in Melliourne, by E. F. J. Love (Paper), -•04. The Australian Museum Librar>*, by Sutherland Sinclair (Paper), «>7-. Scientific Libraries in Sweden, 135; Norway, 137; Denmark, 138; Finland, 140. Scipio at Carthage, 14. Scotland : The Constitution of Library Committees, 231. Scott, Michael, 173. .Scott, Thonuu, and hi* Kiblicul Coin- itieiilnric«, jS. S<:iMl, Sir Walter, (Jitoled, 1 17. Ilii Workit, 4». S'. ••)-«. Scott lliblir>gr.t)ihy, jo. Scuddcr'n " CaiuluKue uf SLiculifiQ SrriaU." t3i, IV4. Sen^cnxcti Scrriiricr, w:hniidt, L, Printer, 74. CT, Kcv. J. P., Librarian at the Ca[>c, 1B9, iQi. Settle, Klkanafl, Poet, 57. Mi.il.rv ..7, -ai.il>;. 55, fi5,87-e. 1 tl Library, a)). , ' ; , 1 I >| 1 Ml ■ ■')• Sbitip, Mint Kailiarino L., jB. ih\ Hume LibraricK fur Children in Anicri<_a, j ly. Shaw, (;. T., on the Liimiyiic for the PrinliiiK of Catalogues, d^t. Sholl'^y'i (Mr*.) " Frankciutviii," 09. Sbilliniftoti, 1-Mward, on Auckland Public Library (Paper), joi. Simon. Julett, ijuoled, 46. Sinclair, .Sutherland, un the Auntra- liiin Museum Library (PajKrr), >^. .Sixtus IV., Pope, and the Early Printcm, 73. SixiUM v., Poi>c, and the Vatican Library, 14- Slither, Kev. !.., of the Cape, iSi. Stmirii:, -Sir f-lan^, 17). Small, Prof. Albion VV., cjuotcd, 50. Sniirkc, Sir Roliert, no. Smith, George, Publinher of the " iJiL-tionary of National Hio- graphy," 55, 63, vja. 733. Smith. Prr>f. Coldwin, i^udted, 169. Smith <> (Ruv\ell) " Hibliothecu Ameri- cana,'* 151. Smith, So*ien, ^7. .Smith, Sydney, 48. Snitthv>nian Institution, 174, 135. .Social Proceedings of the Conference, 251. .Socitft^ Franklin of Parti, 171. Somerset, l^rd Charles, and Educa* tion and Libraries at the Cape, 166, 187, 189, 190. Sonnenschein's (\Vm. Swan) Bibliographies, etc., 57, 58. '* Best Books," 152. Sorbonnc Library, 16, Sorel, Agnes, 163. Southcni, Alderman J. W., On Librarians, 331. On Open Access, 244. Sp.-vin: The Escurial Library, 16. Spcier, John and Wendciin of, Print- ers, 75. Spencer, Herbert, quoted, 13, 47, 52, 53. »58. Sudloe, Hermann, 74, 77. Stcenbcrg, A. C, On the Public Libraries of the Northern StatesofEurope(Papcr), 135; Discussion, 143. On the Conference, 247. Stel, Commander Simon v.in der, and Education at the Cape, 180. Stel, Governor Willcm Adri.oan van der, and Education at the Cape, 180. Stephen, Leslie, 63; " English Thought in the Eighteenth Century," 121. Stevens, Henr>-, Publisher, 151. Stevenson's (Robert Louti>) Weir of Hermiston," 167. Stevenson, W, M., Librarian, 169. Stewart's (J.) " Jamaica "quoted, 173. Stockholm Libraries, 135, 137. Stockholm Royal Libniry, 135. Stowe's (Mrs.) " Uncle Tom s (^bin," 116-117. Strabo referred to, 13. Sturgis's (Russell) " Catalogue of Works on the Fine Ails," 152, 170. Sturtcvant System, 336. Subject -Catalogues, sec Bibliography, etc. Subscription Libraries: Philadelphia Library Company. 17. Success, Definition of, 46. Suidas referred to, 14. Sulla, Book-Collector, 14. Sully, Jamc*, nuotcd, ji. Sumnicf SchooU. «e« u/ulct UbrOf Un*. Sumner, Pruf. W. G,, 17'A. Swedcti : K.. • M P'. Sw. , Sy.l *^d. U .Sy: -.lui. SytUx. Sylvc:ilic\ " l',il.C'j;^f-I'hy," 16}. TAl.t.li'. . AM. N"T III i, r'l. Tan- I ' To 'Ia» I -, »*e Unili.1 1 iiij:.^^-. Technical Kdui aiion, 17, 99. Ted.i. I, H.-.r !■■ . <) ' t the Public I SI. . , Li.hy, 56. On the i luu.di^ ot i^ibniriant, 3\\. On the "Dictionary of Naiiunal Biogra^>hy," tsi. On the Klectrit Fan, 237. On Dr. Lund%tedt'« History uf Periodical'., 341. Financial Statement oa Treotuier, 277- Terry, Mis* Ellen, 349, 353. ThcotlLisius and Public Libraries, 14. iliermostat ApiKiralus, 105, 236. ThofiULMjn's Collectionuf 17th Century Tracts, 60. Thorbuni, John, on Counting and Time-Recording (Paper), 160. 'Hiring, Kerius and Public Libraries, 14. Time- Recording and Counting, by John Thorburn (Paper), 160. Timts referred to, 29. Tintern Monastic Library, 15. " Title and Slip Regutry " (of Doolu), 152. Titles of Books, a. "Trade Circular Annual," 150. Traill, H. D., quoted, 3. Training of Librarians, mc under Librarians. Travelling libraries in America, >a. Travelling Librone^ in New South Wales, 9^. Trinity CJollege Library, 16. *' Tropical Reader*" Series, 177. Trubner, Nicholas, Publisher, 151. TyjMJgraphy : On the Aids lent by Public Bodies to the Art uf Printing in ilic Early D.iys of TyjKjgraphy, by C5. D2iat/ko (P.idct), 73. Introduction of tluro)>can Printing into the East, by Dr. K Garnctt (Paper), 5. E.-irly Printed Books at the Cape- town Public Library^ 188-192. Early Primed Itooks in the Auck- land Public Library, 199, 301-303. Cataloguing of Early Printed Bookft, 64-65. Hain's " Repcrtorium," 64. Printing of C^ulogues, see utKler Cataloguing. Ulfian Library, 14. "Uncle Remus," 113. " Uncle Toms CZalnn," ii6-:i7. United States Libraries, etc., sec American Library Work. University .ind College Libranes : Early Libraries, 16-17, 110. Cambridge : St. John's, etc, 16, I to. Oxford: Merton Collese, t6, tio. McGill University Library, Mon- treal, 155. Sydney Univ(!r.ity Librar)', by H. E. Barff(Paper). 197. Unisersity Libraries in Sweden, Nor- way, Denmark, Finland, 1^6-140. Upsala Royal University Library, 116. d'Urbon, Sir Benjamin, and Educa- tion at the Cape, 167. Lire's (Dr.) Thermosut, 105, 936. 288 INDEX Valignanus, Alexandeu, 6. Varro, 14. Vatican Library, 14. Venice : Early Printing, 75-76. Ventilation of Libraries, 105, 237. Vera, Juan de, Printer, 7. Verney, Miss, of Middle Claydon, Victoria, see under Australia. Village Libraries in Yorkshire, 236. Vincent, C. W., On the Catalogue, 234. On the Libraries of the London School Board, 238. Waddell, W. R., Auckland, 201. Wagenaar, Z., and Education at the Cape, 179. Wagner's Music-Dramas, 167. Waldan, G. E., 77. Wales : Welsh Histon,', 57. Walker, R. C, Librarian, 93. Walworth, E. H., on English National Archives, 2. Warner, Charles Dudley, quoted, 52- . . Washington Library Association, 130- 131. Watson, D., on Heating, 237. Watt's (Robert) " Bibliothcca Bri- tannica," 60, 61. Watts, Librarian and Scholar, 17. Weale, W. H. James, On the Historj' and Cataloguing of the National Art Librarj- (Paper), 97. On the Pseudonym in the Cata- logue, 233. Welch, Councillor, on Cataloguing, 233- Welch, Charles, On the Training of Librarians (Paper), 31 ; Discu-sion, 231-2. On the Conference, 250. Wellington, N.Z., Public Library, 199-200. Wesley, W. H., on Classification, 235. Westminster Cathedral Library, 16. Westminster Public Library referred to, I. White Ant in Jamaica, 178. Whittier's Poems, 114. Wiiisor, Dr. fustin, Proposed Vote of Thanks to Sir John Lubbock, 228. Chairman, 234. Winsor, Dr. Justin — contd. On the Soci6t^ Franklin of Parisj 171. On the "Dictionary of National Biography," 232. On the Catalogue, 234. On Heating and Ventilation, 237. Wisconsin University Summer School, 38. Wolverhampton Public Library : Lec- tures, 236. Women Librarians, see under Libra- rians. Wotton quoted, 52. Wren, Sir Christopher, 16, 110. Wright, W. H. R., On Fiction in Libraries, 229. On School Libraries, 239. Wright, Dr., 173. YoNGE, Sir George, Governor at the Cape, 189. Yorkshire Village Libraries, 236. Young, Sir Frederick, On Cataloguing, 233. On Library Architecture, 240. Youngest Readers, see Juvenile Libraries. Yucatan Time-Recording, 162. E. II. PRINTEO BY MORRISON AND GIBB LIMITED, EDINBUilGH. X THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW. Series 9482 D 'juo 'jj»j 'i'i'< '^ .;:;:,iHpi3;^-;;i: ;!;;;];! jSilfel^l^^lf^^