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 lOIINDF.D IIY JOHN l>. ROCKKKKLt-KR 
 
 RESEARCHES IN ASSYRIAN AND 
 BABYLONIAN GEOGRAPHY 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS 
 
 AND LITERATURE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE 
 
 DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 (DEPARTMENT OK SEMITICS) 
 
 BY 
 
 OLAF ALFRED TOFFTEEN 
 
 CHICAGO 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 
 
 1908 
 
Zbc Tanircrsitg ot Gbtcaoo 
 
 KOUNDED BY JOHN D. KOCKKKELLKK 
 
 RHSEARCIIHS IN ASSYRIAN AND 
 BABYLONIAN GEOGRAPHY 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS 
 
 AND LITERATURE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE 
 
 DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 (department of SEMITICS) 
 
 BY 
 
 OLAF ALFRED TOFFTEEN 
 
 CHICAGO 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 
 
 1908 
 
I— v^° 
 
 \ ^0 
 
 Published January 1908 
 
 Composed and Printed By 
 
 The University of Chicago Press 
 
 Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A. 
 
TO 
 
 MY WIFE 
 
Map of Northwestern Mesopotamia 
 According to the Assyrian Inscriptions 
 
 Paris 37 
 
 37 
 
 ARIME Lands 
 
 AMADAJV/ Lands and Mounrams 
 
 Tela Cl^ies. 
 
RESEARCHES IN ASSYRIAN AND BABYLONIAN 
 
 GEOGRAPHY 
 
 THE LANDS OP ISUA, DARIA, AND BtT-ZAMANI 
 
 A. ISUA 
 
 TP, I: mati-su-ca, Aw. 3:88. 
 Shalm. II: n^atj-su-a, Mon. 2:42. 
 
 After the conquest of Saranid and Ammanid, TP. I men- 
 tions very briefly the conquest of I sua and Daria.' 
 
 Saranid and Ammanid were situated in Mount Aruma, the 
 Armenian Taurus, and Ammanid was in its western part. As 
 Tiglath-Pileser was marching from east to west, it would be 
 expected that Isua was west of the Taurus, somewhere in the 
 western part of Anzitene. 
 
 This is confirmed by a statement of Shalmaneser 11,^ who says 
 that Enzite was a part of the land of Isua. The situation of 
 Enzite^ is well known, and as Enzite is here called a province of 
 Isua, that land must be the region between the upper Tigris, 
 Arsania, Euphrates and the river Arghana Su. 
 
 So far as the references to the two lands are concerned, there 
 can be no question of their identity. Streck* has, however, raised 
 an objection on account of the different sibilants, and has located 
 Isua by the upper Zab and Isua by Enzite. Belck,* on the 
 contrary, has identified the two names and located this land in 
 Anzitene. 
 
 Isua is grouped with Daria, but Daria is without doubt 
 identical with Diria, which must be assigned to a position around 
 Arghana,** and therefore we have clear evidence for both its west- 
 ern and southern boundaries. The change of the sibilants may 
 be accounted for in the lapse of more than 250 years between 
 TP. I and Shalm. II and has its parallels in Subari and Subari, 
 Subartu and Subartu. 
 
 1 ^?i. 3 : 88-91. *ZA., XIII, p. 96 and XIV, p. 163. 
 
 2 Mon. 2 : 41-46. ^ZDMG., 51, p. 559. 
 
 3 See below under Enzite. 6 See below. 
 
2 ISUA 
 
 Enzite 
 
 Shalm. II: ^atEn-zi-te, Mon. 2:42, 43, 45, 65; Balw. 2:5; Spring. 
 Inscrip. 10. 
 
 Shalm. II: matEn-zi. Lay. 12:18. 
 
 Sams. Ad. IV: matEn-zi. An. 2:12. 
 
 TP. IV: matEn-zi. Ninn. I, 34; Fragm. II, 23. 
 
 The form Enzite occurs only in the inscriptions of Shalmane- 
 ser II; in his Layard inscriptions he uses the form Enzi. 
 
 Coming from the city of Kar-Sulmanu-asarid over Blt- 
 Zamani, Shalmaneser II reached Enzite after crossing the 
 mountains of Namdanu and Merhisu.' The situation of 
 Enzite, north of Bit-Zamani and Mount Namdanu of 
 Dirria, south of the river Arsania and west of the Tigris is 
 made certain by this text. In the Balawat inscription Shal- 
 maneser speaks of his march from 'the land of Enzite to the 
 land of Daiaeni.' In the Monolith inscription he reached 
 Daiaeni from Suhme. 
 
 In Layard 12:18 this march appears as starting in Enzi, and 
 the conclusion is that Enzite and Enzi are identical. 
 
 Samsi-Adad IV (col. 2:12) gives the boundaries of his king- 
 dom, reaching 'from the city of Zaddi in the land of Akkad 
 unto the land of Enzi.' 
 
 In the time of TP. IV (PL I, 34) Enzi belonged to Urartu, 
 from which he took it. 
 
 If my restoration of ABL., 444, obv. 6, is correct, we should in 
 that text read ["^^''En-zi] '-te-ni, a province preceding that of 
 Alzi^ and belonging to Urartu in the time of Sennacherib. 
 
 Streck* identifies Enzite with the modern Hanzith, between 
 Palu and Arghana, and compares it with the "Av^rjra of Ptolemy 
 (13:19), a city of Great Armenia in the nome of the same name, 
 otherwise called by the classics Anzitene. 
 
 Saluria 
 Shalm. II: '^iSa-lu-ri-a, Mon. 2:44. 
 In the city of Saluria Shalmaneser erected his magnificent statue. 
 
 1 Mon. 2:42-45. 
 
 2 It is possible that we should restore [™** Me-li] -te-ni. 
 
 3 For Streck's opinion that Alzi and Enzi are identical, see below p. 28. 
 
 *24.,XIII, p. 94. 
 
ISUA 3 
 
 As he claims to have conquered the entire land of Enzite, Saluria 
 was probably the last city of that land he reached before crossing 
 the Arsania — the text^ seems to indicate this — and I should 
 therefore assign a position for it in the northeastern part of 
 Enzite, near the pass of Ammastub. The city of Saluria was 
 built at the foot of Mount Kireki. 
 
 Kireki 
 Shalm. II: sadKi-ri-e-ki, Mon. 2:44. 
 
 In the reading of the text I follow Craig :^ 
 
 *'Sa-lu-ri-a ki-ta (=saplu) ^addJKi-ri-e-ki. Peiser^ reads: *'Sa- 
 lu-ri a-sar(?) me-ti-ki ri-e-ki, "in Saluri a place of long marches," 
 which does not seem to give any fitting sense. 
 
 MERgisu 
 
 Shalm. II: §adMe-ir-hi-8u,* Mou. 2:41; 
 
 AND 
 
 Namdanu 
 Shalm. II: ^ad^a-am-da-a-nu, Mon. 2:41. 
 
 Shalmaneser II crossed the mountains of Namdanu and 
 Merhisu on his march from Bit-Zamani to Enzite. Their 
 exact position either south or north of Dirria, is at present im- 
 possible to decide. 
 
 Dirria itself was a mountainous land, and we know two of its 
 mountains, west of the Tigris, Arqania and Amadani. Further 
 west, by the Euphrates, was the highland of Adani. 
 
 Adani 
 TP. I: matA-da-e-ni, ^w. 4:79; Anp. Ill: m^tA-da-ni, Aw. 3:98. 
 In the list of N air i -lands, which Tig. Pil. I conquered, the 
 lands of Adaeni and Kirini are grouped together. They are 
 preceded by the land of Abaeni and followed by the land of 
 Albaia. There is, however, no definite order in this list — two 
 or three names are grouped together as geographically connected 
 — but these groups are taken promiscuously. 
 
 In the annals of Asurnasirpal III {An. 3:79-99) the location 
 of this land is quite well defined. He reached the cities of this 
 
 1 See under Enzite. 2 The Monolith Inscription, Shalmaneser 11 . 
 
 3 KB,, I, p. 164. *The reading of this sign is doubtful. 
 
4 ISUA 
 
 land by marching up-stream along the Euphrates, and as he men- 
 tions no crossing of the river we are safe in concluding that he 
 marched east of the Euphrates. Amadani is the mountain WNW 
 of Arghana and corresponds to the modern Arghana Maden. As 
 he reached Amadani from the land of Adani, that land should 
 be located to the west or southwest of Arghana Maden. 
 The following cities lay within the land of Adani: 
 
 Umalia 
 Anp. Ill: aiU-ma-li-a, An. 3:97; 
 
 5lRANU 
 
 Anp, III: a'5i-ra-a-nu, An. 3:97; Johns, ADD.: "^igi-ra-nu, [210] 
 
 K. 7682, rv. 16. 
 
 Kakania 
 
 TP. I: matKi-ri-ni, An. 4:80; Anp. Ill: ^iRa-ra-ni-a, An. 3:99. 
 
 Umalia was evidently further southwest, and east or northeast 
 of it was 3iranu. Karania was located between Adani and the 
 pass of Amadani. In the time of TP. I, it was an independent 
 land, or city district, but in the time of Asurnasirpal it had been 
 laid under the rule of Adani. 
 
 B. DARIA 
 
 TP. I: matDa-ri-a, An. 3:88; Anp. Ill: ^atDir-ri-a, A?i. 3:100. 
 
 Daria and I sua are grouped together by TP. I. 
 
 Asurnasirpal reached the land of Dirria, coming from the 
 west over Adani and Karania. 
 
 Arqania has generally and without doubt rightly been iden- 
 tified with the modern Arghana. Amadani I would identify 
 with modern Arghana Maden, and the pass of Amadani would 
 then lie between Arghana and Arghana Maden. Dirria would 
 be the land west of the Tigris, south of Egil. 
 
 Arqania extended apparently to the eastern bank of the Tigris, 
 and there is another land, Dirra,' mentioned by Asurnasirpal 
 and conquered by him in his fifth year. It is possible that Dirria 
 and Dirra are identical, but as long as there is a differentiation 
 in the spelling of the two names, observed by the same king and 
 in the same inscription, and the former land was west, the latter 
 
 iin E. 6:49, Dirra is called a city of the land of Nairi, and mentioned with N i r d u n. 
 
Daria 5 
 
 east, of the Tigris, I shall confine Daria-Dirria to the territory 
 near Egil, west of the Tigris. This does not exclude the possi- 
 bility that the two territories were united under one king in the 
 time of Asurnasirpal, although there is no statement to that effect 
 in the inscriptions. Sanda' has reached the same conclusions. 
 Streck'"' argues for a Daria on the upper Zab and identifies 
 Dirria and Dirra, locating it on the upper Tigris, although he is 
 not clear as to its exact location. Belck^ identifies Daria, Dirria 
 and Dirra and locates it on the upper Tigris by Arghana. 
 
 Amadana 
 TP. I: §adA-ma-da-na, Aw. 4:58. 
 Anp. Ill: sadA-ma-da-ni, An. 3:100, 101, 104. 
 
 Amadana occurs in the Nairi mountain list of TP. I between 
 the mountains of El am a and Elhis. There is no positive 
 evidence for identifying it with Amadani, but TP. I had 
 visited the region of Daria, where Amadani is located; from 
 which it may be fairly assumed that the two names are identical. 
 Above I have identified Amadani with the modern Arghana 
 Maden. 
 
 Arqania 
 
 Anp. Ill: sadAr-ka-ni-a, An. 3:101 bis, 103. 
 
 Arqania is identical with the modern Arghana. It extended, 
 however, east of the Tigris. The 'pass of Amadani' ran between 
 the mountains of Amadani and Arqania, west of the Euphrates; 
 the 'pass of Madni' would likewise be regarded as running 
 between the mountains of Madni and Arqania, east of the Tigris. 
 The modern Sivan Ma'den lies close by Arghana Maden and 
 may represent the inscriptional 'pass of Madni.' 
 
 Mallanu 
 Anp. Ill: matMal-la-a-nu, Aw. 3:101 bis. 
 
 This district lay within Mount Arqania, west of the Tigris. 
 
 Zamba 
 Anp. Ill: matza-am-ba, Aw. 3:102. 
 
 Zamba was the land between Mount Arqania and the rivers 
 Sua and Tigris, in the neighborhood of modern Egil. 
 
 iJlfFG., VII2, p. 7. 2^.4., XIV, p. 163. 
 
 3.ZZ)ilfG.,51, p. 559. 
 
6 Daria 
 
 StA 
 Anp. Ill: mftJ-Su-ti-a, Anp. 3:102. 
 
 I have identified this river with the river running into the 
 Tigris by Egil, because Asurnasirpal III evidently was on the 
 north side ofArqania after having entered the pass of Amadani; 
 and after the raid on the shores of the Sua and the Tigris he 
 proceeds south through the same pass of Amadani to the city of 
 Parzanistun. 
 
 Parzanistun 
 
 Anp. Ill: aiPar-za-ni-is-tu-un, An. 3:104. 
 
 ABL.: »'Par-za-ni-is[-tu-un],[147]K. 1170, rv. 7. 
 
 Johns, ADD.: ^'Par-za-ni-is-ta, [742] 79-7-8, 309, obv. 28. 
 
 The city of Parzanistun was situated on the border between 
 Dirria and Bit-Zamani. Asurnasirpal^ reached it on his way 
 from the pass of Mount Amadani to the city of Damdammusa.' 
 
 As Damdammusa was the outlying fortress of Bit-Zamftni, 
 to the north, it is probable that Parzanistun did not belong to 
 the province of Bit-Z amani, but was either an independent city, 
 or else belonged to Dirria. 
 
 My restoration of this name in ABL., 147, I regard as certain. 
 It occurs in a letter of Asur-ristia, the Turtan of Sennacherib 
 in the land of Kurlji, and as he also mentions the cities of 
 Istar-durani and Dur-Samas, which were situated in the east- 
 ern part of Kur^i, he probably refers to some revolt extending 
 from the city of Parzanistun on the Tigris in the west to 
 Dur-Samas in the east, or possibly he refers to some gathering 
 of troops in that region — the mutilated text permitting no certain 
 conclusion. 
 
 C. BIT-ZAMlNI 
 
 Anp. Ill: ^P''Za-ma-ni, A*i. 2:12, 118; 3:105; ^P^'Za-ma-a-ni, 
 Men. K. TV. 36, 37. 
 
 Shalm. II: matBlt-Za-ma-a-ni, Mon. 2:41; Bit-matZa-ma-a-ni, 
 Ob. 143; '^•Bit-Za-ma-a-ni, Mon. 2:41. 
 
 ABL.: matBat-Za-ma-ni,[245]K. 513, rv.6; matBit-Za-ma-ni, 
 [757] S. 548, S. 887, obv. 8. 
 
 Johns, ADD.: matBit-Za-ma-a-ni, [125] K. 423, obv. 5; matBit- 
 Za-ma-ni, [1119] R^ 464, col. II, 1.6; ^iBit-Za-ma-ni, [863] K. 13199, 
 obv. 4; [ma]tBit-Za-ma-ni, [915] S. 1001, col. II, 1. 12. 
 
 Bez. Cat.: Bit-Za-am-ma-nu, 82-5-22, 106, obv. 9. 
 
 1 ASurnasirpal III, ^n. 3:104-105. 
 
Bit-Zamani 7 
 
 Zamanu is the name of the founder of the dynasty of Blt- 
 Zamani. In the time of Asurnasirpal, the king of the district, 
 over which this dynasty ruled, is still referred to as the 'son,' i. e., 
 the successor on the throne, of Zamani. From the time of Shal- 
 maneser II it is referred to as a bitu, or "dynasty," with its 
 territory. Originally this dynasty was confined to a single city, 
 but it early extended its power over the cities round about. 
 
 Zamftni is the region around Diyftr-Bekr, west of the Tigris, 
 immediately before that river turns eastward. Subria is the 
 land north of the Tigris, and Nirdun is south of Subria and the 
 Tigris in the western part of Kasiari; Urumu is south of 
 Tusba on the southern slopes of Kasiari, and Nairi included, 
 in the time of Asurnasirpal, the districts of Arime. 
 
 Ammeba'la, who was king of Zamani in the time of Asur- 
 nasirpal, was a friend of Assyria, but his friendship with Asur- 
 nasirpal was not to the liking of his people, and his nobles 
 revolted and slew him. Asurnasirpal then left the city of Tus^a 
 and marched to Zamftni to avenge the murder of his friend.' 
 The people had placed a certain Bur-Rammani on the throne 
 of Zamani, but Asurnasirpal slew him, flayed him and spread 
 his skin upon the wall of the city of Sinabu, and appointed 
 Ilanu, a brother of Amme'bala, as king of Zamani.^ But 
 Hani also revolted, perhaps under pressure from his people. 
 Asurnasirpal, who was then in Dirria, hurried southward, quelled 
 the rebellion, and punished the offenders.^ 
 
 Hani's successor is not named. It is significant that Amedi 
 is called his "royal city" or capital, because it points the fact 
 that even Bit-Zamani was not an Assyrian province in the 
 time of Asurnasirpal III. 
 
 Shalmaneser II marched through Bit-Zamani on his way 
 from Bit-Adini to Enzite.* Twenty-five years later he sent 
 his Turtan to Urartu, who reached that land by a march around 
 Kasiari and Bit-Zamani.'^ 
 
 In the contracts Bit-Zamani appears both as a land and as 
 a city. In the letter, ABL., No. 757, Sar-emurani includes 
 
 1 Asurnasirpal III, Annals, II : 118-25. 2 Mon. of Kurkh., rv. 42, 43. 
 
 3 Annals, III, 104-9. ♦ Shalmaneser II, Mon. 2 : 40, 41. 
 
 5 0b. 141-43. 
 
8 Bit-Zamani 
 
 the land of Blt-Zamani in the greeting to King Sargon. This 
 letter was written about 721 b. c, for this formula of greeting 
 seems to indicate that Sar-emurani was governor of Bit- 
 Zamani, and he must then be assigned to the period between 
 Marduk-bel-usur and Upahbar-Bel. The other letter, J. 5 J/., 
 245, was written by Asur-bel-udannin, concerning some fugi- 
 tives who had been brought back from the mountains and 
 detained in the land of Bit-Zamani. 
 
 The name Zamani is probably the prototype of the classic 
 'S.co(f)r)v^ (Strabo xi, 521, 522, 527) and 'EcocfiavT]^^ (Dion. Cass, 
 xxxvi, 36; Proc. de aedif. iii, 2, Bel. Pers. i, 21; Plut. Lucul. 24, 
 Pomp. 33; Tac. An7i. xii, 7). It was situated between the 
 Euphrates and the upper Tigris round the city of 
 
 Amedi 
 
 Anp. Ill: =^'A-me-di, An. 3: 107, 109. 
 Sams. Ad. IV: ^'A-me-di, An. 1:49. 
 
 Johns, ADD. ; '^'A-me-di, [372] 82-5-22, 139, rv. 5; ^'A-mi-di, 
 [942] K. 6367, rv. 8; ['^•lA-me-du, [951] K. 276, rv. 3. 
 Ep. lists: ^1 A-me-di, years 800, 762, 726, 705 b. c. 
 
 Amedi was the capital of Bit-Zamani. For references to 
 it by Asurnasirpal, see above under Bit-Zamani. It was 
 among the cities that joined the great rebellion against Shal- 
 maneser II and Samsi-Adad IV.' In the letters, the city of 
 Amedi is not mentioned, but we possess no less than five letters 
 from its governor, Upahhar-Bel, Eponym 705 b. c, namely 
 ABL., Nos. 200, 201, 424, 548, and 732. They are all addressed 
 to King Sargon, and two of them are very important for the his- 
 tory of Urartu. Besides Sar-emurani, mentioned above, we 
 know the names of five of its governors, who were vested with 
 the Eponym-office: Ilai, 800 b. c. ; Tab-Bel, 762 b. c; Mar- 
 duk-bel-usur, 726 b. c; Upahhar-Bel, 705 b. o. ; Laite- 
 ilu, post canon-eponym (K. 6367). 
 
 Amedi is identical with the classical Amida^ (Amm. Marc, 
 xviii, 9:1, 2; xix, 2:14; Proc. bell. Pers. 1, 7; Proc. de 
 aedif. 3, 1; Faust. Byz. 4, 24). It was the capital of Sophene or 
 Sophanene, a south Armenian principality, and was fortified by 
 
 » Samgi-Adad IV, An. 1 : 49. z'AjntSa. 
 
Bit-Zamani 9 
 
 Emperor Constantine. It was also the capital of the Roman 
 province of Mesopotamia, and is still called Kara- Amid — J^l , 
 ^] — although generally known, since the Arabic conquest, by 
 the name of the province, Diyar-Bekr. It was located on the 
 right bank of the Tigris, a little to the north of its bend eastward. 
 
 Damdamusa 
 
 Anp. Ill: ^^Da-am-da-mu-sa, Aw.l:103, 110; '^•Dam-da-mu-sa, 
 Slab. 27; *'Dam-dam-mu-sa, An. 3:105; ^'Dam-am-da-mu-sa, 
 Mon. K., rv. 48, 53. 
 
 Asurnasirpal III says that he received information that 
 Assyrians, whom Shalmaneser I had settled in the city of 5alzi- 
 Luha, had revolted and under their governor, 5ulai> gone and 
 captured the city of Damdamusa. Asurnasirpal III captured 
 the cities of ]5ulai — Kinabu and Mariru — and 5ulai him- 
 self was flayed and his skin spread upon the wall of the city of 
 Damdamusa, 
 
 In the revolt of Ilftni, governor of Zam^ni, Asurnasirpal 
 III reached the city of Damdamusa from Parzanistun, and 
 from Damdamusa he went to Amedi. Damdamusa was, con- 
 sequently, situated north of Amedi. It may also be inferred that 
 it lay near by or on the Tigris on its western bank, because this is 
 the first city of Zamani that 5ulai, who evidently marched 
 through Subria, reached and captured. In Damdamusa Asur- 
 nasirpal built granaries' for storing the grain of Subria, and 
 this would imply that the city would be near the Tigris, over 
 which the people of Subria had to transport their tax-corn. 
 Had it been inland, the Subrians would have found it more con- 
 venient to ship their grain to Tush a, which lay south of them, 
 on the southern bank of the Tigris. 
 
 Admas 
 
 ABL..- 'nat5al-si-Ad-mas,2 [43] K. 122, obv. 19; matgal-si- 
 Ad-mas^-ai, [245] K. 513, obv. 9. 
 
 The situation of the land of the fortress of Admas is at present 
 uncertain. In ABL., No. 43, it is among the cities, delinquent in 
 their contributions to the temple of Assur. It occurs there next after 
 
 1 Asurnasirpal III, Mon, of Kurkh, rv. 53. 2 Or B a r. P a r. 
 
10 Bit-Zamani 
 
 Is an a, but the order in this letter has hardly any geographical 
 significance. More important is ABL., No. 245, where it is coupled 
 with Bit-Zamani and Mount lasume, which may be identical 
 with Mount Sumu' in Bit Adini, southwest of Blt-Zamftni. 
 
 SiNABU 
 
 TP. I: a'gi-na-mu, Brok. ob.3:14; Anp. Ill: '^iSi-na-bu. Mon. K.^ 
 rv. 42, 43, 48. 
 
 Bur-rama,nu/ the rebel king of Bit-Zama,ni was captured, 
 flayed and his skin was spread upon the wall of the city of 
 Sinabu. That city had been fortified by Shalmaneser I, but was 
 seized by the Arameans.^ It is evident that the cities of Sinabu 
 and Tidu were situated quite far southwest toward Karadja-Dagh, 
 because they served as granaries for the Arameans living on that 
 mountain.* 
 
 Streck* claims, that "in der grossen Annalen-inschrift filhrt 
 dieselbe Stadt (Sinabu) den Namen Kinabu . . . . und wird 
 als Festung des genannten B^ulai® von Asurnasirpal erobert," 
 and again: "Gemass Asurn. I, 106 lag Sinabu ganz nahe beim 
 Kasiari-Gebirge." The fact is that Kinabu lay within Kasiari, 
 in southern Nirbe near Tela and was the fortress of 5ulai, 
 while Sinabu was located near Karadja-Dagh, and was the fort- 
 ress ofBur-Rammanu. There is no connection between the two 
 cities whatever, and the war against Kinabu precedes that against 
 Sinabu by at least three years. 
 
 Streck' likewise identifies with Sinabu the city of Sinamu, 
 belonging to the land of Arime,^ and this identification is prob- 
 ably correct. 
 
 Tidu 
 
 Anp. Ill: ^'Ti-i-du, Mon. K., rv. 43; ^iTi-i-di, Mon. K., rv. 48. 
 
 Sams. Ad. IV: ^'Tidu, An. 1:47. 
 
 Johns, ADD.: ^iTi-i-te, [877] K. 1572, obv. 9. 
 
 According to Asurnasirpal III,'* Tidu lay on the border be- 
 
 1 Shalmaneser II, Mon. 2:40. 2 gee above, under Bit-Zamani, p. 350. 
 
 3 ASumasirpal III, Mon. of Kurkh, rv. 43-48. *Mon. of Kurkh, rv. 47-48 
 
 5Z^., XIII, p. 74. 
 
 6 Nowhere is it stated that 5ulai had anything to do with the fortress of Sinabu. 
 ■ which was in the possession of Bur-Eammanu. 
 
 ^ ZA., XIII, p. 74. s Brok. ob. 3 : 13-14. 
 
 9 For references, see above under Sinabu, 
 
Bit-Zamani 11 
 
 tween Bit-Zamani and Aram-Naharaim. This city had joined 
 the revolt against Shalmaneser II, and in the list of Samsi-Adad IV, 
 It is followed by the cities of Nabula and Kapa of Bit-Adini. 
 According to this and to the order in the Asurnasirpal inscription, 
 Tidu lay west of Sinabu. 
 
 IzzfiDA 
 
 TP.IV: '^'Iz-zi-e-da, An.81; Nimr.1,33, "'[IzJ-zi-da, Frag.2,1.17. 
 ABL.: a'E-zi-ad,[424]S. 760, rv. 1; E-za-du, [424] S. 760, rv. 20(7). 
 
 The city of Izzeda is found, among the historical inscriptions, 
 only in those of Tiglath-Pileser IV. The annal-inscription, which 
 has a reference to it, is very much mutilated. Streck' refers to it 
 as a city of Urartu, but admits that several of the Urartean citiefc, 
 mentioned in the inscriptions of TP. IV, may have lain in the 
 land of Enzi. Urartu is to him the land around the lake of Van, 
 and in that region or in Enzi we should accordingly look for this 
 city. 
 
 Rost, who published these inscriptions, has, perhaps more than 
 anyone else, paid special attention to the history of Tiglath- 
 Pileser IV, and in his Beitrdge and in the Introduction to the 
 transliteration and translation of these texts, he has attempted to 
 locate the lands and cities, mentioned in these texts. But Host 
 also is undecided. Once^ he locates the cities of Izzida, Ququ- 
 sansu and ^arbisina in KilJ^i (= Kurhi) or Ulluba, and 
 again ^ he locates Qarabisina and the river Ulurus near the 
 lake of Van. Kurhi is the land north of Tigris (east- west course) 
 and east of that river (the upper north-south course).* Ullubu 
 was a part of Kurhi,^ but that land is not known to have extended 
 west of the upper Tigris, and it is in that region, west of the 
 Tigris, that we must look for the city of Izzeda. Rosf^ admits 
 that the city of Kummulji, and the kings of Agusi, Milid, 
 Gargum and Sam'al were vassals of Sarduri II of Urartu. 
 With these allies the king of Urartu prepared an attack on Tig- 
 lath-Pileser IV, while the latter was occupied in besieging the 
 city of Arpadda, which had been taken from Assyria by Urartu. 
 
 1 ZA., XIV, p. 116. 
 
 2 Introduction to TP. Ill, p. xx. 3Tbid., p. xxvii. 
 
 « Anp. Ill, ^n. 3: 103. 5TP. Ill, Nimr. I, 28. 
 
 « Introduction to TP. Ill, p. xviii. 
 
12 BIt-ZamAni 
 
 Rost then reasons that Tiglath-Pileser IV was too weak to attack 
 his formidable foe and his allies so near the city of Arpadda, and 
 that he therefore must have crossed the Euphrates, probably by 
 Kar-Sulman-asarid, and then proceeded to the cities of !5alpi 
 and Kilt an, which belonged to the king of the city of Kummuh.i, 
 and where he fought the famous battle against Sardurri. From 
 there Tiglath-Pileser IV pursued the king of Urartu as far as 
 the Euphrates, north of Amedi, whereafter he made a raid on the 
 cities of Izzeda. 
 
 It should, however, be remembered that TP. IV does not state 
 that he had crossed the Euphrates before the battle of !5alpi, 
 which city belonged to Kummuhi, and this land did not extend 
 east of the Euphrates. That river he reached first at the "bridge 
 of Euphrates,"^ which most probably should be located opposite 
 Mount Amadani,^ and from there he made the raid of the cities 
 of Ququsansu, ^arbisina and Izzeda, after which he turned 
 westward against Mati'lu of Agusi and the other vassals of 
 Urartu, west of the Euphrates. Kurhi and Ulluba are not 
 mentioned in this raid, nor is it likely that the Assyrian king 
 would have crossed the Tigris without mentioning it, especially 
 as he was bent on his campaign against the Urartean districts 
 west of the Euphrates. Seven years later Tiglath-Pileser IV 
 made another campaign against Urartu and especially against 
 that district in which the above-mentioned cities were located, 
 and that campaign was conducted east of the Euphrates. He says: 
 
 In [the city of . . . . ] of the land of Til-Assuri [ .... I erected] 
 an obelisk [ .... and made] pure offerings to god Sur-tu, who resides 
 in the land of Til-Assuri. The cities of Niggu [....], gista, 
 Uarbisina, Barbaz, Tasa, unto the river Ulurus I conquered, their 
 soldiers I killed, 8,650 inhabitants [.-..] horses, 300 mules, 660 asses, 
 1,350 heads of cattle, 19,000 sheep I brought away, I destroyed, laid waste 
 and bvu'ued with fire and their cities I added to the border of Assyria.' 
 
 It is true that the city of Izzeda is not mentioned in this pas- 
 sage, still it may have occurred in one of the lacunae of the text, 
 but the mention of the city of 5arbasina makes it certain that 
 
 1 TP. IV, An. 68. 
 
 2 Cf. Lehmann, ZE., 1901, pp. 189 and 197. 
 
 3 Tiglath-Pileser IV, An. 176-79. 
 
BiT-ZAMANI 13 
 
 this campaign was conducted in the same region as the raid in 
 743 B. c. These cities were located on the border of Assyria, 
 therefore, somewhere west of Bit-Zamani and Arime and 
 north of Bit-Adini. They are also mentioned together with 
 the land of Til-Ass uri, and Esarhaddon' informs us that that 
 was another name for Mitani, which was located on the upper 
 Euphrates, 
 
 These conclusions are verified by another inscription of Tiglath- 
 Pileser IV, the so-called Nimrud Inscription, No I: 
 
 The border land of the city of Kummuhi', the cities of Kilissa, 
 Izz§da, Diuabli, Abbissir, tJarbisinna, Tasa, the land of Enzi, 
 the cities of Anganu and Beuzu, fortresses of the land of Urartu, 
 Kail am a, its river, I conquered and added to the land of Assyria, and 
 placed (them) under the province of the Tru'tan and the province of 
 Na'ri.2 
 
 The 'border land of the city of Kummuhi,' that could be 
 added to the land of Assyria and placed under the governor of 
 Na'ri, must be a land east of Kummuhi = Komagene, and also 
 east of the Euphrates, as Kummubi bordered on that river. ^ 
 The cities of Kilissa, Izzeda, etc., would then lie between this 
 borderland of Kummuhi and the land of Enzi, on the border 
 of Assyria, that is somewhere west of Bit-Zamani, 
 
 This is still further verified by a reference in ABL., No. 424, 
 to the city of Eziad, which undoubtedly is identical with the 
 city of Izzeda of the inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser IV. Streck 
 failed to see the identity of the two names and dismisses the sub- 
 ject by declaring that Eziat was a city of Urartu: "Eziat 
 ■■'lE-zi-at: Sm. 760, rv. 1, und ^arda ^^^a-ar-da : Sm. 760, 
 obv. 11, die beide zusammen mit Turuspa auftreten."* This 
 letter does not, however, leave us in such uncertainty about the 
 city of Eziad and its connection with the cities of 5arda and 
 Turuspa. It is a report to King Sargon from Upahbar-Bel, 
 governor of the city of Amedi and Eponym 705 b. c. He had 
 
 1 Prim. A, 2 : 23 ; Broken Prim. 3 : 14. 
 2 Tiglath-Pileser IV, Nimr. Ins., 11. 3.3-36. 
 3 Anp. Ill, An. 3 : 96 ; Shalm. II, Mon. I, 37. 
 <Z4., XIV, p. 133. 
 
14 BIt-Zamani 
 
 sent out scouts to ascertain the doings of King A r gist a of 
 
 Urartu and those scouts reported: 
 
 The governor opposite us (and) the vice-governor with him keep watch 
 in the city of Harda opposite the Sukallu (and they say): city after 
 city nnto the city of Turns pa is in battle array (obv. 9-14). 
 
 The city of Qarda or H!arida^ was located on the bank of 
 the Euphrates near the land of Subi, and the statement above 
 proves that the kingdom of Urartu extended southwest at least as 
 far as Harda in Suhi. It shows further that the governor oppo- 
 site Amedi was an Urartean vassal and was hostile to Assyria. 
 This hostility had at this time grown so bitter, that Upahhar-Bel 
 had been forced to take his men, who were employed to cut beams, 
 presumably for the building-operations in Dtir-Sarrukin,^ and 
 send them into the war, and several of them had been killed or 
 wounded (rv. 6-8), and he could therefore not send down the 
 beams as fast as the Assyrian king might expect them: 
 
 "The beams, which were stored in the city of Eziad — I sent the 
 Ituean with the mayor and dispatched (them) to the war" (rv. 1-4), says 
 U-pah-har-Bel. 
 
 This makes it evident, that the city of Eziad was under the 
 jurisdiction of the governor of Amedi and therefore belonged to 
 Blt-Zamani. There is no evidence in the inscriptions, that Bit- 
 Zamani extended east of the Tigris — it is the modern province 
 of Diyar-Bekr, and Eziad must be looked for west of that river, 
 and somewhere midway between the Tigris and the Euphrates, 
 because it belonged, in the beginning of the reign of Tiglath- 
 Pileser IV, to Urartu and its province, opposite Amedi. It is 
 also probable, if not certain, that the beams, spoken of above, were 
 to be floated^ down the river to Nineveh and Dur-Sarrukin, 
 and as they were stored up in the city of Eziad, it may be pre- 
 sumed that this city was located on a western tributary of the 
 Upper Tigris, probably the one North of Amedi. 
 
 The other cities of Urartu, between Bit-Zamani and the Eu- 
 phrates were: 
 
 1 Anp. Ill, 4n. 3:14, 15, 34, 37. 
 
 iJ Compare ABL., No. 138, rv. 11, and Johnston, Assyr. Epist. Lit, p. 151. 
 3 This seems to have been the general means of transportation of beams from the Tigris' 
 districts, and is expressly so stated bySa-A§§ur-dubbu of Tusha, ABL., No. 705, rv. 10. 
 
Bit-Zamani 15 
 
 QlLISSA 
 TP. IV: '^'Qi-li-is-sa, Nirar. I, 33. 
 
 KUQUSANSU 
 TP. IV: '^'Ku-qu-sa-an-su, Aw. 77. 
 
 DiUABLI 
 
 TP. IV: ^'Di-u-a-ab-li, Nimr. I, 33. 
 
 Abbisir 
 TP. IV: ^'Ab-bi-is-ir, Nimr. I, 31. 
 
 XlSTA 
 TP. IV: aJgi-is-ta, An.ni. 
 
 Xarabisina 
 
 TP. IV: «'ga-ra-bi-si-ua, An. 177; Nimr. 1:31; ['^'Saj-ri-bi 
 si-na, An. 78. 
 
 Bakbaz 
 TP. IV: ''•Ba-ar-ba-az, An. 177. 
 
 Tasa 
 TP. IV: aiTa-sa, Aw. 177, Nimr. I, 34. 
 
 LUPSUA 
 
 TP. IV: ''•Lup-su-a, Fragm. II, 14. 
 
 ABL.: ^'La-ap-si-a, [610] K. 1142, obv. 11. 
 
 It is not certain that these two names are identical, nor that 
 the city of Lupsua belongs to this group of cities. 
 
 Ulukus 
 TP. IV: °artJ-lu-ru-us, An. 177. 
 
 Whether this is an eastern tributary of the Euphrates' or a 
 western^ of the Tigris, and in that case the one north of Amedi, 
 is impossible to decide, but the former is the more probable. 
 
 1 Kizil Chibuk. 2 Devetged-su. 
 
16 Geographical Notes to ABL 
 
 Abai 
 aiA.BA.AI: [509] 81-2-4, 123, obv. 7. 
 
 The city of Abai is not mentioned anywhere else in the 
 Letfers, nor have I found any other reference to it. But being 
 mentioned in a letter of Asipa, an officer of Sargon,' who was 
 stationed in Northwestern Kirbu and who mentions several 
 well-known Nairi localities together with it, like ^ubria, Ku- 
 limmeri and Bulum, which were evidently neighboring locali- 
 ties to Abai, I feel warranted in assigning a position to this city 
 east of Alzi, north of Subria and south of the eastern 
 Euphrates, in the Armenian Taurus range, not far from Daiaeni. 
 In that case it may be identical with the land (or city district) 
 of Abaeni, "^^t A-ba-e-ni, TP. I, IV: 79, a Nairi district, 
 conquered by Tiglath-Pileser I. The ending -ni of this name is 
 the old Armenian locative, generally suffixed to Urartean local 
 names in the old Assyrian period, but omitted in the Sargon 
 period, like Daiaeni and Dale, Tunibuni and Tunube. In 
 the Greek period, this locative appears very frequently, e. g., 
 Gorduene (Ass. Kurtu), Adiene (Ass. Adia), Calacene (Ass. 
 ^ilah^i), etc. 
 
 Streck^ compares Abaeni with the old Armenian Abunis 
 (XXXVII: 12) northwest of Lake Van, and he also proposes 
 Biaina (the Armenian name of Urartu) as an equivalent of 
 Abaeni. Neither of these can be accepted. If Abaeni desig- 
 nated Biaina, we should expect it to reappear in the Assyrian 
 literature in its frequent references to the land of Urartu. Nor 
 can we look for Abaeni northwest of Lake Van, because Tiglath- 
 Pileser I never went further north than the southern shore of 
 that Lake. 
 
 iThe letters addressed to Sargoc, in the latter part of his reign, are readily recognized 
 by the greeting to the " city of towers" (a'Bi-rat) or Dur-Sarrukin. The building of 
 this city was undertaken by Sargon after he had accomplished his great Urartean cam- 
 paigns and this project became then a cherished fancy of his. Any officer, addressing the 
 king, felt therefore in duty bound to invoke a blessing over this city. As all the letters of 
 A s i p a (ABL.^ Numbers 431, 506, 507, 508. 509, and 510) contain this greeting, they must there- 
 fore be assigned to the period 714-705 B. C. A § i p a himself was evidently appointed to one 
 of these northwestern districts, taken from Urartu, where Sargon needed men, watchful 
 of his interests, in pacifying these countries. It must therefore have been a pleasure for 
 Aiipa to report that " these people of Abai are submissive" (ABL., 509, rv. 7). 
 
 2j?4., XIII, pp. 64f. 
 

 Abani, Abdudi, Adariijiti 17 
 
 The old Armenian Abunis would rather remind us of the city 
 of Abbuni, ^^ Ab-bu-ii-ni, Johns, ADD., [361] K. 302, obv. 
 2, although their identity may be doubtful. 
 
 Abani 
 
 tiarA.BA.NI: [781] K. 823, rv. 5. 
 From the references in this letter it appears that Abani was 
 a river of Upper Elam between the cities of La^iru and Blt- 
 Imbia, probably a northwestern tributary of the river Uknu. 
 
 Abdudi 
 aiAB.DU.DI: [158] K. 530, obv. 7. 
 
 Johns' proposes to read this sign Ab as es or as(?). This 
 is possible in view of the fact that "^*^*Ab-nu-nak, Cyr. cyl. 31; 
 Ab-nun-na-ki, IV R. 36, No. 1, obv. 6. 29, and '"^tAs-nun- 
 na-ak, Ag. 1:36, are probably identical, and the character Ab 
 not only has the value Es but also As. But a city Asdudi or 
 Esdudi is not known in southern Babylonia, and we may there- 
 fore as well read the name Abdudi, until new discoveries may 
 throw light upon the reading of this name. It can in no way be 
 identified with the city of Asdudi in Philistia. 
 
 From the context of this letter it is clear that the city of 
 Abdudi was situated near the land of Ru'a and the city of 
 Der. That city is probably identical with Dur-ili,'^ in the 
 neighborhood of which the people of Ru'a lived. To this vi- 
 cinity the city of Abdudi must therefore be assigned. 
 
 Adarisiti 
 aiA.DA.RI.SI.TI: [771] 81-1-18, 49, obv. 8. 
 
 Nothing is known of this city except the reference to it in 
 this letter. From the context it seems as if it were situated ina 
 '"^'Za-(a ?-)-me. This letter was written by Bel-ikbi and an 
 officer from Gambul. Near that land was a city ^^Za-a-me-e, 
 belonging to Pukudu^ and located on the shore (siddi) of the 
 river Uknu.* The two names Za-a-me may be identical, al- 
 
 1 AJSL., XXII, p. 229. 2 See Johnston, Epistolary Lit., p. 166. ^Sarg. Annals, 267. 
 * Sarg. Annals, 274. 
 
18 Adia, Adinnu 
 
 though it should be observed, that it denotes in our letter a land,' 
 while in the annals of Sargon it appears as a city. But the 
 change between the city and land determinatives is quite frequent 
 in the inscriptions, and "land" often denotes only a city district. 
 
 Adia 
 aiA.DI.A: [683] R™ 550, rv. 6 
 
 According to this letter, the city of Adia was situated near the 
 city of Nineveh. Samsi-Adad IV ^ says that it had revolted against 
 Shalmaneser II and according to the order in that text it lay 
 between Nineveh and Sibaniba; the latter city lay near the river 
 Qusur, and Adia should therefore be located toward the south- 
 east of Nineveh and between that city and the river ^usur. This 
 agrees with the reference to it in the Contracts.^ Whether 
 *^A-di . . . in Knudtzon's* texts is identical with this Adia, is 
 uncertain but it is probable. In the Contracts occurs also a city 
 Adian,* which, according to II R. 53, 1:29, should be located 
 near Kalah, and may be identical with Adia. 
 
 After the fall of Nineveh Adia became quite important, and 
 in the Greek period it was the capital of a province, named after 
 it — Adiabene® — including the district between the Tigris, Upper 
 Zab and the ^usur valley, bordering to the south on Arbelitis, to 
 the east on Calacene and to the north on Gorduene.' The ruins 
 of Nineveh and Dur-Sarrukln lay within its boundaries. 
 
 Adinnu 
 
 aiA.DI.I[N.NUJ: [500] K. 1303, ob v. 6; WiA-ti-nu [762]R'^ 2,529,rv.7 
 
 The identification of these two names is quite certain from the 
 
 monolith inscription of Shalmaneser II,* compared with the Annals 
 
 of Tiglath-Pileser III.® It was a city in the land of Hamath of 
 
 1 It appears also as a land ^^^Za-me-Ce?] in ABL,, [754] K. 5457, obv. 17. 
 
 2 a 1 A - d i - a , Samsi-Adad 1 : 45. 
 
 3aiA-di-a, Johns, ADD., [741] K. 4291, obv. 29. * Gefteie, 145, L. K. 1. 
 
 5ai A-di-an, Johns, ADD., [350] 83-1-18, 335, obv. 7; [396] K. 3495, rv.4; [443] Bu. 91-5- 
 9, 95, obv. 6; [1116] K. 9858, obv. 4; II R. 53, 1:29. 
 6 Pliny vi, 12; Amm. Marc, xxiii, 6. 
 
 "Dion. Cass. Ixviii ; Ptol. vi, 1, 2, mention it as a small province between the Tigris, 
 Lycus (Upper Zab) and the Gordiaean Mountains. 
 
 8aiA-di-en-nu, Shalm. II, Mon. 2:88. 9a i A-ti-in-ni, TP. Ill, An. 130. 
 
Ai 19 
 
 Northern Syria. Sachau' identified it with the modern Tell-Lot- 
 mim,'' northeast of Hamath. Tomkins^ compared it with '-ty-ny 
 of the inscriptions of Thutmoses III,* but the Egyptian spelling 
 would rather suggest i-sa-na than A-di-en-nu or A-ti-in-ni. 
 
 Ai 
 
 nifttAI: [107] K. 4304, obv. 8, [159] K. 1025, obv. 7, [434] Bu. 89-4-26, 
 163, obv. 10, 21, [556] K. 683, obv. 21; amei matAi, [128] K. 650, obv. 
 5, [174] K. 619, rv. 12; [713] H^ 59, obv. 5; matAi, TP. Ill, PL 
 No. 2, 1. 14; Abp. Cyl. B. 3:102; II R. 52, 1:4, 37; 2:8, 17, 18, 24, 25, 
 28,29,31; II R. 53, 1:14. 
 
 As early as 1881 Delitzsch^ read this name as ™**'Ai, and com- 
 bined with it the mountain ^'*** A-ja*^ in Kurdistan. Later he has 
 recognized in m^t^j ^j^^ land of Umlias,' on the border of Elam, 
 near the Persian Gulf. 
 
 Hommel,** on the contrary, identified ^^atA^j with '"^'^Madai 
 on the strength of the passage in the Ashurbanipal Cylinder, 
 because that king speaks of the "city-lord" of that land, a title 
 that is otherwise used of JVIedian princes. It should be noted, 
 however, that Ashurbanipal has here the common ideogram for 
 bazanu 'prefect, mayor,' used by the Assyrians for any city 
 mayor. 
 
 Johns' has called my attention to an ^""^^Ai, occurring in 
 ABL., No. 715 (K. 7851, rv. 5); on account of the mutilated 
 text of this letter I did not feel warranted in classifying it in my 
 "Geographical List" under this name, for I was not certain that 
 it was gentilic. However, I prefer his reading to Streck's'" 
 '*'"^^Ai-bi-la-ni, for which there is no other corroboration. If 
 this passage refers to "^'Ai, then the question of reading the 
 name of this land would be settled, but in view of the mutilated 
 text it is safer not to depend upon it. 
 
 1 ZA., XII, 47 ; seo also Hartmann, ZDPV., XXII, p. 145. 
 
 ~ ^'■i i^^M of al-Ja'qabi. 3 rSfi^., IX, pp. 257 ff. ♦Karuak list No. 26:}. 
 
 ^ Faradies, p. 247; so also Delattre, Lepeuple et I'cmpire de Mides, p. 84, note. 
 
 6TP. I, 3:42,59. 
 
 ■'Del., Ass. Gram., p. 18; Delitzsch-Mftrdter, Geschichtc, p. 175; see Brtinnow, Classified 
 List, No. 11693; why Delitzsch reuders it 'Wasserland' is not clear to mo. The use of the 
 signs A.. A. do not prove it, for it is not known that the people of "'^t^i were Sumerians ; nor 
 has it been shown that UmliaS means 'Water-land.' 
 
 8 Geschichte, p. 727, note 2. ^AJSL., XXII, p. 229. io/6Jd., p. 223 ' 
 
20 Ai 
 
 Streck' identifies ni^t^j ^j^j^ Madai on the supposition that 
 in ABL., No. 174 (K. 619, rv. 12) an ^"^^i mat^i ^g mentioned, 
 and that in the same letter the lands of Ellipi and Sungibutu 
 are also mentioned, and that therefore ™atAi should be placed 
 near Ellipi, because Madai lay near that land. There is, how- 
 ever, quite a difPerence between the "man" of a land and the 
 land itself, and even if this officer from ^at^j should have hap- 
 pened to live or travel near Ellipi, which is not claimed in this 
 letter, it does not in any wise follow that the land of Ai was 
 located near Ellipi, and even if that be the case, it does not fol- 
 low that it is identical with Madai. 
 
 There has been a good deal of uncertainty in the minds of 
 many scholars whether we should read this name Ai ( = A-a) and 
 give its first sign ™** its usual determinative value, or should con- 
 sider the first sign as a part of the name of this land, reading it 
 Mad-ai, and regard the absence of the land determinative as a 
 lapsus calami of the scribes. Taking into consideration that these 
 "lapses" are quite numerous, and that most of these references can 
 hardly apply to Media, it seems to me that we are here dealing not 
 with Media proper, or Media Magna of the Classics, but rather 
 with a land that was originally called Ai, and it was therefore 
 treated as a separate land in my "Geographical List,"^ although 
 I was long before well aware of Streck's^ postulate "that the 
 only permissible reading is Mat-ai, which is incontrovertibly 
 certain." As the land of Sungibutu is also mentioned in the 
 same letter, there seems to be no cogent reason why the man 
 from Ai should not be a neighbor of Sungibutu as well as of 
 Ellipi, if that kind of argument suffices to settle Assyrian geo- 
 graphical questions. 
 
 Streck* also lays great stress upon the fact that Sennacherib, 
 Cyl. A^, col. II, 30, reads ™**^Ai, while the same passage in Cyl. 
 A^^ reads ""^^Ma-da-ai. But how often are such mistakes of the 
 Assyrian scribes not to be taken into account? On the other 
 hand it is not unlikely that at this time Madai had encroached 
 
 1 Z4., XV, p. 373. 2 AJSL., XXI, p. 83. 
 
 3Z4., XV, p. 373, "Die alleinige Berechtigung der Lesung Mat-ai steht jetzt unum- 
 stOsslich fest." 
 
 *Z4.,XV, p. 373. 
 
Ai 21 
 
 upon and extended into a part of the southern ^^'■Ai, and that 
 therefore the scribe could use both names truthfully, Ai denot- 
 ing the old name of the land, Madai representing the new lords 
 of the same land. 
 
 We know that ""^tAi was the older name of the land of 
 Umlias' or at least a part of that land, and we are able to locate 
 that land. It lay on the north shore of the river Uknu (Kercha), 
 opposite Pukudu, and Sargon mentions a river ^^'Um-li-as,^ 
 which, if not identical with lower Uknu, was a tributary of the 
 same, and evidently ran through the land of Umlias, after which 
 it was named.' 
 
 It can further be proved that Umlias is not identical with 
 Media, for Tiglath-Pileser III, according to his Annal-inscription,* 
 marches from Media to Umlias and his route is given as follows: 
 Bit-Taz-zak-ki, "^^Ma-da-ai, ^^tgit-Zu-al-za-as, '"atBlt- 
 Ma-at-ti, ™**^Um-li-ia-as. Two other questions must be taken 
 account of in this connection: (1) did the Assyrians pronounce 
 the determinative before a proper name? (2) do all references 
 to mft^Ai apply to this land in or near Umlias ? 
 
 1. The first question should be answered in the affirmative at 
 least as far as it concerns gentilic and geographical names, just as 
 in Hebrew 'J3''5< and Y"l5< appear before the name of the land. 
 The Nisbeh-iorm is therefore in some instances used instead of 
 the determinative. This would apply to the Mat and al deter- 
 minatives, and enclitic ki was undoubtedly pronounced in Sume- 
 rian. In cases where the determinative appears in plural like 
 inftt-mfttj^j^_j_j.j^5 ^YiiQ writing becomes unintelligible if the deter- 
 minative be not pronounced. But if the determinative was pro- 
 nounced when standing in the plural it follows that it must also be 
 pronounced when it stands in the singular, and it would then corre- 
 spond to our enclitic land, as in 'Eng-land, the 1^ ether -lands, etc. 
 
 Applying this rule to our case, we should understand the 
 
 I BrQnnow, Classified List, No. 11693. 2 An. 266. 
 
 3 Jensen's location of DmliaS (Z.-l., XV, p. 221) in the far east, and in any event east 
 of the Zagros Mountain cannot be proved and seems contrary to the facts. 
 
 *L. 158; other references to ™^tUm-li-ia-a5 are: TP. IV, PI. I, 17; PI. II, 19; Thon. 
 obv. 29, 3.5; cf. also BM., No. Xiila, 33232, 33234; Bu. 91-5-9, 410, 691, 1155, where it is identified 
 with Ab-nuu-naki, and IV R. 35, 5:7, where it is identified with Nun-ki-ga. 
 
 5TP. I, 4:83 and often. 
 
22 Ai 
 
 Assyrians as reading and speaking of Mat Ai, well understand- 
 ing that Ai was the name of the land in question. If a new 
 people settles in such a territory, it might incorporate the deter- 
 minative into the old name of the land, and thus the district of 
 ™**Bit-Ma-at-ti may be a remainder of the old ■"** Ai, all of 
 which was treated by the new Aryan settlers as a proper name. 
 
 2. The references in the historical inscriptions can hardly 
 apply to the land of A i on the bank of Uknu. 
 
 Tiglath-Pileser III, who often mentions Madai and its dis- 
 tricts, most of them situated between lake Urmia and 5arhar, 
 refers to matAi' in a list of what are mostly Urartean cities and 
 districts. Now it is certain that Urartu did not extend down to 
 the river Uknu on the border of Elam, and we must therefore 
 look for this «i^t Ai somewhere further north, on the border of 
 Urartu, in the neighborhood of Musasir. 
 
 Ashurbanipal," returning from his conquest of the land of 
 Manna, attacked Birishadri (™Bi-ri-is-^a-ad-ri), prefect of 
 ™**Ai and also Sarati and Pirihia, sons of Gagi and prefects 
 of '"^'^Salji, captured seventy-five of their stronghold cities and 
 brought their prefects to Nineveh. The march of the Assyrian 
 army goes consequently from Manna, on the western coast of Lake 
 Urmia, westward to Nineveh, mat^j must therefore be located 
 somewhere between 5ubuski and Manna. Media is not men- 
 tioned in the inscriptions of Ashurbanipal for the simple reason 
 that it had, in the early part of the reign of Esarhaddon,^ torn 
 itself away from Assyria and was now so strong that the Assyrian 
 king never attempted to subdue it. Media is at this time the 
 land south of Lake Urmia toward ^ar^ar and east thereof, and 
 can therefore in no wise be identified with this ™**Ai west of 
 Manna. 
 
 These conclusions are fully substantiated by the references in 
 the Letter-literature to the land of Ai. These letters know also 
 of the land of Madai ("^^tMa-da-ai, K. 617, obv. 8; ^^^Ma- 
 
 1 PI. No. 2, 1. 14. 2Cyl. B, 3:102, 
 
 3 See the references to "^^^Madai in Knudtzon's Gebete an den Sonngott. According 
 to Herodotus (i, 95-103) Dejokes became king of the Medes in 709 b. c, Dejokes reigning 53 
 years, 709-656; Fraortes 22 years, 656-634; Kyaxeres 40 years, 634-594; Astyages 35 years, 
 594-559/558 b. c. According to Herod, i. 132 the Median empire was established 128 years 
 before the overthrow of Astyages, i. e. in 678 b. c. 
 
Ai 23 
 
 ta-ai, K. 609, obv. 6), which must be identified with Media Magna, 
 but whenever they refer to "^**^Ai, we are in most cases forced to 
 look for it in the neighborhood of Manna, and the probability is 
 that this holds good in all cases. ABL., No. 434 is of especial 
 interest because it gives us the following order: Urartu, Manna, 
 Ai, 5ubuski. ABL., No. 556 likewise mentions Ai together 
 with Manna, and ABL., No. 107 mentions it together with Dur- 
 Sarrukin. 
 
 We have therefore in the inscriptions two different lands, 
 called Ai, one niatAi on the northern bank of Uknu, which in 
 the historical period was called Umlias, and one ^at^j gg^g^. q£ 
 9ubuski, in the land of ^aria, around ^^'^Aja. In all 
 probability the latter was a colony from the former. Moses of 
 Chorene' tells us that the native name of Armenia is Haja-stan 
 (= "the land of Haja"), and that this name originated from a 
 certain Hai-kh, who became the leader of his oppressed people 
 and with them emigrated from their former home near the Per- 
 sian Gulf, settling in the Kurdaean mountains between Van and 
 Urmia. The Armenian Haja or Hai represents so closely the 
 Assyrian Aja and Ai, that an identification of the two is not 
 only possible, but probable, and this Armenian tradition may be 
 entitled to a place in the history of the two lands of Ai. Ai or 
 Aja may have the same relation to Hajastan, as the god ^aldia 
 of Musasir has to another name of Armenia, namely, Chaldia," 
 but Musasir was a neighbor district southeast of ""^^Ai. 
 
 What is said above in regard to pronouncing the land de- 
 terminative before the name holds good also in this case, and it 
 is probable that in the Greek period Mat Ai or Mad Ai was 
 understood as a proper noun and identified with Media, and that 
 this was probably the case even in the Sargon period among 
 peoples who did not know the geography of the East. The Greeks 
 knew not only of a Media Magna, but also of a Media Airopatene. 
 This latter land is located by Strabo** on the east of Matiene, and 
 later on he makes Matiene the western province of Atropatene. 
 In spite of Winckler's* and Streck's^ opposition to this combina- 
 
 1 1, 10. 2 Lehmann in VBAG., 1895, p. 578. "^ xi, p. 523-29. 
 
 i Oeschichte Bab., p. 202. '^ZA., XV, pp. 372 f. 
 
24 Akbanu, Akimade, AkkadI 
 
 tion, it seems to me very probable that we should in this Mati- 
 ana or Matiene^ recognize the Assyrian Mat Ai. Herodotus' 
 location of the mountains of Matiene'^ in the southeastern part of 
 Kurdistan agrees precisely with our location of ""^^^Ai. 
 
 Akbanu 
 tnat AK.BA.NU : [520] K. 680, obv. 7, 11. 
 
 This land, and the land of 'Ale, are said to be located "on 
 the other shore of the river Tak-ka-?"^ in the land of Elam. 
 Neither of these localities is otherwise known. Sennacherib 
 mentions, in his Taylor cylinder, an Elamite city, ^^Ak-ka-ba- 
 ri-na,* but whether that city was located in the land of Akbanu 
 or identical with it, cannot at present be decided. 
 
 AkimadI; 
 ^1 A.KI.MA.DI.E: [328] K. 638, rv. 21. 
 Nothing is known of this city outside the mention of it in 
 this letter, but as this letter deals with affairs in Elam, which is 
 referred to several times, it was undoubtedly an Elamite city. 
 
 AkkadI 
 mat AKKADI ki : [9] K. 618, rv. 5; [46] K. 939a, obv. 13, 19, 22, [50] 
 K. 1242, rv. 2, [149] K. 540, obv. 9 [223] K. 112, obv. 13, [266] K. 79, obv. 
 10, [269] K. 528, rv. 9, [358] R-^ 76, obv. 8, [437] K. 168, rv. 9, 19, [444] 
 K. 645, obv. 4, [474] 81-2-4, 67, obv. 7, [518] 83-1-18, 27, i-v. 8, [539] 
 K. 17, obv. 17, rv. 24, [540] K. 87, rv. 3, [542] K. 114, rv. 23, [622] K. 
 1210, rv. 4, [716] K. 31, obv. 7, rv. 7, [760] R'" 2, 7, obv. 6, [815] 48-7-20, 
 116, rv. 11, 15, [841] K. 4757, rv. 19; niat Ak-ka-di-i, [7] K. 601, obv. 16, 
 rv. 8, [435] Bu. 89^-26, 161, rv. 10. 
 
 For other references compare the following: 
 
 5ala-lama, ^iAkkadi, SD. 21, 4, col. 2:2. 
 
 Ur-Engur, J^^Akkadi, IR. 1, No. 5:9; 6:6; 7:6; 8:6; 9:3. 
 
 Dungi, kiAkkadi, I R. 2, No. II, 1:4; 2:4; 3:6. 
 
 Gamil-Ninib, ^iAkkadi, IV R. 35, No. 5:11; I R. II, No. 5, 1:9. 
 
 Sammurabi, "'Akkadi, Leifers 62: 15, 23; 61:18; 100:5; matAk- 
 ka-di-im, Lexers 94: 21; 95:12,21,32,39; «ia-at Ak-ka-di-im, Code 
 5:9; 40:52. 
 
 1 Mariai'^, Strabo ii, p. 73; xi, p. 509; Steph. B. ; MaTiTji/^, Herodotus v, 52 ; iii, 94 ; vii, 72. 
 
 2Ta MartTivo oprj, Herodotus i, 189, 202; V, 52; this should not be confounded with the 
 Mantiana of Strabo, which should rather be compared with the Manda, Umman-Manda ; 
 see Ritter, Erdkunde, IX, p. 786. 
 
 »mat^lj.ba-nutiniftt''.ii.e a-hnul-lu-u§a n^^Tak-ka-V, K. 680, obv. 7-9. 
 
 * IR. 40, L. 58. 
 
Akkad! 25 
 
 Agum-Kakrime, Ak-ka-di-i, 1:32. 
 
 Kaiaindas, Akkadi, IV R. 36, No. 3: 7. 
 
 Burnabiirias, ^^^ Akkadi, I R. 4, No. 10: 10. 
 
 Kurigalzu, i^' Akkadi, I R. 4, No. 14, 2; 5; 3: 8. 
 
 Nabukadrezzar I, "iftt Akkadi"^', V R. 5.5, 1: 13, 44; 2: 12. 
 
 Tukvilti-Ninibi I,mftt Akkadi i^', K. 2673, obv. 4; 82-7-4, 38, ob v. 10; 
 mat Akkadi, III R. 4, No. 2, obv. 4. 
 
 Tiglath-Pileser I, Akkadi i^', Syn. Hist. 2: 33; matAkkadl'^S Brok. 
 ob. 1:16; [matAk-]ka-di-i, Brok. ob. 4:38. 
 
 Adad-Nirari II, ^at Akkadi i^', Syn. Hist. 3: 19. 
 
 Shalmaneser II, m^t Ak-ka-di-e, Balw. 4:2; ^n. 77. 
 
 ^amsi-Adad IV, niat Ak-ka-di-i, 2:11; Akkad*^', 4:22. 
 
 Adad-Nirari III, Akkadi i^* I R. 35, 3: 20. 
 
 Tiglath-Pileser IV, ^atAkkadli^S PI. I, 1; PI. 11,2; Thon. obv. 1. 
 
 Sargou II, Akkadi i^S An. 235; X:3, 123; "^a*' Ak-ka-di-e, Aw.233, 
 241, 314. 
 
 Sennacherib, Akkadii^', I R. 40:36; 41:18. 
 
 Esarhaddon, Akkadi ki, B. S. 1:4, 8. 
 
 Ashurbauipal, mfttAkkadIki, 3:97; 6:8,13; 7:92; 10:124; Akkadi ki, 
 4:41. 
 
 Samas-sum-iikin, Akkadi ki, Cyl. 1:11, 17; Akkadi ki-ra, Bil. 1:5; 
 Ak-ka-di-i, Cyl. 1: 19; Bil. 2: 5, 10. 
 
 Nabfi-apil-iddin, niatAkkadiki, VR.60,No.l:5;No.2:30;No.3:13. 
 
 Merodak-Baladan, "'^t Akkadi^i, 1:17,28,46; 111:14. 
 
 Nabukadrezzar II, ^a-da Ak-ka-di-im, I R. 66: 16. 
 
 Nabiipalassar, ma-da Ak-ka-di-im, ZA., II, p. 129,1. 12; Ak-ka- 
 di-i, ZA., II, p. 172, 1:5. 
 
 Nabuna'id, '''Akkadi, Stela, col. II, 11. 20, 21. 
 
 Cyrus, Ak-ka-di-i, Cyl. 20; mat Akkadi ki, Cyl. 11, 18, 24, 33; 
 i»ftt Akkadi, Cyl. 10, 13 bis, 23. 
 
 Nabuna'id-Cyrus-Chronicle, matAkkadIki, B:5, 10; mat Akkadi, 
 B:14, 19, 22, 23. 
 
 Babylonian Chronicle, matAkkadlki, 84-2-11, 356, 1:3, 25, 26, 30; 
 2:40. 
 
 King, Creation Tablets, ^atAkkadiki, p. 212, 1.26; p. 211, 1. 18; 
 Ak-ka-di-i, p. 147, 1. 20, note 1. 16. 
 
 Thompson, RMA., Akkadlki 29:3,4; 35, rv. 2; 90, obv. 7; 266 B, 
 obv. 7, 8; matAkkadii^', 31, obv. 4; 34, obv. 7; 41, rv. 6; 42, obv. 7; 43, 
 rv. 5; 86, obv. 7; 88, obv. 7; 89, obv. 3; 95, rv. 6; 107, rv. 7; 119, rv. 1, 3; 
 124, obv. 7, 9; 125, obv. 3; 127, obv. 5, 7; 128, obv. 8, rv. 3; 129, obv. 3,5; 
 130 A, obv. 3, 4; 131, obv. 9, rv. 2; 132, obv. 5; 133, obv. 4, 6; 134, rv. 3, 5; 
 135, obv. 3, 4; 135 A, obv. 3, 5; 136, obv. 2, 4; 136 A, obv. 2, 4; 136 B, obv. 
 
 1 N i n i b is to be read either P i r and then be compared with the Moabitic god Peor, 
 or Ninus. On the latter form see AC, I, p. 147. 
 
26 Akkadi, Akkad 
 
 6, 7; 136 D, obv. 3, 5; 136 E, obv. 9, rv. 3; 136 F, rv. 4; 136 G, obv. 3, 4 
 136 H, obv. 2, 3; 136 I, obv. 3, 5; 136 L, obv. 3, 5; 136 M, obv. 2, 3; 136 N 
 obv. 2; 136 P, obv. 3; 136R, rv. 2; 137, obv. 2; 138, obv. 3, 4; 138 A, rv 
 3, 5; 142, obv. 3, 5; 143, obv. 3; 144, obv. 5, 6; 144 B, rv. 3, 5; 145, rv. 2 
 146, obv. 3; 147, obv. 2, 4; 148 [obv. 2, 4]; 151, obv. 11; 151 A, obv. 2, 4 
 152, obv. 2, 5; 154, obv. 4, 6; 155, obv. 5, 7, 8; 155 A, obv. 3, 6; 166, rv. 3 
 167 A, obv. 3; 169, rv. 3; 183, rv. 5; 185, obv. 7, 9, rv. 4; 187, obv. 6 bis 
 187 A, obv. 6; 193, obv. 8, rv. 1; 196, obv. 5, 7; 209, obv. 2; 232, obv. 10, 
 14; 234, obv. 5, 8; 235, obv. 9; 236 F, rv. 1; 241, rv. 2, 3; 242, obv. 6 bis 
 243, rv. 5; 243 A, obv. 3, 4; 244 C, obv. 7; 265 A, obv. 3, 5; 268, obv. 11 
 269, obv. 13, rv. 2; 270, obv. 3, rv. 11; 271, obv. 10, rv. 2, 3, 4, 11; 272, obv 
 8, rv. 7 bis, 13. Sar Akkadi ki, 31, obv. 7; 34, obv. 5; 35, obv. 6, 9; 38 
 obv. 4, 7; 44, rv. 4; 91, obv. 4; 92, obv. 3; 94, obv. 4; 96 A, obv. 3; 96 B 
 obv. 2; 105, rv. 6; 110, obv. 3; 111, obv. 4; 112, obv. 2; 112B, obv 3; 113 
 obv. 5; 114, obv. 2; 114 A, obv. 2; 115 C, obv. 2; 117, obv. 4; 119, obv. 3 
 186, obv. 5; 188, obv. 4; 195, rv. 6; 201, rv. 1; 207, obv. 5; 231, obv. 4 
 246C, rv. 3. Ak-ka-du-u, 152, rv. 4. 
 Johns, ADD., Akkadi "^S 669, obv. 4. 
 
 The sign for Akkadi was pronounced Ti-il-la,^ which was 
 the original name of this land. Akkadi is the Nisbeh-iovm, 
 indicating that this land was named after or belonged to the god- 
 dess Agade (or Nina). Her city, Nina^'(?) was a sister-city 
 of Gir-Su'^' (or Su-gir ^'= Su (m) -gir^S Sii(n)-gir'^\ 
 Sumir^'), and it seems probable that the term Sumir u Akkadi 
 originally designated these two cities. 
 
 Akkadi designated southern Babylonia, and the city of Erech 
 belonged to it.^ It should not be confused with the city of Akkad, 
 which never occurs in the Nisheh-iorm ; nor should it be confused 
 with "^^^ Akada-ai, which was an older name of the land of 
 Urartu. 
 
 Samas-udaninani was governor of Akkadi and Eponym 
 in the year 644 b. c. 
 
 Akkad 
 
 ^lAK.Kad: [337] D. T. 98, obv. 6, 8, [246] 83-1-18, 146, obv. 5, 7, 10, 
 13, rv. 4; ^'Ak-kad-e, [629] K. 1263, obv. 10; ^'Ak-ka-di, [46] K. 
 939a, obv. 8, 11, [594] K. 1118, rv. 2. 
 
 Nebukadrezzar I. ^'Ak-ka-di, V R. 55, col. 2:50. 
 
 Johns, ADD., "^'Ak-kad, 930, col. II: 2, 6; col. Ill: 7. 
 
 1 II R. 48, obv. ri. 
 
 2Naba-u§ab§i calls Erech a city of "^^tAkkadil^i, ABL., 266, obv. 10 and 13. 
 
Agade, Alzi 27 
 
 It seems probable, but it is not certain, that this city is identical 
 with the city of A-ga-de, capital of Sargon I. 
 
 Agade 
 
 Sargon I, Agade*^*, PSBA., 1885, p. 68:3; III R. 4, No. 7, col. I: 26; 
 
 Cat. de Clerq, I, PI. V, No. 461, 1. 3; OBI., No. 1, 1. 6; No. 2, 1. 5; No. 3, 
 
 1. 3; C. J. Ball, Light from the East, p. 52, 1. 3; RA., IV, p. 8, col. I, 1. 3. 
 
 Naram-Sin, A-ga-dei^' RA., IV, p. 11, 1. 3; RA., Ill, PI. VII, No. 
 
 22, 1. 2, No. 23, 1. 3, No. 26, 1. 1; Rec. de Trav., XIX, p. 187. 
 
 Uammurabi, A-ga-de^i, Code, 4:50. 
 
 Nabuna'id, A-ga-de^i, I R. 69, col. 2: 29, 48. 
 
 Cyrus, A-ga-deki, Cyl., 1. 31. 
 
 T-dWqni^t, MaqM, A-ga-de^i, 2:177. 
 
 The city of Agade was a sister-city of Sippara. The deity of 
 this city was originally Istar of Agade, who was replaced by 
 Anunit.' 
 
 The temple of Agade was Bit Ul-mas (Nabuna'id's Sippara- 
 inscription, II: 29, 85, 42, 44, 50; Code of Hammurabi, IV: 49). 
 
 As temple towers (ziggurati) of Agade the following are 
 
 known: 
 
 Bit-Su-gal, ziggurat of ""Tur-zi (II R. 50, No. 1:10). 
 Bit-Bar-si-6-di (II R. 50, No. I: 11. 
 
 Alzi 
 matAL.ZI: [444] K. 645, obv. 10 
 
 The land of Alzi became Assyrian territory as early as the 
 time of Tukulti-Ninib I,^ who captured this land, mentioning it 
 between the lands of Munnu and Madani. These lands are both 
 situated north of the Tigris and the land of Subria, and Madani 
 must be located on the eastern shore of the upper Tigris, opposite 
 Daria, and identical with the land of Madni of the inscriptions of 
 Asurnasirpal.^ 
 
 In the time of Tiglath-Pileser I,* the Muski people had con- 
 quered this land and the land of Purukumzi, but this Assyrian 
 king succeeded in recapturing it.^ On this expedition Tiglath- 
 Pileser I reached the land of Alzi from Subari," which he first 
 had to conquer. But the land of Subari, afterward called 
 
 1 Compare I K. 69, col. 2:48 with col. 3:28. 2.4ji.,obv. 15. 
 
 3^n. 2:110, 113. ♦^n. 1:64. 
 
 6TP. 1,^/1. 2:90; Sm. 1874, obv. 24. 6^n.2:84. 
 
28 Alzi 
 
 Subria, extended along the northern bank of the Tigris^ (east- 
 ward course), and Alzi must consequently be north of Subari 
 and also north of Madni (or Madani). Following the Tigris 
 in its upper north-south course, we have first Subria opposite 
 Bit-Zamani and Amedi, then Madni opposite Daria and 
 mount Argania, and finally Alzi, east of the Tigris, opposite 
 Enzite. 
 
 This is corroborated by the inscriptions of Shalmaneser II. 
 That king had again to recapture the land of Alzi,' and he reaches 
 it, coming from the city of Pitura, through the mountain pass of 
 Alzi, and from this land he proceeds to the lands of Suhni and 
 Daiaeni. The city of Pitura was only a night's march ^ from 
 Tusba, which was located on the southern shore of the Tigris, 
 opposite the mouth of the river Kallama,* and the city of Pitura 
 was most probably located on the western shore of this river, a 
 little north of the city of Arbaki.^ The land of Subni® or 
 Subme^was situated on the northern shore of the Euphrates, 
 opposite Enzite, Kireki and Alzi. All the inscriptions of 
 Shalmaneser II agree, that this king did not cross the Tigris on 
 his march from Pitura to Suhme and Daiaeni, and that Alzi 
 must consequently lie east of the Tigris. 
 
 In ABL., 444, is a report concerning a meeting of five gov- 
 ernors (bel pahati) in the city of Uesi, and among these 
 governors is Siplia^ of Alzi, and this land is here mentioned 
 between the lands of Kaniun and Armiraliu, which are both 
 Urartean domains, and the former of these was located not far to 
 the south of Turuspa. 
 
 All references to this land agree, therefore, in locating it east 
 of the Tigris. This is important, because it cannot then be 
 identical with Enzi or Enzite, as Streck^ proposes, claiming 
 that e was changed to a and n to /, without giving any evidence 
 
 1 Opposite a 1 Tush a ; see Anp. An. 2:8, 12; cf. also Knudtzon, Gebete, sub Supria. 
 
 ^Shalmaneser II, An. 42 bis; Layard 12:18. 
 
 3AsurnasirpalIlI,4n. 2:104. <TP. IV, PI. I, 1. 35. 
 
 SAgurnasirpal III, An. 2:112, 116; Mon., rev. 30, 34, 49. 
 
 ematgu-ub-ni, Shalm. II, Layard 12:19; An. i5. 
 
 7matsu-uh-me, Shalm. II, Mon. 2:45 bis, 46; from these inscriptions it is certain 
 that the two names indicate the same land. 
 
 8mSi-ip.li-a. 9^^.,XIII, p. 94. 
 
Ampibabini, AmurrO 29 
 
 that such changes occur in the old Armenian language. This 
 theory, improbable at first sight, must now be permanently dis- 
 carded on account of the researches of Belck," who has found in 
 the Armenian geographical literature that there were two prov- 
 inces, Enzi and Alzi, and that it was first in the Greek period 
 that Alzi was included in the province of Anzitene.^ 
 
 Ampihabini 
 mfttAm.PI.gA.A.BI.NI: [802] 81-7-27, 39, obv. 6. 
 
 Nothing else is known of this land, nor does this letter help 
 us assign a position to it. The scribe of this letter is Samas- 
 bel-usur, and if he should be identical with one of the governors 
 of Kirruri or Arzuhina, who were Eponyms in 708 and 710 
 B. c. respectively, we may presume that he wrote concerning some 
 land near their domains, probably in Media Atropatene. 
 
 Streck^ compares it with '^^ Am-pi-ba-bi, K. 4785, 1. 26. 
 
 The reading of the first sign is uncertain. Streck* suggests 
 Am, which I have here adopted. 
 
 AmurrO 
 
 ™atA.MUR.RU.U: [337] D. T. 98, rv. 14, [629] K. 1263, obv. 21; 
 •natMar-tuki, [38] K. 1019, rv. 4, [337] D. T. 98, rv. 13, [407 1 83-1-18, 
 40, rv. 2, [629] K. 1263, obv. 16, 17; ^atMar-tu, [357] D. T. 98, rv. 13, 
 [629] K. 1263, obv. 19, [679] 83-1-18, 61, obv. 9; mat Mar ki [137] K. 467, 
 obv. 10, 14. 
 
 Mar-tu^' and Amurrti are two names, used in the Cunei- 
 form inscriptions to denote the land of Syria-Palestine, and 
 especially the land ruled by the city of Damascus. 
 
 This name belonged, however, originally to a district west of 
 Sippara. In a contract tablet,^ dated in the reign of Ammisa- 
 dugga (1980-1959),® a region near Sippara is called Amurrti, 
 and in another tablet' of this period we find this name identified 
 with Mar-tu^'. The latter name means originally the "West 
 
 • Beitr&ge^ p. 75. 
 
 J'AvfTjTa, Ptolemy 13: 19, see below under Enzi. 
 
 3 AJSL., XXII, p. 217. < Ibidem. 
 
 5 Meissner, Beitrdge z. altbab. Privairecht, No. 42. 
 
 6 For the dates of the gammurabi Dynasty, cf. my Ancient Chronology, I, pp. 73-82. 
 
 7 Ibidem, No. 72. 
 
30 AmurrG 
 
 land." Paton* takes this to indicate that this district of Sippara 
 as well as Syria-Palestine was peopled by Amorites in the great 
 migration, which he designates as the "Amoritic," and which he 
 regards as having come up from Arabia. This is, however, impos- 
 sible, because the origin of the cuneiform signs for the cardinal 
 points must antedate the "Amorite" migration by many centuries, 
 if not millennia. Nor is it likely that the Kiengi people, when 
 they invented the cuneiform signs, knew of Syria- Palestine and 
 designated it as the "West-land" (Mar-tu^i), for Mar-tu^^ 
 cannot indicate some land located somewhere in the west, but 
 must be the land, where the god^ or the genius of the west had 
 his dwelling. That land must be in or near Babylonia, and a 
 district near Sippara fits well, because we should expect that the 
 cardinal points would refer to some temple with an ancient Sun- 
 cult, like that of the Sun-city of Sippara. We may then conclude 
 that Mar-tu'^^ was the ancient Kiengi -name of a district, west 
 of Sippara, and that the Semites called this district by the name 
 of Amurrti. There is nothing whatever to prove that the 
 Amorite migration came from Arabia, but there is a great proba- 
 bility that it originated in Babylonia, through pressure from 
 Elam, because Babylonia was often the prey of Elamite con- 
 querors, as in the time of Kudur-nankhundi, Kudur-Mabuk, and 
 Kedorlaomer. Nor has it been proved that names from this 
 time, compounded with Ammi, Abi, or Sumu, are specific 
 Amorite or old Arabic names.^ 
 
 Sargon of Akkad conquered the land of Martu in Syria and 
 it was already at this time called Amurri, for he affixes the 
 ending am to the ideograph Mar-tu, writing Mar-tu-am* 
 which must be read Amurra-am. 
 
 Gudea^ also knew of this land and mentions two of its moun- 
 
 1 The Early History of Syria and Palestine, pp. 28, 29. 
 
 2 A god i 1 " M a r - 1 u , identical with Adad or Ramman, is well known in the Cuneiform 
 inscriptions, and in ABL., 474, 81-2-4, 67, obv. 6, he is a god of Akkadi. According to TP. I, 
 An. 4:87, he had a temple in the city of Assur, and that temple is otherwise called the 
 temple of Ramman (Adad). Jensen's (ZA., XI, pp. 303 f.) and Zimmern's {KAT.^, p. 433) 
 theory that this god was a western importation to Babylonia and Assyria has not been 
 proved, and is improbable. 
 
 sPaton, The Early History of Syria and Palestine, pp. 25 ff. 
 *R. A. IV, 3, PI. IV, n. 17, 1.3; cf. Ma r-t u-ne-ki-ma , i?4., IV, p. 76, n. 2. 
 5Cyl. B, 6:6, 14. 
 
AmuerC 31 
 
 tains, Sub-sal-la and Ti-da-num.' Kudur-Mabuk* calls him- 
 self ad-da of ""^^Mar-tu. 
 
 5-ammurabi^ calls himself king of Mar-[tu^'] and mentions 
 Sinidinnam* as governor (gal) of Mar-tu.* Ammiditana* is 
 also king of this land. 
 
 In the Amarna period this land is referred to as "^**Mar-tu/ 
 ™**Amurru,* and ^^Amurra." The readings A-mu-ri and 
 A-mu-ur-ra settle the question whether we should read the middle 
 sign bar or mur. Abd-'^^-As-ra-tum was its king and he 
 was succeeded by his son Aziru. His residence was the city of 
 Amurri, but we infer that the land, of which the city of Amurri 
 was the capital, consisted of several provinces, because these let- 
 ters speak of the lands (mutate) of Amurri. Near this land 
 were the cities of Nukasse, Qatna, Sumur, and Tunip. 
 
 The city of Damascus is called a city of ™^*Mar-tu^','° but 
 that city is otherwise known as the capital of ""^^Sa-imeri-su" 
 or "land of Damascus," and it seems therefore as if ™**'Mar-tu^^ 
 and '°*'^Sa-imeri-su are equivalent terms, 
 
 Tiglath-Pileser I refers to the land of™**A-mur-ri;'^ and 
 Asurnasirpal'^ claims to have received tribute from it. Shalmane- 
 ser II overthrew the cities of ™**^A-mur-ri." Adad-Nirari III 
 conquered the lands of 5at-ti and A-mur-ri,'^ Sur-ra (Tyre), 
 Si-du-nu (Sidon) and ^u-um-ri-i (Samaria). At this time 
 Amurri included neither the Hittites, the coast-cities, nor Samaria. 
 
 Sargon, on the other hand, ruled the "wide land" of ™**Mar- 
 tu^S'* and refers to the land of the Hittites as the land of 
 
 •Another mountain ^^*^La-bii is also said to lie in '"^'A-mur-ri-e. 
 
 2IE. 2, No. 3, 1. 4. 3 ffi., No. 66, col. 2,1. 3. * Hi., No. 4«, 11. 2, 5. 
 
 5 The references of Kudur-Mabug and gamtnurabi refer, however, undoubtedly to the 
 land on Ibe western bank of the lower Euphrates. 
 
 6HL., No.lOO, 1.7. TAL.il-.SH; 46:24; 138:23. 
 
 8 mftt^n^ur.7^ ^2.. 42:14: m*tA-mur-ri, 41,. 38:8, 15; 50: rv. 32; 57:15 ; 69:69; 
 75:63; 102:38; 112:rv.7.10; 124:5,21,29,35; 129:24; 137:39;143:24,30;258:rv.3. '"^tA-mu-ri, 
 ^L. .59:48; 66:8; 90:8; "i^^ft t \.^ y. j-i , aL. 44:1.5, 22; 127:9; ^^tA-mu r- ra , AL. 
 78:10; 114:17. 
 
 98lA-mu-ur-ra, 4L. 50, obv. 1. lo Sargon, 4n. 52 ; XIV:46. 
 
 II Adad-Nirari III, I R. 35, No. 1, 1. 15. 12 Broken ob. 4 :39. 
 
 i;">*^A-mur-ri, 4n. 3:85; ™**A-mur-ra-ai, .In. 3:86; No. 76,4:26. 
 
 uMon. 2:6; Balw. 2:2 ; tnatjiar -t u^^i, Balw. 2:2. 
 
 151E. 35, No. 1, 1. 11. 16X: 17; XIV: 46; An. 52. 
 
32 AMURRtr 
 
 ™**A-mur-ri-e.' He speaks of the language (li-sa-an) of 
 mat]y[ap_^^ki 2 ^IjjjjIj probably indicates the language of Syria. 
 
 Sennacherib conquered the land of Mar-tu^** and mentions 
 as its cities *^ Sam-si-mu-ru-na-ai, ^* Si-du-un-na-ai, 
 *^A-ru-da-ai, ^^Gu-ub-la-ai, ^^As-du-da-ai, Bit Am-ma- 
 na-ai, ™^*Ma-'-ba-ai, ™^*U-du-um-ma-ai. Here are not 
 only the coast cities of Phoenicia and Philistia, but also the trans- 
 Jordanic lands of Moab and Ammon as well as Edom, included 
 in "^**Mar-tu. 
 
 Nebukadrezzar I,* Asurbanipal,^ Nabuna'id/ and Cyrus' refer 
 also in their inscriptions to this land. 
 
 In the letters^ this land is also called "^^Mar^'. From sev- 
 eral references in the Astrological reports to the land of Mar-tu^', 
 where that land is called ™**Mar^',' or even ™^*Mar, it is cer- 
 tain that this Mar^''" is identical with Amurru. A list of refer- 
 ences to this land in these Astrological reports" follows: 
 
 matA-mu-ri-e: [42] Sm. 1073, obv. 8; [43] K. 705, rv. 7; [98] K. 864, 
 obv. 8.'2 
 
 mat A-mur-ri-i: [68] K. 774, obv. 2; [119] K. 703, rv. 3. 
 
 matA-mur[-ri-i]: [91] K. 86, obv. 2. 
 
 matMar-tuki; [43] K. 705, obv. 7, rv. 5; [52 A] 81-2^, 138, rv. 5; 
 [80] K. 713 obv. 3; [80 A] 82-5-22, 72, obv. 3; [77] 83-1-18, 184, obv. 3; 
 [78] K. 722, obv. 3; [79] 83-1-18, 173, obv. 4; [98] K. 864, obv. 7; [99] K. 
 771, rv. 2; [101] 81-2-4, 83, obv. 4, rv. 2, 4; [102] 83-1-18, 246, obv. 4; 
 [103] Sm. 375, obv. 5; [107] Bu. 89-4-26, 166, obv. 10, rv. 5, 6; [157 B] K. 
 1369, obv. 6; [167] 80-7-19, 371, obv. 7, rv. 6, 9, 11, 12; [192] Bu. 89-4-26, 
 3, obv. 5; [193] 83-1-18, 179, obv. 2; [206] K. 731, obv. 10; [211] K. 758, 
 rv. 1; [211 A] K. 12176, obv. 4; [222] 83-1-18, 181, rv. 2; [258] Sm. 1043, 
 rv. 2; [268] K. 2085, obv. 5, 9, 12; [273] Sm. 231, obv. 3; [274 F] K. 1384, 
 rv, 4, 5, 6. 
 
 mat Mar- tu: [64 A] K. 1340, obv. 2; [67] 83-1-18, 194. obv. 3; [69 A] 
 80-7-19, 176, obv. 6; [79 A] K. 1407, obv. 3; [76] 83-1-18, 183, obv. 3; [100] 
 K. 1405, rv. 4; [156] Bu. 91-5-9, 8, rv. 1, 2; [166] K. 694, rv. 3; [270] K. 
 955, rv. 11. 
 
 iAn.il. »X:161. 31 R. 38:55. 
 
 imatA-mur-ri-i, 1:10. smfttmar- tuki, 4n., col. 8, 1. 16. 
 
 6 Nab.-Cyras Chron. A : 15. ^ Cyl. C. 29. » aBL., No. 137, obv. 10, 14. 
 
 9Thomps.,RMA., [25] K. 770, rv. 5;[88] K. 712, rv. 5; Sar Marki, [56] K. 1341, obv. 5. 
 
 10 [17] K. 803, rv. 3; [41] K. 791, rv. 7 ; [104] 81-2-4, 145, obv. 5 ; [271] K. 750, obv. 10. 
 
 '1 Thompson, The Reports of the Magicians and Astrologers. 
 
 12 A gloss to the same line reads m*"t^A-mur-ri-e. 
 
AmubrCj 33 
 
 Mar-tuki : [44] 80-7-19, 63, rv. 8; [63] K. 776, obv. 2; [64] 83-1-18, 
 298, obv. 2; [64 B] K. 1927, obv. 2; [65] 82-5-22, 50, obv. 5; [66] K. 809, 
 obv. 2; [67] 83-1-18, 194, obv. 2; [69] 82-5-22, 49, obv. 2; [70] 81-2-4, 79, 
 obv. 2; [69 A] 80-7-19, 176, obv. 2; [74] Rm. 203, obv. 5, rv. 1; [75] K. 695, 
 obv. 2; [58] K. 693, obv. 4; [81 D] 80-7-19, 197, obv. 4; [81 K] K. 901, obv. 2; 
 [87 A] K. 1007, obv. 4; [136 K] K. 1339, rv. 2; [137] K. 799, rv. 2, 4; [151] 
 81-2-4, 102, rv. 1; [234] 82-5-22, 46, rv. 2, 6; [262 B] K. 12555, obv. 2; 
 [272 B] K. 702, obv. 4. 
 
 Mar-tu: [94] K. 120 A, rv. 7; [151] 81-2-4, 102, rv. 1; [269] K. 815, 
 rv. 4, 9. 
 
 As the sign for mur has also the value bar, the name 
 A-mur-ri was formerly read A-bar-ri' and supposed to denote 
 the "hinterland" i. e., the "West-land." 
 
 In the letters, especially ABL., No. 337 and No. 629, 
 ™^*Mar-tu and '"'^^A-mur-ru-u, appear together in a way, as 
 if the latter were a part of the former," and it has been suggested 
 that we might read °^^*^Martu as ""^^A-bar-ru, or the "West- 
 land" ("hinterland"). 
 
 The objections to a reading ""^^A-bar-ru are based chiefly on 
 the following considerations: 
 
 1. In the O. T. the word "iin5< never denotes a land, a "hinter- 
 land" or a "West-land," i. e., it is not used as a geographical 
 name in any sense; nor have I found this word so used in any 
 other Semitic dialect. It is true that the Hebrew and Encjlish 
 Lexicon, by Brown, Driver, and Briggs, p. 30, once claims the 
 meaning "west"-land for 'abor, viz., Is. 9:11, but it is prob- 
 ably wrong in the conception of this verse, for Isaiah says about 
 Israel and Samaria: ^^ Aram from before and the Philistines 
 from behind, and they shall devour Israel with open mouth. ^^ 
 Although kedhem sometimes means 'east' it denotes also 'front, 
 in front of,' and it is certain that Philistia was not to the west, 
 but to the south of Israel and Samaria, and Damascus (and it is 
 to this city '"Aram" refers in this verse) was not to the east but 
 to the north of Samaria. It is therefore evident that 'AbQr, 
 even in this passage, cannot mean "west" or "west-land." 
 
 This dictionary also gives the meaning "western" to 'Abaron 
 (Deut. 11:24; 34:2; Job 2: '20; Zech. 14:8), and compares it 
 
 > See Delitzsch, H WB., sub A - ^ a r - r i . 
 See on this subject a note by B. F. Harper in AJSL., April, 1899, p. 142. 
 
34 AMURRt 
 
 with a supposed Assyrian ™^*Abarru, but it should be noted that 
 all these passages deal with a "western (?) sea," not with any 
 "west-land," and that although the Mediterranean may be called 
 a "western sea," it does not prove that Palestine was called a 
 "west-land." It should also be noted that the Hebrew form 
 'AbarOn cannot represent a supposed Ass. Aharru. It seems 
 therefore, that if the Assyrians, who so often used the ideogram 
 Mar-tu, read this as Aharru, there should be some trace of that 
 name in the other Semitic dialects, a7id especially so in Hebrew. 
 
 2. In the Amarna period it is certain that the sign for mur 
 (or bar) was read mu-ur or mu-ri and that Mar-tu and 
 A-mur-ru-u or A-mu-ur-ra are then synonymous terms for 
 the kingdom of Abd-Asirta and Aziru. There is nothing to prove 
 that a dififerent reading was adopted at a subsequent period. It 
 should also be noted that the sons of Abd-Asirta and Aziru 
 were in alliance with the Khabiri (or Hebrews). 
 
 3. Now the O. T., while it knows of no land called AkhSr, men- 
 tions frequently an "Amorite" land, the name being a Nisheh, 
 'amor I, like the Assyrian Amurrti, and this land or people was 
 conquered by the Hebrews. This name is used:' (a) of a pre- 
 Israelitish people living east of the Jordan; Sennacherib also 
 included Moab and Ammon in ""^^Mar-tu ; (6) of a people west 
 of Jordan; (c) of a southern people; Sennacherib included Edom 
 in ™**Martu; (cZ) of the ancient population of Canaan in gene- 
 ral; Sennacherib included the coast cities of Phoenicia and Phi- 
 listia in ™^*Mar-tu. It should be noticed that Sennacherib uses 
 the name ™**Mar-tu, where O. T. uses the term "the^ Amorite." 
 
 4. The strongest evidence for reading this name Amurru 
 instead of Aharru is perhaps furnished by the Egyptian inscrip- 
 tions. These inscriptions know of no land Abarru or A^or in 
 Palestine or Syria, but they refer frequently to a land Amor. 
 Thus Seti I speaks of the city of Kadesh in the land of Amor^ 
 (Y-m-r). Professor Breasted locates this Kadesh* in the moun- 
 
 1 For biblical references, see Encyclopedia Biblica, article " Amorites." 
 
 2 The article is used in the O. T. with this name everywhere, except Num. 21:29, 
 Ezek.l6:45. 
 
 3 Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, III, 141. 
 * Ibid., note 1. 
 
Andia 35 
 
 tains of Galilee, while W. Max Milller* contends that it is the 
 Kadesh on the Orontes. Ramses II speaks of the "Shore in the 
 land of Amor" ('-m-w-r'),'^ which here refers to the Phoenician 
 coast, just as Sennacherib calls Arvad, Gubla, Sidon, and Tyre 
 cities of ""^^Mar-tu. While Ramses II is at Kadesh on the 
 Orontes, he receives recruits from the land of Amor.^ In a list 
 of cities conquered in northern Palestine, Ramses II mentions 
 "Deper (D'-pw-r') in the land of Amor."* Breasted locates 
 this city in the neighborhood of Tabor, but W. Max Mftller places 
 it further north near Kadesh/ In the reliefs of Ramses III at 
 Medinet Habu, Amor appears between the Hittites and the Asiatics, 
 the order being: Kheta, Amor,** Thekel, Sherden, Shasu, Teresh 
 and Peleset (Philistia) ; and this locates the Amorites , south of 
 the Hittites and as neighbors of the Phoenicians (Thekel), Amor, 
 in the Egyptian inscriptions, is then quite an extensive land, 
 including Kadesh, the Phoenician coast, and bordering on the 
 land of the Hittites. 
 
 Taking all this into consideration, it seems most probable that 
 Mar-tu should be read Amurru, and further that we should read 
 A-mur-ru and not A-har-ru.' 
 
 Andia 
 
 mfttAN.DI.A: [466] Sm. 51, obv. 2, rv. 3, [515] K.621,obv. 5; '''An- 
 di-[a], [215] K. 1037, rv. 2. 
 
 The city of Andia seems, according to ABL. No. 215, to have 
 been situated near Urartu, Mannai, and Zikirta. The land of 
 Mannai lay on the west side of Lake Urmia, and Zikirta on its 
 eastern shore, Urartu extended from Lake Van southeastward 
 to Mannai, and sometimes even included that land as one of its 
 provinces. The scribe of this letter, a certain ™Bag-te-sup, 
 
 • Asien und Europa, p. 217. 
 
 2 Breasted, Aricient Records of Egypt, III, 310. 3 ibid., 340, 
 
 ••Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, III, 356. 
 
 5 Asien und Europa, p. 221. 
 
 « Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, IV, 129. For other references to the land of 
 Amor, see ibid., IV, 39, 64, 117, 127. 
 
 'Soo Muss-Arnolt, Concise Dictionary of the Assyrian Language, sub Abarru and 
 Amurri. For further discussion of this name, see Delattre, PSBA., 1891, 233,234; ZA., 
 VII, 22 ; RP.i, v. 95, rm. 4 ; 98, rm. 2. 
 
36 Andia 
 
 whose name is evidently a compound of Bag' and Te-sup, the 
 god not only of Mitanni and ancient Kir^u and Gorduene 
 (cf. Sadi-Tesup, Kali-Tesup, Kili-Tesup), but also of the 
 Gimirrai (cf. the name Te-us-pa), and this scribe may there- 
 fore very well have been from the land of Gimirra. This land 
 lay to the north of Lake Urmia and east of Urartu, and it seems 
 therefore probable that Andia was located on the northwestern 
 shore of Lake Urmia, between that lake and the land of Gimirra. 
 
 This is borne out by other references to this land. In ABL., 
 466, the crown prince of ^^'^An-di-ai writes about a horse 
 transport, and incidentally he mentions also a nobleman ™ A-pil- 
 sar-usur from the land of Mannai, and from this we may 
 infer that the two lands lay near each other. 
 
 In ABL., 515, a messenger of ™^*An-di-ai is mentioned in 
 connection with and between those of the lands of Urartu and 
 Zikirai. The latter name is undoubtedly a misspelling for 
 Zikirtai, and the same name is again misspelled in obv. 1. 15 as 
 ""^^Zi-ki-ti-a. The scribe of this letter, ""Bel-nadin, informs 
 the Assyrian king that the messengers from Andia and Zikirai 
 (Zikirtai) have gone to the city of LTesi. That city is well 
 known; it belonged to Urartu, and lay southeast from Lake 
 Van, near the borders of Mannai. My location of ™^* Andia 
 on the northwestern shore of Lake Urmia fits in well with the 
 situation given in this letter. 
 
 In the historical inscriptions we find this land mentioned in 
 the annals of Shalmaneser II." His Turtan Daian-Asur re- 
 ceived tribute, in the 31st year of Shalmaneser II, from Gilzani, 
 Burisa, 5arrana, Sasgana, and Andia. The order here 
 suggests a locality northeast of Gilzani (Kirzan) and northwest 
 of Lake Urmia. 
 
 Adad-Nirari III claims to have conquered Parsua, AUa- 
 bria, Abdadana, Nairi, and ""^^ An-di-u.^ Nairi is here 
 the land round 5ubuskia. Parsua is to the southwest and 
 south of Lake Urmia, and the other lands are all located west of 
 
 iBag or Baga is an old Median word for divinity. The name would thus signify 
 " Tesup is god," and would be a name formed like Hebrew Joel, " Yah or Yahweh is god." 
 zmat^n.^i.ai, ob. 182. 
 JIR. 35, 1, 1. 9. 
 
Andia 37 
 
 that lake, even west of Mannai. The order goes from south to 
 north, and Andia would therefore well fit a province to the 
 northwest of that lake. Billerbeck' locates it north of Lake 
 Urmia. Streck,'' however, misled by a note in the inscription of 
 Adad-Nirari III, that "its location was far away" (sa asar-su 
 rfiku), locates it east of Lake Urmia. This seems impossible, 
 especially as he locates Par sua also east of Urmia, and between 
 that lake and Andia. The Assyrian kingdom in the time of 
 Adad-Nirari extended not further to the east and north than 
 ^ubuskia, and Andia would then certainly be regarded as a 
 "far away land," when it lay on the northwest of Lake Urmia. 
 
 My location of Andia is finally corroborated by the inscrip- 
 tions of Sargon. In his 7th year, Sargon attacked Telusina, 
 king of '"^''An-di-ai,' and captured eight towered cities (birate) 
 and 4,200 men in the province of ™**Tu-a-ia-a-di,* in the land 
 of Andia. The order in the inscriptions of Sargon is: Mannai, 
 Andia, Zikirtu, or Urartu, Musasir, Andia, and Zikirtu. 
 
 It would appear from all the inscriptions, that Andia lay on 
 the northwest, or perhaps the northern, shore of Lake Urmia. 
 
 In the inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser I we find a land ""^^ An- 
 di-a-be,^ given there as a province of Nairi. If this be identi- 
 cal with Andia, then it must be west of Lake Urmia, for Tiglath- 
 Pileser I never went as far east as the eastern shore of that 
 lake. He captured 9 aria, and that land is undoubtedly identi- 
 cal with the ^Jarrana of the inscriptions of Shalmaneser II, 
 and as we found above that Andia did not lie far from 5ar- 
 rana, it would not be strange if Tiglath-Pileser I, after his 
 conquest of Haria, also reached Andia, and that its name was 
 pronounced at this time as An-di-a-be. 
 
 With Andia should perhaps also be associated another land, 
 ""^^^Mi-si-an-di-a," a province of Mannai, and captured by 
 
 ^ SaTidshak-Suleirnania, p. 156. 
 
 2Z>4., XV, p. 316; ibid., p. 315. Strock claims that Samsiramman should have referred 
 to •" '^'' An-d i -u. It is Adad-Nirari III, and not §am5i-Adad IV, whoso inscription is given 
 in I R. 35, No. 1. 
 
 •tSara. An. 81; X:45; Sm.51; "^'^*' An- di- a , Surg. Cyl.'^; XIV:8; pp. IV:20; Stela, 
 38; Bull.-his. 13. 
 
 <Sarg. X:44. 5 ^n. 4:74. 
 
 6Sarg. X:37. 
 
38 Anisu, Appina 
 
 Sargon. HommeP identifies this land with Mesu, but that is 
 impossible, for the land of Mesu lay between Zamua and 
 Mazamua, south of the lower Zab, in the region of the river Ra- 
 danu. As Misiandia was a province of Mannai, I would 
 suggest that it lay between^ Mannai and Anftia. 
 
 Anisu 
 ^»A.NI.SU : [173] K. 686, obv. 6, 8 
 
 Nothing else is known of this city, so far as I am aware. The 
 scribe is a certain ™Tab-Asur, but he is not otherwise known. 
 The letter was written to Sargon, for it contains a greeting to 
 Dur-Sarrukin ('^^Bir-a-te), and also a reference to the land 
 of "i^^Kir-tu and the city of '^^la-ri. That city was perhaps 
 located in Kasiari, and in that mountain, or north of it, in the 
 land of Kirhu, I would provisionally locate the city of Anisu. 
 
 Appina 
 -^lAP.PI.NA : [343] 83-1-18, 18, obv. 4, 12 
 
 The city of Appina is also unknown in the Cuneiform litera- 
 ture, outside of this letter. It had a fortress (bal-su), the com- 
 mandant (**™®^Rabu) of which, a certain ™Za-ba-ai, wrote this 
 letter. A man by that name appears in ABL., No. 275, obv. 13, 
 and he was from southern Babylonia, either Pukudu or Bit- 
 Am ukani, but it is impossible to say if the two men are identical, 
 and nothing can therefore be said about the location of Appina. 
 
 1 Geschichte, p. 713, note. 
 
 2 M i - 8 i = ine'o-os, ' middle,' ' between.' 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL LIST TO R. F. HARPER'S ASSYRIAN 
 AND BABYLONIAN LETTERS, VOLS. I-VIII.' 
 
 a I A. B A. A I : [509J 81-2^, 123, obv 7. 
 
 nftrA.BA.XI: [781] K. 823, rv. 5. 
 
 aiAB.DU.DI: [1581 K. 530, obv. 7. 
 
 aiA.DA.RI.5I.TI : [771] 81-1-18, 49, obv. 8. 
 
 aiA.DI.A: [683] Rm 550, rv. 6. 
 
 aiA.DI.I[N.NU]: [500] K. 1303, obv. 6; [a]lA-ti-nu: [762] R'" 2, 
 
 529, rv. 7. 
 mat AI : [107] K. 4304, obv. 8, [159] K. 1025, obv. 7, [434] Bu. 89-4-26, 
 163, obv. 10, 21, [556] K. 683, obv. 21; amei matAi, [128] K. 650, obv. 
 5 [174] K. 619, rv. 12, [713] R"* 59, obv. 5. 
 matAK.BA.NU : [520] K. 680, obv. 7, 11. 
 aiA.KI.MA.DI.E: [328] K. 638, rv. 21. 
 
 matAKKADi^i: [9] K. 618, rv. 5; [46] K. 939a, obv. 13, 19, 22, [50] K. 
 1242, rv. 2, [149] K. 540, obv. 9, [223] K. 112, obv. 13, [266] K. 79, obv. 
 10, [269] K. 528, rv. 9, [358] R^ 76, obv. 8, [437] K. 168, rv. 9, 19, [444] 
 K. 645, obv. 4, [474] 81-2-4, 67, obv. 7, [518] 83-1-18, 27, rv. 8, [539] 
 K. 17, obv. 17, rv. 24, [540] K. 87, rv. 3, [542] K. 114, rv. 23, [622] K. 
 1210, rv. 4, [716] K. 31, obv. 7, rv. 7, [760] R«n 2, 7, obv. 6, [815] 48-7- 
 20, 116, rv. 11, 15, [841] K. 4757, rv. 19; matAk-ka-di-i, [7] K. 601, 
 obv. 16, rv. 8, [435] Bu. 89-4-26, 161, rv. 10. 
 aiAK.KAD: [337] D. T. 98, obv. 6, 8, [746] 83-1-18, 146, obv. 5, 7, 10, 
 13, rv. 4; aiAk-kad-e, [629] K. 1263, obv. 10; aiAk-ka-di, [46] 
 K. 939a, obv. 8, 11, [594] K. 1118, rv. 2. 
 mfttAL.ZI : [444] K. 645, obv. 10. 
 matAM.PI.gA.A.BI.NI: [802] 81-7-27, 39, obv. 6. 
 matA.MUR.RU.U: [337] D. T. 98, rv. 14, [629] K. 1263, obv. 21; -"at 
 Mar-tu"^', [38] K. 1049, rv. 4, [337] D. T. 98, rv. 13, [407] 83-1-18, 
 40, rv. 2, [629] K. 1263, obv. 16, 17; ^atMar-tu, [337] D.T. 98, rv. 13. 
 [629] K. 1263, obv. 19, [679] 83-1-18, 61, obv. 9. 
 ameiMAR*^': [137] K. 467, obv. 12; m at Ma r"^*, [137] K. 467, obv. 10, 14. 
 mat AN. DI. A: [466] Sm. 51, obv. 2, rv. 3, [515] K. 621, obv. 5; alAn- 
 
 di-[a], [215]K.1037, rv. 2. 
 aiA.NI.su : [173] K. 686, obv. 6, 8. 
 aiAP.PI.NA: [343] 83-1-18, 18, obv. 4, 12. 
 
 ameiA.RA.BU: [262] K. 607, obv. 10; ^atA-ri-bi, [629] K. 1263,rv. 1; 
 matAr-ba-ai, [631] K. 1265, obv. 3, 7; ameiAr-a-bi, [260] K. 562, 
 obv. 10. 
 
 1 Corrected and rearranged from AJSL, Vol. XXI, pp. 83-99. 
 
 39 
 
40 Geogbaphioal List to ABL., I-VIII 
 
 aiA.RA.AK.DI: [408] R^ 2, 1, obv. 20, rv. 9. 
 8adA.RA.LIM : [202] K. 83, obv. 13. 
 
 •nfttA.RA.MU: [539] K. 17, obv. 18; °iatA(?)-[ra]-me, [771], 81-1-18, 
 49, obv. 8. 
 
 a«ieiA.RA.MU : [747] K. 923, obv. 4. 
 
 aiARBA.ILI: [43] K. 122, obv. 21, [64] K. 550, obv. 14, [179] K. 664, 
 obv. 7, [212] K. 1199, obv. 10, [333] K. 651, obv. 6, [339] 83-1-18, 19, 
 rv. 6, [358] R^ 76, obv. 5, [378] 83-1-18, 11, obv. 5, [413] Bu. 91-5-9, 
 12, rv. 9, [423] 83-1-18, 12, obv. 5, [427] 83-1-18, 35, obv. 7, [432] D. T. 
 220, obv. 31, [453] K. 948, obv. 6, [494] 80-7-19, 23, obv. 7, [495] Bu. 
 91-i-9, 66, obv. 7, [531] 81-2-4, 50, rv. 13, [533] 83-1-18, 44. obv. 4, 
 [662] 80-7-19, 139, obv. 8, [671] K. 78, obv. 4, 8, [696] K. 13066, obv. 
 5, [697] 81-2-4, 73, obv. 7, [784] K. 1031, obv. 27, [829] K. 297, obv. 5, 
 9, [843] K. 846, rv. 13, [876] Bu. 91-5-9, 144, obv. 8, 10; aiArba-ila- 
 ai, [386] 83-1-18, 9, obv. 8, [408] R^n 2, 1, obv. 5, 12; Arba-ili, [514] 
 K. 477, rv. 6, [668] 83-1-28, 255, obv. 7. 
 
 a 1 A R . G A . D A : [581] K. 1072, obv. 5. 
 
 aiAR.GI.TE: [414] R"" 77, obv. 14. 
 
 "iiatAR-MIR.A.LI.A : [444] K. 645, obv. 11. 
 
 aiAR.NU[. ]: [324] K. 14093, obv. 4. 
 
 aiAR.PAD.DU: [601] K. 1126, obv. 10; aiAr-pad-da, [372] 80-7-19, 
 26, rv. 13, [395] Bu. 91-5-9, 136, obv. 9; ^atAr-pad-da, [221] K. 
 175, obv. 13. 
 
 aiAR.PAD.DA.NU: [43] K. 122, obv. 16. 
 
 matAR.PA.AI: [547] K. 587, rv. 10. 
 
 aiAR.RA.NU: [502] K. 661, obv. 11, 14. 
 
 aiARRAP.SA: [71] K. 1113 + K. 1229, rv. 2, [89] K. 515, obv. 12, rv. 2. 
 12, [95] K. 1151, obv. 9, rv. 4, [160] K. 1243, obv. 5, [168] K. 636, obv. 
 7, 9, [306] K. 622, rv. 3, 7, [311] K. 630, obv. 7, 8, [375] 83-1-18, 41, 
 obv. 9, [394] 81-2-4, 57, obv. 13, [408] R"" 2, 1, obv. 11, rv. 26, [415] 
 Bu. 91-5-9, 157, obv. 9, [486] K. 8375, obv. 7, rv. 4, 9, [505] 81-2-4, 95, 
 obv. 9, [543] K. 176, rv. 6, [682] K. 608, rv. 3; aiArrap-ha-ai, [599] 
 K. 1124, rv. 3; amgi Arrap-ba-ai, [140] K. 518, obv. 16; aiArrap- 
 ra-ap-ba, [151] K. 652, obv. 11; matAr-rap-ha, [754] K. 5457, 
 obv. 11. 
 
 ai AR.RI : [376] 83-1-18, 42, obv. 11. 
 
 §adAR.ZA.BI.IA.A: [198] K. 5464, rv. 12, 16. 
 
 ameiaiAR.ZI.ZA.AI: [317] K. 5291, obv. 13, rv. 3. 
 
 aiAR.ZU.5I.NA: [43] K. 122, obv. 20, [408] R™ 2, 1, rv. 5, [638] K. 
 
 niatASSUR"^' : [19] K. 494, rv. 9, [58] K. 1033, rv. 7; [92] K. 656, obv. 6, 
 [146] K. 910, obv. 6, 7, [196] K. 125, obv. 4, [197] K. 181, obv. 4, 
 [198] K. 5464, obv. 12, 17, [199] K. 7434, obv. 4, [280] K. 10, rv. 4, [281] 
 K. 13, obv. 28, [327] K. 517, obv. 12, 17, rv. 19, [328] K. 638, obv. 13, 
 [358] Rni 76, obv. 8, [397] R"^ 2, 458, obv. 6, [409] R"" 2, 2, rv. 8, [434] 
 
Geographical List to ABL., I-VIII 41 
 
 Bu. 89-4-26, 163, obv. 7, [436] K. 145, obv. 11, rv. 5, [437] K. 168, obv. 
 7, [476] 83-1-18, 5, obv. 18, [515] K. 621, obv. 10, rv. 9, [521] 83-1-18, 
 4, obv. 27, [568] K. 956, obv. 4, [576] K. 1009, obv. 16, 19, rv. 17, 19, 
 [614] K. 1152, rv. 3, 7, [718] Bu. 91-5-9, 87, rv. 11, 12, [730] Rf" 2, 14, 
 obv. 3, [731] 81-7-27, 41, obv. 4, |789] K. 1964, obv. 6, [792] 834-18, 
 52, obv. 10, 14, [815] 48-7-20, 116, obv. 5, 13, rv. 13, 15; mat i in 
 Assuri^S [7] K. 601, obv. 15, rv. 7; a^^l •"&* il^ Assurki pi-, [262] 
 K. 607, obv. 7; niatAusar'^S [9] K. 618, rv. 4, [588] K. 1105, obv. 4, 
 [752] R'n48, rv. 21; As^', [336] K. 644, rv. 8; «>&* ii"Assiir, [2] 
 K. 183, obv 6; amci mat iiuAssurP'-, [262] K. 607, obv. 7; ^at 
 An-sdrki, [266] K. 79, obv. 13; ^natAn-aar, [10] K. 641, obv. 1; 
 Au-sarkip/., [290] K. 828, rv. 15: "^atAs, [308] K. 1619B, rv. 7; 
 •nfttAssur, [276] K. 154, obv. 8, [308] K. 1619B, rv. 4 [541] K. 97, 
 obv. 4, [544] K. 464, rv. 3, [595] K. 1119, rv. 2, 3, 7, [616] K. 1164, 
 obv. 3, [638] K. 2908, obv. 12, [870] 82-5-22, 107, obv. 9, rv. 3; ™at 
 Assur-ai, [602] K. 1127, obv. 3, 10; ameiAssuri^'-ai, [460] K. 
 1250, rv. 1, [520] K. 680, obv. 5; a^eiAssur-ai, [271] K. 1220, obv. 
 10; [am6i]As-su-ra-ai, [74] K. 185, obv. 9. 
 
 aiASSUR: [484] 81-7-27, 33, obv. 14; aiLib-er, [48] K. 1019, obv. 5, 
 [88] K. 507, obv. 8, [91] K. 620, obv. 11, rv. 2, [92] K. 656, obv. 5, [94] 
 K. 1147 + K. 1947, obv. 8, 10, [106] K. 1209, rv. 6, [150] K. 598, obv. 3, 
 [307] K. 1078, rv. 7, [308] K. 1619B, obv. 2, [365] Bu. 91-5-9, 14, obv. 
 12, [397] R™ 2, 458, obv. 5, [419] 83-1-18, 24, obv. 13, rv. 3, [442] K. 
 543, obv. 10, 15, [464] K. 1519, rv. 7, [473] 81-2-4, 65, obv. 17, [479] 
 83-1-18, 94, obv. 11, [562] K. 927, obv. 10, [615] K. 1153, obv. 8, [724] 
 K. 548, rv. 12, [817] K. 184, obv. 8, [819] K. 716, obv. 8, [820] K. 720, 
 obv. 8, [821] K. 792, rv. 5, [822] K. 802, rv. 2, [823] K. 1368, rv. 2, [824] 
 K. 13116, rv. 2, [825] R"> 205, rv. 2, [826] 82 5-22, 37, rv. 2, [827] 
 83-1-18, 192, rv. 3, [828] Bu. 91-5-9, 6, rv. 2, [845] 82-5-22, 93, rv. 7; 
 ™aiLib-er, [211] K. 662, obv. 1; aiLib-er-ai, [386] 83-1-18, 9, 
 obv. 11, [473] 81-2-4, 65, obv. 3, [812] 82-5-22, 93, rv. 3; aiAs, [530] 
 80-7-19, 40, obv. 8. 
 
 AZ^i; [336] K. 644, rv. 28. 
 
 aiA.ZA.RI: [635]K. 1516, rv. 8. 
 
 aiBlBBIT.KI: [89] K. 515, obv. 9, rv. 4, 12, [830] K. 1376, obv. 8; 
 aiBab-blt-ka, [542] K. 114, obv. 13. 
 
 BlBILI(KA.DINGIR.RA): [32] K. 527, rv. 9, [66] K. 1017, rv. 3, 
 [119] K. 499, rv. 8, 11, [387] Sm. 1045, rv. 14, [412] 48-7-20, 115, obv. 
 12, [464] K. 1519, obv. 4, rv. 9, [471] 80-7-19, 41, obv. 8, [502] K. 661, 
 rv. 13, [522] K. 898, obv. 5, [572] K. 1001, obv. 8, [588] K. 1105, obv. 
 6, 11, [870] 82-5-22, 107, obv. 12; "iftreKa-dingir-raki, [340] Bu. 
 91-5-9, 183, rv. 7, 9, [670] K. 12, obv. 9; aiRa-dingir-ra, [196] 
 K. 125, obv. 15, [241] K. 1044, rv. 5, 16; a^ei '"ft'-Ka-dingir-ra, 
 
42 Geographical List to ABL., I-VIII 
 
 [438] K. 177, rv. 28, [608] K. 1136, rv. 3; Ka-dingirki, [23] K. 602, 
 rv. 12, [180] K. 573, obv. 9, rv. 4, [338] 82-5-22, 98, obv. 13, [340] Bu. 
 91-5-9, 183, obv. 22, rv. 2, [437] K. 168, obv. 7, [455] K. 999, i-v. 11, 
 [852] K. 479, i-v. 5; amei marBab-iliki, [315] K. 1402, obv. 12; 
 ameiBab-ilikipi., [301] K. 84, obv. 1; mareBab-iliki, [340] Bu. 
 91-5-9, 183, rv. 2; aiBab-ili, [474] 81-2-4, 67, obv. 14; Bab-ili, 
 [113] K. 501, rv. 7, [167] K. 582, rv. 3, [842] K. 4758, rv. 8; amsiBa- 
 bi-la, [848] K. 508, rv. 1, 7; Din-Tirki, [202] K. 83, obv. 5, 16, rv. 
 18, [212] K. 679, obv. 24, [255] K. 552, obv. 12, [259] K. 509, obv. 9, 10, 
 13, [261] K. 563, obv. 10, [264] K. 1045, obv. 10, [313] K. 1081, obv. 4, 
 [326] K. 1249, obv. 5, rv. 6, 13, [327] K. 517, i-v. 11, [336] K. 664, obv. 
 15, rv. 12, [403] Bu. 91-5-9, 210, obv. 2, 9, 21, [412] 48-7-20, 115, rv. 3, 
 11, 14, [418] Sm. 1028, obv. 3, 10, rv. 2, 8, [434] Bu. 89-4-26, 163, obv. 
 7, [436] K. 145, obv. 5, rv. 1, [454] K. 961, rv. 14, [501] Bu. 91-5-9, 39, 
 obv. 9, [516] 81-7-27, 31, rv. 3, [571] K. 998, obv. 12, 18, rv. 1, [588] K. 
 1105, obv. 9, [702] 81-2-4, 77, obv. 4, 7, 9, i-v. 1, 7, [793] 83-1-18, 79, rv. 
 12, [804] K. 544, rv. 25, [807] Bu. 91-5-9, 90, obv. 5, 7, [815] 48-7-20, 
 116, rv. 5, [833] K. 982, obv. 7, 8, 12, [844] K. 986, obv. 7, 10, [846] K. 
 508, obv. 5, [865] K. 8389, obv. 9; aiDin-Tirki, [468] H^ 217, obv. 
 10, [780] K. 4734, obv. 14; marsDin-Tirki, [848] K. 508, obv. 8; 
 ameiDin-Tirkip?., [210] K. 647, rv. 13, [283] K. 597, rv. 10, [301] 
 K. 84, obv. 12, [403] Bu. 91-5-9, 210, obv. 2, 9, 21, [412] 48-7-20, 115, 
 rv. 14, [571] K. 998, obv. 4, [702] 81-2-4, 77, rv. 1, [793] 83-1-18, 79, 
 rv. 12, [807] Bu. 91-5-9, 90, obv. 5, [833] K. 982, obv. 7, [844] K. 986, 
 obv. 7; ameiDin-Tirkime^ [815] 48-7-20, 116, rv. 5; amsiDin- 
 Dir-ai, [811] Bu. 89-4-26, 63 + 81, obv. 7. 
 
 BIB.M.LA: [24] K. 626, obv. 13. 
 
 "fttBA.BI.TE: [408] R^ 2, 1, rv. 18. 
 
 nifttBA.BU.TA.AI: [619] K. 1182, obv. 8. 
 
 aiBA.IL.TAK(?).NU: [511] K. 654, rv. 1. 
 
 aineiBA NU: [576] K. 1009, rv. 5. 
 
 iiarBA.Ni.TI: [327] K. 517, rv. 7; ^^arBani-ti, [327] K. 517, rv. 9, 13. 
 
 aiBA.KAR.RI: [552] K. 640, rv. 6. 
 
 matBAR.5AL.ZA: [43] K. 122, obv. 13, 16, [71] K. 1113+K. 1229, rv. 
 1, [91] K. 4770, obv. 10, [97] K. 4770, obv. 10, [394] 81-2^, 57, obv. 11 
 [767] 83-1-18, 75, obv. 13; matBar-hal-zi, [421] 83-1-18, 6, obv. 13. 
 
 B AR.SIPki: [313] K. 1081, obv. 4, [315] K. 1402, obv. 13 [320] K. 7473, 
 obv. 6, [336] K. 664, obv. 15, rv. 3, [337] D. T. 98, obv. 7, [340] Bu. 
 91-5-9, 183, rv. 7, [349] R^ 78, obv. 4; ameiBar-sipki, [349] R-" 
 78, obv. 11, Bar-sipki, [345] 83-1-18, 39, obv. 6, [808] Bu. 91-5-9, 
 113, rv. 8. 
 
 aiBEL^.E: [43] K. 122, obv. 15; aiBeP-ili, [843] K. 846,obv. 10, rv.ll. 
 
 aiBE.LI.E: [767], 83-1-18, 75, obv. 15. 
 
 1 Sign, Be. 2Sign, Eu. 
 
Geographical List to ABL., I-VIII 43 
 
 matBI.RA.TA.AI: [396] Srn. 1030, obv. 8; [»i]Bi-ra-a-te, [78] K. 
 
 5465, obv. 8. 
 «1BIR.TUM: [43] K. 122, obv. 20; '-^iBi-ir-ti, [462] K. 1374, rv. 13; 
 
 •iiBir-te, [311] K. 630, obv. 14, [314] K. 1227, obv. 4; ^nieiBir-ta-ai, 
 
 [262] K. 607, obv. 13; aiRi-rat, [88] K. 507, obv. 7, [138] K. 469, obv. 
 
 5, [259] K. 509, rv. 1, [431] Sm. 984, obv. 5; aiBir-ta-ai, [259] K. 
 
 509, obv. 6, 12. 
 aiBIR.TE.SAmADAD.RIM.A.NI: [441] K. 534, obv. 7. 
 «1BIR.TI.SU.LA.NI: [459] K. 1141, rv. 5. 
 BIT A.DI.NI: [314] K. 1227, rv. 3, [642] K. 12046, obv. 2. 
 matBIT AM.MAN.NA.AI: [632] K. 1295, obv. 2. 
 BlTn^A.MUK.A.NI: [275] K. 82, obv. 6, rv. 9. [279] K. 6941, obv. 8, 
 
 10; Bit A-muk-kan-na, [258] K. 615, obv. 10, rv. 3, 9; a^eiBit 
 
 •nA-muk-a-nu, [517] 82-5-22, 91, obv. 8. 
 mat BIT BA.AL.ZA: [637] K. 1888, obv. 5. 
 aiBIT BU.NAK.KI: [799] K. 7299, obv. 9. 
 BIT DA.BU.U.NI: [544] K. 464, obv. 15. 
 BIt ameiDA.KU.RA.AI: [238] K. 1107, obv. 5; matBit^Da-ku-ru, 
 
 [588] K. 1105, rv. 3; aiBlt ni Da-ku-ru, [336] K. 644, obv. 5, 16; 
 
 aiBltn'Da-ku-ri, [542] K. 114, obv. 9, 14, 15; aiSa BitniDa- 
 
 ku-ru,[436]K. 145, obv. 14. 
 BlT.mDA.NI.I: [1] K. 167, obv. 12. 
 BIT DtR.A.NI: [443] K. 579, obv. 7. 
 BIT HA. BAN: [242] K. 11148, obv. 10; ^atBit ^a-ban, [312] K. 
 
 689, obv. 17. 
 BIT gi.RA.KI: [397] R™ 2, 458, obv. 3. 
 aiBIT nigu.US.SA.AN.NI: [336] K. 644, rv. 6. 
 aiBIT ""IM.BI.IA: [781] K. 823, obv. 10; [aiBlt-™]Im-bi-ia, [328] 
 
 K. 638. rv. 4. 
 BIT"! lA.KI.NI: [516] 81-7-27, 31, rv. 14; Bit J" la-a-ki-ni, [542] 
 
 K. 114, obv. 12. 
 aiBITm IA.RI[. ] : [239] K. 5585, rv. 10. 
 BlT.KA.RI: [242] K. 11148, rv. 9. 
 matBlT.KI[. ]: [144]K. 194, rv. 4. 
 BIT MAR.DI.TI.E: [414] R-" 77, obv. 4. 
 BlT.niMAR.DU.U: [179] K. 664, obv. 4; mftrepJ.mMar-du-u, [179] 
 
 K. 664, obv. 9, 10. 
 BIT NA.AI.LU: [548] K. 1122, rv. 6. 
 BIT.NA.AI.LA.NI: [220] K. 1274, obv. 9. 
 BlT ^A.ME: [480] K. 8402, obv. 7. 
 mfttBlT ZA.M A.NI : [245] K. 513, rv. 6, [757] Sm. 548+Sm. 887, obv.8.» 
 
 iStreck {AJSL, Vol. XXII, p. 223) is inclined to regard Blt-m Ri-ta-a [129] K. 54.58, 
 obv. 5, as a geographical name. That is not so. The sign r i should be read Dal, and the 
 name identified witli DallA, king of EUipi, and Hit-"'DaltA understood as the house of 
 Dalta. Streck likewise proposes to regard lilt-ku-diu, [245] K. 51.3. obv. 4, 1.3, 17, [312] 
 K. 689, rv. 9, as a geographical name. 
 
44 Geographical List to ABL., I-VIII 
 
 aiBU.LU.U: [705] 82-5-22, 109, rv. 16; aiBu-lu-a, [506] K. 678, obv. 
 11; aiBu-li-ai, [112] K. 485, rv. 4. 
 
 matDA.DU.NI: [641] K. 9389, obv. 5. 
 
 aiDAH.ERi: [207] K. 541, obv. 9. 
 
 ameiDAH.gA.':[282]K.524,obv.l0,ll:ameiDah-ba-sar'--u-a,[281] 
 K. 13, obv. 21. 
 
 ameiDA.I.KA.NI.E: [845] K. 508, obv. 4, rv. 2. 
 
 ameiDA.MU.NU: [846] K. 673, rv. 9; ameiDa-mu-na-ai, [846] K. 
 673, rv. 4, [849] K. 580, obv. 12. 
 
 ai DA. A.N A: [372] 80-7-19, 26, rv. 8. 
 
 ° a •• D A . ' . N A : [312] K. 689, obv. 10. 
 
 aiDA.NI.BA.NI: [506] K. 678, obv. 12. 
 
 aiDAN.NI.TE: [205] K. 537, obv. 10. 
 
 aiDA.RA.A.TI: [222] K. 186, obv. 9, rv. 4, 10; a^Da-ra-a-te, [222] 
 K. 186, obv. 4; amgiDa-ra-ta-ai, [222] K. 186, obv. 3. 
 
 mfttDA.RU : [438] K. 177, obv. 15, rv. 9. 
 
 DtR SA.n^MU.SE.ZIB: [685] 81-2-4, 96, rv. 1. 
 
 aiDtR ii^SAMAS: [147] K. 1170, rv. 6. 
 
 aiDUR SA.ME.DI: [615] K. 1153, obv. 3, rv. 2. 
 
 aiDUR mSAR.UKIN: [138] K. 469, rv. 20, [154] K. 653, rv. 19, [232] 
 K. 1059, obv. 8, [440] K. 493, obv. 12, [452] K. 943, rv. 20, [731] 81-7-27, 
 41, rv. 4, [813] K. 688, obv. 12, rv. 5, [845] K. 671, obv. 7; aiDurm 
 Sar-ukln-na, [122] K. 491, obv. 4; aipur Sar-ukln, [107] K. 
 4304, rv. 3, [167] K. 582, obv. 5, [190] K. 596, rv. 1, [191] K. 623, obv. 5, 
 10, [319] K. 7384, rv. 6, [433] 79-7-8, 138, rv. 10, [480] K. 8402, obv. 9, 
 [503] K. 667, rv. 17, [538] K. 531, rv. 2, [709] 80-7-19, 67, rv. 3, [842] 
 K. 4758, rv. 5, [859] 82-5-22, 134, rv. 19; aiDtir Sar-gi-ua, [544] 
 K. 464, rv. 8; aiDur Sar-ru-ku, [339] 83-1-18, 19, obv. 7; aiDur 
 Sar-ru-ki, [558] K. 896, rv. 5, 9. 
 
 DtR.TA.GI.DA.A.NI: [126] K. 609, rv. 6. 
 
 aiDtR TA.LI.TI: [408] R^ 2, 1, obv. 15, rv. 1, [635] K. 1516, rv. 5, 7. 
 
 matE.BIR.NlRI: [706] K. 1076, rv. 3, [67] K. 1050, rv. 5. 
 
 aiEKALLlTEp'-: [99] K. 5466, rv. 5, 9. 
 
 «'atELAMTU( = NUM.MAki : [38] K. 1049, rv. 3, [256] K. 1202, rv. 
 8, [266] K. 79, obv. 9, 10, 14, 16, rv. 5, 8, [267] K. 462, rv. 5, 7, 10, 14, 
 [268] K. 514, obv. 19, [269] K. 528, obv. 13, [277] K. 1066, rv. 11, 12, 
 [280] K. 10, obv. 9, rv. 7, 15, [281] K. 13, obv. 4, 17, rv. 11, [282] K. 
 524, obv. 9, rv. 19, 21, [283] K. 597, obv. 5, 9, [295] K. 1139, obv. 5, 10, 
 [328] K. 638, obv. 14, 21, [405] 81-2-4, 63, rv. 10, 14, 19, [422] R>^ 215, 
 obv. 5, [462] K. 1374, obv. 16 bis, [476] 83-1-18, 5, rv. 19, [520] K. 680, 
 i-v. 15, [521] 83-1-18, 4, rv. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, [527] K. 830, rv. 8, 
 [541] K. 97, obv. 6, [576] K. 1009, obv. 8, [588] K. 1105, obv. 3, [702] 
 
 1 Perhaps ali. 
 
 2 Perhaps li. 
 
Geographical List to ABL., I-VIII 45 
 
 81-2-4, 77, rv. 3, [736] K. 1030, obv. 9, 10, [746] 83-1-18, 146, obv. 5, 
 [764] 83-1-18, 162, rv. 3, [791] 83-1-18, 51, rv. 4, [792] 83-1-18, 52, 
 obv. 9, 13, [793] 83-1-18, 79, obv. 7, 12, [794] 83-1-18, 150, obv. 7, 8, 
 [799] K. 7299, obv. 7, rv. 1, [800] K. 7424, obv. 7, [831] K. 470, rv. 9, 
 [839] 83-1-18, 21, obv. 9, [863] K. 1196, obv. 5; matNumki, [328] K. 
 638, obv. 10; ■"fttNum-ma, [541] K. 97, rv. 7. 
 
 am6lNUM.MA.AI: [140] K. 518, obv. 14; a°i6iE-la-ma-ai, [478] 
 83-1-18, 8, rv. 11. 
 
 aiEL.EN.ZA.A: [139] K. 1067, obv. 7. 
 
 aiEL.IZ: [101] K. 561, obv. 19. 
 
 aiEL.IZ.ZA.DU: [492] 81-2-4, 60, obv. 12; aiEl-iz-za-da, [492] 
 
 81-2-4, 60, obv. 6. 
 matEL.LI.PA: [174] K. 619, obv. 9. 
 [matEN-ZI]-TE-NI: [444] K. 645, obv. 6. 
 am6iEridu(=NUNki).U.A: [753] 82-5-2, 111, rv. 9; "'S^r, [474], 
 
 81-2-4, 67, obv. 3, 5. 
 aiEZIGGI: [214] K. 831, obv. 7-8. 
 alE.ZI.AD: [424] Sm. 760, rv. 1. 
 aiGAM.BU.LU: [269] K. 528, obv. 9, rv. 5; '^"^ei "latGam-bu-la-ai, 
 
 [771] 83-1-18, 49, obv. 2; ameiGam-bu-la-ai, [140] K. 578, rv. 4, 
 
 [293] K. 1054, obv. 2, [846] K. 673, rv. 9, [862] K. 1056, rv. 4, 6. 
 ""atGA.MIR: [197] K. 181, obv. 9; "^atGa-mir-ra, [146] K. 1080, obv. 
 
 6, 9; am6iGa-me-ra-ai, [112] K. 485, obv. 4; '"atGamir(ir), [197] 
 
 K. 181, rv. 10. 
 aiGA.NA.TA: [468] n^^ 217, rv. 12. 
 aiGAR.GA.MIS: [120] K. 1461, obv. 15 [317] K. 5291, obv. 13; 
 
 aiGar-ga-mis-ai, [186] K. 11, rv. 8; aiga Gar-ga-mis, [609] K. 
 
 1140, obv. 5. 
 mfttGU.UB.LA.AI: [632] K. 1295, rv. 1. 
 aiGU.MU.TA.NU: [616] K. 1164, obv. 4; aiGu-mu-ta-ui, [616] K. 
 
 1164, rv. 2. 
 mfltGU.RA.SIM.MU: [754] K. 5457, obv. 7; '«atGu-ra-sim-[mu], 
 
 [754] K. 5457, obv. 15; ameiGu-ra-sim-ma, [790] Sm. 1392, obv. 7; 
 
 ameiGu-ra-sim-mu, [839] 83-1-18, 21, obv. 17; ameiGu-ra-sim- 
 
 ma-ai, [794] 83-1-18, 150, rv. 5, [833] K. 982, obv. 7. 
 ■natGU.RI.A.NI.A: [146] K. 1080, obv. 5. 
 aiGU.ZA.NA: [43] K. 122, obv. 21, [167] K. 582, obv. 8, 21, [545] K. 
 
 465, rv. 3, [575] K. 1005, obv. 11, [633] K. 1366, obv. 9, 18, rv. 6, [700] 
 
 83-1-18, 157, obv. 5. 
 mfttgA.BAX: [556] K. 683, i-v. 2. 
 aigA.AI.DA.A.LU: |281]K. 13, obv. 15. 
 aigA.AI.DA.NU: [280] K. 10, rv. 19; aiga-da[-a]-a-an, [395] Bu. 
 
 91-5-9, 136, rv. 1. 
 
46 Geographical List to ABL., I-VIII 
 
 •natBA.LAH.ei: [421J83-1-18, 6, obv. 7; matga-Uh-hi, [480] K. 
 
 8402, obv. 7. 
 ameigAL.MAN.AI: [464] K. 1519, obv. 13. 
 n^atgAL.LAT.'AI: [94] K. 1147 + K. 1947, rv. 2. 
 aigA.LU.LI.E: [262] K. 607, obv. 12. 
 matgAL.ZI.AT.PAR:^ [43] K. 122, obv. 19, [480] K. 8402, obv. 15; 
 
 matgal-zi-at-par^-ai, [245] K. 513, obv. 9. 
 « igAL .SU : [685] 81-2^, 96, obv. 14, [799] K. 1299, obv. 5, rv. 25, [800] 
 
 K. 7424, obv. 5. 
 ameigA.MA.RA.NA.AI: [268] Rni 217, rv. 9. 
 i^atgA.MA.TE: [225] K. 674, obv. 7; matHa-ma-ta-ai, [331] K. 581, 
 
 rv. 5; ameiga-mat, [520] K. 680, obv. 14. 
 aigA.MU: [214] K. 831, rv. 15, 16. 
 
 aigA.AR.DA: [424] Sm. 760, obv. 11; aigar-da, [548] K. 593, rv. 7. 
 aiSAR.gAR: [556] K. 683, rv. 11. 
 aigA.RI.SUM.BA : [74] K. 185, obv. 6 (?), 14. 
 aigA.RI.PA: [645] Rm 2, 464, obv. 9. 
 ai5AR.MA.su : [831] K. 470, rv. 6. 
 aigARRlNU : [489] 83-1-18, 117, obv. 5. 
 mftt5AR.SA.AI: [466] Sm. 51, obv. 9. 
 ai5AR.TE[. ]: [36] K. 1032, obv. 7. 
 ai5A.TI.SA.RU:^ [285] K. 1926, rv. 11. 
 mfttDI.KU.KI.NA: [43] K. 122, obv. 18; aiDi-ku-ki-na, [724] K. 
 
 548, obv. 6. 
 aiDIL.^BA.AT^i: [310] K. 610, rv. 7, 11; ameiDil-batki p?., [326] 
 
 K. 1249, obv. 10; Dil -batiks [326] K. 1249, obv. 9. 
 aiDI.MAS-KI: [158] K. 530, obv. 5; aiDi-mas-ka-ai, [193] K. 542, 
 
 obv. 7; ameiSa-imeri-su,[307]K. 1078, obv. 3. 
 aiDIN.U.ZU(?): [556] K. 638, rv. 9. 
 matDI.RI: [308] K. 1619B, obv. 3; aiDi-ru, [430]Rni 72,obv. 6; aiDi- 
 
 e-ru, [781] K. 823, rv. 11; aiDi-e-ri,[775] Sm. 268a, rv. 14, [779] K. 
 
 7299, obv. 4, [868] 81-2^, 119, obv. 6; aiDi-ri, [140] K. 518, obv. 7, 
 
 rv. 6, [157] K. 504, obv. 18, [449] K. 839, obv. 6, [800] K. 7424, obv. 4; 
 
 [ai3Di-ri, [866], 81-2-4, 93, obv. 7. 
 aiDU.UM.MA.SAK.KA: [849] K. 580, rv. 6. 
 a 1 D U . U M . M U . K U : [774] Bu. 89^-26, 162, obv. 14. 
 aiDtRiiiA.NU.NI.TI: [455] K. 999, rv. 7. 
 aiDtR A.TA.NA.TE: [635] K. 1516, rv. 2, 4; aiDur§aiAtanaP«-te, 
 
 [408] Rm 2, 1, rv. 13. 
 aiDtRBfiL.iiuAI: [170] K. 1013, rv. 11, [455] K. 999, rv. 8. 
 
 lOrmat. 20rAD.MAS. 
 
 3 Or, aiga-dar-ru. 
 *Sign, ki. 
 
Geographical List to ABL., I-VIII 47 
 
 DtR.ILPi : [iOl] 83 1-18, 80, obv. i, [412] 48-7-20, 115, obv. 15, [460] 
 
 K. 1250, obv. 14, [476] 83-1-18, 5, i-v. 12, 14, 21, [516] 81-7 27, 31, rv. 8. 
 Dtn lA.KI.NI: [867] 81-2-4, 94, obv. 4; Dftr sa mla-ki-na, [865] 
 
 K. 8389, rv. 7; «iDilr la-ki-na-ai, [131] K. 625, rv. 4, [867] 81-2^, 
 
 94, obv. 6. 
 matjjA.AT.TU: [337] D. T. 98, rv. 15, [629] K. 1263, obv. 21; "latga- 
 
 at-tum, [702] 81-2-4, 77, rv. 3; ^atgat-ti, [629] K. 1263, obv. 24. 
 aigi.E.SA: [414] Rm 77, obv. 4, 12. 
 aigl.GA.LI.A: [794] 83-1-18, 150, rv. 13. 
 aigl.IN.DA.NU: [671] K. 78,rv. 5; '"atjji.iQ.fda-nu], [93], K.1057, 
 
 obv. 7; aigi-in-za-ni, [547] K. 587, obv. 14; matgi-ju-za-ui, 
 
 [547] K. 587, rv. 2. 
 amoim.iN.DAR.AI: [848] K. 508, obv. 8, 11, [865] K. 8389, obv. 5; 
 
 [amMm.in]-dar-ai, [850] K. 1214, obv. 8. 
 a 1 5 1 . P U . tJ : [702] 81-2-4, 77, obv. 9. 
 aim.T5.RI: [763] 81-2-4, 126, obv. 2. 
 mfttSU.BU.US.KA.AI: [197] K. 181, rv. 20; ™atg:u-bu-us-ki, [434] 
 
 Bu. 89^-22, 163, obv. 11; m-itgu-bu-us-ki-a, [434] Bu. 89-4-22, 
 
 163, obv. 21; [a]igu-bu-us-ka-a, [441] K. 534, obv. 17. 
 nftrjju.UD.SU.UD: [280] K. 10, rv. 18. 
 'imeigu.HA.AN: [281] K. 13, obv. 14. 
 mfttgu.UP.KA.AI: [515] K. 621, rv. 3. 
 nari.KA.RU : [705] 82-5-22, 109, rv. 10. 
 ailR.GI.DU: [280] K. 10, obv. 11. 
 ail.SA.NA: [43] K. 122, obv. 15, 19, [63] K. 549, obv. 11, [372] 80-7-19, 
 
 26, rv. 17, [585] K, 1098, obv. 7. 
 ailS.KI.A: [136] K. 631, obv. 6, [191] K. 623, obv. 4, [526] K. 628, obv. 4. 
 alls. RAM. NI: [571] K. 998, rv. 18. 
 mfttl.TA.AI: [467] Sm. 456, rv. 18; mati-tu-', [830] K. 1376, obv. 10; 
 
 mati-tu-'-ai, [95] K. 1151, rv. 3; ameij-tu-'-u, [138] K. 469, rv. 
 
 11; ameli-tu-u, [506] K. 678, rv. 15; amMi-tu-', [572] K. 1001, obv. 
 
 10, [685] 81-2^, 96, rv. 22; ""iMi-tii-'-ai, [201] K. 690, obv. 5, [242] 
 
 K. 11148, rv. 16, [388] Rn^ 2, 463, obv. 7, [419] 81 4-18, 24, obv. 10, 12; 
 
 am6ii-tu . . . , [147] K. 1170, rv. 5; amMi-tu-'-e, [506] K. 678, 
 
 rv. 10; ameii.tu-ai, [424] S. 760, rv. 2, 10; amei i.t^i-'-ai-e-a, 
 
 [482] 82-5-22, 104, obv. 6; ameiU-tu-'-ai, [349] R™ 78, i-v. 3. 
 n^atl.ZAL.LI : [644] R'" 2, 461, obv. 5. 
 ameiiA.A.DA.KU.AI: [349] R-^ 78, rv. 4. 
 ailA.RI: [173]k. 686, rv. 1; aila-e-ri, [441] K. 534, obv. 5. 
 ameiiA.A.SI.AN: [280] K. 10, obv. 14. 
 matIA.su. PI: [581] K. 1072, rv. 4; matia-su-me (sic/), [245] K. 513, 
 
 rv. 3; nifttia-sii-pu, [228] K. 1055, rv. 9. 
 matJA.U.DA.AI: [632] K. 1295, obv. 6. 
 
48 Geographical List to ABL., I-VIII 
 
 aiKAK.ZA: [211] K. 662, rv. 9; aiKak-sim, [346] Bu. 89^-26, 9,obv. 
 
 3; aiKak-zi, [43] K. 122, obv. 14, [64] K. 550, obv. 12, [389] Sm. 
 
 1034, obv. 8, [615] K. 1153, rv. 1, [843] K. 846, rv. 6; aiRak-zi-ai, 
 
 [386] 83-1-18, 9, obv. 7. 
 mfttKAL.DU: [337] D. T. 98, rv. 15; ^atKal-di, [629] K. 1263, obv. 
 
 23, 24; 'natKal-dfi-ai, [742] H^ 2, 462, obv. 5; ameiRal-du, [240] 
 
 K. 7467, obv. 11; ame Kal-da-ai, [245] K. 513, rv. 2, 9, [247] K. 
 
 1027, rv. 3, [411] Rm 2, 5, obv. 5. [564] K. 937, obv. 6, [759] D. T. 63, 
 
 obv. 6, [763] 81-2-4, 126, obv. 5. 
 aiKAL.gi : [65] K. 629, obv. 7, 14, [71] K. 1143+K. 1229, obv. 13, [440] 
 
 K. 493, obv. 10; aiKal-ba, [6] K. 595, rv. 9, [52] K. 80, rv. 7, [106] 
 
 K. 1209, rv. 2, 7, [127] K, 616, rv. 11, [198] K. 5464, rv. 22, [232] K. 
 
 1059, obv. 5, [233] K. 7339, obv. 5, [235] K. 13016, obv. 7, [394] 81-2-4, 
 
 57, rv. 2, [453] K. 948, rv. 9, [476] 83-1-18, 5, obv. 10, [486] K. 8375, 
 
 obv. 5, rv. 11, 15, [493] 83-1-18, 13, rv. 16, [547] K. 587, rv. 9, 16, [626] 
 
 K. 1233, rv. 4, [730] R" 2, 14, rv. 11; aiRal-ha, [23] K. 602, rv. 10, 
 
 [175] K. 614, obv. 9; aiR^l-ha, [211] K. 662, rv. 9; aiRal-ba-ai, 
 
 [386] 83-1-18, 9, obv. 21, [529] K. 1252a, rv. 13, [712] Sm. 1223, obv. 6; 
 
 aiRal-lab, [57] K. 687, obv. 14, rv. 8; aiRa-lafe, [698] Sm. 764 + 
 
 Sm. 1650, obv. 10, [702] 81-2-4, 77, obv. 7. 
 aiKAN.NU.'.AI: [529] K. 1252a, obv. 7. 
 aiKlR.ME.E: [574] K. 1004, obv. 6. 
 aiKlR.iiuNA.NA.A: [795] Bu. 91-5-9, 107, rv. 11. 
 aiRlR.iiuNERGAL: [326] K. 1249, rv. 2. 
 ""ft^KlR.SIPARRI: [646] 79-7-8,292, obv. 12; aiRar Si-par[-ri], 
 
 [381] 81-2^, 55, obv. 12. 
 aiKlRiiugAMAS: [95] K. 1151, obv. 6, 8, [207] K. 541, obv. 10. 
 aiRlR -B^AR.URIN: [126] R. 609, obv. 10, [128] R. 650, obv. 9, 15; 
 
 aiRar mLUGAL.GI.N[A], [645] R^ 2, 464, obv. 3; aiRflr- 
 
 LUGAL.GI.NA, [556] K. 683, obv. 7. 
 aiRlR.Rlg: [761] R"^ 2, 474, obv. 6. 
 aiRAR.SI.TU . . . : [381] 81-2-4, 55, obv. 12. 
 aiKA.SAP.PA: [52] R. 80, obv. 9; «iKa-sap-pi, [862] R. 1056, obv. 
 
 3,5. 
 aiKAg.PAR.PAR.EME: [262] R. 607, obv. 9. 
 aiRI.BA.ATki; [310] K. 610, rv. 7, 11; aiRu-bat[- ], [101] K. 561, 
 
 obv. 8. 
 ameiRi.DA.RA.AI: [350] 83-1-18, 29, obv. 8. 
 aiRI.GU.U5.Tt: [556] K. 683, rv. 10. 
 aiRI.MAR[. ] : [128] R. 650, rv. 2. 
 •natKIR.gU : [173] R. 686, obv. 11. 
 matRi.iR.ME.SI: [769] K. 1042, rv. 3. 
 aiRI.SIK: [521] 83-1-18,4, rv. 8, 10; ameiRi-sikPi.-ai, [210] K. 647, 
 
Geogbaphical List to ABL., I-VIII 49 
 
 obv.2; aiKi-is-sik,[736]K.1030, obv.8; ameiKi-is-sik-ai, [736] 
 
 K. 1030, obv. 2. 
 alKI.Sl.SI: [459] K. 1141, rv. 4. 
 aiKI.ZA.5A.SI: [556] K. 683, rv. 10. 
 ameiKUB.'TA.AI: [576] K. 1009, rv. 6. 
 aiKU.LI.IM[.ME(?).RI(?)]: [507] K. 1077, obv. 8; aiKu-li-i[- -], 
 
 [776] Rm 50, obv. 7. 
 n^fttKUL.LA.NI.A: [43] K. 122, obv. 15 ; aiRul-la-ni-a, [372] 80-7- 
 
 19, 26, rv. 11. 
 aiKU.LU.MAN: [129] K. 5458, obv. 6, 8. 
 niatKU.MA.AI: [619] K. 1182, obv. 7; aiRu-ma-ai, [198] K. 5464, 
 
 obv. 17, [490] K. 746, obv. 6; aiRu-me, [544] K. 464, obv. 17, 24; 
 
 am6iKu-um-ma-ai,[206] K. 539, obv. 5; ameiKu-ma-ai-e, [544] 
 
 K. 464, obv. 13, 16; aiKu-m[u], [101] K. 561, obv. 18. 
 
 mfttKU.ME.SA.AI: [310] K. 610, obv. 9. 
 
 mfltKU.MU.BA.AI: [196] K. 125, obv. 8, 12, 22. 
 
 aiKUR.BA.AN: [29] J^. 1204, obv. 9, [123] K. 574, obv. 7, rv. 11, [413] 
 
 Bu. 51-5-9, 12, rv. 11; aiRur-na^-an, [731] 81-7-27, 41. rv. 5. 
 mfttKUR.BA.NI.TI : [451] K. 924, rv. 7. 
 
 mfttKU.U.SU: [629] K. 1263, rv. 9; ^fttKu-u-si, [32] K. 527, obv. 14; 
 mfttKu-sa-ai, [60] K. 487, obv. 8, [61] K. 529, obv. 9, rv. 1, 5, [64] K. 
 550, obv. 8, rv. 1, [372] 80-7-19, 260, obv. 7, 9, rv. 1, 3, 9, 16, [373] 
 82-5-22, 99, obv. 7, 9, 11, 13, [374] 82-5-22, 172, obv. 7, [376] 83-1-18, 
 42, obv. 12, rv. 1, [394] 81-2^, 57, obv. 7, 12, 14, rv. 4, [538] K. 531, 
 obv. 9, rv. 4, [601] K. 1126, obv. 5, 12, 14, [649] 81-2-4, 110, obv. 3, 
 rv. 1, [684] 80-7-19, 37, rv. 1, [686] 83-1-18, 113, rv. 4; Ku-sa-ai, 
 [63] K. 549, obv. 7, [374] 82-5-22, 172, obv. 9, 12, [376] 83-1-18, 42, 
 obv. 7, 8, 9, [393] 80-7-19, 25, obv. 9, rv. 2, 4, 10, [575] K. 1005, obv. 
 7,9; aiKu-si,[575]1005, rv. 6. 
 
 KtTA ( = TIG.GAP.A)ki: [336] K. 644, rv. 7, [340] Bu. 91-5 9, 183^ 
 rv. 8, [464] K. 1519, obv. 4, 18, [527] K. 830, obv. 19, [804] K. 544, rv! 
 2; m ameiKu-ii-tu, [469] 48-11-4, 282, obv. 6. 
 
 aiKU.Ttr.LI: [449] K. 838, obv. 3. 
 
 aiLA.AB.BA.NA.AT: [32] K. 527, obv. 8, 16. 
 
 ■nfttLA.BA.DU.DA.AI: [537] K. 8535, obv. 5; n»fttLab-du-di, [798] 
 K. 1023, obv. 6. 
 
 aiLAH.GA.GA: [129] K. 5458, obv. 10. 
 
 a 1 L A . U I . R U : [61] K. 529, rv. 4, [280] K. 10, obv. 20, [286] K. 5398, obv. 
 7, [781] K. 823, obv. 7;aiLa-bi-ri, [459] K. 1141, rv. 6, [543] K. 176, 
 rv. 5, [558] K. 896, rv. 4, 7, [685] 81-2-4, 96, obv. 8, [746] 83-1-18, 146, 
 obv. 9; aiLa-bi-ra-ai, [712] Sm. 1223, rv. 10, 12. 
 
 lOr, Du, kin. 
 
 ' Read ba ; the two signs ba and n a are very similar, but this passage refers evidently 
 t »iKur-ba-au. 
 
50 Geographical List to ABL., I- VIII 
 
 matLA.KI.E: [813] K. 688, rv. 7; aiLa-ku-u-a, [813] K. 688, rv. 3. 
 
 am6iLA.PI.AI: [600] K. 1125, obv. 8. 
 
 aiLA.AP.SI.IA: [610] K. 1142, obv. 11. 
 
 aiLA.RAK.KA: [763] 81-2-4, 126, obv. 6; ud-iid-kiki, [344] 83-1-18, 
 
 28, rv. 4; ud-ud-akki, [542] K. 114, rv. 6, 10, 13; ameiud-udki- 
 
 u-a,[344]83-l-18, 28, rv. 2. 
 aiLI[. . .]: [841] K. 4757, rv. 9. 
 ameiLI.HU.U.A.TA.AI: [468] R^n 217, rv. 8. 
 aiLUD.DIN.AN: [726] 80-7-19,24, rv. 10; aiLud-din^an-ai, [727] 
 
 83-1-18, 67, obv. 8. 
 aiLU.KA.SE: [218] K. 1199, obv. 9. 
 aiLU.LI.I[. ]: [776]Rni50, obv. 7. 
 aiLU.RI.SI.TE: [484] 81-7-27, 33, obv. 8. 
 ameimatMA.DA.AI: [208] K. 617, obv. 8; ^atMa-ta-ai, [126]K. 609, 
 
 obv. 6. 
 aiMA.DAK.TU : [281] K. 13, obv. 23, [285] K. 1926, rv. 11, 12; ai Ma- 
 
 dak-ti,[281]K. 13, obv. 7. 
 aiMA.Ag.MI.TI: [520] K. 680, rv. 14. 
 ameiMA.LA.BE: [701] Sm. 1338, rv. 1. 
 ameiMA.LA.IJA.AI: [701] Sm. 1338, rv. 2. 
 matMA.NA.AI: [198] K. 5464, obv. 32, rv. 20, [556] K. 683, rv. 1, 4, 
 
 [616] K. 1164, obv. 5; ^atMan-ai, [381] 81-2-4, 55, obv. 4, rv. 2, 
 
 [434] Bu. 89^-26, 163, obv. 10, 21, rv. 10, 20; ^atMa-ni-', [414] 
 
 Rm 77, rv. 14; matMa-na-nu, [520] K. 680, obv. 4; aiMu-nu-', 
 
 [98] K. 5465, rv. 10, 13; "^atMan-na-ai, [165] K. 497, rv. 4, [215] K. 
 
 1037, rv. 4, [342] 79-7-8, 234, rv. 7, 13, [466] Sm. 51, rv. 5. 
 matMA.NA.NU : [520] K. 680, obv. 4. 
 MA.NA.KUki;! [516] 81-7-27, 31, obv. 12, 
 am6iMAN.DIR.AI: [168] K. 636, rv. 23. 
 aiMA.RA.AD: [853] K. 905, rv. 5; Sur-ta^i, [238] K. 1107, obv. 9; 
 
 ai[Ma-rad], [853] K. 905, obv. 9, 13. 
 am6iMAR.SA.SA.AI: [190] K. 596, obv. 24. 
 aiMAR-gU.HA: [251] K. 506, obv. 21, rv. 6; aiMar-bu-ha-ai, [251] 
 
 K. 506, rv. 1. 
 aiMAR.PA.DA.AI: [685] 81-2-4, 96, obv. 19. 
 narMAR.RAT: [418] Sm. 1028, rv. 5, [462] K. 1374, rv. 14, [520] K. 680, 
 
 rv. 21, [775] Bu. 91-5-9, 107, rv. 3, 6. 
 sadMAS : [448] K. 826, obv. 6, 9. 
 matMA.ZA.MU: [408] R^ 2, 1, obv. 13; ^atMa-za-mu-a, [556] K. 
 
 683, rv. 2. 
 mfttME.LID.AI: [375] 83-1-18, 41, rv. 3. 
 
 1 The first sign may be read u, and the whole name may be a peculiar way of writing 
 Erech(Unukki). 
 
Geographical List to ABL., I- VIII 51 
 
 "latME.SA.AI: [61] K. 529, iv. 2, 6, [394] 81-2-4, 57, obv. 8, 15, rv. 5; 
 Me-sa-ai, [71] K. 1113+K. 1229, rv. 9. 
 
 aiM^lP'-.TtjR.NA: [158| K. 530, rv. 16; ftiM§P«-tur-na, [455] K. 999, 
 rv. 5, 8, [158] K. 530, obv. 16; a»Me-tur-na, [170] K. 1013, rv. 8; 
 «iMu-tur-nci, [251] K. 506, obv. 5; aiMu-tur-na-ai, [251] K. 
 506, obv. 4. 
 
 -n ft t M I . S I R : [276] K. 154, obv. 6. 
 
 "^fttMU.'.BA.AI: [632] K. 1295, obv. 4. 
 
 a 1 M U . M A . A I : [246] K. 669, rv. 11. 
 
 am6iMU.MU.KU, [272] K. 4736, i-v. 2. 
 
 aiMU.ZA.SIR: [145] K. 910, obv. 8, [380] R^ 2, 3, obv. 7, rv. 4, [409] 
 Rm 2, 2, rv. 1; aiMu-za-si-ri, [381] 81-2^, 55, obv. 9, [646] 79-7-8, 
 292, obv. 9; aiMu-za-sir-ai, [197] K. 181, rv. 17; "^atMu-za-sir, 
 [448] K. 826, obv. 2. 
 
 aiNA.GI.A.TA.AI: [830] K. 1376, obv. 5. 
 
 aiatNA.HAL: [520] K. 680, obv. 2; ameiNa-Ual, [576] K. 1009, rv. 6. 
 
 n a r N A . a A L : [520] K. 680, obv. 18. 
 
 'afttNA.M[A.RU]: [667] 81-7-27, 30, obv. 17. 
 
 am6iNAM.5A.NU: [272] K. 4736, obv. 
 
 aiNAM.PI.BAR(?): [323] K. 6005, obv. 6. 
 
 matNA.RI[. ]: [225] K. 674, obv. 7. 
 
 aiNA.SI.BI.NA: [585] K. 1098, obv. 6; a^Na-sib-ua, [585] K. 1098, 
 obv. 11. 
 
 ameiNI.BA.'.A.TI : [260] K. 562, rv. 1. 
 
 aiNI.KUR: [165] K. 497, rv. 2, [556] K. 683, rv. 9; ameiNe-kur'^', 
 [520] K. 680, rv. 17. 
 
 aiNI.MIT.""ISTAR: [813] K. 688, obv. 8, [814] 81-7-27, 34, obv. 5. 
 
 aiNI.MIT.LA.GU.DA: [474] 81-2-4, 67, obv. 4; Nimid(?)ii»La- 
 gu-du^S [516] 81-7-27, 31, obv. 11. 
 
 aiNINl: [49] K. 1168, rv. 18, [62] K. 547, rv. 6, [186] K. 11, obv. 19, 
 [332] K. 13000, rv. 3, [339] 83-1-18, 19, rv. 6, [427] 83-1-18, 35, obv. 6, 
 [610] K. 1142, obv. 18, [620] K. 1210, obv. 12, [841] K. 4757, rv. 12, 
 [845] K. 671, obv. 7; aiNi-nu-a, [52] K. 80, obv. 10, [175] K. 614, 
 rv. 2, [440] K. 493, obv. 11, [683] Rm 550, rv. 8, [706] K. 1076, obv. 5, 
 [731] 81-7-27, 41, rv. 3, [841] K. 4757, rv. 11, [867] 81-2-4, 94, i-v. 9; 
 "iNi-uu-u-a, [633] K. 1366, obv. 12; Ni-ua''', [484] 81-7-27, 33, 
 rv. 9; Nina, [668] 83-1-18, 255, obv. 5; aiNi-u^-a"^ , [456] K. 1012, 
 obv. 13, rv. 12; Ni-n^-a, [792] 83-1-18, 52, rv. 16; Niua'^S [17] K. 
 472, rv. 3, [73] K. 5509, obv. 3, [399] 67-4-2, 1, rv. 3, [453] K. 948, obv. 
 5, [494] 80-7-19, 23, obv. 6, [662] 80-7-19, 139, obv. 7, [696] K. 13066, 
 obv. 4, [697] 81-2-4, 73, obv. 6, [766] K. 475, obv. 8, [816] K. 88, obv. 
 4; aiNiua'^', [2] K. 183, rv. 4, [18] K. 490, rv. 4, [52] K. 80, rv. 4, 
 [221] K. 175, obv. 6, [358] R'" 76, obv. 5, [386] 83-1-18, 9, obv. 6, 20, 
 [495] Bu. 91-4-9, 65, obv. 7. 
 
52 Geographical List to ABL., I-VIII 
 
 ai(?)NU.NA.AK: [830] K. 1376, rv. 
 
 §adNI.PIR: [311] K. 630, obv. 15. 
 
 NIPPUR( = EN.KID)i^i: [202] K. 83, rv. 4, |238] K. 1107, obv. 10, rv. 
 6, 10, 11, [239] K. 5585, rv. 2, [240] K. 7467, rv. 3, [287] K. 94, obv. 
 1 (?), [516] 81-7-27, 31, rv. 8, [572] K. 1001, obv. 9, [622] K. 1210, rv. 1, 
 [797] K. 672, obv. 5, 15, 17, [866] 81-2-4, 93, obv. 9, rv. 8; a mei En- 
 Kid "^S [238] K. 1107, rv. 4, [240] K. 7467, obv. 3, rv. 3, [327] K. 517, 
 rv. 18, [540] K. 87, obv. 4; am6iEn-Kidi^*p'-, [328] K. 1107, rv. 14, 
 [469] 48-11-4, 282, rv. 10, [866] 81-2-4, 93, rv. 8, 
 
 aiNU.GlS.SAR: [574] K. 1004, obv. 7. 
 
 ameiNU.SA.NU.tJA : [210] K. 647, obv. 15. 
 
 aiNU.U5.BA.IA: [307] K. 1078, obv. 2, rv. 10. 
 
 aiPAK.KI.MI.RI: [521] 83-1-18, 4, rv. 24. 
 
 mfttPAR.su. A: [165] K. 497, obv. 4, [311] K. 630, obv. 12; aipar- 
 su-a,[61]K. 529, obv. 10. 
 
 aiPAR.ZA.NI.IS.[TUM]: [147] K. 1170, rv. 7. 
 
 matpA.AS.SA.TE: [205] K. 537, obv. 11. 
 
 narpAT.TI.AN.BI : [621] K. 1208, obv. 11. 
 
 aipi.EN.ZA.A: [138] K. 409, obv. 9. 
 
 mfttpi.LIS.TA.AI: [218] K. 1199, obv. 4. 
 
 aiPU.KU.DU : [267] K. 462, rv. 15, [268] K. 514, obv. 9, 12, [751] Sm. 
 920, obv. 9, [752] Rn^ 48, rv. 10, 11; ameipu-ku-du, [275] K. 82, 
 obv. 6, rv. 10, [279] K. 6946, obv. 9, [282] K. 524, obv. 18, [754] K. 
 5457, obv. 24, [790] Sm. 1392, obv. 11, [792] 83-1-81, 52, rv. 10; 
 matpu-ku-di,[314]K. 1227, obv. 7; Tm a t] Pu-gu-di, [763] 81-2-4, 
 126, rv. 3; ameipu-ku-da, [267] K. 462, obv. 21, [288] K. 95, obv. 6; 
 aiPu-ku-da-ai, [967] K. 462, rv. 4; ameipu-ku-da-ai, [754] K. 
 5457, obv. 26, [808] Bu. 91-5-9, 113, rv. 2; ameipu-kud, [402] 
 83-1-18, 31, obv. 8. 
 
 nftrpu.RAT.TE : [424] Sm. 760, rv. 11; n&rU-rat, [553] K. 659, rv. 7; 
 iiarRat-ti, [336] K. 644, rv. 7. 
 
 ameiKA-MUR-RA: [646] 79-7-8, 292, obv. 13, [685] 81-2-4, 96, rv. 22. 
 
 aiKA.AP.PA.TA.AI: [573] K. 1003, obv. 4. 
 
 mfttKA.NI.UN: [444] K. 645, obv. 9; aiRa-ni-un, [444] K. 645, rv. 1. 
 
 'nfttKA.AP.RI.BA.KI.I.U: [437] K. 168, obv. 15. 
 
 a 1 K A R . N I . E : [372] 80-7-19, 26, obv. 14. 
 
 niatKI.PA.NI: [323] K. 6005, obv. 7. 
 
 matKU.U[. ]: [624] K. 1213, obv. 5. 
 
 aiKU.DA.BA.TI: [315] K. 1402, obv. 7. 
 
 aiam6iKU.DA.AI: [246] K. 669, obv. 5. 
 
 aiRU.UN.BU.NA: [317] K. 5291, obv. 7. 
 
 aiKU.RA.NI: [480] K. 8402, obv. 6. 
 
 narKUR.BU: [490] K. 746, obv. 2, 
 
Geographical List to ABL., I-VIII 53 
 
 ameiKUR.KA.AI: [251] K. 506, obv. 4, 8, [388] R«> 2, 463, obv. 6; 
 
 mft tKur, [749] Sm. 1976, obv. 8; mfttKur-a,' [726] 80-7-19, 24, rv. 5; 
 
 am6iGu-ra-[ai], [76] K. 555, obv. 9. 
 matRA.BI.TI: [542] K. 114, rv. 18. 
 aiRA.DI.E: [281]K. 13, rv. 16; a^ei Ra-di-a-ni, [102] K. 657, obv. 9, 
 
 rv. 11. 
 aiRA.gAR.RI.DA: [762] Rm 2, 529, obv. 5. 
 amelRA.SI.TU: [848] K. 508, rv. 5. 
 'natRA.SAP.PA: [43] K. 122, obv. 14, 16, [767] 83-1-18, 75, obv. 10; 
 
 ■nfttRa-sa-pa-ai, [534] K. 637, obv. 7. 
 mfttRA.A.SU : [774] Bu. 89-4-26, 162, obv. 11, 12, rv. 17; a°»6i >"»* 
 
 Ra-sa-ai, [295] K. 1139, obv. 1; aiRa-si, [169] K. 997, obv. 8. 
 aiRI.'BAT: [804] K. 544, rv. 10, 11. 
 'nfttRi.B[I- -]: [639]K. 8390, rv. 7. 
 ameiRi.gi.KU.AI: [349] K. Rm 78, rV. 5; matRa-lji-^a, [830] K. 
 
 1376, rv. 6; ^natRu-ka-lja-ai, [94] K. 1147 + 1947, rv. 3. 
 aiRI.MU.SU: [43]K. i22,obv.23; aiRi-mu-sa, [102] K. 657,obv. 10. 
 "^atRU.': [158] K. 530, obv. 4, 9; aiRu-'-tia, [268] K. 514, obv. 10; 
 
 ameiRu-ti-ai, [287] K. 94, obv. 6. 
 mfttRU.BU.': [830] K. 1376, obv. 11. 
 a'n«iRU.ZA.PI.':^ [846] K. 673, rv. 3. 
 aiSA.BA.gA.NI: [388] Rna 2, 463, obv. 8; aiSab-^a-a-ni, [524] 
 
 K. 588, obv. 3. 
 aiSA.DI.RI: [602] K. 1127, obv. 13. 
 •natSA.DU.DA.AI: [198] K. 5464, rv. 22. 
 aiSA.LA.[.]: [174] K. 619, rv. 8. 
 a 1 S A . L A M . M E . E : [726] 80-7-19, 24, rv. 11. 
 aiSA.MA.AL.LA: [633] K. 1366, obv. 7. 
 aiSA.MIR.I.NA.AI: [633] K. 1366, obv. 5. 
 a 1 S A . A N . g A : [342] 79-7-8, 234, obv. 5. 
 aiSA.AN.IR: [129] K. 5458, rv. 19. 
 aiSA.PAR.[RAT( ?)].TE: [87] K. 466, obv. 9, rv. 13. 
 aiSA.PI.A: [314] K. 1227, obv. 10; aiSa-pi-ai, [762] R™ 2, 529,obv. 7. 
 aiSA.RAP.NA.AI: [572] K. 1001, obv. 8, rv. 14. 
 aiSA.SI.KA.NI: [52] K. 80, rv. 1. 
 
 aiSA.RI.E: [192] K. 146, obv. 11, 14, [635] K. 1516, rv. 1. 
 aiSA.ZA.NA.A: [414] Rm 77, rv. 4. 
 aiSI.gA.NA: [448] K. 826, obv. 5. 
 a 1 S I . ' . M E . E : [538] K. 531, obv. 13, [575] K. 1005, obv. 8, [585] K. 1098, 
 
 obv. 5. 
 aiSI.IN.NI: [482] 82-5-22, 104, obv. 8; aiSi-na-ai, [331] K. 581,rv.4. 
 
 ' Not certain, if a belongs to the name. 
 
 -Ot Di, Dal; possibly «iDil-bat is meant here; see Johns, AJSL, Vol. XXII, p. 231. 
 
 30r ib. 
 
54 Geographical List to ABL., I-VIII 
 
 SIPPAR (^TAM.KIB.SIL)'^': [186] K. 11, rv. 16, [418] Sm. 1028, 
 rv. 4; Sip-pari^S [464] K. 1519, obv. 4; Sip-par''*, [516] 81-7-27, 
 31, obv. 18, [808] Bu. 91-5-9, 113, rv. 4; a i Sip -par, [608] K. 1136, 
 rv. 1; a 1 Si -par, [88] K. 507, rv. 5. 
 
 SIPUR, see SIBAR. 
 
 matsu.BAR.TI: [356] Bu. 89-4-26, 160, obv. 21. 
 
 aiSU.DA.NI.NA: [425] Bu. 91-5-9, 105, obv. 10. 
 
 mfltSU.SI: [547] K. 587, obv. 18; i^atSu-ba-ai, [813] K. 688, obv. 13, 
 rv. 8. 
 
 [. . .]SUK.KA.AI: [767] 83-1-18, 75, obv. 8. 
 
 mfttSU.UM.BI: [312] K. 689, obv. 16. 
 
 aiSU.RI.A.NA.AI: [112] K. 485, rv. 5. 
 
 nifttsu.TU.U: [629] K. 1263, obv. 22. 
 
 nfti-SALMU: [380] Rm 2, 3, obv. 8. 
 
 aisi.BAR[. . .]: [52]K. 80, obv. 11; aiSi-pur, [320] K. 7473, obv. 8, 
 
 [745] 82-5-22, 141, rv. 6. 
 matsi.BA.TU.NU: [576] K. 1009, obv. 18. 
 aisi.DU.NA.AI: [175] K. 614, obv. 6. 
 aiSI.MI.RI: [190] K. 596, obv. 21. 
 aiSU.PI.TE: [414] Rm 77, rv. 11; aisip-te, [95] K. 1151, rv. 5, 7, 
 
 [ IRd"??, 21, [608]K. 1136, rv. 1(?). 
 aiSA.BI.RI.SU: [167] K. 582, obv. 9, 19; aiSa-bi-ri-su, [252]K. 525, 
 
 obv. 5, [729] Sm. 521, obv. 6. 
 aiSA.AS.gU.US.TI: [267] K. 462, rv. 9. 
 ameigAL.LU.UK.KI.E.A: [281] K. 13, obv. 21; ameiSal-lu-ki- 
 
 si-a,[789]K. 1964, obv. 7. 
 a 1 S A . M A N . A . KU : [516] 81-7-8, 31, obv. 12. 
 aiSAMAS.NASIRI : [168] K. 636, obv. 7, 10, 13, 17. 
 a 1 S A . M A . l5 . N ij : [774] Bu. 89-4-26, 167, obv. 5. 
 "ifttSA.NI.TI: [476] 83-1-18, 5, rv. 22. 
 matSA.PAR.DA: [645] R«» 2, 464, rv. 3. 
 aiSA.RA.GI.TI: [617] K. 1167, rv. 7. 
 aiSA.RlS: [43] K. 122, obv. 22. 
 nftrSARRI: [275] K. 82, rv. 4. 
 nifttSA.AT.TE.RA: [646] 79-7-8, 292, obv. 13. 
 a 1 S E . N U : [602] K. 1127, obv. 12. 
 '«atsi.IB[. .]UR: [646] 79-7-8, 292, obv. 11. 
 aiSI.I.TAB.NI: [578] K. 1018, rv. 9. 
 •natsiJ.UB.RI.AI: [507] K. 1077, obv. 7, [705] 82-5-22, 109, obv. 7; 
 
 =ifttSub-ri-ai, [138] K. 469, obv. 14, 19; ^atSti-bur-a, [251] K. 
 
 506, obv. 11, 19; ^fttgii-bur-ai, [251] K. 506, obv. 22 [252] K. 525, 
 
 obv. 5. 
 
 aigt.SA.RI.SU.UN.GUR: [281] K. 13, obv. 13. 
 aiSU.gU.PA: [649] 81-2-4, 110, rv. 5. 
 
Geographical List to ABL., I-VIII 55 
 
 mfttsUN.GI.BU.TU: [174] K. 619, obv. 11. 
 
 aiStJ.RU.BA: [424] Sm. 760, rv. 18. 
 
 ai^tJ.SA.AN: [280] K. 10, obv. 13. 
 
 mfttTA BAL: [197] K. 181, rv. 28; mfttTa-bal-ai, [602] K. 1127, obv. 
 
 4, 11; [tnfttTa]-bal-ai: [556] K. 683, obv. 20; [mfttTa]-ab-al- 
 
 la-a,' [830] K. 1376, rv.l. 
 aiTA.GA.LA.GI: [408] R"' 2, 1, obv. 16, [701] Sm. 1338, obv. 17. 
 aiTA.I.KU.IK.KI: [462] K. 1374, obv. 20; aiTa-i , [460] K. 
 
 1250, obv. 2. 
 nflrTAK.KA.DAP(?) : [520] K. 680, obv. 8. 
 aiTA.LA.A5: [281] K. 13, obv. 10, rv. 15. 
 
 matTAM TIM : [210] K. 647, rv. 11, 14, 16, [267] K. 462, obv. 7, 9: [280] 
 K. 10, obv. 5, [516] 81-7-27, 31, rv. 11, [520] K. 680, rv. 3, 24, [521] 
 83-1-18, 4, rv. 1, 3 bis, 25, [540] K. 87, rv. 7, [576] K. 1009, rv. 9, 11, 
 [736] K. 1030, obv. 11, [795] Bu. 91-5-9, 107, obv. 6, [839] 83-1-18, 21, 
 obv. 14, rv. 5, [859] 82-5-22, 132, obv. U; ^f^^Tam-tim^', [863] K. 
 1196, rv. 7; ameiga ^natTam-tim, [540] K. 87, rv. 6; ameimat 
 Tam-tim-ii-a, [344] 83-1-18,28, obv. 7; rnatTam-ti, [702] 81-2-4, 
 77, obv. 1; ameiTam-da-ai, [839] 83-1-18, 21, obv. 21, rv. 4; 
 ameimatTam-tim-ai, [289] K. 312, obv. 1; amM matTam-tim- 
 u-ai, [521] 83-1-18, 4, rv. 9, [752] U^ 48, rv. 12. 
 
 aiTAR.BI.SI: [47] K. 979, obv. 8, [628] K. 1247, obv. 7. 
 
 aiTAR.BU.'si.BI: [642] K. 12046, obv. 4. 
 
 aiTAR.GLBA.A.TI : [282] K. 524, rv. 3. 
 
 aiTAR.gA.AI: [635] K. 1516, rv. 6. 
 
 narTAR.TA.RI: [547] K. 587, obv. 17. 
 
 inat(7)TA.TA.AI: [649] 81-2^, 110, obv. 9. 
 
 ameiTA.ZLRU: [138] K. 469, rv. 11. 
 
 aiTI.IG.RLIS: [342] 79-7-8, 234, rv. 1. 
 
 aiTI.IL[. ]: [282] K. 524, rv. 1. 
 
 aiTIL BUR.SLBI: [322] K. 663, rv. 7. 
 
 aiTIL TU.tl.RI: [131] K. 625, obv. 8. 
 
 matTU.A.NU: [466] Sm. 51, obv. 10. 
 
 mfttTU.NI.TA.St[. ] : [698] Sm. 764+Sm. 1650, obv. 14. 
 
 aiTtJ.NU.NA: [43] K. 122, obv. 22. 
 
 nar(7)TUR.NU: [503] K. 667, rv. 16. 
 
 aiTUR.UP[. .]: [390] Sm. 1046, obv. 15. 
 
 aiTU.UR.US.PA.A: [144] K. 194, obv. 8, 15, 16, [146] K. 1080, rv. 9, 
 * [148] K. 1907, obv. 4, [444] K. 645, obv. 19, [492] 81-2-4, 60, obv. 5; 
 aiTu-ru-us-pa-a, [381] 81-2^, 55, rv. 5, [424] Sm. 760, obv. 13; 
 aiTu-ru-us-pi-a,[123] K. 674, rv. 4. 
 
 mattJ.A.ZA.E: [646] 79-7-8, 292, obv. 10; mattj-a-za-un, [197] K. 
 181, rv. 3. 
 
56 Geographical List to ABL., I-VIII 
 
 aitJ.E.SI : [198] K. 5464, rv. 2, [380] R™ 2, 3, rv. 6, [444] K. 645, obv. 5, 
 14, [492] 81-2^, 60, obv. 9, [515] K. 621, obv. 7; aiU-ai-si, [198] K. 
 5464, obv. 27, 29; aiU-a-si, [409] R^" 2, 2, obv. 9, 14. 
 
 am6itJ.BA.AI.NA. AT: [282] K 524, rv. 12. 
 
 aitJ.BA.SI.E: [433] 79-7-8, 138, obv. 5, [626] K. 1233, rv. 7. 
 
 ni6ttJ.KA.AI : [145] K. 910, obv. 4, [198] K. 5464, rv. 12, 15, [380] Rm 2, 
 3, rv. 1, [444] K. 645, obv. 8, [619] K. 1182, obv. 9; -^atu-ka-ai, 
 [409] R°i 2, 2, obv. 10; matuk-ka-ai, [197] K. 181, obv. 8, 20. 
 
 ameixjK.KA.AI: [101] K. 561, obv. 7. 14, 17, rv. 1, 19, [104] K. 1195, 
 obv. 5; °iatu>-ka-ai, [490] K. 746, obv. 3. 
 
 nartJ.LA.AI; [281] K. 13, obv. 9. 
 
 mattJ.LI.AI: [619] K. 1182, obv. 9; ^^^'-U-e, [520] K. 680, obv. 12. 
 
 aitJ.LU.SI.A: [342] 79-7-8, 234, obv. 6. 
 
 aitJ.MAR: [112] K. 485, obv. 16. 
 
 ai^.PI.A: [89] K. 515, obv. 12, rv. 7; aitj-pi-i, [608] K. 1136, rv. 7; 
 aitJ-pi-ia, [795] Bu. 91-5-9, 107, rv. 10; [ai]U-pi-i, [504] K. 1176, 
 obv. 11. 
 
 5adUP.PA.AI: [88] K. 507, rv. 4. 
 
 UR[ = SES.URU^']: [38] K. 1049, rv. 5; am6iSes-uru>^i-ai, [753] 
 82-5-2, 111, rv. 7. 
 
 aitJ.RA: [490] K. 746, rv. 3. 
 
 mfttu.RA.AR.TA.AI: [123] K. 574, obv. 6; matUrartu, [101]K. 561, 
 obv. 8, [112] K. 485, obv. 8, rv. 6, [145] K. 910, obv. 5, [146] K. 1080, 
 obv. 6, [434] Bu. 89-4-26, 163, obv. 10, [544] K. 464, rv. 2, [596] K. 1120, 
 obv. 5, [705] 82-5-22, 109, rv. 3; "^atUrarta-a, [251] K. 506, obv. 9; 
 matUrarta-ai, [139] K. 1067, obv. 9, rv. 9, [144] K. 194, obv. 7, [146] 
 K. 1080, obv. 7, 8, 10, [205] K. 537, obv. 5, [215] K. 1037, obv. 3, [252] 
 K. 525, obv. 9, [306] K. 622, obv. 4, [381] 81-2^, 55, obv. 5, rv. 4, 
 [409] R^ 2, 2, obv. 5, [424] Sm. 760, obv. 6, [515] K. 621, obv. 4, [548] 
 K. 593, obv. 6; amei matUrarta-ai, [492] 81-2-4, 60, obv. 5. 
 
 aiUR.IA.KU: [645]Rni2, 464, obv. 13, [713]Rm59, obv. 7; aiUr-ia- 
 ak-ai,[713]Rni59, obv. 12. 
 
 URURki : [202] K. 83, rv. 4, [266] K. 79, rv. 3, 11, [267] K. 462, obv. 14, 
 [274] K. 81, obv. 20, rv. 3, 6, [451] K. 924, obv. 12, 13, [469] 48-11-4, 
 282, obv. 13, 16, rv. 7, 13, [472] 80-7-19, 46, obv. 5, [476] 83-1-18, 5, 
 obv. 18, 29, rv. 3, [572] K. 1001, obv. 9, [589] K. 1106, rv. 4, [622] K. 
 1210, rv, 3, [747] K. 923, obv. 7, [751] Sm. 920, obv. 3, 5, [752] R™ 48, 
 obv. 2, 4, [753] 82-5-2, 111, obv. 3, 4, rv. 3, 11, [754] K. 5457, obv. 2,3, 
 [755] 83-1-18, 122, obv. 2, [815] 48-7-20, 116, obv. 2, 4, 7, 8, rv. 4, 9, 
 22, [831] K. 470, rv. 13, [866] 81-2-4, 93, obv. 3, 12; Uruki^i-ai, [754] 
 K. 5457, obv. 10, 27; aitJ-ru-uk, [314] K. 1227, obv. 9; Uruk, [247] 
 K. 1027, obv. 8; ameiUruk'^' p^-, [296] 1162, obv. 2, [297] K. 1271, 
 
 1Mb. 
 
Geographical List to ABL., I-VIII 57 
 
 obv. 2, [518] 83-1-18, 27, obv. 2; ^^ei ai Uruk^^'-ai, [70] K. 1070, 
 
 obv. 6, [753] 82-5-2, 11, rv. 3; ameiUruk'^'-ai, [201] K. 647, rv. 13, 
 
 [277] K. 4736, rv. 4, 6, [472] 80-7-19, 46, obv. 6, [476] 83-1-18, 5, obv. 
 
 6, [527] K. 830, rv. 9, [589] K. 1106, rv. 7, [753] 82-5-2, 111, rv. 3, 11, 
 
 [815] 48-7-20, 116, obv. 2,4. 
 aiUR.ZU.gl.NA: [192] K. 146, obv. 7, [306] K. 622, obv. 7, 22, [408] 
 
 R-" 2, 1, obv. 8, 18, 23, rv. 8, 31, [529] K. 1252a, obv. 8, rv. 2, 15; 
 
 aiUr-zu-bi-na-ai, [599] K. 1124, rv. 2. 
 ai amMUS.gA.AI: [246] K. 669, obv. 4. 
 "nftttJ.gtJ.tJ: [800] K. 7424, obv. 8. 
 aitJ.gUR.""ADAD: [763] 81-2-4, 126, rv. 4. 
 «it.TU: [589] K. 1106, rv. 4. 
 nftrZA.[BA?].[583]K.1094, obv. 5. 
 aiZAB.BAN: [641] K. 9389, obv. 4; «iZa-ban, [311] K. 630, obv. 10; 
 
 aiZa-au-bau, [516] 81-7-27, 31, obv. 17. 
 aiZAB.DA.NU: [280] K. 10, obv. 7, 8. 
 a 1 Z A . A D . D I : [522] K. 498, rv. 2. 
 matzA.LI.PA.AI: [165] K. 497, obv. 6, rv. 10. 
 'natZA.[. .]ME: [771] 83-1-18, 49, obv. 8; mfltZa-me, [754] K. 5457, 
 
 obv. 12. 
 mfttZA.MU.A: [684] 80-7-19, 37, rv. 5; matZa-mu-u, [311] K. 630, 
 
 rv. 4, [582] K. 1093, rv. 1. 
 aiZA.NA.KI: [846] K. 673, obv. 8; aniei aiZa-na-ki-6-a [846] K. 
 
 673, rv. 8; s^i aiZa-na-ki-i-tti, [846] K. 673, rv. 5. 
 nftrZA.NA.NI: [485] K. 1061, obv. 5. 
 matzi.KI.RA.AI: [51.5] K. 621, obv. 6; "fttZi-kir-ta-ai, [198] K. 
 
 5464, obv. 25, [215] K. 1037, rv. 6; ameiZi-kir-ta-ai, [205] K. 537, 
 
 obv. 4, 6, 9. 
 '"fttzi.KI.TI.A: [515] K. 621, obv. IB. 
 
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED 
 
 ABL. = Robert Francis Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Letters, 
 
 Vols. I-VIII. 
 AC, I. = O. A. Toffteen, Ancient Chronology, Part I. 
 ADD. = Johns, Assyrian Deeds and Documents, Vols. I and II. 
 AJSL. — American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 
 AL. = Winckler, The Tell el-Amarna Letters. 
 An. = Annals. 
 Anp. = Ashurnasirpal. 
 Bez. Cat. = Bezold, Catalogue. 
 Billerbeck, Sandshak-Siileimania. 
 Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vols. I-V. 
 Briinnow, Classified List. 
 Cyl. = Cylinder. 
 
 Delattre, Le peuple et Vempire de MMes. 
 Delitzsch, Ass?/risc/ie Grammatik ; Assyrisches Handworterhuch ; Wo 
 
 lag das Paradies f 
 HL. = King, Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi, Vols. I-III. 
 Hommel, Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens. 
 Johnston, The Epistolary Literature of the Assyrians. 
 K. = Kouyunjik. 
 
 KAT.^ — Keilinschriften und das alte Testament, 3te. 
 KB. = Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, Vols. I-VI. 
 Knudtzon, Assyrische Gebete an den Sonnengott. 
 Meissner, Beitrdge zur altbabylonischen Privatrecht. 
 Mon. = Monolith. 
 
 Mtirdter-Delitzsch, Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens. 
 Muss-Arnolt, Concise Dictionary of the Assyrian Language. 
 MVG. — Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 
 Ob. = Obelisk. 
 
 Baton, The Early History of Syria and Palestine. 
 PSBA. = Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology. 
 R. = Rawlinson, Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vols. I-V. 
 RA. — Revue d'assyriologie. 
 RMA. = Thompson, The Report of the Magicians and Astrologers of 
 
 Nineveh and Babylon, Vols. I, II. 
 Sarg. = Sargon. 
 Shalm. = Shalmaneser. 
 Toffteen, Ancient Chronology, Part I. 
 
 58 
 
List of Abbreviations and Books Quoted 59 
 
 TP. = Tiglath-pileser. 
 
 TSBA. = Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology. 
 
 VBAG.— Verhandlungen der b.-anthropologische Gesellschaft. 
 
 Winckler, Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens. 
 
 ZA. = Zeitsclirift filr Assyriologie. 
 
 ZDMG. = Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenldndischen Gesellschaft. 
 
 ZDPV. — Zeitschrift der Deutschen Palestina-Vereins. 
 
 ZE. = Zeitschrift filr Ethnologic. 
 
VITA 
 
 I, Olaf Alfred Toffteen, was born in the village of Hexarfve, 
 parish of Sproge, Island of Gotland, Sweden, June 26, 1863. I 
 completed the course of the high school of Gotland in May, 1880; 
 entered the Higher State College of Visby in 1881, and received 
 from it the degree of Bachelor of Arts June 12, 1885, with the 
 honor cum laude approhaiur and appointment to Prince Oscar's 
 Stipend, I was admitted to the University of Upsala on October 
 6, 1885, where I studied the Hebrew and Arabic languages under 
 Professor J. T. Nordling, The same year I wrote my Latin pen 
 sum for the degree of Ph.D. 
 
 I came to the United States of America in June, 1888, and was 
 ordained priest of the Protestant Episcopal Church of America by 
 the bishop of Quincy in June, 1893. I attended the Johns Hop- 
 kins University of Baltimore the Spring Term of 1902, where I 
 studied the Semitic languages under Professors Paul Haupt and 
 Christopher Johnston. I was admitted to the University of 
 Chicago in June, 1902, where I was appointed a fellow of Semitics 
 in the spring of 1903, with a reappointment in 1904. 
 
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