UC-NRLF "mill ii iiuii iniii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiii B 3 MES T31 OCT 8 1315 GUIDE AUSTRALIAN ETHNOLOGICAL COLLECTION EXHIBITED IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF VICTORIA BY BALDWIN SPENCER, c.m.g., ma., d.Sc, f.r.s. Hon. Director of the Museum. SECOND EDITION ILLUSTRATED BY 28 PLATES Printed for the Trustees of the Public Library, Museums, and National Gallery of Victoria by D. W. PATERSON CO. Pty. Ltd., 495 Collins St., Melbourne. 1915 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN ETHNOLOGICAL COLLECTION EXHIBITED IN THE PRESENTED THE TRUSTEES NATIONAL MUSEUM, MELBOURNE. SECOND EDITION ILLUSTRATED BY 28 PLATES Printkd for the Trustees of the Public Library, Mi skims, and National Gallery of Victoria by D. W PATERSON CO. Pty. Ltd., 495 Collins St.. Melbourne. 1915 GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN ETHNOLOGICAL COLLECTION EXHIBITED IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF VICTORIA BY BALDWIN SPENCER, c.m.g., ma., d.Sc, f.r.s. Hon. Director of the Museum. SECOND EDITION ILLUSTRATED BY 28 PLATES Printed for the Trustees of the Public Library, Museums, and National Gallery of Victoria by D. W PATERSON CO. Pty. Ltd., 495 Collins St., Melbourne. 1915 <*?*» CONTENTS. Preface to first edition Preface to second edition Introduction Shields. (Case 1) Boomerangs. (Case 2) Boomerangs. (Case 3) Clubs. (Case 4) Clubs. (Case 5) Spears. (Case 6) Spears. (Case 7) Spears. (Case 8) . . • . . Spear throwers. (Case 9) . . Wooden vessels, nets, bags, baskets. (Case 10) Articles of clothing. (Case 11) Clothing and ornament. (Case 12) Clothing and ornament. (Case 13) Persona] ornaments. (Case 14) Personal ornaments. (Case 15) Human hair string. (Case 16) .Manufacture of twine. (Case 17) Fire making. (Case 18) Bone needles, awls, fishing hooks. (Case 19) Instruments used for cutting and scraping. (Case 20) Foods, decorating materials, narcotics, fixatives, etc. (Case 21 Musical instruments. (Case 22) Letter or message sticks. (Case 23) Canoes. (24, 25, 26, 27, 28) Wallets. (Case 29) Stone chisels or adzes. (Case 30) . . Flaked stone axes. (Case 31) Chipped and flaked stone implements. (Case 32) Flaked stone knives. (Case 33) Flaked stone knives. (Case 34) Flaked stone knives. (Case 35) Glass spear heads. (Case 36) Ground stone axes. (Case 37) Ground stone axes. (Case 38) Ground stone axes. (Case 39) Stone hammer axes. (Case 40) Ground stone axes. (Case 41) Gad-shaped axes, etc. (Case 42) .. < rrooved axes. (Case 4.'!) Stone wedges (Case 44) Pebble axes. etc. (Case 45) 3< rapei s, etc. (Case 46) 'ID, inks." (Case 47) Spokeshaves, chipped and flaked stone knives. (Case 48) Grinding stones. (Case 49) Grinding and pounding stones. (Case 50) Chipping hammers. (Case 51) Anvils and husking stones, etc. (Case 52) Stones for dressing spear shafts, etc. (Case 53) Large grinding stones. (Case 54) I .i -.mania n stone implements. (Case 55) 312810 Page Comparative stone series. (Case 56) Ceremonial objects. (Case 57) Sai red stii ks and .stones. (Cases 58 and 59) Churinga. (Cases 60 to 72) Articles of magic. (Case 73) Articles of magic. (Case 74) Articles oj magic. (Case 75) Pointing sticks and bones. (Case 76) Shoes, etc., worn during a Kurdaitcha. (Case 77) Stone knives used in certain initiation ceremonies. (C; Burial and mourning. (Case 79) .. Burial and mourning. (Case 80) . . Melville and Bathurst Islands graves. (Case 81) Grave post. (Case 82) Objects used by the natives of Melville and Bathurst (Case 83) Native bark drawings. (84) Native bark drawings. (85) Picture on smoked bark. (86) Scene illustrating aboriginal life. (87) Playthings. (88) Smoking pipes. (89) Miscellaneous. (90) Specimens illustrating tree cutting. (Case 91) Woman's dilly bag and contents. (92) . . Islands Pag si 84 91 94 100 103 io.-. 105 107 109 109 111 112 112 113 115 120 122 123 126 126 127 127 128 PLATES, 1. Shields 2. Boomerangs 3. Series showing possible development ordinary throwing stick 4. Clubs 5. Clubs 6. Spears 7. Spear throwers . . 8. Wooden vessels 9. Bark baskets 10. Baskets 11. Baskets 12. Ornaments, spindle 13. Fire making, music, playthin 14. Stone implements 15. Ceremonial objects 16. Ceremonial objects 17. Ceremonial objects 18. Sacred sticks and stones 19. Objects of magic 20. Kurdaitcha shoes 21. I lurid and mourning 22. C.ra\ e posts 2:;. Mourning armlets 2 I. Mourning armlets 25. Mourning rings 26. Initiation objects 27. I '.ark drawing 28. Bark drawing of boomerang from To face Page 12 19 25 2 s 30 36 39 42 43 44 45 54 57 69 S4 88 90 94 100 107 109 112 113 114 115 115 119 122 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. In consequence of the peculiar interest which attaches to the Australian aborigines a special gallery has been devoted to the exhibition of their weapons, implements, and cere- monial objects. These have been arranged so as to show, as far as possible, series of objects belonging to tribes from the various parts of the continent. For example, the forms of shields used in different tribes are shown in one case, boomerangs in another, sacred and ceremonial objects in another. Most unfortunately the opportunity was not taken in the early days, before the iron tomahawk had replaced the native stone axe, of bringing together a collection illustrative of implements in daily use amongst the Victorian tribes, and now, owing to the practically complete extinction of the tribes, it is of course impossible to secure them. However, despite this the Australian collection is a fairly representative one and is especially rich in regard to various articles con- nected with magic and in what are usually designated as "sacred" objects, such as are used during initiation cere- monies, and which of all things possessed by the aborigine are the most difficult to procure, while at the same time they are of the deepest interest. Owing to the imperfect nature of the early records of the collection it is not possible to ascertain how many of our more interesting exhibits connected with Victorian and New South Wales tribes were obtained, but it appears evident that the institution is deeply indebted to the late Mr. Brough Smyth, whose important work on The Aborigines of Victoria contains many illustrations of specimens now in the collection, and these, without which the collection would be very imperfect, were probably secured by him. In the re-arrangement of the collection duplicates have been rigidlv excluded, so that each specimen has a definite place and "meaning in the series in which it occurs. The duplicate specimens — that is those which in essential features, though perhaps slightly different in detail, are similar to others in the collection, and the exhibition of which in public would therefore serve no adequate purpose — are placed in the reserve collection which is available for purposes oi Comparative stone series. (Case 50) Page 84 Ceremonial objects. (Case 57) 84 Sai red sticks and stones. (Cases 58 and 59) 91 Churinga. (Cases 60 to 72) 94 Articles of magic. (Case 73) 100 Articles, of magic. (Case 74) 103 Articles of magic. (Case 75) 105 Pointing sticks and bones. (Case 7(5) 105 Shoes, etc., worn during a Kurdaitcha. (Case 77) 107 Stone knives used in certain initiation ceremonies. (Case 78) . 109 Burial and mourning. (Case 79) .. 109 Burial and mourning. (Case 80) .. 111 Melville and Bathurst Islands graves. (Case 81) 112 Grave post. (Case 82) 112 Objects used by the natives of Melville and Bathurst Islands (Case 83) 113 Native bark drawings. (84) 115 Native bark drawings. (85) 120 Picture on smoked bark. (86) 122 Scene illustrating aboriginal life. (87) 123 Playthings. (88) 126 Smoking pipes. (89) 126 Miscellaneous. (90) 127 Specimens illustrating tree cutting. (Case 91) . . 127 Woman's dilly bag and contents. (92) . . 128 PLATES. To face 1'aue 1. Shields 12 2. Boomerangs 19 3. Series showing possible development of boomerang fron l ordinary throwing stick 25 4. Clubs 28 5. Clubs 30 6. Spears 30 7. Spear throwers . . 39 8. Wooden vessels 42 9. Bark baskets 43 10. Baskets 44 11. Baskets 45 12. Ornaments, spindle 54 13. Fire making, music, playthings 57 14. Stone implements 09 15. Ceremonial objects 84 16. Ceremonial objects 88 17. Ceremonial objects 90 18. Sacred sticks and stones 94 19. Objects of magit 100 20. Kurdaitcha shoes 107 21. Burial and mourning 109 22. Grave posts 112 23. Mourning armlets 113 24. Mourning armlets 114 25. Mourning rings .. 115 20. Initiation objects 115 27. Mark drawing 11!) 28. Bark drawing 122 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. In consequence of the peculiar interest which attaches to the Australian aborigines a special gallery has been devoted to the exhibition of their weapons, implements, and cere- monial objects. These have been arranged so as to show. as far as possible, series of objects belonging to tribes from the various parts of the continent. For example, the forms of shields used in different tribes are shown in one case, boomerangs in another, sacred and ceremonial object- in another. Most unfortunately the opportunity was not taken in the early days, before the iron tomahawk had replaced the native stone axe, of bringing together a collection illustrative of implements in daily use amongst the Victorian tribes, and now, owing to the practically complete extinction of the tribes, it is of course impossible to secure them. However, despite this the Australian collection is a fairly representative one and is especially rich in regard to various articles con- nected with magic and in what are usually designated as "sacred" objects, such as are used during initiation cere- monies, and which of all things possessed by the aborigine are the most difficult to procure, while at the same time they are of the deepest interest. Owing to the imperfect nature of the early records of the collection it is not possible to ascertain how many of our more interesting exhibits connected with Victorian and New South Wales tribes were obtained, but it appears evident that the institution is deeply indebted to the late Mr. Brough Smyth, whose important work on The Aborigines of Victoria contains many illustrations of specimens now in the collection, and these, without which the collection would be very imperfect, were probably secured by him. In the re-arrangement of the collection duplicates have been rigidly excluded, so that each specimen has a definite place and "meaning in the series in which it occurs. The duplicate specimens — that is those which in essential features, though perhaps slightly different in detail, are similar to others in the collection, and the exhibition of which in public would therefore serve no adequate purpose — are placed in the reserve collection which is available for purposes of 6 study. 11 is earnestly to be desired that those who have the opportunity of doing so will assist in the procuring of specimens which will serve either to fill some of the many gaps which occur in the collection or to enhance the value, for the purposes of study, of the reserve collection. By means of descriptive labels each series of objects is, it is hoped, sufficiently described and the following catalogue is, in the main, a copy of these labels, illustrated by photo- graphic reproductions of some of the more important and interesting objects in the collection. September, 1901. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. Since the last issue of the guide very considerable additions have been made to the Australian Ethnological collection, in fact it has been more than doubled in size. The more important ones consist of specimens collected in various parts of the Northern Territory by the late Mr. F. J. Gillen and myself and of a very large collection of stone implements secured mainly through the co-operation of Mr. A. S. Kenyon. The great majority of the specimens thus secured are in the reserve collection, and are available for study. Every specimen figured in The Native Tribes of Central Australia, The Northern Tribes of Central Australia, Across Australia, and The Native Tribes of the Northern Territory, is in the Museum collection, together with the whole of the material, including photo- graphic negatives, secured by Mr. Gillen and myself during the progress of our work. As in the case of the first edition, so in this, the guide is a copy of the descriptive labels attached to the various cases and specimens. Baldwin Spencer. National Museum, 1915. INTRODUCTION. The Australian aborigines arc regarded as belonging to one of the most primitive of existing races. They are true savages, living by fishing and hunting, never cultivating the land over which they roam, nor domesticating animals. How- far the fact that, with the possible exception of the dog, there are no animals useful for domestic purposes in Aus- tralia has been an element in retarding the development of the race it is impossible to say. One thing is certain, and that is that for long ages they have been shut off from inter- course with outside peoples. There is still some considerable doubt as to the origin of the Australian race, but it appears to be almost certain that in past times the whole of the Australian continent, including Tasmania, was occupied by one people. This original, and probably "Negritto" population,* was almost certainlv at an earlv period widelv spread over Malaysia and the Australian continent, including Tasmania, which at that time was not completely separated off by Bass Strait. There is no doubt but that the Tasmanians had no boats capable of crossing the latter, and must, therefore, have walked over on land, or at most have paddled every now and then across narrow arms of still water in the frailest of canoes. Subse- quently there came a time when what was at first low-lying land with peaks, now represented by King Island on ttie west, and the Kent, Furneaux, and Flinders Islands on the east, sank beneath the sea, leaving part of this original "Negritto" population stranded in Tasmania, where Homo tasmanianus survived until he came in contact with Euro- peans and was exterminated. The Tasmanians, isolated from the mainland, may be regarded as having retained the physical structure and the low level of culture of the old "Negritto" stock. Their hair had the frizzly character of the negroid races, in contrast to the wavy nature of that of the present Australians. Their weapons and implements were of the simplest description ; long, pointed, but probably not barbed spears were thrown by the hand without the help of any spear thrower, which they had not invented ; they had no boomerang and no ground axes, but only the crudest form of chipped stones, which were not set in handles, but * Cf. A. W. Hovvitt : On the Origin of the Aborigines of Tasmania and Australia. Aust. Ass. Adv. Sci., Sydney, 1898. A valuable bibliography referring U> the subject is appended to this paper. simply held in the hand while being used .is scrapers, knives, or axes. They were, in fact, living representatives of palaeo- lithic man, lower in the scale of culture than any human beings now upon earth. It is a matter for the deepest regrel that they were allowed to become extinct without our gaining anything but the most meagre information with regard to their customs and organization.* Various theories have been proposed with regard to the origin of the present Australian race. Sir W. H. Flower and Mr. Lydekker suggested that a low type of dark-complexioned Caucasians entered from the north and produced a blend with the original inhabitants, resulting in the formation of the present Australian people, so that, in the words of these two authors, the latter "is not a distinct race at all, that is, not a homogeneous group formed by the gradual modification of one of the original stocks, but rather a cross between two already formed branches of these stocks." j There is no doubt but that the Australian native represents a higher grade of development than the Tasmanian, and, whether he is or is not the result of a blend between an earlier race and a later immigration, at the present dav the tvpe is a remarkably uniform one over the whole of the continent. His average height is about 5 ft. 6 in.; his skin is dark chocolate brown in colour, never truly black ; his hair is wavy and not frizzly or woolly, though the beard may at times be somewhat frizzly, yet it is never similar to that of the Tasmanian or true negro. He lives in tribes, each of which has a dis- tinctive name and occupies and roams over an area of land the limits of which are clearly known to the natives. Each tribe speaks a dialect differing so much from that of neigh- bouring tribes that individuals belonging to distinct tribes cannot understand each others' speech, though not in- frequently they can communicate by means of gesture language which is remarkablv well developed. In regard to the shape of the head, the native belongs to the dolichoce- phalic or long-headed group of men.* With the possible * For an account of the Tasmanians the student should consult The Aborigines of Tas- mania, by H. I.ing Roth, 2nd edit., 1899. t Mammals, living and extinct, p. 748. X A dolichocephalic skull is one in which, the length of the head being counted as 100, the greatest proportional breadth is less than 76 ; when the latter is greater than 80 then it is spoken of as brachycephalic or broad headed. A glance at a map of the world indi- cating the distribution of long and broad headed races, shows that in this respect there is a great contrast between the northern and southern parts of the old world; the line of separation passes east and west through the Alps and Himalayas. North of this Europe- A-i.i is occupied by broad-headed peoples (except along the western coast line, where Great Britain, Scandinavia, and Denmark are occupied by long-headed men); to the south, Spain, Southern Italy, Arabia, India, the African and Australian continents, and Melanesia are the homes of the long-headed peoples. The ancient Dravidian inhabitants of India Stand like a connecting link between the African races on the west and the Australian and Melanesian on the east. It must be remembered, in connexion with this, that the form lead is an indication of race and not of intelligence. exception, perhaps, of a very small number, every tribe has a definite organization, being divided into two main groups (often subdivided into four or eight) and the rule is that men of one group must marry women of another, the children passing, in some cases, into the mother's half (mater- nal descent), in others into that of the father (paternal descent). ( >f relationship, as it is counted amongst ourselves, the Australian aborigine has no idea. Speaking generally, a man not only, for example, calls his own mother by a special name, but he applies the same term to all her sisters, that is, to all the women whom, and whom alone, his father might lawfully have married. In the same way he applies one term to his father and to all the latter's brothers, one term to his actual brothers, and the same to his father's brothers' sons, and so on. That is, all their ideas of relation- ship have reference to the group of which anv individual is a member rather than to the individual himself. In addition to this remarkable social organization, which is based on group and not individual relationship, the system which is called totemism is largely developed amongst the Australian aborigines. A totem, to use the words of Sir J. G. Frazer, is "a class of material objects which a savage regards with superstitious respect, believing that there exists between him and every member of the class an intimate and altogether special relation." The aborigine calls himself by the name of his totem, saying that he is a kangaroo, emu, or gum-tree man, as the case may be ; and in many tribes the native believes that his ancestors were actually de- scended from the totemic animal or plant, and will only injure or eat it on very rare occasions. On the other hand, he often performs ceremonies which have for their object the increase of the animal or plant which he regards as his totem. Details in regard to this system, however, van- widely in different parts of the continent, and its origin is lost in obscurity. In some tribes, such as the Kurnai, all the men have one totem, all the women another ; in other tribes, such as the Arunta, the totems are very numerous, and each group includes both men and women ; in some, such as the Dieri, a man of one totem may only marry a woman of another, the children passing into the mother's totem ; in others, such as the Kaibara, the same holds true, except that the child passes into the father's totem ; whilst in others, such as the Arunta, the totem has nothing to do with the regulation of marriage, and there is no necessity for the children to pass into either that of the father or the mother. In all tribes the regulating of matters of tribal 10 interest, both internal and external, lies m the hands of the older men. There may be one or more who have special influence owing to their age, or fighting power, or skill in matters of magic, but there is never anyone to whom the title oi chief can properly be applied. As amongst all savage people, the aborigine is bound hand and toot by custom ; what his fathers did that he must do ; and before a youth is admitted to the ranks of the men he must submit to what are often the painful rites attendant upon initiation, such as the knocking out of a tooth, etc. Every tribe has certain sacred or secret ceremonies con- cerned with initiation or with the totems, all knowledge of which is forbidden to women and children under severe penalties, and in connexion with these certain objects, such as sacred sticks, stones, and decorations, are used. In regard to their weapons and implements, there is con- siderable diversity in form in different parts of the continent.* Nowhere is any use ever made of metal, but in the manu- facture of ground stone axes the Australian has advanced beyond the level of the Tasmanian. Perhaps the most characteristic Australian weapon is the return boomerang, which is made so that when thrown it will return to the thrower. It must be remembered, however, that there are large areas of the continent over which this is not met with, and where only the ordinary fighting boomer- ang is seen. His spears may be simply sharpened wooden sticks, or one or more barbs may be either cut out from the solid or attached near to the point, and in the northern parts they may be tipped with flaked stone heads. To aid him in throwing them he has the spear-thrower. The use of bow and arrow is unknown to him. For making fire he uses both the drill and the sawing method, a piece of hard wood being either rapidly rotated, or worked up and down in a groove, on a softer piece, the powder worn away from which is ignited by the heat of the friction. In pictorial art the Australian native is not far advanced, though certain of his geometrical designs are elaborate and decorative, while at times he can draw with some spirit outlines of the animals which he is accustomed to hunt. * For a list of literature dealing with the Australian aborigines reference should be made to tin- Bibliography compiled by Mr. R. Ktheridge, junior, Memoirs of Geological Surn-y, N.S.W., Paweontological series, No. 8. So far as tin- objects in this collection air concerned, in many cases the identical, and in others similar ■ m - an- \ Central Australia, Across Australia, by Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen, and The Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia, 1 ij l;.ildu in Spencer. 11 With rude drawings of animals and plants and geometrical designs often consisting of concentric circles drawn in yellow and red ochre, white pipeclay, and charcoal, he ornaments the sides and roofs of his natural rock shelter or the sheets of bark out of which he builds the rough "mia-mias" which serve as a protection from wind and rain. With the sharp- edged tooth of an "opossum" implanted in the jaw he can incise either on wood or stone a series of concentric circles or a spiral with remarkable precision, and with a flake of flint will ornament the" flat face of a shield with an elaborate design. In certain parts, as for example along the shores of Port Jackson, are found rough outlines of animals, such as fish and kangaroos, often of great size, which he has chiselled out upon flat rock surfaces. He can rarelv count beyond three or four, but in the direc- tion in which they can be of service to him his faculties are wonderfully developed. In his wild state he knows at a glance the^ tracks of any individual in his camp, and can follow with unerring precision those of the animals upon which he has to rely for his food supply. He has not reached the stage of writing, and his so-called message sticks are merely bits of wood on which certain marks are made to aid as a reminder to the bearer, though they cannot be read except by the individual who has made them or to whom they have been explained. The Australian aborigine may be regarded as a relic of the early childhood of mankind left stranded in a part of the world where he has, without the impetus derived from com- petition, remained in a low condition of savagery, developing along certain special lines ; there is not the slightest evidence, either in his customs, social organization, weapons, or imple- ments, to show that he has retrograded from a higher state of civilization. SHIELDS. (Case 1.) This series illustrates the more important forms of shields found amongsl Australian natives. The make and form of tin weapon varies to a very considerable degree in different parts of the continent. In the great majority of cases it has a broad, more or less flat surface, while in others the face may be reduced to a mere narrow, wedge-shaped structure, useful only for the warding off of blows of clubs. The wood out of which it is made may be divided into two kinds — (1) heavy hard wood, such as that of the "iron bark" (Eucalyptus Icucoxylori), or of some species of acacia ; and (2) soft light wood, such as that of the "bean tree" (Erythrina vespertilio), <>r of the "Currajong" (Sterculia spp.). The handle, as a general rule, forms part of the solid block out of which the shield is cut, but it may, in comparatively few forms, be made of a separate piece of wood, which is bent round and inserted while green into holes made to receive the two ends. In the first case the handle may either, as in the Central Australian specimens (9-16), be level with the back surface, in which case a cavity for the hand is hollowed out in the body of the weapon ; or it may, as in the West Australian specimens, project outwards (1-7). The space for the hand is usually small, in accordance with the size of that of the native. In some cases, when in use, a strip of fur string is wound round the handle. Various forms are characteristic of various parts of the continent, and in this collection twelve main types may be recognised. A. A flat, thin, slab-like structure, from 2 to 3 feet in length, with the handle cut out of the solid block, and pro- jecting from the surface. The front is always orna- mented with very characteristic incised zig-zag lines, the grooves being filled up with red, white, and yellow pigment. This form is verv distinctive of West Australia (1-8). B. A solid, elongate form with round ends, a distinctly convex front surface, and, in transverse section, concave hinder surface. The handle is cut out of the block, and is level with the back surface, a small space for the hand being cut out beneath it. The size varies from \\ feet to 3 feet in length. It is usually made out of the light, soft wood of the "bean tree," and is the characteristic shield of Central Australian tribes, such as the Warramunga, Kaitish, Luritja, etc. (9-16). C. A shield similar in form to the last, but made out of dark, heavy wood (IT). Plate 1. Shields. 13 D. A shield similar in form and material to the last, but devoid of the well-marked, broad, longitudinal grooves on the face. It has bands of fine, rough grooves (18). E. A form with the front face similar in outline to type B, but differing from the latter in (1) the fact that the hinder surface is not distinctly concave, but either flat or slightlv convex ; and (2) in the absence of the well-marked, broad, longitudinal grooves, which are alwavs present on the former. Found in Oueens- land (19-25). F. A broad, thin form, with the front convex and the back concave, the two ends tapering. It is made out of the outer part of the wood of the limb of some hard-wood tree, such as a gum tree. The handle is distinct, the ends being inserted into two holes, from which they can onlv be withdrawn with difficulty. The front is usuallv decorated with incised lines, the spaces being filled up with red ochre and pipeclay. This form is from Victoria and New South Wales (26-33). G. A broad, flat form, with the two ends tapering and ter- minating either in blunt points or in slight swellings. The surface is often richly carved with incised designs, which may represent animal forms. The whole structure is made out of a solid mass of hard wood, and this series represents, perhaps, the most highly ornate of all Australian shields. It was characteristic of certain parts of Victoria and New South Wales, but, unfortunately, very few specimens have been preserved (34-31))/ H. A form commonly called Mulga and also Mulgon by the natives of the Lower Murray, and Marr-aga by the Gippsland natives. It is relatively narrow, with the front always more or less convex, and the hinder surface more or less triangular in section, the handle being cut out of the solid. The front is always orna- mented with incised lines, forming herring-bone or chevron or lozenge-shaped patterns, which are often extremely regular and well executed. The grooves are usually filled with red, white, and yellow pigment. This form was widely spread over parts of the south- easl of the continent. The greatest length is some- thing over 3 feet ; the width varies considerably, hut is always small in proportion to the length ; and the whole structure, handle included, i> always cut out of ii solid block of hard wood. The weight varies from 2.1 to:;.', pounds (40-47). 14 K. An elongate form, of hard wood, with a flattened (rout face and rounded ends, no1 triangular in section (48-50). I.. An elongate form, of hard wood, with distinctly-convex front surface, with a tendency to become triangular in section (51-53). M. A very distinct, flattened, wedge-like form, with the handle cut out of the solid, and the two sides of the lace, which are inclined at a sharp angle to each other, ornamented with incised patterns. The length varies from 30 to 40 inches. The width is not more than 3 inches, and the depth about 5 to 6 inches from the anterior to the posterior edge. The weapon, which was used simply for parrying the blows of clubs, was found in the south-east part of the continent, and was called Drunmung by the natives of the Western District of Victoria (54-60). N. A large form met with only in certain parts of Queens- land. It sometimes has a curious curved shape (17, 18). It is made out of a light wood, the handle being cut out of the solid, and there is always, but sometimes much more prominently marked than at others, a central boss on the face. The striking and characteristic designs in pigment are totallv unlike those met with in other parts, and probably point to an outside influence (61-66). 1-8. Western Australian shields, with the characteristic incised zig-zag lines. In 8 the weapon is somewhat curved, and the back, as well as the front, is ornamented with incised lines. Native name, Wunda or Wanda. (Fig. 1.) 9-16 Shields very characteristic of Central Australian tribes. Made out of light, soft wood of the "bean tree" (Erythrina vespertilio). Broadly grooved and re-ochred on both sides, with the edge turned round so as to cause the back in transverse section to be distinctlv concave, the front surface being convex (11, 13, 14, 15, 16). (Presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) (Fig. 2.) 17. A heavy hard wood shield (probably some species of Eucalyptus), ornamented with grooves on each side. Said to come from Northern Victoria. 18. A very hard wood shield of gum tree wood, roughlv grooved on each side. In form it agrees with the light soft wood shields (9, etc.) of Central Australia, from which district it also comes. 19-23. A series of shields, the front face of which is broad, convex, and similar in outline to that of Nos. 9-16, but the lateral edges are not turned round, and the hinder surface is either flat or slightly convex, and there i-^ a further regular series of longitudinal grooves. 19. From Mackay, Queens- land. 20. From Mackay, Queensland. The surface, both back and front, is ornamented with rows of incised lines coloured red ; the design in white may possibly be intended to represent some form of animal. Weight, 26 ounces. Native name, Goolmary. 21. Made of the light wood of the "Flame tree"; Queensland. 22. From the Georgina district, North-West Queensland ; ornamented with incised lines coloured red and yellow ; the handle has a covering of emu feathers. 23. From Mackay, Queensland ; made of the light wood of the Currajong tree (Sterculia sp.), and ornamented with designs in red, yellow, black, and white pigment ; the incised pattern is evidently modern. 24, 25. Two specimens closely similar in general form to the above four, but with a style of ornament never met with in the central tribes. From the Boulia district, Queensland. Native name, Koguru. (Fig. 4.) 26-33. A series of specimens in which the handle is formed separately from the main body, which is made out of the wood of some gum tree (often Eucalyptus leucoxylon or E. viminalis). When the slab has been chopped away from the tree and roughly chipped to the approximate shape, so that there is a broad central part tapering off towards each end (the exact shape of which varies much), it is said that a mound of earth some three feet in length and about the same width as the shield is made ; hot ashes are placed on the mound, and the slab of green wood on top of them ; then sods of grass and stones are piled above it, and by the time that the ashes are cold the shield has assumed the curve of the mound. The handle has the characteristic form of a piece of wood inserted at each end, while it is yet green, into the body of the shield, usually so that the two holes lie in the line corre- sponding to the long axis of the shield. This form is used in fightingas a protection against spears. The length is usually 36 to 40 inches, and the greatest width 10 inches. Most usually, the front face is ornamented with bands running in various directions, the space between them being filled in with incised lines forming chevron, herring-bone, lozenge-shaped patterns. The bands and raised parts between the grooves are often coloured with red ochre, and the grooves filled in with pipeclav. This form was made principally by natives of the south-east of the continent, and was commonly called Giam or Kerrem. On the Lower Murray it was called Karra^ann ; and at Lake Tyers, Bamerook. 26. From Gippsland. 27. From Victoria. (Fig. 5.) 28. From New South Wales. 29, 30. From the Lower Murray. One of them is placed edgeways so as to show the handle and width of the slab of L6 wood. 31. A specimen which agrees with the others in the characteristic feature of the structure of the handle, but (litters from them in the absence oi the tapering ends (though in this respect No. 27 approaches it), and also in the absence of incised lines. (32, 33 presented by Mr. j. H. Connell.) 34-39. Six specimens of a shield formerly made in Victoria and New South Wales. It was manufactured out of a solid slab cut from the limb of a hard wood tree, the wood next to the bark being used for the purpose. The handle is cut out of the solid. The front surface was ornamented with incised lino, which often indicated the outlines of animals. (34 presented by Mr. A. A. C. Le Souef.) 35. A richly orna- mented specimen, 51 inches in length, and 13 inches in width ; New South Wales. 36. The ornamentation is probably meant to represent the outline of the body of a large lizard, surrounded by incised lines which run parallel to the outline of the body, and towards the outer edge of the shield change into an irregular pattern. River Namoi or Peel, New South Wales. (Fig. 6.) 37. From Victoria. (38, 39 presented by Mr. J. H. Connell.) 40-47. A series of shields used for warding off blows of clubs. They are all made of some hard wood, such as the "ironbark" (Eucalyptus leucoxyhn) or an acacia, and vary in weight from 21 to 3-| pounds. The width is small in comparison to the length. In Xo. 40, which may be taken as a typical example, the length is 35 inches, and the width 5 inches. In trans- verse section the weapon is triangular, the handle being- hollowed out along the line which corresponds to the apex of the triangle. It is ornamented with incised lines, the pat- tern being usually a very definite one, composed of herring- bone or chevron lines or lozenge-shaped spaces. The grooves are frequently filled in with white pipeclay. The name most commonly applied to this form, which was very characteristic of the south-east of the south-east of the continent, was Mulga ; on the Lower Murray it was called Mulgon ; and in ( rippsland, Marraga. From the Western District of Victoria. 41. From Xew South Wales. 42. From Victoria. 43. From Victoria ; turned round, so as to show the handle. 44. From Victoria; showing the band of fur which was often bound round the handle. (Fig. 7.) 45. From Victoria ; taken in 1847 during a fight with the natives of the Avoca tribe, at Creswick's Water Hole. 46. From Victoria ; Avoca tribe. 47. An exceptionally narrow specimen ; from Victoria. 48, 49, 50. Shields made of heavy wood, somewhat ap- proaching in shape the Mulga, but not so distinctly triangular in section. 48. From Kimberley, West Australia. Orna- 17 mented with incised zig-zag lines, and covered with pipeclay and red ochre. (Fig. 8.) 49. From the Gnurla tribe, West Australia ; native name, Kurdigi. 50. From West Australia; ornamented with incised lines. 51. A specimen made of dark, heavy wood, somewhat approaching in form the Mulga, but not so distinctly triangular in section. Ornamented all over with chippings. From New South Wales. 52, 53. Two specimens made out of a heavy wood, closely allied to the Mulga, but shorter than the typical examples of this, with a more convex front face, and with distinctly rounded ends. One is decorated with a strong design in black and red, and the other has no pigment, but is irregularly grooved all over. Both are from Victoria. 54-60. A series very characteristic of Victoria, called Dramming. All of them are closely similar in form, each being flat" and wedge like. The usual length is about 35 inches, and the greatest width 4 inches. Both the anterior and posterior surfaces have the faces inclined at a sharp angle to one another. The handle is cut out of the solid, and the front face ornamented with incised lines forming herring-bone patterns, lozenge-shaped patches, etc., the grooves being filled in with white pipeclay. 55-57. From Gippsland. (Fig. 9.) 58. From Gippsland. 60. From New South Wales. 61-66. Specimens from the Cairns and Cardwell district, Queensland. A very distinct type of massive shield, made out of light, soft wood" (Cunagoif tree). The projecting central boss and bold design in pigment are characteristic features. In two specimens (65, 66) the shield has a very distinct curve. Native name, Biggan or Darkur. (Fig. 3.) 67. A hard wood specimen, with a handle somewhat like that of the Drumming, but with a rounded front face. From the Lower Murray River. BOOMERANGS. (Case 2.) The boomerang is the most distinctive of the weapon- of the Australian native, and its use does not appear to have been known to the Tasmanians. There are various forms of the implement, some large and relatively heavy, used at close quarters for fighting; others for throwing at game; and others, which are often called play boomerangs, possess the characteristic feature of returning to the thrower. There is a remarkable resemblance in general form between that ol a boomerang and the long curved leaves of many gum trey-. Probably the return boomerang has not been known outside the limits of Australia. IS The missile is usually more or less leaf shaped, and varies much in size, but always '.insists of a flattened blade, generally quite flat on one side and slightly convex on the other, and always more or less curved. The property of returning appears to be associated with a slight twist, which is produced during the manufacture, and causes the weapon when thrown to rotate during its passage through the air. A skilful thrower will throw such a boomerang so that during its flight it will describe first a large curve, then circle round once or twice, and finally fall at his feet. The different series exhibited are intended to illustrate the various forms, and also the possible development from a straight stick of (1) the ordinary curved, flat, fighting boomer- ang ; (2) the return boomerang ; (3) the large double-handed "sword"; and (4) the club-headed structure called "lil-lil." The possible relationship of these various forms of missiles may be illustrated by the following diagram, the actual specimens illustrating which are shown in Case 3, Series L, and Case 4, Series A : — Double-handed •'sword." Curved club-like missile (Lil-lil). Return Boomerang. Boomerang with one end modified for holding. Boomerang with one end slightly enlarged. Ordinary Boomerang, with one face flat, the other often slightly convex. < urvcd Throw ing stick, more flattened from side to side. Curved Throwing Stick, elliptical in section. Curved Throwing .Stick, circular in section. SiraiL'lit Throwing Stick, circular in -<•<•( inn. Plate 2. Boomerang 19 The surface of the boomerang may be either quite smooth, or be ornamented on one or both sides with grooves, or may have incised patterns, the latter being most frequently seen in the case of many Queensland specimens. In many tribes, such as those of Central Australia, the use of the return boomerang is quite unknown, though it is, or was, found among all the eastern and southern coastal tribes, and over large areas in Queensland and West Australia. In the Northern Territory and interior of Queensland a remarkable form known as a beaked or hooked boomerang is met with, the blade of which resembles that of the ordinary form, but is provided with a prominent beak at one end. Series A. — This illustrates the gradual increase in curve, starting from No. 1, in which it is widely open, and passing by gradual degrees to Xo. 24, in which it is most acute. No. 25 is seen edgeways, so as to show the characteristic twist in the blade of a return boomerang. (Fig. 24.) 1. Bibaparu ; from the Boulia district, Queensland. 2. Barragan ; New South Wales. 3. Kvlie ; West Australia. 4. 5. Barngit ; Victoria. 8. YVonguim ; Western District, Victoria. 69. From Queensland. TO. From Burdekin River, Queensland. 7 1 . Boomerang made of Jarrah, and ornamented with pigment ; East Kimberley, West Australia. 72. From Norman River, Gulf of Carpentaria. 73. Barragan, or return boomerang ; New South W T ales. Series G.— Illustrating the transition from a boomerang with a wide, open curve and the two sides symmetrical to one with a sharpei curve and a distinct asymmetry of the sides. All of the specimens are grooved on the convex surface and red ochred. 74. From the Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 75. From the Luritja tribe, Central Australia. 76. 78, 80, 81. From the Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 77. From the Binbinga tribe, Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 79. From the Kaitish tribe, Barrow Creek, Northern Territory. 82. From the Kaitish tribe, Barrow Creek, Northern Territory. S3. From North- West Queensland. s4. 85. From the Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 86, 87, 88. From the Kaitish tribe, Barrow Creek, Northern Territory. 89. From the Granada district, North-West Queensland. HO. from the Kaitish tribe, Barrow Creek, Northern Territory. 91, i>2. From the Arunta tribe, Alice Springs, Northern Territory. 93. From North-West Queensland. 22 94. From the Kaitish tribe, Barrow Creek, Northern Territory. 95. From the Binbinga tribe, Macarthur River, Northern Territory. (77-95 presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) Series H. — Illustrating the transition from a boomerang with a wide, open curve and the two sides symmetrical to one with a sharper curve and a distinct asymmetry of the sides. All of the specimens are smooth and red ochred. (The distinction between this and the previous series lies in the presence in the one, and absence in the other, of grooves.) 90. From the Norman River, Oueensland. 97, 98, 99, 100, 101. From "the Ayr district, Burdekin River, Oueensland. 102. Wongal ; from Cardwell, Oueensland. 103, 104, 105. From the Ayr district, Burdekin River, Oueensland. Series I. — These specimens (106-112) illustrate the ex- treme development of the boomerang, so far as size is con- cerned. There are all intermediate sizes between these, which are too heavy to be thrown by one hand, and the ordinary fighting boomerang. One end of these large forms is usually roughened, so as to assist in holding it, and the weapon is used for fighting at close quarters. In some instances they are ornamented with incised patterns. All these specimens come from Central Australia from the Arunta tribe. (Fig. 27.) BOOMERANGS. (Case 3.) Series J and K. — These two series (113-129), one of which (J) contains grooved, and the other (K) smooth specimens,, are, so far as form is concerned, closely similar to the series G and H (Case 3), and illustrate the transition from a boom- erang with a wide, open curve and symmetrical sides to one with a sharper curve and asymmetrical sides ; but they differ from the latter in the absence of the red ochre decoration, which is a characteristic feature of the weapons of certain parts. AH the specimens, with one or two doubtful cases, come from Oueensland. (Fig. 23.) Series L. — This series (130-145) illustrates the possible development of (1) the weapon called a Ouiriang-an-wnn from a boomerang, and, further, the development from the latter of the weapon called the Lil-lil. Starting from an ordinary fighting boomerang (130), and passing upwards, it 23 will be seen that one end becomes, first of all. turned slightly up, and then enlarged until the Ouiriang-an-wun is reached (139). Still further development of the enlarged end leads to the Lil-lil, in which the handle still retains the curve of the boomerang, and the somewhat club-shaped head is flattened out, becoming, however, more swollen in the terminal one of the series. 130, 131. Two specimens of the Barngit ; Victoria. 132, 133. Two specimens of the Barragan ; New South Wales. 134, 135. Two specimens of the Barngit ; Victoria. 136. Barragan ; New South Wales. 137. Ouiriang-an-wun ; Victoria. (Fig. 10.) 138. A New South Wales weapon, similar in shape to the former. 139. Ouiriang-an-wun ; Victoria. 140. A Queensland weapon, similar in shape to the Lil-lil. ornamented on one side with incised lines crossing each other so as to produce a lozenge-shaped pattern. Rockingham Bay, Queensland. 141. Lil-lil. The broad end is marked with incised lines, which are said to represent a lagoon occupied by the tribe to which the owner belonged. The thickest part of the weapon (the centre of the blade) only measures half an inch. It is smoothed down to a thin edge, and weighs 14 ounces. (Fig. 16.) 142. 143. In these two weapons the shape is much the same as that of the Lil-lil, but the head becomes more swollen and club-like. 144, 145. Missile sticks, Gurba ; Murrumbidgee River, New South Wales. Series M. — This series (146-186) illustrates various forms of ornamented boomerangs. In many cases the surface of the boomerang is either quite smooth, or, as in 123, 125, it may be fluted ; or, again, in rare cases, it may be covered with close-set chippings. In a large number, however, the surface is ornamented with an incised pattern. The latter varies to a considerable extent, but appears to be generally geometrical, and, more rarely, zoomorphic or phytomorphic. The series here exhibited will serve to illustrate the general nature of the pattern, which is normally drawn on one side, and consists of concentric, serpentine, or zig-zag lines and series of rhombs or ovals. In many cases the ends are cut so as to have mucronate tips. It is a matter of some doubt as to whether the patterns have any definite meaning ; but in the case of some, certain of them are said to represent mountain-tops ; others, folded 24 fishing nets ; and others, leaves, etc. These ornamented boomerangs are met with especially in the more north-eastern parts of the continent, though they are traded over long distances, and examples made in Queensland may be met with in the southern parts of Central Australia. 146. Dynevor Downs, Queensland. Native name, Wongal. 147. Queensland. 148. Stmt's Depot, New South Wales. Presented by Rev. Wm. Webster. 149. Rockingham Bay, Queensland. 150. Cooper's Creek, Queensland. 151. Stmt's Depot, New South Wales. Presented by Rev. Wm. Webster. 152. Charleville, Queensland. 153. Dynevor Downs, Queensland. 154. Queensland. 155. Boulia, Queensland. Native name, Bibuburu. 156. 157, 158, 159. Etheridge and Flinders Rivers, Queens- land. 160. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 161. Central Australia. 162. Boulia, Queensland. 163. 164. Near Broome, North- West Australia. 165. Ngurla tribe, West Australia ; ornamented with fine clippings. 166, 167, 168, 169. Dynevor Downs, Queensland. Native name, Wongal. 170, 171. North-east coast, Queensland. 172. Queensland. 173. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 174. Normanton, Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland. 175. A specimen with coarse and fine grooving. Camo- weal, Central Queensland. 176. Grooved specimen ; Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 177. Grooved specimen; Kaitish tribe, Barrow Creek, Central Australia. 178. 179. Warramunga tribe, Tennant Creek, Central Australia. 180, 181, 182, 183. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 184. Warramunga tribe, Tennant Creek, Central Australia. 185. Lake Frome, South Australia. 186. Wilpena Creek, South Australia. l'l Ml 3. Development of Boomerang from Throwing Stick. BOOMERANGS AND CLUBS. (Case 4.) Series A. — The series of specimens, including 1-15, is intended to show the transition from an ordinary throwing stick to a boomerang, and from this to a large, double-handed weapon commonly described as a sword. Starting at the lowest we have a rough, crooked stick, the simplest form of missile; immediately above this is a straight and more carefully-made stick, and this is followed by one in which there is an open symmetrical curve. In 4 the stick is not only curved as to ap- proximate in shape to a boomerang, but also, while retaining a more or less rounded form, shows a distinct trace of flattening, and forms a very clearly marked transition between a curved throwing stick and an ordinary fighting boomerang, such as is seen in G. In 7 there is shown a boomerang in which one end is roughened so as to form a handle ; and in 8, while the general form of the boomerang is clearly retained, one cud is definitely shaped into a handle, and leads on easily to 0, in which is seen a small curved sword. The difference between this and 10 and 11 is merely one of size ; and in the four upper specimens are seen examples in which the curved form is lost, and in which the handle becomes somewhat more sharply marked off from the blade. 1. A Dowak, or throwing stick. Wonunda-minung tribe, West Australia. (Fig. 28.) 2. A more carefully shaped Dowak. Chiangwa tribe, West Australia. (Fig. 29.) 3. A curved throwing stick called ( hingona ; from Central Australia. (Fig. 30.) 4. A curved throwing stick, showing much the same amount of curvature as many of the fighting boomerangs. Central Australia. (Fig. 31.) .1. A curved throwing stick, the very distinct flattening of which shows an unmistakable transition to a boomerang. Central Australia. (Fig. 32.) C). A fighting boomerang; from Central Australia. (Fig. 3:;.) 7. An ordinary fighting boomerang of the Arunta tribe. Central Australia. (Fig. 34.) s. A Bittergan, or wooden sword, evidently modelled on a heavy fighting boomerang, with one end modified to form a handle; length, 35 inches; weight, 41 ounces. Mackay, Queensland. (Fig. 3.").) !). A wooden sword ; from North Australia, (big. 36.) 10, 11. Two large swords from the Cairns and Cardwell districts, Queensland. (Fig. 37.) 26 12. Astraighl sword with a somewhat long handle. North Australia. (Fig. 38.) 13-15. Three large swords from North Australia and Cardwell, Queensland. Series B. — Specimens of a special form of club or waddy, called in Gippsland Kul-luk, and on the Murray River Bir-ben. (Fig. 40.) This weapon somewhat resembles a wooden sword used by north-east and northern tribes, and has a distinct boomerang-like curve. The handle is marked with deeply incised lines arranged in various ways. The weapon is made of heavy, dark wood, and was used as a club for fighting. 16-22. Victoria. 23. Northern Territory. Series C. — Long clubs. 24. From the Ngurla tribe, Roeburn, West Australia. Ornamented with zig-zag lines, and with a handle made of a lump of Grass-tree resin. 25-28. Four specimens from the Alligator River district and Port Essington, North Australia, in which, especially in 26, the handle end shows a curious concavity. The blade may be ornamented with designs formed of red, white, and yellow lines. Kakadu tribe, Alligator River, Northern Territory. Native name, Periperiu. 29. Club made by the Iwaidji tribe, Coburg Peninsula, Northern Territory. Native name, Mabobo or Mapupu. 30. Club made by the Kulunglutji tribe, Alligator River district, Northern Territory. Native name, Wakerti. (28, 29, 30 presented by Professor Spencer.) Series D. — This series illustrates the common forms of fighting sticks and clubs, some of which are thrown, while others are more frequently used in hand-to-hand encounters. The simplest form is merely a stick without any special head or handle, and was used both for digging and throwing ; the more developed forms, commonly known as waddies or Nulla-nullas, have swollen or knobbed heads, and often a part modified to serve as a handle. The chief variations are represented by the following : — (1) A stick with one end rough- ened so as to afford a good grip, but with no definite head (52, 53, 54, 56). (2) A form common to Victoria and New South Wales, characterized by a distinctly swollen head, which was sometimes strongly, sometimes slightly, marked, and by a handle cut so as roughly to represent a cone ; in some cases the head was much more pointed than in others, and the weapon was apparently used both for throwing and in hand-to-hand encounters. Sometimes the body of the club was curved (70-72, etc.). (3) A series, the extreme forms of 27 which differ very much from one another, but which are united by a connecting series of intermediate forms. The most characteristic feature of these is that the head, if present, is not sharply marked off from the body of the club, but is formed as a gradual swelling, which may be relatively of great size in proportion to the length of the weapon. The extreme form of this series is seen in the uppermost specimens (49-51), which are examples of a form called Kudgerong by the natives of the Yarra district. As in these specimens, the swollen head may be decorated with geometrical designs. 31, 32. Victoria. (Fig. 55.) 33. New South Wales. 34. West Queensland. 35. Roma'and Mitchell districts, Queensland. 36. Upper Belyando River, Queensland. 37. Roma and Mitchell districts, Queensland. 38. 39. Queensland. 40. Xormanton, Queensland. (Fig. 57.) 41. Victoria. 42. New South Wales. 43. Victoria. (Fig. 41.) 44. South Australia. 45-53. Various forms of Kudgerong from Victoria. (Figs. 39, 42.) 54. Victoria. (Fig. 49.) 55. Tasmania. 56. West Australia. 57-59. Simple forms of sticks, used partly for throwing and partlv for digging. Victoria. (Fig. 61.) 60." Nulla-nulla. New South Wales. 61. Throwing stick. New South Wales. 62. Throwing and digging stick. Victoria. 63. Throwing stick. New South Wales. (Fig. 60.) 64. Throwing stick. Victoria. 65. 66. Two waddies or Worra-worras, ornamented with a groove along each side of the blade, and provided with lumps of resin at the handle end. Victoria. (Fig. 5!).) rra. Victoria. 77, 7s. fwo Konungs. Victoria. 79. Worra-worra ; Woe-wurong tribe, Victoria. (Pre- bj Mr. F. McCubbin.) 80. Worra worra. Mordialloc, Victoria. (Fig. 53.) 81. New South Wales. 82. 83. Soul li Australia. | Presented by Professor Spencer.) CLUBS. (Case 5.) Series A. This illustrates various forms of the club which was called in Victoria a Leonile. It was used in hand-to-hand fights, when the combatants protected themselves with a narrow form of shield called a Mulga. It was made out of a sapling, and the root end was utilized for the head. I, 2, 3, 4. Clubs shaped somewhat like Leoniles. From Queensland. ."). A club shaped like a Leonile, but broader and flatter. (Fig. 56.) It is ornamented with a band on one side, which is tilled in with incised lines. From Mackay, Queensland. ('). A somewhat similar weapon. From Mackay, Queens- land. 7-12. A series of Leoniles showing slight variations in shape, but all agreeing in fundamental form. The handle is a swollen knob, rudely carved, and the head resembles in shape that of a pickaxe. All the specimens come from Victoria. I 3. A more highly finished weapon of the same form. From < fueensland. (Fig. 54.) 14. A specimen in which the head is of considerable length, and the handle end is devoid of the swollen knob. From Victoria. (Fig. 73.) I."). A weapon somewhat resembling the Leonile, but with a very short double-pointed head. From Victoria. (Fig. ~)S.) Series B. — Weapons called Dowaks, used as missile sticks. ( )ne end is modified so as to form a handle, there being usually present at this end a large lump of resin. Into the latter there is often fixed a chipped piece of quartzite, and when this is present the weapon is called a Dabba (see small case of cutting implements). All of these specimens come from West Aus- tralia, and a very similar one is found amongst main- Central Australian tribes, though amongst these it always has attached to it the piece of quartzite that is used for cutting. Mi-is. Specimens without the lump of resin at the handle end, the latter being roughened so as to afford a good hold. (Fig. 64.) 19-24. Specimens with the lump of resin forming the handle. (Fig. 63 ) Plate 4. Clubs. 29 Series C. — This contains various forms of clubs from dif- ferent parts of the continent. 25. A specimen made of heavy, dark wood, with a head i t a very unusual shape. It is said to come from New South Wales. 26, 27. Two clubs or waddies, which in shape are somewhat similar to a Lil-lil with a much swollen head. New South WaK>. 28. A waddy showing, perhaps, an exaggerated form of the sw< 'Hen head end, as seen in the two former. (Fig. 52. ) 29. A Nulla-nulla from Victoria, with a slightly curved handle ornamented with incised lines. Victoria. (Fig. 44. :!(>. From Hergott Springs, Central Australia. 31. From Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. 32. From Lake Frome. South Australia. 33. A club in which the head end is not sharply marked off from the handle, ornamented with pigment. Cardwell, Queensland. Native name, Urgala. 34. A club from New South Wales, in which the gradually enlarging head end has one sharp edge. 35. Woman's righting club. Diamantina River, Queensland. 36. A missile stick. Victoria. 37. 38. Two specimens of the Kunin or Konnung. Kurnai tribe, Victoria. 39. An implement with the handle end roughly carved. It could be either used as a digging stick, for which purpose the point is flat and sharp, or as a missile stick. Victoria. 4<). Throwing stick with notched end. Queensland. 41. A double-pointed Nulla-nulla. Mackay, Queensland. Native name, Miro. (Fig. 62.) 42. A Kudjerong, ornamented with incised lines. Victoria. (Fig. 43.) 43. Throwing stick with knobbed end. Darling River, New- South Wales. 44. Club or throwing stick with rounded, knobbed end. York Peninsula, South Australia. 45. Club with large, sharply marked-off head. Lower Mur- ray River, South Australia. 4(>. A waddy in which the handle is plain and the head is somewhat, but not so plainly, marked off from the handle as in the two succeeding one-. New South Wales. (lug. 4(>.) 47, 48. Two specimens of a club called Yeamberrn in which the head is very sharply marked off from the handle, and i In end of the latter is carved, and in No. 47 knobbed. (Fig. 48.) 19. ( lub, handle grooved; head intermediate in form be- tween Nos. 44 and 4r>. South Australia. 30 50-53. Four specimens in which, at ;i short distance from the head end, there is a swollen cylindrical part, the surface oi which is carved so as to form a regularly arranged series of tooth-like projections. These are not so prominent in No. 50 as in the other two, and occupy a relatively still smaller space in No. 53. Queensland. (Fig. 66.) 54. A double-pointed club with teeth on two sides of the head end. The handle is roughly incised to help in grasping it, and the weapon is coloured red and white. Mackay, Queensland. Native name, Mattina. (Fig. 67.) Series D. — 55-60. Five specimens of weapons used as fighting clubs by women, and in the case of Xo. 60 as a digging implement also. 55. From the Warramunga tribe, Central Australia. 56. Warramunga tribe, Central Australia. (Fig. 65.) 57 is from the Eaw tribe, Northampton, West Australia. 58. From the Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 59. From the Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 60. From the Whajook and Ballardon tribe, West Australia ; native name, Wanna. 61. Used as a grub stick or bark stripper ; Victoria. Series E. — Various forms of throwing sticks and clubs from Melville and Bathurst Islands. They are quite unlike any met with on the mainland, both in form and scheme of decoration. 62-86. The handle end, which is uppermost in each case, is clearly marked in most of the specimens. 63 has a pronged end, and is probably used also for throwing. 67 is a special form, called Arrawunagiri on Melville Island. The natives say that it is used for catching fish in the mangroves. The man sits on the tree and jabs it down on a passing fish. The barbs are merely ornamental, and copied from those on the spears, to which they are exactly similar. Traces of barbs are seen on 70, 72, and 73. 69-73 and 84-86 are pronged like some of the throwing sticks, but the prong is at the handle end. 76-83. Are a series of pronged throwing sticks called Japururunga-. (Figs. 69, 70.) 75. Showing an interesting in- termediate form between a throwing stick and a double- pronged spear (see Spear Case) . 87-103. Are a series of unpronged throwing sticks. The simpler ones (87-94) are straight or slightly curved missiles with their surface distinctly fluted, and a swollen head end. 95, 96, and 97 are straight, with fluted surface and a short point rising abruptly from the truncated head end. 98, 99, and 100 have longer, tapering points, and 100 has also slight serrations on each side of the swollen head, leading on to 101 Plate 5. Clubs. 31 in which the serrations are strongly marked, and 102 in which there are serrations on one side and barbs on the other. 103 may be regarded as a special modification, in which the original swollen head is definitely marked off from the rest of the club, and the point is long drawn out. (Figs. 71-79.) (Specimens 62-103 presented by Professor Spencer.) SPEARS. (Case 6.) The spears used by the natives vary much in form and in the material used in their construction in different parts of the continent. They may be divided roughly into the follow- ing series*: — A. Unbarbed and unhafted. These are made out of a single piece of wood, and terminate in a single point without anything in the way of a barb. 1. A Hunting- spear; Chiangwa tribe, West Australia. 1a. Tasmania; presented by the Tasmanian Museum. 2. A hunting spear for throwing with the spear thrower ; native name, Bilara ; Whajuk and Ballardong tribes, West Australia. 3. Wonunda-minung tribe, West Australia. 4. Woe-wurong tribe ; Victorian name, Koyung. 5. Wonunda-minung tribe, West Australia ; for throwing with the spear thrower. 6. Kardagur tribe, West Australia ; for throwing with the spear thrower.' 7. Hunting spear; Australia. 8. Ornamented with incised lines ; Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 9. West Australia. 10. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 11. A very heavy, solid specimen, probably made from the wood of the "desert oak"; Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 12. Specimen in which, as in the next two also, the blade end is flattened ; the shaft is orna- mented with longitudinal flutings ; Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 13. A heavy specimen made of Mulga, and used during ceremonies, when it is decorated with birds' down, etc.; Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 14. A specimen in which the blade is still more broad- ened ; Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 14a, 14b. Barrow Creek, Central Australia ; presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen. 15. Woman's fighting stick, which is also used for digging, and may occasionally be thrown like a spear ; native name, Wanna ; Wonunda-minung tribe ; West Australia. 15a, 15b. Macarthur River, Northern Territory (pre- sented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen). ,W,!rI t h - e T arS , f , r0m M , ch : illc and Bathurst Islands are so different in size, form, and ,h J" , "" h "V f , tlle "'"'"'""'l that tiny have nut been included in'tMasa? ntation, but an- described separately. 32 Unbarbed and hafted. I hese in.i\ be again divided into two sets, in the first ol which (16-24) the weapon is rounded along the whole length, while in the second the blade is flattened (25, 26). In the first of these two sets again two forms may be distinguished ; in the one (16 I'.M the head is short and the shaft is long ; in the other (20-24) the head is long and the shaft is short. L6. A specimen with light reed shaft, with a heavier wooden head, used for throwing with a spear thrower : Victoria. 17, is, L9. Specimens with a light reed shaft and a heavier wooden head, used for throwing with the spear thrower ; Northern Australia. 20. Fighting -pear ; native name, Kiero ; Chiangwa tribe, West Australia. 21. Hunting spear, made of three kinds of wood ; a short, light handle, a longer shaft, and a heavier head ; Northern Australia. 22. Fighting spear ; native name, Kiero ; Chiangwa tribe, West Australia. 23. Fishing spear ; West Australia. 24. Fighting spear ; West Australia. 24a, 24b, 24c. Short fighting spears used by many tribes in the Northern TerritoYv. They are made of a reed shaft, with a sharp heavy wood point, and are used with the spear thrower. The Kakadu tribe call them Kunjolio. 25. Hunting and fighting spear, with the shaft fluted and the head flattened and attached by kangaroo sinew ; Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 26. Spear made principally of Mulga ; the handle is short and the shaft long ; used for throwing with the spear thrower ; total length, 10 feet H inches. 20a. Shavings are left attached as an indication that the spear is to be used for killing someone by an avenging party ; Arunta tribe, Central Australia (presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen). 26b. Similar to the stone- headed type, with head of wood ; Alligator River, Northern Territory. Barbed and single pronged, with the barbs attached to the blade by sinew or string, or one or other of these, together with resin. These, again, may be divided first into two sets, in one of which (27-34) the head is rounded like the shaft, while in the other the head is flattened. The first lot may be divided further into two groups, in one of which (27-30) the handle is hafted, and the barb is made ot hone ; while in the second the handle is not hafted, and the barb is made of wood. 27 29. Specimens from New South Wales, in which the bone is fixed so as to form the point of the prong as well as the barb. 31-34. Specimens from West 33 Australia, with a broad, flat, wooden barb. 35. Speci- men with a blade made of Mulga, and with a flattened head. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. D. Barbed, with more than one prong. 36. Three pronged, with separate bone barbs and points; locality un- known. 36a. Four pronged, with the bone fixed so as to form the point of the prong as well as the barb ; collected at Normanton, but probably brought in from the west coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria. (Presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) E. Barbed, with the barbs cut out of the solid ; not hatted. 37. Specimen with a single barb ; native name, Koyun ; Victoria. 38-42. Multi-barbed specimens ; the number of barbs varies from 6 to 18 ; Victoria. 43-45. Three specimens from West Australia ; Minderu tribe. 46, 47. Two specimens from the Northern Territory. F. Barbed, with the barbs cut out of the solid ; hafted ; the barbs on one side of the head only. 48. Specimen with hafted head and handle, and with only one barb ; Majanna tribe, West Australia. 49, 50. Two specimens with heavy wood shafts ; Nichol Bay, West Australia. 51. Specimen with light reed shaft ; New South Wales. 52, 53. Two specimens with heavy wood shafts; Northern Territory. 54-59M. A series of specimens very characteristic of the Northern Territory, with light reed shaft-. 59c-59m. Macarthur River, Northern Territory (presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen). 59d. A special form in which the barbs have not been cut through. This is made by tribes such as the Kulunglutji, living to the east of the Alligator Rivers, and is called Mikul by them. G. Barbed on two sides ; not hafted ; blade flattened. 60. Fighting spear ; Northern Territorv. 61. Fighting spear ; native name, Mongoli ; Victoria. f their scheme of decoration. They might better be described 36 as javelins. Alio! them are tin own l>\ the hand, no spearthrower being apparentlj used on these islands. In no case isthei halting, though there are indications on some that hafting may have once been employed. 1 1 1 < \ maj be divided into two groups : 1. Single pronged. These again may be divided into (A) barbed and (B) unbarbed, <>( which the former are much more numerous : — A. Barbed spears. (Figs. 80-89.) 1. Barbed on both (1-27 1. In the majority (1-14) the barbs are Hat. broad, and leaf shaped. This i> well shown in 1 , !», and 14. The spaces between successive barbs arc very narrow, and in many cases not more than a half or even a third of the barb may be actually separated from the centra] shaft. 10, 11, J2 arc specimens in course of manufacture. The cutting instrument used is a shell (Cyrena sp.), which forms a very effective implement. In 16-24 the barbs are relatively longer and narrower. In 25-27 the barbs are comparatively small. In 27 four at the proximal end are turned the wrong way. The Melville Island name of these double-barbed spears is Tjunkuleti. 2. Barbed on one side 011I3 (28-45). There is great variation amongst these in regard to the number, size, and arrangement of the barbs. In 28-39 they are similar to one of the rows on the double-barbed forms. In some cases (31) the barbs are broad, in others (32) they are narrow. These -pears are all called Aunurgitch. These grade into us such as 40-4."), in which the barbs are smaller in size, fewer in number, and, as in 45, much farther apart from one another. B. Unbarbed spears. These are few in number, and are represented by 46-48. 46 is a simple pointed stick. 47, 48 are remarkable forms with a blunt and swollen instead of a pointed end. 2. Double pronged. These are not very common, and may be divided into two groups : — A. Barbed. 49 has one barb on each side, each of the main prongs having a distinct resemblance to a much- enlarged barb. In 50 each prong with its row of barbs is precisely similar to the barbed end of an Aunurgitch spear. B. Unbarbed. 51-5:). ( )l these, 5:5 is relatively a short one, and i- interesting as affording a transition to such forms of clubs as No. 75 in Case 5. Plate 6. I 80 81 W82 83 W84 W8S I A i 86 87 \88 W8S Spears. 37 The decoration of this spear is very characteristic. In the first place, though there is never any hafting, the place of union of the main shaft and the barbed portion is often indicated by a mass of wax, which may (3) be ornamented with rings of Abrus seeds, or (7, 8, 9) the shaft may be more or less swollen out here and pierced through by one or two openings. (Figs. 84, 87.) The barbed part is always divided into areas varying in length. In some cases (4, 5) a succession of bands of red, white, and yellow runs across the barbs from side to side, but very often one side of a cross band is coloured yellow, the other white, the two colours alternating in successive areas or bands (1, 3, 9). In 14, 15, 16, 17, and 33) a very different scheme is adopted. The white surface has been covered with black, and on this various designs — circles, dots, lines, and bands — are drawn in red, yellow, and white. (Fig. 86.) All the specimens in this case were presented by Professor Spencer. SPEAR THROWERS. (Case 9.) The spear thrower is one of the most characteristic of the weapons of Australian natives. It varies much in shape in different parts of the continent, but always consists of a stick, to one end of which there is attached a point of wood, bone, or resin, which fits into a small hole at the extremity of the spear. By its means a great leverage is obtained, and the spear can be thrown with considerable accuracy. The method of hold- ing it is shown in the diagram. Series A. — This illustrates a form very common in Victoria and New South Wales. The flattened blade varies consider- ably in shape, and in some, such as 16, is of almost even width along its entire length ; while in others, such as 2, it assumes an elongate leaf shape, and has one surface, the upper when in use, concave, and the lower surface distinctly convex. In ;ill of the specimens the point is a part of the wood forming the blade, and not a separate structure joined on. The woods most frequently used for making the spear throwers are -aid to be the "Cherry" tree (Exocarpus cupressiformis) and the Blackwood {Acacia melanoxylon). The common name for these implements now applied to them by white men over the whole of Australia is Womera (variously spelt), but it must be remembered that this name was originally only of local application. In Victoria it was known under the names ot Knruk, Guruk (Yarra tribe), Muriwun (Kurnai tribe). A- a general rule the handle does not show the distinctly swollen end which is very characteristic of the spear throwers 38 oi Central, West, and Smith Australia, and Queensland, but occasionally this feature may be present, as in 4 and 13. In sonic cases the implement may have no ornamentation, but ill others one or both of the sides may be ornamented with incised lines, representing human or various animal figures or geometrical designs. 1. Kuruk ; Victoria. 2. Womera ; New South Wales 3. Muriwun ; Woewurong tribe, Victoria. 4. Ornamented Muriwun ; Woewurong tribe, Victoria. 5. Womera ; New South Wales. 6. Ornamented Kuruk ; Victoria. 7. Kuruk; Avoca, Victoria. 8-11. Kuruk; Victoria. (Figs. 100, 102.) 12. Muriwun ; Kurnai tribe, Victoria (presented by Dr. A. W. Howitt). 13-16. Kuruk ; Victoria. (Fig. 101.) ' Series B. — These spear throwers (17-20) are characterized principally by the fact that the point is not cut out of the solid, as in the previous series, but is attached to the blade by means of string enclosed in resin. The point may be formed either of bone or wood. 17-19 come from Victoria, and 20' from New South Wales. (Figs. 105, 106.) Series C. — This series illustrates various forms of spear throwers found in Central and West Australia, and shows on the one hand, the transition from a narrow, straight stick to the broad, concave, unornamented form characteristic of such tribes as the Arunta and the Luritja ; and, on the other hand, the transition from the same to the broad, flat, orna- mented implement which is characteristic of many West Australian tribes. In all of them the handle has a swollen end with a knob made of resinous material, in which is often fixed a piece of quartzite chipped so as to form a cutting edge. which is used in the manufacture of wooden implements. Starting from 32 and passing upwards it is seen that the blade gradually increases in size, assuming at the same time a leaf shape ; while in the upper ones it gradually becomes more and more concave, the extreme form being seen in 23, which is a specimen from the Luritja tribe in Central Australia. In all these specimens there is no attempt at any carved pattern, ornamentation being limited to designs in pigment, as in 22, though even this is rarely seen, and is only met with when the weapon is being used for some special ceremony. Passing downwards from 32 the blade gradually increases in size, and assumes a leaf-like form, but at the same time it remains quite flat, and is characterized by the development of a highly ornate, incised pattern, consisting for the most part of zig-zag lines, a pattern which is very distinctive of various Western Australian weapons. Plate 7. Spear Throwers. 39 21-25. From the Arunta and Luritja tribes, Central Australia. The best-made specimens of this type of spear thrower come from the Luritja tribe. Into the resinous mass at the handle end there is usually fixed a piece of quartzite, which is used for many purposes, such as making all kinds of wooden implements, cutting open the bodies of animals, etc. During the preparation for various ceremonies the spear thrower serves as a receptacle for the down and colouring material with which the bodies of the performers are decorated. (Fig. 107.) 26, 27. West Australia. In these two specimens the blade is flat, and at the handle end the knob of resin is inclined at an angle to it. (Fig. 104.) 28-31. West Australia. These specimens illustrate the transition from the leaf-shaped form to the narrow stick. (Fig. 90.) 32. A narrow, straight form, from the Wonunda-minung tribe, West Australia. 33. A somewhat broader form, ornamented with rough grooves. West Australia. 34. A broad, flat form, ornamented with characteristic incised lines. Majanna tribe, Roeburn, West Australia. (Fig. 97.) 35. 36. Two broad, flat forms, ornamented with character- istic incised lines. Ngurla tribe, Roeburn, West Australia. 37. A still broader form, ornamented with rough grooves and a zig-zag pattern of incised lines. Ngurla tribe, Roeburn, West Australia. (Fig. 103.) 38. A specimen differing from the others in the series in having the knob of the handle cut out of the solid wood, and not formed of resin. Lake Callabonna, South Australia. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) Series D. — 39-45. A special form of spear thrower, only found in certain parts of Queensland. Unlike almost all other spear throwers, the point for insertion into the spear end is so attached that it projects in the plane corresponding to the one in which the blade is flattened. There is thus very little resistance of the air to be overcome, as the thin edge of the blade offers the smallest possible surface, and in this respect contrasts strongly with the broad area which is opposed to the air in the case of the typical Central and West Australian forms (21-38). Another very characteristic feature is the double shell handle, the two halves being fastened together, and also attached to the stick at various angles, by means of Grass-tree resin. There is a remarkable variation in the length of the wooden point, the longest one measuring 5 inches, to and the shortesl I inch; while there is also considerable difference in the width oi the lath-like blade, the broadest measuring ')\ inches, and the narrowesl I.' inches. The wood is usually .1 species oi acacia, but in some cases a light wood is employed (44) All of the specimens come from Queensland, where they are met with over an area lying to the south of the Gulf of Carpentaria. (Figs. 92, 93, 94.) S] ries K. Various elongate forms of spear throwers, in all of which the blade is narrow, and the wooden point is attached by string enclosed in a mass of resin. 46. Wonunda-minung tribe, Esperance Bay, West Australia. This and the next one have a piece of quartzite u^ed for cutting purposes inserted in the mass of resin at the handle end. 47, 48. Eaw tribe, Northampton, West Australia. (Fig. 91.) 4(». .">(). Worgaia tribe, Central Australia. These have a tassel of strands of human hair string attached to the handle, which, together with the smooth, rounded form of the blade, are characteristic features not met with in other specimens. The native name is Nulliga. (Fig. 99.) 51. Same as 49 and 50 ; from the Anula tribe, Macarthur River, Northern Territory. (Presented bv Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) 52. New South Wales (exact locality not known ; pro- bably from the far interior). (Fig. 98.) 53. North Australia (exact locality unknown). In this and the previous one the point is a flattened piece of wood, and the blade gradually increases in width towards the end, which is held in the hand. .">4, 55. Made out of some light wood, such as the bean tree (Erythrina vespertilio). The handle has two deep notches to assist in holding the weapon, which is red ochred, and may be decorated with designs in red, black, yellow, and white pigment. East Kimberley, West Australia. (Figs. 95, 96.) "><>. 57. Similar to the two former ; from the Warramunga tribe. Central Australia. Native name, Wanyia. 58. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 59. Made out of a hard wood. Warramunga tribe. Series F. — A rare form, boomerang shaped. The point is attached as in Series D. There is no distinct handle. 61. From North Queensland. SERIES G. — A form with a thin cylindrical shaft. The point is formed of resin, with which also the handle end is covered. It is used in the Northern Territory for throwing light reed spears (60). 41 Series H. — A rare form found only amongst certain tribes, such as the Kakadu, inhabiting the coastal area of the North- ern Territory. It is remarkable for its very thin, curved blade. The point is attached by string to the side of the blade, and the handle is always made of wax derived from the Ironwood tree (Erythrophlceum Laboucherii), and ornamented with a string pattern. The Kakadu name is Palati (62-67). 66, 67. In course of manufacture. (64-67 presented by Professor Spencer.) WOODEN VESSELS, NETS, BAGS, BASKETS, Etc. (Case 10.) Various forms of vessels for carrying food, water, etc., are found all over the continent, and different names are given to them in different tribes. A term very often applied to them by white men among the eastern tribes is Kuliman (variously spelt) ; but this word, so far as the natives are concerned, is of local application only, the word belonging to the Kamilroi dialect in New South Wales. In many cases they are made out of the inner layer of the bark of an excrescence of a gum tree, and the same name is applied to the excrescence itself. Very often, however, they are made out of the solid wood of a limb of a gum or other hardwood tree which has a suitable bend. In this case the solid block is cut away from the tree, and the interior is hollowed out partly by burning, and partly by gouging by means of an adze-like instrument, the outer surface being trimmed into a more or less symmetrical shape. In the case of the soft wood of the coral or bean tree, which is largely used in certain parts, a solid block is first cut, and then the outside is chipped to the desired size and shape, the inside being afterwards gouged out. The perfect symmetry of the lines of some of these soft-wood vessels is remarkable, when it is remembered that all the work is done with a sharp-edged stone. In form some are deep and narrow, and suitable for carrying water. One distinct type of this kind has a remarkable resemblance to a boat, though it is made by Central Australian natives who have never seen one. Others are very shallow, and may be of small size, when they are used as a scoop for clearing earth away while the native digs down in quest of small animals or roots upon which he feeds ; or they may be of large size, when they are used for carrying food or even small children. The outer surface may be either carefully smoothed down, or be covered with regular or irregular grooves, or it may be left in its natural condition if the wood has been cut off from a tree in the form of a hole or gnarl. 42 1-7. Boat-shaped vessels made out ol the soft, light wood oi the bean tree (Erythrina vespertilio). The outer surface is always grooved, the shape of the grooves, which are remark- ably regular, corresponding to the convex edge of the stone with which they are cut. The vessels when finished are always covered with red ochre, and may be ornamented with lines of yellow, black, and white pigment. They will stand on the ground without support, and are capable of a considerable amount of rocking before they overturn. 1. From Borroloola, Gulf of Carpentaria. (Presented by Sergeant Dempsey.) 2-6. From the Warramunga tribe. 7. Tjingilli tribe, Powell Creek, Central Australia. (Fig. 112.) 8. Smooth hardwood vessel, capable of carrying water. Eaw tribe, Northampton, West Australia. (Fig. 111.) i>. Central Australia. 10, 11. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 12, 13. Barrow Creek, Northern Territory. 14-20. Kimberley district, North- West Australia. 21. Child's play vessel. Kimberley district, North-Wot Australia. 22, 23, 24. Heavy hardwood vessels cut from the bent limb of some gum tree. The labour involved in making these i^ very great. They are used for carrying food, and sometimes small children. They are carried poised on the head or resting against the hips, and may be supported by a cord often made of strands of human hair string, which passes across the oppo- site shoulder. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. Native name, Tanna or Tunna. The wide open ends of this form render it unsuitable for carrying water. 2."). Small hardwood vessel, used as a scoop. West Aus- tralia. Native name, Waalbi. (Fig. 108.) 26. Small hardwood vessel. Barrow Creek, Northern Territory. 27. Small hardwood vessel, with the grooves very regularly cut and small. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 28. Small softwood vessel made of the wood of the bean tree {Erythrina vespertilio), with broad grooves. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 29. Large hardwood vessel cut out of the wood of a gum tree [Eucalyptus gomphocephalus). Gnurla tribe, West Aus- tralia. Native name, Yandi or Thacka. 30. Hardwood vessel made of Jarrah (Eucalyptus mar- ginata). Eaw tribe, West Australia. 31. 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38. Large, shallow, softwood vessels made of the bean tree (Erythrina vespertilio), grooved and red ochred. Warramunga tribe, Central Australia. (Fig. 116.) Plate 8. Wooden Vessels. Plate 9. Bark Basket: 43 39. Large, hardwood vessel, with regular grooves, made of the wood of a gum tree. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 40. Large, hardwood vessel, with the surface covered with small, broad grooves. Gnurla tribe, West Australia. 41. Small, hardwood vessel, with the sides curled round, and the two ends shallow. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. (Fig. 115.) 42. Hardwood vessel. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 43. 44, 45. Hardwood vessels. Barrow Creek, Northern Territory. 46. Hardwood vessel. Tennant Creek, Northern Terri- tory. 47. A shoe-shaped vessel, used for drinking, and evidently hollowed out from the bole of a tree. Yarra tribe, Victoria. Native name, No-bin-tarno. (Fig. 117.) 4 48. A large vessel made out of a hollowed-out bole. The cavity was made partly by fire and partly by gouging. It was not carried about, being too heavy for this, but was used when in camp for making a favourite beverage of the natives, which consisted of an infusion of the flowers of honeysuckle and box (the natives of Central Australia in the same way make an infusion of the flowers of a species of Hakea). Yarra tribe. Native name, Tarnuk, Bullito, or Bullarto. (Fig. 113.) 40. Vessel formed of the bark from the bole of a gum tree. The walls are very thin, and it was carried about full of water as the natives travelled. Yarra tribe, Victoria. Native name, Tarnuk. (Fig. 110.) 50. A wooden vessel made from the bole of a gum tree,, used for carrving water while on the march. Victoria. Native name, Tarnuk. (Fig. 118.) 51. A shell used for holding water. West Australia.. (Fig. 114.) 52. Drinking vessel of Haliotis shell. Eyre's Peninsula,. South Australia. Specimens 53-135 illustrate various implements manu- factured from twine, fur, bark, and the skins of animals.. The twine is made from different material, such as vegetable fibre, grass, reeds, palm leaves, human hair, and fur. For large baskets the natives used the leaves or stalks of the common reed (Phragmites communis), Lawyer canes, or of grasses such as Poa Ausiralis. 53. A net made of the grass Spinifex longifolius. Gnurla tribe, West Australia. 54. A fishing net of the grass Spinifex longifolius. Min- daru tribe, north-west coast. 55. 56. Bags made of the grass Spinifex longifolius Gnurla tribe, West Australia. 44 57. Bag. Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. 58. Ne1 Bag. Woewurong tribe, Victoria. Native name, Belang. .")!». Vegetable fibre made from the Chipang bush, used by the natives of the Arunta and other Central Australian tribes in making twine. 60. Vegetable fibre called Pongo. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 61. Narrow bag made of Pongo and human hair. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. <>2. Fishing net made of Kangaroo grass (Anthistiria ciliata), called by the natives of Gippsland, Karn. Lake Tyers, Gippsland. 63. Net Bag with mesh similar to that of the fishing nets. 64. Net bag. Princess Charlotte Bay, Queensland. The lower part is coloured with a red pigment. 65. Net for catching wallabies, made of emu and wallaby sinew and vegetable fibre. South Arunta tribe, Central Australia. Native name, Mintu. 66. A fishing net. Anula tribe, Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 67. Fishing net on wooden frame. Gnanji tribe, Northern Territory. 68. Net bag of coarse string, with the ends drawn together with string. Anula tribe, Macarthur River, Northern Terri- tory. 61). Eel trap, called Yingar. Russell River, Queensland. 70. Net bag. Victoria. 71. Dilly bag. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 72. Small bag used for holding birds' down. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 73. Dilly bag, containing a sacred calcite stone ; said to be used as a charm, and held between the teeth during a fight to protect the owner from injury by his enemy. Lake Frome, South Australia. 74. Net Bag. Queensland. 75. Hand net used in procuring bait for fishing. It is stretched on a bow, let down to the bed of a stream, and drawn through the water by women. Lake Tyers, Victoria. Native name, Lowrn. 7(5. Net bag. Queensland. 77. Net bag. Nogoa River, Central Queensland. 78. Net bag. Victoria. 7!>. Net bag. Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. 80. Net bag. Locality unknown. si. Piece of fishing net. Queensland. Plate 10. Basket! Plate 11, i pi i I iiif« «.- ( Ullfl 03 3^^-^ l \£&K*i 45 82. Net bag. The twine is made from the fibrous bark of a gum tree (Eucalyptus dbliqua). Woewurong tribe, Victoria. 83. Net bag. Normanton district, Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland. 84. Fishing net. Queensland. 85. Fishing net. Worgaia tribe. Central Australia. 86. Net bag. Victoria. 87. Fur-skin wallet. Luritja tribe, Central Australia. This is made by stuffing with sand the skin of a newly-killed animal until it is dry and stiff and will retain its shape. 88. Rush basket made from the leaves of Juncus gracilis. East Kimberley, West Australia. 89. Rush basket. Victoria. 90. Dill v bag. New South Wales. 91. Rush basket. Victoria. 92. Basket ornamented with designs in pigment. Queens- land. 93. Large basket made of Calamus palm. Cardwell, Queensland. Native name, Djowan. ~ 94. Small basket. Pyalong, Victoria. 95. Basket. Cairns, Queensland. 96. Basket ornamented with designs in pigment. Burdekin River, Queensland. 97-111. A series of plaited baskets. The material used is stiff grass stalks, rushes, thin pliant twigs, and split cane. In some such as 111 the mesh work is open ; in others such as 100 it is so close that the basket is used for carrying honey. In the case of the latter especially the surface is of such' a nature that it lends itself to decoration, which may include conventional drawings of human beings, bands, and rectangular patches of red and yellow ochre, charcoal, and pipeclay. They are carried by women, and are often worn down the middle of the back "suspended by a loop of string across the forehead. (Figs. 129-136.) 112. Large basket. West Australia. 113. Fibre called Widging-ni, used in making the Midjeer. 1 14-121 . A series of baskets made from the Lawyer cane or from the Calamus palm, with pointed ends. Native name, Djowan. Cardwell and Cairns district. Some of them are ornamented with designs in pigment. 122, 123, 124. Bark vessels. Cardwell district, Queensland. 12."). Specimen showing the commencement of a basket. Victoria. 126, 127. Bark rope. Macarthur River, Northern Inn torv. 46 128. Bark used in manufacture of string, in raw and pre- pared states; and bag in course of making. Daly River, Northern Territory. I2H. Small bag in course of manufacture from bark string and string of Pandanus leaf. Daly River, Northern Territory. 130. Pandanus leaf used in manufacture of string, in raw and prepared states ; and bag in course of making. Daly River, Northern Territory. It will be noted that native string is invariably two-ply. I3'l, L32, 133, L34. Barks and cords prepared from them. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 135. Water vessel made out of a kangaroo (Macropus rufus) skin. Tennant Creek, Northern Territory. 136. Basket. Lower Murray River, Victoria. Native name, Midjir. 137. Basket. Lake Condah, Victoria. 138. Basket. Yarra tribe, Victoria. Native name, Bin-nuk. 135>. Basket. Western District, Victoria. 140. Basket. Victoria. Native name, Bin-nuk. ARTICLES OF CLOTHING. (Case 11.) In many, but by no means all, parts of Australia the natives availed themselves of the furred skins of the larger marsupials, such as wallabies and kangaroos, to make cloaks. They were, as seen in 1, made by stitching several skins together by means of twine, usually spun from vegetable fibre. In some cases, as amongst various Victorian and New South Wales tribes, the inner side was ornamented with designs. The fur skins were also utilized for the purpose of making bags and wallets, which were worn on the back, supported by a band passing over the forehead or shoulders ; in the larger of these small children could be carried. 1. A woman's fur cloak of kangaroo skin, worn with the fur next to the body. Kardagur tribe, Bunbury, West Australia. Native name, Buka or Boka. 2. The same rolled up, in which state it is often used to produce a sound by beating upon it with a stick to keep time with the dancing during the performance of a corrobboree. Whajuk and Ballardong tribes, West Australia. 3. Another specimen of the same ; from the York district tribe, West Australia. 4-6. Specimens of the bag or wallet carried on the back. Native name, Kutah. 4. From the Minung tribe, King ( ie< irge's Sound, West Australia. 5. Eaw tribe, Northampton, Wesl Australia, (i. Whajuk and Ballardong tribes, York, Wesl Australia. 47 7, 8. Pieces of bark cloth. Queensland. 9-12. Emu feather girdles, worn round the waist by women during the performance of corrobborees. The feathers are tied in tufts of six or more, and then all of the tufts are attached by means of twine to a strand which passes round the waist and is tied behind the body. The native name for the girdle amongst the Yarra and coastal tribes was Til-bur-nin or Jerr-barr-ning. 13, 14. Pieces of the skin of the Euro {Macropus robust us) in process of manufacture for a cloak. Lake Frome, South Australia. CLOTHING AND ORNAMENT. (Case 12.) 1 . Necklace formed of a strip of kangaroo leather, to which a row of its teeth is attached, by means of sinew derived from the same animal. The skin is dyed with ruddle. Victoria. 2, 3. Necklets made of a strand of opossum fur string, to which are attached as pendants a series of short strands of the same material. 2. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 3. YYarramunga tribe, Central Australia. 4. A waist belt of Euro {Macropus robustus) fur string. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 5. An apron worn by women during corrobboree dances. Wimmera district, Victoria. 64). Necklets made of strands of well-greased and red ochred opossum fur string. 6-8. Arunta and Warramunga tribes, Central Australia. 9. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 10. A small pubic tassel worn by the men of the Arunta tribe, Central Australia. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) 11. Necklace made of the seeds of the bean tree (Erythrina vespertilio), worn by women of the Arunta and other Central Australian tribes. 12-17. Shell necklaces. 12. Victoria. 13, 14, 15. Worn by Tasmanian women. 16, 17. Worn by women ; Victoria. 17. Dentalium shells ; north-west coast. 18-20. Reed necklaces. 18. Worn by women ; Towns- ville, Queensland. It is 30 feet in length, and there are 478 pieces of reed. This was worn by both men and women. Native name at Lake Hindmarsh, jah-kul ; on the Yarra, Korboort or Tarrngoorn. The reed is called Djarrk. 20. Victoria. 21. Necklace made of small sections cut out of the claws ot a crayfish. Warrnambool, Victoria. 22. Necklace made of the seeds of the quandong tree. Malice district, Victoria. 48 23-28. Necklaces made oi reeds. 23. Lower Murray River. 24, 25. Macarthur River, Northern Territory (presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen). 20, 27. 28. Central Australia. 29, 30. Necklaces made from the backbone of a snake. Queensland. (Presented by Mr. F. Wedge.) 31. Two ornaments worn on the head, made from ground- down pieces of shell strung on to thread. Mackay, Queens- land. 32, 33. Small hunches of owl feathers, worn on the head. ,32. Miming tribe, King George's Sound, West Australia. 33. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 34. Small hunch of the same. This w : as worn on the head of a boy who was passing through the initiation ceremony. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 35. Bunch of cockatoo feathers, worn as a head ornament. Cairns, Queensland. 36. Bunch of emu feathers, blackened with charcoal and grease ; worn as an ornament. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 37. Bunch of yellow and white cockatoo feathers, tied on to a bone, and worn as a head ornament. Eaw tribe, North- ampton, West Australia. Native name, Jinkarra. 38. Bunch of emu feathers, attached to a bone, and worn on the head. Eaw tribe, Northampton, West Australia. 39. 40. Bunches of cockatoo feathers, similar to No. 37. 40. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 41. Bunch of red ochred emu feathers, worn as an orna- ment during corrobborees. Mindaru tribe, West Australia. 42. Feathers from the tail of the black cockatoo, worn as ornaments. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 43. 44. Red and white cockatoo feather ornaments. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 45. Large bunch of emu feathers, blackened with charcoal and grease ; worn during the performance of ceremonies by men of the Arunta tribe, Central Australia. (Fig. 175.) 46, 47. Feathers of an owl, red ochred, and worn as a head ornament. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 48. Bunch of emu feathers, attached together by a mass of resin derived from a grass tree. Cooper's Creek, Central Australia. 40. Bunch of emu feathers, worn as an ornament in a band of fur string, which encircles the upper arm. Eaw tribe, Northampton, West Australia. 50, 51. Two bunches of emu feathers used for decoration during the performance of ceremonies ; when not in use they are carried about tied up tightly with string. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. (Fig. 170. i 49 52-58. Specimens of a head-dress worn by the men in the Arunta, Luritja, and Ilpirra tribes in Central Australia. It is made by intertwining emu feathers until they form a mass which closely resembles the pad forming the sole of the shoes worn by the Kurdaitcha. It is tied round the back of the head by means of fur string. Native name in the Arunta tribe, Imampa. (54, 55 presented by Professor Spencer.) 59. Girdle of bandicoot fur string, worn by men. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 60. Waist girdle of human hair string, worn by men. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. (Presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) 61. Waistband of network, worn by men. It is made out of string manufactured from a reed that grows on the banks of the Murray, and measures some six feet in length. Native name on the Lower Murray, Ni-yeerd. G2, 63, 63a. Bark belts worn by men of the most northern part of the continent. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) 64. Human hair waist girdle. Warramunga tribe, Central Australia. 65. Opossum fur string waist girdle. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 66. 67. Two head-bands worn by men of the Arunta tribe, Central Australia. Each is made of a number of strands of fur string, which are plastered down with pipeclay so as to form a flat band, the two ends of which are tied behind the occiput. These bands are ornamented in various ways ; sometimes, as in the case of No. 67, with bird's down, and are usually decorated when used during the performance of a corrobboree. Native name in the Arunta tribe, Chilara. (Fig. 139.) (Presented by Professor Spencer.) 68. Forehead of network, to which kangaroo teeth are attached as pendants, called Leangerra. The string is made of the fibre of some aquatic plant, and the teeth are fastened on with the tail sinew of the kangaroo, called Wirr-ran-ni. The band, which measures nearly 12 inches in length and 3 inches in width, was worn by both men and women. Native name on the Lower Murray, Mulong-nyird. 69. A forehead-band made of closely-woven strands manufactured from the root fibres of the wild clematis. These bands are usually made by the women, but are worn by men only. The length of the band is 12 inches, and the width 1$ inches. As an additional ornament, wing feathers of a cockatoo are stuck in the band, one on each side. Native name on the Lower Murray, Mar-rnng-nul. 7( >. Same as 66 and 67. 50 71. Forehead-band of network, worn by the natives of Gippsland. It is made of fibre obtained from a small shrub which grows near Lake Tyers, and is coloured with red ochre ; 2 feet 3 inches, width 3 inches. Native name, Jimbirn. 72,73. Same as 66 and 07. 74. Waist ornament made of tail-tips of the rabbit- kangaroo attached to a strand of string. Eaw tribe, North- ampton, West Australia. 75-77. Ornaments made of the tail-tips of rabbit-kangaroo. 7.*). .Miming tribe, King George's Sound, West Australia. 76, 77. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 78. Waist ornament of strands of string, to which are attached bunches of cockatoo feathers. Central Australia. 70. Waist ornament of tail-tips of rabbit-kangaroo. Worn by women of the Arunta tribe, Central Australia, while per- forming a special dance on the ground where the ceremony of initiating a youth is about to be performed. 80, 81. Ornaments of the tail-tips of the rabbit-kangaroo. SO. Ngurla tribe, Roeburn, West Australia. 81. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) CLOTHING AND ORNAMENT. (Case 13.) 1. Man's dress of strips of pelican skin attached to a cord of human hair string. Lake Callabonna, South Australia. 2. Man's dress of rabbit tails. Lake Frome, South Australia. 3-10. Woman's dress or apron of red ochred fur string. 3, 4, 5, 7, 10. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 6, 8, 9. Barrow Creek, Central Australia. (3-10 presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) 11-22. Tassels of fur string. 11-15. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 16, 21, 22. Arunta tribe, Central Aus- tralia. 17-20. Barrow Creek, Central Australia. (Nos. 11-22 presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) 23. Ornament of pearl shell and emu feathers. Central Australia. 24. Netted string girdle. Gnanji tribe, Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 25-28. Girdles of human hair string. 25. Tennant Creek, Central Australia. 30. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 28. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. • 21), 30. Fur string girdles. 29. Tennant Creek, Central Australia. 30. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 31-35. Waist girdles of vegetable fibre string. All but 31 red ochred. 31. Barrow Creek, Central Australia. 32-35. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. (Nos. 24-35 presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) 51 36. Waist belt of Blue-mountain parakeet feathers. (Pre- sented by Mrs. J. C. Lewis.) 37. Waist ornament of parrot feathers. Mara tribe, Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 38. Head or neck band of string, with the bill of a spoonbill attached. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 39-41. Necklets of string, and rings of wild beeswax. Macarthur River, Northern Territorv. 42-47. Feather necklets. Mara tribe, Mncarthur River, Northern Territory. 42, 43. Are of parrot feathers. 44-47. Of feathers of the gallah or rose-breasted cockatoo. 48-50. Necklets of kangaroo teeth attached to string with wild beeswax. Macarthur River, Northern Territorv. (Nos. 37-50 presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) 57, 58. String necklets. 58. Macarthur River, Northern Territorv. 59-62. Neckbands of fur cords. Macarthur River, North- ern Territory. 61, 62 have pendants made from the hair of rabbit-bandicoot tail-tips ; and 61 has as well an ornament of kangaroo teeth set in beeswax. (Nos. 58-62 presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) 63-65. Tassels of fur strings attached to head-bands. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 66. Ornament of pearl shell attached to a string head-band ; worn by men. Northern Territory. (Nos. 64-67 presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) 67-69. String chest-bands. Northern Territory. 7(1-72. String necklets. 71. Northern Territory. 70, 72. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 73. Head ornament of kangaroo teeth set in wild beeswax. Northern Territory. 74, 75. Head ornaments of chains of woven cane rings ; worn by men. Northern Territory. 76. Feather ornament, worn by men, hanging down the back of the head. Alligator River, Northern Territory. 77-84. Plain and ornamented head-bands. 77, 78, 80, 82. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 7!>, S3, 84. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 85-91. Forehead-bands of fur string plastered with clay and ornamented. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. !>2. Forehead-band (Chilara) of fur string. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 93-96. Forehead-bands of woven string decorated with pigments. Macarthur River, Northern Territorv. 52 !i7. ( Ornament ol fur cords terminated with tufts of feathers. Tennant Creek, Central Australia. its. Head ornament of native goose feathers. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 99-103. Armlets of split rattan bound with string. Ma< arthur River, Northern Territory. (Nos. 74-103 presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) 104-108. Armlets of plaited rattan. 104, L05. Macarthur River. 106, 107, 108. Alligator River, Northern Territory. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) 109-111. Armlets of rattan woven together with string. Northern Territory. 112. Beard ornament of a piece of Nautilus shell. North Queensland. 113. Corrobboree ornament of a piece of Nautilus shell. North Queensland. 114. Bark sandal, for walking on sand when it is hot. West Kimberley, West Australia. (Presented by Mr. G. A. Keartland.) 1 15. Necklet of kangaroo and human teeth. From between Ord and Nigri Rivers, Kimberley district, West Australia. 116. Necklet of kangaroo, horse, and human teeth, and fish-tail bones. From between Ord and Nigri Rivers, Kim- berley district, West Australia. 117. Necklet of lumps of porcupine-grass resin {Triodia sp.) Tennant Creek, Central Australia. 118. Tassel of vegetable-fibre string. Tennant Creek, Central Australia. 119. Necklet of fur string. North- West Australia. 120. Pad of emu feathers ornamented with two tufts of bird's down, worn as a chignon on the back of the head by Arunta and Luritja men. Central Australia. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) PERSONAL ORNAMENTS. (Case 14.) This series consists of ornaments worn by natives of various Central Australian tribes. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Flattened masses of resin derived from the porcupine grass {Triodia spp.), with rows of the lower front teeth of the kangaroo inserted along one edge. The surface, as in No. 5, may be ornamented with cross lines and, as in No. 3, two or three may be fastened together by strands of human hair string, by means also of which the ornament is tied on to the head of a woman so that it hangs down over her 53 forehead. Worn by women of the Kaitish, Warramunga, and other Northern Central Australian tribes. No. 3 from the Kakadu tribe, Alligator River. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) (Fig. 138.) 7. A strand of human hair string with a small mass of porcupine-grass resin at each end, to which is attached a pair of eaglehawk claws. Warramunga tribe, Central Aus- tralia. 8. A head ornament, consisting of a strand of human hair string, to which are attached by means of resin the lower jaws and leg-bones of some small marsupial, such as a tiger cat, as well as the front teeth of a kangaroo. Worn by women of the Iliaura tribe, Central Australia. This ornament is closely similar to one of the large number of pendants which alto- gether form the mourning chaplet worn on the head of women during the performance of the final ceremony at the grave of a dead relative. <>. A neck-band made of six strands of well-greased and red ochred fur or human hair string. The two ends, which are tied together, are decorated with the lower jaws and leg- bones of a small marsupial and with the tail-tips of the rabbit- kangaroo (Peragale lagotis), all of which are fastened on with porcupine-grass resin. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 10-18. Neck-bands, very similar in structure to No. 9, but without bone ornaments. ~ No. 10 has the tail-tip of a rabbit- kangaroo ; and Nos. 1 1 and 12 the tail-tip of a dingo. Arunta tribe, Native name, Okincha-lanina. (Fig. 141.) 19, 20. A special strand of fur string which is worn so that the ends, each of which is ornamented with the tail-tip of the rabbit-kangaroo, hang down the back of the man who has passed through the series of ceremonies which constitute in the Arunta and other Central Australian tribes the final initiation ceremony, and to which the name Engwura is given. Native name, Wupira. 21. Ornament, called Leda, worn by a young boy when first he takes part in initiation ceremonies. Made of banyan bark string, worn round the neck with the pendant down the middle of the back. The terminal piece of wood is supposed to repre- sent his knee and to aid in strengthening this. Iwaidji tribe, Northern Territory. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) 22. Feather ornaments made to represent flowers. Worn on the heads of women. Kakadu tribe, Northern Tenitory. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) 23. Head ornament made out of the head of a Blue- mountain parakeet, with attached knob of beeswax. Kakadu tribe, Northern Territory. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) ;.i PERSONAL ORNAMENTS. (Case 15.) This scries illustrates various forms of ornaments made out of bone, wood, and shell. I, 2. Kangaroo leg-bones (Fibula), pointed at one end. West Australia. Native name, Yauarda or Munbarra. (Fig. 140.) 3. A piece of bone from which sections are cut off for insertion into the nasal septum. Lower Murray. Native name, Kolko. 4. Piece of reed inserted into the hole bored in the nasal septum. After the hole has been pierced by the bone awl used for this purpose, a piece of reed is slipped over the point into the hole, and the awl then withdrawn through the reed, which is left behind to prevent the hole from closing up. The size of the reed is gradually increased to admit of the insertion of the nose bone. 5. Short nose bone, worn by natives on the Murray River. Native name, Mili-mili-u. 6. 7, 8, 9. Four nose bones ornamented with incised lines. Victoria. Native name, Nautekaua. 10. Wooden nose stick ornamented with incised lines. Eaw tribe, Northampton, West Australia. II, 12, 13, 14. A series of nose bones made out of the hollow bone (radius) of a bird's wing. One end is tipped with por- cupine-grass resin, and the other has the tail-tip of the rabbit- kangaroo inserted into it. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. Native name, Lalkira. 15, 16, 17. Three nose bones made by splitting a hollow bone and then grinding down the rough edges. Two of them are ornamented with bands of incised lines. Arunta tribe. Central Australia. Native name, Lalkira. 18. Three wooden spindle-shaped ornaments worn in the hair. Whajuk tribe, West Australia. 19, 20, 21. Three ornaments made out of the shell of Meleagrina margaritifera by northern tribes, and traded south across the central part of the continent. They are worn as ornaments by men, suspended either from the neck or waist. Each is attached to a strand of human hair string by a small mass of porcupine-grass resin. They are also used for magic purposes in connection with the charming of women. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. Native name, Lonka-lonka. 22, 23. Two small and one large shell ornament, with the zig-zag pattern characteristic of West Australian objects. No. 23 from Roeburn, West Australia. Native name. Bedoan. P] Ml. 12. Ornamen rs, Spindle. 24. Two shell ornaments from Queensland ; worn attached to twine suspended from the neck. Native name, Karri-la. 25. Small slat of wood made of Acacia acuminata, used for decorating the hair. Majanna tribe, West Australia. 26. 27. Rounded sticks made of Jarrah, and used as head ornaments. Eaw tribe, Northampton, West Australia. 28, 29. Two curiously-flaked sticks used by certain of the South, Central, and North-West Australian tribes. A piece of wood is taken, and then by means of a sharp-edged flake of quartzite, which is often enclosed in the mass of resin on the handle of a spear thrower, a series of shavings are flaked off, but in such a way that they are not completely separated off from the central stick. They are so thin that each one curls round and, as they are made along a close-set spiral line, the general appearance of a plume is produced. In some tribes they are merely worn by the men as head ornaments, just as feather plumes are, but in others, as, for example, the northern Arunta living in the Macdonnell Ranges, they are worn during serious fights when it is intended to kill men. The members of an avenging party, after killing their victim, will tear these flaked sticks, which they always wear on such an occasion, out of their hair, break them in pieces, and throw them on to the body of the dead man, after which they are tabu and must not be touched by anyone. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) (Fig. 142.) HUMAN HAIR STRING. (Case 16.) The customs with regard to human hair differ much in various tribes. In some it is believed that the possession of even a minute fragment of the hair of any individual gives to its possessor the power to work evil upon the man from whom it has been cut ; and, therefore, amongst such tribes all fragments of hair are most carefully destroyed, lest they should fall into the hands of an enemy. In others there is no such belief, and human hair is much prized for the purpose of making string, which is woven into girdles, etc. This series shows the various stages in the manufacture. 1. Hair in its natural state. 2-5. Strands of hair string ready to be made up into girdles. Arunta and other Central Australian tribes. 6, 7. Strands of very fine hair string. Queensland. 8. Hair string girdle worn round the waist by men of the Arunta, Ilpirra, Warramunga, and other Central Australian tribes. The hair of which these girdles are principally made must be given by a woman to her son-in-law. 56 9. Hair string girdle made of .1 mixture of human hair and opossum fur string. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 10. A ball of human hair string, such as is used in the mak- ing of various sacred ceremonial objects, or for tying on the head-dress worn (hiring the performance of many corrobborees. .Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 11. Spindle used to manufacture hair string. Eaw tribe, Northampton, West Australia. (Fig. 137.) The illustration represents a man of the Arunta tribe using the spindle. 12. Spindle used to manufacture hair string. Kakadu tribe, Northern Territory. Native name, Kopeida. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) MANUFACTURE OF TWINE. (Case 17.) In the manufacture of twine (apart from that which is made from human hair) three materials are used — (1) vegetable fibre, (2) sinew, (3) fur of various animals. The twine thus made is often closely similar to, and quite as strong as, much of that which is made by white men. The string or twine consists usually of two twisted strands plied together, there seldom being more than two plies, whereas in the ordin- ary string manufactured by white men there is seldom less than three plies. An inspection of the nets, etc., made out of native twine will show how closely similar this is to the European material. 1. Girdle of string made of vegetable fibre. Queensland. 2. Fibrous root of wild Clematis, called Mo-u-i, of which the Mar-rung-nal or head-band worn by men is sometimes made on the Lower Murray River. (See large ornament and clothing case.) 3. Vegetable fibre used for making twine by the Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 4. Tip of the tail of a Euro (Macropus robustus) with sinew attached to it. This sinew is much used for the mending of broken wooden implements, such as vessels, shields, etc., and to tie the barbed point on to the spear-head. It is care- fully drawn out from the tail and legs of a kangaroo and from the legs of an emu before cooking the animals. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 5. Sinew from kangaroo tail. Lower Murray River. Native name, Wiri-ran-me. 6. Band made from opossum fur string. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. 7. Girdle made of bandicoot fur string. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. Plate I Fire Making, Musical Instruments, Playthin< 8, 9, 10. Balls of string ready for use, made oul of opossum fur string. Central and West Australia. 11. Spindle for twisting the fur into string. When in use (see photo in human hair case) the implement is made to rotate by moving the left hand up and down the thigh, so as to turn round the long handle of the spindle, while at the same time the string, as it is formed, is continually served with fresh material, which is held in the right hand. Kardagur tribe, Bunbury, West Australia. Native name, Bulgu. 12. Spindle for making fur string. Native name, Kilgara. Warramunga tribe, Central Australia. (Presented by Pro- fessor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) FIRE MAKING. (Case 18.) This series illustrates some of the various methods employed by Australian natives for producing fire. The essential feature of all of them consists in the rubbing of a harder upon a softer wood. In some cases the action may be that of a drill, and in others that of a backwards and forwards rubbing or sawing motion. 1 , 2, 3. Softwood shields and hardwood spear thrower. These are the instruments usually employed by the Arunta and other Central Australian tribes. Two natives (as shown in the illustration) sit down opposite to one another, placing their feet upon the shield so as to prevent it from moving. Then with considerable rapidity they rub the edge of the spear thrower backwards and forwards upon it, with the result that a groove is soon made in the soft shield, and the heat produced by the friction is so great that the powdered wood in the groove begins to glow and take fire. A considerable number of the shields carried by the natives show a series of •charred grooves similar to those in the specimens, indicating that they have been used for the purpose of fire making. (Figs. 140, J 50.) 4-11. These illustrate the production of fire by means of a drilling motion. In each case there is a piece of soft wood which is placed on the ground and held in position by the feet, while a longer piece of wood is twisted rapidly round and round upon it by the hands. (Figs. L53, l">4.) 4. Belonging to the Woe-wurong tribe, Victoria. 5, «'>, 7, 8. Queensland. 0. Northern Territory. I<>. North-Wes1 Aus- tralia. II. Northern Territory. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) 12, 13, 14. Sticks for drilling, with their pointed ends enclosed in a -heath of grass-tree resin ornamented with 58 beans. Used by the natives of Northern Queensland and the Torres Strait Islands. (Fig. L51.) 15, hi. These represent the fixed pieces over which another piece is rubbed. A small branch is taken, one end is split, and a wedge inserted so as to keep the two halves apart ; then a little mass of dried grass or material suitable for tinder is placed in the split, and over this a piece of hard wood is rapidly rubbed, backwards and forwards, with the result that heated sparks fly off and set fire to the tinder. (Fig. 152.) 1."). Queensland. (Presented by Mr. A. W. Howitt.) 16. Head of Thomson River, Northern Queensland. (Presented In- Mr. Robt. Christison.) BONE NEEDLES, AWLS, FISHING HOOKS, Etc. (Case 19.) For the purpose of manufacturing certain articles, such as clothing, fishing nets, etc., the natives utilize as tools materials ready to hand in the form of wood and bone, and even the naturally sharpened strong spines of the Echidna. Out of bone or wood sharpened at the point they make awls and needles, and from bone they carve out fish hooks. In no case do they ever appear to have used any form of metal, that is, in their natural state, for since the advent of the white man the native has readily made use of any odd scraps of iron which he could obtain, perceiving the superiority of this to his own bone and wooden implements. The specimens in this case illustrate the simple but, at the same time, often effective nature of their tools. 1. Mesh stick of Myal wood (Acacia homalophvlla), used for the making of fishing nets. 2. Mesh stick of Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) , ornamented with zig-zag lines. Xgurla tribe, Roeburn, West Australia. 3. A small slab of wood decorated with red and white, and with a piece of native string attached to it ; stated to have been used as a float for fishing. The material most generally used for this purpose was bark. Victoria. 4. Stones, attached as sinkers to a fishing net. Queens- land. 5. Fish hook cut out of Haliotis shell. The line is made of vegetable fibre. Rockingham Bay, Queensland. 6. Fish hook made out of bone. The line is made of the fibre d^ark of the "lightwood." Lake Tyers, Gippsland. 7. Fish hook made of shell, with short sinew string. Port Lincoln, South Australia. 59 S. Fish hook made of bone. Daly River, Northern Terri- tory. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. Five fish hooks in which the shaft is made of bone or wood and the point of bone. The two are fastened together by string, which is covered with a lump of resin. Daly River, Northern Territory. 14. Awl made out of the thigh-bone of the emu. Used for sewing rugs, and also for piercing the nasal septum. Called Pinki on the Lower Murray River. 15. Two bone needles. Northern Queensland. 10. Five bone awls. Sand hummocks between Tower Hill and Port Fairy. (Presented by Mr. A. S. Kenyon.) 17. Bundle" of wooden pegs, "the sharp points of which have been hardened in the fire ; used as awls. Queensland. 18. A small, neatly-made bone needle with an eye, to which a piece of native string is attached. Victoria. 19. Bundle of sharply-pointed bone awls, called Mindermin. Woe-wurong tribe, Victoria. 20. Bone awl. Barrow Creek, Central Australia. (Pre- sented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) 21. 22. Sharp spines of the Echidna. Two of them have been extracted along with a small part of the thick skin, which forms a head to the implement. The spines are used as lancets for bleeding the sick, and for extracting thorns, etc. Victoria. 23. Two bone awls, called Mindermin. Taken from a sand dune near shell mounds at Cape Patterson, Victoria. 24. 2.1. Bone awls, from sand dunes, Cape Otway, Victoria. 26. Six bone implements pointed at both ends ; said to be used for catching fish. Sand hummocks between Tower Hill and Port Fairy. (Presented by Mr. A. S. Kenyon.) 27. Bone awl or fish hook, with longitudinal groove on one side. Near Shelford, Victoria. 28. A somewhat elaborate wooden awl ornamented at the handle, and with a small spherical mass of human hair string wound round the middle of its length. Queensland. 29. Two wooden awls, used as needles for sewing skins together. Queensland. 30. Four "split bones, used as gouges. Warramunga and Kaitish tribes, Central Australia. (Presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) 31. Lower jaw of an opossum, the front tooth of which is used for incising patterns on wood and stone, and a ho for drilling holes through the same. Arunta tribe. Central Australia. 32. Nine bone implements from -and dunes between Tower Hill and Port Fairy. (Presented by Mr. A. S. Kenyon.) 60 INSTRUMENTS USED FOR CUTTING AND SCRAPING. (Case 20.) Hie materia] most frequently used for cutting purposes is stone of various kinds, but, for both cutting and scraping, the sharp edge of shells and teeth, and more rarely a chipped or ground bone is also used. Most often the cutting edge is mounted in some resinous material, and is thus attached to a handle, the gum or resin used being derived from grass trees (Xanthorrhcea) , from the Porcupine grass (Triodia) or from the Ironwood Tree (Erythrophlceum sp.) After coming into contact with the whites, the natives usually substitute foi- st one, chips of glass or of porcelain insulators from telegraph poles, or small flat pieces of iron ground down to a sharp edge. 1,2. A combined cutting instrument and spear thrower. This is very frequently met with in the central and western areas of the continent, and is the most important cutting instrument by which spears, shields, and all wooden imple- ments are made. No. 1 is from Arunta tribe, Central Aus- tralia ; native name, Amera. No. 2 is from West Australia ; native name, Miro. :>. Most probably this was originally a combined cutting instrument and spear thrower, but has had the point for in- sertion into the spear broken off, and may then, possibly, have been used as a club as well as a cutting instrument. Ngurla tribe, Roeburn, West Australia. 4, 5, 7, 8. Cutting and scraping instruments, the cutting surface being formed by a series of flakes of flint (replaced by glass in 7 and 8). The resin is made from the grass tree. The native name of the instrument is Dabba or Tabba. All are from West Australia. (Fig. 159.) 9. Cutting instrument, with a single flake of quartz at- tached by grass-tree resin to the end of a short piece of wood. This resembles in shape a small adze. West Australia. 10. A form of stone knife, the blade consisting of quartzite which has been chipped so as to form a serrated cutting edge. The stone is fixed to the stick, which serves as a handle, by L;rass-tree resin and twine. From north of the Murray River, New South Wales. 11. A tool called Lianj-ualert, with which the natives used to ornament their wooden weapons, such as shields. It consists of the lower jaw of an opossum fastened to a stick by twine and resin. The twine is made from the fibrous bark of Eucalyptus obliqua. The incisor tooth acts as a small gouge. Woe-wurong tribe, Victoria. (Fig. 163.) 12. The lower jaw of an opossum, the incisor tooth of which is used as a cutting instrument for marking designs on stone 01 and wooden Churinga. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. (Presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) 13. Shell of the fresh-water mussel, used as scrapers. Victoria. 14. Shell used as a scraper or knife. Native name, Kaukeri. Northern Queensland. 15. Shell scraper. Port Lincoln, South Australia. FOODS, DECORATING MATERIALS, NARCOTICS, FIXATIVES, Etc. (Case 21.) (FOODS.) It is impossible to exhibit, except in a very insufficient way, specimens of native foods, for the reason that every- thing that is edible is eaten. Amongst the higher vertebrate animals practically even mammal, bird, reptile, frog, and fish that has enough flesh on it to make it worth eating serves as an article of food in some part of the continent or another. In most eases the food is cooked either on an open fire, or in a closed oven, made by digging a hole in the ground, heating stones, placing the food covered with grass or leaves on the latter, and then filling in the earth. Amongst invertebrate animals, shell-fish of various forms, mussels, cockles, etc., are eaten in numbers, their dead shells lying in heaps beside the cooking places, forming, on many parts of the sea-coast, shell mounds of great extent. Various forms of insects, such as Bogong moths (Agrotis suffusa) and larvse of moths, beetles, and ants are much relished, and, where obtainable, the honeycomb of wild bees is a favourite diet. Amongst plants the seeds of many species of grass and water lilies, and the sporocarps of Marsilea quadrifolia, commonly called Nardoo, are gathered by the women in great quantities, and ground up to form cakes. In parts where they grow, various forms of yams form a staple vegetable diet, as also do the stalks and roots of water lilies. 1. Bean of Mimosa (sp.) ; used as food. Died tribe. Cooper's Creek, Central Australia. 2. Fruit of the Bunya Bunya (Araucaria Bidwilli] ; used as food. Queensland. 3. Manna, made by the lerp insect living on species of Eucalyptus, and used as food. Queensland. 4. Native rice (Oryza sativa), "Kincyah." Gulf District, North Queensland. (Presented by Mr. H. Hopkins.) 5. Pieces of "damper" or cake made from native rice {Oryza sativa). North Queensland. (Presented by Mr. II. Hopkins.) 62 !>. Cane sticks with the ends frayed out so as to serve as brushes for decorating the bodies of men performing cere- monies. Native name, Tjeinjal. Northern Queensland. (NARCOTICS.) 40. Pituri, the leaves of Duboisia Hopwoodii : chewed and used as a narcotic, and also placed in water holes to stupefy emus. Queensland. 41. Bag of Pituri, the leaves of Duboisia Hopwoodii : carried in this way it is traded over long distances in Central Australia. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. (FIXATIVES.) 42. Resin obtained from the porcupine grass (Triodia, sp.) ; used for hafting knives, spears, etc. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. The resin is in the form of a sticky colourless secretion on the surface of the grass stalks, more especially at the nodes. The aboriginals cut the grass up into short lengths when it is perfectly dry. They then burn it on a piece of bark, blowing away the burnt remnants of the grass. 43. A lump of beeswax used for hafting stone knives and spears and in the making of ornaments, etc. Kakadu and other tribes, Northern Territory. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) 44. A mass of resin called Pidgerong, derived from a grass tree (Xanthorrhoea sp.) West Australia. 45. Portion of root of an Ironwood tree (ErythrophlcBum Laboucheri) , from which the aboriginals secure a resin. The outer surface is scraped off, and underneath this is a thin layer of a dark resinous material which is chipped off and then moulded by heat into a mass. Kakadu name is Kapei ; on Melville Island it is called Netima. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) 46. A small mass of resin made as above described (45), and carried about ready for use. Melville Island. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. (Case 22.) 1-5. "Drone-tubes," commonly called "Trumpets," made out of the naturally hollowed-out branch of a tree. One end has a ring of resin, and through this the performer sings, the sound of the voice being intensified. 1, 2. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. (Fig. 145.) 3, 4. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. 5. Powell Creek, Northern Territory. 65 6. "Trumpet," mack' out oi bamboo. Anula tribe, Mai - arthur River, Northern Territory. 7-10. "Trumpets" from the Kakadu tribe, East Alligator River, Northern Territory. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) 11, 12. Musical instruments, used by certain of the tribes in Central Australia. One part, which has projecting points, is held in the left hand while it is struck by the other. This instrument is used during corrobborees to mark time. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. Native name, Trora. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) (Figs. 146, 148.) 13. Two sticks which are supposed to represent small frogs, and are used during the performance of a ceremony connected with the frog totem by the members of the Arunta tribe, Central Australia. These specimens are two out of about thirtv which were made on one occasion. They were hidden during the daytime in a mound of earth on the ground where the sacred ceremonies were performed. At night-time they were taken out, and then, accompanied by the con- tinuous clunk, clunk of the sticks, the men for two or three hours chanted refrains, the burden of which was some such simple phrase as "The frogs of Imanda are good" or "The frogs came out of the trees." (Fig. 147.) 14. Two sticks, probably used for keeping time during the singing or corrobborees. Victoria. 15. A remarkable "trumpet" of great size, made from a naturally hollowed-out branch of a tree. It can be heard at a long distance. The instrument is said to be regarded a- the property of the camp. Bloomfield River, Queensland. (Presented by Mr. Dudley Le Souef.) LETTER OR MESSAGE STICKS. (Case 23.) Mr. Walter E. Roth, in his Ethnographical Studies among the Xorth-West-Central Queensland Aborigines, says that the letter or message -tick is "usually a piece of wood, gidyea, ti-tree, or any other convenient, coloured perhaps black, red, or yellow, from two to four or more inches in length, cut to various shapes, from flat to round, and incised with various marks or patterns ; occasionally, it tin- sender is in a hurry or too lazy to manufacture one, it may consist of some peculiar- ly marked twig in the rough, a plain piece of wood cut to shape, a small bundle of rags tied round and round with hair string, twine, or cotton, etc. It means nothing more than a sort of brand or mark belonging to an individual who, so long as he is able to recognize it again, or others tor him, can vary it at will in shape, size, or design ; in other words, two which happen to be totally unlike may In- accompaniments of the identical message. More than anything else, the stick acts as .1 sort of guarantee of good faith, to show that there is 'no gammon,' and may at times act as a safeguard or passport over otherwise hostile country. There is nothing on it in the form of a communication which can actually be read, the substitute or messenger invariably carrying the message by word of mouth. The messenger is in all cases an adult man, never a woman, and a person, such as a brother, etc., whom it is known can be trusted. With regard to the particular shapes and designs of these message sticks, there are traces of similarity even over large areas of country. In the Boulia district they are flattened, generally thinner at the edges than elsewhere, rounded or more or less pointed at the extremities, and incised only with straight lines. These straight lines are either parallel with, at an angle, or across each other, and represent quite arbitrarily anything which the manu- facturer chooses, from a mountain or a river to a station homestead. Sometimes the comparatively large size of the head station or chief encampment has been attempted in an extra number of lines or cross-lines. The back of the message stick bears the same or similar design as the front, or else is covered with 'flash' marks to make it look 'pretty fellow'; these marks have no other meaning whatsoever, alleged or implied." 1. Message stick. Wonunda-minung tribe, Bay of Esper- ance, Recherche Arch., West Australia. 2. Message stick. Oriba-kulba tribe, Hughenden, North Queensland. 3. Message stick. Whajuk and Ballardong tribes, York district, West Australia. 4. 5. Message sticks. Sharks' Bay, West Australia. 6. Message stick. Queensland. 7. Message stick. Oriba-kulba tribe, Hughenden, North Queensland. 8. 9. Message stick. Eaw tribe, Northampton, West Australia. 10-23. Sticks called Kundle, said to be used in rain-making ceremonies. Wonunda-minung tribe, Esperance Bay, West Australia. CANOES. (24,25,26,27,28.) There are five main types of canoes made by Australian aboriginals, of which three are indigenous and two are derived from outside sources. The simplest (24) consists of a sheet of bark stripped from a gum tree. The two ends are pointed, and while fresh and 67 more or less pliable the bark is manipulated so as to form a very crude boat, which will float on the water and hold one or two natives. In some cases, perhaps in most, advantage is taken of a natural bend in the trunk of a tree so as to secure the requisite concavity with upturned ends. Boats such as these were used for crossing rivers and for fishing, and were usually propelled by punting with a long stick. In southern Victoria a second type is met with (25). A sheet of bark of the desired length, usually ten to twelve or even fifteen feet long, is stripped from a gum tree. The rough outer bark is removed, and it is held over a fire until the moisture in it has been heated and the whole sheet rendered pliable. It is then turned inside out, the sides are doubled up and secured in position by cords passing across from one margin to the other so that a trough is formed, which is at first open at both ends. The two ends are then squeezed to- gether in folds like those of a fan, which are tied round securely with fibrous string. Where each rope passes across from side to side a stick is placed to prevent the sides from falling in, and at the same time pliant branches are fastened under the tie-rods, which act as ribs and serve to maintain the shape. A third and higher type is met with on the northern coasts and in the Gulf of Carpentaria (26). This is made of bark obtained from one or two species of Eucalyptus, from which during the wet season it is easily peeled off. In some cases, if a suitable one can be obtained, only a single sheet of bark will be used ; but this is not usual. In this particular specimen there are seven pieces. One extends from bow to stern along one side. Two are sewn together to form the other side, and the two sides of the boat thus formed are sewn together along the bow, stern, and keel lines. At each end and on each side a small strip is added to form the bow and stern. Along the bulwarks a thin branch of mango wood is tied to the bark to prevent the sides from collapsing outwards. In most cases either end serves as bow or stern, but in some one end may be modified in form. The fourth type (27) is only met with on the northern coast line, from Clarence Strait on the N.W. to Hinchinbrook Passage on the N.E. It is an outrigger boat, and, in the north, was apparently introduced by the Malays. On the •Queensland coast it has been adopted by the natives through intercourse with the Papuans of Torres Strait Islands. rhe fifth type is also an introduced one (28 . and, like the fourth, has been derived from the Malays, h is met with on the northern coast line, and is commonly called ,i "dug OUt." In making the boat a suitable tree is cut down, and the trunk carried to the water's edge, where i1 is fashioned, now-a-days, 68 with an iron tomahawk. This specimen is slightly under twenty feet in length. The height at the how end is two feet, in the centre fifteen inches, and ai the stern twenty-one inches. Its central width is two feet six inches. There is no keel, the bottom being quite round. The paddles are simple flat blades. This specimen was made on Melville Island. 24. Murray River, Victoria. 2~). Lake Tyers, Victoria. 26. Macarthur River, Northern Territory. (Presented by- Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) 27. Hinchinbrook Island. 28. Melville Island. (Presented by Professor Spencer.) WALLETS. (Case 29.) Two wallets, such as are frequently used by a native for tin- purpose of carrying odd bits of string, decorative objects, etc., and, not infrequently, a sacred stick or stone, which is thus kept hidden from the women and uninitiated. For the purpose of making an outer covering, the skin of an animal is sometimes used, or, more frequently, as in both of these specimens, thin strips of bark, usually of a tea-tree, are utilized. The larger of the two contains (1) head-bands, (2) knouts. used for frightening women, who are taught to believe that they are endowed with evil magic, and that a blow from them will produce serious results, (3) feathers for decorative pur- poses, (4) a ball of string made from bandicoot fur, (5) orna- ments made out of resin and kangaroo teeth, (6) shell ornament, (7) a neck-band, (8) a nosebone, (9), the wooden handle of a stone knife, and (10) a bone gouge. The smaller one contains (1) feather ornaments, and (2) a small sacred stick or Churinga. Both of them belonged to men of the Arunta tribe, Central Australia. The plentiful amount of red ochre and grease which is smeared over the different articles is very characteristic of this part of the continent. Arunta tribe, Central Australia. (Presented by Professor Spencer and Mr. F. J. Gillen.) STONE IMPLEMENTS. (Cases 30-54.) A series illustrating various forms of stone implements used by Australian aboriginals. The majority of the specimens are from South-Eastern and Central Australia, but there is apparently no essential difference in type throughout Australia. The nature of the implement, whether it be ground, chipped, or flaked, depends primarily on the nature Plate 14. Stone Implements. 69 of the stone available in any particular district. There is no such thing in Australia as distinct stages of culture or time periods corresponding to the terms eolithic, palaeolithic, and neolithic. In one and the same camp and district implements are found which, if discovered in the prehistoric remains of Europe, would be assigned to one or other of these periods. That is really the most striking feature of the stone age in Australia, and it is essential to remember that these various types of implements are all in use, often side by side, at the present day. The various implements may be conveniently divided into two main groups, and these into various sub- groups, as follows*: — A. Cutting Implements. (a) Cutting edge produced by flaking or chipping. (1) Axes. The simpler ones amongst these are merely pebbles chipped on one side only, and never hafted. (Case 44.) In others both sides are chipped, resembling the boucher or coup de poing of Europe and Africa. A curious form is seen in the flaked, pick-like axe (Case 31) from Central Australia. (2) Knives. These vary very much in size and form ; some are simply minute flakes with a sharp cutting edge ; others (Cases 32, 33, 34, 35) may be of considerable size, and hafted with resin or with resin and wood. Occasionally, after the original flake has been struck off the core, one or more of the cutting edges are secondarily chipped (44, 46, Case 32). A characteristic, but rare form (17-29, Case 32) is found amongst the Warramunga and Kaitish tribes in Central Australia. These have a peculiar rounded end, with the margin marked completely with secondary chippings. They are used exclusively by women. A special form of knife, or more correctly saw, is made by inserting in resin on a stick a series of small flakes, one behind the other. (4, 5, 6, Case 20.) (3) Adzes or gouges. These (Case 30) consist of Makes inserted in resin at one or both ends of a stick, which may be either straight or curved or, in certain Central Australian tribes such as the Arunta, they may be inserted also in the lump of resin that forms the handle end of a spear thrower. The flake may he diminutive in size with a. sharp point (13) or very * The classilii-atiim follows closely thai proposed i>\ Messrs Kenyon and Stirling [Pro, R S Victoria, Pt. 2, vol. xiii I and deall with by Hessrs Kenyon and Mahoney in t'i< Liii