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 ^
 
 A GRAMMAR 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SAMARITAN LANGUAGE. 
 
 WITH 
 
 EXTEACTS AND YOCABULAEY. 
 
 BY 
 
 G. F. KICHOLLS, 
 
 BEADEB ly ORIEIfTAL LITEEATUBE, A^D MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS; 
 LATE EIHIBITIONEH OF SI. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBHIDGE. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS; 
 
 WABEHOUSB FOB BIBLF.S, NEW TESTAMENTS, PBAYER BOOKS, CHUBCIl SEETICES, 
 
 LEXICONS, GBAMMAUS, C0NC0BDANCE8, PSALTEKS, AND BIBLICAL WORKS, 
 
 IN ANCIENT AND MODBBN LANGUAGES; 
 
 15, P A T E R N S T E R R O W.
 
 PJ 
 
 sziz 
 
 PEEF ACE. 
 
 In offering to tlie public a work of so 7iovel a character 
 as the present, the author has seized the opportunity of 
 stating the grounds on which it was undertaken. 
 
 The importance of the study of the Biblical languages 
 has never been questioned, excepting by those men who are 
 ignorant of them, and are disposed to condemn in toto the 
 utility of that which they have not the means or oppor- 
 tunity to acquire. On the other hand, those illustrious 
 scholars, whose definition of the utilitarian cui bono is 
 directly opposed to the former, have not only inculcated the 
 momentous importance of Hnguistic study by precept, but 
 have led the van thereof conspicuously by example. 
 
 To recount the imperishable names of those who, from 
 the earliest ages of Christianity, have patronised or pursued 
 this study, is unnecessary in this place ; their opinions of its 
 importance may be summed up in the words of the learned 
 Dr. Jahn: " occurrit et illud, quod est totius theologiaj 
 fundamentum, neque tamen sine suhiili et intimd linguarum 
 Biblicarum cor/nitione satis firmari potest, 7i/7?cri6T7;9, inquam,
 
 IV PREFACE. 
 
 sacrorum librorum, qua labefactatd, ruit authoritas liorum 
 documentorum, et tlieologiae sedificlum evertitur." And 
 again, " librorum ryvtja-LorrjTa et verum sensum, absque 
 subtili et intimd Unguarum scientid, coraprobare nemo potest." 
 
 The phrase " Biblical Languages," although capable of 
 extension to all those versions of the Sacred Scriptures which 
 have been made during the last century into almost every 
 important language and dialect, is usually confined to the 
 following: viz. Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Samaritan, 
 Ethiopic, Afnharic, and Coptic ; to which, of course, the 
 Greek and Latin may be added. 
 
 The first four of the languages just enumerated have 
 received especial attention at the hands of scholars; while 
 the four latter have been wholly neglected or forgotten. In 
 fact, during the last few years, so little attention and study 
 have they attracted, that, at the present time, it is impossible 
 to acquire even the rudiments of them, except through the 
 medium of the Latin tongue. Why they have been allowed 
 to fall into such disrepute, it is not worth while to inquire, 
 but we have only to do with the fact that such is the case, 
 and, if possible, to remedy it. 
 
 The present work is a Grammar of the Samaritan Lan- 
 guage; it is strictly Rudimentary, and is intended as a 
 precursor to a more critical and philological view of the 
 tongue. The main object of the author has been to deal 
 with the ordinary facts of Etymology and Syntax, and to 
 produce such a work (to use an illustrious scholar's words), 
 " non ut in ipso hisreat juventus, sed ut per eum transeat,
 
 PREFACE. V 
 
 per eum excolatur, et ad altiora praeparetur." How far he 
 has succeeded in his endeavours will be for the discerning 
 public to determine, to whose favour he would commend 
 his present attempt. 
 
 The author has consulted nearly the whole of the extant 
 writers on the subject, — as Cellarius, Morinus, Castellus, 
 Leusdenius, and others. To the first he is especially in- 
 debted in the Etymological part of the work; whose facts, 
 notwithstanding they are undigested, and expressed in 
 questionable Latinity, are undoubtedly invaluable. 
 
 The Syntax is, however, wholly original; and the author 
 has especially aimed at giving the ordinary rules, to the 
 exclusion of all which might seem hypercritical to the young 
 scholar. 
 
 The Work is preceded by a brief dissertation upon the 
 Samaritans, their language and literature, which the author 
 hopes will not be unacceptable to the reader, and is con- 
 cluded by an extract, from Walton's Polyglot, of three 
 chapters of the Samaritan version of the Pentateuch, with 
 exegetical remarks upon the text, together with a short 
 Lexicon, carefully compiled by actual reading and obser- 
 vation. The student will do well, after he has mastered the 
 Grammar, to construe, by the aid of the Lexicon, and parse 
 tlie whole of the extracts, in doing which he will find his 
 labours considerably diminished by observing the analogy 
 which the Samaritan bears to the Syriac and Chaldee. 
 
 Before concluding, it is scarcely necessary to dwell upon
 
 VI PREFACE. 
 
 the extent to wliicli the Samaritan text as edited in the 
 books is vitiated; and no doubt many of the anomalies, 
 which have come to be considered grammatical pecuharities, 
 are to be referred to this cause. The fact is simply men- 
 tioned here, to show that the reader must bear with some 
 things, which in the present state of the text are un- 
 avoidable. 
 
 The author hopes to have an opportunity of editing a 
 critical and philological Grammar, which, with a Lexicon 
 and a revised text of the Samaritan Pentateuch, would form 
 a somewhat complete library of Samaritan literature. 
 
 London : 
 
 1853.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Before entering upon the Grammar, a brief account of 
 the Samaritans, their language and literature, may not be 
 imaccep table to the generality of our readers. 
 
 It appears that the ten tribes of Israel who had revolted 
 from Solomon's son, elected Jeroboam as their king, who 
 fixed his capital at Shechem, in mount Ephraim. 
 
 The Israelitish king, in order to prevent his people from 
 going to Jerusalem, set up two golden calves, one in Dan, 
 and the other in Bethel, to which they might offer the usual 
 sacrifices. 
 
 We pass over the remaining acts of Jeroboam and his 
 successors, imtil we come to Omri, the sixth king of Israel, 
 who began his reign, a.m. 3079. He it was who purchased 
 the hill of Samaria from Shemer, and built on it a city 
 called by the same name, from which the gentile noun, 
 Samaritans, is derived. 
 
 The city Samaria was besieged during Ahab's reign, by 
 the Syrian king, Ben-hadad, but without success : in the 
 reign of Hoshea, however, Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, 
 attacked it, and after three years' siege succeeded in taking 
 It, and carrying away the Israelites captive into Assyria. 
 
 The territories of the banished Jews were occupied by a 
 mixed people, brought from different parts of the Assyrian 
 empire, — from Babylon, Cuthah, Ava, Hamath, and Se-
 
 2 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 pliarvaim. It is to tliese colonists that the name Samaritans 
 is specially, though not exclusively, applicable. According 
 to Josephus, they were called D''''ni3 Cuthcui, as the fol- 
 lowing extract will show (B. ix. c. 14): — ol he ixeTotKiaOevre^ 
 el<; rrjv ^afidpeiav XvOaioi, — ravrr] yap i^poivro fji'^ypi 
 Seupo rfj TrpoaTjyopca, Slo. to eV tt}? XovOd'i Ka\ovfxevr)<i 
 X'^P^'i fJ'eraxOtjvai, avrr) S" iaTlv iv ry IlepalSL kuI 7roTa/A09 
 rovT e^oyv ovofxa, etc. 
 
 It appears, moreover, that these colonists were infested 
 with lions, on account of their idolatry ; and believing the 
 cause of this visitation to be their ignorance of the worship 
 due to the " God of the land," they resolved to request Shal- 
 maneser to send them a priest or priests of the captive people, 
 who might teach them " the manner of the God of the 
 land." This request was complied with, — a priest was sent. 
 But it does not appear that the instruction he imparted had 
 the effect of totally eradicating idolatry from among them ; 
 for we read, that " they feared the Lord, but served their 
 graven images." How long this semi-idolatry continued it 
 is impossible to say : it would appear, however, that on 
 the return from the Babylonish captivity it had ceased; for 
 they not only made an application to Judah and Benjamin 
 to be allowed to participate in rebuilding the temple, for 
 which the latter had obtained a decree, but added, as if 
 reprobating their former wickedness, " we seek your God, 
 as ye do; and we do sacrifice unto him since the days of 
 Esar-haddon, king of Assur, which brought us up here." 
 This proposal was refused by Ezra and Nehemiah, and the 
 other Jews ; who were not only empowered by the decree of 
 Cyrus to rebuild their temple, but also to fortify their city. 
 This refusal on the part of the Jews, gave rise to that im-
 
 INTRODUCTION. 6 
 
 placable and deadly hatred wlilcli ever after existed between 
 themselves and the Samaritans. 
 
 The latter, by their calumnies and Intrigues at the court 
 of Persia, at length forced the Jews to desist from their 
 work. We are told that they " hired counsellors against 
 them ;" and to judge from the proceedings recorded In 
 Ezra, c. Iv., tliere can be no doubt that the Samaritans were 
 actuated by the most fiendish spleen. They are even said to 
 have gone so far as to attempt to hinder the rebuilding by 
 force, but without success, for the temple was completed. 
 
 The Jews never forsave the Samaritans: and as an In- 
 stance of the contempt and abhorrence In which they held 
 the latter, we may mention the saying, " he who eateth 
 bread of a Cuthsean shall be as one who eateth pork." The 
 Jews even refused to write a copy of the law on a Samaritan 
 parchment. 
 
 What their feelings were, therefore, when It was resolved 
 to build a rival temple to their own, may be more easily 
 Imagined than described. 
 
 Manasses, brother of the hlgh-prlest, and son-in-law of 
 Sanballat, the governor of Samaria, was ordered, In common 
 with the other Jews, to give up his " strange wife." He 
 refused, and was consequently compelled to fly for protection 
 to his father-in-law. 
 
 On the representation of Sanballat, that the building of 
 a temple in opposition to that of the Jews would tend to 
 weaken the latter, — whom he represented as a nation ever 
 disaffected, and always ready for revolution, — a temple 
 was built by the Samaritans on mount Gerlzlm, of wliich 
 Manasses was made high priest. 
 
 Shortly after the building of this temple, the Samaritans
 
 4 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 revolted from Alexander, who expelled tliem, and put 
 Macedonians in their place, and gave the province to the 
 Jews. After Alexander's death, Ptolemy Lagus subdued 
 both Judaea and Samaria, and carried away numbers of Jews 
 and Samaritans to Egypt. Samaria afterwards fell into the 
 hands of John Hyrcanus the Jewish chief priest ; and soon 
 after him into the hands of the Romans, during whose rule 
 Herod Antipater rebuilt the temple and city with great 
 magnificence, to which he gave the name Sebaste, or 
 Augusta. At the present time, few of this once powerful 
 people exist. Scaliger, who was desirous of being informed 
 of their customs, wrote two letters, one to the Samaritans 
 of Egypt, and the other to the chief priest, who resides at 
 Neapolis, in Syria. Their answers are now in existence, 
 and are Avell worthy of perusal. 
 
 We shall close the preceding brief sketch of the Sama- 
 ritans, with a short account of their language and Penta- 
 teuch ; and especially of what is called the Samaritan Version. 
 But as our remarks have been, and must be brief, we may 
 refer those who wish for complete information on the 
 subject, to the Proleg. of Walton's Polyglot, Gesenius 
 " de origine et indole Samaritani Pentateuchi," Cellarius, 
 Schwarzius, Scaliger, Hottinger, and others. 
 
 The Samaritan is chiefly a compound of the Hebrew, 
 Chaldee, and Syriac. Among the words derived from these 
 sources, are to be recognised a great number of Cuthsean 
 words, imported, doubtlessly, by the new colonists. 
 
 Some of the words borrowed from the former languages 
 
 have undergone various transformations, as will be seen 
 
 hereafter, while others have remained entire and unchanged. 
 
 The sympathies of the language are decidedly Syro-
 
 INTRODUCTIOX. 5 
 
 Clialdaic, as tlie reader will observe in the sequel. This is 
 probably to be attributed to the fact, that while the Sama- 
 ritans sou2:ht to fashion their own tono-ue after the manner 
 of that of the Syrians, who were situated in Decapolis, north 
 of Samaria ; they scrupulously eschewed every thing which 
 savoured of their southern neighbours, against whom they 
 appear to have entertained the most implacable hatred. 
 
 There does not appear to be any substantial ground for the 
 affirmation of Cellarius, that the Samaritan dialect was ruder 
 and less polished than those of its neighbours. Generally 
 speaking, it is far more simple in its syntax than the Plebrew, 
 and free from those technical constructions with particles, 
 which are especially found in the latter. It does not, how- 
 ever, appear to convey ideas more imperfectly than the 
 Hebrew ; on the contrary, there are cases in which its simple 
 diction seems paramount to that of the latter; and to judge 
 of a tongue by the utilitarian principle, that it was made 
 for man, so far the Samaritan successfully attains the end for 
 which language was in part designed. There is one pecu- 
 liarity in the Samaritan, which especially arrests our atten- 
 tion; and that is, the promiscuous interchange of the so called 
 guttural letters: but whether this is an argument against the 
 uKpt^ela of the language, it is not our intention to determine. 
 
 It has been previously stated, that besides a large number 
 of words borrowed from -the three principal dialects of the 
 Shemitic family, the Samaritan language is found to contain 
 words foreign to all three of them. The historical fact, that 
 the Cuthaii held possession of the Samaritan territories after 
 the Babylonish captivity, or else that the Jews, on their 
 return from Assyria, imported a number of exotic words 
 previously unknown to their own and the cognate dialects,
 
 b IXTRODUCTION. 
 
 is not only sufficient to account for the presence of such 
 words, but also gives a clue to fixing the date when the 
 Samaritan dialect was formed. This appears to have been 
 about the seventh century before Christ. Previous to the 
 captivity, there is every reason to believe that the Alphabet 
 now called the Samaritan, was also employed by the Jews 
 in transcribing those copies of the law which were disse- 
 minated throughout the tribes of Israel. The Pentateuch, 
 known as the Hebrajo- Samaritan, appears to support this 
 supposition ; Jbr although written in Samaritan characters, 
 the difference between it and the authorised Hebrew Pen- 
 tateuch is so small, that there can be no difficulty in pro- 
 nouncing the former to be a copy of the latter, or rather 
 the latter a copy of the former; for, notwithstanding the 
 ingenuity of Kopp, it is highly probable that on their return 
 the Jews adopted, instead of their ancient characters, the 
 Chaldee, now called the Hebrew, in which the Sacred text, 
 as restored by Ezra, was written. In fact, the coincidence 
 between the Hebrew and Hebrceo- Samaritan text is so re- 
 markable, that it induced Morinus to say of the latter, 
 " purum putum Mosis Pentateuchum." The whole question, 
 however, of the priority which ought to be given to one 
 of these two copies of the Law, apparently turns upon the 
 point as to whether the Assyrian characters were known 
 among the Jews previous to the Babylonish captivity, — a 
 question which it is not our purpose to discuss here. The 
 Samaritan Version, which is written in the Samaritan 
 dialect, and of which the following work is a Grammar, 
 claims especial notice in this place. 
 
 We have previously spoken of the language in which it 
 was written, whose genius is well set forth in the following
 
 INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 extract from the Atlas Ethnograpliique of the learned Adrien 
 Balbi: — " Le Samaritain tient de I'H^breu, du Chaldeen, et 
 du S}T^aque ; mais difiere cependant d'une maniere assez 
 notable de ces idiomes, soit par ses formes grammaticales, 
 soit par des racines qui lui sont propres, soit par des accep- 
 tions partlculieres de celles qui lui sont communes avec les 
 autres dialectes semitiques." 
 
 A few remarks upon the time, and author of this Version, 
 will not be out of place here. 
 
 Upon the question of time, many illustrious scholars are 
 at issue. Gesenius, in his learned discourse on the origin 
 and character of the Samaritan Pentateuch, is disposed to 
 place its execution some centuries after Christ. Hottinger 
 and Walton, on the other hand, considered it of the highest 
 antiquity. The illustrious orientalist Gesenius has not 
 favoured us with the grounds upon which he came to the 
 preceding conclusion, whereas the opinion of the two latter 
 scholars appears to be supported by as reasonable hypotheses 
 as the case admits. 
 
 In the first place, the internal evidence of the Version is 
 sufficient to show that it is not older than the Babylonish 
 captivity, in fact, that it must have been made after the 
 building of the temple, under the auspices of Sanballat, the 
 governor of Samaria ; because the words rendered in our 
 Version (Deut. xxvii. 4) by Mount Ebal, were changed by 
 them into ianTi^nrM^^O in Mount Gerizim. This could 
 not have been done till after the building of their temple. 
 The reader who will take the trouble to consult Schwarzius, 
 will find also another reason, which, however hypercritical 
 it may seem, is certainly no less conclusive than the pre- 
 ceding.
 
 8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Moreover, the analogy which the corresponding Hebrew 
 version bears to the Samaritan will probably enable us to 
 fix more precisely the time when the latter was written. 
 
 During the long captivity of the Jews in Babylon, few, 
 if any of them, could have retained their own language free 
 from the contamination of that of their conquerors. Besides, 
 on the termination of that captivity, 'all the old Jews who 
 had been removed from their country must have been dead : 
 and if we suppose the Assyrian king carried away their 
 infant children, we cannot doubt that few at the restoration, 
 judging from the ordinary length of human life, remained 
 alive to return; and those who did must certainly have 
 spoken the language of their conquerors. Most of the Jews 
 who returned to their country must have been men who 
 had been born in Assyria; so that the Law in the original 
 Hebrew must, have been to them pretty much the same as a 
 book written in the standard English of the present day 
 would be to a real Lancashire provincialist. The conse- 
 quence was, that a paraphrase was made called Targumin, 
 and by. this means the Jews were enabled to understand 
 that which, from their ignorance of their vernacular lan- 
 guage, must have otherwise remained almost a dead letter. 
 
 Judging, therefore, from analogy, it seems reasonable to 
 suppose that the Samaritan version was made for a similar 
 purpose, and about the same time. 
 
 That it was made for a public purpose is highly probable 
 from the fact that such works were usually undertaken with 
 that view ; and there is no reason to believe that a private" 
 individual would undertake and complete such a work for his 
 own amusement, much less that such an attempt would have 
 escaped the ravages of time as the Samaritan has, and have
 
 INTRODUCTION. 9 
 
 been Landed down to our own age. This supposition, toge- 
 ther with the fact that the independence of the Samaritans 
 appears to have had no existence after the time of Alexander, 
 would at least be presumptive evidence that it is coeval 
 with the Targumin ; because, generally speaking, works for 
 national use are not undertaken when a nation's nationality 
 is destroyed, or its independence lost. 
 
 As regards the author of this version, nothing is known; 
 his name has not transpired, like those of Onkelos, Jonathan, 
 and Saad. The way, however, in which he has performed 
 his work, with few solitary exceptions, (and those probably 
 due to the inaccuracy of the lihrarii, who have here, as in 
 other cases, disBgured the original text by innovations, either 
 the result of design or negligence,) will justify the words of 
 Schwarzius: " Casterum nostro, quisquis deraum ille fuerit, 
 interpret! varloe et ingenii et doctrinee laudes merit6 defe- 
 Tuntur."
 
 SAMAEITAN GEAMMAE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 1. The Samaritan letters are the same in number as the 
 Hebrew, Clialdee, and Syriac; they have the same power, 
 and the same names. The following Table contains the 
 Alphabets of the four languages : — 
 
 Names. 
 
 Samaritan. 
 
 ilebrew 
 
 or 
 Dhaldee. 
 
 Syriac. 
 
 Powers. 
 
 Alepli 
 
 A^ 
 
 w 
 
 Y</ 
 
 ^{ 
 
 1 
 
 vowel a. 
 
 Beth 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 J3 
 
 1 
 
 .^ 
 
 our 5 or t;. 
 
 Gimel 
 
 1 
 
 T 
 
 -y 
 
 ^ 
 
 '^55. 
 
 9- 
 
 Daleth 
 
 '^ 
 
 4 
 
 C 
 
 T 
 
 » 
 
 • 
 
 d. 
 
 He 
 
 3f 
 
 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 Ol 
 
 vowel e. 
 
 Vau 
 
 ? 
 
 \ 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 vowel u or consonant v 
 
 Zain 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -xb- 
 
 T 
 
 1 
 
 z. 
 
 Clietli 
 
 ^ 
 
 >ac 
 
 
 n 
 
 •-v 
 
 guttural 1c. 
 
 Teth 
 
 V 
 
 li 
 
 
 to 
 
 i 
 
 t. 
 
 Yod 
 
 rrr 
 
 nr 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 \>m^ 
 
 vowel i or consonant y. 
 
 Kaph. 
 
 i5 
 
 ■3 
 
 
 :3 
 
 3 
 
 a hard c. 
 
 Lamed 
 
 Z 
 
 z 
 
 
 S 
 
 :i 
 
 I. 
 
 Mem 
 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 2: 
 
 io 
 
 m. 
 
 Nun 
 
 !^ 
 
 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 :i 
 
 J 
 
 11. 
 
 Samecli 
 
 ^ 
 
 5» 
 
 
 D 
 
 ,SD 
 
 s. 
 
 Ayin 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 \ 
 
 vowel 0. 
 
 Pe 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 D 
 
 .3 
 
 P or/. 
 
 Tsade 
 
 •m 
 
 51) 
 
 
 !^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 iV. 
 
 Coph 
 
 v 
 
 T 
 
 
 p 
 
 cD 
 
 a very hard k. 
 
 Kescli 
 
 '\ 
 
 1 
 
 
 P 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 r. 
 
 Scliin 
 
 *xx 
 
 ■yf 
 
 
 K' 
 
 •^ 
 
 sch. 
 
 Tau 
 
 A 
 
 IT 
 
 
 n 
 
 Z 
 
 tJi.
 
 DIVISION OF LETTERS. 11 
 
 The Samaritan Alphabet may be written in various ways. 
 The first of the three columns of letters given above contains 
 the Alphabet as edited by Brian Walton in his Polyglot 
 Bible, and Edmund Castel in his Heptaglot Lexicon, and is 
 the mode of writing adopted in this Grammar. The second 
 column contains the Alphabet as adopted by Scaliger, and 
 Leusdenius in his Syriac Grammar. The third column 
 contains the letters which Castel affirms are especially used 
 in MSS. 
 
 The Samaritans have no means of distinguishing between 
 the Hebrew letters b and b , both of which may be repre- 
 sented by "^. There are only a few purely Hebrew words 
 involving b, in which that letter is represented by ^ ; as, 
 'y,-:^^^ for llb'b ; Z/f-'\*"/n' for ^Xlb"" , etc. ; for in most other 
 words, where analogy requires Sin, they imitate the Syrians, 
 and use ^ ; as, ^^V for ib'y , ^^9 for 1K>3 , etc. 
 
 The Samaritans have no Jiyial or dilatable forms, like the 
 Hebrews, for any of the letters, but use the same form under 
 all circumstances. 
 
 DIVISION OF LETTERS. 
 
 2. The letters of the Alphabet arc divided into five 
 classes, according to the organs of speech chiefly employed 
 in articulating them; viz.. Gutturals V^BfA-; Labials 3^"?9; 
 Palatals PijfTrTf; Linguals A'\'lL^'^', and Dentals "^-/Tl-^i^. 
 The preceding is the division of Castel. It will be seen 
 hereafter, that the five letters A-^nTVT may be advan- 
 tageously considered as vowels, or matres lectionis. 
 
 There is another division of letters into Radicals and 
 Serviles. The Radical letters are those which constitute 
 a root or primitive form. The Serviles such as are added to
 
 12 HEADING AND ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 tlie Radicals in derivation, conjugation, declension, and 
 composition. 
 
 All tlie Serviles may be Radicals, but the Radicals are 
 never Serviles. Those letters which are essentially Radical 
 are, "^'\V-m3V.^'^'eiM1. The Serviles, which may 
 also be Radicals are, A!2iiiJZiirrr"?5('^9A^. 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 3. The Samaritans have no points to mark the vowels, 
 like the Hebrews. To remedy this defect, various means 
 have been proposed. Some scholars are of opinion that 
 the Hebrajo-Chaldaic method of punctuation ought to be 
 adopted ; others the Syriac, among which the learned author 
 of the Heptaglot may be mentioned: he says, '' Lingua 
 Syriaca optima est ac certissima regula punctandi tam 
 Chaldaica, quam Samaritana." 
 
 Cellarius has taken the mean between these extremes, 
 and, aro-uino; from the fact that the Samaritan is for the 
 most part a compound of Chaldee, Syriac, and Hebrew, he 
 says, " Liberiorem esse Saraariticara pronunciationem, et qua 
 in lingua ilia sunt pure Ebrasa, EbrjBO forsitan more efferri 
 posse; quffi Syro-Chaldaica ad Syrorura indolem enunciari 
 debere." 
 
 The remark of Hettinger, Anti. Mor. p. 34, that Jac. 
 Golius had been informed by an individual acquainted with 
 the Samai'itans at Damascus, that the pronunciation of the 
 latter was rough and inartificial, would, perhaps, justify the 
 belief that such was the case in ancient times. This sup- 
 position receives confirmation from the fact that the Syrians 
 and Arabs, who bordered as closely on the Hebrews as the
 
 VOWELS. 13 
 
 Samaritans, have never admitted into tlieir languages all 
 those suhtle rules of punctuation adopted by the Jews. 
 
 The chief vowel or mater lectionis made use of by the 
 Samaritans is A^, as is manifest from the frequent occurrence 
 of this letter or its substitutes in Samaritan words. This 
 fact must be carefully borne in mind, because in combi- 
 nations of letters which cannot be properly pronounced 
 without a vowel, we may suppose this vowel inserted. 
 
 The reader who is an advocate of the Masoretic punc- 
 tuation cannot do better than follow the advice given by 
 Cellarius. There is, however, no necessity for his doing so; 
 for it is not only easy to read the Samaritan without points, 
 but the whole of the Shemitic languages in which they are 
 omitted. The questionable authenticity of those points 
 ought to be a great objection to their use, especially in the 
 Samaritan, where no regular system of punctuation has been 
 adopted. 
 
 We may suppose, therefore, the letters ft-, 5f, [Tr, V, ?, 
 which are chiefly called quiescents, to be the vowels or 
 matres lectionis which are to be employed in reading the 
 Samaritan language. These letters are equivalent to our 
 five vowels a. e, i, o, u respectively. 
 
 There cannot possibly be any objection to extend to the 
 individual letters of the Samaritan exactly the same usage 
 as is observed in our own language; thus, when any letter 
 or consonant, as b, d, //, etc., is pronounced, we arc com- 
 pelled to add a short vowel to it, though that vowel is not 
 expressed; thus, we pronounce the preceding letters be, de, 
 ge, etc., adding the short vowel e to each. In the Sanscrit 
 language the short a or 3f is usually omitted. Tluis c^^ 
 where there are two consonants without a vowel, is pro-
 
 14 READING AND ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 nounced kara ; cj^^i 'i^ katara, etc. Moreover, in our own 
 language, words with short vowels are usually pronounced 
 so rapidly, that if the consonants were written without the 
 vowels we should have no difficulty in recognising them; 
 as, for instance, who does not immediately recognise the 
 words hkr, mckrl, mrnr, sllr, etc., as baker, mackerel, mariner, 
 seller, etc.? The same might be observed in other lan- 
 guages, where, on the omission of the short vowels, the 
 consonants are sufficient to indicate the word. Vide Coptic 
 Gram. ^ . 
 
 Judging, therefore, from analogy, it is reasonable to sup- 
 pose that the short vowels were omitted in Samaritan words, 
 while the long ones were usually expressed by the letters 
 A^, Bf, nr, V, ■?. And in every case where a vowel is re- 
 quired after a letter, we may suppose the mater lectionis to 
 be the short a of the Sanscrit, and supply it accordingly. 
 
 We shall subjoin a specimen from Gen. I. 1, 2, of the 
 manner in which the language may be read; presuming, of 
 course, the student is aware that, in common with all the 
 Shemitic languages (with the exception of the Abyssinian 
 branch), the Samaritan is read from right to left. 
 
 Samaritan. ^fmiiSY^ • AfTT ' 5(^Z/Y ' ^tijZ^ ' 5(ATA^^1?9 
 Pronunciation. shumie ith Alee llamas B'kamauthe 
 
 Samaritan. B(a^^? • m'V^nt'S'K ' 5(!iJyY^ ' A?5( • BfV^A^? 
 
 Pronunciation, v'kashace v'rikni shame eiith V'aroe 
 
 The short vowels are marked; the others may be pro- 
 nounced long and distinctly. The student will find no 
 difficulty in reading, by adopting this course: we would, 
 however, remind him of the pithy remark of Cellarius, 
 " Linguas hasce addiscimus non tam colloquendi causa, quam 
 intelligendi scripta monumenta Orientalium Populorum."
 
 ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS. 15 
 
 4. The Samaritans distinguish each word by means of a 
 thick point placed after the word; as, ZZ^iiJ * AHtZ- At 
 the end of a period they generally use the sign : ; sometimes 
 the simple distinctive ' , at others -: . When the sense is 
 suspended and imperfect, instead of our colon they substitute 
 the sign * • placed above the word and after it. Sometimes 
 the single point is used instead of it, and ince versa. 
 
 They have various signs to supply the place of our full 
 stop; as, =-;, <:, =< , -< , or -;. The first is that 
 which is more frequently used. 
 
 Sometimes between two verses or lines we find stops com- 
 pounded of some of the preceding; as, <-:- = = -:-<. 
 
 It must be observed, however, that these signs apparently 
 depend on the caprice of the writer, and are found differently 
 written in all the copies of the Pentateuch. 
 
 The small horizontal line - which is sometimes placed 
 over letters, has various meanings. In the first place, it 
 signifies that an ambiguous word is not to be taken in its 
 usual acceptation ; as, iiJ*^ a name, but iij"* Shem, the son 
 of Noah ; ZA- God, but Z/i- the preposition to or at. In 
 the second place, it is a sign of apocope; as, AA- for ^A/<- 
 thou. Or else it is a sign of cacograj)]iy ; as. Gen. xxix. 
 32, 34, Ai^"^ which ought to have been 5(iiJ"^ his name. 
 
 The Samaritans do not divide their words at the end of a 
 line ; but, if a word be too long, they reserve it for the next 
 line; and, in the mean time, write the last word in such a 
 manner that the two last letters may fall at the end of the 
 line, divided from the rest of the word without any mark; as, 
 ^a m^^l ' 5("^^ • ^V with Moses, saying. 
 
 5. Before proceeding further, it is necessary to remark, 
 that there are three parts of speech recognised in the
 
 16 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 Grammar, viz. the Noun, Verb, and Particle; in which 
 order they will be considered. 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 THE NOUN. 
 
 1. The Samaritan nouns, like the Hebrew, may be con- 
 sidered as having their roots in the verb. They are formed 
 in various ways: some consist of radical letters alone; as, 
 "^!i/f- a man, 5f2.A^ God: others by the insertion of some 
 quiescent letter; as, '\nT3-/n a goat, S'?"^3 a judge, etc.; or 
 by the addition of a letter or letters to the beginning or end 
 of the root; as, ZZ^^ a word, !^'?*\"^3 a judgment. 
 
 Some are derived from imperfect verbs ; as, '^T/irTf a 
 stranger, [TfTli^A- history, etc. 
 
 The quadriliteral nouns are such as are composed of four 
 radical letters. They are usually read with some quiescent; 
 as, ZtlP-^S CL treaty. 
 
 The adjectives are found to vary in their formation, like 
 nouns substantive ; as, ^;Tr°f P holy, ^f^A^ pitiful, A'Z'^^V 
 naked, etc. 
 
 In a rudimentary Grammar like the present, a critical 
 discussion of the various senses of the nouns, according to 
 the species of the verb from which they are derived, would 
 be out of place. The Lexicon will supply their senses, 
 which will be sufficient for all practical purposes. 
 
 In the Samaritan, as well as in the other Shemitic or 
 Syro- Arabian languages, there are only two genders, Mas- 
 culine and Feminine.
 
 THE Nouisr, 17 
 
 The Feminine supplies the place of a Neuter gender. 
 
 Nouns of the Masculine gender are usually known by 
 their termination or signijication. By the former, when 
 they end in a radical letter, or servile other than 3t or A * ; 
 as, "^l^/f- a man, ;irA-'\3V an Hebrew ; by the latter, when 
 the subject of the noun is masculine; as, BfZA- God. 
 
 Nouns of the Feminine gender are also known by their 
 termination or signijication. By the former, when they end 
 in 5f and A*; as, ^fZt-^/f- a maid servant; by the latter, 
 when the subject of the noun is essentially feminine; as, 
 2"^°^ Rachel, Gen. xxxiii. 7; iij/f a mother, Exod. xx. 12. 
 
 The nouns expressing districts and cities are generally 
 feminine. Sometimes under one termination both genders 
 are included. This is especially the case with the names of 
 animals, as in the Hebrew. 
 
 Some nouns, though terminating in an essential mas- 
 culine characteristic, are, however, feminine; as, Lev. v. 1, 
 A-^'^A • !3*A^ • ^^'Z'yK and ivhen a soul sins. So V'^A^ the 
 earth, ^fir'\ breath, t^fTTV an eye. As no fixed rules can be 
 given for determining the genders, they can only be ac- 
 quired bv reading and observation. 
 
 There are two Numbers, — the Singular and Plural. It is 
 scarcely necessary to recognise a Dual number, since, in 
 consequence of the absence of diacritical points in the Sama- 
 ritan, there are no means of distinguishing it from the plural. 
 
 Cellarius apparently inclines to the opinion, that the dual 
 number, if it occur at all, is not supported by sufficiently 
 conclusive examples to justify us in attempting to. establish 
 it as one of the essential numbers of the Samaritan language. 
 
 * Nouns in T and fJT, apocopated for ^AT and ^AfTf (§5,9) are 
 
 however feminine. 
 
 3
 
 18 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 Morinus, however, is of opinion, tliat A- inserted before tlie 
 termination is probably characteristic of the dual; thus, 
 "^s b!int/f-'2i3M Gen. xxvii. 36. Many exceptions may be taken 
 to the use of this letter as an essential mark of the dual 
 number, and none stronger than that of iiSnT^TfTt in Exod. 
 r xvi. 29, where it is absolutely necessary that the Hebrew 
 dual C)^pv should be emphatically marked, so as to prevent 
 the possibility of confounding it with the plural, — such, 
 however, is not the case. The terminal t^A^, which is sup- 
 ported by Castel, does not depend upon sufficiently conclusive 
 examples to justify its adoption as a mark of this number. 
 All the pertinent examples produced of it by the learned 
 author of the Heptaglot are accompanied by numerals, 
 which, in the absence of a characteristic termination of the 
 noun, supply the place of the dual number. The termination 
 '2iJ^ is evidently plural. The same remarks apply to the 
 form 5( AA- in Gen. xxxiii. 1 , which is accompanied by the 
 numeral; as, BfAA^iiJ^ ' [KA^A two handmaids. 
 
 The existence of a dual in the Hebrew language, essen- 
 tially different from the plural, is entirely due to the 
 Masoretic points. In such cases as the one given above 
 from Exod. xvi. 29, where there is an apparent necessity for 
 distinguishing the numbers, it is doubtful whether this dis- 
 tinction is not as clearly pointed out by the context, inde- 
 pendent of the diacritical distinction, as it would be by the 
 addition of a numeral which removes all ambiguity. And 
 in the case just mentioned this numeral is actually expressed 
 
 7 
 
 in the Syriac; as, . ■'nn. —.VZ.- 
 
 STATES or NOUNS. 
 
 2. The Samaritans, like the Syro-Chaldees, have three
 
 THE NOUN. 19 
 
 states or forms of nouns, viz., the absolute, emphatic, and 
 constructive. In each of these states we have to consider the 
 formation of gender and number. 
 
 ABSOLUTE STATE. 
 
 3. Singular Masculine. — Every noun which is used simply 
 or absolutely, or which does not govern another usually 
 expressed by our genitive, is said to be in the absolute state; 
 as, iJZ^ a king, '^31 a master, etc. 
 
 4. Plural Masculine. — The affinity which the Samaritan 
 bears to the Chaldao-Syriac, might lead us to expect that 
 the plural termination t^lTf of the latter would be far more 
 used than the Hebrew iijnr. Such, however, is not the 
 case, as the more usual form is tiJfrf ; thus, iafTTiiSTnT days, 
 ^17r*\T"^3 judges, etc. Cellarius rightly affirms that the 
 vast majority of nouns are thus formed. 
 
 The Syro-Chaldaic form will also be found, though, com- 
 paratively speaking, rarely ; as, !ifTrt^9 sons, 1m':^nrW eyes, etc. 
 
 Nouns ending in m omit one of the consecutive yods, 
 which concur in affixing the plural terminal; as, Exod. 
 xxxiv. 24, ^rrf?! • ^firl-^ many nations, for * iarrrfrrl-^ 
 
 Some masculine nouns form their plural like those of the 
 feminine gender; as, '2^^^/f- fathers, t^5(!a"^ names. 
 
 The two nouns, iiJfrrfTr^ Uf', ^OT^/f « countenance, have 
 no sinjTular number : this is also the case with some others. 
 
 The Hebrew ecthlipsis of m in the formation of the plural 
 number is also to be remarked; thus, taWA-S houses, from 
 Am'S in the singular number, the Hebrew plural being Q'r>? . 
 
 5. Feminine Singular. — The feminine singular of this state
 
 20 THE PARTS OF SPEECH, 
 
 is formed by adding the suffix ^ ; as, 3(Z?-^/f' a maid servant, 
 Bf/TT"^ a beast, from Zt-,^/f , nT"^ respectively. 
 
 As regards the termination A, Cellarius doubts whether 
 it is legitimately employed here in expressing the feminine; 
 he refers all nouns in AT and A/IT to the constructive rather 
 than to the absolute state. 
 
 Characteristic of this gender also are T and HT ; as, Exod. 
 XX. 16, i:"^V^ testimony; Deut. x. 18, nt-^iSA a garment. 
 
 The adjectives in this state have no other mark for the 
 feminine than B( ; as, iiSnTVP living, masc, BfbanTVP, fem.; 
 ITf'^'/n^iJ Egyptian, masc, ^;T^'^'/^^, fem. This is the case 
 also with all names of people and races. 
 
 6. Feminine Plural. — The feminine plural is formed by 
 the suffix !2i, the Chaldee !^; as, !^iaZ"^ complete, ^i5<^^ bless- 
 ings, !i3'\9*\ great, etc. : ^ may also be preceded by A^ ; as, 
 !iA-;Tr'MP cities, t!iA-?'\3 kine, from ^T'^F, T'^3 respectively. 
 
 The feminine nouns '^m'l'^ years, iaOTZta ivords, iiiiTr^3A^ 
 i stones, etc., follow the masculine gender in the plural num- 
 ^ ber. So with ^^HT^!:^ women, which has no singular number. 
 
 5 ° 
 
 i 
 
 EMPHATIC STATE. 
 
 7. Masculine Singular. — When a noun is to be expressed 
 empliatically , this is done by affixing 5[ to the noun, which 
 is then said to be in the emyliatic state; as, Bf^ZA- God. 
 ?i^t^A tlie man, ^^V the ■people, etc. Sometimes the 
 Hebrew prefix n is employed, especially with pronouns and 
 participles, as will be seen in the Chapter on the Particles. 
 Such cases are, however, rare, and foreign to the genius 
 of a language, which from its Syro-Chaldaic sympathies, 
 denoted the emphatic state by a suffix, not a prefix.
 
 THE NOUN. 21 
 
 Xouns ending in ITTA^ on assuming the snffix 3( drop tlie 
 penult. ITf ; as, 5(A.^9V the Hebreic, for 3fnTA-'\3V. Simi- 
 larly, 3f/tA.7rZA- third, BfA-VrrrS^ fourth, from m/VAOrZA- 
 and nT;YVnT3'^ respectively, etc. 
 
 8. Masculine Plural. — Like the Chaldee, the absolute ter- 
 minal iiJfTr becomes ^^ ; as, BffTf A9 houses, for ia/TrA9 , etc. 
 
 Xouns in fir of the ahsol. sing., instead of ^nt in the plural 
 emphat., adopt SfntA- ; as, 5(nrA^^'^ 6oys, from ^nt3^, etc. 
 
 The names of races and patronymics end in fTTA-, as in 
 absol. sing. ; thus, Ht/i-'KZ Levites, fTT/ft^VliiJ Canaanites, etc. 
 
 Nouns only found in the plural are regularly inflected; 
 as, -^mm"^ life, from "i^mnf^ ; ^[W^K^ the heavens, from 
 
 iijrrriis?^, etc. 
 
 Similarly ?(frr"^tS women (fera.), is derived from the abso- 
 lute iarrr^t^ or t^m^!^ . 
 
 9. Feminine Singular. — The feminine singular of this 
 state is formed by changing the absolute terminal B( into 
 ^A; as, BfA^'^A- the earth, from BJiiS'YA^ ; ^fA^^iTT'^P hohj, 
 from 5(»"m°^V , etc. 
 
 Nouns ending in *? and nt add 5(A ; as, 5f AX^"^-^A^ from 
 Tl^^-^A^ ; 5( A-nrZ^ from [ULZ , etc. Cellarius considers the 
 emphatic forms of such words as having been once the 
 absolute, whence by apocope those in "K and Ut arose. 
 
 Some nouns are feminine in gender, but masculine in the 
 termination of their absolute state ; as, *"ati the soul, <^/f a 
 hand, etc. Such words form their emphatic state like nouns 
 masculine; as, 9(^3^, 5[<^A- ; similarly 5fVSA- the land. 
 The use of the letter A in iJAV'\A- thy land, Deut. xxi. 23, 
 presupposes an absolute form B(V*\A-. A^ide Chap. IV. §11- 
 
 10. Feminine Plural. — This is more frequently used than 
 the absolute, from which it is formed by changing !^ into
 
 22 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 t<A, if t\ be preceded by A^ or ?(, but if not, into ^Aft- ; as, 
 ^(A/fnT'W from t^/fflT^V, 5(AA-iJ^3 from tiii^3 ; 5(A5(rrrZ3 
 wonders^ BfA^iiSBfa beasts, or with A- for 5f as in Gen. i. 26, 
 Deut. xxxiv. 11. Similarly from ^nTA*\-/nt3 Egyptians 
 (fern.), we have, dropping ITT, 5(AA-'\"m^ ; from !ifTrA-°\9V 
 Hebreics, comes 5(A-[7rA-'^3V ; also without ITT, Exod. i. 19. 
 
 The following masculine nouns are similarly formed, viz., 
 5(A50A. fathers, 5(A5(!iS"* names, ^AUf^Kli, Jishes, Num. 
 xi. 5, from 5{!^^t\ or m^^!:^ from Chald. «;51J. 
 
 CONSTRUCTIVE STATE. 
 
 11. Mascyline Singular. — This is the same as the absolute 
 masculine singular. The nouns 9A^ father, "^A- brother, 
 assume fTT in the constructive state like the Hebrew ; as. Gen. 
 X. 21, Azm ' or^A- • ^9V • m^9 • Za * m^A- ' J^'K^ Be 
 was the father of all the sons of Eber, brother of Japheth. 
 
 The noun "^A-, though often used by the Hebrews, is 
 usually replaced among the Samaritans by fjr*\3A- Gen. 
 xiv. 12; iafirZA xxii. 23. 
 
 12. Masculine Plural. — The terminal letters of the abso- 
 lute and emphatic masculine plural, viz. iiJ , !:^ , 5f are omitted 
 in the formation of the constructive state; thus, iijnTiSAZiJ 
 angels in the absolute state, becomes ffl'iJAZii in the con- 
 structive; as, a/rrsfZA. • HTiiA^ZiiS angels of God; ' m3A- 
 ^HTiiJ face of the water, etc. 
 
 13. Feminine Singular. — This is formed from the em- 
 phatic state of the same number and gender, by omitting 
 the final letter 9( and retaining the penult. A ; as, * A'^^nT9 
 3("^!^A the wickedness of man ; which is B(AT"^/Tr9 in the 
 emphatic state; 5(ZA. ' A^fTTiiSA^ the word of God; ' Affl"^ 
 BfV^.Y beast of the earth, from ^/IT*^ , or 5( Am"^ .
 
 THE NOUN. 23 
 
 14. Feminine Plural. — The constructive feminine plural 
 ends in A, the Chaldee n^. The mater lectionis A- some- 
 times precedes this termination; as, Gen. xlix. 26, ' fJr'^3*I 
 ii^yV^ ■ ii"ir9yV ' Ai3^9 the blessings of thy father and thy 
 mother have prevailed; Gen. vi. 2, 9(^^A^ • A/f^^a the 
 daughters of the man. 
 
 The foUowins: masculine nouns follow this form; viz. 
 AK9A- father, A5(^"^ names, Am':s\'^ fishes. Examples 
 are, Num. xxxi. 2G, ^CA'"!:^^ * A5(9A- * ITr'"yV^ the heads 
 of the fathers of the congregation; Gen. xxxvi. 40, * A^^"^ 
 '?"^V ' fTfiS^ the names of the dukes of Esau; Gen. i. 26, 
 ^iarrr * Afrr^?!^ fishes of the sea. 
 
 These observations will be sufficient to show the modes 
 employed in forming the different states of nouns. 
 
 CASES. 
 
 15. The genitive case is the only one marked by inflec- 
 tion ; the others are formed by prefixing prepositions to the 
 nouns, sometimes separable, sometimes inseparable. 
 
 The genitive case is not only formed constructively, after 
 the manner explained in § 11-14, but also with the Syriac 
 prefix ^; as, Gen. xxii. 18, BtV^/f"^ . 5(^V * Zii all the 
 people of the earth; Exod. xx. 16, ^P"^'^ • ^'^V^ false 
 witness ; Num. xxi. 9, "^'^!i'^ ' "^^^^k brazen serpent. This 
 case-mark is far more frequently used by the Syrians than 
 the Samaritans. 
 
 The dative and ablative cases are formed by inseparable 
 prefixes; as, iifrfi^aZ to thy sons, mf^"*9 in my name, etc.; 
 also by separahles , as, AfirS ' !^^ from the house, ' "im^ 
 3£iiiV beticeen the people, etc. 
 
 The accusative or objective case is formed by prefixing
 
 24 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 tlie separable word Aftt (the Chaldee fi^) to the noun; as, 
 BfV^A- • AflTT • BCfira"?^ • Ant the heavens and the earth. 
 Sometimes by prefixing ii5V , which is properly a prepo- 
 sition signifying with like the Hebrew ON; as, Exod. iv. 25, 
 Z^^a • iiJV • AiarrrV? s/ie cw^ o^ the foreskin ; Exod. xx. 24, 
 ^ixjJAA ♦ lyy • A'\ii'YA^ / have recorded my name. In all 
 these cases it is probable that the preposition iiJV has, as 
 far as we are aware, lost its original force and become re- 
 dundant; though, from the similar instances found in other 
 languages, -this construction would seem to have originally 
 arisen from phrases in which the force of the preposition 
 was emphatically marked. The same remarks apply to 
 1:^^ in Exod. xxxii. 35, where we find 5f!iJV * ii^iJ * 31A- he 
 plagued the people. 
 
 As in other languages, in the absence of a particle, the 
 active verb is a sign of the accusative case. 
 
 The vocative case is the same as the nominative. 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 16. There are three degrees of comparison: the positive, 
 comparative, and superlative; each of which is defined as in 
 other languages. 
 
 Of the positive degree nothing need be said. 
 
 The comparative is formed by 'V:!^, a preposition con- 
 vej'ing an idea of superiority; as, BfV^A- * iiJV * !^ia ' iiJ/m-^ 
 more than the people of the land, Exod. v. 5 ; fTT^tiS * 5f^nt"^P 
 more righteous than I, Gen. xxxviii. 26. 
 
 The superlative is formed by an adverb; as. Gen. i. 31, 
 '\nt'\^^ ' 9V verg good: or by doubling the positive; as, 
 '\nt'\^ ' '^m•'\^^ verg greatly, Gen. xvii. 2.
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 25 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 17. The numeral nouns are divided into two classes, 
 Cardinal and Ordinal; as their construction is sufficiently 
 explained in the Syntax on Adjectives, it will be sufficient 
 in this place to give tables of both classes. 
 
 The following is a Table of the Cardinals : — 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 One 
 
 ^'^•^ 
 
 ^A-^ 
 
 Two 
 
 ^m^A 
 
 ^OTA^A 
 
 Three 
 
 aZa- 
 
 5(AZA 
 
 Four 
 
 V9^/f 
 
 SfVS^v/f 
 
 Five 
 
 ^vy^ 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 Six 
 
 A"* 
 
 5(A^ and AA"^ 
 
 Seven 
 
 Vgiw 
 
 5tV9»" 
 
 Eight 
 
 'y^/r 
 
 bC^^A 
 
 Kine 
 
 V"^A 
 
 9fV^A 
 
 Ten 
 
 ^^v 
 
 5(^.^V 
 
 
 Twenty 
 
 iijrrr^^v 
 
 
 Thirty 
 
 ^fTTAZA 
 
 
 Forty 
 
 iurrrvg^A- 
 
 
 Fifty 
 
 afTr"^!ij^ 
 
 
 Sixty 
 
 ^fjy«xw* 
 
 
 Seventy 
 
 ^mv9"* 
 
 
 Eighty 
 
 ^rir!:^^A 
 
 
 Ninety 
 
 iaorv^A 
 
 
 Hundred 
 
 ^/fT^ 
 
 
 Thousand 
 
 3ZyY 
 
 In the formation of the 
 
 numerals between ten and a 
 
 hundred, the 
 
 less is commonly put before the greater ; as,
 
 26 
 
 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 ^■^V • ^'^'^ eleven, ^fiTl^i^A * AlA eighty-three, etc. This 
 rule is, however, relaxed in the case of numbers exceeding 
 a hundred; as, B(A^ * iiXfTr^'^Vi: * Bf/^tiJ • ^9 • 3(«*ia~ 
 but Moses was a son of one hundred and twenty years, Deut. 
 xxxiv. 7. 
 
 In the Samaritan language, as in the other oriental 
 tongues, the ordinal numbers do not exceed ten: beyond 
 that, their place is supplied by the cardinal ; as, Num. 
 xxxiii. 38, ^[rfV9S/f-5( ' A':i"^3 in the fortieth year. 
 
 The Ordinals are : — 
 
 First '^^A^ or 'T^ Sixth BfAriTA^ 
 
 Second Bf^fTft^A Seventh 3Vflr9"* 
 
 Third ^fAmZA Eighth 5(^ITri3A 
 
 Fourth 3(Vfrf9^ Ninth %\nt^A 
 
 Fifth ^"^rrriiJ^ Tenth 5(^fir.^V 
 
 The forms rrfA-^°?? and frr/f^V are also read for 'T'^A^. 
 
 These numerals are sometimes found to end in 3f A- instead 
 of 3f , a termination which may be compared with the Chal- 
 dee nx. 
 
 The distributive numerals are expressed by repeating the 
 cardinals ; as, afTT^A * ^^T'^A two by two, etc. 
 
 For further information upon this subject, the student is 
 referred to the Syntax.
 
 THE VERB. 27 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 1. The second part of speech is the verb, wliich we now 
 proceed to consider ; and, in so doing, two things claim 
 especial attention : — First, the species of the verb, by which 
 are meant its various forms and conjugations: — Secondly, 
 the mode of inflecting each species or form through its 
 moods, tenses, and persons. 
 
 2. The primitive species consists of radical letters alone 
 (generally three in number), as in the Hebrew. 
 
 3. The derivative species are formed from the primitive 
 by the addition of servile letters, which mark the peculiar 
 characteristics of each. 
 
 4. Edmund Castel, in his Heptaglot Lexicon, recognises 
 in the Samaritan as many different species of the verb, or as 
 many forms as are found among the Syrians and Chaldees; 
 that is, six, — three active and three passive : the active 
 are respectively called Pehal, Pahel, and Aphel; and the 
 corresponding passives, Ethpehel, Ethpahal, and Ettaphal. 
 The primitive species is Pehal; all the rest are derivative. 
 Morinus, however, is of opinion that, in consequence of the 
 absence of diacritical points in the Samaritan dialect, there 
 are only three distinct conjugations, viz. Pehal, Aphel, and 
 Ethpehel or Ethpahal. 
 
 The difference of opinion which exists between Castel and 
 Morinus, as to the number of conjugations may be reconciled 
 l>y regarding the two conjugations Pehal and Pahel of the
 
 28 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 former, which appear to differ but slightly in form, as one 
 and the same species ; and the three passive forms, whose 
 individuality cannot be easily discerned, as in reality but 
 one form; we have then only three conjugations. 
 
 Castel's division is, however, not only supported by Syro- 
 Chalda^an usage, but in the Samaritan language itself there 
 is, doubtlessly, evidence to show that Pehal and Pahel are 
 not only distinct in signification but also frequently in form. 
 This is especially the case in the infinitives and participles, 
 as may be inferred from the few examples which Cellarius 
 has given in his Grammar: he quotes °?TP3 of the conjugation 
 Pehal from Exod. xx. 5, which is used in the sense of visiting, 
 whereas '^P^^ of the conjugation Pahel is found in Deut. 
 iv. 2, in the sense of commanding. Compare also iS'^^ti5 
 Gen. xii. 3; "^eiS^^^ Num. xxiii. 10, etc., " qua3 frustra ad 
 Pehal reduxeris, partim formatione, partim signijicatione 
 repugnante." 
 
 The individuality of the passive forms cannot be so de- 
 fended: generally speaking, there is apparently no reason 
 why they should not be considered one and the same, 
 though used in different senses. There can scarcely be any 
 doubt, however, that the Samaritans and the other tribes of 
 the Shemitic family were able to distinguish accurately in 
 pronunciation the different senses of a word consisting of 
 the same combination of letters; or, at least, that the sense 
 could easily be conjectured " ex serie orationis," supposing 
 the pronunciation the same; under these circumstances we 
 shall adopt the division of Castel, and in the first place give 
 the signification of each of these species, upon which their 
 classification must depend in the absence of distinct forms. 
 
 5. The first conjugation, or Pehal, the Chaldee Pehal,
 
 THE VERB. 29 
 
 and Hebrew Kal, tas simply an active transitive or intran- 
 sitive signification ; as, tSS^U he sold, Z^9 he ceased. 
 
 The second conjugation, or Ethpehel, is the passive of 
 Pehal ; and, like the Chaldee JEthpehel and Hebrew Nt'phnl, 
 has, generally speaking, a passive signification; as, ' A^Z^f 
 5[Z * firZlAA- * ^tiJA* because there he loas revealed unto him. 
 Gen. XXXV. 7; "XK^i ' t^T9yV^A-\ * !^~50 * ;^X9A-^A- * A-Z 
 ye shall not make yourselves unclean with them, that ye he 
 defiled thereby. Lev. xi. 43. 
 
 The third conjugation, or Pahel, the Piel of the Hebrews, 
 has various senses. First, when the signification of Pehal 
 is intransitive, this conjugation renders it transitive; thus, 
 <\i^VA thou slialt return, Gen. iii. 19, of the conjugation 
 Pehal is intransitive, but in Pahel it is transitive; as, 
 ii*^^ * A!Tf * 'NitiVA^ * '\'?Aa V must I certainly bring back 
 thy son. Gen. xxiv. 5. It is causative. Gen. xv. 11, ' '^i^V 
 ia'^9A• * 'yK/x^ Abraham caused them to go away. Some- 
 times also it is intensitive 
 
 The fourth conjugation, or Ethjmhal, is the passive of the 
 preceding, and as Pahel is frequently causative in an active 
 sense, this is causative in a passive one ; as, tZ-^VAA- 
 were finished, Gen, ii. 1 , in the sense of having been caused 
 to be made or finished. 
 
 The fifth conjugation, or Aphel, the Iliphil of the Hebrew, 
 is usually the causative of Pehal; as, ^AHt ' '^^•^A? and 
 caused it to be led about, Exod. xiii. 18. It may have the 
 sense of permitting, declaring, exhibiting what is indicated by 
 Pehal: as also a passive sense; thus, ZVPfTf he shall be slain. 
 Num. xviii. 7; T^'^tiJA- they were anointed. Num. iii. 3, etc. 
 
 The sixth conjugation, like the Hebrew Hithjiael, is 
 generally reflexive; as, "^ZA-^fTr he shall cleanse himself,
 
 30 THE PAETS OF SPEECH. 
 
 A^^^AfTT lie shall purify himself. It is sometimes found 
 actively ; as, 'T'^iiS'^AA^ they desired, Num. xi, 4. 
 
 We have previously stated, § 1 , that each species is inflected 
 through moods, tenses, numbers, persons, and genders. 
 
 There are three modes, the indicative, imperative, and 
 infinitive. There is no difference between the subjunctive 
 or potential mood and the indicative in form ; they can only 
 be distinguished by the sense or context. 
 
 The indicative is susceptible of a definition similar to that 
 given to it^in other languages. 
 
 The imperative mood is only used in commanding, ex- 
 horting, or imprecating; its place is supplied by the future 
 in forbidding, dissuading, and deprecating. 
 
 The infinitive mood expresses an action or passion ; some- 
 times an intransitive notion indefinitely, that is, without 
 restriction to time, person, number, and gender, all of which 
 are regarded in the finite verb. This mood exactly resem- 
 bles the noun in its use, inasmuch as it is capable of receiving 
 nominal constructions, especially when used with the pre- 
 fixes iiJ, Z, i5» 9- Moreover, the sense resulting from 
 combination with these prefixes is such as is usually con- 
 veyed, or may be usually conveyed, by verbal nouns, and 
 hence it is that De Sacy, in his Arabic Grammar, prefers to 
 consider infinitives as verbal nouns. For instance, the word 
 nT'^TZ"^3 , which is when I sent, may also be rendered by a 
 verbal noun on my sending. This is also the case in the 
 Hebrew, which, as well as the Samaritan, approximates to 
 the terse mode of construction followed by the Greeks, who 
 use the article with the infinitive, as, ev to3 TrefXTreiv. This 
 idiom is further exemplified in the Syntax. 
 
 The participle is nothing more than a noun adjective,
 
 THE VERB. 31 
 
 carrying with it a notion of action or passion ; it is scarcely 
 necessary to remark that the laws for the formation of 
 gender, number, etc., are the same as those for nouns 
 adjective. 
 
 There are two tenses in the indicative alone, the perfect 
 and future. To express our present tense, the same method 
 is adopted as among the Hebrews. Vide Syntax. 
 
 The numbers are two, singular and plural. 
 
 The persons in each number of the perfect and future of 
 the indicative are three ; but in the imperative mood there 
 is only one person in each number, viz. the second; the 
 place of the third is supplied by the future tense. 
 
 There are two genders, masculine and feminine. It will 
 be observed that the first persons in each number are 
 common. 
 
 Subjoined is a Paradigm of a regular verb through its 
 different conjugations. 
 
 I. PEHAL. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 
 
 Person. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 3. 
 
 /M. 
 
 ^F3 
 
 ir'^T'3 
 
 u 
 
 A'YPa 
 
 m'^v^ 
 
 2. 
 
 rM. 
 
 A^P3 
 
 ^^TA'^Pa 
 
 F. 
 
 mA'^V2 
 
 ^iOTA^Va 
 
 1. 
 
 
 nrA°??3 and A'^Pa 
 
 !^!^^P2 and ti'YPa
 
 32 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 
 Future 
 
 Tense. 
 
 
 ?r5o; 
 
 1. Singular. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 3. 
 
 'm. '^P^m 
 LF. ^P3yV 
 
 
 l^T'^v^rrr 
 
 
 ^^'^vamr 
 
 2. 
 
 "m. 'TTPiSA 
 
 
 ^iX^V^A 
 
 \f. rrr'TpaA" 
 
 
 li'^T'^A- 
 
 1. 
 
 ^l?3y^ 
 
 
 °?F3^ 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Person. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 2. 
 
 'm. 
 
 'YPa 
 
 ?^P3 
 
 r. 
 
 rrr'^ip^ 
 
 li'^V^ and Bfi^'^Pa 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 'TP^ ^iTFa Bf'^va ^('Y??^ 
 
 Also [according to Cellarius], 
 
 
 ^patis 
 
 
 ^i:p3^ 
 
 
 5(^paia* 
 
 
 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 
 
 Past. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 
 F. 
 
 
 m. 
 
 
 F. 
 
 °fP2 
 
 1 5f^P3 
 
 
 ^nrP2 
 
 
 ^f'TiTTPiS 
 
 * These forms belong rather to the third conjugation. Vide § 10.
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 33 
 
 II. ETHPEHEL. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 
 Person 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 3. 
 
 fM. 
 
 < 
 
 °^P3AA- 
 
 iT^fVaAA- 
 
 A'^VaA/f 
 
 iTf^vaA/f 
 
 2. 
 
 ' M. 
 
 A'^Pi^AA^ 
 
 ^?A^P3AyY 
 
 A'^PaAA^ 
 
 :iA'TVaAA^ 
 
 1. 
 
 
 a°?p:3AA^ 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 li^^'^paA/v 
 
 Person 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 3. 
 
 ' M. 
 
 °?P3Am 
 
 l^^'^paAor 
 
 F. 
 
 'YPaAA 
 
 !:^'YP3AA 
 
 o 
 
 fM. 
 
 '^VaAA 
 
 ii^^paAA 
 
 Z. 
 
 F. 
 
 fir^fP^AA 
 
 ::N°?paAA 
 
 1. 
 
 
 'TpaA/f 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD 
 
 ^P3A:i 
 
 Person. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 7^/Mra/. 
 
 2. 
 
 ' M. 
 
 ^V3AyV 
 
 ?^P3A/f 
 
 - ^• 
 
 mf^vaA/f 
 
 ^Ci'^vaA/f 
 
 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 3('^V3AyV 
 
 A^V3AA^ 
 
 AT'^PaAA^ 
 
 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 
 
 
 'YPaA^ 

 
 34 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 III. PAHEL. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 Same as the Perfect of the First Conjugation. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 Same as that of Pehal. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 Person. Singular. Plural. 
 
 r M. ^pa iTTva 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 IV. ETHPAHAL. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 
 Same as the Perfect of Ethpehel. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 Same as that of Etlipehel.
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 35 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Same as that of the Third Conjugation. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 A^P^A-A^ A?'^T'3A-yV 
 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 
 
 'YPa/v^a 
 
 
 
 V. APHEL. 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 
 
 Person 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 3. 
 
 ' M. 'YP^/t 
 
 ^°fP3A^ 
 
 \ F. A'^paA- 
 
 nr'^paA^ 
 
 2. 
 
 ' M. A'^paA 
 
 1 F. flTA^P^A^ 
 
 :ii:A°?P3/f 
 
 :inTA°^P3/f 
 
 1. 
 
 • 
 
 Future Tense. 
 Same as that of Pehal. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 :i:^'YP3/f 
 
 Person 
 
 . Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 2. 
 
 ' M. '^pa/f 
 
 t F. fTT'XPaA 
 
 ?^P3A^ 
 
 ^'I^'X'P^A
 
 36 THE PARTS OF SPEECH- 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 PARTICIPLE, 
 
 'YfffPaia and ^Ipa^iS 
 
 VI. ETTAPHAL. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 Savie as the Perfect of Ethjpehel. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 Same as that of the Second Conjuc/ation 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 • Same as that of EthpeheL 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 3(A-'YPaAii5 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Very rarely occurs, perhaps not at all.
 
 THE VERB. 37 
 
 7. Upon the first conjugation, the following observations 
 will be found i\seful. 
 
 The preterite of the indicative of this conjugation is 
 formed like the Syriae, and differs both from the Hebrew 
 and Chaldee. The difference between the Hebrew and 
 Samaritan in the singular is apparent in the third person 
 feminine; the former ending in H, and the latter in A- In 
 the plural number, the Samaritan and Hebrew differ widely, 
 especially in the first and third person; the difference is 
 not so great between the Samaritan and Clialdee, though 
 remarkable in the first and third person feminine, both of 
 which end in X . Sometimes, however, the servile letter A- 
 
 is adopted, as in the Arabic \^'^ , after the masculine ter- 
 mination ■?, as will be seen from the examples B{/V-"?iaZ^ 
 Gen. xlix, 23, and ?IA^?***3iJ Num. xxxii. 39. It must not 
 be forgotten, however, that in most cases of this kind the 
 pronominal suffix % is found; so that 7^ would seem to have 
 been added for the purpose of distinguishing more emphati- 
 cally between the verbal termination and the suffix. 
 
 It will, perhaps, be as well to observe, that the suffix y\» 
 of the first person singular may be considered as attached 
 to the verbal root by the vowel A^; for, as Morinus has 
 observed, A is sometimes expressed, as in Exod. xxxiv. 18, 
 i5A-/f-'^V3 / have commanded thee. This expression of /f. 
 may be accounted for on the ground that, as all the charac- 
 teristic terminations of the persons are derivable from the pro- 
 nouns expressing those persons respectively, we may suppose 
 the whole of the pronoun of the first person, viz. m^/^ *, 
 
 * The inserted letter ^, if we suppose it changed into A, will give 
 the suffix for forming the first person singular, a.s flTA-A.
 
 38 THE PARTS OP SPEECH. 
 
 added to the root of the verb, without omitting the A^, 
 This will lead us also to determine the vowels by which the 
 other suffixes may be supposed attached to the root, as the 
 second person singular, masculine and feminine, and the 
 whole of the plural, whose initial letters being A^, we may 
 suppose this to be the mater lectionis by which they are 
 connected with the verbal root. 
 
 The first person plural is usually expressed by double ti ; 
 still it is to be found with a single '^ in the Pentateuch, as 
 the instance produced by Cellarius, from Num. xxi. 7, will 
 prove, where !iZZiiJ we have spoken, is read. 
 
 8. The future tense of this conjugation is decidedly 
 Chaldaic in its formation; it agrees as closely with the 
 Chaldee as the perfect does with the Syriac, because, though 
 the second person feminine singular is found usually with- 
 out the paragogic t^, it is frequently employed. The last 
 radical of the verb in the future tense is sometimes preceded 
 by ?, the Syriac o, and Hebrew \ ; as, Z'^V^^A Gen. vi. 7, 
 for ZP"^A- The termination "X^ of the second and third 
 person plural is sometimes read "K with the omission of the 
 !:i ; thus, "liiA-A Num. xxxv. 6, Xt^'^m Gen. viii. 22. This 
 ecthlipsis of Nun no doubt induced Castel and Morinus to 
 consider it as paragogic; the frequent occurrence, however, 
 of this letter, as Avell as the coincidence of the future gene- 
 rally with the Chaldee, would seem to be a great objection 
 to the opinion entertained by those two scholars. 
 
 9. In the imperative mood, the Syriac o is very rarely 
 found before the last syllable. It must also be observed, 
 that, in the imperative mood, examples of the plural femi- 
 nine are very rare. Cellarius gives the following instances: 
 t^fTTA-fir-mA • ^V^*" Gen. iv. 23, liPVi^ Exod. ii. 20.
 
 THE VERB. 39 
 
 10. In the paradigm we have given various forms of the 
 infinitive of Pehal, which is sometimes accompanied by the 
 Sjriac ^ , but is more frequently without it ; the form with ia 
 being chiefly confined to Pahel; in fact, there appears to be 
 no reason why this form should not be exclusively confined 
 to Pahel (except in the case of the infinitive of Aphel, 
 which is generally known by the termination 3(/f-), espe- 
 cially when we consider that Pehal and Pahel have fre- 
 quently the same force, like Kal and Piel in the Hebrew. 
 It must be observed that the form with iiJ is seldom used 
 when the infinitive is construed with its verb; as, ' ZiiA- 
 ZiSfTTA, the governing preposition 9 being omitted. The 
 form frequently made use of among the Hebrews in this con- 
 struction is the infinitive of Kal, which being usually ren- 
 dered in the Samaritan version by the infinitive without !iJ , 
 is, to say the least of it, a circumstance which favours the 
 supposition previously made, that the form without the 
 prefix iiJ is exclusively confined to Pehal, while that with 
 ia belongs to some of the other conjugations. 
 
 In some instances we find T placed before the last radical ; 
 as, Xum.xxiii. 11, iJT'Sa * AiJ'^a thou hast certainly blessed; 
 *"'?'iiS9 in gathering together, etc. This is frequently the 
 case in the construction followed in the first example ; thus, 
 Pa"^ • PT3^ just gone out, Gen. xxvii. 30 ; Anra^ ' flTTia^ 
 Gen. xxxi. 30. The paragogic 5( of the infinitive is changed 
 to A before sufiixes; as, Num. x. 36, 5(A'^'Tt^!iJ9 wJien it 
 rested, where the paragogic 5( has been changed to A before 
 the suffix 5t. The same may be said of the metahole of 
 5{ into A'K before suffixes, and wlien the infinitive is in 
 construction; as, 'yKA'K^UH'^Z to purify them, Num. viii. 
 7,21; !:^iriJA-frf • Airia'ei'\^ from loving you, Dcut. vii. 8.
 
 40 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 11. The first conjugation has two participles, called 
 Benoni and Pehil, corresponding to the Chaldee partici- 
 ples of the same name; the former answers in sense to the 
 Latin participle in ens ; the latter generally to the perfect 
 participle in tus ; thus, ^OTPZ-^ they who ascend, ol ava- 
 ^alvovT€<i; iSfTT'^^ blessed, 6 ev\oyr)fMivo<i. 
 
 Cellarius has given numerous instances in which he consi- 
 ders the active participle as having "? before the last radical ; 
 thus, i5^3"* he that sheddeth, Gen. ix. 6; iJtZia he that pos- 
 sesseth. Gen. xiv. 19 ; Z?/*-l he that revengeth. Num. xxxv. 21. 
 I strongly ^suspect, however, that these instances, and others 
 which are met with, are nouns substantive, formed by means 
 of the servile letter "K . Compare '\'K^2 a judge, Z"^^? a 
 murderer, ^xmi^ , and a multitude of others, all of which 
 are nouns. Cellarius states that Pehil has sometimes an 
 active signification; and gives, as an instance of this, 
 lifTrT'nra!:^, Gen. xxiv. 13, which he renders " egredientes ;" 
 it is manifest, however, from the passage, that it preserves 
 its usual passive sense ; the action denoted by it being one 
 which is manifestly more perfect than inchoative. 
 
 Pehil is found, in Deut. xxi. 23, with ^ instead of m ; 
 as, 3'?Z"/n he that is hanged. There are cases also in which 
 this participle seems to have the force of the aorist in Greek ; 
 as, for instance, Zflf^V o Kravcop. 
 
 Both participles are sometimes found, like nouns adjective, 
 with 5{ emphatic. 
 
 12. Kemarks on the second conjugation: — The rules 
 observed in the Hebrew for transposing the sibilants, on 
 account of the passive character A, are also found in the 
 three passive conjugations of the Samaritan; as, a3A*"ITf 
 shall be shed, Gen. ix. 6; lHA-^A- was beheld, Exod. ii. 12.
 
 THE VERB. 41 
 
 Moreover, after this transposition, if the first radical be M , 
 the Tau is changed into 'T ; if it be «m, into ^ ; as, VV^v^fTf 
 he shall be called, Gen. xvii. 5, for WAi^fTf, from WM- 
 Also, !i*i:'\V^>/nA ye shall be ajflicted, Gen. xlv. 5, for 
 !:^^'^VAV^A, from '^V'ffl. The prefix AJi- is sometimes 
 found written A^ , though rarely. The first person of this 
 conjugation sometimes ends in flTA ; as, Deut. xxxiv. 4, 
 nTAV9A"*yV / sware. The second person plural feminine 
 sometimes also ends in ^^fTfA instead of !iA. 
 
 13. In the imperative mood, instead of /f we find 5f, 
 though, as far as I have observed, this is not very frequently 
 the case; as. Gen. xlii. 16, ^'^"^A'A^f. 
 
 14. The usual form of the infinitive of this conjugation 
 is that first given in the paradigm : the other forms are to 
 be explained in the same manner as in § 10. The two in- 
 stances, viz. ^TA-^ast, Gen. V. 2, and *\iUT[B(, Gen. xvii. 13, 
 given by Cellarius, are undoubtedly of the fifth conjugation, 
 which has sometimes a passive sense, as we have shewn in § 5. 
 
 15. Kemarks on the third conjugation: — The diflx^rcnce 
 between this conjugation and the first has been previously 
 pointed out. It is important to observe that the quadri- 
 literal verbs, as -^iaZA he formed, *\9"?^ he consoled, !i3PZ 
 he poured forth, belong to this conjugation, as they do in 
 the Syriac. 
 
 Castel marks this conjugation by the insertion of m (to 
 express the vowel Tsere) between the last two radicals; as, 
 "jnTPa. It is found in Deut. ix. 12, under the form ZyVa"^ 
 have become corrupted, with which mater lectionis the last 
 syllable of the root may be usually pronounced. 
 
 The imperative of this conjugation is formed like the 
 Syro-Chaldaic. The infinitive, Ukc that of Pchal, is capable
 
 42 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 of receiving the terminations A, A"\, under tlie circum- 
 stances mentioned in § 10. 
 
 The participles of this conjugation, as well as the impe- 
 rative, are formed like the Syro-Chaldaic. 
 
 16. Eemarks on the fourth conjugation: — What has been 
 said of the second conjugation will also apply here; the 
 usual forms of the infinitive are At'^V^A'A^ and A'^V^A/f • 
 
 17. Eemarks on the fifth conjugation: — It has been pre- 
 viously stated (§ 5) that Aphel has sometimes a passive 
 sense. The prefix N- is often changed to 5f ; as, Gen. xxxv. 2, 
 X^lySC^X ' tiS'^Sf jmrify yourselves^ and he clean ; so 'iTS'MP^C 
 for 'ra'MP/t. The feminine plural imperative of this conju- 
 gation may end in t^fTT ; as. Gen. iv. 23, IsntAm-mff- hearken; 
 it is, however, very rarely used. 
 
 The usual form of the infinitive is that given in the para- 
 digm: other forms are met; as, Gen. xxix. 7, "^!:iiiA^ to he 
 collected. Also ^i^lsf to he circumcised, Gen. xvii. 13. 
 
 The participial forms in use are <TP3i3 and '^OTT'^ia. 
 
 18. Eemarks on the sixth conjugation : — This conjugation 
 is thought by Castel to arise from the absorption of the 
 second A of the Syriac Ettaphal; thus, VP^A/t is read for 
 VP^AA/f ; 'TPaAA- for the Syriac ^^^LL\ , in the forma- 
 tion of which one of the Syriac Z 's is omitted. 
 
 These remarks will be sufficient for the perfect verbs. We 
 now proceed to the consideration of the imperfect verbs. 
 
 IMPERFECT VERBS. 
 
 19. Those verbs which, on account of certain peculiarities 
 in their roots, vary in their inflection from the paradigm 
 previously given of a perfect verb, are called imperfect verbs. 
 They are divided into three classes; Defective, Quiescent,
 
 THE VERB. 43 
 
 and Anomalous verbs; in which order they 'will be con- 
 sidered. 
 
 DEFECTIVE VERBS. 
 
 20. Of these verbs there are two classes, — those which lose 
 their^r^^ radical, and those which lose their second. 
 
 The verbs of the first class are, as in PIcbrew and Chaldee, 
 such as have Nun for their first radical ; those of the second 
 class, such as have their second and third radicals the same. 
 
 DEFECTIVES OF FIRST CLASS. 
 
 21. Verbs of this class follow, for the most part, the same 
 rules as in the Hebrew and Syriac. The future of the indi- 
 cative, the imperative, and infinitive of Pehal, also the whole 
 of the conjugation Aphel, omit, generally speaking, the !^. 
 These verbs are, for the most part, regular in the other con- 
 jugations, except Ettaphal. 
 
 (a) Examples of the future of Pehal are, 9^W for S^lifiT; 
 P^':^ for P^^:^ we will go up; 'V.'^^m for t^T^iS^m, etc. 
 
 (/3) Examples of the imperative are, P^ for p^":^ ; «W 
 for <\^^ ; ?P3 for ?P3!^ , etc. Sometimes T is inserted in 
 the future and imperative between the rem.aining radicals; 
 as, P'^^rrf lie shall go; PT3 go out. On this account X may 
 be made the mater lectionis in every case. 
 
 (7) Examples of the infinitive are, Z'^JiS for Z^^iiJ ; 
 ^^a for S^^iiS ; P3!a for P3':\i3 , etc. 
 
 (h) Examples of Aphel are, P3A- and P3?(, Gen, xiv. 18 ; 
 P-^biJ^f causing to go up, Lev. xi. 45. 
 
 (e) Examples of Ettaphal are, AVAfTf Exod. xix. 11, 
 for AViiArrr; AOrVAyV, Num. X. 17. 
 
 Cellarius gives two Instances in which '^^ is omitted from 
 the perfect; as, Gen. xiv. 10, "kLZ^ also, xxiv. 63, pa he went
 
 44 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 out. This is, however, very rarely the case, and such devi- 
 ations are remarkable rather as anomalies. Many of these 
 verbs are regular; as, ^ii^ he slew, ZZ"^ he fell, etc. 
 
 The sense of the different conjugations is, of course, the 
 same as in the perfect verb. 
 
 DEFECTIVES OF SECOND CLASS. 
 
 22. Verbs of this class are mostly regular; the chief irre- 
 gularities are observable in the whole of Pehal (the parti- 
 ciple excepted), and in the whole of the fifth conjugation, 
 where the third radical is usually omitted. 
 
 (a) Examples of the preterite of Pehal; Gen. xxxviii. 11, 
 ZV he entered, for ZlS , which is found in full. Gen. xiv. 5. 
 So Gen. xxxviii. 9, with A- interpolated, ZA-V . The femi- 
 nine of the third singular is found in full AZZV , but with- 
 out the last radical, aZV, Gen. xlii. 21. Similarly "^ZV 
 and "^ZA-V are read for tZZV , etc. 
 
 For the future, ZVflfOT Gen. xxxii. 11, P'^fTTA, T^^fTfA, 
 like VI"^ of Castel. 
 
 (/S) Examples of the imperative mood are; ZV, Gen. 
 XXX. 3, also read fully tV^ ■ The feminine singular is 
 found in full. Num. xxi. 27, ITfZZV. The plural irZV for 
 irZZV is found, Deut. i. 7. 
 
 (7) Examples of the infinitive are, fKV^ for ZlTV , or in 
 Pahel for Z^ViiJ, Exod. xvii. 12. So V^fTf^ in Pahel, etc. 
 
 (5)Examples of the fifth conjugation: perfect, ZV/f. and 
 IH^J^ for IZW/f-, etc.; future, ZA-VyV, Gen. xxvii. 10. 
 Imperative mood, ZV5( Exod. vi. 11, or with a mater lectionis, 
 Z/f-VBf. The form Z^, found in Exod. x. 1, seems to be 
 contracted from ZV3{ . Infinitive mood, AZ A-V^ for A-ZZViS, 
 Deut. ix. 28.
 
 THE VERB. 45 
 
 (e) The instances given in the preceding paragraphs, in 
 which the forms are uncontracted, seem to belong to the 
 conjugation Pahel; in fact, the only means of distinguish- 
 inor the first and third conjugation in form appears to be 
 by considering the apocopated forms to belong to Pehal, 
 and the perfect forms to Pahel; as, "tZZV, Gen. xix. 10; 
 
 ZZ!iS, etc. 
 
 (^) The passive of Pehal is not apocopated; as, PV"TA/f, 
 etc.; while Ettaphal loses its middle radical; as, T"^AA^, 
 etc. 
 
 The observations made in this and the preceding section 
 will be found sufficient without a paradigm. 
 
 QUIESCENT VERBS. 
 
 23. Verbs are called quiescent whenever, among the let- 
 ters constituting the root, any one of the quiescents 3 , A- , 
 frr, T, as they are improperly called, is found. 
 
 These verbs may be divided into three classes; first, such 
 as are quiescent in the first radical ; second, those which are 
 quiescent \xi the second; third, those quiescent in the third 
 radical. 
 
 The Samaritan mode of inflecting these verbs is very 
 like the Syro-Chaldaic. 
 
 gUIESCENTS OF FIRST CLASS. 
 
 In Aleph, or Pe-Aleph. 
 
 24. The class of verbs, whose first radical is /f, is 
 inflected more like the perfect verb than any other class 
 of quiescents. The following observations will supply the 
 place of a paradigm. In the first and fifth conjugations, the 
 initial A- is changed into fir whenever it is preceded by a
 
 46 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 servile formative. For example, in Pelial, from *^a/Y comes 
 *\iam'A^ I will say; so, for ^^A-iiJ we find ^^fTT^, etc. 
 
 The same law is also observable in the passive forms ; as, 
 Gen. xvii. 1, ZA^ntA'^i. walk; ZiSflTAiiJ, also Za/tAia, etxi. 
 
 The Aleph is sometimes omitted; as, Deut. vii, 10, 
 5[AA^'^3ia to destroy it; in Exod. iii. 2, we find the passive 
 ZiJ/fAia ; but in Gen. vi. 21, the apocopated form ZiJAflf is 
 given, unless it be read ZiJfTTnT, Aphel used in a passive sense. 
 
 Cellarius adduces an instance in which the quiescent is 
 changed to ?( ; as, Zf^A^*^-, Gen. xi. 31. This is very 
 rare, and I cannot call to mind another instance of it. 
 
 In such forms as Zii?'^, ZiiTA^, etc., the yV is manifestly- 
 changed to X ; this sometimes takes place in Aphel, as well 
 as in the passive forms. There does not seem to me, how- 
 ever, to be any reason for exclusively confining this metabole 
 to those conjugations. The example adduced by Cellarius, 
 viz. Zii"?^? in the conjugation Aphel, may also be referred 
 to the first or third conjugation. 
 
 In Yod, or Pe-Yod. 
 
 25. The quiescents whose first radical is m are formed 
 much in the same way as Hebrew verbs of the same kind. 
 
 The Yod is usually omitted in the future and imperative 
 of Pehal, but in Aphel is changed to X ■ 
 
 (a) Examples of the future: 93/f. for ^^Ht/f-; 9AA for 
 ^AfttA; though it may be written regularly as A'^fTfnT, 
 Gen. xxi. 10, not A*MTf. 
 
 (/3) Examples of the imperative mood are, 3A for SAflf 
 sit thou ; so from ^ZHt we have '^Z ? flf '^Z , etc. 
 
 (7) Examples of the fifth conjugation: 2MX/(- I will add, 
 Gen. viii. 21; ^^VXm for '^P/irfTT. The infinitive ^Af-'^X'H,
 
 THE VERB. 47 
 
 Gen. xlv. 5, etc. There are cases, however, in which the 
 nr is not changed; as, Gen. iv. 7, A-^^rTTyV, instead of 
 A9^^?/f. Again, Zsm/f for Z9r>V, Exod. xiv. 21. 
 
 (8) The nt sometimes undergoes the same change for the 
 passive conjugations as in Aphel; thus, <\A'?AA^; ITf^tAA^ 
 from a radLx BC^ITT, etc. 
 
 (e) Those cases in wliich the [tt is omitted in the perfect 
 tense, as in Gen. ix. 23, where TiSZ is found for "KHZtU , are 
 to be marked as anomalies. The same may be said of the 
 presence of Yod where it should be absent; as 9*? A/If, 
 Deut. xxxi. 19. 
 
 26. Verbs in Aleph and Yod are usually regular, except 
 in the cases mentioned in the preceding sections. 
 
 QUIESCENTS OF SECOND CLASS. 
 In Vau, or Ai/in - Vau. 
 
 27. The only class of verbs worthy of note under this 
 head are those whose middle radical is Vau. The followino- 
 paradigm with iiJI? or iavv will give the student an idea of 
 the peculiarities of verbs of this class : — 
 
 
 I. PEHAL. 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 
 
 Person. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 3. < 
 
 ' M. ^VP or iiJP 
 
 ?iavp 
 
 _ F. AiaVP or AiiJP 
 
 miavp 
 
 2. - 
 
 " M. A^VP 
 
 ^^TAiavp 
 
 ^ F. AiiJVP 
 
 t^nTAiiJVP 
 
 1. 
 
 AiiJVP 
 
 ^i'i^VP
 
 48 
 
 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 Person. 
 
 Singul 
 
 ar. 
 
 3. 
 
 M. 
 
 1- 
 
 
 2. 
 
 ' M. 
 
 F. 
 
 
 1. 
 
 
 !iJ?P/f 
 
 Plural. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Person. Singular. 
 f M. ^■K? 
 
 "' \ F. nt^K? 
 
 Plural. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 »a?p 
 
 iiSTVilS iaVViiS ?(!aVViiS 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present ^>VP 
 
 Past !iSfirV
 
 THE VERB. 49 
 
 28. Remarks on the first conjugation: — The preterite of 
 this conjugation strongly resembles the Syriac. In the 
 paradigm of Pehal, we have given two forms of the third 
 person singidar, one with and the other without the mater 
 lectionis. The third person plural may be similarly writ- 
 ten; as, "Tiii?, Gen. xxxvii. 35; in fact, the mater lectionis 
 is sometimes absent in the other persons. 
 
 T\\e future tense is generally read with X ; it is, however, 
 found without it; as, Deut. xiii. 8, ^^fTTA* it shall spare ; 
 ?ii5([rr they will go, for 'TiSTBCm', Exod. xxxii. 1; Pvm for 
 P?vnr, Deut. xxviii. 52. 
 
 The imperative mood is like the Chaldee and Hebrew. 
 Wlien the ultimate or penultimate is a guttural or Resh, the 
 Yau is frequently omitted; as, '^'^ inhabit, Gen. xxxv. 1, 
 for ^'K'^; also, ii5( go, etc. 
 
 In this case the ? , though omitted in the imperative, is 
 sometimes found in the future; as, ^T'YA, Gen. xxiv. 5o; 
 the rule, however, for omission in the future is, generally 
 speaking, the same as that for the imperative. 
 
 Of the infinitive mood, we have given various forms; 
 those which are preceded by ^ belong rather to the third 
 conjugation; thus, 3(»**V3i3, Gen. xxxi. 7, is transitive, 
 whereas the signification of Pehal is intransitive, as will be 
 seenbyconsultingGen.xxxviii. 10, where "^V9 intransitively 
 is to be evil. Compare also 'WT, Gen. xxiv. 3, and xiii. 6. 
 
 The mater lectionis of the participle of the present is 
 sometimes changed to V ; thus, instead of iiJA-V , wc find 
 iiJVP , Exod. iii. 5 ; sometimes A^ is changed to 3( , as in the 
 anomalous verb A^^ ; sometimes for Alcpli, A-3( or ft-Ut is 
 written; as, ^/f.3('^, Num. xiii. 20; !iA-nT'Y, Gen. xv. 14, 
 etc. Such forms seem to carry considerable empliasis.
 
 50 
 
 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 
 MOOD. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 
 
 
 
 Fu 
 
 h^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-1 
 
 H 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SAME 
 
 AS 
 
 IJ 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 •^ ■*?; 
 
 •^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 hi 
 
 »- 
 
 6 
 
 u- 
 £ 
 
 0- o- 
 
 6 6 
 
 &- 
 6 
 
 p- 
 6 
 
 
 p- p. 
 6 6 
 
 »- 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 w- 
 
 a< 
 
 il 
 
 37 -R 
 
 5< 
 
 57 
 
 37 
 
 37 57 
 
 57 
 
 
 Sam' 
 
 1— ( 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 "1 
 
 ^ 
 
 Jv 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 1— ( 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■J?: 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■*5; ^ 
 
 ■*?; 
 
 •^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 •^ •*?; 
 
 •^ 
 
 e -^ 
 
 ■^ "^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 < 
 
 -^ ^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ -^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 •^ ^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 Q-1 
 
 p- 
 
 i^ 
 
 0- &- 
 
 o- 
 
 p. 
 
 u- 
 
 O- P- 
 
 »- 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 p: o: 
 
 in 
 
 r^" 
 
 ^• 
 
 ^" N- 
 
 Jy 
 
 fy- 
 
 Jy- 
 
 N" Jv 
 
 JY" 
 
 N* N- 
 
 fy« ^- 
 
 PQ 
 
 a< 
 
 3< 
 
 57 57 
 
 5< 
 
 5< 
 
 5< 
 
 57 57 
 
 5? 
 
 57 S 
 
 5? 57 
 
 « 
 
 M 
 
 5< 
 
 3< 
 
 57 57 
 
 3< 
 
 5< 
 
 li 
 
 57 57 
 
 57 
 
 57 5? 
 
 57 57 
 
 tin 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 •^ -^ 
 
 i 
 
 fv 
 
 e 
 
 j-1 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tH 
 
 1-4 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 6 
 
 »- 
 6 
 
 »- 
 6 
 
 
 6 6 
 
 a- 
 
 p- p- 
 
 p- p- 
 
 o 
 
 5< 
 
 2< 
 
 57 57 
 
 5< 
 
 57 
 
 5< 
 
 5} 57 
 
 57 
 
 f= f= 
 
 ?= f= 
 
 f— * 
 
 <^ 
 
 
 < 
 
 •^ "£ 
 
 ^ 
 
 i^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ -^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 37 37 
 
 37 57 
 
 Q 
 -< 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 <! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cl, 
 
 ^-:i 
 
 •*?: 
 
 ■*?: 
 
 $ "^^ 
 
 •*!: 
 
 ^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 •^ -^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 e "^ 
 
 "^ -^ 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 •^ 
 
 ■^ -^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 < 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ■^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^ -^ 
 
 
 »- 
 
 u- 
 
 &- p- 
 
 u- 
 
 &- 
 
 o- 
 
 p. 0, 
 
 p- 
 
 S5^ ^ 
 
 p- p-l 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 (5 
 
 fe 6 
 
 fe 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 6 
 
 6 
 
 f= ?= 
 
 6 & 
 
 
 M 
 
 a/ 
 
 2< 
 
 57 57 
 
 5< 
 
 5< 
 
 57 
 
 57 57 
 
 57 
 
 57 57 
 
 57 5? 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 < ^ 
 
 < 
 
 f<" 
 
 6 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1. 
 
 
 
 1— 1 
 
 
 / 
 
 j 
 
 
 r-H 
 
 CO 
 
 V 
 
 0" 
 
 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 •uvpiSmg 
 
 
 ■punjj 
 
 
 •u?jinSmg\
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 INFIN. 
 
 PARTIC. 
 
 
 re Tense. 
 
 
 
 
 
 »f4 
 
 § 
 
 S3 
 
 lU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 p^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 ETHPEHEL. 
 
 
 
 
 ■^ -^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 • 
 
 1:2 
 
 
 
 &- o- 
 
 u- »- 
 
 £i- 
 
 o- 
 
 »- 
 
 
 
 6 £ 
 
 6 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 27 
 
 <1 
 
 3 that of Pahel. 
 
 
 27 27 
 
 27 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 
 t> 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 6 6 -^ -^ 
 
 < 
 
 •^ -^ 
 
 « -^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 27 
 
 ^ -^ ^ -^ -^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 u u- ii- U- U- 
 
 27 
 27 
 
 »- ji- 
 
 p- ». 
 
 &- 
 
 
 E^ 
 
 
 i- ^- jv- N- r^ 
 
 h^ jV 
 
 N- N- 
 
 h- 
 
 
 N" 
 
 in 
 
 i? =R 3? J? ?? 
 
 27 27 
 
 27 27 
 
 27 
 
 
 27 
 
 P3 
 
 i? J^ 5^ =R 27 
 
 27 27 
 
 27 27 
 
 27 
 
 
 37 
 
 P^ 
 
 h- rl hr rl 
 
 
 fc 
 
 h- ri 
 
 j^ 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 rj n 
 
 
 \-m 
 
 w 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 >► 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 27 
 
 &- Eu 
 6 6 
 
 6 6 
 
 U" 
 
 e 
 
 27 
 
 E>- 
 
 «>i 
 
 = £ g e 6 
 
 27 27 
 
 27 27 
 
 27 
 
 ?= 
 
 •^ 
 
 o 
 
 >— ( 
 
 i7 =R J? J? J? 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 *c»^ 
 
 J'- n K n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 j^ r^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <1 
 
 p:i 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 6 6 -^ "^ 
 
 < 
 
 •*?; -^ 
 
 •*!; -^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 27 
 
 PL, 
 
 ^ -^ -^ ^ -^ 
 
 ■^ -^ 
 
 •^ -^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 ^ c^ Cu &. cu 
 
 >*• 
 
 27 
 
 ji, o- 
 
 ». B- 
 
 El- 
 
 
 u- 
 
 
 = ^ e fe e 
 
 fe 6 
 
 fe 6 
 
 fe 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 ^ in J7 37 27 
 
 3? 27 
 
 5^ 5 
 
 2? 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 J'- ri J'- ri 
 
 
 6 
 
 h- £2 
 
 hr- 
 
 
 
 
 ri j^ 
 
 
 w 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 s p=;^ s fa 
 
 
 S fa 
 
 '^ V ' 
 
 a fa 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 CO oi 
 
 I— 1 
 
 c^i 
 
 c^i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■pjTIJJ 
 
 
 ■Suif^ 
 
 ■UPJJ 
 
 
 1 ■•^"'S' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 52 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 29. Eemarks on the second conjugation : — This conjuga- 
 tion is like the Syriac in its formation; thus, '^nj'\A/i- 
 was pleased, Gen. iv. 5; gfTf^AA-, Exod. xxxii. 30, etc. 
 The student who is acquainted with the paradigm of the 
 Syriac verb in Ayin-Vau will find no difficulty in recog- 
 nising the tenses, etc., of the conjugation Ethpehel. 
 
 30. Eemarks on the third conjugation : — This conjugation 
 may be generally known by the characteristic [TT , as in the 
 Syriac. It isj however, rarely used. Compare the Chaldee 
 Pahel. 
 
 31. Remarks on the fourth conjugation: — This conju- 
 gation is sometimes read with the characteristic flT; as, 
 "HrrtVA/f-- The difficulty of distinguishing between it and 
 Ethpehel may have led to the adoption of T instead of fJT, 
 and the duplication of the last radical; as, !^!^'?9AA-, 
 Gen. xvi. 2; iaa^PA^, xxviii. 13. 
 
 32. Remarks on the fifth conjugation: — Aphel is gene- 
 rally accompanied by the mate?- lectionis flT; as, afTflA' ; 
 though the m may be omitted before the syllabic suffixes ; as, 
 AiaP/f, Gen. xxi. 29; ^A-SliiJ, xlv. 4. There are some 
 few instances in which J^ is put for m ; as, '^^■'^m shall 
 distress, Deut. xxviii. 53, 55. The characteristic pre- 
 formant A- is very frequently changed to 3C , as in the perfect 
 
 verbs. 
 
 33. The sixth conjugation is scarcely distinguishable from 
 the second, except as regards the sense. 
 
 QUIESCENTS OF THIRD CLASS. 
 
 34. The quiescent verbs of this class have A^, 5(, fTT, ? 
 for their third radical. The two latter terminations are 
 rarely found; thus, OTt^^, Num. xxiii. 21, which is
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 53 
 
 usually quoted as Pehal, seems to be Paliel, from the root 
 KAi"^. Tlie two otlier instances given by Cellarius, viz. 
 mva, from Gen. xxxvii. 35, and 'K'^'H, Exod. vii. 20, 
 may be obsolete forms, at least the latter; for the former 
 may be considered as Pahel, the first conjugation Pehal 
 not being in use. 
 
 The usual termination of quiescents of this class is 5t. 
 The following is a paradigm of verbs of this kind with 
 =tii9 he wept. 
 
 I. PEHAL. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Person. 
 
 3. 
 
 2. 
 1. 
 
 r M 
 
 If 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 M. Afrraa ^^^^Afrriis 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 M. irraafrr 
 
 F. nTi39A 
 
 Plural. 
 t\Xii9A 
 
 t^rrfiJSA
 
 54 THE PARTS OF SPEECH, 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE 
 
 MOOD. 
 
 
 Person. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 2. - 
 
 f M. nraa 
 
 
 ?i59 
 
 t F. ITTiJa 
 
 
 (^firfrraa 
 
 
 INFINITIVE 
 
 MOOD, 
 
 
 
 nriisiij 
 
 
 
 PARTICIPLES- 
 
 - Present. Past. 
 
 M. F. M. F. 
 
 35. Remarks on tlie first conjugation: — The feminine 
 plural of tlie third person of the preterite occurs Exod. ii. 16; 
 as, ntl^Z*^'^ ' firZ'^? * rUA/i- they came and drew, and filled; 
 it will be observed that the quiescent H- is not omitted 
 in rrr/f-Z^ before (Tf. This is also the case in frfAA^vU"^, 
 Gen. xxxii. 30. Compare remarks in § 7. 
 
 The quiescent letter may remain unchanged in the future ; 
 as, 5(^9;^ , Gen. xi. 4. The Chaldee corresponds exactly with 
 the Samaritan, if we suppose the terminal 5^ changed to "•. 
 
 An instance of the feminine singular imperative is ITf?3( , 
 Gen. xxiv. 60. The form given in the paradigm for the 
 feminine plural of the imperative is like the Syriac in _^ . 
 Castel has t^tTZl, the Syriac oov . . The Chaldee ter- 
 mination I may also be added to the root; thus, ^^^ntiiS. 
 As far as I am aware, I do not think that any example 
 exists, at least in the Pentateuch, to settle the matter 
 definitely. 
 
 The infinitive is generally accompanied by the prefix iiJ ;
 
 THE VERB. 55 
 
 as, rrr^iiSia to number, Gen. xv. 5; frr^^iiJ to see, Exod. 
 iii. 4. 
 
 The plural feminine of the participle is found in Gen. 
 xli. 54, ;iA^m"\**^. It will be observed that Benoni and 
 Pehil do not differ in form. 
 
 36. Eemarks on the second conjugation: — The following 
 are examples of the preterite: Gen. xvii. 1, UtA^A/^', 
 rrr9A"^yV, Exod. xiv. 21; AfTT'/na A-A- , Gen. xxxii. 30, etc. 
 An instance of the future will be found in Gen. ix. 14. 
 
 37. Eemarks on the third conjugation: — This conjugation 
 is usually terminated in the third preterite by fTT ; as, 
 miSa^, Exod. XV. 25; (Tfi^A, Gen. xxix. 13. 
 
 The other instances given by Cellarius, viz. ^^^ and 
 5f/*-Z'/n, are of the conjugation Pehal. 
 
 38. The passive of the third conjugation cannot be distin- 
 guished from that of the first, except by the sense; they 
 have the same forms. 
 
 39. The fifth conjugation is supported by the follow- 
 ing examples: — For the preterite — Gen. xix. 24, firvZ^C ; 
 A^P^/f, viii. 9; ?(V^A^, viii. 13; 3(9^5(, xxxi. 20. 
 For the future — fIr^'^/f• I will increase, Gen. xii. 2; {Ttl-^Af-, 
 XV. 1 ; though in both cases they may be preterites for the 
 future. (See the Syntax.) For the imperative mood — 
 fTfii^A-, Gen. xxiv. 14. For the infinitive mood — BCA-V^^tiJ, 
 Gen. xxiv. 19; 5(A-'/n3ta, xxxvii. 22. ^ ox ihe participle — 
 nr°?!2>tiJ, Gen. vi. 17. In the infinitive and participle, the 
 examples produced are exceedingly pertinent. 
 
 40. Cellarius has given the form firZTfAAyY, from Castel, 
 as belonging to the sixth conjugation; it occurs but very 
 seldom. The following paradigm contains the remaining 
 conjugations.
 
 56 
 
 
 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 
 MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 
 Futur< 
 
 I 
 
 ■^ 
 
 •$ ^ 
 
 < ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 •*^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 < < 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 ■^ -^ 
 
 < i 
 
 < 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 < < 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 •^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 h4 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 < < 
 
 < 
 
 ^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 < < 
 
 •^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 < i 
 
 K 
 
 < 
 
 p-l 
 
 01 <y\ 
 
 en 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 r 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 37 37 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 37 37 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 37 3 
 
 J] 
 
 
 H 
 
 £ 6 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 6 
 
 h- 
 
 e 
 
 fe 6 
 
 6 
 
 £ 
 
 ^ 
 
 6 J 
 
 £ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 •^ -^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 s^ 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •5^ -s^ 
 
 •^ « 
 
 •iJ; 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 h4^ 
 
 tn (D 
 
 en en 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 01 
 
 01 
 
 
 
 
 
 H- 1 
 
 -a n 
 
 37 37 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 3? 57 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 6 6 
 
 6 e 
 
 6 
 
 h' 
 
 g 
 
 £ 6 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 Sami 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 PL4 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ■^ -5^ 
 
 rJ 
 rJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 <1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SAME 
 
 At 
 
 I 
 
 in 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-4 
 
 01 en 
 
 57 7? 
 
 (n en 
 2 3 
 
 01 
 37 
 
 01 
 37 
 
 01 
 37 
 
 01 01 
 37 37 
 
 01 
 37 
 
 
 01 
 37 
 
 01 
 37 5" 
 
 I 
 
 t) 
 
 <1 
 
 6 £ 
 
 6 e 
 
 ^ 
 
 N" 
 
 e 
 
 6 6 
 
 6 
 
 37 
 
 r 
 
 C 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■^ ^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 ^ -^ 
 
 
 6 
 
 S 
 
 6 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 P-i 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 Jy- rJ 
 
 J t 
 
 
 
 i- 
 
 
 fe 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 1— 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 k4 
 
 •J^ •*?: 
 
 •^ -ii; 
 
 ■*5; 
 
 •*^ 
 
 •»?; 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 e 
 
 ■^ 
 
 < ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 p-i 
 
 •^ "^ 
 
 ^ -^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 < < 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 < ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Q 
 
 <n <ri 
 
 01 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 0" 
 
 T 
 
 < 
 
 Ph 
 
 37 37 
 
 3 2 
 
 3 
 
 37 
 
 •SI 
 
 3? 37 
 
 37 
 
 57 
 
 37 
 
 57 57 
 
 r 
 
 f? e 
 
 6 £ 
 
 e 
 
 Jy 
 
 6 
 
 6 ^ 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 1 
 
 e £ 
 
 £ 
 
 <1 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 ^ -^ 
 
 ;£ 
 
 
 
 ■^ ^ 
 
 
 
 
 j-1 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 J t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 >— 1 
 
 CO 
 
 ; 
 
 
 1— t 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 c>4 
 
 
 V 
 
 CO 
 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
 •uvp 
 
 iSuig 
 
 
 
 •punjj 
 
 
 •uvinSui^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^
 
 
 
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 I3IPEEAT1YE. 
 
 INFIN. 
 
 PAETIC. 
 
 
 Tense. 
 
 
 
 Benoni 
 Pehil 
 
 ^66^^ 
 
 < 
 
 01 
 
 i 
 
 •^ -^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 3? 
 
 ^ -^ -^ ^ "^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 < < 
 
 ^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 , 
 
 ^ -^ -^ -^ -^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 < < 
 
 ^ 
 
 "^ 
 
 J 
 
 ^ 
 
 Tl <T\ cn CI 01 
 
 01 01 
 
 01 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 < 
 
 7? 57 37 57 37 
 
 7? 57 
 
 37 77 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 O 
 
 
 e W 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P5 
 
 
 
 •^ ~ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ S 
 
 
 
 01 ? 
 
 01 01 
 
 01 
 
 <r\ § 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 
 37 -^ 
 
 57 37 
 
 57 
 
 37 ^ 
 
 1— 1 
 
 as that of Pahel. 
 
 
 6 ^ 
 
 43 
 
 
 6 - 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iz; 
 
 ETHPEHEL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 l-H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C/2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •»!; 6 6 -^ -^ 
 
 01 
 
 01 s 
 
 01 01 
 37 37 
 
 r( 
 
 ^ . 
 
 en en en (Tl 01 
 
 S -S 
 
 01 
 
 m s 
 
 1— 1 
 
 57 37 7? 57 57 
 
 57 
 6 
 
 S ^s 
 
 h- g 
 
 57 
 
 2 -^ 
 
 D 
 
 n ]::> ^ ^ ^ 
 
 
 6 
 
 W 
 
 6 • ~ 
 
 o* 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 
 
 j^ 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 1>H 
 
 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 ^ 6 6 -^ -^ 
 
 < 
 
 01 
 57 
 
 ^ •*!; 
 
 ■*!; -^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 37 
 
 C5 
 
 ■^ ^ -5^ -^ -^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 •^ -^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 1— 1 
 
 tn <n 01 en en 
 
 01 01 
 
 01 01 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 Q 
 
 57 37 37 ?7 57 
 
 57 57 
 
 37 37 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 <1 
 <1 
 
 
 e w 
 
 
 W 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 s fe g &: 
 
 
 ^ f^ 
 
 ^ fe 
 
 
 
 l-H 
 
 CO oi 
 
 F— 1 
 
 '^ 
 
 (M 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■jnunjj 
 
 •auig 
 
 •un2d 
 
 
 ■Sms
 
 58 
 
 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 ANOMALOUS VERBS. 
 
 41. This class of verbs mvist be distinguished from the 
 Defectives and Quiescents, inasmuch as the latter are 
 regular, though varying from the paradigm of a perfect 
 verb, while the former apparently follow no regular rule, 
 but, in consequence of peculiar combinations of letters, 
 undergo certain changes which sometimes cannot be ac- 
 counted for by referring them to any class of verbs pre- 
 viously considered. There are ten of these verbs which, 
 from their frequent occurrence, may be advantageously 
 explained in this place. 
 
 I. The Substantive Verb ^x^ he 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 Singular. 
 
 was. 
 
 Person. 
 3. 
 
 2. 
 1. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 Singular. 
 
 M. ^m^m or m^m 
 
 F. nT5(frryV or nTB(A 
 
 M. irfBcnrA or m^tyv 
 
 F. li^m^ntA or !inT5(A 
 
 Bffrr^CA- or m5C/f 
 
 Plural. 
 
 :iArrr^5c 
 
 Plural. 
 
 !im5fA
 
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Person. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 2. 
 
 r M. mx^ KX-^ 
 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 m3(^, or -K-K^ Gen. xvni. 18. 
 
 59 
 
 There are no participles. The third masculine future is 
 sometimes further apocopated; as, nT5(, Gen. xxviii. 14. 
 The first person masculine is also read UfKH-, Gen. xvii. 8. 
 This verb is, for the most part, regular in the perfect tense 
 of the indicative, and in the imperative mood, both of 
 which follow quiescents of the tliird class. 
 
 II. The Verb AflT/f- tliere is. 
 
 This verb is the same as the Syriac A*| and Hebrew V^'!. ; 
 it is frequently found in the Syriac 'New Testament. 
 Examples of the Samaritan are, Exod. xvii. 7, Am'A-5( • 
 5(?9(nT * !:k!2»3l9 Is God among us ? The medial letter ITf is 
 sometimes omitted; as, '2^°^^ ' b(^AA^9 * 5fT5frrr * A/i- ' '^ii/^ 
 truly God is in this place, Gen. xxviii. 16. 
 
 The initial letter is often omitted, especially when suffixes 
 are used; as, iSAITf*!^^ if thou art, Gcn.xxiv.42; t^^iiAOr^f, 
 whether ye are, Deut. xiii. 3. The negative adverb AfltZ 
 is compound of this verb and /tZ- Compare the Syriac 
 A^ which is derived from P and A*l by crasis and 
 ecthlipsis. (Sec Schaafs Syriac Lexicon.)
 
 60 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 III. The Verb ^nt"^ he lived. 
 
 PEHAL. 
 This conjugation, which has an intransitive sense, is 
 rarely used; as, nr"^A she shall live, Gen. xii. 13; xxvii. 40; 
 nr"^, Gen. iii. 22, which should he read m'^m , vide 
 Deut. V. 26; ':sX-^A ye shall live, Exod. i. 22. 
 
 PAHEL. 
 
 This conjugation, which is transitive, is often found; as, 
 "KUf^nt iJITTAW they will save thee alive. Gen. xii. 12; 
 9ffn"^/f- / will make alive, Deut. xxxii. 39. It is also 
 found written 5(A^"^ ; as, ^A-*^ heep alive. Num. xxxi. 18. 
 Compare 5f/f.'^'?t3, Gen. 1. 20, which is rather of the fifth 
 conjugation. 
 
 APHEL. 
 
 This conjugation is formed from a root which may be 
 supposed to arise from the metathesis of the initial radicals, 
 viz. BJ'^fir; as, JTf^^A- he lived, passim; 'ViAUt'^X^ saved 
 alive, Num. xxxi. 15 ; iav * BiA-'^TiiJZ to save the people alive, 
 Gen. 1. 20, xlv. 5. 
 
 ETTAPHAL. 
 
 This conjugation is used intransitively; as, nt'^'TAy^, he 
 lived. Gen. xxv. 7; 'K'^A/^ live, Gen. xlii. 18. 
 The other conjugations are rarely met with. 
 
 IV. The Verb AV!:^ he descended. 
 
 This verb, which is the same as the Sp'iac A>wa and 
 Chaldee finji , is written for A'^!^ , whence it is formed by 
 changing "^ into V.
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 61 
 
 PEHAL. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 
 This is, for the most part, regular. Sometimes the pri- 
 mitive form is read; as, AA*^^ she let down. Gen. xxiv. 
 16, 45. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 Person. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 fM. 
 
 AVfTrm 
 
 l^TAvrrrrrr 
 
 AvrrrA 
 
 l^AVfrrar 
 
 2. (- 
 
 AVflTA 
 
 !i?AVA 
 
 ^^rrrAvrrrA 
 
 liAVA 
 
 1. 
 
 AVfTTA- 
 
 Avrrr^ 
 
 N.B. It must not be inferred that all these forms are in 
 use; some few are given by analogy. ti?AVA occurs in 
 Gen. xlii. 38, xliv. 29, but, from its transitive sense, may 
 be referred to Pahel or Aphel. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Person. Singular. 
 
 f M. A!:^ or AV:^ 
 
 1^ F. rrrAv:^ 
 
 Plural. 
 BtAVli 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Avrrria 
 
 The participles are formed in the usual manner; as, Dcut. 
 ix. 21, Gen. xxviii. 12.
 
 62 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 APHEL. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 
 The two persons of tliis tense mostly used are, the third 
 singular; as, AVA^ Exod. xix. 20; AA'^A- Gen. xxiv. 18; 
 and third plural, "TAVA- Gen. xliv. 11. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 The third plural, ^i^TAVfTT, Num. i. 51. Second plural, 
 !^'?AVA, Gen. xliv. 29. The other persons are sometimes 
 met with. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Person. Singular. Plural. 
 
 r M. AVA^ ?AVA. 
 
 2 \ 
 
 [_ F. [TTAVA ^t^AVA 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 AVnr^ Gen. xxxvii. 25. 
 
 T\\Q passive ^oxva. of this verb also occurs; as, AV/TfAA, 
 Gen. xxxix. 1; AflTVAA, Nmn. x. 17, etc. 
 
 V. The Verb 3^rrr he gave. 
 
 PEHAL. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 
 This is formed regularly. The instance Sflf^flf, from 
 Lev. X. 17, given by Cellarius, must be referred to Pahel. 
 Compare Lev. xix. 20.
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 63 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 This is regular, like verbs in Pe-Yod. It is, however, 
 sometimes formed from !:^A!^ , Hebrew |ri3 . 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Person. Singular. Plural. 
 
 'M. 95(nr; also, aW Gen. xxx. 26; ^a/f 
 
 2. \ a5( Gen. xlii. 37. 
 
 . F. m\^ Gen. xxx. 14. 5(^3/*- 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 Present. 
 
 a^ffrr; also, astm^t Gen. xlix. 21. 
 
 Past, 
 
 arrrsfnr 
 
 The latter participle appears to be used in Gen. xxxviii. 14, 
 5(afIT?(nt she was given. This is probably the case with the 
 instances mentioned under the perfect tense. In Lev. xix. 20, 
 our version has " liberty given her," though it should rather 
 be he has not given her liberty ; a change of nominative 
 which has been adopted in Lev. x. 17, correctly. 
 
 The passive forms also occur; as, "^a^ffTTAA-, Lev. x. 14; 
 !^?a5(rrfAA, Lev. xxvi. 25 ; a^CfrrAfrf , Lev. xxiv. 20. Also 
 the participle a^ffTfAiii, Exod. v. 16, 18. 
 
 VI. The Verb ATtiJ he died. 
 This is the same as the Syriac A*io , Chaldee nio .
 
 64 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 
 The middle letter of the whole of this tense is /IT ; as, 
 Aflta he died; AAHTiii she died, Gen. xxiii. 2; "KAm^ 
 they died, Exod. iv. 19, etc. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 This is exactly like verbs in Ayin-Vau; as, AtiiSA, 
 A?ta/f, etc. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 A^ia Deut. xxxii. 50. XAX^H 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 A^ia ATiata Afiriaia 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present. Past. 
 
 M. F. M. F. 
 
 A5fiiJ 5(AA^ia Gen. xxx. 1. AflTia 5fAfir^ 
 
 VII. The Verb ii,r^ he went. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 
 This follows the form of verhs in Ayin-Vau; as, iS5( he 
 went, Gen. xxii. 13.
 
 THE A-ERB. 65 
 
 Future Tense. 
 
 In this tense T is omitted, on account of the guttural iJ. 
 (Vide § 28 of this Chapter.) 
 
 The INFINITIVE MOOD is iJ5(ia ; as, Bfii^aZ to go, Deut. 
 xxix. 18. 
 
 VIII. Tpie Verb Z^layV he loent. 
 PEHAL. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 In this mood the verb is formed regularly. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 2^ or Zi^/f XlA^ or "KlM/i- 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Lh-A^'H^ Gen. xi. 31. 
 
 The corresponding conjugation Ethpehel is also found; 
 as, ZA^mA^ walk, Gen. xvii. 1 ; Z^flTAia walking, Gen. 
 iil. 8. 
 
 IX. The Verb scaA- he came. 
 Compare the Syrlac j/.j.
 
 66 
 
 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 PEHAL. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 Perfect Tense. 
 
 
 Person. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 3. 
 
 'm. 5(AyV also A^AA^ Gen. xlvi. 1. 
 
 ■KAf^ 
 
 ¥. Ant A A- 
 
 OTA/f 
 
 2_ 
 
 'm. AmA/f- 
 
 t^^AfTTAA^ 
 
 
 t^AfrrAyV 
 
 1. 
 
 AtTtAJi- and Af^{A^e■ 
 
 li^^fTTAA^ 
 
 Future Tense. 
 This is formed regularly according to verbs in Pe-Alepli, 
 and quiescents of the third class. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 kAA Gen. xxxvii. 13, and fTTAA- 
 
 ?AA^ 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 /^Ah- /TTArrra ^-Amh- 
 
 Gen. xxxvii. 10. Gen. xlii. 15. Num. x. 21. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 r M. rrrAA^ isorAA^ also ^wawaa- 
 
 Present. 
 
 F. BfWAA^ 
 
 Gen. XXX. 38. 
 I^M-ntAA- Gen. xli. 29.
 
 THE VERB. 67 
 
 APHEL. 
 INDICATIVE 3IOOD. 
 
 The perfect and future tenses are formed as usual ; thus, 
 OrArrfyY he brought, Gen. xxxvii. 2 ; mAmm he shall bring, 
 etc. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 Singular. Plural 
 
 mAm/f- "KAm/^ 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 mAnfa Exod. x. 4. nrAfrrytia Deut. vili. 16. 
 
 This verb is very frequently used in Pehal. 
 X. The Verb Zijm he ivas able. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 The perfect tense of this verb is regularhj inflected. 
 
 The future follows the law of verbs in Pe-Yod; as, ZiJ/f 
 / sliall be able, Deut. xxxi. 2; ZiiA, thou shalt be able, 
 Exod. xviii. 23, etc. There are cases, however, in which 
 the Hebrew anomaly is adopted; as, Zi3?/f I shall be able, 
 Kum. xxii. 11. 
 
 The infinitive, Z^iiiiS, occurs Num. xiii. 31.
 
 68 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 THE PARTICLES. 
 
 1. The Particles, which form the third part of speech, 
 are generally understood to comprehend the Pronoun, 
 Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection; or, in 
 other words, all those parts of speech recognized in Greek 
 and Latin, and in the modern European languages, with the 
 exception of the Verb and Noun. 
 
 PRONOUN. 
 
 2. The Pronoun, as being the most prominent and im- 
 portant of the grammatical divisions included in the term 
 Particle, will be considered in the first place. The Sama- 
 ritan pronouns may be divided into two classes, as in the 
 other Shemitic languages, viz. Separables and Inseparables ; 
 the latter (except the relative) are sometimes called Suffixes, 
 the propriety of which term will appear hereafter. 
 
 Under the head of Separables are included. Personal 
 Pronouns in the nominative and vocative cases, Demon- 
 stratives, sometimes the Relative (which is, however, gene- 
 rally expressed by a prefix), and the Interrogative Pronouns. 
 
 Under the head of Inseparables are classed, Personal 
 Pronouns in the oblique cases or preceded by a preposition. 
 Relative, Rellexive, and Possessive Pronouns. 
 
 SEPARABLE PRONOUNS. 
 PERSONAL. 
 
 3. The personal pronouns are, as in other languages, of 
 the first, second, and third persons, in both numbers.
 
 THE PROXOUX. 69 
 
 There Is only one form for both genders of the first per- 
 son in each number; in the other persons there is a distinct 
 form for each gender, as the subjoined table will shew: — 
 
 TABLE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
 
 Pers. Shif/ular. 
 
 1. COM. ^^/f, firt^/f, nTiS!:!>/f / 
 
 Cm. ^aa-, a a 
 
 If. rrryVA- j 
 
 M. yVTBf, ?5( he. 
 
 F. Am^, m^ she. 
 
 ■ thou . 
 
 3 
 
 There is another form of the first person singular, viz. 
 A-t^A^ , which sometimes occurs ; this form and that first 
 given in the table correspond exactly to the Chaldee WX 
 and n3t« ; while the second and third forms are the Hebrew 
 ''^^ and *3 J5< . The two forms of the second person mascu- 
 line are the same as nriX and rix . 
 
 The second person feminine is found in Gen. xxiv. 23, 
 ivithout a line over it; it corresponds to the Hebrew *J?S?, 
 which is usually written ^^. 
 
 The first form of the third person masculine is the same 
 as Kin, while the second is the Syriac ooi- 
 
 With the first form of the third feminine, compare the 
 Chaldee and Hebrew i^''^ . 
 
 The second form of the first person plural is manifestly 
 the Chaldee |^^« . 
 
 With the forms of the second plural, compare the Chal- 
 dee pnpK, rri^N. 
 
 With the two forms of the third plural, compare l-13n masc. 
 and VP.i} fern.; for, by interchanging the quiescents n and N
 
 Plural. 
 C. "imZH- these, those. 
 
 70 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 ' of the same organ,' the Chaldee forms are easily trans- 
 formed to the Samaritan. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 4. These are included in the followins; table : — 
 
 Singular. 
 
 M. 'y^, 3(fTr5f^, 5ffirvi^ this. 
 
 F. %'^, ?fA-^ this. 
 
 C. t^'T, Bf'^ this, that. 
 
 Compare the first form of the mascuhne singular with 
 the Chaldee" i"! , and the second and third with the He- 
 brew nj. 
 
 With the feminine forms, compare the Chaldaean N'n . 
 
 The first forms of the masculine and feminine, as will be 
 observed, are repeated as of common gender; this arises 
 from their indiscriminate use, somewhat similar to that of 
 N-in and ^^''H among the Hebrews. 
 
 "With the common form of the plural, compare T?.^. 
 
 It must be observed, that many of the Personal and 
 Demonstrative Pronouns receive 9£ emphatic as a prefix; 
 thus, 5f<\AA-*A-T5f9( that very place. Again, 5(nr!:y3/f'^fTrZA-5f 
 these very stones. 
 
 RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 5. Like the Hebrews, the Samaritans have a separable 
 relative pronoun, viz. ^"^A-; its use, however, is gene- 
 rally superseded by the prejix '^ , like the Chaldee T from 
 n. It is common in number and gender; thus, * iJ'^Tnfl 
 anT'\'?T'9'^ thy stranger, icho is in thy cities, Exod. xx. 10; 
 a'TP'^/f''^ * iJnrsfZ/f' thy gods, ivhich brought thee up, Exod. 
 xxxii. 4.
 
 THE PRONOUN. 71 
 
 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 6. There are two forms of this pronoun; the first ^^, 
 Chald. ID , which is used of persons, and equivalent to our 
 icho? — the second B(ty, Chald. xa, used of things, and 
 like our what ? Thus, fTTA-A- * tiita * A'^g ivhose daughter 
 are you ? and, 5(ia»** • 5f !a lohat is his name ? The neuter 
 form 9(^ , as it may be called, sometimes appears to lose its 
 sense when used with prefixes; thus, 5(iiJii like as. There 
 is also another interrogative form l^'Y, found in Gen. 
 xxxii. 29; as, rrr^"^Z * LH^A ' t^'^ whi/ seek for my name'? 
 
 Before proceeding to the Inseparable Pronouns, it must 
 be observed that, to express the words ' self,' ' the same,' 
 ' the very one,' the Samaritans follow the Hebrews in 
 substituting ^K{ for its equivalent DVy, as in Gen. vii. 13, 
 !i"T5( • ^fiaTrrr • iaMa in this very day. Compare the Syriac 
 ^^cio which is used in a similar manner; as, Eom. ix. 3, 
 . .v.r^io ^jj I myself. So 1 Cor. vi. 7, noVo ]o you your- 
 selves. 
 
 It is probable that iST^lP, synonymous with ia'M , as well 
 as ^^2"^ the soul, are used as reciprocals, in the sense of the 
 Latin ' seipsum.' This inference is justified by the numerous 
 examples found in the New Testament, in Avhich it is i^o 
 employed by the Syrians. 
 
 The Samaritans apparently use 'TT-^ the heart, recipro- 
 cally; as in Gen. xviii. 12, where we find • r('\^" ' A1['\^T''? 
 BC^T^g and Sarah laughed within her heart, i. e. herself 
 
 INSEPARABLE PRONOUNS. 
 
 7. These Pronouns, which may also be called suffixes, 
 from the peculiarity of their being joined to the end of
 
 72 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 words with which they coalesce, include the Personal 
 Pronouns with a preposition, Eeflcxives, and Possess! ves. 
 
 They are contained in the following table : — 
 Person. Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. COM. frr, m^ 5^^, li 
 
 t^- ^^^ ii^' ^ ^^i5, "^a, :^?i5, "ixii^i 
 
 These inseparables are not joined to nouns^ verbs, and 
 particles indiscriminately ; it will be proper therefore to 
 make a few remarks on their use. 
 
 With respect to Wiejirst person, it must be observed, that 
 the form f7T of the singular is joined to nouns of both num- 
 bers; thus, from 9<\ comes [lt^'\ my lord; from firtJiS sons, 
 we have Ht^U'^'^ my sons, which is contracted into HTt^S , as 
 in the Hebrew. 
 
 There are some instances in which lU is joined to verbs; 
 as, {Tf^iZ^^ he sent me, Gen. xlv. 5, Exod. iii. 14. This 
 is frequently the case when the letter immediately preceding 
 the suffix is essentially radical. 
 
 The second form, however, is that usually found with 
 verbs; as, fIr!iAiS'^^ thou hast blessed me; ntl^m'iU'^m' he 
 shall see me, etc. 
 
 Both forms of the^/%si person plural are used with nouns 
 and verbs; instances of the first are, t!i!Jk5(2A- our God; 
 ^!2lf^^'^3P our sepulchres; "i^^A^SA- our fathers. Again, 
 '2^'^V-^/i- he made us go- up, Exod. xxxii. 1; ^!iAlP3A^ thou
 
 THE PRONOUN. 73 
 
 hast led us out, Num. xxi. 5. Instances of the second form 
 are, '^j\'^mlAc our sister, Gen. xxiv. 60; !2>A"/n3^ he deli- 
 vered us, Exod. ii. 19. 
 
 8. Upon the suffix iJ of the second person, the following 
 remarks may be made. 
 
 It is found with nouns of both numbers for the masculine 
 gender; and, for the feminine gender, with nouns plural; 
 a?, ^^l/f- ijour God; iiA^SX * ii^9 your son and your 
 daughter; aA5(9A- your fathers ; afTTtinTV your eyes, etc. 
 In Gen. xix. 12, Of is inserted before the terminal iJ; for, 
 in speaking of Lot's daughters, we find iJfirAt^a your daugh- 
 ters. This insertion of ITT must not be confounded with the 
 feminine form afTf, which is used with singular nouns; as. 
 Gen. iii. 16, iifTT^ai your husband; iifTTV^^ your seed. 
 Gen. xvi. 10. 
 
 The form iS is also found with verbs; as, atiJ'^'^ he 
 loved thee; iiA-^^'PA^ have I established thee, Exod. ix. 16; 
 iJ'^Z^^A- I will send thee, Gen. xxxii. 26. The terminal iSt^ 
 with the epentlietic ^ is usually found with the future tense; 
 as, iJ!:>^3VA- 1 will make thee. Gen. xii. 2; ii!2i*\iUVyV I tvill 
 restore thee. Gen. xxviii. 15, etc. 
 
 The frr of the feminine form iJfTT is usually omitted Avhen 
 joined with a particle; as, aZ to thee, Gen. xx. 16; ja^iiJ 
 from thee, Gen. xxx. 2; iJfTrZ is found in Exod. ii. 7. 
 
 The first form ^ta of the second person plural masculine 
 is found with nouns and verbs; but with the latter it is 
 generally not suffixed immediately, but with the interposi- 
 tion of the characteristic of the accusative case; as, 'yK^'^Ll^ 
 your God; "iJiTiiA^fgA. your fathers ; !2i^i5Afn' ' ^y^vm"? 
 and will lead you. Gen. xlviii. 21. It is also found with 
 particles; as, ^^TiiZ to you, '^iTiiaV with you, etc., tliough
 
 74 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 in tills case tKe second form "IXiiX is usually employed; as, 
 !i"^i5 \^^ from yoii, Deut. ii. 4, etc. 
 
 The latter form is not only found with the particles, but 
 also with nouns; as, :^?iJ?^:^:^ • ZVT ' !^~i3?3Z * ZV in your 
 heart and in your soul, Deut. xi. 18. 
 
 The last form in both genders, viz. t^TiS!^, is a verbal 
 suffix, and is formed by means of the epenthetic "^^ from 
 :i?ii, like iS^ from iJ. 
 
 The first two forms of the feminine plural are joined to 
 nouns; as, '^.m^'^'^t^ your soul ; sometimes by the insertion 
 of T, as in the case of the masculine suffixes; thus, "^klTTiJTS/f 
 your father, Gen. xxxi. 5. The other forms of the feminine 
 are found with verbs. 
 
 9. The form B( of the third person singular is found 
 with nouns of both numbers, also with verbs; as, ^^m^ 
 his head; 3(3?^ her seed; =farrrVA^ he set him, Gen. xlvii. 7; 
 ^AiTT"^^ I drew him forth, Exod. ii. 10. In the masculine 
 gender, 5( is sometimes suffixed by the interposition of A- ; 
 as, ^h-X^"^ his father-in-kac, Exod. iii. 1 ; Bf/V-nTi^'^ he 
 shewed him, Exod. xv. 25. The A- was probably added to 
 mark distinctly the difference between the word and its 
 suffix. Compare remarks on verbs, § 7. 
 
 The second form X of the masculine gender, is used with 
 plural nouns, as, ?ITr':^frfV his eyes ; TOT^a his sons, Gen. 
 ix. 1 ; Chald. "'O'l^r , Syriac ^otqxo , etc. 
 
 This terminal is found also with singular nouns and 
 particles, in which case nt is inserted before the suffix; as, 
 ?.7r9A his father, Gen.xlvi. 1, xlvii. 11; tflT'^A his brother, 
 Exod. xvi. 15; "^mZV upon him, etc. 
 
 The suffix 9(!i of common gender, formed by the epen- 
 thetic Nun from 5(, is used with verbs; as, ^t^V^iiJyY I unll
 
 THE PRONOUN. 75 
 
 (lestroij him, Exod. xxxii. 33; ^'2>m'2^'^m shall hate her. 
 Deut. xxii. 13. It must be observed that it is mostly em- 
 ployed with the future tense, and, comparatively speaking, 
 is verv seldom found with the preterite; as, 5{!^l7r9"^ he 
 placed him, Deut. xxxii. 10. 
 
 The first two forms of the plural number masculine are 
 joined with nouns of the singular number, the second being 
 that which is usually employed; as, '^'K'^/t- their hand, Gen. 
 xxxvii. 22 ; ^~Z/f-^-^^ on their left hand, Exod. xiv. 22. 
 Also with nouns of the plural number; as, 'Z'KA'^^/i- their 
 fathers, Exod. xii. 40; '2i~^nf2im':SV , Gen. xii. 5. 
 
 The third form, t^"?!:^ , is mascuHne, and is only employed 
 with verbs; as, !2^^^a'^9A• I loill bless them, Num. vi. 27; 
 !2^\t^TAi:3T ' !^?!2kT^ii5 they struck them and bruised them, 
 Xum. xiv. 45. This suffix is not, however, used exclu- 
 sively, since the simple form !:i"? occurs ; as, 'l\Z^V he sleio 
 them. Gen. xiv. 16; tJk?T"\\"\, Num. xvi. 39. Vide Deut. 
 ix. 17. 
 
 The feminine forms of this person, viz. ^nT5( and ^fTT, 
 are used with nouns of both numbers; as, lifrf!:^^"^*"^ their 
 judgment, Num. xxvii. 5; ^fTTSCtaA- their father, Num. 
 xxvii. 7, etc. 
 
 The last form, tJ*"^ of the feminine gender, may be joined 
 to verbs, but very seldom occurs. The student must be 
 careful to distinguish it from the same form, which is used 
 for the first person plural. 
 
 These pronouns, it will be observed, serve for the Personal 
 Pronouns in the oblique cases, for the Possessives, and Reci- 
 procals. 
 
 10. The relative pronoun is usually expressed by the 
 prefix <^, which is employed like the Chaldee T.
 
 76 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 ON THE MODE OF SUFFIXING. 
 
 11. In adding the inseparables to nouns of the absolute 
 state, the 5( characteristic of the feminine is changed into A; 
 as, ^fZ,?-^/?- a handmaid^ HtAZ'K-^/f- my handmaid, Gen. 
 xvi. 2. If the noun be plural, the terminal iiJ or ^ of the 
 ^hxnol formative is omitted, and the suffix added to the remain- 
 ing part; as, from ^fn''^^ sons, comes ^fTf^S Ms sons, etc. 
 
 But if the noun be in the emphatic state, the B( is wholly 
 omitted, and the suffix takes its place; as, 5("^3^ the soul, 
 m^2l^ my soul; BfAAA^ the wife, iSAAA^ thy wife ; 5(A^9A- 
 fathers, ^!:iA50A^ our fathers. 
 
 12. There are three nouns which deserve especial consi- 
 deration ; these are, 3 A- a father ; "^/f- a brother ; ^"^ a 
 father-in-law. These nouns are connected with their suffixes 
 by inserting "? , like the Chaldee and Syriac ; or fJT , like the 
 Hebrew. 
 
 The following are examples of this peculiarity : — 
 Examples of S/V; as, ^~'^^., i5T3/f-, ^^T^f^g/f, etc., 
 
 with ~; ?nr3/f, ;2.t^nr3A^, ^^t^nra/f, with or. 
 
 Examples of "^ejA- ; as, ii^^A-, 5C?ViA, ^t^T^A, etc., 
 with?; and ^fTT^A, ^"l^rTf^A, etc., with fir. 
 
 Examples of ^"^ are rare; as, m"?^"^, Exod. xviii. 1; 
 iSfTTTia"^, Gen. xxxviii. 13. Also with fTf in Gen. xxxviii. 
 25; as, BfiTfia"^ her father-in-law. 
 
 This is not, however, the case with the suffix of the first 
 person; for in Gen. xx. 12, we find fTfSA * A^9 daughter 
 of my father; and in Gen. iv. 9, BftSA * fTT^A ' ^^^tJ^^f am 
 I my brother's keeper? In both these instances, however, 
 the nouns are in ' regimen,' which may probably account for 
 the deviation from the general rule.
 
 THE PRONOUN. 77 
 
 13. The suffixes are usually added to verbs -without 
 changing any letter; as, or!:*^!!^ he led me, Gen. xxiv. 27; 
 iS^F-^/f- they made thee go up, Exod. xxxii. 4, etc. 
 
 Quiescents of the third radical in A^ or ^ sometimes vary 
 from this rule. These letters may be changed into A ; as, 
 'yKA'y^ he numbered them, Num. i. 19; !^A-/n^3f he delivered 
 us, Exod. ii. 19; ^^iTA^V he overlaid them, Exod. xxxvi. 36. 
 They are also sometimes omitted; as, ^"^nW^ilU he shall see 
 me, Exod. xxxiii. 20. 
 
 14. The epenthetic !i between the verb and its suffix is 
 so often used by the Samaritans, that, by coalescing with 
 the suffixes themselves, an entirely new series would seem 
 to have arisen. See the table, p. 72. 
 
 15. The interposition of A which sometimes occurs may 
 be accounted for by supposing it to be a contraction of the 
 case-mark AfTT ; thus, 5(yV^ZV^V, Deut. iii. 3, is the same as 
 ^A.TT • 'I^ZVV ; similarly, '2,-^A'KA^'^ for l^^AflT ' Ti^^Ci thei/ 
 saw them. In fact, the pronominal suffixes, especially !i'?i3 
 and 1^?, are frequently found separated from the verb by 
 AfTT ; as, "ii^iiAfTr ' ii^SOT he icill bless you, Deut. i. 1 1 ; 
 "y^AlU ' ii'^^ he blessed them, Exod. xxxix. 43. 
 
 16. There are cases in which the methods employed by 
 the Hebrews in suffixing the particles have also been 
 adopted by the Samaritans; thus, 'KntA'K'^^, Gen. xix. 
 16, 30; instead of Avhich 5fAA-':i9, Gen. xxxvi. 6, and 
 3(A^^9 Xum. xxxvi. 2, are more usually employed. Such 
 instances of Hebrew usage are perhaps due to the careless- 
 ness of the copyists, who from their acquaintance with that 
 language, may have foisted in forms which are undoubtedly 
 opposed to Samaritan usage.
 
 78 
 
 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 ADVERB. 
 
 17. The adverbs, as well as the prepositions and conjunc- 
 tions, may perhaps be considered as having been originally 
 substantives in the constructive state. Some of them consist 
 o^ radical letters alone; as, a^V suddeyily ; Z9)? against; 
 iiJ<^P before. Others are formed with serviles ; as, AV9fIf>m 
 little, or too little ; Zm"^9Z in order that, etc. It is scarcely 
 worth while, in a rudimentary work like the present, to 
 discuss the §enses of the substantives from which these par- 
 ticles are derived. The syntax of the adverb will be found 
 in the Chapter on that subject. 
 
 A list of adverbs is subjoined, slightly differing from that 
 given by Cellarius, which will be found exceedingly useful 
 for reference. 
 
 ^BfTV- where 
 
 ar!^Z5£ nay 
 
 Uiitherto (a) 
 
 •2,^ behold, lo ! 
 [jr'\T^ moreover 
 
 ^so, also 
 
 Bf^j-^ then; also yVV^J' 
 '^a when, since 
 
 tJkii/f verily 
 
 ?*^iJ already 
 
 ZA^ not; prohibitive 
 
 A^a like as. Lev. xix. 34 
 
 !iA- if, since, where; 
 
 Bf^iS like as 
 
 Heb. |X 
 
 t^iJ so, also 
 
 BfZ'T/fS before that 
 
 A-Z not 
 
 t^iJ'^ so, just as 
 
 TZ oh that, perchance 
 
 t^*^ why, because 
 
 ^oniy 
 
 yV5( for 5f A: behold 
 
 5[aB( here, hither 
 
 Ami not, nothing 
 
 ITr'^3Z?t however 
 
 5tiaZ wherefore {/3)
 
 THE PREPOSITION. 
 
 ■9 
 
 !^1^ in vain, gratis 
 
 °ftiS since 
 5(^ how 
 ZvZtiS above 
 livYliiiS whence (^) 
 
 ^now 
 ^as far as 
 
 '^'srv hitherto, moreover 
 nT'\'irV hitherto, more 
 2^V suddenly 
 AVSfTr-fn little, too little 
 
 9*^ much, exceedingly 
 nr3"^ and m"?"^ now (7) 
 'MTr'\"* same as 3*\ 
 !i^A there 
 
 The adverb marked (a) is generally used of the conti- 
 nuation of time. The final ^ is omitted with a suffix ; as, 
 a'Ya/f, Exod. ix. 17. 
 
 Those marked (yS) are interrogative adverbs. The former 
 is from 5(^ and Z ; Greek Siotl. The latter is a compound of 
 ■ii/j. and !i^, that is /rom where ; Latin unde ; Greek, irodev. 
 
 The adverb marked (7) is the Hebrew S3 ; it is properly 
 an imperative mood; its plural, tg"^, is found in Gen. 
 xlv. 4, but the singular form, frf9"^, may be used in a 
 plural sense; as in Exod. xii. 3. 
 
 The student is recommended to get this table of adverbs 
 by heart; inasmuch as frequent recurrence to the Lexicon, 
 in the present state of Samaritan lexicography, is not only 
 tedious, but requires more than ordinary skill and perse- 
 verance to render it practically useful. 
 
 PREPOSITION. 
 
 18. The Prepositions may be divided into two classes, 
 like the Pronouns, viz. Scparables and Inseparables or 
 Prefixes. As regards the former class, it is sullicient to
 
 80 
 
 THE PARTS OP SPEECH. 
 
 observe that tliey are generally employed as in tlie other 
 Shemitic languages. 
 
 The following Table of them, formed from that of Cel- 
 larius, will be read advantageously, inasmuch as it contains 
 those which are mostly in use : 
 
 ZA- at, to 
 
 Z-Zn/if- at, to, near 
 
 ZZT3 on account of 
 
 "int^ between 
 
 ATZ9 beside, except 
 
 <\A3 after, behind 
 
 nt°i'^ on account of (a) 
 
 nr'\"^5i behind, after 
 
 A^firZ"^ for, in the place of 
 
 tJi'TSiJ over against ; also 
 
 with prefix Z • 
 
 flTAiS under, below; with 
 
 prefix ia 
 
 f^^l \ ... 
 
 > within 
 
 31Z also ?1Z J 
 Z^Z beyond, afar (/3) 
 
 >qX, to 
 
 '^rrrzj 
 
 ZZ19^ same as ZZ19 
 V^ZtiS below, beneath 
 '\3ZiiS without, from (7) 
 A/Tr>miata within 
 
 !^^ from, before 
 'SV'^ as far as 
 ZV upon (8) 
 iiSV with, together with 
 Zap against, afar ; with 
 j)refix Z 5 accord- 
 ing to, nigh to 
 iiJ'^P "I before, in the 
 iavj presence of; 
 also with the prefixes Z , iiJ 
 
 The preposition marked (a) is accompanied by ZV , Gen. 
 XX. 3 ; it is like the Hebrew ?y. 
 
 That marked {^) is read, in some cases, with iS prefixed. 
 
 The preposition (7) is formed by means of a double prefix. 
 
 (8) also is formed in a similar manner to (7); thus, ZwV^ 
 is 2i pleonasm, with the same force as ZV. 
 
 The pronominal suffixes are added to these prepositions 
 in the same way they are added to nouns; thus, fTf^V tvith 
 me ; iJt^^ from thee ; 1i,'K'\/^'h after them, etc.
 
 THE PREPOSITION. 81 
 
 19. Some of these prepositions, as in the Hebrew, insert 
 nr between themselves and the suffix ; as, tfirZV upon him ; 
 'I'lmlV upon us; iJfrf^'^l? in thi/ presence ; l^^flTiiJ'^lP before 
 them, etc. 
 
 The two prepositions '^fTrS and '^ml, which latter is 
 used for the Hebrew "PX , are found with and without the flT 
 inserted; as ii^^mS hetioeen thee; !^?iJnT!:^ITr9 between you; 
 :i %iJ°?l7rZ to you ; !^^^fir°?fTrZ to them, etc. 
 
 Generally speaking, the others adopt the common rule, 
 though there are many exceptions. 
 
 20. The preposition ZV not only assumes nr, but, in 
 addition to it, X; as, Gen, xxxviii. 13, xlv. 1, ?frf"?ZV ; in 
 the latter place, however, the X is marked by a small hori- 
 zontal stroke, signifying that the letter was Inadvertently 
 Inserted. 
 
 For further information respecting the construction of 
 the Prepositions, see the Syntax. 
 
 INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 21. These consist of single letters, and are joined to nouns, 
 to verbs in the infinitive, and to particles, by prefixing them : 
 from which circumstance the name sometimes given to them 
 is derived. 
 
 These prepositions are 9, iJ, Z, *a, corresponding ex- 
 actly to the same prefixes in Hebrew. It will be observed 
 that the complete forms "y^ and A^iJ are generally used 
 with the suffixes. 
 
 The following examples will shew how these prepositions 
 are connected with the suffixes: t^TiJ'^rS in you; l^flTBO in 
 them; ^l to him; '^'2,1 to us, etc.; i5^^ from thee, Gen.
 
 82 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 XXX. 2; iJATii like as thee, Deut. xviii. 18. For further 
 information, see tlie Syntax. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 22. The following list is from that given by Cellarius: 
 
 /Tf A^ or, either 
 
 A^ZA- but 
 
 Mest (a) 
 
 ZB( same as /(-Z^ 
 H-Z^ because, for (/S) 
 'ya because, if, that 
 'Yii because 
 ITf^iiS because; also with the 
 ■prefix 9 
 iiSV same as iiJA- 
 
 ?ZA unless 
 AfrrZA if not, unless 
 iSA^ if . 
 
 3A- also, moreover 
 Znr'TS in order that ; also 
 iiJ^vS but [with prefix Z 
 'y\'^ but, only ; lest 
 
 (Gen. iii. 3.) 
 
 The conjunction marked (a) is read with *^V ; as, • "^V 
 5fZ*^ ^0 as not. That marked (/3) is found with A^Z in the 
 sense of that not ; and with ia A in the sense of but that. 
 
 The prefix "K and, is also a conjunction; it is not con- 
 versive, as in Hebrew. 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS ON THE PARTICLES. 
 
 23. We must not omit to mention here the prefix ^ , which 
 is rarely used in the Samaritan with the force of the Greek 
 article, like the corresponding Hebrew prefix T\ , except in 
 some nouns purely Hebrew ; as, ^ITTSfZA^f the God; iiS'YA'BC 
 the man. It is also employed with the pronouns; as, A-?5C?( 
 he; A^mBfBf she; ^Jk'^Sf and 5('^9( for tS'^ and 5(<^ respect- 
 ively; ^fTrZA^5( these, l^-^t^A-Bf they, etc. 
 
 The following are instances of its use with the participles ;
 
 THE PREPOSITION. 83 
 
 JTfAA^Bt o ip-^ofjbevo';, Exod. xiv. 19; V-^!iJ^ o dvayar/cbv, 
 Levit. xi. 45; '^V'^5( o KaroiKoyv, Deut. i. 44. 
 
 24. The use of 3( , as explained in the previous article, 
 must be carefully distinguished from that in which it is inter- 
 rogative ; as, 9(!^/s- • nr^/f- • '\t^tiB£ am I my brother s keeper ? 
 Gen. iv. 9; so in Gen. xlv. 3, ^fTTVP • iTTSA^ * 'Y^V^f is my 
 
 father yet alive? etc. -In Deut. xxxii. 6, A^ is put for 3; 
 as, iSfTrg/f • A^T3( • AmZl^ is not he thy father? 
 
 25. The Samaritans do not appear to employ 3( as a suffix 
 like n of the Hebrews, expressive of motion or rest. For 
 though 5[ V^yV is sometimes found without the preposition 2 , 
 9( can scarcely be held to supply its place ; because instances 
 occur of V'^A' without 5(, as in Gen. xii. 5, where ellipses 
 of the preposition Z are manifest. 
 
 ON THE PERMUTATION OF LETTERS. 
 
 26. No letters in the Samaritan language undergo such 
 various permutations as those which are usually, though 
 improperly, called gutturals; viz. V, ^, 5(, A-. The 
 letter V is very frequently written for "^ ; as, afV^T/f- for 
 3(^^TyV; 5(^aV for 5(^3^; Z^V for 2-^^, etc. 
 
 This letter is also found written for A-; as, iiJV if for iSA- 
 
 iam^rrr-^v for iarrr^nr^A. So 5[iijv for 5(^a^ a mo^/jer 
 
 2V"* for 2A-"^, etc. On the other hand, /f. is found for V 
 as, P'\A- for X"\S7 , etc. The guttural "^ is found for V ; as, 
 ^^A for V^A•. Also for A^ ; as, 5(Aia^ for BfAiiJA^. 
 
 The guttural 9( is found for V ; as, ^^/t- for VSA. Also 
 for A^; as, m^^3( for fTf^'^A^. 
 
 The above are only a few examples of such permutations ; 
 numerous others could be produced, but may be safely left
 
 84 THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 to tKe student's own observations. Such variations are not 
 easily to be accounted for, except on the principle that 
 "letters of the same organ may be interchanged promis- 
 cuously." 
 
 27. Other letters are found interchanged, besides the gut- 
 turals; as, 3 for "? in 5f9*^, instead of the Hebrew njn he 
 shelved; 91 for X^, etc. Also V for i5 ; as, iTTlPZ^t for 
 ntiiZ^, Gen. XXV. 32. 
 
 Similarly, M is found for ^, and "^ for V- Various 
 others are given by Morinus. These are sufficient, however, 
 for our purpose. 
 
 28. Besides interchanging letters, the Samaritan, like 
 most other languages, is affected by those changes known as 
 metathesis and aphceresis. Thus, [JTA^V for HTVA^ ; 'ii'/nnTI? 
 for 9(-mtaan? . So ^A. for A-^ ; SPV for 1?<\V , etc. Instances 
 of aphceresis are ZfTTP for the complete form ZlPiiS ; /7T5f for 
 nrsffrr ; '^■^ for ^-^a , etc. 
 
 29. Before concluding, we shall give a few examples of 
 crasis ; thus, yi'^A ' A-^ behold /, becomes. Gen. xxii. 11, 
 ^'^A^ ; similarly, !^?A/if-5( behold ye, Deut. i. 10. This 
 change especially takes place with the particle A-Z and verbs ; 
 as, ^y^'TAZ, Deut. iii. 26; ^?i53"*AZ, Gen. xxxvii. 22, 
 etc. I confess, however, I have some doubt as to the legi- 
 timacy of the crasis in the latter case.
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 ON THE NOUNS. 
 
 1. One substantive depending on another is frequently 
 used by the Samaritans instead of an adjective; thus, 
 A^bm * A9A*3faA- '^Z ' A3-^'1X and his mother took for him 
 an ark of bulrushes, Exod. ii. 3; •5("*fira"^A*arVP^ 'AITrT 
 5(wiaj^.fj^Ypc^ . yvm? and the clothes of service and the gar- 
 ments of holiness, Exod. xxxi. 10; 'KiiAy ' m'^^i,'^ sacrifices 
 of righteousness, Deut. xxxiii. 19. 
 
 2. A substantive is frequently used, as in the first section, 
 instead of an adjective, to denote the materials of which 
 anything is composed; as, Exod. xxviii.l7, !2k9/if-'A"7iiJZ"^/f- 
 roios of stone. In this place we may notice the phrase 
 anr^Tfrr- ^rrr!:^^ •am'A^A, Gen. xli. l, signifying two 
 •years of days, or two full years, as it is rendered in our 
 version ; it must be observed that the governing noun is in 
 the absolute state, and not in the constructive, as is gene- 
 rally the case ; the nouns governing and governed must 
 therefore be considered in apposition, the former expressing 
 the whole, the latter parts thereof 
 
 3. The cardinal numerals from three to ten inclusive inter- 
 change their genders, as in the Hebrew, inasmuch as feminine 
 forms arc joined with masculine nouns, and vice versa ; thus,
 
 86 SYNTAX. 
 
 iaiTfi^ • !if7TA'\A two years^ Gen. xlv. 6 ; ^'^'^ * ^iS'^rrf one 
 day, Gen. i. 5, etc., are concordant; but !:irTT!2>3 * 5(AZA- 
 Mree SWW5, Gen. vi. 10; BfV3^A^ * ^Ot^i^Z"" >wr kings, Gen. 
 xiv. 9 ; ianr'^"^ • ^ia"^ ^w'? ymr^, Gen. xlv. 11; * V3"^ 
 li^yV^^a seven kine, Gen. xli. 18 ; 5{V"^A * i3fTr'\:3 nine bul- 
 locks, Num. xxlx. 26 ; ^tJ^AA- ' ^-^V ten she-asses, Gen. 
 xlv. 23, are all discordant in gender, and in number also; 
 tlie singular numeral being added to a plural noun. 
 
 It will appear by tbe subjoined examples tliat the cardi- 
 nals are used in the constructive as well as in the absolute 
 state ; as, ■?nr"*^ * riTA^A tivo of his wives, Gen. xxxii. 22 ; 
 ^nT'\?A*A'ii3A eight of oxen. Num. vii. 8 ; 3nTZZ^ii3'A'\^V 
 ten of sayings or commandments, Deut. iv. 13, etc. 
 
 4. The cardinal numerals usually precede their nouns, as 
 our examples will shew ; this is, however, by no means 
 always the case, as they sometimes follow; in which situ- 
 ation '^'^ one is always found. 
 
 5. Those numerals which are multiples of ten are joined 
 to singular and plural nouns ; iamZiaT * ^fTTAZ A thirty 
 camels, Gen. xxxii. 15 ; 3^iJ * aflT^^^V trventy silver 
 pieces. Gen. xxxvii. 28 ; 3[A^ ' iafTTAZA thirty years, 
 Num. iv. 3. 
 
 6. The composite numerals from ten to one hundred are 
 usually so arranged that the less precedes the greater ; as, 
 Gen. xxxii. 22, ^^V * 5(^^ eleven; ^^V * "^^"S^- fourteen, 
 Num. xxix. 20, etc. The composite numerals beyond one 
 hundred are free from this restriction, and can either follow 
 or precede ; t^yY'?ia ' AZA? • ^-^V ' ?i!:itaA three hundred and 
 eighteen. Gen. xiv. 14; iaiTf^^V^ ' ^(/fia one hundred and 
 twenty, Deut. xxxiv. 7. 
 
 7. The ordinal numerals do not exceed ten in number ;
 
 THE NOUNS. 87 
 
 for beyond that number, their place is supplied by the 
 cardinals; as, ^nrV3'\/f5( • A'2»"*3 in the fortieth year, Num. 
 xxxiii. 38. 
 
 8. The noun substantive is frequently doubled, so as to 
 convey the idea of a whole, comprehending a series of indi- 
 viduals of the same kind ; thus, in Lev. xxiv. 15, * "*'i/f. 
 5(5i2A- * ZZPfTT * !:i/f- * ***!^A- whosoever curseth his God; that 
 is, every man, without exception. 
 
 This repetition of the substantive frequently implies mul- 
 titude ; as, in Gen. xiv. 10, ^/s-VOT^ • "i^^fTra * !jkM7r9 many 
 slime-pits; or, as it is rendered In our authorised version, 
 " full of slime-pits." 
 
 The repetition in Gen. xxxii. 16, has a distributive sense ; 
 ft^ajy • <\<=TV • Tnt'YaV • '^A^a • S^fnr? and he delivered them 
 into the hand, of his servants, drove by drove. 
 
 This repetition expresses duality and diversity in Deut. 
 XXV. 13, tJiSA-i: • !2k9/f- two different stones, or two stones of 
 different weight. 
 
 9. It has been previously said that one noun dependent 
 on another is frequently used instead of an adjective; there 
 are cases in which the governing noun has the force of an 
 adjective; as, 3T^"^fTr9'3(':^T'^V3fA/fA-/TrZA-'^X^9? and 
 as for the flower of his captains he hath drowned it in the Red 
 sea, Exod. xv. 4, rendered "chosen captains" in our version. 
 
 The construction just explained is that always followed 
 by Za, the signification of which, since it is properly a 
 substantive, is ' the whole'; as, TfTT^S ' Zii^ more than all 
 his children, Gen. xxxvii. 3, properly, the whole of his chil- 
 dren ; trfl^''2i1^l!i we all are sons, Gen. xlii. 11; fTf^T^'Za 
 all of my goodness, Exod. xxxiii. 19; iaA-'^fTTSV ' Za all 
 thy work, Deut. v. 13. In the two last examples the con-
 
 88 SYNTAX. 
 
 struction may be inferred from the former ones, where a 
 discrepancy of number exists between ZiS and the governed 
 noun. 
 
 10. By joining a noun with itself in the plural number, a 
 superlative sense is frequently conveyed ; as, ^fnT"**^? ' ^"Jl? 
 holy of holies, Exod. xxvi. 33 ; !ifTr^iiS"* • "^ii5"^ servant 
 of servants, Gen. ix. 25 ; ^tflTSfZA- * 5(ZA: God of gods, Deut. 
 
 X. 17. 
 
 11. The governed noun of two nouns in regimen may 
 have either a subjective or objective sense ; thus, ' A?5(ii^A- 
 bM'^-^ may be either the injury inflicted on Sodom, or, the 
 injury inflicted by Sodom on others. In Gen. xviii. 20, 
 iiS'^'^ ' AVa>m the cry about Sodom, the relation is objective. 
 In Gen. i. 26, 'si'^m ' Aml^'Kl^ the fishes of the sea, the rela- 
 tion is subjective. iifirZV ' ntAX^i^'lH- my wrong be upon 
 thee. Gen. xvi. 5 ; here the suSixed pronoun is objective. 
 5f AfTTiJa ■ nriiJ'^ITr the days of his mourning, Gen. 1.4; here it 
 may be subjective or objective, — in the former case referring 
 to Joseph, and in the latter to Israel. The reader who has 
 an acquaintance with Latin and Greek, will immediately see 
 that the Samaritan usage here precisely accords with that 
 of the genitive, objective, and subjective in those languages. 
 
 12. When one noun depending on another is used for an 
 adjective, the suffixed pronoun, if there be any, is sometimes 
 added to the governing, at other times to the governed 
 noun; thus, in Lev. xx. 3, m^'^V "iS^ the name of my 
 holiness, instead of "^'^V ' mfiiS"* my name of holiness, or, 
 my holy name, as it is usually rendered; ITr"^'^P ' *\?^ the 
 mountain of my holiness, instead of ^"^V ' fir^"^V my momi- 
 tain of holiness, or, my holy mountain, etc. 
 
 13. The adjective, when qualifying a substantive, is
 
 THE NOUNS. 89 
 
 usually put after it; as, 5(nr3^3^* 5(m^?/f !iJ • m^^A "AITr two 
 great luminaries, Gen. i. 16. When, however, the adjective 
 is used predicatively, it precedes the substantive ; as, • g'N 
 nT9~V great is my punishment, Gen. iv. 13, 3(ZZ^^ * 3^ ' A-Z 
 the thing is not good, Exod. xviii. 17. 
 
 14. The Hebrews and Samaritans sometimes use a sub- 
 stantive accompanied by a preposition with the same force 
 as an adjective; thus, Exod. i. 14, 5(^93 ' 5(°?fTr3V work in 
 the field, i.e. 'field-work.' 
 
 15. The subject of a simple proposition in the plural 
 number is sometimes accompanied by a predicate in the 
 singular, the effect of which is to add a distributive force; 
 as, iJ/ir^S ' iSm'iS^Sa'? • ^ms/t • aor^VZ cursed he each one 
 that curseth thee, and blessed he each one that blesseth thee, 
 Gen. xxvii. 29; iJrrf^^V * ^iyVV ' flTV^ a pastor of sheep is 
 each of thij servants, Gen. xlvii., 3. Similar constructions 
 are observed in the classic authors; as, Catull. c. 107, 'inspe- 
 ranti nobis;' Tibull. lib. 3, in last elegy, ' nobis merenti,' etc. 
 
 With ^TV'^, which is supposed to be of the singular 
 number, compare ^yi, Zech. xi. 17. 
 
 16. The peculiar construction of the noun D^D^^ with a 
 plural verb, among the Hebrews, does not appear to have 
 been adopted by the Samaritans in the corresponding word 
 ^nr^fZA- ; for, in Gen. xx. 13, where the Hebrew plural 
 •lynn is used, the corresponding Samaritan is UtA^'^'^'^^ 
 tiSfrr^fZA- , God caused me to wander ; ' HtZlA/f- ' !^iiJA '/i-Z^ 
 iafir5(Z/f-^ ' 5(Z because there God appeared unto him. Gen. 
 xxxv. 7. 
 
 17. Nouns collective, though in the singular number, arc 
 capaljle of being construed with a plural verb ; as, ' Zi3 
 ■^ZA^V ' 5(AV'^/f• the whole of the earth came, Gen. xli. 57;
 
 90 SYNTAX. 
 
 ^fV^a * AfirS * TViiS^ the house of Pharaoh heard^ Gen. 
 xlv. 2 ; similarly, 5f^V ' Za * 'l'K'\*^mmX and the whole of 
 the people shall say, Deut. xxvii. 26. 
 
 These nouns may have also a plural pronoun referring to 
 them; as, ^i:^3Zfiri:'^?Z*Am'Z'V^A-9-iS3"!^Trr5ffrf 'aA-ITA- 
 "yKAnt a stranger shall thy seed be in a land not their own, 
 and it shall afflict them, Gen. xv. 13 ; ' BfA^!^iS • h-V^ 
 ^frf***nT'^T' • t^^Z^y because the congregation, the whole of 
 them, are holy, Num. xvi. 3. 
 
 18. On the other hand, a plural noun is found with a 
 singular verb; as, ^nr^nt^f'^ • fTT^fir let there be lights. Gen. 
 i. 14; t^'^9 • '^ZfTfA/f- daughters were born, Gen. vi. 1; 
 'int^-^ ' 'y^Ut'^ • nTAITf • "^V^^A many troubles have befallen 
 me, Deut. xxxi. 21. 
 
 19. An adjective of the masculine is sometimes added to 
 a substantive of the feminine ; as, t^rrr^fTTa"^ ' ^f AyY!^^ beau- 
 tiful daughters, Gen. vi. 2. So, in Gen. xH. 19, * ::^A^?S3 
 nriPZ-^ * tifn^^'?V , other kine were ascending, etc. 
 
 20. In a simple proposition, the subject accompanied by 
 a dependent noun generally agrees in gender -with the 
 predicate; it appears, however, that the predicate may 
 agree with the governed noun ; as, * tSA^ * ^V^-m ' ^AiJia"? 
 "^tiA-3 ' mr3f A and the plague of leprosy, if it shall he in a man. 
 Lev. xiii. 9. This is also the case in the Hebrew, which is, 
 anx3 n'-nn ""a nyiv y33, where n^nn is found instead of r\)r\\. 
 The construction, in cases of this kind, may be termed 
 zeugmatic. 
 
 21. The Samaritan use of ZiJ with regard to its predicate 
 may be advantageously mentioned here, as it accords with 
 that stated in the previous section ; thus, 5f frr*"!:^ * Za * fTTPaliT 
 and all the women went out, Exod. xv. 20; fTftiJ?f:r*ZiJ"=r?3[?
 
 THE NOUNS. 91 
 
 and all the days were, Gen. v. 23, 31, Gen. ix. 29. h\ both 
 these examples,' the agreement of the predicate with the 
 governed noun must be observed; this does not, however, 
 appear to be the case in Exod. xii. 16, * A-Z * ^f'^lTTSV * Zii 
 !:^T9 ' °f9VAfTT all work shall not be done in them. 
 
 22. Wlien a predicate is added to subjects of different 
 gender or number, it generally agrees with the mox'e worthy ; 
 as, 50^Z'rrr5[A-5[frf°?rTr2nT\'^AA/f the wife and children 
 shall be her masters, Exod. xxi. 4 ; ' =(<\"^T . ^^'SSA^ 
 iiJfTrAA- ' iafTfa^-^ Abraham and Sarah were becoming old, 
 Gen. xvlil. 1 1 . The predicate appears to agree with the nearest 
 subject in Gen. viii. 18, 'nt'^'XK ' BCAA/VT * ?m^9'5: * ^^ ' P3^T 
 ■?/Tr*^9 and Noah went out, and his sons, and his wife, and 
 the wives of his sons. See Num. xii. 1. This is generally 
 the case when the verb precedes; but when the verb follows, 
 the agreement of the predicate may be inferred from the 
 following examples : ' 'K'^^-^X ' ■^.Ut'^lmx ' ^J^l'2/^ * A^^VT 
 T'Yl^? • Z^^? • 3-^^nT • ^'TP • ^A3~ and Leah approached 
 also, and her sons, and boived themselves ; and then Joseph 
 approached, and Rachel, and bowed themselves^ Gen. xxxiii. 7 ; 
 T^7^VT''\am'ia'?'i5ZtaaT9/f "iavp? and AUmelech rose up. 
 and Memar, and returned, Gen. xxi. 32. 
 
 23. Tlie Samaritans, lilce the Hebrews, sometimes use a 
 nominative case absolute, which may be connected with the 
 rest of the sentence in English, by supplying such a phrase 
 as ' as to,' or ' as regards'; 95(<^*Zii as to all tlie gold, Exod. 
 xxxviii. 24 ; fTT?! * 3A- * A'^ZfTf * 5{A!:iZ9iJT and as to his 
 concubine, she herself also bare, Gen. xxii. 24. 
 
 24. Here also may l^e noticed the peculiar hypallage, or 
 inversion of words, Avhicli is remarkable in the Slicmitic 
 languages; as, ^tA^iy^ ' iiJ'^A-a in the blood of purification.
 
 92 SYNTAX. 
 
 Levit. xii. 4, instead of 'in the purification of blood;' 
 V^Ai ' A3ii"^ tlie copulation of seed, Levit. xxii. 4, instead 
 of ' seed of copulation;' iiJfTrZVA^ ' 3-5^i5 silver of shekels, 
 Lev. V. 15, for ' shekels of silver.' 
 
 25. In all languages more or less pleonasms are found to 
 abound. This is especially the case with certain nouns in 
 the Samaritan; as — 
 
 (a) With m^^-face; 5jara * m2N- ' ZV on the face of the 
 waters, Gen. i. 2 ; 3(Af]Ta ' ITr^yV ' Z V t^^ from before the 
 face of his Mead, Gen. xxiii. 3, instead of ' from the dead 
 body.' 
 
 {/3) With "^/i- hand; m^ ' ZiJ ' ^A^ ' ii^ from the hand 
 of every living being. Gen. ix. 5 ; 5["^ia • '^/f.g by the hand of 
 Moses, Exod. ix. 35, i. e. ' by Moses.' 
 
 (7) With ^^nr^ a laord, tenour ; ^i^^t^ ' ^iiSflTiiJ ' ZV 
 according to the purport of the lot. Num. xxvi. 56, i.e. 
 'according to the lot;' =(rrrZia"\^ITriiS'ZV according to the 
 tenour of his speech, Gen. xliii. 7, i. e. ' according to his 
 speech.' 
 
 The student will observe others, too numerous to mention 
 here. 
 
 ON THE VERB. 
 
 1. The Samaritan language, like the Hebrew, has only 
 two absolute tenses, the perfect and future. To supply the 
 place of the imperfect and pluperfect in other languages, the 
 Samaritan perfect is sometimes used, so that we can only be 
 guided by the context as to the force which must be given 
 to it. Vide the remarks on the moods, § 6, Chap. IIL 
 
 The usual force of the perfect is that conveyed in the 
 following example ; * 5( AflT ' iJ^3^ ' 3T?VnrZ ' P^-mm * P Vyl^T
 
 THE VERB. 93 
 
 5(2 ' '^biJ/f'ir ' Sf'TP^T ajcd Isaac called Jacob and blessed him, 
 and charged him, and said to him, Gen. xxviii. 1. 
 
 2. The perfect is also found in tlie imperfect sense of 
 ' was,' ' did;' as, 9('\"^ • A^tiJA * tS"? "5(^32 tvhi/ did Sarah 
 laugh? Gen. xviii. 13; in the sense of 'used to,' ' L/f-'V^nt\ 
 ^-^Tfir * AlTf ■ tiJ'^'^ a}id Israel loved Joseph, Gen. xxxvii. 3 ; 
 in the sense also of 'began to,' 9f^iiJ'ZV*^av^'\"ir a7id the 
 people began to murmur against Moses, Exod. xv. 24. 
 
 3. The perfect is also found in a pluperfect sense in Gen. 
 ii. 5 ; thus, 5(ZA^ • 5(^5f,7r ' ^OrVv^Bf • A-Z * A-Z^C for the Lord 
 God had not caused it to rain. Another and more usual 
 method of expressing the pluperfect will be found in the 
 Syntax of the Infinitive. 
 
 4. Some verbs include, under the perfect form, both a 
 perfect and present sense; such as, A-!:^-^ he hates and he 
 hated, conveying both the senses of ' odit' and ' odio habuit.' 
 Also, iiJii^ he hiows and he knew. Compare the Greek 
 olhe and the Latin ' novit,' perfect forms with present 
 senses. 
 
 5. We sometimes find a future circumstance related in 
 the perfect tense, as something which has actually taken 
 place. The design of the writer in this case was to mark 
 the future occurrence as something already irrevocably 
 decreed and decided upon, and therefore, as it were, accom- 
 plished ; thus, in Gen. xv. 18, ^V'\A. A/TT* A3^rTr*iJ/Tr!i3Z 
 to thy sons have I given the land. 
 
 6. The peculiar use of "K, called Vau conversive amon"- 
 the Hebrews, is unknown to the Samaritans, Chaldees, and 
 Syrians; so that the numerous rules founded on this idiom 
 in Hebrew are not applicable to those dialects. 
 
 7. The future tense, besides the force of our future, has
 
 94 SYNTAX. 
 
 various other senses among the Samaritans, examples of 
 which are appended. 
 
 (a) In some cases the future seems to have the force of a 
 present; as, Gen. xxxvii. 15, "^V9A-*5f!iJ ichat seekest thou? 
 again, Exod. v. 15, "l^^J^ ' ^3VA- ' B(!iJZ lohy do you so? 
 
 {j3) It is sometimes used to imply possibility, propriety, or 
 necessity, like the perfect in Lev. iv. 2, flT'^aVAA^ ' /fZ'T 
 tohich ought not to he done. 
 
 (7) In the first sense, denoting possibility, it is found in 
 Deut. i. 12, (TT'^'TZ * Z3>^A- • iJOTA' how can I alone bear you? 
 
 (8) In the second sense, Gen. xx. 9, * AntZ*^ ' ia/TT'Y3"?V 
 !i'?'^3VAnT deeds tohich ought not to he done. 
 
 (e) In the third sense. Gen. xxiv. 5, ' Aflf ' '\^VA- * '^^i^V 
 ii^g must I needs restore thy son ? 
 
 8. The future is also used indefinitely to denote that which 
 takes place frequently; thus, in Kum. ix. 16, • fir^fir ' ^iS 
 ^J^ii-^iJITT * 5(^!iV * "^fTT^A so it ivas alway, a cloud covered it ; 
 again, in Gen. ii. 6, ^V<\A^ ' ^iij ' V^fTl" ^!iV? aiid a mist 
 ascended from the earth. 
 
 9. Sometimes it implies permission to do anything ; as, 
 ^ffTfiiJ • ^TVi^ • frra"^ • S-^W let one fetch, I pray you, a little 
 water, Gen. xviii. 4. 
 
 10. It is used, as was before observed, in forbidding, dis- 
 suading, and deprecating, for the imperative; as, Z^PA'A^Z 
 thou shalt not kill, Exod. xx. 14; it may also be used in 
 commanding, exhorting, and imploring ; thus, ' iJ5(ZA^ 
 V3A"^A * ^f^^at • ^ta"*A ■ 5( Airr"? • ZVI'YA thou shalt fear 
 thy God, and serve him, and shalt swear by his name, Deut. 
 vi. 13; ZWfTT' Z^V he shall surely die. Ex, xxi. 15. 
 
 11. The future is employed also in a general proposition, 
 which always holds good; the following examples will
 
 THE VERB. 95 
 
 render tliis clear; 5(v;^fir * Am ' ?(A^^fTr^ ' Zg^flT^ ' ^'iJii 
 as a foster-mother beareth the suckling, Num. xi. 12; 
 5('\9 ■ AflT • '\'^1 ' Z3-^nt'^ ' 5(^ii as a man doth hear his son, 
 Deut. i. 31. 
 
 12. The moods known to us as the Indicative and Sub- 
 junctive do not differ among the Samaritans as regards their 
 inflection; they can only be distinguished, therefore, by 
 the context. The two absolute tenses, generally speaking, 
 answer to our Indicative tenses of the same name in direct 
 narration ; but in indirect narration, and in conditional 
 clauses, depending upon something previously mentioned, 
 they answer to the Subjunctive. 
 
 13. The Subjunctive is chiefly designated by the use of 
 certain conditional particles ; such as, iiJA- , iiJV , tJi/f- if; 
 "Klh-, ArrrZ/f unless; BfZ'Y, '^I'^t lest; Zfir°?9Z that, etc. 
 Thus, -^l^mAm/^ ' A-Z • iiJA- if I should bring him not. Gen. 
 xliil. 9; A3^5( * A-Z^ if thou shouldest lift up^ etc., Exod. 
 XX. 25; "^V^A- • !:k5t if I should find., Gen. xviii. 26. The 
 particle is also omitted; as, 5(^^ • ^^^fTf ' liJ^^^^^^AiT and 
 should I overdrive them one day, Gen. xxxiii. 13. 
 
 14. The condition also on which the subjunctive clause 
 depends is sometimes omitted, and must be supplied from 
 the context; as, iJAAA- * ^V ' BfiiJV • '^^A ' ii^^^ * ^TVt^S 
 within a little there had lien one of the people with thy wife, 
 Gen. xxvi. 10. 
 
 15. The copulative particle "K joining one verb with 
 another, is used like the Latin ' ut,' expressing a purpose or 
 a consequence; thus, T'^^S * ii!^^Z*"/f? " firZ " AfTTiT'^ ' A-ZT 
 and hast not told me, that I might send thee away with mirth. 
 Gen. xxxi. 27; a^YiiOr? * 5(ZA * "^^A ' AZ God is not a 
 man, that he shoidd lie. Num. xxiii. 19.
 
 96 SYNTAX. 
 
 16. The Subjunctive mood may also be used when a 
 relative pronoun is accompanied by a verb expressing some- 
 thing indefinite, or depending on a condition not expressed ; 
 thus, aZ ' 95ffrr°? • ^^S ' lamA'K , ajid thou shah eat of the 
 
 flesh ichich he may give thee, Deut. xii. 15. 
 
 17. To express the Optative mood, the Samaritans adopt 
 the following methods: — They make use of the particle ?Z> 
 the Hebrew t? would that, joined to either the perfect or 
 future tense; afTT^-fn^ * V'^A^3 ' tlil^kAfTrtiJ ' "Z would that 
 we had died in the land of Egypt ! Num. xiv. 2 ; * nT5( * TZ 
 iSITfZ^iJiJ would it may be according to thy words! Gen.xxx.34. 
 
 18. The Optative mood is also expressed by the formula 
 
 s^rrrAnr • rrra , the Hebrew inr'P ; as, i^^^a^^ • 9?(frr Am • ora 
 
 would God we had died, Exod. xvi. 3, Hebrew -l^n-ID JFT'''?. 
 It will be observed that S^f/TfAnr is passive in form, but 
 active in signification. 
 
 19. The Imperative mood is sometimes used in an Opta- 
 tive sense ; thus, 5[ ATl-^ * flT^ZA^Z ' UtX^ mayest thou be a 
 mother to thousands of millions. Gen. xxiv. 60. 
 
 20. The Imperative mood, when enjoining the perform- 
 ance of something, is often joined with another imperative 
 expressive of the result or consequence of the action en- 
 joined; as, TZiZ'^^C? • '^iS'^Bf purify yourselves, and be clean, 
 Gen. XXX V. 2. 
 
 21. The Infinitive mood, though usually restricted to no 
 time, is, however, capable of being referred to some definite 
 time on combination with particles ; as, * ^<\3/f- * ITT ATV3/f-iJ 
 flt3i5 on my going out, I will spread forth my hands, Ex. 
 ix. 29; i5^yV3 * 5(!^^A-ia ' tm'^'^t for the purpose of deli- 
 vering him into thy hand, Deut. ii. 30. 
 
 22. The Infinitive mood is placed absolutely without the
 
 THE VERB. 97 
 
 intervention of particles; as, in Gen. v. 2, !2*"?A-'\35( ' ta^fTT 
 in the day they tcere created. This instance and that given 
 by Cellarius, from the first verse of the same chapter, scarcely 
 belong to the rule ; for A•'^^ in both cases may be the pre- 
 terite third person singular, accompanied by the suffix t^?. 
 
 23. The Infinitive mood is, perhaps, used for the Impe- 
 rative in some cases. The identity of form, however, which 
 exists between the infinitive and the second person masculine 
 singular of the imperative, in consequence of the absence of 
 vowel points in the Samaritan, exceedingly diminishes the 
 number of such irregularities. 
 
 24. The participles being verbal adjectives, and having 
 no means of distinguishing by inflexion between any of the 
 tenses except the present and past, may also refer to future 
 time, and serve as gerundives, etc. 
 
 (a) They frequently have a present sense, like those in 
 ens in Latin, and in fact are generally used to express the 
 present definite as well as the imperfect, with or without the 
 substantive verb BC^Sf ; thus, '^SV doiny ; and also, * riT^i/f 
 ^9V / am doiny ; '^SV • B(T5( he was doiiiy, etc. Vide next 
 section. 
 
 (/3) The participle seems to have a future sense in Gen. 
 xix. 14; TirryV-^^a • mS?^^ • ^rrrta'^Z * IV^i^'K and he spake 
 to his sons-in-law who were about to marry his dauyhters, 
 I. e. his future sons-in-law. 
 
 (7) The participle is used as a gerundive in Lev. xi. 47 ; 
 ZiiA^AA'/f 2°?' Bf AfTr-€i5C^m3^'?(ZiJA^AtU'^' ^AOT^^ "^^3? 
 and between the animal that ouyht to be eaten, and betioeen 
 the animal that shall not be eaten. 
 
 25. The periphrastic use of the participles and verb sub- 
 stantive for the finite verb is very frequent; thus, lor the
 
 98 SYNTAX. 
 
 imperfect, 5(?B(firZ * ^^^AfTTT^f • !^aryY-mV ye were rebelling 
 against the Lord, Deut. xxxl. 27 ; * '^^yVa ' ^/t^ * ^X^X 
 ^Ci^a^^ auJ he was sitting in the door of his tent, Gen. xviii. 1 ; 
 '^'\%'^ ' ZV * ^VP ■ /i-^X and, behold, he ivas standing on the 
 river, Gen. xli. 1. In Gen. i. 6, it is found for tlie third 
 person singular imperative; ^^^^'BCTBC? and let it divide. 
 
 26. The participles have also frequently a future sense, 
 like those in rus in Latin; thus, 5(V^A-'!i^*':^?Z9'^ia'5f!iA-B(^ 
 and, behold, I am about to destroy them from the earth. Gen. 
 vi. 13; :^■?iiArrf•^yY^^^•':^^i55(Z^^•5(?5(nr'^ icMch the Lord 
 your God giveth, or, is about to give, you. 
 
 27. We have previously observed, that the participles 
 have sometimes the force of the Latin gerundive or verbal 
 inbilis; to the instance given above may be added, ' 5(^ 
 "2^"^^ . 5('\/V/f- * nt/f-'\X'2^ what a dreadful (horribilis) place is 
 this. Gen. xxviii. 17; the instance from Gen. ii. 9, ' ZH'Am 
 ^A\^^Z ' 1PZ3V * "iiZlTfV every tree pleasant to the sight, is 
 an infinitive, and Bf^^'^^Z has the force of a supine in u, 
 which is commonly used after adjectives; as, 'arbor delec- 
 tabilis visu.' 
 
 28. Though generally the nominative case agrees with 
 the verb in gender and number, there are instances in which 
 this concord is neglected in both cases. We proceed to give 
 examples of such irregularities. 
 
 (a) A masculine verb is found with a feminine noun ; as, 
 V^iJ ' 5(frr^"ei sin Ueth, Gen. iv. 7 ; ^iX^ ' BtV^iaV"? and there 
 ivas darkness. Gen. xv. 17. Other instances may be easily 
 found, as in Deut. xxii. 23. H'^m^W ' ^SVAfTT ivork shall 
 he done, Exod. xxxi. 15, Lev. xi. 32; irrTf^Z'^ * fTTBf ' 5(a 
 what loill become of his dreams, Gen. xxxvii. 20. 
 
 (/3) The following are instances of discord in number : —
 
 THE VERT?. 99 
 
 ^nr^i^TV • ^rrr^ZA- • al • ^m^m • A-Z thou shalt not have 
 other gods, Exod. xx. 3 ; !:»fTr'\fir3(;:> • rrr^fflT let there he lights, 
 Gen. i. 14; anr^a • iimil^3tiST ' '^mvZ * iSfTT^VZ c^/r^erf be 
 each one ^/«rt^ curseth thee, and blessed be each one tliat 
 hlesseth thee, Gen. xxvil. 29. The use of the singular par- 
 ticiple gives a distributive sense, as in the Hebrew. 
 
 (7) Kouns used only in the plural may have a singular 
 verb agreeing with them ; as, Bf/ira ' I7r'\'irv ' fTr^tfir ' A^Z there 
 shall be no more water, Gen. ix. 15; /t-Z ' ^'^'2i ' ntbij ' A^Z^ 
 ?firZV ' pnt'^iA^ because the water of separation was not 
 sprinkled on him, Xum. xix. 13, 20. 
 
 (S) In the following instance, gender and number are 
 both neglected; as, iijrTT^^/Tr^V * ^TZ^fiS ' 5fA"^!2>ii the congre- 
 gation, the whole of thetn, are sanctified, Num. xvi. 3. 
 
 29. The nominative of a verb is frequently omitted when it 
 can easily be supplied from the context. There is also a fre- 
 quent ellipsis of the words ZZ*^'^ a thing, and "^!:iA- a man. 
 
 30. Verbs in the third person singular, both intransitives 
 and passives, are susceptible of a neuter use ; especially such 
 as contain implicitly in their signification the nominative to 
 which they refer; as, m'h'\ ' fTfl^ifirVS ' 2VAm ' ZA- let not there 
 be anger in the eyes of my lord, Gen. xxxi. 35 ; * "^ASflT ' A-Z 
 iiA-Tv^'^9 let it not be grievous in thy sight. Gen. xxi. 12. 
 So for the passive; as, PV^T^iaZ * A'^'"A * A^V then it was 
 began to be called on, Gen. iv. 26. I have altered the text 
 given by Walton in the first and last of these examples; in 
 the latter, I have read Aphel in a passive sense, instead of 
 A'S"^ ; or we may render with Walton's text, then one began 
 to invoke, etc.; to this, however, the passive infinitive is an 
 objection, unless it be employed in an active sense; Chap. III. 
 § 5. Compare the Latin idiom so often used by Tacitus.
 
 100 SYNTAX. 
 
 31. When a circumstance is related without reference to 
 the agent, the third person singular is employed in an inde- 
 finite sense; as, "^tV^ ' VV"^A- ' vVZ one hath not found a 
 
 help, Gen. ii. 20; Am*^ * A^iiSm ' ll^yV"? and if one in dj/ing 
 should die, Num. vi. 7 ; ?(Z3'i ' Z^OT * A^Z^f when one m falling 
 shall fall, Deut. xxii. 8. Compare the English ' one' and 
 French ' on'. A similar construction is adopted in the 
 Coptic to express the passive voice. 
 
 32. There are numerous cases in which the second person 
 is used inste&d of the third; as, Lev.ii.4, !^3^? • 9^VA ' ia/f? 
 and when you shall offer an offering, i. e. when any one shall 
 offer; <\V"/nZ ' iJZVfiriaa as you go to Zoar, Gen. xiii. 10, 
 i. e. as one goes to Zoar; see Exod. xx. passim. Compare 
 Horace, Carm. ii. 3, " Nil interest, an pauper et infima de 
 ffente sub divo moreris." Also, ii. 18, " Tu secanda mar- 
 mora locas, etc," Such instances are profusely found in all 
 languages. 
 
 33. The idiomatic usage of the verbs ^I'^pin and HIK' among 
 the Hebrews is also followed by the Samaritans in the verbs 
 3i^?yV and '\A^ ; as, 5f AAA^ * 9-^? * ^5(^9A: • 2i^?/f? and 
 Abraham added and took a wife, i. e. again took a wife, Gen. 
 XXV. 1 ; 5[ar^ • A?^A^3 ' AfTf ' ^^3^? * P^-ZnOT ' ^i^V Isaac 
 went and digged the wells of water, i. e. digged again. Gen. 
 xxvi. 18. Numerous other instances may be easily found. 
 
 34. There is another peculiar use of the finite verb with an 
 infinitive, in which the former may be rendered adverbially; 
 as, '\3 v;a • 5(^^fir • a/s^Z^ • ^Z^^^■^K and the angel of the Lord 
 went further. Num. xxii. 26; 5(A.V1?^taZ ' Ai^^^ • l^'^ ' B(^ 
 what is this thou hast quickly found? Gen. xxvii. 20. 
 
 35. The substantive verb, being the copula of a proposi- 
 tion, generally agrees with the subject of that proposition,
 
 THE VERB. 101 
 
 thoiigh it is found agreeing also -with the predicate ; as, in 
 Gen. xxxi. 8, iJMA^ • m^ ' ^m^\^'^ the speckled shall be thy 
 wages. 
 
 36. The substantive verb used as a copula is usually- 
 expressed in the perfect and future, but omitted in the 
 present and imperfect ; as we have previously observed. 
 See § 24. 
 
 37. The accusative case, expressing an object, is used 
 with verbs passive and intransitive, with the omission of a 
 preposition signifying as to, in which case it resembles the 
 Greek construction with the ellipsis of Kara, and the Latin 
 with the ellipsis of secundum ; thus, • AfTT ' "llU-^lni ' AOTZ'^ 
 5f/f-3ZP ' '^•^^ he who shall not be circumcised as to the Jlesh 
 of his foreskin, Gen. xvli. 14. Perhaps we ought to con- 
 sider t^frr-^ZfTf as Pahel, and render, he tcho shall not circuni' 
 cise the Jlesh, etc. I^tZ ' A^iJ^ AvY * >YZ ' ^TBtlTT ' [TT^^T but 
 as to my name Jehovah, was I not knoivn to them, Exod.vi.3; 
 
 •!:^^5ij'ZaT'afrri^v"^3?vZax*ij^^':i^^'ZiJT'"^T9Z'ZiJT 
 
 !iT"^ZA"^/Y ' ia-/nfITP and be purified as to all the raiment, 
 and as to every instrument of skin, etc.. Num. xxxi. 20. 
 
 38. Sometimes a transitive verb has two accusatives, one 
 of which may be preceded in English by the phrase 'as to'; 
 thus, in Deut. xxii. 26, **^3':i ' BfZ'^TPT and hath slaiti liirn 
 as to his life. There are various other forms of accusatives, 
 easily explicable by supposing an ellipsis of a preposition; 
 thus, 5('^ii"*^ • "^'^A • iiJWT and stood at the door of the 
 tabernacle, Exod. xxxiii. 9, where there is an ellipsis of the 
 preposition '^fffZ before '^*\A. 
 
 39. It must be observed, that verbs of naming take an 
 accusative case of the name, and a dative fonned by the 
 preposition Z, of the thing to which the name is given;
 
 102 SYNTAX. 
 
 thus, ^mlml ' pvi^- H^^-^l-K • iij^rrrA- • ^^^'2^1' ^^Ia-'vva^ 
 
 God called (toi) the light day, ond{to)the darkness, etc. Gen. i.5. 
 
 40. The cause or agent is sometimes expressed, after a 
 passive verb, by the sigi^ of the dative case; thus, * iSfTT'^S 
 ^VKUf^ ' ^Zm'^t ' ia^9A^ blessed be Abram by reason of his 
 mighty power, Gen. xiv. 1 9 ; ^"Tij^Z * 'TSV AfiT shall be done 
 by you, Ex. xii, 16. 
 
 41. To express the verb ' habere' the Samaritans and 
 Hebrews adopt the circumlocution known in Latin as ' est 
 pro habeo'; thus, OT'YA-a ' a^ffrf^fZ'AOryV^'Zii? and all that 
 he hath lie has given into my hand^ Gen. xxxix. 8 ; * !^nT5(nT * '^I^ 
 iiJf3T*"!2i'nTA'\A'°^9^Z, if a manhavetwo loives, Deut.xxi. 15. 
 
 42. The substantive verb has sometimes the sense of * to 
 become^ followed by the preposition Z ; as, in Exod. iv. 9, 
 iiJ^yYZ ' 5(^^^•:ia • 9^ A'^ • 5f mfia • 'I'K^m'K and the loater which 
 thou takest out of the river shall become blood. Other verbs 
 with a similar notion may follow the same construction. 
 
 43. The Samaritans, like the Hebrews, studious of bre- 
 vity, sometimes express, by a single verb, an idea usually 
 conveyed with us by two; as, in Exod. xxxiv. 15 ' ^T!^y^fTT 
 t^TOT^ZA' * *\A9 they go to fornicate after their gods ; 
 Sft^nr ''\A9*/f-Z^ 'A'Z^ because he hath completed to follow 
 after the Lord, i. e. hath wholly followed, Deut. i. 36. 
 
 44. An infinitive clause may stand either as a nominative 
 or accusative to a verb ; as, 9C°?'?VZ ' 5(^^A. • msf ti$ * 9^ • A^Z 
 it is not good ^ the man to be alone. Gen. ii. 18, etc. 
 
 45. The noun denoting the agent or sufferer, which in 
 finite verbs is put in the nominative, with infinitives is in 
 regimen, or in the accusative ; as, 5('\"^"^ • A'^PZA.^/f- * *^V 
 until the coming of the morning. Gen. xxxii. 24 ; ' 5(Z ' '^ZtiiJS 
 3<\3 • V^Vnirr ' AHT on bearing to him Isaac his son, Gen.
 
 THE VERB. 103 
 
 xxi. 5 ; TnT^fTT"^"? * '?nT'^~P3 " '\\^^ in not keeping his com- 
 mandments, and his judgments ; like the Greek iv tw fir) 
 rrjpeiv. 
 
 46. ^lien tlie inseparable particles ia, Z, ii, 9, are 
 prefixed to the infinitive, the resulting combination answers 
 to the Latin gerund, or the Greek construction of the arti- 
 cle with the infinitive. Instances are subjoined of these 
 prepositions with this force. 
 
 (a) With 9; as, mV^V"^^ when I killed, Exod. xii. 13; 
 m^TZ'^S when I sent ; ^^^iJflT'^krrr'i^^'Arrf "BfV^'^aS because 
 he heareth your murmurings, Exod. xvi. 7. 
 
 (/3) With a ; as, 5("^a"^ • ZTV^ii at the going down of 
 the sun, Deut. xvi. 6; t^VVtiJ"^ii on the hearing of Esau, 
 Gen. xxvii. 34. 
 
 (7) WithZ; as, 5(A"^!:^a"PVi^liJZ*iSZ*^~5ffir-i: and they 
 shall be to thee for calling the assembly, Num. x. 2; * ~!iJ1? 
 a'^':}i!iiZ they rose to console, Gen. xxxvii. 35; 'AaVA^^yV^ 
 ■^iTZ * !2iA-iiJZ icJiich I sware to give them, Deut. x. 11; 
 !2i?fTTVT2biSZ after they were come out, Xum. i. 1 ; so, in the 
 same place, '\^,7r^Z by saying; !2t~A"^Z'"^Z'mf"^^A/s^'A^Z? 
 and he would not let them go, Exod. x. 27. In the last sense, 
 the Z is frequently omitted; as, in Exod. x. 28, '2A^'KA'Z/f- 
 ntZ/VA'^M^ no more go to see my face ; while, in Deut. 
 xxviii. 68, we find Bfl^m.^^^Z-'^^^i^^A'/fZ with Z- 
 
 (8) The periphrastic use of the substantive verb, with the 
 infinitive accompanied by Z for the future, is worthy of 
 notice; as, 5("^tiS"^aZ ' t:iT5(rTTT that they may be about to 
 execute, Xum. viii. 11. Also, in Gen. xv. 12, • Bf"^^"^*A%5(T 
 ZZVZ and the sun was about to set. 
 
 (e) With a ; as, BfATZ'i^V^ from slaughtering, Gen. 
 xiv. 17 ; AVmiiSia ' I'^'^A ' /i-l fear not to go. Gen. xlvi. 3,
 
 104 SYNTAX. 
 
 Syr. A ^v^v \^yZ. y , whence I have corrected it ; ' ITrViaa*? 
 TAi^ ' tS^ * Tirrt^flTV and his eyes were so dim as not to see, 
 Gen. xxvii. 1. In this case, the whole preposition "Vi^ is 
 read, although the Hebrew is niS-iD . • '^gv^bS * ITfZ * Z^"^ 
 Bt'T far he it from me to do this, Gen. xliv. 17, etc. 
 
 (^) This preposition is used to express a cause or the 
 ground upon which an action is performed ; as, • A-Z 
 
 5(AVT9^ • A^T•^'^^^^T not because ye were more in num- 
 ber than all people, but because the Lord loved you, and 
 because lie kept the oath, Deut. vii. 7, 8. 
 
 47. The construction of the finite verb with its infinitive 
 has been frequently alluded to in the previous part of the 
 Grammar, and examples have been given of it; so that it 
 will suffice to say, that in those cases in which this con- 
 struction obtains, the student must bear in mind that the 
 infinitive is not redundant, but, with the finite verb, forms 
 a strono; asseveration, and increases the force of the latter 
 intensely; as, Z^VOT'Z^V he shall most certainly be put to 
 death. Gen. xxvi. 11 ; ^Z'Zii^'Z'7i5ba tve shall certainly pre- 
 vail against him. 
 
 48. In the construction mentioned in § 47, the species of 
 the infinitive is generally the same as that of the finite verb 
 with which it is connected, as in the first example given in 
 the preceding section; and, even in the second example, a 
 transitive notion is conveyed in the finite verb, for the action 
 implied in prevailing passes on, which, perhaps, may account 
 for the use of Z'Kii'^ in Pahel. There are cases, however, 
 in which a difference of 5pmes seems evident ; as, •5(A'?firViiS 
 ^!iA-Vt^ we certainly have gone doivn. Gen. xliv. 26 ; but 
 here we may suppose \\\q finite verb to have an intensitive
 
 THE VERB. 105 
 
 force, which is still further increased by the injimte. Vide 
 § 5, Chap. III. 
 
 49. Participles may follow the construction of the finite 
 verb, so as to govern the following noun immediately, or by 
 the interposition of a preposition; as, 'AfTf * '\y{,-^'^ ' /^X'=i'\ 
 V<\A^ • ZiS and it was encompassing the tvhole land, Gen. 
 ii. 11; 3TZ3Z ' :^lZVii hearing seed, Gen. i. 29; • ^^3^ 
 BfiJ"^^ • !^nr9? • ^^55!^ • lifTra dividing light and darkness. 
 
 50. They may have the construction of nouns in regimine ; 
 as, ^nr3X ' 9^ * mtija^ knoiving good and evil, Gen. iii. 5, 
 !iA^V "fTTV^ keeping sheep; though, in both cases, it seems 
 preferable to consider m^ii"^ and m'V'\ as nouns, which 
 have much the same force as the Greek construction of the 
 article with the participle; thus, in the above cases, the 
 former is the same as ol yivcaa-Kovre^, and the latter as ol 
 cf)v\a(T(T6vr€^. The latter example may also be explained as 
 in § 15 of the Xoun. 
 
 51. Many participles of intransitive verbs, as well as 
 passive ones, turn the noun, with which they ought to be 
 connected by a preposition, into the genitive case; as, 
 5(A"?9fTrA- ■ nTP?3!^ having gone out of the ark. Gen. ix. 10; 
 3'^'^ ' AnrS^iJ as captives of the sword. Gen. xxxi. 26 ; 
 ^A'W • ^^A • ml'^Z'V ' Zal to all entering the gate of his 
 city, Gen. xxiii. 10; though, in all these cases, and nume- 
 rous others, the governing participles may be considered as 
 nouns substantive, an assumption which is supported by 
 their peculiar forms. Compare the forms \'K2'^ and Z*=rZV 
 with the substantives '\'K*^2 a judge, Z"=r^P « homicide, etc.
 
 106 SYNTAX. 
 
 THE PARTICLES. 
 
 PRONOUN. 
 
 1. The personal pronouns of tlae second and third persons, 
 especially the suffixes, are found in the plural masculine 
 referring to nouns in the feminine gender; as, ^'^tJk/f'V their 
 
 Jlocks ; '^X'yX'^'^'^ drove them caoay, Exod. ii. 17; 'XKZ to 
 them, Exod. i. 21, referring to the midwives. 
 
 2. A pronominal siffix singular is sometimes referred, in 
 a collective sense, to a plural noun, comprehending a body 
 of individuals ; as, 5(t5(rTr ' 'Si'^'lAmX ' iifTf^a^ * ZV against 
 thy enemies, and the Lord has delivered him, etc. 
 
 3. A personal pronoun, when added to the noun to which 
 it refers, is not redundant, but emphatic; as, A-flT^f, Gen. 
 iii. 12 ; 9(!2,!iS * ZiSflTA ' A^Z ' 9V iiJii^a'^ ' "^ImV ' '2^'^-K and 
 of the tree of the knowledge of good, etc., thou shalt not eat of 
 it. Gen. ii. 17. 
 
 4. An inseparable pronoun is sometimes added to a 
 separable one of the same person, to mark with force and 
 emphasis the person to whom it refers; as, Num. xiv. 32, 
 ':i,'KAJ^ ' 'XK^nt'Kl^X and your dead bodies, you, I say, etc. 
 
 5. The personal pronoun is used to denote an ellipsis of 
 the verb substantive, especially in the present and imperfect 
 tenses; as, ::i':^^^A^ ' ^('^^ • ^31 • [TT!^9 ' !^'^Zii all of us, the 
 sons of one man are we, Gen. xlii. 1 1 ; /iftBt ' m'lJi- I am he, 
 Deut. xxxii. 39. See Castel's Gram. Harmon. 
 
 6. The demonstrative pronoun, when repeated, has a 
 distributive sense; as, !^^Z ' '^^'^ "K^'W ' H-Vk and they came 
 not near one to the other, Exod. xiv. 20; !i^Z * ^'^ ' ^^i^A^^ 
 and they said one to the other.
 
 THE PRONOUN. 107 
 
 7. The demonstrative !:^^ is sometimes coupled with the 
 interrogative 5(^Z , in wliich case the former is apparently 
 redundant ; as, 5(^"^ • A^iiJA" * !i'^ * 5(^Z wherefore hath 
 Sarah laughed? Gen. xviii. 13; fTT^^A^Z"" * t^'^ * ^^Z lohij 
 hast thou sent me ? Exod. v. 22. 
 
 8. The relative pronoun very frequently includes the noun 
 or antecedent pronoun to which it refers; as, ZZ^iJA'^ that 
 ichich thou shall say, Exod. iv. 12; 'YSV'T that which he 
 did, etc. 
 
 9. The relative pronoun is not put in the genitive case; 
 but if this case be required by the construction, it is expressed 
 by a subsequent pronominal suffix ; as, ' ViiJ"^A ' f\-2j^ ' ntTl 
 ?(tS"^Z the nation which thou shalt not understand as to the 
 language thereof, Deut. xxviii. 49. It can, of course, stand 
 in the accusative; as, /TTZ ' A^!^AyV^ * 3(AA/f the woman 
 which thou hast brought me, Gen. iii. 12; • "yKAm ' '^SVrrr'T 
 9("^!^A- which the man shall do (them), Lev. xviii. 5, where 
 !^?AnT is redundant. 
 
 10. The relative, when it includes the antecedent noun or 
 pronoun, may take a preposition; as, ' ZV * 5(^V ' AfTT " ^1. 
 al' AZZ'H'^ lead the people to the place which I spake to thee 
 of, Exod. xxxii. 34; !i-VP"^AB( ' 'Yia * !^9A " ^3^ get straw 
 from the place which ye can find, Exod. v. 1 1 ; ^^^'i^Ta/s-Z * 'Y^ 
 of that which Avas our father s. Gen. xxxi. 1 ; !:k'^?(A^Z * '^^ 
 o/that which is Aaron s, etc. 
 
 11. "Wlien the relative pronoun is preceded by the noun 
 with a preposition to which it refers, this preposition is 
 omitted before the relative; as, "^li^A^Z*""? * BfV^/tZ ' ':s1s2.V 
 we came to the land to ivhich thou sentest us. Num. xiii. 27 ; 
 5(T5(nT ' iS*^^^<^ * fTf/V^^V • Z^^from all the nations whence 
 the Lord has scattered thee, Deut. xxx. 3.
 
 108 SYNTAX. 
 
 12. The adverb ^^btJyV there, with tlie relative preceding 
 it, has the force of a relative adverb; as, =05(°? • li^^A-'X 
 lohere there is gold, Gen. ii. 11; ^rrf^ZA-5( * ^^A*^ where 
 God was; tS^A- * I^TAA^'^ where ye are, Exod. xii. 13; 
 "V^A ' J^X^"^ where he is. Gen. xxi. 17; t^^Aba * a-^I^AyV^ 
 whence he ivas takeii, Gen. iii. 23. Vide also, Gen. x. 14, etc. 
 
 13. The relative pronoun is frequently omitted ; as, 
 yiX^nt ' V3V • ianr^ii^^iiSa like as the tents which the Lord 
 hath fixed. Num. xxiv. 6 ; 5JX^nr * Lt^ ' ia?fTr9 on the day 
 in which the Lord spake, Deut. iv. 15; ' /<-l' 3ii^/f * 3(^T 
 3f75CnT * 3(3Jd^yV and how shall I afflict whom the Lord hath 
 not afflicted (him), Num. xxiii. 8. 
 
 14. The relative !ia usually refers to persons ; it is, how- 
 ever, sometimes used of things which involve the idea of a 
 person; as, ^^'^^f ' BfAfTT^^^iiJ • Zi5 * iSZ * !^a vihat to thee is 
 all this drove? Gen. xxxiii. 8. This interrogative is some- 
 times found in oblique, as well as in direct narration ; as, 
 ^tZ^P • 'V^ who sleio him, Deut. xxi. 1. 
 
 15. It is also used in an indefinite sense, and answers to 
 our whoever, whatever ; as, ^mZiiJ * ^'Ci'^^ * !:^^ ivhoever 
 is having business, Exod. xxiv. 14. Similarly with the 
 Hebrew V in nb'J Tini ^.y-'tp , Judg. vii. 3. 
 
 Also with the addition of the prefix '^ ; as, * /f ^Vi°? * !2^^ 
 firZ whoever hath sinned against me, Exod. xxxii. 33. Com- 
 pare also the corresponding Hebrew V"^9C "^f^ "''?5 and 
 
 T 7 
 
 Syriac wX \^*^i ^• 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 1. Adverbs are, for the most part, construed with verbs. 
 They are sometimes placed absolutely, at other times governed 
 by a preposition; as, ITT'^irZ myself alone, Num. xi. 14;
 
 THE ADVERB. 109 
 
 but, Bf'YTZ^ besides himself alone, Deut. iv. 35; °\fTr'\"^ 
 veri/, Gen. iv. 5 ; '\nt'\^ ' ^[Tt'\^3 exceedingly, Gen. xvii. 2 ; 
 ^iiiJA there, Gen. ii. 12; :^^A-liJ Me-wce, Gen. xi. 8. 
 
 2. Nouns are also used adverbially, either absolutely or 
 when governed by a preposition; as, 5(iij*TnT to-day, Gen. 
 iv. 14; ^^^Tfrra this day. Gen. xxv. 31; mlntZ'^' ia^fTTA^ 
 day and night. Lev. viii. 35 ; BfA^iiS'^V first, Gen. xxxviii. 28 ; 
 5(/f!a°riP9, Xum. X. 13. 
 
 3. Certain adverbs are also joined to nouns, or separable 
 pronouns, in the same way as to verbs; as, 'MTf'^"^ ' 3^ very 
 good, Gen. i. 31 ; 'l'^^ ' 5(^7V/f * [rTA-'N?!^ * ^i^ hoio dreadful 
 is this place! Gen. xxviii. 17; tafTTSV * 3iiJ how good! 
 Xum. xxiv. 5; in the two latter cases 3(i3 is properly the 
 relative. See Syntax of the Verb, § 27. 
 
 4. The particle A-Z is sometimes joined to nouns sub- 
 stantive and adjective, as will appear from the following 
 examples : iiJiJ"^ ' /f-Z'K and not wise, Deut. xxxii. 6 ; * A^ZS 
 5f Aii3^ ' !2i9^ at no period of her separation, Lev. xv. 25, 
 Hebrew nn-nrny x$|; ZA'A^ZS, by no G^o^, Deut. xxxii. 21. 
 Similarly ^VA-ZS- Compare the Greek construction, r; ov 
 7r€pireL-)(^Lai<;, r) ovk a7r68ocri9, in Thucydides and Lucian. 
 
 5. The particle AfTfZ is similarly used to the Latin 
 ' nihil', ' parum', etc.; thus, ITTA'/n^ ' AOTZ niliil ad servan- 
 dum, Deut. xxii. 27; bijnTiiJ ' AOrZ? ' i^^Z ' AfTTZ j^^'^^m 
 panis et parum aqua, Num. xxi. 5; Gen. xlvii. 13, etc. 
 
 (a) It is also found like ne in ' nemo', and ' nie' in the 
 German ^nie-mand'; as, "^^^A'AOTZ no man; ZZtiiiiS * Am'Z 
 nothing, or it might be rendered, in conformity with the 
 preceding, nihil rei. Gen. xxxi. 50, Exod. v. 11. 
 
 (/3) It is used to deny a quality predicated by an adjec- 
 tive, and has a suffix referring to the subject of the predicate :
 
 110 SYNTAX. 
 
 as, r(yvnriJ°? ' 3f AiTTZ'^ lohich (it) is not clean, Gen. vii. 8 ; 
 aZ^tiS ' tAirrZ * ^UZ^iT but the hoof (it) is not dividing, Lev. 
 xi. 4 ; \m3J^ ' ZPS • V^"^ ' TAfTTZ Ae ^/iaif hearkeneth not unto 
 the voice of his father, Deut.xxi. 18 ; Zi5A-Ata * XAHtZ ' ^tlfZ-^ 
 the bush (it) was not burning, Exod. iii. 2. 
 
 6. The particle iZ9 or ^Z3 is used, like /f-Z, with a 
 substantive; as, Deut. iv. 42, ii5i3^'^Z93 'it^ith no knowledge; 
 but in Deut. xix. 4, without a mark, i. e. not knowingly. 
 
 7. Some adverbs, besides a preposition, take also a prono- 
 minal suffix ; as, fJT'^^Z ' Sf'^yV / myself alone ; where ^"tZ is 
 for 'T?'0tZ, Syriac jq^nX, from Z and '^'^ o^ze, alone; ^"^"kZ 
 it alone. Num. xxiii. 9 ; fTT'^TZ ' Zi5A- ' A-Z I myself am not 
 able alone, Deut. i. 9. Also without prepositions, * iiSA- 
 ■^Z"^iiJ' iSAflfZ if thou thyself art not sending, Exod.viii. 21. 
 
 8. Two particles of negation are sometimes joined, as in 
 Greek, to strengthen the negation; thus, * AWZ * ^ZS^^f 
 iiifTr*\31P truly were there no, no sepulchres ? Exod. xiv. 1 1 ; 
 Hebrew T^ '^^Pq. 
 
 9. A negative particle is also construed Avith the word 
 Zi5 all, so that the negation is not merely confined to this 
 word, but extends also to the verb ; as, * ZVP!iS * ^Z'^Z 
 Bf^V^^iiS ' Zii ' BfAfiT lest finding him every one might be 
 killing him, Gen. iv. 15. The negation is, however, some- 
 times special; as. Num. xxiii. 13, mAs^A ' A^Z ' ^Zi3T but 
 all of it thou shalt not see, i. e. you shall see a part. 
 
 10. The repetition of the adverb, besides giving the usual 
 intensive force, sometimes denotes a progressive action; as, 
 ^''y^'\^^l- ' AV3nT"/n • AVarrr-Zn / will expel Mm little by 
 little, Exod. xxiii. 30; Z^Z ' Z^Z ' HmZV ' V^m he shall 
 mount above thee higher and higher, Deut. xxviii. 43. 
 
 1 1 . Comparative particles are sometimes redundant ; as.
 
 THE PREPOSITIOX. Ill 
 
 l^i^^nra • ml • V9A-"*5t sware to me to-daij, Gen. xxv. 33, 
 where a is redundant ; tanAl^i^^a * =(^V ' ^T5£t and the 
 people were complaining, Num. xi. 1, which is rendered by 
 the LXX., KoX rjv 6 \ao<; yoyyv^cov. Compare Exod. i. 12. 
 
 12. The particle !iaZ is principally used to point out an 
 event as the consequence of one previously stated ; thus, 
 !^iiZ/tV A • A-Z ' Z^L therefore ye shall not lead, Num. xx. 12 ; 
 l^-'\^m ' OT^aZ • ^tiJyY ' "^m therefore say to the children 
 of Israel, Exod. vi. 6 ; l^fTfP * Z^^P * Za ' "^iiZ therefore who- 
 soever slayeth Cain, Gen. iv. 15. 
 
 13. The compound particle !ia ' ZfTT^S therefore, differs 
 somewhat from the preceding one, for while the latter marks 
 the relation of two events as that of direct cause and effect, 
 the former generally indicates an event resulting indirectly 
 from a preceding one; thus, <\3T[ ' V3^fTf ' tJiiJ ' ZnTT3 on 
 this account shall a man leave. Gen. ii. 24; 'T'Vi\3'tiia'ZfTr'^9 
 ^*" therefore he called the name. Gen. xix. 22 ; instead of 
 this, we find !ia * ZV , Gen. xx. 6 ; ZfTf'TSZ , Gen. x. 9 ; and 
 the simple Z/Tf'TS, Gen. xvi, 14. 
 
 14. Many particles which are included in the conjunctions 
 by some, are referred to the adverbs by others. On this 
 account, the student will probably find, under conjunctions, 
 particles which, from their force and use, he has led to con- 
 sider as adverbs, and vice versa. 
 
 PREPOSITION. 
 
 1. The separable prepositions are properly nouns in the 
 constructive state, governing the word before which they are 
 placed in the genitive case; as, BfV^A- * ZV upon the earth; 
 ntAA/f- ' iiJV with my wife ; 'XK'^mZ unto them ; ' JTTli^fTrS 
 iS^nra? between me and between thee, etc.
 
 112 SYNTAX. 
 
 2. The separable prepositions are also preceded by other 
 separables and inseparables, so as to form words whose signi- 
 fication is compounded of both ; as, 'TV^S and "^V-^Z, from 
 '^V^; '^3Z^ from '^S, with a double prefix; ITT'T'^'ZV, 
 etc. 
 
 3. Many prepositions are not immediately connected with 
 the noun they govern, but are followed by other particles, 
 especially the inseparables Z and ^ ; as, 5f AiS'^^Z ' ^IZ^Z^ 
 toithin the veil, Heb. nDiS^ n^3p-^J<, Lev. xvi. 15; ' ^3l 
 5(Z3^^ beside the family, Exod. xii. 37. 
 
 4. The preposition AfTTS between, is construed in the two 
 following ways: the preposition is repeated with both the 
 objects which form the limit of the space implied in AITf9 ; 
 as, 3(iJ"^^'!:ynT3X*5(^5(^*!:im'9 betioeen the light and dark- 
 ness. In the place of the second AfTTS , the suffix Z is read; 
 as, B(ITr!iJZ* 5(,7r^ ' t^fTfS between the water and ivater, Gen. i. 6 ; 
 ^X'WbtiZ ' 3\'\V^ ' ^^nrSt and between contact and contact, 
 Deut. xvii. 8. 
 
 5. This section contains an account of the principal senses 
 of the 5e/)a7'aZ'/e prepositions 9, i5, Z, iiJ. 
 
 The preposition 9, — 
 
 (a) Denotes pkce ; as, 5fAnT93 in the house, Gen. xxxix. 5, 
 and is sometimes employed with substantives, so as to form 
 with them adverbs; as, ^ia^^9 deceitfully. Gen. xxxiv. 13, 
 
 (/3) Expresses motion towards; as, ^ZZ"^"^ towards hea- 
 ven, Gen. xi. 4. 
 
 (7) In the sense of against; as, ^Zii9 against all. Gen. 
 xvi. 12; iiifTr'^•/^^^ against Egypt, Exod. xiv. 25. 
 
 (S) It expresses also the ywafenaZ; as, '9(3^^9? * 5f 95(^3 
 ^"^^^9"? of gold, and of silver, and of brass, Exod. xxxv. 
 32 ; also the subject of an action ; as, 5(9 • ZH^^ he shall
 
 THE PREPOSITION. 113 
 
 eat thereof, Exod. xii. 43, 44; also the manner of an action; 
 as, iJ3Z • Zii3 with all thy heart, Deut. vi. 5, etc. 
 
 (e) In the sense of for, on accoimt of; as, S^^as for 
 money, Deut. ii. 6 ; 5(A9^T[9 for his theft, Exod. xxii. 3 ; 
 5fvx.ixj->0^2 o/i account of Jive, Gen. xviii. 28. 
 
 (^) With the force of by, through ; as, ^*^iiJ3 hy Moses, 
 Num. xii. 2 ; also in the sense of with, denoting the instru- 
 ment; as, ITr3'\'^3 u'ith my sword, Gen. xlviii. 22; also 
 icith, in the sense of together toith ; as, nT'\^/f-3 tvith my rod, 
 Gen. xxxii. 10. 
 
 (77) It has frequently the senses of tvhen, after that, etc., 
 especially with the infinitive mood. Moreover, this prepo- 
 sition is frequently wanting, and sometimes redundant. 
 
 6. The preposition i5, — 
 
 (a) Primarily signifies like as, as if; thus, !^A*fir9"*Ail 
 according to our likeness. Gen. i. 26. When it is doubled, 
 the former is 50, the latter as ; thus, 50fir^a * 3(A-iJ^iJ so 
 the righteous as the wicked, Gen. xviii. 25; ^fV^^iJ * iSA'TiJ 
 so thou as Pharaoh, Gen. xliv. 18. 
 
 (y8) In the sense of about, nearly; of number, !iA-^ia' A"*iJ 
 about six hundred, Exod. xii. 37; of time, ^^\[nv ' '2iSMii 
 about the time of life. Gen. xviii. 10. 
 
 (7) Like 3, it is used in the sense of when, after that; 
 as, T"^V • Vii5"^i3 and when Esau heard, Gen. xxvii. 34 ; 
 A-Tiaa-^A-iJ after he had made an end, Deut. xx. 9. 
 
 (S) It is deficient in Gen. xlix. 9, ^m'\/f- * M as a lion's 
 tvhelp. Sometimes it is redundant, like 3. 
 
 7. The preposition Z, — 
 
 (a) Is used in the sense of at, to, or in, expressing motion ; 
 as, BfZ • ArrfA-^ • Za all which there is to him. Gen. xxxix. 8 ; 
 ^aBfiijZ to go, Deut. xxix. 18.
 
 114 SYNTAX. 
 
 (/S) It expresses the essence, condition, or state of a tiling ; 
 as, 5(^f:TV\''*"3!2*Z*^!:k/f-*3C'?3C'i: and man was in the state 
 of a living soul, Gen. ii. 7 ; BCA/f-Z ' HtZ^ ' AX^'K and she was 
 to me for a loife, Gen. xx. 12. 
 
 (7) It denotes the instrument, and is used for 9 ; as, 
 3'\'^Z by the stvord, Lev. xxvi. 7. 
 
 (8) In the senses of according to ; as, 'I'K^nt-^'K'XlZ accord- 
 ing to their species: — concerning ; as, flTZ ' flT'^iiS/f- sai/ con- 
 cerning me, Gen. xx. 13: — on account of; as, 'yK2*'?24. on 
 account of their noise, Num. xvi. 34. 
 
 (e) Expressing advantage, in the sense o^ for ; as, "y^Z 
 for them, Exod. xiv. 25; [ItZ'^f?^ had been with me, Gen. 
 xxxi. 42: also in the sense oi exchange ; as, 3(2firi5Z'5fA3A^ 
 brick for stone. Gen. xi. 3. 
 
 (^) The construction of Z with the infinitive has been 
 previously explained. It is sometimes redundant and defi- 
 cient. 
 
 8. The preposition a, — 
 
 (a) The original force of this preposition, like that of 
 the full form tiia, is from ; it denotes the cause; as, ' iaV!iJ 
 iJ*?9 A- ' Z/i- from the God of thy father, Gen. xhx. 24 ; here 
 I have read ZA- ' iiSViiS for Walton's Z/f-rTTV^, according 
 to Castel's emendation in the Hep tag. under ^iy. Hence 
 arises its negative force ; as, aVVflf * iiJV ' ZZiiJ^ not to say 
 urtto Jacob, Gen. xxxi. 29, instead of which the complete 
 form ti^ is found. 
 
 (/3) With the sense of o« account of, because; as, * ATiiS'^'^iiJ 
 l^'TiiAfiT ' 5(T5CITf because God loved you, Deut. vii. 8. 
 
 (7) In the sense of after; as, iaiTTiaTfTr ' iaOTiJ-^iiJ after 
 some days. Gen. iv. 3. 
 
 (S) This preposition has other senses, which are, however.
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 115 
 
 of rare occurrence. Like the rest, it is sometimes deficient 
 and redundant. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 1. The separable conjunctions agree in construction, for 
 the most part, with the adverbs, except that they are always 
 put before sentences, for the purpose of connecting them. 
 Some, like nouns and adverbs, are preceded by prepositions; 
 as, 5(Z°? • °\W so as not, Deut. iii. 3. 
 
 2. The relative prefix '^ is sometimes used with the perfect 
 tense, expressing the reason for a thing done; as, * !i':^ZV 
 !2>!iA^Z"^'^*5(V'\A-Z MJe went to the land because thou sentest 
 us, Num. xiii. 28 ; iiJfTrsfZyV^f ' t^y^A'^ because God was there, 
 Exod. XX. 21. It is also found with the future, expressing 
 the purpose or consequence of any thing; as, iJZ ' S^nTfir*^ 
 that it may be well with thee, Deut. iv. 40. The relative is 
 similarly used with prepositions. 
 
 3. A conjunction is sometimes found where, in Hebrew, 
 there is an elhpsis of "i^N. after a preposition ; as, * ZfTfYS 
 fTr^"3!^ * ii^jy^SA that my soul may bless thee, Gen. xxvii. 4 ; 
 ^'K'^AA ' ZfTr*^9Z that you may live, Deut. iv. 1. 
 
 4. Sometimes a sentence upon which another depends 
 seems to be wholly omitted; to complete the sense, there- 
 fore, and construction, it must be supplied; as, •A'\ti5A-'A-Z5C 
 iiA/^'2,^ ' Am ' /TT-ZTIVA ' ^l'^ because I said, I will take 
 care, lest thou take thy daughters. Gen. xxxi. 31, where there 
 is an ellipsis of the Latin ' cavebo'. 
 
 5. The inseparable conjunction "K is variously used in con- 
 necting the members of a sentence; it usually has the sense 
 of and' or ' also'. 
 
 (a) It is found in Gen. xii. 12, in the sense of 'but*; as,
 
 116 SYNTAX. 
 
 "^m^nr' UntAfTfVm'^^Xl'^VntX and they ivill kill vie, but thee 
 will they save olive. 
 
 (y8) In the sense of 'however', 'since'; as, * 5(^iJ 
 
 nrAfir • ;:^?Arrr^-^ • 1xA^■x • nf^ml - tj^TAfirA-A- ivherefore 
 
 have you come to me., since ye hate me, Gen. xxvi. 27 ; 
 ZV3 ' A!^"^"^^ * A-rrr^CT because she is the possession of a 
 master, Gen. xx. 3. 
 
 (7) It is also found in the sense of ' either', ' therefore'. 
 
 (8) In the sense of 'so that', 'in order that'; as, ' A-Z 
 
 a^fZA • ia"^ • Afir • ZZ^a i • ^v"^Z • rrria^s • t^^vsA^A ye 
 
 shall not swear by my name falsely, that ye profane not the 
 name of your God, Lev. xix. 2 ; AA-iiiT that he may die, 
 Exod. xxi. 12. 
 
 (e) In the sense of ' when' or ' while'; as, ' ZlN ' ^"TZ"? 
 '^V'/nZ ivhen Lot entered Zoar, Gen. xix. 23. 
 
 (^) The particle \ is used in a sentence to which it gives 
 a retributive sense, arising from the expression of a condition 
 or cause in a preceding one ; as, * 5( AA- * fTT^iTTZA * A?iJ5f 
 !il!iJ ' [rr!:^^iiJ"*A"? whether because thou art my brother, there- 
 fore wilt thou serve me freely, Gen. xxix. 15; ■9[T5[flT''W[TT*? 
 5[^AnTP * Anr * aZ therefore the Lord will keep for thee the 
 covenant, Deut. YU. 12. Similarly, •5t!:^!a'!^TaZiiara'iiSTfTr3 
 ^Ti3nr!2inTV • rrrZlAA"? in the day of your eating of it, then 
 shall your eyes be opened. Gen. iii. 5. 
 
 (7?) The conjunction X is sometimes apparently redundant; 
 as, AnT5(5( • 5(^3^- 'WV AA? ' fTfia'Si ' ZiJA * Za every one who 
 eateth bread leavened, that soul shall be cut off, Exod. xii. 
 15, 19. 
 
 There are various other senses, too numerous to mention 
 here. 
 
 6. When the conjunction i^A is repeated, the former
 
 INTERJECTIONS. 117 
 
 signifies * either', the latter ' or' ; as, frrV'^ ' ^/V * ^TA ' iiJA^ 
 lohether ox or sheej), Deut. xviii. 3. This is similar to the 
 Greek usage of el and el. 
 
 7. The particle 3/*-, wlien repeated, is used in the sense 
 
 of ' so' ' as'; thus, '2,':sA^3^^'2^■''2:2^^^'2^^s■' 2/^ so we, as 
 
 our fathers, Gen. xlvii. 3. 
 
 8. Conjunctions expressing doubt are not always found with 
 this force, but are sometimes used to denote the difficulty of 
 accomplishing the object in question, or to bring forward 
 prominently other similar circumstances connected with it ; as, 
 
 '::i?iifTr9Tvzrrf'^9 • ^Z^/f • rrrZ^/f • ^-K^m • '^firZ • v^ a^ / tvUl 
 
 ascend unto God, peradcenture I shall make an atonement for 
 your sins, Exod. xxxii. 30; Heb. "'^"IX. It is rendered by 
 the LXX., ha e^LXdacofxat,. In this case, the peculiar force 
 of the conjunction is well marked by the English "perad- 
 venture". I^T-fflflTA^^A ' !^^3 * ^3 ' ^^SM'yV * A^Z? and ye 
 shall not touch of it, lest ye be destroyed, Gen. iii. 3, ren- 
 dered by the LXX., Xva fjurj a7ro6dvr]Te, where the stress 
 lies upon the necessary consequence of their so doing, and 
 conveys no doubt; ^A^^l' m^'2i- ^I'^'^l' 3^A let her re- 
 ceive it to herself, lest we may be for contempt, i. e. may be 
 mocked, Gen. xxxviii. 23, which is expressed by the LXX., 
 uXXa jJiT) TTore KarayeXacrdcofiev. In all these cases, though 
 adverbs of doubt are used, they appear to carry but little of 
 their usual force, but prominently introduce certain points 
 arising from the previous sentence. 
 
 INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 I. The interjections, properly speaking, are placed abso- 
 lutely in a sentence; that is, do not depend in construction 
 upon any word or words therein.
 
 118 SYNTAX. 
 
 2. As in Latin and Greek, some verbs are used as inter- 
 jections; thus, A^nr'2,'ntA/i- a7e, KaTajSalvcofxev; or, age, 
 descendamus. So, Otlm^'^ ' ^iSi^^ * fTTS^ * HAHt ' !^5{ si 
 iter mihi ineujidum, quceso, ex sententid facere liceat, Gen. 
 xxiv. 42; W'\M' 'I'^H'Kl' /<-^ Behold/ here is seed for you. 
 Gen. xlvii. 23; ia/f-fm? * V^V!2k * A-AA- Come.^ Ze^ m5 T/zaAe a 
 treaty, Gen. xxxi. 44. 
 
 3. Some nouns have the force of interjections when, on 
 account of a vehement affection of the mind, they are 
 abruptly expressed, and are entirely independent of the rest 
 of the sentence; as, anr'YavZ * Z-^"^ profanum servis tuisf 
 i. e. absit a. servis tuis, Gen. xliv. 7. 
 
 4. Few remarks are required on the Syntax of the Inter- 
 jection for practical purposes, inasmuch as that part of speech 
 is independent of the rest of the sentence. The force of 
 the Interjections, which may be derived from the Lexicon, 
 is all that is required. 
 
 On the Syntax generally it may be observed, that, for the 
 most part, it agrees with the Hebrew and the other Shemitic 
 languages.
 
 EXTEACTS. 
 
 The following remarks upon the text and construction of 
 some passages in the Extracts will be read with advantage 
 by the student.* 
 
 GENESIS, I. 
 
 Ver. 2. — m'2iVm°\ should probably be read 5(!>kT'fir'\ or 
 ^m^VnX'\ ; compare the rendering t^'??"*!) in the Targum 
 with the latter. Cellarius explains the form in the text as, 
 
 
 
 " factum /car' airoKoiri^v ex }A.in.> inanitas ;" to this con- 
 jecture the use of the preceding 5(^/t^ as an adjective is 
 somewhat opposed. 
 
 Ver. 9. — There is an apparent ellipsis of Z before 5(rrr^ ^'". 
 
 Ver. 11. — '\mA is for ^/fA, from '\h-m. The suc- 
 ceeding ^A-rrr in the text, may be taken as an emphatic 
 infinitive ; so we may render, let the earth (fem.) abundantly 
 bring forth herbage sowing (i. e. the earth) seed, f inasmuch 
 as 5(V'^i^^ is Pahel or Aphcl participle fem., as may be 
 inferred from v. 12, 29. 
 
 * The author would remind such of his readers as are disposed to he 
 Sebaldi Ravii, that his conjectures are not made in the spirit or on the 
 principles of Houhigant. 
 
 f That is, by the agency of wind and water, as in the case of the 
 seeds of the Anastatica Hieruchuntica, or Rose of Jericho.
 
 120 EXTRACTS. 
 
 Ver. 14. — Bf^Tnr would lead us to expect ^mZruZ for 
 fTTZfirZ ; so in vers. 16, 18. . 
 
 As regards "^^^Tfir in this verse, and '^^■^Sffrr in the suc- 
 ceeding, both are evidently misread for ^"^^ffTf , as Cellarius 
 would seem to insinuate in a note upon this place ; " ^I^X/IT 
 eliso 3( pro '7!^'?9(nT quod per paragogen est pro tST^cnT." 
 
 Ver. 16. — I doubt whether [fC^Z^ should form part of 
 the text; and this doubt is confirmed by the succeeding 
 parallel passage, 5(<\*?A-iii ' AflT ' 5(«\V?y^, where no such 
 circumlocution occurs, although it appears perfectly antithe- 
 tical. 
 
 Ver. 17.— 5f/f.^^ may be Aphel for 5(/f.SfTria, from ^TA^; 
 or, by metathesis, for 5('^yVti5 , regularly B(°\nT^ , Pahel. The 
 latter supposition receives confirmation from ^2,"^!iJ in the 
 succeeding verse. 
 
 Ver. 20. — 2'KVZ may be an emphatic infinitive after 
 tS"?3\'ZAnT, as well as a substantive. The former sup- 
 position is perhaps preferable. 
 
 Ver. 25. — As regards the expression '^"K^'Z^^'ZH'AHfK 
 ^(AiiJ'^A-, there can be little doubt of its inaccuracy as it 
 now stands; it is incompatible with the Hebrew, Targum, 
 and Syrlac version. It might be read with a slight altera- 
 tion, ^A'^'^/^ ' ZV°? • ^"KZ • Za ' Anr?, which is tolerable. 
 On the other hand, it may be corrupted from a gloss, 
 ^Ata'^A- • ZV3, in explanation of the term ^'YA in the 
 succeeding verse, and carelessly transferred into the text. 
 In the latter case, the phrase HAtH'^/f- ' ZV9 should be 
 omitted from Walton's text. It is difficult to explain it as 
 it now stands. 
 
 Ver. 26. — 5(.^^T^'?'^ is somewhat anomalous ; probably 
 imitated from the Hebrew participle K'pi or tJ'pil, the Tsere
 
 EXTRACTS. 121 
 
 being represented by fir . Should it be read Bt^fTT^^ Peliil? 
 Vide also ver. 30. 
 
 Yer. 28. — All the versions tend to render the reading 
 5fnT^nT:3V suspicious. Should it be 5(^nT3V, as in ver. 
 24, 25, etc.? The compound A^rIr^T^'T immediately 
 succeeding answers to the Hebrew nb'D'in, whence it is 
 probably derived. Here again, I apprehend, the true 
 reading may be obtained by expelling "7, when we may 
 render, which hath crept, Pahel; at least, such an elision 
 would produce a form consistent with the general principles 
 of the language. 
 
 EXODUS, XX. 
 
 Ver. 5.— ^flTVrrrS^ • ZV^ • iarrr/f AnrZA" • ZV^ is literally 
 rendered from the Hebrew. Of course there is an ellipsis of 
 a substantive, and in all probability this substantive is ianT':^^ 
 in the extended sense of descendants ; hence we may render, 
 visiting the sin of fathers upon the immediate descendants 
 (i. e. children and grand-children), and upon the third and 
 fourth descendants (generations). In the Targum we have, 
 
 - • : T - : " * : t 
 
 Yer. 10.— Upon the hiatus after i37V^/fT Cellarius re- 
 marks, "hiatus arguit vocem iiA*^^3jume7itum tuum, quam 
 codex Ebrseo-Sam. habet; in versione autem non apparet." 
 
 Yer. 11. — The reading A»""* for AA"^ is to be remarked. 
 
 Yer. 16. — '^rrr-^A is apocopated for the full form '^sm^-^A 
 Pahel, from «^5(^ . 
 
 Yer. 17.— The latter part of this verse is interpolated 
 from Deut. xxvii. 2, etc.; xi. 30. The apocopate 5(frr^ for 
 Bffrf^nr should also be noted.
 
 122 EXTRACTS. 
 
 I have retained BfAITBC^/f. in the text, in deference to 
 the opinion of Castel, who says, " ziAX^'\/^ idem quod min ," 
 although I am convinced we ought to read 5[yV't5(<^A in- 
 stead. 
 
 Ver. 19. — This verse is chiefly derived from Deut. v. 
 24 — 27. In it nt^ for afnt"^ must be observed; as also 
 ianrviPA- Aphel imperative, formed regularly like the Chal- 
 dee from ^avP , the vowel Tsere being represented by the 
 mater lectionis (If. 
 
 Ver. 20.— In the phrase AT5(^':^ * tnt'^^Z , the infinitive 
 is governed by the ellipsis of 2, , or by the Z in the adverb. 
 
 Ver. 22. — This verse is interpolated from Deut. v. 28, 
 xviii. 18, and succeeding verses. Perhaps '?9^nT5f should 
 be read XT^mx. 
 
 As regards the expression nT5(f 95fnTAnT*fir?Z, something 
 is clearly wrong. It perhaps should be either nt'^"KZ, as in 
 Gen. XXX. 34, or I7r3C?'95(nrAfTr"nT^ ; the latter is preferable. 
 The reading in the text is evidently a compound of the two 
 conjectures just given; for, flTTZ is for Ut^XZ or m^"KZ- 
 The latter conjecture may even be an incorporated gloss on 
 the former, or vice versa. 
 
 Some little difficulty attaches to the word BfA-f-Zn^ in 
 the latter part of the verse. I propose to derive it from 
 A^-Zn to bear^ to attend, the compound AUt-tn'^ being found 
 in Gen. xlii. 23, in the sense of interpreter. If this be the 
 case, we ought to read B(AnT>/nba as a participle, and render, 
 I will tell all that pertaineth to the decrees and judgments, etc. 
 I have simply rendered it by " precepts" in the Lexicon. 
 
 Ver. 25. — !:i"?rrfy^l is perhaps Pehil with a suffix; so that 
 we may render, thou shalt not build them (fem.), having 
 hewn them (masc); i. e. thou shalt not build them of hewn,
 
 EXTRACTS. 1 23 
 
 etc. The word may also be an infinitive, with the omission 
 of the prefix i3 ; in this case, render, after hewing them. 
 The discrepancy in gender between !^J7r and '2^X should be 
 noted. 
 
 DEUTEROXOMY, XXXIV. 
 
 Ver. 1. — The student will see that the greater part of the 
 first and the two succeeding verses of the Hebrew, pro- 
 bably containing a complete account of the extent of the 
 panorama exhibited by God to Moses, are rendered in the 
 version by a vague expression of the limits of IMoses' obser- 
 vation, without specifying the individual occupants between 
 those limits. 
 
 The proper reading of 'Knt'^'\m should be \'^'\nT, as in 
 Num. xxii. 1, xxvi. 3, 63, etc. 
 
 Ver. 6. — After *\3P, the suffix 5(^ is manifestly omitted. 
 
 Ver. 8. — Upon the somewhat confused phrase ' "irtliTnTiiS 
 3("^iiJ, Cellarius remarks, "forte quod dedecus, nemincm a 
 morte eximi; vel fletus nimius, quod indecorum dolori in- 
 dulgere." I have doubts about the genuineness of this pas- 
 sage, which it would be superfluous to give here.
 
 GENESIS, I. 
 
 • nT3A^ • Zv • 3{a^^^ • nr^iFrrr^^ • ^^u^^ ' a-kh • ^ v^a^^ 2 
 
 : ^m^ • rrr^A^ • Zv • 30»^!^^ • BfBfZA- • -^m^x : 5(^^5(a 
 
 : 9{iJ"*^ • ^rrf3^ • ^^^'^ ' '2^nrs ' ^^l/i- 
 
 ' PViW • BfiJ^^-^ZT • ia^fTTA- • 3(^5(:iZ * 5(^ZyV * Wi^? 5 
 
 • • 5(fTrta • t^^-s^miiss * ^m/i-2V • ^^^t • 5f5(ZA^ • ^^ua^^ 6 
 
 • 5(fir^ • '2^m^ ' ^'\2/fK ' 5ffirA.3P * A/rr • 5(5[Z/f • '^avt 7 
 
 • ^(nTA-avZ * ZvZiiJ'^ * ^iTfiis • ims'K ' ^nt/s-2vl • rirAiJiiJ'^ 
 
 . yxx^c^ ' 9(^5(^ : 5(nria^"^ • ^mA-2Vl • 5(5(ZyV • pvt^? 8 
 
 • nrAistij'^ • 5(m^ • ^^^^i^aArrr • bc^z^v • *^a/f^ 9 
 
 • ti?"^^i3!i3Z? • • 3V^A^ • BfA^airrZ ' ^t^fZA^ • pvi^? lo 
 
 • 5[v^i^iij • 3-^v • ^A^rrr • 3f v^a^ • ^mA • 5[5(Za^ • 's^a^? 1 1
 
 GENESIS, I. 125 
 
 • 2sl2l ' 3232^ • 9<^V • ^A^m • 5(V^A^ • AP^/fT 12 
 
 • 5(3 • 5(A^3r^r^"P'^ • m^2 • '^msv • "*^? : 5(^t^i2 
 
 : 3^ • /f25t • 50(2.Y • riVK ' 3f^?^i2 
 
 — < : ^AmlA ' 5(iijTrrr • ^z-m - ^six^x • "^iij^ • ^x^^ 13 
 ■ 5(aT^T^ • PT233 • l^mMTrBf:^ • m^nt • 50(2a^ • '\^.vt u 
 
 • 5(^Tfrr • :^m3 • T'^3!ix2^ • ^(v^a^ • 2v • ^'s^'^^'ni 
 
 • '^^nfi'^^l-K ' !:^rrf;^tafrr.^2 • T^Tmi: • frr2rrr2 • t^msT 
 
 • 5(frfa^"* • p?23 • iiT233 • ^rrr^^/f^2 • ^::\~3(m'T 15 
 
 : t^^a • ^^^^^ ' 5(v^A^ • 2v • 5(^=(':^tiJ2 
 
 • ^m3^3^ • 5(m^TA-^ ' m^A * Am* • 32a- • '^3vt 16 
 
 • 3(^?iTr • AV2^^2 • 5(3^ • Bf^^A^ta • mxl'n • Arrr 
 
 • Aort ' fir2frf2 • A^2"*ia2 • 5(^v?i^ • bcsta^^ • Amx 
 
 ' 5(f7r3iJTa 
 
 • 3A^'\ia2 • BtfTT^t"^ • i3rir3^"^3 • B(2A^ • ^^AOr • 5C?"^T 17 
 
 : 3(v^A^ • 2v 
 
 • B(^?A^ • :inr3 • ^^^3^2^ • fir2fir23? • ^c^Trrrs * '^2"^iii2T 18 
 
 : 3^ • A-23 • 5(2A- • 21V? • Bfii*"^ • t^orsT 
 — <: B(vnr3s * Bt^Tfrr • '^a-m • ^-k^x * ^^a^ • ?(??(? 19 
 
 • ^trrr"^ • "^^t^ ' 3tp2 • ^tfrrta • !^T3P2Am' • 3(2a^ • ^tijA^T 20 
 
 : ?f22^ • VT23 • m3A^ • 2V • 5(V^A^ • 2V • 3!^3^ar • -miiSVT 
 
 • AHTT : 5(^3^3^ : 5(arAnr^v2A * Arrr • ^l^■ • a^'\3? 21 
 
 • Bfor^ • A31P2? • A-^tij^'^ • 5(Arrr^ * "^3!^ * 2a 
 
 • 5(^^312 • ^3!^"! • -m^p • 2a • Am? • ;^ir3frf-^?^i2 
 
 ' 3^ * J^l^ ' "siZ/f. ' 21V? 
 
 • ?2^? • Tl"^? • ?'"?3 • ^^^^^2 • 5(ZA- • t^TArrr • ass? 22 
 
 : 5(v^A^3 • rm^fTT • 5(.miav? : ^m'^m^ • ^tnr^ • Am 
 
 — < : ^^rrriij"^ • 5(ta?rrf • ^2^ • ?(?=(? • »"^^ • ?(?5(? 23 
 
 • 5(^:^12 • 5(Arrr^ • *"3!^ • ^v^m- ' P3a • 5(2a^ • ^^a^? 24 
 
 • 5(?3f? • K^'^12 • 5(v^A^ • A^frf3v? : ^ia^? • 3ca^5(3
 
 126 EXODUS, XX. 
 
 • AfTTT • ^'^'2.11 ' ^tv^yv • A^rrrav • Ant • ^l/s- • 'TSVt 25 
 
 : 3V • J^l% ' ^l/f- ' Ziv? •• 3f.^^^lZ 
 
 • :iAfrr9"*Aa? • ^A'^^-ma • ;is?>v • 'tsv!^ • acZyV • ^iijyv? 26 
 
 • 5(ZZv • •miava't • ^^nt • Aar!i'ir;^9 • '^^^Z^^rrr? 
 
 • ^^nt^x^ ' ^'^^'\ ' Zasi: ' ^(v^a^ • Zasi: * ^tAyY^Bcaa? 
 
 : Bcv^A- • Zv 
 
 • BfZA: • A^^-ma • ^'^/f-^ ' Arrr • ^l/<- • ti?a^ • A^a? 27 
 
 • ?^ir3 • ^l/f- • !i?Z • ^ia/ft • 5fZA^ • t^^Anr • a^at 28 
 
 • ^11"^ ' -m^av^-K : ^^m • Ai7r!i?:^a • ^^^Z'^a^ 
 
 ; ^(v^A- • Zv • A-^m^x^'^ • ^irr^orav • Z^Zas? 
 
 • 9^V • Za • A/ir • ^taZ • AS^tm • yV^t • 5fZA: • ^^A^t 29 
 
 • za • Amx ' 3(v^Ai • Za . m^A- • Zv? • 2x121 • aZaZ^a 
 
 • :i-axZ • 2xl2l ' 3Z3Z^ • "^mfv ' nT*\3 : b(9? • :^?ZfTrv 
 
 : BfZanriaZ ' m^tfrr 
 
 • ZaZt • ^Zl"^ ' -map • ZaZ? * * 5( v*\Ai • a^itt^v : ZaZ? 30 
 
 • Afrr • ^Arn"^ •• ^21 • ^9*^ • 5(v^yV • Zv • ^f.^frr^^^ 
 
 < : ^i-^a : 3(^^? • 5(ZanriaZ * 3^v : vrnZ-^ : Za 
 
 • ^m^"^ • 9v • yVBf? • '^av'T • za • Am • ^l/<- • Ziv? 3i 
 
 EXODUS, XX. 
 
 : ^^mtaZ * :i:TrZA^ • ^tmZ^ • Za • Aiir • ianr^tz/f ' ll^x i 
 
 • v^A^ • :i^ • arrrAV^A^'^ • a^ZA^ • ^x^m • nra^A^ 2 
 
 afir^av • Amsia * ;aar^'mia 

 
 EXODUS, XX. 127 
 
 • m^'^v ' Zv • iiifrr'i^^v • ^m^l/i- • aZ • ^m^fu • A-l 3 
 
 • 5(fTriai:"*9°? • ^ia^ * Zai: ' 2^3 • az * 'TSVa * /tZ 4 
 
 • v^Zia • ^tfTTias^? • v^Z^ • 5jv^A-9^^ • Zvzta 
 
 • nra!i/f • a^Z^ • 1-k':^'^^^a • a^Zt * ^^Z ' ^1-^a • az 5 
 
 • Zv • !^30yY • 9i:v • ^P3 • A^v • Za • iS3(Z/f * 5f^3[rrr 
 
 • rTr/f:^^Z • iarrrvrrrg^ • Zvt • iafrrAArrrZA* Zv^ • iijm;:\9 
 
 • 5C^^:^Z"i: • nr^^'^Z * taoraZ/fZ ' '^^^ ' '^sv? 6 
 
 ' j^Vi ' !iiiaZ • a^ZyV • 3(^?5(m' * a^ • Arrr • Zs^a • az 7 
 
 • 3(itt"^ • Am • Za-^nr^ • Am • B(ir5fm • ma.^rrr • a-1 
 
 ' 5("^^pz • 5(Aa^ • ia^rrr • Am* • ^^ 8 
 
 • aA'^rrrsv • la • '^svat • "^ia^A • ^nr^Trrr • aa"* 9 
 
 • /fZ • a^ZA • ^K^ml • 3(9"* • Bf/fVirrs^ • 9f!a?ar? lo 
 
 • am'\^v3'^ • a^?mi^ • • • • ^a^at • is^YSv 
 
 • ^nt'H'K^ ' Am • B(i:5(m • ^av • iam^?m • a"*"* • aZ^c 1 1 
 
 • '^'^A-'K ' l^^a'^ • Za • Ami: • ^t^am • Ami: • stv^A • Am^ 
 
 • ^?m ' Am • ^^^m • a^a • !^a • z v 5(vma"* • ^f^^ma 
 
 — < : ^"*^PT • 3(Aa^ 
 
 • i^k-^a^/f m • Zm'^aZ * a^A- • Am? • a~aA • Am • ^v?a 1 2 
 : az ' a5(m * a^tZA • ^"K^m"^ * 5(v'\a • Zv • am^^m 
 
 • Z^PA • AZ 13 
 
 • ^^A • AZ 14 
 
 • a^lA * AZ 15 
 
 • "w^"^ ' iT'^v^ • av^a ' 'Tm^A • AZ i^> 
 
 • AAA • '^^^A • aZt • a^a^ • Ama • 'y^^a • az 17 
 
 • ^sia-^? • 5(^?A • 5(A^A? • 5(^av • ^ivv • a^a^ 
 
 — < : a^a^Z'^ • Za-? 
 
 • v^aZ * a5(ZA • 3(^9(m • a!:iZAvm • aZ5( • ^cmst?
 
 128 EXODUS, XX. 
 
 • ^ntvA'K ' ^fiA^fiTiiJZ- !^iaAZ • ZZv • bca-a-'^ • ^(A^iivl^a 
 
 ' ^ATB(^/f • rrrZ^ * Za • Aor • Bcnr^^a/f • Zv • aA^A? 
 
 • ^\^arpA • ^(^'^MTT • AfTf • ^^a^avaa • m^-K - st^r^t 
 
 • !i?i5Afir • ^V3^ • nriJ!^A-'^ • :ifrfZ/f^ • ^m'ls/i- • Am 
 
 • ^s'Tis ' !i^A • nr^^aA'? • ^ntA^m^i. • s^o • t^^^rrf 
 
 • T^oriA • A-Z • iaor^aA- • ^3°?^ • a^tZ/V * ^-K^ml 
 ' Afir • =5(^aA • ^iaZ"" * ^fir^3A- : Z^^3 • "^xntlw 
 ' "i/i-lw • irrrrZv • v^a? • a^lff^ • 5fT5(rrr • ^3^^^ 
 
 • ;^!iJA • ZafTTA? • anriiJZ"^ • ^3^A? : ii3(ZA^ • 5(?^nrz 
 
 • ^IIZI. ' Z3V • 3(VP33 • 3Am^ • BfA-t^V^^iS ' V^/f3 
 
 — < : isa^ • Zav • ^3^^"^ • ^"^m!a • ^^-mrrrA^ 
 
 • 5f^3t^ • zv • AntX ' BffTfZP • AOr • Va"^ • 5(tiiV • Zi3? 13 
 
 • 3^Z • ^^^v • AfiTT • 5(fTr^/Tr3Z • AfTT ' iam^^^ir 
 
 • • Tpm^'^^ • ^^vfiT • ^ZvZ'^A^T • 5(iav • Zis • ^Z^'^s? 
 
 • 5fZP • AfTTT • 5(!^yYfir3s • Afrr * ^Air^rrripfir • aitt 
 
 • ;:^:^frfi^^ • "2^°^^ • 5[^?frr • ^A^^e■ - ?iia • ^"^vi^^^ 
 
 • x'^ax ' nf^x ' Bc^liA- • iav • ^m'5(ZA^ • ZZ^irr • Al^ 
 ' ^A3^ • 5f A"^/f • ^^^ZarrrA • a-Z^ : ATiij;^ • ^t^z 
 
 • Z? • Am • vta"*ii5Z • :^'^^!iA • iijfTra7^?iiJ • ia^ : ^°?3t 
 
 • Zi3 • ti^ • AZ5( • ^'^Aor^? * m"\?v • :i^3(ZA • ^t^Binr 
 
 • ^13^ • ZZiiJ^ • ianrrTT-^ • "nm^lA- • Zp • v;ij"^'^ • ^^3 
 
 • v^^^ • BCAA • 3^? • ianrvpAT • :i!iATa • ^(a'^a 
 
 • ZZtiJA • BfAA"? • ^!^5(ZA- • 5(T5(rrr * ^airrm^Y • Za • Am 
 
 • aav • :i'^5(ZA- • 5(^^m : ZZ^am'Y • Za • Am • l^i^^^v 
 
 • ^m^lA-^ ' :^!iiav • ZZ^m • Za"? • '^3v:^i: • via"*"^? 
 
 • Zm^3Z • aZ^ • ^tZv^a • aZ • 5tavZ • 5("^iis • ^iijAT 20
 
 EXODUS, XX. 129 
 
 • l^^A'^ • ^Z3^vZ • iii'^p • B(^iij~ • prrr^^^ * ^iav • tavpT 2 1 
 
 • Zp -awav^^ • ^^m^Z • 5t^a • ^v • B(T5(nT • ZZ^? 22 
 
 • •^IZ'^'^ ' la ' ?9Yvnr5( • ij^v • ^ZZ^^ : !^'^^ • 5(iijv • rrrZ^ 
 
 • nrliNiij • Z^'^^Z • ^T3(Z • ^'^ • !^'73Z • m^^ * s^frTfAor • mxi 
 
 • 9Y^fTr Arrr • Znr^aZ * Bfor^Tfir • Za * rrf^Tva * Am • ^^taz? 
 
 • -lata • t^-^rZ • ^otfa- • yvnra^ • iaZvz • t^Tm^szt • :^rz 
 
 • ^~5(^V ZZ^A^? • ^iiJ39 • mZ^ • ^A/t? " iiA^iJ ' I^TflTViyV 
 
 • i:nrZ^Z*v^"^rrr'yYZ^'5["^:i/frTr5(T : 5(^°vip3yV^'Zi5*Am 
 
 • 5[fTr3^ • :iS3 • 5(iijv • :^^ • firvsA- •A■'2^^■ • rrr^^^a • ZZ^m^ 
 
 • ^A'^p^'/VZ^ •AOT-mia^^a • ZZ^^ * ^ZZ^ataZ* ^ Avrrr'^ 
 
 • iarrr^^^Tv • ^^t^Z^■ • iis^3 • ll^m • ^a^"? • Bczzta^aZ 
 
 • "iima-^'am/f-' asZs-^^frrA-Z/f-T-yV^^^'Bfnra^^-Z^pnrT 
 
 • !a"*3* Bfrrrs^'ZZ^fTr'^- 3(T5(rTr-?(ZZ^ '/f Z'y • 5(ZZ^^ • aht 
 
 • "iZDi^^ti ' A^?B( • otAotnt -j^zx ' 5(ZZiatii • m^ -a-Z' ^x^m 
 
 ' ^-"HA '/^Z'^m5'2,' B(ZZ!i5-T^^fTry^9"5f?B(m 'Sf ZZ^ -yVZ^ 
 
 • !^?afTr:^ia"^^Z • t^^a^z * T^i^v • :^tZ • ^a/t * Za^a- : ^ti^ia 
 
 • za • AfTT • aav • ^fZZa/V? • /rr^av • iavp • ^asf • sfA/^T 
 
 • t^x^s vrrr? • !^x!^3Za^ • 5(m^^^"^3? . ^frrr^y^i • 5CAT-/n^ 
 
 — < : ^t^A^rrr^Z • !^tZ ' s^frrr • ^I^a-'^ • 5(v^a^3 
 
 • rrr^s • bav • ZZ^ ' ^^rrrbaZ • bc"^^ • ^v • BtT^rir • ZZta? 
 
 • AZZ;a-5(OTiaT"^"!iia-/fZ^ ::^'?Aj:ri^"^'^TA/fZ/f^^m 
 
 • A-Z ' 95f^ • orsfZA^? • ^'^a • m^Z/f- * rrr^av • i^-ir^a va -a^Z 23 
 
 •!iTaTZ*!^T°?9VA 
 
 • Arrr • TrrrZv • ^a^AT • rrrZ • ^9va • ^tta^/f • -^9^^ 24 
 
 • arrf^?A^? • arrr^^^v • ^^ • am-iaZ*" • ArrrT • anrAZv 
 
 • rrrAor/f * "^^aZ • m^*" • ^av • A^a^A^^ • 5(saa^9? 
 
 • al^assA^? • a'^orZ 
 10
 
 tf . 
 
 130 DEUTERONOMY, XXXIV. 
 
 • nAx'yi • rrrZlAA • aZ'^ * m^a^is * Zv • '2im'\v'*^3 
 
 — <:3£'^mZ 
 
 ■ 1 U.u t ■ 
 
 DEUTERONOMY, XXXIY. 
 
 • "*A-^' A9^' '\-K^ 'tN- ' 3A?a • AVV9 ' !iia • 5(^ia • VZ^? 1 
 
 • AS3*5f^5f^'Bos*5(^5[!:\'^vafir^>miiS'5(^5(!^ia*3(v^A'Zi5 
 
 • '^ianr^Z * arvirrz? * v^-mmz * ^sf^a^Z • ^asoaZ 
 
 — < : ^3VA 
 
 • rrf:i-Zv3A-?^"v^>Y3'5t?3(fir'^3V5t»"i3*:i^A-AnT^? 5 
 
 • /i-lx ' <\^ V3 • Afrra • zav * 9a-^^ • v^ a9 • Aona • ^9V? 6 
 
 : ^'^^f • B(^ irrrr • '^v^ • 5( a^9V 'Ant ' "*:^a • ^a^ 
 
 • AVai5*AZ*5fATiiJ9-5fA"^-iafTr«i-^V^-5(A^'\9*5k"^iaT 7 
 
 — < : B(9T^^ • v'w ♦ A-Z^ • 5(^nrv 
 
 • 9A?ia • AV1P93 • 5(^a • Am ' ZA^^m • nT^3 • ?a9~ 8 
 . ^m«j . ^^'j . ;ff iLjg . fiT^^frr ' 5(iaZ"^^ * ^fTT^Tm * iaoT aza 
 
 • 5(^!a-iiia^'AZ^*5(^a^'^?^-iaZ"^'!i?!^*^3*v»"?^m? 9 
 
 • za^"*^ • fTr^3 • tfirZA • ?v^"^fTr? • ?arZv • ^'^/t- • Afir 
 
 — < : 5£»«ia • Am • ^x^m • ^P3 • 3^a • ^°?3v i:
 
 DEUTERONOMY, XXXIV. 131 
 
 • ^aviaZ'5(TB(nr-5(M^*^"^/f5(A-yYnTZ3T'5(fTr':^^mf^*ZaZ 1 1 
 • 5(v^A-Zi3Z^*?m'Y9vZaZT'9(v^3Z : iarrr^-/7ia-v^yV3 
 
 . <^3V^"*A.-3(a'\*5(3i^^-ZiJZ?-5(A3mPA-'^nT?CZiiZi: 12 
 
 — < : l/f-'v^nt • Za • nrTa^Z * 5£"^ia
 
 LEXICON. 
 
 *«* The Student will remember, that the words which have been previously discussed 
 iu the Grammar, are not contained in the Lexicon. 
 
 yY 
 
 i3A a mother 
 
 9/*. a father 
 
 5(iaA a female domestic 
 
 t^SA- a stone 
 iasf'^SA- Abraham 
 
 '^iiSA to say, speak 
 ■^liA to rest, cease from ; 
 
 '^/f- a hand 
 ilJ'^/f. a man 
 
 ^fgVt^A female; aZso 50^!^ 
 
 ^iiS'TA- earth, land 
 
 *"!iA a man 
 
 yt^ *\'?A- to shine; as a subs., 
 
 iam^A face; Heb. D*3S 
 
 ^'^^' light , 
 
 5(A^3(^A a law; also 
 
 S/^'K/t- way, path 
 'WtyV to honour; 
 
 Aphel, Chald. nj?; 
 
 5tA?5(<\^rA 
 
 iJ<\A to prolong 
 VSA earth, land 
 
 ZM/f- to go away, depart 
 •^A^ a brother 
 
 5f*"A fire 
 
 <\"^A who, which 
 
 iSfTTA- how? Chald. "q^K 
 
 ?tAA a wife 
 
 t^ZfTfA a tree 
 
 <^AA a place 
 
 ia^fTTA day; Syr. Iv^Vi.j 
 
 
 '^^•/nnTA same as '\'^>/n 
 
 9 
 
 ZiSA to eat, devour 
 
 51^5(9 a beast of burden, 
 
 5[ZA God 
 
 cattle 
 
 iiJjTr^tZA same as preceding 
 
 Ant^ a house
 
 LEXICON. 
 
 133 
 
 rrraa 
 
 ?va 
 Zva 
 
 sa 
 
 A-^a 
 
 Zy^^a 
 
 is^a 
 
 to weep, lament 
 
 grief, lamentation 
 
 a son, child 
 
 to build 
 
 flesh 
 
 to seek, enquire after 
 
 a lord, master 
 
 I a plain, valley 
 
 son; fern. 9(*\a 
 to create 
 iron 
 to bless 
 
 TI a body; from 5t*?l 
 M"^!. to lift over, pass 
 
 over 
 *\?1 to commit adultery 
 5f^1[ to hew, cut, circum- 
 cise 
 ^M1 a decree, command 
 y^fin a valley, recess 
 *^■?^Tl a stranger 
 ZlZl Galgal 
 BfZl to discover 
 rrrZI generation, age; for 
 
 zrm 
 
 a!^! to steal 
 'K'yi baseness, disgrace 
 A'K'yi same as "^"yi 
 
 ^1^1 kind, genus; for 
 •^\'2n.- Comp. 
 Greek 70/09 
 *\3^1 winged 
 iami^mM Gerizim 
 
 *^ 
 
 '^a'^ to sacrifice 
 a^t'^ gold 
 
 Zyi'^ to fear; aZ^o ZVT 
 ^1"^°^ dread, fear 
 *\ii^ to remember, to 
 
 make mention of; 
 
 as a subs., a male 
 T^^ a likeness 
 
 *^3{ a mountain 
 5(^5( this, that 
 5(^5( to be 
 3i^'?5( to add; vide 
 Syntax 
 
 'WKM^ less 
 
 i^'^flfvU presumption 
 3(iJA3 to hold innocent 
 IPVt^ to call, name 
 V'\ik to plant, sow ; 
 
 as a subs. , seed t 
 
 B(V*\iU seed
 
 134 
 
 LEXICON. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 3("*9rTr dry earth 
 
 SS^ 
 
 neighbour 
 
 •^fTT a hand 
 
 Bf'^^ 
 
 to rejoice 
 
 V*^fTT to know, discern 
 
 ^i^T-^ 
 
 distant, last 
 
 951^ to give 
 
 
 a vision, sight 
 to see, behold 
 
 ^T5(fir the Lord 
 V^^5(nr Joshua 
 
 /tV^ 
 
 to sin 
 
 ^?m a day 
 
 5(fir^ 
 
 to live 
 
 :^iiS^m to-day 
 
 iamm^ 
 
 life 
 
 9^fir to be well 
 
 ^a^ 
 
 to know 
 
 5£;afrr sea; Chald. ^^\ 
 
 5(iaii^ 
 
 knowledge, wisdom 
 
 9PVlTr Jacob 
 
 ZZ^ 
 
 to pollute 
 
 V^-mrrr Isaac 
 
 ^zz^ 
 
 heaven 
 
 AX'\m'9nt glory,, greatness 
 
 '^iiS^ 
 
 to desire 
 
 !^°?'\fir Jordan 
 
 ^ia^ 
 
 an ass ; for '^A^iiJ'^ 
 
 Xm'^'sm Jericho 
 
 '^^■^ 
 
 mercy 
 
 A*^fTr to occupy, inhabit 
 
 9^^ 
 
 an axe, a sword 
 
 ZA-'^^^fTf Israel 
 
 xw^ 
 
 a tree, shrub 
 
 9A/Tr to remain, occupy 
 
 ij*"-^ 
 
 to be dark 
 
 
 5(ii"^'^ 
 
 darkness 
 
 i5 
 
 9iS'?i5 a star 
 
 9V 
 
 good, well 
 
 a mountain 
 
 to move away, to 
 
 ^■^a to dispose, pre- 
 pare; also !i9iJ 
 Za all, any 
 Zi:Zii all, the whole 
 
 ^iiSZ^ 
 
 pervert 
 to create, make 
 
 Viaa to darken, to be- 
 come dim 
 
 
 m 
 
 nr/f-l^kV^a Canaanite 
 
 ^A^m 
 
 to flower, bring 
 
 "*^i5 to collect 
 
 
 forth; as a subs., 
 
 a-^a silver 
 
 
 a herb 
 
 9Ai5 to write
 
 LEXICON. 
 
 135 
 
 Z 
 3Z the heart 
 S^l to be in a flame; 
 as a subs., a flame 
 mZntZ darkness, night 
 °\nt2l a lamp, torch 
 2'KL22, a bud, germ 
 2Z2Z to bud, flourish 
 
 '^2Z to teach 
 3?VZ a reptile 
 3PZ to cast forth 
 
 liil"^^ tabernacle, tent 
 
 A-Z^ 
 mtZtiJ 
 
 zz^ 
 
 ZZiiJiiJ 
 
 a hundred; Heb. 
 a luminary 
 gratis, in vain 
 an altar 
 Moab 
 
 to fear, dread 
 water [pD*P 
 
 •the middle ; Chald. 
 a plane, valley 
 a collection 
 to fill up 
 fullness 
 to speak, say 
 a word ; also ZtZ^ ; 
 
 Plural, arrrZ^ 
 
 precepts 
 
 r:gypt 
 
 Moses 
 
 A-irra:^ 
 
 
 •2^ 
 
 Xebo 
 
 a prophet; Chald. 
 
 N^23; also B[frf9^ 
 a luminary 
 to be light; as a 
 
 subs., light; also 
 
 a river 
 a fish ; prop, name, 
 
 Nun 
 to raise, lift up; 
 
 as a subs., seed 
 to keep 
 to sacrifice 
 to explore, try 
 to fly 
 an animal 
 to breathe 
 to give, bestow 
 
 Z9"^ to take, or receive 
 A^Tf"^ to create, multiply' 
 °i1-^ to adore 
 ^B(-^ to bear witness 
 
 l^^rrr^ a sign 
 "Kii-^ an eye 
 
 PrrrZ^ pot-hcrb 
 ?Z-^ to mount, ascend
 
 136 
 
 LEXICON. 
 
 ^AHfii-^ a hill, beacon ; for \ ^^rrr^V an animal 
 
 5fyVnTii-5^ ZVV land 
 
 i5^^ 
 
 to place, support 
 
 yV^i^ 
 
 to hate 
 
 '?°JV^ testimony 
 
 Z/fV 
 
 V 
 
 same as ZZV Or ZV 
 
 c^3V 
 
 to make; as a 
 
 ^t'Yfrfsv 
 
 subs., a ^rvant 
 to pass over J 
 
 ^3V 
 
 -l'/€rr3iziv 
 
 to see, behold 
 
 li'^V 
 
 time 
 
 9TV 
 
 a sin 
 
 iaZ^v 
 
 same as ^ZV 
 
 mC ^'^^v 
 
 another, strange 
 
 c^.'b, '^^v 
 
 to return 
 
 !i?Zfrfv 
 
 a tree; also !^ZnTV 
 
 i^rrrv 
 
 an eye 
 
 ti/f-ZV burnt offering 
 
 ZZV 
 
 to enter; also ZV 
 
 5(ZZV /(^r 3(ZZ^ 
 
 iiJZv 
 
 age, eternity 
 
 iarrrA-Zv liolocaust 
 
 ^av 
 
 a people 
 
 ^^v 
 
 to occupy, inhabit 
 
 ^v 
 
 a flock of sheep; 
 
 
 also ^/f-V 
 
 a-^v 
 
 to flourish ; adf., 
 
 
 grassy 
 
 Z2'W darkness 
 T"\V to depart; also «\TPV 
 '\AV to acquire, seek 
 
 3 [also '^iTP^ 
 
 '^V'KZ a command, precept; 
 
 ^"ra to multiply, increase 
 
 fir3 a word 
 ii"?Za a sphere,,an arch 
 V?Z3 t he nrnrament 
 ^ml2 prodigy, wonde^l^jQ 
 ^2 a mouth ^'' 
 
 Z-^2 a graven image /yj^ 
 ^'?V3 Phogor 
 
 •^Pa to visit, command 
 ?(^1?3 precept 
 fir'\3 fruit, fruitful . 
 5(V^3 Pharaoh 
 *"'^2 to separate, divide; 
 a/^o V^2 & 2'\2 
 A'^3 Euphrates ,«* ^<r]^ 
 '2i'K'\^2 judgment "^ 
 
 B[<\?'ni form, image _, 
 
 'S^-m side, coast '^^^'^ '■ 
 
 '\2'ni morning; opposed to 
 
 OH' 
 
 IC'
 
 '<L 
 
 Z3P a district, region 
 «\91? to bury 
 
 9(<^9P a sepulchre ^ 
 
 'm'SV to approach, touch 
 y^CLyticJLM^^"'^ a subs., a face 
 iwc^p to justify, sanctify 
 fir<^"?P a state, city; also 
 ffj^iVtOJ^ ^°vP and BCfTT^P 
 ^ATanr^V seed 
 .Jo^ Z^VtokiU 
 Z? a voice 
 iSrirZP thunder {tonitrua) 
 3(yV?A-aP a beginning 
 ^j^^j^ . -/n^l? a bird, fowl 
 
 -» i /ftiV to envy, be jealous 
 VCtti - • of 
 
 itSfrf/f-^P firmament 
 
 3^V to approach, touch 
 
 LEXICON. 137 
 
 t^Vrir^ik void; fem.^fif^ijl 
 
 5(rTrt^par^ , 
 
 Chald. t<:?iTl 
 ^iiJ'^ to creep ; as a subs., 
 
 Ci-, 
 
 ^A-*\ head, top; also 
 
 9*\ great, mighty 
 I^A-fTrS^v greatness 
 ^6S3*\ same as 9*^ 
 rtA'Ct^^"^?^ same as "^m^ 
 rv\l^' Vrtr^'\ remote, distant 
 .^\ ia"^^ to love 
 
 3"?^*^ strength, vigour 
 '^frf*^ breath, smell 
 
 «<^ 
 
 }yjLyiVi6 a creeping thing 
 
 V*\ a neighbour 
 'iS'N evening 
 
 A**v 
 
 iijyV-*" desolate, mis-shapen 
 9f9»" a sabbath " w. tu v*--. ' 
 V9"* to swear J KjuIki^^ 
 *\1"* to send / " 
 
 iSfira^"* the jirmamen t / CL^^t 
 °\'K^^ to cover over, to / 
 
 plaster 
 5(t"* to place, put^y;V»«. /'/7 
 ^firtiJT"* the heavens .; \y u.-n, ^^i 
 
 ^3t"- trumpet '^*- o^UouT 
 •^tnt"^ plaster 
 iaa"* Sichem ^, 
 VZ*" to rule J C(-^ t<* 
 iaZ^ to finish, fill up; 05 
 } \^ (-^ 9^^ an adj., complete 
 
 Bf^Z*" a finishing 
 iUflT^Z^** peace offerings 
 
 ^"* a name \j Ki^vT^v 
 V!tJ- to hear //^Si^, 
 "^^*" to serve, obey ^^ 
 
 5jmiAju^ the sun ^ K€>V»tfi^K 
 3!^-aycar i/^fl^^^ .
 
 138 
 
 cT 
 
 ^W*" a step ; as a verb, 
 to mock, prevaricate 
 5(A"^ same as ^'y^ 
 
 A 
 ^'K'siA an abyss 
 
 LEXICON. 
 
 ■J AY" 
 
 <\?A an ox, ^ i.i 
 
 Anr-5^VZyV a crocodile 
 2frrPA brave, apt, 
 
 strong 
 
 ^Afir9"*A likeness 
 
 r
 
 
 iftiQ. 
 
 
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