iiS 
 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
THE 
 
 TEMPERAMENTS; 
 
 OB, 
 
 THE VARIETIES OF 
 
 PHYSICAL CONSTITUTION IN MAN, 
 Considered in their Relations 
 
 TO 
 
 MENTAL CHARACTER 
 
 AND THE 
 
 PRACTICAL AFFAIRS OF LIFE, Etc., Etc. 
 
 By D. H. Jacques, m.d. 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 By H. S. DRAYTON. AM 
 
 IN .JB«— Readers of this Work, in seeking advice or 
 ordering books, are requested to address 
 their letters to JOHN THOMPSON . 
 Broughton House. South Cliff, 
 Scarborough . 
 
 Catalogues will be sent free of charge on receipt 
 of stamped and, directed envelope. 
 
 Ladies may address their letters to MRS. 
 f HOM PS ON. 
 
THE 
 
 TEMPERAMENTS; 
 
 OK, 
 
 THE VARIETIES OF 
 
 PHYSICAL CONSTITUTION IN MAN, 
 Considered in their Relations 
 
 TO 
 
 MENTAL CHARACTER 
 
 AND THE 
 
 PRACTICAL AFFAIRS OF LIFE, Etc., Etc. 
 
 By D. H. Jacques, m.D. 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 By H. S. DRAYTON, A.M., 
 
 EDITOR OF THE "PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL, ETC." 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 FOWLER & WELLS CO., PUBLISHERS, 
 
 775 Broadway. 
 
 1888. 
 
 L. N. FOWLER & COMPY. 
 
 PUBLISHERS 
 T| Imperial. Arcade, Ludgate CiROU# f 
 nv LONDON. IC.O. 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1878, BY 
 
 R. WELLS & CO 
 

 CONTENTS 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 I. 
 
 The Human Body and its Functions — Such outlines of 
 Anatomy and Physiology as seem necessary to the right 
 understanding of the Temperaments 1 1 
 
 II. 
 
 A General View of the Temperaments — Ancient and Mod- 
 ern theories and classifications briefly described 3c 
 
 III. 
 
 The Pathological View of the Temperaments — The gener- 
 ally received classification of Medical and Physiological 
 writers, in which four Temperaments (the Sanguine, 
 the Lymphatic, the Bilious, and the Nervous) are rec- 
 ognized, is fully explained, each Temperament some- 
 what minutely described, the value of the system ac- 
 knowledged, but its faults pointed out 41 
 
 IV. 
 
 The Anatomical or Rational Classification — The three Tem- 
 peraments (Motive, Vital, and Mental) fully described 
 and illustrated, with their Causes, Characteristics (phys- 
 ical and mental), means of Culture, Counteractive and 
 Restraining agencies, etc. ; also the Compound Tem- 
 peraments, Motive-Mental, etc., etc, ? 62 
 
 (iii) 
 
 M34814'* 
 
iv Contents. 
 
 V. 
 
 Temperament and Configuration — A more complete and 
 detailed exposition of the relations between tempera- 
 mental conditions and the form of the head, features of 
 the face, and general configuration of the body, than has 
 hitherto been given 93 
 
 VI. 
 
 Temperament and Color — The complexion and color of the 
 hair and eyes as indications of Temperament — Two 
 distinct varieties of the Motive Temperament distin- 
 guished and described, etc., etc 100 
 
 VII. 
 
 Changes of Temperament — 1. From natural causes, as cli- 
 mate, age, etc. ; 2. From direct culture. no 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Temperament and Mentality — The Phrenological develop- 
 ments characteristic of each Temperament 1 20 
 
 IX. 
 
 Temperament in Age and Sex — Showing that sex modifies 
 temperamental manifestations, and that there are cer- 
 tain changes often resulting from the transitions from 
 one stage of life to another, as from childhood to youth, 
 at puberty, at the " turn of life," in old age, etc 125 
 
 X. 
 
 Temperament in the Domestic Relations — In marriage, 
 domestic life, management of children, etc 131 
 
 XI. 
 Temperament and Education ... ? ................ , 146 
 
Contents, v 
 
 XII. 
 Temperament as Affecting the Choice of Occupation 15^ 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Temperament in Health and Disease — Practical hygienic 
 rules for correcting the predispositions of each Tem- 
 perament to particular diseases 166 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Temperament in Races and Nations — The Races Classi- 
 fied — Temperament in the Caucasian Race : The An- 
 cient Greeks, The Ancient Roman, The Semite or Syro- 
 Arabian, The Hindoo, The German, The Scandinavian, 
 The Englishman, The Anglo-American, The Scotchman, 
 The Irishman, The Frenchman, The Italian, The Span- 
 iard, The Sclavon — The Temperament in the Malay 
 Race ; in the American Race ; in the Ethiopian Race. . 182 
 
 XV. 
 
 Studies in Temperament — The Great Tragedienne ; The 
 Mormon Leader ; The Daughter of a Queen ; A Savage 
 Chieftain ; A Savage Woman and Child ; A Working 
 Bishop ; A Solid, Stable Character ; Temperament 
 " in the Rough ; " A Literary Lady ; An Ardent, Emo- 
 tional Character ; The Melanic, or Dark Element ; An 
 American Soldier ; Chief of the Horsemen 203 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Temperament in the Lower Animals — Temperament in 
 Wild Animals, and showing the effect of domestication 
 on horses, cattle, sheep, swine, dogs, etc 220 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 THE literature of the Temperaments is very scanty 
 If the physiologist or student of human nature will 
 survey the field from the time even of Hippocrates, 
 he will be astonished by the paucity of authors who 
 have given to the world aught in the way of obser- 
 vations or speculations on the nature and character- 
 istic influence of the physical constitution expressed 
 by the term Temperament. Indeed, he may count 
 the treatises known to the world upon his fingers. 
 This singular fact can not be imputed to a lack of 
 information on the subject, for the medicists of the 
 times of Hippocrates and Galen held certain well- 
 defined views concerning peculiar conditions or dia- 
 theses of the human body, and the vocation of the 
 physician necessarily required him to consider in some 
 way the mental and physical constitution of his pa- 
 tients, and to adapt his treatment, whatever it might 
 be, to their systemic habits. What is found in the 
 old Greek and Latin authors savors much, to be sure, 
 of dogma, but there is so much of definiteness in their 
 characterization, as in the case of the quartic classifi- 
 cation of Hippocrates, that we are led to believe that 
 their knowledge of human physiology, or of the prin- 
 ciples governing growth and organic function, was 
 really more positive and nearer practical exactness 
 
2 Introduction. 
 
 than appears in most of their discussions of dis« 
 ease and its treatment. Speculation, however, char- 
 acterized the medical thought of the ancient and 
 medieval periods, just as it predominated in the dis- 
 cussions concerning the nature of the mind and the 
 relation of the thinking principle to the brain or the 
 physical organism. If one will follow the lines of 
 thought as crystallized in the works on medicine and 
 metaphysics which have survived the lapse of ages, 
 he will observe that a parallelism exists between these 
 two great branches of inquiry, and that progress or 
 development in one, is accompanied by advancement 
 in the other. The great period of illumination in 
 physiology which was ushered in by Harvey's dem- 
 onstration of the movement of the blood, had its 
 complement in the long stride made by modern re- 
 search in nervous function and the office of the brain 
 — of which research the Oxford professor, Willis, was 
 one of the chief promoters. 
 
 When science had fairly emerged from the maze 
 of medieval controversy, and chemistry, astronomy, 
 physiology, and mental philosophy had been estab- 
 lished upon firm principles universally recognized, 
 then the wonderful development of the eighteenth 
 and nineteenth centuries was begun. In this devel- 
 opment we perceive the influence of Temperament, 
 and it is no difficult task for the physiologist, particu- 
 larly if he be learned in the works of Gall and Spurz- 
 heim, to signalize the several effects which peculiar 
 constitutional states have had in determining the 
 course of individual effort and in molding results. 
 
 It would, therefore, appear that the subject of this 
 treatise is an important one ; in fact, one of the most 
 
Introduction. 3 
 
 important within the province of the student and 
 author ; but to indicate in this place, in more than a 
 few points, the nature of that importance, would be 
 to trespass upon the field which Dr. Jacques has 
 covered with that fullness of detail which evidences 
 his familiarity with the subject as a student and 
 trained observer, and in that graceful, instructive 
 style which has made his well-known treatises on 
 popular education and physiology so acceptable 
 wherever they have been read. 
 
 Every living organism has certain qualities by 
 which it is distinguished as belonging to a certain 
 class, order, or species of organisms. The naturalist 
 has taken upon himself the labor of analyzing and 
 defining the myriad forms of being, and for centuries 
 has found a most fruitful field for the exercise of his 
 intellectual powers. He finds his task one of infinite 
 extensibility ; with each attainment of knowledge new 
 vistas of research open before him ; and in lines where 
 he had believed there was little remaining for scru- 
 tiny, he is often amazed by the opening up of a fresh 
 mine, which invites his enthusiastic investigation. 
 He has found the domain of life so vast that he must 
 needs devote himself to but a few members of the 
 animal or vegetable world, would he learn m ch of 
 their peculiarities in the short space allotted him for 
 active labor on earth. He perceives that his work is 
 complicated, not only by the apparent crossings and 
 mixtures of species, but also by variations in the 
 constitution peculiar to members of species. To 
 him the worm and the beetle have their family char- 
 acteristics of color and form, as well as the lion, 
 horse, or dog; and he pries into their homes and 
 
4 Introduction. 
 
 habits to ascertain the sources and reasons for such 
 characteristics. 
 
 The physiologist who has chosen man for his study 
 finds the subject to unfold rapidly before his con- 
 templation, until it becomes a maze of complication ; 
 its web of moral, intellectual, and physical interrela- 
 tion assuming a thousand hues and forms as he views 
 it. In despair of ever tracing every line to its source 
 and revealing the secret springs of human mental 
 and moral life, he may well exclaim with the great 
 dramatist, " What a piece of work is man ! How 
 noble in reason ! how infinite in faculties ! " 
 
 The primary influence or property in living organ- 
 isms, is that known by the term Heredity. Its essence 
 is unattainable by the nicest methods of the chemist, 
 inexplicable by the most careful analysis of the phi- 
 losopher. Creative energy supplies it ; creative wis- 
 dom only can resolve it. Let the physiologist con- 
 cern himself with the effects of this hereditary, 
 this differential vital force, in their manifold forms. 
 He has, to be sure, already acquired a large store of 
 facts in such study ; let him go on with his observa- 
 tion and research. Turning aside, now and then, to 
 look into the marvelous evolutions of the protoplas- 
 mic germ with the hope of attaining the why and 
 wherefore, while the organized forms are not yet 
 fully comprehended in their commonest phases of 
 activity, is but wasting time and talent, and neg- 
 lecting the useful. 
 
 In the study of the human Temperaments the 
 physiologist who elects it is brought to the consid- 
 eration of the effects of inheritance, and, subse- 
 quently, in addition, of habit upon the body and 
 
Introduction. 5 
 
 the mind. He early perceives the vast importance 
 of a correct understanding of the physical organiza- 
 tion, the functional peculiarities of stomach, heart, 
 and lungs ; the quality of brain ; the contour and 
 texture of bone, muscle, and tissue in individual 
 cases. Man is many-sided, exceedingly versatile in 
 his range of capability, and his highest, truest suc- 
 cess is found in relations where his body and mind 
 are harmoniously employed ; where, in other words, 
 he finds a complete adaptation of his powers, mental 
 and physical. 
 
 So far as concerns themselves, every man and 
 woman should be physiologists, should be conver- 
 sant with the laws and processes of their physical 
 nature ; not merely knowing something of the mode 
 by which food enters the stomach and is converted 
 into nutriment, or how the blood passes from the 
 heart to the lungs and is vitalized by respiration, but 
 how they differ from other men and women in con- 
 stitution of body and properties of mind, and what 
 the differences mean in relation to individual capa- 
 bility. The great majority of intelligent workers in 
 every sphere of life are misplaced, and, therefore, 
 fail to accomplish as much for themselves and the 
 world as they would in their appropriate departments 
 of effort. This fact is appreciated by thousands who 
 discovered too late their unfitness for the vocation 
 which a parent, or caprice, or necessity assigned to 
 them ; while other thousands are toiling sadly and 
 wearily amid inharmonious relations, attributing their 
 unsuccess to ill-luck or destiny, and totally unaware 
 of the fundamental cause of their unfortunate situa- 
 tion. 
 
6 Introduction. 
 
 Whether the physiologist makes his analysis in 
 accordance with the old system of four Tempera- 
 ments, or in accordance with the new system, which 
 recognizes but three, he attributes a certain type of 
 organization to the person under his observation. 
 He does not expect the man in whom the nervous 
 or mental quality predominates, to exhibit the dis- 
 position of the man in whom the bilious or motive 
 quality is the most conspicuous. And he would not 
 assign men so differently constituted to the same kind 
 of work, any more than an experienced agriculturist 
 would set a plow and cultivator side by side in a 
 rough field, and expect them to perform similar duty 
 in preparing the soil for a crop. No ; he would as- 
 sign to him of the strong mental or nervous consti- 
 tution work which required the exercise chiefly of 
 the intellect and a light, facile hand ; while to him 
 of the motive or bilious type, he would give labor 
 requiring muscular strength and steady, enduring 
 application ; for one he would consider the duties of 
 the counting-room or office appropriate ; for the other 
 the tasks of the farm or the workshop. 
 
 He would not think of supplying these two men 
 with food of like materials and quantity, because he 
 knows that their differences in physical constitution 
 enjoin a difference in their food, which must be ob- 
 served for the maintenance of their respective healths. 
 And further still, their proclivities and requirements 
 are unlike, as he perceives, in the matter of recrea- 
 tion, society, and mental avocation. 
 
 This subject of Temperament, the reader may re- 
 mark, is one which relates mainly to the human body, 
 how it is built up and constituted in its different parts ; 
 
Introduction. 7 
 
 it particularly relates to the office or influence exer 
 cised in the economy of physical life by those great 
 organs — the stomach, liver, lungs, heart, brain, and 
 nerves. Yes, this is true if we merely consider the 
 bodily constitution as a piece of vitalized mechanism : 
 but the study of the human Temperaments is vastly 
 more than a department of mechanical physiology, and 
 relates, as we have indicated, to the part man fills as the 
 most powerful factor in the economy of nature. We 
 can not assert that man is what he is by virtue of his 
 physical organization, yet the potency of Tempera- 
 ment may not be estimated, and we can not separate 
 man's psychic susceptibilities and capabilities, in their 
 practical analysis, from his physical constitution. The 
 latter supplements the former — body feeds mind. The 
 subtile connection between mind and body can not 
 be explained any more than that agent or force which 
 we so glibly call life ; to comprehend one would be 
 to comprehend the other ; yet when we examine the 
 material aspects of the human machine, the body, 
 we are guided to safe conclusions with respect to the 
 operation of that machine ; we are enabled to judge 
 of its productive energy in both physical and mental 
 respects. If the appreciation of phenomena be the 
 proper domain of science, it seems to us clear enough 
 that, when taken on its material side only, there can 
 be a no more interesting subject for the research of 
 the earnest scientific inquirer than this of the Tem- 
 peraments. Comparatively fresh as a department of 
 study, it possesses every feature of attraction, every 
 quality of interest, appealing to the imagination as 
 well as to the judgment, and furnishing an exhaust- 
 less stock of materials. The student, moreover, needs 
 
8 Introduction. 
 
 not to travel to the East or to the West, for at his 
 very door, in his home-circle, and among the friends 
 who surround him, is a world upon which he may ex- 
 pend the resources of his intellect, and to his profit 
 and theirs. It is said that an eminent German natu- 
 ralist occupied the greater part of thirty years in 
 studying the nature of a single species of worm, and 
 declared that he had by no means learned all there is 
 to be ascertained about it. What, then, is to be said 
 of the study of human nature, the highest form of 
 life, with its myriad phases of contour and its com- 
 plex mental and physical correlations ! 
 
 The earnest observer in this field may well pause 
 in amazement as some reflection concerning its vast- 
 ness is suggested to his mind ; but aided by the re- 
 sults of the labor of others, guided by those princi- 
 ples which genius has deduced, he can pursue his way 
 through the apparent confusion and grasp fact after 
 fact, and add truth after truth to his store of useful 
 knowledge. 
 
 With a cordial appreciation of the need of a popu- 
 lar treatise on the Temperaments, this volume has 
 been carefully prepared. The extent of the subject 
 precludes anything like an exhaustive attempt, yet 
 the author has striven to consider it from all prac- 
 tical sides, and to arrange his data in such a manner 
 that the student may find it of service as a guide in 
 personal observations. The illustrations, with but 
 a very few exceptions, are from life — in fact, carefully 
 engraved portraits — so that their value in a scientific 
 respect is positive. It is unnecessary to state, per- 
 haps, that the introduction of every portrait is simply 
 for the purpose of illustrating the text , and, there- 
 
Introduction. 9 
 
 fore, the only motive in their use is a purely scien- 
 tific one. As the originals of some of the portraits 
 are living, this statement is deemed expedient as an 
 explanation or apology for their appearance. 
 
 Shortly after completing this work Dr. Jacques laid 
 down his pen forever. Death came suddenly while 
 he was at his residence in Fernandina, Florida. Well- 
 advanced in life, yet not old ; in the midst of his use- 
 fulness — a usefulness founded upon a life of great 
 variety and activity, in whose scenes he carried a stu- 
 dious mind and an unusual calmness of judgment, 
 which enabled him to profit by every experience, it 
 is not strange that his death awakened deep regret 
 in the wide circle for which he had become a highly 
 respected adviser. Few men of his age have con- 
 tributed as much as he to practical educational liter- 
 ature. • He studied and observed for the purpose of 
 obtaining information which he could disseminate 
 broadly through the press. He was a writer by pro- 
 fession, and filled, in the course of forty years or more, 
 many responsible positions, as editor, author, and con- 
 tributor. For many years his pen was of valuable 
 service to the Phrenological Journal, and other well- 
 known magazines were indebted to him for impor- 
 tant contributions to their pages. He loved the coun- 
 try, and was at home in the field and garden, and 
 during the past ten years his literary services were 
 chiefly given to agriculture. The Rural Carolinian 
 the Semi-Tropical, and the other leading agricultural 
 magazines of the Southj found in him their strongest 
 ally. His opinions were authoritative, although he 
 never sought to exercise authority in any sphere. He 
 loved the quiet reserve of home ; his spirit had no 
 
10 Introduction. 
 
 sympathy for the rude and turbulent ; he was content 
 to stand apart from the busy current of the world's 
 business, and simply contemplate its ever-changing 
 surface. But it was as a keen observer that he 
 looked upon the swaying masses of humanity ; his 
 massive perceptive faculties descried new and valu- 
 able things where the ordinary spectator saw nothing 
 but commonplace events ; and so he went on from 
 year to year accumulating data, and in the retirement 
 of his library recording them with a facile pen for the 
 instruction of the people. His " Manuals for Home 
 Improvement," " The Right Word in the Right 
 Place," and " Physical Perfection," are models of 
 literary style and of didactic method, and are not 
 surpassed by any books in print in just adaptation 
 to the wants of the masses. Although produced 
 years ago, they are fresh to-day as practical per- 
 sonal educators, and their worth enhances in the 
 proportion of thdr circulation. 
 
 Dr. Jacques was not of those who " make a noise 
 in the world," he did not covet notice, and beyond a 
 narrow circle of sympathetic friends and litterateurs 
 he was scarcely known personally, but his work will 
 remain long after the noisy thousands have been for- 
 gotten, its solid benefits making society his debtor. 
 
 H. S. DRAYTON, 
 
 Editor of the Phrenological Journal 
 
THE TEMPERAMENTS. 
 
 THE HUMAN BODY AND ITS FUNCTIONS. 
 
 As Temperament, considered in its physical aspects, 
 5 a state of the body depending upon certain com- 
 jinations of its various systems of organs and certain 
 functional conditions affecting them, some knowledge 
 or these organs and their functions will be essential 
 to the profitable study of the subject before us. For 
 this knowledge in its details, we must refer the reader, 
 not already familiar with them, to the standard works 
 on Anatomy and Physiology ; but, in order that he 
 may have at hand, for easy reference, the general facts 
 pertaining to the human physical organization, we 
 shall here devote a few pages to the presentation of 
 such outlines as will, we trust, serve the purpose in 
 view. We condense from previous works, claiming no 
 originality for the general features of our sketch. 
 
 We find in the human body three grand classes or 
 systems of organs, each of which has its special func- 
 tion in the general economy. They may appropri- 
 ately be called — 
 
 i. The Motive or Mechanical System ; 
 
 2. The Vital or Nutritive System ; and 
 
 3. The Mental or Nervous System. 
 
 (11) 
 
12 The Temperaments, 
 
 These three systems, each naturally divided into 
 several branches, include all the organs and perform 
 all the functions of the physical man. 
 
 I.— The Motive or Mechanical System. 
 
 The motive or mechanical system consists of three 
 sets of organs, forming, in combination, an apparatus 
 of levers through which locomotion and all the larger 
 movements of the body are effected. They are : 
 
 1. The Bones; 
 
 2. The Ligaments ; and 
 
 3. The Muscles. 
 
 I. The Bones. — The Bones form the framework of 
 the body. They are primarily organs of support, sus- 
 taining and giving solidity to every part. The pro- 
 portion which they bear to their fleshy covering dif- 
 fers materially in different individuals ; and this fact 
 should be remembered as having an important bearing 
 upon the doctrine of the Temperaments, to be un- 
 folded in future chapters. 
 
 In the earlier stages of their formation, the bones 
 are cartilaginous or gristly in their structures, very 
 flexible, and not easily broken. This wise provision of 
 an all-wise Nature is illustrated in young children, 
 whose innumerable falls never result in a fracture, and 
 whose rapid growth would be entirely inconsistent 
 with a hardened osseous frame. We may note here, 
 too, in passing, that the legs of infants are often made 
 permanently crooked by being required, under the 
 injudicious training of unwisely ambitious parents, to 
 support prematurely the weight of the body. Little 
 
The Human Body and its Functions. 13 
 
 is gained by interfering with Nature,- in such attempts 
 to hasten her processes. 
 
 In due time the bones, receiving deposits of lime, 
 phosphorus, and other earthy materials, gradually 
 harden, and at their maturity are composed of nearly 
 equal proportions of animal and mineral matter. In 
 old age the earthy matter often greatly predominates, 
 rendering them very brittle. 
 
 Like other parts of the body, the bones have a 
 system of blood-vessels and nerves, and, like the other 
 parts, are subject to growth and decay, though their 
 changes are less rapid than those of the softer parts. 
 Their minute structure is very curious and beautiful. 
 • The genius and skill of man has never yet suc- 
 ceeded in constructing a machine so beautiful in its 
 perfect adaptation to its uses as the human skeleton ; 
 nor can the wisest of mortals suggest an improvement 
 in its structure. 
 
 See what noble twin columns, resting upon the firm, 
 but flexible bases of the feet, support, in its proper 
 position, the grand arch of the pelvis ! And the pelvis 
 itself, how admirably adapted to its various functions ! 
 While it has all the necessary strength to support the 
 body which rests upon it, it is not less perfectly 
 adapted to protect and sustain the vital organs situated 
 within it, and to afford them room for the proper per- 
 formance of their functions. 
 
 The grand central pillar, the spinal column, on 
 whose capital rests that sublime "dome of though];,'' 
 the cranium, has its base on the sacrum, a wedge-like 
 bone which forms the keystone of the pelvic arch. 
 The spinal or vertebral column itself is one of the 
 
*4 The Temperaments, 
 
 most wonderful of Nature's wonderful works. It is 
 composed of twenty-four bones, called vertebrae, linked 
 firmly together by a complicated system of ligaments, 
 giving it immense strength, and, at the same time, great 
 flexibility. It is pierced by what is called the vertebral 
 canal, through which passes the spinal cord {medulla 
 spinalis), of which we shall have more to say further on. 
 
 Attached to the dorsal or back vertebrae by strong 
 ligaments, and bending forward so as to form the 
 grand cavity of the thorax, are the twenty-four ribs, 
 twelve on each side. The uppermost seven on each 
 side are called the true ribs, because each of them is 
 connected by a separate cartilage directly with the 
 sternum or breast bone ; while the lower five are called 
 false, because one or two of them are loose at the 
 anterior extremity and the cartilages of the rest run 
 into each other, instead of being separately prolonged 
 to the breast bone. 
 
 The arms are loosely attached to the body by means 
 of movable shoulder-blades, which are kept in place 
 by the collar-bone and the strong muscles which over- 
 lay them. 
 
 Bones are of various shapes — long, as in the arm 
 and leg ; cuboidal or six-sided, as in the wrist and 
 instep ; and flat, as in the cranium and the shoulder- 
 blades. The larger ones are hollow, which property 
 gives them more strength in proportion to weight 
 than could otherwise have been obtained, and also 
 secures a permanent storehouse for nutriment in the 
 form of marrow, which seems to be set aside as a re- 
 served fund for the sustenance of the body when all 
 other supplies fail. 
 
The Human Body and its Functions. 15 
 
 The connections of the bones, called joints, are 
 very beautiful contrivances, which no mechanic or 
 artist could improve. These connections are of 
 various kinds — by sutures or a sort of dovetailing, 
 by cartilaginous attachments, and by movable joints. 
 There are hinge joints, allowing only a forward and 
 backward movement, and ball and socket joints, 
 which allow the bone to move in all directions. 
 
 2. The Ligaments. — The ligaments, already inci- 
 dentally mentioned, help to form the joints, and are 
 properly called organs of connection. Their strength 
 and toughness is so great that it is almost impos- 
 sible, by means of any ordinary force, to tear them 
 asunder. 
 
 " It is wonderful," a distinguished medical writer 
 says, " to see how admirably the ligaments are ar- 
 ranged to answer the purposes for which they are in- 
 tended ! Where the ends of two bones meet, as in 
 some of the joints, ligaments pass across from one to 
 the other ; and so firm are they in their structure, 
 that they never allow the joint to become loose, 
 however much it may be exercised. Some of the liga- 
 ments are arranged so as to keep the joint from 
 bending the wrong way. The knee joint, which, 
 were it not for its numerous ligaments, would be 
 altogether unfit for the important offices it fulfills, 
 has in it two of these bands, crossing each other like 
 the legs of a saw-horse, in such a manner as to pre- 
 vent the leg from being carried too far backward or 
 forward ; and to guard against dislocations sideways, 
 strong lateral bands are placed on each side of the 
 joint. Not only the large, but the small bones of 
 
1 6 The Temperaments. 
 
 the body likewise, are bound together in this way as 
 firmly as if secured by clasps of steel. 
 
 3. The Muscles. — The muscles are simply bundles 
 of red flesh growing together, and more compact to- 
 ward the extremities, by which they are attached to 
 the bone, and terminating in white tendons or cords. 
 They are, par excellence, the organs of motion. It 
 is by means of them that the indwelling mind, tele- 
 graphing its mandates through the appropriate nerves, 
 effects any desired movement, by causing a contrac- 
 tion of the fibers of which they are composed, thus 
 drawing the parts to which they are attached toward 
 each other. This contractile power is very great — 
 so great, in fact, that it may even destroy the cohe- 
 sion of the parts, or tear the tendon from the bone. 
 There are twenty-seven distinct muscles in the human 
 body, divided into two classes — voluntary and invol- 
 untary ; the former acting in obedience to the will, 
 and the latter independently of it. Those by means 
 of which we move the limbs belong to the first class, 
 and those which keep the heart in motion and carry 
 on the vital processes, while we sleep as well as when 
 we are awake, to the second. They present a great 
 variety of forms, and are of all lengths, from a fourth 
 of an inch, as in some of the muscles of the larynx, 
 to three feet, as in the sartorius or tailor's muscle, 
 which is used in crossing the legs. 
 
 The muscular system, in its development and or- 
 ganic condition, is more under control than ?ny other 
 part of the body — a circumstance of no little impor- 
 tance in connection with changes of temperament 
 and human improvement. 
 
The Human Body and its Functions. ' I? 
 
 II.— TiiE Vital or Nutritive System. 
 The vital or nutritive system consists of three 
 classes of organs, forming a complicated apparatus 
 of tubes, which perform the functions of absorption, 
 circulation, and secretion, and, incidentally, of purifi- 
 cation. Their principal seat is the trunk of the body, 
 and they exercise a minute peristaltic or pulsating 
 motion. They are designated as — 
 i. The Lymphatics; 
 
 2. The Blood-vessels ; and 
 
 3. The Glands. 
 
 1. The Lymphatics. — These are small transparent 
 tubes furnished with valves at short intervals, and 
 connected with the ganglia or glands which are dis- 
 tributed over the body, but are most numerous on 
 the sides of the neck, the arm-pits, the groins, and 
 the mesenteric folds of the intestines. Their office 
 is to absorb nutriment and pass it into the circula- 
 tion. They convey the lymph from every part of 
 the system to the descending vena cava, where it 
 mixes with the venous blood returning to the heart. 
 When, through disease or deficiency of food, the 
 supply of nutriment from the ordinary sources is in- 
 adequate to the wants of the system, these absorbents 
 take up the fat which has been deposited in the cel- 
 lular tissues, to be reserved for a time of need, and 
 empty it into the chyle duct, to be thrown into the 
 circulation. This causes the falling away or emacia- 
 tion observed in the sick or starving. Even the 
 muscles and cellular tissues are thus appropriated, in 
 extreme cases. 
 
 These organs, when they open into the intestines 
 
1 8 . The Temperaments, 
 
 and serve to convey a portion of the nutriment elab- 
 orated by the stomach through the thoracic duct to 
 its proper destination, are called lacteals. 
 
 2. The Blood-Vessels. — The circulation of the blood 
 is effected by means of a system of tubes, consisting 
 of the heart, the arteries, and the veins. The center 
 of circulation is the heart, a muscular organ situated 
 in the lower part of the thoracic cavity, between the 
 two folds of the pleura, which form the central par- 
 tition of the chest. It consists of two parts, a right 
 and a left, in each of which are two cavities, an au- 
 ricle and a ventricle. In other words, it forms a 
 double force-pump, most ingeniously constructed, 
 with well-fitted valves, which always act perfectly, 
 and never get out of order and never wear out. 
 These pumps send the bright vitalized blood through 
 the arteries to every part of the system, to be taken 
 up by those minuter organs, the capillaries, whose 
 millions of fibers permeate everywhere, and furnish 
 to each organ and part just the supply needed. 
 
 To bring the blood back to the heart to be sent to 
 the lungs and revitalized, we have a system of veins, 
 which, commencing in minute capillaries, like little 
 rills, gradually unite and enlarge till they pour their 
 contents, river-like, through two large tubes (one 
 ascending and the other descending), into the right 
 auricle or receptacle of the heart. A muscular con- 
 traction sends it into the right ventricle, which, con- 
 tracting in turn, forces it into the pulmonary artery, 
 and thence into the lungs, where it is purified and 
 changed by contact with the air, and becomes again 
 fitted for its life-bestowing mission. 
 
The Human Body and its Functions. 1Q 
 
 3. The Glands. — The glands, or filters, are the or- 
 gans which secrete or deposit not only the various 
 substances of which the different organs are com- 
 posed, but the fat, milk, hair, and other animal prod- 
 ucts. They are composed of two sets of capillary 
 vessels, the one for the circulation of arterial blood, 
 and the other for secreting their proper materials. 
 The lungs, stomach, intestines, reproductive organs, 
 and especially the liver, are mainly glandular in struct- 
 ure and function, and so far are included in this sys- 
 tem. 
 
 " The lungs are two conical organs, situated one on 
 each side of the chest, embracing the heart, and sep- 
 arated from each other by a membranous partition, 
 the mediastinum. On the external or thoracic side 
 they are convex, and correspond with the form of 
 the cavity of the chest ; internally they are concave, 
 to receive the convexity of the heart. Superiorily 
 they terminate in a tapering cone, which extends 
 above the level of the first rib, and inferiorily they 
 are broad and concave, and rest upon the convex 
 surface of the diaphragm. Their posterior border is 
 round and broad, the anterior sharp, and marked by 
 one or two deep fissures, and the interior, which sur- 
 rounds the base, is also sharp. Each lung is divided 
 into two parts by a long and deep fissure, which ex- 
 tends from the posterior surface of the upper part of 
 the organ, downward and forward, to near the ante- 
 rior angle of its base. The right lung is larger than 
 the left, in consequence of the inclination of the heart 
 to the left side. It is also shorter, from the great 
 convexity of the liver, which presses the diaphragm 
 
20 The Temperaments. 
 
 • 
 upward upon the right side of the chest, consider- 
 ably above the level of the left. It has three lobes. 
 The left lung is smaller, has but two lobes, but is 
 longer than the right." 
 
 The lungs present to the view a spongy mass, made 
 up of air-tubes, air-cells, and blood-vessels, all bound 
 together by a cellular tissue. Of the air-cells there 
 are many millions ; and the internal surface presented 
 by the combined air-cells and air-tubes is probably 
 more than ten times the external surface of the body. 
 Around each of these minute cells is woven a net- 
 work of hair-like tubes, through which come and go 
 the venous and arterial blood. It is through the 
 coats of these that the air acts upon and vitalizes the 
 blood, giving it oxygen and receiving carbonic acid 
 in return. 
 
 The liver, which is the largest gland in the body 
 (weighing about four pounds), extends from the right 
 to the left hypochondrium, and is situated obliquely 
 in the abdomen, its convex surface looking upward 
 and forward, and its concave downward and back- 
 ward. It is attached by strong ligaments to the dia- 
 phragm and other adjacent parts. Its office is to 
 secrete bile from the blood, which is poured from the 
 gall-bladder into the duodenum, a few inches below 
 the stomach. 
 
 The stomach is a musculo-membranous organ, the 
 office of which is to convert the blood into chyme. 
 
 The intestines or bowels, the kidneys (whose office 
 is to separate the urine from the blood), and the 
 spleen, are included in this system. 
 
The Human Body and its Functions. 21 
 
 III.— The Mex\tal or Nervous System. 
 
 The mental or nervous system forms the medium 
 of communication between the soul and the external 
 world, and is the instrument through which thought 
 and emotion culminate in action. It consists, struct- 
 urally, of a series of globules bound by membranous 
 investments into fibers of various forms. The chief 
 seat of this system is the head. It admits, like the 
 other systems, of a division of three orders of organs — ■ 
 
 1. Organs of Sense ; 
 
 2. The Cerebrum ; and 
 
 3. The Cerebellum. 
 
 1. The Organs of. Sense. — The organs through 
 which we receive impressions from external objects 
 — the eye, the ear, etc. — need not be described. 
 They communicate their impressions to the brain 
 by means of special nerves. They all seem to center 
 in the base of the brain. 
 
 2. The Cerebrum. — The human brain, speaking of 
 it as a whole, is an oval mass filling and fitting the 
 interior of the skull, and consisting of two substances 
 — a gray, ash-colored, or cineritious portion, and a 
 white, fibrous, or medullary portion. It is divided, 
 both in form and in function, into two principal 
 masses, called the cerebrum and the cerebellum. 
 At its base there are two other portions, called the 
 annular protuberance and the medulla oblongata. 
 
 The cerebrum is divided longitudinally by the falx, 
 or scythe-shaped process, into two equal hemispheres, 
 and each of these, in its under surface, into three 
 lobes. But the most remarkable feature in the struct- 
 
22 
 
 The Temperaments. 
 
 ure of the cerebral globe is its complicated convolu 
 tions, the furrows between which dip down into the 
 brain and are covered by the pia mater, a delicate fibro- 
 vascular membrane, which lies upon the immediate 
 surface of the brain and spinal marrow, bending down 
 into all their furrows or other depressions. By means 
 of these foldings the surface of the brain is greatly 
 increased, and power gained with the utmost econo- 
 my of space ; for it is a well-ascertained fact, that in 
 t 4 proportion to the number and depth 
 
 of these convolutions, is the power 
 of the brain. " The mind's revolv- 
 ings," as Wilkinson beautifully ex- 
 presses it, " are here represented in 
 moving spirals, and the subtile in- 
 sinuations of thought, whose path 
 lies through all things, issues with 
 power from the form of cerebral 
 screws. They print their shape and 
 make themselves room on the inside 
 of the skull, and are the most irre- 
 sistible things in the human world." 
 The cerebrum is the organ of per- 
 ception, reflection, and all the other 
 essentially human faculties and sen- 
 timents. 
 
 3. The Cerebellum. — The cerebel- 
 lum is the organ in which lies the 
 nervous center of the procreative 
 function, and it is related intimately 
 to motive impulse and physical life 
 
 Fig. x.— Spinal Cord and t . w. 1 1 • 1 1 • j« j. 1 
 
 Nerves. It lies behind and immediately un- 
 
The Human Body and its Functions. 23 
 
 derneath the cerebrum, and is about one-eighth the 
 size of the latter organ. It is divided into lobes and 
 lobules and consists of a gray and a white substance, 
 like the cerebrum, but differently disposed, the white 
 substance being mainly internal in the latter and ex- 
 ternal in the former; furthermore, the cerebellum 
 is not convoluted like the cerebrum. There is said 
 to be no direct communication between the lobes of 
 the cerebrum and the cerebellum. 
 
 Extending from the base of the brain to the atlas 
 or bony pivot on which the head rests, is the medulla 
 oblongata. It is conical in shape, and may be con- 
 sidered as merely the head or beginning of the spinal 
 cord, which continues it, and extends the brain, as it 
 were, down the vertebral column ; and, by means of 
 the nerves which it gives off, and which pass through 
 notches between the vertebrae, connects it with every 
 part of the body. 
 
 IV.— Outlines of Phrenology. 
 
 As we shall have frequent occasion, in the follow- 
 ing chapters, to make use of phrenological terms and 
 refer to the organs of the mental faculties in the brain, 
 as they may be particularly associated with a given 
 temperamental condition or affected thereby, we have 
 deemed it advisable to insert here such outlines of 
 the science as will at least enable the reader pre- 
 viously ignorant of it (if such readers there be, at this 
 late day) to understand our allusions. We copy, as 
 adapted to our purpose, and as suitable as any sketch 
 we could now prepare, the following sections from 
 
24 The Temperaments. 
 
 Chapter VII. of " New Physiognomy." No highet 
 authority on this subject than that of the lamented 
 Mr. Wells need be or could be cited. 
 
 1. Phrenology Defined. — Phrenology is a science and 
 an art. It is the science of the existence, organization, 
 and mode of action of the mind as embodied, and as 
 related through the body to whatever else exists. 
 
 The term " Phrenology" means, strictly, Science of 
 the Brain. This term, in itself, relates only to the 
 immediate material organ and instrument of the mind. 
 It is, however, proper enough ; for it is the special 
 characteristic of Phrenplogy to take the brain into 
 the account — to take the common-sense and practical 
 view which looks at the mind, not as it ought to be, 
 nor as it may be claimed that it must be, but as it is. 
 Mind must (to us who are in the flesh) act through a 
 material instrument. Other mental philosophers have 
 not sufficiently considered this, nor the necessary 
 limitations which such an instrument imposes upon 
 mental action, nor the indications derivable from such 
 an instrument about mental action. As these limita- 
 tions and indications are of the utmost importance, 
 and as their introduction with their right dignity 
 into mental science totally revolutionizes it, and makes 
 it for the first time worthy the name of a science, it is 
 eminently proper that they should characterize the 
 name of the science in its new shape. 
 
 2. Phrenology as an Art. — Every science has its cor- 
 responding art. The principles of science, when modi- 
 fied into application to the practical demands of life, 
 become the rules of their corresponding art. 
 
 Phrenology, as an art, consists in judging from the 
 
The Human Body and its Functions. 25 
 
 ncad itself, and from the body in connection with the 
 head, what are the natural tendencies and capabilities 
 of the individual. The practical uses of this art are 
 many. They consist in applying to the practical needs 
 of life the principles of phrenological science. For 
 instance, it is a principle of Phrenology that, all other 
 conditions being the same, the largest brain is the best. 
 In selecting an apprentice, a clerk, therefore, or a 
 lawyer, or a helper, or counselor of any kind, he 
 who practices the art of Phrenology would choose, 
 out of any two or more, him with the largest head, 
 provided other conditions, such as quality, shape, etc., 
 were equal. Mistakes would sometimes occur in ap- 
 plying this rule, but in the long run it would be found 
 far more correct than any other known means. 
 
 Again, it is the principle of Phrenology that there 
 are separate mental faculties. It is another, that these 
 faculties may be dealt with, trained, or neglected, 
 separately. It is another, that where faculties are 
 defective or feeble, their defect or weakness can usually 
 be made up for by the employment of some other 
 faculty or faculties. It is easy to see that these prin- 
 ciples, reduced to rules, would form a very important 
 part of a system of education, particularly of self- 
 education ; for evidently an intelligent person, trying 
 one combination of faculties after another, will be 
 able ultimately to exercise himself in exactly such 
 habits of thinking and feeling as will best make up 
 for the points in which he is wanting. If, for instance, 
 he knows that he is deficient in Cautiousness, he can 
 cultivate habits of forethought, reflection, recollection, 
 and observation. This procedure will use Causality, 
 2 
 
t6 The Temperaments. 
 
 Comparison, Eventuality, and Individuality to do the 
 work of Cautiousness, and will, at the same time, tend 
 to stimulate and strengthen the faculty of Cautious- 
 ness as a separate instinct. 
 
 3. The Basis of Phrenology. — The science of Phre- 
 nology is based upon observation. Its principles are 
 simply the recital of truths which lie open before 
 every man's eye. It is therefore as capable of dem- 
 onstration as chemistry or natural philosophy. In 
 this it differs entirely from all previous systems of 
 mental science. These have been based upon a priori 
 assumptions (that is, things taken for granted) to be- 
 gin with. Having thus the radical imperfections of 
 mere human conception in their very rudiments and 
 seeds, they have been muddled, visionary, unpractical, 
 sophistical, unprogressive, and useless, even almost as 
 much as the verbal scholastic philosophies of the 
 Middle Ages. 
 
 4. First Principles. — Phrenology does not now claim 
 to be an entirely completed science. As far as it has 
 now advanced it consists as a science of two parts, viz. : 
 
 (1). A system of physiological facts and their cor- 
 responding mental phenomena. 
 
 (2). A system of mental philosophy deduced from 
 these facts and phenomena, and from other facts and 
 phenomena related to them. 
 
 The chief principles of the basis or fundamental or 
 physiological part of the science of Phrenology may 
 be stated thus : 
 
 (1). The brain is the special organ of the mind. 
 The essence and mode of operation of the mind itself 
 are inscrutable ; we can only study its manifestations 
 
The Human Body and its Functions, 27 
 
 (2). The mind, though essentially a unit, is made up 
 of about forty different faculties, each of which is 
 manifested by means of a particular part of the brain, 
 set apart exclusively for it and called its organ. The 
 faculties may be possessed in different degrees by the 
 same person, and so may the same faculty by different 
 persons. 
 
 (3). When other conditions are the same, the larger 
 .he brain the stronger it is ; and the larger the portion 
 af brain occupied for the manifestation of a faculty, 
 the stronger its manifestation. 
 
 (4). Those portions of brain used for faculties re- 
 lated to each other are located together. Thus the 
 brain is divided into regions or groups, as well as into 
 organs. The location and boundaries of these organs 
 and regions may be best learned from the Phrenolog- 
 ical Bust, and the accompanying diagram (fig. 2). 
 
 (5). Each group has its collective function. The 
 propelling faculties give force in all actions ; the social 
 adapt us to our fellows ; the selfish lead us to take care 
 of ourselves ; the intellectual enable us to understand 
 men and things, whatever is to be known, and the 
 means of dealing with them ; and the moral and re- 
 ligious are meant to control all the rest by subjecting 
 them to the tribunals of kindness, justice, and of the 
 Divine Law. 
 
 (6). The original normal conditions which deter- 
 mine the excellence and efficiency of the mind as 
 operative through the brain are : 
 
 1. Quantity of brain. 
 
 2. Quality of fiber of brain. 
 
 3. Relative size of parts of brain. 
 
 4. Influence of body upon brain. 
 
28 
 
 The Temperaments. 
 
 (7). Each faculty is susceptible of improvement or 
 deterioration, and may be strengthened, perverted, 
 neglected, or weakened. 
 
 (8). Each faculty is in itself good, and was given 
 
 LOCATION OF THE ORGANS. 
 
 1. Amativeness. 
 A. Conjugal Love. 
 
 2. Parental Love. 
 
 3. Friendship. 
 
 4. Inhabitiveness. 
 
 5. Continuity. 
 E. Vitativkness. 
 
 6. combativeness. 
 
 7. Destructiveness. 
 
 8. Alimentiveness. 
 
 9. Acquisitiveness. 
 
 10. Secretivene8s. 
 
 11. Cautiousness. 
 
 12. Approbativeness. 
 
 13. SELP-E8TEEM. 
 
 14. Firmness. 
 
 15. Conscientiousness. 
 
 16. Hope. 
 
 17. Spirituality. 
 
 18. Veneration. 
 
 19. Benevolence. 
 
 20. Conptructiveness. 
 
 21. Ideality. 
 B. Sublimity. 
 
 22. Imitation. 
 
 23. Mirth. 
 
 24. Individuality. 
 
 25. Form. 
 
 26. Size. 
 
 27. Weight. 
 2S. Color. 
 
 29. Order. 
 
 30. Calculation. 
 
 31. Locality. 
 
 32. Eventuality. 
 83. Time. 
 
 34. Tune. 
 85. Language. 
 36. Causality. 
 8?. Comparison. 
 C Human Nature. 
 D. Sauvity. 
 
 by the Creator for good. The improvement of man, 
 therefore, does not imply the extinction, or distortion, 
 or stunting of any faculty, nor the creation of new 
 ones, but the culture needed by each, the harmoniz- 
 
The Human Body and its Functions, 29 
 
 ing of all, and their pleasant action separately or to- 
 gether, in due subordination, and with the right 
 degree of activity. 
 
 In addition to these diagrams, the student of Phre- 
 nology should have at hand a PHRENOLOGICAL BUST, 
 somewhere near the size of life, showing the exact 
 location of each organ r *" 1 u y comparing living 
 heads one with another, the differences would appear 
 most palpable. Extend your observations, and com- 
 pare the well-known characters of those' having long 
 and narrow heads with those of persons who have 
 short and broad heads ; or compare the high heads 
 with the low, and however skeptical you may be, you 
 will be compelled to accept the general principles of 
 Phrenology. 
 
II. 
 
 A GENERAL VIEW OF THE TEMPERAMENTS. 
 
 WHEN we compare man with the lower animals, we 
 observe certain characteristic features which do not 
 permit us, for a moment, to confound him with even 
 the most elevated of them. Comparing man with 
 man, while we recognize specific traits common to all 
 individuals of the race, we also note no less obvious 
 differences. One is tall and muscular ; another, short 
 and plump ; a third, small and slender. This dainty 
 brown-haired girl is delicately fair, we say — the rose 
 and the lily softly blend on her cheek ; that boy is 
 as ruddy as a Spitzenberg apple ; yonder man is 
 swarthy and has black eyes, while those of the girl are 
 gray and the boy's blue. We also observe that the 
 functions of life are not performed in all with the 
 same degree of force or "rapidity, and that their likes 
 and dislikes have neither the same direction nor the 
 same intensity. These differences, with others which 
 need not be here specified, are the results and the 
 indications of what is called Temperament — the cor- 
 poris habitus of the ancients — which may be briefly 
 defined as " a particular state of the constitution de- 
 pending upon the relative proportion of its different 
 masses and the relative energy of its different func- 
 tions." 
 
 We have shown in the preceding chapter that the 
 (30) 
 
A General View of the Temperaments. 31 
 
 body is made up of certain grand systems of organs with 
 their various subdivisions. First, we have the bony 
 framework, bound together by ligaments, and over- 
 laid with bundles of muscular fibers, by means of which, 
 its parts are moved and locomotion produced — the 
 whole constituting the Motive or Mechanical System ; 
 second, the Vital or Nutritive System, whose principal 
 masses lie in the chest and abdomen, and consist of 
 lymphatics, blood-vessels, and glands, performing 
 such functions as digestion, secretion, circulation, 
 and depuration ; and, third, the Mental or Nervous 
 System, having its principal seat in the cranium, but 
 extending itself, in minute ramifications, through 
 every part of the body, and furnishing the mediums 
 of sensation and volition. 
 
 It is by the combination of these constitutional 
 elements, in various proportions, that the body is 
 tempered — the predominating element determining 
 the temper •, or Temperament, and the others the in- 
 numerable modifications it may present. 
 
 It must be evident from this view of the nature of 
 the various states of the constitution, that in their 
 ultimate analysis, the Temperaments must be as nu- 
 merous as the individuals of the human race — no two 
 persons, probably, having precisely the same physical 
 organization — that is, the same proportion of each ele- 
 mental ingredient of the compound structure in 
 which each lives, moves, and has a being. 
 
 It is essential for practical purposes, therefore, to 
 reduce these numberless individual peculiarities to 
 their simplest elements, and adopt some classification 
 under which we can group together such persons as 
 
32 The Temperaments. 
 
 resemble each other in certain particulars, or whc 
 have a similar organization. To this end, writers on 
 the subject have generally considered the Tempera- 
 ments under from three to five general heads, each, 
 of course, susceptible of subdivision. 
 
 Temperament, as we have said, is a constitutional 
 condition produced by the mixing in various propor- 
 tions of certain physical elements. A particular Tem- 
 perament is the result of the preponderance of one 
 of these elements over all the others, all the elements 
 existing in each case. In theory we may suppose all 
 of them represented in exactly equal proportions. 
 The ancients, assuming the possibility of such cases, 
 were accustomed to speak of the Temperamentum 
 Temperatum — the Temperate, Harmonious, or Bal- 
 anced Temperament. We are hardly able to conceive, 
 however, in the human species, a single instance in 
 which there is a perfect equilibrium in all its parts ; 
 at the same time, as we do find, in rare instances, per- 
 sons in whom the different systems of organs are so 
 nearly equal in development, that it is difficult to de- 
 termine which predominates, and, therefore, some- 
 times speak of them as having a Balanced Tempera- 
 ment — the best Temperament of all, for the general 
 purposes of existence — and one that will become more 
 and more common as the race progresses in knowledge 
 of its own organization and in the practical applica- 
 tion of the laws of life. 
 
 I.— The Causes of Temperamental Conditions. 
 
 We are accustomed to speak of Temperament as 
 a cause rather than an effect — a cause of various men- 
 
A General View of the Temperaments, 33 
 
 tal characteristics with which its diverse indications 
 are found associated ; and, in a certain sense, this is a 
 correct expression of a fact, the conditions of the body- 
 largely affecting the manifestations of the mind ; but, 
 primarily, the constitutional peculiarities of the phys- 1 
 ical system are the effects of pre-existing mental traits, j 
 either in the subject or his progenitors, and become 
 causes affecting character, only as they react upon it. 
 
 Everywhere it is the indwelling life which deter- 
 mines the organization and external forms of things. 
 In the seed-germ lies hidden the living principle which 
 settles beyond the possibility of change the specific 
 character of the future plant, and even to some ex- 
 tent its less permanent traits, such as size, vigor, and 
 fruitfulness. In the same way the impregnated ani- 
 mal ovum infolds the unborn organism. Knowing 
 its parentage, we predict with certainty in advance 
 its racial characteristics, and with some confidence 
 its individual peculiarities. The first direction has 
 already been given to the vital forces, creating a tend- 
 ency to a certain mental and physical constitution — 
 the latter as a consequence of the former —and what- 
 ever influences may thereafter, either before or after 
 birth, be brought to bear upon it, this original tend- 
 ency must always remain a potent element in the 
 combination. 
 
 The brain takes its form and quality from the in- 
 telligence which creates and makes use of it, and the 
 body is modeled after the pattern set by the brain ; 
 so that Temperament is primarily a result and not a 
 cause of character. The bodily habit is the outgrowth 
 of a spiritual condition. 
 
34 The Temperaments, 
 
 As in speaking of the different Temperaments, in 
 detail, we shall have occasion to show what particular 
 causes tend to create and develop each, it is not neces- 
 sary here to go beyond these general statements ; but 
 we must beg the reader to observe that while we 
 wish to impress upon the mind the fact that the tem- 
 peramental conditions of the body are the results of 
 pre-existing mental characteristics and states, we by 
 no means undervalue the reactive influence of Tem- 
 perament upon mental characteristics and states. 
 Having to deal mainly with temperamental conditions 
 as we find them already constituted and established, 
 this last view of the matter becomes, in practice, a 
 very important one. 
 
 II. — The Ancient Doctrine of the Temper- 
 aments. 
 
 The ancients did not fail to observe those differ- 
 ences of bodily organization and functional action, 
 with their accompanying mental peculiarities, which 
 we have noted as distinguishing the individuals of the 
 human race, one from another ; and four Temper- 
 aments, founded on certain constitutional conditions, 
 were recognized and described by Hippocrates, " the 
 father of medicine." These Temperaments, accord- 
 ing to his theory, depended upon what were then 
 known as the four primary components of the human 
 body — the blood, the phlegm, the yellow bile, and the 
 black bile. The preponderance of one or the other 
 of these components in a person produces his peculiar 
 constitution or Temperament. Persons in whom the 
 blood predominates, he says, have the Sanguine Tern- 
 
A General View of the Temperaments. 3$ 
 
 perament ; if phlegm be in excess, the Phlegmatic 
 Temperament; if yellow bile be most fully developed, 
 the Choleric Temperament is produced ; and if black 
 bile be most abundant, the Melancholic Temperament. 
 Paulus iEgineta, an ancient physician, adopting the 
 theory and following the classification of Hippocrates, 
 describes these Temperaments as follows : 
 
 1. The Sanguine Temperament. — The Sanguine or 
 Hot and Moist Temperament is more fleshy than is 
 proper, hairy and hot to the touch. Persons having 
 this Temperament in excess are liable to putrid 
 disorders. 
 
 2. The Phlegmatic Temperament. — The Phlegmatic 
 or Cold and Moist Temperament is gross, fat, and lax. 
 The skin is soft and white ; the hair tawny and not 
 abundant; the limbs and muscles weak; the veins 
 invisible; the character timid, spiritless, and inactive. 
 
 3. The Choleric Temperament, — The Cnoleric or 
 Warm and Dry Temperament is known by abundant 
 dark hair; large and prominent veins and arteries; 
 dark skin ; and a well-articulated muscular body. 
 
 4; The Melancholic Temperament. — The Melancholic 
 or Cold and Dry Temperament is known by hard, 
 slender, and white bodies ; small muscles and joints ; 
 and little hair. In disposition, persons of this Tem- 
 perament are timid, spiritless, and desponding. 
 
 The ancients discovered or fancied certain corre- 
 spondences between the Temperaments and the va- 
 rious ages, passions, degrees of temperature, climatic 
 conditions, and so on. Thus : 
 
 1. The Phlegmatic corresponds with infancy, tim- 
 idity, spring and a temperate climate ; 
 
36 The Temperaments. 
 
 2. The Sanguine, with youth, emulation, summer 
 and a warm climate ; 
 
 3. The Choleric with manhood, ambition, autumn 
 and a hot climate ; 
 
 4. The Melancholic, with age, moroseness, winter 
 and a cold climate. 
 
 III. — Modifications of the Ancient Doctrine. 
 
 The doctrines of Hippocrates and the ancient phy- 
 sicians were often discussed, but never greatly modi- 
 fied, until the advances made in physiology and 
 humoral pathology in comparatively recent times ren- 
 dered their defects too obvious to be longer overlooked ; 
 and even then, the same classification and nomencla- 
 ture were generally adhered to. Stahl first adapted 
 them to the modern views of physiology and pathol- 
 ogy. At a later day, Dr. Gregory, to the four Tem- 
 peraments of the ancients, added a fifth, which he 
 called the Nervous Temperament, while Cullen re- 
 duced them to two — the Sanguine and the Melan- 
 cholic. 
 
 Richerand, who devotes considerable space in his 
 " Elemensde Physiologie " to the Temperaments, writes 
 on the subject with much good sense and clearness. 
 He considers the melancholic or Atrabilious Temper- 
 ament of the ancients as a diseased and abnormal 
 rather than a natural state of the constitution, and the 
 Nervous Temperament of Dr. Gregory as equally so. 
 
 The ancients (and the same remark will apply to 
 the greater number of modern writers on the subject) 
 were accustomed to look upon the Temperaments from 
 
A General View of the Temperaments. 37 
 
 I merely physiological or rather a pathological stand- 
 point, and little, comparatively, was said or known of 
 the reciprocal influences of physical and mental qual- 
 ities and states. The Sanguine Temperament — the) 
 happiest of all — however, was believed to give cheerJ 
 fulness and careless good humor ; the Phlegmatic, to j 
 Incline its subjects to laziness, sleepiness,, and torpidity; I 
 the Choleric, to dispose men to be precipitate and im- \ 
 petuous, prone to anger, impatience, temerity, and \ 
 quarrels; and the Melancholic, to induce timidity,/ 
 suspiciousness, inordinate anxiety, and tardiness in/ 
 action. " Melancholic men,'-' Hoffmann says, " should 
 be counselors ; choleric persons, generals, ambassadors, 
 and orators ; and sanguinous people, courtiers ; but 
 men who have the misfortune to be phlegmatic must 
 be condemned to the lowest employments, being fit 
 only for common laborers or soldiers." 
 
 IV. — The Brain as a Temperamental Element. 
 
 It will be observed that, so far, no account is taken 
 of the brain as an element' entering into the process 
 of tempering the constitution, nor is the nervous sys- 
 tem apparently considered, except by Dr. Gregory in 
 his questionable addition to the list of Temperaments/ 
 The writers quoted and referred to in the preceding 
 sections, even so far back as Hippocrates, knew all 
 that was necessary to know, in a merely physiological 
 point of view, of the lungs, the liver, the heart, and 
 the stomach, and attributed to them their proper 
 functions. They were acquainted, also, with the re- 
 ciprocal action of these organs, and recognized the fact 
 
38 The Temperaments. 
 
 that upon the proper balance of their forces depends 
 the health of the body ; but the brain was an unex- 
 plored region — an anatomical terra incognita. Dr. Gall, 
 " the Columbus of the mental world," added its broad 
 fields to the domains of general knowledge and made 
 \t obvious enough that it must be an important factor 
 in any problem involving temperamental conditions. 
 The attention of Dr. Gall and his co-worker, Dr. 
 Spurzheim, however, was too closely confined to the 
 brain itself, in its relations with mental manifestations, 
 to permit them to add much to our knowledge of the 
 Temperaments. The latter seems to have adopted 
 the modification of the ancient system proposed by 
 Dr. Gregory, so far as the Nervous Temperament is 
 concerned. He briefly describes four Temperaments, 
 as follows : 
 
 V.— Dr. Spurzheim's Description of the Tem- 
 peraments. 
 
 i. The Lymphatic Temperament. — The Lymphatic 
 or Phlegmatic Temperament is indicated by a pale 
 white skin, fair hair, roundness of form, and repletion 
 of the cellular tissue. The flesh is soft, the vital actions 
 are languid, the pulse is feeble ; all indicate slowness 
 and weakness in the vegetative, affective, and intel- 
 lectual functions. 
 
 2. The Sanguine Temperament. — The Sanguine 
 Temperament is proclaimed by a tolerable consistency 
 of flesh, moderate plumpness of parts, light or chest- 
 nut hair, blue eyes, great activity of the arterial sys- 
 tem, a strong, full, and frequent pulse, and an animated 
 countenance. Persons thus constituted are easily af- 
 
A General View of the Temperaments. 39 
 
 fected by external impressions, and possess greater 
 energy than those of the former temperament. 
 
 3. The Bilious Temperament. — The Bilious Temper- 
 ament is characterized by black hair, a dark, yellowish, 
 or brown skin, black eyes ; moderately full, but firm 
 muscles, and harshly-expressed forms. Those en- 
 dowed with this constitution have a strongly-marked 
 and decided expression of countenance ; they mani- 
 fest great general activity and functional energy. 
 
 4. The Nervous Temperament. — The external signs 
 of the Nervous Temperament are fine thin hair, deli- 
 cate health, general emaciation, and smallness of the 
 muscles, rapidity in the muscular actions, vivacity in 
 the sensations. The nervous system of individuals so 
 constituted preponderates extremely and they exhibit 
 great nervous sensibility. 
 
 This and similar modifications of the ancient system 
 are still received by medical and physiological writers 
 generally. 
 
 VI.— Normal Temperamental Conditions. 
 
 It remained for the later Phrenologists to eliminate 
 from the old systems all the abnormal conditions and 
 place the doctrine of the Temperaments on a strictly 
 anatomical and physiological basis. Adopting the 
 simple classification of the bodily organs set forth in 
 our first chapter, including them all under the three 
 heads of— 
 
 1. The Motive or Mechanical System; 
 
 2. The Vital or Nutritive System ; and 
 
 3. The Mental or Nervous System ; — 
 
 and considering simply the healthful and normal ac- 
 
40 The Temperaments. 
 
 tion of these diverse orders of organs, as they affect 
 character and are affected by it, they found in each 
 the basis for a Temperament, the three including, 
 in their various combinations, all possible constitu- 
 tional conditions. Adopting the nomenclature of 
 anatomy rather than that of pathology, they called 
 them — 
 
 1. The Motive Temperament; 
 
 2. The Vital Temperament ; and 
 
 3. The Mental Temperament. 
 
 " Each of these temperaments is determined by the 
 predominance of the class of organs from which it 
 takes its name. The first is marked by a superior de- 
 velopment of the osseous and muscular systems, form- 
 ing the locomotive apparatus ; in the second the vital 
 organs, the principal seat of which is in the trunk, 
 give the tone to the organization ; while in the third 
 the brain and nervous system exert the controlling 
 power." 
 
 As we purpose to make this simple and comprehen- 
 sive system the principal basis of our practical teach- 
 ings in this work, availing ourself, as occasion requires, 
 however, of the advantages of what may be called the 
 pathological system of previous writers, we shall re- 
 serve for separate chapters full expositions of both. 
 Our object here has been simply to prepare the reader, 
 by a general view, for the better comprehension of 
 the details which are to follow. 
 
III. 
 
 THE PATHOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE TEMPERA- 
 MENTS. 
 
 With very few exceptions, writers on the Temper- 
 aments, from Hippocrates to Thomas, have been phy- 
 sicians. In the study and practice of their profession, 
 these gentlemen are accustomed to have their atten- 
 tion constantly directed to the various diseases and 
 abnormal conditions of the constitution, and it is not 
 strange that they have taken account of these con- 
 ditions, as well as of its healthful and normal states, 
 in their classifications, or that they have adopted, in 
 their nomenclature, the terms of pathology rather 
 than those of physiology and anatomy ; nor are we 
 disposed to quarrel with them or to depreciate their 
 labors on this account. Their system has a solid 
 foundation and a real value. The stomach, the lungs, 
 the liver, and the brain furnish four distinct constitu- 
 tional influences, either of which predominating, gives 
 its peculiar conformation and complexion to the body, 
 and its specific tone to the mind. 
 
 The Temperaments thus formed may all represent 
 perfectly normal bodily conditions, but two of them 
 — the Lymphatic and the Nervous — as generally de- 
 scribed, are evidently the results of abnormal or dis- 
 eased action. We accept them as such. They are 
 not any the less real from being aberrant or unnatural. 
 Such states of the constitution are far too common to 
 
 (4i) 
 
42 The Temperaments. 
 
 be ignored, and whether we call them Temperaments 
 or give them other names, it is necessary to take them 
 into account, not only in treating disease, but in esti- 
 mating character, educating children, or choosing a 
 profession or a companion. 
 
 There need be no conflict between this system and 
 the simpler and more natural one to which we have 
 given preference in this work. All that is necessary 
 in applying the two conjointly, is to bear in mind the 
 distinction between the normal and the abnormal ac- 
 tivities of the organs Of the body and the brain. 
 
 We adopt, then, in this chapter, the classification 
 and nomenclature now most generally accepted and 
 made use of by medico-physiological writers, and de- 
 scribe in detail the four Temperaments known as — 
 
 1. The Lymphatic Temperament; 
 
 2. The Sanguine Temperament ; 
 
 3. The Bilious Temperament ; and 
 
 4. The Nervous Temperament. 
 
 I.— The Lymphatic Temperament (Fig. 3). 
 
 This is essentially the Phlegmatic Temperament 
 of the ancients, and is based, as its name indicates, 
 upon the predominance of the lymphatic system, the 
 office of which is to convey the lymph from all parts 
 of the body toward the heart. The undue prepon- 
 derance of these organs, and of the stomach and the 
 glandular system, with which they are in close rela- 
 tion, leads to an excessive secretion of the watery 
 fluids of the body, resulting in repletion, a sluggish 
 circulation, and a general clogging of the vital machin- 
 
LOUIS XYIII. 
 
 JACK HENDERSON. HON. WM. MAULE PANMURE, M. P. 
 
 FIG. 3.— THE LYMPHATIC TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 There is great difficulty in securing portraits representing this Temperament, but 
 the above shows its general tendency. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 43 
 
 ery. The muscles, burdened with a useless load, act 
 with difficulty and lack promptness in their move- 
 ments ; the heart beats slowly ; and the brain, receiv- 
 ing tardily an inadequate supply of vitalized blood, 
 partakes of the sluggishness of the general system. 
 
 I. Causes. — During the first months of life, the 
 function of nutrition takes precedence of all others. 
 In infancy, therefore, those organs on which nutri- 
 tion specially depends — the stomach and the other 
 glandular organs closely connected therewith, and 
 the lymphatics — naturally exercise a predominating 
 influence. There is manifested, *at this period, in 
 many cases, an inherited predisposition to an excess- 
 ive development of the lymphatic system, which, if 
 not counteracted, necessarily results in abnormal con- 
 ditions of the constitution, most unfavorable to 
 health and mental power. It is exceedingly impor- 
 tant, therefore, that the causes which are calculated 
 to aggravate this tendency should be known, in order 
 that they may be avoided and the necessary counter- 
 acting influences be brought to bear, while the sub- 
 ject is still plastic and easily affected by them. 
 
 The causes most influential in producing that ab- 
 normal constitutional condition known as the Lym- 
 phatic Temperament are such as affect the subject 
 not only directly in his own person, but pre-natally, 
 through its progenitors. They are both physical and 
 mental. Among the former are : 
 
 (1). Living in low, moist, or marshy districts per- 
 vaded by malaria. Holland, Belgium, England, and 
 parts of the Southern States of the American Union 
 furnish many striking examples. 
 
44 The Temperaments, 
 
 (2). Residing in densely-shaded places, where the 
 sun penetrates but little and the air is confined and 
 therefore not easily purified. Confinement within 
 doors, in rooms kept constantly darkened by blinds 
 and curtains, is another form of the same potent 
 evil — exclusion of sunlight and fresh air. 
 
 (3). The crowding together of many people, as in 
 the tenement-houses of cities, resulting in a poisoned 
 atmosphere and general filthiness. 
 
 (4). Sedentary in-door employments and lack of 
 exercise in the open air. 
 
 (5). Errors of diet, especially in connection with 
 the other causes enumerated, and where there is a 
 pre-existing tendency to the lymphatic habit. A too 
 exclusive use of watery vegetables, leguminous seeds, 
 and dishes prepared with milk is found very injurious 
 in such cases. In children manifesting the unfavor- 
 able predisposition referred to, the too long-con- 
 tinued use of a milk diet will be likely to greatly 
 aggravate it. 
 
 The mental causes of this temperamental condi- 
 tion, though perhaps less obvious, are equally power- 
 ful. They are numerous, but the most noteworthy 
 are: 
 
 (1). A false system of education, calculated to de- 
 velop the mind at the expense of the body, repress 
 the natural activities of childhood and youth, and 
 prevent the harmonious expansion of the faculties, 
 and thus lower the tone of every part of the general 
 system. 
 
 (2). An utter neglect of mental culture, equally 
 injurious to the abuse of intellectual development 
 
The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 45 
 
 referred to in the preceding paragraph, leaving the 
 mind in a half-dormant state and fostering idleness, 
 indolence, indifference, and ennui. 
 
 (3). Care, anxiety, disappointment, grief, and the 
 depressing passions generally, which impair the brain 
 and debilitate and soften the body and prevent its 
 proper development. 
 
 These and other similar influences, mental and phys- 
 ical, tend to create and develop not only a most un- 
 desirable constitutional condition, but often lead to 
 the establishment of a scrofulous habit of body, 
 almost sure to culminate in confirmed disease. 
 
 2. Characteristics. — (1). Physically, persons in 
 whom the Lymphatic Temperament is strongly devel- 
 oped are characterized by a stature above rather than 
 below the medium, except in those cases in which ex- 
 cessive morbid conditions in childhood and youth 
 have led to an arrest of development ; fullness of body, 
 sometimes amounting to excessive corpulence, caused 
 rather by the settling of the watery fluids under the 
 skin than by the bulk of the muscles ; softness and 
 flabbiness of flesh ; contours, full, but without grace 
 or beauty; articulations, voluminous, but badly 
 formed ; extremities, large and ugly ; features, full, 
 heavy, and expressionless, the cheeks being often pen- 
 dant and the lips thick ; skin, a dull leaden white, 
 faded or yellowish and generally cold and moist ; hair, 
 fine, silky, but lustreless, a pale blonde, sometimes 
 reddish — in childhood, sometimes a dull white ; ex- 
 pression, mild, benevolent, timid, often sad; voice, 
 monotonous ; pulse, slow and feeble ; movements, 
 sluggish ; walk, slow, painfnl and uncertain. In ex- 
 
46 The Temperaments. 
 
 treme cases, some of these characteristics are enor- 
 mously exaggerated. In women, the greater compara- 
 tive fullness and activity of the lacteals give them 
 more influence in the lymphatic system, and modify 
 favorably the manifestations of this Temperament. 
 
 (2). The mental characteristics of the Lymphatic 
 Temperament are in unison with the bodily traits we 
 have described. The brain is not less sluggish than 
 the body, and there is a strong desire for repose, and 
 an aversion, more or less invincible, to everything 
 which calls for active exertion. There is often ex- 
 cellent common sense, good judgment, and fine 
 general abilities, though little originality or imagina- 
 tion ; but these qualities are generally of little value 
 to their possessor, on account of the constitutional 
 inertness which prevents their efficient exercise. The 
 disposition is mild, amiable, and timid, with a tendency 
 to sadness, indifference, and ennui. The currents of 
 life are too sluggish to give any useful motion to the 
 mental machinery. 
 
 3. Remedial Agencies. — To correct the grave and 
 deeply-seated evils of which the Lymphatic Temper- 
 ament is an indication, is certainly difficult, especially 
 when they are congenital or have become chronic ; 
 but, except in extreme cases, we need not despair of 
 effecting an improvement, if not a radical cure. 
 Among the most important and generally available 
 means to this end are : 
 
 (1). The removal, so far as possible, of the causes 
 which have been instrumental in producing the ob- 
 jectionable condition, whether these be physical or 
 mental — a residence in an insalubrious district, un- 
 
The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 4 f 
 
 healthful surroundings, a bad diet, a false educational 
 system, or depressing passional influences. 
 
 (2). The direct application of counteracting agen- 
 cies, such as a nutritious, strengthening, and somewhat 
 stimulating diet, consisting largely of wholesome 
 animal food ; such outdoor exercises as will best 
 promote the development of the muscular and vital 
 systems ; and such mental stimuli as are calculated to 
 awaken the dormant energies of the mind. An in- 
 terest in any study, occupation, or pursuit once ex- 
 cited, and an important step in the right direction 
 has been gained, making the succeeding ones Com- 
 paratively easy. The conditions against which we 
 have to contend are negative ones — torpidity, stag- 
 nation, inertia. We must, then, stimulate, encourage, 
 vitalize — promote activity in body and brain. 
 
 II.— The Sanguine Temperament (Fig. 4). 
 
 The predominance of the arterial circulatory sys- 
 tem, the lungs and the capillary vessels generally, 
 constitute the organic basis of the Sanguine Tem- 
 perament — the most favored of all in those desirable 
 physical conditions conducive to health and happi- 
 ness, without, however, promising so much in the 
 way of an illustrious or useful career. As now con- 
 stituted and described, it is a modification of the 
 Sanguine Temperament of the ancients, the changes 
 being the results of modern researches in physiology 
 and pathology. 
 
 1. Causes. — This Temperament, being a positive 
 rather than a negative constitutional condition, and 
 replete with vigor and healthful activities, tends 
 
48 The Temperaments, 
 
 strongly to perpetuate itself. When fully developed 
 in either parent, it very generally forms a strong if 
 not a controlling element in the progeny. Of the 
 causes which promote its development, the following 
 are the most important : 
 
 (i). A climate neither too moist nor too dry, and 
 free from malaria, and a healthful habitation and sur- 
 roundings, admitting the sunlight, and insuring at 
 all times an abundance of fresh air. 
 
 (2). Daily, active outdoor exercise, embracing 
 sports and employments calculated to interest the 
 mind as well as invigorate the body. 
 
 (3). A wholesome diet, in which foods selected 
 from the animal kingdom hold an important place, 
 and into which watery vegetables, strong acids, and 
 milk do not enter too largely. 
 
 (4). A rational system of education, in which, in 
 its earlier stages at least, more prominence is given 
 to health and physical development than to mental 
 culture, and which is free from those injurious re- 
 straints and that repressive discipline which prevent 
 the child or the youth from enjoying without diso- 
 bedience or a sense of wrong-doing the sports of his 
 age. 
 
 (5). The culture and development of the affections 
 and the removal of the causes of the violent passions 
 of ambition, envy, jealousy, and hate, which exert an 
 exhausting and depressing influence. 
 
 2. Characteristics. — (1). The Sanguine Tempera- 
 ment is characterized, physically, by a stature gen- 
 erally above the medium ; a well-proportioned body, 
 the chest being particularly well-developed, and the 
 
B. GRATZ BROWN. 
 FIG. 4.— THE SANGUINE TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 49 
 
 muscles modeled for elegance and suppleness rathei 
 than for power and solidity ; articulations thin, slen- 
 der, and in harmony with the members, the extremi- 
 ties of which they unite, and with the general habit 
 of the body, which indicates activity and grace rather 
 than strength, its type being the Apollo Belvedere. 
 The head is generally well formed and moderate in 
 size, and the proportions between the cranium and 
 the face harmonious. The skin is fine, soft, pliable, 
 and transparent ; the complexion, suffused by the 
 highly-vitalized blood which the powerful arterial 
 system supplies, always fresh and ruddy; the hair, 
 blonde, red or chestnut, rarely dark, and the expres- 
 sion cheerful, frank, benevolent, and sincere. The 
 face is inclined to roundness, the lips are full and red, 
 and the eyes blue, brilliant, and expressive. The 
 pose of the body is natural and dignified, and the 
 movements graceful, easy, and precise. The organi- 
 zation, as a whole, is characterized by vigor, warmth, 
 and functional activity. 
 
 (2). As the physical functions are rapidly and vigor- 
 ously performed and the blood rich and warm, so are 
 the mental processes characterized by facility and 
 quickness, and the disposition by ardor and impulsive- 
 ness. Ready, facie perceptions, brilliant imagination, 
 great versatility and vivacity of expression, accom- 
 panied by an inability to fix the attention long upon 
 any one subject, give to the judgment more prompt- 
 ness than solidity, and to aquisition and performance 
 more variety and showinessthan depth and originality. 
 A man of this Temperament attains more success in 
 the drawing-room among women than among serious* 
 3 
 
50 The Temperaments, 
 
 ly-minded men, and more distinction on the tribune, 
 in literary labor and in the fine arts, than in the cult- 
 ure of abstract or positive science, or in studies neces- 
 sarily requiring close and long-continued attention. 
 Of the powerful and sustained efforts of the highest 
 genius he is utterly incapable. These intellectual 
 traits are supplemented by a cheerful, lively, easy dis- 
 position, great good nature, kindness, credulity, and 
 candor. There is always a great fondness for good liv- 
 ing, pleasant companionship, and the light and trifling 
 rather than the serious affairs of life. In their affections, 
 persons of this Temperament are ardent, but often in- 
 constant, and their plans and opinions are liable to sud- 
 den changes. Naturally impatient and fiery, they are 
 often thrown into violent passions, but their outbursts 
 are almost always followed by returning kindness, and 
 they are seldom obdurate or revengeful. Their strong 
 appetites, their active social affections, their impa- 
 tience of restraint and love of excitement and change, 
 often lead them, when not restrained by well-estab- 
 lished moral principles, into a course of frivolity and 
 dissipation. Avoiding this, they generally lead a 
 cheerful if not a jovial life, enjoying the present, for- 
 getting the past, and concerning themselves little 
 with the future. 
 
 3. Cultivation. — Where the sanguine element of the 
 constitution is deficient, every effort should be made, 
 by means of judicious cultivation, to increase its 
 development. The agencies to be made use of will 
 suggest themselves on recalling the causes which lead 
 to its predominance, set forth at the commencement 
 of this section. They consist — 
 
The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 5 1 
 
 (1). Negatively, in the avoidance of sedentary em- 
 ployments ; confinement in close, darkened, or shaded 
 rooms; a low, innutritious diet; continuous and ex- 
 cessive mental application ; too much muscular exer- 
 cise ; all depressing emotions, and everything calcu- 
 lated to lower the tone of the system ; and — 
 
 (2). Positively, in an exposure, as constant as prac- 
 ticable, to fresh air and sunshine ; active employments 
 and recreations ; persistent systematic exercises tend- 
 ing to expand the chest and increase the power of the 
 heart and lungs ; a strong, nutritious, mixed diet ; 
 sufficient intellectual exertion to employ and direct 
 the mind, without fatiguing it ; cheerful companion- 
 ship and pleasant surroundings ; and, if possible, the 
 full satisfaction of the social affections. 
 
 4. Counteractive Agencies. — Even a constitutional 
 condition, natural and eminently healthful in its 
 typical form, may, when in excess, become the source 
 of grave evils, or its characteristic tendencies may 
 lead to hurtful indulgences, unless restrained by the 
 modifying influences of the other temperamental ele- 
 ments, or by a predominating sense of moral respon- 
 sibility. We must, therefore, learn, if possible, how 
 to counteract as well as to encourage, strengthen, and 
 develop these tendencies. In the case of the San- 
 guine Temperament, the counteracting agencies to be 
 brought into play are these : 
 
 (1). Increased activity (leading to increased develop- 
 ment) of the muscular and the nervous systems, 
 through such exercise and culture as may be best cal- 
 culated to call out their strength and give them more 
 influence in the organization. A close, patient appli- 
 
52 The Temperaments. 
 
 cation (within the limits of health) to some scientific 
 study, or a steady adherence to a regular course of 
 severe muscular exercise, will effect wonders in bring- 
 ing the system into harmony. 
 
 (2). The awakening and development of the moral 
 sentiments, and especially those imparting a sense of 
 right and wrong, self-respect, and human responsi- 
 bility. These will tend to turn the irrepressible activ- 
 ities of this Temperament into channels of innocent 
 and honorable recreation and work, and prevent its 
 strong and sudden impulses from carrying it into the 
 excesses of folly and vice. 
 
 III.— The Bilious Temperament (Fig. 5). 
 
 The Bilious Temperament pivots on the liver, 
 the predominating influence of which, through its 
 proper functional operations, together with those of 
 the nervo-ganglionic centers closely connected there- 
 with, constitutes its physical basis, though it involve.-,, 
 to a great extent, the whole nutritive system, and 
 especially the digestive apparatus. 
 
 Causes. — Aside from an inherited predisposition to 
 it, which is the most potent cause of this constitu- 
 tional condition, it may be created and is always 
 fostered and augmented by — 
 
 (1). Residence in regions having a dry, hot climate ; 
 
 (2). A diet largely composed of animal food, and 
 especially of bacon and other salted, smoked, or spiced 
 meats : tea, coffee, and other stimulating beverages ; 
 
 (3). Sedentary habits and lack of sufficient exercise 
 in the open air; . 
 
 (4). Violent and unpleasant mental excitements, 
 
E. H. DIXON, M. D. 
 FIG. 5. — THE BILLIOUS TEMPERAMENT. 
 
The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 53 
 
 embittering political contests, revolutionary agita- 
 tions, religious controversies, and violent passions, 
 such as envy, jealousy, and hate. 
 
 Characteristics, — (1). The Bilious Temperament is 
 characterized, physically, by a medium stature ; a 
 somewhat angular configuration ; strongly-defined 
 muscular developments; a firm pose; a lofty if not 
 audacious bearing ; abrupt, energetic, and expressive 
 gestures; a measured walk; and an expression of 
 countenance generally serious and sometimes somber 
 and severe. The skin is rather coarse and dry ; the 
 complexion olive, tawny, or dull ; the eyes black or 
 brown, and the hair dark — often black — strong and 
 abundant. The preponderance of the venous over 
 the arterial system, places this Temperament in direct 
 antagonism to the Sanguine, and the excess of bile 
 sometimes secreted renders the system liable to irri- 
 table conditions and bilious diseases. 
 
 (2). The mental manifestations of this constitu- 
 tional condition are all energetically expressed and 
 unmistakable ; and it furnishes generally the most re- 
 markable developments of intellect and passion, the 
 former rising far above mere cleverness and imagina- 
 tion, into the regions of genius, and the latter often cul- 
 minating in the sublimest virtues or the most atrocious 
 crimes. It is characterized by precision of judgment, 
 power of reasoning, and profundity of perceptions, 
 rather than by brilliancy and ingeniousness of concep- 
 tions. There is a serious earnestness in all its mani- 
 festations ; a predilection for grave and useful labors ; 
 a distaste for all frivolous pursuits, and a ready renun- 
 ciation, at need, of amusement and recreation. Un 
 
54 The Temperaments. 
 
 flinching resolution, dauntless courage, indomitable 
 perseverance, and a capability for sustained attention 
 and deep research are equally noteworthy traits. The 
 style is rapid, concise, expressive, burning ; the elocu- 
 tion measured and calm in ordinary conversation, but 
 abrupt, incisive, and terrible when expressing violent 
 emotions. In its passional or emotional manifesta- 
 tions, this Temperament presents strange contrasts 
 and contradictions — on the one hand moral grandeur, 
 generosity, self-sacrifice, heroic devotion ; on the other, 
 ambition, jealousy, envy, vindictive hate, perfidy, and 
 cruelty. It is here that the domination of reason and 
 the moral sentiments over the passions is most neces- 
 sary, and at the same time most difficult to maintain. 
 Abandoned to mere impulse, men of this constitution 
 become insupportably disagreeable. If conscious of 
 their defects and errors, they seem proud rather than 
 ashamed of them, make enemies without number, and, 
 finally, become isolated, misanthropic, and tired of 
 existence. On the contrary, if strongly controlled 
 and rightly directed, the powerful forces of these vol- 
 canic natures become beneficent agencies for the ac- 
 complishment of great ends, overcoming obstacles 
 which seem to all others insurmountable, and modi- 
 fying the political and moral condition of the world. 
 Where the control is imperfect, good and evil are 
 strangely mingled in the stormy career of such 
 natures, as illustrated by such historic personages as 
 Mohammed, Cromwell, and Napoleon. 
 
 An excess of the bilious element, resulting in an 
 irritable condition of the digestive and nervo-gan- 
 glionic organs ; depressing passions, bitter opposition, 
 
The Patlwlogical View of the Temperaments. 55 
 
 persecution, injustice, the constant wounding of self- 
 love, grief, sad companions, and gloomy surroundings, 
 in connection, frequently, with an indulgence in per- 
 verse and immoral inclinations, subversive of both 
 bodily health and mental soundness, lead to that ab- 
 normal condition called by the ancients the Melan- 
 cholic Temperament, in which there is a sickly condi- 
 tion of body ; a cold, humid skin ; a sallow, dis- 
 colored complexion ; a timid, sorrowful, and languid 
 expression of countenance ; a depraved appetite ; a 
 painful digestion ; disturbed sleep ; depression of 
 spirits, defying all consolation ; utter discouragement ; 
 inability to take things at their natural value, but a 
 setting aside of the real appreciation, in favor of the 
 hallucination of a diseased imagination ; the exaggera- 
 tion of all painful impressions and the lessening of all 
 those which might become agreeable ; an irritability 
 which is prone to take offense where none is meant ; 
 and a disposition to brood over fictitious wrongs and 
 imaginary misfortunes. 
 
 3. Cultivation. — The liver, being remote from the 
 brain and more secluded than the organs of circula- 
 tion from atmospheric and other external influences, 
 the temperamental condition of which it is the source, 
 is less readily affected by direct agencies than those 
 which depend upon more accessible parts and more 
 sensitive tissues. It is, however, to some extent, 
 within our control and maybe promoted by judicious 
 cultivation. The means to this end are : 
 
 (1). Change of residence to a hotter and drier cli- 
 mate ; a diet embracing a larger proportion of animal 
 food ; the very moderate use of tea and coffee. 
 
56 The Temperaments, 
 
 (2). Active participation in the more stirring move- 
 ments of the day, with the discussions, controversies, 
 contests, and excitements involved ; and the exercise 
 of all the positive, executive, and aggressive elements 
 of character. 
 
 4. Counteractive Agencies. — As there is a direct an- 
 tagonism between the bilious and the sanguine ele- 
 ments of the constitution, we can always make use 
 of the one to counteract or modify the other. When, 
 therefore, there may be an excessive development of 
 the Bilious Temperament, the most efficient means 
 of moderating its action, and finally diminishing its 
 volume and influence, is by increasing the weight of 
 the adverse or sanguinous element, the means of 
 doing which have already been set forth under their 
 proper head. 
 
 5. Controlling Influences. — The terrible power for 
 evil as well as for good residing in this Tempera- 
 ment, renders it most important that we should be 
 able to turn its energies into the right channels and 
 make them minister to the good of the race. The 
 moral sentiments must, therefore, be awakened into 
 healthy activity and the reasoning powers be well 
 developed by judicious exercise. 
 
 6. Remedial Measures. — In the case of such ab- 
 normal manifestations as those noted as being 
 characteristic of what is called the Melancholic Tem- 
 perament, active hygienic measures directed to the 
 restoration of the general health should be at once 
 resorted to. 
 
 (1). A removal, so far as possible, of all the causes 
 calculated to aggravate the diseased condition, such 
 
The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 57 
 
 as the use of alcoholic liquors, tea, coffee, salted and 
 smoked meats, spices and condiments, dull or gloomy 
 companionship, and somber or otherwise disagree- 
 able surroundings ; 
 
 (2). A carefully selected, cooling, unstimulating 
 diet composed of farinaceous substances, fruits and 
 vegetables ; 
 
 (3). Frequent bathing (the Turkish Bath being used, 
 if possible), and constant and systematic outdoor ex- 
 ercise ; and 
 
 (4). Pleasant surroundings, cheerful companionship, 
 rational amusements, and constant, but not fatiguing 
 occupation for body and mind. 
 
 IV. — The Nervous Temperament (Fig. 6). 
 
 The abnormal constitutional condition described 
 under this name by medico-physiological writers, is 
 unfortunately sufficiently common in this age and 
 country to be readily recognized. Its pathological 
 character is also evident enough, no healthy man or 
 woman ever presenting the characteristics by which 
 it is distinguished. It consists in the excessive de- 
 velopment and morbid activity of the nervous sys- 
 tem, including the brain, though the latter organ, 
 taken alone, is not always necessarily either large or 
 particularly influential, the nervo-ganglionic system 
 being often the chief seat of this constitutional con- 
 dition. 
 
 1. Causes. — The causes of this temperamental con- 
 dition are mainly peculiar to our " advanced civiliza- 
 tion," in regard to which we are accustomed to boast, 
 
58 The Temperaments. 
 
 and consist in the training, habits, and modes of life 
 which this civilization permits and encourages. We 
 note, as prominent among them : 
 
 (i). The hereditary transmission of the constitu- 
 tion of the parents, and the pre-natal influences 
 brought to bear upon the child during gestation, 
 through the nervous excitements to which the mother 
 is often subjected, and which are readily communi- 
 cated and profoundly affect its organization. These 
 and similar considerations serve to account for the 
 frequency of this condition in countries where civili- 
 zation has assumed an effeminate and luxurious 
 phase. 
 
 (2). A false and pernicious system of infantile nur- 
 ture, calculated to soften, weaken, and blanch the 
 tender, young subject, rather than to build up a solid 
 structure of healthy bone and muscle and transfuse 
 it with warm, red, vitalized blood. The excessive 
 precautions taken to secure the infant against cold 
 and all external atmospheric influences, only foster 
 and increase the unfavorable hereditary tendencies 
 noted in the preceding paragraph, and unfit it for the 
 equally inconsiderate, not to say criminal, exposure 
 to which, a little later, its tender limbs will be ex- 
 posed in its sleeveless short dresses. 
 
 (3). In early youth, before either body or brain 
 have attained sufficient consistency and strength to 
 bear the strain, and while growth and physical train- 
 ing should be the principal objects, commences the 
 confinement of the school-room with its premature 
 and excessive intellectual culture — or the word-stuff- 
 ing which passes for culture — and the sad work, com- 
 
WM. ELLERY CHANNING, D.D. 
 FIG. 6.— THE NERVOUS TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 59 
 
 menced before birth and well advanced in infancy, is 
 carried another long step forward. The result is 
 either a breaking down, at this stage, of the general 
 health, followed by an early death, or an intellectual 
 precocity, inadequately sustained by vital stamina, 
 and surely leading to painful disappointments in re- 
 gard to a career in life, the brilliant promises of which 
 are never sustained. 
 
 (4). In mature life, in addition to confinement 
 within doors and lack of exercise, come, if possible, 
 still more serious abuses in the excessive use of tea, 
 coffee, tobacco, and strong liquors ; the constant ex- 
 citements of society ; a passionate devotion to pur- 
 suits and pleasures calculated to weaken the nerves, 
 while exalting the sensibilities, already too active; 
 and, on the part of some, the cares and anxieties of 
 business. These baleful influences are most prevalent 
 in cities and towns, but, unfortunately, are not con- 
 fined to them. 
 
 2. Characteristics. — (1). Among the physical indi- 
 cations of the Nervous Temperament, we find, gen- 
 erally, a stature below the medium ; a slight frame ; 
 habitual emaciation and a marked predominance of 
 the nervous over the muscular system. The head 
 is generally relatively large and there is a more or less 
 marked disproportion between the cranium and the 
 face. The skin and hair are fine and soft ; the eyes 
 often gray and very brilliant ; the complexion pale 
 and sometimes sallow; the movements rapid and 
 often irregular or convulsive ; and the expression in- 
 telligent and vivacious. 
 
 (2). All the mental manifestations are generally 
 
60 The Temperaments. 
 
 lively, prompt, and facile, though sometimes weak 
 and indecisive. There is often excessive sensibil- 
 ity, leading sometimes to the most painful emotions ; 
 quick perceptions ; brilliant imagination ; versatility, 
 wit, refinement, and taste. The judgment is sel- 
 dom trustworthy, and the affections are often in- 
 constant, factitious, and sickly rather than firm, 
 hearty, and real. There is little capacity for con- 
 tinued attention to any particular subject or for 
 patient study or profound research. Grave discus- 
 sions, fatigue, and grand abstractions confuse and 
 overwhelm the mind. A desire for novelty and 
 change ; an equal facility to learn and to forget ; the 
 love of the world, its superficial distinctions, its futile 
 pleasures, and its enervating fatigues ; absurd sensi- 
 tiveness ; easily wounded self-love ; impressions ut- 
 terly disproportionate, seemingly, to the objects 
 which produce them, and generally exaggerated views 
 and feelings are among the irregular characteristics 
 of the Nervous Temperament, which is most common 
 among women of the wealthier classes, men devoted 
 to sedentary pursuits, or to idleness and sensuality, 
 and to those of both sexes who habitually make 
 excessive use of tea, coffee, tobacco, and alcoholic 
 liquors. It is confined almost exclusively to highly 
 civilized nations and to warm and temperate cli- 
 mates. 
 
 3. Remedial Measures. — The abnormal condition 
 we have described, when fully developed.and chronic, 
 is very difficult to counteract and overcome, more 
 particularly on account of the difficulty of removing 
 all the causes which have led to its firm establish- 
 
The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 6\ 
 
 ment, and must, so long as they exist, continue to 
 foster it. 
 
 (i). We must, however, make it our first object to 
 give the patient, so far as possible, immunity from 
 all the pernicious influences enumerated among the 
 causes of the diseased condition, not forgetting tea, 
 coffee, tobacco, and alcoholic liquors ; 
 
 (2). Constant exercise, moderate at first, and in- 
 creased with the increase of strength ; daily bathing ; 
 tepid in the beginning and administered with caution, 
 but finally colder, for a tonic effect ; a nutritious diet, 
 from which strong condiments, and foods not easy 
 of digestion are excluded, must be insisted upon ; 
 also, 
 
 (3). Occupations and amusements suited to employ 
 healthfully the mind and furnish exercise for the 
 muscles, without exciting the one or fatiguing the 
 other. 
 
IV. 
 
 THE ANATOMICAL VIEW OF THE TEMPERAMENTS. 
 
 As has been shown in Chapter L, the human body 
 is made up of three grand classes or systems of organs, 
 each of which, as a system, has its special function in 
 the general economy. We have denominated them — 
 
 i. The Motive or Mechanical System; 
 
 2. The Vital or Nutritive System ; and 
 
 3. The Mental or Nervous System. 
 
 On this natural anatomical basis rests the most 
 simple and satisfactory doctrine of the Temperaments, 
 of which there are primarily three, corresponding 
 with the three systems of organs just named. They 
 are called — 
 
 1. The Motive Temperament; 
 
 2. The Vital Temperament ; and 
 
 3. The Mental Temperament. 
 
 Each of these Temperaments is determined by the 
 predominance of the class of organs from which it 
 takes its name, the constitution being tempered by the 
 admixture of the other elements in a less propor- 
 tion, all being necessarily present in every human 
 being. The first is marked by a superior development 
 of the osseous and muscular systems forming the lo- 
 comotive apparatus ; in the second, the vital organs, 
 the principle seat of which is the trunk, give the tone 
 to the organization ; while in the third the brain and 
 nervous system exert the controlling power. It will 
 
 (62) 
 
The Anatomical Viezv of the Temperaments, 63 
 
 be observed that this classification differs from the old 
 or pathological one, principally (aside from its nomen- 
 clature) in making the vital or nutritive system the 
 basis for a single Temperament instead of three. The 
 heart, lungs, stomach, and abdominal organs all work 
 harmoniously together, and are too closely connected 
 to be judiciously separated in considering general 
 temperamental condition ; but when a closer analysis 
 becomes necessary, we note the proportional devel- 
 opment of the sanguine, the bilious, and the lym- 
 phatic elements, the first and third of which are associ- 
 ated more particularly with the Vital Temperament ; 
 and the second, the condensing and hardening ele- 
 ment, affects more generally the Motive Tempera- 
 ment. The Mental Temperament of this classification 
 corresponds with the Nervous Temperament of the 
 old system, except that it recognizes only healthy 
 conditions of the organs on which it depends for its 
 manifestations. 
 
 In the order of their influence, among civilized 
 peoples, the Mental Temperament stands first and the 
 Vital next, but we have thought it best to begin, as 
 in our anatomical description, with the solid basis of 
 the whole — the bony framework and the tempera- 
 mental condition resting upon it. 
 
 I. — The Motive Temperament (Fig. 7). 
 
 The bony framework of the body determines its 
 general configuration, which is modified, in its details, 
 by the muscular fibers and cellular tissues which over- 
 lay it. It is in this framework, which is at the same 
 time a most wonderful locomotive apparatus, that we 
 
64 The Temperaments. 
 
 find the physical basis for that constitutional condi 
 tion called the Motive Temperament. The appropri* 
 ateness of the name will be conceded when it is con- 
 sidered that not only the ability for action, physical 
 power, and mental energy, but a love of movement, 
 a fitness for hard work, and an earnestness of purpose 
 which ignores ease and needless repose, are among its 
 characteristics. 
 
 1. Causes. — This Temperament is generally hered- 
 itary and is the result of climate, topographical con- 
 ditions, and habits of life, acting for generations upon 
 families and nations. Among the most influential 
 of the physical causes which lead to its existence and 
 promote its increase, are : 
 
 (1). A dry, stimulating atmosphere, encouraging 
 physical action and inducing mental vigor, without 
 disposing one to the confinement of close study ; 
 
 (2). Residence in rocky, hilly, and mountainous re- 
 gions, where great muscular exertion is required to 
 gain a subsistence, and where the roads and foot- 
 paths are steep and difficult ; 
 
 (3). Occupations which tend to develop bone and 
 muscle rather than cellular tissue or brain, without 
 dwarfing the latter by inaction, overwork, or repres- 
 sion ; and 
 
 (4). A diet rich in lime, phosphoric acid, and the 
 other bone-forming element, as well as in the mate- 
 rials for building up the muscular sheathing of the 
 bones. 
 
 Mental causes affect less obviously this tempera- 
 mental condition, but they are by no means without 
 their influence. 
 
BARON VON LEIBIG. 
 
 FIG. 7. THE MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 65 
 
 (1). Whatever hardens the heart, embitters the life, 
 arouses the more violent passions, or gives full play 
 to ambition and the love of power, promotes, through 
 the mental organization, the physical conditions of 
 the Motive Temperament. Political agitations, revo- 
 lutionary movements, heated religious controversies, 
 opposition in all forms, constant resistance to author- 
 ity or the will of others, and the necessity for being 
 always watchful and on the defensive, are among the 
 strongest of these influences; to which may be 
 added : 
 
 (2). The exercise of authority, especially in mili- 
 tary forms, and the weight of great responsibilities, 
 calling for the exercise of the executive faculties to 
 their full capacity, which are also favorable to its 
 culture. 
 
 2. Characteristics. — (1). Bones proportionally large, 
 and long rather than broad ; strong, hard muscles, and 
 prominent articulations, give to the outlines of the 
 form in the Motive Temperament a tendency to an- 
 gularity and sharpness. The figure is commonly tall 
 and striking, if not elegant ; the chest moderate in 
 size and fullness ; the shoulders broad and definite ; 
 the abdomen proportional ; the limbs long and only 
 moderately tapering. The face is oblong ; the cheek 
 bones rather high (as in Figs. 8 and 9) ; the front teeth 
 large; and the features generally prominent and 
 sharply defined. The expression of the countenance 
 is striking, grave, earnest, determined, and sometimes 
 severe and stern. 
 
 In reference to color, we find two distinct varieties 
 of this Temperament — the dark and the light, or the 
 
66 The Temperaments. 
 
 melanchomous and the xanthous. In the first the 
 bilious element is strongly predominant ; in the sec- 
 ond the sanguine is sufficiently powerful to impart 
 its characteristic redness without producing that con- 
 stitutional condition we recognize as the Vital Tem- 
 perament. In the dark type, the complexion is 
 swarthy, brown or olive, the eyes black or brown, and 
 the hair generally black, strong, and abundant. In 
 the sanguine type, the complexion may be florid and 
 the eyes blue, gray, or hazel. The hair is often red 
 and not infrequently sandy. This variety of the Motive 
 Temperament is exemplified in the Scandinavian 
 peoples — Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians — in the 
 Irishmen of the North, in the Highland Scotch of 
 the higher class (mainly of Norse origin), and in 
 many individuals in all Caucasian nations. The dark 
 or bilious type is most common among Americans, 
 the tendency of our climate being to produce the 
 melanic constitution. 
 
 Wherever we deem it desirable to distinguish these 
 two varieties of the Motive Temperament, we shall 
 designate the first or dark type as the Bilious-Motive, 
 and the second or light variety as the Sanguine- 
 Motive. If this mixing up of the old and new no- 
 menclatures be considered objectionable, they may 
 be called the Melano-Motive and the Xantho-Motive, 
 respectively, or simply the Dark-Motive and the 
 Light-Motive. 
 
 In persons of this Temperament, firmness of text- 
 ure characterizes all the organs, imparting great 
 strength and endurance, with an almost unlimited 
 capacity for both mental and bodily labor. There is 
 
FIG. 8.— HON. JAS. D. WILLIAMS. 
 
 FIG. 9,— JAS. P. BECKWOURTH. 
 
 PHASES OF THE MOTIVE. 
 
 PLATE VI 
 
The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 6j 
 
 never much superfluous flesh where the Motive Tem- 
 perament is strongly predominant, and there is often 
 more or less hollowness of cheeks, giving additional 
 ruggedness to the features. 
 
 In women, to whom this Temperament is less 
 proper than to man, and in whom it is far less 
 common, the characteristics we have described are 
 more or less modified, departing from the typical 
 form in the direction of the rounder, more delicate, 
 and softer contours, without losing the clear, definite, 
 sharp lines which give the face and figure so strik- 
 ing an appearance. With the mental element nearly 
 equal to the motive, and the vital not deficient, great 
 elegance and a high order of beauty are often mani- 
 fested, as in Mary Wortley Montagu (Fig. io), Lucre- 
 zia Borgia, and others. 
 
 Children who inherit this Temperament (Fig. 1 2) , and 
 in whom active outdoor sports are permitted to give it 
 facilities for development, are often very homely and 
 awkward, but they improve as they reach maturity. 
 
 (2). The mental characteristics of the Motive Tern 
 perament are not less strongly marked than the phys- 
 ical. Its subjects are never mere " nobodies," but are 
 sure to be known and noted for strong, positive traits 
 of character. With an influential tempering with the 
 brain element, they are everywhere the acknowledged 
 leaders in the sphere of active life, where industry, 
 energy, firmness, perseverance, indomitable courage, 
 self-control, and executive ability are required and 
 appreciated. They are men for the field rather than 
 for the council chamber, and are often found at the 
 head of armies and of great public works. They are 
 
58 The Temperaments. 
 
 observers rather than thinkers, and execute better 
 than they plan. They are self-reliant, ambitious, 
 proud, and sometimes arrogant, domineering, and 
 cruel. They love power and conquest, and often pur- 
 sue their ends with a reckless disregard for the phys- 
 ical welfare of both themselves and others. As 
 speakers they use strong expressions, emphasize many 
 words, and talk to the point, hitting the nail on the 
 head with a heavy blow. In whatever way this 
 temperamental condition may manifest itself, its mani- 
 festation will be forcible, open, and direct. Con- 
 stancy in love and in friendship, and persistence in 
 hostility and hatred may generally be counted upon 
 in persons having this Temperament, especially when 
 the dark or bilious element predominates. 
 
 With a marked deficiency in the mental element, 
 there may be a very objectionable degree of coarse- 
 ness and harshness of feelings, roughness and lack of 
 susceptibility to all refining influences, indicated by a 
 corresponding coarseness of fiber in the bodily organs, 
 bushy hair and beard, and a harsh expression of 
 countenance. 
 
 Great power and activity in some particular direc- 
 tion, rather than breadth and comprehensiveness, 
 characterize those in whom this Temperament is in- 
 dicated, and there is generally manifested a directness 
 of purpose and a persistence in any determined 
 course which nothing is permitted to change. 
 
 The Motive Temperament was common among the 
 ancient Romans, and helped to make them masters 
 of the world. In the Americans of the United States 
 it is also very frequently met with, being with us next 
 
FIG. IO. — MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU 
 
 FIG. II.— LITTLE CROW. FIG. 12— YOUTH. 
 
 PHASES OF THE MOTIVE. 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 69 
 
 in influence to our predominating mentality. It is 
 strongly marked among the North American Indians 
 (Fig. 11), and is not uncommon in Scotland, Ireland, 
 Wales, and France. In America the States of Ver- 
 mont, Maine, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and 
 Arkansas are noted for its development. It prevails 
 most in mountainous regions. 
 
 There is sometimes met with an abnormal develop- 
 ment of the bony and muscular systems, in which 
 both the vital and the mental elements are sacrificed 
 to mere animal strength. This forms what the an- 
 cients called the Athletic Temperament. " It is 
 marked by a head proportionally small, especially in 
 the coronal region ; a thick neck ; broad shoulders ; 
 expanded chest ; and strongly-marked muscles, the 
 tendons of which are apparent through the skin. The 
 Farnese Hercules furnishes a model of the physical 
 attributes of this abnormal condition, in which brute 
 strength usurps the energies necessary to the produc- 
 tion of thought, and leaves its possessor decidedly 
 deficient in all the higher mental and moral mani- 
 festations." 
 
 3. Means of Culture. — As the Motive Tempera- 
 ment depends upon those parts of the system, the 
 hardest, most dense, and the slowest in undergoing 
 the processes of growth and decay, it is less readily 
 amenable to cultivation than the Vital and the 
 Mental Temperaments ; nevertheless, it can be in- 
 creased or diminished by persevering efforts in the 
 proper direction in each case. 
 
 To promote the development, when desirable, of 
 the locomotive system and its characteristic mental 
 traits ; 
 
jo The Temperaments. 
 
 (i). Choose for residence, when possible, a hilly or 
 mountainous region, with a dry, stimulating atmos- 
 phere, and accustom yourself to labors or recreations 
 calculated to make these advantages available and to 
 call into constant action the whole muscular system, 
 living and working, so far as possible, in the open 
 air; 
 
 (2). Let your diet be composed in part of the 
 muscular fiber of animals, with bread composed of 
 unbolted wheat, and other substances containing 
 considerable phosphate of lime and other bone-form- 
 ing materials; 
 
 (3). Throw yourself heartily into the great currents 
 of the world's progress, accepting and seeking oppo- 
 sition, discussion, and conflict of opinions. Seek 
 positions of responsibility and those calling for the 
 exercise of authority and the control of men, and 
 involving the execution of important works. If war 
 menace your country, and you can conscientiously 
 take arms in its behalf, march to the front. Camp- 
 life and the clash of arms call out the elements of 
 the Motive Temperament through the executive 
 faculties of the brain, as well as by the direct culture 
 of the bony and muscular systems. 
 
 4. Counteractive Agencies. — To counteract or modify 
 any undue or hurtful development or to restrain the 
 too violent manifestation of the harsher features of a 
 predominant motive constitution, we must — 
 
 (1). Cultivate and encourage in every practicable 
 way the antagonistic Vital organs, which predispose to 
 geniality, love of ease, and a more cheerful, amiable 
 disposition, as well as to versatility, vivacity, and 
 
The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 71 
 
 sociability. The means for doing this are set forth 
 under the head of Vital Temperament (Section 4, 
 p. 78), which the reader may here consult ; 
 
 (2). Develop, by exercise, the mental system, 
 which has always a softening, elevating, and refining 
 influence, favorable to the desired toning down of 
 the somewhat hard and rough characteristics of a too 
 domineering Motive Temperament. Poetry, belles 
 lettres, music, and art are all influential agencies ; 
 
 (3). Restrain the too violent action of the organs 
 of Combativeness and Destructiveness, and oppose 
 to Firmness and Self-esteem the modifying influ- 
 ences of Benevolence, Conscientiousness, and Appro- 
 bativeness. The reasoning faculties, which are gen- 
 erally not so well developed, should be cultivated as 
 naturally antagonistic to the predominant perceptives 
 of this constitution. 
 
 II.— The Vital Temperament (Fig. 13). 
 
 The physical basis of the Vital Temperament is 
 found in the nutritive system, occupying the great 
 cavities of the trunk and embracing the lymphatics, 
 the blood-vessels, and the glands — in other words, the 
 organs of absorption, circulation, and secretion. It 
 includes the elements of both the Sanguine and the 
 Lymphatic Temperaments of the old classification, 
 and, in certain cases, a strong infusion of the bilious 
 element, as we shall show further on. 
 
 1. Causes. — This is the Temperament of Child- 
 hood and its primary causes are to a large extent 
 pre-natal. Among the most influential of those 
 which promote its development after birth, as well as 
 
72 The Temperaments. 
 
 (through the mother) during gestation, are the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 (i). A climate calculated by its temperature and 
 atmospheric conditions to encourage and render 
 pleasant a large amount of outdoor exercise, and 
 neither so dry as to promote the density and hard- 
 ness of muscle characteristic of the bilious constitu- 
 tion, nor so moist as to induce an abnormal develop- 
 ment of lymph. 
 
 (2). Pleasurable employment or recreation, suffi- 
 cient to keep all the bodily organs in tone and the 
 mind interested, without fatiguing or overtasking 
 either ; with all the rest and sleep required for full 
 recuperation. 
 
 (3). Abundant, wholesome, nutritious, and easily- 
 digested food composed largely of farinaceous sub- 
 stances, to which is usually added, from the animal 
 kingdom, fat beef, mutton, and eggs, and from which 
 should be mainly excluded the more watery vege- 
 tables and all strong acids. 
 
 (4). Genial companionship ; harmonious social re- 
 lations ; the free action of the affections, in all legiti- 
 mate directions; the cultivation of the arts, and 
 especially music, and an easy, joyous, untrammeled 
 life generally, in which the violent passions — ambi- 
 tion, envy, jealousy, hate, etc. — have no part. 
 
 2. Characteristics. — (1). The Vital Temperament i? 
 characterized, physically, by a stature above the 
 medium, and marked by a breadth and thickness of 
 body proportionally greater, and a size of limbs pro- 
 portionally less than in the Motive Temperament. 
 The chest is full, the abdomen well developed, the 
 
NORMAN" McLEOD, D. D. 
 FIG. 13. — THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 PLATE VIII 
 
The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 73 
 
 limbs plump, but tapering, and terminating in hands 
 and feet relatively small. The neck is short and 
 thick, the shoulders broad and well rounded, and the 
 head and face, corresponding with the other parts ot 
 the system, incline to roundness. The expression of 
 the countenance is generally lively, pleasing, frank, 
 benevolent, and often mirthful. The pose of the 
 body and its movements are natural, easy, graceful, 
 and dignified. The pulse is quicker than in the Mo- 
 tive Temperament, and the organization throughout 
 betokens vigor, warmth, and activity. The cheeks 
 flush readily with exercise or emotion, and all the 
 senses are active, acute, and refined. 
 
 The Vital Temperament, as we have defined it, in- 
 cludes the sanguine element of the constitution, which 
 generally, in the Teutonic nations, gives its peculiar 
 colors to the complexion, eyes, and hair ; but cases 
 occur in which all the essential physical characteris- 
 tics of this Temperament are conjoined with the com- 
 plexion which belongs to the bilious constitution. 
 When we come to the Celtic nations this dark type is 
 the prevailing one, as it is, of course, the universal 
 one among the dark-skinned races, like the Indians 
 and the Negroes. 
 
 Among the light-skinned and fair-haired branches 
 of the Caucasian race these departures from the ordi- 
 nary type of the Vital Temperament are doubtless 
 often due to a strong bilious-motive tendency inher- 
 ited from either the father or the mother, but over- 
 come in every other direction by the still stronger 
 Vital element, or by conditions peculiarly calculated 
 to develop the nutritive system generally. Granting 
 4 
 
74 The Temperaments. 
 
 this, however, does not change the aspects of the 
 case,* as it applies to the dark branches of the race, 
 among whom the Vital Temperament is as common 
 as with us — in fact, it is the prevailing one among the 
 Spaniards and their descendants, all swarthy, black- 
 haired people, 
 
 These considerations seem to require the recogni- 
 tion, as in the Motive Temperament, of two varieties 
 of this constitution, the light and the dark, or the 
 sanguine and the bilious. In the first the complex- 
 ion is florid, the eyes blue, and the hair light ; in the 
 second the hair is black or dark brown, the eyes gen- 
 erally black or dark brown, but sometimes hazel 01 
 gray ; while the complexion may be swarthy, olive, 
 brown, copper-colored, yellow, or black. The dark 
 or bilious-vital variety is characterized physically 
 by more toughness and endurance and less activity 
 than the light or sanguine-vital. 
 
 An undue preponderance of the absorbent system, 
 conjoined with a sluggish action of the . heart and 
 lungs, give rise to an abnormal deposit of watery 
 fluids under the skin, producing additional fullness, 
 and presenting softer and more rounded contours 
 than even those properly belonging to this constitu- 
 tion, but lacking their well-defined and graceful out- 
 lines. 
 
 This condition, when fully developed, constitutes 
 the Lymphatic Temperament of the old classifica- 
 tion. A feeble leaden color of the skin, or lack of 
 expression in the countenance ; a flabbiness of the 
 flesh ; great sloth ; and general apathy, both of body 
 and mind, characterize this state of the system. Dr 
 
The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 75 
 
 Franklin, in his old age, showed something of this 
 abnormal temperamental condition, as indicated in 
 Fig. 15. 
 
 In a woman of this Temperament (which seems 
 to be peculiarly the Temperament for women) the 
 shoulders are softly rounded, but owe their breadth 
 and thickness to the expanded chest, with which they 
 are connected, rather than to the bones and muscles 
 of the shoulders themselves; the bust is full and 
 rounded; the waist proportional, but, as it were, some- 
 what encroached upon by the plumpness of the con- 
 tiguous parts ; the limbs tapering ; the feet and hands 
 small, but plump ; the complexion (in the sanguine 
 type) rosy ; the eyes blue ; and the hair flaxen, yellow, 
 brown, or auburn. In the dark or Bilious variety, 
 similar physical characteristics prevail, except that 
 there is more density and hardness of fiber ; less fine- 
 ness and delicacy of skin and hair ; an olive or brunette 
 complexion ; black or dark brown hair ; and dark eyes. 
 In both varieties the figure, as a whole, is full, soft, 
 and voluptuous. Persons of this Temperament have 
 greater vigor, but less toughness than those of the 
 Motive Temperament, They love fresh air and exer- 
 cise, and must be always doing something to work 
 off the constantly accumulating stock of vitality ; but 
 they generally like play better than hard work. 
 
 (2). In correspondence with the vigor and activity 
 with which all the bodily functions are performed, 
 the mental processes are characterized by quickness, 
 facility, and versatility, and the disposition by ardor, 
 impulsiveness, and enthusiasm. Persons of this Tem- 
 perament are distinguished by elasticity rather than 
 
y6 The Temperaments. 
 
 firmness, and possess more diligence than persistence, 
 and more brilliancy than depth. Ready percep- 
 tions, rapid deductions, active imagination, and 
 vivacity of expression, enable them to make the im- 
 pression of much more real talent and power than 
 they actually possess. They are showy rather than 
 solid ; incapable of fixing the mind long upon one 
 object, they are unfitted for the culture of the posi- 
 tive abstract sciences. They are subject to violent 
 fits of passion, but are as easily calmed as excited ; 
 are generally lively, cheerful, amiable, genial, kind, 
 good-natured, frank, and candid ; always fond of good 
 living, and more apt than others to fall into excesses 
 in eating and drinking, and especially to become ad- 
 dicted to the intemperate use of stimulants. They 
 find enjoyment in the mere sense of animal existence, 
 and take for their motto, " Let us live while we live." 
 As speakers and writers, they are ready, fluent, flowery, 
 and impassioned. Their opinions are often adopted 
 without much reflection, and are liable to be often 
 changed. In friendship and in love they are ardent 
 and sincere ; but the volatility of their charac- 
 ters renders them sometimes inconstant and untrust- 
 worthy. They are impatient of restraint, and their 
 strong social affections and fondness for good living 
 are liable, unless restrained, to lead them into courses 
 of frivolity and dissipation. With high moral prin- 
 ciples to elevate them above such dangers, they gen- 
 erally lead happy and useful if not very noteworthy 
 lives. Several brilliant writers and speakers have had 
 this Temperament, with the mental system influential, 
 but not dominant. Fig. 14 illustrates this statement, 
 
G. 14. — MRS. C. B. rFEIFFER. 
 
 FIG. 15.— BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 
 
 PHASES OF THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
The Anatomical Viezv of the Temperaments. J J 
 
 and indicates the character of the talent associated 
 with the predominance of the vital constitution, 
 which — though perhaps incompatible with genius — 
 often manifests a degree of practicable ability which 
 passes with the public for more than genius, because 
 not so far above the level of common thought and 
 general experience. 
 
 It should be noted here, that where a dark com- 
 plexion, black hair, and black or brown eyes are found 
 associated with a strongly-developed vital, system — 
 that is, in the Bilious-Vital Temperament — there is 
 always manifested a strength of passion, a depth of 
 feeling, and a capacity for sustained effort and per- 
 manence of impression and affection — in a word, a 
 force of character greater than in the xanthous class, 
 while, on the other hand, there is less refinement, del- 
 icacy, vivacity, and amiability. 
 
 3. Means of Culture. — The agencies to be made 
 use of to increase and develop the vital system, 
 when deficient, will suggest themselves on recalling 
 what has been said of the primary causes of the 
 temperamental condition desired. We will, however, 
 repeat : 
 
 (1). Where circumstances permit," choose for resi- 
 dence a mild, but not too hot and dry a climate, 
 where abundant exercise in the open air will be prac- 
 ticable and pleasant, and adopt some occupation 
 which will allow such exercise to be taken daily, if it 
 be not found in the occupation itself, avoiding, by 
 all means, sedentary employments and exclusion 
 from the full enjoyment of the sunlight. Systematic 
 gymnastic exercises, calculated to expand the chest 
 
78 The Temperaments* 
 
 and increase the power of the heart and lungs, 
 should be taken when practicable. Rest and sleep 
 must never be stinted, and the system never over- 
 tasked. 
 
 (2). A nutritious diet, composed of easily digested 
 articles of food, selected from both the animal and 
 the vegetable kingdoms ; from the former, beef and 
 mutton, in good proportion (provided the digestive 
 system will permit), fish and fresh eggs; and from 
 the latter, farinaceous articles, such as Graham bread, 
 oatmeal in various forms, rice, tapioca, cornmeal, etc., 
 avoiding strong acids and watery vegetables. In all 
 cases the healthful action of the digestive organs is 
 all-important, as the best selection of food will be of 
 no avail where the assimilation is imperfect. 
 
 (3). Cheerful companionship ; pleasant surround- 
 ings ; freedom from care ; the full legitimate satisfac- 
 tion of the domestic and social affections ; and in- 
 tellectual activity, without hard study or continuous 
 application. 
 
 4. Counteractive Agencies. — A condition of body 
 and mind so conducive to enjoyment, as well as suc- 
 cess in life, as the Vital Temperament has been 
 shown to be, need seldom, it would seem, to be sub- 
 jected to any measures calculated to counteract its 
 tendencies or restrain its full activity; nevertheless, 
 even the Vital constitution may be in excess, and, 
 being so, lead to grave evils. It is as necessary, 
 therefore, here, as in regard to the other Tempera- 
 ments, to consider the means to lessen its relative 
 power, or to modify its action. The most powerful 
 counteractive agencies are : 
 
The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 79 
 
 (1). The increased activity (leading to increased 
 development) of the. muscular and nervous systems, 
 f hrough such exercises and culture as are best cal- 
 culated to develop their strength and increase their 
 relative influence in the constitution. Constant mus- 
 cular exercise ; a close application to business ; a 
 systematic study of some scientific subject ; in short, 
 full employment for both mind and body, will tend 
 to increase both the muscular and the nervous or 
 mental systems, and correspondingly depress the too 
 active vital powers. Fat and carbonaceous foods, 
 puddings, pastry, butter, sugar, cream, and milk 
 should be avoided, and a less stimulating diet of 
 cooling vegetables and acid fruits, with lean meats, 
 be substituted. 
 
 (2). Where the predominant activity of the social 
 affections, the love of good living and jovial compan- 
 ionship are likely to lead to excesses and dissipations 
 hurtful alike to mind and body, every effort, in addi- 
 tion to the means suggested in the preceding para- 
 graph, should be made to awaken and develop the 
 moral sentiments, and especially those imparting a 
 sense of right and wrong, self-respect and responsi- 
 bility ; thus may the impulsive, irrepressible activities 
 of this Temperament be turned into channels of in- 
 nocent recreation and honorable work, if not into 
 those leading to great and heroic deeds, instead of 
 finding their gratification in the paths of folly and 
 vice. 
 
 The proneness of persons of this Temperament to 
 become addicted to the excessive use of intoxicating 
 drinks and to gluttonous habits, should be impressed 
 
80 The Temperaments. 
 
 upon the minds of the young who are endowed with 
 its superabundant vitality, impulse, and passion, and 
 habits of strict control over appetite be early estab- 
 lished. 
 
 III.— The Mental Temperament (Fig. 16). 
 
 Though the last of the three primary Tempera- 
 ments to be described, this stands first in the order 
 of influence, the constitutional element on which it 
 depends being the leading one in the organization 
 of the civilized man, as it includes the brain, as well 
 as the sympathetic, sensory, and motor nerves asso- 
 ciated with it in mental manifestation ; and it has far 
 more influence upon the other temperamental condi- 
 tions than they are able to exert upon it. 
 
 I. Causes. — The primary causes of the Mental 
 Temperament are the causes of human elevation, of 
 intellectual progress, of refinement, of literature and 
 art — in short, of civilization. Among barbarous 
 tribes it is seldom found, and among savages per- 
 haps never. It is generally inherited from one or 
 both of the parents, but may be superinduced upon 
 a constitution in which it originally held a secondary 
 place, by means of a course of training directed to 
 that end. 
 
 (i). By studies and employments calling into full 
 and continuous activity the intellectual faculties, and 
 especially those most concerned in tracing the con- 
 nection between cause and effect and in analytical 
 and synthetic processes. 
 
 (2). By association with cultivated .people, in the 
 midst of books, pictures, music, and other refining 
 influences. 
 
CARDINAL MANNING. 
 FIG. l6. — THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. *8l 
 
 (3). By a diet and regimen of such a character as 
 to foster brain rather than bone, muscle, or fat — eggs, 
 fish, the flesh of poultry, nuts and cream for instance, 
 as foods. 
 
 2. Characteristics. — (1). The Mental Temperament 
 is characterized physically by a frame relatively 
 slight, and a head relatively large ; an oval face ; a 
 high, pale forehead, broadest at the top ; delicately 
 cut if not sharp features; an expressive countenance; 
 a delicate, transparent skin ; fine, soft hair, generally 
 light in color and not abundant ; brilliant, speaking 
 eyes, generally gray or hazel, and quick in their 
 movements ; and a high-keyed, flexible voice. The 
 figure is often elegant and graceful, but seldom strik- 
 ing or commanding. The muscles are small, but well 
 formed, and adapted to rapid action, rather than to 
 strength. Fineness and delicacy characterize the 
 whole structure ; but there is not necessarily any lack 
 of real stamina, as the healthiness and longevity of 
 persons of this constitution (when it be not subjected 
 to great abuse) abundantly show. The brain is the 
 great reservoir of power, but there must be a foun- 
 tain of vitality behind it, from which it may draw. 
 The Mental and Vital systems are closely correlated 
 and act and re-act upon each other in the most har- 
 monious manner, in a well-regulated life, but may be 
 drawn into the direst antagonism by the abuse or 
 abnormal action of either. 
 
 In women of this Temperament, though they are 
 often very beautiful, there is a decided lack of the 
 embonpoint which characterizes the Vital Tempera- 
 ment. The chest and bosom are only moderately 
 
 4* 
 
82 The Temperaments: 
 
 developed and the pelvis is generally comparatively 
 narrow, betokening a lesser degree of adaptation to 
 the distinctive offices of the sex, than in the preced- 
 ing Temperaments. 
 
 (2). Mentally this Temperament indicates activity 
 of brain, acuteness of the senses, and intensity of 
 emotion. The feelings are refined, the taste excel- 
 lent, the conceptions vivid, the imagination lively and 
 brilliant, and the moral sentiments generally active 
 and influential. Persons of this Temperament gen- 
 erally manifest a decided taste for literature, and 
 especially for poetry, love the fine arts and the beau- 
 tiful in all its innumerable forms, and often display 
 great talent as writers and artists, if not absolute 
 genius — it being, in fact, the literary and artistic, and 
 particularly the poetic Temperament. As the coronal 
 organs of the brain are generally largely developed, 
 and the basilar organs moderately so, good taste, 
 delicacy of feelings, and refined manners render those 
 in whom the Mental Temperament is influential, ad- 
 verse to dissipation and degrading vices, and they 
 seldom become criminals, drunkards, or debauchees ; 
 but when they do give themselves up to a career of 
 crime, they become most dangerous enemies to so- 
 ciety and are often able to evade justice for a long 
 time. When their punishment comes, it is terrible, 
 in proportion to their sensitiveness and capacity for 
 suffering. 
 
 There is in this age, and especially in America, an 
 excessive or morbid development of the nervous 
 system which is most inimical to health, happiness, 
 and longevity. It prevails particularly among women 
 
FIG. 17.— MISS FRANCES E. WILLARD. 
 
 FIG. 18.— CHAS. H. PAYNE, D.D., L.L. D. 
 
 PHASES OF THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 
 PLATE W 
 
The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 83 
 
 (to whom even in its normal predominance it is 
 less proper than the preceding), and answers to the 
 Nervous Temperament of the old classification. It is 
 characterized by the smallness and emaciation of the 
 muscles, the quickness and intensity of the sensa- 
 tions, the suddenness and fickleness of the determina- 
 tions, and a morbid impressibility. It is caused by 
 sedentary habits ; lack of bodily exercise ; a prema- 
 ture and disproportionate development of the brain, 
 through a false system of education ; the immoderate 
 use of tea and coffee ; late hours ; and other hurtful 
 indigencies. 
 
 3. Means of Culture. — Since the brain is the ruling 
 element in the Mental Temperament, it is naturally 
 mainly through that organ that it is to be effectively 
 developed, though other means are available for aux- 
 iliary use in the work : 
 
 (1). Reading, systematic study, devotion to intel- 
 lectual pursuits, habits of consecutive thinking, the 
 study and practice of art or literature, cultivated soci- 
 ety, and pleasant and tasteful — if possible, beautiful — 
 surroundings are among the instrumentalities, acting 
 directly through the mind, which may be made use 
 of to promote the end in view. 
 
 (2). As an auxiliary physical influence, a diet cal- 
 culated to nourish nerve and brain rather than bone 
 and muscle — such articles of food as fish, eggs, the 
 flesh of poultry and game, nuts, and milk are among 
 the substances to be selected — should be persever- 
 ingly adhered to, not excluding, however, the variety 
 essential to health. 
 
 4. Counteractive Agencies, — Where it is necessary 
 
84 The Temperaments, 
 
 to correct a tendency to excessive mental action, 
 liable to result in exhaustion and disease, the means 
 to be resorted to are, in part — 
 
 (i). A partial or, temporarily, an entire withdrawal 
 from active mental effort, giving the brain time to 
 rest and recuperate. 
 
 (2). Recreation for mind and body in travel, in 
 social enjoyments, and in various outdoor amuse- 
 ments. 
 
 (3). The sedulous cultivation of the vital or nutri- 
 tive system, for the purpose of developing its various 
 organs, and of giving them a greater relative influ- 
 ence in the constitution. To this end let the diet and 
 regimen be such as are recommended for the purpose 
 in Section II. 
 
 IV.— A Balance of Temperaments (Fig. 19). 
 
 There is an ideal condition to which the ancients 
 gave the name of Temper amentum tcmperatum — the 
 Temperate Temperament — in which all the constitu- 
 tional elements — the Motive, the Vital and the 
 Mental, or the Bilious, the Sanguine, the Lymphatic, 
 and the Nervous — are perfectly in equilibrium. This 
 is constitutional perfection. It has perhaps never 
 yet been reached, but we occasionally meet persons in 
 whom there is so close an approach to it that we are 
 accustomed to speak of them as having a Balanced 
 or Harmonious Temperament, it being difficult to 
 determine which element is in predominance. Wash- 
 ington (Fig. 20), in his prime, seems to have presented 
 a good example of this approximate balance of the 
 
ROBERT COLLYER. 
 
 FIG. 19. — WELL-BALANCED TEMPERAMENT, 
 PLATE XII 
 
The Anatomical View of tlie Temperaments. 85 
 
 temperamental elements. Later in life thelymphatic 
 system appears to have assumed a larger degree of in- 
 fluence, indisposing him to all ambitious aspirations, 
 as well as to all unnecessary exertion of body 01 
 mind. 
 
 With a balance of temperamental conditions, we 
 find a well-developed, symmetrical body ; shapely 
 limbs; regular features; an evenly-formed cranium, 
 with no sharp protuberances ; a strong, regular pulse ; 
 a complexion often rather dark, but sometimes fair ; 
 brown hair, and gray, hazel, or brown eyes. 
 
 Mentally the same harmonious relations between 
 the various faculties prevail. The vivacity, quick- 
 ness, impulsiveness, and ardor of the Vital Tempera- 
 ment are. modified by the cooler, slower, and more 
 persistent Motive or Bilious element, and refined and 
 elevated by the largely-developed mental constitu- 
 tion, while the intellectual force, taste, refinement, 
 and delicacy of the Mental Temperament are imbued 
 with warmth and vigor by the powerful Vital system, 
 and made steadfast, enduring, and practical by the 
 influential Motive development. Persons so consti- 
 tuted have a symmetrical, many-sided character, can 
 do many things equally well, and are fitted to fill, 
 with honor to themselves and usefulness to society, 
 almost any position in life ; and they will generally 
 keep on the even tenor of their way, regardless of the 
 trifling obstacles or the temporary attractions which 
 turn less firmly established characters out of their 
 proper course. The time may come in the great future, 
 so pregnant with wonderful possibilities, when this 
 harmonious development of person and character will 
 
86 The Temperaments, 
 
 be the prevailing one, and all lack of perfect balance 
 in either body or mind be accounted abnormal. 
 
 V. — Compound Temperaments. 
 
 We have described in this chapter three Tempera- 
 ments, which, as therein defined, present an exhaust- 
 ive analysis of the human constitution, for, unless 
 we admit the reality of the ideal condition just re- 
 ferred to as the Balanced Temperament, there must in 
 each individual case be a predominance of one or the 
 other of the three systems of organs on which the Tem- 
 peraments are founded, and it is that predominance 
 which determines the constitutional tendency, which 
 is tempered or modified by the other elements in pro- 
 portion to the development and activity of each. 
 Practically, however, it is sometimes convenient to 
 consider the Temperaments as compounded, and to 
 give definite names to the conditions recognized to 
 exist in consequence of certain combinations. For 
 instance, two of the constitutional elements may be 
 strongly developed, and nearly, but not quite, equal 
 in their influence, while the third is comparatively 
 weak. The two strong elements then determine the 
 compound, which we name by placing first the desig- 
 nation of the dominant one followed by that of the 
 next in power. In this way we may, with some prac- 
 tical advantage, perhaps, form six Compound Tem- 
 peraments, as follows : 
 
 i. The Motive-Vital Temperament; 
 
 2. The Motive-Mental Temperament ; 
 
 3. The Vital-Motive Temperament ; 
 
 4. The Vital-Mental Temperament ; 
 
FIG. 20. — GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 KIG. 21. — JRNNY LTND. 
 
 PHASES OF WELL-BALANCED TEMPERAMENT 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. &? 
 
 5. The Mental-Motive Temperament ; and 
 
 6. The Mental- Vital Temperament. 
 
 The names of these Compound -Temperaments 
 sufficiently indicate their character. The Motive- 
 Vital and the Vital-Motive differ but little, com- 
 paratively — the name placed first, as we have said, in 
 either case, indicating the stronger influence ; and 
 the same remark applies to the Motive-Mental and 
 the" Mental-Motive, and to the Vital-Mental and to 
 the Mental- Vital. . 
 
 1. The Motive-Vital Temperament (Fig. 22). — For 
 mere animal power, this is the combination that would 
 be desired above all others. Bone and muscle fully 
 developed ; strongly-hinged joints ; ligaments of iron 
 and tendons of steel ; broad shoulders ; full chest ; 
 abundant vitality ; firmness, toughness, steadiness, 
 and activity all combined. There may be awkward- 
 ness, but there must be immense capacity for hard 
 work, great endurance, and the necessary persever- 
 ance to carry out any movement or enterprise once 
 commenced. 
 
 This combination is not an intellectual one ; but 
 while there will be little taste for literature or art, 
 and no love of study, or even of reading, there may 
 be much practical business talent, clear perceptions, 
 and a cool, sound judgment, in ordinary every-day 
 affairs. Many excellent people have this Tempera- 
 ment, as well as some of the most depraved of 
 criminals. Strong passions, envy, hate, revenge, and 
 cruelty characterize it in its worst aspects, when un- 
 restrained by the moral faculties and unrefined by 
 an influential development of the mental system. 
 
88 The Temperaments, 
 
 Pugilists, sailors, soldiers, farmers, and others whose 
 pursuits necessitate much muscular exercise in the 
 open air, often have the Motive-Vital Temperament. 
 
 2. The Motive-Mental Temperament (Fig. 23). — 
 Supposing the motive system still dominant, we now 
 substitute for the Vital or nutritive element, as next 
 in order of influence, the Mental constitution, the for- 
 mer being subordinate to both, though not necessarily 
 weak. This combination gives us intellectual power, 
 combined with bodily strength, toughness, and en- 
 durance. The figure is slenderer than in the Motive- 
 Vital Temperament, but tough, wiry, and active. 
 The features are prominent, often homely, but never 
 mean or vulgar-looking, having the stamp of intel- 
 ligence, if not refinement, upon them. The hair and 
 complexion are generally rather dark, and the eyes 
 brown or gray. The pose of the body is firm, the 
 walk rapid and energetic, and the elocution clear, 
 distinct, and forcible. 
 
 Persons of this temperamental combination are 
 clear-headed, vigorous thinkers, and bold, energetic, 
 and persevering in action. Their strong passions are 
 not always well controlled, but the restraining in- 
 fluences of the aesthetic faculties and moral senti- 
 ments are stronger than in the Motive- Vital organ- 
 ization. Solid learning, grave and earnest feelings, 
 practical talent, ambition, desire, and ability to lead 
 in great undertakings, and to rise to eminence in 
 the spheres of active life and scientific investigation, 
 characterize their mental constitution, which is that 
 of some of the greatest men that the world has ever 
 produced — warriors, explorers, engineers, navigators, 
 
FIG. 23.— MOTIVE-MENTAL. JOHN ORTON. 
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 
The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 89 
 
 and men of action generally, while being men of 
 thought at the same time — capable alike of planning 
 and of executing great enterprises. It is a very 
 common one among Americans, especially those 
 whose pursuits are of an active character, and who 
 have not been subjected to premature and excessive 
 mental culture. 
 
 3. The Vital-Motive Temperament (Fig. 24). — A 
 large, broadly-developed body; broad shoulders; 
 thick neck ; muscular and strong-jointed, but rounded 
 limbs, combined with prominent features ; a some- 
 what harsh expression, coarse hair, ruddy complexion 
 (if of the Caucasian race), and strong and rapid, but 
 seldom graceful movements, characterize this com- 
 bination. There will be great capacity for hard 
 work, a strong love for outdoor muscular exercise, 
 and an invincible repugnance to confinement and 
 restraint. The Vital element predominating, there 
 may be considerable vivacity and impulsiveness, 
 much restrained, however, by the cooler and more 
 equable tendencies imparted by the Motive element. 
 The talent displayed by persons of this Temperament 
 will never be showy or brilliant, but of a practical 
 character, and manifested in business or work, rather 
 than in literary expression. Good common sense 
 and ability to manage well, rather than a display of 
 superficial accomplishments, mark the mental charac- 
 ter. Morally, persons of this constitutional com- 
 bination have generally strong passions and active 
 appetites to contend against, and are liable to be led 
 into dissipation, intemperance, and crime, through 
 their strong animality, unless the moral sentiments 
 
90 The Temperaments, 
 
 be well developed, and the restraining influences of 
 cultivated society and religious training shall hold 
 the lower nature in check. Savages, and unlettered 
 men in civilized society, frequently possess this tem- 
 peramental condition, but it is also found in the 
 higher social spheres. 
 
 4. The Vital-Mental Temperament (Fig. 25). — In this 
 combination we find a plump, well-rounded figure ; a 
 full and rather large face ; handsome features, not very 
 prominent, but well-defined and often regular; com- 
 plexion fair and rosy ; eyes blue ; hair yellow, light 
 brown, or auburn ; expression lively, ardent, and ami- 
 able. It sometimes exists in men, but oftener in 
 women, to whom it imparts many lovable traits — 
 peculiarly desirable in the fair sex — warm affections, 
 kindness, amiability, and liveliness, combined with 
 personal beauty and grace. It is a pleasure-loving 
 Temperament, however, and its vigorous appetites 
 and active passions often require strong restraining 
 agencies to keep them under proper control. Men of 
 this constitution are suited to active outdoor employ- 
 ments, and, if well educated, make good public speak- 
 ers, though they will not be noted for solid acquire- 
 ments, thorough investigation, or deep thought ; be- 
 ing rather brilliant and showy than sound and origi- 
 nal. In their speaking and writing they are generally 
 fluent, and often florid and somewhat verbose. They 
 are rapid, but graceful in their motions, and gesticulate 
 much in speaking. 
 
 5. The Mental-Motive Temperament (Fig. 26). — 
 Persons of this Temperament are characterized by a 
 tall and rather spare figure, somewhat inclined to an- 
 
FIG. 24. — VITAL-MOTIYE. DAVID DAVIS. 
 
 FIG. 25. — VITAL-MENTAL. QUEEN EMMA. 
 
 COMPOUND TEMPERAMENTS 
 PLATE XV. 
 
The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 91 
 
 gularity, but often dignified and striking in appear- 
 ance, and firm and upright in pose. The features are 
 generally rather prominent, but clearly cut and re- 
 fined ; the expression serious and grave ; the eyes 
 gray, hazel, or brown ; the hair generally light brown ; 
 the complexion often brilliant (brown on the cheeks, 
 but paler on the forehead) ; the voice clear, high- 
 keyed, and flexible ; and the walk firm and direct. 
 
 With a fair development of the Vital system, this 
 temperamental combination gives an assurance of in- 
 tellectual power, combined with executive ability, 
 fitting its possessor for the achievement of notable suc- 
 cess, either in literature, the arts and sciences, or in 
 the more active pursuits of life ; though there is some- 
 times a lack of balance in the mental organization 
 which leads to fruitless efforts and a sad waste of tal- 
 ent and energy. The reflective faculties generally 
 predominate over the perceptives, giving excellent 
 planning ability, discrimination, sound judgment, and 
 forecaste. Those who possess it manifest great fond- 
 ness for literature of the graver and more solid kind, 
 a love of scientific studies and pursuits, and generally 
 superior talents as thinkers, writers, and workers in 
 their chosen spheres. It is the organization best 
 adapted to authorship, and counts among its possess- 
 ors many of the most eminent literary men of all ages 
 and nations. The moral tone is generally high, the 
 animal propensities being relatively weak, and in sub- 
 jection to the intellect and the higher sentiments. 
 
 6. The Mental-Vital Temperament (Fig. 27). — This 
 organization combines so many desirable qualities of 
 body and mind that one is mclined to envy its fortunate 
 
92 The Temperaments. 
 
 possessors ; but the world does not find among their, 
 its greatest leaders and benefactors. They are more 
 exalted, amiable, and brilliant than solid, strong, firm, 
 and persistent. In person, they are rather below the 
 average in stature ; moderately full in form and face ; 
 and with well-proportioned, tapering limbs. The 
 features are not prominent, but well-defined, and 
 often very regular and handsome. The expression 
 is full of intelligence, sweetness, and sympathy. The 
 complexion is fair, the hair brown or auburn, and the 
 eyes gray or blue. An active brain, versatility of tal- 
 ent, literary and artistic tastes, strong domestic and 
 social feelings, exalted moral and religious sentiments, 
 and great amiability, benevolence, tenderness, and 
 purity of character generally characterize the mental 
 manifestations of this Temperament ; but it lacks 
 the force, directness, and energy of the mental-motive 
 organization. It is not confined to the fair sex, but 
 is more common among women than among men. 
 In either sex it generally gives a clear, active, ver- 
 satile mind ; much good nature ; warm affections, 
 and great moral worth, together with a full share of 
 vital stamina and beauty of person. Orators, poets, 
 novelists, and artists, though not the greatest of 
 either, have had this combination of temperamental 
 conditions. 
 
TEMPERAMENT AND CONFIGURATION. 
 
 In our brief synoptical description of the various 
 Temperaments in previous chapters, we have spoken 
 in a general way of the configuration of the body and 
 the features of the face peculiar to each ; but it will 
 be profitable, as greatly aiding in the practical appli- 
 cation of the knowledge we have endeavored to im- 
 part, to enter somewhat more into detail upon several 
 of the more important points involved in the delinea- 
 tion of Temperaments, and among the rest the rela- 
 tions existing between constitutional qualities and 
 external forms. 
 
 It may be unnecessary, but, at worst, it will do no 
 harm, to again caution the reader against falling into 
 the error of assuming that any general rule that we, 
 or any one, can give, or any detailed description, will 
 apply in every particular to all cases which may come 
 under observation. The numerous combinations of 
 which the primary elements of Temperament are 
 susceptible, and the difficulty of determining accu- 
 rately the relative influence of each in the organiza- 
 tion, should make even the experienced student of 
 physiology and of mental science exceedingly careful 
 in his comparison of the different characteristics, and 
 put him on his guard against deciding upon a Tem- 
 perament by any one indication or class of indications 
 
 (93) 
 
94 The Temperaments. 
 
 alone. The general configuration of the body may 
 seem to indicate one Temperament, while the features 
 or the complexion may as clearly point to another ; the 
 eyes and the hair may plainly contradict each other ; 
 and even, as is not infrequently the case, the hair of 
 the head and the beard may symbolize opposite 
 mental and temperamental traits. These are depart- 
 ures from the symmetry and homogeneousness which 
 should, theoretically, characterize an organism, and 
 are due to inharmonious crosses and other disturbing 
 causes, generally pre-natal in their action. A full 
 knowledge of all the circumstances, including both 
 hereditary transmission and external influences, act- 
 ing after birth, not always readily attainable, would, 
 no doubt, explain all seeming inconsistencies. In 
 the meantime, it is not wise to lose faith in general 
 laws because we can not account for all observed ap- 
 parent exceptions. 
 
 I.— Configuration in the Motive Tempera- 
 ment (Figs. 28 to 31). 
 
 As the Motive Temperament depends upon the 
 predominance of the locomotive apparatus, consist- 
 ing of the bones, muscles, and ligaments which form 
 the framework of the body, we may naturally expect 
 here the most definite, strongly expressed, and prom- 
 inent contours, and such, in fact, we find. The bones 
 are large, long rather than broad, and much bulged 
 at the joints, forming a tall and striking rather than 
 an elegant figure, characterized by angularity rather 
 than roundness, and giving, with the help of the 
 strong, wiry muscles, an impression of strength rather 
 
FIG. 26.— MENTAL-MOTIVE. ELIHU BURRITT. 
 
 r:G. '27.— MENTAL-VITAL. DUTCHESS MARIE OF SAXONY. 
 
 COMPOUND TEMPERAMENTS. 
 
 PLATE XVI. 
 
Temperament and Configuration. 95 
 
 than of grace or refined beauty. The face, from 
 which, mainly, we must draw our illustrations, is, in 
 the full front view, oblong, as in Fig. 30, approaching, 
 in some cases, as in Fig. 29, to the rectilinear, the 
 latter being an exclusively masculine type. The feat- 
 ures are prominent, presenting in profile strong 
 angularities and abrupt curves, as shown in the out- 
 line (Fig. 28) and in the portrait. In the latter, how- 
 ever, in consequence of the strength and pre- 
 dominance of the mental element, which, in propor- 
 tion to its influence in the constitution, modifies the 
 frontal outlines by giving more expansion to the fore- 
 head, there is less harshness in the contours than in the 
 Motive physiognomy not thus softened. A more in- 
 fluential admixture of the Vital element imparts a 
 greater relative breadth to the lower part of the face, 
 and a more rounded outline, in which is indicated 
 immense physical power, toughness, and endurance, 
 with a corresponding force of character and intel- 
 lectual efficiency. 
 
 In strict harmony with the head, face, and body, 
 the hands (Fig. 31) of persons in whom the Motive 
 Temperament is fully developed, are long and bony, 
 with prominent joints and strong ligaments — hands 
 of action and power, whose grasp is firm and as- 
 suring, and whose blows are hard and unerring, care- 
 less alike of hurting and of being hurt. The clasp 
 of such a hand can generally be trusted in pledge of 
 friendship or love. Beware of it if lifted against you 
 in enmity. The feet are of similar structure. 
 
g6 The Temperaments. 
 
 II. — Configuration in the Vital Tempera- 
 ment (Figs. 32 to 35). 
 
 The predominance of the nutritive system, oc- 
 cupying the great cavities of the trunk, which 
 furnishes the physical basis of the Vital Tempera- 
 ment, tends to give breadth and thickness to the 
 body as a whole, and to all its individual members. 
 Its most striking characteristic, therefore, is plump- 
 ness or rotundity. The figure, though its stature 
 may be above the medium, does not appear tall, but 
 leaves the impression of fullness and symmetry. 
 Looking at the head and face from the front we get 
 an outline closely approaching the circular, as in Fig. 
 32. The portraits of distinguished men furnish no 
 examples belonging strictly to this class, though 
 many noted persons have presented contours more 
 or less closely approaching the typical form; the face 
 proper having the necessary roundness, but the ele- 
 vation of the forehead, consequent upon prominent 
 mentality, modifying very strikingly the outlines of 
 the whole facial expanse, as seen in Fig. 31. Napoleon 
 and Peter the Great were notable examples of thi= 
 modification of the round form of face, their Tem- 
 perament being Mental-Vital. Sometimes the lower 
 nature gets the mastery, or a diseased condition of 
 the lymphatic system gives a flabby fullness to the 
 lower part of the face. 
 
 A side view of the head and face gives the charac- 
 teristic curves of this temperamental condition as 
 plainly as the front, the features all being more or 
 less gracefully rounded, as shown in Fig. 35. 
 
FIG. 28.— PROFILE. 
 
 FIG. 29.— J. D. B. DE BOW. 
 
 FIG. 31. — HAND. 
 
 FIG. 30. — WM. REEVES, D.D. 
 
 CONFIGURATION OF THE MOTIVE. 
 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
Temperament and Configuration. 97 
 
 In the profile of Franklin, as he appeared in old 
 age (Fig. 15), we have an illustration of both the 
 modifications referred to in the preceding paragraph 
 — the predominating intellectuality in the frontal 
 region of the cranium, and an abnormal lymphatic 
 condition of the physical system in the lower part 
 of the face. 
 
 The hand (Fig. 34) in this Temperament is broad 
 and full rather than long. The palm is round and soft ; 
 and the fingers plump and tapering ; the veins, arteries, 
 and tendons invisible ; and the whole organ symmetri- 
 cal, and, though rather heavy, not large in proportion 
 to the other parts of the body. Its grasp is soft, warm, 
 and hearty, but not always so trustworthy in time 
 of trial as that of the more homely long hand. It is 
 the hand of vivacity and versatility, and loves its 
 ease and cherishes its softness and flexibility too 
 much to be fond of rude labors or of dealing deadly 
 blows. It prefers the pen to the sword, and may 
 write with fervor and brilliancy, but hardly with 
 great strength of style or originality of thought. 
 
 III.— Configuration in the Mental Tempera- 
 ment (Figs. 36 to 39). 
 
 In this Temperament, the brain and nervous sys- 
 tem being predominant, the bones and muscles are 
 comparatively thin, and the vital organs less volumi- 
 nous than in either of the other Temperaments. 
 The frame is therefore slight, and the stature gen- 
 erally below the medium, and calculated to exhibit 
 elegance and grace rather than dignity and force. 
 5 
 
98 The Temperaments. 
 
 The chief seat and center of this constitution being 
 within the dome of the cranium, the head is rela- 
 tively large, and the expansion of the superior parts 
 of the face, including the forehead, give a pyriform 
 or pear-shaped outline, as so strikingly shown in the 
 accompanying portraits (Figs. 36 and 37). This is 
 the literary, artistic, and particularly the poetic form 
 of face, as illustrated in Shakespeare, Dante, Ten- 
 nyson, Keats, Rubens, Flaxman, and many others. 
 
 In profile, the pyriform face presents lines less 
 angular than those of the oblong or Motive form, 
 and less rounded than those of the circular or Vital 
 form, but finer and more delicate than either. Such 
 faces are not necessarily beautiful, in the ordinary 
 conception of that term, but there is always an un- 
 definable air of refinement and spirituality about 
 them not observed in any other form. 
 
 Where such outlines as we have here described 
 and illustrated are observed in the faces of children 
 (which should have the round or Vital configuration) 
 they indicate a strong inherited predisposition to the 
 Mental Temperament, likely, unless counteracted by 
 the judicious cultivation of the vital and motive ele- 
 ments of the constitution (the mental meanwhile 
 being held in as passive a condition as possible), to 
 result in an intellectual precociousness hurtful in the 
 extreme to mind and body alike and often fatal to 
 the latter. 
 
 The small bones, thin muscles, and slight articula- 
 tions characteristic of the Mental Temperament, are 
 particularly noticeable in the hand (Fig. 39), which 
 is slender and often graceful, expressive of delicacy 
 
FIG. 33. — ABRAHAM DP. SOLA. 
 
 IG. 32. — CATHARINE ALEXIEONA. 
 
 FIG. 34. — HAND. 
 
 FIG. 35.— PROFILE. 
 
 CONFIGURATION OF THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 PLATE XVIII. 
 
Temperament and Configuration. 
 
 99 
 
 and refinement. It is not well adapted to heavy 
 labor, and shrinks, as a matter of taste, from contact 
 with the sword-hilt, though a high moral sentiment 
 of patriotism or of religion may overcome the peace- 
 ful instinct and give it the subtle, but strong, stimulus 
 of brain-power to make its blows like strokes of 
 lightning. It is naturally artistic, poetic, and exclu- 
 sive, having a friendly grasp for a few and a tender, 
 loving clasp for one. 
 
 SIR JOHN LUBBOCK.— MENTAL-MOTIVE. 
 
VI. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT AND COLOR. 
 
 The different shades of the complexion and the 
 color of the eyes, hair, and beard, furnish important 
 indications of temperamental conditions, and may, 
 with advantage to the reader, be here more fully elu- 
 cidated ; though the subject is one which has been too 
 little investigated to afford an extensive array of facts 
 or to warrant many positive deductions. To go into 
 any elaborate discussion of the philosophy of color, 
 moreover, were that not otherwise inexpedient, 
 would lead us too far away from the practical end* 
 we have in view and needlessly complicate our sub- 
 ject. We shall, therefore, confine our preliminary 
 enunciation to the single generally accepted physio- 
 logical and physiognomical principle, that dark colors, 
 whether found in the skin, the eyes; or the hair, in- 
 dicate power, and light colors delicacy, the general 
 law being subject to the modifications of race, cli- 
 mate, and other circumstances. Our remarks in this 
 chapter will refer to the Caucasian race, leaving the 
 ethnological peculiarities of Temperament to be dis- 
 cussed in another chapter. 
 
 I. — The Melanic Element in Temperament 
 (Figs. 40 to 42). 
 
 It is the bilious element in the constitution that 
 imparts the dark hues, while the sanguine gives us 
 (100) 
 
FIG. 36.— RACHEL 
 
 ^ <& 
 
 y 
 
 FIG. 1». — PROFILK. 
 
 FIG. 39.— HAND. 
 
 CONFIGURATION OF THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 PLATE XIX. 
 
Temperament and Color. 101 
 
 the red and blue, and the nervous the white. Where 
 the liver and its closely associated organs predomi- 
 nate in influence, we find dark complexions, or at least 
 dark hair and eyes ; the ascendency of the arterial 
 system and the lungs manifests itself in a florid skin 
 and blue eyes ; and dominant mentality is generally 
 associated with gray eyes and a complexion interme- 
 diate between the two others, the colors exhibited 
 being due to the combination, in varying proportions, 
 of the dark and the light elements. 
 
 The dark bilious or melanic element, though in the 
 light-skinned branches of the Caucasian race more 
 generally associated with the Motive Temperament, is 
 by no means confined to it, being found in numerous 
 instances in connection with a large and influential 
 development of the vital system, as in Webster 
 and Napoleon. In both these celebrated men there 
 was a marked predominance of the nutritive over 
 the osseous and muscular systems, and yet both 
 had dark eyes and hair and a dark complexion — in 
 the former, swarthy; in the latter, olive or tawny. 
 The domination of the brain in both these cases does 
 not affect the principle, since the coloring matters 
 come alone from the organs concerned in the func- 
 tions of mere animal life, the nervous system (includ- 
 ing the brain), as we have said, expressing itself in 
 palor or whiteness. 
 
 Turning our attention to the Celtic or darker 
 branch of the Caucasian race, we find the melanic 
 element very generally associated with both the Mo- 
 tive and Vital Temperaments, and giving, in combina- 
 tion, a darker hue to the Mental. Especially is this 
 
102 The Temperaments. 
 
 the case with the Spanish peoples in Europe and 
 America, who are almost universally dark-complex- 
 ioned, with black hair and eyes. 
 
 On the other hand, no close observer of personal 
 peculiarities, whether engaged in the study of the 
 Temperaments or not, can have failed to note cases 
 in which the strong, bony, angular frame, prominent 
 features, and firm, decided movements, characteristic 
 of the Motive Temperament, are conjoined with a 
 florid complexion, light hair (especially red or auburn), 
 and blue eyes. It is the sanguine element of the 
 Vital Temperament manifesting itself in a single 
 characteristic or group of characteristics, while in en- 
 tire subordination elsewhere ; and the same remark 
 will apply to those not infrequent instances in which 
 the beard is light, while the hair is dark ; or where 
 blue eyes are seen in a brunette ; or red or yellow 
 hair accompanies black or brown eyes. These are all 
 cases in which the action of a general law is modified 
 by the intervention of some special cause, such as the 
 crossing of different families or races, pre-natal im- 
 pressions, etc. 
 
 In regard to red hair, observation has convinced us 
 that it is closely related, both physiologically and as 
 a sign of Temperament and character, to black hair. 
 In the crosses of the Negro with the Caucasian, black 
 hair is the most persistent sign of the dark blood, 
 holding its place after all trace of the African taint 
 has disappeared from the complexion, and never 
 furnishing examples of even the darkest brown, much 
 less of yellow, but even in mulattoes (half-bloods) 
 red hair or wool not very infrequently appears. Of 
 
Temperament and Color. 103 
 
 this we have observed several instances in Charles- 
 ton, S. C, and elsewhere. 
 
 Returning now to the consideration of the melanic 
 element in Temperament, we observe that in the 
 white races it indicates the bilious constitution, and 
 manifests itself in dark (often black) hair and eyes, 
 and a brown, tawny, or swarthy complexion, and that 
 the Motive Temperament has, very generally among 
 us, this feature, as it has others, in common with the 
 Bilious. 
 
 In the melanic or dark variety of the Motive Tem- 
 perament (which we denominate the Bilious-Motive) 
 the features are harsher and more sharply outlined 
 than in the light or xanthous type, so that, in general, 
 the complexion and color of the hair and eyes can be 
 pretty accurately determined by an examination of a 
 correct uncolored portrait, especially in profile. 
 
 Fig. 40 is a striking, but by no means an attractive 
 portrait, which may be referred to in illustration 
 of the statement just made. We never saw the 
 original. All that we know of him, beyond what the 
 picture tells us, is that he was a ruthless desperado, 
 and the leader of a band of robbers, who was finally 
 captured and suffered " the extreme penalty of the 
 law." We are told nothing of his Temperament, or 
 of the color of his hair and eyes, or the tint of his 
 complexion. There was little need to tell us any- 
 thing on these points. None but black or dark brown 
 eyes could, without a palpable incongruity, have 
 looked out beneath those shaggy eyebrows, and no 
 other color than black would have suited that coarse, 
 bushy hair and beard, and those strong, not ill- 
 
104 The Temperaments. 
 
 formed, yet unlovely features, could have fitly worn 
 no hue but a swarthy one. The profile of the Bedouin 
 (Fig. 41) indicates the same constitutional condition 
 and similar melanic hues ; and a list of the world's 
 great warriors, and vanquishers of obstacles generally, 
 in all the spheres of active life — the exponents of 
 power, of mind and body — from Caesar to Napoleon, 
 would embrace few names of men who have not 
 been tempered by a large admixture of this element, 
 dominated over invariably by a well -developed 
 brain. 
 
 The dark-haired, swarthy, bilious man may be a 
 beneficent power commissioned for the elevation and 
 liberation of his fellow-men, but often he wields his 
 tremendous physical and mental forces rather to 
 satisfy his own selfish ends and minister to his ambi- 
 tion and love of power. He is never a nonentity, or 
 a passive instrument in the hands of others He al- 
 ways asserts his individuality, and claims leadership 
 wherever hardships and dangers are to be encoun- 
 tered, and power or glory to be won. 
 
 The harsher physiognomical traits of the dark bil- 
 ious, or melano-motive, type are often greatly softened 
 in woman, and when modified by predominating in- 
 tellectuality (constituting the Mental-Motive Tem- 
 perament) it furnishes numerous examples of the 
 highest order of female beauty, the mental element 
 giving delicacy and refinement to the sharp, clear 
 lines proper to the Motive Temperament, as seen in 
 Fig. 36. The following brief, but graphic description 
 of the great queen of tragedy as she appeared on 
 the stage in her best days, will help the reader to a 
 
FIG. 40.— TIBURCIO VASQUEZ. 
 
 FIG. 41. — A BEDOUIN ARAB. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT AND COLOR 
 
 PLATE XX. 
 
Temperament and Color. 105 
 
 clearer idea of the melanic element in woman when 
 associated with the Mental Temperament, the motive 
 constitution being next in the order of potency : 
 
 " Pale, with jet-black hair ; a small, regular nose ; a 
 mouth mobile enough, but rather sweet in its expres- 
 sion and tender in its lines for the heroine of tragedy; 
 and a large forehead quite protruding itself over the 
 straight, black brows that shadow her wondrous eyes, 
 she is the very embodiment of feminine intellect. 
 Her figure is slight, and her mental entirely domi- 
 nates her vital system ; but her limbs, with all their 
 delicacy, have a firm look, and she is rather lithe than 
 fragile. The fall of her drapery would make any 
 sculptor despair, did he not see that itself is but the 
 reproduction in tissue of lines into which the Grecian 
 sculptors wrought their marble." 
 
 The dark element in human Temperament seems 
 for a long time to have been on the increase. At the 
 time of the Roman invasion of those countries, the 
 inhabitants of Great Britain and France, as well as 
 of Germany — Celts and Saxons alike — were blue- 
 eyed and had red, yellow, or flaxen hair. No one 
 seems to have taken note of the change while it was 
 going on, but now the true Celt, whether French, 
 Irish, or Highland Scotch, is very generally dark- 
 haired, and the same change is evidently taking place 
 in the Gothic races, and particularly in the Anglo- 
 Saxon branch. Close observers are beginning to note 
 this in Europe. Here, in America, the change is still 
 more obvious and rapid. As a nation, we Americans 
 of the United States are gradually becoming melanic. 
 Cities seem to favor this temperamental condition, 
 
 5* 
 
lo6 The Temperaments. 
 
 the proportion of dark-haired people being much 
 greater there than in the country. 
 
 In some cases the indications of the blonde type 
 linger in the beard for a generation or two after they 
 have disappeared from the hair of the head ; so that 
 many of the men of the present day have dark hair 
 and yellow or sandy beards. 
 
 The color of the eyes and the tint of the complexion 
 do not always follow the rule of the hair, but dark eyes 
 and brown or swarthy cheeks are evidently increasing. 
 
 We might speculate here on the causes of the tem- 
 peramental changes going on in the Caucasian races, 
 and the probable results, but we prefer to leave such 
 speculations to others, or for a more appropriate 
 occasion, simply hinting that there is a constant tend- 
 ency observable in living things — plants, animals, and 
 men, alike — to adapt themselves, so far as the distinc- 
 tions of race and species will permit, to all changes 
 of external conditions, such as climate, food, and 
 modes of life, and that these are by no means exactly 
 the same now that they were in the time of Julius 
 Caesar, even in the countries overrun by the Romans, 
 much less in this New World, which the ancient con- 
 querors of the Old knew not. 
 
 II. — The Blonde Element in Temperament 
 (Fig. 43). 
 
 Fair hair, blue eyes, and a light or florid complexion 
 are associated with the sanguine element of the con- 
 stitution, and generally, among us, indicate the Vital 
 Temperament, or at least a very influential develop- 
 ment of the nutritive system, and especially of the 
 
FIG. 42. — THE BRUNETTE. 
 
 PIG. 43.— THE BLONDB, 
 
 TEMPERAMENT AND COLOR. 
 
 PLATE XXI. 
 
Temperament and Color. 107 
 
 organs of respiration and arterial circulation. In 
 a majority of cases, they are found associated with 
 full, finely-developed figures ; faces inclining to round- 
 ness ; full lips ; wide nostrils ; and a cheerful expres- 
 sion of countenance. 
 
 There are, however, as we have noted in the pre- 
 ceding section, cases in which these sanguine character- 
 istics are found in connection with the more angular 
 outlines of body and prominent features, indicative 
 of the Motive Temperament. Many distinguished 
 historical personages, and among them Gustavus 
 Adolphus of Sweden, and the great epic poet of Italy, 
 Tasso, were of this Sanguine-Motive type. The latter 
 has the features of the Bilious-Motive class in perfec- 
 tion, but there was in his character much of the delicacy 
 of the blonde, combined with the strength, persistence, 
 and energy of the dark type. The predominance of 
 the mental element of course greatly modified the 
 action of both the others. 
 
 The Sanguine-Motive type is the common one 
 among the Scandinavian peoples, and also among the 
 Highland Scotch of the higher classes, who are doubt- 
 less of Norse origin. 
 
 In estimating the influence of Temperament on 
 character, as well as in observing it as a sign of char- 
 acter, we must bear in mind the fact that the dark 
 complexion is imparted by the bilious element, and 
 the florid by the sanguine, while the mental or nerv- 
 ous (the brain imparting no color — or more accurately, 
 combining all colors) gives whiteness. 
 
io8 The Temperaments, 
 
 III. — Combinations of Color and Tempera- 
 ment. 
 
 A brilliant skin with a peachy bloom on the cheeks, 
 sometimes showing a slightly sallow tinge, indicates 
 a Mental-Motive Temperament of the bilious or dark 
 type. The eyes in such cases may be either brown 
 or gray. The hair is generally dark (often black) 
 and fine, and the features clearly cut, but refined and 
 delicate. The Motive-Mental Temperament presents 
 similar forms and coloring, except that the hues are 
 a little darker and the outlines harsher and more 
 prominent. 
 
 The Mental-Vital Temperament presents the true 
 pink and white skin, the red of the sanguine element 
 taking the place of the black and yellow of the bil- 
 ious constitution. The eyes are blue or light gray 
 and the hair light and fine. Dante's Beatrice, if the 
 existing portraits of her are correct, illustrated this 
 combination. A larger infusion of the sanguine- 
 vital element gives more red in the complexion and 
 a deeper blue to the eyes. The hair is often red or 
 auburn, and there is an expression of warmth and 
 liveliness about the countenance which betokens 
 rapidity of action and quickness of temper. 
 
 In the Vital -Motive Temperament we have the 
 red of the sanguine element combined with a smaller 
 proportion of the black or yellow of the bilious se- 
 cretions, giving often a rich brown complexion, with 
 brown or hazel eyes and brown hair. Where the 
 Motive apparatus predominates, so as to give us the 
 Motive-Sanguine Temperamental combination, there 
 
Temperament and Color. 109 
 
 appears less red in the complexion, and the hair and 
 eyes are generally darker, except in the xanthous or 
 red-haired type. 
 
 A pale, dull, leaden hue in the complexion, dull, 
 expressionless eyes, and faded-looking hair indicate 
 that abnormal or sickly condition described by the 
 pathologists as the Lymphatic Temperament. 
 
 Of the three organs to which we look for the indi- 
 cations of Temperamental conditions to be found in 
 color, the skin furnishes the most trustworthy index, 
 though even that is liable to mislead, where the 
 health is not good. Actual disease must, of course, 
 always be taken into account, where it exists. Color 
 in the hair and eyes, more frequently than in the skin, 
 varies from the hue which the other constitutional 
 signs would seem to call for. As a general rule, how- 
 ever, there will be found little incongruity which can 
 not be readily explained. 
 
 In our chapter on " Temperament in Races and 
 Nations," it will be seen how the general principles 
 enunciated and illustrated in the foregoing pages ap- 
 ply to the red, brown, yellow, and black races. 
 
VII. 
 
 CHANGES OF TEMPERAMENT (Figs. 44 to 47)- 
 
 The function of nutrition being the most impor- 
 tant of the physical operations during the first years 
 of life, young children generally (as they should in 
 all cases) have the Vital Temperament ; but there is 
 inherent in each, inherited from its parents, a tend- 
 ency to the development of a permanent tempera- 
 mental condition, which may also be Vital, or it may 
 be Motive or Mental. When once established, this 
 Temperament inclines naturally to perpetuate and 
 increase itself, since it gives rise to habits that exer- 
 cise the organs on which it depends. A change of 
 Temperament, then, implies strong counteracting 
 influences brought to bear upon the constitution ; 
 and as such strong influences are, in a majority of 
 cases, lacking, the inherited tendency is generally fol- 
 lowed, and a Temperament once established is main- 
 tained through life. This, however, is far from being 
 universally the case. The inherent predisposition is 
 sometimes entirely overcome and the constitution 
 radically changed. The means by which this change 
 may be effected are both physical and mental, and 
 have already, in treating of the causes of the Tem- 
 peraments, been briefly stated. All that will be 
 necessary here will be to speak of some of them a 
 little more in detail, and with more direct reference 
 to certain specified cases, 
 (no) 
 
FIG. 44.— INFANCY. 
 
 FIG. 45 — CHILDHOOD. 
 
 FIG. 46.— GRACE GREENWOOD. 
 
 FIG. 47. — GRACE GREENWOOD. 
 
 CHANGES OF TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 PLATE XXII. 
 
Changes of Temperament. HI 
 
 I. — Changes through Natural Growth. 
 
 In childhood there should be a relatively stronger 
 development of the vital system than is exhibited 
 in Fig. 45, which represents, perhaps too correctly, 
 however, the average " smart " American boy of the 
 period. Good, wholesome, nutritious food, pleasant 
 surroundings, judicious training, and plenty of outdoor 
 sports should keep the face round and full (as in Fig. 
 44), and the cheeks ruddy till childhood begins to 
 merge in youth. Then suddenly there comes a change ! 
 The bones seem to expand preternaturally, the joints 
 enlarge, the limbs outgrow their clothing, and even 
 disturb the balance between themselves and the trunk. 
 The graceful boy becomes an awkward youth. The 
 Motive or bony and muscular element of the con- 
 stitution now assumes predominance. If the Motive 
 Temperament be the inherited one, it is at this period 
 expressed in exaggerated forms, the youth being very 
 tall, raw-boned, and angular; but in all cases of 
 natural, healthy growth there is more or less of this 
 sudden and powerful Motive influence. 
 
 When the period of rapid growth is over, unless 
 some other powerful influence has been brought to 
 bear to counteract it, the inherited tendency assumes 
 its sway, and the Temperament becomes compara- 
 tively a fixed and permanent condition. 
 
 At the age of from forty to forty-five there mani- 
 fests itself in some constitutions, showing previously 
 decided Mental or Motive tendencies, a strong influx 
 of the nutritive element, changing the sharp or angu- 
 lar outlines into the more rounded contours of the 
 Vital Temperament. Something of this kind is illus- 
 
112 The Temperaments. 
 
 trated by Figs. 46 and 47. This change takes place 
 in both sexes, but oftener in women than in men. 
 
 Finally, in the old age of persons who have pre- 
 viously shown an influential development of the 
 sanguine element of the Vital Temperament, there 
 frequently occurs, as in the case of Dr. Franklin (Fig. 
 15), an access of the Lymphatic constitution, giving a 
 flabby appearance to the lower parts of the face, and 
 an unnatural softness and shapelessness to the feat- 
 ures. This we do not consider a natural healthy 
 condition, whether coming on in old age or earlier in 
 life, though in the former case there may be simply a 
 failure in the circulatory system to fully perform its 
 functions. 
 
 II. — Changes from External Influences. 
 
 Altitude, heat and cold, moisture and dryness, all 
 have an influence in forming, sustaining, or changing 
 the Temperament and configuration of individuals, 
 families, and races. " The inhabitants of the regions 
 of gusty winds/' Wilkinson says, " have weather- 
 beaten faces, and lines as of the tempests blown 
 howling into their skins. Mountain races have stony 
 or granitic features, as of rocks abandoned to the 
 barren air. The people of moist and marshy places 
 look watery and lymphatic. Those where extremes 
 of temperature prevail for long periods are leathern 
 and shriveled, as though their skins had given up the 
 contest and died upon their faces." 
 
 Persons removing from a cold to a warm country 
 are subject to an access of the bilious element, often 
 so great as to entirely overcome a previously san- 
 
Changes of Temperament. 113 
 
 guine predominance. On the other hand, removal 
 from a warm to a colder climate stimulates the res- 
 piratory and arterial systems, and promotes a change 
 in the opposite direction. These changes, perpetuated 
 and increased from generation to generation, finally 
 produce distinct Northern and Southern types. It is 
 in temperate climates that we find the highest order 
 of physical development and the closest approach to 
 a balance of temperamental elements.* 
 
 A moist atmosphere, when not excessively humid 
 and not malarious, promotes the Vital Temperament, 
 the influence of the Motive element being lessened 
 and the Mental becoming less active, from the lack 
 of stimulus. Low, marshy regions, like Holland, in- 
 duce, through moisture and malaria, that abnormal 
 temperamental condition known as the lymphatic 
 constitution. Persons removing from a region hav- 
 ing a moist atmosphere, to one where dry winds pre- 
 
 * According to our own observations, which have extended 
 from New Hampshire and Vermont on the north to Florida on 
 the south, the finest race of men, in physique, in this country are 
 to be found between the parallels of 34 and 40 north latitude, 
 and particularly in the States of Maryland, Virginia, and Ken- 
 tucky. They are large, symmetrically formed, erect and graceful 
 in carriage, and have generally fine, open, and pleasant counte- 
 nances. A newspaper correspondent, writing from the interior 
 of Kentucky, says : " I have been struck with the profusion of 
 really great-looking men at the State Fair. You may single out 
 any group of twenty, and in it you will be sure to find two or 
 three who, in stature, physical development, or expression of 
 countenance, bear testimony to the manliness and royalty of 
 their nature. // sterns as if Kentucky were educating a race of 
 kings, from which to supply tht world." 
 
114 The Temperaments. 
 
 vail, often experience a marked change in their con 
 stitutions, the plumpness and ruddiness imparted 
 by the rich vital currents which flow through the 
 deeply-seated blood-vessels of the Englishman or 
 the German, giving place, in many cases, on immi- 
 gration to America, to denser, harder, and less round- 
 ed muscles, and a darker and less transparent com- 
 plexion — in other words, a decrease of the sanguine 
 and nutritive and a corresponding increase of the 
 bilious and locomotive elements of the physical or- 
 ganization. If, as is often the case, the tendency in 
 the individual to predominant vitality is too strong 
 to be overcome by the external influences brought 
 to bear upon him here, they are pretty sure to show 
 their full power in his progeny, who will generally 
 approach the American type. In Americans, resid- 
 ing for a long time in England, or in any other coun- 
 try with a humid atmosphere, the opposite change 
 may take place, the vital system becoming relatively 
 more influential. 
 
 Elevated situations promote the development of 
 bone and muscle, and therefore tend to the increase 
 of the motive constitution, and this change will be 
 greatest and most rapid where residence in mount- 
 ainous regions is conjoined with all the bodily ex- 
 ercise and the hardships incident to mountain life, 
 in its normal form. If the exercise and the hard- 
 ships are not excessive, they promote a rough type 
 of manly beauty, but are unfavorable to the develop- 
 ment of feminine attractiveness, and the women of 
 mountainous countries, such as the Highlands of 
 Scotland, are generally noted for their homeliness. 
 
Changes of Temperament. 115 
 
 On the other hand, in some of the eastern countries 
 of England, where the Vital Temperament is almost 
 universal, and often excessively developed, the ad- 
 vantage in beauty is all on the side of the women, 
 the rotund bodies and short, tapering limbs so gener*. 
 ally prevailing, being unsuited to the male. 
 
 III.— Changes from Bodily Habits. 
 
 Changes of occupation, general personal habits, 
 or even of diet, often lead to important modifications 
 of Temperament. Sedentary pursuits, even when 
 not calling into special action the intellectual powers, 
 tend to promote habits of reflection favorable to the 
 development of the Mental Temperament. A change 
 to more active outdoor employments gives the vital 
 organs and the muscular system more relative 
 strength and influence, and favors the predominance 
 of one or the other. Let the shoemaker, with his 
 slender muscles, narrow chest, and Mental Tempera- 
 ment, quit the bench and become a sailor, a lumber- 
 man, or a pioneer farmer in the West, and if he do 
 not break down under the change, his chest will ex- 
 pand, his muscles thicken and become tough, and his 
 digestion and all the functions of nutrition increase 
 in activity and efficiency, while the brain, called less 
 into action, will become comparatively quiescent, 
 and the Mental Temperament will give place to the 
 Motive, or the Mental-Motive. So the sailor, the 
 lumberman, or the farmer turning shoemaker is likely 
 to experience an equally notable change in the op- 
 posite direction. 
 
 A rich diet composed in large part of farinaceous 
 
Ii6 The Temperaments. 
 
 foods, sugar, and flesh meats fosters Alimentiveness 
 and promotes the Vital Temperament, while a lighter 
 diet of vegetables, fruits, eggs, and fish is favorable 
 to the Mental Temperament. The Motive Tempera- 
 ment is promoted by lean meats, especially the flesh 
 of quadrupeds, wheat-meal, corn-meal, beans, cab- 
 bages, and parsnips. It will, therefore, be apparent 
 that changes in diet affect in a greater or less degree 
 the balance of the constitution. 
 
 IV.— Changes Produced by Mental Agencies'. 
 
 Geo. Combe in one of his valuable works points 
 out the important changes produced in Tempera- 
 ment by a continued course of training. " It is com- 
 mon," he says, " for the Bilious to be changed into 
 the Nervous Temperament by habits of mental 
 activity and close study ; and, on the other hand, we 
 often see the Nervous or Bilious changed into the 
 Lymphatic about the age of forty, when the nutritive 
 system seems to acquire the preponderance." Spurz- 
 heim was accustomed to say that he had originally 
 a large portion of the Lymphatic element, as had all 
 his family ; but that in himself the Lymphatic had 
 gradually diminished, and the Nervous increased ; 
 whereas, in his sisters, owing to mental inactivity, 
 the reverse had happened, and when he visited them, 
 after being absent many years, found them, to use 
 his own expression, " as large as tuns." 
 
 Of the wonderful influence of the mind over the 
 body, in changing its forms and conditions, there can 
 be no doubt. Illustrations of the effects of mental 
 action upon the physical system abound and offer 
 
Changes of Temperament. W} 
 
 themselves to every observer. As to Temperament, 
 De La Sarthe, in his Traite' Complet de Physiognomie, 
 goes so far as to assert that it is practicable, by 
 means of an appropriate hygienic education, to de- 
 velop in a child any desired constitutional condition, 
 and that even in mature life such changes as the 
 health and happiness of the subject may demand are 
 effected with comparative ease; and he finds it a 
 matter for wonder that while it is our privilege to 
 shape at will the plastic system of the child, and in 
 a degree of the adult also, and thus promote in the 
 most important particulars the health, well-being, 
 and happiness of our offspring, our friends and the 
 world in general, that we are content to occupy our- 
 selves, rather, in improving the breeds of our do- 
 mestic animals, or in producing new and better varie- 
 ties of fruits and vegetables. As an example of a 
 change of Temperament in mature life through 
 mental causes, he cites the case of Jean Jacques 
 Rousseau, as follows : 
 
 " He possessed originally the Sanguine Tempera- 
 ment, and a character expansive, self-confident, and 
 happy, which he retained in full activity up to the age 
 of twenty-five. At that time he was thrown into a 
 struggle, hostile, open, and incessant, with most of the 
 learned societies ; was made the object of reiterated 
 attacks from antagonistic writers — enemies, some of 
 them real enough, but a great number imaginary — 
 and subjected to never-ceasing painful excitements, 
 the causes of which he greatly exaggerated. Under 
 these influences he changed by degrees, both in char- 
 acter and Temperament, becoming bilious, nervous, 
 
Ii8 The Temperaments. 
 
 melancholic, gloomy, restless, suspicious, misanthropic, 
 and the most unhappy of men." 
 
 Phrenologists have shown clearly enough that men- 
 tal culture has power to change the form of the cra- 
 nium, expanding the forehead and diminishing the 
 lateral dimensions of the base of the brain, the organs 
 of which are rendered less active, and held under more 
 restraint in proportion as the intellect is developed ; 
 and it needs no proof, that whatever has power to 
 modify the bony encasement of the brain, may modify, 
 in at least as high a degree, the temperamental con- 
 dition of the body, and consequently its configuration. 
 The same educational influences which change the 
 frontal lines of the head, render thjse of the body 
 more delicate, arid give the face more refinement, mo- 
 bility, and expression — in short, promote the Mental 
 Temperament, while diminishing the relative develop- 
 ment and influence of the Motive and Vital systems. 
 An opposite class of influences will reverse all this, 
 and reduce the Mental, while calling out more fully 
 the Motive and Vital forces. 
 
 " Let a well-educated person of an intellectual or- 
 ganization, and, to make the example as striking as 
 possible, of mature age, be deprived of his books and 
 intellectual companionship, thrown into the society of 
 coarse, uneducated people'; subjected to rude labor 
 or exercise, to the almost entire exclusion of consecu- 
 tive thinking ; and made to adopt the gross diet which 
 usually accompanies the other conditions we have 
 named, and mark the result. Another set of faculties 
 are now brought into action. The base of the brain 
 expands; the lower features grow broader, the neck 
 
FIG. 49.— HENRY IRVING. 
 
 BRAIN IN THE MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 PLATE XXIII. 
 
Changes of Temperament. 
 
 119 
 
 thicker, the eyes duller, the mouth coarser, and the 
 face, as a whole, rounder and less expressive. The 
 whole frame shares in the degeneracy. The muscles 
 become thicker, the joints larger, the limbs less grace- 
 ful, and the body stouter and grosser." In short, the 
 Mental predominance may be lost as well as gained, 
 and the Motive or the Vital substituted. 
 
 These indisputable facts should be borne in mind 
 by all, and especially by parents and teachers, as hav- 
 ing a most important bearing upon education, both 
 mental and physical. 
 
 JOHN GUTENBERG, INVENTOR OF PRINTING. 
 
 BRAIN IN THE MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT. 
 
VIII. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT AND MENTALITY. 
 
 As we have said before, the primary cause of Tem- 
 perament lies in the mental constitution, the body 
 being but the external expression— the outward sym- 
 bol and instrument of the mind, which fashions its 
 temporary dwelling-place, and changes it at will, to 
 suit its own changing character and needs. A Tem- 
 perament, then, does not create or cause any particu- 
 lar mental characteristic or group of characteristics, 
 but is conjoined with such characteristics because 
 suited to their special manifestations ; and being as- 
 sociated with them, has a tendency, by a natural 
 reaction, to increase and perpetuate them. So Tem- 
 perament becomes a sign of character, and to some 
 extent a secondary cause of character, through the 
 facilities it affords for the proper action of the facul- 
 ties with which it is specially associated. 
 
 The student of character is, therefore, justified in 
 making Temperament one of the first subjects of 
 investigation, in collecting the materials for a correct 
 estimate of the mental and moral status of an indi- 
 vidual, and he will naturally look at it in connection 
 with the indications afforded by the developments 
 of the different organs of the brain, as indicated in 
 the form of the skull. It will assist him, perhaps, if, 
 in addition to the mental characteristics of each Tem- 
 (120) 
 
FIG. 50.— J. G. BLAINE. 
 
 FIG. 51. — MADAM H. P. BLAVATSKY. 
 
 BRAIN IN THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 PLATE XXIV. 
 
Temperament and Mentality. 121 
 
 perament as given, in general terms, in a previous 
 chapter, we now specify more particularly what cere- 
 bral developments accompany and give tone to each. 
 
 I. — The Brain in the Motive Temperament 
 (Figs. 48 and 49). 
 
 Large Perceptive faculties, impelling to observation 
 and fitting for the practical affairs of active life ; Self- 
 esteem, inspiring to self-reliance, aspiration, pride, 
 and love of power ; Firmness, giving tenacity of will, 
 steadfastness, and persistent effort in any line of ac- 
 tion determined upon ; Combativeness and Destruc- 
 tiveness, imparting the will and ability to overcome 
 obstacles, to resist aggression, to contend for the 
 right, with the executive ability and the indifference 
 to ease which permits the infliction or the endurance 
 of the pain necessary in removing or crushing what- 
 ever may be inimical — these are some of the principal 
 mental developments which accompany and charac- 
 terize the Motive Temperament ; and it is this 
 physical constitution alone which would subserve 
 the purposes of such a combination of mental facul- 
 ties, and which, therefore, constitute at once its cause 
 and its reason for being, while it, in turn, reacts upon 
 the mental organization to perpetuate its pecullari- 
 ties and to increase the strength and efficiency of its 
 special powers. 
 
 Alimentiveness and Amativeness are relatively 
 smaller than in the Vital Temperament, so that there 
 is less liability to excesses in the direction in which 
 they lead. Conscientiousness generally predominates 
 over Benevolence, and Spirituality over Ideality and 
 6 
 
122 The Temperaments. 
 
 Veneration. Hope, Mirthfulness, and Imitation are 
 seldom either large or active. 
 
 II. — The Brain in the Vital Temperament 
 (Figs. 50 and 5 1). 
 
 The mental basis and origin of the Vital Tempera- 
 ment lies in the base of the brain, and particularly in 
 Alimentiveness, Acquisitiveness, and Amativeness, 
 which are generally large, as are Benevolence, Hope, 
 Mirthfulness, Language, and the Perceptive organs 
 generally ; but there is seldom any excessive develop- 
 ment in any particular direction, the cranium inclin- 
 ing rather to roundness and evenness than to the 
 exhibition of hollows and protuberances. 
 
 The neck being short as well as large, there is a 
 closer communication than in the other Tempera- 
 ments between the body and the brain, and a larger 
 flow of the vital currents from the former to the lat- 
 ter, giving rapidity and force to the action of all the 
 organs, but especially to those lying nearest to the 
 source of power, in the base of the brain. It is for 
 this reason that the animal propensities, though not 
 relatively large perhaps, are generally so influential 
 in persons of this constitution, and so liable, unless 
 restrained, to hurry them into dangerous excesses. 
 
 III.— The Brain in the Mental Temperament 
 (Figs. 116 and 121.) 
 The Brain and its nervous appendages constituting 
 the basis of the Mental Temperament, the cerebral 
 mass, as a whole, is relatively larger in persons of 
 this constitution than in those of either of the other 
 
Temperament and Mentality, 1 23 
 
 Temperaments, but this preponderance is mainly in 
 the frontal and coronal regions — the intellectual fac- 
 ulties and the moral sentiments. Causality, Com- 
 parison, Ideality, Spirituality, and Veneration are 
 generally prominent, while Combativeness, Destruc- 
 tiveness, Alimentiveness, Acquisitiveness, and Ama- 
 tiveness are not so fully developed. The real power 
 of the intellectual faculties is not susceptible of being 
 fully measured by their size as their activity and 
 strength, depending in part upon a high nervous 
 stimulus, is greater in proportion to their size in this 
 Temperament than in the others. The quickness 
 and clearness of the conceptions, the intensity of the 
 emotions, and the delicacy and refinement of the 
 taste are due as much to the texture as to the size 
 of the organs through which these mental qualities 
 are manifested. 
 
 In the Mental Temperament, the brain has a 
 greater influence over the bodily conditions, as of 
 health and disease, strength and weakness, than in 
 the Motive or Vital Temperaments, and the mind is 
 less dependent upon bodily states for its efficient 
 action. It must, however, have vital power to draw 
 upon as a reserve or its action can not be sustained. 
 The nutritive system must, therefore, be sedulously 
 cultivated by those who possess this constitution. 
 
 Thus we have seen that Temperament and mental 
 character are closely correlated, and that because one 
 has inherited or acquired a certain cerebral organi- 
 zation, he assumes, physically, that constitutional 
 condition best suited to the needs of that cerebral 
 organization, and through which its characteristic 
 
124 The Temperaments. 
 
 activities may become in the highest degree affect, 
 ive. The strong will ; the cool, steady judgment ; 
 the tireless energy; the indomitable courage; the 
 persistent purpose ; the dominating ambition ;'the in- 
 satiable love of power ; the never-failing self-reliance 
 of a strong executive character, require and associate 
 with themselves the Motive Temperament. Vivacity ; 
 versatility; impulse; ardor; love of pleasure; de- 
 sire for change ; fondness for good living ; intellectual 
 quickness and brilliancy ; instability of purpose ; and 
 amiability and genial kindliness could find no ad- 
 equate expression in any other than the Vital Tem- 
 perament. The predominating intellectuality, taste, 
 refinement, lofty aspirations, intense emotions, and 
 clear, vivid conceptions of the literary, artistic, and 
 imaginative organization are fitly embodied in the 
 fine, sensitive, mobile Mental Temperament. In 
 either case, it is the character or mental constitution 
 which comes first (by inheritance or by acquisition), 
 and the physical condition which follows and adapts 
 itself to the mind's requirements, reacting in turn 
 upon the latter to promote its proper action and 
 perpetuate and increase its special qualities. 
 
FIG. 52.— BELVA A. LOCKWOOD. 
 
 FIG. 53.— REV. CHARLES MNGSLEY. 
 
 BRAIN IN THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 
 PLATE XXV. 
 
IX. 
 
 AGE AND SEX IN TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 IN treating of Changes of Temperament in a pre- 
 vious chapter, we have incidentally indicated some 
 of the points in which the different periods of life 
 affect the Temperaments ; but the subject requires 
 further elucidation, and we therefore revert to it here. 
 
 I.— The Temperament of Childhood (Fig. 54). 
 
 During infancy, growth is the grand object which 
 Nature has in view, and while she does not neglect 
 to develop slowly the lobes of the brain, and to lay 
 the foundation for the solid framework of bones, 
 muscles, and ligaments, which is destined to sustain 
 and move the body, she wisely gives her special 
 attention to the nutritive system, as the one which 
 should predominate in development, activity, and 
 influence. The infant, therefore, has, normally, the 
 Vital Temperament, the Motive and Mental systems 
 being manifest only in a rudimentary condition ; and, 
 the diet being milk and other soft and watery ali- 
 ments, it is, at first, the lymphatic element of the 
 constitution which naturally predominates, the san- 
 guine gaining the ascendency after a change of diet 
 and the exercise of the limbs and body have given 
 the respiratory and arterial systems a greater de- 
 velopment and a more powerful influence. 
 
 (125) 
 
126 The Temperaments. . 
 
 We may say, then, in general terms, that the Tern- 
 perament of infancy is the Vital, the lymphatic ele- 
 ment being predominant at the outset, or during the 
 first two or three years of life, but gradually giving 
 place to the sanguine. The Mental system should 
 be held in comparative abeyance during the first 
 seven years of life at least, great care being taken 
 that while its healthy activity is not shackled, there 
 be no abnormal or forced and sickly development, 
 at the expense of the physical system and the general 
 health and symmetry of the organization. The loco- 
 motive system, in those who have inherited a tend- 
 ency to the Motive Temperament, assuming year 
 by year increased influence, normally attains ascend- 
 ency at puberty. 
 
 We have been speaking of what we believe to be 
 the order of Nature and the requirement of the law 
 of development in the human being; but we are 
 aware that the hereditary influences of our age and 
 country in which there is so much feverish mental 
 activity and such intensity of feeling and passion, 
 with too little vital power and strength of constitu- 
 tion to give endurance and insure sustained effort, 
 are not calculated to insure in American children 
 the desired orderly development. The Mental sys- 
 tem, obeying the strong inherited tendency, aided by 
 a competitive and too stimulating system of educa- 
 tion, comes early into the ascendency, dwarfing the 
 body, and finally starving itself, by drying up, pre- 
 maturely, the vital currents which should sustain it 
 in permanent and increasing efficiency till old age. 
 
Age and Sex in Temperament. 127 
 
 II.— The Temperament of Middle Age. 
 
 (Fig. 55). 
 
 At the age of from forty to forty-five — earlier in 
 some and later in others — the activity of both mind 
 and body having somewhat abated, and the passions 
 become more cool and moderate, where sound health 
 and a good digestion favor it, there is generally a 
 more or less marked accession of development and 
 activity in the nutritive system, sometimes giving a 
 decided predominance to the Vital system in consti- 
 tutions previously Motive or Mental. 
 
 Were sound health and correct habits universal, 
 perhaps there would be no exceptions to the change 
 we have here indicated, and the Temperament of 
 middle age would always be either Vital or one of 
 the Compound Temperaments formed by it with 
 either the Motive or the Mental; but where the 
 digestion has become impaired, or where there is a 
 controlling necessity for an activity of body or mind 
 no longer natural to the organization, the normal 
 modification fails to take place, and the existing 
 constitutional condition is rather increased than 
 diminished, as seen in persons subjected to severe 
 manual labor, harassed by the cares and anxieties 
 of business, or overtaxed by close and continued 
 intellectual effort. If, as perhaps we may say should 
 be the case, where the road to competence and ease 
 is open to all, the age of forty finds a man relieved 
 from pecuniary anxieties and the necessity of labor 
 or application to business for the support of himself 
 and family, and can throw off or transfer to others 
 
128 The Temperaments, 
 
 all the heavier burdens of life, and give himself 
 leisure for recreation and repose, we generally ob- 
 serve a filling up and rounding out of the contours of 
 the body, and the assumption of a degree of portli- 
 ness which is naturally associated with good health, 
 good living, and an easy life. 
 
 In women, this accession of vital development 
 would be more general were they more healthy, but, 
 in this country at least, their health is too often so 
 broken down before the " turn of life " that the em- 
 bonpoint which properly belongs to them is lost in 
 a sickly emaciation. In England, where the habits 
 of women, as well as the climate, are more favorable, 
 they may look forward to the time when they shall be 
 " Fat, fair, and forty," and be thankful if they escape 
 being obese, red-faced, and coarse, as is the tendency 
 of their Temperament. 
 
 III.— The Temperament of Old Age (Fig. 56). 
 With the more or less imperfect nutrition of old 
 age, there supervenes a shrinkage of bone, muscle, 
 and especially of cellular tissue, giving the wrinkles 
 which indicate and symbolize the decline of life. The 
 shrinkage being greatest in the softer parts, which had 
 previously given fullness to the form and roundness 
 to the cheek, the indications of the Motive Tempera- 
 ment are increased, though the increase of the loco- 
 motive apparatus is merely relative, and owing to the 
 decreased volume and activity of the nutritive system. 
 In this way, a Temperament which may have been 
 Mental- Vital, may become, through the decadence 
 of the vital powers, Mental-Motive, without any in- 
 crease of the Motive element. 
 
Age and Sex in Temperament. 12c 
 
 In some constitutions, as has been said in a previous 
 chapter, the Vital system, previously strong and act- 
 ive, falls, on the approach of old age, into an abnormal 
 condition, in which there is conjoined with a loss of 
 activity in the arterial system, a clogging of the gen- 
 eral circulation, and a repletion of the watery fluids 
 in the cellular tissues and under the skin, giving the 
 soft, flabby appearance seen in the Lymphatic Tem- 
 perament. This constitutional condition is far more 
 common in low, moist regions — like Holland, for in- 
 stance — than in our drier climate, and is by no means 
 infrequent in England, where the Vital Temperament 
 is more common, and more subject to deterioration 
 in the way indicated, than with us. 
 
 IV. — The Temperaments in Women. 
 
 There is no particular Temperament which belongs 
 exclusively to woman, and no one from which she is 
 excluded by reason of sex ; but at the same time, 
 there are certain constitutional conditions which 
 seem peculiarly adapted to her requirements, and 
 certain others which are clearly inconsistent with her 
 highest adaptation to the distinctive offices of the 
 sex. 
 
 In woman the trunk is longer in proportion to the 
 whole stature and to the arms and legs, than in man, 
 giving relatively more room for the development of 
 the vital system, so essential to her, not merely fof 
 her own well-being, but for the proper performance 
 of her offices as a mother. We may say, therefore, 
 that the natural temperamental condition of woman 
 is one in which the vital or nutritive element is 
 6* 
 
130 The Temperaments, 
 
 strongly influential, if not predominant — say the 
 Vital, Vital-Mental or Mental- Vital Temperament. 
 
 The Motive Temperament, in its typical form, is 
 not well suited to woman, as it involves too much 
 hardness, angularity, and harshness ; but when modi- 
 fied by a nearly equal proportion of the Vital ele- 
 ment, to fill out the depressions and round the 
 contours, and a good Mental development, to soften 
 the expression and refine the prominent, but clear- 
 cut features, there is often a high order of beauty 
 developed, conjoined with great strength of character 
 and high intellectual endowments. 
 
 The purely Mental Temperament, so common 
 among the women of our age, and especially of our 
 country, gives us beautiful girls, charming in their 
 grace, refinement, and intelligence, but too frail, in 
 many cases, for the practical uses of life, and doomed 
 to premature invalidism and early death. If one 
 could choose his own mother, he would not, if well 
 instructed in physiology, select one of these too in- 
 tellectual women, however lovely. With the vital 
 element nearly equal to the mental, or at least 
 strongly influential, there is a foundation for a char- 
 acter at once womanly, refined, intelligent, amiable, 
 and warm-hearted. 
 
 That morbid condition described in the old classi- 
 fication as the Nervous Temperament, is, unfortu- 
 nately, very common among women of low vitality, 
 especially when they are addicted to strong tea and 
 coffee, late hours, and the fashionable dissipations of 
 the day. 
 
FIG. 56. — OLD AGE. A. B. ALCOTT. 
 
 AGE AND TEMPERAMENT, 
 
 PLATE XXVI. 
 
FIG. 58.— CROWN PRINCESS OF GCSMANY. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT IN MARRIAGE. 
 
 PLATE XXVII. 
 
X. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT IN THE DOMESTIC RELATIONS. 
 
 IN the relations of human beings to each other in 
 society, there prevail certain laws of harmony analo- 
 gous to those which govern the combination of the 
 various notes in music. We strike certain keys sim- 
 ultaneously and there is produced a pleasing accord- 
 ance of sweet sounds. Those keys represent notes 
 bearing a harmonic relation to each other — they form 
 chords. Other notes, each equally sweet in itself, 
 sounded together, strike the ear dissonantly. In a 
 like manner, we may bring together two or more per- 
 sons, standing in certain natural constitutional re- 
 lations to each other, and there will at once ensue 
 mutual likings, sympathy, and friendship, or love, 
 while the same persons, or others not less amiable 
 and lovable, transposed into other combinations, 
 may simply make each other miserable ; and the 
 closer the connection, the more cruelly will they tor- 
 ture each other. 
 
 With these harmonies and discords in human rela- 
 tions, and especially those of the family, Tempera- 
 ment has much to do, and those sustaining or 
 purposing to assume such relations should study well 
 the laws of mental and temperamental consonance, 
 so that life-music and not an infernal jarring of dis- 
 sonant individualities may be the result of the union. 
 We do not dream of becoming successful performers 
 
 (131) 
 
132 The Temperaments. 
 
 on the piano or the organ, without a fair knowledge 
 of the science of music ; much less should we presume 
 to deal with the profounder harmonies of humanity, 
 in ignorance of the laws in accordance with which 
 men and women are constituted complements of each 
 other, or fitted to assume places as components of 
 a chord in social life. 
 
 I. — Temperament and Matrimony. 
 
 In marriage, above all other relations in life, har- 
 monious conditions are essential. Not only the 
 happiness of the parties originally concerned are in- 
 volved, but the physical symmetry, mental balance, 
 and general well-being of offspring also. The conse- 
 quences of a discordant union may involve many 
 generations in misery, or — a less melancholy fate — 
 result in the extinction of a family. 
 
 Some physiologists have taught that the constitu- 
 tions of the parties in marriage should be similar, so 
 as to insure similar tastes, habits, and modes of 
 thought, while others have contended that contrasts 
 should be sought, to give room for variety and pre- 
 vent the stagnation of a level sameness. Neither of 
 these statements expresses fully the true law of selec- 
 tion, though both are partly true. There can be no 
 harmony without a difference, but there may be dif- 
 ference without harmony. It is not because she is 
 like him that a man loves a woman, but because she 
 is unlike. For the same reason she loves him. The 
 qualities which the one lacks are those which in the 
 other attract and hold the fancy and the heart. The 
 more womanly the woman, the greater her power 
 
Temperament in the Domestic Relations. 133 
 
 over men, and in proportion as she approaches the 
 masculine in person or in character will she repel the 
 other sex ; while a woman admires, no less, in man 
 true manliness, and feels for effeminacy and weakness 
 in him either pity or contempt. What should be 
 sought and what is sought, as a rule, in a husband or 
 a wife, where arbitrary conventional customs and 
 considerations of rank, wealth, and position are not 
 allowed to interfere, is not a counterpart, but a com- 
 plement — something to supply a lack — the other self, 
 which shall round out one's being and form a perfect, 
 symmetrical whole. As in music it is not contiguous 
 notes which combine to form chords, but those sepa- 
 rated from each other, as a first and a third or a third 
 and a fifth ; so we produce social and domestic har- 
 mony by associating graduated differences. Two 
 persons may be " too much alike to agree." They 
 crowd each other, for " two objects can not occupy 
 the same space at the same time." So while a 
 " union of opposites " is by no means to be insisted 
 upon, or even recommended, as a rule, yet a too 
 close similarity in constitution should be avoided, as 
 detrimental to offspring as well as inimical to the hap- 
 piness of the parties themselves. The Mental Tem- 
 perament, for instance, strongly developed in both 
 would tend to intensify the intellectual activity, al- 
 ready perhaps too great, in each, and if offspring 
 should unfortunately result, they would be likely to 
 inherit in still greater excess the constitutional tend- 
 encies of the parents. In the same way, a marked 
 preponderance of the Motive or the Vital systems in 
 both parents leads to a similar state of connubial 
 
134 The Temperaments. 
 
 discord, and a lack of temperamental balance in tha 
 children, if any, resulting from the union. Where 
 there is a close approximation to a symmetrical and 
 harmonious development — " a balance of Tempera- 
 ments " — the union of similar organizations is less 
 objectionable and may result favorably, as respects 
 both parents and children ; but such cases are so rare 
 that a rule drawn from them would prove of little 
 practical value. 
 
 The disastrous effects upon their offspring of the 
 marriage of blood relations, it seems probable, are 
 mainly, if not wholly, referable to the similarity of 
 constitution inherited by each from the common 
 stock; for we find that such unions are by no means 
 uniformly unfavorable to progeny — some instances 
 being quoted by eminent writers on the subject, 
 where intermarriage has resulted in the improvement 
 instead of the deterioration of the families" thus 
 uniting their members. It is likely that a close in- 
 vestigation into the circumstances in such cases 
 would show either an approximate balance of tem- 
 peramental elements in the parties, furnishing no 
 excesses or deficiencies to be exaggerated in progeny, 
 or else an exceptional diversity in the constitutions 
 of the male and female members of these families. 
 
 The Vital system is the life-giving and life-sustain- 
 ing element in the human constitution, and must be 
 considered as the physical basis of marriage and of 
 parentage. This temperamental element should 
 therefore, undoubtedly be strongly indicated in one, 
 at least, of the parties to a conjugal union ; and if 
 strikingly deficient in one, should be predominant in 
 
FIG. 59.— MISS 
 
 FXG. 60.— VICTOR M. RICK. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT AND MARRIAGE. 
 
 PI ATF YYVIH. 
 
Temperament in the Domestic Relations. 135 
 
 the other, to insure a proper balance in offspring. A 
 man like Fig. 57, for instance, with an excess of 
 the Mental Temperament and deficient in vital stam- 
 ina, should either remain single or marry a woman 
 organized like Fig. 58 or Fig. 66, with an immense 
 fund of vitality, but sufficiently intellectual to appre- 
 ciate him, share, in a degree, his aspirations and sym- 
 pathize with him in his tastes. With one like Fig. 
 59 for a wife, the children, if any, would probably 
 be few and puny and die young, the too keen sensi- 
 bilities, the excess of mental activity, and the inten- 
 sity of all the pains they suffer or the pleasures they 
 enjoy, would soon wear out the inadequate physical 
 system with which alone their parents were able to 
 endow them. 
 
 Where the Motive Temperament is strongly indi- 
 cated, as in Figs. 64 and 65, there is needed in the 
 one selected as " partner for life," a predominance of 
 the vital or nutritive system, as in Figs. 62 and 66, 
 to impart vivacity and cheerfulness to the family 
 circle, and to transmit to offspring the proper degree 
 of mental and physical activity, warmth," amiability, 
 and suavity of character, as well as to give a desirable 
 softness and plumpness to the physical system ; while 
 a good development of the Mental is requisite to 
 refine, elevate, stimulate, and give intellectual power 
 and aesthetic tastes. 
 
 A man with a strongly developed Motive Tempera- 
 ment (Figs. 64 and 65), united in marriage to a womar 
 of the same organization (Fig. 63), would lack the 
 stimulating, warming, and softening influences which 
 so favorably modify the somewhat slow, cold, rough, 
 
136 The Temperaments, 
 
 hard, and austere features characteristic of the con- 
 stitution, and the pair would move too slowly for the 
 current of progress around them, unless awakened 
 by the strong influence of some grand revolutionary 
 movement, and their children would inherit, in a still 
 higher degree, their homely angularities of person, 
 and their energetic, persistent, and sturdy, but hard, 
 rough, and severe traits of character. Fortunately 
 the Motive Temperament (Fig. 63) is not a common 
 one among women, nor do men of this organization 
 affect their style of beauty, even in its modified 
 feminine form, but look rather for the plump rosiness 
 of the fair-haired blonde, or the pale, delicate loveli- 
 ness of the gray-eyed Psyche, whose frailness appeals 
 to their strength, and whose mental quickness con- 
 trasts so strongly with their slow, but powerful in- 
 tellectual movements. In general, a medium between 
 these two attractions will be found the safest and best 
 course for them. 
 
 A rational, natural, and harmonious marriage con- 
 nection requires to have its foundations laid in a 
 broad, full vitality, but this element must not com- 
 prise also the superstructure. Where both parties 
 are of the Vital Temperament (Figs. 60 and 66), the 
 union is not favorable, either to them or to their 
 children. There being no cooling, restraining, or re- 
 fining influence at work with them, the parents are 
 apt to give way too much to their impulses and pas- 
 sions, to live too fast, to fall into excesses and dis- 
 sipations, be fitful, vacillating, and indolent, and to 
 transmit to their children too much of the animal 
 nature, too little mental power, and an excess of 
 
FIG. 6l. — HON. MR. TUUAN 
 
 FIG. 62. — PRINCES? GISELA OF AUSTRIA. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT AND MARRIAGE. 
 PLATE XXIX. 
 
Temperament in the Domestic Relations. 137 
 
 appetite, passion, and love of pleasure. An influen- 
 tial development of the Mental and the Motive 
 (Figs. 59 and 65) elements in a husband or wife 
 should be sought by a person of a full Vital Tem- 
 perament (Figs. 58 and 60), the one to give tough- 
 ness, consistency, persistence, and coolness, and the 
 other to refine and elevate the character, and impart 
 intellectuality, taste, and love of culture to offspring. 
 
 From the foregoing considerations it appears that 
 the point to be aimed at is a proper balance in all 
 the temperamental elements, what is lacking in the 
 husband to be made up by the wife, and vice versa — 
 the one being a complement or counterpoise of the 
 other, so that an even development, as nearly as pos- 
 sible, may be transmitted to offspring. 
 
 Beyond the somewhat general statements thus 
 made, the correctness of which can hardly be called 
 in question, it is not, perhaps, in the present state of 
 our knowledge of the laws of social harmony, safe 
 to go. We have correctly given, as we believe, the 
 general law of harmony in our social relations. If 
 we can not lay down exact formula for its practical 
 application, which will apply to all cases, it is simply 
 because the gamut of the human passions, unlike 
 that of the musical notes, has not been definitely 
 determined, or the elements of our physical organ- 
 ization reduced to a graduated series. The time will 
 come, in the progress of the race in knowledge, 
 when men will touch with no uncertain fingers the 
 keys which are to render the sublime anthem of dis- 
 enthralled and harmonized humanity. In the mean- 
 time, reader, first " know thyself," mentally and tern- 
 
138 The Temperaments. 
 
 peram en tally, and then, through the "Signs of 
 Character" — as stamped upon every organization— 
 upon the cranium, upon the face, upon every organ, 
 feature, and movement — study and become ac- 
 quainted with those around you, and you will find 
 little difficulty in determining, in reference to any 
 particular individual of the opposite sex, whether 
 there is, between you and him or her that graduated 
 difference which might bring harmony out of union. 
 
 II.— Temperament and Family Government. 
 
 As some of the children resemble the father, others 
 "take after" the mother, and a third class combine 
 in different degrees the Temperaments of both, there 
 are often in the same family a diversity of organiza- 
 tions to deal with. The light already thrown upon 
 the subject, in previous chapters, will suggest a mode 
 of family government which shall be flexible enough 
 to admit of a different treatment for different or- 
 ganizations. 
 
 At first, as we have shown, the Vital system has 
 normally the ascendency in the child, and the rest- 
 less activity which impels to fun and mischief, and 
 keeps body and limbs in perpetual motion, are but 
 the expression of that organic condition, and is sel- 
 dom punishable, in any form, and least of all by 
 imprisonment — the greatest of cruelties in such cases. 
 If it be necessary that the child be kept still at all, 
 the periods of enforced quiet should be as brief as 
 possible. Whether one may "spare the rod" and 
 not "spoil the child " or not, is a question we do not 
 purpose to discuss here ; but a little whipping, if it 
 
FIG. 64.— A. E. B. PHELPS. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT IN MARRIAGE. 
 
 PLATE XXX. 
 
Temperament in the Domestic Relations. 139 
 
 do no good, will do no great harm to a child of the 
 Vital Temperament, and will soon be forgotten, as 
 well as the occasion which called for it. 
 
 When the Mental Temperament becomes influen- 
 tial, as it unfortunately too often does at an early age 
 in those who have inherited a strong tendency to it, 
 the keen sensibilities, the refined tastes, the self- 
 respect, the sense of moral responsibility, give the par- 
 ent something higher than fear of the rod to which 
 he can appeal, and make corporal punishments de- 
 grading as well as cruel. The basis of parental gov 
 ernment is then entirely changed and placed on a 
 higher plane. Children prematurely developed in the 
 intellectual faculties and in the moral sentiments, re- 
 quire little correction of any kind. They are generally 
 " good little boys and girls," who are pointed out by 
 parents and teachers as examples for those embodi- 
 ments of fun and mischief, the robust, full-blooded, 
 round-faced " children who will be children," and act 
 like children, in spite of both precept and example to 
 the contrary. If "whom the gods love die young," 
 their affections are evidently given to the " smart " 
 juvenile men and women, who love their books, do 
 not care for play, and are too good to require the rod. 
 Parents love them too, and if they desire to keep 
 them on earth for the performance of their life's work 
 here, they should restrain their too great mental ac- 
 tivity, and encourage exercise and active sports, and 
 foster in every possible way the development of the 
 Vital system. 
 
 The Motive Temperament is less liable than the 
 Mental to premature development. It sometimes, 
 
140 The Temperaments. 
 
 however, makes its physical and mental peculiarities 
 manifest at too early a day. Children of this Tem- 
 perament have not the bodily activity and love of 
 motion characteristic of those in whom the Vital sys- 
 tem predominates, or the intellectual liveliness and 
 quickness of those possessing the Mental Tempera- 
 ment. They are strong and tough, but deliberate in 
 movement and in thought, and may seem dull and 
 stupid by the side of those in whom brain-power is 
 the leading element, but they have stamina, steadi- 
 ness, energy, and perseverance, and are not unlikely to 
 reach the distant goal ahead of their more active com- 
 petitors. They are not so apt to " get into scrapes," 
 or to transgress the rules, through a mere thoughtless 
 love of mischief, as those having the Vital constitution, 
 but they do not like to be subjected to authority, and 
 are often rebellious against wholesome restraint, while 
 their strong wills, dogged resolutions, pluck, and per- 
 sistency render them very difficult to manage. They 
 must be held in with a taut rein and a strong hand. 
 No compromises or half-way measures will do for 
 them. They will give up only when their slow-acting, 
 but cool and correct judgment tells them that it 
 would be folly to resist. 
 
 III.— Illustrative Examples. 
 
 When it comes to dealing with daughters of a mar- 
 riageable age, but still " infants " in the eyes of the 
 law, a most delicate and often difficult task is imposed 
 upon parents. Having watched over, nursed, and ed- 
 ucated them with a tender solicitude for their welfare, 
 and seen them grow up in beauty and moral love- 
 
FIG. 65.— K. B. WOODWARD. 
 
 FIG. 66. — NELL GWYMNB. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT AND MARRIAGE. 
 PLATE XXXI 
 
Temperament in the Domestic Relations. 141 
 
 Iiness, it is hard sometimes to give them up, even to 
 the most honorable, suitable, and loving husband ; 
 and sometimes the suitor is not suitable, and there is 
 reason to believe that the union on which the daughter 
 has set her heart would prove disastrous to her hap- 
 piness. What shall the devoted parents do? The 
 author of " Wedlock "* answers this momentous ques- 
 tion in the light of Temperament and Mental Organ- 
 ization by means of the following illustrative exam- 
 ples, which we can do no better than to quote in full : 
 
 THE CASE OF MARY SMITH. 
 
 Mary Smith is a young lady of sixteen summers, 
 living in the country. She has a predominance of 
 the Vital Temperament, average intelligence and 
 moral sense, moderate Self-esteem and Firmness, 
 and pretty strong social feelings. She is fashionably 
 rather than solidly educated, and is vivacious, affec- 
 tionate, amiable, and easily influenced by stronger • 
 and more positive natures — a good girl, but one with 
 no great strength either of character or feeling. Her 
 future will depend far more upon others than upon 
 herself. 
 
 Mary goes to the city to visit some relatives, and 
 is thrown into the society of a number of young 
 men. One of them — a dark-haired, muscular man, 
 with a predominating Motive Temperament, and a 
 strong, positive, imperious character — pays her par- 
 ticular attentions, says pleasant things, and makes 
 
 * Wedlock ; or, The Right Relation of the Sexes. New York 
 S. R. Wells & Co. 
 
142 The Temperaments* 
 
 himself generally agreeable. He dresses well, sings 
 delightfully, and has all the external polish of a 
 gentleman. His person and manners please Mary's 
 Ideality, and his attentions (something new to her) 
 gratify hef Approbativeness ; and when he says he 
 loves her, she thinks herself very much in love with 
 him. He visits her in the country. Mr. Smith don't 
 like him. He has more knowledge of men than his 
 daughter. We will not suppose him to be either a 
 phrenologist or a physiognomist, but he has an in- 
 tuitive perception of character, and the young man's 
 looks do not please him. He makes inquiries in the 
 city, and learns that this candidate for his daughter's 
 hand is a "fast" young man of a decidedly dissolute 
 character. 
 
 Now when this roue' " proposes " and is referred to 
 "pa," what shall Mr. Smith do? Shall he allow his 
 daughter to throw herself away upon this miserable 
 scamp, whom she thinks she loves, but whom she 
 would soon, if married to him, learn to despise and 
 loathe ? The father says No, very emphatically ; and 
 he does right. The young man storms, and Miss 
 Mary cries and declares in the most positive manner 
 that she can never live without her dear Harry— that 
 all her hopes of happiness in this world are nipped 
 in the bud, and much more of the same sort, in all 
 of which she is perfectly sincere. It grieves her 
 good father to be obliged to distress her, but he 
 knows too much of her character to have any fears 
 of permanent ill-effects from her disappointment. 
 
 Within a year the " dear Harry " has eloped with 
 a Madison-Square heiress, and Mary has another 
 
FIG. 68.— MARIE SOPHIE SCHWARTZ. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT IN THE TEACHER. 
 
 PLATE XXXII. 
 
Temperament in the Domestic Relations. 143 
 
 lover, and is as smiling and happy as ever. She has 
 long since thanked her father, with tears of gratitude 
 in her eyes, for having saved her from the selfish 
 adventurer whom she thought she loved. 
 
 This was a "love affair," in the common accepta- 
 tion of the term, but there was really no true love 
 concerned in it. On one side it was a heartless and 
 selfish piece of deception, and on the other a mere 
 passing fancy. Similar cases are constantly occurring, 
 and the duty of parents in reference to them, it seems 
 to us, is plain. Remember Mr. Smith, and go and do 
 likewise. 
 
 Now let us look at a case of another kind : 
 
 ELLEN JONES' "LOVE AFFAIR." 
 
 Ellen Jones is in many respects the opposite of 
 Mary Smith. A Mental-Motive Temperament; a 
 good degree of Self-esteem and Firmness, with not 
 too much Approbativeness ; considerable Combative- 
 ness and strong affections give her mental constitu- 
 tion a marked and decided character. She is not 
 easily led, and has a mind and a will of her own. 
 She, moreover, is nineteen ; has been a good deal in 
 " society ; " has had suitors ; and is accustomed to the 
 polite attentions of gentlemen, which she knows how 
 to estimate at their proper value. 
 
 At last Ellen finds herself loved by one whose love 
 she can return ; ajid she loves him with all the ardor 
 and strength of her strong, positive nature. He is 
 adapted to her in Temperament and disposition, and 
 loves her truly ; but in this case, as in the other, the 
 father does not approve of the daughter's choice 
 
144 The Temperaments. 
 
 Nothing can be said against the young man's moral 
 character; but he is poor; is not, in Mr. Jones' 
 opinion, calculated to make a fortune very soon ; 
 and in social position is not Ellen's equal. Mr. Jones 
 thinks Ellen might do better — a great deal better. 
 
 Will Mr. Jones imitate Mr. Smith, and put his 
 veto on the engagement? Not if he be wise and 
 love his daughter. He has no soft, pliable, easy nat- 
 ure to deal with. When Ellen says she loves, she 
 knows what she is talking about, and means all she 
 says ; and if she declare that a union with the chosen 
 one is absolutely essential to her happiness, she states 
 merely the simple fact. To love once, with her, is 
 to love forever. If her father refuse his consent, she 
 will wait till of age and then marry, if need be, with- 
 out his consent ; or if he succeed in breaking off the 
 match altogether, he will have blighted his daughter's 
 life and destroyed her only chance for happiness in 
 this world. He should yield to her wishes even 
 against his own judgment in regard to the fitness of 
 the match. 
 
 This is also a sample of a large class of cases in 
 which we think the duty of parents is equally plain 
 as in the other. Any interference that shall amount 
 to a prohibition can result in nothing but evil. It is 
 best, when dealing with such characters and under 
 such circumstances, to let love take its course even 
 though we can not fully approve its choice. 
 
 There are cases, no doubt, hardly referable to 
 either of these classes, in which it will be exceed- 
 ingly difficult to decide rightly what to do — cases to 
 which no general rule that we can lay down will 
 
Temperament in the Domestic Relations. 145 
 
 apply ; but a knowledge of the human organization, 
 physical and mental, a conscientious desire to do 
 right, and an humble reliance upon Divine guidance, 
 will generally make plain the path of duty in this as 
 in other matters involving human feelings and human 
 welfare. 
 
 WENDKI.L PHILLIPS. 
 
XI. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT AND EDUCATION. 
 
 In both the teacher and the pupil, Temperament 
 is an element of no small importance. If the one is 
 to impart knowledge, draw out latent powers, and de- 
 velop natural capacities, he must not merely have the 
 knowledge to impart and be aware of the existence 
 of the powers and capacities upon which he is to 
 operate, but he must understand the physical and 
 mental organization of the subject of his efforts, in 
 order to know how best to open his mind and throw 
 the vivifying light -into its inmost recesses ; and if the 
 other is to receive knowledge, to give out his latent 
 powers, and grow in understanding and capacity for 
 the conception of ideas, he must be placed under 
 conditions suited to his peculiar constitution and 
 favorable to his natural activity. In other words, 
 the teacher must have aptness to teach and the pupil 
 must be placed in conditions of temperamental har- 
 mony with his teacher and with his fellow-students ; 
 and this implies, on the part of the former, a suitable 
 Temperament in himself, and a good, practical knowl- 
 edge of the doctrine of the Temperaments, to be 
 applied in the labors of the school-room — in classify- 
 ing his pupils, in suiting his instructions to the 
 various classes, and in governing widely different 
 dispositions. 
 (146) 
 
Temperament and Education. 147 
 
 I.— Temperament in the Teacher (Figs. 07 
 and 68). 
 
 Physically, the good teacher must have vital stam- 
 ina, toughness, and endurance ; mentally, he must be 
 active, clear-headed, and comprehensive ; morally, he 
 must be warm-hearted, sympathetic, and affable, as 
 well as energetic, persevering, and firm. There must 
 be a sufficient development of the Motive constitu- 
 tion to give strength and density of fiber to the body, 
 and coolness, steadfastness, and force of character to 
 the mind ; enough of the Mental element to impart 
 delicacy, refinement, intellectual quickness, capacity, 
 and high moral principles ; and so much of the Vital 
 condition as will serve to sustain and give vigor, 
 warmth, susceptibility, and vivacity to both the phys- 
 ical and the mental functions. In short, the teacher 
 requires, as near as may be, a balance of the temper- 
 amental elements. With such an organization — too 
 rare, we fear, at present, to supply all the teachers the 
 world needs — there will be dignity without stiffness ; 
 determination without harshness ; liveliness without 
 frivolity ; pluck and executive power without quar- 
 relsomeness ; ardor and enthusiasm without passion 
 and blind impulse ; and capacity for conception and 
 expression without pedantry and volubility. He 
 would not only possess the necessary knowledge, but 
 would be able to communicate it ; not only have the 
 capacity to lead, but the power to control ; and he 
 would be loved as well as respected. 
 
 Without an approximation to the qualifications we 
 have enumerated, no one is or can be fitted for the 
 
148 The Temperaments, 
 
 office of teacher, though where persons suitably or 
 ganized and educated can not be found, we must, of 
 course, do the best we can with the inferior materials 
 at command. Where the natural educator, with all 
 the acquired qualifications which study and experi- 
 ence can impart, offers himself, he should be gladly 
 received, duly honored, and adequately rewarded ; so 
 that he will not be tempted to seek some other 
 profession because more remunerative or more re- 
 spected. Of all who aspire to teach, it should at 
 least be required that they have a practical knowl- 
 edge of the Temperaments and the ability to adapt 
 their instructions, in a degree at least, to the organi- 
 zation of each class of pupils. 
 
 II. — Temperament in the Pupil (Figs. 69 to 72). 
 
 With a classification of pupils according to Tem- 
 perament, practicable and easy with him, the properly 
 organized and qualified teacher, having, as nearly as 
 may be, a balanced Temperament, would be able to 
 put himself, through his sympathy and adaptability, 
 into intimate relations with each class, on its own 
 plane. The intellectual activity and studiousness of 
 the Mental; the slowness, but effective power and 
 persistence of the Motive ; and the liveliness, suscep- 
 tibility, and instability of the Vital, would all be met 
 with a wise forethought of each temperamental pecu- 
 liarity, and the mode of instruction and of discipline 
 adapted to each in turn. 
 
 I. The Mental Temperament (Fig. 69). — Children in 
 whom the Mental system is most influential are dis- 
 posed to intellectual activity, have desire to learn. 
 
riG. 69.— MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 FIG. 70.— -MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 rtO. 71.— VITAL TEMPERAMENT 
 
 FIG. 72. — VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT IN CHILDREN. 
 PLATE XXXIII. 
 
Temperament and Education. 149 
 
 and acquire knowledge rapidly. They are generally 
 fond of study, have excellent memories for facts and 
 rules, and readily comprehend the teacher's explana- 
 tions, where any are required. They go to the head 
 of their classes, get much praise for their studiousness 
 and their remarkable proficiency in their studies, and 
 are incited thereby to still greater exertions. They 
 need no stimulus to quicken their attention or spur 
 them on, but, on the contrary, often require to be 
 held back, and the counteracting influences of occu- 
 pations and recreations, involving outdoor muscular 
 exercise, brought to bear upon them to prevent per- 
 manent injury to their physical constitutions. They 
 should be encouraged to frequent the gymnasium (if 
 one be at hand under proper physiological manage- 
 ment), to play ball, to row, and to ride. Explain to 
 them, good teacher (and they will readily understand 
 you), that without health and vital stamina their 
 learning will avail them nothing in the end, and that 
 they, proud as they are of their superior attainments, 
 will finally be distanced in the race by the dull, back- 
 ward, homely fellows whose places are now at the 
 foot of the class, unless they can acquire and retain 
 the necessary bodily vigor to back up their mental 
 activity. 
 
 Fig. 69 is that of an intellectually precocious boy, 
 and examples of a similar configuration are, alas ! 
 too common. It is the body, in such cases, rather 
 than the mind, which needs culture, and we beg the 
 parents and teachers of such children, as they value 
 their health, their welfare — their lives, in fact — to 
 cease to stimulate their minds and hasten to pro- 
 
150 The Temperaments, 
 
 mote vital and muscular development, as a means 
 of imparting an enduring power to the brain, as well 
 as of counteracting its excessive activity. It is some- 
 times said of such children that they are " old-look- 
 ing," and the remark is a correct one. Such a form 
 of head and face belongs only to the adult, and is a 
 deformity in a child. Children of such an organiza- 
 tion and configuration are " too smart to live ;" and, 
 if they do not die young, will fail to realize the fond 
 hopes of their parents, simply on account of the lack 
 of physical power. 
 
 2. The Vital Temperament (Figs. 71 and 72). — Here 
 we find activity equal to that manifested in the 
 Mental Temperament, but it is of another kind, and 
 leads to different results. Children of the Vital 
 Temperament (sanguine type) are round-faced, ruddy, 
 blue-eyed, light-haired, overflowing with animal spir- 
 its, perpetually in motion, full of jollity and good 
 nature, prone to mischief, and not very fond of either 
 study or hard work. Their attention is easily at- 
 tracted, however, and though it can be held but a 
 short time to any particular subject, they learn 
 readily, provided the lessons be made easy and not 
 too long. They are always wide awake, listen eagerly 
 when the teacher speaks, and like to get their in- 
 struction orally, instead of from the text-book; but 
 in any case their attention is as easily diverted as it 
 is gained, and long-continued application is impos- 
 sible. Such children require frequent recesses for 
 recreation, and should be allowed some latitude in 
 the way of movement in the school-room. They 
 can not be kept still, and all attempts to enforce the 
 
Temperament and Education. 151 
 
 law of quietness must end in failure. Mr. Sizer, in 
 the American Phrenological Journal, recommends to 
 classify such children together, if possible, and " once 
 in twenty minutes have them march around the 
 room ; let them study standing for five minutes, and 
 then sitting ; let one of them listen to the lesson of 
 the others, and alternate ; they should have stories 
 told ; they should recite in concert, so that they may 
 have a chance to make a noise. In short, every 
 method should be devised to give them occasion for 
 change. These children have generally a good mem- 
 ory of words ; they will learn to recite by heart ; * 
 they are good spellers, often have a talent for figures, 
 and are very fond of geography, though they would 
 like to study by taking the world for a map." They 
 will be rather superficial at best, but will make the most 
 in after-life of all the knowledge they may acquire. For 
 abstract science, thorough investigation, and patient 
 research, they have neither the taste nor the capacity. 
 Children in whom the dark variety of the Vital 
 Temperament (Bilious-Vital) prevails, while mani- 
 festing a similar restless activity of body, love of fun 
 and mischief, impatience of restraint, and distaste 
 for hard study, lack the alertness and impressibility 
 of the sanguine variety. On the contrary, they are 
 apt to be rather dull, slow, inert, and passive, as 
 regards the reception of instruction ; but they are 
 more persistent in their attention and application, 
 and have more retentive memories, offering a firmer 
 basis for judicious culture than the other class. They 
 are stronger-willed and more passionate and ob- 
 stinate than children of the light-haired type. 
 
152 The Temperaments, 
 
 3. The Motive Temperament (Fig. 70). — As we have 
 elsewhere shown, the Motive Temperament is not a 
 normal one in childhood and early youth, the Vital 
 system naturally predominating. It is, however, 
 sometimes, though much less frequently than the 
 Mental constitution, prematurely developed, particu- 
 larly in respect to those characteristics which are due 
 to the influence of the Bilious element. It becomes 
 necessary, therefore, to deal with it in the family and 
 the school, much more frequently than might, at the 
 first view, be inferred ; and often in the persons of 
 boys and girls (but more particularly the former) who 
 manifest in their configuration and general appear- 
 ance but few of its physical traits. Its homely prom- 
 inences and angularities come later. 
 
 The child in whom the bilious element is predomi- 
 nant, and who is, by inheritance, strongly predisposed 
 to the full development of the Motive or Muscular 
 Temperament, will be slow and dull as a student, 
 receiving impressions with difficulty and requiring 
 much explanation and illustration, to enable him to 
 comprehend and fully appropriate the instruction ; but 
 whatever is acquired, is retained with great tenacity, 
 and each fact or principle mastered is an entering 
 wedge which tends to open the mind to further ac- 
 quirements. There is no brilliancy about him, but 
 he is sound, practical, and strong. If the superstruct- 
 ure goes up slowly and roughly, it has at least a solid 
 foundation and a promise of enduring stability. It 
 requires unselfish devotion as well as patience and 
 perseverance, on the part of the teacher, to do justice 
 to the pupil who manifests so little aptness, and 
 
Temperament and Education. 153 
 
 who makes no show of extraordinary progress to give 
 eclat to examination day; but the time may come 
 when, after all his brilliant pupils shall have passed 
 into commonplace men and women and been forgot- 
 ten, he will be proud in saying : " He was my pupil. 
 I gave his mind its early discipline, and drew out, by 
 dint of persistent effort, his latent capacities." 
 
 Daniel Webster was one of those slow, backward 
 boys, of whom little is expected, but who by and by 
 astonish the world by their exhibition of strength of 
 mind and executive ability. He had not the Motive 
 Temperament, but possessed that less common com- 
 bination of the bilious with the vital constitution, 
 which gives in childhood and youth a similar mental 
 inertness and passivity, but which, later in life, when 
 the brain has come to be more fully developed and 
 ambition has been awakened, becomes a source of 
 power, stability, and enduring efficiency. 
 
 The grand object, in dealing with children of the 
 Motive Temperament, is to awaken the slumbering 
 energies of the mind, by bringing to bear upon them 
 the stimulus of emulation among those of similar 
 organization, and by pointing out to them examples 
 in history which shall excite their ambition and en- 
 courage their hopes. Above all, have patience with 
 them and do not set them down as dunces because 
 they lack quickness and brilliancy. If sufficient 
 mental development and activity can be secured, 
 they will, in the end, take their places as leaders in 
 the spheres of active life ; otherwise, they will be 
 fitted only for the world's rough, hard work, or for 
 the still rougher ways of lawlessness, violence, and 
 7* 
 
154 The Temperaments. 
 
 crime. They do not like restraint, arid, both as chil* 
 dren and as men, are often inclined to be insubordi- 
 nate and set law and order at defiance. Firmness and 
 inflexibility, tempered with kindness, should be ex- 
 ercised in their discipline. 
 
 III.— General Considerations. 
 How far it may be practicable, at present, to 
 classify the children in our public or private schools 
 on the basis of temperamental organization, we are 
 not prepared to say, but we are confident that this 
 is a result to be desired and prepared for, and sure 
 to be reached, sooner or later, as enlightened views 
 of the human organization shall generally prevail. 
 Without this classification, however, a knowledge of 
 the facts we have briefly set forth will enable the in- 
 telligent teacher to adapt his instructions and dis- 
 cipline in some degree to the natural disposition of 
 each pupil. He will give the studious, sharp-witted, 
 clear-headed subjects of the Mental Temperament 
 no long and minute explanations of rules or princi- 
 ples, which they grasp at once, from their books, but 
 will lead their minds rather to the practical applica- 
 tions of these rules and principles, which they are 
 liable to overlook, and to the danger of excessive 
 mental activity, in connection with defective vitality ; 
 to the impulsive, ardent, versatile, vivacious, and vola- 
 tile pupils whom the rich, warm blood of the Vital 
 Temperament impels to perpetual action, he will 
 prescribe short lessons, frequent changes, and abun- 
 dant recreation, without attempting to chain their 
 roving minds continuously to any one subject ; while 
 
Temperament and Education-, 155 
 
 the stronger, but slower and less impressible " dark, 
 homely, bilious fellows " will be patiently drilled ac- 
 cording to the deliberate action of their own minds, 
 clear and full explanations being alternated with 
 time to think out the relations of things as involved 
 in their lessons. 
 
 The different combinations of these primary Tem- 
 peraments will, of course, require modifications of 
 treatment, which will suggest themselves to the 
 teacher who has mastered the distinctions we have 
 so carefully indicated in previous chapters; and it 
 should be his aim to so train the minds and bodies 
 of the plastic beings under his charge, as to promote 
 a harmonious blending of the temperamental ele- 
 ments, cultivating those which are too feebly devel- 
 oped and restraining and counteracting those which 
 are too strong and active. 
 
XII 
 TEMPERAMENT AND OCCUPATION. 
 
 In every profession and occupation we may find 
 all the Temperaments represented. There are clergy- 
 men of the Vital and Motive as well as of the 
 Mental Temperament, and sailors, soldiers, and lum- 
 bermen of the Mental and Vital as well as of the 
 Motive Temperament ; but this merely illustrates the 
 well-known fact that people are often out of place — 
 the round pegs in the square holes and the square 
 pegs in the round holes — in other words, that acci- 
 dental circumstances, and not scientific principles, 
 have generally governed in the selection of a trade 
 or profession. It is none the less true that, while 
 some persons, by virtue of a many-sided, symmetri- 
 cal, harmonious organization, are fitted to fill, with 
 nearly equal advantage, almost any position in life, 
 or follow any trade or profession, the vast majority 
 is made up of those whom Nature has adapted to 
 particular callings, by giving them organizations bet- 
 ter suited to some particular species of activity than 
 to others. It is the object of' this chapter to point 
 out these adaptations, so far, at least, as they may 
 depend upon temperamental conditions and the 
 mental manifestations which attend and mark these 
 conditions. 
 
 (156) 
 
Temperament and Occupation. 157 
 
 I. — Adaptations of the Motive Temperament 
 (Fig. 73). 
 
 In this Temperament we have long, massive bones ; 
 dense, tough, wiry muscles ; steel-like tendons ; and 
 ligaments of iron — strength, endurance, capacity for 
 physical exertion, both severe and prolonged ; and, 
 withal, a genuine love of work. It furnishes, then, 
 considered in its mere bodily aspects, material for 
 the rank and file of the great army of laborers — 
 farmers, miners, lumbermen, artisans in all the 
 heavier trades, sailors, soldiers, etc. Men of this 
 constitution make the best pioneers of civilization 
 in new countries. The forests fall before their 
 strong arms. They patiently follow the plow which 
 breaks up the broad prairie. The rough life of the 
 new settler does not disgust or discourage them. No 
 dangers can turn them from their course, and they 
 fight Indians, contend against the elements and the 
 beasts of the forest, or resist disease and death with 
 the same unconquerable pluck and tenacity of pur- 
 pose. They explore new regions ; open new mines 
 of gold, silver, or iron ; build roads through the wil- 
 derness ; and prepare the way for a higher civilization 
 than they carry with them. Wherever there is hard 
 work to be done, great obstacles to be overcome, 
 imminent danger to be met, pluck, energy, and per- 
 severance to be brought into action, we ought to 
 find, and to a large extent do find, men of the Motive 
 Temperament at the front. 
 
 As mechanics, men of the Motive Temperament 
 should be iron-workers, stone-masons, blacksmiths, 
 ship-builders, carpenters, etc. 
 
158 The Temperaments. 
 
 But, so far, we have been considering this Temper- 
 ament as exhibited on the lower plane of its activity — 
 in persons in whom the mental system is not influen- 
 tial, or has not been awakened, drawn out, and 
 developed by education and exercise. With a full 
 (though subordinate) development of the mental 
 system and a fair education, persons of the Motive 
 Temperament become something more than mere 
 hewers of wood and drawers of water. Workers they 
 still necessarily are, but workers with the brain as 
 well as with the hands, and the leaders and masters 
 of others who work. They become navigators, dis- 
 coverers, explorers, the founders of colonies, the 
 builders and managers of railways, and the founders 
 of great works generally — the master-spirits in all 
 spheres of active life, where energy, courage, stead- 
 fastness, perseverance, and practical ability are most 
 in demand. In times of political agitation, and in 
 unsettled and lawless states of society, we often find 
 them engaged in fomenting revolutions, heading in- 
 surrections, or leading unauthorized expeditions for 
 the purpose of conquest or plunder. Restive under 
 the restraints of even the most beneficent authority, 
 loving liberty and hating tyranny in all its forms (ex- 
 cept when exercised by themselves), they are ever 
 ready to lead in " the fight for freedom ;" but so over- 
 mastering, in many cases, is their ambition and so 
 insatiable their love of power, that they may, unless 
 restrained by high moral principles, become worse 
 tyrants than those they are so ready to overthrow. 
 
 It should be observed here that while the fore- 
 going remarks apply in the main to persons of the 
 
Temperament and Occupation. 159 
 
 Motive Temperament generally, they are, in part, 
 more emphatically true of those in whom the dark 
 or bilious element is predominant, the sanguine 
 variety showing somewhat less harshness and inflex- 
 ibility, and not being so strongly disposed to domineer 
 over all weaker natures. 
 
 It was fortunate for the American people that their 
 Washington was a man of the Sanguine-Vital type 
 (controlled by a predominant mental system) instead 
 of the dark, bilious, or muscular constitution. The 
 latter organization might have given them a more 
 powerful leader, who would sooner and with more 
 glory have driven the enemy from the soil, but it 
 would probably also have given them a dictator and 
 a dynasty instead of " the Father of his Country," 
 who was not in love with power and who could lay 
 down the reins with more pleasure than that which 
 he felt in taking them up, at the call of his country- 
 men. By his side Caesar and Napoleon are mere 
 pretenders. 
 
 Though the Motive Temperament gives neithei 
 the taste nor any special fitness for either of the 
 learned professions (so-called), yet where circum- 
 stances have led men of this constitution to become 
 clergymen, lawyers, or physicians, they have some- 
 times, when well endowed intellectually, won distinc- 
 tion in their professions. Their proper place, however, 
 is in the field rather than in the study, the office, or 
 the court-room. As clergymen, they are adapted to 
 missionary labors in heathen lands. 
 
160 The Temperaments. 
 
 II.— Adaptations of the Vital Temperament 
 (Fig. 74). 
 
 What are the plump, round-faced, blue-eyed, ruddy, 
 jovial, warm-hearted, good-natured subjects of the 
 Vital Temperament best fitted for ? They are full 
 of life, zeal, enthusiasm, and impetuosity ; love fresh 
 air and outdoor exercise ; have good, practical com- 
 mon sense, and a general, knowledge of men and 
 things; are quick, shrewd, fertile in resources, versa- 
 tile, and ready ; but they lack depth of thought and 
 accurate knowledge, steadiness, and perseverance ; are 
 impulsive and passionate ; love pleasure more than 
 duty, and are not fond of hard work. 
 
 Well, such persons can do many things, but prefer 
 and are best fitted for the light, active employments 
 which necessitate neither close confinement, continu- 
 ous application, nor great muscular or mental exer- 
 tion. Having generally large Acquisitiveness and a 
 good, practical perceptive intellect, they do well in 
 trade, with clerks to perform the drudgery and bear 
 the confinement ; they " know how to keep a hotel ;" 
 may become contractors, agents, and superintendents 
 in various branches of business, or butchers, bakers, 
 expressmen, and conductors, and are not averse to 
 politics and public office. 
 
 With the Motive element of the constitution 
 nearly equal, but subordinate to the Vital (as in Fig. 
 98), there will be immense capacity for steady, effi- 
 cient effort, with a taste for hard work and close ap- 
 plication ; but the mental action will be slow and 
 uncertain, and the character rather severe, harsh, and 
 lacking in refinement. 
 
FIG. 74.— PERf HYACINTHE. 
 
 PLATE XXXIV. 
 
Temperament and Occupation. 161 
 
 The dark type, or Bilious- Vital Temperament, im- 
 parts more strength, perseverance, steadiness, and 
 capacity for actual work, as also more pride, passion, 
 and love of domination than the xanthous variety, or 
 Sanguine-Vital. 
 
 Men of the Vital Temperament are to be found 
 in all the professions, but they incline rather to 
 medicine and divinity than to law, and with a good 
 mental development often make very acceptable doc- 
 tors and preachers. As physicians, their shrewdness, 
 common sense, and intuitive knowledge of men, and, 
 above all, their good-nature, sympathy, and cheer- 
 fulness, are often worth more to their patients than 
 the accurate scientific attainments and profound 
 professional learning, which they are pretty sure to 
 lack, could possibly be. Their sunny disposition, 
 their hopefulness, their strong vital magnetism, and 
 their words of cheer, are better remedies than their 
 drugs, and the sick ones to whom they are called 
 begin to feel better before they have swallowed the 
 first pill or globule. 
 
 As preachers, they are fluent, earnest, fervid, zeal- 
 ous, and impassioned, rather than scholarly, pro- 
 found, argumentative, eloquent, or elevated in tone, 
 appealing to the heart rather than to the head, and 
 moving their hearers through the feelings rather 
 than through the intellect. 
 
 III.— Adaptations of the Mental Tempera- 
 ment (Fig. 75). 
 
 A comparatively slight and delicately organized 
 body, small bones, thin muscles, slender limbs, and 
 
1 62 The Temperaments, 
 
 a relatively large and active brain, prominent charac- 
 teristics of the Mental Temperament, suggest at 
 once light employments, requiring intelligence and 
 skill rather than muscular power. Small hands, a 
 delicate touch, and keen eyesight fit persons of this 
 Temperament for the lighter mechanical arts, like 
 those of the watchmaker or jeweler, and for the con- 
 struction of delicate machinery, mathematical instru- 
 ments, etc. ; also for the lighter branches of horticult- 
 ure and trade. 
 
 But the literary and aesthetic tastes, characteristic 
 of the mental organization, incline those in whom it 
 is dominant to pursuits more purely intellectual or 
 artistic — to divinity, medicine, law, journalism, au- 
 thorship, teaching, painting, sculpture, music — in all 
 of which the highest success may be attained, where 
 the proper special mental developments exist, and 
 there is sufficient vital stamina to sustain the neces- 
 sary intellectual activity. In the tendency of this 
 Temperament to mental application, and the neglect 
 of physical exercise and recreation, lies its greatest 
 danger. Its failures are generally due to physical 
 weakness and to organic derangements acting upon 
 the nervous system, rather than to a lack of the requi- 
 site cerebral development. 
 
 Compounding the Mental with a nearly equal pro- 
 portion of the Bilious-Motive element in what we 
 have called the Mental-Motive Temperament, we 
 have the most powerful and effective organization 
 conceivable for really great works of a solid, endur- 
 ing, and useful nature, whether in literature, science, 
 or the arts. It combines intellectual strength and 
 
FIG. 76.— ANDREW JACKSON. 
 
 PLATE XXXV. 
 
Temperament and Occupation. 163 
 
 activity and moral elevation, with the cool, steady, 
 persistent power of a dense and wiry physical organ- 
 ization, and is capable of that continuous and effi- 
 cient effort in the chosen sphere of action which 
 alone gives grand final results. 
 
 With the Vital next in strength and influence to 
 the Mental element, there may be more brilliancy 
 and a greater temporary success, but a less enduring 
 fame, and a somewhat inferior capacity for useful- 
 ness in the spheres of practical life. This combina- 
 tion, however, gives us our greatest orators, our most 
 elegant writers, as well as many great statesmen, 
 divines, lawyers, and physicians. 
 
 IV. — Special Development for Particular 
 Pursuits. 
 
 In addition to the temperamental qualifications 
 suggested in the foregoing sections, each trade, pro- 
 fession, or occupation requires for its most efficient 
 exercise certain special developments, as follows : 
 
 1. The Law.— rLziwyers require large Eventuality, 
 to recall ..Jawcases and decisions ; large Comparison, 
 to compare different parts of the law and evidence — > 
 to criticise, cross-question, illustrate, and adduce 
 similar cases ; and large Language, to give freedom 
 of speech. 
 
 2. Statesmanship. — Statesmen require large and 
 well-balanced intellects, to enable them to understand 
 and see through great public measures and choose 
 the best course, together with high moral heads, to 
 make them disinterested and seek the people's good, 
 not selfish ends. 
 
164 The Temperaments, 
 
 3. Medicine. — Physicians require large Perceptive 
 Faculties, so that they may study and apply a knowl- 
 edge of Anatomy and Physiology with skill and suc- 
 cess; full Destructiveness, lest they shrink from 
 inflicting the pain requisite to cure ; large Construct- 
 iveness, to give them skill in surgery ; large Combat- 
 iveness, to render them resolute and prompt ; large 
 Cautiousness, to render them judicious and safe ; and 
 a large head, to give them general power of mind. 
 
 4. Divinity. — Clergymen require a large frontal and 
 coronal region, the former to give them intellectual 
 capacity, and the latter to impart high moral worth, 
 aims, and feelings, elevation of character, and blame- 
 lessness of conduct ; large Veneration, Hope, and 
 Spirituality, to imbue them with the spirit of faith 
 and devotion ; large - Benevolence and Adhesiveness, 
 so that they may make all who know them love 
 them, and thus win each over to the paths of truth 
 and righteousness. Clergymen will do well to con- 
 sult Phrenology; it would enable them to account 
 for many seeming mysteries, and give them power 
 and influence to do great good. It is in the most 
 perfect harmony with the highest Christianity. 
 
 5. Journalism. — Editors require large Individuality 
 and Eventuality, to collect and disseminate incidents, 
 facts, news, and give a practical cast of mind ; large 
 Comparison, to enable them to illustrate, criticise, 
 show up errors, and the like ; full or large Combat- 
 iveness, to render them spirited ; large Language, to 
 render them copious, free, spicy, and racy ; and large 
 Ideality, to give taste and elevated sentiments. An 
 editor who understands and applies Phrenology 
 
Temperament and Occupation. 165 
 
 possesses a power which he may use with great 
 effect. 
 
 6. Commerce. — Merchants require Acquisitiveness, 
 to impart a desire and tact for business ; large Hope, 
 to promote enterprise ; full Cautiousness, to render 
 them safe ; large Perceptives, to give quick and cor- 
 rect judgment of the qualities of goods ; good Calcu- 
 lation, to impart rapidity and correctness in casting 
 accounts; large Approbativeness, to render them 
 courteous and affable ; and full Adhesiveness, to 
 enable them to make friends of customers, and thus 
 retain them. Why is one young man a better sales- 
 man than another? and why is one better worth a 
 salary twice or thrice the amount than another? 
 Phrenology answers this by pointing out the consti- 
 tutional differences, and showing who is and who is 
 not adapted to mercantile life. 
 
 7. The Mechanic Arts. — Mechanics require strong 
 constitutions, to give them muscular power and love of 
 labor ; large Constructiveness and Imitation, to enable 
 them to use tools with dexterity, work after a pattern, 
 and easily do whatever they see others do ; and large 
 Perceptive Faculties, to give the required judgment 
 of the qualities of materials and the fitness of things. 
 
 8. The Fine Arts. — Artists require high organic 
 quality and large Ideality, to impart the necessary 
 appreciation of the laws of beauty and the rules of 
 taste ; refinement, delicacy, imagination, and aspira- 
 tion ; Constructiveness, to give skill in the use of the 
 implements of art ; Imitation, to enable them to 
 copy well ; and large Perceptive Faculties, to impart 
 judgment of the qualities and forms of objects. 
 
XIII. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 
 
 It is not our purpose to trench upon the domain 
 of the medical writer, except so far as that domain is 
 held in common by the physician and the physiolo- 
 gist — in other words, we shall call attention to the 
 relations between Temperament and disease, not for 
 the purpose of indicating what modifications of medi- 
 cal treatment the different constitutional conditions 
 require, but in order, rather, to suggest the hygienic 
 measures essential in each case to insure health of 
 body and mental sanity. Incidentally, we have al- 
 ready touched upon this subject in previous chapters, 
 and particularly in III. and IV., but it is too impor- 
 tant in its bearings upon human welfare to be passed 
 over without another and a more complete presenta 
 tion, under its appropriate head. 
 
 I.-— Predispositions of the Motive Tempera- 
 ment (Fig. 76). 
 
 The Motive Temperament gives great tenacity of 
 life, and power to resist disease and its causes. It 
 has, nevertheless, its weak points and its natural pre- 
 dispositions to certain forms of functional derange- 
 ment, which those who possess it should know how 
 to guard and counteract, so as to insure the health 
 and longevity of which their constitution is suscepti- 
 ble. 
 
 (166) 
 
Temperament in Health and Disease. 167 
 
 In the first place, the hardiness, energy, and indif- 
 ference to physical discomfort of persons of this 
 Temperament lead to imprudent exposure to heat 
 and cold, malaria, extreme fatigue, hurtful privations, 
 and dietetic abuses, and thus render them liable to 
 many diseases to which they are not, on constitu- 
 tional grounds, particularly inclined. We can only 
 warn such persons that even an iron constitution will 
 finally give way before the assaults of diseases thus 
 invited and fostered, and that neither honor nor 
 profit are to be gained in the struggle against a 
 fever or a pneumonia which might easily have been 
 avoided. 
 
 The special predisposition of the Motive Tempera- 
 ment, especially in the dark variety, is to diseases of 
 the stomach, more particularly those of a bilious 
 character, and this predisposition is often strength- 
 ened by the conditions of climate, locality, diet, and 
 mode of life under which this constitution finds its 
 fullest development and its greatest activity. This 
 tendency, being understood, may, in general, be 
 readily counteracted by judicious hygienic measures. 
 
 1. In the first place, hot, malarious districts should, 
 as far as possible, be avoided and the diet be chosen 
 with reference to a cooling and diluent effect, to 
 which end, salted and smoked meats, spices and con- 
 diments generally, tea, coffee, and spirituous liquors, 
 should be avoided and their places supplied by fresh 
 beef, mutton, poultry, and game, in moderate quan- 
 tities, farinaceous foods, vegetables, and especially 
 fruits. 
 
 2. The sanguine element of the Vital Tempera- 
 
i68 The Temperaments. 
 
 ment, being the natural antagonist of the bilious 
 element of the Motive, should be zealously cultivated 
 wherever there is a tendency to excessive or abnor- 
 mal action of the latter, tending to functional de- 
 rangement or disease. Some of the means of doing 
 this consist in systematic exercises calculated to 
 expand the lungs and aerate the blood, judicious 
 bathing, recreation, and rest. 
 
 For the correction of the mental faults into 
 which persons of this Temperament are prone to fall, 
 partly through deranged bodily functions, such as 
 violent outbursts of passion, offensive self-assertion, 
 a domineering spirit, and a needlessly harsh exercise 
 of legitimate authority, in addition to the hygienic 
 measures suggested, there should be an assiduous 
 cultivation of the mental constitution and especially 
 of those sentiments which, like Benevolence, Appro- 
 bativeness, and Agreeableness, tend to soften and 
 humanize the character. 
 
 In health, the Motive Temperament, though it 
 may not present, either in general contours or in par- 
 ticular features, forms equally agreeable to the eye 
 of refined taste, as are seen in those of the other 
 Temperaments, is not by any means deficient in at- 
 tractions. It has a rough beauty, born of strength 
 and firmness ; a cool equipoise ; and an air of simple 
 dignity, such as self-reliance and consciousness of 
 power always give, and commands respect if not ad- 
 miration. Mentally, if it has not the genial good- 
 nature of the Vital Temperament, or the refinement 
 and delicate perceptions of what is fitting in manners 
 and right morals that characterize the Mental Tern- 
 
Temperament in Health a?id Disease. 169 
 
 perament, it is not, therefore, necessarily either rude, 
 brusque, or otherwise offensive in social intercourse 
 or regardless of the tastes, feelings, or rights of 
 others. It is in its excessive development or its 
 abnormal action that it becomes disagreeable and 
 dangerous. 
 
 II.— Predispositions of the Vital Tempera- 
 ment (Fig. yf). 
 
 When we hear it remarked of a person that " he 
 is the picture of health," we may safely infer, as a 
 general rule, that the individual in question has the 
 Vital Temperament. The full, round cheeks, the 
 general plumpness, the fresh complexion, and the 
 lively, cheerful expression of countenance which char- 
 acterize this constitution, are popularly considered 
 not merely as signs of health (which they certainly 
 are in the case supposed), but as essential marks of 
 bodily integrity and perfect functional action. The 
 fact is, however, that the angular frame, prominent 
 features, swarthy complexion, and severe gravity of 
 countenance associated with the Motive Tempera- 
 ment, and the slight figure, sharp, delicate features, 
 and earnest thoughtfulness, seen in the Mental Tem- 
 perament, are equally consistent with perfect health ; 
 and the practical lesson taught by these facts is that 
 to judge correctly of a person's health, we must take 
 into the account, as an important factor, his natural 
 constitutional condition. 
 
 The Vital Temperament, undoubtedly, offers con- 
 ditions exceedingly favorable to health and physical 
 well-being. It necessarily involves, in full measure, 
 8 
 
170 The Temperaments. 
 
 all the elements which are required to sustain in 
 vigorous action both brain and muscle. There is 
 good digestion, complete assimilation, strong circu- 
 lation, and ample breathing power. Good blood in 
 abundance is prepared, properly vitalized, propelled 
 through every part of the system, and finally per- 
 fectly depurated, and its effete particles thrown out 
 of the system by the proper outlets. The circle of 
 animal life is unbroken. Added to this vital in- 
 tegrity, and partly dependent upon it, we find that 
 amiable, joyous, hopeful, and contented disposition 
 which is as favorable to bodily health as it is to hap- 
 piness and peace of mind. But with all these ad- 
 vantages, this admirable constitution has its strong 
 predispositions to derangement and disease. Com- 
 plete fullness easily becomes overflowing excess, and 
 here is just where the danger lies in this Tempera- 
 ment — in excess — in physical plethora and mental 
 exuberance — whence come congestions, inflamma- 
 tions, intemperance, and sensuality. 
 
 The diseases to which the Vital Temperament is 
 particularly predisposed, then, are those of a con- 
 gestive and inflammatory character — fevers, rheuma- 
 tism, apoplexy, acute disease of the heart, etc. — and 
 to active hemorrhages ; and they are generally severe 
 and rapid in their progress. The hygienic measures 
 necessary to prevent the excessive development or 
 abnormal activity of the nutritive system lie mainly 
 in calling into more vigorous action the antagonistic 
 forces of the locomotive and nervous systems, so as 
 to decrease the relative influence of the vital ele- 
 ment. To do this we must — 
 
FIG. 78.— MRS. MARIANNE WETMORE. 
 
 PLATE XXXVJ. 
 
Temperament in Health and Disease. 171 
 
 1. Engage in some employment involving a large 
 amount of active muscular exercise ; or, this being 
 impracticable, substitute systematic gymnastic exer- 
 cises calculated to produce the same result — the in- 
 crease of the locomotive system, and a corresponding 
 relative decrease in the vital preponderance. 
 
 2. Cultivate the mental system by a close applica- 
 tion to some business requiring the exercise of the 
 intellectual powers ; systematic study of some kind, 
 particularly in the domain of science ; reading, reflec- 
 tion, and intercourse with cultivated people — full 
 activity for mind and body being the aim. 
 
 3. Regulate the diet so as to feed the muscular 
 and nervous systems, rather than to stimulate the 
 vital processes. For suggestions on the selection of 
 foods for this purpose see Chapter IV., Section II. 
 
 As an auxiliary, the sedative action of water, judi- 
 ciously applied, and of the Turkish bath, should be 
 resorted to when practicable. Above all must the 
 stimulation of high-seasoned foods, strong condi- 
 ments, tea, coffee, and alcoholic liquors be avoided. 
 
 III.— Predispositions of the Mental Temper- 
 ament (Fig. 78). 
 
 Persons in whom the Mental Temperament is 
 strongly developed are frequently more thin and 
 pale than is consistent with our notions of perfect 
 health ; but these individuals, other things being 
 equal, are less frequently ill, and are longer-lived 
 than the plump, ruddy, full-blooded subjects of the 
 Vital Temperament ; from which fact, however, the 
 true inference is not that emaciation and pallor are 
 
I7 2 The Temperaments. 
 
 signs of a better physical condition than that indi- 
 cated by the opposite qualities in contour and color, 
 but that they are not, in persons of the Mental Tem- 
 perament, symptoms of absolute ill-health. They 
 are simply indicative of a too great activity of the 
 brain relatively to the vigor of the vital system — a 
 condition by no means desirable, but, at the same 
 time, less rather than more subversive of health than 
 excessive vital action. A balance between these 
 forces constitutes the golden mean of the highest 
 health and the greatest mental power. 
 
 The diseases to which persons of the Mental Tem- 
 perament are predisposed are those of a nervous and 
 spasmodic character, manifesting themselves in many 
 forms, but especially in headache, neuralgia, sleep- 
 lessness, indigestion, palpitations of the heart, and 
 tremors. Insanity and other mental affections are 
 also among the dangers to which excessive mental 
 action, not sufficiently sustained by vital stamina, 
 may lead. 
 
 As these ailments are mainly due to physical weak- 
 ness, consequent upon the undue exhaustion of the 
 vital powers through a too great activity of the 
 brain, the obvious remedial and preventive measures 
 must lie in restoring the balance between supply and 
 demand in these particulars. There must be — 
 
 1. A decrease of expenditure in the vital economy, 
 to be effected by allowing the mind more rest and 
 recreation — by running the mental machinery more 
 slowly, and fewer hours per day. 
 
 2. An increase of the vital element through a nu- 
 tritious diet, rest, sleep, and recreation. The dis- 
 
Temperament in Health and Disease. 173 
 
 position to neglect the wants of the body, while 
 ministering to the demands of the mental appetite ; 
 the constant application to study, the subjection of 
 the whole being to overmastering thought, must be 
 overcome, and a regimen adopted which shall give 
 the nutritive system its proper influence in the or- 
 ganization. Tea, coffee, tobacco, late hours, and all 
 'dnds of dissipation must be entirely avoided. The 
 diet should not only be nutritious, but easy of diges- 
 tion, and the exercise taken must be suited to the 
 strength, and of a character to divert the mind 
 while strengthening the body. In a word, the vital 
 or nutritive system must be cultivated, and the men- 
 tal system be restrained. 
 
 IV.— General Hygienic Considerations. 
 
 There are certain general hygienic considerations 
 which will apply, in the main, to all varieties of con- 
 stitution, and may appropriately be added here* to 
 the brief hints given for each specifically. Health is 
 the natural condition in each Temperament, and 
 disease the abnormal state ; so that we have but to 
 follow Nature's laws in each case to attain and retain 
 physical integrity and functional harmony. 
 
 Health depends upon the existence of certain con- 
 ditions clearly indicated in our physical and mental 
 constitution, such as — 
 
 1. A sound physical organization; 
 
 2. A vigorous, well-balanced mind ; 
 
 3. A constant and adequate supply, and the right 
 use of all the elements essential to the sustenance 
 of the body. 
 
174 The Temperaments. 
 
 If the first two of these conditions are not ours by 
 inheritance, we can only measurably supply the lack 
 by judicious cultivation, the means for doing which 
 are detailed in works devoted to physiology, hygiene, 
 gymnastics, and mental science. Coming, then, to 
 the third specification, we may particularize as ele- 
 ments essential to the sustenance and health of the 
 body — air, sunlight, food, drink, physical exercise, 
 rest, sleep, cleanliness, mental activity, and harmoni- 
 ous social relations. 
 
 (i). Air is the first and last demand of our lives. 
 We must have it, sleeping or waking, every day and 
 hour from birth to death ; and to be healthy we must 
 have pure air. Out of doors we can generally get 
 this, but in close rooms the case is entirely different. 
 " A single person will deprive from one to two hogs- 
 heads of air of its blood-purifying qualities, and 
 saturate it with poisonous gases in a single hour. In 
 the ' light of this fact, consider what must be the 
 effects of the in-door life of our people, and especially 
 of our women. Think of our crowded work-rooms ; 
 of family gatherings around the sitting-room stove ; 
 of evening parties in unventilated parlors, where the 
 lights which make everything so brilliant rapidly 
 hasten the deteriorating process which respiration 
 has commenced ; and of two or more persons sleep- 
 ing all night in a close seven-by-nine bedroom. 
 1 Close bedrooms,' Dr. Hall says, ' make the graves 
 of thousands.' The occasional opening of doors 
 gives us now and then a breath of fresh air in the 
 rooms occupied during the day ; but even this is de- 
 nied us in our sleeping apartments." Everything, 
 
Temperament in Health and Disease. 175 
 
 then, which vitiates the air should carefully be ex- 
 cluded from our rooms, and especially our bedrooms, 
 and the outdoor air admitted as freely as circum- 
 stances will admit ; and we should spend as much of 
 our time out of doors as possible, taking exercise 
 calculated to expand the lungs and maintain (and in- 
 crease, if necessary) our breathing power. 
 
 (2). Solar light, although generally left almost en- 
 tirely out of the account by many physiological and 
 hygienic writers, has a great and striking effect upon 
 the human physical system. Without it, in fact, 
 nothing like perfect bodily development, health, or 
 beauty can possibly exist. It is well known that 
 plants growing in the shade or in darkness are always 
 slender, weak, and pale. Deprivation of light has a 
 similar effect upon man, as shown by persons confined 
 in dungeons, mines, and dark habitations. Women 
 who avoid the sunlight and darken their parlors and 
 sitting-rooms, through fear of spoiling their com- 
 plexions, invite thereby the very evil they desire to 
 avoid. 
 
 (3). The subject of food is perhaps the most im- 
 portant one in the whole range of hygienic inquiry, 
 and much too extensive for proper treatment here. 
 All we can hope to do is to give a few hints which 
 will at least put the reader in the way to look into 
 the matter further for himself. 
 
 A writer whom we find quoted in a work on phys- 
 ical culture, now before us, and who has given some 
 excellent hints toward a system of dietetics founded 
 on the firm basis of science, lays down the broad 
 principle that " the body itself is the rule of its food— 
 
176 The Temperaments. 
 
 that is, as is the chemical nature of the body at large, 
 such must be the chemical nature of the entire mass 
 of aliments taken ; and as is the nature of each par- 
 ticular structure to which we would secure nutriment 
 and efficiency, such must be the nature of the par- 
 ticular aliment employed to that end ; but this law 
 is modified by another equally imperative one, 
 namely : that exercise is the rule of food — that is, the 
 food we eat should contain as nearly as possible the 
 several elements in the same proportion as their 
 expenditure occurs in the individual system of the 
 consumer, owing to his particular mental and physical 
 activities." In other words, if a man exercise his 
 muscles largely, he should consume largely of muscle- 
 forming aliment ; and if he work his brain continu- 
 ally, he must satisfy the cravings of the system with 
 brain-food. 
 
 (a). The plastic, cell-forming, or nutritive aliments 
 are albumen and the substances usually grouped with 
 it — gluten, casein, and the substance of muscle-fiber, 
 nerve-tube, and cell-membrane ; the calorific or respi- 
 ratory foods are sugar, starch, and the oils or fats ; 
 the acids are cooling, purifying, and blood-perfecting 
 in their action ; water is indispensable, both as vehicle 
 and material to digestion, absorption, assimilation, cir- 
 culation, nutrition, secretion, and excretion, muscular 
 and brain-action ; the inorganic elements other than 
 water, sometimes called nutritive minerals, have vari- 
 ous uses. 
 
 {b). Among the alimentary compounds particularly 
 fitted to produce muscle are wheat-meal, corn-meal, 
 beans, cabbages, carrots, and the flesh of quadrupeds 
 
Temperament in Health and Disease. 177 
 
 while eggs, nuts, cream (milk), fish, and the flesh of 
 poultry are specially adapted to nourish the brain. 
 " Oatmeal and milk seem to belong to both classes 
 of aliments ; and rice, potatoes, fruits, and a large 
 list of foods may be styled indifferent, as specially 
 favoring neither development. 
 
 (c). "The diet of no two persons should be, in 
 reality, exactly alike, since their constitutions, states 
 of health, avocations, and forms and amounts of 
 physical expenditure are necessarily different. 
 
 (d). " Insufficient variety in food is as great an evil 
 as insufficiency in the quantity of food, and an evil 
 of the same kind ; because it necessarily withholds 
 from the system a due supply of some one or more 
 essential forms of aliment. A moderate variety is 
 desirable at every meal ; a greater, from day to day. 
 
 (e). "That diet is most perfect for each individual 
 which furnishes to each the various forms of sub- 
 stance necessary to make up his fluids and solid tis- 
 sues, and in the same proportion as they exist and 
 are daily expended in his particular constitution and 
 mode of life. 
 
 (/). " Muscle and nerve both necessitate albumi- 
 nous food ; the former, in connection with the finer 
 or phosphorized fatty substances; the latter, with 
 the grosser fats and the phosphate and carbonate of 
 lime. 
 
 (g). " Excess in food is not to be defined by any 
 particular quantity. It exists only when there is a 
 surplus over healthful expenditure ; and by this rule 
 one adult system may require more than twice the 
 amount of food demanded by another. 
 8* 
 
lyZ The Temperaments. 
 
 (h). " Both vegetable and animal foods have their 
 uses ; the former favor and support more especially 
 the organic development and processes, such as nu- 
 trition and secretion ; the latter, the animal or active 
 functions, such as locomotion, will-power, and intel- 
 lectual action. 
 
 (z). " No imperfect vegetable or animal production, 
 as those that are dwarfed., or sickly, or immature, or 
 undergoing decay, can furnish materials for complete 
 human alimentation. 
 
 GO- " Some foods constitute necessary compensat- 
 ing adjuncts to others and should be used with them. 
 Thus rice, corn, or potatoes require the addition of 
 wheat-meal bread, or flesh, or milk and eggs, to sup- 
 ply the albuminous and mineral elements which they 
 possess in a less degree. So beans, peas, cabbage, 
 cauliflower, asparagus, etc., lack the oleaginous ele- 
 ment and this should be added in the cooking. 
 
 (k). " A larger proportion of fatty or heat-produc- 
 ing food is required in winter than in summer, and 
 in northern than in southern climates." 
 
 (4). For a universal drink, we can safely recom- 
 mend water ; and we suppose there will be few to 
 call our recommendation in question, though there 
 have been theorists who have contended that man is 
 not naturally a drinking animal. 
 
 (5). In connection with what is received into the 
 system, in the form of food and drink, the excretions, 
 or what passes off by the natural outlets of the body, 
 should be considered. These are the worn-out ma- 
 terials of the system, and those parts of the food 
 which, although perhaps of the greatest use, are not 
 
Temperament in Health and Disease. 179 
 
 assimilable. Retained in the system, they poison its 
 fluids and ultimately destroy its tissues. The com- 
 plete and regular performance of the excretory func- 
 tions is therefore of the utmost importance. A 
 stoppage of the bowels or of the pores of the skin 
 can not exist for a single day without positive injury 
 to the health. A too great relaxation, on the other 
 hand, is equally to be avoided. 
 
 A properly regulated diet will generally insure 
 regularity and efficiency in the action of the bowels. 
 Among the foods of a constipating tendency are 
 bread and cakes from fine wheaten flour, rice, beans, 
 flesh meats, eggs, and tea. Bread from wheaten 
 meal or unbolted flour, rye, or corn ; fruits, raw and 
 cooked ; and generally substances abounding in lig- 
 neous matter, are laxative in their tendency. 
 
 Should costiveness or diarrhoea occur, the cause 
 should be ascertained at once and removed. This 
 will generally suffice to restore healthy action ; if not, 
 resort to injections of pure water, which seldom or 
 never fail, avoiding purgative medicines, which have 
 a tendency to increase, in the end, the very difficulty 
 they are intended to remedy. 
 
 (6). The necessity of bodily exercise has been in- 
 sisted upon in previous chapters. The amount re- 
 quired varies with age, sex, and Temperament ; but 
 no person can enjoy vigorous health, or acquire or 
 retain any high degree of personal beauty, without 
 more or less active bodily exertion. The women of 
 our country are suffering incalculably for want of 
 the proper exercise of their muscles. Exercise in 
 the open air should be an every-day duty and an 
 
180 The Temperaments. 
 
 every-day pleasure, with every man, woman, and 
 child. 
 
 (7). If exercise is essential to human well-being, 
 repose is not less so. The one is the complement of 
 the other. Without exercise, repose would have no 
 meaning and no use ; and without repose, exercise 
 woudd soon wear out and destroy the body. Nothing 
 can be more essential to continued health and phys- 
 ical well-being than regular habits in regard to sleep. 
 The amount required varies with different persons 
 and circumstances, but there must be no attempt to 
 cheat Nature, by allowing too little. 
 
 (8). " Dirt upon the skin," Wilkinson says, " is not 
 merely dirt, but dirty feeling ; and the latter is no 
 sooner set up than it travels soulward ; " while clean- 
 liness " places a cordon of pure life around our bodies, 
 as a troop of angels around the bed, and before the 
 path of the faithful." If one would be healthy he 
 must keep the millions of pores which permeate the 
 skin constantly open, which means that he must keep 
 clean. As a general rule, the whole body should be 
 washed all over every day in summer, and at least once 
 a week in winter. Tepid water — say from 8o° to 
 92 — or that which feels slightly cool, but not cold 
 to the body, is best for general use. The cold bath 
 is a powerful stimulus, and, like other stimuli, must 
 be used in moderation and with good judgment. 
 The skin as well as the stomach may be stimulated 
 too much. 
 
 (9). Mental activity has already been shown to be 
 almost as essential to health as bodily exercise ; but 
 to act is not enough. We must also enjoy. " Sop 
 
Temperament in Health and Disease. 181 
 
 row," Melancthon says, " strikes the heart, and makes 
 it flutter and pine away with great pain." And if 
 one merely feels " stupid," or is " out of humor," or 
 has the " blues," he is already half sick, and likely 
 soon to be wholly so. The cheerful man digests his 
 food properly ; his blood circulates freely, and his 
 system is duly nourished ; but depress his mind with 
 sorrow or care, and all his functions are obstructed 
 and he grows lean and pale. 
 
 (10). Finally, the affections must also find their 
 satisfaction in our lives. Unsatisfied longing for love, 
 for the joys of maternity, or for the companionship 
 of kindred and friends, depress the vital energies, 
 wither the roses and lilies of the cheek, and dim the 
 light of the eye. Unhappy marriages, and family dis- 
 cords in general, bring with them physical derange- 
 ment as well as mental suffering. The whole man 
 must be in harmony with itself and with all surround- 
 ing circumstances, or perfect health can not be en- 
 joyed.* 
 
 Hints Toward Physical Perfection. 
 
XIV. 
 
 TEMtERAMENT IN RACES AND NATIONS. 
 
 Temperament has been studied and written upon 
 mainly with reference to the Caucasian race, and to 
 that race alone wi41 our remarks in the preceding 
 pages apply in full, though the general principles on 
 which all temperamental distinctions are based are, of 
 course, universal. The same anatomical structure, in 
 its general features at least, is common to all races. 
 The bony framework with its ligaments, muscles, 
 and tendons, furnishes in all the basis for a Motive 
 Temperament ; the nutritive apparatus, with its 
 wonderfully constructed organs of digestion, secre- 
 tion, and circulation, everywhere gives us the vital 
 element of the constitution ; and in no tribe of men, 
 however low in the scale of intelligence, is the brain 
 and nervous system wliolly lacking; but when we come 
 to the details of configuration, complexion, texture, 
 and functional action, we find our descriptions, made 
 for the white races, are applicable only in part to the 
 others. A Negro may have the Vital Temperament, 
 even in its sanguine form, but the florid complexion, 
 light hair, blue eyes, and some other characteristics 
 of (.hat constitution, as found in the Caucasian, are 
 lacking ; so the American Indian is copper-colored 
 and the Mongolian tawny, whether their Temperament 
 be Bilious or not. It is plain, then, that our descrip- 
 (182) 
 
Temperament in Races and Nations. 183 
 
 tions must be remodeled to adapt them to the dark 
 races. 
 
 We approach this part of our subject with diffi- 
 dence, confessing, in the outset, that our knowledge 
 of the constitutional characteristics of some of the 
 races and ' sub-races, into which the genus homo has 
 been divided, are merely general, and imperfect at 
 that, so as to preclude the close analysis we have ap- 
 plied to the organization of our own race. We offer 
 the following remarks, therefore, so far as they relate 
 to the dark races particularly, rather as hints toward 
 a correct temperamental description, than as state- 
 ments of facts, in all cases absolutely demonstrated. 
 If not always correct in our conclusions, we trust that 
 even our errors will lead, through the investigation 
 they may incite, to the final establishment of the 
 truth. 
 
 I.— The Races Classified. 
 
 There are numerous classifications of the human 
 races, each writer on ethnology apparently invent- 
 ing one to suit his peculiar theory or method of treat- 
 ment. We can not here stop to discuss either the 
 theories or the nomenclature of these writers, but 
 shall adopt, as well enough suited to our purpose, and 
 more generally known than most others, the class- 
 ification of Blumenbach, in which are recognized five 
 races, as follows : 
 
 1. The Caucasian Race 
 
 2. The Mongolian Race ; 
 
 3. The Malayan Race ; 
 
 4. The American Race ; and 
 
 5. The Ethiopian Race. 
 
184 The Temperaments. 
 
 Of these five races, or groups of races, if the readei 
 choose so to consider them, we now propose to take 
 a general view from the stand-point of tempera- 
 mental physiology. 
 
 II. — Temperament in the Caucasian Race. 
 
 In this branch of the human family, as we have 
 seen in the preceding chapters, all the Temperaments 
 are fully represented — the Sanguine, the Bilious, the 
 Lymphatic, the Nervous ; or the Vital, the Motive, 
 and the Mental — and all have well-understood char- 
 acteristics and modes of manifestation. The tend- 
 ency among the more advanced nations, families, and 
 individuals of the race, however, is evidently toward 
 a preponderance of the Mental system — in other 
 words, the Mental Temperament is its typical consti- 
 tutional condition ; and this seems to have been the 
 case from the earliest periods of which history or tra- 
 dition gives any account. 
 
 1. The Ancient Greeks. — The Mental Temperament 
 is evident enough in the works as well as in the por- 
 traits of the Hellenic peoples, notwithstanding the 
 prominence given to bone and muscle in their sedu- 
 lous culture of the physical system. Their supremacy 
 in the arts and in literature was due to the fine- 
 grained, complexly convoluted, and massive brains, 
 which filled and molded their smooth, round, sym- 
 metrical craniums. A high quality of organization, 
 and a clear, sharp, active intellect, strong alike in per- 
 ception and in reflection, made the Greek what he 
 was as artist, poet, orator, and philosopher. The 
 Mental Temperament in him seems to have lacked, 
 
Temperament in Races and Nations. 185 
 
 however, in some degree, the high coronal develop- 
 ment generally associated with it in more modern times. 
 His strong impulses were but imperfectly controlled 
 by moral sentiment, and his intellectual gifts seldom 
 sanctified by any lofty spiritual purpose. 
 
 2. The Ancient Roman (Fig. 79). — The Roman cra- 
 nium was as unlike the Greek as the art, literature, 
 and history of Rome is unlike that of Greece. It was 
 equally massive, but less symmetrical, coarser-grained, 
 and more angular. It showed, as the apex of its de- 
 velopment, very large Firmness, the lines sloping from 
 that point ; the forehead was massive, but broad rather 
 than high ; the Perceptive Faculties were well-devel- 
 oped and vigorous, especially those giving accurate 
 observation and practical ability ; the reasoning powers 
 were good ; and the moral sentiments very unevenly 
 developed, Conscientiousness largely predominating 
 over Benevolence, and Self-esteem over Spirituality. 
 The head had great lateral expansion at the base, 
 giving ample room for the propelling or executive 
 organs. 
 
 With such a head the Temperament of the ancient 
 Roman, it will be seen, must necessarily have had a 
 strong physical basis in the locomotive system. That 
 this was the fact, Roman history completely demon- 
 strates. The Roman Temperament was the Motive 
 or Bilious (or more definitely, Bilious-Motive), the 
 Mental, of course, gaining the ascendency in numerous 
 cases among the leading men of the higher classes, 
 but being always invigorated, intensified, and made 
 terribly effective by the dense underlying stratum of 
 the bilious-muscular constitution; and this organiza- 
 
1 86 The Temperaments. 
 
 tion furnishes the key to Roman character and his- 
 tory. A late ethnological writer, speaking of the 
 cause of Roman supremacy, says : 
 
 " The Roman organization, like the Roman mind, 
 was powerful rather than harmonious, and more dis- 
 tinguished by vigor than refinement The 
 
 Temperament was intensely fibrous, and must have 
 effectually re-invigorated the tendencies arising from 
 organization. Indeed, the stern endurance, unswerv- 
 ing fixity of purpose, and dauntless moral courage of 
 the ancient Roman were due almost as much to the 
 former as the latter. He was a man of iron mold, 
 both in body and mind, and in the path of duty unsus- 
 ceptible of the softer emotions and inaccessible to 
 the gentler feelings. Patriotism was his master pas- 
 sion, and obedience to the law his highest virtue. He 
 preferred precedent to principle, and was governed 
 by authority rather than reason. And how accurately 
 is all this mirrored in those high, proud, angular feat- 
 ures, constituting that stern, expressive, and com- 
 manding countenance ! And how forcibly is it indi- 
 cated to the ethnological and physiological eye, in 
 that compact and muscular frame, with the broad and 
 powerful chest, surmounted by a head and neck so 
 eminently indicative of energy and self-reliance — of 
 the power that marches slowly, but invincibly, to its 
 purpose, that accomplishes its most important objects 
 with the greatest deliberation, and is not in haste even 
 for the conquest of a world ! " 
 
 Our likeness of Julius Caesar (Fig. 79), from a copy 
 of a very ancient drawing, while showing a large head 
 and an undoubted predominance of the Mental sys- 
 
Temperament in Races and Nations. 187 
 
 tern, shows with equal plainness the indications of the 
 tough, hard, fibrous physical constitution on which 
 his intellectual power rested — in other words, it rep- 
 resents the Mental-Motive Temperament. 
 
 3. The Semite or Syro-Arabian. — The Semitic 
 sub-race comprises the Arabians, the Assyrians, the 
 Chaldeans, the Hebrews, and cognate tribes, among 
 whom the same form of skull prevails, and whose 
 temperamental characteristics are similar. 
 
 The head in these tribes is smaller than in the 
 European nations, and less developed in the region 
 of the Reflective Faculties, giving the forehead a re- 
 treating aspect ; but it is remarkable for its grandly 
 elevated coronal arch, indicating great development 
 in the central line of the top-head. The base of the 
 brain is rather broad, being particularly full in the 
 region of Acquisitiveness ; but the dominating in- 
 fluence lies in the spiritual part of the brain ; and 
 the Semite, whether Arab, Syrian, or Jew, is essen- 
 tially a religious enthusiast — as some one has aptly 
 said : " His first and strongest impulse is to worship 
 and propagate his faith ; the second, to trade." 
 
 In Temperament there is considerable variety, 
 but in nearly all cases there is a strong development 
 of the Bilious element, associated often, especially 
 among the Jews, with a predominance of the Vital 
 instead of the Motive constitution (the Bilious- Vital 
 Temperament). The Mental element is always in- 
 fluential, especially in its intuitive manifestations. 
 
 " Arabs in the desert, Chaldeans on the Euphrates, 
 Syrians at Damascus, Phoenicians at Tyre, Israelites 
 at Jerusalem, Saracens at Bagdad, and, we may add, 
 
1 88 The Temperaments, 
 
 Moors at Cordova, the Semitic tribes, though wild 
 and unsubduable by the softening influences of 
 civilization in the remoter fastnesses of their native 
 habitat, have, nevertheless, shown considerable apti- 
 tude both for literature and science, when subjected 
 to culture at the great urban centers of intellectual 
 activity and refinement. Everywhere merchants, and 
 always religious enthusiasts, they have also occa- 
 sionally approved themselves as scholars and philos- 
 ophers, physical and metaphysical, of no mean order. 
 More robust, but less subtile in their mental consti- 
 tution than the Hindoos — more prone to emo ion 
 and less qualified for speculation — active, enterpris- 
 ing, energetic, chivalrous, and devout, they furnish a 
 providential link between the dreamily meditative 
 theosophy of the farther East, and the almost rude 
 practicality of the extreme West." 
 
 4. The Hindoo (Fig. 80). — The true high-caste 
 Hindoo has a comparatively small, but symmetrically 
 formed cranium of a fine texture, a delicate and re- 
 fined physical organization, well-chiseled features, 
 and a gentle, reflective, reverential aspect. His 
 Temperament is decidedly Mental. 
 
 The Hindoo head is high, but narrow at the base, 
 indicating the predominance of the moral and im- 
 aginative elements over the propensities, and a lack 
 of courage and force of character. Veneration is 
 strongly developed and active ; hence his whole life 
 is a series of religious acts, and persons and places, 
 as well as the gods themselves, are objects of his 
 reverence. He is the product of a long-existent, 
 but decadent civilization, and bears the marks of its 
 
FIG. 80.— HIGH CASTE HINDOO. 
 
 PLATE XXXVII. 
 
Temperament in Races and Nations. 189 
 
 culture, but suffers from the decrepitude consequent 
 upon its exhaustion. 
 
 Such men as the fierce Nena Sahib, nominally 
 Hindoos, have other blood in their veins, and broader 
 bases to their skulls. 
 
 5. The German (Fig. 81). — The German of the 
 present day is the best representative we have of the 
 Teutonic branch of the great Caucasian race, which 
 embraces also the Norwegian, the Swede, the Dane, 
 the Anglo-Saxon, and the Anglo-American. 
 
 The Temperament of the German has always for 
 the physical basis of its powerful mentality a strong 
 substratum of the Sanguine-Vital element, with a 
 sufficient development of the Motive or muscular 
 constitution to give firmness, stability, and persist- 
 ence to the character — in other words, there is a 
 good balance of organization. 
 
 Professor Morton found the mean internal capacity 
 of fifteen German skulls, measured by him, to be nine- 
 ty-five cubic inches. The regions of the Reflective Fac- 
 ulties and of the Moral Sentiments are particularly well 
 marked ; the Perceptive Faculties, except Time and 
 Tune, are less prominent. Ideality, Constructiveness, 
 Alimentiveness, Acquisitiveness, Secretiveness, and 
 Self-esteem are generally conspicuously large. 
 
 The German is, by nature, an inventor, an investi- 
 gator, an experimenter, a thinker. Slow, but indus- 
 trious, patient, and persevering; no mental task is 
 too formidable for him to undertake ; no problem so 
 profound that he dare not seek to solve it ; but while 
 he discovers many new truths, he often leaves it for 
 others to make a practical application of them. 
 
190 Tt he Temperaments. 
 
 6. The Scandinavian (Fig. 82).— The Danes, Swedes 
 and Norwegians comprise the principal branches of 
 the Scandinavian family, which seems to form the 
 culminating point of the old Gothic race — the tall, 
 muscular, blue-eyed, fair-haired people of Northern 
 and Western Europe. Each has its national peculiari- 
 ties, but all bear a strong family resemblance. 
 
 The Scandinavian, and notably the Norwegian, 
 furnishes an admirable illustration of what we have 
 elsewhere (Chapters IV. and VI.) described as the 
 xanthous or Sanguine variety of the Motive Tem- 
 perament, in which the blue eyes, light hair, and 
 florid complexion which we are accustomed to asso- 
 ciate with the Vital Temperament, and which cer- 
 tainly indicate the sanguine element, strongly de- 
 veloped, are conjoined with the large bones, strong 
 articulations, dense, wiry muscles, angular configura- 
 tion, and prominent features, which characterize the 
 muscular or Motive constitution. The mental char- 
 acteristics are those of the Motive Temperament, 
 somewhat modified by the more impressible and 
 flexible sanguine element infused. 
 
 Compared with the German, the Scandinavian is 
 more active in body and mind, and more practical in 
 his tendencies. " His frame is larger and taller, his 
 muscles more dense, his features more prominent, 
 his perceptive faculties more fully developed, and his 
 Causality less prominent, though by no means de- 
 ficient. He has quite as high a top-head as the Ger- 
 man, and his grand mythology indicates the mystic 
 sublimity of his ideas ; and with all his practicality 
 he has given us Swedenborg, the greatest and purest 
 
FIG. 8x. — THE GERMAN. JOSEPH FRANCOIS GALL, M.D. 
 
 TIG. 82.— THE SCANDINAVIAN. JOHN ERICSSON. 
 
 PLATF XXXVlll 
 
Temperament in Races and Nations. 191 
 
 as well as the most learned and scientific of all the 
 mystics. In war, Scandinavia boasts her Charles 
 XII.; in natural science, her Linnaeus ; in song, her 
 Jenny Lind ; and in literature, her Frederica Bremer. 
 To us she has given her Ericsson, with his caloric 
 engine and his Monitor, who may fitly represent the 
 practical phase of Scandinavian character." 
 
 7. The Englishman (Fig. 83). — The Anglo-Saxon 
 of England is a modified Teuton, the product of a 
 very complete amalgamation of several ethnic ele- 
 ments, among which the Gothic predominates. His 
 cranium is large ; well-developed in the region of the 
 reflective faculties; broad over the ear (Executive- 
 ness) ; prominent at Cautiousness and Self-esteem, and 
 not lacking in the perceptive organs. The Tempera- 
 ment, whatever may be superinduced, has always an 
 ample physical basis in a well-developed vital sys- 
 tem — in fact, the Vital Temperament is the national 
 one, the exceptions being a Mental predominance, 
 the result of high culture and the external conditions 
 of advanced civilization, or a Lymphatic degenera- 
 tion, caused by a moist climate and bodily habits un- 
 favorable to health. 
 
 Mentally, the Englishman is ambitious, energetic, 
 aggressive, acquisitive, combative, proud, self-suffi- 
 cient, domineering, firm, cautious, affectionate, and 
 benevolent. His heart is warm and his feelings 
 tender, though his manners and speech may at times 
 be rough. He is more noted for common sense than 
 for metaphysical acuteness, imagination, or senti- 
 mentality. 
 
 8. The Anglo-American (Fig. 84). — Americans of 
 
192 The Temperaments. 
 
 the United States have hardly had time to develop 
 a national type of cranium or a national Tempera- 
 ment. The basis on which we are to raise the 
 superstructure of a distinctive national organization 
 and character, however, is Anglo-Saxon, or English. 
 Climate and other external conditions, together with 
 the admixture of Celtic blood, have already greatly 
 modified our skulls, our physiognomy, and our Tem- 
 perament. If not distinctively national in constitu- 
 tion, we certainly are not English. Our heads are 
 longer, our facial bones narrower, our features more 
 prominent, our muscles more dense and wiry. The 
 Englishman is sanguine, the American nervous-bil- 
 ious ; the vital or nutritive system predominates in 
 the former, the locomotive (muscular and osseous) in 
 the latter. The English have more Self-esteem than 
 Approbativeness ; with us it is the reverse. They 
 have more Veneration, we more Benevolence. We 
 are more active, intuitive, and generous ; the English 
 more considerate, prudent, and reserved. 
 
 What the American of the future shall be, those 
 who live generations hence will know. We can only 
 conjecture that the modifications now observable, as 
 gradually going on in our physical and mental organ- 
 ization, will be carried still further, and that the final 
 result will be that perfect adaptation in physical 
 constitution, conformation, complexion, and mental 
 character to the American climate, which will insure 
 the highest health and the greatest longevity, as well 
 as a fixed national or American type. 
 
 9. The Scotchman. — The Scotsman of the Low- 
 lands is of a mixed Celto-Saxon lineage, and his 
 
F I G. 8 3. — J OHN B R I G II T. 
 
 ENGLISHMAN. 
 
 Plate xxxi* 
 
Temperament in Races and Nations. 193 
 
 cranium, configuration of body, cast of features, Tem- 
 perament, and character differ widely from those of 
 his English neighbors. His head is longer than the 
 English type, and proportionally narrower anteriorly. 
 It is full, however, at the base, in the region of Cau- 
 tiousness, Combativeness, Acquisitiveness, and Secre- 
 tiveness. The Moral Sentiments generally are well- 
 developed, as are Causality, Comparison, and the 
 Perceptive Faculties. Ideality and Imitation are de- 
 ficient. The Temperament is Motive, with the San- 
 guine infusion, as in the case of the Scandinavian, or 
 in the educated classes Mental-Motive ; the complex- 
 ion being light, the eyes blue or gray, and the hair 
 light-brown, sandy, or red. The stature is generally 
 above the medium, the frame strong and sinewy, 
 and the features rather prominent, but sharply cut. 
 
 As a result of this organization, the Lowland Scot 
 is profoundly discriminating in abstract philosophical 
 inquiries, accurate in practical science, a close ob- 
 server, shrewd in business, cautious, secretive, eco- 
 nomical, persevering, set in his way, quick to resist, 
 fond of controversy, religious, and steadfast. He 
 lacks imagination, and has little taste for poetry and 
 the fine arts. 
 
 The Highlanders of the better class are Gothic in 
 their characteristics, resembling the Norwegians, from 
 whom they are descended, in Temperament and con- 
 figuration, while the common people are mainly 
 Celtic, and have the Motive Temperament of the 
 dark or bilious type. 
 
 Unlike the Lowlander, the Highland Scot of the 
 higher class is ardent, impulsive, sensitive, urbane, 
 9 
 
194 The Temperaments, 
 
 generous, open, vivacious, passionate, and imag- 
 inative. 
 
 io. The Irishman. — In the northern part of Ire- 
 land many of the people closely resemble those of 
 Scotland, and are doubtless of Gothic origin, but the 
 nation is, in the main, Celtic, and has the combina- 
 tion of temperamental elements, found occasionally 
 in all Caucasian races, in which a strong infusion of 
 the bilious element co-exists with a predominance of 
 the Vital system, and many peculiarities of the San- 
 guine constitution. The typical Irishman is well- 
 made, broad-chested, and strong-limbed ; less rounded 
 in his contours than the Englishman, but more tense, 
 wiry, and tough. His features are rather strongly 
 marked and prominent, his hair dark, and his eyes 
 black, brown, or gray. He is impulsive, enthusiastic 
 ardent, social, sympathetic, full of feeling, kind- 
 hearted, lively, and witty. He is a natural orator, 
 and excels in lyric poetry. He is intensely patriotic, 
 full of schemes for the deliverance of his country, 
 but wanting in wise forethought, caution, and prac- 
 tical common sense. Fond of jovial companionship 
 and stimulating beverages, he is liable to be led by 
 his appetites into various excesses, ruinous alike to 
 body and mind. 
 
 II. The Frenchman (Fig. 85). — The French head, 
 which may be considered as best representing the 
 civilized Celt of the present day, is thus described by 
 Dr. Vimont, himself a Frenchman : 
 
 "The French head is smaller than the German. 
 The region of the perceptive faculties, as a whole, is 
 larger and that of the reflectives smaller in the French 
 
FIG. 84.— THE AMERICAN. SAMUEL R. WELLS. 
 
 PLATE XL. 
 
Temperament in Races, and Nations. 195 
 
 than in the German head. The organs of Time, Tune, 
 and Number, however, are larger in the German head. 
 The French are generally deficient in the organ of 
 Cautiousness. Individuality and Form are generally 
 large, as are also those of Comparison, Wit, Wonder, 
 Sublimity, and Poetry [Talent Poetique, according to 
 Gall, whom Vimont here follows]. Constructiveness, 
 Imitation, and Sense of the Beautiful [Ideality] are 
 large, especially the last two. Love of Approbation 
 is generally predominant, while Self-esteem and Firm- 
 ness are moderate or small. Veneration is deficient, 
 but Benevolence is well developed." 
 
 He might have added that Amativeness, Combat- 
 iveness, Secretiveness, and Language are generally 
 particularly well developed, and that the Moral Senti- 
 ments as a group are rather deficient, and have too 
 little influence on the French character. 
 
 In Temperament, the Frenchman, like all other 
 true Celts, has the bilious element as the basis, but in 
 the cultivated classes the mental system predominates, 
 with an infusion of the sanguine sufficient to give 
 vivacity, versatility, brilliant cleverness, and love of 
 novelty and change. He displays all the energy and 
 directness of the Motive Temperament, but fails to 
 illustrate its steadfastness and persistence. He is 
 tasteful in dress ; a model of politeness ; lively and 
 witty in conversation ; a good actor, and a dashing, 
 fearless soldier. In intellect he is clear, acute, vigor- 
 ous, and discriminating, but not profound ; subtle, 
 ingenious, and penetrating, but not so original or in- 
 ventive ; socially, he is friendly and loving, but often 
 inconstant in his affections. As a writer, he is ani- 
 
lg6 The Temperaments. 
 
 mated, facile, dramatic ; rich in all the ornaments of 
 style, in verbal niceties and in apt illustrations, but 
 often verbose and tedious. 
 
 12. The Italian (Fig. 86). — The great diversity of 
 race in Italy renders it impossible to give any descrip- 
 tion which will apply to the nation as a whole. Gothic 
 in Lombardy, Piedmont, Parma, Modena, Bologna, 
 and Romagna ; Etruscan in Tuscany ; Liguorian in 
 Genoa ; Greek in Naples ; semi-Moorish in Sicily and 
 Sardinia, where shall we find the typical Italian ? We 
 may say in general terms, that the higher classes of 
 Italy furnish us with some of the finest examples of 
 the Mental Temperament to be found anywhere. In- 
 heriting the results of many centuries of civilization, 
 they have all the delicacy aid refinement that a fine- 
 grained physical organization can give, and all the ar- 
 tistic taste and love of beauty which comes through 
 generations of culture ; and these classes have given 
 us the great men who have made Italy illustrious — 
 Michael Angelo, Raphael, Dante, Petrarch, Tasso, 
 Galileo, Columbus, Cavour, and Mazzini — to say noth- 
 ing of Napoleon, a Corsican by birth, an Italian by 
 descent, and Greco-Roman by blood. 
 
 13. The Spaniard (Fig. 87). — The Spaniard — a 
 Celt-Iberian, with infusions of Phoenician, Greek, 
 Roman, Gothic, Jewish, and Moorish blood — is 
 moderate in stature, rather stout, well-formed, 
 firm-fleshed, compact, muscular, and hardy, with a 
 cranium broader than that of the Frenchman, and 
 higher in the crown; a rounder face, less prominent 
 features, a swarthy complexion, black hair, and black 
 or brown eyes, indicating what may be called, undei 
 
FIG. 85 —THE FRENCHMAN. [EAN L. E. MF.S30NIEK. 
 
 FIG. 86. — THE ITALIAN. MAZZ1N1. 
 
 PLATE XLI. 
 
Temperament in Races and Nations. 197 
 
 the old classification, the Sanguine-Bilious Tem- 
 perament ; or, as we have suggested elsewhere, the 
 Bilious- Vital — the bilious element being very in- 
 fluential, and showing itself very prominently in the 
 character, which is firm, self-reliant, proud, grave, 
 courteous, affable, brave, devotional, passionate, se- 
 cretive, politic, persistent, fanatical, duel, revengeful, 
 and relentless.* 
 
 14. The Sclavon (Fig. 88). — It is estimated that 
 nearly eighty millions of human beings are linked to- 
 gether under this racial name, and throughout the 
 whole mass there is a strong sentiment of race and 
 a disposition among all the tribes into which it is 
 divided to make a common cause with each other 
 against any foe from without. 
 
 We will take the Russian proper — the Muscovite — 
 as a type of the Sclavonic race, and as probably the 
 future master of the destinies of Europe. 
 
 The Temperament of the Russian is Vital, or in 
 the higher classes, Mental-Vital, with the muscular 
 or Motive element sufficiently influential to give 
 great toughness and endurance to the physical sys- 
 tem and remarkable steadiness, self-poise, and per- 
 sistence to the mental character. His most striking 
 physical characteristic is breadth. He is broad- 
 headed, broad-shouldered, broad-chested, thick-set, 
 short-limbed, and muscular, and his respiration, cir- 
 
 * De La Sarthe, speaking- of the Temperament of the Span- 
 iard, says : " Constitution bileuse ; demarche arrogant ; physiog* 
 nomie vaniteuse et suffisante ; esprit cauteleux, difficile ; caractere 
 orgueilleux et v indie t if ." 
 
t9& The Temperaments. 
 
 culation, and digestion are all equally good. The 
 complexion of the true Russian is light, and his eyes 
 blue, but in the South, a mixture of Servian blood, 
 climatic influences, etc., give him a darker hue. 
 
 Mentally the Russian has all the solidity, sound- 
 ness, comprehensiveness, and vigor which his organ- 
 ization would lead us to expect. " The heavy basilar 
 region betokens the immense animal power and ex- 
 ecutiveness which underlie an intellect of no mean 
 order, and, in the higher classes, a full development 
 of the moral sentiments. He has not yet developed 
 any great originality, but he is an apt scholar, and 
 not ashamed to take lessons even of his enemies. 
 He will yet teach in his turn. He is naturally in- 
 clined to peace, and to the peaceful pursuit of agri- 
 culture ; but when called upon to do it, fights with 
 cool courage and unconquerable persistence." 
 
 The Poles form another branch of the Sclavonic 
 race, and to the same general characteristics as are 
 shown by the Russians, add greater activity, ardor, 
 and impulsiveness, with some of the refining in- 
 fluences of a more ancient civilization. Many of 
 them have dark hair and eyes, and are taller and 
 more elegantly formed than the Sclavons generally. 
 Their strong national feeling does not readily allow 
 itself to be absorbed in the racial spirit. 
 
 III.— Temperament in the Mongolian Race. 
 
 This race embraces the nations and tribes which 
 occupy the central, eastern, south-eastern^ and north- 
 ern parts of Asia — the people of China, Japan, Thibet, 
 Bootan, and Indo-China, the Laplanders of Europe, 
 
FIG. 88.— THE SCLAVAN. ALEXANDER ALEXANDROVITCH. 
 
 PLATE XLII 
 
FIG. 89.— A CHINAMAN. 
 
 FIG. 90. — A MALAY. 
 PLATE XLIII. 
 
Temperament in Races and Nations. 199 
 
 and the Esquimaux, on the shores of the Arctic 
 Ocean. A portion of the race, notably the Chinese 
 and Japanese, are the depositories of an old, and, in 
 some respects, a high civilization, but one seem- 
 ingly incapable of much advancement. 
 
 Taking the Chinese (Fig. 89) as a type of the Mon- 
 golian race, we find the prevailing Temperament to 
 be Bilious-Vital, with a strong predisposition to the 
 Lymphatic condition, especially among those resid- 
 ing in moist or marshy regions. The Mental Tem- 
 perament is not unknown among the Chinese and 
 Japanese, but is far from being common. 
 
 The Mongolian head is smaller than that of the 
 Caucasian, and has a larger proportion of its bulk 
 back of the car ; the forehead also is less prominent 
 and lower. Viewed in front, it is more or less pyra- 
 midal, being broad at the base and narrow at the 
 top. Combativeness, Destructiveness, Acquisitiveness, 
 Secretiveness, Cautiousness, and Constructiveness are 
 generally full, as is also Imitation, while Causality, 
 Ideality, and Mirthfulness are deficient. The face is 
 broad and flat; the nose short and thick; tie eyes 
 black ; the eyebrows very slight ; the hair black and 
 lank; the beard very slight, or entirely wanting; 
 complexion tawny. 
 
 IV. — Temperament in the Malay Race (Fig. 90). 
 
 It is not unlikely that the Malay is a cross, in which 
 is mingled the blood of three distinct races — the Cau* 
 casian, the Mongolian, and the Ethiopian, and there* 
 fore not entitled to be considered as a distinct race. 
 Be that as it may, he shows some of the characteris- 
 
200 TJie Temperaments. 
 
 tics of the Caucasian combined with traits which 
 belong to the lower types mentioned. His skull is 
 higher, and not so broad as that of the Mongolian, 
 and he sometimes presents a facial angle not much 
 inferior to that of the average Caucasian, but gener- 
 ally there is a projection of the jaws and a fullness 
 of the lips which seem to ally him to the Negro. 
 The features are prominent ; the eyes and hair black ; 
 the complexion tawny, sometimes approaching the 
 hue of mahogany. The Temperament is generally 
 Bilious-Motive, the muscular development being 
 more decided in the arms and chest than in the 
 lower limbs, owing doubtless to the maritime habits 
 of the race. 
 
 The Malay is active, enterprising, subtle, excitable, 
 crafty, unprincipled, treacherous, sensual, and cruel. 
 He is subject to fits of ungovernable passion, brought 
 on by the use of alcoholic liquors, opium, and bang 
 (smoking-hemp), in which he seems to thirst for blood 
 and to be utterly insensible to either fear or bodily 
 pain. This frenzy is known by the name of Muck 
 or Mook in Sumatra, and Wade in India. To the 
 same frenzy and nervous insensibility may be ascribed 
 the ferocious, unyielding spirit manifested by the 
 Malays in battle. " They fight to the last gasp ; 
 never ask and scarcely will accept quarter, or express 
 thanks for mercy or the cure of wounds." 
 
 " The Malay," it has been aptly said, " is at once 
 the tiger and the serpent of the East," 
 
Temperament in Races and Nations. 201 
 
 V. — Temperament in the American Race 
 (Fig. 91). 
 
 In the American Indian we find the most perfect 
 examples of the dark or bilious type of the Motive 
 Temperament, or as we have more compactly ex- 
 pressed the constitutional condition referred to — the 
 Bilious-Motive Temperament, shown in his tall, 
 sinewy frame, muscular limbs, prominent features, 
 harsh expression, black hair, black or brown eyes, 
 and copper-colored complexion, as well as in his 
 mental character, in which energy, persistence, firm- 
 ness, dignity, bravery, cautiousness, cunning, and 
 cruelty are marked traits. His cranium is heavy and 
 coarse, and distinguished for its roundness, manifest 
 in every aspect, for its great breadth immediately 
 above the ears, and for a lofty coronal region. The 
 forehead is broad, but retreating, showing the Percep- 
 tive faculties to predominate over the reasoning powers. 
 
 The Vital Temperament is sometimes, though 
 rarely, found among the Indians, but the Mental is 
 unknown among the uncivilized tribes. 
 
 VI. — Temperament in the Ethiopian Race 
 (Fig. 92). 
 
 The tribes and nations of this race are widely dis- 
 persed, in Africa, Abyssinia, Australia, Borneo, and 
 several other islands of the Indian Archipelago and 
 in North and South America. The various tribes 
 differ widely from each other, though all possessing 
 certain general characteristics in common. We shall 
 base our remarks under this head upon the Negro of 
 our Southern States, as we find him to-day, after a 
 9* 
 
202 The Te?nperaments. 
 
 few generations of slavery and a few years of freedom 
 and franchise among civilized Caucasians. He has 
 improved somewhat, even under the unfavorable con- 
 ditions to which he has been subjected, but in the 
 distinctive characteristics of his race, he is essentially 
 the same as his brother in the interior of Africa. 
 
 The Temperament of the Negro is naturally Bil- 
 ious-Motive, but examples of the Bilious-Vital are 
 not uncommon, especially among the women ; and 
 the Sanguine element, though not often predomi- 
 nant, is by no means deficient, as the ample chest 
 and active circulatory system attest. The influ- 
 ence of this last-named constitutional condition 
 is seen in the lively, ardent, amiable, excitable, im- 
 pulsive, and volatile disposition so often manifest- 
 ed under circumstances particularly calculated to 
 draw them out ; but the true basis of the Negro 
 character, contrary to the generally received opinion, 
 is laid more deeply in slow, steady energy and patient 
 endurance. The American freedmen of to-day are 
 oftener grave than gay, and are capable of undertak- 
 ing the most serious enterprises and of carrying them 
 out to the end — be that end success or failure — with 
 a persistence for which they have not hitherto re- 
 ceived credit. They are not good, however, in plan- 
 ning their undertakings, and their energy and pluck 
 are generally thrown away. With all his amiability, 
 sympathy, and real kindness of heart, the Negro can 
 be guilty of the greatest cunning, ferocity, and cruelty. 
 
 The Mental Temperament is seldom found in the 
 Negro, but will doubtless be hereafter developed by 
 culture. 
 
FIG. 92.— THE NEGRO. 
 PLATE XL1V. 
 
XV. 
 STUDIES IN TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 I. — The Great Tragedienne (Fig. 93). 
 
 ANY careful reader of the foregoing chapters, hav- 
 ing before him a head and face like the one here 
 represented, will be able to determine at a glance the 
 Temperament of the person to whom it belongs. 
 The pyriform outline, the clearly-defined, sharply-cut 
 features, the expression of lively intelligence, all in- 
 dicate dominant mentality. On this simple fact he 
 may base a tolerably correct general estimate of 
 character, so far as character depends upon or is 
 denoted by a constitutional condition. This is a 
 marked case. There can be no question as to which 
 system of organs is in the ascendant in the constitu- 
 tion. But even here, we must not be too hasty in 
 summing up. The subordinate temperamental ele 
 ments are to be taken into the account as well as the 
 leading one. The practical difficulty lies in accurately 
 measuring the relative proportion which each bears 
 to the others, so as to assign to each its due influ- 
 ence on the character. Especially is it important to 
 determine correctly which stands next to the leading 
 one, in development and activity. In the case of 
 Rachel, there was a solidity and firmness of texture 
 
 (203) 
 
204 The Temperaments. 
 
 about her rather slight frame — a certain wiriness and 
 tension in her muscles — which hardly needed the tes- 
 timony of her wondrous dark brown eyes and black 
 hair to prove the influential position of the Bilious- 
 Motive element in her constitution ; and we know 
 that the effect must have been to strengthen and in- 
 tensify all the natural manifestations of the Mental 
 Temperament. The refined tastes, the clear and cor- 
 rect artistic conceptions, the vivid and quick-coming 
 fancies, the ready discrimination, and the keen sen- 
 sitiveness which characterize predominant brain- 
 power were here reinforced by the greater energy of 
 character, strength of will, firmness, and persistence 
 which belong to the system next in development and 
 activity. From the same source came the strong 
 passions, the overmastering ambition, and the im- 
 patience of wholesome restraint which sometimes 
 disturbed the current of a life immortalized by 
 genius. Without this potential tempering with the 
 bilious-muscular ' element, however, Rachel could 
 never have become the Queen of Tragedy, though 
 she might have still had a brilliant career in some 
 other department of intellectual effort. It was this^ 
 which gave her the power to feel, appreciate, and 
 imbue herself with the passions she sought to portray 
 and to make them living realities on the stage. 
 
 II.— The Mormon Leader (Fig. 94). 
 
 A broad chest, a stout body, massive limbs, a full, 
 ruddy face indicate at once to the eye the predomi- 
 nance of the vital system, but a large, active brain 
 and a good development of the muscular or locomo- 
 
FIG. 94. RRIGHAM YOUNG. 
 PLATE XLV. 
 
Studies in Temperament. 20* 
 
 tive system (more evident in a photograph now be- 
 fore us than in tlvs engraving), temper this vigorous 
 animality, with a high degree of intellectual power, 
 energy of character, and executive ability. With a 
 smaller brain, he might have been a mere vulgar sen- 
 sualist ; with less of the Motive element, he would 
 have taken a subordinate place instead of becoming 
 the chief ruler of his people. The basis of his char- 
 acter lay in his massive trunk, the never-failing source 
 of that vital affluence which sustains, vivifies, warms, 
 and quickens body and brain alike. The superstruct- 
 ure had the strength of sinew and the force of char- 
 acter imparted by the muscular constitution, and the 
 intellectual ability and moral influence which come 
 from a strongly-developed and well-balanced mental 
 organization. The base of the brain was heavy and 
 the neck short and thick, giving the Propensities 
 great power and activity, but the high coronal region 
 furnished the strong will and the high moral prin 
 ciples calculated to hold them measurably in check. 
 
 III.— The Daughter of a Queen (Fig. 95). 
 
 There is no lack of vital stamina in the Royal 
 Family of England. The Queen, the Princes, and the 
 Princesses all fitly represent the physical opulence 
 the abounding vigor of the Anglo-Saxon race. The 
 fullness of contour, the shapeliness of limb, the round- 
 ness of cheek, the freshness of complexion, which 
 betoken good digestion, full respiration and rapid, 
 equable circulation, are never lacking. 
 
 The Vital Temperament in the Princess Alice is 
 sufficiently modified by a good mental development 
 
Zo6 The Temperaments. 
 
 to give considerable delicacy to the features, refine- 
 ment to the manners, good taste and love of art and 
 literature, without detracting from the genial good- 
 nature, the lively animal spirits, the impulsiveness, 
 the ardor, and the amiable and affectionate disposi- 
 tion natural to it. The Motive element is but mod- 
 erately developed, its principal indication, so far as 
 shown in our engraving, being the prominence of the 
 nose, which indicates some force of character and 
 steadiness of purpose. 
 
 IV. — A Savage Chieftain (Fig. 96). 
 Here is a type of the Red Man and of the dark or 
 Bilious-Motive Temperament. Large, dense bones; 
 heavy joints, like hinges of iron bound with bands 
 of steel ; firm, wiry muscles ; harsh, prominent feat- 
 ures; high cheek-bones ; retreating forehead ; beetling 
 brows ; deep-set, cruel, black eyes ; coarse black hair ; 
 and a hard, stern expression of countenance, are some 
 of the external indications of the great physical 
 strength, toughness, and endurance of this constitu- 
 tional condition, as well as of its strong, rough, un- 
 compromising, energetic, steadfast, cool, calculating, 
 persistent mental character, softened by no human 
 tenderness, refined by no aesthetic tastes, and warmed 
 by no kindly impulses. Such a man is not likely to 
 show any amiable weaknesses, or to be turned aside 
 from any course he may have marked out for himself, 
 by sentimental considerations. He will shrink from 
 no danger which may lie in his path, and will endure 
 hardship and pain with indifference, if they come to 
 him in the pursuit of his ends. Sufferings inflicted 
 
FIG. 1)5. — PRINCESS ALICE. 
 
 F1-. }6.— KANOSH, AN INDIAN CHIEF. 
 
 PLATE XLV1. 
 
Studies in Temperament. 207 
 
 upon others will move him as little. Ambitious, fond 
 of power, self-reliant, cool, cautious, secretive, brave, 
 energetic, persevering, hard, stern, cruel, relentless — « 
 such is the Motive Temperament in the Savage, 
 where the modifying influences of intellectual and 
 moral culture are unfelt. There is here, keen obser- 
 vation, clear perceptions, shrewd common sense, im- 
 movable firmness, and considerable executive ability 
 and talent for leading and controlling others, but little 
 imagination, taste, or capacity for abstract reasoning. 
 
 V. — A Savage Woman and Child (Fig. 97). 
 
 This Polynesian woman presents a striking contrast 
 to the Indian chief noted in the preceding section. 
 Savages they both are, with dark skins and black 
 eyes, but they are as unlike in Temperament as pos- 
 sible, and a? unlike in character. Here we have the 
 Vital constitution in its melanic form, or the Bilious- 
 Vital Temperament, neither the Motive nor the 
 Mental elements having an influential development. 
 Light-hearted (as well as light-headed) ; luxuriating 
 in all the mere animal enjoyments ; good-natured, 
 affectionate, impulsive, passionate, excitable, and vol- 
 atile — such a being is constitutionally fitted to be 
 the denizen of a lovely tropical island, resting in the 
 bosom of peaceful seas, such as Pedro Fernandes de 
 Quiros, the navigator who discovered Espiritu Santo 
 in 1605, describes that delightful spot to be. He 
 says: 
 
 "The rivers Jordan and Salvador give no small 
 beauty to their shores, for they are full of odoriferous 
 flowers and plants. Pleasant ana agreeable groves 
 
2o8 The Temperaments. 
 
 front the sea in every part ; we mounted to the tops 
 of mountains and perceived fertile valleys and rivers 
 winding among green meadows. The whole is a 
 country which, without doubt, has the advantage 
 over those of America, and the best of the European 
 will be well if it is equal. It is plenteous of vari- 
 ous and delicious fruits, potatoes, yams, plantains, 
 oranges, limes, sweet basil, nutmegs, and ebony, all 
 of which, without the help of sickle, plow, or other 
 artifice, it yields in every season. There are also 
 cattle, birds of many kinds and of charming notes, 
 honey-bees, rarrots, doves, and partridges. The 
 houses wherein the Indians live are thatched and 
 low, and they (the Indians, not the houses) are of a 
 black complexion." 
 
 Animals can not smile, nor have they, probably, 
 any sense of the ludicrous or the comic. Savages in 
 general have but a moderate or small development 
 of Mirthfulness, but our Polynesian woman has the 
 suggestion of a smile playing about her good-natured 
 mouth, and the baby would laugh if not too shy. It 
 is well-developed in some of the negroes of the South- 
 ern States. 
 
 Compare the Bilious- Vital Temperament in the 
 savage woman of Espiritu Santo with the light or 
 Sanguine type of the same constitution, as modified 
 by a large and active brain and the culture of a high 
 civilization, in the distinguished Irishwoman here 
 represented (Fig. 98). In the latter we recognize the 
 same full, rounded contours, general plumpness, and 
 breadth of development, as in the former, but the 
 impression of the whole organization is entirely dif- 
 
FIG. 97. — NATIVES OF ESl'IRITU SANTO. 
 
 FIG. Q8.— LADY MORGAN. 
 
 PLATE XLVII. 
 
Studies in Temperament. 209 
 
 ferent. The forehead has expanded, the eyes beam 
 with intelligence, the outlines of the features, though 
 softened and roundly curved, are clear and well-de- 
 fined, and the expression is thoughtful and sympa- 
 thetic. A different spirit looks out from behind the 
 mask of warm flesh and blood. Lady Morgan (Sid- 
 ney Owenson) once described herself as having " a 
 Temperament as cheery and genial as ever went to 
 that strange medley of pathos and humor — the Irish 
 character." 
 
 VI.— A Working Bishop (Fig 99). 
 
 With the locomotive or osseous and muscular sys- 
 tem well-developed, to give the heavy frame and 
 angular projections to the figure, and, at the same 
 time, an ample manifestation of the vital or nutritive 
 system, to fill out the skeleton with good solid flesh, 
 and to sustain the whole in vigorous action, we 
 observe a degree of squareness about the face, as 
 imperfectly shown in Fig. 99, in which, with a pre- 
 dominance of the Mental element, we have a strong 
 development of both the Motive and the Vital, form- 
 ing a powerful organization for practical work, as 
 well as for observation, investigation, study, and 
 thought. Such a man is born to command and to 
 lead and control men, by the simple virtue of a calm, 
 cool, steady, energetic, self-reliant, determined char- 
 acter, backed up by a vigorous intellect, and a rich, 
 warm, and, at the same time, dense and tough 
 physical system. At the head of an army, or a 
 chairman of a church convention, he would show the 
 
210 The Temperaments, 
 
 same self-control and the same mastery over those 
 around him. 
 
 Fig. 103 shows how a similar combination of tem- 
 peramental elements is modified in expression by sex 
 and education. Mrs. Clemmer, we are told, has dark 
 hair and blue eyes. The former, with the strong, 
 prominent features and somewhat severe expression, 
 indicates the influence of the Motive constitution, 
 while the latter represents, in connection with a mod- 
 erate fullness of cheeks and lips, the Sanguine or 
 Vital element, while there is sufficient expansion of 
 forehead, elevation of the coronal region, and clear- 
 cut sharpness in the features to show the dominance 
 of the brain-power. She should be, as she is, a 
 ready, vigorous writer, as well as a keen, critical 
 observer. 
 
 VII. — A Solid, Stable Character (Fig. 100). 
 
 This portrait illustrates that class of cases referred 
 to in Chapter VII., in which age brings with it, in 
 the Vital and Mental-Vital Temperaments, a tend- 
 ency to that constitutional condition described by 
 the pathologists as the Lymphatic Temperament. 
 Though to a certain extent an abnormal condition, 
 it is by no means inconsistent with endurance and 
 longevity — in fact, it may promote the latter by re- 
 tarding the too great activity of body and mind, 
 which so often hastens the wearing out of the physi- 
 cal system, and by promoting a calm, cc ol, dispas. 
 sionate state of mind, a love of ease, and a distaste 
 for the disturbing excitements of public life and the 
 cares and responsibilities of business. In this case 
 
PIG. IOO. — JOHN S. DARCY 
 
 PLATE Xw/lll. 
 
Studies in Temperament, 211 
 
 there is evidence of both vigor and toughness, great 
 tenacity of life, and a quiet, equable, well-regulated 
 disposition, eminently favorable to health and lon- 
 gevity. Dr. Franklin, and, to a lesser extent, General 
 Washington manifested the same lymphatic tenden- 
 cies in old age. 
 
 Mr. Darcy's character, as delineated several years 
 ago in the American Phrenological Journal, is shown 
 to be a strong, practical, harmonious one, as the bal- 
 ance of temperamental conditions in his organization 
 would lead us to infer. "There is," the examiner 
 says, "decision, stability, and executiveness indi- 
 cated, together with excellent planning talent ; and 
 if he is not an inventor, he is capable of planning, 
 contriving, projecting, and devising ways and means 
 to accomplish difficult ends. He always makes his 
 brain save his hands. He is a man of comparatively 
 few words, but is full of thought and originality. He 
 is eminently kind, sympathetic, just, and devotional. 
 He is not brilliant, showy, imaginative, or poetical ; 
 but kind, affectionate, watchful, and considerate. 
 Utility first, beauty and finish afterward, would be 
 his motto; though he would be tasteful, refined, 
 neat, and tidy, requiring and observing method and 
 order in all things. He has excellent judgment in 
 regard to the value of property, knowing exactly 
 what a dollar is worth, and what can be done with 
 it. He would make an excellent appraiser. He is 
 always manly and dignified without ostentation ; has 
 a strong will without obstinacy ; deep religious emo- 
 tions without bigotry ; is cautious without being timid, 
 and playful, mirthful, and joyous without hilarity." 
 
212 The Temperaments. 
 
 VIII.— Temperament "in the Rough" (Fig. 
 
 IOI). 
 
 Here the Vital Temperament (in the daughter) 
 and the Vital-Motive (in the mother) are represented 
 in the rough aspect in which they manifest them- 
 selves among the rude, uncultivated lower class of a 
 European sea-port — not lower in vitality and strength 
 of constitution, but in intellectual development and 
 cultivation. Observe what large, muscular bodies, 
 large necks, and moderate-sized brains. The business 
 of this class is to live and enjoy life in the affections 
 and senses rather than in the intellect or sentiments. 
 All the bodily functions are healthy and vigorous — 
 digestion, breathing, and ■ circulation. Without the 
 luxuries of the higher circles of life, they subsist upon 
 the simplest food, live much in the open air, and 
 enjoy life into extreme old age. These are simple- 
 minded, temperate, and virtuous people, whose wants 
 are few, and who live nearer to nature than many in 
 more fashionable circles. They are profoundly relig- 
 ious, full of faith, hope, and trust, with limited edu- 
 cation, see a Providence even in calamities, and 
 accept reverses and disappointments without a mur- 
 mur. They are full of life, and happy in their condi- 
 tion. The mother has a resolute, determined expres- 
 sion, is very self-reliant and energetic, and will, we 
 may be sure, turn aside from her course for no one. 
 Strong-willed, severe (when severity may be required) 
 and perhaps domineering, she is still, by virtue of 
 the influential activity of the strong vital element in 
 her constitution, kind, benevolent, and sympathetic. 
 
FIG. TOI. — FISHER WOMEN OF BOULOGNE. 
 
 FIG. 102. — MRS. LOUISA CHANDLE.1 MOULTON. 
 
 PLATF. XL!X 
 
 FIG. 103. — MARY CLEMMER. 
 
Studies in Temperament. 213 
 
 The daughter is of a softer and more pliable organi- 
 zation, and will yield to the pressure of circumstances, 
 where resistance might involve pain, hardship, or 
 self-sacrifice. In her disposition she is more pleasing 
 and amiable. 
 
 Though these simple fisherwomen have little more 
 intellectual development or training than savages, 
 they are far above them in the scale of being, through 
 the reflected light of the civilization which shines 
 around them, and the purer religion which has ele- 
 vated their moral sentiments and refined their affec- 
 tions. 
 
 IX.— A Literary Lady (Fig. 102). 
 
 From a fisherwoman of Boulogne to a cultivated 
 and refined American lady is a long step, and great 
 is the difference between the organic quality of the 
 two, though both have the same general configura- 
 tion and are made up of similar materials — bones, 
 muscles, tissues, and fluids. The one is coarse, the 
 other fine. Here we have delicacy, grace, and beauty ; 
 there rough outlines, awkward movements, and home- 
 ly features. In the lady, the chiseling is clear and 
 sharp ; in the fish-wife, blurred and broken. In the 
 latter, the animal nature predominates; in the former 
 the mental. 
 
 Mrs. Moulton has the Mental Temperament, with 
 sufficient of the vital element to impart a good de- 
 gree of warmth, amiability, impulsiveness, and buoy- 
 ancy to her disposition and give liveliness, brilliancy, 
 and versatility to her intellectual efforts ; and enough 
 of the Motive to endow her with the necessary 
 
214 The Temperaments. 
 
 toughness of physical fiber and stability of moral 
 character. Her eyes are probably gray or hazel, her 
 hair dark brown, and her complexion between fair 
 and dark. " She is a pleasing and entertaining writer, 
 and is always affable, gracious, and overflowing with 
 courtesy; has a quick and appreciative eye for what- 
 ever is beautiful in poetry or prose, in art or in 
 nature, and delights far more in pointing out the 
 merits of an author than in holding him up to even 
 deserved censure." So an admirer says of her, and 
 her organization does not falsify the estimate of the 
 friendly pen. 
 
 X. — An Ardent, Emotional Character (Fig. 
 104). 
 
 No one will need to be told that we have here a 
 representation of the Vital Temperament. The nu- 
 tritive functions are in fact rather excessive in their 
 action, giving a superabundance of all the life-sus- 
 taining elements and an undesirable fullness to the 
 figure — a plumpness bordering on corpulence. A 
 good intellectual endowment, however, redeems the 
 lady's organization from any suspicion of mere animal 
 grossness. Another feature of her constitution, not 
 so obvious, perhaps, to the casual observer, in an un- 
 colored picture, imparts an air of solidity and strength 
 to her person and of force and dignity to her char- 
 acter. This is the melanic or bilious element indi- 
 cated by dark eyes, black hair, and a peachy bloom 
 on the cheek. She should be a good observer and 
 by no means deficient as a thinker; should converse 
 fluently and well, and be full of emotion and passion. 
 
FIG. 104.— MARTHA HAINES BUTTS BENNETT. 
 
 Fir;, ros. — A NEGRO. 
 
 PLATE L. 
 
Studies in Temperament. 215 
 
 She is warm, ardent, voluptuous, sympathetic, and 
 enthusiastic, but at the same time earnest, self-poised, 
 and firm. " When such a nature takes the offensive, 
 there is no half-way work. She is resolute as well as 
 tender; executive, but not cruel or vindictive ; cau- 
 tious, but not timid or irresolute; self-relying, but 
 not haughty. She loves her liberty, and will not 
 submit to restraint, but can conform and adapt her- 
 self to circumstances. She may be led or persuaded, 
 but can not be driven." She probably owes the 
 melanic element in her constitution to a strain of 
 Celtic blood, being of French descent on the mother's 
 side. 
 
 The influence of the dark or bilious element when 
 associated with the Vital Temperament, forming what 
 we have called the Bilious- Vital Temperament, has 
 received too little attention and should be carefully 
 studied by the physiologist as well as by the reader 
 of character. 
 
 XL— The Melanic or Dark Element (Fig. 105). 
 
 Like the great majority of his race, this Negro has 
 the Motive Temperament, shown by the projecting 
 cheek bones and jaws, and (inferentially) the length 
 and size of the bones generally, as well as by the 
 length of the cranium, which would be found also 
 thick and dense. The osseous and muscular systems 
 are decidedly predominant, but there is no marked 
 deficiency in the nutritive system, the breathing 
 power and circulation being good, and the digestion 
 admirable. 
 
 The Mental Temperament is almost unknown 
 
2i6 The Temperaments. 
 
 among the Negroes of the Southern States of the 
 Union, but will, no doubt, be developed as one of 
 the results of freedom, franchise, and free schools. 
 The Vital Temperament is common enough among 
 the women employed as house servants, nurses, etc., 
 but " field hands " of both sexes — generally the de- 
 scendants of generations of " field hands" — inherit 
 the muscular development which is the basis of the 
 Motive Temperament. 
 
 The supposed light-hearted, buoyant, jovial, care- 
 less, and improvident character of the Negro has 
 seemed to indicate a sanguine constitution or Vital 
 Temperament. All Southern races are improvident 
 and lacking in forethought in matters pertaining to 
 the shelter and sustenance of the body ; not from the 
 effects of a volatile Temperament, but because nature 
 and climate are too opulent and deal too generously 
 with them to render industrious, careful, and saving 
 habits necessary. As to any peculiar gay, rollicking, 
 light-heartedness, and love of pleasure in the Negro 
 character it is a mere fiction of the casual observer, 
 probably growing out of the fact that in the time of 
 slavery, dancing, music, singing, and wild revelry 
 marked festive occasions among them. These were 
 reactions against the monotonous labors and close 
 restraints of their condition, and no indications of the 
 general tone of feeling among them. These scenes 
 have almost entirely disappeared, since " freedorr 
 came,"' giving place to political and religious meet- 
 ings, processions, and other more serious relaxations. 
 In fact, the prevailing tone is a grave one, evincing 
 far more pathos than hilarity. All genuine Negro 
 
Studies in Temperament. 217 
 
 music is in the minor key, and neither slavery nor 
 freedom have thus attuned their voices. There 
 is in them a toughness, a power of sustained action, 
 and a persistence of purpose, as well as a slow move- 
 ment and a cool, calculating policy which belong to 
 the Melano-Motive Temperament alone. 
 
 XII. — An American Soldier (Fig. 106). 
 
 This portrait represents a fine example of the 
 Motive-Mental Temperament, the prominences and 
 angularities of the strong osseous system being some- 
 what smoothed down, sharpened, and refined by the 
 full development and great activity of the brain and 
 nervous system. 
 
 General Logan is described as being "tall and 
 tough, with a most flexible physiology; his hair is 
 black and wiry ; his skin a reddish-white or a livid 
 brown ; eyes full, black, and piercing ; nose promi- 
 nent ; nostrils large ; chin long and projecting ; jaws 
 strong and well set on ; mouth large, but well cut ; 
 lips full and firm ; ears above the average, and the 
 neck is large and sinewy. His breathing, circulation, 
 and digestion are excellent." 
 
 In character, he is cool, brave, self-reliant, unaf- 
 fected, firm, self-possessed, independent, proud, 
 strong-willed, energetic, clear-headed, persevering, 
 somewhat severe, if not stern, but at the same time 
 warm-hearted and sympathetic. As a friend, he may 
 be counted on under all circumstances, for he is emi- 
 nently steadfast and constant ; as an enemy he would 
 be bitter and perhaps cruel and unrelenting. His in- 
 tellectual abilities are above the average, but his 
 10 
 
218 The Temperaments. 
 
 efficiency is largely due to his energetic Tempera- 
 ment. " He would have made a capital engineer, 
 explorer, navigator, or a pioneer. He is careless of 
 mere ornament, but values the substantials. His 
 Ideality is not large, and love of the beautiful is sub- 
 ordinate to his sense of the useful." 
 
 XIIL— Chief of the Horsemen (Fig. 107). 
 
 Here we have the Mental-Motive Temperament, 
 the Motive element being of the strong dark type, 
 indicated by the brown or black eyes, black hair, nut- 
 brown complexion, and prominent and somewhat 
 harsh features, softened in expression by the mental 
 influences so active in the organization. 
 
 General Sheridan is energetic, tenacious of pur- 
 pose, self-reliant, ambitious, prompt in action, cool, 
 brave, trustworthy, clear-headed, quick to compre- 
 hend the situation and impetuous in execution. His 
 intellect is of the practical kind, and manifests itself 
 most efficiently in emergencies, when less cool and 
 self-poised minds are thrown off their balance and 
 are powerless to meet the demands of the hour. 
 
 A newspaper correspondent describes Gen. Sheri- 
 dan as follows : 
 
 "There is no waste timber about Sheridan; not 
 much of him physically, but snugly put together. 
 A square face, a warm, black eye, a pleasant smile, a 
 reach of under jaw, showing that ' when he will, he 
 will, you may depend on't ; ' black hair, trimmed 
 round like a garden-border ; no Hyperion curl about 
 him any more than there was about Cromwell's 
 troopers* and altogether impressing you with the 
 
FIG. IO7. — GEN. PHILIP SHERIDAN. 
 
 PLATE LI. 
 
Studies in Temperament. 2ig 
 
 truth that there is about as much energy packed 
 away in about the smallest space that you ever saw in 
 your life. Men ranging down from medium size to 
 little, with exceptions enough to prove the rule, 
 seem to carry the day among the heroes. Moses was 
 something of a General, but no Falstaff; Alexander 
 the Great and Peter the Great were little ; Cromwell 
 was no giant, and as for Napoleon — why, what was 
 he but 'the little Corporal?' Sheridan is a capital 
 •executive officer ; perhaps he would be hardly equal 
 to planning a great campaign ; but, Jehu ! wouldn't 
 he drive it ! With a good piece of his head behind 
 his ears, and hardly reverence enough for a mandarin, 
 he is not afraid of the face of clay. As chief of cav- 
 alry, he is indeed chief among ten thousand/' 
 
XVI. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT IN THE LOWER ANIMALS. 
 
 We find, in the lower animals — at least in such of 
 them as we purpose to include in this sketch — the 
 same grand systems of organs as in man — the loco- 
 motive or mechanical system ; the Vital or nutritive 
 system ; and the Mental or nervous system. These 
 are combined in different proportions, in the different 
 species of animals, and to a limited extent in different 
 individuals of the same species. The lower animals 
 may, therefore, be said to have the same Tempera- 
 ments as are found in the human family, or, at least, 
 to have the capacity for the same mixing or temper- 
 ing of the constitution with the three primitive ele- 
 ments — Motive, Vital, and Mental. 
 
 I. — Temperament in Wild Animals (Figs. 108 
 to 115). 
 
 In speaking of the savage races we have had occa- 
 sion to remark that there is a degree of uniformity 
 in Temperament not found among civilized peoples, 
 nearly all the individuals of the same race having a 
 similar constitution. Among wild animals this uni- 
 formity is almost perfect. Every tiger (Fig. 112) has 
 the Bilious-Motive Temperament, though there may 
 be individual differences in the strength of its devel- 
 (220) 
 
FIG. 113. — UEF.K 
 
 FIG. 115.— AiNTKLO) K 
 
 FIG. 112. — TIGER. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT IN WILD ANIMALS. 
 PLATE Lll. 
 
Temperament in the Lower Animals. 221 
 
 opment ; every opossum has the Vital Temperament, 
 and every deer (Fig. 113) the Mental or Nervous 
 Temperament. When we come to speak of the com- 
 mon domestic animals, we shall see that the case is 
 quite different. Man has here interfered with the 
 regular working of natural laws, causing many modi- 
 fications of the most singular and interesting charac- 
 ter in the original Temperament and configuration 
 of the horse, the ox, the sheep, etc. The law in such 
 cases seems to be that the higher the organization 
 and the greater the culture, the more numerous and 
 wider the individual differences. 
 
 The lion (Fig. 108), the wolf (Fig. no), and the 
 carnivorous animals generally, have, like the tiger, the 
 Motive or Bilious, or, in our nomenclature, the Bil- 
 ious-Motive Temperament, and are blood-thirsty, 
 cunning, treacherous, and cruel. The bear (Fig. 109) 
 has a larger development of the nutritive system 
 than the tiger, the wolf, etc., and may be described 
 as having the Motive- Vital Temperament. He is by 
 no means exclusively a flesh-eater, but is very fond 
 of fruits and of honey, and takes on fat readily. The 
 intelligence of the lion and of the fox may perhaps 
 entitle them to the distinction of having ascribed to 
 them the Motive-Mental Temperament. In the lat- 
 ter (Fig. in) the shapely face and sharp, clear-cut 
 features seem to indicate such a combination of the 
 temperamental elements. Cautiousness and Secre- 
 tiveness, and especially the latter, are remarkably 
 developed in the fox. 
 
 In the grass-eating or herbivorous tribes, we find 
 the muscular or locomotive system generally less 
 
222 The Temperaments, 
 
 powerfully developed, either the vital or the nervous 
 assuming the ascendency. Thus the deer and the 
 antelope (Figs. 113 and 115) have the Mental or 
 Nervous Temperament, and the woodchuck and the 
 beaver have the Vital, though in the latter the mus- 
 cular system is still very powerful. 
 
 Among the feathered tribes the same general law 
 holds good. Birds of prey, like the eagle, the hawk, 
 and the owl, are powerfully developed in bone and 
 muscle, but thin of flesh, and never fat, while the 
 seed-eaters, like the grouse, the quail, and the wild 
 pigeon, are inclined to plumpness and quickly be- 
 come fat, where food suited to their wants is abun- 
 dant. The latter have the Vital Temperament ; the 
 former, with the swallows, night-hawks, and other 
 swift-flying, insect-eating birds, have the Motive. 
 
 II. — Temperament in Domestic Animals. 
 
 We now come in contact with various artificial 
 conditions, such as diet, breeding, and training, 
 through which almost numberless modifications of 
 the original types have been produced in the species 
 of animals which have long been subjected to man. 
 We no longer find that uniformity which, in the wild 
 animals, enables us, in discussing Temperament, to 
 ignore the individual and speak only of species. In 
 horses, cattle, sheep, swine, etc., we must discriminate 
 between the different races, breeds, and varieties, and 
 even note individual differences, as indications of 
 mental and temperamental peculiarities. 
 
 1. The Horse (Figs. 116 to 121). — The original 
 Temperament of the horse, unlike that of the grass- 
 
Temperament in the Loiver Animals. 223 
 
 eaters generally, was probably the Motive, or possibly 
 Motive- Vital. The wild horses still to be found on 
 the Asiatic side of the Volga, and stretching thence 
 over the boundless wilds of the interior, are thus 
 described : 
 
 "Their heads are large, thick, and very convex, 
 above the eyes ; their ears are long, habitually carried 
 low, and hanging backward ; their limbs are long, but 
 stout ; the muzzle thick and garnished with bristles, 
 and long hairs grow beneath the jaws and under part 
 of the neck. The hair of the body is long and 
 shaggy, sometimes frizzled. The color is usually 
 brownish-dun, approaching to a muddy cream-color. 
 These horses are gregarious, and are often seen in 
 numbers of several hundred together." 
 
 Catching and subduing the original wild horse, or 
 horses (for it is not known whether all our races and 
 breeds of this animal are descended from one original 
 stock or from several), man has, by selection and sys- 
 tematic breeding, produced a great variety in consti- 
 tution and configuration. Here, giving length and 
 slenderness of limb for speed and ease of action, as 
 in the race-horse ; there, developing bone and mus- 
 cle, as in the Clydesdale (Fig 116). 
 
 In the horse, whether bred for the saddle, the car- 
 riage, or for heavy draught — whether we desire 
 slenderness or grace, or stoutness and strength, it is 
 dense, wiry muscle that we aim at, and not cellular 
 tissue and fat ; so the vital system has been dimin- 
 ished so far as health and the necessary capacity for 
 nutrition will permit. Our training also has had its 
 influence, developing the brain, increasing the intelli- 
 
224 The Temperaments. 
 
 gence, and encouraging the nervous or mental system. 
 The result is a great variety of constitutional condi- 
 tions, but none of them tending to a complete pre- 
 ponderance of the nutritive or vital system. The 
 Temperaments in the domestic horse vary from the 
 typical Motive or Motive-Vital of the wild animal to 
 the Nervous or Mental in the Arabian and some of 
 his grades. 
 
 The characteristics of the different Temperaments 
 in animals are similar to those observed in man, so 
 far as the difference between us and the lower animals 
 permits comparison. In the Motive Temperament 
 there are always large bones, strong, dense, wiry mus- 
 cles, and a configuration strongly marked and inclined 
 to angularity ; in the Vital, relatively smaller bones, 
 more plumpness and more gracefully rounded forms ; 
 in the Mental, slenderness, sharpness of outline, and 
 delicacy and fineness of texture. 
 
 In Fig. 118 we have the Motive Temperament and 
 a headstrong, combative, obstinate, and unyielding 
 disposition. A stronger development of the vital and 
 mental systems would have greatly improved hij 
 temper and capacity. Fig. 120 represents such a 
 modification and a high degree of intelligence, docil- 
 ity, and gentleness, indicated by width between the 
 eyes, prominence of those organs, and roundness and 
 elevation between and above them. Figs. 117 and 
 119 represent the Nervous or Mental Temperament 
 and great activity and intelligence; but Fig. 117 is 
 timid, restive, and excitable, and needs coolness, calm- 
 ness, and patience in his management. Fig. 119 is 
 rather sly, cunning, mischievous, and untrustworthy. 
 
FIG. ISO. nG - "*• 
 
 TEMPERAMENT IN HORSES. 
 PLATE LIU. 
 
Temper anient in the Lower Animals. 225 
 
 For the cart or dray, and for cavalry service, the 
 hard, tough muscles and powerful organization of the 
 Motive Temperament are desirable, but there should 
 be a sufficient development of the Mental system to 
 give a fair degree of intelligence and enough of the 
 Vital to insure a good digestion and a facility to 
 keep in good flesh. For the saddle and light draught 
 on the road, we want more of the mental element to 
 give slenderness, grace, and ease of action. A good 
 serviceable family horse, for all kinds of work and for 
 the use of boys and women, should have a good bal- 
 ance of temperamental conditions and a head like 
 Fig. 120. 
 
 The abnormal condition described as the Lym- 
 phatic Temperament is not unknown among horses 
 and is characterized by a lazy, sluggish disposition 
 and an entire absence of the pride, spirit, and ambi- 
 tion which are natural to the well-constituted and 
 healthy animal. 
 
 A certain degree of development of the vital sys- 
 tem, and especially of the sanguine element, repre- 
 sented by the depth and breadth of the chest, are 
 essential in every horse to which we look for con- 
 tinued labor, whether under the saddle, in the light 
 wagon, buggy, or phaeton, in the carriage, or for 
 heavy draught. In the race-horse alone, there may 
 be a disproportionate slenderness of body and length 
 of 'limb, inconsistent with long-continued effort or 
 steady labor. 
 
 Horses with well-balanced Temperaments are the 
 most healthy and long-lived, and will do the greatest 
 amount of work with the least outlay of strength, as 
 
226 The Temperaments. 
 
 their bodies, limbs, and brains are in harmony with 
 each other, and perfect symmetry exists throughout, 
 conducive of ease of action, as well as evenness of 
 temper and a gentle, quiet disposition. 
 
 Some of the points of a horse, as they are more 
 or less matters of Temperament, will not be out of 
 place here : 
 
 (i). The head should be symmetrical and not too 
 large, as a very large head in a horse generally indi- 
 cates thick, heavy bones and a dull, sluggish consti- 
 tution. There should be a good forehead, however, 
 the points of which have already been stated. 
 
 (2). The ears should be fine, pointed, and erect. 
 Horses with lopping ears are not necessarily bad, but 
 they are apt to be slow and dull. 
 
 (3). The eyes should be large and prominent and 
 the eyelids thin. 
 
 (4). The nostrils should be expansive. They are in- 
 dicative of the sanguine element of the constitution, 
 of breathing power, and consequently of speed. Nar- 
 row nostrils are entirely inconsistent with rapid 
 movement. 
 
 (5). The neck should be of medium length and 
 somewhat arched or convex. 
 
 (6). There must be a roomy chest, for well-developed 
 lungs and full breathing power; but where speed is 
 required, this room should be obtained by extension 
 in depth rather than in breadth, as a broad chest sets 
 the fore legs too far apart for ease of action. For 
 heavy draught, the chest should be broad. 
 
 (7). The back should be elevated at the withers, as 
 indicating ease of action in the fore legs. A straight 
 
Temperament in the Lower Animals. 227 
 
 back indicates strength ; a long back is a sign of 
 speed, and a short one of strength and endurance. 
 The latter is usually associated with short legs, a 
 round, plump body, and a marked combination of the 
 Vital and Motive Temperaments. 
 
 (8). The ribs should be well curved, so that the sides 
 shall not be flat and the body narrow, as this confor- 
 mation indicates deficient vital stamina and endur- 
 ance. 
 
 (9). The haunches or quarters should be well ex- 
 panded in every direction, as they indicate the power 
 of progression. In all animals, the power of rapid 
 motion is in direct relation with the development of 
 the posterior extremities, as in the greyhound, the 
 deer, and the antelope. 
 
 (10). All the limbs should be symmetrical and in 
 harmony with the form of the body and the Temper- 
 ament and uses of the animal. 
 
 Always examine the heads, faces, and expressions 
 of animals before buying. The temperamental and 
 physiognomical signs are as applicable to them as to 
 men. 
 
 2. Cattle (Fig. 122). — In cattle and other animals do- 
 mesticated and bred mainly for.the production of human 
 food, the effort has naturally been to produce an adap- 
 tation to the rapid production of flesh, together with 
 the fatty secretions desired as articles of diet ; and as 
 the capacity to readily assimilate nourishment depends 
 upon the development and activity of the digestive, 
 respiratory, and circulatory organs, whose seat is in 
 the great cavities of the trunk, and which constitute 
 the Vital system, the result has been to make the 
 
.228 The Temperaments. 
 
 Vital Temperament almost universal among animals 
 of this class. The production of milk in the cow and 
 of wool on the sheep has, however, led to some mod- 
 ifications of this tendency. 
 
 The original wild stock from which our domestic 
 cattle are derived, is still to be found pure and in the 
 natural untamed state in some European parks, and 
 descriptions of the animal show that there is a much 
 more powerful development of the osseous and mus- 
 cular systems than in our improved domestic breeds, 
 though in other respects the difference is not very 
 marked. 
 
 We may, then, set down the Temperament of our 
 domestic cattle as generally strongly Vital, modified 
 in some breeds, and notably in the Jersey, by a large 
 infusion of the Mental or Nervous element, consti- 
 tuting the Vital-Mental, and in the half-wild cattle 
 of the Southwest and of Florida by a partial return 
 to the Vital-Motive constitution of the original stock. 
 
 In the case of the Jersey breed, several causes have 
 led to their more delicate and deer-like nervous con- 
 stitution. In the first place, they have been bred for 
 many generations exclusively for dairy purposes, the 
 idea of beef being ignored, or at least made entirely 
 subservient to the production of milk and butter. 
 This has naturally induced breeders to disregard the 
 indications of the flesh-forming and fat-producing 
 qualities in favor of those relating to milk secretion ; 
 secondly, the custom of soiling, or feeding in stables or 
 small yards, generally followed in the Channel Islands, 
 allowing the animals little exercise, has further dimin- 
 ished both the vital and the locomotive systems, while 
 
FIG. 128. — A SHORT HORN BULL. 
 
 FIG. 123.— SHEEP. FIG. 124.— HOG. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 PLATE UV. 
 
Temperament in the Lower Animals. 229 
 
 it has increased the nervous; and, finally, the more 
 perfectly domesticated condition in which these cattle 
 are kept, the closer intimacy between them and their 
 owners, and the petting to which they are subject, 
 while diminishing their vital stamina, have increased 
 their nervous tendencies and their intelligence. 
 
 The indications of the nervous constitution or 
 Mental Temperament in cattle are similar to those 
 of that condition in the horse — a comparative slim- 
 ness of horns, neck, and tail ; a clean, well-cut muz- 
 zle ; finely modeled limbs, and an expression of 
 vivacity and intelligence. 
 
 In cattle raised principally with a view to the pro- 
 duction of flesh and fatty tissue, the chest should be 
 both wide and deep, the trunk capacious, the bones 
 relatively small, and the limbs tapering — in other 
 words, the Temperament should be Vital. 
 
 The head should be rather small, but with con- 
 siderable frontal development and breadth between 
 the eyes, these being indications of intelligence, 
 amiability, and docility. Great breadth of head is 
 unfavorable, as a sign of an unruly and quarrelsome 
 disposition ; but the head of the bull is naturally 
 broader than that of the cow, and any approach in 
 the latter to the masculine configuration indicates a 
 deficient capacity for producing milk. 
 
 The horns should be delicate and sharp rather 
 than coarse and thick, but difference of breed must 
 be taken into account in judging of their character 
 istics. 
 
 A short neck, another characteristic of the Vital 
 Temperament, is a good point, but there is some- 
 
230 The Temperaments. 
 
 times an undue shortness, detracting from symmetry 
 and rendering it difficult for the animal to feed from 
 the ground. 
 
 A capacious trunk being connected with a strong 
 vital system and a capacity for fattening, the ribs 
 should be widely arched, rising almost horizontally 
 from the spine, and then bending downward with a 
 sweep, producing a broad back, which should also be 
 nearly straight. Although a short, compact body in- 
 dicates robustness and capacity to fatten, a moderate 
 length is desirable, as adding to the weight and value 
 of the animal. 
 
 The haunches should be long and well expanded 
 in every direction, as they add largely to the weight of 
 the animal ; and, corresponding with the width of the 
 trunk, both the fore and hinder limbs will be far apart. 
 
 Whether in the side view, or seen from behind, the 
 ox or the cow, and still more the bull, should present 
 a square and massive aspect. 
 
 The skin should be soft to the touch, have an 
 unctuous feel, and be well covered with soft hair. 
 
 The points essential to the milk-producing ca- 
 pacity are connected mainly with the hinder parts. 
 The loins should be wide, and the trunk deep from 
 the loins to the mammae. This form existing, the 
 more a cow possesses of the other characteristics 
 enumerated, the better will she combine milking with 
 fattening qualities. A purely dairy cow should have 
 a soft skin, clear eyes, a narrow, elongated head, a 
 good-sized udder, the superficial veins near which 
 should be well marked, and especially what is called 
 the " milk-vein." 
 
Temperament in the Lower Animals. 231 
 
 We copy from a work on domestic animals the fol- 
 lowing complete list of points, from which it will be 
 seen that the results of observation and experience 
 accord with those we have deduced from physiologi- 
 cal principles : 
 
 (1). The nose or muzzle in the Durhams or Short 
 Horns should be of a rich cream-color. In the Dev- 
 on, Hereford, and Sussex it is preferred when a clear 
 golden color. A brown or dark color indicates a cross. 
 
 (2). The forehead should be neither narrow nor very 
 broad. The eye should be prominent, and the nostril 
 between the eye and the muzzle thin, particularly in 
 the Devons. 
 
 (3). The horns should be small, smooth, tapering, 
 and sharp-pointed, long or short, according to the 
 breed, and of a white color throughout in some 
 breeds, and tipped with black in others. The shape 
 is less essential than the color. 
 
 (4). The neck should be of medium length, full at 
 the sides, not too deep in the throat, and should 
 come out from the shoulders nearly on a level with 
 the chine. 
 
 (5). The top of the plate bones should not be too 
 wide, but, rising on a level with the chine, should be 
 well thrown back, so that there may be no hollowness 
 behind. 
 
 (6). The shoulder-joint should lay flat with the ribs, 
 without any projection. 
 
 (7). The breast should be wide and open, projecting 
 forward. 
 
 (8). The chine should lay straight, and be well cov- 
 ered with flesh. 
 
232 The Temperaments. 
 
 (9). The loin should be flat and wide ; almost as 
 wide at the fore as the hinder part. 
 
 (10). The hip-bones should be wide apart, coming 
 upon a level with the chine to the setting of the 
 tail. 
 
 (11). The tip of the rump should be tolerably wide, 
 so that the tail may drop to a level between the two 
 points ; and the tail should come out broad. 
 
 (12). The thigh should not be too full outside nor 
 behind ; but the inside or twist should be full. 
 
 (L3). The back should be flat and rather thin. . 
 
 (14). The hind leg should be flat and thin ; the legs 
 of medium length, and the hock rather turning out. 
 
 (15). The feet should not be too broad. 
 
 (16). The flank should be full and heavy when the 
 animal is fat. 
 
 (17). The belly should not drop below the breast, 
 but on a line with it. 
 
 (18). The shoulder should be rather flat, not pro- 
 jecting. 
 
 (19). The fore-leg should also be flat and upright, 
 but not fleshy. 
 
 (20). The round should not project, but be flat with 
 the outside of the thigh. 
 
 (21). The jaws should be rather wide. 
 
 (22). The ribs should spring nearly horizontally 
 from the chine and form a circle. 
 
 (23). The skin should be loose, floating, as it were, 
 on a layer of soft fat, and covered with thick, glossy, 
 soft hair. 
 
 (24). The expression of the eye and face should be 
 calm and complacent. 
 
Temperament in the Lower Animals. 233 
 
 A writer in the Farmer s Magazine, a number of 
 years ago, described what are properly considered 
 the good points of a cow, as exhibited in the Short 
 Horn breed, in the following doggerel lines : 
 
 She's long in her face, she's fine in her horn ; 
 She'll quickly get fat without cake or corn ; 
 She's clean in her jaws, and full in her chine ; 
 She's heavy in flank, and wide in her loin ; 
 She's broad in her ribs, and long in her rump ; 
 She's straight in her back, with never a hump ; 
 She's wide in her hip, and calm in her eyes ; 
 She's fine in her shoulders, and thin in her thighs ; 
 She's light in her neck, and small in her tail ; 
 She's wide in her breast, and good at the pail ; 
 She's fine in her bone, and silky of skin ; 
 She's a grazier's without, and a butcher's within. 
 
 3. The Sheep (Fig. 123). — Little need be said of 
 the temperamental characteristics of the sheep, ex- 
 cept that the same general rules apply to all the 
 different breeds as those we have given for cattle. It 
 is the Vital Temperament that has been exclusively 
 cultivated, and the configuration characteristic of that 
 Temperament rs what we look for in a good mutton 
 sheep. All the improved breeds possess this, though 
 some in a higher degree than others. The South- 
 Down is perhaps the best mutton sheep in the world, 
 so far at least as the quality of its flesh is concerned. 
 
 When sheep deteriorate, as they are sure to do 
 under neglect, and as they have done in this country 
 and elsewhere, it is always in the direction of the 
 Motive Temperament, the bones becoming larger, 
 the muscles denser, the limbs longer, and the general 
 configuration more angular and homely ; and this is 
 
234 The Temperaments. 
 
 doubtless an imperfect return toward the original 
 physical character of the species. 
 
 4. The Hog (Fig. 1 24). — Doubtless the natural Tem- 
 perament of the hog, as it exists in a wild state, is 
 strongly Vital, though the muscular and osseous sys- 
 tems are also well developed and the character of 
 the animal energetic, courageous, and fierce. The 
 results of breeding in domestication, with special 
 reference to the production of flesh, and especially 
 of fatty tissue, have been to increase the natural 
 vital tendency to an excess known in no other do- 
 mestic animal, and to produce what we must con- 
 sider an abnormal lymphatic condition inconsistent 
 with health. 
 
 In hogs running in the woods and making their 
 own living on the " root hog or die " principle, as at 
 the South, there is, as in the case of the sheep, a 
 partial return to the native wild constitution, in 
 which the locomotive system gains development at 
 the expense of the fat-forming capacity. The flesh 
 of such hogs is less unwholesome than that of our 
 improved and highly fattened animals*; but of course 
 there are big streaks of " lean " and heavy bones. 
 
 " There is evidently," the Farmers Cyclopedia says, 
 "much diversity in swine in different circumstances 
 and situations. Like other descriptions of stock, 
 they should be selected with especial reference to the 
 nature of the climate, the keep, and the circum- 
 stances of the management under which the farm is 
 conducted. The chief points to be consulted in judging 
 of the breeds of this animal are the form or shape 
 of the ear, and the quality of the hair. The pendu- 
 
Temperament in the Lower Animals. 23$ 
 
 lous or lop ear, and coarse, harsh hair, are commonly 
 asserted to indicate largeness of size and thickness of 
 skin ; while erect or prick ears show the size to be 
 smaller, but the animals to be more quick in feeding. 
 " In the selection of swine, the bes: formed are 
 considered to be those which are not too long, but 
 full in the head and cheek ; thick and rather short in 
 the neck ; fine in the bone ; thick, plump, and com- 
 pact in the carcass ; full in the quarters, fine and thin 
 in the hide ; and of a good size according to the 
 breed, with, above all, a kindly disposition to fatten 
 well and expeditiously at an early age. Depth of 
 carcass, lateral extension, breadth of the loin and 
 breast, proportionate length, moderate shortness of 
 the legs, and substance of the gammons and fore- 
 arms, are therefore absolute essentials. These are 
 qualities to produce a favorable balance in the ac- 
 count of keep, and a mass of weight which will pull 
 the scale down. In proportion, too, as the animal is 
 capacious in the loin and breast, will be generally the 
 vigor of his constitution ; his legs will be thence 
 properly distended, and he will have a bold and firm 
 footing on the ground." 
 
 5. The Dog (Figs. 125-134). — The dog presents a 
 greater variety in Temperament, configuration, and 
 character than any other domestic animal. The Mas- 
 tiff, powerful in muscle, tough, hardy, tenacious, 
 watchful, and courageous, illustrates the Motive Tem- 
 perament. The Bull-dog has also a very powerful lo- 
 comotive system, but it is modified in him by a greater 
 development of the vital system, giving the Motive- 
 Vital Temperament and a fierce, indomitable, and 
 
2 $6 The Temperaments, 
 
 implacable disposition. In the Shepherd's dog we have 
 a fine example of the Mental or Nervous Temperament. 
 A strictly Vital Temperament is not, we believe, a 
 natural condition in the dog, or in any other purely 
 carnivorous animal, but is often superinduced in do- 
 mestication, in any breed of a conformation favorable 
 to the production of flesh and fatty tissue. 
 
 The races of domestic dogs have been arranged in 
 three groups, as follows : 
 
 (i). The Lyciscan, or wolf-like Group ; 
 
 (2). The Vertragral, or swift-footed Group ; 
 
 (3). The Molossian, or Mastiff Group ; and 
 
 (4). The Indigator, or scent-following Group. 
 
 (1). The Lyciscan Group of dogs comprises those 
 races which inhabit the northern glacial regions and 
 bear a general resemblance to the wolf. They are, 
 as a group, considered the least removed from the 
 natural state and have a strong preponderance of 
 the osseous and muscular systems, or, in other words, 
 the Motive Temperament. They are, in many cases, 
 used as draught animals and drag heavy sledges over 
 the snow and ice of the frozen regions they inhabit. 
 They are generally fierce, treacherous, and vindictive, 
 and their power of endurance is wonderful. 
 
 Savage and intractable as are the wolf-like dogs 
 of the Esquimaux and the Laplanders (Fig. 131), we 
 have before us positive proof that these animals are 
 susceptible of high culture and the development of 
 some of the noblest qualities of the canine genus. 
 The Shepherd's dog (Figs. 126 and 129) clearly ref- 
 erable to this class, is now a gentle, docile, faithful, 
 and (in the discharge of his peculiar functions) won- 
 
fr^ *iil:J / j ,Vr " 
 
 FIG. 133. — SPANIEL 
 
 FIG. 135. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT IN DOGS. 
 
 PLATE LV. 
 
Temperament in the Lower Animals. 237 
 
 derfully sagacious animal. The wolf-like head, in its 
 general outlines, is still observable, but so softened, 
 refined, and elevated as to give it an entirely differ- 
 ent expression and signification. The Temperament 
 is no longer Bilious-Motive, but Mental ; and the 
 ferocity of the savage has given place to the patient 
 devotion of the servant and friend of man. Wonder- 
 ful instances of their faithfulness and intelligence are 
 on record. 
 
 The noble and sagacious Newfoundland dog is be- 
 lieved to be a cross between an Esquimaux Lyciscan 
 dog and some large English breed, probably the 
 Mastiff. 
 
 (2). Of the Vertragral Group the lithe and graceful 
 Greyhound is the type. This dog varies much in 
 external characteristics, depending upon the circum- 
 stances under which he is reared and the manner 
 in which he is employed. Formerly, having been 
 habituated for generations to hunt the stag and 
 other large animals, he was larger in stature and far 
 more muscular than he is now generally seen, es- 
 pecially when reared in dwellings, as a pet. His 
 natural characteristics fitted him to follow his prey 
 by sight rather than scent and overtake it by his 
 great speed of foot. His Temperament, under nor- 
 mal conditions, is the Motive. 
 
 (3). The Molossian Group comprises the larger and 
 fiercer kinds of dogs, of which the Mastiff is the type. 
 This animal is extremely powerful and very fierce, 
 but docile and sagacious in the highest degree. He 
 is by hereditary endowment a watch-dog and most 
 vigilantly and faithfully does he perform his duty 
 
238 The Temperaments. 
 
 He is not blood-thirsty, and, unless trained to mur- 
 der, is as forbearing as his duty to his master will 
 permit. For the thief or unlawful intruder there is 
 no escape, but if he make no resistance, the dog will 
 not harm him. He is slow to anger and submits 
 patiently to the teasing of children or of other and 
 smaller dogs. 
 
 The great St. Bernard dog. (Fig. 132) belongs to 
 this group and is one of the noblest and most intel- 
 ligent of all dogs. His head is finely developed and 
 his expression full of benignity. The Temperament 
 may be called Motive-Mental. 
 
 (4). The Indigator Group embraces the true hounds 
 (Fig. 134), and other scent-following hunting dogs, in- 
 cluding the Pointer (Fig. 130), Setter, Spaniel (Fig. 
 133), and Terrier. These races, though classed together 
 on account of that quality of keen scent which makes 
 them so valuable as hunting dogs, are widely differ- 
 ent from each other in configuration and Tempera- 
 ment, and consequently in disposition and intelli- 
 gence. The Spaniel is the most intelligent of them 
 all, and the most docile and affectionate. " It will 
 never turn against its master, but lick the hand that 
 chastises it. Even the Arabs find an excuse for fond- 
 ling the Spaniel, asserting that it is not a dog." The 
 Spaniel has been largely mixed in blood with other 
 races, and many dogs bear the name which have lit- 
 tle if any of the Spaniel blood. 
 
 6. The Cat (Fig. 135). — Like the tiger, the leopard, 
 and other members of the genus Felis, the cat has 
 naturally the Bilious-Motive Temperament, and the 
 hard, cruel, treacherous character associated with this 
 
Temperament in the Lower Animals. 239 
 
 constitution in animals ; but domestication and close 
 intimacy, for centuries, with the human race, together 
 with a partial change of diet, have modified to a 
 limited extent its constitution, disposition, and habits, 
 giving it often a Vital predominance and an amiable 
 and ordinarily gentle disposition, accompanied with 
 considerable intelligence and docility. It returns 
 with great facility, however, to its wild habits, and 
 its cautious, secretive, and destructive instincts are 
 readily awakened. 
 
A GREAT BOOK FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. 
 
 "CHOICE OF PUESUITS; or, What to Do and Why," 
 
 Describing Seventy-five Trades and Professions, and the Temperaments 
 and Talents required for each ; With Portraits and Biographies of many 
 successful Thinkers and Workers. By Nelson Sizer, President of the 
 American Institute of Phrenology; author of "Forty Years in Phre- 
 nology;'' " How To Teach According to Temperament and Mental De- 
 velopment," etc. Price, $1.50. 
 
 This work, " Choice of Pursuits,'' fills a place attempted by no other. 
 Whoever has to earn a living by labor of head or of hand can not afford to 
 do without it. 
 
 NOTICES OF THE PRESS. 
 
 " ' Choice op Pursuits; or, What to Do and Why," is the title of a remarkable 
 book. The author has attained a deserved eminence as a phrenological delin- 
 eator of character. We have given it a careful reading and feel warranted in 
 saying that it is a book calculated to do a vast deal of good." — Boston Common- 
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 "It presents many judicious counsels for the conduct of life. The main pur- 
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 Tribune. 
 
 " The design of this book is to indicate to every man his own proper work, and 
 to educate him for it. The author's observations are sound."— Albany Evening 
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 "We like this book; we wish people would read it; we wish editors and preachers 
 weuld read it. One very great evil which this book is well calculated to mitigate 
 is the tumbling of people into pursuits for which they have no gifts. The hints 
 are many and really valuable. 11 — Newark Daily Journal. 
 
 The most important step in life is the selecting of the pursuit for which 
 one's faculties, temperaments, and education best adapt him. The young 
 man or woman who makes the right selection is guaranteed thereby a 
 happy and successful career. What a contrast between one who has se- 
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 them in the front rank of some of the higher callings, are living in ob- 
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 accident, ignorant of the talents with which God has endowed them. Let. 
 every man, woman, and youth read this book and profit by it, and under- 
 take only that which they can do best. 
 
 The author was fully qualified for his task, having been engaged 
 wholly and actively as editor and lecturer, and in the practical application 
 of mental science to every-day life for forty years, affording opportunities 
 for making the fullest observations and original investigations on the hu- 
 man mind and its capacity. 
 
 The book is handsomely bound in extra muslin, with gilt and ink 
 stamps. Price, by mail, postpaid, $1.50. Address 
 
 FOWLER & WELLS CO., Publishers, 775 Broadway, New York. 
 
NEW PHYSIOGNOMY 
 
 OR, SIGNS OF CHARACTER. 
 
 As manifested in Temperament and External Forms, and especially 
 in the Human Face Divine. By SAMUEL R. WELLS. 
 
 A comprehensive, thorough, and practical work, in 
 •which all that is known on the subject is Systemized, 
 Explained, Illustrated, and Applied. Physiognomy is 
 shown to be no mere fanciful speculation, but a con- 
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 Phrenology, and confirmed by Ethnology, as well as 
 by the peculiarities of individuals. It is no abstraction, 
 but something to be made useful; something to be 
 practiced by everybody and in all places, and made an 
 efficient help in that noblest of all studies— Man. It is readily understood 
 and as readily applied. The following are some of the leading topics dis- 
 cussed and explained : 
 
 Previous Systems given, including 
 those of all ancient and modern writers. 
 
 General Principle* of Physiognomy, or 
 the Physiological laws on which character- 
 reading is and must be based. 
 
 Temper anient ». — The Ancient Doctrines 
 — Spurzheim's Description— The new Clas- 
 sification now in use. 
 
 Practical Physiognomy. — G e n e r a 1 
 Forms of Faces — The Eyes, the Mouth, the 
 Nose, the Chin, the Jaws and Teeth, the 
 Cheeks, the Forehead, the Hair and Beard, 
 the Complexion, the Neck and Ears, the 
 Hands and Feet, the Voice, the Walk, the 
 Laugh, the Mode of Shaking Hands, Dress, 
 etc., with illustrations. 
 
 JSthnology, — The Races, including the 
 Caucasian, the North American Indians, 
 the Mongolian, the Malay, and the African, 
 with their numerous subdivisions ; also 
 National Types, each illustrated. 
 
 Physiognomy Applied— To Marriage, 
 to training Children, to Personal Improve- 
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 to Health and Disease, to Classes and Pro- 
 fessions, and to Character-Reading gen- 
 erally. Utility of Physiognomy. 
 
 Animal Types. — Grades of Intelligence, 
 Instinct, and Reason— Animal Heads and 
 Animal Types among Men. 
 
 Graphomancy >. — Character revealed in 
 Hand- writing, with Specimens— Palmistry. 
 M Lineof Life " in the human hand. 
 
 Character-Reading: — More than a hun- 
 dred noted Men and Women introduced — 
 What Physiognomy says of them. 
 
 The Great Secret.— How to be Healthy 
 and How to be Beautiful— Mental Cosmet- 
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 Aristotle and St. Paul.- -A Model Head 
 —Views of Life— Illustrative Anecdotes- 
 Detecting a Rogue by his Face. 
 
 No one can read this Book without interest, without real profit. " Knowl- 
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 Price, in one large Volume, of nearly 800 pages, and more. than 
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 Agents do well canvassing for this work. Address 
 
 FOWLER & WELLS CO., Publishers, 775 Broadway, New York. 
 
 1,000 en- 
 in heavy 
 
HOW TO LEARN PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 We are frequently asked: In what way can a practical knowledge of 
 Phrenology be obtained? In answering this we must say, that the best 
 results can be obtained by taking a thorough course of instruction at the 
 American Institute of Phrenology; but where this is not practical, the 
 published textbooks on the subject should be carefully studied. To meet 
 the wants of those who wish to pursue the subject personally and become 
 familiar with the application of the subject to the various sides of life, we 
 have ai ranged the following list of books, called 
 
 THE STUDENT'S SET 
 
 Brain. and Mind; or, Mental Sci- 
 ence Considered in Accordance 
 with the Principles of Phrenology 
 and in Relation to Modern Physi- 
 ology. Illustrated. By H. S. 
 Drayton, A. M., M. D., and Tas. 
 McNiel, A. M. $1.50. 
 
 Forty Years in Phrenology; Em- 
 bracing Recollections of History, 
 Anecdotes, and Experience.® 1.5b. 
 
 How to Read Character. A New 
 
 Illustrated Handbook of Phre- 
 nology and Physiognomy, for stu- 
 dents and examiners, with a Chart 
 for recording the sizes of the 
 different organs of the brain in 
 the delineation of character; with 
 apward of one hundred and 
 seventy engravings. $1.25. 
 
 Popular Physiology. A Familiar 
 Exposition of the Structures, 
 Functions, and Relations of the 
 Human System and the preser- 
 vation of health. $1.00. 
 
 The Phrenological Bust, show- 
 ing the location of each of the 
 Organs. Large size. $1.00. 
 
 New Physiognomy; or, Signs of 
 Character, as manifested through 
 temperament and external forms, 
 and especially in the " Human 
 Face Divine.' With more than 
 one thousand illustrations. $5.00. 
 
 Choice of Pursuits ; or, What to 
 do and Why. Describing seventy- 
 five trades and professions, and 
 the temperaments and talents 
 required for each. Also, how to 
 educate on phrenological princi- 
 ples — each man for his proper 
 work; together with portraits and 
 biographies of many successful 
 thinkers and workers. $1.75. 
 
 Constitution of Man; Considered 
 in relation to external objects. 
 The only authorized American 
 edition. With twenty engravings 
 and a portrait of the author. $1.25. 
 
 Heads and Faces and How to 
 
 study them. A manual of Phre- 
 nology and physiognomy for the 
 people. By Nelson Sizer and 
 H. S. Drayton. Oct., paper,4oc. 
 
 This list is commended to those who wish to pursue the subject at home, 
 and to those who propose to attend the Institute. 
 
 Either of the above will be sent on receipt of price, or the complete 
 " Student's Set," amounting to $14.65, will be sent by express for 
 $10.00. Address, 
 
 FOWLER & WELLS CO, Publishers, 775 Broadway. New Tort 
 
BRiLIHT and XXIOT); 
 
 OR, 
 
 MENTAL SCIENCE CONSIDERED IN ACCORDANCE 
 WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF PHRENOLOGY, 
 
 AHD 
 
 IN RELATION TO MODERN PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 iy Henry S. Drayton, A.M., M.D., and James McNeill, A.B. Illustra 
 ted with over ioo Portraits and Diagrams. i2mo, extra cloth, $1.50. 
 
 This contribution to the science of mind has been made in response to the demand 
 af the time for a work embodying the grand principles of Phrenology, as they are 
 understood and applied to-day by the advanced exponents of mental philosophy , whc 
 iccept the doctrine taught by Gall, Spurzheim, and Combe. 
 
 The following, from the Table of Contents, shows the scope of the work : 
 
 Oeneral Principles; Of the Temperaments ; Structure of the Brain and Skull; 
 Classification of the Faculties ; The Selfish Organs ; The Intellect ; The 
 Semi- Intellectual Faculties ; The Organs of the Social Functions ; The 
 Selfish Sentiments; The Moral and Religious Sentiments; How to Ex- 
 amine Heads ; How Character is Manifested ; The Action of the Facul- 
 ties ; The Relation of Phrenology to Metaphysics and Education ; Value 
 of Phrenology as an Art ; Phrenology and Physiology ; Objections and 
 Confirmations by the Physiologists ; Phrenology in General Literature. 
 
 NOTICES 03F 
 
 " Phrenology Vs no longer a thing laugh- 
 ed at. The scientific researches of the 
 fc st twenty years have demonstrated the 
 Itaiful and wonderful complication of 
 1 alter, not only with mind, but with 
 « hj t we call moral qualities. Thereby, 
 we believe, the divine origin of *our 
 fiarne' has been newly illustrated, and 
 the Scriptural psychology confirmed ; and 
 in the Phrenological Chart we are dispos- 
 ed to find a species of 4 urim and thum- 
 mim,' revealing, if not the Creator's will 
 concerning us, at least His revelation of 
 essential character. The above work is, 
 without doubt, the best popular presenta- 
 tion of the science which has yet been 
 made. It confines itself strictly to facts, 
 and is not written in the interest of any 
 
 Cet • theory.' It is made very interesting 
 y its copious illustrations, pictorial and 
 
 T3E3E3E 3P3EUBSS. 
 
 " Whether a reader be inclined to be- 
 lieve Phrenology or not, he must find the 
 volume a mine of .nte~«st, gather many 
 suggestions of the highest value, and rise 
 from its perusal with clearer views of the 
 nature of mind and the responsibilities of 
 human life. The work constitutes a com- 
 plete text-book on the subject."— Presby* 
 terian Journal, Philadelphia. 
 
 44 In ' Brain and Mind ' the reader will 
 find the fundamental ideas on which Phre- 
 nology rests fully set forth and analyzed, 
 and the science clearly and practically 
 treated. It is not at all necessary for the 
 reader to be a believer in the science to 
 enjoy the study of the latest exposition of 
 Its methods. The literature of the science 
 is extensive, but so far as we know there 
 is no one book which so comprehensively 
 as 4 Brain and Mind ' defines its limits and 
 
 narrative, and the whole is brought down \ treats of its principles so thoroughly, not 
 to the latest information on this curious j alone philosophically, but also in rt 
 of knowl 
 TV*. Y. 
 
 their 
 
 practical relation to the everyday life of 
 man." — Col. Advertiser. 
 
 and suggestive department 
 Qdza.*— Christian Intelligencer 
 
 In ityle und treatment it is adapted to the general reader, abounds with valuable in 
 struction CTpressed in clear, practical terms, and the work constitutes by far the best 
 Text-book on Phrenology published, and is adapted to both private and class study. 
 
 The illustrations of the Special Organs and Faculties are for the most part from 
 portraits of men and women whose characters are known, and great pains have been 
 aken to exemplify with accuracy the significance of the text in each case. For the 
 student of mind and character the work is of the highest value. By mail, post 
 oaid. on receipt of price, $1.50. Address, 
 
 FOWLER & WELLS CO . Publishers, 775 Broadway, N. Y 
 
Should We Marry? 
 
 are we well-matee ? 
 
 The most important question in connection with marriage should be 
 in regard to mutual adaptation, physically, mentally and morally. 
 Phrenology explains this, and therefore should be consulted. There 
 are many works on the subject that can be read profitably by all, 1 ut 
 the best work specially relating to this is 
 
 WEDLOCK; 
 
 Or, The Relation of the Sexes. 
 
 A Scientific Treatise Disclosing the Laws of Conjugal Selection and 
 Prenatal Influences, also Showing Who Ought and Who Ought 
 Not to Marry. By Samuel R. Wells, author of "New Physiog- 
 nomy," "How to Read Character," etc. $1.50; fancy gilt, $2. 
 
 To show something of the character of this work, we copy the following from 
 the table of CONTENTS: 
 
 Qualifications for Matrimony ; The Right 
 Age to Marry ; Motives tor Marrying- ; Mar- 
 riages of Consanguinity — of Cousins— when 
 Justifiable ; Affinities ; Courtship — Long 
 or Short ; Duty of Parents ; Ethics of Mar- 
 riage ; Second Marriages— are they Admis- 
 sible; Jealousy— lts^ Causes and Cure; 
 (hounds for Separation and Divorce ; Celi- 
 bacy—Ancient and Modern ; Polygamy and 
 Pantagamy ; Love Signs in the Features, 
 and How to Read Them by Phycsiognoiny; 
 Sensible Love Letters— Illustrious Exam- 
 ples; The Model Husband and the Model 
 Wife; What Constitutes a True Marriage ; 
 The Poetry of Love ; Courtship and Mar- 
 riage; Development and Renewal of the So- 
 cial Affections ; Inordinate Affection ; Ad- 
 miration not Love; Addresses Declined, 
 How to Do It; Matrimonial Bargains ; True 
 Beauty; Celibacy and Health : Law of Con- 
 jugal Selection ; Conjugal Resemblances of 
 Husbands and Wives; Pleasure of Court- 
 ship; Confidence in Love ; Woman's Con- 
 stancy ; Laws and Remedy for Divorce ; 
 Etiquette of Long Engagements ; Falling 
 in Love; Whom Great Men Marry; Girls of 
 
 the Period; How to Win Love; Honeymoon; 
 Mutual Help; Conjugal Harmony; Hotel 
 and Club Life ; Terrible Effects of Morbid 
 Jealousy; Juliet's Confession ; Kisses; De- 
 clamations of Love ; Romantic Love; Se- 
 cond Love; Is Love Unchangeable? Should 
 Parents Interfere ? Early Marriage among 
 the Ancients; Motives for it; Marriage 
 Customs; Marriage Defined; Its Legal As- 
 pects; Marriage Ceremonies; Health and 
 Marriage; Hasty Marriages; Marriage 
 Maxims; Marrying for a Home, for Money, 
 for Love, for Beauty; Right Motive for 
 Marrying; Advice to the Married; Matri- 
 monial Fidelity: Legal Rights of Married 
 Women; The Mormon System; Man's Re- 
 quirements; The Maiden's Choice; Letters 
 of Napoleon; When to Pop the Question; 
 Meddling Relatives; Step-mothers; The 
 Shakers; Singleness; Temptations of the 
 Unmarriel; Hereditary Taints: Tempera- 
 ments; May Women Make Love; Lesson for 
 Wives; Wedding Gifts; Plain Talk with a 
 Young Man; Soliloquy of a Young Lady, 
 and much more, covering the whole ground 
 of Marriage. 
 
 Is handsomely printed and beautifully bound. Copies will be sent post 
 paid on receipt of price, $1.50 ; full Gilt edges, $2.00. Address, 
 
 FOWLER & WELLS CO., Publishers, 775 Broadway,] New V >rk. 
 
[Portraits from Life, in "Heads and Faces."] 
 
 HUMAN-NATURE 
 
 If you want something to read that will interest you more thoroughly than 
 any book you have ever read, send for a copy of Heads and Faces, a new Man- 
 ual of Character Reading for the people. It will show you how to read people as 
 you would a book, and see if they are inclined to be good, upright, honest, true, 
 kind, charitable, loving, joyous, happy and trustworthy people, such as you would 
 like to know; or are they by nature untrustworthy, treacherous and cruel, unchar- 
 itable and hard-hearted, fault-finding, jealous, domineering people whom you 
 would not want to have intimate with yourselves or your families. 
 
 A knowledge of Human-Nature will enable you to judge of all this at sight, 
 and to choose for yourselves and children such companions as will tend to make 
 you and them better, purer, more noble and ambitious to do and to be right, and 
 would save many disappointments in social and business relations. It will aid in 
 choosing and governing servants, training children, and deciding whom to trust 
 in all the affairs of life. If you would know people without waiting to become 
 acquainted with them, read Heads and Faces and How to Study Them, a new 
 manual of Character Reading, by Prof. Nelson Sizer, the Examiner in the phreno- 
 logical office of Fowler & Wells Co., New York, and H. S. Drayton, M. D., Edi- 
 tor of the Phrenological Journal. The authors know what they are writing 
 about, Prof. Sizer having devoted more than forty years almost exclusively to 
 the reading of character and he here lays down the rules employed by him in his ] 
 professional work. 
 
 The study of this subject is most fascinating, and you will certainly be much 
 interested in it. Send for this book, which is the most comprehensive and popu- 
 lar work ever published for the price, 25,000 copies having been sold the first 
 year. Contains 200 large octavo pages, 250 Portraits and other Illustrations. 
 
 We will send it carefully by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price, only 40 cents 
 in paper, or $1.00 in cloth binding. Address 
 
 Fowler & Wells Co., Publishers, 775 Broadway, New York. 
 
HUMAN NATURE LIBRARY, 
 
 DEVOTED. TO WHAT MOST CONCERNS 
 
 BODY AND MIND. 
 
 In this new serial will be published comprehensive papers on various 
 subjects relating to the STUDY OF HUMAN NATURE and the devel- 
 opment of character. Each number is complete in itself and devoted to a 
 single subject. 
 
 No. i, April, 1887. Self-Reliance or Self-Esteem as an element in 
 Human Character, its uses and culture, how to cultivate or restrain it in 
 ourselves or others, and how to deal with people who have it either large 
 or small. Illustrated. By Prof. Nelson Sizer. 
 
 No. 2, July, 1887. Phrenology; its principles, proofs, etc. A Lecture 
 by Prof. J. F. Tracey. The principles of Phrenology carefully consid- 
 ered with the influence of heredity and culture, containing 20 illustrations. 
 
 No. 3, Oct., 1887. Physical Factors in Character, or the Influence 
 of Temperament, by H. S. Drayton, M. D., in which will be found an 
 analysis of many well-known characters of the past and present; fully 
 illustrated. 
 
 No. 4, Jan., 1888. The Choice of Occupation, or my Right Place in 
 Life, and How to Find it, by Nelson Sizer, who has dev Jted his life to the 
 study of chai acter and its application to the practical affairs of life. 
 
 No. 5, April, 1888. The Servant Question. Hints on the Choosing 
 and Management of Servants, by H. S. Drayton. Giving very definite 
 suggestions as to Judging their Character by the form of the Head and 
 Face, and how to deal with them considering their peculiarities of dis- 
 position and character, with illustrations. 
 
 No. 6, July, 1888. Inventive Genius; or Consiructiveness the Basis 
 of Civilization and progress, and the characteristics which moved and sus- 
 tained the world's greatest inventors in their efforts and success. By 
 Prof. Nelson Sizer. 
 
 No. 7, Oct., 1888. Integrity or Conscientiousness— Its Nature, and 
 its Influence defined. Its various manifestations in everyday life, showing 
 causes of difference of views and opinions. By H. S. Drayton, M. D. 
 
 No. 8, Dec, 1888. Who Should Marry; Right Selection in Marriage. 
 The How and the Why. In this is shown what temperaments and mental 
 characteristics should unite in wedlock; fully illustrated, by Nelson Sizer. 
 
 Subscription Price, 30c. for four Nos., or 10c. each 
 by mail, postpaid. Address 
 
 Fowler & Wells Co., Publishers, 775 Broadway, N. Y. 
 
Olaoloe of Pireiaxlxusxa. 
 
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 5 J ?S-" SB'S "2,0 
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 THE 
 
 PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL 
 
 Is widely known in America and Europe, having been before the reading world fifty years, 
 and occupying a place in literature exclusively its own, vis., the study of Human Nature 
 in all its phases, including Phrenology, Physiognomy, Ethnology, Physiology, etc., to- 
 gether with the •* Science of Health," and no expense will be spared to make it the 
 best publication for general circulation, tending always to make men better physically, 
 mentally, and morally. Parents and teachers should read the Journal, that they may bet- 
 ter know how to govern and train their children. Young people should read the JOURNAL, 
 that they may make the most of themselves. It has long met with the hearty approval 
 of the press and the people. 
 
 AT. Y. Times says : " The Phrenological 
 Journal proves that the increasing years of a 
 periodical is no reason for its lessening its en- 
 terprise or for diminishing its abundance of in- 
 teresting matter. If all magazines increased in 
 merit as steadily as The Phrenological Jour- 
 nal, they would deserve in time to show equal 
 evidences of popularity." 
 
 Christian Unit* says : " It is well known aa 
 a popular storehouse for useful thou;#.t. It 
 teaches men to know themselves, and con- 
 
 stantly presents matters of the highest interest 
 
 lligent readers, and has the advantage of 
 
 always been not only ' up with the 
 
 to in tell 
 
 having 
 i times, but a little in advance. Its popularity 
 i shows the result of enterprise and brains." 
 
 TERMS.— The Journal Is published monthly at $2.00 a year, or 20 cents a 
 Number. To each new subscriber is given either the Bust or Chart Premium described 
 above. When the Premiums are sent, 15 cents extra must be received with each sub- 
 scription to pay postage on the JOURNAL and the expense of boxing and packing the 
 Bust, which will be sent by express, or No. a, a smaller siie, or the Chart Premium, will 
 be sent by mail, post-paid. 
 
 Send amount in P. O. Orders, P. N., Drafts on New York, or in Registered Letters. 
 Postage-sumps will be received. Agents Wanted. Send 10 cents for tpedmen Num- 
 ber. Premium List, Posters, etc. Address 
 
 FOWLER * WELLS CO,, Publishers, 775 Broadway, New York. 
 
A PLACE OF INTEREST. 
 
 The Phrenological Cabinet, located at 775 Broadway, 
 New York, above 9th street, and directly opposite 
 "Stewart's," contains a large and interesting collec- 
 tion including hundreds of Busts, Casts, Portraits, and 
 Sketches of Men and Women, noted and notorious, 
 from all classes, including Statesmen, Soldiers, Law- 
 yers, Divines, Inventors, Philanthropists, etc., with 
 Murderers, Pirates, and others from the lower walks of 
 life, with many recent additions, and is kept open and 
 free to visitors during all business hours. This we do for 
 the purpose of affording facilities for the study of 
 Human-Nature and in order to interest the people in 
 this subject, making it really a very important educa- 
 tional center. Here the visitor can study heads and 
 faces at leisure, compare the size and shape of the busts 
 of the world's celebrities, which are carefully arranged 
 and catalogued, with a competent person always in 
 attendance to answer inquiries, and to afford facilities 
 for their proper examination and study. The public, 
 and especially those interested in the subject, are 
 cordially invited to visit our rooms without feeling 
 under the slightest obligation to make purchases, for 
 if the people become interested, we have accomplished 
 our purpose in affording them these facilities. Come 
 and examine the world's men of genius, of talent, and 
 of crime, and become familiar with Heads and Faces 
 and what they mean. 
 
 This Cabinet belongs to the American Institute of 
 Phrenology, an institution chartered by the legislature 
 of the State of New York for the purpose of giving 
 instruction and public lectures on this subject. For 
 full particulars as to the class held each year and for 
 Institute Extra, address 
 
 FOWLER & WELLS CO., 
 
 775 Broadway, New York. 
 
THE LABYRINTH. 
 
 A STORY WORTH READING. 
 
 About Human Nature. 
 
 We have recently published a vol- 
 ume containing a story of Human 
 Nature which will be found of in- 
 terest. It is called "The Man Won- 
 derful in the House Beautiful," 
 and is an allegory, teaching the 
 principles of Physiology and Hy- 
 giene, and the effects of Stimulants 
 and Narcotics. The House is the 
 Body, in which the Foundations are 
 the Bones, the Walls are Muscles, 
 the Skin and Hair the Siding and 
 Shingles, the head an Observatory 
 in which are found a pair of Tele- 
 scopes, and radiating from it are the nerves which are compared 
 to a Telegraph, while communications are kept up with the 
 Kitchen, Dining-room, Pantry, Laundry, etc. The House is 
 heated with a Furnace. There are also Mysterious Chambers, 
 and the whole is protected by a Burglar Alarm. In studying the 
 inhabitant of the House, the " Man Wonderful," we learn of his 
 growth, development, and habits of the guests whom he in- 
 troduces. He finds that some of them are friends, others are 
 doubtful acquaintances, and some decidedly wicked. Under tjiis 
 form, we ascertain the effects of Food and Drink, Narcotics and 
 Stimulants. 
 
 It is a wonderful book, and placed in the hands of children 
 will lead them to the study of Physiology and Hygiene, and the 
 Laws of Life and Health in a way that will never be forgotten. 
 The book will prove of great interest even to adults and those 
 familial' with the subject. The authors, Drs. C. B. and Mary A. 
 Allen, are both regular physicians, and therefore the work is ac- 
 curate and on a scientific basis. ' ' Science in Story " has never 
 been presented in a more attractive form. It is universally ad- 
 mitted that a large proportion of sickness comes from violations 
 of the laws of Life and Health, and therefore it is important that 
 this subject should be understood by all, as in this way we may 
 become familiar with all the avoidable causes of disease. The 
 reading of this book will very largely accomplish this end. It 
 will be sent securely by mail, prepaid, on receipt of price, which is 
 only $1.50. Address 
 Fowler & Wells Co., Publishers, 775 Broadway, New York. 
 
'BEHOLD I BRING GLAD TIDINGS. 
 
 A BOOK FOR EVERY WOMAN, 
 
 BY 
 
 ALICE B. STOCKHAM, M.D. 
 
 Revised, Enlarged and Illustrated. Price, Cloth, 8s., Morocco, lis., 
 
 Post Free. 
 
 So Work of the Kind ever had such a Phenomenal Sale. 
 
 The author, in sympathy with the needs of her sex, discusses at length, 
 with strength and purity, physical questions of the greatest importance. 
 She maintains and demonstrates that the ailments of pregnancy can be 
 prevented, as well as the pains and dangers of childbirth avoided ; that 
 women need not go down to death giving birth to children. This is a 
 
 BOON TO EVERY WOMAN, 
 
 fetid the knowledge should be in the possession of every living person. 
 
 TOKOLOGY gives complete, plain and specific directions for the care 
 cf a woman during the entire term of PREGNANCY ; including baths, diet, 
 t cercise, clothing, and medical treatment. Explicit lessons are given for her 
 n anagement during and after confinement, so that in absence of medical aid, 
 one can easily take charge of an ordinary case. 
 
 Plain instructions for the CARE OF AN INFANT, its clothing, bathing, 
 nursing, etc., are given. The chapters on DISEASES OF CHILDREN arc 
 
 invaluable. The mother's heart stands still with terror at thought of those 
 dread destroyers, CONVULSIONS, Dl PHTH ERIA, CROUP, ETC. The 
 remedies for them are new, simple and effective. 
 
 ARTIFICIAL MILK identical with human milk lessens the mortality 
 of hand-fed babies, and it need not be said of them that " Death borders on 
 their birth, and their cradle stands in the graved 
 
 TOKOLOGY also contains invaluable cbapters upon DYSPEPSIA, 
 HEADACHE, NEURALGIA, RHEUMATISM, CHANGE OF LIFE, 
 
 etc. The chapter on CONSTIPATION is worth the price of the book. 
 Following these instructions, both men and women have been cured of con- 
 stipation of ten, fifteen, and even twenty-five years' standing. 
 
 DISEASES OF WOMEN are handled in a masterly manner, enabling 
 many to successfully treat themselves. Fees usually paid to physicians caii 
 be avoided. MENSTRUATION, with its periodic suffering, ceases to be 
 a dread. The common sense hints in regard to and treatment for the disorders 
 incidental to this function are beyond price. 
 
 L. N. FOWLER & Co., Publishers, Ludgate Circus, London. 
 
Judging from the good, kind, intelligent and motherly looking frontispiece of the author, 
 we think everybody ought to read the book, just because so grand a woman has written it. 
 A Itruist. 
 
 I am greatly delighted to hear of the splendid sale of Tokology.— KATE MILLS, London. 
 England. 
 
 Thousands of miseries that women might as well have been saved, they have been 
 compelled to bear for ages past, because the medicine man decided that it was the common 
 lot of the sex, and they would feel better when they got over it. But a woman who has had 
 these experiences herself will never forget them, and instead of administering to the sufferer 
 the kind of consolation our mothers received, she sets her wits to work to find the cause and 
 the remedy for suffering. Tokology is the work of a woman, an honored physician of long 
 practice, the mother of grown children, to one of whom, a daughter, she dedicates the volume. 
 We congratulate Dr. Stockham on the noble work she has executed, and only wish we had 
 the power to place a copy of TOKOLOGY in the hands of every woman in the land. — Burlington 
 Hawkeye. 
 
 There is not a syllable that a mother might not read to her maturing daughter with 
 propriety. TOKOLOGY will assist in the production of a sturdier generation than the 
 present. — Midland, St. Louis. 
 
 Thousands of women hare already obtained desired results from 
 TOKOLOGY. Letters are daily received ; from a few we give 
 
 WHAT LADIES SAY. — I think TOKOLOGY one of the best works I ever read. My 
 husband says money could not buy our copy, if we could not get another. — MRS. A. W. Phelps. 
 Tillamook, Oregon. 
 
 A lady writes to a young friend :— Tins is my advertisement for "my good book," 
 TOKOLOGY. Don't you ever dare to have a baby till you buy it. 
 
 I bought Tokology three months previous to the birth of my child, and can truthfully 
 say I was another woman from the time I began to follow its rules, I suffered far less than 
 at any previous confinement, and I do heartily recommend the study and practice of Tokology 
 to every wife and mother. I feel my babe on the Artificial Mother's Milk, as directed in 
 Tokology, with best results.— Mrs. Theo. Webgoot), Asheville, N. C. 
 
 I suffered from twelve to twenty-four hours with each of my three older children. This 
 baby was born two hours before the doctor got here, and he made all possible haste. If my 
 baby was a girl its name should certainly be Alice Stockham. I feel like getting up on the 
 housetop and proclaiming the glad tidings of TOKOLOGY to the whole world. — Mrs. E. M. 
 Fuller, Paschal, Ga. 
 
 I have told hundreds that Tokology is just as true as that I stand on mv feet. Mrs. 
 Kelly. 
 
 TOKOLOGY has run rapidly through several editions, proving it 
 has met a demand among thinking people. Many intelligent and sympa- 
 thetic women acting as agents for this took, realize handsome profits, beside* 
 the satisfaction of doing real missionary work. 
 
 One writes : " I think the book would sell itself, no matter how poor the agent. I took 
 forty-five orders in five days last week, notwithstanding the storm. I sell TOKOLOGY because 
 I know I am benefiting the buyer." 
 
 Another : "I sell TOKOLOGY even if families have three or four other Medical books. 
 It has information never before given in medical works." A third : " I consider selling 
 TOKOLOGY a missionary work. Ordinarily I take five orders out of every six calls I make. 
 To-day I made nine sales in ten calls, selling three in one house." 
 
 Price, post free (English or German), Cloth 8s., Morocco 1 
 
 Addres 
 
 AGENTS WANTED. 
 
 L. N. FOWLER & Co., Publishers, 
 
 7, Imperial Arcade. Ludgatc Circus. London, E. C. 
 
PHYSICAL CULTURE. 
 
 For Home an?. School. Scientific and Practical. By D. L. Dowd, 
 Professor of Physical Culture. 322 12mo. pages. 300 Illustra- 
 trations. Fine Binding. Price $1.50. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Physical Cultl re, Scientific and Practical, for the Home and 
 
 School. Pure Air and Foul Air. 
 Questions Constantly Being Asked : 
 
 No t. Does massage treatment strengthen muscular tissue? 
 
 No. aJ, Are boat-racing and horseback-riding good exercises ? 
 
 No. 3. Are athletic sports conducive to health ? 
 
 No. 4. Why do you object to developing with heavy weights ? 
 
 3Sl o. 5. How long a time will it take to reach the limit of development ? 
 
 No. 6. Is there a limit to muscular development, and is it possible to gain an ab- 
 normal development? 
 
 No. 7. What is meant by being muscle bound ? 
 
 No. 8. Why are some small men stronger than others of nearly double their size J 
 
 No. 9. Why is a person taller with less weight in the morning than in the 
 evening ? 
 
 No. 10. How should a person breathe while racing or walking upstairs or up-hill ? 
 
 No. 11. Is there any advantage gained by weighting the shoes of sprinters and 
 horses ? 
 
 No. 12. What kind of food is best for us to eat f 
 
 No. 13. What form of bathing is best ? 
 
 No. 14. How can I best reduce my weight, or how increase it ? 
 
 No. 15. Can you determine the size of one's lungs by blowing in a spirometer ? 
 
 Personal Experience of the Author in Physical Training. 
 
 Physical Culture for the Voice. Practice of Deep Breathing. 
 
 Facial and Neck Development. A few Hints for the Complexion. 
 
 The Graceful and Ungraceful Figure, and Improvement of De- 
 formities, such as Bow-Leg, Knock-Knee, Wry-Neck, Round 
 Shoulders, Lateral Curvature of the Spine, etc. 
 
 A few Brief Rules. The Normal Man. Specific Exercises for the 
 Development of Every Set of Muscles of the Body, Arms and 
 Legs, also Exercises for Deepening and Broadening the Chest 
 and Strengthening the Lungs. 
 These 34 Specific Exercises are each illustrated by a full length 
 figure (taken from life) showing the set of muscles in contraction, 
 which can be developed by each of them. J Dumb Bell Exercises. 
 
 Ten Appendices showing the relative gain a? pupils from 9 years 
 of age to 40. 
 
 All who value Health, Strength and Happiness should procure 
 and read this work ; it will be found by far the best work ever 
 written on this important subject. Sent by mail, postpaid, on 
 receipt of price. $1.50. 
 
 Address, Fowler & Wells Co,, Publishers, 775 Broadway, New York. 
 
Fowler & Wells Co.'s New Publications, 
 
 Physical Culture. For Home and- School. Scientific and 
 Practical. By D. L. Dowd, Professor of Physical Culture. 
 12mo, 322 pages . 8(Hllustrations, fine binding. $1.50. 
 The best work on the* building up of Health and Strength by 
 systematic exercise ever published. It will be called for by pro- 
 fessional and all sedentary people, and all who do not have the 
 necessary and proper exercise in their daily occupation ; it also 
 tells how to work for health and strength. 
 
 A Practical Plan of Instruction in Shorthand. By 
 
 Bates Torry. $1. 
 Consisting of a series of twenty lessons, in the form of Lesson 
 leaves. Every teacher of shorthand will prize this, and those at- 
 tempting self-instruction should use it. 
 
 Nervousness: Its Nature, Causes, Symptoms, and 
 
 Treatment. By H. S. Drayton, M. D., Editor Phrenologi- 
 cal Journal. 25 cents. 
 A practical treatise on this rapidly increasing malady. 
 
 Pope's Essay on Man. With responding" Essay, Man Seen 
 in the Deepening Dawn. By Dr. C. S. Weeks. Paper, 25c. 
 A unique and interesting volume giving Pope's Essay, and on 
 the opposite pages parallel lines also parallel to and respond- 
 ing to the sentiments of Pope. All admirers of the Essay on Man 
 will enjoy this. 
 
 How to Succeed as a Stenographer or Typewriter, 
 
 should be in the hands of every shorthand writer and student, 
 containing quiet hints and gentle advice by one who ' ' Has 
 Been There." A Handbook of miscellaneous information and 
 suggestions for the young law reporter ; the Shorthand Stu- 
 dent; the Typewriter operator; with rules for the proper use 
 of capital letters and punctuation. Also some practical sug- 
 gestions for the formation of a general American Association 
 of Stenographers. By Arthur M. Baker. 25c. 
 
 Andrews' Chart of Comparative Phonography. 
 
 Showing and comparing the principal features in the leading 
 systems of Phonography of interest to all shorthand writers 
 and students. 15 x 20 inches. Price, 25c. Mounted on 
 muslin, 50c. 
 
 Horace Mann : A view of his life and its meaning ; a memo- 
 rial address. By Rev. J. B. Weston, D.D. Paper, 10c. 
 A worthy tribute to this great man, it will prove to be of interest 
 to every intelligent reader. 
 
 FOWLER & WELLS CO., Publishers, 775 Broadway, N. Y. 
 
 N. B.— Our New Illustrative and Descrintiye Catalogue sent 
 on application. L. N. FOWLEK & c5W*. 
 
 • PUBLISHERS, 
 
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