Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffaOOstanrich THE ENCYCLOPEDIA Face and Form Reading HOW TO READ CHARACTER AND PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS BY THE GENERAL APPEARANCE Practical and Scientific Physiognomy " A Systematic Manual of Instruction Based upon WELL-ESTAHLisiiKn 1'kix- ciPLEs OF Anatomy and Physiology. Readily Cojii'kk- HKNSIBLE to THE GENERAL READER By MARY OLMSTED STANTON ID scikntTfitti AUTHDR or "A rRAirrii:Ai. and sciKNflrir trratise on phtsiognomt" : "a ciiaht fob thk dki.ineation or mk.vtai, AND I-IIYSIOI.O6I0AI. CH ARACTEK18TI08." KTC. With an Outline of Study, Glossary and Classified Suggestive Questions and Aids to the Study, together with Original Articles upon Vital Subjects by Distinguished Authorities Second edition— Revised. Profusely Tllustraied PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK, CHICAGO THE F. A. DAVIS COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1900 9 flJ ^1®^ By desire and direction of both Author and PnbUsher. this work is sold only by snbscnptlon, at the advertised prices, by Agents regularly authorized, who . are absolutely pledged to maintain prices and manner of sale. Its presence, therefore, in any booli-store which is not an authorized agency, and which seUs otherwise than by subscription, save as a second-hand copy, or its being offered for sale at less than the advertised pHce, is an evidence of fraucH gainst which the public, and espedaUy honest and upright book-sellers, are hereby warned. COPYRIGHT, ia89. BY MABT OLMSTED STANTON. COPYMOHT, 1895, BY MARY OLM8TKD STANTON. SUGGESTIONS AND AIDS. COPYRIGHT, 1896. BY THE F. A. DAVIS COMPANY. &t/ P. PhilkdalpUk, P»., D. 8. A. The Medio! Balletin Printing-HoDM, 1916 Cherrv Street TO THE LOVERS OF SCIENCE, TO THE EARNEST AND ENTHUSIASTIC SEARCHERS FOR TRUTH THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, THIS WORK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED P7002 AUTHOR'S PREFACE. If one had asserted a few years ago that the time was near when men could converse with each other fifty miles apart, he would have been looked upon as a lunatic. Had he also remarked that quite as soon men could learn to read each other's characters by a glance at the face, he would have been regarded as an idiot. Yet, just as surely as one can converse at a great distance by the aid of the telephone, just so surely can men read each other's faxxs by rule and law settled and defined. The art and science of physiognomy, as shown in " The Encyclopaedia of Face and Form Reading," will put the reader in possession of this almost superhuman power. The art of character-reading by the face is universal and in- stinctive. Every one gathers some knowledge of those he asso- ciates with by inspection of their facial features. Not only does he glean from this source, but he derives some impressions (and often correct ones) from the voice, the walk, the movements, and gestures ; but as with all branches of knowledge one is more certain of the correctness of his observations if he possess some established rules to go by, so in the study of human character (the highest and most important of all studies) laws and rules cannot be dispensed with. This book gives these laws and rules, and those who learn to apply them may be certain that the infor- mation gained from their application is perfectly correct, WHAT MAKES SOME PEOPLE SUCCESSFUL? In every community there are many talented instinctive phys- iognomists ; these persons are the successful parents, teachers, lawyers, doctors, actors, authors, artists, and employes. These people are successful because they have this inherited gift of char- acter-reading. How much greater would be their power did they have some well-established laws to guide them ! (V) vi author's preface. WHAT MAKES SOME PEOPLE UNSUCCESSFUL'? There are many others, unfortunately, who do not possess so great a degree of the knowledge of human nature as the former ; how highly important for those is the knowledge which this book contains ! In these pages I have made a chart of the face, in which I have located fifty signs of character, in so plain and simple a manner that any one can easily learn it and put this knowledge into immediate practice. I also show the meanings of the several forms of the body, of the hands, fingers, finger-nails ; the lines, the wrinkles, the dimples; as well as the colors of the skin, hair, eyes, and eye- brows, and the meaning of the form, color, and quality of the beard and moustache. A GREAT DISCOVERY. Every internal organ has its sign in the face, which I have discovered and mapped out on a diagram, by the inspection of which one can readily know which of the visceral organs are weak and which are by nature strong. The heart, the liver, the lungs, the kidneys, the reproductive system, etc., have their certain sign or features by which the inherited condition of each organ may be known. This knowledge puts a great power into the hands of parents, for, by knowing in advance which organs are weak and liable to disorder, they can prevent such calamity by the advice also given in this book. "The Encyclopaedia of Face and Form Reading" should be in the hands of every parent, teacher, minister, doctor, lawyer, artist, superintendent, banker, mechanic, and all persons who deal with human nature in their daily occupation. The Teacher, by studying and applying its laws, can be most successful with her scholars ; for by one glance at the face she can see wliich mental faculties are strongest, which weakest, and she can then apply the rule suited to each condition as given in these pages. The Minister can gain a correct understanding of the moral, mental, and spiritual status of his parishioners, and may, by apply- ing physiognomic laws to the reading of faces, become better AUTHOR S PREFACE. VU acquainted with his charge in one visit than he could otherwise by years of acquaintance. The Doctor will find in these pages most important ideas and theories which cannot be found in any medical book in the world. It is, indeed, a text-book which should lie on the table of every physician, and be daily consulted by him. To the Artist, in every department of art, it will give new and original ideas, including the basic principles of form, color, time, and memory, with directions how to improve each. All of these theories are of immense importance to artists, aside from their physiognomic value. The Lawyer will find in these pages a sure way to read the characters of judge, juror, client, and witness with instantaneous rapidity. The Actor will be greatly benefited in his studies of character by knowing the meaning and the shape of each facial feature, as well as the shape of each bodily structure and their associated characteristic gesture, pose, and movement. The Author can learn how to describe scientifically the physi- ognomic peculiarities of the forms, faces, and features of each one of his characters, so that they shall be true to nature. The physi- ognomic descriptions of the heroes and heroines of George Eliot are not surpassed by any in English literature, and they were scientifically correct, — that is, in accord with physiognomic law. To Bankers the knowledge of physiognomy is invaluable. A banker once wrote me : " Had I possessed the knowledge con- tained in your book thirty years ago, it would have saved me thousands of dollars and much anxiety." All bankers should apply these rules to the faces of employes, and thus learn whom they can and cannot trust. Superintendents of Schools^ Manufactories^ Asylums^ Re~ formatoi'ies, and Business-Houses cannot afibrd to dispense with a knowledge of " Face and Form." Those who have the care of large numbers of youth will be greatly aided in the work of men- tal and moral developments of their charges by using the light of this science. To the Unmarried the knowledge contained in this work is absolutely essential. Within its pages may be found such descrip- tions and analyses of character as will teach those intending mar- •VIU AUTHOR S PREFACE. riage how to choose the one best adapted to produce harmony and beautiful and talented offspring. "The Encyclopaedia of Face and Form Reading" offers to every one a solution of many of life's most mysterious problems. Not only does it teach how to choose friends, business-partners, husbands, wives, and employes, but it gives directions how to de- velop every department of mind and all of the physical functions. WILL IT PAY? In short, the reading of this book will pay a greater interest than any other scientific book ever published on this or any other subject; because it treats of the most important subject to man, — viz., human nature. Ladies and Gentlemen can make a most interesting Parlor Entertainment of this science by reading the faces of the company present. It is far more popular than palmistry, and can be made both profitable and attractive by those who care to master its laws. This work is the result of a life-time of constant study, obser- vation, and research. It contains veiy many original ideas and theories never before put forth. In short, it is the most advanced, practical, and complete work on physiognomy extant. It is to be hoped that these ideas may lead to a correct knowl- edge of man, and that this may conduce to his welfare physically, morally, and intellectually. The Author. PUBLISHERS' PREFACE. The purpose has been to combine into this encyclopaedia all that is known to-day regarding " Face and Form Reading," cloth- ing the scientific facts in such simple language as to make it adapted equally to the uses of the beginner and the adept. Even the compendious presentation of the subject has required a large volume; but, believing that the merit of the subject and the demand for a comprehensive and acknowledged authority upon it will insure a sale which, from the financial stand-point, will war- rant the experiment, it is published at a price far below its intrinsic worth, and one which brings it within the reach of the most mod- erate purse. The encyclopaedia answers the needs of its user not only while mastering the rudiments of the study, but also becomes more valuable as he becomes more proficient in its most intricate details. With the aid of the glossary, the index^ and the most elaborate, suggestive index and outline of study, it is made avail- able to all readers. It, however, gains greater value from the special articles prepared expressly for it by the distinguished gen- tlemen whose names appear in connection therewith. It is believed that no important science was ever before so simplified and arranged for convenient and easy assimilation as this. The person who uses and becomes familiar with this encyclopaedia has spread before him the practical application of the principles of evolution, of anatomy and physiology, of mechanics, of physical and mental philosophy, and of many of the kindred sciences. Tlie reader therefore gains an amount of general and practical knowledge which cannot fail to be an almost incalculable benefit all through life. In conclusion, for systematic study, it is urged that the general reader shall begin at Part II and return to Part I. Best of all, though, let him use the hints and suggestions of the outline of study for constant reference or casual consultation. (ix) CONTENTS. Author's Preface, t Publisher's Preface, ix List of Illustrations, . . xxvii Aids to the Study, A-3 Introduction, 1 PART I. THEORETICAL PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER I. The Bases of Principles of Scientific Physiognomy. Definition ; Lavater's work ; Theory of Practical and Scientific Physi- ognomy ; What it teaches ; How the discoveries were made ; General laws and principles. The human face the index of all Nature; Tliree grand divisions — Chemical, Architectural, Mathe- matical. Mineral forms. The physical basis of Mind, . . 7 CHAPTER II. The Basic Principles of Form. Rotatory motion the origin of Form ; The movement of the earth has a direct bearing on the form and destiny of created beings. Relation between nniversal existence and mathematical law. Number the proper index to the volume of Being ; The human countenance the index to these laws and principles. The law of Scalenism, or perversion ; Disease a temporary return to abnor mal or perverted types ; Straightness of the bones indicates straightness of tlie mind. The normal factors of Form and Being in Nature, Art, and Science, 27 CHAPTER III. The Five Organ Systems which Create Form and Character. All is symbolic in Nature ; Form the decisive factor in the interpreta- tion of character. The five ditterent organ 83'stem8. Form, character, and earliest appearance of cell life in the organiza- tion of animal tissue ; The structure of organized bodies, . 59 The Vegetative System, . . . 67 Characterization of the vegetative adult ; The organ systems in the chemical or vegetative division; Faculties derived from the development of these organs. (xi) Xll CONTENTS. The Thoracic Systkm, 71 Facial signs for the internal organs ; Diseases which assail the thoracic system. The Muscular System, 75 Arrangement of the muscles ; Yoluntary and involuntary ; The varied expressions of the human face due to the muscles ; The mechanical and artistic principles included in the action of the muscular system ; Faculties that have signs located in the muscular division ; Diseases which assail the muscular sj^stem ; The dominant systems of man's organism control his capacities. The Osseous or Bony System, 83 Classification of the bones ; Firmness and integrity of character depend upon the bones ; Composition of the bony structure ; Kind of food necessary for good bones ; Prominent men who have excelled in morality, endurance, and heroism ; Bony people the best ; Faculties derived from the bony system ; Faculties in the architectural division ; Diseases incident to the bony system ; Remedy for an excessive development of bone. The points of character which depend upon the several organ sys- tems of the body. The Brain and Nervous System, 94 Size of the brain alone not a proof of great mental power; Form and congenital quality the most potent factors ; Texture of the skin significant of mental quality ; Physiology of the brain and nerves ; Diseases which assail this system. CHAPTER IV. The Sub-Basic Principles of Physiognomy. Form and Size ; A large head no indication of superior intelligence ; The nose the best indication of power. Quality or mental power ; Fine hair and skin to be considered first. Form ; Persons of creative or constructive minds are round in form ; The arch, the curve, the circle, the ovoid, the square, and straight line ; Each illustrates diflferent phases of character. Color ; The mineral the original source ; Pure air the best cosmetic ; Color and heat synonjmous, 101 The Law of Proportion or Harmonious Development, , . . 131 Proportion a potent factor in determining character; One or more faculties excessively developed dominate and influence the action of other faculties ; Secretiveness ; Cautiousness ; Acquisitiveness. Health 137 The basis of all really useful character fo inded on health; Organic perfection and morality ; Precocious children ; Sensi- tive, nervous children; Drug medication; Pure air the best; Compensation ; The established laws of compensation. CONTENTS. xiii CHAPTER V. Rationale of Physical Functions and Mental Faculties, and THEIR Signs in the Face. The brain not the sole seat of the mind. Hope directly related to the liver. The source of moral power. The Kidney System, 158 Faculties dependent upon it ; Analysis of Conscientiousness ; Morality dependent on the action of the kidneys ; Color-blind- ness ; Analysis of Firmness. Faculties Derived from the Different Systems. The Intestinal System, 1 65, 185 Digestion or Alimentiveness ; Mental power of the nerves of the digestive apparatus ; Relation of the visceral organs to the brain. Friendship ; Its selfish and unselfish action ; Its connection with and dependence on other faculties : Analysis ; The liver as a clearing-house of the entire organism. The Glandular System, . . 169 Benevolence; Value of the lips as indicators of pathological and morbid states of the body ; Economy ; The grade of intellectual development shows the kind of economy ; Hospitality ; Love of Home ; Patriotism. The Reproductive System, ITT Amativeness, or love of the sexes; Its moral and physiological importance should be taught ; Love of Young ; Mirthfulness • Sanativeness ; Pneumativeness. The Liver, 182 Hope ; Its dependence upon the liver. The Nerves op the Skin, . . 190 Modesty ; Analysis of the glandular system and olfactory gan- glia; Cautiousness ; The correlation of function with faculty. The Osseous System, 192 Veneration ; Its connection with the stomach. The Osseous and Muscular Systems, 194 Executiveness. The Muscular System, 1 95, 213 Self-will ; Credenciveness ; Uses of this faculty. Calculation ; Music ; All art is founded on a circle or sections of it ; Analysis of Music ; Language ; Shown by a high qualit}' of the muscular system ; Musical qualities observed in language. XIV- CONTENTS. The Osseous and Nervous Systems, 199 Observation. The Muscular and Brain Systems, 200 Memory of Events ; A faculty of the five systems of functions ; A great memory only is no indication of intellect or wisdom ; Memory depends upon a healthy condition of the body; Weight ; A high development of the muscular system a power- ful ally to art ; Locality ; Large in those whose muscular sys- tem is supreme. The Glandular and Arterial Systems, 206 Analysis of color. The Brain and Nerve System, 209, 233 Mental order ; Physical order. Intuition ; A true and distinct sense ; Division of the nervous system into two parts ; De- scription of the powers and action of these two departments of the brain system ; Organs and functions from which the mental faculties derive their powers. The Five Superior Systems, . .210 Time ; Lacking where the vegetative system predominates ; Time as well as Order one of the leading characteristics of the bony system. The Brain System, 227 Comparison; Causality; Reason; Development of reasoning faculties among the masses; Children should be drilled in logical reasoning. CHAPTER VI. Theories of the Mode of Action of Certain Traits. Analysis of Amativeness ; Should be judged by the adjoining facial signs. Analysis of Jealousy ; The result of one of three causes. Analysis of Revenge, Analysis of Secretiveness ; Intended by Nature to conceal the lack of some other facult3\ Theory of Suspicion. Analysis of Anger, Will, and Temper ; A dark man has the strongest temper ; Its effect on the system ; Self-will the basis of Anger and Temper ; What true religion consists of. Analysis of Selfishness ; Two distinct and opposite methods of action; Caused bj- an insufficient development of the glandular system. Self-conceit; Egotism. Analysis of Scorn and Con- tempt. Analysis of Enthusiasm ; Faculty that leads to great efforts. Analj^sis of Laziness ; Obstinacy ; Contrariness ; Phj'si- ognomy teaches that all defects can be remedied, to a large extent 239 CONTENTS. XV PART II. PRACTICAL PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER I. The Three Natural and Primitive Divisions of the Face Created by the Mouth, the Nose, and the Eyes. The mouth ; The centre of the most primitive system of function. The nose ; Represents the mental powers. The eyes ; Repre- sent the muscular development of the entire body. Facial signs of the physiological organs and functions. Digestion, or Alimentiveness. Location of the signs for the visceral organs. Physiognomy properly a part of medical science. The glands. The reproductive system. Lactation. The kidneys ; Conscien- tiousness dependent on this system. Method of localizing the higher developments of the bod^- ; The lungs and heart ; The Liver ; The stomach. The muscular or motive system ; The eye ; Motion ; Vision ; Hearing. The osseous system ; Denoted by the bones of the eyebrow. The brain and nerve s^'Stem ; Train- ing the feeble-minded and imbecile ; The sense of touch, . . 273 Mental Signs of Character in the Face, 287 Five practical subdivisions ; The width and length of the face ; The nose high and broad the entire length a good sign ; The lower part of the forehead and eyebrows an important part to consider ; Great size of the forehead no criterion of mentality ; Local signs for the mental faculties ; Summary to the five prac- tical subdivisions of the face. CHAPTER n. Location and Description of Signs of Character in the Face. Fifty separate and distinct faculties described ; The adaptability of the human mind ; Man does not possess a greater number of mental faculties than woman ; Gestures significant in disclos- ing character ; The face an exact register of all mental facul- ties and bodily functions and conditions, 297 The Faculty op Conscientiousness, 302 Definition ; An excess and deficiency of this faculty ; Facial and bodily signs ; The color of the face an indication of the general integrity of a person ; Bodily signs of Conscientious- ness ; Description of Conscientiousness ; Conscientiousness large where the bony system predominates. The Faculty of Firmness, 312 Definition ; What an excess or deficjenc^^ causes ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Firmness ; A receding chin an in- dication of weakness ; The signs for Firmness observed all over the individual. XVI CONTENTS. The Faculty of Economy, 318 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Economy ; A normal degree of Economy indicates a normal or balanced condition of mind ; Acquisitiveness not Economy. Love of Home, . 324 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Love of Home ; This trait should be cultivated in children. Patriotism, 329 Facial and bodily signs ; Definition of Patriotism. Benevolence, 335 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Benevo- lence ; Faculties in combination modifj^and influence this trait; Difference between benevolence and friendship. Bibativeness, , . 339 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Bibativeness ; Situation of this sign most suggestive; Indicates the func- tional purity of the entire organism. Alimentiveness, or Digestion, 348 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Alimentive- ness ; Tlie mouth by its shape and color gives the general tone or grade of the individual. Amativeness, 355 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Amative- ness ; Training in sexual morality ; Works that all young people should read ; Signs for emotional traits found in the glands and muscles, not the bones. Love of Young, 367 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty may lead to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Love of Young ; Should be balanced by reason and justice ; Does not necessarily impart a tone of kindness to the individual. MiRTHFULNESS, 3T3 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description ; Mental uses of Mirthfulness. Approbativeness, 3Y8 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency indicates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Approbativeness ; Essential to the success of some people. Friendship, 385 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Friendship ; Selfish and unselfish frien'dship ; Friendship with fine inherited quality shows a strong, magnetic nature ; Diverse manifesta- tions of Friendship. CONTENTS. Xvii Hospitality, 392 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Hospitality. Pneumativeness, 397 Definition ; Wiiat an excess or deficiency of this faculty may lead to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Pneumative- ness ; Tiie most essential factor is pure air ; Manifestation^ of Pneumativeness ; Acuteness of scent ; Great energy of mind and body. Glandular and Arterial System. Color, 408 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Color ; A higli cultivation of the color-sense a religious duty ; Aids toward cultivating this sense ; What the color of the face reveals ; Color-blindness. Sanativeness, 427 Definition ; What a deficiency of this facultj^ leads to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Sanativeness ; One of the normal and primitive functions ; Magnetic healers ; The faculty of Sanativeness should be large in physicians ; Longevity of life ; Facial signs that a good surgeon or physician should possess. Self-esteem, 436 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Self-esteem ; Its relation to other faculties ; Self-assertion and Positiveness ; The combination of Self-esteem with other faculties; Whata short upper lip denotes. Modesty, 445 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Modesty ; Blushing ; Downcast looks not an indication of Modesty ; Shy- ness sometimes spelt " slyness." Force, 454 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this facult}'^ leads to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Force ; Possessors of round muscles are the most vigorous ; Children should be thoroughly trained in gymnastics ; Force gives to the voice clearness and resonance ; Color of great service in determining what degree of force will be exhibited. Resistance, 463 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Resistance ; Sometimes takes the form of combativeness or contrariness; Mental resistance. Secretiveness, . 469 Definition ; What an excess or deficienc}' of this faculty leads to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Secretiveness ; Physiological peculiarities of secretive men ; What deficiency of faculties Secretiveness indicates ; This faculty large in priests and physicians ; Characteristics of Secretiveness. XVm CONTENTS. Cautiousness, 419 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Cautiousness ; The nose the principal sign ; Its connection with other faculties. Hope, 486 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Hope ; Hygienic remarks ; Its connection with and indication of the general con- dition of the internal organs ; Temporary disorders of the liver ; A clear, fresh-colored complexion. Analysis, 493 Definition ; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Analysis ; The capacity for analyzing ; Large in all talented persons ; Of great help in the investigation of human charactiir ; Must be judged in combina- tion with other faculties. Mental Imitation, 499 Definition ; What a deficiency of this facult}' indicates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Mental Imitation; What is the basis of suppl}' of Mental Imitation ; All features subject to the modif}' ing action of the law of Quality- ; Signs for literary and artistic faculties grouped about the tip of the nose ; Nosology ; Normal uses of Imitation. Sublimity, 506 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of the faculty of Sublimity ; Mental phase of Sublimity- ; This facujjy an attri- bute of old and perfected races ; Largely observed in the faces of the Hebrews ; Prominent Hebrews ; Sublimity in combi- nation with other faculties. Ideality, 514 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Idealit}' ; Physi- ological base of Ideality ; Great diversities of degree of this faculty exhibited ; Natural allies and assistants of Ideality ; The dimpled chin. Human Nature, 525 Definition ; What an excess or deficienc}^ of this faculty indi- cates; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Human Nature; The beneficial uses of the faculty of Human Nature. Acquisitiveness, 534 Definition; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Acquisi- tiveness ; Should be judged in combination with other faculties ; The outline of each feature and limb reveals the entire man ; Acquisitiveness useful in connection with literary pursuits. CONTENTS. XIX CONSTRUCTIVENESS, 544 Definition ; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Constructiveness ; Physio- logical and anatomical description of the base of each separate and mental manifestation ; A predominance of the muscular system necessary in all artistic pursuits ; Analj^ze the combina- tions of systems of functions observed in each individual ; With a knowledge of physiognomy a knave cannot be mistaken for an honest man ; Combination of Constructiveness with other faculties. Veneration, 553 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Veneration ; Large where the bony system predominates; Exhibited in vary- ing degrees and in diverse ways ; The " scooped " or pug nose ; The uses of Veneration ; Natural religion. EXECUTIVENESS, . . 561 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Executive- ness ; Its relationship to the stomach ; All power not in the brain ; Ditlerent forms of Executiveness ; A vigorous thoracic system a great adjunct. Self-will, 569 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Self-will ; This faculty sometimes necessary to make other traits conspicuous ; Secondary signs of Self-will ; Distinction between Self-will and Firmness ; Self-will, where deficient, can be cultivated by gym- nastic exercises. Credenciveness, 578 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty causes; Facial and bodil}' signs; Description of Credencive- ness; This faculty universal; Its uses in the artistic line; The best use of Credenciveness ; Rationale of Credenciveness. Prescience, 588 Definition; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Prescience; Its action best observed in aged persons ; The possession of the Prescient faculty gives a love and desire for a future life ; Manifestations of Prescience different in each individual. XX CONTENTS. CHAPTER II. (Continued.) The Practical Division of the Face. A consideration of the practical or mechanical group of faculties ; Bones of the skull and face changed by a regular law of development, . . . 601 FoEM, 602 Definition ; What a deficiency in Form indicates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Form ; The basis of all trades and professions ; The art of spelling depends upon the development of this faculty; Chess-players large in form and size. Size, 609 Definition ; What a deficiency in size indicates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Size ; Impossibility of judging the sliape and size of the brain by an external examination ; The uses of this faculty in conjunction with others. Observation, 617 Definition ; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Observation ; Persons with excessive Credenciveness never develop this sign ; Attention must be paid to the peculiar expression of the eye ; Animal observation. Memory of Events, . , 624 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Memory ; Analysis of the Memory ; How to strengthen this faculty ; Dif- ferent kinds of Memory ; Memory is not wisdom ; Disorders that this faculty is subject to. Locality, 635 Definition ; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Facial and bodily signs ; General and diffused through the muscular system ; Description of Locality ; Surgeons and anatomists require a fine development of this faculty ; How children can be taught to develop it ; The study of physiognomy one of great interest to children. The Muscular System — Weight, 643 ^ x^efinition; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- "cates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Weight ; Its uses in every-day life. Language, 652 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Language ; A combination of several faculties; Color has a controlling influence upon Language ; Analysis of this faculty ; How the degrees of force of Language are revealed. Music, . 665 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Music ; Round, muscular persons make the best musicians ; Curves one CONTENTS. XXI of the elements of sound ; The eye and ear; Connection of this faculty with Amativeness ; The entire system must be built upon the curved or arched pattern; Round form denotes harmoniously- constructed organism ; Childish capriciousness of great singers; Other faculties necessary to make the perfect musical structure. The Mathematical Division of the Face. Faculties which assist the mathematical computation and demonstra- tion found in the upper division of the face, .... 680 Time, . 681 Definition ; Comprised in the five systems of functions ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Time ; Kinds of time inherent in the thoracic system; In the osseous system ; In the muscular system ; In the vegetative 83'stem ; Elements of Time ; Its con- nection and operation with other faculties ; Motion the basis of Time. Order, Mental and Physical, 695 Definition of Mental Order ; Facial and bodily signs ; Descrip- tion of Mental Order ; Physical Order ; Squareness of the bones an indication ; Different kinds of Order ; A necessary and natural ally to other faculties ; Exhibited by animals and insects. Calculation, 705 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Calculation ; The base of ever3'thing mathematical or numerical ; Persons of large and sound reasoning powers possess sound and strong bodies ; Its cultivation in children. Causality, 715 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Causality ; Mere questioning not true investigation ; The value of Causality governed by the surrounding faculties. Comparison, ^ . 726 Definition ; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Faciei and bodily signs ; Description of Comparison ; The natural ally and companion of certain faculties ; Inductive reasoning. Intuition, 737 Definition ; How this faculty can be cultivated ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Intuition ; A separate faculty from human nature ; Cause and base of Intuition ; Women as a class possess a more general endowment of this trait than men ; The investigation of human nature greatly aided by In- tuition ; Children, as a rule, possess a high development of this faculty ; Intuitional genius of animals. XXU CONTENTS. CHAPTER in. The Human Face in Outline, Motion, Feature, Expression, AND Color. Every form in Nature reveals its own history; The muscular mechanism of the face; Tlie osseous formation; The nervous distribution of the same ; The glandular formation of the face ; The outline exhibited by each separate being and epitome of the entire character; The superior power of the face as a revealer of character to that of the skull ; (Jeometrical forms of the face ; Five general outlines of the face, caused by shape and degree of activity of the internal organs, 749 Motions and Form, 757 Motion also reveals the mind of the individual ; Natural ges- tures strongly indicative of character; Congenital or profes- sional criminals use very few gestures ; Movements of the mouth ; Difterences in the form of the internal organs ; Basic elements of form as exhibited in the features. The Chin, . . .769 The signs of the chin ; Three general forms of the chin — the globose, the oval, and the square; The three positions of the chin ; Forms of the centre of the chi*^ ; Three general classes of character ; Dimpled chins ; Forms of the chin ; The effemi- nate chin. The Jaw, 791 Forms of the jaw ; The upper and the lower; The embrj^otic lower ; The infantile jaw ; A dyspeptic jaw ; The weak, or nega- tive ; The consumptive jaw ; The crafty and witty jaw ; The curved, or artistic ; The dramatic jaw ; The square jaw — moral, mechanical, scientific ; The angular, or contrary jaw ; Prog- nathous jaw ; Prognathism of the upper jaw. The Lips, 795 The signs in the lips ; The movements of the mouth, lips, and adjacent parts highly significant of character ; The lower lip ; The embryonic lower lip ; The infantile lower ; The gustatory lip ; The sociable lip ; The linguistic lower lip; The witty lower lip ; The benevolent or sympathetic lower lip ; The secretive lower lip; The criminal lower lip; Crookedness of the muscles indicates crookedness of the language ; The undeveloped lower lip ; The stupid lower lip ; The destructive lower ; Visions of the lower lip ; The embryonic upper ; The undeveloped upper ; The philoprogenitive upper lip ; The modest upper ; The imitative upper lip ; The secretive upper lip ; The self-estimative upper lip ; The amative upper ; The normal upper lip ; The mirthful upper lip. The Yoice, 825 Intensity of motion ; Analysis of the voice ; Reveals the domi- nant system or systems of the organism ; Peculiarities of voice of those in whom the thoracic system is dominant — ^the vegeta- CONTENTS. XXIU tive system, the muscular system ; The clearer the voice, the clearer the mind ; Lisping tones betray a want of balanced judg- ment; Impediment to perfect articulation; Evolution of language in connection with evolution of the voice ; Harsh voices ; Unconscious imitation ; Elocutionary exercises ; A man capable of emitting sound independent of the organs of speech ; Comparison of the tones of the ditterent races of civilization. The Mouth, 837 The line of closure ; Analyzing a mouth ; The graminivorous mouth ; The singing mouth ; The ai-tistic mouth ; The conver- sational and oratorical mouth ; The meditative mouth ; The common-sense mouth ; The orderly mouth ; The economical mouth; The destructive or carnivorous mouth; Criminal mouths. The Cheeks, . 848 General remarks ; The two divisions of the cheeks ; The om- br3'onic ; The globose, or infantile ; The gluttonous ; Oval or artistic cheek ; The rectangular or conscientious cheek ; The dimpled or beautiful cheek ; The concave, or consumptive ; The dyspeptic ; The criminal ; Normal upper cheek ; Abnormal form of cheeks. The Nose, . 866 The evolution of the naso ; The physiology of the nose ; The anatomical formation of the nose ; Table of elements to be considered in relation to the nose ; General remarks ; Lower division — artistic and literary ; Middle division — constructive ; Upper division — executive ; The three general outlines of the nostrils ; The form or outline of the nose ; The three basilar forms of the nose ; The concave or immature nose of the adult, negative character; Embryotic type; Infantoid type; Idiotic type ; Snub type ; Pup type ; Retroussee type ; Sing- ing type; Straight class — passive character; Poetic type; Artistic type ; Literary type ; Critic's tj^pe ; Philosophic type ; Dramatic type ; Constructive type ; Athletic types ; Convex class — osseous system dominant — positive character; Argumentative type ; Commercial type ; Melancholy type ; Dishonest type ; Scientific type ; Mechanic type ; Abnormal type. The Eye, 936 The foi-ms of the eye ; The three general forms of the eye ; Artistic type ; Reflective type ; The agreeable eye ; The lin- guistic eye; Politic eye; IFntruthful eye ; Upward oblique; Double obliquity ; Observing eyelid ; Licentious and un- principled form ; Secretive and acquisitive eye ; Truthful eye ; Normal eye ; Abnormal type ; The size of the eye ; Expres- sion of the eye ; Artistic expression ; Observant expression ; Magnetic expression ; Brutal expression ; Gluttonous expres- sion ; Shallow and passionate expression ; Nictitating fold. The Eyelashes, , 969 The interciliary space; Artistic interciliary space; Super- stitious type. XXIV CONTENTS. The Eyebrows, 974 Normal position of the inner termini ; The conceited brow ; The observing eyebrow ; The credulous eyebrow ; Position of the middle of the brows — the impractical brow ; The artistic brow ; Position of the outer termini — the arithmetical brow ; The deceptive eyebrow ; The aesthetic eyebrow ; The inventive eyebrow ; The vital eyebrow ; The delicate eyebrow ; Move- ments of the brows ; The colors of the eyebrow. The Forehead, 987 The practical forehead ; The projecting forehead ; Infantile forehead ; The mechanical forehead ; The artistic forehead ; The scientific and mechanical forehead. The Head, 993 The Hair, 997 The evolution of the hair; The quality or texture Of the hair; The quantity of the hair ; The various colors of the hair ; The remedy for gray hair; Various sorts of curly hair; Straight hair ; Cause and cure for baldness ; The beard ; The texture of the beard. The Ear, 1015 The significations of the forms of the ear ; The position of the ear ; Defective positions ; The external and internal ear ; The three divisions of the ear ; The color of the ear ; The forms of the ear ; The musical ear ; The unmusical ear ; The oratorical ear ; The commercial ear ; Generous versus stingy ear ; The courageous ear ; The timid ear ; The linguistic ear ; The refined ear ; The unrefined ear ; The abnormal ear. The Human Face, 1032 The lines of the face ; The wrinkles of the face ; The wrinkles in the chin ; The wrinkles in the lower cheeks ; Wrinkles of the lower lip ; Wrinkles about the ej^es ; Mirthful wrinkles at the outer corners of the eyes ; Wrinkles under the eyes ; Wrinkles on the forehead ; Wrinkles of the neck ; General wrinkles. Dimples, 1042 Signification of dimples ; Dimples in the chin ; Dimples in the cheeks. The Teeth, 1045 The physiognomical significance of the teeth ; Animal tj'^pes of the teeth. The Gums, 1050 The Tongue, 1052 CONTENTS. XXV Physiognomy of Smiles and Laughter, 1054 The Neck, 105T The wilful neck. The Hand, 1067 The construction and divisions of the hand ; The position of the hand ; The lines of the hand ; The vegetative or infantoid hand; Muscular class of hands ; Muscular class No. II (round muscles) ; The osseous class (square bones) ; Brain class ; Mixed hands ; Beautiful hands j Texture of the hand ; The color of the hand. The Nails, 1082 The color of the nails. CHAPTER IV. Signs of Health and Disease, Strength and Weakness, Beauty AND Ugliness, in the Human Face and Body. Signs of strength; Compression of the female waist; Signs of beauty in woman; The facial features as revelators of strength and beauty ; The nose, the chin, cheeks, and lips ; The complexion ; Use of stimulants ; Disease of the eyes ; The forehead ; Bilateral symmetry of the face ; The thorough-l3red ; What are the indications of a thorough-bred person; How to reduce the size without losing strength, 1085 CHAPTER V. Choice of Vocations. The Combinations op Faculties for Trades and Professions, . 1111 The method to pursue in reading character; The combination of systems and faculties suitable for a hotel or boarding house keeper; The combination of systems and faculties required for a mechanic ; The combination of systems and faculties required for a printer ; The systems and faculties essential to a dress- maker or designer of women's fashions ; The systems and faculties required by a cook; The combination of systems and faculties required for a farmer ; The combination of sys- tems and faculties required for an engineer ; The system and XXVI CONTENTS. faculties essential to merchants ; The systems and faculties required for a speculator; The systems and faculties essential for a painter ; Systems and faculties essential to a player ; The faculties necessary to a tragedian ; The systems and faculties essential to a comedian ; The systems and faculties essential to a society belle ; The systems and faculties necessary for an opera-singer ; The systems and faculties requisite for a musical composer; The systems and faculties essential to a sculptor; The systems and faculties required by a physician ; The systems and faculties required for a surgeon ; Other classes of surgeons ; The systems and faculties essential to the orator ; The electric class of orators ; Magnetic class of orators ; The systems and faculties essential to a clergyman ; The systems and faculties essential to a lawyer ; The systems and faculties essential to an inventor ; The systems and 'faculties needed by a commander; The systems and faculties necessary to a scientist ; The systems and faculties required by a civil engineer ; The S3^stems and faculties required by a banker; The systems and faculties required by a philanthropist ; The systems and faculties neces- sary to a philologist ; The sj'stems and faculties essential to an editor ; The systems and faculties required by a writer of fiction ; Tlie systems and faculties required by a statesman. Conclusion, 1182 APPENDIX TO PART I. Origin and Evolution of the Visceral Organs and Facial Features, 1187 Summary op the Origin and Evolution of the Visceral Organs AND Facial Features, 1205 Tabulated Summary of the Origin and Evolution of the Organs, 1209 Bibliography, 1211 Glossary, 1213 Index, 1217 H LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXIX Fio. 103. Madame Anne Geemaine de Stael 654 " 104. Noah Webster, 655 " 105. Annie Louise Cart 666 " 106. LuDWiG Van Beethovek, 667 " 107. Etelka Gerster 668 " 108. AuGUSTE Emil Wilhelmu 669 " 109. Sir Isaac Newton 682 " 110. Miss Maria Mitchell, 683 " 111. SiGN.OR LuiGi Arditi, 684 " 112. Patrick S. Gilmore, .685 " 113. Miss Ida Williams 687 " 114. Mrs. Emily C. Judson, 696 " 115. Baron Cuvier 697 " 116. Galileo Galilei, 706 " 117. Joseph Louis de Lagrange, 707 " 118. Antoinette L. B. Blackwell 716 " 119. Goldwin Smith 717 " 120. Elizabeth Cady Stanton 728 " 121. Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford), 729 " 122. Hermann Louis Helmholtz 730 " 123. Leland Stanford, 731 " 124. Charlotte Bronte, 738 " 125. Richard Owen 739 " 126. The Muscular Mechanism of the Face, 751 " 127. The Osseous Formation of the Face 752 " 128. The Nervous Distribution of the Face, 753 " 129, The Glandular Formation of the Face, 754 " 130. Geometrical Forms of the Face 755 " 131. Localization of Signs in the Chin 770 " 132. Three General Forms of the Chin — The Globose 771 " 133. The Oval 771 " 134. The Square 771 " 135. The Three Positions of the Chin — The Perpendicular, . 773 " 136. The Receding, . . .773 " 137. The Projecting, .... 773 " 138. Forms of the Centre of the Chin — Flat, or Stupid, .... 775 " 139. . Convex, or Brutal, . . . 775 " 140. Indented, 775 " 141. A Round-Dimpled Chin 777 " 142. A Cleft-Dimpled Chin, 777 " 143. The Broad and Square Chin 779 " 144. A Narrow and Receding Chin, 779 " 145. A Sharp, Pointed Chin, 779 " 146. The Long, Peaked, and Upturned Chin, 779 " 147. A Chin Composed of Fatty Tissue 779 " 148. A Convicted Thief, 779 " 149. Prince Talleyrand 783 " 150. Human Embryo, .784 " 151. Countess of Huntington (Jaw), 785 " 152. Oliver Goldsmith, 785 " 153. Laurence Sterne (Jaw) 786 " 154. Claude Lorraine (Jaw), 788 " 155. Benjamin R. Haydon, 789 " 156. Lord Byron, 789 " 157. Sir Isaac Newton (Jaw), 790 " 158. Voltaire (Jaw) 791 XXX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 159. Prognathous Jaws 793 " 160. Mart and Susie 803 " 161. Alexandre Dumas (Lip), 804 " 162. William Pitt (Lip) 805 " 163. De Witt Talmage (Lip) 806 " 164. Jules Favre (Lip), 806 " 165. Wilberforce (Lip) 807 " 166. A Convict (Lip), 808 " 167. A Bashkir . . 811 " 168. The Destructive Lower Lip, 813 " 169. Divisions of Upper Lip 814 " 170. Upper Lip Divided Horizontally 814 " 171. A, Normal Position of Lips; B, Lips of ah Egotist 815 " 172. An Imbecile (Lip) 817 " 173. The Philoprogenitive Upper Lip, . 817 " 174. Sir Walter Scott (Lip), . 818 " 175. Mirthful May (Lip), 819 " 176. Robespierre (Lip) 821 " 177. The Self-estimative Upper Lip, 821 " 178. Henry Ward Beecher (Lip) 823 " 179. Normal Upper Lip, 823 " 180. Count Cavour (Lip), 824 " 181. Normal Line of the Mouth, 837 " 182. Normal Margin of the Mouth, 837 " 183. Miss Emma Thursby (Mouth), 839 " 184. Rosa Bonheur (Mouth), 840 " 185. Jean Jaques Rousseau (Mouth), 841 " 186. John Quincy Adams (Mouth) 841 " 187. Samuel Houston (Mouth) 842 " 188. Benjamin Franklin (Mouth), 844 " 189. Wm. E. Gladstone (Mouth), 844 " 190. Michael Faraday (Mouth), 844 " 191. Chief Geronimo (Mouth), 846 •' 192. A Sensual Mouth, 847 " 193. The Two Divisions of the Cheeks 851 " 194. Cherub, by Raphael, 853 " 195. The "Diamond Fat Lady," 854 " 196. Lady Pitt, 855 " 197. Roger Sherman (Cheek), 856 " 198. Dimpled Cheeks 857 " 199. The Concave or Consumptive Cheek 860 " 200. Concave or Dyspeptic Cheek 861 " 201. A Convicted Thief, 862 " 202. Normal Upper Cheek, 863 " 203. Abnormal Cheeks 864 " 204. Savage Cheek-Bones, 865 " 205. The Nose Subdivided, 878 " 206. Location in the Nose of the Signs of the Visceral Organs, . . 879 " 207. Local Signs for the Mental Faculties, 881 " 208. The Horizontal Outline of the Nostrils, 891 " 209. The Upward Outline of the Nostrils, 891 " 210. The Downward Outline of the Nostrils, . . . . . . 891 " 211. The Concave Form of the Nose, 891 " 212. The Straight Form of the Nose 891 " 213. The Convex Form of the Nose, 891 " 214. Embryotic Nose, 894 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXI FiQ. 215. Idiotic Nose and Forehead, 896 " 216. Sndb-nose, 897 " 217. Pug-nose 898 " 218. Blunt Pug-nose, 898 " 219. The Nez ReteoussJie 900 " 220. Singing Nose 901 " 221. Greek Nose 903 " 222. Straight Nose 903 " 223. Artistic Nose, ...'..' 911 " 224. Dickens (Nose) 912 " 225. OuiDA (Nose) 912 " 226. Critic's Nose, 913 " 227. Philosophic Nose, 913 " 228. Dramatic Nose, 915 " 229. Constructive Nose, 917 " 230. Athletic Nose 918 " 231. Argumentative Nose 923 " 232. Commercial Nose, 924 " 233. Executive Nose, 924 " 234. Commercial Nose, 924 " 235. Melancholy Nose 928 " 236. Dishonest Nose, ...» 929 " 237. Mechanical Nose 933 " 238. Abnormal Nose, 934 " 239. Animal Type 935 " 240. Revengeful Nostrils, 935 " 241. The Muscles of the Eye 943 " 242. Large and Round Eye, , 946 " 243. Narrow and Elongated Eye, 946 " 244. Oblique Eye 946 " 245. Artistic Eye, 947 " 246. Reflective Eye 947 " 247. Agreeable Eye, • . . . . 948 " 248. Linguistic Eye, 948 " 249. Politic Eye, 949 " 250. Untruthful Eye 949 *' 251. Double Obliquity, 949 " 252. Observing Eyelid, 950 " 253. Licentious and Unprincipled Eye 950 " 254. Secretive Eye, .... 951 " 255. Acquisitive Eye, 951 " 256. Truthful Eye 952 " 257. Normal Eye, 953 " 258. Abnormal Eye, 953 " 259. Polygamic Eye 954 " 260. MoNOGAMic Eye, 954 " 261. Conjugal Eye, 955 " 262. Large Eye, 959 " 263. Medium Eye, 959 " 264. Small Eye 959 " 265. Artistic Eye 962 " 266. Observant Eye 963 " 267. Magnetic Eye, ' 963 " 268. Brutal Eye, • ... 963 " 269. Gluttonous Eye 964 " 270. Beautiful Eyelashes, . 970 XXXU LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 271. Aetistic Inteeciliaey Space, 971 272. SuPEESTiTious Type or Inteeciliaey Space, 972 273. Obseevant Type of Inteeciliaey Space, 973 274. FoEMS OF THE Eyebeow, 977 275. Position of the Innee Teemini of the Eyebeows 978 276. Conceited Eyebeow, 978 277. Obseeving Eyebeow, 979 278. Ceedulous Eyebrow, 979 279. Impeactical Eyebeow, . . t 981 280. Aetistic Eyebeow, 981 281. Aeithmetical Eyebeow 983 282. iEsTHETic Eyebeow, 983 283. Inventive Eyebeow, 983 284. Vital Eyebeow 984 285. Delicate Eyebeow, 984 286. Peependicdlae Foeehead, 988 287. Receding Foeehead, 988 288. Peactical Foeehead, 989 289. Peojecting Foeehead, 989 290. Infantile Forehead, 990 291. Mechanical Forehead 990 292. Aetistic Forehead, 991 293. Scientific Forehead 991 294. Vital Beard 1008 295. Vital Moustache, 1009 296. External and Internal Eae, 1023 297. Three Divisions of the Eae • . . . . 1024 298. Eae of Patti, 1027 299. Ear of Gerster, 1027 300. Ear of Lucca 1027 301. Ear of Sembrick 1027 302. Eae of Capoul 1027 303. Ear of Annie Louise Cary 1027 304. Ear OF Master Solomon, 1027 305. Ear of Passmore, 1027 306. Ear of Master Gibson, 1027 307. Ear of Campanini, 1027 308. Unmusical Ear 1028 309. Oratorical Ear 1029 310. Commercial Ear, 1029 311. Normal Direction of Primitive Line 1032 312. Primitive Line in Upper Lip 1033 313. Talker's Wrinkle ■ . . 1036 314. Approbative Wrinkle, 1036 315. Malicious Wrinkles, 1038 316. Executive Weinkles, 1038 317. Conscientious Wrinkles, 1038 318. Persevering Wrinkles, 1039 319. Mirthful Wrinkles, 1040 320. Talented Wrinkles, 1041 321. The Wilful Neck, 1060 322. The Amative Neck, 1061 323. The Attentive Neck, 1062 324. The Sagacious Neck, 1063 325. The Graceful Neck 1064 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXxiii Fig. 326. The Neck of Coquetry, 1065 327. The Avaricious Neck 1066 328. The Vegetative Hand 1072 329. Spatulate Hand 1072 330. Artistic Hand, 1075 331. Superstitious Hand, 1075 332. Scientific Hand 1077 333. Philosophic Hand, 1077 334. Mental Hand 1079 335. Useful Hand 1079 336. Beautiful Hands 1080 337. Beautiful Hand, 1081 338. The Farnesian Hercules, 1087 339. Normal Female Waist, 1090 340. Abnormal Female Waist, 1090 341. The Venus de Medici, 1091 342. Egeria 1091 343. Daniel Appleton, 1120 344. John Wanamaker, 1121 345. Phineas T. Barnum 1122 346. Michael Angelo, 1123 347. Raphael Sanzio 1124 348. Alfred Tennyson 1125 349. Torquato Tasso 1126 350. Edwin Booth, 1127 351. Adelaide Ristori, 1128 352. Blanche Barretta 1130 353. Joseph Jefferson, 1131 354. Madame Recamier, 1134 355. GiULiA Grisi, 1135 356. Franz Schubert, 1137 357. Richard Wagnee 1138 358. Ariadne 1140 359. M. Pasteur 1142 360. Edward Jenneb, 1143 361. John Hunter 1144 362. Master Harry Shannon, 1147 363. Henry Clay 1148 364. Ernestine L. Rose 1149 365. Henry Hart Milman, 1152 366. Cardinal Henry Edward Manning, 1153 367. Cyrus Hall McCokmack, 1167 368. Caius Julius Cesar, 1160 369. Sir Charles John Napier, 1161 370. Mary Somerville, 1164 371. Karl Vogt 1165 372. Washington A. Roebling, 1166 373. James B. Eads, 1167 374. Anthony Rothschild, 1170 375. George Peabody, 1172 376. William Dwight Whitney, 1174 377. Mrs. Frank Leslie 1176 378. Charles Dickens, ' 1178 379. William Makepeace Thackeray 1179 380. Armand Richelieu, 1181 SUGGESTIONS AND AIDS FOR THE STUDY OF The Encyclopedia of Face and Form Reading, EMBRACING ORIGINAL ARTICLES BY EMINENT PHYSICIANS. EDUCATORS, ETC., ON ALL PHASES OF HUMAN ACTION, WITH SEVERAL HUNDRED SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS UPON THE MOST VITAL AND IMPORTANT PROBLEMS OF HUMAN THOUGHT AND ENDEAVOR, GIVING THE PAGES OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA UPON WHICH THE ANSWERS CAN BE POUND. SUGGESTIONS AND AIDS. COPYRIGHT, 1895, BY THE F. A. DAVIS COMPANTT. HOW TO USE FACE AND FORM READING WITH A VIEW TO ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION. To AID in thoroughly understanding this work and to make its principles of practical application, we have had prepared a series of questions on Special Topics by gentlemen eminent for their knowledge in the particular directions indicated. The publishers have also had the co-operation of educators and students of Psychology in preparing a still further list of Special Topics (all pertinent to the subject), in order to render this department of " Aids " of special use in tlie study of " The Ency- clopaedia of Face and Form Reading," and to make the work as far as possible Self-interpreting. This we commend to you for careful consideration and use. Special Articles. Please read the Special Articles and stiidy the answers care- fully, every one of which has been prepared specially for this work by persons eminent in their various specialties and acknowledged as an authority upon Ms particular topic. Husband and Wife. How can " Face and Form Reading " be made useful to Husband and Wife in creating and developing The Ideal Home through Happy Marriage ? See article by E. E. Montgomery, M.D., Clinical Professor Gynaecology Jefferson Medical College, Gyntecologist to Jefferson and St. Joseph's Hospitals, Philadelphia, Pa. Employer and E>iployb. How can " Face and Form Reading " be made of great use to Employer and Employe? - See article by Hamilton Disston, Esq., of H. Disston's Sons, Keystone Saw and Tool Works, Philadelphia, Pa. (A-3) A-4 HOW TO USE FACE AND FORM READING. Teachers. — How can " Face and Form Reading " be made an Assistant to the School-Teacher in the Training and Development of the scholar, with especial reference to the Refractory and Dull pupil. See article by Prof. H. B. Whittington, Principal Keystone Boys' Grammar-School, Nineteenth and Chestnut Streets, Phila- delphia, Pa. Teachers (Special). How can *' Face and Form Reading " be rendered a Valuable Assistant to Teachers in Schools, Academies, and Colleges ? See article by Edward Brooks, A.M., Superintendent of Public Schools, Philadelphia, Pa. Son and Daughter. How will "Face and Form Reading" assist in the Physical and Mental Development of the Son and Daughter? See article by Egbert H. Grandin, M.D., Obstetric Surgeon New York Maternity Hospital, Gynaecologist to French Hospital, ' etc.. New York. Tendency to Consumption, etc. How will " Face and Form Reading" indi- cate Consumptive or Catarrhal Tendencies in Son and Daughter? See article by O. B. Douglas, M.D., President New York State Medical Society, Professor of Diseases of the Nose and Throat, New York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital, etc., New York, N. Y. Discernible Signs in Health and Disease. The Discernible Facial and Bodily Signs of the Visceral Organs : their Condition of Devel- opment and of Health and Disease. See article by A. R. Thomas, M.D., Dean of Hahnemann Col- lege, Philadelphia, Pa. Pneumative Patients. The Physiognomy of Pneumative Patients and its Relations to Diagnosis and Treatment. See article by Frank Woodbury, A.M.,M.D., Honorary Pro- fessor of Medicine in Medico-Chirurgical College, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Associate Editor Journal American Medical Association ; Fellow of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, Pa. Beauty, etc. Physiognomy in Beauty of Face and Form. See article by John V. Shoemaker, A.M., M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacology^, Therapeutics, etc., Medico-Chi- rurgical College, Philadelphia, Pa. The Physician, Professionally and Socially. How " Face and Form Reading " can be made useful to the Ph3'sician Professionally and Socially. See article by Egbert Guernsey, A.M., M.D., Consulting Phy- sician Hahnemann Hospital, N. Y. ; President Medical Board Met- ropolitan Hospital, Blackwell's Island, N. Y. ; President New York State Homoeopathic Medical Society ; Formerly Vice- President State Hospital for the lusane, etc., Middletown, N. Y. HOW TO USE FACE AND FORM READING. A-5 Church Organization and Development. How will a study of " Face and Form Reading " aid the Pastor in Church Organization and De- velopment ? See article by Rev. Geo. A. Peltz, D.D., Associate Pastor " The Temple," Broad and Berks Streets, Philadelpliia, Pa. Lawyer and Counselor. The aid " The Encyclopaedia of Face and Form Reading " may be made to render those interested in Legal, Judicial, and Deliberative Professions. See article by Hon. George S. Graham, District Attorney, Philadelphia, Pa.; assisted by Hon. John L. Kinsey, Assistant District Attorney, Philadelphia, Pa. Railroad Management and Operation. Subjects of interest to those en- gaged in Managing and Operating Railroads. See article by The Publishers. The Child. How will a study of " Face and Form Reading " aid Parents and Guardians in the Raising, Training, and Education of the Child? See article by The Publishers. Longevity through Hygiene. How will " Face and Form Reading " aid in attaining Longevity through Hygiene? See article by The Publishers, Human Improvement and Development. What Light will " Face and Form Reading " throw on Human Improvement and Human Development ? See article by The Publishers. Additional Valuable Aids. In connection with the above special articles from the eminent gentlemen whose names are appended thereto, we would call your attention to the following additional topics : — Teachings of Physiognomy, etc. What is Physiognomy, or Face and Form Reading, and how does the encyclopaedia teach it? Pages 1-n. Of what is the Human Face the index, and how does the encyclo- psedia show it ? Pages 15, 16. What creates Form and Character? Page 59. Upon what is Physiognomy, or Face and Form Reading, based ? Pages 27-58. C HEST-D E VELOPMENT. What does it indicate, and of what importance to Health and Char- acter? Pages 71-75. See also articles by Drs. Mont- gomery, Shoemaker, Woodbury, Grandin, Douglass, etc. Muscular Development. In what wa}' does it assist in forming and developing character? Pages 75-79. A-6 HOW TO USE FACE AND FORM READING. Muscular Development (continued). See also special articles by Drs. Shoemaker, Woodbury, Grandin, Douglass, etc. In selecting trades or professions for our cliildren, to what should particular attention be paid ? Pages 91, 92. Will a study of " Face and Form Reading " aid you in developing the Son and Daughter, Mentally and Physically? Read carefully pages 137-147. Will " Face and Form Reading " point out to you tlie signs for good digestion ? Pages 165-168. What depends upon good diges- tion? Pages 165-168 See also articles by Drs. Shoe- maker, Grandin, Woodbury, Mont- gomery, etc. Mental Powers. Upon what does a good memory depend ? Page 203. Where and from what do the Men- tal faculties derive their power? Pages 236, 237. Upon an analysis of each of the fol- lowing Mental Faculties, what do we learn as to their force, and how can we distinguish their signs in Face and Form ? Pages 242-270. Amativeness, Jealousy, Re- venge, Secretiveness, Suspicion, Anger, Will, Temper, Selfishness, Self-conceit, Scorn, Enthusiasm, Laziness, Obstinacy, etc. Along with the analysis of each of these separate traits are sugges- tions as to usefulness, how to re- strain if in excess, how to de- velop if deficient. This is of special importance, and we ask you to carefully read so as to gain a balanced character. Internal Organs. How does the face indicate the con- dition of the following internal organs? Pages 276-287. Kidneys, Intestines, Reproduct- ive Organs, Liver, Lungs, Heart, Stomach, Muscles, Bones, Brain, Nerves, etc. See also articles by Drs. Thomas, Shoemaker, Grandin, Woodbury, Douglass, etc. Faculties. Please examine chart. Page 288. You will there find Forty-five Mental Faculties accurately lo- cated, a study of which will aid you in locating signs of character in the human face. For the definition and descrip- tion of the signs and powers of these Fort3'-five Mental Faculties or traits, see examples and read carefully from page 302 to 748. How is the faculty of Amativeness, or Sex-Love, instrumental in de- veloping beauty ? Page 357-367. Analysis of Character from Portraits. What do we learn of the character of the following? Thomas Jefferson (States- man). Page 438. Arch. Forbes (War Corre- spondent). Page 457. Robespierre (Revolution- ist). Page 471. Gustav Dord (Artist). Page 487. H. Rider Haggard (Author, Novelist). Page 517. Wm. Shakespeare (Drama- tist). Page 527. John Ericsson (Inventor). Page 544. HOW TO USE FACE AND FORM READING. A-7 Analysis of Character from Portraits {continued). W. H. Seward (Statesman). Page 563. General Garibaldi (Com- mander). Page 570. Rosa Bonheur (Artist). Page 610. Bayard Taylor (Traveler, Author). Page 619. Charlotte Bronte (Novel- ist). Page 738. How does the faculty of Sublimity assist in giving nobility to tlie character ? Page 509. Special Facial Signs in Reading Character. Noses. Pages 878-936. Eyes. Pages 939-973. Eyebrows. Pages 974-986. Foreheads. Pages 787-992. Hair {color, quality^ and quantity). Pages 997-1015. Beard (color, quality, and quantity). Pages 1010-1015. Ears (very significant). Pages 1020- 1032. Ears, Musical (examples.) Page 1027. Facial Lines. Pages 1032-1042. Smiles and Laughter. Pages 1054- 1057. Necks. Pages 1057, 1058. Willful. Pages 1059, 1060. Amative. Page 1060. Self-esteem. Page 1061. Attentive. Page 1061. Sagacious. Page 1063. Timid. Page 1063. Graceful, etc. Page 1063. Hand. Shape, contour, etc. All have weight in indicating mental- ity. Read from page 1067 to 1084. Features. How do the features reveal health, disease, strength, weakness, beauty, etc.? Pages 1093-1106. Also special articles of Drs. Mont- gomery, Shoemaker, Woodbury-, etc. How can j'^ou tell the well-bred or thorough-bred person ? Pages 1108-1109. Vocations. What shall be the vocation of my son, and why? Page 1111. What the vocation of my daughter? Page 1111. How can I learn the character and mental faculties of myself and others ? See " Method to Pursue," etc. Pages 1114, 1115. What physical systems and what mental faculties are required in the different trades and professions? Read carefully the whole article, particularly if you are choosing a profession or trade for your son or daughter. Pages 1116-11 83. Conclusion. These hints for the use of. Face and Form Reading, in con- nection with the special articles to which we again call your atten- tion, will show you how a thorough study and application of the principles of Physiognomy cannot fail to be of great practical use in every walk and condition of life. HUSBAND AND WIFE. How TO Become the Ideal Wife ; How to Recognize the Ideal Husband ; How to Achieve the Ideal Home. By E. E. MONTGOMERY, M.D., Clinical Professor of Gynaecology in the Jefiferson Medical College; Gynaecologist to Jefferson and St. Joseph's Hospitals. No relation can so affect, for weal or woe, the life of any individual as that of husband and wife. Probably no great move, in the course of one's life, is ever made with less thought or con- sideration than that which unites two souls as one, and influences their destinies both here and hereafter. Not only theirs, but that of those who come after them for generations. Propinquity, or a fancy, will direct two lives into one current to subsequently irritate and disturb each other until death affords a grateful release. Neither the chooser nor the chosen has had the least appreciation of the injunction, "know thyself," and con- sequently are in deepest ignorance of what qualities should be found in a life-companion to afford the highest degree of happi- ness. The stock-raiser exercises the greatest care in breeding domestic animals, and the advantages of such study can only be appreciated when we compare the cultivated witli a neglected herd. Experience has demonstrated that by careful and systematic breeding blemishes can be eradicated and desirable qualities culti- vated and developed. It is a source of deepest regret, under such circumstances, that the seeds of this knowledge cannot be implanted in the minds of individuals sufficiently early to induce the young person con- templating matrimony to choose a companion who will aid in propagating a strong and healthful progeny. Not only should good health be a desideratum, but those qualities of head and heart which will render his companionship delightful or, at least, endurable should be discovered. The parents who are anxious for the comfort and happiness of their children will endeavor to point out their inherited tendencies with the proper method of training to lessen their evil influence, and instruct them as to the qualities in a life-companion required to supplement their faults and strengthen and develop their good qualities. The aim of every woman is to retain her beauty, and thus insure the maintenance of her personal charms. It should not be (A-9) A-10 HUSBAND AND "WIFE. forgotten that physical beauty is dependent upon health of body, ari'd that many of the frailties of mind which render her compan- ionship ofttimes unendurable are due to ill health. Health of body and mind are obtained and maintained only through obedi- ence to the laws of hygiene, exercise, and diet. That face and form is an index of character has long been well known, and is, possibly, more or less insensibly utilized in all our relations with our fellow-men. Its systematic interpretation is the object of this work, and to render it available in the choice of a life-companion shall be the aim in the introduction of the following references and ques- tions : — Probably no one vice of the present day has a move baneful influence upon the life and comfort of the woman than the habit of Tight Lacing. Page 1092. Indications of defective lung-power and nutrition are found upon page 1096. Special signs of disease and consti- tutional defects. Pages 1097, 1098. Disclosure of the character deter- mined by observation of the eye and forehead. Page 1103. Hints as to cause of ill health and poor appearance of the woman. Page 1089. How to secure reduction of size without loss of strength. Pages 1109, 1110. The advantage of a knowledge of Physiognomy. Page 1105. Diseases of the kidneys and repro- ductive organs indicated by the eyes. Page 1103. Diseases to which a woman defective in pigment or color is liable. Page 1098. Disorders induced by Tight Lacing. Pages 1091, 1092. How can this work be utilized in correcting faults and promoting Marital Happiness? Pages 270, 1185. Self-love the most prevalent form of mental weakness. Page 1209. How is it influenced, and upon what is Hope dependent (the normal activity of the entire body) ? Page 189. Of what advantage is the possession of Self-love in normal proportion? Pages 178, 179. What is the facial indication of Hope? Page 188. The advantage of a good chest- development in a companion. Page 73. How can we improve the race ? Page- 99. How may we choose a vocation for a life-companion ? Page 1113. How can a well-bred person be recog- nized? Pages 1108, 1109. What information regarding love, will the eye reveal? Page 956. What is the Conjugal Eye? Page 955. What information is revealed by the mouth ? Page 845. How is beauty, strength, and char- acter expressed ? Page 801. How is Love of Children indicated? Page 817. How is a weak nature disclosed ? Page 785. How would you recognize a contrary ^ person ? Page 791. How is Self-will indicated? Page 570. What are the results of excess and deficiency of Self-will? Pages 569, 570. What will be the advantage of a fair proportion of Veneration? Page 557. How may compensation through training be procured for the ab- sence of Veneration ? Page 556. HUSBAND AND WIFE. A-U How is Veneration indicated ? Page 553. How may the faculty of Ideality be recognized ? Page 517. What is tie advantage of the pos- session of Ideality? Page 522. How is Hoj-e designated ? Page 486. In what way does Hope prove at- tractive? Pages 48T, 492. What is th(! advantage of possessing well-balanced Self-esteem ? Page 442. How may it be recognized? Page 436. It should be judiciously combined with Force and Modesty. Pages 446, 455, 460. How may Sanativeness be desirable in both husband and wife, and especially in the latter? Pages 42T-429. How ma)' the possessor of Sanative- ness be recognized ? Page 427. How may Friendship be most de- lightfully combined ? Page 391. What is Amativeness ? Page 355. - What are the physical signs of Ama- tiveness ? Page 355. What combination of Amativeness will make a delightful conjugal companion ? Pages 5, 361. How is Love of Home indicated ? Page 324. How should Love of Home be culti- vated ? Page 326. In what way may Love of Home be developed in the young? Page 328. What are the signs of Economy? Page 318. In how far is Economy a desirable trait ? Page 322. What may be said of Real Econo- mists ? Page 323. What is the best Economy ? Page 322. How is Conscientiousness indicated? Page 302. In what way do Gestures disclose character? Page 299. I feel confident that consideration of the qviestions given will indicate to the attentive reader that much useful information can be derived from the study of " Face and Form Keading." The grouping of these different faculties, or the index that has been arranged from experience, may be found on pages 277 and 288. In this relation, as in every other in life, " knowledge is power." Under the most favorable circumstances married life is a compromise in which each party must bear and forbear. She who is equipped with the ability to detect the weak places in the characters of herself and her companion, being forewarned, is armed to meet and overcome difficulties. While it cannot be claimed that the science of physiognomy has reached perfection, we feel assured that a study of the foregoing pages will repay any woman, and will enable her to so systematize her knowledge of Human Nature as to better fit her for life's duties. THE DAUGHTER. The Ideal Education to Fit her for the Greatest Possibilities of Womanhood, Happy Selection in Marriage, and Perfect Mother- hood. The Aid " Face and Form Reading " may be Made to Render in such Education and Training. By EGBERT H. GRANDIN, M.D., Obstetric Surgeon to the New York Maternity Hospital ; President of the New York County Medical Society, etc. A CRITICAL study of this "Cyclopaedia of Face and Form Read- ing" convinces me that the subject matter rests on a scientific basis, and that the work is one which miglit to great advantage be placed in tlie hands of every thinking man and woman in the land. Further, it is an eminently safe work to give to our chil- dren, the diction being pure even when referring to topics which an absurd custom has forced us to hide from our young until, in the growth of inquiring mind, they come to us as parents for in- formation or, through shame-facedness, have sought to acquire the craved-for knowledge from companions whose thoughts, not being pure, have tinctured the extended information with the inklings of the impure. A busy professional career, which has thrown me chiefly in contact with the female sex, has taught me that our methods of training our children might in certain respects be bettered, par- ticularly in regard to the giving of information in reference to the sexual function — its necessity and its purpose. As well expect the newborn infant to walk unaided as to expect our daughters to be guided by other than, frequently, mere fancy in the selection of a partner for life, when ignorant as they are of the great purpose of marriage and of the necessary function of reproduction. Even as I am convinced that it is tlie duty of mothers to give their daughters information in regard to the married state, after the pure manner which will come naturally to good and to pure minds, even so does it seem to me that the reading of this treatise under the guidance of parents will result in the acquisition of much knowledge which must aid the girl in the selection of a partner for life fitted to make her and her children happy, and which, further, must assist her in avoiding the choice of a roue and a libertine — the type that makes not alone a brutal husband, but which starts unhealthy and cruel, often criminal, children on life's pathway. Without committing myself definitely to the opinion that all in this work is golden, — that is to say, is founded on a scientific basis; (A-12) THE DAUGHTER. A-13 for much more than a cursory reading is necessary to fully grasp the subject-matter in its entirety, — I am prepared to acquiesce in the statements wliich follow the questions appended below, and which have been selected with the end in view of calling the attention of my readers to the fashion after which this work may prove of as- sistance to Daughters in selecting .suitable husbands, and to Sons in selecting proper wives. There are critics who will object to making of marriage a species of Natural Selection, robbing it as it were of romance ; but even such, on proper thought, must admit that fewer unhappy and uncongenial marriages would result were both the Son and the Daughter educated to weigh this most im- portant step in life less from the stand-point of the moment's fancy and more from the stand-point of future possibilities. We may even go farther and test this question from the stand-point of the bringing into the world of children Healthy not only in Body, but also in Mind. Hastily- and unthinkingly- contracted marriages are responsible for many an idiotic or epileptic child; I might add, for many a criminal. A careful reading of this work, therefore, may redound to the good not alone of the individual, but also of Society, using the term in its broad sense of the Commonwealth. The dream of every woman is to have a happy, congenial Home, and, if her thoughts extend so far, healthy children : the aim of every man is to possess a pure woman as Wife, capable of . healthy and strong Motherhood. Anything which leads to the fulfillment of this dream and to the fruition of this aim is worthy of commendation from a citizen, irrespective of his vocation. Amativeness (or Sex-Love) and Conjugality. In what part of the face is the primary or first sign of Amative- ness to be found ? Page 355. How is vigor and development of the Reproductive System shown by this feature? Page 355. What is the second general sign of Amativeness as shown by the form ? Page 355. Where has this been localized by the author as an important secondary sign ? Page 355. What feature of the face distin- guishes Conjugality, or fitness for tiie married state, most fully? Page 358. Which persons are likely to have the most Creativeness or Originality ? Page 360. What is the full definition of Ama- tiveness ? Page 355. What faculty, in connection with Amativeness, insures constancy and devotion ? Page 361. What are the facial signs of this faculty ? Pages 303-385. What additional faculty indicates zeal and devotion, the possessor of which will defend the intei-ests and honor of his companion with ardor, and remain faithful through all the vicissitudes of health and fortune? Pages 361,362. Walk and Gestures. Have you ever noticed an}' peculiar- ities in walk, gestures, speech, or laughter' of your daughter? Have they any significance? If so, what? Pages II, U, 15. A-14 THE DAUGHTER. Hospitality, Good Nature, and Amiability, What and wliere are the general facial and bodily signs for Good Natnre, Amiability, and Cheerful- ness? Page 373. Where is to be found the facial sign, for Hospitality, so important in making a happy home? Page 392. Correlation op the Mental and Physical. In what manner is the Mental de- pendent upon the Physical ? Pages 23, 73. Harmony and Equilibrium. Nature uses her forces to produce Harmon^' and Equilibrium, How can the thoughtful parent assist Nature ? Pages 53-57. What hygienic measures should you adopt if your daughter's body is weak and not in harmony with her mind ? Pages 59-61. If your daughter is studying hard and her physical growth not keep- ing pace with her mental progress, how can you discern this, and what does tiie author recommend to produce Harmony ? Pages 80, 81, 98, 99. What is a well-balanced, harmonious mind ? If not possessed by your daughter, can it be attained ? How ? Read carefully pages 133- 135. Precocious Daughters. If the daughter is young, but has a precocious mind, what are the best means to thoroughl}'^ harmonize body and mind and prevent early decay or decline? (An important chapter; read carefully.) Pages 138, 139, etc. Color. What is the complexion of your daughter ? Blonde, Brunette, or a Composite of both? Has she Light or Dark Hair and Eyes? What does it signify as to health or disease and the tendency to either? What general character and faculties does it indicate? Pages 128-130. Health. What bearing has good health on the character and development of the daughter mentally and phys- icall}^ and how is it best con- served? Page 103. What tendency has compression of the female waist to induce a train of evils detrimental to health and beauty, and why should reform in this matter be gentl3',but lirmly, urged upon the daughter? Page 81. Order. What part of the face indicates Love of Order and Neatness ? Pages 445, 696. Sports and Recreations. Fond and indulgent parents, as a rule, are ver^- apt to be easy with the daughter, more particularly if an only one. They are solicitous that she does not work too hard. Should you not be as solicitous as to the kind and amount of her sports and recreations, and guide her , into such channels as will tend to develop all latent forces ? Pages 141, 142. Companionship. "What kind of a companion will the daughter be if she is quick to learn and of a restless and eager dis- position ? Page 73. If this tendency is in excess, how can it be directed and controlled ? Page 73. Parents should draw close, to the daughter ; endeavor to learn her thoroughly, her hopes and fears ; shield, protect, and mold her body and mind for every duty and re- sponsibility, and fortify against every vicissitude of life. What aid will " Face and Form Read- ing " give you in this labor of Love and Duty? Pages 118-120. CONSUMPTIVE AND CATARRHAL CONDITIONS. Face and Form Reading of Pneumative Patients, and its Relations TO Diagnosis and Treatment. By FRANK WOODBURY, A.M., M.D., Honorary Professor of Clinical Medicine, Medico-Cliirurgical Collego, Philadelphia; Associate Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association ; Fellow of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, Pa. Two distinct, but distantly-related, questions are discussed in " The Encyclopsedia of Face and Form Reading." Both are of great importance to society, especially to all who are interested in solving the problems of psychology and physiology, under various conditions of health and disease. The physician, more than any other member of the community, is engaged in this study and in applying the results to practical uses. The first of the questions considered by the author is: To what extent are moral traits and in- tellectual capacity revealed by face and form ? The second question is : What do physical features indicate with regard to diathesis or actual disease] The first question appeals to the poet, the painter, and the philanthropist especially, but is of general interest to all who are brought into daily contact with their fellow-men. The second question more directly attracts the attention of the phy- sician, since it bears upon the process of diagnosis, and also con- cerns the prognosis, since it enables him to predict to some degree the future course of the disease. Restricting the comments which I shall make to the physi- ognomy of pneumative patients, I will now proceed to inquire to what extent the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases of the air- passages are indicated by physiognomy, or the outward traits of feature and form. Pneumativeness is the name of the physiolog- ical function which presides over the introduction of oxygen and other gases into the body, the interchange of gases in the blood, and the expulsion of vapors and gases from the system. Our author, under this head, also includes " the mental faculty which tahes cognizance of air, gases, and vapors." (See page 397.) As this also has a bearing upon medical practice, it will be interesting to note that, in the author's words, " tliis faculty gives the love and desire for fresh, pure air, and a capacity for distinguishing readily (A-15) A-16 CONSUMPTIVE AND CATARRHAL CONDITIONS. the differences in atmospheres ; detects odors and effluvia arising from decomposition.; gives keenness of scent, and enables one at a distance to scent the slightest odor of smoke, gas, or any peculiar change in the composition of atmospheric air. It gives a love for out-door life and a dislike to crowds, close rooms, vitiated atmos- phere, and of vile odors. Tliose who have a large measure of this function and faculty exhibit great recuperative powers, also ability for imparting health to others by hand-rubbing and by their cheerful and moral atmosphere." It is clear that this function and faculty should be the special study of physicians, since it " gives a love of life and activity, as well as power to resist and overcome disease." Since an excess " cannot be considered in- jurious unless it lead one to pass too much time in out-door sports to the neglect of ordinary business," and " a deficiency tends to weakness of all tlie moral and mental powers, to consumption and early death," the importance of the knowledge of pneumativeness and of the means of its cultivation when deficient is very obvious. The facial and bodily signs by which it can be recognized and the method of developing weak organs so as to increase this indis- pensable function are given at some length in the work, and need not be repeated here. The special point to which attention should be directed is the fact that the size of the lungs and so-called vital capacity is related to the width of the nostrils, the color of the skin, the breadth of the face externally to the eyes, and the expression of the counte- nance. Narrow nostrils, mouth-breathing, and pallid faces accom- pany contracted chests and insufficient pulmonary development. The latter class are particularly liable to suffer from catarrhal affec- tions, nasal hypertrophies, enlarged tonsils, sore throat, laryngitis, bronchitis, and chronic pulmonary affections. The author very ably indicates the method of appropriate exercises to overcome the physical condition underlying deficient pneumativeness and to in- crease the size of the chest and the respiratory power. Incidentally it is intimated that the mental faculty corresponding thereto will also be developed, and that the acquiring of the power to overcome and to heal disease is also within the possibility of those who de- sire to grow in grace and knowledge, and will take the trouble to work out their own salvation. As regards the actual application of these observations to clinical medicine, we recall the fact that the consumptive face has long been an object of study, and with the aid of composite pho- tography its principal features have, to some extent, become estab- lished. When the patient presents a hectic flush restricted to two small sp6ts in the upper part of the cheeks, the rest of the face CONSUMPTIVE AND CATARRHAL CONDITIONS. A-17 pale, the nostrils narrow, the lips thin, the face somewhat drawn, and the eyes brightened by fever, there is little doubt about the diagnosis, and the condition is universally recognized ; taking from this the incidental element of the fever, and the physiognomy of an earlier stage is apparent. As already stated, the narrow nostrils and want of breadth across the upper part of the face, with deficient color in the skin, indicate a tendency to phthisis, which should suggest to the acute observer the timely adoption of pre- ventive measures. Such a condition also indicates a tendency to catarrhal disorders, especially quinsy and chronic throat diseases. For the diagnosis of diseased conditions we have special indi- cations in physiognomy. For instance, the expression is very much changed by the growth of nasal polypi, by which the nose may be so broadened at the base as to give a frog-like appearance to the face. As the result of chronic catarrh or specific inflammation or of injury, the bridge of the nose may be depressed ; or, owing to deviation of the nasal septum, the nose may be deformed or dis- torted. Enlarged tonsils and mouth-breatliing cause a stupid expression of the face. Various forms of growths in the antra, in the frontal sinuses, and in the nasal chambers seriously alter the shape of the features. The color is affected by obstructed respira- tion, and the face may be swollen and dusky and the lips blue in croup, diphtheria, and laryngeal spasm, or oedema. If, as the author states, deep breathing stands in close rela- tionship to " high thinking," it is evident that it is well to practice respiratory gymnastics for moral and intellectual, as well as for hygienic, reasons. TENDENCY TO CONSUMPTION AND CATARRH. How WILL Face and Form Reading Indicate Consumptive or Catarrhal Tendencies in Son and Daughter, and Aid IN Overcoming or Eradicating the Same. By O. B. DOUGLAS, M.D., Professor of Diseases of the Nose and Throat in the Post-Gradnate Medical School and Hospital ; Surgeon to Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital, Throat Department; Late President of the Medical Society of the County of New York ; Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, etc. "As the dial is to the clock, so is the face to man." — Page 20. What do we read in the face and form of child or friend 1 What may we read regarding their physical condition and ten- dency to disease % Can we detect the beginning of trouble to be avoided, and differentiate what will prove fatal, if not combated, from conditions they will pretty certainly recover from "? AVhy do some escape without effort from the ills of life against which others wage ceaseless warfare, only to succumb finally to the inevitable'? And is there an index to the evils that our son or daughter will meet, and are there labors and pleasures which they cannot endure % How are these things revealed to the wise and prudent! May I acquire such knowledge 1 Let us see what "Face and Form Reading" means. It is really diagnosis under a different name. If our friend is sick, we sen/V for a physician that he may discover the cause of illness, make a diagnosis, and prescribe a remedy. We prefer that he should see the patient, an(^^ the conscientious physician would hesitate before taking the responsibility of prescribing for one he has not seen; only quachs do that. The shilled doctor has studied this science of signs, and all may learn much by systematic observation. The medical profession concedes the vast practical value of being able readily to read the face and form accurately. To know the cause of certain effects is preliminary to knowing, in many cases, how to ward off those effects. Of all the ills common to humanity catarrhal diseases are the most common, and they cause most suffering in the aggregate ; they are far-reaching and destructive to usefulness and happiness (A-18) TENDENCY TO CONSUMPTION AND CATARRH. A-19 as they have been most neglected or improperly cared for. In no class of diseases are facial and bodily signs more marked and significant than in catarrhal and consumptive conditions. What can this science of " Face and Form Reading " teach parents regard- ing the physical tendencies of their sons and daugliters toward pulmonary and catarrhal diseases 1 How can such a tendency be overcome] How may every father and mother learn to read these signs in their earliest manifestations'? It is impossible to compute the number of lives lost that might have been saved, and the amount of suffering endured that might have been avoided, if parents had possessed the knowledge required to detect a tendency to disease and had pursued the course necessary to escape its dire effects. I have read this work with interest and with special reference to the detection of these diseases and their treatment. Most of its instructions are valuable, practical, and adapted to popular use. To obtain the greatest benefit from it, the work should be studied until its strong points are well understood and its teachings made effective by practical application. Yet a single hint may be seed planted that shall develop glorious fruitage through all time. I must reserve the privilege of differing with the author in some of her deductions, which I cannot here enumerate and which do not bear directly upon this subject. I Avould like to have seen in this work more regarding environment, cliange of climate, etc., in conditions under consideration. J believe many lives might be saved and untold sufferino^ prevented by carefully selecting a climate adapted to the individual case. The public, as well as physicians, should more thoroughly understand the benefits to be derived from climatic advantages. Different sections of our country offer various excellent conditions, but perhaps the Gulf coast of Florida, especially that portion known as the Tr oon Springs region, is unexcelled as a suitable home for catarrl\al nd consumptive 'patients. It has been appropriately named the "American Riviera" and possesses unquestic ,ed excellencies. In concluding this article, perhaps I can in no betdcr manner impress upon all the importance of, studying this CTicyclopsedia than by asking the following questions, and suggesting portions of the work to be carefully read. Other parts, equally excellent, you will discover. Pernicious . Methods. What is said of pernicious methods of dressing by women, and its effects upon the lungs? Page 133. Precocious Children. Note carefully what is said regarding precocious children and the treat- ment that should be adopted re- garding them? Page 139. A-20 TENDENCY TO CONSUMPTION AND CATARRH. Precocious Children (continued). What is pneumativeness ? Page 397. To what does a deficiency of Pneu- mativeness tend ? Page 397. What are the signs of Pneumative- ness as regards the nostrils, the nose, breadth of the face, bright- ness of the eye, color of the com- plexion and of the gums and lips? Condition of the skin? Appetite for food and drink? Condition of the chest? Page 398. Gestures, Motions, etc. What is said as to the motions, gest- ures, expression, gait, and condi- tion of the body of those well endowed with Pneumativeness? Page 898. Harmonious Relation. What three features of the individual are said to be in most harmonious relation and proportion where this function is largely developed ? Page 398. What is said of the palms of the hands and the finger-tips, color of the nails, etc., where this condition exists ? Page 398. Features. What is said to perform the most important office of the body, and what feature is said to be the facial register of these organs ? Page 399. To what feature, therefore, must we look primarily for our facial knowledge of Pneumativeness ? Page 399. Perniciousness of Mouth- ' Breathing. Of what are mouth-breathing and the mouth being more or less open habitually a sign ? Page 399. What is said of persons who breathe through the mouth as compared with those who brenthe deeply and respire profoundly ? Read all of page 400. Love of Life. Read carefully paragraph at foot of page 401, commencing " Love of life " ; also, paragraph at top of page 403, " Great energy of mind and bodj'." What do large lungs create? Page 408. What is said of bright, fresh color of the skin and ej'es, and from what ate they derived ? Page 403. Acuteness of Scent. Read carefully pages 404 and 405, particularly paragraphs commenc- ing " Keenness of sensation and activity" and "Acuteness of scent." What should one do to remedy defective Pneumativeness? Page 413. Read carefully two first comi)lete paragraphs. What tendencies do very light, al- most colorless, e3'es and hair and colorless, pallid skin indicate? Page 424. Sanativeness. What is Sanativeness? Page 427. What are its facial and bodily signs ? Page 427. What are the bodil}' signs of deficient Sanativeness ? Page 827. Executiveness. What advice given on page 568 as to how to increase the faculty of Ex- ecutiveness in son or daughter valuable in buildmg them up to resist Consumptive and Catarrhal tendencies ? What form of face reveals a pure mind and indicates development of lungs and liver ? Page 756. Narrow Faces. What do narrowness of the face at the upper part of the cheek, flat- ness of the malar bones, narrow sharp nose, thin nostrils, hollow cheeks, and usually a thin lower lip indicate ? Page 786. TENDENCY TO CONSUMPTION AND CATARRH. A-21 Narrow Faces (continued). What is said of the term of life of a person thus constitued? Page 786. What is said of the mental ability of such a person ? Page 786. Read carefully last paragrai)h on page 833, continued on page 834. Narrow Cheeks.. Of what are extremely narrow cheeks the sign ? Page 860. Read carefully the article, " The Concave or Consumptive Cheek," page 860. Noses. What is the chief characteristic of the nose where tliere is consump- tive tendency ? Page 873. How does deep breathing aid in overcoming such a tendency ? Page 873. Read carefully the article entitled, " The Physiology of the Nose," commencing on page 872. Shape of the nose of a consumptive. Page 873. Also general remarks under the head page 878. In fact, the entire article upon " Tiie Nose " can be read to good advantage, but those por- tions here mentioned should, by all means, be read with great care. Mouth. When the gums show to a great ex- tent when the mouth is in repose or while engaged in conversation, of what is it indicative? Page 1050. How is this condition usually ac- quired ? Page 1050. Strength and Weakness. Read carefull}' signs of strength and weakness on pages 1089 to 1092, and the article entitled " The Nose," commencing on page 1 094. Also article entitled " Face, Cheeks, and Lips." Page 1097. What advice is given to those who inherit a feeble development of the Thorax? Page 74. Good Health. What essentials to good health are mentioned on page 134? Ventilation. What effect has defective ventilation upon the growing son or daughter ? Page 139. How is the breathing-power of the lungs indicated ? Page 280. YoiCE. What peculiarity of the voice indi- cates a Consumptive or Catarrhal tendency? Pages 832-835. How can we decide upon the possi- bility of lunij-power in our son or daughter ? Page 1096. Indications for Catarrh. How does weakness or failing mem- ory indicate catarrh? Page 1100. Additional Questions by the Publishers Having a Direct or Indirect Bearing upon the Foregoing. Good Digestion. Where is the principal sign for Good Digestion found, and what is the relation between good digestion and good health ? Pages 165, 166. Do the pleasurable emotions assist the secretion of Gastric Juice, and what effect has Grief on Digestion ? Page 182. How does the Liver affect Mental conditions, and, upon this point, how is the theory of the author corroborated by the opinion of Dr. John William Draper? Page 184. A-22 TENDENCY TO CONSUMPTION AND CATARRH. Good Digestion (continued). Why should every one, particularly the young, be thoroughly informed as to matters of Hygiene, etc. ? Page 185. How necessary is a sound Liver, and why does a diseased liver have a tendency to develop a condition favorable to Catarrh and Consump- tion? Page 189. How is the theory that low forma- tion of nose and long, slim necks indicate a Dyspeptic, Consump- tive, or Catarrhal tendency proven by Coniparative Physiology ? Page 194. Blondes. Why should children of light hair and eyes and blonde complexions be particularly guarded against the insidious tendencies to Con- sumption and Catarrh ? Page 209. Language. Does Language indicate the Physical condition? If so, how important, then, for tiie parent to note changes in Voice to detect Ca- tarrhal and Consumptive tenden- cies ? Page 225. Defects. What will a study of the encyclo- l^sedia teach you in reference to the correction of defects and ten- dencies toward disease? Page 270. Visceral Organs. What will yon learn by consulting and carefully reading the " Lo- cation of the Signs for the Vis- ceral Organs "? Will it not aid you in looking for tendencies to Consumption and Catarrh in Son and Daughter? Page 27T. Bronchial Diseases. What is one of the most predisposing causes of Bronchial and Lung af- fections in the young, and what hygienic measures will remedy this tendency ? Page 401. The Nose. The Nose being the " Porch of Res- piration," will not the condition of this organ indicate a tendency to Consumption or Catarrh? Pages 405, 406. What relation does the sense of Smell bear to Taste? And if the " smelling sense " is deficient or morbid, does it not indicate ten- dency to throat or lung troubles? Page 407. Remedies. What means are at your command to remedy these defects and over- come these tendencies ? Page 408. Signs of Weakness. How does the Face show Weakness and a tendency to Lung troubles, and what part does Color of skin play in such indication? Pages 1086, 1089. How can we know the natural pre- disposition to diseases, and, know- ing such tendenc3% will not Face and Form Reading aid us in ap- plying a remedy- ? Page 1097. How and in what wa}' does the con- dition of the eyes indicate Con- sumptive or Catarrhal tendencies? Pao-e 1103. BEAUTY OF FACE AND FORM. The Relations of Face and Form Reading to an Understanding op THE Basic Principles of Beauty in Face and Form. By JOHN V. SHOEMAKER, A.M., M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Clinical Medicine, and Clinical Professor of Diseases of the Skin in the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia. The student of physiognomy must contemplate dull as well as animated countenances, plain as well as beautiful lineaments, cruel no less than benevolent ftices. A habit of observing the peculiarities of the human face leads one to reflect upon the man- ner in which character is displayed in its forms and lines. The relation between mind, tastes, acquirements, character and expres- sion, together with the efl'ect which the face produces upon the thoughtful beholder, is most forcibly demonstrated if one has the opportunity of watching, year by year, the changes which slowly, but inevitably, stamp themselves upon tlie countenance. These alterations of form and expression depend upon the original dis- position of the individual and the manner in which it has been modified by his surroundings. It has been said that " Beauty is in the eye of the beholder." No absolute standard of beauty, as applied to the human being, can be formulated. The three essential attributes, however, are : Form, Color, and Expression. Form and Color depend princi- pally upon good hygiene. Expression is the result of the opera- tions of the mind. To thoughtful people, therefore, the counte- nance tliat is animated by intellect possesses a charm independent of the form, of tlie features and brilliancy of complexion. But, when the three characteristics which we have named are united in one person, every beholder at once yields tribute to the presence of beauty. A well-developed and rounded form and grace of motion should be associated with a fair face in order to produce the most commanding effect of personal beauty. All these elements may be studied not only from a purely artistic point of view, but also with the object of understanding how they have originated, and of using them as a key by which we may acquaint ourselves Avith individual character. Physiog- nomy is not a mere exercise of intellectual acumen, but is an in- tensely practical subject, and is capable of being applied with ad- (A-23) A-24 BEAUTY OF FACE AND FORM. vantage to the varying circumstances of active life. In this work the structure of the features and the contour of trunk and limbs are examined in relation to the proper functions of the various organs of the body, the activity of the intellect, the action of the passions and emotions, and the development of the moral faculties. This work demonstrates how intimately physical beauty is associ- ated with bodily health, how strictly mental abihty and energy depend upon the perfect performance of organic functions. The influence of mental and moral training upon the expression of the countenance is thoroughly recognized. Active respiration af- fords an ample supply of a vital element to the blood and tissues ; a vigorous circulation conveys pure blood to all parts and pro- motes general nutrition ; a normal performance of the functions of digestion, assimilation, and elimination maintains the quality of the blood ; fresh air and physical exercise give tone and force to the muscular system and develop the frame-work of the body. All these topics are elaborated in this work with the special object of showing the influence of each factor in producing a beautiful, animated, and expressive countenance, a pleasing and attractive figure. But, as physical health may co-exist with moral obliquity, the evil eflects upon the face of the ignoble passions are also thoroughly traced. Biology and History are alike called upon to explain the meaning of the human face ; and the result is a work which all may read with profit. As an illustration of the character and scope of the work, in this particular line of thought, the following series of questions is appended, the answers to which are to be found upon the pages indicated : — What is the use of color to the human family, and what its method of action? Page 126. What is the relation between color sense and pictorial art? Pages 126, 127. What is the relation between .heat, color, and activity? Page 12Y. What is the relation between color and national characteristics ? Page 127. What is the relation between color, health, and strength? Page 128. What is the influence of musical talent upon the conformation of the features ? Pages 218 et seq. What is the relation between ex- pression of thought in words and in the features of the face ? Page 22. What is the effect of health upon character? Page 138. How does the color of the face indi- cate the general integrity of the person ? Page 306. What eftect has open-air exercise upon color, form, and beauty? Page 413. What is the normal standard of form as regards beautj^ ? Page 1085. What is the relation between health of the bodily organs and beauty? Page 1086. In what manner will digestion influ- ence personal comeliness? Page 1089. In what manner do features of the face reveal strength and beauty ? Page 1093. BEAUTY OF FACE AND FORM. A-25 What are the chief indications of female beauty ? Page 1092. What are the principal characterist- ics of a beautiful face ? Page 801. Wliat influence have the muscles of the face upon beauty? Page 754. What is the relation of pliysical health and beauty of outline of face and body ? Page 1085. What will the form of the nose teach us as regards beauty, strength, and character? Pages 1094 et seq. What is the relation between com- ])lexion, disposition, and beauty? Page 1099. What bearing lias the study of physi- ognomy upon morality and civili- zation? Page 1105. The foregoing list of questions will serve to suggest the com- prehensive character of this work. The author presents us with a very broad conception of the subject of physiognomy. She has spent many years in the scientific observation of the human face and form. She perceives, in this study, a wide field the cultiva- tion of which may have an important influence upon the char- acter, health, beauty, and history of mankind. This work teaches that the ability to read character by the signs of the face is but the beginning of the power and usefulness of face and form read- ing. This work is also a digest of all that has been written on the subject from Aristotle to the present day. The significance of the different features of the face has been sought with careful patience. The evolution of organs, the nature of their functions, and the reciprocal connections between the human organism and external nature are exemplified, and it is shown that a thorough study of physiognomy involves or leads to an acquaintance with the most important and practical of the modern physical sciences. It is needless to add that the questions which we have selected as examples might be indefinitely increased in number. FACE AND FORM READING FOR THE DIAGNOSTICIAN. The Disceenible Facial and Bodily Signs of the Visceral Organs, Their Conditions of Development and OF Health and Disease. By A. R. THOMAS, A.M., M.D., ProfeBSor of Anatomy and Dean of Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa. Proposition No. 1. — Has Nature outward signs for each physical organ by the prominence or insignificance of which the normal condition of strength and development of the organ (of which it is a sign) can be divined"? Or can abnormal and patho- logical conditions, when they exist, be recognized'? Proposition No. 2. — Can the careful observer distinguish the sign for each organ or system, its normal qualities and develop- ment, and its condition in health or disease, by a close and critical study of " The Encyclopaedia of Face and Form Heading " 1 I am asked to give my views relative to tlie foregoing propo- sitions. After many years of special study of anatomy, both as a student and teacher as well as a general practitioner and observer of disease and its signs, I can, with some qualifications, answer the foregoing questions in the affirmative. Only an indifterent knowledge of pathology is necessary to enable a physician to form an opinion, w ith an approximate degree of correctness, as to the condition of a patient from the face with its accompanying changes, resulting from his interrogations. This impression is gained quickly, and shows that, from an inspection of the face as a whole, much accurate and practical information can generally be secured. If asked to specify what portions of the face are scrutinized in seeking for evidences of the condition of the several internal organs, we sliould be disposed to claim that the whole face, rather than sharply-defined regions, is to be studied, color and expression being the principal guides for forming an opinion. Without denying that the internal organs may have facial centres of repre- sentation, we feel that further observation wdll be required to locate positively tliose centres. As the ideas advanced by the author of this work may seem (A-26) FACE AND FORM READING FOR THE DIAGNOSTICIAN. A-27 at first a little visionary to the general reader, it may not be out of place to call attention to some eminent authorities who have hinted at the correctness of this theory, and I cannot do better than to begin by referring to the eminent Dr. Gray, whose " Sys- tem of Anatomy " has stood pre-eminently at the head of medical literature for years. I would, therefore, call the attention of the reader to the quotation from Dr. Gray in this work, to be found on pages 753 and 754. Also from Sir Charles Bell, pages 755 and 756. Still another statement is made on pages 528 and 529 of this work, from no less an authority than Darwin's "Mind in the Lower Animals." Other references to eminent writers are also given, which it is unnecessary to outline here. When we consider of what vast significance are the com- monly-quoted words, " a sound mind in a sound body," it would seem that one could not too urgently advise the careful study of the principles which the author of this work has so conscientiously embodied in its pages. In conclusion, I Vvould suggest that in the study of tliis work the reader seek for the author's answers to the following questions, which can be found on the indicated pages : — How do tlie visceral organs shape or mold the facial features ? Page 277. What are the signs for the following organs, and where are they found? Glandular. Page 278. Reproductive organs, lac- tation, etc. Pages 278, 279. Kidneys. Page 279. Heart and lungs. Page 280. Liver. Page 282. Stomach. Page 282. Muscular sj'stem. Page 283. Osseous or bony S3'stem. Page 284. Brain and nervous system. Pages 285, 286. How is the condition of the liver indicated; its fadial sign, etc.? Pages 182 183, 280. How is the condition of the kidneys indicated ; signs, etc. ? Pages 158, 159. What denotes enfeebled condition of any feature or member? Pages 1085, 1086. What denotes strength and har- monious development ? Pages 1087, 1088. What are the signs of health and disease, strength and weakness ? Read carefully pages 1085 to 1091. How does the nose, chin, cheek, lips, and complexion show morbid con- dition ? Pages 1097, 1098. How does the face indicate the use of stimulants to an unhealthy ex- cess? Pages 1102, 1103. THE PHYSICIAN. What Proficiency in Face and Foem Reading can do for the Physician, BOTH IN A Social and Professional way. By EGBERT GUERNSEY, A.M., M.D , Consulting Physician Hahnemann Hospital, New York ; President Medical Board Metropolitan Hospital, Blackwell's Island, N. Y. ; President New York State Homoeopathic Medical So- ciety'; Formerly Vice-President State Hospital for the Insane, etc., Middletown, N. Y. To deny the practicability of "Face and Form Heading" would be to discard a most important portion of medical diagnosis. We all know how carefully we watch the signs of the coun- tenance, the lips, the eyes, the fullness or leanness of the cheeks, the color, and the voice. That what is used to such good advantage in medicine should not be of equal value in all other walks of life seems unreasonable, and I therefore cannot but feel that this work, widely circulated and used by all classes, will be productive of great good. There is no profession to which the structure of the human form and the expression of tlie face speak in as strong, emphatic, and truthful language as to the physician. The expression of the eye, the mouth, the nose, the lips, the color of the cheeks, and the pose of the head form an open book upon whose pages, with more or less certainty, the character of the man, his motive, and his worth is delineated. Two physicians start out together, one clear-brained, logical, and deeply versed in the science of his profession ; the other, less scientific, less logical, but a careful student of physiognomy, and possessing that ready tact in the sick-room and in social life which places him en rapport with his patients. Is there any doubt which will meet with the greater success"? This habit of .careful observation and watching the play of features, the lines of the face, and form may be somewhat tedious at first, but after a time it becomes almost instantaneous, so quick is the impression conveyed to the brain. Sir Astley Cooper, on meeting a young, but brilliant, member of his profession in consultation, said: "Your patient will die." "Upon what do you found your conclusion'?" w^as the startled reply. "I cannot formulate it in words," said Sir Astley, "but there is a certain expression upon that face which observation has taught me is a sure index of death." (A-28) THE PHYSICIAN. A-29 The physician who is not a student of Physiognomy has yet to learn the true secret of doing tlie greatest amount of good in his profession. I have been asked, Irom my own experience with this work, to indicate some portions of it which have impressed me with its particuhir value to the physician. The entire work seems to me both interesting and valuable from a medical stand-point, and in saying this I reserve to myself (as I think all scientific men will) the right to differ with the author in some of the deductions made. The physician should be a diagnostician, tactician, and meta- physician. His power for doing good rests on these points. The first, to see and understand what is needed ; the second, to obtain that control of patient and environment essential to the greatest results from means employed; the third, to read the signs and judge of the interrelations and interdependence of mind and body. Hence a mastery of the general principles laid out in this work will aid wonderiuUy in building up these essentials. If the author's system of Physiognomy were studied in every Tiouse, there would be less misunderstanding and much greater harmony in the social and scientific world than at present. At the request of the publishers I have appended a score of questions which are of interest to every physician in his relations to the patient. The answers, to my surprise, I found remarkably well given (on the pages indicated). I am satisfied that 1000 equally interesting and as well-answered questions might be formu- lated without exhausting the subject: — Hospitality. Why should a physician be hospit- able? Page 114. What benefit will accrue to him from possessing the faculty of making and keeping friends (Friendship) ? Pages 187,188. Cautiousness and Observation. Why should the physician possess these two faculties? Pages 192, 200. Conscientiousness. Why should this trait or facult}^ be of prime importance to the phy- sician? Pages 302, 303. What and where are its facial and bodily signs ? Pages 303, 304. Firmness. Why is this necessary to the phy- sician, and what is its sign ? Pages 312,313. In long-continued sickness, what im- portant part does it play ? Page 316. Mirthpulness. Of what use to the physician ? Pages 376,377. To what does it conduce, and what and where are its bodily signs ? Pages 373-377. Self-esteem. Why should the physician put a high estimate on his character and live up to it? Pages 441-445. A-30 THE PHYSICIAN. Force. Of what use is this faculty to the physician ? Page 459. To what extent is Force necessaiy to the promotion of tlie Science of Healin<>- ? (Read article by Jno, Cross, M.D.) Page 459. Resistance. Why is this faculty necessary to the success of the physician? Pages 464-468. Hope. Why should a physician possess a large fund of this faculty ? Pages 486, 488. How does it sustain Life and Health ? Page 491. Analysts. Wliy should a physician be possessed of tlie power of Mental and Ph3'8i- cal Analysis? Page 493. Will it aid him in making a diagno- sis of disease? Pages 493-495. Secrettveness. Why should the physician possess this faculty, what is it, and what are its signs ? Pages 469-474. Human Nature. This should be cultivated bv every physician. Why? Page 525. Wliat and where are its Facial and Bodily Signs ? Page 526. What do Drs. Dalton, Lyjdsay, Quatrefages, and Francis Galton sav on this subject ? Pasces 528- 531. Executiveness. What is it, and where are its signs? Page 561. Wh}' should a physician possess this faculty, and how can he cultivate it? Pages 563-569. Mental Faculties. What Mental Faculties should a physician possess to be successful professionally and socially? Pages 1141-1146. Additional Questions by the Publishers on the Value of "Face and Form Reading" to the Physician. Mind. According to the views of the lead- ing scientists of the day, what is the oflice and function of the Mind ? Page vi of Preface. As to the theory of the " Diffusive Locale " of the Mind, what emi- nent physicists and ph3'sicians support this view? Page vi of Preface. From a Physical and Scientific stand- point, how do we know and what do we know of Nature's method in the evolution of Man, mentally and physically ? Page 1188. Is not the stud}^ of Man's Mind (" the Highest Manifestation of Creative Energy ") useful to the physician? Read all of Preface and Introduction. From the stand-point of Advanced Medical Thought, what bearings have Comparative Anatomj'^, Physiology, and Embryology upon the Science of " Face and Form Reading"? Pages 1188, 1189. Basic Principles. What are the Physical Basic Prin- ciples of Physiognomj^, according to the author? Pages 7-11. What are the deductions of Quatre- fages and Dr. Maudsley as to the Phvsical Basis of Mind? Page 10." What is Cuvier's Law on the " Cor- relation of Organs"? Page 14. Upon what is the " Philosoph}' of Expression" based? Page 27. Read article by Dr. J. Buck. THE PHYSICIAN. A-31 What is the Physical theory of Mind, and why do such eminent men as I) IS. G. H. Lewis, H. Maudsley, Alex. Bain, and J. Lauder Lind- say advocate this theory ? Pages 22-24. Pathological and Physiological. Are Pathological mysteries unveiled by the Human Face? Page 157. As to the contributory power of the Viscera to Mental Manifestations, what are the oi)inions of Drs. Sir Charles Bell, (x. IL Lewis, and others? Page 158. In "Mind and Body" Dv. Henry Maudsley states that '' persons of defective physical organization have not a strictly true moral sense. Is not this startling? Page 160. Do the Nerves possess " Instinctive Intelligence"? (Dr. Cutter's " Physiology," p. 27.) Pages 166, 167. What does Sir Astley Cooper sa}' ? Pages 166, 167. Of what value are the Lips as indi- cators of Morbid Conditions of the Physical System? Page 170. What do thin cheeks indicate ? Page 170. Where do the faculties obtain their vigor? Page 172. What effect has a diseased Liver on the Mind? Pages 182, 183. What are the Facial Signs for Liver troubles? Pages 182, 183. Drs. Tuke, Budd, Philip, J. William Draper, and others hold the opin- ion that affections of the Liver have distinct Facial Signs. Why ? Page 184. Correlation op Functions. What are the deductions of the au- thor as to " Correlation of Func- tion"? Page 191. What relation does Speech bear to Pulsation or Heart-Beat? Page 225. Is this opinion borne out b}^ the facts ? Page 225. Brain, Is the Brain the sole and exclusive seat of Mind, Intelligence, and all Mental Sensations ? Page 236. Do the experiments of anatomists on the Brain disclose its capacity for thought ? Pages 285, 286. Enthusiasm. What has Enthusiasm done to ad- vance Medical and Surgical Knowledge ? Page 267. Signs for Mental Faculties. What are the Mental Signs for Char- acter, and where located in the Human Face? Pages 287, 288. Study chart carefully. Color. Does the Color or tint reveal, to any extent, the Physical condition of the System? Page 413. What is understood by Color as ap- plied to the complexion? Pages 413-416. Why is Color a Physiological Con- stituent of Man ? Page 419. Sanativeness. Are there any natural qualifications for the physician and surgeon? Page 427. What is Sanativeness ? Page 427. What faculties. Mental and Phys- ical, should the physician and sur- geon possess? Page 435. What the trained nurse or attend- ant upon the sick? Pages 435, 436. Self-esteem. Why should the phj^sician possess a goodly share of Self-esteem? Pages 436, 437. What effect has this faculty upon the patient in time of sickness, and, if deficient, how can it be cultivated ? Page 487. A-32 THE PHYSICIAN. The foregoing questions will give you a faint idea of the many that could he formulated bearing on the Profession of Heal- ing, and will, we trust, show you the importance of " Face and Form Reading " to the progressive, up-to-date physician. Almost every to})ic discussed in tlie work is interesting and suggestive to the physician from a scientific stand-point, as well as from that of novelty, and much will be found to interest and instruct. THE PROGRESSIVE TEACHER. The Uses op Face and Form Reading to the Progressive Teacher. By EDWARD BROOKS, A.M., Superintendent of Public Schools, Philadelphia, Pa. During many years' ex- perience as an educator of youth and superintendent of schools, the question has frequently presented itself whether any method can be formulated whereby one can have a more intimate knowl- edge of his pupils and of the teachers under his super- vision. Such knowledge is of paramount importance. A superintendent or principal of a school should know whether a certain person is adapted mentally or physic- ally to the training of children or the teaching of certain branches of knowledge ; for success in teaching dei)euds upon tlie power to set in activity, unfold and develop all tlie latent faculties and forces of the pupil; and only such teachers sliould be employed in the schools of the country. In the recitation-room we meet with all grades of character and mental activity ; the bold and fearless, the timid and diffident, the dull and pldegmatic, and the bright and energetic boy or girl who is interested in every kind of mental activity and ambitious to attain high standing among their fellows. To understand these differences and be able to adapt instruction and training in accord- ance witli them are essential factors in the work of the teacher. "^ Whetlier form and heredity have anything to do with tliese contrasts in human character is a question often asked. If they have, how can one unravel the mystery and trace the intangible threads of influences that go to mokl the mental babits and char- (A-33) EDWARD BROOKS. A.M., Superintendent of Public Schools, Pliiladelphia, Pa. A-34 THE PROGRESSIVE TEACHER. acter 1 How can one learn to stimulate, unfold, develop, and har- monize the diverse elements of character, and lay the foundation for a noble manhood or a pure and beautiful womanhood'? These and other similar questions often arise in the mind of tlie teacher and educator, and one who desires to attain high success in the vocation must deal with such questions and endeavor to solve them ; for upon the solution of such problems aU real progress in education must be based. Germane to the solution of these problems, I would call attention to " The Encyclopaedia of Face and Form Reading," a new work on the nature of the mind in relation to the physical system, recently published. It is a valuable work, and covers a wide scope of discussion relative to the general question of edu- cation and social development. After a somewhat careful examination of the work, I do not hesitate to say that I am pleased to find that the author has thrown much light on the solution of the problem suggested. The " Encyclopiedia " can be recommended to the perusal and careful consideration of the teachers of Philadelphia, and will at least stimulate and direct thought if it do not give final answers to the important questions suggested. The publishers have prepared a list of questions in respect to the teacher's work which will assist in the examination of the treatise, and no doubt be of special interest to teachers. Many of these questions lie right along the path of a teacher's daily thought and occupation, and they will suggest lines of pedagogical inquiry even though the author may not always present a satisfactory solution of the questions ; and, after all, the most useful function of any work is that it shall awaken thought in the minds of its readers, and stimulate to further reading and investigation. The Teacher. From a careful study and intelligent use of the Theory, Prin- ciples, Facts, and Truths of " Face and Form Reading " you can arrive at central and vital truths as to the mental and moral con- ditions of your pupils, know their peculiarities, their adaptability for certain studies, and so shape your methods and course as to render the control of pupils easier and better, more satisfactory to yourself, their parents or guardians, thus molding and building up the mental and moral character of the child to a higher level. Please read Preface page v (bottom) as to object, purpose, etc., of this work. THE PROGRESSIVE TEACHER. A-35 Questions showing the Usefulness of " The Encyclopaedia OF Face and Form Reading" to the Teacher. Wliy should the teacher be possessed of a fair share of this system? Page 80. How can you distinguish scholars of this type? Page 75. If yourself or scholars are deficient in this, how can you more thor- oughly develop it and thus be- come healthier and better able to peribrm 3'our duties, and how have your scholars better perform theirs ? Page 83. Faculties Needed by Teachers. What are the requisite qualities and faculties required in a progressive, practical teacher? This requires, as it were, a composite character. Please read Philologist, page 1173 ; Scientist, page 1163; Commander, page 1159 ; Clergyman, page 1136 ; Musical Composer, page 1136, and, in fact, all of Chapter V, from pages nil to 1184. Vegetative or Assimilative System. What is the Vegetative or Assimi- lative S3^stem? Page 67. How can this sj'stera be made useful and normal? Page 69. How can 3'ou distinguish this type among your scholars? Page 68. What part does it play in the human econom}' ? Page 70. If a scholar is deficient, what are the signs? Page 70. What faculties will be most promi- nent in a scholar in which this system predominates? Page 71. How does this system blended with the others create health and hap- piness? Page 71. Thoracic or Chest System. If some of your scholars are rest- less, eager, and apt, what system predominates ? Page 73. What and where are its signs? Page 78. In what will they excel ? Page 73. What particular line of study would you suggest? Wh}' ? Page 73. What kind of companions do chil- dren of this type usually make? Page 73. What kind of a disposition does it engender in teacher and pupil? Page 73. Muscular System. For what kind of effort does it give ability ? Page 80. Force op Character. Why is it a prime essential in the teacher? Pages 78, 79. How can you develop it? Pages 78, 79. What are the deductions of Herbert Spencer on education? Carefully read foot of page 81. Hence is it not important to j'ou to endeavor to know yourself and those with whom you come in con- tact, and to analyze the various emotions common to mankind? Pages 82, 83. How can you do this ? Pages 82, 83. Osseous or Bony System. What does this give to the scholar and to the teacher ? Page 86. How is it known ? Page 85. When the bones are round and small, what does it indicate ? Page 86. For what are those possessing large- ness of bone noted ? Page 91. Where are the signs found ? Page 91. What is the remedy for excessive bone development? Page 92. What for poor development ? Page 92. How can you best succeed with scholars of this type? Page 93. Brain and Nervous System. Upon what is all mental power based ? Page 95. What is the origin of thought? Page 95. A-36 THE PROGRESSIVE TEACHER. If you have a scholar with a small but well-formed head, what does it usually indicate? Page 98. If a schohir is very active, well de- veloped in Brain System, but the body is puny, how would you treat this scholar to get the best results ? Page 98. What will this establish? Page 99. What faculties endow man with the power of abstract, mathematical reasoning, and how and wh}' are these faculties useful to the teach- er ? Page 99. How can you tell the quality of the brain in your scholars ? Pages 112, 113. What are the signs? Pages 112, 113. If the eye of the scholar is particu- larly bright, what do you decide as to quality of mental power? Page 113. You sometimes have a scholar who appears to be all nerves or '' brains all over." How can you distin- guish such? Page 114. How should you treat them ? Page 114. If you have a scholar courageous, determined, and efficient, how is the hair an index? Page 119. Form. Its relation to character : if you have a scholar of a round form, what character does it U8uall3' indicate? Page 120. If squarely built, what? Page 120. Forms of noses are indices of the character in children as well as in adults. Page 127. If a scholar is angular or skewed in form, what does it indicate ? Page 120. How had you better treat such a one? Page 124, Color. Why and how is Color a potent factor indicating character ? Page 125. What is the local sign? Page 129. If a scholar has a bright, fresh color, what does it usually indicate ? Page 127. Proportion. How is the law of scientific propor- tion and beauty illustrated ? Page 132. How can disproportion be reduced? Page 134. Cannot the teacher, by noting the scholars not developed in true proportion, formulate a plan to enable him or her to get better results and more thorough devel- opment? Page 136. Health. What is the base of all really useful character? Page 137. How should precocious scholars be treated ? Page 139. What do they need ? Page 139. "All work and no play," etc. Now, you !ire very careful to oversee your scholars at their tasks ; should 3'ou not be as careful how they play? Page 141. (Read this paragraph very carefully.) Sub-Basic Principles of Face and Form. If you wish to read the character of 3''our scholars or your friends, how can you do it? Page 143. Will you kindly read bottom of page 146? We will now pass to the considera- tion of the signs for and locality of the Mental Faculties. Mind. What is Mind? Page 12. The office of the mind is threefold. Upon what are these three depart- ments founded? Page 151. Properly read, the human face will reveal what? Page 151. Hope. What faculty should be manifested in a teacher who really loves the work, and where is its sign ? Page 179. THE PROGRESSIVE TEACHER. A-37 If you notice a scholar full of Hope or possess this yourself, how can you distinguish it, and where is its sign? Pages 182, 183. Friendsuip. What are the signs for Friendship ? Pages 185, 18G. A very useful trait. How can you cultivate and develop it in your scholars? Page 187. EXECUTIVENESS. You can judge of this faculty by carefully watching your scholars, friends, and those with whom you come in daily contact.. Where is this sign? Page 194. Self-will. What are the indications for a strong Will? Page 195. Which in excess is called Self-will ? Page 195. Properly balanced, why is this a precious inheritance? Page 196. If this faculty is deficient and the person is of a weak, irresolate will, how can it be best remedied? Page 197. If in excess, how ? Page 197. Credenciveness. What are its signs ? Page 197. What is it? Page 197. How can the teaclier render it useful and subordinate it to Observation and other useful faculties ? Page 97. What and where are its signs ? Page 200. Observation. This useful faculty in pupil and teacher is very essential. If de- ficient, how can it be cultivated ? Page 199. Memory. If j'ou have a pupil whose Memory is poor, what means would you employ to remedy it ? Pages 202, 203. Where is its sign ? Page 200. Upon what does it depend ? Page 208. Locality and Color. This facult3' with Color is usually possessed in a normal quantity b}' the young. How can you indicate them ? Page 208. Mental and Physical Order. Where and what are its signs ? Page 209. Why important to teacher and to pupil? Page 210. To what is it adapted ? Page 210. Calculation. In what formation is it usually found the best? Page 213. How can it be cultivated if deficient? Page 213. Music. What are the indications of the fac- ulty for Music? Pages 677, 678. Why should it be encouraged and developed in schools? Pages 218, 679. What is its tendency ? Page 679. What have geometrical measure- ments and Form to do with Mu- sic? Page 218. Language. Why should a teacher endeavor to cultivate a love of pure, free, and fluent Language in the scholar? Page 225. Is it any indication of intellectual powers ? Page 225. What and where are its signs ? Page 223. What is Language ? Page 225. (Read all of page.) Comparison, Causality, and Reason. What are their signs ? Page 228. Why should a teacher have a good share of these faculties, and why should the teacher endeavor to develop them in the scholar? Pages 227-231. A-38 THE PROGRESSIVE TEACHER. To know more we must be more. Why ? Page 230.. Intuition. What is it ? Page 234. Please examine carefully pages 236 and 237. What is the basis of exhibitions of anger or temper ? Page 257. What diseases does it often cause? Page 257. Enthusiasm moves the world. Should not the teacher liave a large fund, and, if so, why? Page 258. Can defects of organization be rem- edied ? Page 270. Please examine charts, pages 273, 275, 277, 288. What is the most salient feature of the face ? Page 289. Wliat are its indications? Page 289. Read Sir Thomas Brown, M.D., on " Face and Form Reading," top of page 297. Why is it proper and womanly for a woman to cultivate a logical mind? Page 299. Gestures. Page Of what use are gestures? 299. What do they mean ? Page 300. How can you interpret them ? Pages 299, 300. Why are women better fitted, by nature, as teachers of the j^oung ? Pages 372,373. (Read carefully.) Approbativeness. What will often prove a powerful incentive to better conduct in a scholar? Page 385. How can this faculty be developed? Page 385. Pneumativeness. Why and how is deep breathing in close relationship with high think- ing and high teaching? Page 400. How can you cultivate it ? Page 400. Read G. H. Lewis and others on "Mind." Page 12. Will 3'ou kindly read Victor Cousin on " The Beautiful "? Page 59. Will you read Professor Le Conte on " The Advance of Science " ? Page 3. How will a thorough knowledge of this work," Face and Form Read- ing," aid you in your work ? Page vii (Introduction). Conclusion. And in conclusion, dear Teacher, can you not know more of self, your scholars, your friends, increase your usefulness, add to your hap- piness, and round out and assist others in forming a pure and noble character, b3- reading and using the suggestions in " Face and Form Reading "? Will you not try ? TEACHER AND PUPIL. Value op Face and Form Reading in the Management op Refractory and Insubordinate Pupils. By PROF. H. B. WHITTINGTON, Principal Keystone Boys' Grammar School, Philadelphia, Pa. The present century is the most remarkable in the history of the world's prog- ress in all that pertains to harnessing the forces of Na- ture and making them obedi- ent to the will of man. It does seem almost in- comprehensible that Peda- gogy as a science lagged so far behind this material prog- ress ; that it should be the last to feel this irresistible spirit of progress, as mani- fested in all that pertains to our physical ease and comfort. It is, therefore, a cause for congratulation that the influence of such great edu- cational reformers as Hux- ley, Darwin, Herbert Spen- cer. Sully, Bain, and a host of others is now being felt, and that something broader and deeper in mental culture is required from the teacher than the meagre attainments necessary to give instruction in the " tliree Rs." Perhaps nothing has done more to elevate the profession of teaching and place Pedagogy on a scientific basis than the application of Psychology to education and the introduction of Physiology into the curriculum of studies (A-39) A-40 TEACHER AND PUPIL. in our public schools. While the former enables the teacher to draw out the faculties of the mind in the natural order of their development, — such as Perception, Conception, Judgment, Imag- ination, Memory, etc., — it gives no clue to the teacher how to gain a pre-knowledge of those psychological and physiological forces that are the secret springs of the mental activities as manifested in the daily life of the child. ^ Our most successful teachers intuitively read the character and disposition of a pupil, and are thus enabled to curb or restrain in such a manner as will conduce to bring an hitherto refractory pupil obedient to authority. The autlior of this work, a student of Psychology and Physi- ology, has, for the first time, in a most attractive and interesting style, united the two and evolved a third — " Physiognomy, or Face and Form Reading " — that is a fitting supplement to the first and a most appropriate complement to the hitter. Physiology, as taught in our schools, gives the pupil a fair knowledge of the structure of the body, its organs and tlieir func- tions. Hygiene as taught gives him a knowledge of the common laws of health, especially in the influence of alcohol and narcotics on the system ; but the study of Physiology does not give the teacher or pupil any insight into how much influence the organs, form, and contour of the body have in determining temperament, character, disposition, etc., as manifested in action directed by the will. The author has made a long step in advance by her forcible and logical reasoning, in which she is in full accord with the best authorities in giving the mind a (so to speak) dual locality in the body ; not as many teach, " that the mind is localized in the brain alone," but that all the vital organs are as intimately associated with a healthy mental organism as the brain ; that is, " a sound mind in a sound body," not in a sound brain alone. The writer, therefore, most cordially recommends this book and its careful study to his fellow-teachers, fully persuaded that it will do much to give them a clear and unfailing insight into the temperament and character of their pupils, and thus lighten their labors and better enable them to properly restrain and discipline refractory pupils. The following topics in the book, with the pages in which they are treated, will, the writer believes, be of great assistance to teachers in reading the work : — TEACHER AND PUPIL. A-41 The Human Face the Index of all Nature. Page 1. Precocious Cliildren, Sensitive and Nervous children. Page 137. The Brain not the Sole Seat of Mind. Page 158. Hospitality, Love of Home, Patriot- ism. Page 169. Memory and Locality. Page 200. Anger, Will, and Temper. Page 239. Logical Reasoning in Children. Page 227. Language and Music. 665. Order : Mental and Physical 695. Pages 652 to Page Intuition. The Voice. Page 737. Page 825. The Method to Pursue in Reading Character. Page 1111. So prolific is the work in suggestions, valuable to the live and progressive teacher, that the above list of topics might be greatly extended ; but these are sufficient to show what a comprehensive and exhaustive treatise the author has given on the subject, that should not be confounded with Phrenology, which, in the hands of charlatans, has done so much to bring discredit on the science of Physiognomy. THE EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYE. The Practical Value of Face and Form Reading to Employers. By HAMILTON DISSTON, Esq., Of H. Disston's Sons, Keystone Saw and Tool Works, Philadelphia, Pa. There is no question in my mind that " Face and Form Reading," often, per- haps, unconsciously done, is an accomplisliment of all suc- cessful employers. No better evidence of this is needed than the fact that seldom, and then only on the strength of un- questioned recommendations, does the judicious employer fill an important position without a 2^c^'sonaI interview. Why is this % It is in order that he can observe and read the applicant, can note per- sonal appearance, color, eyes, expression, form, gesture, step, voice, — all that enters into " Face and Form Reading," — and from observation ot this combination the decision is formed. That all these features are the signs of human character — not only physical and mental, but moral also — no intelligent person can doubt. They have been so recognized in all ages, and possess to no class a greater value than to the employer and organizer. The employer who can read and recognize these signs, who can properly estimate and weigh the various combinations and traits of which Nature has furnished the outward signs, has the most important of the qualifications required for great success. A close study of men prominent in any line of life will show this trait strong in each. Man is not great as an individual ; but when he possesses the faculty of always discerning the proper man for each place, of making human combinations, each unit of which is the proper (A-42) THE EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYE. A-43 unit for its respective situation, it is then that he becomes a mighty- factor in society. I should like to see all employers (except my competitors) versed in this useful and fascinating science, and believe the result would be still pleasanter relations between labor and capital, and improved conditions for both. The following questions will, if the encyclopaedia is studied sufficiently to find out the answers, call attention to some of the portions of which I particularly approve: — Muscular System. Should you have occasion to emplo}' a mechanic, en(2;ineer,or a man for any special woric, requirini; exact- ness, nicety, and symmetry, why would you employ one of good chest development ? Page 73. What kind of ability does a good share of the Muscular System usually indicate? If deficient, how can it be developed? Page 80. Methods. If you wish to read the character or acquaint yourself with the facul- ties of an employ^, what method would you pursue? Pages 1114, 1115. If an enthusiastic person should come to you with some scheine or invention promising great tilings, and ask your help to push it through, can you tell if he is practical or a mere dreamer or theorist? How? Pa«:e 1104. Noses. Should you require a mechanic in a particular line of duty, requiring activity, quick perception, and of good executive ability', would you choose one with narrow, pinched nostrils? If not, why not ? Pages 1095, 109G. Is there any wa}' you can tell an avaricious or dishonest employd from shape or contour of nose? Page 935. What type of nose indicates the mechanic? Pages 933, 933. If an emplo}-^ possesses large, wide nostrils, bright eyes, fresh color, what does it indicate ? Anything more than good health ? Page 398. What kind of character and abilit}'^ does this s^^stem develop? Page 403. Voice. You wish a whole-souled, heart}', active, and honest man in your business as book-keeper, clerk, master-mechanic, etc. ; what would the intonation of voice reveal as to his physical and mental condi- tion ? Why ? Pages 828-838. Comparison and Causality. You have a particular line of work, requiring a first-class workman, with Comparison highly developed. How can you tell who possesses it ? What and where are its signs? Pages 726, 727. You are a mechanic or inventor or both ; you have a crude idea of a machine which, in your opinion, will revolutionize old methods, and you wish to employ a first- class man to assist you in devel- oping and carrying out these ideas. How can you tell if the applicant possesses the necessary qualities ? Page 716. What are the signs of Causality ? Page 717. Calculation and Order. What kind of men do we usually find possessing high Order, and how is Order allied to Mechanics ? Page 696. A-44 THE EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYE. Calculation and Order {continued). In the higher mechanics, such as engine-building, manufacturing machine-tools, and instruments and machines of precision, a large amount of Calculation of a high grade is necessary in the employ^. What are the facial and bodily signs indicating this faculty ? Page 106. High-grade mechanics constantly use the sense or faculty of Weight. How is it useful in setting up and running machinery, and what are the signs for it? Where? Pages 643-648. Observation and Continuity. What incentive to invention is Ob- servation ? Why ? Its signs ? Pages 618-620. Why are round persons who are broad between the eyes better adapted for superintendents, fore- men, or bosses in large industrial establishments than others ? Page 605. A machine is to be constructed or a certain work performed requiring Continuity of tiiought and purpose to work out to a successful issue certain ideas ; now, in choosing an employ^ for this special work, how would you tell if he was fitted for the task ? Page 574, second para- graph. EXECUTIVENESS AND CONSTRUCT- IVENESS. How can 3'^ou tell if an employ^ pos- sesses the requisite amount of Executiveness to forward your in- terests ? What is its sign ? Page 561. What combination with large Con- structiveness produces such men as Roebling, Watt, Fulton, Edi- son, and Ericsson. Page 552. Human Nature and Analysis. Why is a good share of Human Na- ture needed in the employer? Why in the employe? What is its sco[)e, and how is it manifested ? Pages 627, 528. How does keen Analysis assist the manufacturer, inventor, mechanic, etc., in times when he must rely solely on self? How does it aid the judgment. Pages 493, 494, 495, 498. Force and Self-esteem. A man of Force, what is it ? What does it create ? What use is it in overcoming obstacles and carrj- ing forward great engineering and business enterprises. Page 455. Why should employers and em- f)loyds as well have a good amount of Self-esteem? How essential in managers, superintendents, etc. Pages 430, 441, 442. Firmness. What important part does Firm- ness play in the human economy ? Page 316. Its most decisive sign ? Page 312. Wh^' essential in the higher grade of employes ? Page 312. Economy. In order that you may reach the maximum of production at the minimum of cost, it is necessary the foremen, superintendents, and emploj'ds should possess the trait of Economy. How can j'ou tell easily if employes possess it ? Pages 316, 319, 320. There are many practical, vital ques- tions which " Face and Form Reading" answers cogentl}', logi- callj^, and conviucingl}'. Among the portions of the work of special interest to the employer, I particu- larly^ recommend the following pao-'es: 267-289, 52.5-584,. 1085- llTo, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1119, 1158, 1183, 1184, etc. THE EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYE. A-45 Additional Questions by the Publishers, showing the Value OF Face and Form Reading to the Inventor, Mechanic, Engineer, etc. The following questions by the publishers will enable you to grasp the intents and purposes of this book, and give you some idea of its practical usefulness to all grades of persons in every tvalk of life, more particularly the Mechanic who wishes to advance and take front rank among the Industrial forces of this Electric Century, The publishers commend the work to you for its eminent practicality, believing that a knowledge of yourself in particular, and mankind in general, will redound to your credit financially and socially. If so, our mission is accomplished. Faculties. What Physical System and Mental Faculties are the most conducive to the success of the Inventor, Mechanic, etc. Page 1156. Does not the success of Edison, Howe, Morse, McCormick, etc., prove this? Page 1156. How ai-e the Mental Faculties and the Character developed? Page 1158. What Physical Systems create Form and Character? Page 61. What kind of faculty is necessary for one engaged in the manufact- ure, setting up, and tuning of Musical Instruments, and what does the Ear indicate as to the possession of this faculty ? Pages 1026, 1027. Noses. What type of nose is called the Mechanical ? Pages 932, 933. Lips. What indication does the curve, formation, etc., of the Upper Lip give us as to the possession of the Imitative ability, and what has Imitation to do with Mechanical ability? Page 819. Intuition. What benefit is this faculty to the Mechanic, etc.? How can it be cultivated ? Page 737. Comparison. To what does this faculty lead, and why is it of importance to the Mechanic, Inventor, etc.? Pages 727-732. Causality. What are the relations existing be- tween Causality and Practicality ? Pages 721. What kind of study will develop this faculty in the Mechanic, etc., and wh3^ should such methods of reasoning be encouraged ? Pages 720-726. Why should Inventors especially cultivate the faculty of reasoning from effect to cause? Page 721. Calculation. In all branches of Mechanics it is absolutely essential to advance- ment or progress that Calculation of a high order be possessed. What are the signs showing its possession, and how can this fac- ulty be cultivated ? Pages 706- 712. A-46 THE EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYE. Order. Why are some Mechanics ver}^ neat and orderh^, and whj^ some slov- enly, in work, habits, etc. ? Page 696. How can Order and System be cul- tivated? Page 700. Time. Why is this in connection with Order very essential to the Mechanic? Page 690. Locality. Why should this faculty be culti- vated by the active Mechanic, and how can it be so cultivated as to aid him ? Pages 635-640. Observation. To the Architect, Engineer, and High-Gnide Mechanic this trait is an important one, aiding him to seize upon important facts seen in his daily intercourse with the world and adojiting them to use in his special line. How can this faculty be cultivated, and what aid and incentive to Invention is it? Pages 618-620. Form and Size. Persons of round formation, broad between the eyes, usually make the best Sui)erintendents, Foremen, Bosses, etc. Why? Page 605. Two important faculties of every- day use to the Inventor, Machinist, and Mechanics of all kinds. Defi- ciency in these faculties incapaci- tates one for many mechanical pursuits, lience the necessity for thorough development. Of what importance, and why ? Pages 605- 615. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. This faculty is one of the most im- portant to the Architect and Bnihler as well as the Millwright and Constructive Maciiinist, and should be cultivated to the highest possible degree. Whnt will aid in its cultivation ? Page 545. Why were such men as Roebling, Watt, Fulton, Ericsson, and others so successful as Inventors? Page 552. Ideality. The Higher grade of Mechanics, Architects, Inventors, Builders, etc., need this facult}'. Why ? Panes 515-523. Hope. All grades of Industrial workers need Hope. What is its capacity as a sustainer under adverse cir- cumstances and iu sickness ? Pages 486-491. THE CLERGY. How WILL A Study of Face and Form Reading Aid the Pastor IN Church Organization and Church Development? By GEORGE A. PELTZ, D.D., Associate Pastor of The Temple, Broad and Berks Streets, Philadelphia. " Whenever I have an im])ortant business interview on hand, I face my man to the light and myself to the darkness." So said one of Pliiladelpliia's shrewdest business men, in a recent inter- view. Why did he face his man to the light? Because he knew that the man's face would tell much that his lips would leave untold. The form of the face, as well as its many phases, and, indeed, tlie form of the entire body and its various movements, all are significant of the inner man, whose visibility and tangibility they constitute. Just how far face and form indicate personality may be debatable ; but no close observer of men doubts that they are of large value ; indeed, most of the conclusions in " The Encyclo- paedia of Face and Form Heading" may be unhesitatingly accepted as substantially correct. That knowledge and skill in these lines would abundantly aid every clergyman is beyond question. It is recorded of our Lord himself that he "knew all men, and needed not that any should testify of man : for he knew what was in man " (John 2 : 24, 25). In this respect, as in many others, his servants have need to strive to be like him ; and as they approach him in char- acter, they will also approximate more closely to his success. In the phenomenal work at Tlie Temple, the accurate esti- mating and fitting employment of men have had much to do. The Rev. Mr. Coiiwell, the leader of that great work, excels in his appreciation of just wliat the people need at any given moment ; also of the most direct way to meet that want. Then comes into play his ability to select leaders and organize measures, and, by his rare and almost unerring capacity here, he has won many of his most conspicuous achievements. He seldom fails to select tlie much-desired "right man," and to get him into "the right place." A quick and correct estimate of men, whether from face or figure, expression or action, is immensely valuable to every clergyman, as to every other man who is expected to meet (A-47) A-48 THE CLERGY. and to mold his fellows ; and what has proved to be good m one field is wortliy of careful trial elsewliere. ' It is a matter of congratulation that the contents of this elaborate work on " Face and Form Reading " have been set forth fully in a well-digested Table of Contents and Index ; but a special series of questions also has been prepared for clergymen, whereby they are put directly on the road to those topics they most need to consider. Without passing judgment on the book as a whole, or assuming to indorse all its positions, one is wholly safe in pronouncing it a most helpful volume, and commending it to his fellow-clergymen. Health and Harmonious Development. Essential to the clerg3\ How best attained? Pages 131-137. "Mens Sane in Coi-pora Sano." Wliat is necessar^'^ for a sonnd mind ? Page 94. What are the Normal factors in Form and Being in Nature, Science, and Art ? Page 57. A PPROBATI VENESS. Of what use? When desirable? Its tendency ? Page 378. Enthusiasm. dan we anal_yze it? What is neces- sary to become enthusiastic ? Page 267. Love. " The Greatest Thing in the World." What is it? Upon what does it depend ? Page 242. Manly men and womanly women. What makes ? Page 242. Knowledge. What is the most important to man, and how should this interest the clergy? Pages 182-185. Force and Self-esteem. If you are deficient, how can you develop tliis trait? Page 461. Why should the clergyman possess Self-esteem? What will it lend to the character ? Pages 437-462. What effect will it have upon preach- ing? Page 461. Deep Breathing and Energy. What relation does deep breathing bear to Energy, physical and mental ? Page"^403. How can deep breathing be devel- oped and weak throat and lungs made stronger? Pages 400, 401. Friendship and Hospitality. Two strong, essential traits. How do they add to your usefulness and extend ^our influence ? Pages 385-397. Ideality and Sublimity. , Whj- should these faculties be pos- sessed by the clergy ? Page 514. How does it aid in Sermon-writing, Preachinof, and Lectnring ? Pages 506-518. " Hope. How is it useful to the Clergy, and how to every one in liealth and also in disease? Pages 488-491. What kind of a force is it? If deficient, how can it be obtained ? Page 491. Resistance. Why should a clergyman possess this faculty ? To what does it tend ? Pages 463-469. Wliat does a study of the Faces and Forms of talented divines, etc., show ? Page 458. THE CLERGY. A-49 EXECUTIVENESS. A Pastor, SuiKluy-School Superin- teiulent, und otliers having any authority in chureli work should possess tliis laculty. How can you tell if possessed ? Pages 561- 564. Veneration. Should be a faculty in every pastor. How is it indicated ? Pages 553- 558. How can you develop it if deficient, and what lias logical reasoning to do with it ? Page 559. Where is the highest form of re- ligion exhibited, and what are the relations between Veneration and Virtue ? Page 560. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. Upon this faculty depends the power to build up a logical discourse. Why? Page 545. How can you develop if weak ? Page 544. Human Nature. This faculty is of vast importance. How do you know if you possess it, and how can you acquire it ? Page 525. Memory. Upon what dependent? What causes its impairment, and how can it be cultivated ? Pages 625- 627. Observation. A desirable faculty to the minister. How can a deficiency be sup- plied ? How does it tend to ren- der a minister aid in preaching, lecturing, etc? Pages 618, 621. Self-will. If not in excess, very desirable. Why so to the minister? Page 675. Language and Eloquence. What is necessary in order to con- verse well ? How can one become eloquent? Page 661. Gestures. Have they a meaning ? If so, what ? Pages 759-761. Intuition, How can this faculty be made to subserve the interests of the cler- gy' man ? Page 746. Mozart's Self-analysis is an exam- ple. See pages 742, 743. Comparison and Causality. Why should a clergyman possess a large fund of Comparison ? Pages 732-735. . . Why possess the faculty of Caus- ality ? Page 722. What relation does Causality bear to Progress? And can Causality be cultivated? Pages 720, 721. Eyes, Nose, Mouth, and Lips. What does the form and expression of the Eye indicate ? Page 936 et seq. How does the Nose indicate charac- ter ? Pages 866-936 How ranch is revealed and concealed by the Mouth ? Pages 837-848. Does the contraction, expansion, compression, etc., of the Lips in- dicate mental condition ? Pages 795-824. Necks, Ears, and Hair. Does the poise of the head, the atti- tude of the neck, etc., have any meaning? Pages 1057-1066. Various forms of ears greet us, do these varieties each have a different meaning? Pages 1015-1032. What does coarse, stubborn hair mean ? Has hair, its color, texture, etc., an}' signification in reading character or ability ? Pages 997- 1012. A-50 THE CLERGY. General Fitness, etc. How can you know your parishioners so as to be able to call out all latent powers and know their fitness for their duties? Pages 1114, 1115. How can you tell the impostor? Pages 1106-1109. A clergyman is endeavoring to fit his congregation to lead better lives here and hereafter. Why should he be a student of Physi- ognomy, and what will aid him ? Page 1154. Uses. To what uses can a clergyman put a l)ractical knowledge of Face and Form Reading? Pages 1182- 1184. Physical and Mental Systems. "What physical systems are required by a clergyman? Pages 1151, 1152. What are the mental faculties essen- tial to a successful ministry ? Pages 1153, 1154. LAWYER AND COUNSELOR. The Aid "The Encyclopaedia of Face and Form Reading" May be Made to Render Those Interested in Legal, Judicial, and Deliberative Professions. By Hon. GEORGE S. GRAHAM, District Attorney, Philadelphia, Pa. ; ASSISTED BY Hon. JOHN L. KINSEY, Assistant District Attorney, Philadelphia, Pa. Of course, the science of physiognomy would be most useful to any one whose business leads him into dealing with human beings, and the characters and acts of whom are the data with which he has to do. As to how far the author of the book you have submitted to me has been able to reduce this subject to a science, I am not at this time prepared to pronounce judgment, for the reason that I have not l3een able, in a very busy professional life, to secure time sufficient to consider carefully the great number of facts collected into this large and crowded volume, and the inferences drawn from them. I am obliged, however, to say that some of tlie generalizations appear too broad and seem not warranted because of the limited number of observations made. A comprehensive rule is sometimes laid down from the contemplation of a few instances. Lavater attempted to formulate for the first time physiognomy into a sci- ence in 1807. From that time until Darwin, within our own day, gave the matter an impetus, little or notliing, save the classic pro- duction of Charles Bell, was done for this subject. In this restless age, which is seeking a cause for every effect relating to the inner or outer nature of man, as may be instanced, by way of illustration, the great progress made in the subjects of psijchology and pliyslologij, no doubt that 'physiognomy will like- wise, in a short time, make great advances. Your work has treated this theme with most exfreme mhiufeness and exhanstive particularity^ and to an extent that has never before been approximated. In this respect it is quite ^entertaining and sug- gestive of possibilities which may be later realized. Y ox practical utility many hints may be obtained from it which will be of great convenience and service to us in our relations to our fellow-beings. CA-51) A-52 LAWYER AND COUNSELOR. Every one of us is necessarily more or less of a physiognomist, and has unconsciously become so through experience with men, and we have acquired certain rules by which we judge from appear- ances ; so, therefore, anij hook which will aid us^ especially a laimjer^ to accurately estimate the character or the mental mood of the persons with whom he has to do, from the expression of the face, would be of incalculable value. Suitors, jurors, wit- nesses, and judges daily ]mss under our inspection, and to their appearance and expression, as it varies, we adapt our action or argument. We will take, for instance, the argument of counsel to a jnry. There the contest between mind and mind is more keen, intense, and vivid than can be fopnd in any other debate. Throughout the argument the speaker scans momently the face of each juror, noting the posture of his body, expression of the eye, the knitting of the eyebrows, quiver of muscles about the mouth, turn of the head, a movement of hand or foot; in fact, any change which, as he proceeds with his argument, leads him into a parallel train of thougl.it as to what is the condition of mind of his auditor which leads to the movement observed. Therefore, when physi- ognomy is able to give us a reliable rule by which we can instantly interpret the meaning^ of any siu;h movement, it will give us the secret to aid greatly the more successful practice of our profession. It will not be amiss for any lawyer to read this work, as he will find it not only entertaining, but much in it that the results of his own observation can corroborate. Faculties Needed. What Physical Systems and what Mental Faculties should be most prominent in a lawyer ? Why ? Pages 1154-1156. Why should a lawyer make a careful study of the Laws, Principles, and Facts of " Face and Form Read- ing " ? Page 1183. How will such knowledge, practicall3^ applied, aid liim in arriving at cen- tral truths in the examination of witnesses? Pages 1183, 1184. Wiiat will scientific " Face and Form Reading " teach you ? Page 1113. The Tiiorough-bred. If a client wishes to retain you as his counsel and professes to be a thoroughly re/ined person, how can you tell if this person is thorough- bred? Pages 1108, 1109. Necks. Suppose you are examining a wit- ness who has a long, shriveled neck stretching far out, what would you think was the leading trait of char- acter of that person ? Page 1066. Suppose a lady client who carries her head high has a habit of toss- ing and nodding her head forward and sideways v,'\\\\e in conversation with vou, what would this indi- cate?" Page 1065. Will yon kindly read the article on ''Necks''? Page 1057. LAWYER AND COUNSELOR. A-53 Smiles and Laughter, What do they indicate? Can you analyze them? How? Pages 1054-1056. A client comes to you for advice (probably a stranger), you say something that causes him to laugh, suppose it is of a chuckling or suppressed nature, what does it indicate ? Page 1056, We here give you a wrinkle — please take it in the spirit intended — do wrinkles reveal character? Did you ever think of them as indic- ative of mental condition? If not, why not? Can they be read ? Pages 1034-1042. Just observe a middle-aged lawyer (a friend) who has achieved an enviable reputation, and look for wrinkles iinder chin to the side ; then compare with figure 313 and see if our analysis, page 1036, is not correct. Head. Does size of head indicate great talent? If not, why not Page 994. Eyebrows. Eyebrows indicative of character, — how? Read article, pages 969- 985. Eyes. Watch the eyes of the criminal classes with whom you occasion- ally come in contact, and what do you read therein recorded ? Why? Page 967. What is a magnetic eye ? Have you ever seen it? Page 963. What a wonderful organ is the eye f How ranch it expi-esses ! Can this expression be read? How? Will you carefuU}' read pages 93'J-968, Noses. Are Noses verj' significant in study- ing character ? Why ? Page 928. Can you tell if a witness (or would- be client) is honest or dishonest by carefully noting the length, breadth , and curvature of the 7iose ? If so, how ? Page 929. How can yon tell if a lawyer or coun- selor is talented in debate or of an argumentative mind ? Pages 922, 923. Of all classes of the world's thinkers and workers you probably need an accurate knowledge of '' Face and Form Reading " more than any other. Why? Page 881. Local Signs. On page 881 you will find the Local Signs for the Mental Faculties. Can you not gain some knowledge of the undei'lying principles of this science from a careCul study of this chart? Please turn to it. Page 881. Many of the criminal classes are born so. Can you find any signs in the face to Wiform you of this fact? Where? Page 862. How do mouths and their expression indicate character? Page 837. What will observation and compari- son of a collection of photographs of notorious criminals show ? Page 847. Please read pages 837-848. Voice. How does the voice often reveal character? Page 837. How do words reveal the intellectual state? Page 833. If a person approaches you with a voice of excessive softness, look out for him. Why? Page 832. Su|)pose a person addresses j^ou in a 7-ich, full, rounded voice. What does this indicate ? Why ? Page 828. Lips. Their motion in expression are land- marks denoting character. How can we read their meaning ? Pages 795-824. A-54 LAWYER AND COUNSELOR. Lips (continued). Will permanent facial signs follow as the result of repeated emo- tions and speech ? Why ? Page 797. How can you tell a secretive person ? Page 809. Where and how do confirmed crimi- nals usually show their depravity ? Page 810. Chins. Is there character in the chin ? How can you know ? Pages 770-780. In order to show you the iisefuhiess of " Face and Form Reading," we will introduce to you the faculties which should predominate in the general make-up of the attorney, by which you can readily appreciate the importance of this work. Intuition. Do 3'ou possess this faculty? If not, can you cultivate it ? How ? Page 737. How can you distinguish it? Where are the signs ? Pages 737, 738. What has Dr. Carpenter to say about ^^ Intuition ^^ ? Pages 741, 742. Read Mozart's beautiful introspec- tion and self-analysis. Pages 742, 743. How does Intuition assist the law- yer? Pages 743, 744. Will a full knowledge and applica- tion of " Face and Form Read- ing" have a tendency to develop Intuition? How? Pages 746-748. Comparison. This faculty a lawyer needs, and needs largely? What is it? Page 731. Facial and bodily signs, where found ? Page 727. How distinguished ? Page 728. In order to complete and perfect the reasoning process in Ilan, what two traits are absolutely- essential ? Page 730. As the law3-er must, if successful, be able to reason logically, does it not follow that he must be an adept in Comparison'^ What abilit}^ does it give? Page 731. How does it aid an eloquent lawyer in addressing a jury or in open- ing or closing a case ? Page 735. How is it related to Causality ? Page 737. Causality. What is the meaning of this term ? Why is it important to those dealing with large interests to possess this faculty (or trait) to a large degree ? Page 715. Where are its most prominent signs — facial and bodily? Pages 716- 718. Those lawyers who are noted for their ability to get at bottom facts possess this trait largelv. Can it be cultivated? Page 721. What effect has its cultivation on the mind ? Page 726. In your re- lations with 3'our client, in order to put your case strongly before the court, you wish to arrive at all the bottom facts ; now, if 3'ou have a large share of Causality, you will ask such questions as will give you the central truths tersely and accurately, hence mere questioning is not investigation. Read pages 721-726. Calculation. You need this faculty. Why ? Page 707. You very often have in- terests of your clients at stake where it is absolutely essential that you be possessed of a general kn?>wledge of accounts and the science of numbers. If you are deficient, it is essential that you remedy the deficiencv ? Can you doit? Pages 706, 707. LAWYER AND COUNSELOR. A-55 Order. Mental and Physical. Do you pos- sess this desirable faculty ? How do you know ? Page 696. Why should j'ou possess it? Page 700. Language, What is it? What the facial and bodily signs ? Page 652. What does the capacity to express words intelligently involve ? Page 655. In order to converse well, what is essential? Why? Page 655. What are the salient, points of true oratory t Page 661. In order to speak with telling effect to a jury, what must the speaker possess? Page 661. Can this desirable faculty be culti- vated ? How ? Page 663. What does Ruskin say about " Lan- guage " ? Page 225. Memory. Memory is a faculty the possession of which greatly aids the law\'er in all his multifarious duties? How? Page 631. How is memory often lost or im- paired ? Page 632. How can it be strengthened and developed ? Page 627. How can you tell if a person has a good memory ? What are the signs ? Page 625. Observation. Why is it necessar}^ that a lawyer should possess gr'eat powers of Observation ? Signs, etc. Pages 618-620. What does a cultivation of this faculty lead to ? Page 623. C REDENCI VENESS. You should have a fair amount of this faculty. Why ? Page 586. Self-will. What is it ? What are its signs ? Pages 569, 570. Why should you possess it ? Pages 574, 575\ How does it aid a lawj^er, and to what does it tend? Pages 571, 572. Did it ever occur to 3^ou that a great deal of the wickedness of the world can be attributed to a lack of Self- will ? Page 570. If you were exaniining a ivitness or a criminal, how would you tell whether they were deficient in will-power ? Page 570. If you, yourself, are deficient in will- power and wish to possess this factor of success, how can you do so ? Page 578. Executiveness. The possession of this faculty'' is an absolute necessity to one who wishes to command. Why? Page 564. This faculty can be highly cultivated. How? Page 561. In choosing a partner, or in dele- gating an assistant to perform any business requiring Decision and Judgment, how could you tell if the i)erson chosen possessed this essential trait ? What is its sign, and where located ? Page 561. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. If you want to build up your case and make it strong and convincing to court and jury, you must know liow to build ; hence a fair share of Gonstructiveness aids you, does it not ? Why ? How ? Pages 544- 552. Human Nature. Why should a lawyer possess it in a large degree? Page 527. How can he make it subserve his in- terests ? Page 532. Is there any method whereb}^ you can read others like a book ? Page 532. A-56 LAWYER AND COUNSELOR. Ideality. We have often heard of gifted law- yers who are able to strongly in- Jluence a jury through the use of beautiful language, metaphors, similes, etc. This indicates Ideal- ity in a high degree. How do you know this? Pages 515-517. Can you cultivate this desirable trait ? How ? Page 522. Analysis. Here is a faculty you need and must cultivate. Why ? Page 493. You need it to sift the evidence put before you. You need it in pre- paring your brief, and, in fact, it is a prime factor of success in all tlie operations of the law. Why ? Page 494. If deficient in this faculty, you can cultivate it. How ? Page 495. Hope. Tliis faculty is a great sustainer, and enables 30U to battle agaiust odds and ofteu win your point by pure push, persistency , and stick-to-it-ive- ness ; sometimes called '' Gall." How can you distinguish it ? Page 486. How can you cultivate it? Page 491. Upon what does it depend? Page 489. . How important is it, then, that you keep good health ? Page 489. Caution. How does this faculty act as mentor over our character? Page 483. What are its signs ? Page 479. How does it aid us in all the walks of life? Pages 483-485. Resistance. You meet this in many people with whom you come in contact, and would like to develop some plan to combat it in others who possess more than vou ? How can you do this? Page 464. How can you read it in others ? Or kuow vour own deficiency ? Pages 463-466. Force. What is force ? Page 455. Its signs? Where found ? Page 454. Without force of character we are of little accouut. Can we culti- vate it ? How ? Pages 460-463. Why should a lawyer possess it to a large degree? (Important.) Page 461. Self-esteem. This faculty is one of the most im- portaut in the whole human char- acter, and one a lawyer should specially cultivate. Why ? How can you know if 3'ou possess it, and how detect it in others ? Page 436. What does this faculty impart? Page 437. How does it assist the character and create confidence ? Page 439. What does it teach man ? How is it a tower of strength ? Page 441. Conscientiousness. What is the relation between Con- scientiousness and Thoroughness ? Page 311. What are the facial and bodily signs for a thor-oughly conscientious per- son ? Page 303. Why should the honest lawyer pos- sess a large share of Conscientious- ness? How will it aid him? Page 304. Gesture. Gestures are of much importance in reading character, taken in con- nection with facial and bodily signs. Read bottom of page 299. What and where are the local signs for the Mental faculties? See Fig. 15, page 288. Locate in the face the signs for the Visceral Organs. Page 277. LAWYER AND COUNSELOR. A-57 Enthusiastic people move the world. To be eminently suc- cessful at the bar you must be brimiVil of enthusiasm. Can you not, from a careful study of the foregoin<^ questions and answers, see how vital a knowledge and use of " Face and Form Read- ing " will be to you "? AVill it not hroaden your vision and enlarge your ideas as to Qimn, his character, his failings, liis capahilities, the means for his mental, moral, and physical improvement, and teach you . to hno(i:> and appreciate your fellow-man at his true worth \ The answer we leave to your own convictions. RAILROAD MANAGEMENT. How " The Encyclopedia of Face and Form Reading " Can Aid in Managing and Operating Railroads. By THE PUBLISHERS. From a careful study of the followin t Physiology of Common Life, G. H. Lewes, p. 194. THEORY OF PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 13 " a life devoted only to sensual enjoyments is brutish, an ethico- political life is human, but a scientific life is divine." If by a scientific life he meant living up to the laws of God as shown by the laws of Nature, I can wholly and heartily agree with him. In announcing the discoveries which I have made pertaining to the human physiognomy, it may not be uninteresting to the reader to know in what manner they were reached, what mental process or scientific observation was required to elaborate the sys- tem setting forth the three grand divisions of the face, and why I denominate them the Chemical, the Architectural, and the Mathe- matical. In the first place, my studies in anatomy and physiology had shown me that the action of the glands is purely chemical, and, as I found that the development and normal action of this system were most apparent in the lower part of the face, — in the cheeks (as is observed in healthy infants), in the lips, and adjacent parts, — it occurred to me that this part of the face must represent the purely chemical or vegetative department of the human or- ganism. Knowing as I did that nearly all the principles of me- chanical forces were illustrated by the action of the several lever powers in tlie movements of the muscles and bones, of the hinge in the joints, of the pulley in the muscles of the eye, of valves in the heart and arteries, while the principles of optics are exhibited in the eye, the principles of acoustics in the construction and action of the ear, the principles of hydrostatics and capillary attraction in the veins, tubes, and tissues of the several parts of the body; knowing that electricity is a property of the nerves and magnetism of the muscles, I saw that these several systems constituted a mechanical or an architectural system, the signs for which I have discovered are located in the middle portion of the face. When I had discovered and located the signs for the heart, the lungs, the liver, the muscular, the nervous, and bony systems, logic came to my aid, and I argued that if the signs for chemical action and architectural powers were to be found in the human face I must look there for the signs of the mathematical powers also. I had years previously ascertained by observation and reflection that these three laws or principles govern all matter. Reflection soon convinced me that in the upper part of the face I should find the signs for mathematical power indicated, and, as in the upper part of the forehead we have the signs for Logical Deduction, or reason, so in the lower part of the forehead are located the signs for Form, Size, and Calculation. I at once saw that here were the signs for the last of the three ruling principles needed to complete the harmonic system of laws which underlie all matter, and of which man is the highest expression and exponent. 14 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Is it not logical to infer that in the countenance of man (which is certainly the most perfected object that the human mind has ever studied) should be found concentrated and combined all the general principles which assist in the formation of man's organism? I know that this is a novel theory, and one perhaps as startling and revolutionary as was Newton's theory of the law of gravitation, but, as time rolls on, a scientific knowledge of man and of his physiog- nomy is as certain to evolve as is the knowledge of the laws of light, sound, color, and other abstruse departments of natural law. The proof of my theory is so easy of verification that any person of ordinary observation and reflection can satisfy himself experi- mentally of its truth. I now address myself to scientific thinkers and those accustomed to investigating the correlations of the laws and forces of Nature, and I ask them if it seems to them unreason- able or illogical that the basilar laws of all the lower creations should find illustration in man and his countenance 1 When we reflect that man is the outcome or evolutionary product of all the lower kingdoms, mineral, vegetable, and animal, it should not seem improbable that man's face, read scientifically, — that is, according to his physiological and anatomical organization, — should typify and disclose the action of all these formative and creative powers. The general laws and principles enunciated in this chapter, together with the connection of physical functions with mental faculties, will appeal the strongest to naturalists, scientists, and phy- sicians, — those who are accustomed to observe in Nature's processes the action of that law discovered and set forth by the eminent Baron Cuvier, viz., the law of the correlation of organs, " accord- ing to which a certain conformation of structure in one organ is always found in conjunction with a certain conformation in another." Now, under the operation of this law it is quite safe to predict the existence and presence of certain mental faculties by observing the signs for certain physical functions in the face ; as, for example, where the signs for Amativeness and Love of Young are exhibited in a highly developed degree the sign for the glandu- lar system is also well defined, and the same is true of other faculties and functions. Not only do we find that certain faculties are correlated, but that certain physical functions and mental faculties are always observed to develop pa?^ passu. Another proof of this interaction is shown where the sign for a faculty is small in the face and the action of its related function is weak and corre- spondingly undeveloped in the body, as, for instance, where the sign for Hope is small in the face the activity of the liver is corre- spondingly feeble. Later on all of the various organs will be treated of in this connection. THE HUMAN FACE THE INDEX OF ALL NATURE. 15 THE HUMAN FACE THE INDEX OF ALL NATURE. Standing at the « pex of all creation is man, the very epitome, sublimification, and essence of creative energy. What more natu- ral, then, that in this high and complex organization should be found in combination all of the components of what may be termed the lower creations T Man is literally made of the "dust of the earth." Considered as a chemical compound, man will be found upon analysis to be composed not only of the " dust of the earth," but also of nearly all the primitive elements contained in the earth. In his composi- FlG. 1.— THE THREE GRAND DIVISIONS OP THE PACE. 1, Chemical ; 2, Architectural ; 3, MathematicaL tion will be found oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, calcium, iron, sodium, chlorine, sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, and a small amount of other minerals. In the face of man will be found, by dividing it into three grand divisions, the signs of character representing the three basilar principles underlying all matter, as well as man's own organism, viz., those of Chemistry, Architecture, and Mathematics. If one examine closely a grain of sand, and enters into an analysis of its constituents, he finds that it has, first, chemical properties, — a portion of one kind of element, another particle of some other sort; perhaps several other elements enter into 16 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. its constitution. These various elements have an affinity for each other and harmonize in their combination. This is the power which binds them in one and forms them into a chemical compound. Upon further examination it will be found to possess a definite form. In the case of crystals of the various minerals this form is always defined by law., and the mineralogist recognizes each object by its form. This natural law of shaping of all objects, both ani- mate and inanimate, is an illustration of architectural law. If the crystals be reduced to their elementary particles the number of their constituents is discovered. This is the mathematical law exemplified. All creations, from a grain of sand up to the planetary bodies, have their chemical properties., their architectural formation, or shape, and the number of particles which mathematical law re- quires for their completion. The same constituents which compose planets, which form minerals as well as plant, insect, and animal life, form also man's organism. These elementary constituents bring with them into man's body their basic principles, and wherever we find man we can but observe that in the chemical action of the elements com- posing his body and surrounding him, — that in his form and pro- portions, and in the number of elements entering into his consti- tution, — the same laws of chemical action, of architectural forma- tion, and of mathematical quantities or particles which govern all other departments of life are as potential in fashioning him and in determining his character. In this wonderful microcosm, as exhibited in man's face, we find illustrated in its three divisions the signs of character which denote man's ability to be either chemical, architectural, or mathe- matical, or, in .other words, exhibiting vegetative, constructive, or reasoning power. We shall find, upon investigating the lower organisms, whether of plant, insect, or animal life, that chemical action is the primary mode of organization, next that the formative, or architectural, follows chemical action, and the perfection or com- pletion of the hfe of all organisms requires the full and complete number of particles of matter which compose its entirety, thus illus- trating the mathematical law which dominates every department of organic and inorganic life. In the mineral world we find, as I have previously stated, that chemical action precedes formation, and that formation pro- duces the number of faces or sides and angles which each species of mineral assumes, and mineralogists are able to classify each mineral by its architectural or geometrical formation. MINERAL FORMS. 17 MINERAL FORMS. The first and most primitive formations of any kind whatso- ever are found in the crystals of minerals. Here, at the very be- ginning of inanimate organization on the globe, the Imc of Form discloses its supremacy. This law is dominated by the law of Number^ which lies at the base of all things in existence, and from Number Form proceeds. Although minerals are inanimate, they have their precise laws of shaping as set and rigid as those that form the plant, the animal, or man. They fall into shape by law and design. They are not chaotic, shapeless masses of matter, but in their interior, microscopic, molecular construction, as well as in their completed outward shape, they afford us fine illustrations of the dominance of the law of Form, which is exhibited in a much more complex manner in higher organizations, in the vegetable, animal, and human kingdoms. After minerals have become solidified by passing through the chemical processes of heat, incan- descence, vaporization, or by condensation, as water does in freez- ing, they each assume a definite and diverse fixed form, each one differing from every other, and by their forms alone mineralogists are able to say to which class each belongs, and can also state their properties by inspection of their forms. An inherent law of shap- ing causes one mineral to form crystals which are cubical in form, — salt, for example, — while another assumes six-pointed sides or prisms, as exhibited by quartz. The most plentiful mineral — water — becomes solid at 32° F., and then crystallizes and constitutes snow or ice. Flakes of snow consist of a congeries of minute crystals and stars, and may be detected by a glass.* One significant fact in regard to snow-crystals is that, although many hundreds of different shapes have been observed and figured, they all with singular unanimity show that the laws both of Form and Number preside over their construction, for without exception they present six points or rays, as shown in Fig. 2, E, F, G, regardless of the peculiarities of their formation. Thus it is shown that the number six is the underlying law which controls water when it assumes a solid form. Of the identity of the various mineral species, Professor Dana tells us : — The true foundation of a species in mineralogy must be derived from crystallization, as the crystallizing \9, fundamental in its nature and origin; and it is now generally admitted that identity of crystalline form and structure is evidence of identity of species.^ • Manual of Mineralogy, J. B. Dana, p. 78. t Ibid., p. 74. 2 18 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. As we proceed in the study of physiognomy the reader will find that the highest expression of divine architecture — the human face — combines and illustrates all of tlie primary elements of Form which are exhibited in the structure and form of all minerals. These elements are the point (or central axis), the sphere, the Hne, the angle, the square, and cube. The sphere is represented by the spherical molecule, which it is now known that the mineral assumes while in a state of fusion or incandescence, as I have shown in the chapter entitled " The Basic Principles of Form." From these few primary elements of Form all other forms are derived by multiplication or combination. Of the constancy of crystalline forms in the mineral kingdom Professor Dana observes:— Each mineral may be properly said to have as much a distinct shape of its own as each plant or each animal, and may be as readily distinguished by tlie cluiracters presented to the eye. Crystals are therefore the perfect individuals of the mineral kingdom. The mineral quartz has a specific form and structure as much as a dog or an elm, and is as distinct and unvarying as regards essential characters, although, owing to counteracting causes during formation, these forms are not alwaj's assumed. In whatever part of tlie world crystals of quartz may be collected they are fundament- ally identical. Not an angle will be found to differ from those of crystals obtained in any part of this country. The sides of the faces vary and also the number of the faces, according to certain simple laws hereafter to be explained, but the corresponding angles of inclination are essentially the same, wiiatever the variations or distortions. Other minerals have a like constancy in their crystals, and each has some peculiarity, some difference of angle, or some difference of cleavage — structure — which distinguishes it from every other mineral. In many cases, therefore, we have only to measure an angle to determine a species. Both quartz and carbonate of lime crystallize at times in similar six-sided prisms, ■with terminal pyramids, but the likeness here ceases, for the angles of the pyramids are quite different and also the internal structure.* Minerals, like plants, animals, and human beings, possess many other properties besides form, number, and chemical con- stituents. These are primitive, or fundamental, common to each kingdom of Nature. The mineral possesses other properties, among which are lustre, color, diaphaneity, refraction, taste, odor, mag- netism, electricity, specific gravity, density, luminosity, and phos- phorescence. It is thus shown that although minerals are not vital, animate objects, they yet possess many characteristics which are observed in plant and animal life ; it is from these fundamental sources that these very qualities are obtained, for the higher mani- festations of life derive these qualities from the foods grown upon the mineral soil, and bring up into the plant, animal, and human being the same elements of form and color, and other properties with which the mineral abounds. All the primitive mineral ele- * Manual of Mineralogy, J. B. Dana, p. 22. MNERAL FORMS. 19 ments and primary forms of the mineral are found in the human body and are illustrated and revealed in his face, — the most wonder- ful evidence of the harmony of Nature's laws in the universe. Fig. 2, shown below, discloses the supremacy of the law of form in several of the best-known minerals. In tlie shells of the ocean we observe that the same laws govern their formation, and that the " mollusk forms a perfect geometrical curve, and proportions the size of its valves to the distance between them." Fig. 2.-MINERAL FORMS. A, B, C, common salt: D. qnartz; E, F, G, snow; H. sulphnr; I, J, gold ; K, L, diamond. Common salt crystalli'ies in cubical forms, as shown in A, B, C. Quartz, D, always orystullizea in six-sided pyramids. Snow assumes many forms, ^et they all express the dominance of the number six, as exhibited by the diagrams E, F, G. Sulphur appears in octahedral lorms, and is yellow in color, as in H. Gold, I, J, has several forms and is of a yellowish color ; its crystals are cubical. The diamond, K, L, is a crystallized carbon, and is found in octahedrons, dodecahedrons, and other complex forms. After cutting it appears in various forms, as seen in the above figure. [Note.— These illustrations are from works on mineralogy by Prof. J. B. Dana.] Mathematical law governs in the vegetable kingdom, and regulates by number the petals, sepals, stamens, pistils, and leaves upon every blossom and branch. In the human family the number of bones, muscles, joints, etc., proves its dominance, and wherever we look we must admit that these three great laws are universal and general. It is thus shown that man, in himself, in his own person, typifies all creation, proving that he is the very essence, the subtle, refined organization or force evolved from all forces, powers, causes, and chemical activities in the universe, and that the fouce of man reveals the action of all these laws. 20 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. A correct understanding of this grand organization is the first science in the world, the first in importance to each one of us. It has its laws, which are exact and yet complex ; but where is the reader skillful enough to understand them 1 As Nature is per- fect in her works, and has made few laws so mysterious as not to be comprehended, is it not natural, then, to infer that man is capable of understanding his own organization and the laws which govern it 1 He may, if he will but seek the truth and fear not. As the dial is to the clock, so is the face to man ; it is his exponent, morally, mentally, and physically ; on it are written not only his mental powers, his moral strength or weakness, but also his physical capacities, powers, weaknesses, predispositions to health and disease, and there is no one of ordinary capacity who cannot perceive these signs almost at a glance. The importance of this knowledge is incalculable. Inasmuch as we all have to pass our days in intercourse with our fellows, it is of the greatest importance not only that we should understand ourselves, but also that we should be able to comprehend to a nicety all with whom we associate, not merely for our protection and the pleasure we may derive from it, but also for the good we may do. Again, this knowledge will teach us that what we now call " charity" in over- looking the faults and weaknesses of others is but simple justice, for it is not just to expect something different of an organization than Nature has given it power to accomplish. Therefore, we may spare our charity and, through knowledge, give justice. The three grand divisions of the face — namely, the Chemical, the Architectural, and the Mathematical — ^have also their sub- divisions. The Chemical includes and reveals the signs for the moral, the domestic, and the supplyant powers ; the Architectural, the faculties which indicate the building, artistic, religious, and literary traits; and the Mathematical includes the reasoning powers, which are the chief faculties in numerical demonstration. Within the three grand divisions of the face we find the facial indications of five different systems of functions which create the different forms of man, and which are always found in combination, but in different degrees of development in different persons. These are named the Vegetative, the Thoracic, the Muscular, the Osseous, and the Brain and Nerve systems. Upon the different degrees of development of these several conformations depends man's power for being mainly either chemical, architectural, or mathematical The organization, which is mainly chemical in its operation and effects, is known by a predominance of the vegetative system, and is accompanied most largely by all those functions which serve to supply the body with material, and for the protection and pro- MINERAL FORMS. 21 creation of the race. The functions included in this division of the organism are those of digestion, reproduction, respiration (through the mouth), secretion, excretion, and growth. These functions are productive of the following faculties : Conscientious- ness, Firmness, Benevolence, Amativeness, Love of Children, Mirthfulness, Approbativeness, Modesty, Self-esteem, Friendship, Digestion, Bibativeness, Sanativeness, Hospitality, Pneumativeness, Color, Economy, Love of Home, and Patriotism. These include in tlieir action all the laws common to vegetable life, and the de- velopment of all these traits proceeds mainly from chemical action, as, for instance, the sustentation of the body and the procreation of the race. These operations are almost entirely chemical. The architectural division is shown by a predominance of the muscular, thoracic, and osseous systems, which embrace within their own action almost all of the principles of mechanical forces^ such as the different lever powers, different principles of valves, and the representation of a pulley (in the action of the superior oblique muscle in rotating the eye) ; also other mechanical powers which will be mentioned hereafter. The traits indicated in this division are : Force, Resistance, Secretiveness, Hope, Cautiousness, Analysis, Imitation, Ideality, Sublimity, Human Nature, Construct- iveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Executiveness, Self-will, Cre- denciveness. Prescience, Observation, Memory of Events, Form, Size, Weight, Order, Calculation, Locality, Music, Time, Language. You will observe by these names that the artistic and religious faculties are included in this as subdivisions. The mathematical division of the face has its work performed mainly by the brain and nerve system. The faculties shown in this division are named Time, Order, Causality, Comparison, Intuition. The several systems of the body and faculties of the mind act and react upon each other and sustain inter-relations to each other, but each division is mainly sustained by the action of the system to which the several different parts of the face indicate it as belonging. As I have before stated, the principles of physiognomy are founded on the same general laws which underlie all matter, but they have for their demonstration special laws. When we reflect that brain-matter in the form of nerves and nervous ganglia, as well as the muscles, are instrumental in producing mental mani- festations, we must at once conclude that the rather contracted views and theories of the ancient metaphysicians and modem phrenologists must give way to more extended and well-demon- strated /ac^5. The entire surface of the body, being covered with a cuticle upon which a fine net-work of nerves ramifies, gives us a very extensive sense-organ, and makes us cognizant of temperature, 22 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. tactile sensations, and pressure, and by the aid of these several sensations very many mental impressions are conveyed. The theory of mind which is set forth in this system of physi- ognomy is more comprehensive than any which has been given hitherto. Many advanced and eminent scientists and physicians to the insane have recently become imbued with the idea that the brain is not the sole and exchmve mental organ, but that the muscles and the nervous ganglia and plexuses of human and ani- mal organisms mn?/ be of a mental character and exhibit or assist in illustrating mental manifestations. Not only is the idea held that the nerves and muscles are contributive to mental power and expression, but it is found that the several organ-systems within the body, as, for example, the heart, the liver, the lungs, the glands, and kidneys, also promote and are the direct cause of what has hitherto been held to be produced by brain-power exclusively. This sup- position arises probably from the fact that all of these organs have representation in the brain through their connection with the great sympathetic chain of nerves and ganglia, entitled the nervus vagus. Among those who advocate this theory as probable I may mention George Henry Lewes, Dr. Henry Maudsley, Dr. Alexander Bain, and Dr. J. Lauder Lindsay, — men whose opinions are received with credence and respect. Those who have passed years in the study and investigation of any branch of science are presumed to be more learned on the subject of their pursuit than those who have given it little atten- tion, and I hold that the opinions of the former are entitled to the credence and respect of the latter. Believing this most fully, I append the following extract from the work of Dr. Alexander Bain, who, in his celebrated volume entitled " Mind and Body," remarks as follows: — Yet although the brain is by pre-eminence the mental organ, other organs co-operate; more especially the senses, the muscles, and the great viscera. So far as concerns the entire compass of our feelings or emotions it is the univei'sal testimony of mankind that these have no independent spiritual subsistence, but are in every case embodied in our fleshly form. This very strong and patent fact has been kept out of view in tlie multi- farious discussions respecting the immaterial soul. Apparent as it is to the vulgar, and intently studied as it has been by the sculptor, the painter, and the poet, it has been disregarded both by metaphysicians and by theologians when engaged in settling the boundaries of mind and body.* On this same point Dr. Henry Maudsley observes : — We cannot limit a study of mind even by a full knowledge of the functions of the nervous and muscular SN'stems ; the organic system has most certainly an essential part in the constitution and functions of mind.f » Minrt anrt Bodv, Alexander Bain. LTj.D. (Humboldt Library), pp. 2 and 3. t Body and Mind, Henry Maudsley, M.D., p. 34. MINERAL FORMS. 23 Elsewhere he remarks : — The internal organs are plainly not the agents of their special functions only, but by reason of the intimate consent or sympathy of functions they are essential constituents of our mental life.* In corroboration of the views of the highly respected gentle- men above quoted, I add the following from the pen of George Henry Lewes, who observes: — I do not agree in the opinion respecting the brain as the organ of the mind; one of the principal conclusions to which fact and argument will direct us in these pages will be tliat the brain is on!}' one organ of the mind, and not by any means the exclusive centre of consciousness. It will be understood by the word Mind we do not designate the intellectual opera- tions only. But the word Mind has a broader and deeper signification ; it includes all sensation, all volition, and all thought. It means the whole psychical life, and this psychical life has no one special centre any more than the physical life has one special centre ; it belongs to the whole and animates the whole. The brain is a part of this whole, a noble part, and its functions are noble, but it is only the organ of special mental functions. It is not the exclusive sensorium, and its absence does not imply the absence of all consciousness. It cannot, therefore, be considered as the organ, but only as one organ of the mind.f The following from the work of Dr. J. Lauder Lindsay, en- titled "Mind in the Lower Animals," will not be without interest, and is entitled to our respect in consideration of the source whence it emanates. Dr. Lindsay has been for many years at the head of an institution for the insane in Scotland, and is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of England. His investigations of diseased mental peculiarities of the insane have opened the way to an un- derstanding of the locale of the mind, and he states his belief of its location and action thus. He remarks : — The student of comparative psychology cannot too soon divest himself of the erroneous popular idea that brain and mind are in a sense synony- mous ; that the brain is the sole organ of the mind ; that mind cannot exist without brain ; or that there is any necessary relation between the size, form, and weight of the brain and the degree of mental development. Even in man there is no necessary relation between the size, form, and weight of the brain and the degree of mental development, while the phe- nomena of disease in him show to what extent lesions of cerebral substance occur without affecting the mental life. Physiologists are gradually adopt- ing or forming a more and more comprehensive conception of mind, and are coming to regard it as a function or attribute not of an3^ particular organ or part of the bod}', but of the body as a whole. Long ago the illustrious Milton, discoursing of mind and its seat, properh' described the human mind as an attribute of man's body as a whole. In various forms and words this view has been expressed in recent times by Muller, Lewes, Laycock, Bashman, Bastian, Maudsley, Carpenter, * Ibid., p. 38. t Physiology of Common life, G. H. Lewes, Part II, p. 8. 24 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. and others. According to these authors, " the seat of mind is throughout the body " (Muller) ; " mind pervades the body " (Laycock and Bashman) ; "mind comprehends the bodily life" (Maudsley); "psychical life has no one especial centre" (Lewes); "the whole nervous system is the seat or organ of the mind, the brain Ijeing only its chief seat or organ " (Bastian). The brain, then, is onh^ one organ of mind, — the organ, it may be said, only of special mental functions. Tiie old doctrine or assumption of the phre- nologists, as represented by Gull and Combe, — the doctrine in which they have so greatly prided themselves and foolishly continue to do so, — that, namely, which regards the brain as the sole organ of the mind, must un- questionabl}' be given up. We must henceforth regard the true site, seat, or organ of the mind as the whole body, and this is the only sound basis on which the comparative psychologist can begin his studies. There would be the less difficult}' in accepting such a basis were it only borne in view that the muscular as well as the nervous system, that muscular action has an intimate relation to mental phenomena, — to ideas as well as feelings. ^'■Mus- cular action is essential in certain, if not in all, mental processes, — e.g., in feeling or emotion, outward muscular expression {i.e., facial), and inward ideas and feelings are inseparately correlated " (Maudsley).* There are many more of our leading physicians, anatomists, and naturahsts of every nationality who believe and demonstrate the theory of the 2:>kysical basis of mind., but enough evidence from the writings of the most eminent has been adduced to assist the reader in gaining a knowledge of the course I propose to take in this work. Further evidence will be presented as the reader advances. It has been reserved for me to extend their theories and ob- servations to a finality, and to show that mental faculties are directly related to and sustained by the action of physical functions, and also to prove by the face the direct connection of physical functions with mental faculties. The diffusive locale of the mind will be- come more and more apparent as the rationale develops, and I believe that the proofs will not be wanting to substantiate my position. I maintain that nearly all errors in regard to man — his hfe, his surroundings, his relations to them and their relations to him, his religion, his sense of right, his misconceptions of beauty, his ex- ceedingly scant knowledge of governmental principles — proceed directly from utter ignorance of himself; and, while he has a knowledge of the planets, stars, winds, rocks, beasts, birds, snakes, and animalculae, he does not know the laws wliich govern his o\vn body. He understands not one single sign of character as indi- cated by the face ; he knows not the meaning of different voices ; the walk of man conveys to him no meaning ; the color of the eyes and hair declare nothing to his sense of sight. He is like a mole * Mind in the Lower Animals, J. Lauder Lindsay, M.D., Part II, pp. 3, 4. MINERAL FORMS. 25 groping in daylight. He plans and executes grand enterprises ; he spans continents ; he examines the character of the uttermost stars ; calculates eclipses ; traces tlie paths of comets to remote ages ; understands to a nicety the great world and the little world as shown by the telescope and the microscope, and yet cannot sound the depths of his child's character, which appear to him unfathomable. Why is this 1 Is it because the science of man is more abstruse and occult than all others 1 Because it belongs to the unknowable 1 Not so. It is because he has not thought of these things, and because he has not been taught them as he has the other sciences. I regard it as the most simple of all sciences, the most easily demonstrated, the most essential to human happi- ness and welfare. And until the science of physiognomy is commonly under- stood, government, as a science, cannot go forward. Legislating for beings of the laws of whose existence one is in utter ignorance is an absurdity and will fail. Not until the masses can put them- selves in harmonious relations to their environment can government go forward, and this can result only from a complete knowledge of man, his capacities, his needs, and his possibilities. This knowl- edge proceeds only from a scientific study of himself When man becomes convinced that his face registers his life, and that " he who runs may read " what he has been about, and that he cannot hide his inner self from the gaze of the world, he will endeavor to make his life so good and so noble that he will not be ashamed of the most rigid scrutiny, because it is only in thus doing that he will be enabled to have either a Character or a reputation. " Ex- perience daily declares that certain irregular and vicious propensi- ties impress very sensible traces on the countenance. The surest method, then, to embellish our physiognomy is to adorn the mind." Physiognomy as a science, with rules and established prin- ciples so plainly set forth as to be comprehended by the masses, had never been given to the world until my recent publication. Lavater possessed the power of reading the human face intuitively, but he has left among his writings no rules nor principles by which students can learn this science. The best book and school for students is Nature. StiQ, a keen observer may record such dis- coveries in this field as to be a benefit to coming generations. This science is gigantic in its proportions, and when we reflect that there are in the world no two organizations with exactly the same combinations of traits we see that the field is wide, with room for many observers. I leave the case in the hands of the scientific, the logical, the unprejudiced reader. My motives are based on a 26 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. love of humanity, nature, and truth, and will enable me to reject any idea, however much I may respect it, if it be found- untrue and unscientific. All true lovers of humanity must surely take as great interest in promoting the right generation of the race as in regenerating the defectively organized. A scientific knowledge of the face of man is the first step toward this great work ; the next is the union of suitably adapted men and women for parentage, — those who, by the union of their traits and physiological powers, would produce a higher type of children than they could were they unsuitably united. In order to bring about this much-to-be-desired result a certain degree of positive knowledge of tlie human face and body is essen- tial. This course demands that some factors other than"bnnd love " be brought into the marriage relation to sanctify it. In this sacred relation there should be no "blindness." Cupid should be all eyes. This course, then, presupposes a recourse to observation and reason, to love of purity, noble traits, and righteousness, — ^in short, to scientific religion. The motive which attracts the majority of men and women to matrimony could be shown to be nothing higher than animal mag- netism or instinct, if the truth were told. Probably most people never pause to analyze their feelings on this subject. It is upon this self-same plane that animals mate. Should not lovers of hu- manity and of religion act from higher motives than those which move the lowly beasts of the field % The object of this book is to afford the assistance necessary toward the right generation of man- kind and the creation of the highest types of human beings possible under our present limitations. Its laws and principles, being founded on Nature, will teach how to distinguish the false from the real, for the " laws of Nature are the thoughts of God," and science, being an exposition of the laws of Nature, deals with realities and demonstrable theories. CHAPTER II. The Basic Principles of Form. "The philosophy of expression is based on the science of human nature. The science of human nature involves a knowledge of universal and eternal nature. The microcosmos is an epitome of the cosmos. Man when thoroughly compre- hended is a key to eternal nature, but again he who fails to comprehend nature fails to comprehend himself." — J. Buck, M.D. "The human frame, unlike that of the animal, is co-ordinate with the whole eternal universe. It is an organization correlated and responsive to the entire series of the natural creation. The brain is a form of the elemental kingdom, the lungs of the atmospheric world, and the abdomen of the terraqueous globe." — Swedenborg. THE basis of all form is motion. The basis of time is also motion. The basis primarily of form, motion, and time is numerical, or mathematical. These profound truths were wrought out by the Greek philosophers; for it was Plato who exclaimed : " God perpetually geometrizes." All motions, forms, distances, spaces, and chemical products are resolvable into numbers. The chemical constitution even of all matter is a question of atomic proportions or quantitative particles, and primordial chemical atoms must present specific forms, or possess weight., and are posited in space, and subject to the laws of time or duration. These chemical atoms or gaseous quantities as they rise into form (as in the motion and shape of the planets) become more and more the subjects of mathematical laws, as they become more and more complex in their structure and movements. The laws of all structures whatsoever are deducible from this single science, mathematics. In the first condition of atoms, the number of particles of which they are composed, or their weight (as in gases) is their prime factor. The next ruling principle is the form which they eventually assume. This is geometrical and numerical as well, for all lines running in any direction create shapes; more particularly is this the case when concreted with substance, as in the form of planets or of vegetable or animal cells or structures. Another property of an atom, a planet, a mineral, a plant, or an animal cell, is its chemical or real character-condition. Which comes first *? The chemical quality of the atom, the numerical quality, or the form which is necessarily a part of these objects *? It must be supposed that the elementary or primordial nebula is (27) 28 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. homogeneous, without "form or void." Yet the principle of number presides over this state of being, for nebulous matter must possess weight, and this is the fundamental basis of all shapeless substances, ethers, and gases, as well as of objective forms ; hence chemical character and the principle of number or of weight are co-existent in primordial matter, and thus represent the positive and the negative principles, — the father and mother, — substance and number, or the parental and conjugal condition of the first beginnings of planetary life. Stated in other words, there must be something to weigh or measure before it can be measured or weighed, and this something must have a qualitative basis, and this again is reducible to mathematical condition by its specific gravity or weight ; thus substance and number are a unity and convertible terms. They become a trinity when a form is assumed ; thus we have the basis of the universal trinity^ three in one, and this trinity is well illustrated in the three grand divisions of the human face. View the question as we may, we are led by the irresistible force of truth and logic to the conclusion that number or mathe- matics lies back of all these phenomena ; also, that number and form are indissolubly united, and that in the structure of every- thing in Nature the chemical property is equally essential. It is thus we find that 7iumhei\ form^ and quality are at once the unity and the trinity which preside over the initiation of being, either animate or inanimate. In other words, chemistry, architecture, and mathematics rule everywhere. These three ruling princi- ples are dominant in every minute microscopic cell of animal and vegetable life, and their action can be analyzed and verified. The same principles govern man's entire organism, and their action can be discovered and demonstrated in his face, — the highest specimen of divine architecture in the universe. The form of the ultimate mineral atom, or the smallest par- ticle conceivable by the human mind, has been demonstrated by the most eminent physicists to be spherical. Silliman, in his " First Principles of Philosophy," page 6, tells us that " the second theory brought forward by Wollaston, in 1824, but more fully de- veloped by Ampere, supposes each ultimate atom to be a sphere, possessed of certain forces of polarity, which tend to produce the various forms which crystallized bodies assume." The verification of this theory has been made and still further elaborated by the re- searches of a French chemist, as mentioned by Comte; he says: — A French chemist, M. Brand, has quite recently made a wonderful dis- covery, which, if it be established, shows that previous to crystallization certain bodies assume an embryonic cellular condition, the outgrowth and THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 29 consequence of which is a crystal; and what is still more remarkable in this cellular embryo, not only has the microscopic cell an enveloping membrane, inclosing within it a soft, semi-transparent matter containing vapor, which when condensed forms a cr^'stal, thus furnishing a " cell-membrane " and " cell-contents," but these cells assume an arrangement analogous to that of the organic tissues.* In observing the external forms of the various mineral crj^s- tals, we find that they have assumed various angular shapes, such as hexagonal, rhomboidal, cubic or tetragonal. Now, these forms are built upon a number of spherical cells, which shapes have been assumed by the minute molecules of mineral matter while in a state of incandescence or while gaseous. On this point, Professor SiUiman observes: — The form of the ultimate crystalline molecules is supposed to be spherical for the cube and other mesometric forms, spheroidal for the square prism, and ellipsoidal for forms of the last four systems. The ellipsoid is either that of revolution, that is, a form produced by the revo- lution of an ellipse upon one of its axes, or it is a flattened ellipsoid."!" The further elucidation of primitive or Nature forms is thus stated. He observes : — The raindrop falling from the cloud, the mottled lead from the tower, each assumes the form of spheres before reaching the ground. The celestial bodies, it will be remembered, also approach this form.J The evidence here presented by Professor SiUiman of the uniformity of the spherical form in elementary mineral molecules might be added to indefinitely from the writings of other physicists, but sufficient is here noted to prove that the universal law of primitive forms is expressed by spheroidal shapes. Now, this evidence is not as accessible to the general observer as is the action of the same law in primitive vegetable and animal cells, and these, as all know, are of the same form, or modifications of it, caused by pressure or other external circumstances. Not only do the germs of all life assume this form, but the perfected or matured shape of all things in Nature ; such, for example, as the planets, the shape of the trunks of trees, of men and of animals and of their several parts, also present this form or some one of its numerous modifications. When the earth took on its rotatory motion, its vibrations caused it to assume a spherical shape, and this shape became the type of aU. forms. This form, then, prefigured the ruling or type-form of • Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences, G. H. Lewes, p. 161. t Silliman's First Principles of Philosophy, p. 51. t Ibid., p. 27. 30 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. everything to come. Its motion, also, set up a mechanical law of shaping. So the molecule, the primitive cell of all organic life, and the perfected vegetable, animal, and man, are of necessity rounding, ovoid, or spherical, like their prototypes, the atom and the earth. It is true that the square-built man presents an angular outline as compared with the form of the vegetative infant; y^t the primitive law of shaping in the direction of the spherical is dominated by his squared or perfected outline; the manner of the conversion of the ovoid to the square form will be explained later. The underlying principle of form, or the force which is the cause of all formative effort, comes along up the line of progressive growth, bringing with it this dominant law, as well as all other laws and principles, just as the chemical elements of lower organizations are brought up into the human organization, from the mineral to the vegetable, and from the vegetable up through the animal to man. The vegetable and animal derive their support from the mineral, and man is a compound of all. Here, then, we have the most primitive, elemental, or Nature form, as the arclietype or basic plan of all form whatsoever. This form could only be created by motion and developed by time. The rotatory motion of our planet undoubtedly influences both the form and motion of all natural objects upon it, as well as all of the processes of Nature, such as the circulation of the sap in the cells of vegetation and in the corpuscles of blood ; in short, rota- tory motion is the origin of form, both animate and inanimate ; thus, " when a crystal is broken there is a tendency to repair it ; it continues to increase in every direction, but the growth is most active upon the fractured surface, so that the proper outline of the figure is restored in a few hours."* This healing process takes place through the laws of polarity ; as its result shows, it is a movement of forces along its line of formation. The reparative and creative forces in vegetable and animal cells are regulated by rotatory motions of the liquid of which they are composed. Building proceeds from a central nucleus outward in all directions equally, producing a globular or spherical form. The nucleus of the cell answering to the axis of tlie crystal and the electric and magnetic forces at work in building up both the cell and the crystal are doubtless identical, a^ they operate in the same manner and their results are shown by orderly arrangements of forms, which reveal a wonderful symmetry in the plan of Nature. The central axis of the mineral molecule, where the creative forces cross each other to form the angular external shape, is doubtless the most elementary illustration of the law of the angle translated into form, and is the least element * Yooman's New Chemistry, p. 56. New York, UNIVERSITY THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 31 of the square and cube which is cognizable to our senses, although abstractly we can think of it in a yet more primitive state. The lines of force cross each other here ; hence its force is central^ just as with the forces which set up development in the vegetable and animal cell, and which finally are the forces which are situated centrally in man's organism, and there continue the processes of growth and development outwardly in all directions to eveiy part of his body. The law of motion as related to organic Hfe is thus described by Spencer. He observes: — Development of life is primarily central. All organic forms of which the entire history is known set out with a symmetrical arrangement of parts around a centre. In organisms of the lowest grade no other mode of arrangement is ever definitely established, and in the highest organisms central development, though subordinate to another mode of development, continues to be habitually shown in the changes of minute structure. Leaving out the rhizopods, which are wholly structureless, every plant and animal in its earliest stages consists of a spherical sac full of liquid con- taining organic matter in which is contained a nucleated cell, more or less distinct from the rest ; and the changes that occur in the germ thus con- stituted are changes that take place around centres produced by division of the original centre.* The nucleus^ or germinating spot, and the axis of the molecule are similar in action, and the point is the form-analogue of both as well as the form-analogue of the sphere and of motion ; for motion is produced primarily by rotating spheres and continued by the laws of centrifugal and centripetal motion, in the planet and in the organic cell. No other form but a globular one could create motion ; hence it creates rounding forms. The addition of axial or l(yngitudinal law of motion to the spherical shows up in pro- gressive evolution very early in development. Of this more com- plex mode, Mr. Spencer says: — From central development, we pass insensibly to that higher kind of development for which axial seems the most appropriate name. A tendency toward this is vaguely manifested almost ever^-where. The originally cel- lular units, out of wliich higher organisms are mainly built up, usually pass into shapes that are subordinate to lines rather than to points, and in higher organisms considered as wholes an arrangement of parts in relation to an axis is distinct and universal. Of animals, the advanced are without excep- tion in this category. There is no known vertebrsB in which the whole of the germ-prod net is not subordinate to a single axis.*}" All mechanical forces and powers are rotatory in action. Even the lever acts upon the same principle, for when wielded by the hand of man it describes a segment of a circle, and, like a gesture, produces a circuloid shape through the atmosphere, thus coming * Biology, Herbert Spencer, p. 133. t Ibid., p. 135. 32 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. under the head of abstract form. " For motion is the form of force as form proper is that of substance ; and hence the exist- ence and law of force express themselves only through the motions which it causes." * Mr. Andrews also says : — It facilitates the conception of force to ally it with some object which manifests it or in which it is manifested, and no object is more favorable for this purpose than the human body. Force herein derived from its interior source in the mind, and then outwardly upon the limbs and members, and finally through them upon the external objects surrounding the body.f It is logical to infer that the shape of any object would bear a direct relation in its external form to the internal force creating and governing it. This is undoubtedly true of all natural objects, for as I have shown that the countless motions of the fluids within the body are circular, so the external form in every part partakes somewhat of the same shape. The motions of the celestial bodies, our own planet included, also rotate upon their axes about a com- mon centre, and, all combined, influence the form of everything in the universe. The " ultimate atom" is proven by scientists to be spherical. This being the case, why may not the spirit or law of the primitive atom come into the human body and there form a nucleus around which all the elements of nutrition arrange them- selves after the pattern and ideas of the great archetypal plan of the entire universe'? There can be no doubt whatever of this being the fundamental plan and design of creative wisdom. It is our high privilege to be able to trace out the operations and rela- tions of this grand and universal plan, and to interpret the mean- ing of the innumerable forms about us. This can be readily done if we succeed in comprehending the basic principles of form as revealed throughout Nature, who, like the prodigal mother that she is, has strewn the world broadcast with the signs, symbols, and revelations of her designs. This singular coincidence of form is something more than mere analogy ; it is the analogy of law show- ing its power ; first, in the most infinitesimal atom of which it is possible to conceive ; afterward, manifesting its action in the most perfected form in Nature, — in the head, and body, and face of man. Of the influence of the motion of the earth upon man, Comte remarks : — The double movement of the earth, and especially its rotation, may probably be as necessary to the development of life as to the periodical dis- tribution of heat and light. Too much care, however, cannot be taken to avoid confounding the motion produced by the organism itself with that by which it is affected from witlxout, and analysis had therefore better be applied to communicated than spontaneous motion. J • Basic Outlines of Univer8ology..S. P. Andrews, p. 438. f -Bwd., p. 437. X Uomte's "Positive Pliilosophy, p. 358- THE BASIC PRINCIPUSS OF FORM. 33 In this paragraph the great philosopher shows that he recog- nizes the influence of the motion of the earth upon our hves in a limited manner only, but at the same time proves that he did not go to the foundation of the subject, for had he done so he would have found that the motions of the planet, or the motions of the entire solar system, primarily are instrumental not only in " develop- ing life," but that they also give form to all organic life, for, as the rotatory motions of the planets and solar system produce the spherical shape of the bodies influenced, so these same motions in connection with electricity, gravitation, and magnetism set up a sphericity of motion in all of the created processes of cell-building. The same motion is characteristic of the motion of the circulation of the blood in its entire course through the heart and veins, and is also manifested by the rotatory motions of all the juices of the body, as well as of the sap and juices in the various classes of vege- table life. We might follow out the course and influence of this law of motion (although it is complex, I admit), and show that as it is influential and all-pervading, not only in the initiation of life in its most comprehensive sense, but is equally potent in declaring its eflects upon our pathway through life ; in short, it must exert a regulative influence upon all our movements, in individual and associated efforts, hence controls our destiny. It must be apparent to all those who observe closely and reflect deeply that the movements and conditions of the earth, and other planets as well, have a direct bearing upon the life and destiny of all created beings. There were, doubtless, many grand truths mingled with grave errors in ancient astrology, but, inasmuch as our forms are dependent primarily upon the movements of the solar system, it would not be too great a tax upon our credulity to be- lieve that in many ways the various aspects, conditions, and move- ments of the heavenly bodies exert a mighty and controlling influ- ence upon our lives. The subject may be too vast and complex for flnite minds to grasp completely, yet we know that the appear- ance of the " sun-spots " is simultaneous with great and important changes in the atmospheric conditions of our own planet. These changes and conditions affect the health and lives of thousands, as the reports of the meteorologists prove ; hence, their destiny is in- fluenced by certain changes in the sun, for whatever produces changes in the health of men affects their plans and purposes. The ideas of the ancient astrologers may yet, in part at least, be proven to have a scientific foundation. As our present knowledge of chemistry grew out of ancient alchemy, and as astronomy derived many of its important truths from the observations and the speculations of the superstitious 34 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. astrologers, and as astronomy lies at the foundation of all laws and sciences and is based upon mathematical certainty, it would seem that its laws should be in direct relation to our pathway through life and have a governing influence upon human affairs and des- tinies. I am greatly influenced in the belief that this may be (in the course of time) scientifically proven through my knowledge of the astronomical basis of form, as well as by the striking coinci- dences which exist between the calculations of certain astrologers and the laws of scientific physiognomy. I am aware that I am now getting into deep water, but if science is to be useful to man its most important application is in the line of prevision (foreknow- ing), as has been noted by the most eminent minds, and astronomy and the sciences arising out of it are dependent upon mathematical calculations which predict from certain present indications what the future progress, aspects, and conditions of the planets and the weather of our own habitation will be at certain fixed and definite times. The meteorologist foresees and predicts a storm which will pursue a certain path and affect a certain area, and 4ii'ectly the signal service telegraphs its warnings, and thus the mariner is en- abled to shape his course so as to avoid the threatened danger. The astronomer by his calculations is able to predict with certainty the eclipses for hundreds of years to come, and other planetary changes which affect life here. Hence this science is most emi- nently " provisional " in its operations. The physiognomist, read- ing the face of man, reveals his weaknesses as well as his powers, and by this knowledge is able (with as great certainty as the as- tronomer) to prognosticate what will be the result of the weak- nesses which tlireaten if not averted by hygienic measures. He is also able to state what will be the future course of conduct, mentally and morally, to a certain large extent, for a square-built man will, in the main, act from conscientious motives, and exhibit scientific or mechanical powers ; a friendly man will always have friends, on the principles that "like attracts like" and that "we receive that which we give." Here, again, prevision (foreseeing) provides against suffering and assists man in shaping his pathway through life. This same application of the provisional character of every science may be extended indefinitely, and is applied constantly in mechanism particularly (for this is based upon mathematical laws), as well as to all trades and professions, the followers of which may make the application unconsciously, yet it is nevertheless present and potent. The elementary principles of form, weight, motion, and num- ber, as in mechanical movements, are all embodied in the human organism, and are outwardly exhibited by mechanism, artistic and THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 35 scientific works^. Man is but a part of " one stupendous whole," as we shall have every reason to believe as we progress in the study of scientific physiognomy. The great French philosopher, Comte, recognized the intimate relation between universal existence and mathematical law, and he expresses his sense of it thus. He observes : — It is necessary for physiologists to have geometrical and mechanical knowledge to understand the structure and the play of the complex appa- ratus of the living, and especially of the animal, organism. The laws of equilibrium and motion are, as we saw when treating of them, absolutely universal in their action, depending wholly on the energy and not at all on the nature of the forces considered, and the only difficulty is in their numerical application in cases of complexity. Thus, discarding all idea of a numerical application in biology, we perceive that the general theorems of statics and dynamics must be steadily verified, in the mechanism of living bodies, on the rational study of which they cast an indispensable light. The highest orders of animals act in repose and motion like any other mechanical apparatus of similar complexity, with the one difference, of the mover, which has no power to alter the laws of motion and equilibrium. The participation of rational mechanics in positive biology is thus evident. Mechanics cannot dispense with geometry, and, besides, we see how ana- tomical and physiological speculations involve considerations of form and position. * America has given to the world a philosopher who has perhaps grasped a profounder idea of the unity of law than any philoso- pher of ancient or modern times, and from his work I have received much instruction, as well as the verification of my theories upon the " Basic Principles of Form." Mr. Stephen Pearl Andrews, in his " Basic Outlines of Universology," formulates a universal basis for everything in existence, and this basis is Number. It is a dar- ing, comprehensive, and masterly undertaking, and its laws can be applied to all other theories, facts, systems, and objects in the uni- verse if they present truthful aspects. I had made all the dis- coveries pertaining to the law of form as applied to scientific physi- ognomy before I read Mr. Andrews' work, and I was both delighted and sustained by the support which his larger conceptions and generalizations aff"orded me. In my own department of research I am constantly surprised and gratified at the breadth of his philosophy and the manifold applications of its logic which I am enabled to make. Just here a temptation arises to give the reader some extended quotations from his work, trusting that as they pro- gress in physiognomy, more particularly as they advance in the practical division, they will see more and more the use and beauty of his discoveries, which both indorse and assist in exy)laining my own theories on the symbolism and signification of form generally. * Comte'8 Positive Philosophy, pp. 325, 326. 36 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. I am here undertaking perhaps a most difficult task, that is, to give the reader a tolerably clear idea of what Mr. Andrews deems the absolute basis of all thought and all things. The more I study the subject, the more difficult becomes the undertaking ; but, as it corroborates my own theories, and more particularly that of the geometric outlay of the face, as shown in Fig. 1, and as his basis corresponds to and confirms my own ideas of the ruling principles of Nature in chemistry, architecture, and mathematics, and also that these three are a unity, or, in other words, are resolvable into number primarily, I shall attempt in as brief a manner as possible to make it clear to my readers, for in order to comprehend the "grand man " we must have some knowledge of basic or universal principles. No intelligent person should be satisfied with less. And now let us proceed to investigate why and how " Number is the proper index to the whole volume of Being, the inventory and label of the contents of the universe."* I shall now give the statement of Mr, Andrews in regard to the scope of his discoveries, and shall then proceed to show the correspondencies existing between his discoveries and my own. I hold this to be the mutual corroboration of the truth of both his and my own observations and deductions, for all sciences^ if based upon natural law, will coincide and mutually expound and verify each other. Mr. Andrews has made a very free use of capitals, and I have retained his style of printing as nearly as possible. This, together with the coinage of some new verbal forms, shows the marked individuality and strongly assertive selfhood of the man. The same attributes and tendency to originate a new vo- cabulary are observed in all original minds; besides, the demands of a newly discovered science or principle require new forms of style and expression. Scientific laws and observations that harmonize are a part of eternal truth, hence incontrovertible and immortal, for " a law once demonstrated is good for all time." The definition given by Mr. Andrews of the science which he has formulated is stated thus. He observes : — Universology is therefore based on finding in the determinate particular (any one thing, however minute) a General Law, or, more properly speaking, a Group of Universal Laws, as a new basis of Generalization distinct from and traversing the law or laws of Being gathered from observation ; all generalization (Universal) as distinguished from observational generalization (namely, the collection of numerous facts and the deductions made there- from). This is analytical generalization (Universal) as distinguished from observational generalization (always partial or fragmentary, or, at all events, less than Universal). It is tlie Interior and Vital Law of All Organization, * Basic Outlines of Universology, S. P. Andrews, p. 191. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 37 and hence of the Constitution of Being itself (transcendental), as distin- guished from the external and dead law. It is a new or a newly discovered Scientific Entity, a New Element in Science, revolutionarj', exactifying, inaugurative of New Careers, and Scientifically Supreme. * This new element which Mr. Andrews proposes to introduce is Number, the same by wliich Plato, Pythagoras, and other emi- nent Greek philosophers sought to pierce the veil of the infinite and open up to the world the secrets of creation. Many modern philosophers have sought from this basis to deduce a law of uni- versal application. Comte, in his " Philosophic Positive," has come perhaps the nearest to it of the moderns up to the time of the appearance of " Universology." In his system he endeavors to make mathematics the basis of all things, yet Mr. Andrews goes farther, both in simplicity and complexity, and founds upon very simple numbers the whole scheme of being, viz., the domi- nance of the law which he terms " the spirit of the numbers 1, 2, and 3." The arithmetical reader will immediately recognize the fact that these are basic numbers, from the combinations of which all other numerical powers proceed. He says : — Comte has furnished the rational basis for the first of these beliefs, viz., that the fundamental principles of all science are to be sought in tlie mathe- matics by establishing the fact that the mathematics are the basis or funda- mentum of the pyramid of the sciences, in virtue of their greater simplicity and generality, — properties which constitute the elementary character of this as of other elementary domains. He failed, however, to draw from the demonstration the consequence which I am here deducing from it, namely, that it is in this elementary domain of science that the first princii^les of all science must be sought, f I shall now proceed to show Mr. Andrews' ideas of the supremacy of the first of these three units, and thence how they come to stand as representatives of the science of morphology or form ; how, in fact, they create the sphere and cube, which he terms the " morphic measurers " of the universe, and which I find, when applied to the forms of man, to be the measurers and revela- tors of his character. On page 102 he remarks that "the number two (2) is the virtual basis of the whole of mathematics ; more properly speaking, it is not a sum. Two (2), the first sum, is the simplest form of division ; its included units being divided even before it is a sum, and division by thought lines or real lines is the Essence of Forjn."X Of the dominance of simple numbers in all domains of thought and substance, he remarks : — If mere number is the simplest, most general, and hence the most ele- mentary of the Domain of Thought and Being, we have next to inquire what is most simple, most general, and most elementary within this whole « Ibid., p. 500. t Ibid-, PP- 137, 138. t Ibid., page 103. 38 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Domain of Being. Here the numbers (1), two (2), three (3) answer to our call, and appear as the first heads or principles prima capita of the whole positive numerical Domain. It is here that the Child begins to acquire Science in the pure and exact meaning of the term, and it is with these numbers or with the recognition of the Spirit or Meaning of these Numbers, enlarged into the Universal Principles of Being, that the Thinking World will pass from its infancy — the stage of mere observation and vague specu- lation — to an exact comprehension of the Universe. * The First law of Universal Being, in the natnral order of precedence, has relation to the number one (1), and may be regarded as the spirit of one, whence it is denominated Unism, from the Latin ?/ni/s, one. It ramifies or permeates all thought, all existence, and all movement, and is one of the two organizing forces, or factors, or principles of all things in the Universe of Matter and Mind. The second law of Universal Being, in the natural order, has a similar relation to the number (2), and may be regarded as the spirit of two, whence it is denominated Duism, from the Latin duo, two. It likewise ramifies or permeates constitutively all thought, all existence, and all movement, and is the remaining one of two antagonistic but co-operative organizing forces, or factors, or principles of all things in the Universe of Matter and Mind. The third law of Universal Being has relation to the number three (3), and may be regarded as the spirit of three, whence it is denominated Treism or Trinism, from tlie Latin tr-es, three. From these three laws or principles the whole Universe is wrought out by their successive repetitions in new forms of manifestation in infinite variety, but in serial order and traceable regularity of structure from the lowest to the highest domain, from the basis of the scientific pyramid in the Abstract Mathematics up to its culminating point in Theology, or the sci- ence of God. In quoting so copiously from universological laws as I shall, I leave out, as far as possible, all that pertains to the transcendental, the abstract, and abstruse, and come as quickly as possible to the practical applications of number to form, and as an application of the evolution of form from number I quote the following, which is simply and concisely stated. Mr. Andrews says: — Posit through the imagination two points anywhere in space, and let these two points represent two units. Conceive of tliem as the sum called two, that is to say, collectivel}', or as co-existing at the same time in the mind ; and this conjoining of the two individual or separate units into a collective twoness is necessarily effected by drawing a line of abstract thought as a trait dhinion or connection between them. This line so impro- vised and interposed hy the operation of the mind itself is then Limit, and as such it is the governing element of Form. Form is thus generated from Number.f The preceding shows how the mind first by abstract reflection and imagination creates Form mentally. We can illustrate the process practically by placing two articles of any sort whatsoever in space, as, for example, two pencils, and we create a third object, viz., the form resulting from the space inclosed between the pen- cils ; that is the most simple form that can be shaped. • Basic Outlines of Universology, pp. 139, 140, et seq, t iW^., P- 356. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 39 Number is, then, the simplest or most elementary and primitive kind or variety of Limitation. The mathematical unit representing the Individual Thing is in turn represented Geometrically by the mere point, and Number is an aggregation of Geometrical Points. This is lower down in the Ele- mentismus of Limitation than the line which pertains to figure or Form, and hence to Geometry, above tlie domain of mere Arithmetic. It is here, there- fore, in Number and in the First Elements of Number that the detinite limitations of Being must first be considered. * Mr. Andrews includes a system of comprehensive analogies, by which Form is made to echo to or repeat Number, and this idea of echo or analogy is carried through everything in Nature, as well as into every human scheme, plan, government, system, and all modes of conduct whatsoever. I can only refer in a meagre man- ner to these manifold subjects, as I need all my space for the con- sideration of my own particular branch of science. Suffice it to say that all thinking persons can apply his system infinitely and absolutely unlimitedly. To return to the consideration of the anal- ogies of form and number, Mr. Andrews observes: — The Morphic Analogies of the 4, the 3, and the 7 are the square, the equilateral triangle, and the House, Edifice, or Temple with its body and its roof. The Compass (dividers) associates with the Circle. This, together with tlie Square, the Triangle, and the Edifice or Temple, again reminds us of the Symbolism of Masonry, as the Instinctual Stage of the religion of science and of the science of morals.f The point is a very important factor of Form and Being. Aside from its significance as a unit in mathematics and its import as the type of the "least element of roundness" in general morphology, it is the analogue of the nucleus or "starting-point of development" in all organic processes, and it must also type the centre of the mineral crystal, where the polar forces cross each other in the development of that object. Although here the angle is formed, yet it corresponds to the point. It is the analogue of motion, and hence of development in the e^g or vegetable cell, because it is from this central point, as in the germ spot in the animal eg^, that the forces of the egg-substance are set in motion which commence the evolution or progressive development of the chick or mammal. It is, therefore, the type-form of Nature domi- nated by art in its inceptive or embryotic state. Motions are the essential forces of art acting upon substance. We all know that the ovoid is the primitive type-form of the mineral, vegetable, and animal cell. How, then, do we arrive at the square, cube, and angle in primitive forms % By motion, by segmentation. • Ibid., p. 190. t Itnd., p. 541. 40 * PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The yelk or true mass of nutritive matter in the egg begins its course of development by being, as it were, completely cut up, segmentized, or sec- tionized. Nor is this process of segmentation a merely random cutting up, but an orderly succession of central and equal divisions of the spheroidal yelk into halves, quarters, eighths, etc., thoroughly hemispheroid, quadratoid, cuboid.* It is in this manner tliat we obtain the angular and squaring principles of form in living organizations, primarily illustrated to our senses. The law of the square and angle, of the line, the point, and the cube, are all contained in the spherical egg, just as all of the "potencies and possibilities of life " are contained in the human ova or embryo. I think I have now demonstrated the pri- mary origin of the several factors of form ; later I shall make the application to matured or developed form, as seen in the various shapes of perfected human beings. I use the term " primary " here in a limited sense. The most elementary principle of form lies back of anything of which the human senses can take cogni- zance. If we believe these principles to have existed in nebulous matter, we should be obliged to look back of that for the law which is existent in that chaotic state of evolution. It is as inconceivable to our minds as are the laws of squaring to our senses in the egg- substance before the motions of the forces which develop it have shown themselves by segmentation. Let it be understood, then, that the terms primary and primitive are used by me in this second- ary sense unless otherwise stated. The segmentizing of the ova into lines or furrows of latitude and longitude shows the influence of the measuring — the geometric or formative power — of the law of number. From this law proceeds exactness, scientific or posi- tive illustration (diagrammatic as in form), and demonstrable as to the number of lines, etc., exact, scientific ; the primitive compound of form and number, — primal principles which repeat themselves in the perfected man in every part of his body and mind in infinite number and variety. As before stated, the sphere is capable of bisection into equal halves, and these must cut each other at rigJit angles, and here we have the beginning of the orderly, exact, and scientific — the type of truth, accuracy, conscientiousness — of accu- rate measurement, the prime elements of the cube and square, which last is (as shown by Mr. Andrews) to be the "type or analogue of exactified science." The correspondence of this basic law is wonderfully illustrated in the form of the natural scientist, moralist, and mechanic ; all square-built men. I have shown else- where that the square-built individual illustrates the scientific aspect of humanity, and exhibits this character by his pursuit of • Basic Outlines of Universology, p. 76. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. ' 41 scientific subjects and discoveries of natural laws, as is demon- strated by the body and face of Sir Isaac Newton, whose counte- nance could easily be made to fit into a rectangular frame, thus showing the uprightness and downrightness, the squareness, and integrity, or wholeness of the man, and uprightness and squareness of form gives the shape the best adapted to the comprehension of scientific law as well as to the illustration of conscientious con- duct, for all forms exhibited in the human body disclose their mean- ing if the true and natural signijicajice of the primal principles of form be applied to them. George Washington stands as the rep- resentative of the law of the rectangle, as applied to human form and conduct ; he was over six feet in height, perfectly upright in his bearing, and his general outlines and features were at right angles to each other; hence, his uprightness and obedience to the laws of rectitude and morality was in accord with the law of his form. He was also a surveyor by profession, — ^a scientific pursuit based on number and form. A spherical or primitive type-form is exemplified in the ovoid shape of the physiognomy of Herbert Spencer, the creator, as it were, of theories which possess a universal application to the beginnings of life, as they are basilar or underlying. This round- ing form is observed in the faces, heads, and limbs of all the great creative artists, for the ovoid is the most primitive type-form, and art-forms and nature-forms are nearly identical, while scientific forms, such as the square, angle, and cube, belong to later and more developed shapes, as seen in the mineral crystal after it is cooled. Thus, the ovoid or globose form represents infancy, — creation, — the first beginnings of life ; and this form confers abihty to represent the same shape in external works, as in art, in gesture, dancing, painting, acting, or singing ; for all art is founded on the circle or sections of it, and art-forms and nature- forms more nearly coincide than nature-forms and scientific forms, yet both partake of the nature of each, for, as we have seen, the scientific form has arisen out of the natural or primitive spheroidal shape by motion primarily, and the artist combines all these forms by motions of his hands and eyes. The making of lines of latitude and longitude upon a globe is an unconscious repetition of the law of development, as exem- plified in the segmentation of the ova of the mammal, outworking according to the law of inherent geometry, the primal principles of which have come up from the mineral to the vegetable, and from this to the animal ; from the animal, vegetable, and mineral to man. The same forces and principles of form which shape the crystal come along up the line of progressive evolution, and find at 42 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. last their highest manifestation in the shape of the body, the head, and, pre-eminently, in the face of man. By going back of animal organizations for onr demonstrations of the universality of the law of form, we shall find that geomet- rical and mathematical laws and principles are equally potent and equally well illustrated in all the forms of crystallization of mineral and other substances. Ice and snow exhibit the most beautiful forms of crystals, and always crystallize according to law in six-pointed rays. Although many hundred diverse forms of these crystals have been observed, this number always rules. In the human kingdom the law of form dominates, and each individual acts according to the law of his form as infallibly as the crystal obeys the inherent laws of its shaping. I have shown previously that the first or primitive form of the mineral molecule is spherical. I have also evidenced the fact that the primitive cell of vegetable and animal life is spheroidal, globose, or ovoid ; as, for example, the germ of all mammals, and the eggs of fowls, reptiles, fishes, insects, etc. I have put in evi- dence the manner in which the form-principle of the line, angle, square, and cube manifests itself in the germs of organized life. Now it is in order for me to explain how and when the square principle of form makes its appearance in the crystal, and how it becomes the type or symbol of scientific form, as expressed by the square-built man. I am now again coming to deep water, yet not so deep but the eye of man can penetrate below the surface. In the first place, let me state that mineralogy shows that The lines of force have a general tendency to arrange themselves at right angles to each other. This is primarily seen in the constructive or polar axes of crystals ; the magnetic and electric currents cross each other in tlie earth and in minerals. The truths of science fully justify the importance attached by the ancients to the ideas of» the cross and the correctness of its use as a symbol. A great truth underlies its symbolism ; it is the expression of a universal law of structure, growth, and action. The polarity of all the great forces is recognized as a truth by the most eminent scientific men. The forces are positive and negative, repulsive and attractive, masculine and feminine. The studies of antiquarians, and the whole historj' of phallic worship, prove that the cross was anciently used to symbolize the organs of repro- duction, the generative forces in creation and in man. At first, it was a symbol of the masculine forces only, but afterward it was used to represent tiiose of both sexes. The ancients looked upon these forces with profound wonder and respect. Here was the greatest of all Nature's mysteries. Back of these were the mightiest passions of the human soul. Here was wrapped up the future of the human race, the molding forces of the world of life.* » Book of Wisdom, p. 188, Chicago, 1882. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 43 It is here sho\vn tliat from the earliest ages the idea of crossing and of generation were instinctive in the human mind, and the cross, a right-angled object, was symbolically used to represent the generative forces of the human family. Certainly the law of crossing, of creating angles by the motions of the chem- ical contents of the ova (in which sulphur plays an important part), is instrumental in developing the germ, for without the bisection or crossing of the ova no further development could take place. Let it be noted that sulphur wherever found is crystallized, and it is probably present in a state of angularity in the ova of mammals, but of less than microscopic proportions, hence will never be observed by the use of the microscope. The mightiest works of Nature are conducted on so infinitesimal a scale as to elude the senses and instruments of man, yet we know that when a cer- tain form makes its appearance in a perfected or completed object the basic or ruling principle of that form was present from the heginning. In the cooling of the mineral crystal the polarity of action tends to equation, and thus changes the primitive spherical form (which all mineral molecules assume when in a state of fusion or incandescence) to a square or cube, as is observed in alum and rock- salt, or to a right-angled form, as in many minerals. Thus the square and cube become the type-forms of exact science, because the crystallization or squaring of the crystal by cooling perfects its shape; that is to say, it assumes the form which it always retains, and thus shows the finished or completed stage, which is a state depending upon exact mathematical law for its completion. Now, in the transformation of the eg^ of the frog, or in the development of the human germ or ova, what takes place after the ova has been carried along the Fallopian tube and deposited in the uterus'? Why, a formative process analogous to that which changes min- eral substances from numerous spheroidal forms to an angled or cubical one. The polarity of the forces involved in development (call them electric, magnetic, or what you will) operate in such a way as to commence a system of equation according to geometric law, and this system is expressed by lines crossing each other at right angles, and creating equal areas within given spaces. Now, here we have the same straight-lined, angled, and geometric law of the cube and square many times repeated in the evolution of a germ- form as low down as that of the toad or frog (and this process is known to be repeated in the germs of all mammals). This, then, is the law of form-development ; first, the ovoid or sphere ; later, the angle, square, and cube. The perfected crystal and the germ or ova in taking on its completed form presents lines, angles, and 44 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. plain cubes, and these are typical of exactitude, measurement, geometric law, and are the analogues of the equator and lines of latitude and longitude which man uses to illustrate equal areas of equal distances upon the globe ; an unconscious outworking of the law of geometric form which dominates not only his own germ- form, but also tliat of the form of the perfected human being, as observed in the ovoid or rounded form of the artist, and the square or rectangular form of the man of science. The. bony framework of man is composed mainly of mineral matters, — lime, etc, — and it is these mineral substances which give solidity, integrity, and angular form to his outline. The more bone the man possesses the more integrity, morality, and capacity for the comprehension of mechanical laws will lie exhibit. Again, bone is formed of innumerable crystals of angular shape. In con- firmation of this idea, Mr. Andrews remarks thus : — The whole bony fabric not only of man but of every animal, as well as the muscles and nerves and the organs and systems, is laid out in accord- ance with a primitive typical plan, derived from the typical sectionizing of the Globe Figure, and then from a similar sectionizing of the cube. The whole carpentry of every organized body is thus devised or self-arranged, as we choose to regard it, in orderly obedience to these simplest and most primitive divisions of form. Whether it is urged, therefore, as the true theory of this subject, that they are derived from the operations of Reason in the Mind of a Conscious Creator, or that Reason itself is a mere Echo in the Mind of Man from the Inherent Necessity and Universality of these primitive Congruities of Form, it is for the purely Scientific result wholly indifferent. The two theories are brought into a complete reconciliation upon the scientific arena, from the fact that under the operation of either theory the phenomenal result is the same. * The four points of the compass are also illustrations of the angle and cube. Besides the spherical and square forms in the human being, and in all Nature there is found an infinite number of diverse forms composed of a blending of the square and sphere ; each ex- presses by its dominance which type of character prevails. If the form is more round than square, the artistic, the emotional, and imaginative type is exhibited. If the square form is slightly in the ascendancy, the mechanical, exact, scientific and moral type is illustrated, and so of all the manifold varieties of form produced by the varying quantities of each chemical and numerical principle within the human organism. In the segmentation or right-angled furrowing of the ovum in its development from a globose unit to an angled, progressive con- dition, we find all the basic principles of form which are afterward * Basic Outlines of Universology, p. 609. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 45 repeated in incalculable diversity in every part of man, both inter- nally and externally, in his thouglits as well as in his own shape ; afterward the thoughts are represented in his motions and in his life-work and pursuits. A round man will think round thoughts; if mental, he will be metaphysical, — a creator of ideas and theo- ries. If less mental, and more muscular than mental, he will pursue some form of art. He may be a singer, and singing is founded on the curve ; the voice impinging upon the atmosphere sets it in vibration, and these vibrations are curvilinear. The organs of speech and hearing are also circular or curved, or are flexible, and thus capable of receiving and emitting sounds. He may as an athlete repeat his rounded form in his motions and attitudes; if an actor, his speech and gestures will repeat the forms of' his head, body, and limbs, by describing the circle or sections of it, as in the curvilinear motions of his gestures and poses, as well as in the wavy motions produced in the atmosphere by his voice. In the orderly progress of the evolution of mind and thought, theories and plans naturally precede acts or results ; hence, meta- physics — logic, the discussion, investigation, and elaboration of laws and principles — precede their practical application. Meta- physics in all ages have preceded the discovery and application of scientific laws. The form must first be in the thought before it can outwork in acts or objects, and in this observation we can make another practical application of the basic laws of form, for we find that the forms of all the eminent metaphysicians of ancient and modern times are rounded, their faces inclined to the ovoid or pyri- form shape, and their heads globose. Now comes the application : The ovoid form represents creation, infancy, the first beginnings of life, and the works of the great creative philosophers and artists originate in the domain of the ovoid or spherical, — the primitive form ; for all art is based upon the circle, or sections of it, as in painting, speaking, gesturing, posing, dancing, and athletics, all included by me under the general term. Art. In the evolution of the mind of the world, art and metaphysics preceded the discoveiy of science, which in our age is tending to the illustration of exact scientific and demonstrable law through the practical application of those external and immutable laws which lie at the foundation of universal existence, and which find their highest expression in man, and are indexed more particularly and unmistakably upon his physiognomy. In the history of the evolution of the Greek mind we find that the metaphysics or first principles of thought in regard to the laws of being and existence were investigated and carried to great 46 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. perfection. We also find that the science of number, of geometry, was also one of the dominating pursuits. The result naturally of these two studies showed itself in architecture and art, the branch of art dependent directly upon weight and measurement, viz., sculp- ture. These two forms of art reached their acme in Greece, and culminated in the works of Agesander, Ageladas, Phidias, Poly- cletus, Agasias, and Praxitiles. Now, the science of number is naturally related to logic or reason. This evolves metaphysical discussion. Number and logic develop not only forms of thought, but, as a natural consequence, produce concrete forms, as exhibited in buildings, works of art, etc. Sculpture is the offspring of number, as in measurement and weight, balance or equiUbrium, and is dependent mainly upon the spherical form for its perfection, for the curves of the outlines of all figures are sections of the circle. Architecture, on the other hand, al- though it proceeds primarily from number, arises from a distinct branch of number from tliat of art. It proceeds from geometry, and is evolved from or built upon the square, angle, and cubic form, — upon exact scientific measurement, — and is severely simple, accu- rate, defined, and no less beautiful in its perfected outlines than is the statue with its curving, undulating lines of blended beauty. Compare, for example, the figure of the Apollo Belvedere in the Vatican with the symmetrical and finished. rectangular form of the Parthenon at iVthens, and we shall find that, although these two types are so entirely distinct, the statue and the building are equally grand, beautiful, and perfect. The figures and physiognomies of the best types of the ancient Greeks exhibit the dominance of the brain and muscular forms, or of the muscular and brain forms ; the former represented in the " roomy arches" of the head of Socrates, the metaphysician, the latter in the more curving, yielding, elastic form of the sculptor. Yet both these " creations " belong to the ovoid class of forms, hence belong to the " infantoid " order of mind, (The term " infantoid " is here used in a relative sense, and regards metaphysics as being prior to the discovery of scientific laws or of the positive knowledge of scientific law. The course of mind-development is always in this ;nanner : first, observation ; then surmise ; then theory ; next, dis- covery, and, finally, demonstration, resulting from the combination.) If we contrast the forms and physiognomies of these men with our more modern scientists we shall have a practical illustration of the liarmony existing between the forms, thoughts, and works of the former and the figures, faces, and works of the latter. Compare, for example, the square-boned figure and rectangular face of Pro- fessor Tyndall with the rounded head and body of " old Socrates," THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 47 or the squared face and form of Francis Bacon, Copernicus, and Michael Faraday, eminent scientists, with those of Plato and Her- bert Spencer, ovoid-faced men, — grand theorizers. Inventors, as a rule, possess a blending of the square with a rounding form of the forehead, face, and figure. In some the angular appearance predominates, in others the form is slightly more round than square. In either case the inventions made will coincide with the peculiarities of the form. The intricacies and subtleties of the sig- nificance of human forms are very profound, and too minute and complex to enter into detail here. These differences in form and variations in character will be elaborated in later pages. In concluding the history of the evolution of the two most universal type-forms, viz., the sphere and cube, I would state that my theory will prove by the laws of Form what I have enunciated from the very beginning of my system, viz., that the human mind and body are an epitome or index of all the laws and principles which exist in and govern the universe. I have, however, gone farther, and have shown that the human coimtenance is the index or verification of all these laws and principles, and have elaborated a system wherein archetypal or normal type-forms can be applied to every distinct feature, line, outline, and most minute portion of the human body, and thus make them yield up the secrets of human conduct, moral, physical, and intellectual, proving that Form is the true " philosopher's stone," at whose bidding Nature's most secret arcana is laid bare to human sight and knowledge. The basic laws of form, when rigorously applied to all parts of the human body, yield the most striking results in the line of actual and positive knowledge. When we come to consider that these laws are just as rigorous and just as applicable to the begin- nings of all life, organic and inorganic, and that they are as self- revealing in the completed mineral, vegetable, and animal as in the perfected man, we learn that there is a universality of law showing everywhere by a universal method of expression. In short, we shall be obliged to concur with Mr. Andrews when he states : — Form is the most determinate and exact of all the domains of Being. As Number furnishes the Universal Principles of Thinsfs and their Tech- nical Namings, so Form furnishes their Precise and Diagrammatic Illus- tration. * The law of the angle, the square, and the cube (and these include the perpendicular and horizontal), as exemplified by the highest and most perfected of human forms, is shown to be the law of completion, as well as the form which in man is capable of the greatest moral force, scientific judgment, and comprehension of * Basic Outlines of Universology, p. 614. 48 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. mechanical laws, which last are the universal principles upon which all nature is founded and operated. Those whom I have selected to represent these laws are Martin Luther, who, by his cubosity, squareness, and integrity was able to successfully defy the whole ecclesiastical world in the cause of right, was a moral giant ; but the one in whose form is embodied the very highest degree of scientific principles is Sir Isaac Newton, and the one in whose structure may be seen the square, upright, and downright form of the most exact of the mechanical forms, viz., the straight line, the angle, the cross, and square, is Thomas Jefferson. These are all typical men. Their characters, life-work, and results were in accord with their forms, — moral, straight, square, and in harmony with the mechanical laws of the universe. Mr. Andrews' recognition of the meaning of these several laws of form is stated thus. He observes: — Next above the straightened point is the straight line. The Straight Line is the Type of Laws in Science, as derived from the Primordial Prin- ciples represented by these minims of Straight Form, as the Heads or Beginnings of Laws. The Square is representative of Exactified Specu- lations and Explanations under the guidance of known laws, or, in other words, of Pure Abstract Scientific Theories, not as yet confirmed by the induction or accumulation of corresponding facts. The Cube is the Type Symbol or Representative of Science, or a Sci- ence as a Completed Structure as to its main outline. It is, then, the body of a Temple or Edifice having in it by Subdivision various apartments or rooms. The Cube is, then, in all ways the Grand, Elaborate, Scientific Emblem, while it is also the Grand Type of Structure or Architectural Plan. Im- buing the Mind with Science or Knowledge is instinctively called Instruc- tion (Latin in, in ; struere, to build), or Building-in. The Cube presents, better than any other figure, the Conjoined Conceptions of Length, Breadth, and Thickness, which are in an important sense the radical conceptions of all Form It results from what has been shown that the Cube or Main Elevation of an Edific Fane or Temple is by an obvious echo of Analogy the Standard Emblem or Symbol or Type of the Total Elaborate Construction of Being.* The careful reader and acute observer in scientific physiognomy will find himself enriched by these extensive extracts from " Uni- versology." Not only so, but he will see how accurately they coincide with my system down to the last detail even. It aff'ords me great satisfaction to find the corroboration of my theories of form so logically indorsed by this great philosopher's ideas as well as by several other eminent men mentioned in this and other chap- ters. Other principles of form will now come forward for consider- ation. Considerable attention has been given in the preceding pages * Basic Outlines of Universology, p. 591 et scq. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 49 to the investigation only of the normal or regular factors and laws of form. The thought will present itself to the careful reader, How come those innumerable perversions of character which are observed in the feeble-minded, idiotic, insane, eccentric, and con- genital criminal "? To which class of form do their pecuhar shapes belong, and what law of form shall we apply to their singularly malformed features, organs, limbs, and bodies'? This question is pertinent, for regular, natural law does not apply to them, nor would its application produce an intelligible and satisfactory answer. In order that there should be room for evolution, for progress, the creative power, or Nature, has set in motion primarily the law of the sphere. This form is the only one which could produce regular rotatory motions in every direction ; hence, it is the form of flexi- bility, and when we have an instrument which is capable of curved motions, we then have an instrument which can by interference be arrested in its perfect curvation, and by its very flexibility be per- verted or changed in its original design from its natural course ; hence, its movements can, if interfered with, originate discordant and abnormal manifestations of form, sound, and motion. The muscular apparatus is the principal motive apparatus of the body, and is built upon the plan of i)erfect curvation^ and in its normal state will produce perfect curves in every outline, motion, and movement of the body, hands, and vocal organs. Now, when human ignorance, or ignorant and already vitiated human parents or ancestors have brought forth perverted ofl'spring — an idiot, a congenital criminal, or defective child, for example — we observe some one or more of the following phenomena, viz., obliquity of the vision (as in crossed eyes), angularity of the head, which should be rounding ; or, in others, the slanting of one foot, and skew of the eye (cat-like), the extreme slope of the shoulders, the crooking of the mouth (the normal type of which is the straight line) ; crook- ing of the lower joint of the leg, the normal form of the bone being also straight ; a devious, winding, serpentine gait, or else a purposeless, unintelligent shuffle from side to side ; angular ges- tures, or awkward, half-curving ones ; crooked features of the face ; much too flexible fingers, hands, and limbs, and voices either ex- tremely harsh, discordant, and bass, or else extremely soft, silly sweet, and insincere, lacking in volume and reality, or lisping. We know, when we observe all these, that there has been an infraction of the laws of normal form, and that (ignorantly, of course) parents or ancestors have united who were unfit and wholly inadapted to perpetuate normal tf/pes, as is often observed in the union of two consumptives, or those with a tendency to insanity, epilepsy, or pos- sessed of a torpid liver, and other defects of form and organization. 50 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. These are some of the signs and forms of perverted or defect- ive beings, w^ho are neither natural, artistic, nor scientific. They are the products of violations of the laws of Nature, Art, and Sci- ence — true illegitimates, having upon their escutcheon, the face, the bar sinister. These signs and forms have been observed in association and singly in congenifcil criminals, such as liars, sneak- thieves, confidence-operators, and in the several grades of defective mentality, weak morality, or idiocy, and in the several stages of eccentricity tending sometimes to madness, and sometimes to the border-land of genius. Observe these peculiarities of form, sound, and motion where we may, they indicate that a separate and dis- tinct principle of form must be applied to them in order to unravel the hidden depths of their characters and to seek the mainspring of their motives. THE LAW OF SCALENISM, OR PERVERSION. This is the law which will apply to such defective beings, and is the only one which will interpret their true character. The law and form of the skew is their normal type, and in order to improve or alter tlieir natures for the better the most enlightened scientific treatment is demanded. For the credit of humanity I will say that idiocy, feeble-mindedness, and dipsomania are regarded as diseases and defects and are treated as such. In former ages they were regarded as possessions by demons. Very Uttle justice is accorded the congenital criminal who daily violates some of the ten commandments. He is regarded as being a willful violator of these moral laws, and is not understood to be acting under an irresistible and, to Am, a natural impulse. The law of his being is oblique, askew, and slanting; not straight, square, upright, and downright. His form or features are also of similar shape. If he have no rich or influential friends to shield and pay for his delinquencies, he is thrust into prison, where he meets hundreds even more defective than himself, and here, in- stead of being purified and elevated, raised above his former self by being straightened and squared by intelligent scientific treatment, he graduates in crime, and is able upon making his exit to outdo all his former criminal exploits, and add his quota to the criminal element of the country by propagating a brood of his own sort, and so perpetuate skewism, or the law of the abnormal. In geometry a scalene is a triangle, having its sides and angles uneven ; in fact, it is all awry and askew, a ludicrous burlesque upon a true triangle, and looks like a good triangle on a " spree." Just so do the poor victims to man's ignorant building look when contrasted with the best forms ; they are awry, out of joint, not in THE LAW OF SCALENISM, OR PERVERSION. 51 harmony with the persons and conditions about them. They de- mand our largest philosophy, justice, and love, and, like the Arabian philosopher, we should pray: "Oh God, be good to the wicked (defective), for Thou hast been sufficiently kind to the good in making them such." It is this abnormal principle of the skew which we have now under consideration, and which produces the various and innumer- able malformations which are the result of the ignorant human builders or defective parents, who unite in producing such wretched burlesques upon human nature as are found in every community. The title of this law I have adopted from Mr. Andrews, and will now make its practical application. There is a law operative throughout Nature by which an attempt in prenatal life is made to return to normal types. Were not this the case the world would be now filled with monstrosities instead of the passably regular forms which prevail. Another principle of form and growth is observed in the artistic modifications which occur in the changing of the form of the infant from a globular vegetative shape to the later ovoid, curved, or square form which it assumes in adult life, and which becomes its final or completed shape. The vegetative adult always retains this form, and its accompanying comparative infantile condition of intellect. The same soft, fluidic, fatty form is characteristic of some idiots, feeble-minded persons, and many who are lacking in good, square, moral natures, or strong and sound judgment. The law of the skew obtains to some extent in the lower orders, among vegetables and animals, as witnessed in the several malformations of form and perversions of character. The latitude allowed to Nature, coupled with ignorant interference, is the cause of these " freaks," as they are termed. In order that progress or evolution should have scope a certain degree of freedom of action is essential ; hence, these abnormal phenomena. Disease is a temporary return to abnormal or perverted types ; so true is this, that we find that even the handwriting of those who have had nervous shocks becomes altered and appears irregular, skewed, shaky, or angular, — like the features and limbs of the par- alytic. Interference with the normal law of form by the union of inadapted parents or by disease, afterward produces similar results, viz., perversions of function and form. It need not be supposed that all criminals, feeble-minded or insane persons are incarcerated in jails and asylums. Moving about in society are large numbers of the skewed, oblique criminal, eccentric, semi-insane, semi- idiotic, and feeble-minded individuals, but often in such compara- tively slight degree or so shielded as to escape these penalties. 52 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Many elegantly-dressed dames have been detected in the act of shoplifting and " kleptomania," as stealing is termed when exhib- ited by the rich, but is set down to individual "peculiarities" of the subject, and is hushed up by the payment for the articles taken. Congenital liars and the corigenitaUy feeble-minded (in varying degrees) are observed in every circle and sphere of society. It is only when their acts become unendurable that they are restrained (either publicly or privately) of tlieir liberty. One class of detest- able criminals, as a rule, are seldom punished, never adequately. I refer to those lecherous fiends who are prowling about in every community seeking to debauch innocence, and who leave death and destruction in their train. These immoral monsters (for they are neither brute nor human) should be deprived of their power to perpetuate such crimes as are often proved upon them ; for it is perhaps impossible to teach them better or to make them able to control their morbid sexual impulse in any reasonable manner whatsoever, for this impulse is a primitive one, the next most powerful to hunger ; hence, a part of the real being itself. As before stated, straightness, perpendicularity, and horizon- tality are inherent properties of bone, — true curving of muscle. If the bone has not sufficient mineral matter in its composition to make it straight and firm the character suffers through a deficiency of integrity. If the muscle is rigid and does not curve properly and easily, then we find the excess either of will or stupidity. If the muscle curves imperfectly, we find awkwardness of movement, gesture, position, and inability to execute mechanical move- ments with dexterity, precision, and accuracy, as is observed in the feeble-minded and in many professional criminals. When the ravages of paralysis are discernible in the face, at times they as- sume a skewed or crooked appearance owing to the perversions of the nervous system. This is another proof that abnormal action tends to abnormal form, and skews the features affected. When the muscles are too soft and flexible and the bones small and soft, abounding in animal matter, the subject is apt to be too flexible, too yielding for morality, and shifts his position and opinion with every wind that blows ; hence, suffers through want of firmness, decision, rectitude, or a positive opinion. Many sneak-thieves possess great flexibility and the capacity for turning and shifting ; hence has arisen the vague, instinctive idea that a man too supple in his movements is dangerous. The peculiar lack of grace, beauty, and aptness on the part of professional or congenital criminals has long been the subject of observation on the part of prison surgeons in Europe, where there exists an hereditary class of criminals, born in and bred to THE LAW OF SCALENISM, OR PERVERSION. 53 crime. All classes of defective beings also exhibit peculiarities of slant, skew, or oblique lines and movements, which are observed in the gait, attitude, position of the body and limbs, the set of the feet, and slant of the shoulders ; all these reveal perverseness. In some cases it does not assume criminal or idiotic proportions, but simply tends to awkwardness and willfulness, to cranky or inapt methods of working, walking, etc. This is the method of operation of the principle or spirit of the skew, slant, or obhque line, often observed more particularly in the various features, members, and outlines of the human family. It produces neither a true curve nor a straight line, nor a true angle and square ; yet tends or attempts to evolve both. Where the slant predominates it will show in some one or more of the features, limbs, or out- lines of the body, or in the walk, the gesture, the voice, and pur- suits. In some persons it is indicated by sophistical writings, or in poor attempts at works of art, or in hoarse, discordant, or shrill vocalization, and in various and numerous social and commercial irregularities. Eccentricity of manner is another manifestation of abnormal development. It sometimes results in insanity as well as talent, as in l)ean Swift and Mary Lamb, the gifted writers. In others it is allied to genius, and is sometimes characteristic of criminals. The law of the slant or skew operates differently from the law of the angle ; yet angular people are sometimes judged by the law of the slant. It is true that angular persons are slightly eccentric and peculiar, yet, as a rule, are honorable, sometimes un- pleasantly so in their manifestations of the square principle, and show it by projecting their opinions (as well as their elbows) for- ward at inopportune times. They lack tact, and are disagreeably blunt in their enunciation of unpleasant truths. What this class of persons lack is the rounding, yielding, agreeable curving prin- ciple, the angular element being disproportionately great, thus opposed to symmetry of form as well as to symmetry of character, yet harmonizing with the elements and principles of form which are dominant in them. There is always an attempt on the part of the dominating forces of being to produce harmony, equilibrium, and symmetry in all things. This is Nature's method pre-eminently ; it also is the endeavor of Art and is the supreme law of Science. When a failure to produce these ends occurs it results from interference in some way with the laws involved. The monstrosities and abnormal de- velopments observed in the vegetable, animal, and human kingdoms are the result of violated laws, whether we are able to trace them to their origin or not. Giants, dwarfs, hunchbacks, two-headed 54 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. women and animals, and those with superfluous members, as well as congenital idiots, drunkards, and criminals, are proofs and illus- trations of a falling away from righteousness in the past of our- selves or of our ancestors. " Genius is ofttimes to madness near allied," and the infraction of certain laws by some has produced sometimes very talented persons. This infraction of laws on the part of others has evolved an idiot or criminal. Maudsley tells us "insanity in one generation often induces immorality in the next," and vice versd. When the law of the slant is allowed to govern we cannot predict where the warping will end, nor yet what form it will assume and exhibit. Of one thing we may be sure, — that it will produce biased, warped, eccentric, insane, or criminal characters. How essential, then, the constant study of what I have named the " divine sciences," viz., Anatomy, Physiology, Heredity, Hygiene, and Physiognomy ! How necessary the application of their laws ! For, " beyond the prin- ciples of each science there is a philosophy of the sciences. The principles of one science fully comprehended are a key to the inter- pretation of all sciences. They are the same footsteps of Nature treading upon several subjects."* This philosophy or universal law is illustrated at its comple- tion by forms which possess the normal principles of form. The highest expression of divine architectural skill is in the human body and face. To comprehend the basic laws which produce the most perfection in this direction should be oiu* aim, and the three domains of Nature, Art, and Science are the fields wherein the human being may co-operate with the Creator in improving by design, through law, the human family. Nature, Art, and Science are the true factors of Being which are found in varying degrees of power in all natural objects. The plant, cultivated up to a high state of perfection (as most of our garden vegetables have been from wild stock, wholly uneatable), is a product of Nature, Art, and Science combined, the scientific factor here dominating because the perfection has arisen through the application of scientific laws in regard to the best soil, location, treatment, etc. Here Nature and Art are subdominant, and the triumphs of science in vegetable products are every day witnessed upon our tables. Let any one follow the course of the development of the potato, the cucumber, the radish, the beet, the tomato, the celery, or other vegetable, and he will receive a most instructive lesson in the scientific culture of natural products which will be quite astonishing. In some in- stances the cultivation seems to have left but a mere suggestion of shape and flavor of the original wild edible. Just so it would be • Body and Mind, Henry Maudsley, M.D., p. 185, THE LAW OF SCALENISM, OR PERVERSION. * 55 with the human race if scientific law were allowed scope in the matter of reproduction, instead of childish instinct, blind passion, or selfish indulgence. These are not the forces we put into horti- culture or horse-breeding, for here they would not pay. The blending or co-operation of Nature, Art, and Science in the evolution of the human race is shown in many ways. To those accustomed to take the very limited view of Art, that it consists merely in painting pictures, singing, acting, etc., the idea of man being in part an art-product, will appear strange, but this will seem plainer when it is stated that those born in barbarism are more nearly children of Nature; those born in civilization are more nearly children of Art, i.e.^ bom under the influences of education and refinement, and are hence cultivated products by preponder- ance. Children whose parents have intermarried according to the laws of fitness and adaptation, with the intention of becoming the progenitors of superior oftspring, are more particularly the product of Science, with a subdominance of Nature and Art intermingled in th^ir make-up. Such children may not necessarily be superior to all other children, but are undoubtedly superior to what either of those parents would have perpetuated had they intermarried with more unsuitable mates. The law of " natural selection," so happily elaborated by Mr. Darwin, is the method which Nature pursues to improve the human race and all races, in accordance with a law of progressive develop- ment, which, it appears, is one of the most important factors in carrying forward the evolution of the race toward a higher grade of development. Those born under the spontaneous operation of this law are almost purely natural products. In civilization, the choice of the woman by the man, on the ground of some real or fancied excellence, is an aid — a slight one — to the former slow method of improvement. This is the triumph of Art over Nature. The third method, that which is pursued by a very limited number of persons, indeed, in civilized life, — the plan of intermarrying because of mutual adaptation and fitness, — produces a scientific result in off'spring, born according to law, bred with the design of improving the race by scientific culture. This method, if universally practiced, would carry forward the evo- lution of the race with great rapidity, and if the higher, scientific plan of reproduction were followed instead of the instinctive or animal-like method (which is the lowest form of reproduction, and the one commonly pursued in civilization as well as in barbarism, in obedience to a blind, sexual impulse or selfish gratification), there would be evolved a race of wonderful beings far transcending any which have ever appeared on earth. 56 • PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The principal and most important use of the knowledge of the Basic. Principles of Form is found in its application to scientific physiognomy, and the most important use of this science is toward the scientific culture of the human race. To study the science for the simple desire of knowing what certain faces and forms reveal is mere childish curiosity. The applkation of its principles is its highest use. My motive in elaborating this system proceeds pri- marily from a desire to improve the race by practical methods, to bring it up to a higher grade of moral, physical, and intellectual excellence, instead of relying upon the slow and uncertain natural way advised by theologists, which is the merely sentimental phase of improvement, slow and uncertain, not radical and certain. I do not wish to underrate theology or any other system of ethics which promotes in any degree, however slight, the morality and integrity of humanity ; but what I urge is that fundamental principles of life are noiin^ at this partlcidar stage of the world's development, greatly needed, and I add this, my contribution, in a true mission- ary spirit, as being the attitude of benevolence I hold and have ever held toward my fellow-beings. The form of its expression has, however, changed with advancing years ; for, whereas in my youth I thought it my duty to proceed to Africa and Christianize the bar- barous races, I now believe it my duty to remain at home and appeal to the most enlightened and refined of the Christian races, and to instruct them in divinely constituted scientific law instead of teaching inspirational, intuitive beliefs to the heathen. The latter belongs to the infantile stage of man and the race and the former to the adult stage of mind. In the preceding pages each primal principle of form has been considered. There now remains only the duty of giving a tabulated summation of the several discriminations of form, together with their related symbols or significations. The six simple mechanical powers involved in Nature, or the working forces which operate the world and man's organism alike, — viz., the lever, the wheel, the axle, the pulley, the inclined plane, the wedge and screw, — will be treated of when we arrive at the discussion of the moving forces or dynamics of the human mind and body. This chapter is de- voted more particularly to the application of the factors of Form to the human organism, regardless of the operation and effects of the mechanical forces and visceral organs which produce them, except in the most primitive and elementary sense, as connected with primitive geometry or the form and motions of the planets. Let it be understood in the following summary that the term " artistic" is used in its most comprehensive sense, including not only the art-side of Nature, but also all of the arts of man, such as sculpture, THE LAW OF SCALENISM, OR PERVERSION. 5lf painting, acting, singing, musical instrumentation, athletics of all sorts, and the semi-artistic professions, such as photography, pho- nography, telegraphy, and all other arts which are a combinatiori of art and science, with the art principles dominant, and a sub- dominance of the scientific laws. The term " scientific" is also used comprehensively, and in- cludes mechanism, invention, and all scientific pursuits in which mechanical or scientific principles dominate the artistic. The Normal Factors op Form and Being in Nature, Art, and Science. The Sphere, the Curve, the Square. The Point, , The Sphere, Product, The Line, The Angle, The Square, The Cube, , Motion, Germination, Progress. "l Nature, Art, Infantile Stage. I Bgav,t„ The curvilinear or artistic man (normal | '^^^v- type.) J Science, Determinate form. Regularity, Precise "Diagrammatic Illustration." Stability, Rectitude, Morality, "The \ Perfection, Measure of a Man." Integrity, Wholeness, Completion, Adult Stage. Product, Natural, Artistic, Scientific. The square or scientific man (normal type). The Law op Imperpect Curvation, Illustrated by the Abnormal Factors op Form and Being, Skewism or Scalenism. Obliquity, . Eccentricity, Imperpect Curvation, One-sidedness, Immorality. Non-stability, Genius, Ugliness, or Mad- ness, Contrariness of Thought and Action. Sophistry, Knavery, Defective Func- tions. Perversion of Form and Motion, as in — Sinistrality or Lept- HANDEDNE88, . . Awkward and Inapt Movements. Imperfection- Imperfect curvation, or crookedness of the features, the head, the limbs, the organs, and body, producing malformation of the organs of speech, hearing, and sight. Product, Unnatural, Inartistic, Unscientipic. . The crooked or perverted man (abnormal type). CHAPTER m. The Five Organ Systems which Create Form and Character. " The history of the evolution of form, which primarily occupies us, is at the same time the history of the evolution of functions, and this is equally true of the human and all other organisms." * "Habits and the use and disuse of organs are certainly of the greatest impor- tance as efficient causes of organic form."f VICTOR COUSIN, in his admirable essay on the beautiful, remarks: "All is symbolic in Nature. Form is not form only; it unfolds something inward. "J This phi- losophy is scientifically correct, for it is a law of Nature that form indicates character ; if this be so, then the form or shape of the individual must bear a strong relation to his actions. Not only is this true, but it is also tnie that if in attending to the detail of a man's physiognomy we observe with the eye of science, we shall be able to discern not alone his mental powers and his moral proclivities, but likewise his physical qualities and predis- positions to health and disease. The natural shape, or the one with which one is bom, can be modified, it is true, by attention to diet, rest, exercise, mental occu- pation, etc., but, as little attention is paid to modifying inherited forms, we can safely say that the majority of men attain manhood with the form which was inherited^ unless disease, diet, or una- voidable circumstances have modified the inherited form. In investigating the laws and forms of organic life and their mean- ings, we must be governed by the methods of reasoning that are observed in all other departments of scientific research. We must first collect the facts as to forms and their related characters, then we must pursue a course of generalizing, as it is termed. This consists in collecting a certain number of facts relating to forms, together with the characteristics whibh accompany such forms, and then compare facts and forms, and if in the majority of in- stances the facts and forms agree we have sufficient evidence upon which to found a law. This is the method pursued by all scientists. The safest and surest way of discovering the laws and truths • Haeckel's Evolution of Man, voL i, p. 86. t Ibid., p. 19. \ Philosophy of the Beautiful, Victor Cousin, p. 129. (59) 60 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. of Nature is to follow her indications, to use one's sense of obser- vation and comparison, and to interpret Form according to its indications, assisted by the " basic laws of form." That all form indicates character is a principle so well estab- lished throughout Nature as to need little testimony from me. In the study of the science before us, it is absolutely essential that this principle should be thoroughly comprehended, and the char- acter of its various phases understood at first sight, in order to render the interpretation of character certain and beyond all doubt, — for upon the conformation of the physiognomy (a;id here I mean the entire body) are we mainly dependent for knowledge of the character of the entire man. It is true that size, color, texture of the skin and hair, health, etc., play their part in deter- mining characteristics ; still. Form is primarily the grand deter- mining, dominating principle underlying all others. Its meanings should be completely mastered before proceeding to the considera- tion of other branches of our subject. The more advanced phrenologists, who commenced the inves- tigations of phrenology on the basis of classification by color of the complexion, hair, and eyes, have gradually arrived at the conclu- sion that form is the most decisive factor in the interpretation of character. O. S. Fowler declares, in his work on "Human Sci- ence," that the correct way is to classify character by the forms of the body, and. that these forms are produced by the predominance of one or the other of the five principal systems of functions in- cluded in the human organism. These systems and forms he designates the "Vital, Motive or Mechanical, and Mental Temperaments." I cannot comprehend how Mr. Fowler can consistently retain the word " Temperament " in his designation o^ forms. Tempera- ment is the word used by Hippocrates to indicate the several colors of the complexion. It has no relation to Form, whatever it may have to color. If we wish to use language at once intelligent and comprehensive, it must be rejected, as well as the method of deciding character by so small a portion of the organism as the skull alone. Why should not the face (where the most active and expressive muscles are located) and the contour of the entire body be taken into account \ It is certainly a great deal more difficult to feel the head (which has no active expression, and is not so practicable for every-day and instant observation as the face and the outlines of the body) tlian it is to scan the face. "A cat may look at a king," and so one may study the features of his ' fellow-men, without saying "By your leave." This system of physiognomy classifies upon the basis of the forms that are de- FIVE ORGAN SYSTEMS WHICH CREATE FORM AND CHARACTER. 61 rived from the development of the several organ systems which are comprised in the human body. It also shows the influence of color and health, as well as all the other conditions which deter- mine character. In the human organism there are five different organ systems, which, in their development, produce different configurations of the body and corresponding differences of mental development. These systems are always found in combination, but in different degrees of power in every individual, and to these variations are we in- debted for the infinite variety of the human race. These five systems are named the Vegetative, the Thoracic, the Muscular, the Osseous or Bony, and the Brain and Nervous Systems, — the last mentioned forming one system and producing one conforma- tion. Each of these systems evolves and exhibits a different set of physical functions and mental faculties peculiar to itself, but they are so constituted that neither can exist without the action and interaction of a certain proportion of each of the others. In order to create a normal and healthful condition of the organism, there must always be a due development of each of these systems, else incompetency, disease, and early decline will be the result. The system which is the first in the order of development of all organized life, and which is also the underlying or basilar system of man's organism, is the Vegetative, and it has, in common with the various growths of vegetable life, the functions of susten- tation, imbibition from the air and water (through the pores, in plants, and the mouth, in man), of reproduction, assimilation, absorption, secretion, excretion, respimtion, circulation, and growth; but the Vegetative System gives no power for the expression of the phenomena of either thought or volition. Every plant, tree, vege- table, and shrub has the power of absorbing, excreting, and reproducing, circulating its sap and juices through its cells and tubes (and this by hydrostatic law and the law of gravitation). All the lower animals have the same powers and functions. Not until other systems of functions are superadded do we discover any capacity for volition or conscious sensation. It is true that the lowest animal organisms, such as the Amoeba, give indications of possessing a certain form of sensation, yet these are all in the vegetative condition. No organs for the expression of sensation, as we find it illustrated in higher animal organisms, have yet been evolved, and until these organs or systems of functions are added, — such, for example, as bones, muscles, and brain, — volition, sensation, and thought, in their most complete sense, are not present. The intelhgent reader, who has followed the course of the evolution of man from the lowest organisms, or from the primi- 62 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. tive human germ, will have observed the order in which the sev- eral systems of functions and their accompanying faculties of mind (as it is called) have evolved or developed. As Nature has indi- cated this order as her supreme law of progression, I shall endeavor, in the exposition of this system of physiognomy, to follow her methods, believing the laws of Nature to be divine and infallible. These laws, if allowed free scope, and not impeded by the ignor- ance or wilfulness of man, will always result in harmonious devel- opment and equilibrium. A study of the laws of natural progression shows that all organic life commences with the development of the functions of sustentation, reproduction, secretion, and excretion. Here, then, is the physical basis of organic as well as of mental life. In the first chapter I took for illustration the first develop- ments of Form and Character as shown in the mineral kingdom. In this, I shall continue the study by taking up, first, the consider- ation of the form, character, and the earliest appearances 'of cell- life in the organization of animal tissue or of animal bodies which have, like all vegetables and young animals, no object in life but to grow. It is probable that the first races of men were stomach men merely — that is to say, they lived in the lowest range of func- tions and faculties, viz., those of sustentation and reproduction, just as do the lowest races at the present time — and that the powers which assist man in his architectuml and mathematical efforts were not developed at that stage of evolution to any appre- ciable extent, but were merely rudimentary. In elaborating my theory that "mind inheres in the entire organism" I shall quote from an able writer in order to show that all the basic elements and principles of Mind are present in the lowest or earliest forms of cell-organisms. These organic elements are characterized by the same properties that are exhibited by the most developed organisms. These properties are those of nutrition, reproduction, growth, development, and sometimes of motion and irritability, all of which are present in the Amoeba, the most primi- tive of animal organisms. The extract hereto appended will explain the manner of development of primitive tissues which contribute to mental as well as to physiological power. It will also exhibit the dominance of the basic principles underlying all matter, viz., those of Chemistry, Architecture, and Mathematics : — THE STRUCTURE OP ORGANIZED BODIES. Chemical analysis has shown that all organized bodies are capable of resolution into simple chemical elements which in themselves do not differ from the elements out of which all matter fs composed ; in other words, that the simple elements of which organized bodies are built up FIVE ORGAN SYSTEMS WHICH CREATE FORM AND CHARACTER. 63 are universally distributed throughout Nature, and that no one element is peculiar to organized matter. The characteristic of organized bodies is therefore not to be found in an}- peculiarity of the matter of which they are composed, but in the manner in which the atoms composing that matter are grouped. In an inorganic body we are accustomed to attribute its chemical properties to the nature, number, and mode of association of its constituent elements, while its physical properties are attributable to the mode of arrangement of its molecules. Analysis of organized bodies shows that in them we have certain elements constantly present in certain definito proportions; it is therefore warrantable to assume that the chemical properties of organized bodies are, as in the case of inorganic matter, due to the number, nature, and mode of association of their elements. Further, we find in all organized living bodies a certain identity of ph^^sical properties ; it is, therefore, warrantable to assume that the physical processes seen in organized bodies are dependent on the mode of arrangement of their constituent molecules. The elements constantly associated in living matter are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydro- gen, and sulphur, forming a complex combination, to which the term proto- plasm has been applied. This matter, protoplasm, whether found in the tissues of the highest animals or plants, or in the lowest, unicellular members of either kingdom, has always the same composition and is always possessed of nearl}^ the same attributes ; with the restriction that we have al- ready referred to, as to the difler- ence in functions possessed by animals and plants, — differences which will probably in the future be cleared up, and found not to be in contradiction to the state- ment that protoplasm is the uni- versal basis of organization. ^^^ ^_^ NON . nucleated cell, the All organized bodies are built protamceba primitiva. (After up of associations of masses of. Haeckel.) T^^^f,-wi^laor« -nrln'oVi fV/^m +Jio;.- o i-> A, Original Condition; B, Commencement of FcpTa protoplasm, wlncn tiom tiieir ap- ductlon by fission j C, after complete separation. pearance are termed cells, or, from the functions which they fulfill, elementary organisms; and as the phj^sical properties of inorganic matter are dependent on the arrangement of their molecules, so the ph^^siological peculiarities of organized bodies are dependent on their cellular structure. Physiology is, therefore, the study of the properties of cells. Cells possess the properties of Nutrition, Reproduction, Growth, Development, and in many cases their contents are capable of Motion and manifesting Irritability. Microscopic examination teaches that every living object, from man down to the smallest animalcule invisible to the naked eye, from the largest tree down to the most microscopic plant, is built up on the same general plan. In each the same element of organization is found, and every living form is built up of associations of the^e microscopic units,' each of which, even in the most complex forms of life vaa,y be regarded as separate individual organisms. . . . •. The best known of such undifferentiated forms of cell-life is the amceba, one of the simplest examples of an animal organism. In its lowest form the amaba {Protamceba primitiva, Haeckel) consists of a mass of jell.y-like, structureless, albuminoid substance (protoplasm), which, so far as its chemical composition and general attributes are con- 64: PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. cerned, cannot be distinguished from the contents of all active forms of cells. (See Fig. 3.) The amoeba is capable of spontaneous motion, both as regards change of external form and of progressing from place to place. Motions may also be evoked by various stimuli ; hence free protoplasm, in common with muscular fibre and ciliated organisms, is contractile. The peculiarity of protoplasmic motion as seen in the amoeba is that motion does not occur around a fixed point, but rather is a flowing motion, such as might occur in the particles of a fluid. Thus, in an amoeba the changes in form and location are effected through the thrusting out of lobe- like prolongations of the periphery (pseudopodia) and their subsequent withdrawal or tlie flowing into these extensions of the remainder of the body. Occasionally one or more of these pseudopodia become gradually more and more constricted, until finally a portion becomes entirely separated from the original mass, increases in size, and itself possesses all the properties of the parent stock ; hence protoplasm is reproductive, and possesses the power of growth. Moreover, the movements of an amoeba are not neces- sarily the consequences of external stimuli, but may be self-originating; hence protoplasm is also automatic. If watched for some time an amoeba will often be seen to take into its interior by flowing around them small vegetable organisms, of which portions are dissolved and converted into the substance of its body, while the undigested remainder is extruded; therefore, protoplasm, even in the absence of all digestive organs, possesses the power of nutintion. The amoeba requires for its existence an atmos- phere of oxygen, which is absorbed, and which it again partly exhales as carbon dioxide. Protoplasm is, therefore, respiratory.* The above clear and explicit statement of cell-powers shows that the common basis of mind-organization is present in the simplest forms of organized life. In this phase of existence the animal appears to be stomach all over ; formless, yet possessing all the possibilities of form ; unorganized, yet exhibiting all the attri- butes of organization, viz., capacity for motion, reproduction, growth, secretion, excretion, respiration, and digestion. In this stage it seems to be a chemical compound, merely; the rudi- mentary stage of all organic life is mainly chemical, yet possessing as we have seen all the " potencies and possibilities " of archi- tectural and mathematical development. The primitive germ of the human embryon is nothing more at its inception than a minute mass of non-nucleated protoplasm, yet possesses all the properties of mind which in its developed state may exhibit the transcendent genius of an Humboldt or a Newton. It is hence important that we should study the primitive origin of man, in order that we may comprehend the physical basis of his mind. It is to further this purpose that I have introduced the precedmg description of the Amoeba.f .,, . * Physiology of the Domestic Animals, Robert Meade Smith, pp. 11-14. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. ' *^*^ *^ t A study of embryolop;y or of the evolution of man would be most advantageous to the student who desires a thorough knowledge of this most interesting phase of mental development. My limits forbid further elaboration here.— The Author. FIVE ORGAN SYSTEMS WHICH CREATE FORM AND CHARACTER. 65 The lowest animal organisms exist in and upon watery or fluid nutriment; and man in his embryonic state, while he is devel- oping from his protoplasmic condition, as well as for months after his birth, lives upon fluid nutriment. The native Australian is a fair sample of this stage of evolu- tion. Of course, the germs of all the five systems are present in the lowest types of man, but in this stage of development they lack both size and quality, and are not perfected as in perfected races. The other systems of functions, and many faculties now seen in combination with the vegetative, have been very largely perfected since, particularly the brain and nerve system, which is Pig. 4.— native Australians. (After d'Ubvillb.) Showing absence of muscular tissue. now in a more active state than ever before in the world's history. From being a stomach race we are becoming a brain race. What evolution will do for us in the ages to come it is difficult to predict. The law of progress is always from the lower to the higher, and surely we can say of human nature that it has need of higher growth or a higher development in quality. The next class of animals above the Amoeba is that of the Infusoria, also of microscopic proportions. Above these we find the Polyp (Fig. 5), a soft, round-bodied animal, that seems to be merely a gelatinous mass, yet with quite a distinct digestive appa- ratus in the form of a tube. These creatures multiply by what is termed gemmation or budding. They respire through the skin ; 66 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. they have no blood-vessel system, but are supplied with a nourish- ing fluid analogous to the blood of higher animals. From this stage of animal life until we reach x\mphibia, a class of animals which are capable of living both in water and on land, we find no true lung or perfected breathing apparatus. To be able to inhale air is the next great step in progressive develop- ment of animal powers, and in Amphibia we observe a development of both lung and heart power. The next stage of development is shown by an increase of the muscular system. This increased power is necessitated by a life on land, as the amphibious animals seek their food on land as well as in the water ; hence, they require more muscidar power to enable them to gain a livelihood in both realms. A life in the open air under the direct rays of the sun causes the bony structure to become perfected. A life in the water exclusively gives to the bony structure a cartilaginous or soft condition. We find in the human and animal races that those classes that have led an outdoor life for generations, as, for example, farmers, laborers, etc., ha\e the best-developed bony structure. The animals and birds that skulk and come out mainly at night have not so good a bony system as those that Hve in the open air exposed to the sun. Compare the tiger, the coon, the opos- sum, the polecat, and skunk, with the sheep, the goat, and dog, the owl with the spari'ow-hawk, etc., and we shall have a very good idea of what the sun can do in developing and perfecting a bony structure. In the plan of progressive development in the lower animals we find that the order observed is as we have indicated : First, the vegetative functions, or the ability to eat, drink, respire, secrete, reproduce, and grow ; the next step is to breathe ; the next is the development of the muscular system, then that of the osseous or bony system ; later on, as we advance above the fish family, we find a beginning of a true brain system. Not until we arrive at the order Mammalia do we find a perfected brain and nervous sys- tem, represented first in the several races of animals, both wild and domestic. This is the order which Nature unfolds, whether we look for it in her manifestations through the long ages of pro- FlG. 5.— A POLYP. (Much En- LARGED.) A simple animal organism. THE VEGETATIVE SYSTEM. 67 gressive development from the simple Amceba up through fish, reptile, bird, and beast, to man, or whether we trace it through the embryonic life of the human being and find it written on man's face, which is the register, if we read it scientifically, of all these changes and growths. The order above described I sliall follow in my exposition of the five systems of functions. THE VEGETATIVE SYSTEM. We observe the signs for the action of the vegetative func- tions in the lower part of the face mainly, the signs lor the devel- opment of the animal or motive functions and faculties in the middle range, and the highest por- tion of the physiognomy discloses the intuitional and the reasoning powers. Man's face is truly a Pig. 6.— vegetative infant. Fio. 7.— VEGETATIVE MAN. microcosm, or miniature world. How wonderful ! Hojv beautiful ! How divine ! It seems to me that religion can go no farther than to know the human face scientifically, and then to use this knowl- edge for race-improvement by intelUgent and scientific methods. If the theory of the evolution of man had never been promul- gated, the human face read scientifically ivoidd have necessitated its promulgation, for the face of man proves the order of his de- velopment, and the course of embryonic life corroborates the methods which have governed the gradual unfolding of all animal organisms, from the lowest to the highest. In the highest animal organization in the world, the first few years of life are passed with 68 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTII^C PHYSIOGNOMY. apparently no purpose but to assimilate nutriment and grow; these fill out the infant years of the human race. The counte- nance in infancy is comparatively expressionless, the bony parts of the face and body are cartilaginous and scarcely perceptible owing to the amount of fatty tissue which the constant absorption of Uquid food has produced. What will eventually be bone is in an almost gelatinous state ; the glands are active and give a large quantity of juices which soften the tissue. The cheeks and chin are round, the nose small and depressed, the mouth large, the cheeks protuberant, the forehead small, narrow, rounding, and bulging at the centre. There is a sleepy look, with little inclina- tion to move. The infant while in this state may be said to be in the vegetative condition, that is to say, it assimilates food, it respires, it secretes, and grows. This is precisely what all vegetable life does, only vegetables never get beyond this stage. They never develop the powers of voluntary will and motion ; these' require bones and muscles. The entire existence of vegetables is passed in absorbing and growing, and these functions being common alike to plant and animal existence are named vegetative. If these functions and faculties remain dominant in adult life, then the individual is mainly vegetative, and although in the adult there are bones, muscles, and nerves, and other animal powers, still the individual thus built will be childlike as compared to those who possess more muscle and larger bones with less soft, fatty tissue. The judgment of this class in matters of literature, mathe- matics, and art will be defective, and the domestic faculties will be found in the ascendant. The vegetative adult is characterized by large mouth, small, depressed nose, globular cheeks and chin, slow motions, slow pulse, large abdomen, voracious appetite, love of Hquid foods, and of sleep and ease, mind free from anxiety or care, and apparent deficiency of capacity for mental effort except in the most limited degree. This class of persons is found generally with the mouth open and the eyes shut, and this is in accord with the principles upon which they are built. The stomach in this sort being more capacious than the intellect, they naturally put themselves in a position to favor their dominant powers. By keeping the eyes closed the individual is able to shut out sights which might cause ideas, and as thought is foreign to his nature and eating the highest enjoyment, he is by this attitude in a condition to favor the pecu- Harities of his structure. As it is a law of human nature that we are inclined to use the faculties and functions which are most developed or strongest in us, those with this formation will be inchned to gluttony and to THE VEGETATIVE SYSTEM. 69 the diseases which an overcharged system engenders. These are shown by dropsical tendencies, rheumatism, scrofula, gout, tumorous growths, fatty degeneration of the heart, liver, and kidneys, apo- plexy, inflammations, and fevers. The character is unambitious, indolent, contented, lacking in integrity and enterprise, selfish in its enjoyments, and only willing to give after being fully satisfied itself. Fortunately for the world, there are in it very few of this class of individuals. We often meet with men of eminent talent who have a large degree of the vegetative system, but who have inherited with it a fine and large brain system and well-developed bones and muscles. Among this class I may mention Hume and Gibbon, the historians ; Dumas, the novelist ; Samuel Johnson, the philologist ; and Ark- wright, the eminent inventor. Robert IngersoU is also a representa- tive of this combination. These men, by reason of their having such a great store of vitality as the vegetative system yields, were enabled to perform immense mental labor. This formation gives the power and warmth necessary to sustain great mental effort by reason of the juices which the glands secrete and absorb from the large quantity of nutriment taken into the stomach. Food of the liquid sort is especially desired by persons with the vegetative system large. This system and formation can be made a useful and normal one by using hygienic measures : First, by taking less sleep and on a hard bed, then by restraining the appetite in eating, and espe- cially in drinking, by avoiding carbonaceous foods, such as white flour, sugar, eggs, potatoes, butter, milk, beer, and spirits, drinking water only and sparingly. By thus doing in a short time the ex- cess of fat will disappear, the mind will become clearer, the indi- vidual will, by reason of the increased activity of the liver and lungs, grow more active, more unselfish and thoughtful of others. Especially should the society of active, bright people be cultivated, as we all are more influenced by association with others than we are aware of or are willing to allow. The illustrations Figs. 5 and 6 are perfect types of the vege- tative class, with but a small development of the bony or muscular systems. The man is a sort of human polyp or human cabbage ; yet such' persons can, by a persevering application of hygienic laws, develop a fairly useful organization. The infant illustrates the normal condition of the infant, which is the vegetative. In the lower animal world we find that the upward progress of the organism was caused mainly by the evolution of a hreathing apparatus. The power to inhale air was a great step forward, and the order of the development of animal organs is precisely the 70 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. same as that which the human animal observes in his progress to perfected manhood. Ernst Haeckel tells us, in his celebrated work on evolution: — Man, in his embryonic life, passes through all the various stages of progress and development which the lower organisms pass through in their evolution from the merely vegetative existence to the highest degree of sensation attained by animal organisms.* At his birth he possesses all" the functions and faculties which characterize all vegetable and animal organisms, witli the addition of a higher grade of intellectual apprehension and with more per- fected and sensitive members and faculties. These are arranged in the body in the exact order in which they have evolved from the lower organisms — the vegetative functions occupying the lower portion of the trunk, and the brain, the latest organ to become developed, the highest portion of the body. In the human face the signs indicating these several organs and functions with their accompanying faculties will be found to follow precisely the same plan. A good proportion of the vegetative system is essential to health, and those who are lacking in the right proportion of it suffer from dyspepsia, nervousness, sleeplessness and consumption. What is required to make a weU-balanced individual is equilibrium in the several functions, and this law of equilibrium is universal, controlling and regulating all created things. It is the law which keeps the planets in motion, and holds them true to their orbits. Some of the finest traits are evolved from the vegetative system ; the domestic and social here find their origin. If we wish to lead happy, healthy, and moral lives, we must seek to obtain a fair share of this system, and then keep it in repair by applying hygienic law to its conservation ; yet an excess must be avoided, unless we wish to sink to the level of a mere vegetable existence. The vegetative system will always play an important part in the human economy. It is the base of many fine traits of character as well as being the sustaining power of the organism. The absence of a due admixture of this system produces an impoverished body and a mind devoid of many beautiful and useful traits. Friendship, Approbativeness, Parental Love, and Amativeness are directly related to this system and are all sustained by its 'develop- ment and action. The signs for the following organ systems are within the chemical or vegetative division: The intestines, the kidneys, the glands, and reproductive system. Their action is chemical mainly and does not involve the action of the muscles or bones, except as * Evolution of Man, Ernst Haeckel, vol. ii, p. 5 THE THORACIC SYSTEM. 71 a secondary cause. The faculties derived from the development and functional action of these organs are Conscientiousness, Firm- ness, Digestion, Bibativeness, Love of Young, Benevolence, Self- esteem, Friendship, Amativeness, Mirthfulness, Approbativeness, Economy, Hospitality, Love of Ho^e and of Country. The vegetative system shows all the functions and faculties which are dominant in childhood, and the physiognomies of all children, if they are healthy, exhibit a larger development of these signs than of other divisions where the signs of the Mechanical, Artistic, and Mathematical powers are located. The three grand natural divisions of the face, hy the very order of their arraiifjement and locality, indicate the order of pro- gressive growth and development of the body and mind. First, the vegetative system, which is supreme in childhood; afterward, the mechanical faculties assert their dawning powers just in the ratio that the bones and muscles strengthen; and when children commence to understand the use and management of material sub- stances, they can become expert in light manual labor, both artistic and mechanical. Later in life, the brain becomes more mature and pure abstract reason dominates all the previous developments, and mechanical calculation serves also to assist mental processes. The faculty of Conscientiousness is located in the chemical or underlying system, proving conclusively that morality commences in the physical basis, — just where it should, to be of the greatest value to the organism. If a cultivated and quickened moral sense were brought to bear upon all the faculties and functions of this division of the human organism, many of the sins and evils affect- ing the human family would be iniknown. A judicious mingling of this system with a suitable proportion of the other systems of the organism creates health and happiness; how to accomplish this result will be shown as we proceed to investigate the science of physiognomy. This system constitutes the chemical division of the body and mind ; the faculties set in action by its laws are mainly chemical in their operation. Architectural Division. THE thoracic SYSTEM. The thoracic system is located in the highest portion of the trunk, and contains the organs of respiration and circulation, the heart and lungs, as well as the liver, which is an active agent in purifying the blood that has been created by the assimilation of nutriment in the intestines and glands. The blood is poured into the heart through the thoracic duct ; from the heart it is carried to n PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. the lungs by the pulmonary artery. This system therefore includes the heart, liver, and lungs, together with the several ducts, veins, arteries, and tubes comprised in its action. These physical func- tions give rise to the following faculties: Pneumativeness, Hope, Analysis, and Color, and exert 4an influence upon Human Nature, Imitation, and Sublimity. The Architectural Division has three subdivisions. One is composed of the heart, hver, and lungs ; the second, of the muscles, including the stomach, which is a muscular organ; and the thud, the osseous or bony system. Each of these organ systems origi- nate a different class of mental efforts. The outward facial sign for the lungs is, of course, the nostrils, as it is through these organs that we are enabled to respire. The facial sign for the heart is also the nostrils, as well as bright color of the complexion. The heart and lungs being correlated organs, they mu- tually condition each other; hence large nostrils are indicative of good heart and lung power. A predom- inance of the thoracic system is known by large rounding chest, wide nostrils, rather high cheek-bones, full throat, bright eyes, and elastic step, while the abdomen and brain are com- paratively small. The greyhound is a fine illustration of this system, also the various deer tribes. This system in its highest manifestation shows that the aeration of the blood is performed on a large scale, inducing buoyancy of spirits, quickness and clearness of apprehension, ambition, hope, and progressive mentality. It causes the individual to be cheerful, happy and pure-minded, owing to the large quantity of oxygen taken into the system and the purifying effect which a large heart, Hver, and lungs give to the whole organism. History abounds in the record of men with large thoracic de- velopment and small brains, who have made of life a brilliant suc- cess, but it is almost void of those possessed of small lungs and large brains. Pioneers, discoverers, warriors, orators, and aggres- sive people in thought and action the world over will be found within this class. Where this system is well marked, the indi- vidual will be fond of outdoor sports and pursuits, quick at appre- hending everything perceived, and as quick to drop it. This Fig. 8.— THOMAS H. BENTON. (United States Senator.) Thoracic System dominant. THE THORACIC SYSTEM. tS peculiarity causes them to excel in pioneering and geographical discovery, and in all pursuits where great activity and constant motion is required. Children of this formation of body are restless, eager, and apt, but dislike close and continuous study and dull routine and drudgery, and will run from it if pressed too closely. This class will make better students later in life, and study better after thirty years of age, yet wdl pick up and store away thousands of useful facts, apparently without effort, in childhood. They will excel in outdoor pursuits and enjoy outdoor labor even in early life. It is cruel to compel them to study closely and continuously in youth. The study of the sciences is natural to them. This class of per- sons (with a suitable brain system in addition) can become botanists, orchardists, navigators, naturalists, stock-breeders, geolo- gists, hygienists, and succeed in similar occupations. By follow- ing these pvu'suits, their health, happiness, and usefulness will be promoted. People of this type make cheerful and safe companions, for, as their organisms are hlled with the oxygen and ozone of the atmosphere, their moral sense dmdi purity of mind are stronger than in weaker developments of the thoracic system. They are also, as a rule, high-minded, filled with noble and philanthropic ideas, or ambitious to hold prominent and distinguished positions in society. Persons with large lungs become poisoned with noxious air sooner than do those with small lungs. The reason of this is owing to the greater quantity of bad air which is inhaled in a given time. A large development of the thoracic system engenders a cheerful, sportive, ardent, courageous, and magnanimous disposition, and those who inherit and conserve this system will retain their youth- ful feeling and vivacity to an advanced age ; hence it is that we find in the countenances of many aged persons a fine complexion, skin of a fine, soft texture, and but few wrinkles, as compared with others who do not possess as large a development of the thorax. Among the eminent persons who have been endowed with a fine thoracic system, I may mention Julius Caesar, Cicero, Well- ington, Cromwell, Bonaparte, Patrick Henry, William Pitt, Henry Clay, and many other well-known warriors and orators. The diseases which assail this system are acute and inflamma- tory, such as pneumonia, pleurisy, cerebral and pulmonary con- sumption, rupture of the heart, hypertrophy of the left ventricle of the heart, and inflammation of the lungs. These disorders are caused by the intense activity of this system. It is a law of human nature that we love to use most our strongest faculties. 74 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Hence, those persons possessing a large thoracic system are apt to be too energetic, and to consume their vital forces by undue use of them. Such persons should avoid exciting scenes and all kinds of commotions in which the emotions take a leading part. They should live on some simple vegetable diet, sleep much, and pursue a steady unexciting occupation. Those who inherit a feeble development of the thorax should live in hilly regions, engage in walking, running, boating, horse- back exercise, and gymnastics, especially those which develop the upper part of the body. It is a circumstance worth noting that all the high-flying birds have larger lungs relatively than those that remain in marshes and fly low. The bones of the former are permeated with air-cells which, contain air, and thus their flight is assisted by their frame being lightened by this peculiarity of construction. All those races of men and animals that inhabit mountainous regions have larger thoracic systems than tliose who dwell in the plains. Naturalists tell us that fislies inhabiting mountain streams have larger air-vessels than tliose found in other waters, and the reason of it is that the atmospliere in those regions is rarer or more attenuated, hence the lungs are compelled to respire more in order to get the same quantity of air. Persons with small or weak lungs will find it advantageous to inhale the atmosphere of the hills, because it induces activlti/ of the lungs and heart, and this causes a demand for more blood. The appetite, under the stimulus of this atmosphere will call for more food, the digestive processes will derive more nourishment from the aliment consumed, and thus the entire system will become invigorated by the improved quantity and quality of the air, while the lungs will be compelled to greater activity ; and, as use increases capacity, many persons who have inherited weak lungs have been benefited and almost renewed by early change from low to higher altitudes. Thus much will capacity for and a full supply of pure air do for the individual. A system of ventilation for public buildings and homes is the greatest necessity of the present age. AVe cannot expect pure- minded, noble characters to thrive and expand in close, ill-smell- ing, noxious dwellings. If we desire moral men and women, and those who are truly religious, our systems of drainage, sewerage, ventilation, and water supply will have to be amended before such result can be secured ; for any system of Theology or Ethics which does not include Natural Law as its ruling principle will create no improved types of the human family, and will only succeed in pro- ducing a class of theoretic sentimentalists, vntJiout the power to be either pure-minded, noble, or truly religious. Fresh air, pure THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 75 water, bathing, hygienic diet, and self-control, used according to law, contain all the fundamental principles of true religion, and will advance civilization to grander heights of purity, morality, and truth than all the dogmatic theories of centuries. Pure water and pure air are the first necessities of life, and must be obtained if a fine development of the thomcic system is desired. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. The next system in the order of development or evolution is the Muscular. It is in the Architectural Division, and assists for- mative eff'ort of every kind whatsoever, whether literary, artistic, mechanical, or in the rebuilding of the human race. In analyzing the salient points of features of the Muscular System and Form, we must make a dis- tinction between muscle and fat, as these two classes of tissues create and exhibit two distinct and opposite kinds of character. The predominance of the Muscular System is known by a rather broad form, with well-developed muscles and tendons ; quick, elastic step ; shoulders broad in pro- portion to the body; rather low or high and rounding forehead ; the nose rather short and broad; full convex eye; round, short ears; short, thick neck, with a tendency to develop long, perpendicular wrinkles on the face. Writers of works on physiology and anatomy arrange the muscles into two general divisions, viz, the voluntary and the involuntary ; but scientific pJiysiogiimni/ finds it necessary to take cognizance of and describe every formation which the muscles may assume, in the outward conformation of the human body. The six classes of muscles which we are obliged to take into consideration in the reading of character are as follow : — Pig. 9.-HERR FLEISCHMAN. (German Aktist.) Muscular System supreme. Straight muscles. Crooked muscles. Round muscles. Thin muscles. Long muscles. Short muscles. Combinations of these produce the following forms : — Round and long forms. Round and short forms. Thin and long forms. Thin and short forms. Crooked and thin forms. Crooked and round forms. 76 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The two divisions which are made by anatomists are termed the "Voluntary" and the "Involuntary." The voluntary muscles are those which are moved by the will and are the muscles involved in motion, such as the muscles of the arms, legs, trunk, and face. These are moved whenever the individual desires, and are the muscles of motion. The involuntary muscles are those which move automatically and are not controlled by the will or wish of man. These muscles are the large organs of the viscera, com- posed of fibrous material, and are moved by inward motions pro- duced by the circulation of the air and the periodic movements of the heart, and the involuntary contractions of the stomach in digestion; hence the heart, lungs, and stomach are involuntary muscles, together with the valves of the veins and the several septums of the heart and other organs. The muscles of the larynx belong to a mixed class. In the production of sound they are wholly under the control of the will and are tlien voluntary ; but in deglutition and respiration they are spasmodic and automatic, and are tlien involuntary. A minute description of all these combinations is unnecessary for the general reader. Those who design becoming teachers and examiners can refer to the rules laid down for the " Basic Principles of Form," and apply those principles to the combination which they have under consideration. After learning the sort of character exhibited by the straight, the crooked, the round, the thin, the long muscles, etc., he can, upon observing any given combination in a character, make such observations upon it as the basic rules of Form declare to be correct. The combination of muscles which are most commonly exhibited are the short and round, and the long and thin; yet they are sometimes found mingled in just the opposite manner, and then they point to characteristics easily understood by those who learn the principles upon which they act and the kind of character which each simple uncombined sort discloses. Those with short and round muscles have relatively broad and short figures, with thick chests, broad shoulders, thick neck ; low, broad heads, and particularly broad above the ears; the joints small and well covered; the fingers tapering and nails oval ; the feet short and thick, with high instep; the forehead broad and rounding outwardly at the sides and rising in an almost straight line from the eyebrows upward. The face is round or oval, cheeks full, nose round, eyes large and convex, chin often dimpled, hands and feet small, and the hmbs short, round, and tapering. The functions most active in this class are those of digestion, circulation, and motion, and the heart, lungs, and stomach are strong and large. The mental constitution dis- THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 77 inclines to study, for love of motion here works against close application to books. The predominance of the vital organs, as shown by the strong development and action of the muscular organs, the heart, the lungs, the stomach, the reproductive system, and veins, gives great muscular strength, love of eating and drinking, social enjoyments, athletics, music, dancing, etc., and love of the opposite sex, animals and children. This type of character is inclined to commercial business and sp^eculation, contracting, brokerage, and all classes of trades which bring in the social element and allow of motion without hard labor. The noted Jim Fisk, of Erie Railroad notoriety, is a good specimen of tliis class. Those with a good brain development in combination will exhibit capacity for surgery and militaiy life. Napoleon I illustrates this • combination. The army includes many surgeons of this build. Where the muscles are of the long and thin type, the character has less of the aggressive and more of the sentimental cast, owing to the fact that the internal viscera are relatively less round and the motor muscles longer and thinner than in the former class. This difference in muscular structure shows in the face in several ways. The face is relatiA ely long and the chin oval. The nose is higher, thinner, and longer than with the former, the cheeks not so full and round, and the eye, although as large and round, not as convex or full as the above. The affectional and intuitional traits are well developed ; yet the sentiment of love of the opposite sex and of children will exhibit itself in a more refined manner, and tlie commercial instinct will not be so pronounced as with the former. The head rather high and narrow, the limbs and body long, the joints, knuckles, etc., appear rather prominent, the bones of the fingers pronounced, and the body lithe and flexible. Men- tally, this build will have capacity for some form of art, will enjoy domestic ties and possess true conjugal feeling, sincere friendship, and, with a suitable brain-formation, will be inclined to languages, belles-lettres, and metaphysical studies. These two different and distinct formations are so often met with and so thoroughly described as to make it quite easy for the reader to give the delineation correctly. Where certain variations are observed, as, for example, if the combination presented should be round and long, some of the characteristics common to each of these forms will be present; or, if the combination should present the thin and short type, or the crooked and round, or the thin and crooked, which is rare, the reader has only to apply the general law governing the two distinct forms of muscle. The many and varied expressions of the human face are due 78 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. to the action of a great number of muscles; there are found in the face thirty-six pairs and two single muscles, and in the body more than five hundred. The eye contains more muscles, more active ones, and those which express more thought, than those of any other part of the body ; hence the eye, being a mass of muscles, is the facial exponent of the muscular system. When we desire to know the muscular development of an individual, we can safely trust to the eye for our knowledge. The larger, more convex, and deeper colored the eye, the greater the degree of strength in the muscular system. Small or depressed eyes with sunken orbits always denote less muscular power than large fidl eyes, and pale- colored eyes indicate less vigor than well-colored ones. A com- parison of the eyes of all muscular animals is one proof of this statement. Examine the eyes of the deer tribes, the gazelle, springbok, hare, rabbit, etc. In all these creatures the muscular predominates over the osseous or bony system. The bull is an example of great muscular power, as well as the bull-dog, and both have great convex eyes. Ligl it-colored eyes do not denote as much vigor of the muscles as dark eyes, but this branch of the subject will be considered under the head of Color. All eminent artists, actors, singers, musicians and sculptors are endowed with a fine quality of muscle. Observation of their physiognomies will reveal the fact that they have large bright eyes. The nature of their professions requires a fine as well as strong muscular system. Inasmuch as all parts of the organism involved in the production and reception of tone or sound are in the muscular system, it follows logically that we should look to that department of the body for capacity in this direction. The vocal cords, the larynx, the tongue, the lips, as well as the ear, are all engaged in the production and reception of tone or sound. In artistic works, such as acting, painting, and sculpture, the muscle must be in excess in order to take command of the hones ; hence we find that nearly all artists are round-built persons. They are lithe and elastic like muscle itself In speaking of artists as muscular persons, it might seem to the unobservant that this is incorrect, since a muscular person is usually thought of as being developed hke an athlete or black- smith. Now, size of muscle is not the only indication of power, for we know that horses training for racing are exercised with a view of decreasing the size of the muscles in order to make them more dense and firm ; in short, to improve their quaUty. Quality is the dominating principle all through Nature. Many large men are weaker than some much inferior in size. It is the inherited quality which first gives superior power ; after- THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 79 ward exercise must keep up the natural tone and vigor of the system. The muscles of a dwarf might dominate his bony system, I should then classify him among muscular men. Observation of the faces and forms of all eminent artists will give all the proof needed on this point. It will be seen that they possess large, wide-open eyes with arched eyebrows, the bones small at the joints and tlie fingers tapering — every part and mem- ber disclosing a rounder appearance than where the bony system predominates. For when Nature creates an artist the hands and feet are those of an artist, and agree with the shape of the head, the face, and body ; all alike are artistic, and the physiognomist is able to discern this character in the hands and fingers, in the shape of the finger-nails, as well as in the features of the face and round- ness of the body. The following description of the various powers of the muscles in the human organism will give some idea of the mechanical and artistic principles included in the action of the muscular system. The human body combines within itself almost all the principles of natural mechanical forces; for instance, the arch in the thorax, shoulder, and hip ; the different lever powers in the action of the muscles upon the bones, one principle of which is well illustrated in the action of the biceps muscle in flexing the arm; so, also, in the flexors genei*ally, namely, that in which the force is applied between the weight and the fulcrum. Second, the action of the triceps muscles on the ulna in extending the forearm is an instance of a lever power where the fulcrum is between the force and the weight. Third, the example of a lever apphed to a weight between the fulcnim and the force may be seen in the action of the abductus magnus muscle of the thigh in abducting the femur. The differ- ent joints are well illustrated in the ball-and-socket joint in the hip and shoulder ; the hinge-joint in the elbow, ankle, and knee. We have also joints with lateral motions as well as with flexion and extension, in the wrist; a joint with a gliding motion, as in the temporo-maxillary and sterno-clavicular articulations. Then we have the mixed joints, as in the articulation of the sacrum to the iliac bones in the vertebrae, and in the immovable joints, such as the sutures, etc. We have also the different principles of valves in the heart and veins, and in the pylgrus between the stomach and the duodenum, and the representation of a pulley in the action of the superior oblique muscle in rotating the eye. These are some of the mechanical forces wliich inhere in and regulate the several parts of the muscular system ; other principles will be shown in other systems of the body as we reach them in their proper order. 80 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The action of the muscular system gives ability for artistic, emotional, literary, religious, and executive effort. The faculties that have signs located in this division and that depend mainly upon the muscles for their power, are the following, viz.. Cautious- ness, Sanativeness, Force, Resistance, Secretiveness, Imitation, Sublimity, Human Nature, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Ven- eration, Self-will, Credenciveness, Prescience, Observation, Memory of Events, Weight, Calculation, Locality, Music, and Language. Magnetism is a force belonging exclusively to the muscular system. The most magnetic orators and those persons endowed with power to heal through magnetism are very muscular, and have either size or fine quality of the muscles or botli combined. The animals that exhibit magnetic power are also muscular. I suppose that the mineral constituents of muscle must be those which create magnetism. But this branch of science — histology — is yet in its infancy, and it is hoped that further experiment will give us more accurate demonstration of the laws and principles governing animal magnetism and its uses. From the preceding exhibit of the varied powers of muscular action, it will be seen that this system belongs to the Architectural Division of the organization, and, in combination with the osseous or bony system, which will next be treated of, constitutes the building powers and capacities of man. Individuals in whom these two systems are well defined are constructive, often artistic, religious, emotional, and amative, and, with a suitable brain in combination, excel in literature as novelists, actors, dramatic writers, etc. Many highly emotionally-rehgious persons are found to be endowed with a fine quality of muscle. It does not follow that they are moral, also. Emotion in excess is opposed to morality ; yet at the same time it assists ardor, zeal, faith, and imagination. In those races that exhibit the most Credenciveness — that is to say, the most faith and belief — there will be found the predominance of the muscular over the bony system, as, for example, in the Hebrew, the Turk, the Persian, the Arabian, the Mongol, the Celt, and the Hindoo; and what is true of races applies with equal force to individuals. Those in whom this system predomi- nates are apt to be contrary (not obstinate), changeable, and shifting in moods and tempers, affectionate and amative, with plenty of physical courage, adepts in commercial life and in mystic religions, preferring one in which faith is a leading principle. They make good companions in marriage, as domesticity is one of their ruling tastes, are also social, fond of gay, sportive companions and athletic pursuits, enjoy bathing and swimming and liquid foods, such as soups, milk, soda, lemonade, etc. However, they should THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 81 never indulge in intoxicants, as, having great power of assimilation, strong liquors will cause them to become dangerous and destructive. The diseases which assail the muscular system arc derange- ments of the liver, acute rheumatism, dumb ague, bilious colic, cramps, softening of the brain, muscular exhaustion, and valvular disease of the heart, — all consequent on too great exercise or emotion, to which the system is liable. An early training in morality and the rights of others is highly essential, for suffering, disgrace, and an early death often follow the unrestricted indulgence of the temper and the tastes which accom- pany this system — wliere it is greatly in the ascendant. The most eminent men of ancient and modern times have been noted for a fine development of the muscular system. In ancient Greece the Isthmian, Nemean, and Olympian games were national, and large numbers of the citizens trained for the periodi- cal exhibition of athletic sports. Even the women and children had their own gymnasia and baths, and at no time in the world's history has the human figure, particularly the female figure, attained such perfection as in ancient Greece. A close observation of the statues of the classic sculptors will disclose the development of certain muscles about the female waist and abdomen which are not to be found in the modern woman. The disuse of these muscles has caused an atrophy or shrinking of them, and modern women are, without exception, born with waists too small, and entirely changed from the normal type and standard. The lines of the body should curve outward from the bust to the hips. In modern women this form is completely reversed. The more we investigate man physiologically, the more is the conclusion forced upon us that the dominant systems of man's or- ganism control and guide his acts and capacities. It was by ignor- ing the investigation of man's physical powers and functions that we were so long deprived of a practical method of studying the mind of man. But the instrumentalities for such research were not in existence until recently, as, for example, the microscope and chemical discoveries. A complete revolution in the science of Human Nature must ensue before we can comprehend the motives and character of man. Herbert Spencer, in his essay on education, remarks : — Without acquaintance with the general truths of biology and psy- chology, rational interpretation of social phenomena is impossible. And he also says : — The actions of individuals depend upon the laws of their natures, and their actions cannot be understood until these laws are understood. 82 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Now, the theories of the ancient metaphysicians were not founded on an intimate knowledge of either physiology or the laws of mind, as revealed by investigation of either bony, muscular, or brain and nerve systems. They were most of them simply specu- lative theories which had no basis in fact and no foundation in reality. They were like tlie loves of the poets, — creatures of the imagination merely. If we desire to advance in exact knowledge of real human nature we must cast out the ancient dogmas, which, venerable as they may be, are untrustworthy. We must, instead, interrogate Nature face to face. First learn the facts, then manufocture the theory in accordance therewith. Formerly, the metliod was to con- struct an abstruse tlieory couched in incomprehensible terms, and let the facts shift for themselves. Then the necessity for faith and belief arose, and was at one time considered the crowning virtue of human character. Now^ childish credulity is looked upon in adults with a pitying eye, and we feel both soiTOw and contempt for him who is too weak or too cowardly to grapple with tlie truths of Nature lest they overthrow some time-honored error which he is cherishing. Fortunately, some eminent theologians have recognized this fact, and have boldly entered the arena of discussion. When we wish to understand the emotions wliich play so im- portant a part in the drama of life we must look to the physio- logical and anatomical development of individuals and races, for it is to the muscular system mainly that we are indebted for the power to manifest will, emotion, and expression, both of the face and body. The great number and variety of the muscles of the face alone, where expression is most manifest, will vouch for the truth of this statement. The eye alone expresses more feeling, will, mental energy and capacity than all the other muscles combined. I do not say that it performs more labor, but that it expresses more of the physical and mental characteristic^ of the individual than any other portion of the muscular system, and the reason why it does this is explained by the fact that the eye is a ma^s of muscles. Added to this power is the fact that the optic nerve also finds its centre and seat here. The eye not only brings the world into the mind of the individual, but also shows to the world the will of the man as he stands revealed before our gaze. The muscles of the eye and the optic nerve brhig to us the bulk of the knowledge which we acquire. It is true that we can feel heat and cold ; we can taste, smell, hear, and touch without the use of our visual organs, but the world of form, of architecture, is unknown without this sense. The sense of color and the knowledge of form bring THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 83 to US our most useful and practical acquirements, and to the use of the muscular system are we indebted for much that is practical and necessary ; hence, the importance of endowing our offspring with a good share of this system. It is a fine inheritance to leave them. It can be improved by food and exercise, rightly applied, and those who make gymnastic exercises a daily duty and pleasure are laying up a store of goodness, wliich, whether they desire it or not, will be transmitted to future generations, and " thus do our deeds follow us." When we examine the nature of muscle we find that although it is powerful in expressing emotions^ it is wanting in feeling, in sensitiveness. Hence we find that muscular people, although able to express emotion, have very little of that keenness of sensation which those have who are endowed with a fine nervous organiza- tion. Emotion is not sensation, and thus it is that oflen those who seem to feel the most, in reality feel the least. If one could cut a muscle without striking a nerve there would be little, if any, feel- ing experienced. It is only by analyzing the constituents and nature of the several systems in tlie body that we are able to give to each its own appropriate share of work. This method enables us to relieve the brain of a large share of the labor which former theories of the mind have ascribed to it. Hitherto it has been a poor overworked organ. If the brain is capable of all the labor which has been assigned to it by meta- physicians, of wliat use, I ask, are the several ganglia, the plexuses, the muscles, and the visceral organs'? We must either divide the labor equitably or declare the utter inability of the last mentioned to assist mental manifestations. THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. Observation of the order of progressive development in the lower animals shows that a perfected bony system was the result of life upon land and in the open air. As soon as the Amphibia had ceased their life in the water, a race of animals was evolved from them which, instead of using air-vessels for the purposes of respiration, developed a true lung system that was no longer suited to life in the water. This necessitated a great many other changes in the anatomy and physiology of animal life. A heart and blood- vessel system became necessary, as the lungs and heart are corre- lated and essential to the existence of each other. A strong and true bony system became also a necessity in place of the cartilagi- nous one of the fish tribes. This strong bony system was needed to which to attach the muscles, as life on the land required a better muscular system for purposes of locomotion and for the 84 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. getting of food. Accordingly we find that the order observed in the lowest forms of animal development, as shown by geology and evolution, was in the following manner: First, the chemical or vegetative; second, the thoracic or breathing power; third, the evolution of the muscular system ; fourth, the bony system ; fifth, the perfected brain and nerve system. All through these various growths and developments (which doubtless took millions of years to complete) the brain and nervous system liad gradually developed. As each animal organism took on a more and more complex organization, a more complex nervous system and larger brain was necessitated. When muscles were developed, as we find in the body and legs of Amphibia, the intelligence essential to their use was evolved simultaneously. When the bony system became per- fected, a higher quality of cerebral power was exhibited. The per- fecting of a true bony system marked a great advance in the animal, not only by reason of the substantial quality of the con- stituents which enter into its com- position, but when an organism has arisen to the grade of devel- opment which is marked by the possession of a perfected osseous system we find that there is a higher quality of both body and mind, as we shall learn later on. But we do not find the high- est degree of mental power until we reach the order Mammalia, which is endowed with a more perfect reproductive system as compared with the lower methods of reproduction, viz., by fission, gemmation or egg-multipHcation. The higher and more complex method of mammal reproduction demands more intelligence in the rearing of the young and for the getting of food and other purposes of the animal. Hence we find in the order Mammalia, which includes both our wild and domestic animals, as well as Man, a far higher grade of intelligence than is observed in all the lower races— the fishes, reptiles, and birds. Now, what is the logic of this correlated devel- opment 1 We find that as physical functions have evolved, intel- ligence has increased; that mentality has associated itself with the physical functions ; that a creature endowed with wings is more intelligent than a simple jelly-fish. We must, therefore, deduce Fig. 10.— ANDREW JACKSON. Osseous System dominant. THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 85 the theory that physical functions and mental faculties are in close relation to each other, and if by observation we can ascertain which functions and faculties are connected, then we have all that is necessary to discern character, simply by observing the physical development of any order, species, or individual. In th^ preceding remarks it was stated that the greatest ad- vance in the intelligence of animal organisms was made simulta- neously with a more perfected reproductive system. In the human family, the most developed and perfected races will be found to possess a developed reproductive system. All the great creative artists, such as poets, painters, actors, authors and sculptors, are developed men and women ; that is to say, are well sexed ; and this development is the base of creative talent. This function and faculty have been wholly misunderstood and their office and action not at all comprehended in their entirety. A reference to the faces of all our great creative minds will show the sign for Amativeness and the reproductive system to be well defined; and this is another fact proving the relation of physical functions to mental faculties. The osseous or bony system (Fig. 10) is known by height, large joints and bones, high cheek-bones, and projection of the lower part of the forehead over and beyond the eyes ; prominent and broad chin; large, bony hands; long, flat, bony feet; prominent joints and knuckles; tips of the fingers inclined to the square form as distinguished from the oval or tapering form of the muscular system; and relatively small, angular head, rising high above the ears. There are six classes of bones to the meaning of which the physiognomist must pay strict attention. To those unused to the close observation essential to discerning these sliglit variations of structure, they may seem trivial and unimportant, but let me say that in Nature's buoad domain there is no form insignificant, no matter how minute. How much more important must every sliglit variation of form observed in the human face be when we reflect that in it are to be read the physical, moral, and mental traits of the individual, together with all his individual peculiarities, as well as "aU the traits of all his ancestors," as Emerson aptly remarks ! " To despise the minute in Nature is to despise the infinite," and so we shall come to the study of the following-named classes of bones with increased understanding of the close observation which the several variations of the bony structure demand. Classified and combined as follows, they have a pregnant meaning: — 86 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. CLASSIFICATION OF THE BOXES. Straight bones, Straight and square bones. Crooked bones, Straight and round bones. Square bones. Straight and short bones. Round bones. Straight and long bones. Long bones. Round and short bones. Short bones. Round and long bones, Round and crooked bones. Long and crooked bones,* Short and crooked bones. It will be observed by reference to the above that there are six simple formations of the bones, each indicating something dis- tinct from the others. The adjective employed to describe each form will reveal to the reader its condition without elaborate description. I have never found that nature crooked which was produced by combination of the straight with the square form of bone. This combination produces and denotes the most solid character, and as it is composed of a rocky material, viz., lime, and shaped in the mast enduring form, it is, we might say, incapable of becoming crooked. The nature of bone gives solidity, firmness, and integrity to the organism, but where it is crooked by Nature, then this signal is thrown out to tell the observer the character of the individual. Where the bones are round and small, the character possesses less firmness and integrity, less capacity for endurance and resistance; but it exhibits ability to execute curved motions, as in gestures, writing, dancing, etc., and to produce curved or circular work with tools ; hence such persons are adapted to art-work. They are like the animals which exhibit similar formations, such, for example, as the mole, squirrel, and beaver. These are all highly artistic in the constructions of their dwellings, and have round bones, and are quite skillful architects. . They are also playful, lively, and fond of motion, and all possess the combination of round muscles with round bones ; wliile horses and several species of dogs exhibit square bones combined with round muscles, and these animals exhibit less artistic talent than the former, but more of the moral, solid, reliable, teachable and practical traits of character. There are several causes in Nature which assist in forming and developing a good bony system. These are, first, water, in which lime is a large constituent ; next, a diet of grains, into which lime enters in the shape of its phosphates. These grains are grown in a soil from which the phosphatic elements are extracted by the grain through chemical action in the process of growth. The next influence favoring bone development is exercise in the sunlight. In this exhibit of what constitutes bone, we observe that the most suhstantlal material in Nature enters largely into its THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 87 composition. The very material of which rocks are made is found, upon analysis, in the bones of man as well as in those of the higher animals ; hence it follows that those in whom the bony system is dominant will be the most reliable and trustworthy. The bony system is composed mainly of lime in two forms — the carbonate of lime and the phosphate of lime ; these two materials form the solid part of the bones. It is found also in the teeth, muscles, blood, and cartilages ; in the gastric juice, the blood, and secretions, it is in the fluid form. In the bones, teeth, and carti- lages, it assists in making them firm and solid. The enamel of the teeth, which is the hardest substance in the body, is composed mainly ol' the phosphate and carbonate of lime, and in the ivory of the teeth these form a large part of the constituents. In the bones, more than one-half is found to be composed of these two forms of lime. It is lime wliich gives to the bones their firmness and solidity. If we were to soak a bone in a mixture of muriatic acid and water we should dissolve from it all the mineral ingredi- ents and leave nothing but the animal constituents, and should then find it so soft and flexible that, if we were to treat one of the long bones of the body in this manner, we could tie it up in knots just as we can a rope. Lime is found in the various grains, in milk, and in lean meat. Salt is another useful element, not only in the bones but in the several tissues. In connection with water it is found in every portion of the body, — in the bones, tissues, and the various fluids and secretions, — and is necessary in digestion, where it assists by chemical action the various processes of assimilation. The taste • for salt is, therefore, natural and necessary. The taste for pepper is not natural, inasmuch as that is not found in any part of the body, and has no use in the human economy. Black pepper is higlily indigestible and inflammatory. There is no similarity between these two constituents. Pepper induces dis- orders of the stomach and kidneys, and should be used Hke all spices, for a remedy and not for food, as it cannot be digested like salt. Salt, lime, and water are found in every part of the body, and are natural and necessary to health and life. Salt we derive from the air and water ; lime comes to us in our food in grains, fruits, etc., and if we use them as Nature has provided we shall rebuild our blood, bones, muscles, nerves, and brain with the materials which they require for their replenishing ; but if we cast out the phosphates of lime and the carbonates, as we do in making fine white bread, we shall have nothing to assist the repair of the bones, muscles, nerves, and brain, since the phosphates are rejected by this mode of preparation. A man would starve in a h 88 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. short time were he fed on foods deprived of Hme and salt ; neither would he exist on a diet which did not contain starch or animal fats, and fat is created both from animal and vegetable foods, as chemical analysis shows. This exhibit of the composition of the bony structure informs iis at once why it is that those who possess large and strong bones are more firm, persevering, rehable, and honest than those with smaller and weaker ones. The more fluid Hme dissolved in the blood which goes to make up the solid parts of the organs, such as the heart, the lungs, the liver, the kidneys, etc., the more integ- rity and strength will these tissues and organs possess. A com- parison of the animals in which the bony system predominates, with those in whom the fat and muscle are in excess, will give us a correct idea as to how the bones are related to integrity and stability. If honesty were a sentiment merely, something which could be taught, then the one best taught on this subject would have the most reliable character, but we know full well that some are more naturally honest than others. We know that some have more ability for music or painting than others, and we find by observation that those who are skillful in music, etc, are so mainly by virtue of an organism which fits them for this art ; that some are musicians without instruction, while others are not able to be taught because they are lacking in the proper construction of body ; in short, they have not the right muscular development for this purpose. A comparison of the highest and most useful animals — the horse, the dog, the camel, and ox — with the rhinoceros, the hog, the coon, the skunk, the porcupine, the panther, and tiger, will show us a physiological combination as distinct as is that of the mental and moral characteristics of each class. The rhinoceros and hog, by reason of their excess of fat, are too vegetative to be either moral or intelligent. The mole, the coon, the skunk, the porcupine, the cat, the rat, etc., have relatively small bones and large muscles, and they are suited to slyness, skulking, deception, and craft, — to live in the shade and prey upon others. While the bones of these creatures are hardly perceptible, their bodies are sleek, sinuous, graceful, and quick-motioned, and they are quite artistic in some of their habits, — the beaver and mole, for ex- ample, building their houses on excellent architectural and artistic principles. Now compare the camel, with his great, homely, un- gainly, bony structure, and his fidelity and usefulness, docility and intelligence ; compare him with the graceful, gliding, sleek-looking tiger ; compare the bony ox, with his great joints, his patient and useful ways, with the hog; compare the horse, with his bones A THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 89 jutting out over his eyes, his large hip-joints and bony face, his mental development and observation, with the unwieldy, stupid, and brutal rhinoceros; compare the intelligence of the former with the ferocity of the latter; compare the fidelity, usefulness, and forms of all these various creatures, and you will find in every instance that the bony formation gives and exhibits integrity, re- liability, intelligence, and morality, as compared with those forms that resemble the muscular and vegetative or fat animals. Fat in excess is not honest, whether we find it in man or beast. Fat, by its lack of resistance, is negative and- self-indul- gent, and is not capable of self-control ; muscle in excess is unre- liable, and by the nature of its cm^stituents and action is change- able and shifting ; it moves with rapidity and changes constantly, and is not built of such substantial material as bone ; hence, it is suited to artistic pursuits, while bone is suited to mechanical and scientific occupations, for mechanical individuals must have physical order and a good, true eye for angles and straight Hues. They must have patience and perseverance, steadfastness and in- tegrity, in order to produce straight and square work. In every age and country the most reliable, honest, and upright men are (as a class) its mechanics. They perform honest work ; the very house that we dwell in must be phimb and built on the square, or it will fall to the ground. The scientist, too, must possess a large share of integrity, — of bone. Inasmuch as he has the ability to comprehend the truths of Nature, he must be built on Con- scientiousness, else he would be incompetent to comprehend the laws of Nature, which are all based on absolute truth and mathe- matical certainty and precision. Newton, the discoverer of the most important law of Nature, viz., gravitation, was a square-boned man, and Conscientiousness is large in his face. Now, all persons and animals must have bones in a greater or less degree, and in the degree that they have good, square bones are they capable of honesty, morality, and fidelity. Hence the importance of endow- ing oftspring with a good, square, bony structure. We cannot do this if we feed upon fine white flour, or allow our children to con- sume too much sugar and other carbonaceous food. If we look abroad for our proof of the action of the various kinds of food as it relates to bone-making, it is only necessary to refer to the low stature of the Lapps and Finns, who subsist mainly on a fish diet, and whose bones are both small and short, while their near neigh- bors, — the Norwegians, Swedes, and Russians, — who live upon a farinaceous and vegetable diet, are much their superiors in stature and strength. But the subject of bone-buUdmg I will consider later. 90 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. I will here note some of the prominent men who have excelled in morality, endurance, heroism, and honor, and in every instance we shall see that each one possessed a large and fine quaUty of bone. Our own Washington was six feet three inches in height, and broad and square built. Andrew Jackson was above the medium height, and the bones jutted out all over him, in the eye- brows, the cheeks, the chin, the forehead, the joints and knuckles. Lincoln, too, shows a very bony organization, and was more noted for his fidelity to principle than for great intellectual power. Had he been made of soft, fatty tissue, the results of our late war might have been quite difterent. General Lafayette's portraits show him to have been possessed of good bones ; likewise Alex- ander the Great in ancient times, also Caesar, Mahomet, and Cromwell. Luther had a very large bony structure, with a power- ful vegetative system, and a fine brain. Isaac Newton, Lamartine, James Watt, Humboldt. Cuvier, Washington Irving, von Liebig, David Livingstone, Charles Darwin, George Stephenson the in- ventor, Peter Cooper, and a host of others, who have shown by their lives that integrity, morality, and mechanical and scientific powers were theirs, possessed large, bony development. li makes quite a difference in our powers of endurance, either moral or physical, whether we have four or six feet of bone in our bodies. It is true that the persons just mentioned had fine brain systems in addition, but without the same amount of bone and with muscle in its stead they never would have evinced such rectitude, endurance, and reliability, as with the large bones in combination. The greatest and most useful men and women have been those with the bone and brain systems dominant. The greatest artists have been those with a fine quality of the muscular and brain systems combined; hence they form a less useful class than mechanics and scientists. They are, also, less reliable and moral, but more entertaining. The record of the purely vegetative men is limited to a few, who succeeded in becoming prize hogs in appearance, notably, Daniel Lambert, Vitellius, the Roman Emperor and glutton, and some few others whose fame rests entirely upon their fat, selfish- ness, and immorality. The bony structure is the foundation and framework of the human organism, upon which is built the entire organism, and to the predominance of the bony structure man owes his character for integrity, stability, and physical and mental soundness. The very constituents of bone — lime, phosphates, magnesia, soda, etc. — give stability, integrity, decision, and firmness to the organization in which they abound most largely; hence the bony system is the one in which, from the xiery nature of its comr THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 91 p(y/ients, we naturally look for the most stability and trustworthi- ness. Tall, lean, square, bony people are noted for their usefulness, iniselfishness, integrity, and generally lor mechanical abihty. Bony people, with a fair proportion of the muscular system in combination, make the best mechanics in tlie world. Length facilitates activity, while muscle combined with a large bony struc- ture gives the form essential to mechanical construction. This system is included in the architectural division of the face and body, and has for its assistance the muscular powers. These two systems combine and include most of the principles of natural forces, as has been shown, and persons in whom this com- bination is largely developed will have not only the power to become good mechanics and artists, but will be able also to build up and perpetuate a fine race of children, if proper attention be given to combinations with suitable conformations, added to righteous regard for hygienic and sanitaiy laws. It will be per- ceived from this analysis and illustration of the bony system, that the human organism is dependent upon bone development for all those attributes which go to form stability and integrity as well as architectural and mechanical ability. These principles lie at the very foundation of physiology, anatomy, human greatness, moral goodness, government, and society; and in every age, country or community, noted for its justice, probity and true civilization, there will be found upon examination a majority of its people built upon this conformation and possessed of mechanical powers. In selecting trades for young people, due attention should be paid to this principle of Nature. A neglect of its application will result in ftiilure, and one reason why we sometimes find poor mechanics is that they have mistaken their vocation and chosen a pursuit to which their conformation was unsuited. The signs of the bony form predominant are found all over the individual, in the large joints of the hands, fingers, wrists, arms, and legs. The projection forward of the lower jaw, the projecting of the brow over the eyes, and tlie high, long, bony nose are all evidences of a conscientious and morally-inclined character; indeed, the square bony system may be depended upon for moral conduct. The large development of bone shows that the fluid circulation has done its primary work in a thorough manner, and has conveyed all the materials needed in bone making to their several destinations in just the right proportions, thus giving soundness to the whole framework. Size and Form, Physical Order, and Calculation are some of the prominent faculties in this system, as well as Veneration and Executiveness. Conscientious- 92 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. ness is seen all over the individual in whom the bony system pre- dominates over all the other systems. The list of faculties in the architectural division is as follows: Sanativeness, Secretiveness, Force, Resistance, Hope, Cautiousness, Imitation, Constructiveness, Analysis, Ideality, Sublimity, Human Nature, Self-will, Executiveness, • Credenciveness, Prescience, Observation, Memory of Events, Form, Size, Weight, Color, Order, Calculation, Locality, Music, and Language. Some of these facul- ties are derived from the functional action of the heart and lungs ; others from tlie power of the muscles and bones. Hope is related to the liver, Color to the lungs and heart, and Veneration to the stomach. Every faculty depends upon some organ or system of functions for the power to exhibit its peculiar mode of activity. In all cases where one system is found in excess in an organ- ism, no matter how useful it may be, we sliall find that it is pro- ductive of various disorders and predispositions to certain diseases. An excess of bone makes the system liable to chronic rheumatism, torpid conditions of the liver, the spleen, the stomach, and bowels, enlargement of the joints, gravel, granular degeneration, stone in the bladder, disorders of the digestive functions, and inclination to melancholy as old age advances. An excess of bone also causes laziness and inertia; the bones being too heavily charged with mineral matter disinclines the individual for motion, hence he will care only for work that can be done in a sitting posture. The remedy for an excessive development of bone is to drink water that has been purified from all traces of lime, to remain in the shade as much as possible, to study more, to eat less farinace- ous food and adopt the diet of the carnivorous animals, whose bones are smaller than those of the grain-eaters. Stimulate the sensitive parts of the nature by indulging more in light, active games; cultivate the emotional parts of the mind by attending theatres and balls and by associating with the lively and light- minded. By pursuing this anti-bone-making course, the tendency to these diseases may be avoided and the bulk of bone may be reduced considerably in a few years. Getting health is like getting religion — it comes by struggling for it. In fact, good health seems to me a really religious condition and ought not to be considered as distinct from it. If, on the other hand, the bony system is too poorly developed, inactivity and weakness are the result. When we observe a person with small, thin hands and feet, with large brain and small abdo- men and short, small, round bones, we know that he is doomed to a short life and one of suffering, unless hygienic treatment comes to his relief. Drugs and doctors cannot alter such conditions, but THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 93 will do more harm than good. Only Nature, the Infallible One, can regenerate such beings. Calisthenics, gymnastics, outdoor exercise in pure air, and lime-water, with farinaceous foods will do more for such boneless creatures than all the drugs in existence. When we come to comprehend fidly the differences existing between the various organ systems of the body, we shall recognize at a glance the main points of character. We shall see that bone gives more integrity and power of resistance, with love of science and mechanism; that muscle indicates emotion and affection as well as passion and artistic ability; that fat assists in softening the emotions and gives warmth to the system. It must be apparent to the thoughtful that we do not love with our bones — that all parts of the body concerned in emotion are found in the muscular and soft tissues. All the parts of the organism involved in reproduction are mainly in the muscular and glandular system, hence when we wish to know the degree of Amative sentiment in an individual we must look to the facial representation of the muscular system — the eye; we must mark its shape, size, and color, its degree of activity and brightness. If the eye be large, bright, well-colored — either blue, brown, or black — then we can safely say that such an individual is highly emotional and affectionate, and artistic as well ; but when we observe a bony person with large joints, small muscles, long, slim, bony fingers, and small eyes shaded by a full, projecting, bony brow, then we know that he is more thoughtful than emotional or amative, with considerable control of all the emotions. This class of persons is mechanical, inclined to science, given to reforms and original radical ideas rather than to imitating artistic efforts. In this class are found such men as Charles Darwin, Richard Owen, the naturalist ; Professors Morse and Edison, the electricians ; and, among reformers, Wendell Phillips, Richard Cobden, Peter Cooper, Thomas Paine, &usan B. Anthony, and others well known for reform work. A good degree of bone offers a steady resistance and pressure ; muscle has a reactive power, moving first in one direction and then in another ; hence muscular people are not so reliable as bony ones. Muscle shows itself in will-power, in sudden bursts of temper as suddenly subsiding, while bone offers a steady but calm resistance, and this is the difference between the two faculties of Firmness and Self-will. Fat is yielding, without the ability either to withstand or to overcome. It is negative in its nature, utterly unreliable, except where we find it in combination with a good bony structure and considerable muscular development. This concludes the description of the architectural division of 94 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. the face and faculties. The term " architectural" is lised in its broadest and most compreheilsive sense. Whatever exists is built and has a form ; not a particle of any sort whatsoever is found with- out form and without combination with some acid, gas, ether, or solid substance ; thus it is architectural. In works of art the same principle applies. In dramatic composition, in works of fiction, and in the sermons of the preacher, the same mechanical constructive principle prevails. . THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. In entering upon the investigation of the brain and nervous system, I shah, depart from the usual methods employed by writers on this subject, and, instead of giving cuts representing the interior of the brain, which can afford the reader no clue as to its functions, I shall devote my space to a discussion of its origin as exhibited in the lowest forms of animal life, and then describe its appearance in the exterior of the organism by facial and bodily indications. Anatomists, in disj^ecting the brain, are al- most entirely in the dark as to the use and connection of the several parts of the brain with the various organs of the body. With the exception of being able to trace the course of the optic, auditory, olfactory, and facial nerves to thfeir origin in the brain, the functional action of the several portions of the brain are still as great a mystery as ever. Very recent observers have mapped out on different parts of the cerebral hemispheres certain areas which are thought to be the representatives of certain mental faculties. The faculty of language is thought to have its representative in one of the frontal convolutions, and this convolution is found in a rudi- mentary stage only in the anthropoids, but fully developed in man, the only creature endowed with the capacity for perfect language. Other areas of the brain are thought to be the locale of other faculties, but as yet these are not firmly established. Yet I be- lieve that every function, as well as every faculty, must be repre- sented in the brain and have " a local habitation" in that organ, Fig. 11.— HERBERT SPENCER. Brain and Nerve System supreme. THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 95 where all sensation is wrouglit into consciousness and translated into thought and emotion. The /ace, read scientifically, will give the clue to the riglit analysis of the various parts of the brain, and any anatomist who will take as a basis of investigation the evolution of the organ systems of the body, as shown by Haeckel in his " Evolution of Man," can trace the connection between the organs of the body and the severd,l parts of the brain. My understanding of the brain is that it is functional of the entire ^organism, and not an organ acting independently, but affected by morbid or abnormal con- ditions of the blood and visceral organs. I believe that all parts of the body have representation in the brain, and that these repre- sentations are localized. My researches have led me to the conclusion that size of the brain alone is not the proof of great mental power nor of the lack of it; that its /orm and congenital or inherited quality are the two most potent factors in deciding its power.; also that a proportionate and normal degree of physiological development of the body, as well as of the brain, is far more influential in deciding mentality than size of the brain alone ; but the question of size and form I will postpone until I come to the consideration of the " Sub-Basic Principles." In tracing the course of the evolution of the brain and nerve system, the history of the development of the lower animal organ- isms is most instructive, and the physiognomist, if he desires to be truly scientific, must go back to the earliest and lowest animals in the scale of creation and note the gradual development or evolution of the nerves and brain. The first sense-organ was the outer skin-covering, long before any hodUy organs had evolved, as in the case of the Zoophites, In- fusoria, Corallines, and Polypi, and other low forms of animal life. The bodies of these creatures are composed of a hollow globe or tube, with an opening at one end. Their entire construction con- sists only of an inner and an outer skin, with a row of cells be- tween. All knowledge of the outer world comes to these creatures entirely through the sense of touch or feeling, and the outer skin- covering is their only sense-organ, therefore their only mental organ. It is necessary before we proceed tliat this expression should be explained. All mental power is based on sensation, and sensation is therefore the origin of tlipught. We have more senses than five, as I think I have proven in the preceding pages ; but these five even are dependent upon their alDility to receive sensa- tions. Let the optic nerve become paralyzed and no impression of material objects is received by the brain. 96 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The sense of touch, which was the first sense-organ of the mind, is, in the human organism, the most diffused sense, as it ex- tends over the entire body, and its use is to man what it was in the lowest animal — a means of self-protection ; for " without touch," says Taine, " nothing could exist." Haeckel, in his " Evolution of Man," tells us how the sense-organs, such as those of sight, hearing, taste, and smell came to be more acute than other senses. He remarks : — Later on in evolution this* outer skin, which had become especially sensitive, gradually withdrew into the shelter of the interior of the body, and there laid the first foundation of a central nervous organ. As ditfer- entiation advanced the distance and distinction between the external skin- covering and the central nervous sj'stem detached from this became con- tinually greater, and finally the two were permanently connected by the conductive peripheric nerves,* In corroboration of the statement that the mind, or sensation (which is one and the same thing), had its origin in the outer skin- covering of the earliest animal organisms, I may mention one law of scientific pliysiognomy. It is stated thus : " Texture of the skin is significant of mental quality." We find by observation that the finer the skin or hair of animals, the greater their degree of sensation and intelligence. Compare, for example, the coat of the stupid, brutal bear, with that of the dog, the horse, and deer, and we shall see that fineness of texture is indicative of sensitive- ness of the nervous system, and therefore of mental power, all along the line of mental development. When we wish to discern the quality of mental power in tlie human being, we must look to the fineness of the skin and hair and brightness of the eye, as well as to the fineness and thinness of the finger-nails. The brightness of the eye is caused by two things : In the first place, a fine, thin skin will give a corresponding bright sclerotic and retina to the eye. A bright eye is never seen in combination with a very coarse, thick skin. The second cause of brightness of the eye is occasioned by the quality and expansion of the optic nerve. Where the skin is fine and thin the nerves of sense will be correspondingly of high quality and activity, and this in con- nection with the thin covering of the eye gives the brightness and vivacity which are observed in the mentally-gifted person, but which is absent in the dull and stupid. Compare the eye of the hog with that of the deer or dog ; the eye of a Spencer with that of Daniel Lambert, the celebrated fat man, and you will have proof of this statement. When any doubt exists as to the character or interpretation of appearances, » Evolution of Man, Ernst Haeckel, vol. ii, p. 196, THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 97 an "interrogation of Natuioe" will give us all the proof required, and nowhere is evidence more plentiful and convincing than in our animal ancestors. The following is from the pen of Mr. Haeckel, and I quote it as throwing light on the law given above, viz., that texture of the skm is indicati\e of quality. Mr. Haeckel observes : — Let us turn aside from these very interesting features in evolution and examine tlie development of the later human skin-covering, with its hairs, sweat-glands, etc. Physiologically, this outer covering plays a double part. The skin, in the first place, forms the general protective covering which covers the whole surface of the body, and protects all other parts. As such it, at the same time, affects a certain change of matter between the body and the surrounding atmosphere, viz., perspiration or skin-breathing. In the first place, the skin is the oldest and primitive sense-organ, the organ of touch which atfects the sensation of the surrounding temperature and of the pressure and resistance of bodies with which it comes in contact. Those organs of our bodies which discharge the highest and most perfect functions of animal life, those of sensation, volition, thought — the organs of the Psyche — or mental life, arise from the external skin-covering.* Now that I have laid before you the testimony of one of the most eminent scientists in the world as to the origin of mind, and as the comprehension of this origin is essential to our knowledge of physiognomy, I will pass on to other features of the brain and nervous system, considering them as one system, diflfering only in their modes of action by reason of their differences of locality. The law in regard to the identification of the nature of a function is formulated thus : " Similarity of structure shows simi- larity of function." Now, brain-substance and nerve-substance are exactly alike, and show no difference of structure under the microscope, therefore we must conclude that their purpose is a common one. The office of the nerves is to receive and convey sensations to the brain, where they are received and in some way, now unknown, manufactured into intelligence or consciousness. Nerves are the instruments which convey the knowledge of what is transpiring in the several organs of the body, and in the, organs of sense, to the brain ; this is their portion of the labor of the mind. The part of the labor performed by the brain is, as before stated, the making of these feelings and sensations into conscious- ness ; two acts of one system which are essential to its perfect operation, viz., sensation or feeling, and thought or inteUigence. The brain acts as a receiving and recording station ; the body with its various organs being the manufactory, so to say, where nearly all mental efforts are created by the action of the several organs Erolution of Man, vol. ii, p. 199 7 98 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. and functions of the body. These efforts, which we denominate mechanical, artistic, domestic, etc., are performed, as 1 have shown, by the muscles, the bones, the nerves, the glands, etc., and by the vegetative faculties and functions. The signs for the predominance of the brain and nervous system are a pyriform or pear-shaped face, relatively large head, especially high above the ears, broad and full forehead, bright eyes, relatively small nose, small and thin hands and feet, and thin nails, thin nostrils and lips, small bones and muscles, slim neck, and small abdomen, with quick motions and rapidity of speech. Persons of this Ibrmation are earnest, excitable, acute, delicate, spirituelle and sensitive in feeling, high- strung, sparkling and bright, and the emotions, such as love, pity, fear, and imagination, are very easily excited. They also suffer and enjoy intensely. The faculty of reason is dominant, and the capacity for mathematical labor is in many cases of the highest. The brain is a soft, pulpy mass, and is composed of " sixty per cent, of carbon, ten per cent, of hydrogen, two per cent, of nitrogen, and nine-tenths of one per cent, of phosphorus." This exhibit of the elements of brain-matter sliows that brain without a good share of bone in combination is a curse instead of a bless- ing. Carbon is the element which prevails most extensively in the vegetative system, and in the brain we find sixty per cent, of the same material. I have shown that where there is a good bony system lime in its several forms enters largely into its compo- sition. Not only does it enter into the solid structure of the bone, but it is also found in a fluid state in the juices and tissues of the body. Now, if the blood is heavily charged with lime, it will be carried to the brain in larger quantities than where there is less of this element in combination. This explains why bony men have more solid, substantial, and practical intellects than those with a larger brain system and smaller bones. Those with the brain system predominating over all others are opinionated, changeable, and approbative, sometimes vain, almost always pure-minded, and, if of tine quality, desirous of the good of others; but where the other systems of the body are in good proportion the most happy results follow. Such a one was Washington. In him all the five organ systems were harmoniously blended, and all were of high quality. There can be a large development of any given system with poor quality. Size alone^ as I shall show, is not the measure of power; but size and quality combined, as in Washington, give the most eminent talent and ability. It will occur to all thoughtful persons that an excess of the brain system, like an excess of any other system, is a source of weakhess and disease, and that as a perfected brain is the highest THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 99 gift of Nature it follows that it should have the most intelligent care and treatment in order to equalize the other systems and bring them into harmonious proportions and development. Now rest, sleep, and abstinence from excitement and luxurious living will be essential in the first place. This treatment would induce a desire for a larger quantity of wholesome nutriment. Sufficient exercise in a pure atmosphere would increase the thoracic system and digestion. This would tend directly to a better development of the abdominal powers. Thus equilibrium or balance would be established, and an otherwise short and painful existence might be prolonged into an enjoyable and useful one. The diseases to which those are liable who possess a dispro- portioned brain system are the following : Dyspepsia, pulmonary consumption, melancholy, paralysis, insomnia or sleeplessness, softening of the brain, headache, dizziness, insanity and general debility. These can be in all instances averted by hygienic meas- ures, intelligently and persistently employed. There are, in the broad pharmacopceia of Nature, remedies for all the ills that the ignorance or willfulness of humanity inflicts upon its offspring. The best and most practical method of improving the race — of regenerating humanity — is to understand the human mind and body, and then by wise and judicious selections of partners in mar- nage rebuild the race on scientific principles. Without a knowledge of the face and hody this cannot be accomplished ; hence the study of the subject before us is the first step in this direction. The next step is an application of its laws and principles. One of the best evidences of a developed race is found in its manifestation of a high grade of reasoning, logical and mathemati- cal powers. The unperfected races of the world, among whom I may mention the South Sea Islanders, the Esquimaux, and many African tribes, have so little ability in this direction as not to be able to calculate anything beyond the number of their fingers and toes. I think that man's superiority over the brute creation is more marked in this respect than in the matter of simple reason, which attribute many deny to the animal kingdom, although the power of reasoning to a large extent is proved by modem natural- ists to hold a place in the mentality of the higher races of animals. The faculties of reason, causality, and comparison endow man with the gift of abstract mathematical ratiocination. In this he is per- haps more distinguished from the brutes than in any other manner, with the exception of the faculty 'of speech ; although this is pos- sessed by the parrot, but in this instance speech proceeds from a suitable formation of the vocal organs and is not accompanied with a corresponding degree of sense and observation. 100 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. This might serve as a lesson to those persons who ascribe to the human race "divinity," and to the lower animals none. When we find the lower animals endowed with a fine degree of reason, as in the horse, dog, and elephant ; and some mathematical ability or sense, as in these same creatures and in "learned pigs," who are taught to count and reckon ; when we find human speech in the parrot, I think the self-love and vainglory of man may as well give way, and allow to these, our " blood-relations," as Haeckel terms them, a fair- share of divinity. We ought to be thankful to the Creator, who, in His wisdom, has chosen these humble instruments to serve as a means of teaching us whence we sprung and from whom we originated. The brain system is the liigliest and last in the progressive development of the human race. Many of our most brilliant thinkers have possessed this system. Many, not having a due proportion of the other systems, have died young. This conforma- tion large, in combination witli the bony and vegetative systems harmoniously blended, has produced many powerful intellects. Samuel Johnson, Arkwright, Gibbon, Dumas, Buckle, Hume, Benjamin Franklin, William Penn, Handel, and many others were thus endowed, and were noted for their reason and their intense mental application. CHAPTER IV. The Sub-Basic Principles of Physiognomy. FORM AND size. WHETHER we accept the doctrine of evolution or not, we must, with the vast array of evidence in or- ganized life before us, admit that there is a singular unity of action influencing the methods of Nature. An ordinary observer will find that certain forms in the animal kingdom exhibit similar traits when present in the human family. The same general laws as to form, size, color, texture, pro- portion, and faculties are common to both man and the brute crea- tion. A study of the various conformations, colors, and textures of the several species of animals, botli wild and domestic, together with the birds, which geology shows preceded the animal kingdom in the scheme of creation, will assist very materially in the knowledge and proofs of scientific and practical physiognomy. First, as to Form and Size. Consider the hippopotamus, — bulky, unwieldy, slow, with large abdomen, small brain, thick hide, wanting in sensitiveness, and useless for any practical pur- pose. To which formation of the human family does this animal correspond 1 If you have given attention to the preceding pages you will recognize at once all the general characteristics of the Vegetative Form. Examine closely the stag, made for mountain climbing. Behold his length of limb, leanness, activity, and form, the bright- ness of his eye, his ambition, desire for scaling the greatest heights, and his great breadth of chest — the broadest part of his body. He is here, there, and everywhere in a moment ; does not dwell long at one place or pursuit. His lungs and heart must be well devel- oped to give the power for such activity. This form is the counter- part of the thomcic in the human organism. Let us pursue this system of physiognomy still further. In the animal world, whenever we see creatures endowed with the dis- position for great destruction we naturally look for a corresponding amount of strength. In this grade of development strength and destruction are synonymous. If you were to examine a lion, tiger, or panther, you would find them characterized by stronir. compact (101) 102 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. muscles ; dark, hairy coat ; dark or yellow eyes, with rapid motions, intense passions, and great courage. This class of animals repre- sents the muscular build in man. Persons of this form exhibit great strength, capacity for destruction, and large amativeness. They are also social, domestic, emotional, and commercial, the com- mercial faculty corresponding to the preying and getting instinct in the animals of the same form. As I have previously shown that the most reliable, moral, tractable, and naturally intelligent of the human species are found where the bony system is predominant, so in the animal kingdom you will find the corresponding faculties in those domestic animals — the horse, the cow, the ox, the camel, and dog — who render to mankind faithful, gentle, and intelligent service. The distinguish- ing marks as to color, form, and texture are relatively the same as in the bony system predominant in man. The prominent points are square bones, large joints, and projecting eye-bones, rather fine hair, variety of colors, herbivorous diet (although the dog, like man, lives on a mixed diet). The horse and dog are particularly receptive. The projecting bones over the eyes resemble the devel- opment of the practical or mechanical faculties in man. Width between the eyes, in either dog, horse, or man, is always indicative of a broad intelligence. It shows the faculty of Form to be large, and also gives breadth to all the functions and faculties of the mind ; for physiognomy, well understood, reads the body as well as the face. It takes cognizance of the color of the hair, skin, and eyes; it observes the walk, the voice, gestures, and movements. All are indices of character. To a practiced ear the intonation of a single sentence will reveal very much to the listener. Everything which one does, no matter how trifling, is highly significant of character ; and habits of observation and analysis should be formed in youth, and the reason why traits are combined as we find them should be given by parents and teachers. I feel assured that, after a careful reading of these thoughts, any parent will be competent to direct aright the dawning perceptions of his child in physiognomy. It is the duty of all parents to throw around their children such protec- tion as the knowledge of the laws of Nature affords. It wiU pre- vent the erroneous conceptions of character to which the present lamentable ignorance of the laws of physiognomy leads. The many physiognomical errors current will be rectified, and the human family will be given a compass which will keep it clear of many shoals and quicksands which are found on the journey of life. It will be observed by these comparisons that, in deciding upon the character of an individual, no a?^e single circumstance or appear- ance can be considered decisive and conclusive. Neither form, size, SIZE OF THE HEAD. 103 color, quality, nor proportion alone is indicative of the entire char- acter. Each of these conditions has its influence and weight in molding, as well as in deciding, power, disposition, and talent. In addition to all these conditions, one most important factor is good health, or, in other words, a normal development of all the physical organs and a normal action of all the functions of the entire organism. In discussing the sub-basic principles of this science, I shall take up each of these phenomena, and investigate them in the order which seems best adapted to their right comprehension, viz., as follows: Size, Quality, Form, Color, Proportion, Health, and Compensation. SIZE or THE HEAD. This is a subject so little understood that I feel compelled to correct some errors in regard to it which have come to be accepted as truths. The phrenological law that " size of the head is the measure of power, all else being equal," has been accepted by the masses to mean that a large head is proof of superior intellect. Nothing can be farther from the truth, for I shall show — and, I believe, upon competent authority — that the largest heads on record have belonged to imbecile, idiotic, diseased, or commonplace char- acters. A large head is no more an indication of superior intelligence than is a large face or a large body ; and here, again, let it be noted that the largest faces and bodies, without exception, have belonged to either stupid or commonplace persons. There have been a few men in all ages noted for the size of their heads who have been equally noted for their mental capacities, but their mentality was not dependent upon the size of brain alone, but upon the inherited qualitij of both brain and hod//, and, more than all, upon their symmetrical i^'oportions and great good health. Such a one was Thomas H. Benton, for many years a member of the United States Senate. (See Fig. 8.) O. S. Fowler, one of the most celebrated phrenologists, offers testimony in the same direction when he observes : — Stuart's portraits of revolutionary heroes are said to represent tbem with large, portly, strongly mnrked, well-proportioned, and giant bodies, but with only average headt^, and are probably true to Nature. I have found very smart men in all departments of human life with only average-sized heads. Thomas H. Benton's was less than average, but his capacity of chest was most extraordinarij , — in fact, rarely equalled. All three temperaments were immense in him and well proportioned, yet his head measured less than twenty-two inches in circumference.* * Hiunan Science, O. S. Fowler, p. 276. 104 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOJkfY. Among men most celebrated for great size of body and face in ancient times was Vitellius, Roman emperor and gormand. Here was body, brain, and face of enormous proportions, but was there in this instance corresponding mental power ? History fails to record anything that would prove capacity of any part of this person's organism except the stomach and digestive apparatus. In modern times Daniel Lambert has headed the list of great men, — those famous for size and for nothing else. Intellectually he was not gifted beyond the average man, having occupied the position of keeper in an English prison. His weight was seven hundred and thirty-seven pounds. His head was large and his face also. Another noted "great" man was Edward Bright, a miller, of Maiden, England, who, at the age of thirty years, weighed six hundred and sixteen pounds. He also had a large head and face, while his intellect was only ordinary. Another large man, James Mansfield, also an Englishman, died at the age of eighty years, weighing four Inuidred and sixty-two pounds. He was a butcher by trade, and his head and face were large. Here we have the record of three of the largest men known to history, and we find in them only the most ordinary and commonplace intellectual development and power. Now let us examine the evidence in the matter of both large and heavy brains, and thus discover, if possible, the kind of intel- lect exhibited by these phenomena. The opinion of the most eminent writers on mind — of physicians to the insane, and of anatomists — will be adduced, and my readers will then be able to see upon what ground mere size of the brain as a measure of power is based. Observers, from Aristotle down to the present time, have given their views as to the size of tlie head, and in most cases their opinions and evidence point to small or average-sized heads as the most intellectual. Lavater says tliat Aristotle liolds the smallest heads to be the wisest,* while Esquirol, the French anatomist, states that 710 size or form of head or bram is incident to idiocy or talent. Dr. H. C. Bastian, an anatomist of eminent talent, observes: It seems perfectly plain from the facts recorded that there is no neces- sary or invariable relation between the degree of intelligence of human beings and the mere size or weight of their brains. We have seen that some demented persons may have very large brains, and, again, that in certain very ordinary members of society, sutfering neither from disease nor from congenital defect, the brain may be decidedly large and heavy.f * Lavater's Essavs, p. 266. t The Brain an Cirgan of the Mind, H. Carlton Bastian, pp. 364, 870, 371. London. SIZE OF THE HEAD. 105 Elsewhere he remarks: — Idiocy is not therefore necessarily associated with a very small size of brain. Prof. Alexander Bain tells us that " occasionally a stupid man has a larger brain than a clever man."* It has often been stated, in medical and phrenological journals, that Cuvier's brain was the largest and heaviest ever observed. This is entirely erroneous. The largest on record is that of an insane negro, who died at the Richmond (Virginia) Insane Asylum. Dr. Barksdale states that his brain weighed seventy ounces. (See report of April, 1882.t) Dr. James Morris gives an account of the next largest brain in the world ; it belonged to a thieving, drunken fellow who could neither read nor write; his brain exceeded sixty-seven ounces in weight. Both these brains are heavier than those of any intellectual person