UC-NRLF PRACTICAL ENGLISH 4 m m m O'fOQI/E lilS EDITION II I A*-- ;';,/: ALPHABET ABC D E FG HIJKLMNOPQ RSTUVWXYZ a b c d e f g hijklmnopq rstuvwxyz FIGURES AND SIGNS $ 1234567890 & PRACTICAL ENGLISH FOR NEW AMERICANS BY ROSE M. O'TOOLE INTERMEDIATE SERIES D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO COPYRIGHT, 1921, BY D. C. HEATH & Co. 2 E2 PRINTED IN U. S. A. CONTENTS LESSON PAGE c I MY TRIP TO AMERICA 1 II ARRIVAL AT PORT 3 <" III FROM NEW YORK TO PITTSBURGH ..... 5 IV A AND An --r- . 7 ' V RENTING A FLAT 9 VI BUYING FURNITURE 11 VII CHANGE OF ADDRESS 13 VIII AT THE GROCERY STORE 15 . IX CORRECT WEIGHT 18 X CORRECT USE OF Did Not .^ 20 10 3 2 LU. ........................................................ Street County Canton, 1 . whom the Kreis or Department / Province,.... Country, ........................................................................ Sent by ............................................................................................... (Write on this line the name of the remitter.) Re piac e e n of r No ............... , ........................................................ Street business of thepersonby ) Town Or City, ............................................................... whom the State of ......................... . .............................. . ................. (See other side) LESSON XIII NOT KNOWING THE LAW Learn : Ignorance of the law is no excuse. arrested dangerous revolver weapon pocket license law ignorance carry excuse "Did you know that John was arrested yester- day?" "No, why was he arrested ?" "Because he had a revolver in his pocket." "Is it against the law to carry a revolver ?" "Yes, it is against the law to carry any dangerous weapon, unless you have a license." "Did John know of this law ?" "No, he did not know of it." "Why was he arrested if he did not know of the law?" " "Because ignorance of the law does not excuse any one." LAWS It is against the law : To carry a gun or dangerous weapon without a license. 26 NOT KNOWING THE LAW 27 To spit on the sidewalk or on the floor of a street car, train, etc. To marry a girl under eighteen years of age with- out the consent of her parents. To hold mass meetings or parades without a license. To drive an automobile without a license. To sell milk or cigarettes without a license. To peddle anything without a license. Facts : The war between England and America began on April IQ, 1775, at the battle of Lexington and Concord. This battle was called the beginning of the American Revolution. EXERCISES Tell in your own words the story of John not knowing the law. Do you know of any one who was arrested for carrying a dangerous weapon ? Why is it necessary to obtain a license if you wish to carry a weapon ? Name five things which it is against the law to do without a license. Where can you obtain a license ? Did you ever obtain a license ? Tell how you did it, and what you had to pay. LESSON XIV HOW MR. PINSARO LOST HIS MONEY Learn : Indeed ! I am very sorry. worried troubled unhappy deposit wrong amount Mr. Pinsaro looked worried. He did not do his work well. He seemed very unhappy. Mr. Souza thought that something troubled him. "Is there anything wrong, Mr. Pinsaro ?" "Yes, I have lost ninety-five dollars ($95.00)." "Indeed! I am very sorry. Did you lose it at work?" "I don't know. I must have pulled it out with my handkerchief." "Why, you didn't have ninety-five dollars in your pocket, did you ?" "Yes. I was waiting until I had one hundred dollars. Then I was going to put it in the bank." "Why did you carry it with you ?" "I did not wish to leave it in my room." "That is too bad. Didn't you know that you could deposit even one dollar in the bank?" 28 HOW MR. PINSARO LOST HIS MONEY 29 "Yes, but I thought it would be better to wait until I could put in a large amount. I am very sorry now that I did so." Facts : The War of the American Revolution lasted eight years. The King of France sent men, ships, and money to help the colonists. The war ended by m,aking the colonists a free and independent people. EXERCISES What is the largest sum of money you have ever lost ? How did you lose it ? Did you ever find it ? How much money did Mr. Pinsaro lose ? What should Mr. Pinsaro have done with his money ? Why did he not do this ? Was he sorry ? How much money is needed to open a bank account ? Do you know of any one else who lost money ? If so, tell the class about it. LESSON XV THE SAVINGS BANK Learn : A penny saved is a penny earned. hide account bury protection interest habit allowing citizen A great deal of money is lost every year. One reason is because people do not put their money in the bank. Some people carry it in their pockets, as Mr. Pinsaro did. Some hide it in the house. Others dig a hole in the ground and bury it. The money may be lost, burned, or stolen. The best and safest place to keep your money is in the Savings Bank. No one can steal it. You cannot lose it, and the bank pays you interest for the use of it. A bank account is a good protection against a "rainy day." The account grows very fast, and it gives you the habit of saving. The man who saves makes a better citizen than the man who does not save. THE SAVINGS BANK 31 The money you earn in a week costs a week of hard work. If you lose that money, it is just the same as working all that time for nothing. Facts : The Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776. It declared that "these United Colonies are and of right ought to be, free and independent States. " TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION National Banks Postal Savings Banks Five and Ten-Cent Savings Banks (The teacher should bring out the facts that all our Savings Banks are under government supervision; that they pay 4 or 4^ per cent interest, while the Postal Savings Bank pays only 2 per cent; and that both are safe.) EXERCISES What is "interest" ? What do we mean by a "rainy day" ? Why does having a bank account give you the habit of saving ? Why does a man who saves make a better citizen than one who doesn't save ? Give three reasons for putting money in the bank. How much interest do our Savings Banks pay ? How much interest does the Postal Savings Bank pay? LESSON XVI OPENING A BANK ACCOUNT Learn : A bank account is the first step toward wealth. signature occupation residence marked birthplace handed Mr. Pinsaro wished to open a bank account. He went to the Cincinnati Savings Bank. He went to the window marked "New Accounts." He told the clerk he would like to open an account. The clerk gave him a card. Mr. Pinsaro wrote on the card the answers to these questions. What is your name ? (Sign here) Albert Pinsaro. Where do you live ? (Residence) Cincinnati. What is your street and number ? (Post office address) 56 Graham St. Where were you born ? (Birthplace) Italy. When were you born ? (Date of birth) April 14, 1889. 32 OPENING A BANK ACCOUNT 33 What is your father's name ? (Father's name) John Pinsaro. What is your mother's name ? (Mother's name) Mary Pinsaro. What is your wife's name ? (Name of husband or wife) Annie Pinsaro. What is your occupation ? (Occupation) Machinist. Mr. Pinsaro handed the card to the clerk. The clerk wrote Mr. Pinsaro's name and the date on a bank book. The number of the bank book was 46342. Mr. Pinsaro opened his account with two dollars ($2.00). Facts : The new nation needed a new government to guide it. The states chose their wisest and best men and sent them to Philadelphia (1787) to see what should be done. EXERCISES Have you ever opened a bank account ? Did you write on the card the answer to the questions, or did the clerk write them ? Is it necessary to know how to write to open a bank account ? When is your pay day ? 34 OPENING A BANK ACCOUNT How much money can you save each week ? Where do you put your money ? With what sum of money did you open your bank account ? With what sum of money did Mr. Pinsaro open his bank account ? Fill out a card like the one below : 46342 I hereby agree to the rules and regulations of the CINCINNATI SAVINGS BANK relating to savings deposits now or hereafter in force. Sign here Residence Birthplace Father's Name Name of husband or wife Deposited by Post Office Address Date of Birth Mother's name Occupation Date LESSON XVII GO, WENT, AND SHALL GO I To-day is Tuesday. Yesterday was Monday. To-morrow will be Wednesday. To-day I go to school. Yesterday I went to school. To-morrow I shall go to school. To-day you go to work. Yesterday you went to work. To-morrow you will go to work. To-day (he, she) goes to the bank. Yesterday (he, she) went to the bank. To-morrow (he, she) will go to the bank. To-day we go to the grocer's. Yesterday we went to the grocer's. To-morrow we shall go to the grocer's. To-day they go to the market. Yesterday they went to the market. To-morrow they will go to the market. 35 36 GO, WENT, AND SHALL GO To-day I go We go You go You go He goes They go She goes Yesterday I went We went You went You went He went They went She went To-morrow I shall go We shall go You will go You will go He will go They will go She will go Facts : The men who had been sent to Philadelphia formed a new government. They signed a new docu- ment which is called the Constitution of the United States. EXERCISES What day is to-day ? What do you do to-day ? What day was yesterday ? What did you do yesterday ? What day will to-morrow be ? What will you do to-morrow ? What was the day before yesterday ? GO, WENT, AND SHALL GO 37 What did you do on that day ? What will the day after to-morrow be ? What will you do on that day ? Name the day before Monday; the day before Tuesday ; the day before Wednesday ; the day before Thursday ; the day before Friday ; the day before Saturday; the day before Sunday. Tell what you did on each of those days. Name the day after Sunday; the day after Monday ; the day after Tuesday ; the day after Wednesday; the day after Thursday; the day after Friday; the day after Saturday. Tell what you will do on each of those days. WRITING Copy these sentences, filling in the blanks with the correct form of go and walk. Yesterday I - to the store. To-day I to the store. To-morrow I to the store. Yesterday I to the factory. To-day I to the factory. To-morrow I to the factory. LESSON XVIII PAYING THE RENT Learn : I would like a receipt, please. landlord mistakes promptly collected receipt debt To-day is the first day of the month. I paid my rent. My landlord called at my house for it. He likes to have the rent paid promptly. This is only fair because he has many bills to pay. He gave me this receipt for the money I paid him : Cleveland, Ohio Received from In payment of rent from_ f > _to oftenement af PAYING THE RENT 39 I shall keep this receipt. It shows that I have paid my rent for the month of April, 1921. Mistakes are sometimes made. My landlord might forget that he had collected the rent. If I showed him this receipt he would know that I had paid it. A debt cannot be collected twice if you hold the receipt. Facts : The new Constitution gave us a President as a leader. The President must see that the laws are obeyed. EXERCISES When do you pay your rent ? Do you always get a receipt ? What is a receipt ? When should you give a receipt ? When should you get a receipt ? What do you do with your receipts ? How does a receipt protect you ? From whom do you get receipts ? Make out a receipt for money you received from Mr. William Martino to whom you sold a bushel of potatoes at $4.00 a bushel. LESSON XIX SINGULAR AND PLURAL One The girl jumps. The boy runs. The man works. The woman sews. The child plays. My tooth aches. The leaf blows. The knife cuts. This loaf of bread costs fifteen cents. The baby cries. The lady sits. Two or More The girls jump. The boys run. The men work. The women sew. The children play. My teeth ache. The leaves blow. The knives cut. These loaves of bread cost fifteen cents. The babies cry. The ladies sit. Notice that the word which tells what the girl does (jumps) drops the s (jump) when we speak of two or more girls. Read these sentences using the correct form of the word which describes the action : build builds The carpenters - a house. guard guards The policemen our homes. 40 SINGULAR AND PLURAL 41 fight fights The soldiers - - bravely. flow flows The river - through the meadow. eat eats Horses - grass. grow grows The days - - longer. brush brushes He his teeth three times a day. read reads Angelo - the lesson. work works We - six days a week. like likes He music. knit knits The ladies - - sweaters. need needs The machine - oil. play plays They in the orchestra. open opens She the windows each morning. 42 SINGULAR AND PLURAL cry cries The baby for its mother. help helps Citizens - to make the laws. love loves Americans - - freedom. Give the plural form of these words : brother field chair desk farm leaf orange rug lady clerk army address child sheep receipt customer woman train officer scale man tooth immigrant automobile Facts : The Constitution went into effect in 1789, and George Washington became the first President of the United States. He was re elected in 1792. LESSON XX HOLIDAYS nation deed set apart general honor special celebrate decides Every country and nation has its own holidays. No one works on these days. They are set apart to honor some great man or to celebrate some great deed. The people of the United States have six general holidays. They are Christmas, New Year's Day, Washington's Birthday, Independence Day, Labor Day, and Thanksgiving Day. Some cities and states have their own special holi- days. The city or state government decides what they shall be. The most important holidays in all of the states are : New Year or the first day of January. Lincoln's Birthday, on the twelfth of February. Washington's Birthday, on the twenty-second of February. Memorial Day, on the thirtieth of May. Independence Day, on the fourth of July. 43 44 HOLIDAYS Labor Day, on the first Monday in September. Columbus Day, on the twelfth of October. General Election Day, on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November in most states. Thanksgiving Day, on the last Thursday in No- vember. Christmas, on the twenty-fifth of December. Facts : The American flag was adopted on June 14, 1777. The first flag was made with thirteen stars and thirteen stripes. There was a star and a stripe in the flag for each of the thirteen states. EXERCISES Fill in the blanks : What is a holiday ? A holiday is a day on which people do not - . Why are holidays set apart ? Holidays are set apart to some great man or to - - some great deed. Name the six general holidays in the United States. The six general holidays in the United States are . What do some cities and states have ? Some cities and states have their own holi- days. HOLIDAYS 45 What government decides what the city and state holidays shall be ? The - - or governments decide what their holidays shall be. What are the special holidays in the city in which you live ? The special holidays in this city are . What are your special state holidays ? The special holidays in this state are . What are the most important holidays in all the states ? The most important holidays in all the states are What are the most important holidays in your country ? The most important holidays in my country are NOTE TO THE TEACHER. The teacher should see in the Teachers' Manual the list of the most important European holidays and celebrate in a fitting manner the holidays of the members of her class. LESSON XXI REVIEW (The teacher should bring to class several international money order blanks.) Fill out an international money order blank as if you were sending twenty-five dollars ($25.00) to a relative or friend in the old country. Tell five things which it is against the law to do without a license. Tell in your own words the story of "How Mr. Pinsaro Lost His Money." Why should we put our money in the Savings Bank ? What is interest ? What is the difference between the Savings Bank and the Postal Savings Bank : How much interest does each pay ? Have you a savings account ? Explain how you opened it. How does a savings account protect your family ? Name yesterday and to-morrow each day for a week. What is a receipt ? 4 6 REVIEW 47 When should you give a receipt ? When should you get a receipt ? Why should you keep receipts ? Make out a receipt for a basket of fruit costing two dollars and fifty cents ($2.50), which you sold to the Independent Italian Club. What holiday comes next ? Name six general holidays. Write the plural of these words : foot lady child loaf man woman tooth foreman shoe factory knife family baby potato country gentleman Write the letter you would send with your inter- national money order. Address the envelope. Where do you write your own name ? Why ? LESSON XXII COLUMBUS DAY flat round India rich traveled merchants crew urged ashore island October twelfth is Columbus Day. Christopher Columbus was an Italian sailor. He lived many hundred years ago. At that time people thought that the world was flat. Columbus did not think this. He thought that the world was round and that by sailing to the west he would find the east. India was a very rich country. Every year people traveled east many miles overland to trade with the mer- chants there. Columbus thought that by sailing west across the water he could find a shorter way to India. He was poor, and for a long time no one would give him the money for ships. 4 8 CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS COLUMBUS DAY 49 THE SHIP OF COLUMBUS At last the queen of Spain helped him. He bought three small ships and with his crew started out over the unknown ocean. Many months they sailed without seeing land. The sailors wanted to turn back but Columbus urged them to sail on. At last land was seen, and on October 12, 1492, Columbus and his sailors went ashore. They thought they had reached India. But the land was an island off the coast of America. Our country is sometimes called Columbia in honor of Christopher Columbus. Facts : Later it was decided .that a star should be added to the flag for each new state , but that the stripes should be fixed at thirteen. EXERCISES Read the following sentences, filling in the blanks, then copy : October I2th is . Columbus was an sailor. COLUMBUS DAY He lived many - - years ago. He wished to find a short route to - . The queen of- - gave him money to buy ships. He sailed off over the - ocean. The sailors wished to - . Columbus urged them to - . After many months they landed on an island off the coast of . They thought they had reached - . They called the people they found on the island Columbus claimed the land in the name of - . Our country is sometimes called - - in honor of Columbus. MAP OF THE VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS LESSON XXIII NUMBERS AND NUMERALS I one I 2 two II 3 three III 4 four IV 5 five V 6 six VI 7 seven VII 8 eight VIII 9 nine IX 10 ten X n eleven XI 12 twelve XII 13 thirteen XIII H fourteen XIV 15 fifteen XV 16 sixteen XVI 17 seventeen XVII 18 eighteen XVIII 19 nineteen XIX 20 twenty XX 21 twenty-one XXI 22 twenty-two XXII 23 twenty-three XXIII 24 twenty-four XXIV 25 twenty-five XXV 1st first 2d second 3d third 4th fourth 5th fifth 6th sixth 7th. seventh 8th eighth 9th ninth loth tenth nth eleventh 1 2th twelfth 1 3th thirteenth 1 4th fourteenth 1 5th fifteenth 1 6th sixteenth 1 7th seventeenth 1 8th eighteenth 1 9th nineteenth 2Oth twentieth 2 ist twenty-first 22d twenty-second 23d twenty-third 24th twenty-fourth 25th twenty-fifth 52 NUMBERS AND NUMERALS 26 twenty-six XXVI 27 twenty-seven XXVII 28 twenty-eight XXVIII 29 twenty-nine XXIX 30 thirty XXX 26th twenty-sixth 2yth twenty-seventh 28th twenty-eighth 29th twenty-ninth 3a ticket with the price of the beef stamped on it. The price was one dollar and sixty-eight cents ($1.68). Mrs. Brown paid the cashier. The cashier stamped the ticket "PAID." 74 AT THE MEAT MARKET 75 Mrs. Brown gave this ticket to the clerk and the clerk gave her the meat. Facts : The Union of the United States was founded upon Liberty and Justice to all. (Revolutionary War) It was preserved with Liberty and justice to all. (Civil War) EXERCISES Where did Mrs. Brown buy the Sunday dinner ? Where do you trade ? Why do we say that Saturday night is a "busy" night ? How are meats kept in a good market ? Where are they kept ? Why are they kept under glass ? Where else are they sometimes kept ? Where are the meats kept in the market at which you trade ? What kind of meat did Mrs. Brown buy ? How much did it weigh ? What did it cost ? Whom did Mrs. Brown pay ? Find the price of 5 pounds of beef at forty-four cents (.44) a pound ; of six pounds at forty-six cents ($.46) a pound; of 8 pounds at forty-three cents ($.43) a pound. LESSON XXXIV INSPECTED MEAT inspectors unloaded duty freight examine unpleasant animal smell Our government protects us in many ways. It pays thousands of dollars every year to men who are called meat inspectors. It is the duty of these men to visit meat markets to see that they are clean. They examine the meat to make sure that it is in, good condition for food. Other inspectors visit the houses where the animals are killed. No animal which is not healthy and well can be killed for food. Other men inspect the meat before it is unloaded from the freight cars. Meat which is free from disease, clean, and whole- some is stamped by the inspectors. Whenever you see a blue stamp you may be sure that the meat has been inspected. Do not buy or eat meat which has an unpleasant smell or which is very dark in color. 76 INSPECTED MEAT 77 Facts : Within a few years after the Civil War ended all of the states which had seceded were back in the Union. Negroes were given the right to vote and all other rights which white men have. EXERCISES How does the govern- ment protect us ? Who pays the salary of meat inspectors ? Why does our govern- ment hire them ? What are the duties of meat inspectors ? Why do inspectors ex- amine meat ? How may we know that meat has been inspected ? What kind of meat must we be careful not to buy? Why? Do you know of any other inspectors ? What are their duties ? LESSON XXXV PURE FOOD LAWS pure correctly impure requires cheap prepared expensive netting labeled proper It has been found many times that cheap foods have been mixed with expensive foods. It has been true that cheap and impure oils have been mixed with pure oils. Cottonseed oil has been sold as pure olive oil. Oleomargarine has been sold as fresh creamery butter. If we buy and pay for pure olive oil we should have it. When we get cottonseed oil we should not pay for olive oil. If we buy pure butter the dealer should give it to us, and if we get oleomargarine we should pay for that and not for butter. For this reason our government has made what are known as Pure Food Laws. Under these laws all foods must be labeled correctly. If anything has been mixed with a food the fact must be printed on the label. 78 PURE FOOD LAWS 79 The government has made other laws for our protection. The law requires storekeepers to cover prepared foods with a netting to protect them from the dust and flies. See that all prepared food you buy is marked "Prepared in Accordance with the Pure Food and Drug Act," or "Guaranteed under Provisions of the Pure Food Laws." Do not buy any food that is not cared for by the dealer in the proper way. Facts : In the United States we have three branches of government. They are the national government, the state government, and the city government. EXERCISES Why was it necessary to make Pure Food Laws ? What do Pure Food Laws provide ? How should all the prepared food we buy be marked ? What does " Prepared in Accordance with the Pure Food and Drug Act" mean ? What other laws does our government make for our protection ? Why should every one see that these laws are carried out ? LESSON XXXVI THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE This book in my hand is his. That book on the table is yours. These books on this desk are mine. Those books on that shelf are hers. This is used when speaking of one thing that is near. These is used when speaking of many things that are near. Thus, " This book' 9 and " These books" are near at hand as on the desk. That is used when speaking of one thing that is not near. Those is used when speaking of many things that are not near. Thus, " That book" and "Those books" are on a table or shelf at the back of the room, away from the person who is speaking. Name something that is near. Name something that is farther away. so THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE 81 Name some things that are near. Name some things that are farther away. Facts : The national or federal government is higher than either the state or city government. The laws of the national government rule the whole nation. EXERCISES Fill in the blank spaces with this, that, these, or those : Will you put books away ? Mr. Guastela brought - - flag to school. train is not crowded. newspaper is mine, is yours. room is rented. boots are just what I want. Bring pencils here, please. Put it on shelf. pay check is incorrect. Is your car ? - apples are not ripe. It will cost you five cents to send letter. - firemen worked all night to put out the blaze. The baggage is carried on - - train. May I have hammer, please ? Make up sentences using this, that, these, or those. LESSON XXXVII AN AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT Learn : Haste makes waste. risen surgeon machine bound wounded services ambulance police station hospital fault Mario was hurrying to work one day. He had risen late, and had taken only a cup of coffee. He was running to the factory to get there on time. A large automobile was coming around the corner. Mario tried to cross in front of it. But he was too late. The driver blew his horn. He tried to stop the machine, but it hit Mario and passed over his body. He was very badly wounded. A crowd gathered at once. A policeman told them to keep away. Mario needed all the air that he could get just then. Some one telephoned for the ambulance. Very soon it came clanging down the street. Mario was gently laid on a stretcher and lifted into the ambu- lance. He was carried quickly to the hospital where a surgeon dressed and bound his wounds. 82 AN AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT 83 How gently and quickly the surgeon worked ! In every hospital we find some of our best doctors and surgeons. They give their services free of charge to care for the sick and wounded who are not able to pay. The automobile driver gave the policeman his name and he was taken to the police station. But it was not his fault. Mario, in trying to save one half a minute, had crossed in front of the automobile. Now it will be many days, thousands of minutes, before Mario is well enough to work again. Facts : All powers not delegated to the United States in the national Constitution are reserved to the states or to the people. EXERCISES Why was Mario hurrying to work ? Why did he cross in front of the automobile ? What happened to him ? Where was he taken ? Who took care of his wounds in the hospital ? How many minutes would Mario have saved if he crossed the street safely ? How many days or weeks do you think he will lose before he is well again ? How does "Haste make waste" ? LESSON XXXVIII COMMONLY USED PRONOUNS I my mine me we our ours us you he your his yours his you him she her hers her it its its it they their theirs them I will help you. He carried her bag. They gave it to me. She took your umbrella. We drove them home. My book is like yours. His car is like theirs. Our house is on this street. What will they pay me ? It is a large bank. Give sentences using any of the above pronouns. 8 4 COMMONLY USED PRONOUNS 85 Facts : The constitution of each state and the charter of each city must be in accordance with the Constitu- tion of the United States. The laws of every village, town, city, county, and state must agree with the laws of the nation. EXERCISES Fill in the blanks, using the correct pronoun : John took - - raincoat with - . Mary forgot to take - . You took - , didn't ? They tried to do best. We made out production charts. We took down the flag. - was blowing in the wind. I raised - - right hand to salute the flag. He took out " first papers." You hold book too near eyes. We began work on time. Will you write name here ? The foreman gave him work. I taught Mary to write name. He put all the money - - could spare in the bank. Mr.. Brown does own bookkeeping. She paid rent promptly. LESSON XXXIX ABRAHAM LINCOLN noblest dreary cabin wisdom educated reuniting slavery half-crazed freed actor On February 12, 1809, one of the best loved and noblest men that ever lived, was born. Abraham Lincoln was his name. He was born in a log cabin in Kentucky. His parents were very poor and he had little chance to go to school. But he educated himself by hard study at home. He sometimes studied by candle- light, and sometimes by the light of a burning log. When he became a man he was elected President of the United States. It was during his term as President that the Civil War was fought. The question of slavery had come up, and the South wanted to leave the Union. The North said that the Union must be kept and that the slaves must be freed. Four long dreary years of war followed and Lin- coln's wisdom and courage helped to save the nation. 86 ABRAHAM LINCOLN 87 The war ended at the beginning of Lincoln's second term. The North had won and the slaves were freed. Peace had come again. ABRAHAM LINCOLN Lincoln had just begun the work of reuniting the North and South when his life was taken by a half- crazed actor. He was shot on the night of April 14, 1865. The whole nation was saddened by the death of this great and good man. 88 ABRAHAM LINCOLN Facts : The national government, the state govern- ment, and the city government are divided into three departments: the Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial departments. EXERCISES When was Abraham Lincoln born ? Where was he born ? Were his parents rich or poor ? Did Abraham Lincoln have a chance to go to school ? How did he educate himself ? Do you suppose there were evening schools at that time ? What office did Abraham Lincoln hold when he became a man ? What war was fought while he was President ? Why was it fought ? What was the result of the Civil War ? How many years did it last ? How did Abraham Lincoln die ? When did he die ? Tell in your own words the story of Abraham Lin- coln's life. Write it. LESSON XL THE SCHOOL DEPARTMENT (NoTE TO THE TEACHER. Compare educational oppor- tunities of America with those of Russia, Poland, Italy, etc.) citizen understand grown up intelligent government free to all Every one who lives in the United States and gets his living here should be a citizen. To be a good citizen you must know how to speak, read, and write English. There are many schools in every city. The city often gives more money to the School Department to spend than to any other department. Large sums of money are spent on school buildings. Teachers are employed to teach children and grown up people. Books, papers, and pencils are bought. The city spends all this money so that every one may have an education. No one can be a good citizen who does not obey the laws. To obey the laws you must know what they are about. To be a good citizen you must take part in the government. You cannot take part in the govern- ment until you understand it. 90 THE SCHOOL DEPARTMENT Our government wants all of its people to be in- telligent. That is why there are day schools for children and evening schools and factory classes for men and women. You do not have to pay money to go to these schools. They are free to all. Come to school and learn how to be a good citizen. Facts : In the national, state, and city governments the Legislative Department makes the laws, the Execu- tive Department enforces the laws, and the Judicial Department interprets the laws. EXERCISES Did you go to school in your own country ? How long have you been going to school in this country ? How many evenings a week do you go to school ? Do you study outside ? Why does the city spend so much money on schools ? TOPICS FOR CONVERSATION Life of Carl Schurz, Jacob A. Riis, Edward A. Steiner, Mary Antin, and other well-known immi- grant men and women. LESSON XLI THE NEWSPAPER (The teacher should always have the daily newspaper in the classroom. Have pupils read headings, simple news articles, want " ads.," and advertisements.) advertisements educated cheaper information sales subject column stored How many pupils can read the American news- paper ? In the newspaper you may read what is being done and what is happening in all parts of the world. At first, reading may be hard for you, but the more you read the easier it will become. It is a great help to be able to read the advertise- ments. You can often buy things cheaper at the sales you see advertised in the newspaper. If you haven't a position, you may look for one on the "Help Wanted" page. There is also a column in which you can advertise for just the kind of position you want. Reading the newspaper helps you to speak better English. 91 92 THE NEWSPAPER Abraham Lincoln educated himself by reading. Every day that you read the newspaper you are helping to educate yourself. When you learn to read the newspaper you can read books. You will find any information you want on any subject stored away in newspapers and books. Facts : The Legislative or lawmaking department of the national government is called Congress. The Constitution of the United States defines the powers of Congress. EXERCISES Do you read a daily newspaper ? What is the name of the paper you read ? What can we learn from the newspaper ? Does reading the newspaper help you to speak English? Why? In what part of the newspaper would you look if you wanted a job ? What would you look for in the newspaper if you were furnishing a house ? Do American newspapers have European news ? How can you learn to read the newspaper ? Tell the class about something that you read in the newspaper to-day. Write it. LESSON XLII THE PUBLIC LIBRARY (The teacher should instruct and encourage pupils in the use of the dictionary, so that they may find the meanings of words they do not know in the newspaper or books.) immigrant soil advantages magazines borrow knowledge librarian obtained When Andrew Carnegie came to America from Scotland, he was a poor immigrant boy. He worked hard and studied hard, because he saw the advan- tages of learning. He became a very rich man. He tried to place within the reach of even the poorest men, books by which they could learn to educate themselves. He gave large sums of money for building public libraries. You can read in a public library, or you can bor- row books to read at home. There are books in English and in almost every other language. There are books on almost every subject of which you can think. You can learn about this country and every country in the world if you can only read. 93 94 THE PUBLIC LIBRARY To take books from the library you must have a library card. The librarian will fill one out for you. All that you need to do is give your name and ad- dress and the names of two people in the city who know you. Then you may borrow books on this card. Most books can be kept out two weeks. At the end of two weeks they must be returned. You should be very careful not to soil or tear the books. In each library there is a reading room. Here there are magazines and all the daily newspapers for your use. Is it not very wrong to be without knowledge when it may be obtained free of charge and so easily ? THE PUBLIC LIBRARY 95 There are thousands of people who have had very little chance to go to school, but who have educated themselves by reading and studying books from the public library. Get a library card to-day and help to educate your- self by reading. Facts : Congress meets in Washington, D. C., in the Capitol building. Congress is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. EXERCISES Who was Andrew Carnegie ? From what country did he come ? How did he educate himself ? What did he give to many cities and towns ? Why did he do this ? Have you ever taken books from the public library ? Why should we be careful of the books we borrow from the public library ? What must you have before you can borrow books ? Can you get books or newspapers in other languages than English ? What is a very easy way to educate yourself ? Name someone who educated himself by reading. Where is the public library in your city ? LESSON XLIII HAS AND HAVE I have an umbrella. I have a headache. I have begun my work. You have a good position. You have my magazine. You have finished on time. He has a good record. He has a newspaper. He has made out his chart. She has a new suit. She has a good book. She has borrowed my pencil. We have new machines. We have five extra men. We have read the tenth lesson. They have a good teacher. They have a big boat. They have painted it green. 96 HAS AND HAVE 97 The automobile has a good engine. The automobiles have good engines. The tree has many branches. The trees have many branches. Has is used when speaking of one person or thing. Have is used when speaking of more than one per- son or thing, and with "I" and "You." EXERCISES Fill in the blanks in the following sentences, using has or have : I a new suit. We two tons of coal. Bread - - good food value. The milk been covered. They two children. You a pleasant flat. She - - hurt her hand. We - - fruit in the morning. The house - - several windows. The streets been covered with oil. Facts : The United States Senate is composed of two Senators from each state. Senators are chosen for six years. The presiding officer in the Senate is the V ice-President of the United States. LESSON XLIV REVIEW A yard of cloth costs $1.00. How much will 2j yards cost ? It will cost - . What are the duties of a meat inspector ? The duties of a meat inspector are - . Why were the "Pure Food Laws" made ? The "Pure Food Laws" were made to - - us. How do they protect us ? The "Pure Food Laws" protect us by . Read a newspaper article and tell your teacher what you read about. Find the "Help Wanted" column. If you were looking for a job, which one of those positions would you want ? W T hy ? Tell in your own words how Mario was hurt in the automobile accident. Who was Abraham Lincoln ? Tell what you know of him. What is the School Department ? How can you get a book from the public library ? 9 8 REVIEW 99 WRITING Write these sentences filling in the blank spaces : - plane is sharper than - - one. machines are cleaned and oiled. But - in the other room need cleaning and oiling. - telephone is out of order. May I use - , please ? Mr. Jackson will employ -- . - is on the second floor. Please put - - coat in - - closet. Add: 644* 2 ?6i 497f 373t 397* 574TO- 462! 2 5 6j 666f 463* S94i 469* 577f S64f 439i 943f Subtract : 464* 54if -295! -277! 45 if 758* -247J- -464$ LESSON XLV THE FIREMAN pouring inspects provided properly inventions report terrific operator whirl emergency A man saw smoke pouring from the windows of a house. He knew it was a fire. He ran to the nearest fire alarm box. He turned the handle, opened the door, and pulled down the hook. The engines have started. Off they go ! They are provided with powerful pumps and all the latest inventions. The firemen cling to the trucks as they put on their rubber coats. No time is lost. The horns and whistles make a terrific noise as the engines whirl by. Electric cars stop. Automo- biles pull out of the way. Men and women run to the sidewalks. The fire chief passes first in his red automobile. He directs the men fighting the fire. The firemen are brave. They rush into the smoke and flames to save people from the burning buildings. The firemen belong to the fire department. 100 THE FIREMAN roi The fire department inspects all public buildings to see that they are properly built and that there is as little danger of fire as possible. Every one should be careful about fire. A home for which it has taken years to pay can be burned to the ground in an hour. If you wish to report a fire by telephone say to the operator, " Fire Department, Emergency." When you get the fire department on the telephone tell them where the fire is. Facts : The number of Representatives sent to Con- gress from each state is based on the population of the state. Representatives are elected for two years. The Speaker, chosen from their number, presides over the House. THE FIREMAN HOW TO AVOID FIRE Use safety matches. Keep matches in a tin box. Do not let children play with matches. Do not throw a burning match away. Do not throw a lighted cigarette or cigar away. Do not light a match in an oven or a room where you smell gas. Do not let the curtain blow against the gas jets. Do not use kerosene to kindle a fire. Never hang dish towels or clothes over a stove. Do not use lamps or candles to thaw out frozen water pipes. Keep the clothing away from the flame on a gas stove. Keep the fire escape, halls, and cellar free from rubbish. Do not allow a stove or furnace to become over- heated. Do not use gasoline in the house. Do not smoke or light a match where gasoline is being used. LESSON XLVI GEORGE WASHINGTON Learn : First in Peace, First in War, and First in the Hearts of his Countrymen. commander-in-chief government Independence birthday Cambridge celebrated spirit holiday There have been men in every country whose names the people love and honor. In America every one loves the name of Washington. George Washington was born February 22, 1732, in Virginia. He was the first commander-in-chief of the Ameri- can army, during the War for Independence. The war was fought with England. Washington took command of our army in Cambridge, Massachu- setts. The tree under which he stood is to be seen in that city to-day. It is called the Washington Elm. This war was called the Revolution. It lasted six years. During that time Washington became dear 103 104 GEORGE WASHINGTON to every soldier in the army because of his brave spirit and kind actions. GEORGE WASHINGTON When the government of the United States was formed, George Washington was made the first Presi- dent. He served as President for two terms, or eight years. He is often spoken of as the "Father of His Country." His birthday, the twenty-second of February, is celebrated as a holiday throughout the United States. GEORGE WASHINGTON 105 Facts : The Executive Department consists of the President. The President is elected every four years. He is the highest officer in the United States. EXERCISES When was George Washington born ? Where was he born ? What position did he hold in the American army ? Where did Washington take command of the army ? Under what tree did he stand ? How long did the War for Independence (Revolu- tionary War) last ? What office was Washington given when our government was formed ? How long did he serve ? What is George Washington sometimes called ? How do we celebrate his birthday ? Why do Americans love the name of Washington ? Write the story of Washington. LESSON XL VII HOW WE SHALL CHOOSE OUR FOOD groups renew purpose fuel nourishing valuable material especially Every food that you eat may be placed in one of five groups. Each group serves a special purpose in nourishing your body. Each person needs some food from each group daily. Do not skip any group. I. Fruits and vegetables. II. Milk, cheese, eggs, meat, fish, beans, peas, peanuts. III. Cereals, corn meal, oatmeal, rice, rye, wheat, flour, bread. IV. Sugar, sirups, jelly, honey, candies. V. Fats, butter, olive oil, bacon, chocolate. Vegetables and fruits furnish some of the material from which the body is made. They keep its parts working smoothly. Milk, cheese, eggs, fish, meat, peas, and beans help to build up the growing body and renew used up parts. 106 HOW WE SHALL CHOOSE OUR FOOD 107 Cereals, bread, and breakfast foods act as fuel to help you do your work. Sugar and sirup are fuel, too. They are a valuable food but many people eat more of them than they need. Fats are fuel and some fats are needed, especially by hard working people. Children need some butter fat. Some foods are cheaper than others. These are often just as good as expensive foods. Remember to eat some of each of these five kinds of foods every day. Facts : The chief duty of the President is to see that the laws are executed (carried out). During his term of office the President lives in the White House in Wash- ington, D.C. EXERCISES Do you live the same kind of life that you did in your own country ? Are you doing the same kind of work ? Are you indoors or out of doors most of the time now ? Is your work harder than it was ? If so, can you get along on the same kind of food you used to eat, or do you need different foods ? What is meant by fuel ? io8 HOW WE SHALL CHOOSE OUR FOOD Does not an engine that works hard need fuel to keep it going ? Does not an engine need to run smoothly ? Does it not sometimes need to have its parts re- newed ? Can our bodies grow, run smoothly, and renew used up parts without the proper food ? What are the five groups of food ? Do you eat some food from each group every day ? Write on the board a list of the foods you eat for breakfast, dinner, and supper. Fruits Vegetables oranges potatoes peaches onions plums turnips pears squash apples cabbage apricots peas grapes corn cherries spinach pineapples lettuce prunes radishes figs beets lemons carrots LESSON XLVIII THE POLICEMAN burglars handcuffs patrol wagon jail strangers prowling protect traffic arrest We lived on the first floor of a large house in the city. One night a strange noise awakened me. I arose and went into the next room. Just then I saw a light flash through an open win- dow. I saw the tall form of a policeman struggling with two men just outside. I knew that they were burglars. I jumped out to help the policeman. After a quick struggle the policeman slipped the handcuffs on the burglars. I telephoned for the patrol wagon. The men were taken to the police station. The next day they were sent to jail for burglary. 109 no THE POLICEMAN The policeman had seen the strangers prowling around. He had been watching my home while I slept. Policemen in every city and town watch our homes and protect our lives day and night, summer and winter. They are men of great strength and quickness, and do not fear anything. The policeman helps us in other ways. If a child is lost the policeman will take care of him and find his home. He directs people who do not know their way. He stands in the middle of the crowded city streets and directs the traffic. He keeps the streets safe by stopping fast driving. He watches for thieves and pickpockets and ar- rests them. The policeman protects the public. He sees that the laws are kept. It is the duty of every good citizen to obey him, and to come to his aid if he needs help in making an arrest. The policeman is your friend and my friend. We would not be safe without his protection. Facts : The work of executing (carrying out) our laws is divided among the departments. Each depart- ment has its chief officer. THE POLICEMAN in CONVERSATIONS ON ASKING YOUR WAY Mr. Johnson : Excuse me ! Will you kindly tell me the way to the nearest subway station ? Policeman: Take any car going north and get off at First Street. -Ask the conductor for a transfer. Mr. Johnson: Thank you. Mrs. Williams : Pardon me, will you direct me to the post office ? Policeman : Walk two blocks east, then turn to the right. Mr. Enricks: Can you tell me where the factory of the Midland Manufacturing Company is ? Policeman: Yes. It is on Union Street. Take a Seventh Avenue car to Madison Street, Turn to the right. Union is a short street on the left of Madison. Mrs. Madeiros : Please direct me to City Hall. Policeman : Take the first street to the left. City Hall is just around the corner. LESSON XLIX THE POLICE COURT disorderly offenses judge serious guilty crimes sentence lawyer fined witness Burglars and people who are disorderly or who break the traffic rules often find themselves in the police court. At the head of the court there is a judge. He hears each case. He decides whether or not the person being tried is guilty, and names the sentence. Sometimes a prisoner is fined and has to pay a sum of money. Sometimes he is sent to prison. Petty (small) offenses, like stealing a purse, or drunkenness, are tried in the city courts. More seri- ous crimes, like murder, are heard in a higher court. The Supreme Court is the highest court. Every prisoner has the right to have a lawyer try his case for him. If he is too poor to hire a lawyer, the state hires one for him. People who obey the laws do not have to go to court, unless they have to appear as witnesses. The courts protect us. They have been formed so that all will have their rights. 112 THE POLICE COURT Without the policeman, the traffic officer, and the police court, our country would not be as good and safe a place to live in as it is. Facts : The chief officers in the ten departments, which help the President to execute the laws and advise him, form the President's Cabinet. They are the Secretary of State Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of the Interior Secretary of War Secretary of the Navy Secretary of Agriculture Attorney-General Postmaster-General Secretary of Commerce and Secretary of Labor ii4 THE POLICE COURT EXERCISES Read these sentences, filling in the blank spaces : Disorderly people often find themselves in - . There is a - - at the head of each court. He hears each case and decides whether or not a person is - . The judge names the - . Sometimes a prisoner is Sometimes he is sent to Small offenses are tried in the - - courts. Serious offenses are tried in the - - court. The - - court is the highest court in the country. Every prisoner has the right to have a - - try his case for him. If he is too poor to hire a lawyer the - - will hire one for him. People who - - the laws do not have to go to court except as witnesses. The courts - - us. The courts have been formed so that all will have their - . NOTE TO THE TEACHER: Bring out, in conversation, the fact that people are sometimes accused unjustly, but that the vast majority of people who are brought to court are guilty of some offense. LESSON L A GOOD CITIZEN Learn : Obedience to the Law is Liberty. pursuit unlawful frame happiness equal candidates expense interfere earnings A good citizen is a man or woman who obeys the laws of the country. The Declaration of Independence says that every person has the right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness/' But no one can seek his own life, liberty, or happiness at the expense of that of others. Any man or woman is free to carry on any lawful business. He can spend his money in any way that he chooses if it does not interfere with the rights of others. There are certain things that every good citizen should do. The following are some of them : I. Obey the laws. II. Keep his home clean and help to keep the city clean. III. Attend school if he is not already educated. IV. Do some useful work. V. Save part of his earnings. VI. Own his own home if possible. VII. See that his children are educated. "S n6 A GOOD CITIZEN VIII. Know what is going on in his city and help frame the laws. IX. Vote for the best candidates to fill public positions. X. Serve his city, state, and country in every way that he can. Facts : To-day there is business going on between all great nations of the world. The State Department takes charge of sending ministers and consuls to other countries to take care of our business. The State Department issues passports. EXERCISES Fill in the blank spaces : A good citizen - - the laws of the country. Every person has the right to . No one can seek his own liberty or happiness at the - - of that of others. Any man or woman is free to carry on any business. No one may - - with the rights of others. What does the Declaration of Independence say the rights of a citizen are ? Name ten things that a good citizen should do. Name some one whom you think is a good citizen. Tell why you think he or she is a good citizen. LESSON LI THE HEALTH DEPARTMENT protected safeguard important sanitary prevent contagious disease quarantining We have seen how the city and its people are pro- tected by the police department and by the fire de- partment. They are protected by another depart- ment which is known as the Board of Health or the Health Department. The Board of Health does a very important work. It is the duty of this department to prevent disease, and to safeguard the health of the public. The health department does this by seeing to it that houses, yards, and public buildings are kept in sanitary condition. Men employed by the health department inspect the plumbing in all buildings. They see that rubbish is carried away. When a contagious disease is reported to the Board of Health, an officer goes to the house at once. He puts up on the door a printed card. This card noti- fies every one of the presence of a dangerous sickness. The people who live there must stay at home. No one except the doctor may visit the house. 117 n8 THE HEALTH DEPARTMENT A house is quarantined so that the disease may not be carried to other people. When the sickness has disappeared the quarantine is removed. The Board of Health examines milk and water to see that they are pure. All of this is done for our protection against sick- ness. We must help the Board of Health by obeying its rules. Facts : The War Department and the Navy Depart- ment control the affairs of the army and navy. Officers for the army are trained at West Point , New York. Officers for the navy are trained at Annapolis, Mary- land. EXERCISES How is every city protected ? Name the departments we have read about. What is the work of each department ? Name four contagious diseases. What is quarantining ? Why are people quarantined ? Which department do you think gives us the best protection, the police department, the fire de- partment, or the health department ? Write a short story describing the work of any of these departments. LESSON LII WORDS THAT TELL "HOW" How does he do his work ? He does his work quickly. How does she dress ? She dresses neatly. How did he speak ? He spoke loudly. How does he drive ? He drives slowly. How did the soldiers fight ? They fought bravely. How did the storm come on ? It came on sud- denly. How do you walk ? I walk rapidly. How did the foreman speak ? The foreman spoke pleasantly. Use these words in sentences : slowly plainly smoothly wisely roughly swiftly falsely clearly cordially carefully nicely happily 119 120 WORDS THAT TELL "HOW" Fill in the blanks with words that tell "how" : He can write - . I always eat - . He talks too - . They answered - . The children played . They dress - - in winter. The sun shone - . How - - the work was done ! The policeman spoke - - to the little child. She laughed - - as she spoke. Facts : The Treasury Department is the great purse of the nation. It has charge of duties and tariffs, and taxes on goods made in our own country. EXERCISES Copy these sentences and draw a line under the words that tell "how." The woman spoke kindly to the poor man. The river rose suddenly. The burglar stepped boldly into the room. The childern played noisily. You should sign your name plainly. Come quickly, please. The prisoners in Siberia suffered terribly. He answered all the questions intelligently. LESSON LIII CARELESSNESS Learn : Look before you leap. 9 mighty injured enemy wounded destroy cripples munitions accidents action avoid If it were known that a terrible enemy were to kill 75,000 people in the United States every year, we would raise a mighty army to destroy this enemy. There is such an enemy. It is more deadly than guns, bombs, and other munitions of war. This enemy's name is Carelessness. During the nineteen months that the United States was in the World War, the number of persons who lost their lives through Carelessness was over 125,000. The number of soldiers and sailors who lost their lives in action was less than half that number. During the time that we were at war nearly 3,000,000 persons were injured in accidents in this country. About 250,000 Americans were wounded in France. So we see that Carelessness is more deadly than war. 121 122 CARELESSNESS In time of war we can get our soldiers together and march against our enemy. We cannot send our soldiers against Carelessness. It is only through thought for ourselves and others that we can fight it. We must use greater care in our work, on the street, and in the home. If we went through the hospitals where cripples are suffering from accidents, we would surely make up our minds to avoid the things that make accidents possible. CARE and CAUTION for ourselves and others in all we do are the guns and munitions with which we must fight our biggest enemy, Carelessness. Facts : The Department of the Interior has charge of the sale of public lands, copyrights, patents, pensions, etc. Information on the sale of public lands can be obtained by writing to the Land Office, Washington, D. C. The Bureau of Education belongs to the De- partment of the Interior. EXERCISES What is the name of one of our biggest enemies ? How many people lose their lives through Care- lessness every year in the United States ? How many Americans lost their lives during the World War ? CARELESSNESS 123 How many people in the United States were killed through Carelessness during the same length of time ? How many soldiers and sailors were wounded during the war in France ? How many people were injured in this country during the same time ? Which is more deadly - - War or Carelessness ? How do we fight in war ? Can we use guns and munitions against Careless- ness ? With what must we fight it ? Write on the board the name of one of our biggest enemies. WRITING Copy these words into your note book. Learn to spell them : enemy accidents army wounded destroy carelessness deadly fight war hospitals lost cripples injured suffering LESSON LIV TONY "STEALS" A SMOKE rules terrible decided darting cigarette rushing footsteps trampled disobey ruined Tony worked in a factory. Every day as he went in, he read a sign. It said, "No Smoking." One day while Tony was working he wished that he might have a smoke. He knew that smoking was against the rules, but he wanted to smoke so very much that he decided to "steal" one. He went into the wash room. He lighted a ciga- rette. He heard some one coming He threw the match away quickly. It fell in a corner where some papers had been thrown. Tony hid behind the door. When the footsteps had passed he smoked his cigarette. He went back to work. Fire! Fire! The wash room and halls were full of smoke. Two people had disobeyed the rules. One had thrown papers on the floor. The other had smoked a cigarette. The match that Tony had thrown away so quickly had set fire to the papers in the corner. 124 TONY " STEALS" A SMOKE 12.5 What a terrible sight ! Clouds of smoke, and flames darting here and there and everywhere. Instead of keeping cool, every one rushed about. Some jumped from windows. Women were trampled upon. Many lives were lost and the factory was ruined. And all because two people had broken the rules. One threw papers into the corner. Another " stole " a smoke. Facts : The Department of Agriculture takes care of the interests of the farmer. It sends seeds and in- formation to farmers all over the country. EXERCISES What sign did Tony see each morning as he went into the factory ? Where have you seen this sign ? What did Tony wish for while he was working ? What did he decide to do ? What rule did he break ? Where did he "steal" the smoke ? What did he do when he heard some one coming ? What happened ? What other rule had been broken ? Describe the fire. What should every one do in case of fire ? LESSON LV APOSTROPHE IN THE POSSESSIVE This cap belongs to the boy. This is the boy's cap. These rubbers belong to the girl. These are the girl's rubbers. This automobile belongs to John. This is John's automobile. This pocketbook belongs to Mary. This is Mary's pocketbook. What is the woman's name ? The woman's name is Mrs. Ratchesky. Does Mr. Brown own this house ? No, this is Mr. Smith's house. Where is your brother's store ? My brother's store is on Main St. Whose hat is this ? That is my sister's hat. We use an apostrophe to show ownership or pos- session. 126 APOSTROPHE IN THE POSSESSIVE 127 After the apostrophe we add an -s as : friend friend's merchant merchant's men men's children children's If the word ends in -s we place the apostrophe after the -s and do not add another -s as : boys boys' carpenters carpenters' Mr. Stearns Mr. Stearns' ladies ladies' enemies enemies' Write sentences using these possessives : Singular Plural (one) (more than one) man's gentlemen's bird's children's driver's Italians' foreman's workers' pupil's girls' Facts : The Departments of Commerce and Labor protect the interests of our country in commerce ^ labor, and industry. They carry out our immigration laws. The Division of Naturalization belongs to the Depart- ment of Labor. LESSON LVI CHECKS AND RECEIPTS (Teacher should have class fill out blank forms of checks and receipts. Have pupils write the letters and address the envelopes which would accompany the check and receipt.) repaired receipt signed mistake contained proving Mr. Macy, a carpenter, repaired the roof on my house. The bill was forty-five dollars. I did not wish to send the money in a letter, so I made out a check for $45 and sent it to Mr. Macy. I wrote the date at the top of the check. I made the check out to the order of William Macy. I wrote the number of dollars I wished to pay him. I signed my name at the bottom of the check. CHECK *W Milwaukee, Wis, ih, 3/, f JMr^ 00 too Dollars & %^J~ S? ^*^,^JZ^^_ a /*- 'hz^JeJ,. -t^/ /3<^Z^>^- ^? 4/ 4- 0*- "to? r oS- A ttd n ^/ message cost blank telephone operator Bnaar. notice overhead humming unnecessary misunderstood 166 TELEGRAMS AND NIGHT LETTERS 167 UNION AM COIMC W. t ATKINi. nMT mMlt*W(MT Send the following rocMge, .object .o the ten on twck hereof, which are hereby re*d to Street end No. * o There are many quick ways of sending a message to-day. The quickest way of sending a written mes- sage is by telegraph. A telegram is charged for, word by word, so the message is usually short. A telegram is sent out as soon as the telegraph company receives it. A night letter is also sent by telegraph. It is sent out some time during the night and the person to whom it is sent gets it the next morning. You can send a fifty-word night letter for the same cost as a ten-word telegram. i68 TELEGRAMS AND NIGHT LETTERS In making out the blank to send a telegram or a night letter, write the name of the person to whom the message is sent, his address (Street and No.), and the city and state where he is (Place). Next write the message and sign your name. In the lower left-hand corner of the blank write the address to which you want the answer sent. In the lower right-hand corner write your telephone number. Give the blank to the telegraph operator and she will send the message. Did you ever notice the overhead wires that run along the railroad tracks ? Sometimes we hear them humming in the wind. These are the wires that carry telegraph messages. Every one should know how to write a short mes- sage clearly, leaving out any unnecessary words. Some telegrams are misunderstood because the sender did not state his message clearly. Facts : The Executive Department enforces the laws. The Mayor, the Police Department, the Fire Depart- ment, the Health Department, and others belong to the Executive Department. LESSON LXXI USE OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS Who (Persons) The man who does his work honestly will succeed. Where is the woman who was looking for me ? Whose (Persons) The men, whose car it was, had left it. It belongs to a girl whose name is Mary. Whom (Persons) The man to whom I was talking was the foreman. The employees with whom I work are very well satisfied. Which (Things) These are the houses which are for sale. The knives which you ordered have been sent. That (Persons, Animals, or Things) The child that I saw was lost. Dogs that had been trained saved many lives during the war. I work in a factory that is near the car line. 169 170 USE OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS who 1 whose \ refers to persons whom which refers to things that refers to persons animals things Facts : The Judicial Department is made up oj courts and judges. All legal matters of the city are settled through the Judicial Department. EXERCISES Fill in the blank spaces with who, whose, whom, which, or that. This is the man - - drove the automobile. May I see the piano - - is for sale ? Where are the people with - - you came ? This is the horse ran away. Where is the woman - - bank book was lost ? Soldiers are taught many things - - are useful to them. The girl - - I saw was sick. The pupils with - - you came have gone home. LESSON LXXII WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION LAW (The teacher should become familiar with the Compensation Law in force in her state so that she can explain it to her pupils.) injured share suffering burden impossible faulty provides machinery compensation prevent Some years ago a man who was injured at work often found himself with no money to pay his doctor's bills. He had no claim to wages, and if he had a wife and family, they often suffered want. The governments of many states have made a law which makes such suffering and want impossible now. This law is called the Workmen's Compen- sation Act. The Workmen's Compensation Act provides that if a person is injured at work, compensation (money) shall be paid him for a certain length of time. In some states compensation does not begin until ten days after the injury, because the worker himself has to bear some share of the burden. 171 172 WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION LAW Some accidents are due to faulty machinery. But a great many are due to carelessness on the part of the workman. It is much better to prevent accidents than to pay compensation. Therefore payment does not start immediately, and is usually two thirds of the week's wages. Each state has made its own laws, and these laws differ in some respects. The Workmen's Compensation Act was drawn up by the government to protect employees and their dependents. Facts : Some cities have a commission form of govern- ment. The government of the city is in the hands of a few men. One of these men is the Mayor. Each of the other men has charge of one of the departments into which the work of the city is divided. Instructions on Reporting Injuries (To be read and explained to the pupils by the teacher, then read and explained by the pupils.) To get the benefits under the Workmen's Com- pensation Law, certain rules should be followed. Any employee, upon receiving an injury, no matter how slight it may be, should tell his foreman or employer at once. He should tell them all about the injury, and how it happened. WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION LAW 173 He should tell where it happened and when it happened. Sometimes a worker will tell another worker of an injury. This is not enough. The employer should be told of it. If the employee fails to notify his foreman or em- ployer he may lose any right to the benefits of the Compensation Act. The best way and the way called for under the law of many states is to hand to the employer a written statement of how, where, and when the injury oc- curred. If it is impossible to hand such a statement to the employer, it should be sent to him within a reasonable length of time by registered mail. Such reports may be made by some one in behalf of the worker, as well as by the worker himself. It often happens that blood poisoning sets in after some days have passed. You are protected if the injury has been reported. Remember to report all injuries, however slight they may be. Remember also that it is better to prevent an ac- cident than to receive compensation for an accident. LESSON LXXIII DISABLED INDUSTRIAL WORKERS crippled supplied industrial discouraged restored advise devices unfortunate productive suitable Many workers have suffered the loss of a finger, a hand, or a foot while at work. Some years ago people who were crippled in this way were thought to be unable to do work in fac- tories and industrial plants. It has been found that there is much work that such people may be trained or educated to do. Many soldiers and sailors have been restored by devices, so that they are able to take part in pro- ductive employment. Arms, legs, and fingers have been supplied which seem to do the work as well as the ones which were lost. No one who has received such an injury should be discouraged. There are schools in which they may be educated further. 174 DISABLED INDUSTRIAL WORKERS 175 Doctors who have studied the matter will advise them what kind of work it is best for them to do. There is much work to be done, and it is best for all to do some work, no matter how unfortunate they have been. If you have been injured and find it hard to get suitable work, ask your teacher to help you. Facts : Usually in a commission government, the lawmaking is done directly by the voters of the city. A certain number of voters may decide that a law is necessary. EXERCISES Describe the Workmen's Compensation Law. Why was it made ? By whom was it made ? What must a worker do as soon as he receives an injury ? Why must an injury be reported at once ? What do we mean by "disabled workers" ? Does a man who has lost a hand, a foot, or a finger have to stop working ? What kind of work can he do ? Who will advise him on the best kind of work for him ? If you have been injured and find it hard to get suitable work, whom will you ask to help you ? LESSON LXXIV HOW TO BECOME A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES I Declaration of Intention citizen residence happier port filed swore occupation examination Mr. Romando came from Italy. He was married and had four children. He wanted to become a citizen of the United States. He knew that if he became a citizen, his wife 1 and children who were under twenty-one years of age would become citizens, too. He knew they would all be happier. He asked his teacher in the Evening School what he must do. She said that the first step toward becoming a citizen is the filing of a Declaration of Intention. Any one who is eighteen years of age or over can do this as soon as he or she comes to America. It is not necessary to know how to speak English. 1 The wife becomes a citizen whether or not she resides in the United States ; the children if they reside in the United States. 176 HOW TO BECOME A CITIZEN 177 The next day Mr. Romando went to the Court House 1 and filed his Declaration of Intention or "First Paper" as it is sometimes called. He gave his name, his age, his occupation, where he was born, the date of his birth, his present resi- dence (address), the name of the country from which he came, the port from which he sailed, the name of the vessel in which he crossed the ocean, the port at which he arrived, and the date of his arrival in the United States. Mr. Romando swore that everything he said was true. He paid the clerk one dollar ($i). He is glad that he can go to Evening School to learn about our government, because he will have to pass an examination before he can become a citizen. Facts : The law is written out. It may then be voted upon by all the voters of the city. NOTE TO THE TEACHER: Obtain several copies of the "Facts for Declaration of Intention" and have the pupils fill them out. Be sure that pupils are able to answer accurately all the questions contained in this blank, such as height, weight, color of the eyes, hair, etc. 1 United States District Court or Applicants' own County Court. LESSON LXXV HOW TO BECOME A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES (Continued) II Petition for Naturalization requested witnesses Certificate of Arrival appear notified fee Two years had passed since Mr. Romando had filed his Declaration of Intention. He had lived five years in this country, so he went again to the court- house. He brought with him his "First Paper." He had come to this country after June 29, 1906, so the clerk gave him a paper on the first page of which was a "Request for a Certificate of Arrival." Mr. Romando filled this out. Two other pages called for the " Facts for Petition of Naturalization," which he filled out also. The whole paper, when filled out, was sent to the Bureau of Naturalization, Washington, D. C. The "Certificate of Arrival" was sent from Wash- ington to the clerk of the court. Mr. Romando was then notified to appear at the 178 HOW TO BECOME A CITIZEN 179 court with two witnesses who were citizens of the United States. He took with him his "First Paper." The whnesses had known Mr. Romando a long time. They swore that he had lived in the United States five years, that he had lived in that state one year, and that he was a good man. The clerk then made out the " Petition for Natural- ization" or "Second Paper." The fee for this peti- tion was four dollars ($4.00). Later Mr. Romando was notified to appear before the United States Naturalization Examiner. The Examiner asked him if he had read the Constitution of the United States. He also asked him questions about our government. Mr. Romando could answer all these questions correctly, because he had studied them in Evening School. Final Hearing After ninety days had passed Mr. Romando was notified to appear in the open court with his two witnesses. He may now be examined by the judge. The judge felt sure that Mr. Romando understood our government, its constitution, and its laws, and that he would make a good citizen. Mr. Romando took the oath of allegiance, received his "Certificate of Naturalization," and became a citizen of the United States. i8o HOW TO BECOME A CITIZEN His wife and children under twenty-one years of age became citizens, too. This was a happy day for all of them. Facts : The first step in lawmaking of the kind just described 1 is called the initiative. The last step is called the referendum. NOTE TO THE TEACHER: Procure several blanks called "Facts for Petition for Naturalization" and have the class practice filling them out. EXERCISES How old must you be before you can file a Dec- laration of Intention ? What are some of the questions which you have to answer ? What fee do you pay when you file a Declaration of Intention? How long must you have lived in this country be- fore you can file your Petition for Naturalization ? What request must you make if you came to this country after June 29, 1906 ? What fee do you pay when you file your Petition for Naturalization or " Second Paper " ? By whom are you examined ? What oath do you take when you receive your Certificate of Naturalization ? 1 Two previous " Facts." APPENDIX STUDIES IN EVERYDAY EXPRESSIONS Greetings Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening. How do you do ? I am well, thank you. Many happy returns of the day ! I wish you a Merry Christmas ! Happy New Year ! I wish you the same ! The Weather Isn't this a beautiful day ? It is clearing up. It is growing cold. The temperature has fallen 10. It is raining again. Is it snowing ? It is very foggy. It looks like rain. The mist is heavy. See the big hailstones. At Work This is pay day. That's a neat job. 182 STUDIES IN EVERYDAY EXPRESSIONS He is on piece work. She is a day worker. Did you ring in on the time clock ? We employ two hundred hands. I worked three hours overtime. I was paid time and a half. He is out of work. I am an apprentice. We finish at five. He is a steady worker. On the Street He paid no attention to the signal. It was his own fault. He stepped in front of the car. It is safe to cross now. Clear the way. Car coming. Step lively. Watch the officer. Watch your step. Keep to the right. This is a one way street. In an Employment Office What kind of work do you want ? Have you had any experience ? Where did you work last ? STUDIES IN EVERYDAY EXPRESSIONS 183 Why did you leave ? Have you any references ? You must have a physical examination. Sign this card. Come at one o'clock. Call to-morrow. We do not need any one now. Can you read and write ? Asking Directions What is the shortest way to the railroad station, please ? Direct me to the nearest drug store. Where is the public library ? What car do I take to the Falls ? Tell me how to get to the High School. Giving Directions Walk two blocks east and turn to the right. It is on the corner of this street. The public library is on the corner of Main Street and Whitney Ave. Take a Newton Falls car. Walk up Fourth Street to Broadway. It is about three blocks east on Broadway. I am sorry I cannot tell you. You had better ask that policeman. 184 STUDIES IN EVERYDAY EXPRESSIONS On a Train All aboard. Train is leaving. Tickets please. Tickets out of Detroit. The next station is Jersey City. Change for the Pennsylvania Station and uptown New York. Change cars at Albany. On a Street Car Fares, please. Fares in the box. Move up forward, please. Plenty of room in the front of the car. Have the right fare ready. Do not stand on the platform. Do not stand in the vestibule. Transfers ? Change cars. All out. This is as far as the car goes. Leave by the rear door. Buying I would like to see a pair of walking boots. What is the price, please ? Show me another pair. Will you send it ? When will it be delivered ? STUDIES IN EVERYDAY EXPRESSIONS 185 May I take it out on approval ? Is this marked down ? What is the regular price ? That fits nicely. I will take this. Wrap it up well, please. Send it by express. Send it by freight. Selling How does that feel ? It will go out on the next order. It will not be delivered until to-morrow. This is marked down. That is the sale price. These are reduced for to-day only. That is a real bargain. If you don't like it, bring it back. It looks well on you. You can change it within forty-eight hours. I will send it C. O. D. It will wear well. At wholesale. Thank you, madam. Come again. We guarantee every article we sell. We will return the money, if it is not satisfactory. Our merchandise stands up under any test. 186 STUDIES IN EVERYDAY EXPRESSIONS At the Butcher Shop This piece is too fat. Cut it thin, please. How much is this a pound ? Take out the bone. I want a piece to boil. Have you a lean roast ? Grind it for me, please. At the Grocery Store If you are pleased tell others, if not tell us. Our goods are guaranteed. We strive to please our customers. Pay at the desk. How many ? Good goods at low prices. At the Theater Rise, please. A ticket for Tuesday night's performance. A seat in the first balcony. I would like the front row. Have you an end seat ? Examine your tickets before leaving the window. May I exchange these tickets for Saturday night ? I would like three fifty-cent seats. May I have a program, please ? First row to the right. STUDIES IN EVERYDAY EXPRESSIONS 187 Illness I have a toothache. I have a headache. I have a sore throat. He looks pale. Has he any fever ? His temperature has gone up. Take this medicine. Have this prescription filled. Shake before using. His temperature is normal. Time Immediately. At once. Very soon. How long will it be ? As soon as possible. Right away, please. All the time. Once in a while. In a few minutes. Wait a minute. To-morrow. Next week. One week from to-morrow A week from to-night. Yesterday. i88 STUDIES IN EVERYDAY EXPRESSIONS Last Sunday. Last week. Last week Monday. The week before last. Three weeks ago. Some time ago. Take your time. Two years ago. Last year. U^Time is up. Sending and Receiving Telegrams This was sent "Collect." Sign here, please. Is there any answer ? Yes, give me a telegram blank. Rush this message. How much does it cost to send ten words ? What is it about ? What does it say ? Good news. I don't understand it. Who sent it ? Telephoning Hello. Good-by. Number, please. Give me Main 2775 J. STUDIES IN EVERYDAY EXPRESSIONS 189 A nickel, please. Hang up the receiver. I will call you. They don't answer. Pll ring them again. Give me information, please. Line busy, no charge. Toll operator. I will return your money. Miscellaneous I have to go now. What is the matter ? I can't help it. Don't run. Go along. There's no hurry. I don't know about that. Try it again. Don't be afraid. Look out. Watch out. Hold on. They passed us out. That's my fault. Yes, indeed ! Set the table. Watch your step. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY, BERKELEY THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW Books not returned on time are subject to a fine of 50c per volume after the third day overdue, increasing to SI 00 per volume after the sixth day. Books not in demand may be renewed if application is made before expiration of loan period. Jit * 1824 JUL 10 '92" 9.7 1915 ll UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY YB 01919 ALPHABET ou % v ? !