THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES lt*.^fr4*Lft TCJT:?Jx v ' *ym> \$&*Z& V JMf-*Jaw . \*x ^2^ THE / SELF -INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. A LABOR-SAVING ADAPTATION OF THE ISAAC PITMAN PHONOGRAPHY, CONDUCTING THE STUDENT Into the Reporting Style at the Outset. AS TAUGHT IN THE BRYANT STRATTON BUSINESS and SHORT-HAND SCHOOL SAINT LOUIS, MO. THOS. M. ROGERS AND W. M. CARPENTER. PUBLISHED FOR W. M. CARPENTER. ST. LOUIS: RIVERSIDE PRINTING HOUSE, 302 N. MAIN STREET, 1885. Eatered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1885, BY WILBUR MARVIN CARPENTER, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. PREFACE. This work although small is the result of long study and observation, and a careful study of its pages will lead to the acquisition of the Reporting Style of Short-hand in as short a time as is generally required to master the Corresponding Style. While in a condensed form, every principle is presented and nothing which would aid the student has been omitted. The original intention was to issue only a small pamphlet advocating and explaining a method of teaching the Reporting Style from the outset by means of writing exercises, consisting of mono- syllables and short words in ordinary use, and the reduction of the usual large list of " grammalogues," first suggested and put into actual practice years ago by Dr. W. M. Carpenter, proprietor of the*Bryant & Stratton College, St. Louis, and a copyright was secured in 1884. However, in the course of teaching, various other improvements, among which were a simple aid in memor- izing the consonants, the grouping of the vowel sounds in their proper position with reference to the line of writing, and compre- hensive illustrated rules for writing outlines in position, rules for the use of the stroke or contracted W, phrase writing at the out- set, method of writing the combination s and r, the proper em- ployment of the I and r hooks, method of representing the combi- nation s, t and r, s, t and /, s, t and v, and s, t and M, when to use the / or v hook in the middle of words, the proper use of the ter- hook, what half-length stems should not be joined, a sign for the combination r and m, when to use the stroke MP-B, considering all words either primitive or derivative, a list of " regular pre- fixes," which enables the student to write any word with but lit- tle if any hesitation, rules for forming contractions, expression of initials, method of acquiring speed, list of words taking the I or r hooks, the simplification of the various rules and principles, and 452^06 l. PREFACE. reading exercises consisting of monosyllables, words in ordinary use and those which generally prove troublesome to the student, all unvocalized and written in the proper position, were intro- duced by Thos. M. Rogers, the instructor, and it was finally de- cided to issue a complete manual, differing from all others hereto- fore published In. that the science of Short-hand can easily be learned from it without the aid of a teacher. In accordance with this idea, everything that puzzled the student was noted, every principle that appeared difficult to understand was carefully studied to find the best method of simplifying it, rules were writ- ten and rewritten, and nothing was left undone which would in any manner lessen the labor of the student. When the lessons were so arranged, by the instructor, that the student without hard study could in a week or ten days begin dictation practice with an excellent understanding of the Reporting Style of Short- hand, preparations were made for the publication of the Manual. Few text books contain more useful engraved Short-hand, and none such valuable and systematically arranged writing exer- cises with sentences keyed so that the student knows whether or not to take advantage of any preceding shortening methods. The " Corresponding Style " has been ignored, because it accustoms the student to a disconnected and lengthy style of writing wholly incompatible with rapid work, which it is neces- sary to unlearn before proficiency in the Reporting Style can be acquired. The Reporting Style is taken up at the beginning, and the exercises are so arranged that no word is given the student to write until all the principles contained in the proper formation of the outline have been presented ; hence there can be no hesitancy in writing the word in actual reporting, because but one outline has ever been used to express it. By discarding the "Corres- ponding Style" much time has been saved the student which can be employed to excellent advantage in practicing from dictation, and a speed of from eighty to one hundred words a minute attained in less than one-half the time required by the old method of instruction. The most noticeable feature, however, is the absence of a large list of "grammalogues" or ''word signs," thus saving the student a vast amount of hard study. The word signs given are sug- gestive of the words of which they are symbols, and the task of memorizing them is thus materially lessened. This reduction is made by the employment of various shortening principles and the PREFACE. Hi. application of a few rules compiled expressly for this work. Over three-fourths of the "grammalogues," given in Pitman's "Reporter's Companion" to be memorized are only the skeletons of the words, are not arbitrary or contracted in any manner, but are simply the outlines of the words written in the regular Reporting Style. Had the Reporting Style been taught from the beginning there would have been no necessity for putting these words in a list and calling them "grammalogues" and much val- uable time consumed in this memorization could be saved and better employed in writing from dictation. The rules for the formation of contractions will be found of great value, and their employment will do away with the neces- sity of burdening the memory with a large list of contracted outlines, as words can be legibly contracted at will and without hesitation. The rules are the result of careful observation and experiment. The consonant stems are those given in Pitman's "Ninth" Edition of Phonography, and admit of no improvement. They furnish better Phonographic material than those of hie last, or "Tenth" Edition, and having stood the test of time stand upon their merits. The various modifications are those suggested by the leading American reporters ones that have stood the severe test of actual verbatim reporting and have been introduced into the work for the purpose of givir-g the student a Short-hand con- taining not only Isaac Pitman's ideas, but also those of others, and one that is legible, rapid, easy of acquisition and founded upon the best. THE AUTHORS. ADVICE 70 STUDENTS. Phonography should always^ be written on single ruled paper, with about half-an inch space between the lines. The pen or ptn oil should be held be- tween the first and second fingers, and be kept in place by a gentL pressure of the thumb. The characters must be made correctly, of proper slope, length and shade, instead of hurriedly; speed comes by practice. Simple curved stems must have no hooks or flourishes at the ends, and perpendicular stems must not lean to the right. The consonants should be about one-sixth of an inch in length, not more under any consideration, until the lengthening principle is reached. A habit easy to contract but difficult to dispose of is that of writing the outlines too long, and should be avoided if the student wishes to succeed as a reporter. Long outlines retard speed, and have to be made hurriedly and therefore less accu- rately than though the stems were shorter. In rapidly writing the hand naturally travels over more space than when writing slowly, and if the student permits himself or is permitted to write large while learning the theory and receiving his first dictation exercise, he will find himself handicapped when he tries to increase his speed, and will either have to form a new style of writing, or never reach the goal of his ambition. Should any one who may be studying some other system, say your characters 6 THE SELF -INSTRUCTOR'S are too Bmall, do not relinquish them and you will soon be able to convince your advisor that he, not you, has been writing in- correctly. Heavy curved stems should be thickest at the top and taper towards the bottom. Writing exercises should be written again and again until a speed of not less than forty words a minute is acquired ; by so doing the outlines of the different words become so fixed in the mind, that there will be no hesitation at any time in writing thenu, and the student begins dictation practice with a "vocabulary" of between five hundred and six hundred words of frequent occur- rence, which will be of more value than any list of "grammalogues" that could be compiled, besides having the principles of their formation thoroughly at his command. Whatever the student writes must bo read and re-read until there is no hesitation in the transcribing, and this reading aids to a remarkable extent the facility of writing. The fact must be borne in mind: No matter how rapidly we write if we cannot transcribe our notes, they are worse than useless. The student must impress upon his mind the fact that Phono- graphy is writing by sound and not according to the ordinary spel- ling. Thus the word though as commonly spelled is pronounced as though spelled tho, and is so written in Short-hand; neigh, knee, know, sioux, view, burough, age, match, wreath, wreathe, would be written, na, ne, no, su, vu, buro, aj, mack, reth, redh, N before K has the sound of XG, and bank should be written as though spelled bangk. The Roman letter C has no equivalent sign in Phonography, as it has at times the sound of k, s and sh, as in the words cat, ace, commer- cial, which in Phonography would be written as though spelled, hat, as, komershal. Q and X also have no corresponding sign in Phonography, their sounds being kw, eks and egz, they are so represented; thus, quail would be written kwal; extra, ekstra; exact, egzakt; exaggerate, egzajrat; exhaust, egzawst. Become perfectly familiar with one lesson before attempting another. Carefully review each day the lesson of the previous one. This helps the memory, and impresses all the points more clearly in the mind. Read everything you write, and spend as much time in reading your notes as you do in writing. A non-observance of this rule will cause infinite trouble in the student's first attempts at reporting. MANU/Jj OF SHORT-HAND. 7 1. SIMPLE CONSONANT STEMS. TABLE OF CONSONANTS. \ Pe \ Be I Te I De / CHay / Jay _ Kay Gay ^eF Vve C iTH C DHe ) eS ) Ze J iSH _J ZHe ^ eL ^ eB, ^ eM v^ eN v^ iNG ^ Way ^ Yay <-^ eMP-B / Hav o as in lode oo as in food DOT VOWELS. SE ORT DASH VOWELS. / a as in bat j"' o as in on Y" e as in bet t as in pit - _ \, u as in up oo as in foot Pirst place Second " Third " 9. The double vowel sounds heard in the words ice, owl, boy, are represented by small angular marks, and iew as in view, by a small curve, written to the consonant like a simple sign. Three occupy the first, and one the third position, as shown by the fol- lowing : TABLE OF DIPHTHONGS. OI at as in aisle and i in tee. oy as in boy and ot in cot/. OW M/'* oio as in ooto and ough in . o- EW /^l ;' too as in view and ue in due. 10. In inserting a vowel that comes before a consonant it is written to the left of the stem if upright or inclined, and above if horizontal. When a vowel comes after a consonant it is written to the right of the stem if perpendicular or inclined, and below if hori- zontal. A vowel written at the left of a perpendicular or inclined stem, or above a horizontal, is read first ; written at the right of- a perpendicular or inclined stem, or below a horizontal, it is read after the stem. DALLAS, TEXAS MANUAL O* bHOET-HAND. 9 2 11. A dash vowel should be written at a right angle with the consonant stem, but should not be allowed to touch. 12. The signs for the diphthongs are never inclined to cor- respond with the direction of the consonant stem to which they are written ; but when convenient, inital / and final iew may be joined to the consonant. \ 13. The different sounds of the vowels and diphthongs must be learned so that when a word is pronounced there will be no hesitation in determining the character and sounds of the vowel or vowels contained in it, and when facility in distinguishing the various sounds is acquired and the position readily determined, the insertion of vowels may cease and only the outline of the word "written in position," need be employed. The object of memoriz- ing the different signs, representing the different vowel signs and their three positions, is simply to associate the sound with its proper position in reference to the line of writing, so that the first perpendicular or inclined, or only stem in the word, may be written above, on or through the line, or if a horizontal stem, above, on oijtist below the line. If the proper sound of the accented or only vowel in the word can be determined, then the writing of the outline or consonants in position becomes an easy task, for the first perpendicular or inclined stem is written in the position of its accented vowel, whether a vowel, the sound of which is first, second or third place. In actual reporting the vowels are very rarely used, and yet the notes are just as legible as though fully vocalized. This being the case then it will not be necessary to insert the vowel signs in early writing providing, however, the outline is written in its proper position. "But how are we to know what the characters represent if no vowels are written," some one asks, "the stroke T means an initial and also would stand for tea, and how are we to know which is meant ?" The context, or that which precedes and follows the T would determine, the same as in ordinary conversation, when we hear the sound of T we know what it means simply by what has been said before and is said after it. In certain cases, in words like Idea, iota, where there are two or more vowels and only one consonsant stem, then it should be partly vocalized, the diphthong i at least being inserted. \ 14. Each of the consonant stems are written in three positions, corresponding with the three vowel positions, and like them called first, second and third. 10 THE SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S | 14a. The first thing the student should do before beginning to write words is to thoroughly memorize the different vowel sounds and their relative position as regards the line of writing i. e the ruled lines across the page of the reporting book or paper. As it is unnecessary to vocalize in actual reporting, except when writing proper names, technical, or words of infre- quent occurrence, the student need not insert any vowels. To enable the student to easily memorize the different vowel sounds and the proper position of each, the following tables have been arranged, together with simple, comprehensive and illustrated rules for writing the outlines of words in position as they would be in actual reporting. If these tables and rules are so memo- rized that when a word is spoken or read the position of its accented or only vowel is readily determined, the student has mastered the hardest part of his work. Always bear in mind that you spell by sound and not according to any dictionary ; for instance the verb bow and noun bough, although differing in ordinary spelling, yet in Phonography the sounds being the same, ow as in cow, they would be written alike, by the stem P in the first position. Final W and Y are not consonants, therefore should not be written as such ; " y " sometimes has the sound of i as in it, as in pity, the sound of i in ice, as by, and sometimes in connection with a vowel forms a diphthong with the sound of i or a, as in buy and bay; "w" sometimes occurs in connection with a vowel and forms a diphthong, as in cow, or following an o, hav- ing the same sound of the o in poke, is not sounded at all, as in low, which is written by the stem L in the second position. When "e" is the last letter in a word it denotes that the preceding vowel is long. VOWEL SOUNDS AND RULES FOR POSITION WRITING. \ 15. FIRST POSITION SOUNDS, a as in calm, aw as in awl, o as in on t as in ice, oy as in boy, ow as in cow, a as in art. In writing words of one consonant, if the ac- cented or only vowel has any one of the preceding sounds, the stem, if perpendicular or inclined, must .be so written that the lower end will be about one- half the height of a T above the line of writing, MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND.' 11 but if the stem is horizontal it should be written about one-nxth of inch or the height of a T above the line. If there are two or more consonants in a word whose accented or only vowel has any one of the "First Position Sounds" the FIRST perpendicular or in- clined stem must be written above the line the same as if it were the only consonant in the word, and the other consonant or con- sonants joined to it without lifting the pencil from the paper; but if the consonant stems are all horizontal, write them about one- sixth of an inch above the line. Write in accordance with preceding rule, omitting the vowels and all consonants not sounded : Pa ma annoy cow thaw maw back pie by pack buy palm odd chap at add dye lie law chop shop \ 16. SECOND POSITION SOUNDS. a as in make, o as in poke, u as in up, e as in peck, a as in air, a as in pare. \\ In writing words of one consonant, if the accented ' ^ or only vowel has any one of the preceding sounds, \ s- the stem, if perpendicular or inclined, must be so .A./..x-^>, *-. Britten that the lower end of down-strokes and the f beginning of up-strokes will rest upon the line. If there are two or more consonants in a word whose accented or only vowel has any one of the "Second Position Sounds" the FIRST perpen- dicular or inclined stem must be so written that it will rest upon the line the same as if it were the only consonant in the word, and the other consonant or consonants joined to it, without lifting the pencil from the paper; but if the consonant stems are all horizontal write them upon the line. Write in accordance with preceding rule, omitting the vowels and all consonants not sounded : Pay oat owed know fair peck share may ate low beau bake led poke lay air mow show both edge muck THIRD POSITION SOUNDS. ea as in eat, i as in it, oo as in took, oo as in boom, iew as in view, ee as in eel. 12 THE SELF-INSTKUCTOR'S V In writing words of one consonant, if theaccented \ . or only vowel has any one of the preceding sounds, >.../7. the stem, if perpendicular or inclined, must be so writ- x "" ' ten that it will be divided by the line of writing into two equal parts, but if the stem is horizontal write it just below the line. If there are two or more consonants in a word whose accented or only vowel has any one of the " Third Position Sounds " the FIRST perpendicular or inclined stem must be written through the line the same as if it were the only consonant in the word, and the other consonant or consonants joined to it without lifting the pencil from the paper ; but if the consonant stems are all horizontal write them just below the line. "Write in accordance with preceding rule, omitting the vowels and all consonants not sounded : Pea me cue pity poor pig pitch eel itch new meal coop doom loop few ill pick boom cure chip lure IS. The outline or skeleton of a word is always written with- out lifting the pencil from the paper. But when initial diphthong /is joined it must be written first ; thus, *~**^y mentally, *J Ida. 53 \ 19. A straight consonant is repeated by doubling its length ; thus, __ kay-kay, _____ gay-gay. \ 20. Curved stems are repeated by making the signs twice ; thus, ^\ ef-ef, > dhe-dhe. \ 21. There should always be an angle between ef and en, ve and en, ve and ing, le and em, emp-b and ess. \ 22. There should be no angle between pe-en, ith-en, ef-kay, de-ef, le-ess, le-er, le-ish, le-she, em-ess. \ 23. Light and heavy stems that do not form an angle at their junction when joined should be so blended that the precise point of juncture is not discernible; thus,^w i-p,\__5-n, ^^^ p-ng. \ 24. As will be seen by reference to the tables, the first-place vowel and diphthong sounds are a as in calm, a as in ball, a as in bat, o as in on, i as in ice, oy as in boy, and ow as in cow. The second- place sounds are a as in. fade, o as in lod, e as in bet, and u as in up. MANUAL OF SHORT -HAND. 13 The third-place sounds are ea as in peal, i as in pit, oo in foot, oo in food, and eio in view. When these different sounds are so clearly impressed in the mind that when a word is spoken the position or place of its accented vowel is readily determined, then the student has but little further use for the vowels ; they need not be inserted the first perpendicular or inclined stem of the word being written in the position of its accented vowel, makes it intelligible. Let us take a few words for illustration ; thus, in the word balm the con- sonant sounds are B and M, and the vowel long a as in calm, which occupies a first place, therefore we should write it, \~. balm , cap has a first-place vowel and the consonants should be written above the line, thus, \cap,fowl, consonants F and L, diphthong ow r. first-place sound, and therefore should be written, \ fowl; thade, consonants SH and D, vowel long o, second-place, so we write it, / shade,- rub, having a second-place sound, we write, /\. rub ; poke, second-place vowel, X^ poke ; poem, accented vowel, second-place, write it, \__^ poem; words like iota and idea should be vocalized ; thus, J" *^ a > V "k fl - In several of the preceding illustrations, and in some which will be hereafter presented, it will be noticed that the words are vocalized. This is done merely to show those who may wish to write according to the old method of first teaching the "Corresponding Style," or who may experience difficulty in associating the sounds and position, the method in vogue for the insertion of the vowels. This, how- ever, cannot be recommended, as it has been found by actual practice that students make more rapid and easy progress by simply memorizing the different vowel sounds and their corres- ponding positions in reference to the line of writing, omitting the vowels and writing the consonants of the word in the manner already explained. RULES FOR WRITING SH, L, AND R. \ 25. When SH is the first consonant stem in a word that begins with a vowel, when it is the only consonant in a word, or when it is the final element of a word write the down stroke,- ** show, ^ Ashby, j push. 14 THE SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S \ 26. When SH is the last consonant in a word that ends with a vowel sound write it upward ; but in the middle and at the beginning of words the upward or downward stroke may be employed ; thus, \^/ bushy, '^ sure, ^ shabby. \ \ g 27. When L is the first consonant sound in a word that begins with a vowel and is next followed by a horizontal stem, or when it is the final element of a word the down stroke should be used ; thus, -^ alum, X boil. \ 28. When L is the only consonant stem in a word, when it begins a word, when it is the last consonant in a word that ends with a vowel sound, or when it is the first consonant in the word and is followed by a down stroke stem the L should be written upward; thus, /^ ail, \^ fellow, /^\ lope. $ 29. In the middle of words L may be written either upward or downward, but the upstroke generally gives the best outline. \ 30. After N it is generally best to write the L downward and after M upward whether followed by a vowel or not, as better outlines are given ; thus, ^ inlay. \ 31. When R begins a word, when it is the last consonant in a word that ends with a vowel sound, and always before ith, dhe, chay and jay the stem Ree should be used ; thus, v ' to-morrow, r^vrreath, ^t wreathe* ^/ rich, /f rage, \^/ ferry. 2 32. When R is the first or only consonant in a word that be- gins with a vowel, when it is the final element of the word, and always before M use the downstroke R ; thus, "^ air, N^ cur, \ 33. In the middle of words either the upward or downward R may be used, but the upstroke is generally the best. When R follows R or stroke H the upward R should be used ; thus, , SIGNS FOR H. \ 34. The stroke H is used in the following cases : I. When H is the only consonant or the only one that can be conveniently represented by a stroke. II. For initial H preceding a consonant followed by a vowel. MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 15 | 35. In reporting the H is omitted from such words as hope,, happy, had, have, half ; thus, \ heap, \ hope. \ 3G. Before M, L, R, stroke S or a hook, H is expressed by a small heavy perpendicular tick ; thus, ^^ home, y whole. SIGNS FOR W AXD Y. \ 37. The stroke stems for W and Y are used when W or Y is the only consonant in the word, or when it is the first consonant in a word that begins with a vowel ; thus, "\ way, ~\ awake. \ 38. A small semi-circle is employed as an additional sign for these letters. For W it opens to the right or left, and for Y either upward or downward ; they are generally employed when W or Y is the initial sound in the word, or when immediately followed by D ; *\ web, jj wash, 1 wood. g 39. W may be prefixed to Lee and Ree by a large initial hook; and to M and N by a small initial hook ; thus, whale, ^/ weary, 5^-rr. toon. The phrases we will, we are, we may and we know may be expressed by wL, wR, wM, and wN, respectively. These words occur very frequently in connection with other words in phrases, and this method of denoting them adds greatly to the speed and beauty of the writing. We-will-bc, written wL 2 -B ; we 2 -may-go, wM 2 -G ; we-know-you-are, wR-diphthong u-Ree; we-are-now, wR-N. READING EXERCISE No. 1. KEY. Line 1. Pea, be, tea, jay, gay, ray, ell, err, way, yea, Em, see, you, I, p-k, d-p, t-m, ch-p. 16 THE SELF -INSTRUCTOR'S Line 2. F-n, v-n, v-ing, 1-m, mp-z, p-n, f-g, d-f, 1-s, 1-r. Line 3. L-sh, l-sh, m-s, d-t, p-b, decay, Katy, pity, empty, gale, envy, pekay, cage. X,ine 4. Shape, fish, fishy, alike, fell, fellow, leap, bulk, mail, fear, erry, rage, urge, rope. Line 5. Hero, Hay, hazy, hear, held, hang, happy, hope, have, half, had, awake, week, one. Line 6. We may go home to-morrow. We will be willing if you are. We are going. WRITING EXERCISE No. 1. WRITE IN FIRST POSITION IN ACCORDANCE WITH \ 15. Odd pa paw at am add mow chaw law aim ash pie now cow WRITE IN SECOND POSITION IN ACCORDANCE WITH \ 16. Pay bay beau Abe dough toe mow foe Joe low fay they though show ode aid owed gay lay up Ed egg etch Em know air err oar WRITE IN THIRD POSITION IN ACCORDANCE WITH \ 17. Pea be tea eat key fee eve see ooze she me lee itch eel knee woo ye he it chew few view new use mew she WRITE IN PROPER POSITION IN ACCORDANCE WITH $ 15-17. Paw day lieu ail gay awed dough eke foe thee thaw ape ate nay eaze if own in on sav so ace way lie Jew nigh ache out by day each joy if age few thy saw so say us ease may no know allow see easy ill \ 40. SIMPLE CONSONANT WORD SIGNS. In the following table of word signs the word in the upper part of the brace is written in the first position, the one in the middle MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 17 in the second position, and the lower one in the third position. The words in italic are not grammalogues or word signs, but simply words written in the "Reporting Style." \ V { happy plaintiff pea ( shall, shalt ^/ -1 show (shoe (at \ what (it ( usual-ly (had \ defendant, do (did (time member (charge change, which each me (on no (large any advantage Jew (long (can come ^ x young (thing could (go ( important-ance 1 may be J (give-n ( improve-d-ment (form foe f (our, are ray rue V (was ( whose (why ^\ J yy&y (woo (thank youth ( think (beyond (yea \ 41. VOWEL WORD SIGXS. . a * an and 9 the x all ' oh, owe, * who V but \ to / should x% how you c with -> we N of < would. Should and and are always written upward. 18 THE SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S TICKS AND JOINING OF WORDS. 42. The, the most frequent occurring word in the English language, may be expressed by a short tick preferably in the direction of CH, but sometimes in the direction of Ree, joined to the preceding word. The tick the never begins a word; thus, " * on the, > to the, 9 aa the. 43. A or an is joined to the preceding word by a small per- pendicular or horizontal tick; o/andfl, and to and a, should not be joined but must be written separately; thus, , can a, rrnr? n a > g 44. He may be written initially or finally by a heavy tick; thus, \^ if he, 2 can he, \ he was. \ 45. 7 is generally represented by the diphthong I, but may be abbreviated by writing only the first stroke, when it will join easily to the consonant ; thus, j I had, v I may. \ 40. The principle of joining ticks may also be applied to all word signs that join well. The first word must always be written in position, and no and go should be vocalized to distinguish them from any and come ; thus, ~~\ can be, ~ ^ you may go. $ 47. The connective phrase of the is intimated by writing the words between which it occurs near to each other; thus, ^^^ importance of the improvement. WRITING EXERCISE No. 2. If the student desires to "vocalize" i. e. place the vowels to the consonant stems he may do so in accordance with gg 7-10 and the following rules : 1, First-place vowels are written at the beginning of consonant strokes ; second-place in the middle, and third place at the end, so in up-strokes the first-place would be at the beginning (apparently at the bottom) of the stroke and third- place at the end (or apparently at the top) of the stroke. 2. All first-place and long second-place vowels are written to the stem which precedes them ; short second place and all third-place vowels are written to the stem which follows them. We would suggest to the instructor or student that when the words in the various exercises are written for the first time the outlines should not be vocalized, but put in proper position MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 19 according to 14. In reviewing, the outlines may be vocalized, if desired, but it is not necessary. It is entirely unnecessary to vocalize the outlines, as in actual reporting the vowels are never inserted except occasionally in proper names and words of infrequent use. WRITE IX FIRST POSITION IX ACCORD AXCE WITH \ 15. Pack patch dime jam occupy palm pang pattie pop back tack path bag body chop type job dodge dani damp dock daub sham cap camp cabbage Chicago catch couch WRITE IX SECOXD POSITIOX IX ACCORDAXCE WITH \ 16. Pope penny bake bevy* foam came game dome poach death jump poke take bump poem make fame money marry tame puffy funny toney WRITE IX THIRD POSITIOX IX ACCORDAXCE WITH \ 17. peep duty pity doom cheap dizzy keep coop nip* Pig jib tip nick kick ink kink mink chick cube boom neap zinc WRITE IX PROPER POSITIOX, OBSERVTXG THE RULES, |g 25-33. she shop push bushy shadow shame issue bishop mash clash alike* along illume coil alcohol fall ball fuel nail bill ail lay lap like lung fellow folly pillow mellow bulk utility outlive inlav kneel mile annually annual newly mail meal mule ray rope rotary ridge reach retailer air ore arm arrive fear ferry Arab rear pork career parody WRITE IX ACCORDANCE WITH 34. Hang hang hap harp Harry harsh hash Harvev Harriet hatch hate haughty havoc hay knife * he heavy heretic hero herring hewed hewer hop honey hindoo horrify horrid hoop hub hung WRITE IX ACCORDANCE WITH 2 35. Had half have hope happy harm hath WRITE IX ACCORDANCE WITH \ 36. Hail hair hall whole ham him hear her hawk hog hack home here heel hem hemp hominy homily howl hulk hull humbug hump humming 20 THE SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S WRITE IK ACCORDANCE WITH \\ 37-39. Way weigh why woo yale ye awake away awoke by-way wake week wish watch wage wager wait wag waive walk wife widow width wide yoke yacht wail wan one win window warm winch war wall well will wool willing whale work were where warp wary whereon wire SENTENCES. [The words in italics in the sentences of all the writing exer- cises should be joined; but if there is an x between two words they must not be connected. The connective phrase, of the, occurring in the middle of a sentence, is never written, but is expressed by writing the words between which it occurs near to each other. Indicate the, a, and an, wherever possible, by the tick sign.] What can you give me if I will come? I shall give you an important charge. 1 am weary of doing nothing and shall go home to-morrow. You may be willing to become a member. How long shall you be among them? I will be among them axlong time. Charge me with what you have given them. You should do nothing at any time you fear would be wrong. We will ship you to-day in shape, the sheep we wish you x to take. S AND Z CIRCLE. \ 48. The S and Z sounds are of such frequent occurrence that it has been found necessary to give them additional and briefer signs (small circles), and ones which are more convenient for joining. The "ess-circle," so called to distinguish it from the stroke S, ), is employed much more frequently than the latter. Except as word sign, it is used only in connection with stroke consonants. Aside from its brevity it furnishes a graceful and fluent method of joining both straight and curved stems, preserv- ing lineality of writing and apparently infusing life and expression into the notes. 49. The circle is joined : I. To single straight stems by a motion from the right over to the left. MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 21 II. To Bimple curved stems by writing it inside the curve. \ 50. TABLE OF THE CIRCLE S. ^ofiPs ^osBs EsTs bsDs <^sCHs ^sJs c_DsKs o_p8Gs ^osFs CosVs sTHs CsDH 3sSs 3sZs o^sSHs sMs <^sNg sNGs ^ sWs sYs X) ros y- \ 58. When S or Z is immediately followed or immediately preceded by two concurrent vowels the stem sign should be used ; thus, J^j, essence, VT science. 22 THE SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S .v.i. When two ess sounds are the only consonants in a word .me should be written with the circle and the other with a stem sign. An initial circle should be used in words that end with a vowel sound, and a final circle in those words that end with the sound of ess ; thus, $ cease, \ sissy. 3 60. When S is the first consonant in a word that begins with a vowel the stem sign should be used ; thus, \ ( assume. $ 61. When Z is the first consonant sound in a word, whether there be an initial vowel or not, the stem sign should be used ; thus, ^- zero. 62. When the sounds of s and z occur in connection with some other consonant, in such syllables as ses, sis, cis, sus, sys, rise, zes, they may be represented by a large circle twice the size for s. , \ 63. The large circle is joined to consonant stems the same as the small one, and may be used at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of words ; thus, ^system, ^~f necessity, \> bases. g 64. Although seldom necessary, the vowel or diphthong occur- ring between the two consonants represented by the large circle may be expressed by writing it inside the hook ; thus, -f exhaust. ST AND STR LOOPS. 1 65. When T immediately follows S, or D follows Z, the sounds are represented by a small loop about one-third the length of the stem. When the sounds of z and d are preceded by only one con- sonant then the circle s and stroke d must be used ; if, however, these sounds are preceded by two or more consonants then the *<-loop may be used. | 66. The sound of sir with any intervening vowel is represent- ed hy a large loop extending about two-thirds the length of the stem. 67. The st-loop may be used at the beginning, in the middle and at the end, and the str-loop in the middle and at the end of words; thu8,\est,\^dvster,^^ master, ^yesterday. g 68. S may be added to the large circle and to the st and sir loops by turning a small circle on the opposite side of the steir thus, N^ possesses, ^ boasts, Xj> boasters. 2 69. As, has, is or his may be added initially and finally to words, and us finally, by the ess-circle, or by making a MANUAL, OF SHORT- HAND. circle beginning or ending a word into a large circle; thus, ._ f> as long as, f has had, Vl!^ is in, ^~* as soon as. \ 70. As is, as his, as has, has his, his is, is as may be joined initially and finally to other words by the large circle; thus, *V^ as has no. g 71. Is it is prefixed to words or word signs by writing a small detached loop and joining it to the following consonant ; thus, ** * is it now. \ 72. There, their or they are is added to the ess-circle word signs by making the circle into a large loop and joining it to the following stem ; thus, c \ as there can be, *-^ as there is now. | 73. The circle ess may be added to any consonant sign to represent the plural or the possessive case of nouns, or the third person singular of verbs ; thus, its, comes, {, does. \ 74. Between S and another consonant T may be omitted ; thus, must be, jp postage, \f~~ postmaster. \ 75. CIRCLE WORD SIGNS. fas, has self is, his f as i , has is, as has, has as O -j selves (is as, his is, is his (sap special-ly soup (because case keys (sag { signify (fast \ first (feast (several sieve ( similarity < same { similar (nice owns insurance ( impossible ( improvements (song ( singular 24 THE SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S READING EXERCISE No. 2. KEY. Line 1. May the money be given them now? It may be if you wish. If he can. Line 2. He was going away to-morrow, but will now wait and go with me. Line 3. We are going to improve in our work each day. Can he take charge of the defendant? Line 4. Upset, passage, f-s-m, gasp, visage, physic, case, lesson, illusive, task, desk, oats. Line 5. Chasm, pass, passes, cases, subsist, chooses, success, possess, disease, decease, season, Sussex, horse. Line 6. Past, stop, state, toast, teas, teased, pastor, must, muster, post, teamster, minister, poster, strong. Line 7. Strength, strange, impost, impose, imposter, boaster,. boasters, post, posters, distinguish, destiny. Line 8. Store, story, surface, serious, ceremony, as well as, aa fast as, as it can. postmaster, ask, special, as there is no. WRITING EXERCISE No. 3. WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH $ 49-50. Stay sack sun stow sit sank safe some pass city said suit safely fees seen face soap peace MANUAL OF SHOBT-HAJfD. 26 office sang soar sorry series sale sales saves seems source oppose service ceremony base pays piece seed abuse buys sat ties toss ages side sad such choose joys those cause accuse case saith south allows this thus laws loss less amuse lose soul seal arise amaze news knows sing song owns WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH \ 51. Cask mask task desk physic phasma noisily upset opposite officer sincere sincerely music dusty party misty chisel hasty haystack lesser misery miser mislay resign WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH \ !|55-61. Sail shows illusive allusive elusive lesson license listen loosen looseness ask asp assay aspire escape assail fussy mossy busy lazy easy dizzy noisy assassin science assignees zion zany zero easily user sauce seize says size seize WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH \ 63. Passes bosses possess success causes masses faces vases chooses basis laces insist necessary possessed Sussex submissive WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH \\ 65-68. Stop stake stoop stool steam stamp stair stock store story stencil past based taste cost most lost fast missed chaste must waste haste based rest arrest post passed tossed test state stout steed stood stead just coast cast style steal still stole stale justify mystify poster master castor faster teamster waster baluster chests roaste-s attests possesses successes teamsters costs disturb SENTENCES. [When we, with another word is enclosed in [ ], it denotes that the we is to be expressed by the to-hook.] It ia impossible to see the defendant as his ease comes up to-day. [We wilt] ship you to-day the things sold you yesterday, and mail you invoice and bill, which pay as soon as you can. It is best to think well ere we speak. It cost much money but it caused success to visit our store, and stay with us. ^ THE SELF-IXSTRUCTOU'S It is singular but he was the first to come. As a usual thing we have to pay cash, but when they sold us the last load they said you may take 03 long as you wish to pay the bill; we would thank all firms for similar services. As there is no hope of your selling anything, I think X it is folly to stay among them. Have you any bill which James & Smith refused to pay? If so, [we will] take it and sue them if you desire. When you are in the city come and see us, and [we will] show you a nice stock. As we are selling our stock so cheap almost giving it away we think it would be to your advantage to purchase now. No one is always right, sometimes we all err. Always do what you x think is right, if by so doing you will injure L AND R HOOKS. \ 76. The simple articulations, p, b, t, d, etc., are so closely united with I and r that they form a kind of consonant diphthong, pronounced by a single effort of the organs of speech. Take for instance the words play, plow, flow, and notice how the I imper- ceptibly glides into the^> and seemingly with but one effort of the vocal organs; and in the words pray, prow, fray, gray, bray, the same may be said of the pr, fr, gr, br. In writing, the natural way of expressing these combinations would undoubtedly be by some marked and uniform modification of the simple letters, and so in Short-hand they are expressed by simple, yet distinct and uniform modifications of the consonants : a small initial hook on the circle side of straight steins for I and on the opposite side for r. The I and r-hook combinations are used when the I and r blend with the preceding consonant, and when no, or but a slightly perceptible vowel sound occurs between them. They must not be understood to represent the sounds per, ber, ker, ger, pel, bel t kd, etc., but rather the sounds pri (short i), bri, kri, pli, bit, kli, etc., the former being written with stroke signs. In words like play, free, apple, upper, the hook combinations may be used, but in such words as pail, fear, pile, poor, the stroke signs should be employed. g 77. A small hook on the circle side and at the beginning of any stem except S, Z, R, L, M, N, ISTG, MP-B, W and H. and a large initial hook on N, M, NG and MP-B indicates that L follows. MANUAL. OF SHORT-HAND. 27 \ 78. SHI and ZH1 have their hooks at the bottom, are always written upward and never stand alone. \ 79. A small hook at the beginning and on the side opposite the el-hook on straight stems, except Ree and H, adds R. The addition of an R on curved stems (except S, Z, L, R, M, N, XG, W and Y) is indicated by turning over sideways the corresponding L-hook signs, except SHI and ZH1. which are turned over endways. \ 80. SHr and ZHr have their hooks at the top and are always written downward. g 81. R may be added to M and X by a small initial hook, provided the M and X are first thickened, as NG and MP never take an initial R-hook. R may be added to L by a small initial hook. \ 82. TABLE OF THE L HOOK SIGNS. ^ PI ^ Bl P Tl P Dl /'CHI /'Jl c_ Kl *_ Gl ^> Fl ^Vl C TH1 C Dffl CN MPl /R\ \ 83. TABLE OF THE R HOOK SIGNS. \Pr ^Br 1 Tr 1 Dr /CHr / Jr c- Kr e- Gr ^ Fr \ Vr 5 THr !) DHr \ 84. The L and R hooks though made at the beginning are read after, not before the stem ; thus, \^ play, \ pray. \ 85. The L and R hook combinations are used for such close blendings of L or R following consonants, as occur at the begin- ning of the words clay, fry, prow ; but even in such words as apple, evil, copper, where the sounds are separated by a slight vowel the hooks are used, but in words like pail, fear, etc,, where a distinct vowel sound occurs, the stem signs must be used. \ 86. In some cases when an L or R hook sign is joined to a preceding letter the hook cannot be perfectly formed, in such cases a slight offset of the pen serves instead vf the hook; thus, reply, |I_ tiger, , <^ gospel. /J registry. 28 THE SELF -INSTRUCTOR'S WRITING EXERCISE No. 4. [An " 1 " before all or will denotes that the all or will is to be expressed by an -hook on the preceding stem; and an "r" between two words denotes that the word immediately following the "r" is expressed by the r-hook on the preceding stem.] WRITK IN ACCORDANCE WITH 32 77-S5. Play flow try true agree dray pry only glumes :o placed blooms pleased plow drew grasp draw free appraised plush brew flaw pleasing applause Iff' glass drayage apples glue crow trial blue frame cry throw frail plaster cluster glaze WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH \ 85. Outer acre honor trouble purely jobber measure fear utter usher ample tackle proper rubber coil gear author azure angles staple copper powder pile lower owner Sickles evel impress pitcher bills jewels offer inner authorized buckle barrels reaper bushel fall WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH \ 86. durable degree broker nickel maker couple Liable honorable allowable cable cheaper deliver legal applicable taker enable brokerage maple shipper SENTENCES. / shall draw on you at three days' tight, x please have the money ready. Owe no one, and ask no one to x trust you. Friday is looked upon as an unlucky day. It I will be impossible x to ship you the bushel measures by next Saturday, butlwill try and ship them Monday. / shall be pleased x to mail x you our price list, and solicit your custom. [ We will] deliver your copper next month, if possible. Speak the truth so people will have faith in your word. A number o/r our customers will arrive to-morrow. The offers were mostly from local buyers. You should try and employ time to the best advantage. / have nothing to say, please ask them. The prices you make me are too high. MANUAL OF SHOKT-HAND. 29 2 87. To avoid long and Inconvenient outlines an L or R hook may be used, even if a distinct vowel sound occurs between the stein and the L or R. PROPER EMPLOYMENT OF THE L AND R HOOKS. \ 88. When there is a distinct vowel sound between the con- sonant and the L or R the stroke signs should be used instead of the L or R hooks. The hook combinations should be retained for the natural blendings of the L and R with other stems. By so doing the notes will be more easily read and the speed increased. If, however, the outline would be too long, awkward, or extend too far below the line, the hook should be used. The hook for R should be used in the middle of words when that consonant is fol- lowed by M, as the down stroke would carry the outline too far below the line ; thus, Tr 2 -M-Ns, terminus, P*-R-&N , person, P^-ssT, persist. Full is best written Fl 3 . The hooks should be used on sterns that have final hooks followed by another stem, when if the stem L or R was used the final hook could not be employed, or if it was would make the outline too long or inconvenient. The list of words which should have an L or R hook instead of the stem sign, given in the latter part of the book, will be of great help to the student, as it contains all the words in common use which take this special vocalization. \ 89. S is prefixed to all the L hook stems, to R on curves, and to the W hook by writing the circle inside the hook. \ 90. S is prefixed to straight R hook stems by making the hook into a small circle, sea by making the hook into a large circle, and st by making the hook into a small loop. 91. SP1 SERIES OF CONSONANTS. ^ aPl ^ aBl faTl faDl ^aCHl /sJl . Prescribe proscribe obscure discry disagreeable describe describer subscribe subscriber disgraced disgorge MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 33 WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH g 96. String strangle storage straw strike Unscrew inseparable Twist queer strung star storrn straddle struck unseemly unsalable WRITE IN quest require strange strong strength store story steer stir sterling strap strap stretch stretcher stripe struggle stroke ACCORDANCE WITH \ 97. unsociable inscribe insolvable unscrupulous ACCORDANCE WITH 101. twill dwell quell acquire quire square SENTENCES. It gives me pleasure to mail~x.you our terms on railroad supplies. 1 hey Tare very cheap at the price given. There is no place like home. He who can bridle his tongue wins the approval of \ all. I shall endeavor K to comex since this is the case, but he must also appear. It is the way in which things are said many times X which makes them so disagreeable. You must's, obey the laws of health if you x would be well. FINAL HOOKS. F, V AND N HOOKS. \ 102. F or v may be added to any straight stem, whether it be simple or have an initial circle loop or hook, by a small final hook on the right-hand or ess-circle side, and n by a small final hook on the opposite side. \ 103. N may be added to any curved stem by a small final hook on the inner side of the curve. The -hook is never used on a curved stem except to add of, have or ever, as it would be difficult to distinguish it from n. 104. TABLE OF F-HOOK COMBINATIONS. \i Pf or Pv \ Bf Bv Tf TV I Df Dv / CHf CHv Bv Jt Jv Hf Hv Kf Kv Gf Gv vtBv 34 THE SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S $ 105. TABLE OF N-HOOK COMBINATIONS. ^ Pn ^ Bn J Tn J Dn c/ CHn -^> Kn -=> Gn Vi Fn V> Vn C THn 6 Dhn t) Sn ) Zn 6/ SHn ex ZHn / Ln "^ Rn ^r, Mn ^? Nn v_5> NGn "^ Wn 6~ Yn /-s, MPn ^ wLn c/ 9 \\Rn wMn ^_j? wNn 100. When X, F or V is the last consonant sound in a word that ends with a vowel the stem sign must be used, as a hook would indicate that the N, F or V was the final sound; thus, \ puff, \ puffy* \ pen, \_ penny. \ 107. S or Z may be added to the /-hook and to the n-hook on curves, by turning a small circle inside the hook; thus, \^ puffs, \o vanes. \ 108. On straight stems making the n-hook 1. Into a small circle adds a; thus, \ pens. 2. " "large " " ss; " J dunces. 3. " "small loop, " st; " ~ against. 4. " "large " " sir; " \punster. \ 109. The n-hook circles and loops must not be used in the middle of words unless the hook and circle can be made distinct. * 110. S may be added to the n-hook circles and loops by turning a small circle on the opposite side of the stem. \ 111. Some students seem to think that because making the n-hook on straight stems into a circle adds s that the same prin- ciple holds good when applied to that hook on curved stems and the /-hook on straight stems. A little careful consideration will show the fallacy of this, however, as should it be done the hook would be lost and we would simply have the stem and added s, instead of the stem, hook and s. The circle may be made a little smaller than xisual when written inside these hooks, so as not to make the hooks too large. The srf-loop or large circle is never written inside these or any other hooks. 112. In order to give a better form and to retain the primi- tive word the/, v or n-hook may be used in the middle of words MANUAL OF SHORT -HAND. 35 S where convenient , but in words like devices, devious and fence the Stems must be used, but in words like puffery, bravery, gunnery, grainer, granary the hooks should be employed ; thus, < \j^' bravery pennons. 113. Have, o/or ever as a suffix, may be expressed by an /-hook on the preceding consonant stem, and been may be added to the /-hook on curved stems by turning a small hook inside it. The /-hook on curves must be made longer than on straight stems, and when the n-hook is turned inside the r-hook may be made a little larger than usual ; thus, /_, which have no, fa fay have been t __ they may have been. $ 114. Than, own, in or been may be added by the n-hook ; thus, c~~*i> more than, J there own, \^ I have been. \ 115. F AND N-HOOK WORD SIGNS. | differ-ence-ent, s / whichever, 2 * govern, 2 ^^_^ opinion^ \ experience, 3 \^ phonography, 1 (, within. 3 BEADING EXERCISE No. 4. ^~--^"^ 36 THE SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S Line 1. Puff, buff, tough, doff, chaff, cough, cave, jove, rough, raff, relief, grave, belief, prove, staff, stove. Line 2. Strive, pen, pawn, ten, chain, gain, gone, fan, fin, vain, stone, strain, spun, clan, main, than. Line 3. Man, men, woman, women, human, humane, earn, none, plain, shine, machine, flown, frown. Line 4. Cough, coffee, men, many, puffs, fines, pens, tenses, pounced, canister, punsters, ransom. Line 5. Fence, fences, devices, plain, plainer, mean, meaner, puffery, drive, driven, references, toughen. Line 6. All of, to all of, who have, should have, and of-have, they may have been, who have been, to have known, I have been, other than, larger than, which ever, live within your income. Line 7. There is no royal road to learning, success comes only by severe study and diligence. Out of his sight. WRITING EXERCISE No. 6. When s, t and/, or s, t and v are the only consonants in a word, and there is no vowel sound between the s and t, then use the stf-loop and the stroke T ; but when a, t and n are the only conso- nants in a word if the n is the final sound, use the ess-circle, stroke T and n-hook. When the consonants t and /, t and , d and /, or d and v, are immediately followed by n, the stroke T or D with the /-hook and stroke N must be used. Also when d or t is followed by / or v and d or t the stroke D or T with an /-hook must be employed. AVRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH \\ 102-103. Puff pave beef tough cuff cough cave crave grove dove chief buff proof above bluff brief trough deprive drive drove calf clove glove aggrieve stuff stove rough belief relief scoff strive starve roof pen pain open pin plain plan been boon upon happen done down join coin queen gone again gain often fan hne even brain brown prune thin than thine then shown man men nine mean none known line lone lean cane run roan MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 37 WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH 22 106-107. men cuffs happens plans suspense puffery plainer defence lonely many cloves purify gloves cough fines WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH \ 108. brains tense against dense prunes appliance bronze bounced canister WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH \ 112. gunnery toughen private profit ignorance grainer define coffin pennons provide franchise dinner coffee mines chance chains appearances openness prefer chiefly SENTENCES. Never say where ignorance is bliss 'tis folly to be wise. Every man is free to express his opinion of the value of Phon- ography, in any possible manner. . Scan closely the pages of any choice book, and you will gain wisdom. The man drove to r our relief and before noon we were safe at home. He who runs the fastest at first, many times loses the race. There is no royal road to learning, success only comes by severe study and diligence. Live within your income and you will owe no man. Govern your desires before they govern you. Place man in trying situations requiring nerve and courage and notice their different manners. SHUN AND TER-HOOKS. 116. When Phonography was in the early period of its exist- ence only one size of final hooks was used, but careful experiment and daily practice showed that two sizes could be employed without endangering the legibility of the "writing, and a large hook was taken to represent the frequently recurring sound of shun. On curved stems the hook is made on the inner side of the curve, a hook never being turned on the outer side, but on straight stems the hook was written on either the n or /-hook side, according to certain rules, giving two hooks for the representation of but one sound. This method of writing the hook on both side 452206 38 T1IE SELF.IXSTRUCTOR'3 of straight stems at length was seen to be a waste of Phono- graphic material and finally one author used a large hook on the n-hook side for -five, and one on the /-hook side for shun. But for various Phonographic reasons and especially the advantage it gives in phrase writing, the large hook on the w-hook side should be used for the frequent recurring sounds of ter, ther, and dher. The two Pitmans (Isaac and Benn), still retain the old method of expressing shun by both large final hooks. I 117. TABLE OF SHUN-HOOK COMBINATIONS. \>Pflhn NO Bshn U Tshn t Dshn ^x CHshn O Jshn _^Kshn . _= Gshn ViFshn V>Vshn 6 THshn C DHshn i) Sshn t) Zshn (J SHshn o'ZHshn <^Lshn ~vi Bshn x --^> Mshn .^PNshn _2 NGahn / ~$ MPshn ^Wshn ^TYshn ^Hshn r-vwMshn ajp wNshn (? wLshn o^ wJJshn ^.Rshn \ 118. When sh and n are the only consonants in a word, as in ocean ; when an accented vowel comes between the sh and n, as in machine, then the stroke SH and n-hook must be used. In words like notion, mission, caution, etc., the sAww-hook should be used thus, ^ ocean, ) machine. $ 119. In words such as accession, position, transition, physician, the sounds of sesshun, aisshun, are represented by continuing the circle into a hook, and a is added to this hook by turning a small circle inside it; thus, f accession, \ position, J transition, \e physician. \ 120. Like the /and n-hooks the shun and esAon-hook may be used in the middle of words ; thus, | dictionary I/' transitional. \ objection, information. 121. SHTJN-HOOK WORD SIGNS. subjection, '^_'i signification, formation, MANUAL, OF SHORT-HAND. 39 THE TER-HOOK. 122. As has already been stated, a large final hook on the n- hook side of straight stems adds ter, dher or ther. This only applies to straight stems, as no other stem can take more than two final hooks, and a large hook on curved stems adds shun. The &r-hook is of great value to phonographers, yet the average stu- dent seldom at first gets a clear insight into its proper employ- ment. When a word ends in the sound of ter this hook must not be used, when if the ter was omitted a complete word would be left as in better, butter, chatter, patter, but in such words as bother, gather, clatter, character, collector, greater, cutter, gutter, the hook may be used. It is true if the ter was omitted from the words cutter, gutter, a distinct word would be left, but as the t in such words is not written, but expressed in another way (by the halving princi- ple not yet explained), and as r ending a word is generally written with the down stroke, the ter-hook must be added to k and g to express the added sylable ter. Also when the sound of ter, dher or *her follows A or Ree the ter-hook. must be used. \ 123. TABLE OF TER-HOOK COMBINATIONS. ^ Ptr ^ Btr J Ttr J Dtr (/ CHtr (/ Jtr -=> Ktr -=> Gtr /? .Rtr ^ Htr c U et > \ ?** \ 132. Half-length stems may be joined to other stems and used in the beginning, in the middle and the end of words; thus, V- N bottom, \j~ _^ fortune, \j_ prevent, \ 133. Although half-length stems may be joined to other con- sonants, they must be distinguished by junction, length, width or curvature. K or G following F, V, or upward L ; N or iXG following P or B ; F or V following D or T ; or W following K or G, cannot be halved. Half-length K, F or V must not precede R or W ; half-length P, B, T or D must not be joined to IN" or iXG. Half-length N must not be joined to P, B, T or D. A half-length downward R following F, V, K or G must be thickened at the lower end. Two half-length straight stems written in the same direction should never be joined, as they could not be distin- guished from single straight stems. \ 134. When ted or ded follows another down stroke it is best to write a disjoined half-length D or T to keep the outline from 46 THE SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S extending too far below the line; thus, , date, , ; dated, 1 trade, 1 , traded. \ 135. When the sound of est follows the sound of shun imme- diately after K or G it may be represented by a half-length S writ- ten upward ; thus, V ^ faetionist. \ 13G. The past tense of words the present tense of which is expressed by a half-length stem, is written by the addition of the stroke D to the present. \ 137. When t or d is the last consonant in a word that is followed by a vowel, or when it is immediately preceded by two- vowels the stem sign should be used. The stem should also be used when the word ends in a circle or loop immediately preceded by a distinct vowel sound; thus, |" pity, ~ ^ notice, \ poet, /\ riot. 138. Half-length L when standing alone should be used to express the sounds of It only, and when L is followed by d the stems must be used; but when joined to other stems half- length L may express either It or W; thus, light, /} led. ^_y^ melt, * /"" mild. \ 139. When either t or d follows Ree the full outline should be used, to prevent any possibility of clashing with the ticks for and and should, but when joined to other stems half-length Reemay be used to express either the combination r and t or r and rf; thus, A red, ,* / mart, *"* mind, , */ mired. /> I ... ......... \ 140. When final d is preceded by L, Ree or N, preceded and followed by a vowel, it should be written with the stroke D; thus, /I solid, t/| tarried, __/j married. g 141. To or it may be added to a word sign or preceding consonant by the halving principle; thus, v ^ / am able to, ^_ by which it may be. \ 142. Not is added by the n-hook and halving principle com- bined ; thus, J had not, j do not, ^^ may not, { it mil not 6e. MANUAL OF SHORT.HAND. 47 2 143. HALF-LENGTH WORD SIGNS. *\ Particular, 1 opportunity, 3 - according-to,0 established-merit, ^ movement. 3 READING EXERCISE No. 7. Line 1. Pat, paid, pit, cat, cattle, mat, met, metal, middle, fat* that, shut, sheet, let, hat, write, meet, made, nod, yet. Line 2. Good, get, God, glad, gladness, found, foundry, founder, paint, chained, meant, mind, moment, patient, stationed, sufficient, round. Line. 3. Around, count, plant, better, editor, chatter, standard, splendid, intent, part, fort, fortunate, appetite, prevent. Line 4. Patter, better than, fact, effect, looked, outfit, peanut, great, greater, sentiment, pete, cheat, late. Line 5. Date, dated, elocutionist, nicest, parted, cart, carted, enchant, enchanted, pretty, duty, beauty, kittie, druid, Hattie. Line 6. Merit, sometime, pensioned, mentioned, ancient, at all time, at all events, may not have been, cannot be, could not, be able to, according to, by which it might. 48 THE SELF-INSTKUCTOR'S Line 7. It will not be, shall not be, should not, they are not, this will not, we may not, we are able to, we are not able to. The sentences must not be neglected. WRITING EXERCISE No. !>. WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH \ 130-131. Pat paid jet bought bad boat beat boot cat caught cod got goat get good chat chewed etched aged fat food act thought that might met made mad mood not night hand end light let art put added void vote viewed thanked formed used shut shoot joined happened opened broad bred bread tried child joint kind account called acquaint glad gold great find third sent send sound mind amount applied pride proud E roved plant spread suspend blood rute abroad brought bent bend blind bound blend bland told toward trade attend stand sustained stated dreaded cheered comb cared sacred gift flood short bind land earned around rent rend round surround seemed want went wound signed honored WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH \ 132. Patter chatter better editor auditor cattle cotton kitten patron matron goodness kindness fondness finder foundry paged parted shipped pulled boomed reached touched jobbed vouched assumed stripped merit malt potatoes potash pottery badly actually actual greatly actual maturity endless little ordinary thoughtless fortnight fortunate ascertained abundant gratified esteemed estimate rectified short-hand WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH \ 133-140. fact effect vacate looked locked peanuts divide bnnet tuft patent correct collect deed deeded trust treated goaded goad act acted note noted vote voted beauty plenty lawed mighty write led ride led treat lot MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 4 'SENTENCES. [A"t" between two words indicates that the word following the t is expressed by halving the preceding stem ; "n" that the fol- lowing word is expressed by an n-hook on the preceding stem; "v" that the following word is expressed by a v-hook on the pre- ceding stem. When not, with the preceding word, is enclosed by || || it indicates that the not is expressed by making the preceding stem half-length and adding an n-hook.] You should be true to your friends at 1 allt times. He who gave his honor for a moment's enjoyment paid an ex- horbitant price. The goods bought of you the f other day are almost worthless. The halls of vice and palaces of sin may glitter, but behind it 1 all is degradation and despair ; truly all is not gold that glit- ters. The possession of great wealth does not always bring real enjoy- ment ; the heart of the poor man is often more light and free than that of the millionaire. Make it a point to save part of your income no matter how small for large fortunes many times x have n been formed through such a habit. How often when the heart is bowed down with a weight of sor- row and affliction a word of cheer from some kind friend lifts the veil and penetrates the gloom, even as the morning sun dispels the darkness of the night. Never judge any one without giving him an opportunity to defend himself. [ We will] ship you every fortnight, if [we are"} fortunate in obtain- ing the required amount. [ We may be] able t to write short-hand ; and yet if we || cannot || read what we have written it 1 will be of no benefit to us. [ We maii] intend to do good, but if we || do not || carry out r our inten- tions no one will be benefited. There are abundant opportunities for doing good on many occa- sions. Why should we ask people for f their opinions when w || do not \\ intend to respect them. There is a tide in the affairs of men which taken at the ebb leads on to fortune. \\Do not || mingle in the society of the wicked, for if we touch pitch we || can not \\ hope to escape being denied. 50 THE SELF-INSTRUCTOE'S Success comes only by hard labor and there it no other way by which t it can be obtained. SIGN FOR REM. 144. The rules previously given state that when r is the first consonant in a word and is preceded by a vowel it should be written with the down stroke, and when it is the first sound in the word Ree should be used, but before M the down stroke should be used whether preceded by a vowel or not. In a great many cases the observance of this rule results in the formation of long or awkward outlines, besides producing hesitancy in tran- scribing. To remedy this evil a sign is here given by which to represent this combination; thus, /^ Rem. "But," some one says, "that is H with an initial circle, and how are we going to distinguish one from the other?" The answer is simply this: There is no necessity for H taking an initial circle, as the only word given by any short-hand author where a vowel comes between the s and A and such combination could advantage- ously be used is Soho, and it would be folly to reserve a sign for just one word. But if it is desired to phrase as he, has he, or is he, it can be done by writing the as, has or his by the ess-circle and joining the tick for he. When a vowel comes before the r the Rem must not be used, nor when the r is immediately followed by two m's, nor when two vowel sounds are heard between the r and m, but in all other cases it may be employed; thus, -/\^ remove, jf~~" remain, /\^ ramify, P has he 1 , / roam. SIGN FOR YR. 145. Y precedes r in a number of words where it must either be omitted or represented by the contracted y, which in phrase writing stands for you, and this makes the writing less legible. To obviate this difficulty the student may if he choose employ a large initial hook on Ree on the opposite side to the ^t-hook. This will not conflict with H if care is observed in the writing. This new form, like wR, will take all final modifications. In phrase writing it may be used for you are. MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 61 USE OF MP-B. 146. The stroke MP-B must not be used when a vowel occurs between the m and p or m and b. When the sound of m is imme- diately followed by^j or b then use this sign, but if the p or b is immediately followed by r or I and no distinct vowel sound is heard between the p and r or I or b and r or I, then the strokes M and P or B with an r or Miook must be used. For an illustration take the word empire, which would be written with the stroke MP and Ree; impose, MP with an ess-circle ; improbable, stroke M, stroke P with an r-hook and stroke B, improb being sufficient for legibility; import, MP with a half-length Ree ; employ, stroke M and stroke P with an -hook; embellish, strokes MB, L and SH. PRIMITIVE AND DERIVATIVES. \ 147. Generally when a student of Phonography becoming conversant with the modification of the consonant stems and the various expedients thus far explained, attempts to write words of any number of syllables, he is at a loss as to the proper form to employ, as apparently the word can be written with several forms each appearing proper and correct. The great fault of most Phonographic text books is that the style of writing they advo- cate is the commonly accepted theory of considering each portion of a word as an independent word and writing it with what appears to be the easiest and most flowing outline, irrespective of other words to which this particular one is related. Now the most philosophic way, and the one advocated in this work, is to consider every word as either primitive or derivative, and to write the derived outlines in accordance with the forms employed for their respective primitives; in other words to write the primitive word according to the general form and then add the additional consonants. If students, when beginning dictation practice will observe this rule, they will find much less trouble in writing and also in reading their notes when "cold." Take the words grainer, granary; their primitive is ^^ grain, to write grainer the most philosophical way is to add the stroke R, and for granary to add Ree, thus, ^^- Examine the formation of the words, 5 plant, j^- planter, \.^ planning, ^ manner, / chair, X__ chairman, {* ^ fortune, ~~\s^~' unfortunate, \ tray, -] trade, ^^ trader, / large, / larger, / largely, Q largest, ] for, \ forgot, \ forget, ^-- in, ^ ' "Q incomes, \ pen, iO pension, (^, ^ con- continued, * -i continuation, .j merge, submerge, *-- & normal, \^ abnormal, \j perfect, imperfect, \^ person, \X/^ personal, THE PAST TEXSE. g U9. The past tense of a verb ending with a full length stem is indicated by halving such stem : thus, ^ blame, \ * "" ^k. >"'** blamed; when it ends with a half-length stem by adding the stem D. Verbs that end Avith the sound of z should be written in the past tense with the circle s and stroke D when only one stroke precedes, but by the sMoop after two or more strokes ; thus, _JD cause, -P caused, ^ gaze, ^ gazed, .^X^vj refuse, .- refused. comes, - -- 1 NS FOLLOWING A CUKVE. g 150. When stroke M" and circle s, following a curve, ends a noun in the the singular number, or a verb, write the stroke N, not the n-hook ; thus, ^ fence, V^^ _ fences. 54 THE SELF-IXSTRUCTOR'S READING EXERCISE No. Line 1. Line 2. Line 3. Line 4. Line 5. Line 0. Line 7. KEY. -Ram, ramble, ramify, ramilication, ramp, rampant, roam, remand, remain, remainder, remedy. -Remarkable, remember, reminiscense, remissible, remit- tance, room, ruminate, remnant, rum, rumble, rumina- tion. -Yarn, yarrow, yard, year, york, yore, j r earn, yardarm, Yorktown, empale, empire, bump. -Embalm, embank, embark, embarrass, embezzle, impal- ing, impatience, impatient. -Import, importer, impertinence, impugn, impulse, im- pure, impetus, imprint, impressive. -Ten, tenable, tenability, tenacious, tenaciousness, tenac- ity, tenant, tenantless, tenantry, tend, tendency, tender, tenderest, tenderloin, tenderly, tenderness, tense, ten- fold, tenor, tensely. -Tenseness, tension, attend, attendance, attendant, atten- tion, attentive, evident, evidence, nice, nicer, nicest, nicely, pounce, fence, nicety. WRITING EXERCISE No. 10. Roam rumple WRITE IX ACCORDANCE WITH 144. room rim ram remainder remnant remotely rum ramification MANUAL OF SHORT -HAND. 65 rampart rimple Dump amputate embrace impeach imperfect impetus impulse ream romantic remand ruminate reminder rumination WRITE IX ACCORDANCE WITH \ 146. lump bump ambition champion embezzle embellish embolden empale embark impeachm'ntimpede impelled impression imperious impersonate Import impose impound impure preemption mop WRITE IX ACCORDANCE WITH $ 147. remission rumpus ambush embod}- impair imperative impetuous impoverish mope Ban band bandage bandaging bandbox stay stand standing standard standpoint act acted acting active actively activity actual actually actuary actuate ant antagonize antagonism antic antecedence anticlimax antecedent antidote antecharnberantipathy antedate antique antepast antiquary antichrist antiseptic anticipate antithesis anticipation antithetic SEXTKXCES. This is written to remind you that your remittance is not yet to hand. There now remains but one remedy. We shipped you to-day the six reams Rome mill flat-cap, and will ship remainder as soon as you have room for it. We shall remove to new and larger quarters, iess remote from the business center, about the first of the month. Embark in no enterprise that promises to impoverish anyone. His first impulse was to impeach the testimony of his accuser. The preemption laws are not fully understood. Do not allow them to remove their last lot of goods until the bill is settled as per agreement ? When a steamer from a foreign country arrives in port the goods are taken in charge by the Custom House officials until the duties -are paid by the importers. We would call your attention to a special importation of ten cases of notions which we intend disposing of at remarkably low figures. // you are not careful he will impose on you as he has imposed on others, for he is an imposter. Success emboldens a man and impels him to renewed activity in his chosen profession. 56 THE SELF-INSTKUCTOR'S CONTRACTIONS PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. \ 151. LIST OK PREFIXES. 1. ACCOM By K disjoined, or joined if preferred; thus, ' accommodate, I accommodation, x/ accomplish. 2. CON, CUM, COM, COG Either at the beginning or in the middle of words is represented by writing the part that follow.- the omitted syllable near the part that precedes it. At the beginning of a sentence, paragraph or line, the prefix may be indicated by writing a small dot near the beginning of the succeeding part of the word ; thus, (\, they compose, /~ recognize, j^ condemn. 3. CONTRA, CONTRI, CONTRO, or COUNTER By half-length K dis- joined, or joined if preferred; thus, ex controvert, -- contradict, \j contribution, .~"^~ counteract, contravened, ~ ' coun- termand, ~^T?. countersign. 4. FOR or FORE By F joined ; thus, N forfeit, ^v forever, ^ - forewarn, V foretold, \^^ foremen, \ forehead. 5. IN To words of the aPr-series and to *M and sL by the EN- hook ; thus, ^ in solitude. 6. INTEL By a half length N ; thus, ^-- intellect, ^_^_/^ intellectually. 7. INTER, INTRO, ENTER or UNDER By a double length N ; thus, intercession, \. interception, | introduction, enterprise, """ ""*J entertain, J understand, -~ f under- stood. 8. MAGNA, MAGNI, MAGNB By the stem 31 written over the first part of the remainder of the word; thus, -^ magnify^ ^ ^ ^ ^ magnanimous, '^* magnetism. MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 57 9. SELF By an ess-circle written on the line ; thus, j^ self esteem. \ 152. LIST OF SUFFIXES. 1. BLE, ELY By the consonant 8 when it is inconvenient or impossible to use the stroke B with an -hook ; thus, *-^ sensible, ^\ fashionable, 2. FOR-E-M By F joined; thus, / therefore, /^reform. 3. ING By a light dot at the end of the preceding consonant, and ings by a small tick ; thus, ....>.. patting, V puttings. The ing clot and dash are used generally after contractions, stems with final loops and half length P, B and M. 4. ILITY, ALITY, ARITY Any consonant when disjoined from that which precedes it, expresses the addition of ility, ality or arity, or any other termination of similar sound ; thus, \, penalty, /I regularity. 5. LY When the L cannot conveniently be written upward to denote the ly, the L may be disjoined and written near the prece- ding part of the word or else written downward ; thus, V plainly. 6. MEXTAL, MKXTALITY By a half length M with an n-hook written near the preceding part of the word; thus, T^ instru- mental; the suffix may be joined when convenient without endan- gering the legibility. 7. SELF By & small circle joined to the preceding part of the word ; thus, ^.. myself, and selves by a large circle ; thus, (. - themselves, s' ourselves. When the signs for self or selves cannot be conveniently joined, it should be written beside the last stroke of the preceding part of the word ; thus, " man's self. 8. SHIP By the stem SH joined or disjoined; thus, -^ fricnd- CT. ship,s lordship. 58 THE SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S (. SOKVKH By the stroke V with an initial circle joined to the preceding part of the word ; thus, V whensoever, ^ whencesoever, whatsoever. 153. REGULAR PREFIXES. "Regular Prefixes," so called to distinguish them from the prefixes expressed by some contracted form, are here given as a help in writing. The student should acquaint himself with the list so that he can write any of them without hesitation. If this is done speed will become easy of acquisition, as the student can spell the word phonetically in his mind and write it as he spells and yet take advantage of all the shortening principles. In the list the words are not illustrated by short -hand characters but by letters. Stems are represented by capital letters, and the various modifications by lower case italics. The small circle, large circle, st- and stfr-loops by s, ss, st, and str respectively ; the I, r, f, n, shun, and ter hooks by I, r, f, n, shn, and tr respectively ; the isshun- hook by SHN in small caps ; the in-hook by a small cap N ; the lengthening principle by tr; the halving principle by t or d; and an rc-hook turned inside any other hook by a small cap N ; a capital italic letter indicates that the consonant is to be written upward ; a : indicates that the stems are to be joined ; a superior \ z , or 3 , after a stem indicates that its position is first, second or third place, according as it is 1 , 2 , 8 . LIST. The prefixes are grouped, that is all the prefixes represented by the same form are given together. AB, BE, BI, BY, OB By B ; thus, ~B-:Jshn, objection, B^sZxV, absolve; B 2 :Tr, betray, B 3 :G:M, bigamy, B l :W, byway. Ac, CO, EC, oc By K ; thus, K:sD 3 , accede, K.:P l rt, co-operate, Ks: T'fcK, ecstatic, K:P', occupy. AF, EF, OF, FORE By F ; thus, F 3 :N:T, affinity, F 2 :K:T, effect, F l s: R, officer, F*:Bd, fore-bode. AFTER By Ftr ; thus, F'toNn, afternoon, F } tr:wTtds, afterwards- Ac, IG By G ; thus, Gr.-V't, aggravate, G^Ni!, ignite. AL, IL By L; thus, Z/ S :D, allude, IPs'JIrt, illustrate. AMB, EMB By MB; thus, MB 3 :Gs, ambiguous, MB:G:T 8 , ambi- guity, MB:Z/*:SH, embellish, MBijR'iK, embark. MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 5d AMPHI By M:F ; thus, M:F :Bs, amphibious. AN, ANA, EX, ix, ex, UNI By X; thus, XiB 1 :?, ana-baptist. X:K>: J 2 , encourage, N:D 3 rf, indeed, 'NiV'h-a'.L, universally. ANT, ANTE, AXTI By N*; thus, N<:R':K:T:K, antartic, Xif.-sD'X antecedent, ^t l :Krst, anti-christ. AP, EPI, OP, UP By P; thus, P':T*, appetite, P 2 :D:M:K, ejndemic, P l :R, opera, P 2 :sT, upset. ARCH By R:CH, or R:K, according as the sound is arch or ark; thus, R l :CH:D:K, arch-duke, ~R l :K:T:Kt, architect. As, ES By S ; thus, S 3 st, assist, S 2 :Tr, estray. ASTRO By Str; thus, S'fcvXiM, astronomy. AUTO, OUT, AT By T ; thus, T l :Krt, autocrat, T l :sT>, outside, T 2 : Mt, attempt. BEN, BENE By B; thus, B 2 :F<, benefit, Wn:V:Lnt, benevolent. Bis By Bs; thus, B 3 a:K*, biscuit, Bs 2 :Tn, astern. CAL, coi^By Kl; thus, K^:Kft, calculate, Klf:R l :~$, California, K 2 l:Ktr, collector, Kl:J l , college. CAT, CATA By Kt; thus, Kz-.-L 1 , cattle, Kt:L l :G, catalogue. CATE By K:T; thus, KiT^KisM, catechism, K:T':G:^, category. CATER By Ktr; thus, K; thus, Kw>.-P 2 :J, equipage, Ktc.-D 3 !:X)!, equidistant. GEO By J; thus, Ji:M:lV, geometry. HEX By /e<- physic, ~M.t:L l :K, metallic. MULT By M:L*; thus, M:i^:P;, multiply, W.ISf.ld, multitude. MYTH By M:TH ; thus, M:TH 3 :KZ mythical. Nox By Nra, when conA'enient, or X:X; thus, Nn:R 2 s:Dnt, non- resident, N:N:X:T 2 :T, nonentity. OVER, EVER, EVERY By "V>; thus, V 2 r:K, overcome, V 2 r:Grw, evergreen, WrwTZ, everywhere, V 2 rn, every one. PAN By Pn; thus, P^iKiK, pan-cake, P l n:Z, pansy, P':X?-:M, panorama, P l n:T:Ln, pantaloon, P':X:THr, panther. PER By P:R, but souietitues by Pr; thus, P-:R:sN, person, P'r: ssT, jiersist, P 2 rs:wD, persuade, P^'.Ps, perhaps. PHIL, FULL By FJ; thus, THiDl, Philadelphia, F*l:Yl, fulfill. PLEN By Pin; thus, P 2 ^n:T, plenty. PRIM By Pr:M ; thus, P 3 r:N.:Rs, primrose, P l r:M:R, primary. Puo-By P>-; thus, P l r:Vd, provide, P l r:Ft, profit, P l r:P:R:T, property. PROTO By Prt; thus, P 2 rt:T:P, prototype. QUAD By Kwd; thus, KwdiRmt, quadrant, KwdiRitr, quadrature. RAM, REM, RIM, RUM By Rm; thus, Rm l :Pn<, rampant, Riu3?z:sXa, reminiscense, Rm 2 :Bi, rumble. RE By R; thus, ^2 3 :SHr, reassure, .R 3 :B:K, rebuke. REAL By Rl; thus, Rl l :T, reality, R 3 ls, realize. RETRO By Rt; thus, R 2 t:sP:Kt, retrospect. SEX By Ks; thus, Ks:T 2 , sexton. SEL, SOL, CEL By sL ; thus, sL s :D:F, solidify, L 3 :D/:D, Solidified, sL 2 :D:M, seldom, sIS'.Kshn, selection, sL 2 :R, ceWar. MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 61 SUB By sB ; thus, sB 2 s:Tn, substantiation, sB 3 :Ms:V, submissive, B 2 :aL, subsoil. Sri'ER, SUPRA By sPr; thus, sP 3 r:X:Ds, superinduce, sPV.M;:S, supremacy. TRANS By Tms; thus, TVrcs.-T, transit, sometimes the n can be omitted, T l rs:Kskn, transaction, TVsrKnPtf, transcript. TRI, UTTER By Tr; thus, TV:M:F, triumph, TV:L, fruiJ, TV.-L, utterly. WITH By DH ; thus, DH J :Dr, withdraw, DH 3 n, within. OMISSIOX OF CONSONANTS. 154. The following consonants may be omitted : 1. K or Gr after NG, unless the K or G is final; thus, ^ sanction, \-^ distinctions, s~> angle 1 . 2. T between s and another consonant ; thus, N^ postpaid. 3. P between T and another consonant ; if no vowel follows ; thus, L, tempt, l^ dumped. 4. N before the sound of jer ; thus, \passenger 1 , * 5 messenger. 5. K from such words as construction-, refraction, restriction; thus, j^ instruction, /^ refractioni. 6. X from such words as transpose, attainment, transgress, etc.; thus, v transpose,^ atonement. 7. L between the strokes N and J; thus, /^ knowledge 1 , ^ intelli- gent, *y intelligence. 8. Words ending in -nrfiaZ or -ntially, may be abbreviated by leaving off the final syllable, -tial or -tially; thus, I financial 1 , \> substantial!, ^ confidentially. OMISSION OF WORDS. 155. The following words may be omitted : 1. OF Between two nouns which can be joined to denote the omission. 62 THE SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S 2. AND From the middle of a phrase and the adjacent words joined ; thus, e -> more and more. 3. OR From such phrases as -^" more or lest. 4. To From such phrases as according to *"(__ in respect to, *-*~ in regard to. 5. FROM- TO From such phrases as 1 1 from day to day, \. from hour to hour. WRITING EXERCISE No. 11. WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH \ 151. Accompany they compare incomplete comprehensive magnify selhsh self-interest contravene counterpoise foreclose foregone introduce accomplice no comparison they combine condition magnetism self-esteem contraband accomplishment controversy condensation counteractive maganimous forefather selfevident undertake counterpart interrupt counterbalance recognize foremost recompense interview contradistinction WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH \ 152. Sensible bleeding meetings plainly Anxiety function lastly refraction itself wheresoever fashionable arresting popularity fundamental township patting pleadings instability detrimental lordship WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH | 154. transcribe providential anxious testimony tempt transpose financial junction mostly passenger transport essential WRITE IN ACCORDANCE WITH \ 155. Gentlemen of the jury ladies and gentlemen from time to time in point of fact we mean to have from place to place bill of lading less and less mean to be bill of sale more or less one or both last will and testament breach of promise for ever and ever more and more in regard to from day to day SENTENCES. The convention then resolved itself into a committee of the whole. MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 63 Neither despise nor oppose what you do not understand. Ample compensation will be allowed if you undertake the task and successfully complete it. Our goods are all in first-class condition and the prices compare favorably with any ever given. Beware of any person whose only recommendation is that of personal magnetism. Self-esteem is not pernicious, but the egotistical man soon be- comes an object of ridicule and is despised by all sensible people. Education is the fundamental principle of civilization. Gold and silver money is more easily counterfeited than paper. Never undertake to applaud your own virtues or present your good deeds for approval ; let some n one else interpose a few good words in your behalf if you desire popularity. ( We will be) pleased x to mail you from time to time, or with regu- larity if you desire, plainly printed quotations of the market. The experience you have gained will more n than counterbalance any financial loss you may v hate sustained. A duplicate bill of lading has been sent. Never contradict or interrupt any one. Inr-f order that we may be able to meet our obligations your bill must be paid at wns once. REMARKS ON PHRASE WRITING. \ 156. A proper and judicious use of phraseography (joining words together occurring in phrases and clauses) is one of the greatest aids to rapid writing. The forms thus given are more compact, and will, in all probability, be more carefully written as they require less time, and therefore will be more easily read. It is possible to join the words together in such a manner as to make the phrase almost unintelligible. No time is saved in writing awkward combinations, as transcribing becomes a mere matter of guess-work and therefore incorrect. Such phrases as, "which-they-would," "shall-you-be," "do-you-have," "with-us," "will-you-have," etc., are forms that retard rather than facilitate speed, and are very hard to decipher. \ 157. Phrases should consist of words that are naturally col- lected in meaning, such as pronouns and verbs, prepositions and pronouns, adjectives and nouns, several verbs, and words that are naturally connected in a phrase or clause ; thus, "as-well-as," 64 THE SELF-IXSTKUCTOU'S "as-well-as-can-be," "yon-may." "by-their," "great-men," 'may- bave-been," "I-am-as-well-as-usual," but there should be no straining after phrases. They may be composed entirely of con- tracted words, or of words that are not contracted, or of con- tracted or uncontracted words. \ 158. The first word of a phrase should be written in its proper position with respect to the line of writing, the other words being joined to the ttrst without respect to their proper position. But when the first word of the phrase belongs to the h'rst position, and is represented by a circle, loop or horizontal stem, or any half-length stem, if necessary to secure greater legibility, the first word may be raised or lowered so as to allow the second word of the phrase to be written in the position it would occupy if standing alone. 2 159. CAUTION. 1. Words which are not united in phrases or clauses must not be joined. 2. Words whose junction would be awkward, or not allowable, must not be joined. 3. No phraseogram should extend more than two strokes below the line. 4. Phraseograrns of inconvenient length should not be em- ployed. More than ten words should never be joined. 5. At least must be written ^ to distinguish it from ' at last. No, go, own, least, else, see, ill, when joined to the preceding word should be vocalized to distinguish them from any, come, know, last, less, say, well. When change is thrown out of position, write it in full to distinguish it from charge ; gentleman should be written J l nt to distinguish it from J*nt gentlemen. Inner should always be vocalized to distinguish it from near and leave to prevent its conflicting with live. Ever as a word sign, whether standing alone or used in phrases, should always be written W, but as a suffix it may be written with the 0-hook. I ICO. The leading principles governing the formation of phrases have now been explained. There is scarcely any limit to the extent to which they can be used. On the following two pages will be found a list of very useful ones which should be carefully studied. MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 65 Able to think absolutely necessary according to act of Congress after that time } again and again ! and has been f any one as far as as fast as as long as as it j as it is at once at or about that time at the present time j at their own before there better than by all means by their own ' 1 by which it may be ( by which there f Can there be can there not be "1 could not be debenture bond f do not be J do their part do you mean to say did all their Every consideration J financial agents for my part for there has been Give there greater than Had been had there been have all have been there has not earned he could not have been he would not have been I am glad 1 I am sure 1 I do not think f I have been J I hope you will be I know there has been I may not be I think there is I will not be in order that we maybe in relation to is it not it is important it is impossible it is well known it would have been THE SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S Just as well as just been Let us be less than lower rates Most likely must have been must not be my dear brother my dear sir No such thing ( Of course it is J on account of ought not to have I ought not to be Railroad company J railroad station "| railway company I J rather be rather have rather than Sec. of State seems to be shall be shall not be shall our shall our own so there may be some one such has been , such have been J That has been J that it may be that the company that the payment there has been they have not been they will have We are able to we are not able to we are ready we did not we do not we have been , we may be able to we may have been we may not be we will be there we will not be we will not be x-i c Q we will ship I ----- V--<^_^V- when there has been [ \ \ what was the matter J />' v> .x i^-M *" which will be with which they are I would have been I You are ) you are not you have been you will not your own MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 67 RULES FOR FORMING CONTRACTIONS. 161. The following rules will enable the student to intelli- gently abbreviate words that written in full would present too extended outlines : 1. ABSTRACT may be indicated by writing the stem B through the following perpendicular or horizontal stem ; thus, abstract clerk. 2. AGENT by an intersected J; thus, "/" insurance agent. 3. ASSOCIATION by an intersected SH; thus, j^ Building Asso- ciation. 4. COMPANY by an intersected K; thus, -_ joint stook company. 5. DEPARTMENT by an intersected D; thus, \ abstract depart- ment, "f^^ claim department. 6. DIRECTOR by an intersected Dr; thus, ^ new director. 7. MANAGER by an intersected M; thus, Az manager's office. 8. OFFICIAL by an intersected F; thus, -^ government official. 9. RAILROAD by an intersected Ree ; thus, \ Pennsylvania Railroad, next number 1 opinion |- opportonlty J object ] objection V part J particular phonography principal l>riii"iple 1 remember > satlsfactor)' J somewhat 1 special > 'strength j strong ) several > shall j should 1 signify \ similar J similarity 1 thank ; think J thing "I time \ to, two] truth I usual > what j which 1 who > will J would I young } youth J an J and f any f advantage -* are } / O Q as-hls-lsj _. as has 1 ^ \ but J / can ") / / charge j come ) 1 do, defendant J differ 1 different J * t Ci especially 1 L V first \ ( form J \ gave I go j has 1 O . how J rv _ _ however 1 I mportance J _ mpossible 1 mprove \ " -^ i ^ -^^- mproved J > nfluence 1 \ **" X 'ar^e j ^.^^ >N> long "I .7.A...xr-7> length ^ .member J V /<-- c- Words marked (*) are not "grammalogues," but either the forms written in accordance with the regular reporting style or else the contracted slang expressions so frequently used. CONTRACTIONS. \ 166. What has been said of large lists of word signs also applies to "contractions," and no rules have heretofore been given for their formation. By the application of the rules previously given the labor of memorizing a large list is avoided, and more time saved the student for practice, without any loss of speed. Take the contraction , and O by the word sign for awe. Z should be represented by a small circle in the third- position. EXPRESSION OF NUMBERS. | 169. "Whenever possible, figures should be expressed by the ordi- nary Arabic characters. While in some instances they are not as brief as the words phonographically written, they are somewhat more legible, and their distinctive character renders them conspic- uous in the midst of the general writing and is of advantage when the notes have often to be referred to. It is best, however, always to write one and ten in short-hand. When several ciphers occur the number represented by them should be expressed in phonography; thus, 27 (*_* 27,000, 80 ^-^/^*. 80,000,000, 8, 10,008. In rapid reporting the following short-hand letters, written close to- the figures, will be found useful : ^ ^ hundred, ( thotutnd, ^~^ MANUAL, OF SHORT-HAND. 73 million, ** I hundred thousand, > hundred million, \ billion. Dollars should be written at the end of the number ; thus, J $10,000. VLx \ 17C. In reporting sermons place the figure for the Book or Epistle in the first position, for the chapter in the second position and for the verse in the third position. This rule may be applied when reference is made to any volume of a work when the num- ber of the volume, chapter, and section or page is given. POSITIVE AXD NEGATIVE WORDS. \ 171. Positive and negative words that begin with il, im, in, ir, should be distinguished by doubling the first consonant ; words in ir being written according to the rules of the upward and down- ward r; thus, LhQrl, legal, L 3 :L:Gl, illegal, ~M.tr:L 3 , material, M: Mtfr:Z< 3 , immaterial, ~R l shn:L, rational, H l :Rshn:L, irrational, R?:sLt, resolute, J&siLt, irresolute. Write both the upward and downward r in the negative when the downward letter does not produce a good joining. HOW TO ACQUIRE SPEED. \ 172. When the student has written all the writing exercises, and also the reading exercises first covering the key and then comparing what he has written with the engraved short-hand and can write without hesitation any and all of the words given, he is ready for dictation practice. A good plan for the student is to take a series of graded readers and get some one to read to him, the person reading varying his speed to suit the writer's. When one of the lower readers is written through take the next highest, and so on until all have been written. The student should not try to write fast at first, but should endeavor to make his outlines correctly, or his notes will be illegible. If any diffi- culty is experienced in writing a word a circle should be made around it, and when the article is finished the words in rings should be written over and over, pronouncing the word each time, until it can be written without any hesitation. Everything written must be read, and it is excellent practice to read what was written a week or ten days before. If you have no series of readers take some easy article from a paper or book and write it several times, or if it does not become too irksome, until a speed of 74 THE SELF-IXSTRUCTOR'S from fifty to seventy-live words a minute is attained ; then take something else and repeat. This will give an extended vocab- ulary; the forms are memorized almost unconsciously and the ability to write them without hesitation whenever the words are spoken is acquired. Speed in short-hand depends upon the facility with which when a word is spoken its true outline is recognized, and this is only reached by becoming familiar with the words in common use by writing them again and again. When the student can write at the rate of fifty words a minute he should begin to take notes of lectures and sermons. At first, of course, the writer will be unable to keep up with the speaker. A few trials will, however, materially increase his speed. The object at first should not be to write as rapidly as possible but simply to take down as much of what is said as can be readily deciphered afterwards. The writer should not leave off in the middle of a sentence and commence another with the speaker, but should try to secure as many complete phrases and sentences as possible. These may be abbreviated, if necessary, in order to enable the writer to preserve the drift of the speaker's discourse. In this manner an intel- ligible transcript could be furnished. The writer should accustom himself to be several words behind the speaker, because in follow- ing rapid speakers if he has not trained himself in this particular he will find it extremely difficult to recover lost ground. As to the length of time necessary to acquire a speed of from 100 to 120 words a minute much depends of course, upon the natural ability of the writer and the amount of time he is willing to bestow daily upon the task. \ 173. Beginners are apt to lose much time in turning over the leaves of their reporting books. The following plan, recom- mended by Mr. Thos. A. Reed, the leading English reporter, is perhaps the best that can be adopted: "While writing on the upper half of the leaf introduce the second finger of the left hand between it and the next leaf, keeping the leaf on which you are writing steady by the first finger and thumb. While writing on the lower part of the page shift the leaf by degrees, till it is about half way up the book ; when it is convenient, lift up the thumb and the leaf will turn over almost by itself. This is the best plan for writing on a desk or table. When writing on the knee the first finger should be introduced instead of the second, and the leaf be shifted up only about two inches. The finger should be introduced at the first pause the speaker makes, or at MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 75 any other convenient opportunity that presents itself." The writer should confine himself to one side of the book till it ia filled in this way, and then turn it over, begin at the end and write in the same manner on the blank pages. THE AMANUENSIS. "When the student can for several minutes maintain an average speed of about one hundred words a minute, and legibly tran- scribe his notes, he is ready, so far as short-hand is concerned, to accept a position as amanuensis. But other qualifications besides ability to write and -ead short-hand are necessary, and, in fact,, indispensable. A good style of penmanship, not an ornate, flourishing hand, but a plain, readable, rapid style is important. Ability to oper- ate a writing machine with accuracy and at a fair rate of speed is also necessary. Good spelling and capitalization are of course requisite, for inaccuracies which might escape the glance of the hurried reader of a pen written sheet are very conspicuous when printed. The amanuensis should understand punctuation ; but if he does not, he must become familiar with it, by studying some good text book on the subject, and also noting the marks used in correctly written letters or other articles. Avoid using too many punctua- tion marks. The mere ability to put down in legible short-hand and accu- rately transcribe what is dictated is not the whole duty of the amanuensis. He should be able to write a good business-like letter himself, and be acquainted with common business terms ; he should also have a thorough knowledge of grammar and com- position, so as to be able to reconstruct a sentence dictated in ambiguous language. The amanuensis should attend strictly to business. He should confine his thoughts to his work ; listen attentively to what is being dictated and try to comprehend it, so if it becomes neces- sary to refer back to any part it can be found without delay. If at any time the amanuensis does not clearly understand what is said he should ask the person dictating to repeat. He should not trust to luck or inspiration to supply it when transcribing his notes ; it is better to acknowledge his inability to keep up rather 76 THE SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S than to give the impression that he is getting every word, and then be compelled to hand in an incorrect transcript. An amanuensis will have to become familiar with the ways and business of his employer before he can do his work satisfactorily. Every business has peculiar terms, names and expressions which the amanuensis must learn. A good way to do this is to take the lirm's catalogue, circulars, etc., and write and re-write, in short- hand, the technical terms until memorized. The student, when practicing for speed, should get all the business catalogues and circulars possible and write the technical terms and names of articles handled, until conversant with their outlines. Be neat, both in personal appearance and work. A letter with marks of erasure scattered through it looks slovenly, unattractive and has less weight than a neatly written one. Be polite. Many an amanuensis has lost his position from a lack of proper courtesy and respect. To be successful, the amanuensis must work to his employer's interest. He should exercise great care in transcribing his letters and get them out as rapidly as possible. It may be necessary at times to remain later than usiial, but the amanuensis should not complain or act disagreeable, as in all probability the extra work will not be forgotten. The position of the amanuensis is one of trust and responsi- bility, and no business or professional man would care to employ one in whom he could not place the utmost confidence. He must possess a good moral character and hold strictly inviolate all knowledge of his employer's affairs, or he will not long retain a position where business privacies must be strictly regarded. In conclusion, the amanuensis must not be content to just hold his place, he should endeavor to rise in his business as well as in the estimation of his employer, and strive by every honorable means to reach such a stage that he is almost indispensable. To do this he must work hard to obtain a correct knowledge of the business, be faithful, honest and upright, willing, but not officious. HINTS ON REPORTING. If there is any doubt about the proper word being written a circle should be placed around the outline or a cross under it. If a word has been lost to the ear a caret should be made under the line to denote the omission. If part of a sentence should be thus MANUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 77 lost, the same mark may be made and a space left proportionated to the number of words omitted. The letters nh (not heard) in long-hand may mean that to the extent of a sentence or more the speaker Avas not audible to the reporter. The advantage derived in thus noting these omissions is that if the speech was taken for a newspaper the omissions may be commented on as [here the speaker's voice was so low as to be inaudible], etc. A large X in the left hand margin may be used to denote an error on the part of the speaker on which it may be necessary to comment when transcribing. In reporting a sermon, a quotation from the Scripture or the text, etc., need not be written in full ; the commencing and con- cluding words with a long dash between is sufficient. In reporting a speech the outbursts of the audience should be recorded at the very point where such occur ; all remarks by the auditors should be noted both in the notes and the transcript. In describing the kind of applause, laughter, etc., the adjective should be written last. Thus, what the reporter would describe in his transcript as "loud and continued applause" should be written in the notes P 1 ^ L':D T 3 :N:D, for he will not know that it is continued until it has lasted some time. When a phrase is repeated several times in a sentence, a waved dash line may be used to denote the repeated words instead of writing them every time they occur. In reporting lectures or speeches on special topics, wherein a term or phrase may be expected to occur frequently, the phono- grapher will find it advisable to prepare contractions for the occasion, or extemporize them when reporting. LEGAL REPORTING. For reporting the examination of witnesses, the note book should have a line running down the left hand side of the page about an inch from the margin. All questions should begin close to the left side of the page, and if occupying more than a line each sub- sequent line should begin as the first. The full answer should be written at the right of the ruled line. This plan is very con- venient for reference. The reporter should be provided with a seat at a table or desk, so placed, if possible, that he shall face the witness stand and be near to it, and at the same time so situ- ated that he can hear whatever may be said by the presiding judge or by the counsel. 78 THE SELF-INSTRUCTOIt'S At the top of the first page of the notes write the name of the court, where held, term, name of the presiding judge or judges, the title of the cause, its number and character, the names of the counsel appearing for each party, and lastly the date of the com- mencement of the trial. In criminal cases the examination of jurors previous to being sworn should be reported, as exceptions to the rulings of the court in regard to their competency may be taken. The opening statement of the counsel for the plaintiff should be reported, but the remarks of counsel need not be taken down unless spe- cially requested. The judges charge unless read from manuscript, must always be reported. Motions and objections of counsel, and rulings of the court need not be reported in full, a synopsis being all that is necessary. All testimony must be taken down with literal exactness, and in the transcript the language of the witness, no matter how un- grammatical should be left unchanged. Notice all mispronuncia- tions, wherever possible. Write K l nt for can'/, K l :Xrf, cannot, K 3 nt, couldn't, K 3 rf:Xrf, could not, D*nt, don't, D 2 X'i!, do not, D 3 nt, didn't, D 3 N 1 ^, did not. Would not and wouldn't, won't and will not, and similar words should be so written that in transcribing the notes the exact language of the witness may be given. The name of each witness should form a fresh heading and be written in long hand. The name of the examiner may be written in phonography, and should be placed under that of the witness If the judge or other person interferes and asks a question, the name of the interrupting party should precede the question. If he asks several questions, his name need not be repeated after the first, but care must be taken to insert the name of the original examiner when he resumes. When a document is put in, note the fact, and if it is read, record this also. Transcripts of legal proceedings should be written on legal cap, both sides of the paper, and the first page should be used as the title page of each day's report. Each title page, like the first page of the notes, should contain the name of the court, title of cause, judge's name, names of counsel, plaintiff and defendant, and date of trial. REPORTING FOR THE PRESS. The necessary qualifications for a successful reporter are a good natural ability, a good education, the power of expressing his. MANUAL OF SHOUT-HAND. 79 thoughts in clear, concise and unambiguous manner ; ability to condense (or "boil down" as it is called) or to expand when neces- sary ; ability to distinguish between a good and a poor item and to "write up" the good one in an attractive way. A knowledge of Phonography is not absolutely necessary, yet it will prove a valuable aid to the reporter when his "assignment" consists of an interview, lecture, or sermon, even when only a synopsis is required. Interviewing is one of the most difficult branches of reportorial work. It requires special tact and discrimination, self-possession, easy, fluent, conversational powers, and ability to obtain the de- sired information even when the party interviewed is determined not to divulge it, and to escape the humiliation of becoming the interviewed instead of the interviewer. In case the party inter- viewed is some prominent person from some other city or country, his personal appearance should first be described and then the interview, if the man's prominence and the subject war- rant it, may follow in full ; but if the person is not very promi- nent, nor the subject one of special interest, a brief synopsis only should be given. After the novice has several times had a volum- inous unimportant article handed by the "city editor" to some experienced reporter with instructions to "cut that down to six lines," he will learn to be more discriminating or else seek some other branch of the profession. In reporting a lecture, political meeting, etc., the reporter should, in the beginning of his article, mention the size and appearance of the audience, decorations of hall if any, names of gentlemen seated on the platform and anj^thing of interest occurring prior to the opening of the exercises. All preliminary remarks should be noted. If the speaker is introduced to the audience by the chairman or any other person, it should be noticed about as follows : " The chairman (or name of party introducing) then introduced the Hon. Peter Cooper, who spoke substantially as follows :" then give the speech, noting all inter- ruptions of any kind. In transcribing the notes the various inter- ruptions should be inclosed in brackets ; thus, [A voice : "That's so."] [Laughter.] In conclusion, whether reporting every word, or simply pre- paring condensed reports of long harrangues containing but few principles, the reporter is called upon to exercise his mental powers to a great extent, A man may make an indifferent speech 80 TIIE SELF-INSTKUCTOK'S so far as language is concerned, but overflowing with excellent thoughts or valuable information, which it is the duty of the reporter to condense, improve, and, in fact, render intelligible. In short, it is expected of the reporter that he will make a good speech for a bad speaker. WORDS WITH L OR R HOOKS. The following list contains nearly all the words in common use with a distinct vowei sound preceding the I or r where the I or r is expressed by the hook instead of stem. A general rule followed in the formation of this list is that when r is immtdiately fol- lowed by 7, or by / immediately followed by another consonant, the hook is used. When m and r, n and r, or ch and r, are the only consonants in a word, unless two vowels intervene or there is a final vowel sound then express the r by the hook. D and r with an intervening third-place vowel sound may be expressed by Dr. When r and I are the first or only consonants in a word they should be expressed by RL. Accord, accordingly, accordance, accordant, accordian, Kr:Din adverse, DMVw adversity, DnVrtt apartment, fW attorney, T*r:N Bold, B 2 W boldly, BM:L burglar, BV:GZ:R Calcinate, calcine, Kif:sN call, Kil carbon, Kr:B J n care, Kr cared, carmine, K>r:M carnage, Kir:N:J carnal, carnation, carpet, Kr:P> cartoon, KV:T chair, CH 2 r character, K ! r:K*r Charles, CWr-.Ls charm, CH'r:M cheer, CI1V cheerful, CHV:FJ child, CHVrf children, ClI 3 l:Drn coarse, KVs coarsely, ~K.~h-.sL coarseness, KVs:\s cold, K-Vrf coldness. K 2 W:Ns collect, KJ:K:T 2 collection, K*l:K.shn college, K/:.I' colonial, KJ:N:L colonize, KV:N colony, K'/:X comfortless, .*rf:Ls comparative, .P l rt:V convert, .Vh-t converse, .V 2 rs cordage, KrrfiJ 1 corner, K'r:Nr cornet, KV:N< cornice, coronation, MAKUAL OF SHORT-HAND. 81 corporal, Kr:P l r:L corporeal, Kr:Pv:Z, correct, Kr:K:T 2 corrupt, Kr:P*t cortical, K l rt:Kl courage, K;-:J2 course, K 2 rs court, K 2 ?-# courteous, Kr:T 2 s courtier, K?-t:R* create, Kr:T 3 culminate, K^MilSTcTa culmination, K 2 J:M:NsA cupboard, K:P 2 :B/-<2 cur, KV curdle, KVe?:L curse, K 2 rs cursed, K^rst cursory, K*i-:sR curtain, K>r:N curtail, Kif:L Dark, D'?':K dear, DV dearer, D3r:K dearness, D 3 r:Ns debark, D:Br:K department, D'lP^Mn^ deportment, D 2 :Pri(:Mni; dirk, DV:K during, DV Effulgent, ~FH:3nt eternity, TViNiT Ferment, FV:Mw^ fertilize, *rt:Ls farther, F l tr lirkin, FV:Kw for, F'r former, F'^-iMr fulgent, FH:Jnt furlough, FV:i furnace, FV:Ns furnish, F 2 rw:SH furniture, F 2 m:T:R further, F*rtr furthest, F 2 r:THs< Garb, Gr:B' garden, G'rrf-.N" gargle, G'r:GiJ garment, G'r:M/^ garner, G'rrNr garnish, Gm:SH l garter, G l tr germ, J 2 r:M germane, J 2 r:Mn Germany, J 2 r:M:N girded, G'h-diD gold, G 2 M griddle, guard, G'rrf guardian, guerdon, 2 r: gurgle, Gw:Gi Ignore, G2:Nr ignorance, G 3 iNrns incarnate, N':Kr:N"< Jerk, J2?-:K journey, JV:X Merely, M?-:^ 3 moral, M.r:Li morally, Mr:L' more, M'V Mormon, M'rrMn murder, Mvrfr myrtle, Mrt:Lv Narrate, Nr:T 2 narrative, N>:T't7 near, N-V nearly, nor, N V nurse, N 2 rs nurture, N2 Occur, K 2 r occurrent, : operate, Ph-t operator, P l rtr operation, P*rshn Parallel, Pir:L:L paramount, P l r-Mnt parcel, PV:L parsley, P } r:sL partake, PVfcK perceive, Ps:V perception, P*rs:Pshn percussion, P*r:Kshn peremptory, PV:MP:Tr perfect, PVK< perfection, F*rf:Kshn perfume, P 2 r:F:M perhaps, PV:Ps perjure, P^r.Jr perjury, P 2 r:Jr permanent, permeate, permission, 82 THE SELF-INSTRUCTOR'S permit, P 3 3 rMt persist, P rss:'f perspire, Pi?-s:P:R pervade, P 2 r:Vd perverse, P*r:Vrs I)yramid, PVrMrf political, P*ll:Kl politics, P l lt:Ks portray, P*r:Tr Kail, I'M raillery, Rd:R real, IVl realize, R\ls realized, RHsi reality, RH:T record, R*:Krd recur, R 2 :Kr regard, R l :Grd relentless, R^l-.^tiLa relevance, Ril:Vns relief, RHf relished, Rd:$llt roll, R'l roller, R*l:R rollic, Ril:K rule, RU ruling, R*l:NG ruler, RH:R rural, R 3 :Rl Separate, sP 2 ?-:T separation, sP'rsAw shark, SH'rrK shirk, SH r:K short, SH?n! speculate, sP?:KU speculation, aP'iKLihn spirit, sP3rt sure, SHsr Telegraph, T t l:Grf telegraphy, T/:Gr:F tell, T*t term, T 2 r:M terminate, '1V:M:X:T terminus, TViMrN* their, DH2r there, DH?r third, THird thirst, THtf-s thirty, THr:T Thursday*, TH-s:D till, IV told, TW torment, Tir:Mn< toward, Trrf turgid, T s r:Jrf turkey, Tw:K turmoil, T 2 r:M:7, Verbal, Vir:B/ verdict, V 2 /^:K/ verse, V 2 's version, V' 2 rshn vertebra, \trt\Qr vertex, VirtiK* vertical, V*rt:Kl virgo, V-2r:G virtual, Vwf.L virtue, Virt virulence, V 2 r:Lns virulent, Vir:Lnt vortex, V'TT!:K.S vulgar, Vd:Gr vulgarity, V