If By FRANKLIN M. DANIEL THE LIBRARY THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES l V DAUAS, TEXAS ' t Bantel practical By FRANKLIN M. DANIEL Designed for Class or Self -Instruction REVISED EDITION, PRICE $2.00 The Shorthand System that Will Eventually Become Universal DANIEL PUBLISHING CO. Los Angeles, California 1912 Copyright, 1912, by Franklin M. Daniel Entered at Stationers' Hall, LONDON, ENGLAND Entered at Department of Agriculture. OTTAWA, CANADA Entered at Department of Public Instruction and Beautiful Arts MEXICO CITY, MEXICO All Rights Reserved PRINTED IN U. S. AMERICA Cable of Contents Lesson 1 PAGE Consonant Strokes, Position and Shading 10 Consonant Strokes, Phonetic Spelling 12 Word-signs and Phrases, Sentence Writing 14 Consonant Strokes, Up and Down Strokes 17 Lesson 2 Words of more than one syllable 18 The Expression of N or M 19 The Short Vowels 20 The Small Circle for S or Z 22 Word-signs, Sentence Writing, How to Practice 23 Lesson 3 R and L Hooks and How Written 24 Final Hooks for KAY, GAY, F and V 26 "Juxtaposition" to Express an Initial Vowel 27 Word-signs, Rules for Phrasing, Phrases 28 Sentence Writing 30 Lesson 4 The Hook Stroke Consonants 32 To add L to Hook Stroke Consonants 32 Hooks Changed to Loops to add R 33 The Initial Loop for SR 34 The Final Loop for CHA Y or JAY 35 The Suffix for ING and TED 35 Lesson 5 The Circle and Hook for SES or SEZ . . 37 The Large Circle for ST, SD or ZD 37 The Lengthening Stroke for T or D 37 The addition of T or D to N or M in the first syllable . . 38 Shading for R, Circle and Hook for SR 39 The Shortening and Lengthening principle used in phrases 40 The expression of I in phrases, Initially 41 Advanced Phrases and Business Letters . . 42 449594 Lesson 6 PAGE R and L in the first syllable 45 The Enlarged Final Loop 45 The Continuation of the CHAY and JAY Loop to add S, ST and KT 46 The P and B Hook, Compound Words 46 The Joining of Strokes, the Connecting Hook 48 Context, Special Phrasing, ST for XT 49 Practice Matter, Advanced Phrasing, Business Letters 51 Lesson 7 The Addition of WAY to the Strokes S, HAY, T, D, KAY and GAY 54 The Indication of TO, Consecutive Vowels 56 Accent, Special Word-signs, Business Letters 56 Lesson 8 Prefixes, Suffixes and Omissions 61 Business Letters Continued 67 Lesson 9 Syllabication, The Contraction of Syllables 68 The Contraction of Phrases 70 The Study of Contracted Words and Phrases 72 Business Letters Continued 73 Lesson 10 The Circle STER. MENT and NENT Interchangeable 7 5 The Extra Length for SHUN 75 Punctuation, etc., Figures, Business Letters 77 Lesson 11 The Rule for Contractions and Contractions 80 Special Exercises for the Contractions 84 Similar Outlines, General Remarks 86 Special Exercises 87 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND preface After many years of study, experiment, and inquiry among Business College Professors, Court Reporters and Shorthand Teachers, this system of shorthand has been written with the following basic principles : A system of shorthand to be perfect should be syllabic. Daniel's shorthand is more than ninety-nine per cent syllabic. It must have only one consonant stroke for each conso- nant sound and that must be made always in one direc- tion, which is the method used in this system. It must show when a vowel precedes in the first syllable, which is done in this system of shorthand. The rules should be simple and without exceptions. The rules in this shorthand are as simple as it is possible to make them, with practically no exceptions. All angles should be acute angles, not obtuse or rounded, and no back hooks under the guise of rounded turns. Nearly all strokes should make an angle when joined so as to distinguish where one begins and the other leaves off. This shorthand makes perfect connections by means of a connecting hook; but the consonant strokes are so selected that the connecting hook is seldom needed. There should be no disjoining or intersecting. There is none needed in this system, because all words may be written without it and the system is so brief that disjoining is useless. It should have the hooks, circles and loops made on either side at the final end of straight strokes, so they may be placed opposite to the hook, circle or loop at the initial end, to preserve the straightness of the stroke; otherwise the stroke will become curved when writing with speed. This system of shorthand allows the student to use the hooks, circles and loops at the final end on either side of straight strokes, the most convenient way for him; also it allows the circle at the initial end to be made on either side and is optional with the student as to which way he moves his hand in making the circle. 6 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND There should be no hooks following shaded strokes, as they are extremely hard to make correctly and with speed . There are no hooks following shaded strokes in the practical writ- ing of Daniel's shorthand, because the shade is omitted in practical work, being used for learning purposes only. There should be few word-signs, contractions, prefixes, suffixes or omissions, and they should be made without any disjoining or intersecting. There are about sixty-four word-signs in this shorthand and one rule covers all the contractions; but very few contractions are needed for ordinary work. The prefixes, suffixes and omissions are as simple and as few as possible, and there is no disjoining to add the most difficult prefix or suffix. There are four particular indications for prefixes and suffixes. There should be few similar outlines. The method of writing near the preceding outline to indicate that the word begins with a vowel practically does away with similar outlines, and the few that remain may be distinguished in the most simple manner. A system of shorthand to be perfect should not have more than three positions in any one direction. Many will claim there should be no position whatever; but is there any shorthand without it? The systems of short- hand that claim to be non-position systems are all found to use intersection, writing under a word and disjoining, which are positions. Intersection and writing under words for particular indications are the most difficult positions to execute with speed, as they stop the forward movement necessary to speedy writing. A system of shorthand to be perfect should be so arranged that the shade and position may be omitted in speedy writing and yet be easily read. This system most nearly fulfills this essential as the shade may be omitted, as may be all the positions except "juxtaposition," and yet be more easily read than other systems. A system to be perfect should be easily written, easily read and easily learned. There is no practical system on the market that can compete with this in getting results quickly. The Daniel's system of shorthand comes very near filling all the preceding requirements far nearer than any other system of shorthand at the present time. The reason for making a system of shorthand syllabic is to make it easy to read and write. It is far more easy DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND to write by the syllabic method than any other, as it makes it easy to write new words, for all words are made up of a few syllables; therefore, it is easier to learn these few syllables than it is to learn an outline for every word in the English language. Writing a stroke for a syllable is the most important vowel implier that we have at our com- mand in shorthand writing, and the implication of vowels is necessary for the reason that the outlines would become too long if the vowels were written in full. The syllable is the unit of word analysis representing one stroke for one syllable, making it an easy mental operation. A doubtful gain in speed does not compensate for an involved mental operation. The syllabic method of writing does away with the greater portion of the mental work usually expended in shorthand writing. A shorthand syllable to be written by the syllabic method should be composed of only one stroke and its appendages. The appendages may be denned as the hooks, circles and loops, or the alteration of the stroke by length or shade, and a syllable may be made up of a combination of these; but the tick strokes and brieves should never be used as appendages. The reason there should be but one consonant stroke for each consonant sound, made in one direction only, is that more involves an extra mental operation which is quite un- necessary. It is also impractical to use the first up or down stroke in an outline to determine position ; for when an outline begins with one or more horizontal strokes and is followed by a stroke that is to be made either up or down, as the connection may dictate, it is impossible to write that word in position until it has become familiar to the student; this is impracticable because the student does not have the time to spare to learn all that class of words in order to become a practical stenographer. Furthermore, to allow the accented syllable to denote the vowel sound as expressed in position by some other syl- lable that happens to be the first syllable in the outline to be upright, is rather inconsistent and very troublesome to the advanced writer as well as the student. By allowing the accented syllable to determine the position it hinders the student in reading his notes, as he cannot tell which syllable the sound is supposed to be read in, but if the posi- tion always indicated the vowel sound in the first syllable, which is the most important syllable, with few exceptions, he would have less trouble in reading his notes. The preceding bad features just mentioned have 8 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND created a prejudice against position writing with many teachers; but position writing as taught in this system of shorthand is practically without those bad features.^ The remedy for the preceding defects in position is very simple, that is: let the first syllable determine the vowel sound to be written in pcsiticn and the first stroke determine the position, which is done in this shorthand. The first syllable in a word, with few exceptions, is the most important, and each following syllable becomes of less importance. The first part of a syllable is of far more importance than the latter part, that is, the part before the vowel is of more importance than the part after the vowel. Each consonant stroke in Daniel's shorthand is without a shade in its original form and the shade in the first syllable is used to indicate extra vowels. In the following syllables it is used to add T or D after a shortened stroke for N or M, or it is used for R after the vowel in other instances. Each of those particulars are important in learning; but of little importance after the system is learned, for many eastern and southern people fail to sound the R after the vowel. After shortening for N or M it makes little difference whether the T or D is expressed or not after the first syllable. From the preceding it can be easily seen that the shade may be dispensed with after the system is learned and yet made valuable while learning. As this system of shorthand is simple, systematic and nearly syllabic the student can write new words with almost equal ease as words with which he is familiar. The short- hand systems of the present time teach the student an outline at a time, while we teach him the rules to make syllables; after he has learned to connect those syllables he can write any word in the English language, whether it is new to him or not, while the student that is learning outlines can only write the outlines he has mastered. From the preceding it may be easily seen that the best method of teaching this shorthand will be to teach the student to write shorthand by the rules and to read his own notes, instead of teaching him outlines by reading engraved shorthand, which is so extensively used at the present time. The point here presented is, that it requires more time for the mind to call up a special picture of an isolated contraction than it requires to apply familiar rules. FRANKLIN M. DANIEL. Los ANGELES, CAL., February, 1912. 5. U PAULAS. TEXAS L SHOR . DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND jffletfjob of The student in order to learn shorthand must learn to spell phonographically; that is, by sound. In spelling by sound all silent letters are omitted. BEAU is spelt B-O _ HEIGHT is spelt H-I-T DOUGH is spelt D-O ROUGH is spelt R-U-F CHASM is spelt K-A-S-M WROUGHT is spelt R-AW-T CITE is spelt S-I-T PHOTO is spelt F-O-T-O GEORGE is spelt J-O-R-J WEIGH is spelt W-A GORGE is spelt G-6-R-J GNAW is spelt N-AW CAUGHT is spelt K-AW-T KNEE is spelt N-E EIGHT is spelt A-T TAX is spelt T-A-KS NICE is spelt N-I-S FUSE is spelt F-U-Z QUICK is spelt KW-I-K WHY is spelt HW-I From the preceding it may be seen that there is no C, X or Q needed in shorthand characters. The soft sound of C is represented by S and the hard sound by K. X is expressed by KS. Q is represented by the sound KW. The soft sound of G is expressed by J. After the student has learned to resolve words into their phonographic sounds he then learns the geometrical lines to express those sounds. The lines used in this shorthand are the most simple known and can be made with the greatest speed. The student should practice each lesson faithfully, repeatedly making the characters until they are correct in every detail. Never make a character without pronouncing the 10 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND sound. Never write anything without reading it afterwards. Always review the work done previously, before beginning new work. If the notes are preserved each day and repeatedly read it will be very valuable to the student. Make haste slowly, speed will come when the rules are learned thoroughly. Do not get ahead of your lessons, nor outside of your lessons until you have passed lesson five or six. LESSON 1. This system of shorthand is a method of sound writing by means of simple characters instead of the complicated characters used in longhand; and for the purpose of recording speech with ease. When writing by sound all silent letters are omitted. Consonant Strokes H T named TE as heard in TEA, EAT, TOOT. | J \ P named PE as heard in PEA, APE, PEEP. I / V named VE as heard in VIE, EVE, VALVE. K named KAY as heard in CAB, BACK, CRACK Strokes Strokes are straight and curved lines used to express consonant sounds. The position of the stroke in respect to the line of writing and its shade expresses the principal vowels and diph- thongs. t-a t-e t-I t-o t-u t-ou k-a k-e k-I k-6 k-u k-ou tay tea tie toe too tow cay key chi coe cue cow DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 11 p-a p-e p-1 p-o p-u p-ou v-a v-e v-I v-o v-u v-ou pay pea pie Poe pew Pow veigh vee vie vo view vow Position NOTICE the consonant strokes are written in three different positions with respect to the line to express three vowels and shaded for three more. The upright strokes are written with their middle part at the line when in the second position; but their middle part is above the line when in the first position and below the line when in the third position. The horizontal strokes are made above the line Y% inch for first position, immediately above the line for second position and immediately below the line for third position. The -first stroke determines the position, the following strokes are connected to it regardless of position. Strokes are made Ye inch in length. LEARN the preceding consonants, the words and syllables that they make, when written in the different positions and with different shades. Cover the longhand and read the shorthand several times, then cover the shorthand and write the words and compare with the printed shorthand, repeating until correct. Exercise 1 To be read and copied 12 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND Exercise 2 To be written in shorthand Pow, pie, cow, tie, vow, vie, pew, cue, key, two, tea, view, vee, toe, key, Poe, pay, too. CAUTION. Make the strokes with a very light touch and a quick movement, Ve inch in length. The shaded strokes to be made with slightly more pressure than the unshaded, just enough to distinguish between them. Whenever you write a stroke always pronounce the sounds. Use ruled paper and a No. 2 lead pencil in learning this system of shorthand; afterwards use a pen if preferable. Consonant Strokes Continued ) D named DE as heard in DATE, AID, DEED. ( S named ES as heard in CITE, RICE, CEASE. ~^ B named BE as heard in BAY, ABE, BABE. ^- F named EF as heard in FAY, RIFE, FIFE. -^ G named GAY as heard in GO, EGG, GIG. ( SH named ISH or SHAY as heard in SHAY, ASH. Phonetic Spelling The hard sound of G is called GAY and the soft sound is called JAY. SH is pronounced ISH or SHAY not ES-AICH, TH is called ITH or THAY not TE-AICH. Learn to resolve a word into its elementary sounds and write the sounds only; ignore the spelling entirely, for it will confuse beginners if they are not careful. _ DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 13 There is no C in shorthand characters, the hard sound is represented by KAY and the soft sound by ES. X is expressed by KAY-S. .. d-a d-e d-i d-o d-u d-ou s-a s-e s-I s-6 s-u s-ou day dee die doe dew dow say see sigh so sue sow M >, ^ > ^ - L ^ i ^ b-a b-e b-i b-o b-u b-ou f-a f-e f-I f-o f-u fou bay bee by bow bue bow fay fee fie foe few fow J J i r ^ r s~ J J s j i T f g-a g-e g-i g-o g-u g-ou sh-a sh-e sh-I sh-o sh-u gay gee guy go goo gow shay she shy show shoo Learn to read the preceding shorthand when the longhand is covered, and write the words when the printed shorthand is covered. Make a comparison of the phonetic spelling and the regular spelling, that is between the first line of printed matter and the second line under each engraving. READ EVERYTHING YOU WRITE, not only for the necessary practice in reading, but to ascertain if the stroke is properly written with respect to its slant, position, straightness or curvature. Be careful to keep the perpendicular or horizontal strokes from slanting and the slanting strokes from becoming perpendicular or horizontal. 14 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND Exercise 3 To be read and copied ^^ f r i r ~ ( Exercise 4 To be written in shorthand Bow, bay, by, be, few, foe, fay, fee, fie, doe, day, dew, die, go, gay, guy, shoo, shay, show, she, shy, so, sow, say, sew, see, Sue, sigh. Remarks From the preceding examples it may be seen that to express A or O the stroke must be in the first position; and to express E or U the stroke must be in the second position; and to express I or OW the stroke must be in the third position. The A, E and I are unshaded; O, U and OW are shaded strokes. STUDY the preceding exercises until you have learned them thoroughly and can write the characters correctly. WORD-SIGNS A word-sign is an abbreviation or an exception to the general rule. Words are abbreviated because they frequently recur and have too long an outline when written by the regular rules. DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 15 The following word-signs are some of the more important : I . U ^ \ x i n u the, to, to-the, I, he (a, an, and), you, would r r ^ ' \ v- Wish, shall, for, have, it (be, to-be) WORD -SIGNS may be joined to one another and to other words to make one outline called a phrase. A, AN, AND and I may be connected to the initial end only, all the other preceding word-signs may be connected initially, medially and finally. AND and THE are struck either up or down. An OUTLINE in this shorthand is a picture of the consonant sounds in a word or phrase, indicating the long vowel or diphthong in the first syllable, and is made without lifting the pen. PHRASES to-the, T-wish-you, see-the, go-to-the, I-shall see-you, say-you, by-the, tie-the, do-you 16 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND _ Read and write the following exercises by covering the longhand and the shorthand alternately. Tie-the cow-to-the shay. Do go-to-the show. U I-wish-you wou'.d go and tie-the cow. For I-shall. ( -. ST-*-" Do go and see- the sea. To-be by-the sea. i* I-shall see-you go-to-the sea. I say-you may go. Remarks The small signs are called brieves. The first stroke or first brieve is written in its own position and the following stroke or brieve is connected to it regardless of position. TO when shaded reads TO-THE. The hyphen is used to show that the words are connected together to make a phrase, and will be used in that sense throughout thit' book. DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 17 Consonant Strokes Continued M named EM as heard in ME, AIM, MUM. N named EN as heard in KNEE, IN, KNOWN. R named ARE as heard in RAY, ARE, RARE. L named EL as heard in LOW, EEL, LOWEL. -J TH named ITH or THAY as heard in THY, EARTH. KAY, M and N are made from left to right, R, L and ITH are made from bottom up slanting more toward the horizontal than the downward strokes V, SHAY and GAY, which are nearer the perpendicular and are made down. V, SHAY and GAY are like R, L and ITH, but may be easily distinguished in sen- tences by their connections to other strokes, brieves, hooks, circles and loops. m-a m-e m-1 m-o m-u m-ou n-a n-e n-i n-6 n-u n-ou may me my mow mew mow nay knee nigh no new now T? / "a^ 1 *s i 1 ( 1 ( r-a r-e r-1 r-o r-u r-ou 1-a 1-e 1-1 1-6 1-u 1-ou ray rea rye row rue row lay lee lie low lieu low th-a th-e th-1 th-o th-u th-ou they the thy though thew thou 18 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND Exercise 5 To be read and copied Exercise 6 To be written in shorthand They, thy, though, thou, low, lieu, lie, Lee, lay, row, rue, rye, ray, know, new, now, nigh, knee, nay, mow, mew, my, me, may. LESSON 2 This system of shorthand expresses only one vowel or diphthong in a word and that is in the first syllable. In words of more than one syllable a vowel is indicated; but as to what it is, is a guess. From the following examples it will be seen that the vowel E is assumed to follow all consonant strokes except the first stroke in an outline. By using the vowel E as a substitute the outline is filled out and the student soon becomes accustomed to omitting the vowels after the first syllable. O m-a-me k-a-te 1-a-de d-u-le k-a-re p-o-ne b-u-te Mamie Catie lady duly Carie pony beauty DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 19 r-ou-de rowdy n-e-de needy sh-a-de shady t-6-de toady m-a-re Mary s-a-de Sadie b-o-ne bony r-o-te-re n-o-te-re rotary notary v-a-ge-re vagary 1-u-ne-se lunacy p-1-re-se piracy The Shortening Principle Making a stroke half its usual length adds N or M to that syllable and is to be read after the vowel. I t-e t-e-m t-o t-o-n t-u t-u-n r-a r-a-n t-I t-l-m tea team toe tone too tune ray rain tie time \ b-o b-o-n 1-e bow bone Lee 1-e-n p-I lean pie p-i-n k-e k-e-n r-u r-u-m pine key keen rue room \ - V ~T ( CL "-! J_ V d-e-ken b-a-ken n-a-shen f-u-zhen l-o-shen n-o-shen deacon bacon nation fusion lotion notion L r-e-ten-shen r-e-ve-zhen retention revision r-6-te-shen rotation v-a-ken-se vacancy 20 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND Exercise 7 To be read and copied Exercise 8 To be written in shorthand 1 Vacancy, rotation, revision, retention, notion, 2 lotion, fusion, nation, Macon, bacon, deacon, rotary, 3 notary, vagary, lunacy, lady, duty, Carie, pony, 4 Katie, Mamie, Mary, shady, needy, Tony, tidy, 5 Keely, rowdy. The Short Vowels The vowels A, E, I, O and U each have a short sound and are expressed by writing in position for the long vowel and placing to the right of the outline a dot to indicate that it is the short instead of the long sound. The short sound of I is nearly like the short sound of E, therefore, place a dot to the right of the E position stroke to indicate the short sounds of E and I. The dot is placed by the side of I position stroke to be read OI, as in BOY, FOIL, TOIL, ROY and JOY. The dot is placed by the side of an position stroke to indicate a variety of sounds of different shades, like the vowels in the words NOT, CAUGHT, ROT, WROUGHT, WAR, FOR, FAR, AH, YARD, PARK, OX, CAW, LOT, KNOCK, and ALL. Shorthand is only an approximate method of writing longhand and _ DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND gl the vowels are not so completely expressed as in the longer method; but sufficient for all practical purposes. The following examples will make plain to the student the use of the short vowel : First Position Vowels I I* V f-a-n f-a-n m-a-n m-a-n p-a-n p-a-n p-o-n p-aw-n fane fan main man pain pan pone pawn \ V r b-6-n b-6-n p-o p-aw n-aw-te sh-6-de t-a-le m-6-le bone bon Poe paw naughty shoddy tally Molly Second Position Vowels t-u-n t-fl-n b-u-n b-u-n m-e-n m-6-n s-e-n s-I-n tune ton boon bun mean men seen sin f-u-le fully p-6-ne penny m-6-ne r-R-de many ready b-u-ne bunny m-u-ne money f-ti-ne funny Third Position Vowels bi b-oi 1-1-n 1-oi-n t-I t-oi r-1 r-oi k-oi-n by boy line loin tie toy rye Roy coin 22 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND Exercise 9 To be read and copied N^ X^- V~" V > ^ KJ t - ^ ' > > Exercise 10 To be written in shorthand 1 Murry, surrey, ferry, fellow, fully, many, bunny, 2 tobacco, deputy, monopoly, money, penny, rummy, 3 sunny, rowdy, Rooney, tally, shoddy, Sunday, Monday, 4 Polly, Molly, paddy, funny, dummy, ready, bonny, 5 toy, Roy, boy, coin, loin, royal, really, line. The Circle S and Z A small circle adds S to the initial end and S or Z to the final end of a stroke to be read first or last accordingly. v i, ^ v st-a t-e-z st-a-z sp-a-s p-6-z f-u-z f-a-nz p-a-nz stay tease stays space pose fuse fans pans The Circle Between Strokes The circle S between strokes is usually written on the inside of the first curve. The circle S between straight strokes that make ai} angle, is written outside of the angle. DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 23 d-tt-ste g-Q-ste n-a-ste r-u-ste r-I-ske n-a-zel dusty gusty nasty rusty risky nasal Word-signs Continued n n u U N x _jQAJ _ - 1 - L_ your went want what would of of-the he he-is c C o ,? _ C C" _ Q _ / first which were when where (is, his) (as, has) yes yesterday had advantage gentlemen general To be read and written He wants a monopoly of-the business by-the first. He-is ready to go and see-the notary. Yes, what advantage had-you gentlemen generally? 24 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND Exercise 11 To be written in shorthand 1 He went to-the show by-the nasty, muddy lane. 2 What-would-you do-to see-the show by Tuesday? 3 When and-where were-the boys yesterday? 4 The-gentlemen generally have-the advantage. 5 For-the first-day. Which-is your fence? Advice OF is connected initially in phrases only. Write the exercises carefully and read them over and over, then write again. Do not hesitate when making a stroke, but if made wrong repeat until it is correct. Keep your wrist slightly elevated and write with a light touch and as small characters as convenient. Never retrace a stroke, but make new strokes instead. Write the consonant strokes and the word-signs all on one piece of paper for a handy reference, until they are thoroughly learned. Study the short- hand characters, paying strict attention to the phonetic spelling, then cover up the printed matter and analyze the sounds expressed by the shorthand and write them in longhand, compar- ing with the original. Write the printed words in shorthand while the shorthand characters are covered up and compare with the original, all the while pronouncing the sounds. LESSON 3 R and L Hooks A small hook on the initial end of a stroke adds R and a large hook adds L to the stroke and DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 25 is read after the stroke. On the stroke R the hooks are placed at the final end. 1 *\ rv p f \ I J 6 \ v_ f t-^ tray trees pray plays free flee drew three grey -^L^> S J ex rx i 1 ^ very veal rear roar real role brew blue liars travel mail more nail near crease clues loll V~\ V|. trestle prevail principle distress Bible settle How to Make R and L Hooks R and L hooks are made on the left hand side of slanting and perpendicular straight strokes, the inside of curves and the upper side of KAY. Writing Exercise 12 1 Clay, rear, real, roar, role, prays, crews, free, trees 2 very, vile, vale, breeze, drays, blow, flew, true, mere, 3 mule, kneel, tries, slay, near, ply, dries, close, drew, 4 flays, shrew, gray, three, glaze, grease, cavil, level, 5 traduce, kettle, mettle, sundries, final, cradle, lull, 6 learn, lore, leer. 26 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND Final Hooks A small hook adds KAY or GAY and a large hook adds F or V when made on the final end of a stroke and is read after the vowel in a syllable. a I V x X 9 ( ^5 if) VD -N I take takes teek poke peaks paves staves fake beak (c 6~ (J) L shaves shake saves sake caves raves rake rife move knave nook leaves laugh vogue cracks craves cleave 6 missive retake bailing moving making trampling tax How to Use the Final Hooks Hooks on the final end of straight strokes may be turned either way except on R, which is turned on the right hand side for KAY, GAY, F and V. Usually the hook or circle at the final end of straight strokes is turned in the opposite direc- tion to the hook or circle at the initial end, to preserve the straightness of the stroke. DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 27 Writing Exercise 13 1 Brakes, dregs, plague, takes, cakes, smokes, snakes, 2 graves, gloves, braves, brief, meek, lake, shake, sake, 3 seek, speak, spoke, steak, knave, knife, raves, reak, 4 rear, rail, real, move, shove, love, life, thief, vex, 5 tax, leaves, tripping, passive, taking, shaking, making, 6 plastic, balancing, seeming, moving, trumping, baling. Final Hooks and Circles All hooks are turned on the inside of curves. KAY and GAY have similar sounds, so have F and V. F and V hooks are made with a very short hook. The small circle when turned inside of hooks usually takes a loop shape. The Reversal of the Vowel In writing from left to right the space between outlines is about Ve inch usually. To indicate when a word begins with a vowel, write the outline very near to the preceding outline, called "juxtaposition," to reverse the reading of the vowel; that is, to indicate that the vowel is read first. The position and the shade of the first stroke indicates the vowel. J C They were at-the tree when you-came in-to-see-me. From the preceding sentence it is seen that AT and IN are written with their outlines very close to the preceding outlines to indicate that 28 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND _ the vowel is read first. IN-TO-SEE-ME makes a phrase of common words in the preceding sentence and should be used as a model for the joining of simple words. Word-signs Continued with was word world how who whom eyes him large E (O, awe) will hope half give-n year should think-g Rules for Phrasing In this system of shorthand the first word of a phrase is written in position, and those words which follow, that are joined to it, are connected without regard to position. Do not allow the outline to extend too far above or below the line of writing. Make good connections and phrase nothing except that which is naturally connected in thought. Never connect words that have a punctuation mark between them. Words that have an important vowel or diphthong in the first or second syllable should not be connected, only to the initial end of a phrase. A great many unimportant words may be omitted from common phrases. Phrases should be made principally from word-signs and the most common words. YOU and YOUR can be turned the most convenient way to join in phrases. AND and THE are struck both up and down in phrases. Make acute angles for good connections. DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 29 Phrases _J he-was |~ out-with V^-N ^ on-the j ' to-see-me hope-you-will-go go-with-me will-give-me if-you-will-be what-would-you it-will-give-me he-is or he-has who-is or who-has of-our it-was-to it-is-the it-has-been you-should-see you-should-do you-should-take you-should-be you-should-think I-think-you-are I-think-you-will how-has or how-his v of-the-many J^-s ^, was-known x- how-the * U 11 /y will-you-go ' /-N v-% saw-me - "5 was-with -C-r- near-the r~ ^- I-was-to -L ^ to-see-the i > ~v v to-be-the <\( s we-think u n you-think ) 1 n he-thinks V he-should t, ^ we-should "\ it-should-be ^ . n rit-was-given , (S~ - we will c J\o in-reply-to-you 30 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND He-was out-with us Tuesday in-the rain on-the pike. The word of-the man was-known all over-the world. 7 I How-the eyes of-the large man will look by day. 1 \ I % .- ^ .^ I hope half of-the year will-be sunshine. [ I ***** 1 1, \ _ By whom was it given, or who gave it to him? Writing Exercise 14 1 Will-you-go and-see what -he has-to give-the boy? '2 I know-he saw-me go when-he was-in-the oak. 3 He-may be to-see if it-will-be at-the bay. 4 The-gentleman saw it as-it went by-the bay. 5 I-will be by-the oak if-the general wants me. 6 With the first hour of-the day he-is off -to play. 7 What-would-you say if I-was-to go to-see-the sea? 8 I will-be true to-you, if-you-will-be true to-me. 9 Take a look at-the blue sky and-see-the glow. 10 He-will go up-the tree by-the cave to-make noise. 11 Now-how do-you know when I will go to the show? DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 31 12 When do-you want to-see-me and-what-for? 13 Will-you rise and go-with-me to-see-the boy at-the lake near-the town? 14 I saw it as it went by and it-was like him. 15 I-will-take-the plow and-see-the advantage it-will- give-me over-the rake. 16 The gentleman and-the general hope-you-will-give it a-show to-grow. 17 He-thinks it-should-be this-way, and I-think-it should-be nearly the-same. Practice nothing only that which is given in these lessons until you have passed lesson 5; then practice any kind of printed matter. Com- mon words lite IT, AT, IN and ON need not have the short sound indicated by means of the dot, as "juxtaposition" is sufficient indication for such words. Writing Exercise 15 ( v) L. ^4-1 L* > , ? - - w L_ 32 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND LESSON 4 The Hook Stroke Consonants The following are hook stroke consonants; the hooks are turned on the right hand and under side of straight strokes, and both sides of R at the initial end for Z, H, Y, J, CH and W. 2 "/ 7 Z named ZE as heard in ZOO, USE. l\ f H named HAY as heard in HEAT, ADHERE. Y named YAY as heard in YET, BEYOND. J named JAY as heard in GEM, PAGE, GEORGE. CH named CHAY as heard in CHAIN, RETCH. W named WAY as heard in WET, WAYWARD. Zeke haze yea Joe chain we way zero highly Jane yeoman jury Rachel noway welcome engine cheaply To Add L to Hook Strokes All the hook stroke consonants may have the hook enlarged to add L, to be read after the vowel. C zeal heal yell jail chill wail well we-will _ DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 33 Hooks Changed to Loops to add R A loop may be made on the hook stroke con- sonants, in place of the hook to add R to the stroke, to be read after the vowel. hare here hire yore jeer cheer ware journey wire Writing Exercise 16 1 Check, wire, joke, wore, hove, ease, house, use, 2 hay, ware, weave, ways, wise, hole, easel, wail, zeal, 3 well, hewer, yale, year, cheer, jeer, jail, chill, hole, 4 hale, hill, yell, jole, howl, jew, joy, chew, chug, zoo, 5 hug, chore, chase, highly, zebra, hero, angel, jetty, 6 choppy, chilly, Wiley, witty, anyway, welcome, 7 hailing, zero, lazy, edgeways, Rachel, journey, justice, 8 Johnson. CAUTION. Call each stroke by its name: H is called HAY not AICH; Y is called YAY not WI; J is called JAY not GEE; CH is called CHAY not SE-AITCH; W is called WAY not DOUBLE-UU. Writing Exercise 17 1 We-can use-the edge of-the saw many-ways. 2 The-way-we use-the edge of-the ax gives it age. 3 James, John and Jake were all three at-the lake. 4 The journey up-the hill was-to hire a chaise. 5 It-is easier-to do a-thing than-to-tell-you. 6 I-think they-should call-it easy work. 7 Which do-you-think is-the better paper of-the two? 34 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND Reading Exercise 18 X -- cJ The Initial Loop The R-hook may be changed into a loop at the initial end of a stroke to add SR, the S to be read before and the R after the stroke. The loop to be made on the left hand side of perpen- dicular or slanting straight strokes the upper side of KAY and the inside of curves. Do not confound the R-hook with the hook consonant strokes. JSX sever cedar streak strive spree spring screak smear sneer screw spruce stricken sprawling NOTICE that the hook stroke consonants have the loop made on the right and under side of straight strokes, to add R. Be careful DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 35 to get the loops on the side which they are supposed to be, to express your meaning. The test is to read everything you write. The Final Loop A small loop on the final end of a stroke adds CHAY or JAY and is read after the vowel. <\>* V h* v> teach stretch preach approach page attach patch reach rage Madge lodge fetch such leech pinch Writing Exercise 19 1 Streak, such, string, catch, strive, stretch, reach, 2 rage, Madge, notch, preach, blotch, brooch, screak, 3 lodge, thatch, teach, sage, leech, vouch, approach, 4 attach, ditch, dodge, strong, sneer, snore, smear, 5 smudge, snatch, college, courage. The Suffix ING A small perpendicular or horizontal straight stroke very short in length adds ING and shaded adds INGS to the final end of a stroke. L ^ *- paying rowing being seeing doing laying knowing 36 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND facings casings beings teasing seizing rising The Suffix TET, TED or DED A small half circle very small in diameter, made by starting back on the stroke, adds TET, TED or DED at the final end. voted raided seated needed cited loaded demented Writing Exercise 20 1 Noted, knowing, doing, petted, beings, dated. 2 aiding, rowing, rated, airing, ailing, needed, seeing, 3 bowing, shading, offing, mowing, loaded, oiling, fetid, 4 outing, faded, eating, acted, ended, neighing, leaded, 5 deeded, mated, potted, feeing, owing, patted, indented, 6 selected, inveighing, invaded, denuded, delaying, 7 lovingly, concluded, conveying, viewing, conniving, 8 jawing, hoeing, itching, gnawing, wooing, chewing, 9 oiling, aging. 10 He-was writing-to-me when you were passing by. 11 He came near-seeing me in-getting off-the-train. 12 He needed the strong horse to-bring-the beech bark. Reading Exercise 21 ' \ p -Q o ^ a- c V L c n A- ^ ~^y n DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 37 LESSON 5 How to add SES, SEZ or ZES If a small circle at the final end of a stroke is continued through to the opposite side to form a small hook, it adds the syllable SES, SEZ or ZES. i / teases possess vases races blesses gazes taxes The Large Circle A large circle on the end of a stroke adds ST> SD or ZD and is read after the vowel. 4r teased tastes pest guests least mused nests rests Writing Exercise 22 1 Moses, accused, praises, blest, traces, least, creases, 2 test, guests, greases, brazes, dust, moist, leases, 3 teases, roused, sauces, vest, raises, thrust, cast, noses, 4 amazes, seized, vases, praised, dresses, pressed, cases, 5 faced, access, gazes, fleeced, frosts, priests, coasts, G tests, tastes, Mississippi, necessary, postal, dusting 7 rusting, casting, lasting, adjusting. The Lengthened Stroke A stroke may be lengthened to half as long again to add T or D to the syllable, or nearly twice as long as the usual length. T and D have similar sounds. 449594 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND toe toad ray rate pane pay pate Maine may mate deride berate macerate postulate translate infect Writing Exercise 23 1 Tirade, direct, infect, disrespect, inspect, respect, 2 vacating, inviting, deriding, debating, retaining, 3 invade, expiate, expatiate, vacate, formulate, debate 4 recede, macerate, occupied, berate, insulate, deride, 5 invite, postulate, translate, overate, renewed, inveter- 6 ate, slate, fate, pet, let, bite, night, rate, float, get, 7 not, bought, caught, sought, bet, but, did. 8 I-will vacate-the house on-the date set. 9 Do-not overate-the large man at-the gate. 10 He did berate-the inveterate trainman terribly. 11 Without any respect he showed disrespect to-the lad. Reading Exercise 24 \i To Add T or D to N or M When the first stroke in an outline has been shortened for N or M and T or D follows it in the same syllable, the T or D may be indicated by DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 39 using the F or V hook, as F or V never follow N or M in the after part of a syllable. After the first stroke in an outline the shortened stroke may be shaded to add T or D to the N or M to be read NT, ND, MT or MD. He turned round and round as he volplaned down. o ^ j bend mend trimmed contained behind latent depend Writing Exercise 25 1 Trained, sprained, send, tent, ironed, bound, lend, 2 rent, joined, chained, hound, beyond, wind, wound, 3 maimed, shamed, blamed, kind, cant, haunt, move-. 4 ment, demand, command, invent, retained, fond. 5 The diamond mine is confined to a limited output. 6 They left-the moment-the infant was-found alive. 7 He tramped on-the ground in-the last round. Shading for R After the first stroke in an outline any stroke may be shaded to add R, except the shortened stroke. When shading for R it is read after the vowel usually. /. reader racer lever never cater agitator fluster 40 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND Writing Exercise 26 1 Waiter, platter, scatter, slaughter, rather, feather, 2 mother, brother, lather, nature, later, rouser, mouser, 3 maker, never, placer, curvature, intruder, upholder, 4 defrauder, consider, leather. 5 The ready reader was entirely plastic in the hands of the nervy cattle rustler. 6 The elder man was down by-the water-front. 7 The orderly was- very sober as-he came across. 8 The mother, father and-brother love one another. Reading Exercise 27 2f Q L ^ ' o y f ^^ * T/T The SR Loop The loop for SR after the first syllable may be changed into a circle and hook to add SR, thus: I" * construct extra distract distress disagree monster The Shortening Principle for Phrases After the first stroke or word-sign any stroke connected may be shortened and shaded to add NOT in a phrase. DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND t^ -"- -t- I-may-not he-may-not it-cannot they-have-not >) they-do-not you-cannot and-if-not you-may-not Lengthening and Shortening in Phrases The lengthening and shortening principle may be used in making phrases, thus: it-is-not it-was-not it-is-then you-must-not _ v _ r / r^~f\ _ i/\ you-must-come you-must-go you-do-that in-that he-could-not by-that he-was-caught by-them I in Phrases Write in the lower position and near the pre- ceding word, called "juxtaposition," to indicate I in phrases. "" \ r ^ / / ~^T~ \ ~~r / T am am-in will hope shall have see I-am I-am-in I-will I-hope I-shall I-have I-see 42 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND Advanced Phrases ^ f\ in reply to your favor would state that / we do not carry f- in stock the ^ and forward _ as soon as received arrive in due time for your relief j^x be careful we solicit your further orders yours very truly tve are in receipt of your letter with orders enclosed you have our thanks we note what you say and the same shall (\/\ your orders 9 n very truly yours K DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 43 BUSINESS LETTERS The following business letters should be practiced until they can be read and written with speed, and the characters made correctly: Letter No. 1 MESSRS. JAMES L. COOPER & Co., St. Louis, Mo. Gentlemen: In-reply-to-your-favor of -the 10th inst., would-state-that we-do-not-carry in-stock-the article that- you mention, but-will order it at-once and-forward to-you as-soon-as-received. Hoping it-will arrive-in-due-time for-your-relief, we-solicit your-further-orders, Yours-very-truly, Letter No. 2 MESSRS. JOHN NEWTON & Co., Kansas-City, Mo. Gentlemen: We-are in-receipt-of-your-letter of -the 18th inst., with-orders-enclosed, for-which you-have-our- thanks. We-note-what-you-say about-the method of- delivery and-the-same-shall have-careful attention. Trusting we may-be favored with your-orders, we remain, Very-truly-ydurs, Letter No. 3 44 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND Letter No. 3 MR. FRANK HARTLEY, Chicago, Illinois. Dear-Sir : We-are-in-receipt-of-your-f avor of-the 22nd inst., but have delayed replying to-you until we-can-get definite prices for-the-market at-that-time. It would-seem to-us-that the color you-mention would-not-be light enough for-that climate, at-least we-have-very few calls- for-that-color in-your district. We-are, however, in a position to-take-your-orders for future delivery. Respectfully-yours, Writing Exercise 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 he was caught by them he could not by that do you think in that you must come you must go it is then it was not you must not it is not you may not they have not and if not it cannot you cannot he may not they do not I may not you can have you may go we must be we must do of your letter 26 you are sorry 27 you must be certain 28 you will perceive 29 you must try 30 you are prepared 31 we will try 32 we shall do 33 they have been 34 we did not 35 we do not 36 we will do so 37 my dear 38 my dear sir 39 my dear friend 40 my dear madam 41 please let us know 42 are you ready 43 which have been 44 which have not been 45 which have done 46 which have not done 47 it will have been 48 rather than 49 more than 50 higher than the REMEMBER that IS, HIS, AS and HAS may be added to HOW, WHO and HE by shading. THE may be added to OF and TO by DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 45 shading. THE, AND and SHOULD may be struck both up and down in phrases. LESSON 6 R and L in the First Syllable R and L following a long vowel or diphthong in the first syllable of a word, after the strokesT, P, KAY, ISH, S, GAY, D, B, and F should not be written with a hook; but the stroke for R or L should connect on finally. ^V ^ C 7 ~^ >" V~ K tower bower shower flower boils bowel dowel toil ix e-S-* V fail sail boll tore small tail pail snail rail Writing Exercise 29 1 Tail, tower, tore, boll, dowel, roar, bole, roll, bowel, 2 snail, boils, bower, small, toils, shower, fall, Howel, 3 flower, fewer, Joel, steal, rail, pale, bale, towel, fail, 4 spoil, trowel, scale, hale, liar, mail, floor, door, gore. The Enlarged Final Loop A loop on the final end of a stroke may be enlarged to add R. richer preacher teacher dredger hatcher lodger 46 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND S, ST and KT after CHAY and JAY Loops A loop on the final end of a stroke may be extended on through to the opposite side to add S, ST, and KT, tus: riches richest reject inject subject objects Writing Exercise 30 1 Lodges, gouges, pages, eschews, attaches, gages, 2 fetches, patches, rages, inches, preaches, teaches 3 digest, inject, deject, injects, object, reject, riches, 4 richest, judges, wages, hedges, changes, cages, drenches, 5 pinches, ranches, plunges. The P and B Hook The F and V hook may have the hook made longer to be read P or B. The P and B hook is not universally used; principally in phrases and to make good connections. P and B have similar sounds. ,' t ~e- Advanced Phrasing Continued I am in receipt of your letter regret to state are unable at this time that you require we assure you that be pleased to as soon as possible we are surprised to hear from you is in Such always considered you your situation your obedient servant we are in receipt of your favor we can get for the market at that time that your account as soon as we receive them 52 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND Letter No. 4 MB. MORRIS BENTLEY, Dallas, Texas. Dear-Sir: I-am-in-receipt-of-your-letter of-the 15th inst. and regret-to-state that-we are-unable at-this-time to forward-the information that-you-require. We-assure-you- that we-will be-pleased-to do-so as-soon-as-possible. We- are-surprised-to hear-from-you that-your business is-in- such a deplorable condition. I-have always-considered-you an intelligent business man, and-can hardly realize your-situation. Your-obedient-servant, ^ - V 1^,^-^^g: Letter No. 5 MR. JAMES JONES, Los Angeles, California. Dear Sir: This-is-to remind-you that-your-account with-us-is due on-the 5th, and-as-we-are-depending on-this money-to use-in-the settlement of-our bills which are due-on-the 7th, we-ask-you-tp-remit promptly on-the 5th as-we-will-be-pressed at-the-time for-money. Hoping to-receive-the amount in-due-time, we-remain, Very-respectfully, DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 53 Letter No. 6 ^.y S/ "V~ ^U~ ^ F ^ ""I ^ >,, > C^ -V ?x c Letter No. 6 MR. T. S. WATSON, San Francisco, California. Dear-Sir: The goods ordered by-you-the 25th ultimo are-to-be shipped as-soon-as-we-receiye-them from-the- east, which requires ten-days in transit, and-three-days- more-from here will make it about two-weeks before-you- receive-them. Thanking you-for past-orders, we-remain, Very-respectfully, Writing Exercise 33 The student should write the following phrases very carefully, making all the strokes the proper length. They should then be studied closely, rewritten and re-read often. 1 many times 24 do you recall * 2 many more 25 do you play 3 many such 26 for you are 4 as many as possible 27 did you receive 5 by many ways 28 and such may 6 by many persons 29 did you come 7 it was many times 30 for such as 8 it was never 31 give you my reasons 9 it was necessary 32 had you reasons 54 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 10 it is not so 33 for which it 11 it was not 34 for which he 12 it is necessary 35 in which it 13 it is no time 36 and which it 14 it seems 37 they will 15 it is one 38 you will be sorry 16 it is many 39 you might not be 17 this people 40 you may never 18 this one thing 41 you are never 19 this period 42 you are supposed 20 this reason 43 you must accept 21 give you my 44 you must become 22 did you run 45 you must also 23 for you may 46 you may receive LESSON 7 WAY may be added to the sounds of strokes S, HAY, T, D, KAY and GAY by leaving a greater space between outlines than the regular distance about J^ inch. The characters are named SWAY, HWAY, TWAY, DWAY, KWAY and GWAY. HWAY is equivalent to WH. KWAY is sounded like QU. n D -^_ ^ ( y, . The white lady quickly left for the dwelling. NOTICE that WHITE, QUICKLY and DWELLING are each placed farther from the preceding strokes than the usual distance, to add 1 the sound of WAY to the strokes. sweetly swore-the squire would squeal. DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 55 But twice he said guano and guava. KWAY, GWAY, TWAY, DWAY and HWAY need be indicated only in the first syllable, as KAY, GAY, T, D, and HAY will indicate it sufficiently after the first syllable. Whenever a vowel precedes KWAY the KAY may be written in "juxtaposition" if preferable, as KAY is a good substitute for Q. ^ indwelling untwist Paraguay between betwixt Writing Exercise 34 1. Be quick or the quail will fly away to its quarry. 2. The earthquake shook the squire quite roughly. 3. He was seen to quake with fear, as the queer looking animal came towards him. 4. He dwells in the house on the hill opposite the new dwelling. 5. We require that your request be in a written form. 6. Guano and guava are two uncommon words. 7. We request that you go in quest of the query. 8. His face twitched queerly and with agony of pain. 9. Give the twigs a twist. 10. Mr. Dwyer does not dwell in Quebec. 1 1 . The language which he spoke could not be distinguished from the twang of the linguist. 12. He was betwixt and between Paraguay and Uraguay. 13. The boy may sweep, swing and switch. 14. The man swore the swede was swift. 15. The usurer, as usual, had no pleasure or leisure. 16. When he split his finger he cried with anguish. 17. He vent his spleen and began to splutter and splash. 18. He was swearing as he was swerving to the right. 19. The rich preacher and teacher was a lodger at the hotel, when the dredger went by. 20. The object of the subject was not known. 21. It can be, may be, and will be, embodied in the cab. 22. Run the pup out. 56 DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND _ The Indication of TO TO may be indicated by leaving a greater space between outlines than the regular distance about Yi inch. The indication of TO is the same as the indication for SWAY, HWAY, TWAY, DWAY, KWAY, and GWAY, but will not clash with them. TO when indicated by the above method is read first. 4- -M- -4^V- -W -- -**- do to-do see to-see be to-be go to-go me to-me Consecutive Vowels Where vowels predominate and follow one another consecutively, WAY and YAY strokes may be substituted in place of some of the vowels, in all words similar to the following: fluent client bunion ruin Leo aerial Ohio poetic Writing Exercise 35 1 Roseate, ruined, fluent, client, lenient, bunion, 2 onion, Iowa, Ohio, Noah, idea, deity, gaiety, ruin, 3 cameo, area, deviate, Leo, bayou, iota, duello, poetic, 4 aerial, Ionic, ideal. Accent Words that have their accent on the second syllable, containing a long vowel or diphthong with a short initial vowel, need not be written _ DANIEL'S PRACTICAL SHORTHAND 57 near the preceding word to show the initial vowel, but written in the regular way to indicate the more important syllable; that is, omit the first syllable in a few words like the following: - -- - _ - -- ^ - -