/9/Z z. . ra jF0R5C0MP0SlT0RS ^qjiN DREADERS 'NivEf^siTY Press, Oxford HORACE HART, M.A. ^^^*INTER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD fc,;' * • XHE ENGLISH SPELLINGS REVISED BY MES A. H. MURRAY, M.A., D.CL., LL.D., D.Lirr. AND HENRY BRADLEY, M.A., Ph.D. EDITORS OF THE OXFORD DICTIONARY TWENTY-SECOND EDITION THESE Rules apply generally, and they are only to be departed from when the written instructions which accompany copy for a new book contain an express direction that they are not to be followed in certain specified cases. First Edition, Aj>ril 1893. ReJ»nnted, Dec. 1894. Repri7ited iidih alterations — Jan. 1895 ; Feb. 1895 ; Jan. 1896; July 1897 ; Sept. 1898; April \Zqq\ A7ig. 1899; Jan. 1901 ; Feb. 1901 ; Jan. 1902 ; March 1902 ; May 1903. Fifteenth Edition, tev-iscd aud enlarged the first for p7iblictxtip7i\ March 1904. , ^ ^ Sixteenth Edition, April zno/^. '< ' \^ \S^!entee:ith Editi6n,'A.i>ril v)oa,. ' iiighteenth Edition, rtvised and enlarged July 1904. Nineteenth Edition, July 1905. Twentieth Editiofi, July 1907. Twenty'first Edition, January 1909. Twenty-second Edition, Januayy 1912. PREFACE /T is quite clearly set out on the title- page in previous editions of these Rules and .Examples, that they zvere intended especially for Compositors and Readers at the Clarendon Press. Consequently it seems necessary to explain why an edition or im- pression is notu offered to so much of the General Public as is interested in the techni- calities of Typography ^ or -wishes to be guided to a choice amidst alternative spellings. On the production of the First Edition at the Oxford Press, copies were placed at the disposal of all Readers^ Compositors , and Compositor-apprentices ; and other copies fotmd their way into the possession of Authors and Editors of books then in the printers'' hands. Subsequently , friends of authors^ and readers and covtpositors in other printing- offices, began to ask for copies, which were always supplied ivithotit charge. By and by applications for copies ivere received from persons zvho had no absolute claim to be sttpplied gratuitously ; but as many of such requests came from Officials of the Kings Government at Home, in the Colonies, and in India, it was thought advisable, on the whole, to cotitinue the practice of presentation. Recently, however, it became known that copies of the booklet were on sale in London. 250788 '4 ,* ' ; V / * • • Preface. Acorrespondeiitw^-otethathe had Just bought a copy ' at the Stores '; and as it seems more than co7nplaisant to provide gratuitously what may afterwards be sold for profit, there is no alternative but to publish this little book. As to the origin and progress of the ivork, it was begun in 1864, "'-^li^f^ i^^^ compiler was a member of the London Association of Correctors of the Press. With the assistance of a stnall band offelloiv members employed in the same printing-office as himself, a first list of examples was drawn up, to furnish a working basis. Fate so ordained that, in course of years, the writer becavie in succession general manager of three London printing-houses. In each of these institutions additions were made to his selected list of words, which, in this way, gradually expanded — embodying what compositors term ''the Rule of the House'' . Ini88z,as Controller of the Oxford Press, the compiler began afresh the zuork of adapta- tion ; but pressure of other dtities deferred its completion nearly te7i years, for the first edition is dated 1893. Eveti at that date the book lacked the seal of final approval, being only part of a system of printing-office management. In due course, Sir J. A. II. MURRAY and Dr. HENRY BRADLEY, editors of Preface 5 the Oxford Dictionary, were kind enough to revise and approve all the English spellings. Bearing the stamp of their sanction, the booklet has an authority which it could not otherwise have claimed. To later editions Professor ROBINSON ELLIS and Mr. H. STUART JONES contributed two appendices , containing in- structions for the Division of Words in Latin and Greek ; and the section on the German Language xvas reviscdby Dr. KARL BREUL, Reader in Germanic in the Uni- versity of Cambridge. The present issue is characterized by many additions and some rearrangement. The compiler has encouraged the proof- readers of the University Press from time to time to keep memoranda of troublesome words in frequent — or indeed in occasional — itse, not recorded in previous issues of the ^ Rules\ and to make notes of the mode of printing them zvhich is decided on. As each edition of the book becomes exhausted such ivords are reconsidered, and their approved form finally incorpoi-ated into the pages oj the forthcoming edition. The same remark applies to new words which appear tinex- .pectedly, like new planets, and take their place in what Sir JAMES MURRAY calls the ^ World of Words\ Such instances as 6 Preface air-man, sabotage, stepney-wheel, will occur to every nexvspaper j-eader. Lastly, it ought to be added that in one or ttuo cases, a particular zoay of spelling a word or punctuating a sentence has been changed. This does not generally mean that an error has been discovered in the '■Rules' ; but rather that the fashion has altered, and that it is necessary to guide the compositor accordingly. January 1912. rl. ri. CONTENTS Pa^e SOME Words ending in -able .... 9 Some Words ending in -ible . , . .11 Some Words ending in -ise or -ize ... 12 Some Alternative or Difficult Spellings, arranged in alphabetical order . . 15 Some Words ending in -ment . . . .24 Hyphened and non-hyphened Words . . 23 Doubling Consonants with Suffixes . . 29 Formation of Plurals in Words of Foreign Origin 31 Errata, Erratum 33 Plurals of Nouns ending in -o . . . .34 Foreign Words and phrases, when to be set in Roman and when in Italic .... 35 Spellings of Fifteenth to Seventeenth Century writers 38 Phonetic Spellings 38 A or An 39 O and Oh 39 Nor and Or 40 vowel-ligatures {JE and OE) .... 41 contractions 41 POETRY: Words ending in -ed, -^d, &c. . . 43 Capital Letters 46 Lower-case Initials .47 Small Capitals 47 Special Signs or Symbols 48 Spacing 49 ITALIC Type 50 References to authorities .... 32 Contents DIVISION OF WORDS— ENGLISH, ITALIAN, PORTU GUESE, AND Spanish Punctuation ........ Figures and numerals appendix i Possessive case of proper Names By Sir J. A. H. Murray appendix ii Works in the French Language . appendix iii Works in the German Language . Appendix IV Division of Latin avords .... By Prof. Robinson Ellis Appendi.x V Division of Greek Words .... By Mr. H. Stuart Jones Marks used in the Correction of Proofs Some English Names of Types . GENERAL INDEX }" ^95 |97 100 103 ///|X\- RULES FOR SETTING UP ENGLISH WORKS 1 SOME WORDS ENDING IN -ABLE WORDS ending in silent e generally lose the e when -able is added, as — adorable excusable arguable indispensable desirable leisurable But this rule is open to exceptions upon which authorities are not agreed. The following spellings are in The Oxford Dictionary^ and must be followed : advisable defamable analysable definable ascribable delineable atonable dilatable baptizable dissolvable believable drivable blameable endorsable bribable evadable chaseable excisable confinable exercisable conversable finable creatable forgivable datable framable debatable giveable ^ At Oxford especially, it must alwaj'S be re- membered that the Bible has a spelling of its own ; and that in Bible and Prayer Book printing the Oxford standards are to be exactly followed.— H. H. B lo Rules for setting up WORDS ENDING IN hireable immovable improvable indispensable inflatable irreconcilable lapsable likeable linable liveable losable lovable malleable movable nameable ■ABLE {cofitd.) overcomable palatable partakable pleasable provable rateable rebukeable receivable reconcilable removable saleable solvable tameable tuneable unmistakable If -able is preceded by ce or ge, the e should be retained, to preserve the soft sound of c or g, as — bridgeable changeable chargeable knowledgeable lodgeable manageable noticeable peaceable pledgeable serviceable Words ending in double ee retain both letters, as — agreeable. In words of English formation, a final consonant is usually doubled before -able, admittable biddable clubbable conferrable deferrable forgettable gettable incurrable rebuttable regrettable ^ 1 For an authoritative statement on the whole subject see The O.x/ord Dictionary, Vol. I, p. 910, art. -hh. I English Works II SOME WORDS ENDING IN -IBLE The principle underlying the difference between words ending in -able and those ending in -ible is thus stated by The Oxford English Dictionary (s.v. -ble) : ' In English there is a prevalent feeling for retaining -idle wherever there was or might be a Latin -ibilis, while -able is used for words of distinctly French or English origin.' The following are examples of words end- ing in -ible : accessible addible adducible admissible audible avertible collapsible comprehensible controvertible credible discernible discerpible edible eligible existible expressible extendible feasible fencible flexible forcible incomprehensible incorruptible incredible indefeasible indefensible indelible indestructible indigestible intangible intelligible irresistible legible negligible ostensible permissible persuasible plausible producible reducible remissible reprehensible reversible tangible vendible visible 12 Rules for setting up SOME WORDS ENDING IN -ISE OR -IZE The following spellings are those adopted for The Oxford Dictionary : actualize advertise advise affranchise aggrandize agonize alcoholize alkalize anathematize anatomize anglicize apologize apostrophize apprise {to inform) apprize {to appraise) authorize baptize brutalize canonize capitalize capsize carbonize catechize categorize catholicize cauterize centralize characterize chastise christianize cicatrize circumcise civilize coUodionize colonize communize comprise compromise contrariwise conventionalize corporealize criticize crystallize demise demoralize deodorize desilverize despise devise discolorize disfranchise disguise disorganize dogmatize dualize economize emphasize emprise enfranchise enterprise epigrammatize epitomize English Works 13 equalize italicize eternize jacobinize etherealize japanize etymologize jeopardize eulogize kyanize euphonize laicize evangelize latinize excise legalize exercise legitimatize exorcize liberalize experimentalize localize extemporize macadamize familiarize magnetize feminize mainprize fertilize manumise formalize materialize fossilize memorialize franchise memorize fraternize merchandise gallicize mesmerize galvanize methodize generalize minimize germanize misadvise gormandize mobilize gothicize modernize graecize monetize harmonize monopolize hebraize moralize hellenize nasalize hibernize nationalize humanize naturalize hydrogenize neutralize hypnotize neologize idealize normalize idolize organize immortalize ostracize improvise oxidize incise ozonize 14 Rules for setting up ■ISE OR -IZE (contd.) paganize particularize patronize pauperize penalize philosophize plagiarize pluralize polarize popularize premise prise up {to) prize {a) pulverize rationalize realize recognize reorganize reprise revolutionize rhapsodize romanize satirize scandalize scrutinize secularize seise {in law) seize {to grasp) sensitize signalize silverize solemnize soliloquize specialize spiritualize sterilize stigmatize subsidize summarize supervise surmise surprise syllogize syinbolize sympathize syndicalize synthesize systematize tantalize temporize terrorize theorize tranquillize tyrannize utilize ventriloquize victimize villanize visualize vitalize vocalize vulgarize ///,x\^ English Works 15 SOME ALTERNATIVE OR DIFFICULT SPELLINGS MORE OR LESS IN DAILY USE, ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER FOR EASY REFERENCE abetter ambidexterity abettor {lazu) analyse accepter (-or in lazv) 1 aneurysm adaptable ankle adapter apanage addorsed apophthegm adjutants-generaP //. apostasy adjudgement apparelled admonitor archetype aerate archidiaconal aerial arcking * aerie armful aeronaut artisan aeroplane ascendancy, -ant aetiological, -logist assessable aetiology aught {anything) ageing automobile aides-de-camp ^ //. aweing aline, -ment '^ awesome allineation axe ^ almanac ^ ay {always) 1 Compound words of this class form their plurals by a change in the first word. — H.H, 2 'The Eng. form alinement is preferable to alignment, a bad spelling of the French.'— C. E.D. 3 But the k is retained in The Oxford A Imanack, following the first publication in 1674. — ^- H. •t ' In derivatives formed from words ending in e, by adding a termination beginning with e, i, ox y, the letter k is inserted after the c, in order that the latter may not be inaccurately pronounced like i- before the following vowel.' — Webster. 5 In The Oxford Dictionary, Vol. I, p. 598, Sir James Murray says, 'The spelling ax is better i6 Rules for setting up SOME DIFFICULT SPELLINGS {^contd.) aye {yes — ' the ayes by-plot have it') bandoleer banns banyan Barbadoes bark {ship) basin basses {pi.) battalion befall beldam bethrall blouse bluish bodice bogie {a truck) bogy {apparition) bothy brand-new brier brooch {orname?7t) browse bryony bulrush buncombe by and by by-election by-lane by-law byname bypath by-play by-product by-street by the by by-way byword caddis calendar calligraphy calliper caltrop camlet camomile canst canvas {cloth) canvass {political) carcass carriable cartography catarrhine cat's-paw cauldron {a vessel) caulk celluloid censer {a vessel) censor {a7i official) centigram centipede centred, -ing ch2i\^xon{meas7i7'e) chalet chant chaperon on every ground . . . than axe, which has of late become prevalent.' (But as authors generally still call for the commoner spelling, compositors must follow it.— H. H.) English Works 17 cheque {on a bank) copier chequered (career) corrupter chestnut corslet chillness corvette chock-full cosy choroid cotillion cider cottar cipher couldst clangor couldn't clarinet coulter clench {Jisis) courts martial (//.) clerestory cousins-german {pi.) clinch {argiiineni) craftsman clinometer crenellate cloak {not cloke) crosier cXviQibntcX&wJ'orpart curtsy of a sail) cyst coalesce debarkation coco-nut debonair cognizance decrepit colander deflexion coloration demeanour colourist dependant {noun) commonplace dependence confidante {fern.) dependent {adj.) conjurer desiccate conjuror {law) detector connexion develop, -ment connivence devest {lazv) conscience' sake dexterously consensus diaeresis ^ contemporary dialyse conterminous dike contestor dinghy cony discoloration 'The sign ["] sometimes placed over the second of two vowels in an English word to indicate that they are tolDe pronounced separately, is so called by i8 Rules for setting up SOME DIFFICULT SPELLINGS {contd.) discolour encrust disk endorse dispatch(«tf/ despatch) enroll distension distil disyllabic doggerel doily Domesday Book dote draft {prepare) enrolment ensconce ensure ( make safe) enthral entreat entrench, -ment entrust envelop {verb) draftsman {one zvho envelope {noun) drafts documents) erector draught-board ethereal draughtsman(t7;it?w/ztf exorrhizal makes drawings) expense draughtsmen {in faecal game of draughts) faeces dryly faggot dullness fantasy duress favour dyeing {cloth) feldspar ecstasy fetid eloin, -ment filigree embargo finicking embarkation fledgeling embassage fleurs-de-lis {pi.) embed floatage embroil floatation empanel fluky encase flyer enclasp foetal enclose foetus a compositor. By the way, this sign is now used only for learned or foreign words ; not in chaos or in dais, for instance. Naive and naivete still require it, however (see pp. 35, 37). — H. H. English Works 19 fogy, pi. -ies forbade foregone {gone before) foretell forgather forgo ^ forme {printer's) fount {of type) frenzy frowzy fuchsia fulfil fullness fusilier fusillade gage {a pledge) gaily gauge {a measure) genuflexion gewgaw gibe gillie gimlet gipsy goodness' sake gourmand gramme grammetre gramophone grandam granddaughter granter {o7ie who grants) grantor {in law : one who makes a grant) grey grisly {terrible) grizzly {grey) grizzly bear gruesome guerrilla gullible hadst haematite haematology haemorrhage haemorrhoids ha ! ha ! {latighter) ha-ha {a fence) hairbreadth halberd hallo handful handiwork hare-brained ' In 1896, IMr. W, E. Gladstone, not being aware of this rule, wished to include, in a list of errata for insertion in Vol. II o^ Butler'' s Works, an alteration of the spelling, in Vol. I, of the word ' forgo'. On receipt of his direction to make the alteration, I sent Mr. Gladstone a copy of Skeafs Dictionary to show that ' forgo ', in the sense in which he was using the word, was right, and could not be corrected; but it was only after reference to Sir James Murray that Mr. Gladstone wrote to me, 'Personally I am inclined to prefer forego, on its merits ; but authority must carry the day. I gii(' larger than', in etymology signifying 'gives' or * has given '), < (' smaller than', in etymology signifying ' derived from '), are now often used in printing ordinary scientific works, and not in those only which are mathematical or arithmetical. In such instances +,—,=,>,<, should in the matter of spacing be treated as words are treated. For instance, in — spectabilis, Baeri. I. c. {= Haasia spectabilis) the = belongs to 'spectabilis' as much as to 'Haasia', and the sign should not be put close to 'Haasia'. A thin space only should be used. In Philological works an asterisk * pre- fixed to a word signifies a reconstructed form, and must be so printed ; a dagger f signifies an obsolete word. The latter sign, placed before a person's name, signifies deceased. In Medical books the formulae are set in lower-case letters, j being used for i both singly and in the final letter, e.g. gr. j (one grain), gviij (eight ounces), l^i] (three drachms), ^iij (three scruples), COiiij (four minims). English Works 49 SPACING Spacing 'ought to be even. Paragraphs are not to be widely spaced for the sake of making breakliues. \Vlien the last line but one of a paragraph is widely spaced and the first line of the next paragraph is more than thick-spaced, extra spaces should be used between the words in the intermediate breakline. Such spaces should not exceed en quads, nor be increased if by so doing the line would be driven full out. In general, close spacing is to be pre- ferred ; but this must be regulated pro- portionately to the manner in which a work is leaded. Breaklines should consist of more than five letters, except in narrow measures. But take care that bad spacing is not thereby necessitated. Poetical quotations, and poetry generally when in wide measure, should be spaced with en quadrats. But this must not be applied to reprints of sixteenth and seven- teenth century books : in such cases a thick space only should be used. Avoid (especially in full measures) print- ing at the ends of lines — a, 1., 11., p. or pp., I (when a pronoun). Capt., Dr., Esq., Mr., Rev., St., and so on, should not be separated from names ; nor should initials be divided: e.g. Mr. W. E. | Gladstone ; not Mr. W . | E. Gladstone. Thin spacesbefore apostrophes, e.g. that 's (for 'that is'), boy 's (for 'boy is'), to distin- guish abbreviations from the possessive case. In Greek, Latin, and Italian, when avowel is omitted at the end of a word (denoted 5© Rules for setting up by an apostrophe), put a space before the word which immediately follows. Hair spaces to be placed between lower- case contractions, as in e.g., i.e., q.v. Indentation of first lines of paragraphs should be one em for full measures in 8vo and smaller books. In 4to and larger books the indentation should be increased. Sub-indentation should be proportionate ; and the rule for all indentation is not to drive too far in. Quotations in prose, as a rule, should not be broken off from the text unless the matter exceeds three lines. Use great care in spacing out a page, and let it not be too open. Underlines, wherever possible, to be in one line. ITALIC TYPE NOTE.— A list o/foreign and anglicized luords and phrases, showing which should be printed in rotnan and zvhich in italic, is given on pp. 35-7. In many works it is now common to print titles of books in italic, instead of in inverted commas. This must be determined by the directions given with the copy, but the practice must be uniform throughout the work. Words or phrases cited from foreign languages (unless anglicized) should be in italic. Short extracts from books, whether foreign or English, should not be in italic but in roman (between inverted commas, or other- wise, as directed on p. 63). Names of periodicals should be in italic. Inconsistency is often caused by the prefix English Works 51 The being sometimes printed in italic, and sometimes roman. As a rule, print the definite article in roman, as the Standard^ the Daily Ahws. The Thnes is to be an exception, as that newspaper prefers to have it so. The, if it is part of the title of a book, should also be in italic letters. Print names of ships ^ in italic. In this case, print ' the ' in roman, as it is often uncertain whether ' the ' is part of the title or not. For example, ' the King George ', ' the Revenge ' ; also put other prefixes in roman, as ' H.M.S. Dreadnought\ adloc.,cf., e.g., et seq., ib., ibid., id., i.e., loc. cit., q.v., siz?, not to be in italic. Print c. { = circa), ante, infra, passim, post, supra, &c. Italic s. and d. to be generally used to express shillings and pence ; and the sign ^ (except in special cases) to express the pound sterling. But in catalogues and similar work the diagonal sign / or 'shilling-mark' is sometimes preferred to divide figures repre- senting shillings and pence. The same sign is occasionally used in dates, as 4/2/04. In Mathematical works, theorems are usually printed in italic. 1 Italicizing the names of ships is thus recog- nized by Victor Hugo : ' II I'avait iiomme Diirande. LaDurande, — nous ne I'appelleronsplus autrement, On nous permettra egalement, quel que soit I'usage typographique, de ne point souligner ce nom Durande, nous conformant en cela a la pensee de Mess Lethierry pour qui la Durande etait presque une personne. — V. Hugo, Travaillciirs de la liter, 3rd (1866) edit., Vol. I, p. 129.— H. H. 2 This expression, although a symbol rather than an abbreviation, must be printed with a full point after the z.— H. H. 52 Rules for setting up REFERENCES TO AUTHORITIES Citation of authorities at the end of quotations should be printed thus : Homer, Odyssey, ii. 15, but print HoR. Carm. ii. 14. 2; HoM. Od. iv. 272. This applies chiefly to quotations at the heads of chapters. It does not refer to frequent citations in notes, where the author's name is usually in lower-case letters, and the title of the book sometimes printed in roman. As an example : Stubbs, Constitutional History, vol. ii, p. 98 ; or the more con- tracted form — Stubbs, Const. Hist. ii. 98, will do equally well ; but, whichever style is adopted after an examination of the manuscript, it must be uniform throughout the work. References to the Bible in ordinary works to be printed thus — Exod. xxxii. 3 2 ; xxxvii. 2 . (For full list of contractions see p. 41.) References to Shakespeare's plays thus — / Henry VI, ill. ii. 14 ; and so with the references to Act, scene, and line in other dramatic writings. Likewise in references to poems divided into books, cantos, and lines ; e. g. Spenser, Faerie Queene, iv. xxvi. 35. References to MSS. or unprinted docu- ments should be in roman. As to use of italic, see also above, p. 50. English Works 53 DIVISION OF WORDS I. English Such divisions as en-, de-, or in- to be allowed only in very narrow measures, and there exceptionally. Disyllables, as ' into ', ' until ', &c., are only to be divided in very narrow measures. The following divisions to be preferred : abun-dance estab-lish-ment appli-cable irapor-tance corre-spon-dence inter-est depen-dent minis-ter dimin-ish pun-ish dis-connect respon-dent Avoid such divisions as — star-vation, obser-vation, exal-tation, gene-ration, imagi-nation, origi-nally ; but put starva-tion, &c. The principle is that the part of the word left at the end of a line should suggest the part commencing the next line. Thus the word ' happiness ' should be divided happi- ness, ;z^/ hap-piness.^ 1 I was once asked how I would carry out the rule that part of the word left in one line should suggest what followed in the next, in such a case as ' disproportionableness ', which, according to Sir James Murray, is one of the longest words in the English language; or 'incircumscriptibleness', used by one Byfield, a divine, in 1615, who wrote, ' The immensity of Christ's divine nature hath . . . incircumscriptibleness in respect of place'; or again, ' antidisestablishmentarians', quoted in the biography of Archbishop Benson, where he says that ' the Free Kirk of the North of Scotland are strong antidisestablishmentarians'. — H. H. 54 Rules for setting up DIVISION OF WORDS {contd.) Roman-ism, Puritan-ism ; but Agnosti- cism, Catholi-cism, criti-cism, fanati-cism, tauto-logism, witti-cism, &c. The terminations -cial, -cian, -cious, -sion, -tion should not be divided when forming one sound, as in so-cial, Gre-cian, pugna-cious, condescen-sion, forma-tion. Atmo-sphere, micro-scope, philo-sophy, tele-phone, tele-scope, should have only this division. But always print episco-pal (not epi-scopal), &c.-^ A divided word should not end a page, if it is possible to avoid it. II. Some Italian, Portuguese, AND Spanish Words Italian. — Divide si-gnore (gn = ni in 'mania'), trava-gliare (gli = Hi in ' William'), tra-scinare (sci = ^^Mn 'shin'), i.e. take over gn, gl, sci. In such a case as ' all' uomo ' Italians divide ' al-l' uomo ' when occasion arises.^ Portuguese. — Divide se-nhor (nh = ni in 'mania'), bata-lha (lh = //z in 'William'), i, e. take over nh, Ih. Spanish. — Divide se-nora (ri = ni in ' mania'), maravi-lloso(ll = ///in ' William'), i.e. take over ii, 11. III. For the division of French words, see p. 8i ; German, p. 90; Latin, p. 95 ; and Greek, p. 97. 1 ' Even the divisions noted as preferable are not free from objection, and should be avoided when it is at all easy to do so.' — H. B. ^ Italians follow this rule, but it is better avoided in printing Italian passages in English books. — H.H. English Works 55 PUNCTUATION The compositor is recommended to study attentively a good treatise ^ on the whole subject. He will find some knowledge of it to be indispensable if his work is to be done properly ; for most writers send in copy quite unprepared as regards punctua- tion, and leave the compositor to put in the proper marks. ' Punctuation is an art nearly always left to the compositor, authors being almost without exception either too busy or too careless to regard it.'^ Some authors rightly claim to have carefully prepared copy followed absolutely ; but such cases are rare, and the compositor can as a rule only follow his copy exactly when setting up standard reprints. ' The first business of the com- positor', says Mr. De Vinne, ' is to copy and not to write. He is enjoined strictly to follow the copy and never to change the punctuation of any author who is precise and systematic ; but he is also required to punctuate the writings of all authors who are not careful, and to make written ex- pression intelligible in the proof. ... It follows that compositors are inclined to * e. g. Spelling- and Pjinctnation, by H. Bead- nell (Wyman's Technical Series) ; The King's English (Clarendon Press), containing a valuable chapter on Punctuation ; Stops ; or, How to Punc- tuate, by P. Allardyce (Fisher Unwin) ; Correct Composition, by T. L. De Vinne (New York, Century Co.) ; or the more elaborate Guide pra- tique d2c compositeur, &c., by T. Lefevre (Paris, Firmin-Didot). 2 Practical Printing, by Southward and Powell, p. 191. 56 Rules for setting up PUNCTUATION {contd:) neglect the study of rules that cannot be generally applied.' ^ It being admitted, then, that the com- positor is to be held responsible in most cases, he should remember that loose punc- tuation,^ especially in scientific and philo- sophical works, is to be avoided.^ We will again quote Mr. De Vinne : ' Two systems of punctuation are in use. One may be called the close or stiff, and the other the open or easy system. For all ordinary de- scriptive writing the open or easy system, which teaches that points be used sparingly, is in most favor, but the close or stiff system cannot be discarded.' * The compositor who desires to inform himself as to the principles and theory of punctuation will find abundant information in the works mentioned in the footnote on p. 55 ; in our own booklet there is space only for a few cautions and a liberal ' De Vinne, Correct Co7nJ>osition, pp. 241-2. 2 How much depends upon punctuation is well illustrated ia a story told, I believe, by the late G. A. Sala, once a writer in the Daily Telegraph, about R. B. Sheridan, dramatist and M.P. In the House of Commons, Sheridan one day gave an opponent the lie direct. Called upon to apologize, the offender responded thus : ' Mr. Speaker I said the honourable Member was a liar it is true and I am sorry for it.' Naturally the person concerned was not satisfied ; and said so. ' Sir,' continued Mr. Sheridan, ' the honourable Member can interpret the terms of my statement according to his ability, and he can put punctuation marks where it pleases him.'-H. H. 3 Below is a puzzle passage from the Daily Chronicle, first with no points, and then with proper marks of punctuation : ' That that is is that that is not is not is not that it it is.' ' That that is, is; that that is not, is not ; is not that it ? It is.' — H. H. * De Vinne, Correct Composition, p. 244. English Works 57 selection of examples ; authority for the ex- amples, when they are taken from the works of other writers, being given in all cases. The Comma. Commas should, as a rule, be inserted between adjectives preceding and qualifying substantives, as — An enterprising, ambitious man. A gentle, amiable, harmless creature. A cold, damp, badly lighted room.^ But where the last adjective is in closer relation to the substantive than the preced- ing ones, omit the comma, as — A distinguished foreign author. The sailor was accompanied by a great rough Newfoundland dog.^ Where and joins two single words or phrases the comma is usually omitted ; e.g. The honourable and learned member. But where more than two words or phrases occur together in a sequence a comma should precede the final and ; e. g. A great, wise, and beneficent measure. The following sentence, containing two conjunctive and 's, needs no commas : God is wise and righteous and faithful.^ Such words as moreover, however, &c., are usually followed by a comma ^ when used ' Beadnell, pp. 99, 100. 2 Nevertheless the reader is not to be com- mended who, being told that the word however was usually followed by a comma, insisted upon altering a sentence beginning ' However true this may be,' &c., to ' However, true this jnay be,' &c. This is the late Dean Alford's storj'- See The Queens English, p. 124, ed. 1870. — H. H. U 58 Rules for setting up PUNCTUATION {conid.) at the opening of a sentence, or preceded and followed by a comma when used in the middle of a sentence. For instance : In any case, however, the siphon may be filled.! It is better to use the comma in such sen- tences as those that immediately follow : 2 Truth ennobles man, and learning adorns him. The Parliament is not dissolved, but only prorogued. The French having occupied Portugal, a British squadron, under Rear- Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, sailed for Madeira. I believed, and therefore I spoke. The question is, Can it be performed ? My son, give me thy heart. The Armada being thus happily defeated, the nation resounded with shouts of joy. Be assured, then, that order, frugality, and economy, are the necessary supporters of every personal and private virtue. Virtue is thehighestproof of a superior un- derstanding, and the only basis of greatness.^ When a preposition assumes the character of an adverb, a comma should follow it, to avoid awkwardness or ambiguity : ' In the valley below, the villages looked very small.' The Semicolon. Instances in which the semicolon is ap- propriate : Truth ennobles man ; learning adorns him. ' Beadnell, p. loi. ^ Id., pp. 95-107. English Works 59 The temperate man's pleasures are always durable, because they are regular; and all his life is calm and serene, because it is innocent. Those faults which arise from the will are intolerable ; for dull and insipid is every per- formance where inclination bears no part. Economy is no disgrace ; for it is better to live on a little than to outlive a great deal. To err is human ; to forgive, divine.^ Never speak concerning what you are ignorant of; speak little of what you know; and whether you speak or say not a word, do it with judgement.^ Semicolons divide the simple members of a compound sentence, and a comma and dash come after the last sentence and before the general conclusion : To give an early preference to honour above gain, when they stand in competition ; to despise every advantage which cannot be attained without dishonest arts ; to brook no meanness, and stoop to no dissimulation, — are the indications of a great mind, the presages of future eminence and usefulness in life.^ The Colon. This point marks an abrupt pause before a further but connected statement : In business there is something more than barter, exchange, price, payment : there is a sacred faith of man in man. Study to acquire a habit of thinking : no study is more important.^ ' Beadnell, pp. 109,110. - Id., p. iii. ' Id., p. 112. 6o Rules for setting up PUNCTUATION {contd.) Always remember the ancient maxim : Know thyself. The Period or Full Stop. Examples of its ordinary use : Fear God. Honour the King. Pray with- out ceasing. There are thoughts and images flashing across the mind in its highest moods, to which we give the name of inspiration , But whom do we honour with this title of the inspired poet ? The Note of Interrogation. Examples of its ordinary use : Shall little, haughty ignorance pronounce His work unwise, of which the smallest part Exceeds the narrow vision of the mind ? Was the prisoner alone when he was apprehended ? Is he known to the police ? Has he any regular occupation ? Where does he dwell ? What is his name ? What does the pedant mean ? Cases where the note of interrogation must not be used, the speaker simply stating a fact : The Cyprians asked me why I wept. I was asked if I would stop for dinner. The Note of Exclamation. Examples of its ordinary use : Hail, source of Being ! universal Soul ! How mischievous are the effects of war ! O excellent guardian of the sheep ! — a wolf ! ^ ' All the examples are from Beadnell, pp. 113-17. English Works 6i Alas for his poor family ! Alas, my noble boy ! that thou shouldst die ! Ah me ! she cried, and waved her lily hand. O despiteful love ! unconstant womankind ! Marks of Parenthesis. Examples : I have seen charity (if charity it may be called) insult with an air of pity. Left now to himself (malice could not wish him a worse adviser), he resolves on a desperate project.^ The Bracket. These marks are used chiefly to denote an interpolation or explanation. For example : Perhaps (alarming thought !), perhaps he [Death] aims Ev'n now the fatal blow that ends my life.^ They [the Lilliputians] rose like one man. The Dash. Em rules or dashes — in this and the next line an example is given — are often used to show that words enclosed between them are to be read parenthetically. Thus a verbal parenthesis may be shown by punctuation in three ways : by em dashes, by ( ), or by commas.^ Omit the dash when a colon is used to preface a quotation or similar matter, whether at the end of a break-line or not. • Beadnell, pp. ii8-ig. • Id., p. 120. 2 Some writers mark this form of composition quite arbitraril}'. For instance Charles Dicliens uses colons: 'As he sat down by the old man's side, two tears : not tears like those with which recording angels blot their entries out, but drops so precious that they use them for their ink : stole down his meritorious cheeks.' — Martin CJntzzlewit, Oxford ed., p. 581. 62 Rules for setting up PUNCTUATION {^contd.) The dash is used to mark an interruption or breaking off in the middle of a sentence.^ Marks of Omission. To mark omitted words three points . . . (not asterisks) separated by en quadrats are sufficient ; and the practice should be uniform throughout the work. Where full lines are required to mark a large omission, real or imaginary, the spacing between the marks should be increased ; but the com- positor should in this case also use full points and not asterisks. Punctuation Marks generally. The following summary is an attempt to define in few words the meaning and use of punctuation marks (the capitals are only given for emphasis) : A Period marks the end of a sentence. A Colon is at the transition point of the sentence. A Semicolon separates different state- ments. A Comma separates clauses, phrases, and particles. A Dash marks abruptness or irregularity. An Exclamation marks surprise. An Interrogation asks a question for answer. An Apostrophe marks elisions or pos- sessive case. * There is one case, and only one, of an em rule being used in the Bible (A. V.), viz, in Exod. xxxii. 32 ; where, I am told by the Rev. Professor Driver, it is correctly printed, to mark what is technically called an 'aposiopesis', i.e. a sudden silence. Theordinary mark for such a case is a two-em rule. — H. H, English Works 63 Quotation marks define quoted words. Parentheses enclose interpolations in the sentence. Brackets enclose irregularities in the sentence.^ Quotation Marks ^ or ' Inverted Commas ' {so-called). Omit quotation marks in poetry, as in- structed on p. 45. Also omit them in prose extracts broken off in smaller type, unless contrary instructions are given. Insert quotation marks in titles of essays : e. g. ' Mr. Brock read a paper on " Descrip- tion in Poetry ".' But omit quotation marks when the subject of the paper is an author : e. g. ' Professor Bradley read a paper on Jane Austen.' Single * quotes ' are to be used for the first quotation ; then double for a quotation within a quotation. If there should be yet another quotation within the second quo- tation it is necessary to revert to single quotation marks. Sometimes, as in the im- possible example in the footnote, quotation marks packed three deep must be omitted. All signs of punctuation used with words in quotation marks must be placed according to the sense. If an extract ends with a point, then let that point be, as a rule,^ included * De Vinne, Correct Cojnpositioii, p. 288. ^ I say ' as a rule ', because if such a sentence as that which follows occurred in printing a secular work, the rule would have to be broken. De Vinne prints : ' In the New Testament we have the following words : " Jesus answered them, ' Is it not written in your law, " I said, 'Ye are gods * " ?"" [H. H.] 64 Rules for setting up PUNCTUATION : Quotation Marks {contd.) before the closing quotation mark ; but not otherwise. When there is one quotation within another, and both end with the sentence, put the punctuation mark before the first of the closing quotations. These are important directions for the compositor to bear in mind ; and he should examine the examples which are given in the pages which follow: * The passing crowd ' is a phrase coined in the spirit of indifference. Yet, to a man of what Plato calls ' universal sympathies ', and even to the plain, ordinary denizens of this world, what can be more interesting than ' the passing crowd ' ? ' If the physician sees you eat anything that is not good for your body, to keep you from it he cries, ' It is poison ! ' If the divine sees you do anything that is hurtful for your soul, he cries, ' You are lost ! ' ^ ' Why does he use the word " poison " ? ' But I boldly cried out, * Woe unto this city ! ' ' Alas, how few of them can say, * I have striven to the very utmost ' ! ^ Thus, notes of exclamation and interroga- tion are sometimes included in and some- times follow quotation marks, as in the sentences above, according to whether their application is merely to the words quoted or to the whole sentence of which they form a part. The sentence-stop must be omitted after ? or !, even when the ? or ! precedes the closing 'quotes'. In regard to the use of commas and full ' Beadnell, p. 116. ^ Id., p. 126. ■■ Allardyce.p. 74. English Works 65 points with 'turned commas', the general practice has hitherto been different. When either a comma or a full point is required at the end of a quotation, the almost universal custom at the present time is for the printer to include that comma or full point within the quotation marks at the end of an extract, zvhether it forms part of the original ex- tract or not. Even in De Vinne's examples, although he says distinctly, * The proper place of the closing marks of quotation should be determined by the quoted words only', no instance can be found of the closing marks of quotation being placed to precede a comma or a full point. Some writers wish to exclude the comma or full point when it does not form part of the original extract, and to include it when it does form part of it ; and this is doubtless correct. There seems to be no reason for perpetu- ating a bad practice. So, unless the author wishes to have it otherwise, in all new works the compositor should place full points and commas according to the examples that follow : We need not * follow a multitude to do evil'. No one should ' follow a multitude to do evil ', as the Scripture says. Do not ' follow a multitude to do evil ' ; on the contrary, do what is right. When a number of isolated words or phrases are, for any reason, severally marked off by 'turned commas' (e.g. in order to show that they are not the expressions which the author would prefer to use, or that they are used in some technical sense), the closing 66 Rules for setting up PUNCTUATION : Quotation Marks {contd.) quotation mark should precede the punctua- tion mark, thus : * Such odd-sounding designations of employment as " scribbling miller ", " devil feeder ", " pug boy ", ** decomposing man ", occur in the census reports.' in my voice, ' so far as my vote is con- cerned', /^r/^wj-, 'perilous', 'dangerous*, ' hard to deal Vi^ith '. But when a quotation is complete in itself, either as a sentence or a paragraph, the final quotation mark is to be placed outside the point. For example : * If the writer of these pages shall chance to meet with any that shall only study to cavil and pick a quarrel with him, he is prepared beforehand to take no notice of it.' ( Works of Charles and M. Lamb, Oxford edition, i. 193.) Where a quotation is interrupted by an interpolated sentence, the punctuation must follow the sense of the passage, as in the following examples : 1. 'At the root of the disorders', he writes in the Report, 'lies the conflict of the two races.' In this example the comma is placed otciside the quotation mark, as it forms no part of the original punctuation. 2. ' Language is not, and never can be,' writes Lord Cromer, ' as in the case of ancient Rome, an important factor in the execution of a policy of fusion.' In this example the comma is placed inside the quotation mark, as it forms part of the original punctuation. In the case of dialogues, the punctuation mark should precede the quotation mark, as : English Works 67 ' Youhearhim,' said Claverhouse, smiling, ' there's the rock he splits upon; he cannot forget his pedigree.' Ptmctuation in Classical and Philological Notes. In notes on English and foreign classics, as a rule^ follow the punctuation in the following examples : 5. Falls not, lets not fall. (That is, a comma is sufficient after the lemma where a simple definition follows.) 17. sxvoon. The spelling of the folios is ' swound '. (Here a full point is used, because the words that follow the lemma comprise a complete sentence.) Note, as to capitalization, that the initial letter of the word or phrase treated (as in Falls not above) should be in agreement with the text. The lemma should be set in italics or clarendon, according to directions. Piinctnation Mat'ks and References to Footnotes in juxtaposition. The relation of these to each other is dealt with on p. 70. Examples of the right practice are to be found on many pages of the present work. Points in Title-pages, Headlines, Ifc. All points are to be omitted from the ends of lines in titles, half-titles, page-head- ings, and main cross-headings, in Clarendon Press works, unless a special direction is given to the contrary. 1 There are exceptions, as in the case of works which have a settled style of their own. 68 Rules for setting up FIGURES AND NUMERALS IN ARABIC OR ROMAN Do not mix old-style and new-face figures in the same book without special directions. Nineteenth century, not 19th century. Figures to be used when the matter con- sists of a sequence of stated quantities, par- ticulars of age, &c. Example : ' Figures for September show the supply to have been 85.690 tons, a decrease on the month of 57 tons. For the past twelve months there is a net increase of 5 tons.' ' The smallest tenor suitable for ten bells is D flat, of 5 feet diameter and 42 cwt.' In descriptive matter, numbers under 1 00 to be in words ; but print ' 90 to 100 ', not 'ninety to 100'. Spell out in such instances as — ' With God a thousand years are but as one day'; 'I have said so a hundred times '. Insert commas with four or more than four figures, as 7,642; but print dates without commas, as 1908 ; nor should there be commas in figures denoting pagination or numbering of verse, even though there may be more than three figures. Omit commas also in Library numbers, as — British Museum MS. 24456. Roman numerals to be preferred in such cases as Henry VIII, &c. — which should never be divided ; and should only be fol- lowed by a full point when the letters end a sentence. If, however, the author prefers the full title, use ' Henry the Eighth ', not 'Henry the Vlllth-', English Works 6g Use a decimal point • to express decimals, as 7-o6 ; and print 0.76, no^ •'j6. When the time of day is intended to be shown, the full point . is to be used,' as 4.30 a.m. As to dates, in descriptive writing the author's phraseology should be followed ; e.g. 'On the 21st of May the army drew near.' But in ordinary matter in which the date of the month and year is given, such as the headings to letters, print May 19, 1862 ; not May 19th, 1862,^ nor 19 j\Iay, 1862. To represent pagination or an approxi- mate date, use the least number of figures possible ; for example, print : pp. 322-30; pp. 322-4, «o/ pp. 322-24. But print : pp. 16-18, not pp. 16-S; 116-18, jiot 116-8. In dates: 1897-8, Jiot 1897-98 (use en rules) ; and from 1672 to 1674, not from 1672-74. Print: 250 B.C.; but when it is necessary to insert A. D. the letters should precede the year, as A. D, 250. In B.C. references, however, always put the full date, in a group of years, e. g. 185-122 B.C. When preliminary pages are referred to by lower-case roman numerals, no full points should be used after the numerals. Print : p. ii, pp. iii-x ; not p. ii., pp. iii.-x. When references are made to two succes- sive text-pages print pp. 6, 7, if the subject is disconnected in the two pages. But if the ' Sir James Murray says, 'This is not logical: 19 May 1862 is. Begiti at day, ascend to month, ascend to year ; not begin at month, descend to day, then ascend lo year.' (But I fear we must con- tinue for the present to print May 19, 1862: authors generally will not accept the logical form. — H. H.) 70 Rules for setting up FIGURES AND NUMERALS {coitd.) subject is continuous from one page to the other, then print pp. 6-7. The compositor in this must be guided by his copy. Print p. 51 sq. if the reference is to p. 51 and following page; but pp. 51 sqq. when the reference is to more than a single page following.^ In a sequence of figures use an en rule, as in the above examples ; but in such cases as Chapters III — VIII use an em rule. Begin numbered paragraphs : i. 2. &c. ; and clauses in paragraphs : (i) (2) (3), &c. If Greek or roman lower-case letters are written, the compositor must follow copy. Roman numerals (I. II. III.) are usually re- served for chapters or important sections. References in the text to footnotes should be made by superior figures — which are to be placed, as regards punctuation marks, according to the sense. If a single word, say, is extracted and referred to, the reference must be placed immediately after the word extracted and before the punctuation mark. But if an extract be made which includes a complete sentence or paragraph, then the reference mark must be placed outside the last punctuation mark. Asterisks, superior letters, &c., may be used in special cases. Asterisks and the other signs (* f + &c.) should be used in mathematical works, to avoid confusion with the workings. In Mathematics, the inferior in P^' should come immediately after the capital letter. * In references of this nature different forms are used, as — ff., foil., et seq. Whichever form is adopted, -the practice should be uniform through- out the work. English Works 71 APPENDIX I POSSESSIVE CASE OF PROPER NAMES Use 's for the possessive case in English names and surnames whenever possible ; i.e. in all monosyllables and disyllables, and in longer words accented on the penult ; as — Augustus's Nicodemus's Charles's Jones's Cousins's Thomas's Gustavus's Zacharias's Hicks's St. Thomas's St. James's Square Thoms's In longer names, not accented on the penult, 's is also preferable, though ' is here admissible ; e. g. Theophilus's. In ancient classical names, use 's with every monosyllable, e. g. Mars's, Zeus's. Also with disyllables not in -es ; as — Judas's Marcus's Venus's But poets in these cases sometimes use s' only ; and Jesus' is a well-known liturgical archaism. In quotations from Scripture follow the Oxford standard.^ Ancient words in -es are usually written -es' in the possessive, e. g. Ceres* rites Xerxes* fleet 1 See p. 9 (note).— H. H. 72 Rules for setting up This form should certainly be used in words longer than two syllables, e. g. Arbaces' Miltiades' Aristides' Themistocles' To pronounce another 's ( = es) after these is difficult. This applies only to ancient words. One writes — Moses' law ; and I used to alight at Moses's for the British Museum. As to the latter example, Moses, the tailor, was a modem man, like Thomas and Lewis ; and in using his name we follow modern English usage. J. A. H. M. French names ending in ^ or x should always be followed by '^ when used posses- sively in English. Thus, it being taken for granted that the French pronunciation is known to the ordinary reader, and using Rabelais = Rabele, Hanotaux = Hanoto, as examples, the only correct way of writing these names in the possessive in English is Rabelais's ( = Rabeles), Hanotaux's (-Hanotos).— H. H. 'n\\^ French Works 73 APPENDIX II WORKS IN THE FRENCH LANGUAGE The English compositor called upon to set works in the French language will do well, first of all, to make a careful exami- nation of some examples from the best French printing-offices. He will find that French printers act on rules differing in many points from the rules to which the English compositor is accustomed ; and he will not be able to escape from his difficulties by the simple expedient of ' following copy ' . For works in the French language, such as classical text-books for use in schools, the English compositor generally gets re- print copy for text and manuscript for notes. It is, as a rule, safe for him to follow the reprint copy ; but there is this difficulty, that when the work forms part of a series it does not always happen that the reprint copy for one book corresponds in typographical style with reprint copy for other works in the same series. Hence he should apply himself diligently to understand the follow- ing rules ; and should hunt out examples of their application, so that they may remain in his memory .-"^ I. Capital andIov)er-case letters. — In the names of authors of the seventeenth century, * I am greatly indebted to M. Desire Greffier, author of Les Regies de la composition typograplii- qjce, a l^ usage des co»iposiiejirs, des correcteurs et des i)iipriinenrs, and to his publisher, M. Arnold Muller, of the Imprimerie des Beaux-Arts, 36 Rue de Seine, Paris, for permission to translate and make extracts from this useful brochure. — H. H. K 74 Rules for setting up which are preceded by an article, the latter should commence with a capital letter : La Fontaine, La Bruyere.^ Exceptions are names taken from the Italian, thus : le Tasse, le Dante, le Correge.^ As to names of persons, the usage of the individuals them- selves should be adopted : de la Bruyere (his signature at the end of a letter), De la Fontaine (end of fable 'Le Lievre et la Tortue'), Lamartine, Le Verrier, Maxime Du Camp. In names of places the article should be small : le Mans, le Havre, which the Academic adopts ; la Ferte, with no hyphen after the article, but connected by a hyphen with different names of places, as la Ferte-sous-Jouarre. Volumes, books, titles, acts of plays, the years of the Republican Calendar, are put in large capitals : An IV, acte V, tome VI ; also numerals belonging to proper names : Louis XII ; and the numbers of the arron- dissements of Paris : le XV arrondissement. Scenes of plays, if there are no acts, are also put in large caps. : Les Pr^cietises ridi- cules, sc. V ; also chapters, if they form the principal division : Joseph^ ch. VI. If, how- ever, scenes of plays and chapters are second- ary divisions, they are put in small capitals : Le Cid, a. I, sc. ii ; Histoirede France, liv. VI, ch. VII. The numbers of centuries are gene- rally put in small capitals : au xix^ {or xix^me^ siecle. The first word of a title always takes a capital letter : J'ai vu jouer Les Femmes ^ M. Greffier carefully explains that in putting capitals to the articles in the case of these and similar names he differs from the Academiefrangaise.—H.H. 2 Many now write ' Dante ' for ' le Dante ' ; ' Tasse ' is also met with for 'le Tasse '.— H. H. French Works 75 savantes ; on lit dans Le Radical. If a sub- stantive in a title immediately follows Le, La, Les, Un, Une, it is also given a capital letter, thus : Les Pricienses ridicules. If the substantive is preceded by an adjective, this also receives a capital letter : La Folk Journie ; if, however, the adjective follows, it is in lower-case : L^Age ingrat. If the title commences with any other word than le, la, les, un, une, or an adjective, the words following are all in lower-case : De la terre h la lime ; Siir la piste. In titles of fables or of dramatic works the names of the characters are put with capital initials: Le Renard et les Raisins; Le Lion et le Rat; Mavceau, ou les Enfants de la Republique. In catalogues or indexes having the first word or words in parentheses after the sub- stantive commencing the line, the first word thus transposed has a capital letter : Homme (Faiblesse de 1') ; Honneur (L') ; Niagara (Les Chutes du). If the words in parentheses are part of the title of a work, the same rule is followed as to capitals as above given : Heloise (La Nouvelle); Mort (La Vie ou la). The words saint, sainte, when referring to the saints themselves, have, except when commencing a sentence, always lower-case initials : saint Louis, saint Paul, sainte Cecile. But when referring to names of places, feast- days, &c., capital letters and hyphens are used : Saint-Domingue, la Saint-Jean. (See also, as to abbreviations of Saint, Sainte, p.8 2 .) I. Use capital letters as directed below : (i) Words relating to God : le Seigneur, I'Etre supreme, leTres-Haut,leSaint-Esprit. 76 Rules for setting up (2) In enumerations, if each one com- mences a new line, a capital is put im- mediately after the figure : 1" L'Europe. 2° L'Asie, &c. But if the enumeration is run on, lower-case letters are used : 1° I'Europe, 2° I'Asie, &c. (3) Words representing abstract qualities personified : La Renommee ne vient souvent qu'apres la Mort. (4) The planets and constellations : Mars, le Belier. (5) Religious festivals : la Pentecote. (6) Historical events: la Revolution. (7) The names of streets, squares, &c. : la rue des Mauvais-Gar9ons, la place de la Nation, la fontaine des Innocents. (8) The names of public buildings, churches, &c. : I'Op^ra, I'Odeon, eglise de la Trinite. (9) Names relating to institutions, public bodies, religious, civil, or military orders (but only the word after the article): I'Aca- demie francaise, la Legion d'honneur, le Conservatoire de musique. (10) Surnames and nicknames, without hyphens : Louis le Grand. (11) Honorary titles: Son Eminence, Leurs Altesses. (12) Adjectives denoting geographical expressions : la mer Rouge, le golfe Per- sique. (13) The names of the cardinal points de- signating an extent of territory ; I'Amerique du Nord ; aller dans le Midi. (See II. (2).) (14) The word Eglise, when it denotes the Church as an institution : 1' Eglise catholique ; but when relating to a building eglise is put. French Works 77 (15) The word Etat when it designates the nation, the country : La France est un puissant Etat. II. Use lower-case initials for — (i) The names of members of religious orders : un carme (a Carmelite), un templier (a Templar). But the orders themselves take capitals : I'ordre des Templiers, des Carmes. (2) The names of the cardinal points : le nord, le sud. But see I. (13) above. (3) Adjectives belonging to proper names: la langue fran9aise, I'ere napoleonienne. (4) Objects named from persons or places : un quinquet (an argand lamp) ; un verre de champagne. (5) Days of the week — lundi, mardi ; names of months — juillet, aout. In plays the dramatis personae at the head of scenes are put in large capitals, and those not named in even small capitals : SCfeNE V. TRIBOULET, BLANCHE, hommes, FEMMES DU PEOPLE. In the dialogues the names of the speakers are put in even small capitals, and placed in the centre of the line. The stage directions and the asides are put in smaller type, and are in the text, if verse, in parentheses over the words they refer to. If there are two stage directions in one and the same line, it will be advisable to split the line, thus : (Revenu sur ses pas.) Oublions-les ! restons. — (II Tassied sur un banc.) Sieds-toi sur cette pierre. Directions not relating to any particular words of the text are put, if short, at the end of the line : 78 Rules for setting up Celui que Ton croit mort n'est pas mort. — Le voici ! (Etonnement general.) 2. Accented Capitals. — "With one excep- tion accents are to be used with capital letters in P'rench. The exception is the grave accent on the capital letter A in such lines as — A la porte de la maison, &c. ; A cette ^poque, &c. ; and in display lines such as — FECAMP A GENEVE MACHINES A VAPEUR. In these the preposition A takes no ^accent ; but we must, to be correct, print Etienne, Etretat ; and DEPOT, EVEQUE, PREVOT in cap. lines.-^ Small capitals should be accented throughout, there being no fear of the grave accent breaking off. 3. The Grave and Acute Accents. — There has been an important change in recent years as to the use of the grave and acute accents in French. It has become customary ' M. Rej-ne, proof-reader in the National Govern- ment Printing-Office, Paris, tells me that there is no uniformity of practice in French printing-offices in regard to the accentuation of capital letters generally, although there is a consensus of opinion as to retaining accents for the letter E. As to the grave accent on the capital letter A, the two extracts which follow are sufficient authority : ' The letter A, when a capital, standing for a, is never accented by French printers. This, I know, is a rule without exception ; and one of the reasons given is that the accented capital is "ugly ". A better reason is that the accent often "breaks off".' — Mr. L:6oN Delbos, M.A., late Instructor in French to Royal Naval Cadets in H.M.S. ^ Britamiia '. 'The practice of omitting the grave accent on the preposition A (whatever the reason of it may be)isall but universal.' — Mr.E. G. W.Braunholtz, M.A., Ph.D., Reader in the Romance Languages in the University of Cambridge. [H. H.] French Works 79 to spell with a grave accent ( ^ ) according to the pronunciation, instead of with an acute accent ('), certain words such as college (instead of college), avenement (instead of avenement), &c. The following is a list of the most common : allege evenement piege I'Ariege florilege privilege arpege grege sacrilege avenement lege sacrilegement barege Liege, liege ^ siege college manege solfege le Correge mege [Norwege sortilege cortege la Norvege or sphege ^ 4. Hyphens. — Names of places containing an article or the prepositions en, de, should have a hyphen between each component part, thus : Saint-Germain-des-Pres, Saint- Valery-en-Caux, although the Academie leaves out the last two hyphens. Names of places, public buildings, or streets, to which one or more distinguish- ing words are added, take hyphens : Saint- ;^tienne-du-Mont, Vitry-le-Fran9ois, rue du Faubourg-Montmartre, le Pont-Neuf, le Palais-Royal, I'Hotel-de-la-Monnaie. In numbers hyphens are used to connect quantities under 100: e.g. vingt-quatre ; trois cent quatre-vingt-dix ; but when et joins two cardinal numbers no hyphen is * ' The rule about e instead of e, as in college in- stead of colle'ge, should be strictly adhered to, as it now is by most French people. However, e cannot be changed into e unless it have that sound ; hence it is not right to say Liegeois, for the sound is that of e ; but Liege is correct. Note that Liegeois takes an e after the g.' — Mr. Leon Delbos. ^ The list is from Case's Dictiotiary of the French and English Languages : G. Bell S: Sons, 1889. 8o Rules for setting up used, e.g. vingt et un ; cinquante et un. But print vingt-et-unieme. 5. Spacing. — No spaces to be put before the 'points de suspension', i.e. three points close together, cast in one piece, denoting an interruption (...)• ^^ very wide spacing a thin space may be put before a comma, ^ or before or after a parenthesis or a bracket. Colons, metal-rules, section-marks, daggers, and double- daggers take a space before or after them exactly as words. Asterisks and superior figures, not enclosed in parentheses, referring to notes, take a thin or middle space before them. Points of suspension are always followed by a space. For guillemets see pp. 86, 87. A space is put after an apostrophe follow- ing a word of two or more syllables (as a Frenchman reckons syllables, e.g. bonne is a word of two syllables) : — Bonn' petite . . . AimabP enfant ! . . . Spaces are put in such a case as 10 h. 15 m. 10 s. (10 hours 15 min. 10 sec), also printed 10^ 15"" 10», Chemical symbols are not spaced, thus CioHi2(OH)CO.OH. 6. Awkward divisions : abbreviated words and large tnimbers expressed in fignres. — ' The English practice, never to put a space before a comma, is regarded by the best French printers as bad. ' This vicious practice ' (i. e. putting no space before a comma), says M. Theotiste Le- fevre, ' which appears to us to have no other motive than the negligence of the compositor, tends un- happily, from day to day, to get introduced also into French composition.' — Guide pratique du com- positeur et de I'iiiipritnejir typographes (p. 196 n.) par T. Lefevre. Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1883. — H. H. French Works 8i One should avoid ending a line with an apostrophe, such as : Quoi qu' \ il dise 1 If a number expressed in figures is too long to be got into a line, or cannot be taken to the next without prejudice to the spacing, a part of the number should be put as a word, thus : 100 mil- 1 lions. 7. Division of zvords. — Words should be divided according to syllables, as in what the French call epellation (i.e. syllabica- tion). Therefore a consonant should never be separated from the vowel following. Thus divide: amou-reux, cama-rade; and always take over vr: li-vraison. If a consonant is doubled, the consonants may be divided : mil-lion, pil-lard, in-nocent. It is optional to divide ob-scurite or obs-curite, according to convenience. Vowels are divided only in compound words : e.g. extra-ordinaire; not Mo-abite, mo-yen. In compound words an apostrophe may be divided from a consonant following ; thus : grand' -mere, grand'-route. Divide sei-gneur,indi-gnite (gn pronounced as ni in 'mania'), i.e. take gn over. The following divisions should be avoided: Ma-ximilien, soi-xante, Me-xique ; e-legant. In a narrow measure a syllable of two letters may stand at the end of a line : ce-pendant, in-decis ; but a syllable of two letters must not be taken over to the next line ; therefore ele- gan-ce, adversi-te, are not permissible ; but elegan-ces, mar-que, abri-cot, are tolerated. Avoid terminating a paragraph with only the final syllable of a word in the last line. Verbs taking the so-called euphonic i should always be divided before the latter, thus: Viendra-lt-il? 82 Rules for setting up Avoid dividing abbreviated words. Etymological division finds no favour in French, unless it is in accord with epellation, or syllabication, as in trans-porter, trans- poser. But divide transi-tion, transi-ger. Mute syllables may be turned over to the next line, thus: ils mar-quent, leshom-mes. 8. Abbreviations. — Such words as article, chapitre, scene, titre, figure, are abbreviated only when in parentheses, as references; in the text they are put in full. If, in works divided into articles, the first article is put in full (thus : Article premier), those that follow may be in figures and abbreviated (as Art. 2). Saint, sainte, when they occur very often, as in religious works, may be abbreviated, taking a capital letter : S. Louis, Ste Marie. But not when they form part of the name of a place, e. g. Saint-Germain-des-Pres ; in which case Saint- and Sainte- take a capital and are followed by a hyphen.^ See also p.75 •) The words monsieur, madame, monsei- gneur, messeigneurs, messieurs, mesdames, mademoiselle, mesdemoiselles, are written in full and all in lower-case when addressing a person: Oui, madame; Non, monsieur le due. Also in the following instances : J'espere que monseigneur viendra ; j'ai vu monsieur votre pere. In most other cases M. (for monsieur), M™® (for madame), Mgr. or M^' (for monseigneur), and so on, are used. The words Sa Majestd, Son Eminence, Leurs Altesses, when followed by another title, are * St-Geimain, Ste-Catherine, Teglise de St-Sul- pice, St-Hilaire, la St-Jean, are however met with in railway time-tables, &c. French Works 83 put as initials, thus S. M. I'Empereur ; but not otherwise. The name Jesus-Christ is abbreviated only when in parentheses after a date, thus : (337 avant J.-C.). This is more frequently printed 337 AJ.C. Other examples of abbreviations liv. (livre) ch. (chapitre) t. (tome) d° (ditto) P (folio) in-P (in-folio) in-S" (in-octavo) in-4*' (in-quarto) ms. (manuscrit) mss. (manuscrits) n° (nuinero) P.-S- (post-scriptum) Jer I (premier) II, 2^ (deuxieme) etc. (at caetera) c.:a-d. (c'est-a-dire) C'® (compagnie) D"" (docteur) M® (maitre) M*'® (mademoiselle N.-S. J.-C. (Notre-Seigneur Jesus-Christ) C*^ (comte) M'' (marquis) V^** (veuve) S.A. (Son Altesse) LL. AA. II. (Leurs Altesses Imperiales ) Abbreviations of metric signs : 1 IVIm. (myriametre) t. (tonne) 1 Km. (kilometre) q. (quintal metrique) 1 Hm. (hectometre) kg. (kilogramme) dam. (decametre) hg. (hectogramme) m. (metre) dag. (decagramme) dm. (decimetre) g. (gramme) cm. (centimetre) dg. (decigramme) mq. (metre carre) eg. (centigramme) mm. (millimetre) mg. (milligramme) mmq. (millimetre carre) kl. (kilolitre) mmc. (millimetre cube) hi. • (hectolitre) ha. (hectare) dal. (de'calitre) a. (are) 1. (litre) ca. or m-. (centiare) dl. (decilitre) das. (decastere) cl. (centilitre) s. or m-^. (stere) ml. (millilitre) ds. (decistere) Put : 20 francs, 20 metres, 20 litres, 20 milli- gi-ammes. If, however, followed by fractions, 1 Mm. Km. Hm. These capitals and all the metric contractions are authorized by the French Minister of PubHc Instruction. — H. H. 84 Rules for setting up then put— 20 fr. 50, or 20^'",50 ; 20 m. 50, or 20'^,50; 20 1. 50, or 20^,50; 20 kilog. 5, or 20'^'i°,5. In works crowded with figures, one can even put — 0™,5 for 5 decimetres ; 0™,15 for 15 centimetres ; 0™,008 for 8 millimetres. The cubic metre followed by a fraction is given thus: 4™'=,005 or 4'"^005 ( = 4 metres cubes 5 millimetres cubes) ; the square metre thus : 4'"'J,05 or 4™^05 ( = 4 metres carres 5 decimetres carres). The French use a decimal comma instead of a decimal point — 2,3 = 2-3. The words kilogrammes, kilometres, and kilogrammetres, followed by fractions, are given thus: 50 kg. 3 or 50''^,3 ; 5 km. 3 or 5'^'°,3; 2 kgm. 4 or 2'^em^4. Per cent, is generally put 0/0, but pour 100, p. 100, and % are also used. In business letters pour cent is always pour %, e.g. A trente jours, 3 pour % d'escompte. 9. Nianerals. — When cardinal numbers are expressed in Roman lower-case letters, the final unit should be expressed by a j, not an i, thus : ij, iij, vj, viij. Numbers are put in full if only occa- sionally occurring in the text. If used statistically, figures are used. Degrees of temperature are generally given thus: 15°, 15 (in English 15° 150- Age or the lime of day must be given in full : huit ans, six heures (eight years, six o'clock). Dates, figures, &c., are put in full in legal documents : I'an mil neuf cent quatre (the year one thousand nine hundred and four). One should not put 'de 5 a6,000hommes', but 'de 5,000 a 6,000 hommes". Commas in figures are used as in French Works 85 English, thus: 20,250 fr. 25 or 20,250^^25. But dates, and numbers in general, are always put without a comma : I'annee 1466; page 1250; Code civil, art. 2000. Fractions with a horizontal stroke are preferred in mathematical and scientific works ; but in ordinary works the diagonal stroke is used, thus : 1/2, 2/3 (^, %). In logarithm tables the fractional part of a logarithm is printed with spaces," thus : Log. 2670 = 3, 426 5113; and also: Log. 2670 = 3, 4 265 113. 10. Roman and italic. — In algebraical formulae the capital letters are always put in roman and the small letters in italic. If, however, the text is in italic, the small letters are put in roman type. The titles of works, of plays, of journals, names of ships, of statues, and titles of tables mentioned in the text, are put in italic ; thus : La piece La Chatte blanche ; J'ai vu Les Rois en exil ; On lit dans Le Figaro; le journal Le Temps; le transport Bien-LLoa. Foreign words* and quotations are, as in English, italicized : Agir ab irato ; Cave canem ! lisait-on... Superior letters in words italicized should be in italic, thus: Llistoire de N'apol^on Z^'". 1 1 . Reference figures. — References to notes are generally rendered thus : (1), or thus: ^. Sometimes an asterisk between parentheses (*) or standing alone *, or italic superior letters ("), are used. The second example (f) is the best from the English point of view. The figure in tlie note itself is put either 1. or (1) or ^ In many works the reference figure is put ^, and the note-figure 1. * That is, words foreign to French. — H. H. 86 Rules for setting up 12. Metal-rtiles. — These serve in French to denote conversational matter, and take a thick space (or more, if necessary) after them. In fact, metal-rules, as in German, always have a space before or after, and are never put close to a word as in English. They are likewise never put after colons. They are also used to give more force to a point : II avait un coeur d'or, — mais une tete folle ; et vraiment, — je puis le dire, — il etait d'un caractere tres agreable. They are likewise used, as in English, for intercalations : Cette femme — etrangere sans doute — etait tres agee. 13. Qziotation marks. — The French use special quotation marks « » (called guillemets). A guillemet is repeated at the head of every subsequent paragraph belong- ing to the quotation. In conversational matter, guillemets are sometimes put at the commencement and end of the remarks, and the individual utter- ances are denoted by a metal-rule (with a space after). But it is more common to dispense with guillemets altogether, and to denote the commencement of the conversa- tion by only a metal-rule. This is an impor- tant variation from the English method. If the » comes after points de suspension, a middle space is put before and after it : La cour a decrete qu' (( attendu Turgence... » . If, in dialogues, a passage is quoted, the « is put before the metal-rule : (( — Demain, a minuit, nous sortirons enfin I» In tables and workings the » is used to denote an absent quantitv : 125 . 15 ' 130 )) 10 » 15 . 25 French Works 87 If a sentence contains a citation, the point at the end of the latter is put before the », and the point belonging to the sentence after : (( Prenez garde au chien ! » , li^ait-on a I'entree des maisons romaines. If the matter quoted ends with a full stop, and a comma follows in the sentence, the full stop is suppressed : « C'est par le sans et par le fer que les Etats grandissent )) , a dit Bismarck. Also, if the point at the end of the citation is a full stop, and the sentence ends with a note of interrogation or exclama- tion, the full stop is suppressed : A-t-il dit : (( Je reviendrai »? If citation and sentence end with the same point, or if the sentence ends with a full stop, only the citation is pointed : Quel bonheur d'entendre : (( Je vous aime ! » A-t-il dit : « Qui est ici ? )) II a dit : a Je viendrai. )) But if the punctuation of the citation differs from that of the sentence, both points are put : — A-t-il dit : (( Quel grand malheur ! ))? Guillemets should have before and after them the same space as between words. In the case of a citation within a citation, the « must stand at the commencement of each line of the enclosed citation : On lit dans Le Radical: (( Une malheureuse erreur a ete commise par un de nos artistes du boulevard. Ayant a dire : (( JVIademoiselle, je ne « veux qu'un mot de vous ! )) , il a fait entendre ces paroles : « Mademoiselle, je ne veux qu'un mou de (.(, veau ! )) In passages quoted down the side put an en quad after the « commencing each line. Only one » is put at the end of two cita- tions ending simultaneously. 88 Rules for setting up APPENDIX III WORKS IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE^ English compositors called upon to set up German should have clear directions be- forehand as to the founts to be used, whether English or German. If the manuscript is in well-written German script, and the compositor is acquainted with the German characters, he will find little difficulty in setting this up in German type. It is otherwise if he has to set German in its own characters from manuscript in Roman characters. This is owing principally to the numerous digraphs and the long and short s's used. The following rules will be found of use in both cases : I. Capitals and lozvei'-case. — All German substantives are written with capital initial letters ; and capital letters are also used for adjectives in geographical designations, e.g. tag ^afpif^e SKcev (the Caspian Sea), or in adjectives derived from proper names, e.g. tie @rintmf(^en 2)?arcl}en {Grimm's Fahy Tales) ; but as a rule adjectives, even when relating to nationality, have lower-case initials, not excepting titles of books, &c., thus : bag beutfcS^e ^atertanb, bie fran5oftfd}e * For many useful suggestions in this section, bringing these rules up to date, I am much indebted to Karl Breul, M.A., Litt.D., Ph.D., Reader in Germanic at Cambridge University. — H. H. German Works 89 Otcvolution (the German Fatherland, the French Revolution). The V on in German names of persons begins with a small letter (unless of course when it commences a sentence), e.g.^err l^onSiUoto. The i?cn in such cases requires only a thin space after it : ©efc^riebeu »on t>on9tid)tcr (written by vonRichter). 2. The Reformed German Spelling oj ] 902. — All words of German origin endingin t(), as SDJutf), ^^xX^, now drop the ^ and be- come 2)?iit, SSi^i, &c. %{)(xi has become %!x\., S!f)cr is now 2!or. SBiflfiifir has become 2Binfiir. Xf)ee is now spelt 2!ee. ButX()ron, 5f)eatcr, &c., being derived from Greek, keep t^. Also Ipt) in words of German origin is now supplemented by f, thus @fcu (for (S^i()eu) ; Slbotf, gtiibolf, SBeftfaleu (for Sltclpf), 9?ubo(p^, ai^eft^^f)a(en^u Likewise (StefvWt, i^afan, (Sofa. But ^f)ojtcgra^(), $f)ilofcp(), (2i)m|)ftciue, being learned words of Greek origin. 3 is more and more used for (5, thus: 3eiitrum for (Sentvunt; Bent; net, 3ivfu^. 9le, De, Ue, are always ren- dered §1, t, it. Three identical letters should not come together before a vowel. Consequently print @(^iffaf)rt, not ©c^ifffaT)rt (but in dividing print (2rf)iff;faf)vt). SWittag, bennoc^ (from SWithtag, benUjUod)), are invariable. The plural of (See is no longer <£eeen, but (Seen ; in narrow measure divide cien, etn^i^finbei!, evsfatjveu, vev;anbevn, vovjvuden, ubev;rebeii, jevsftopen. In narrow measure divide ge; beii, tvasgeu, -§e;buug, (csbcnb, ma;()cn, fa; gen, XiiijC^er, lo^f^en. (See under para- graph 2 of this Appendix, * Reformed Spelling', for three identical letters coming together. See also under 7, 11, 14.) 5. Spaced woj-ds. — In these the following compound letters should never be spaced : d^, cf, ^, f , ^. The following are spaced : ff, fi, fl, 11, fi, ff. That is, two different consonants coming together (except f and t) are not spaced ; but a consonant and vowel, and double consonants, are to be spaced. 6. Prepositional and other prefixes in German. — ^Yhen auf precedes a part of speech commencing with f, the two f s should ^ A very useful book is that by K. Duden, Ortho- graphisches Worterhich der daitschen Sprache, 8th ed., Leipzig, 1906. Price is, — H.H. German Works 91 not form one letter. Print auffaf)ren, not auffafiven. So also, when au^ is prefix to a part of speech beginning with an f, it should not form with the latter an ^ or ff if German type is used. Print augft-U'CC^en, not au^prc; (|eu or auf|>ve(^en. If ent precedes a part of speech beginning with g, the t and j do not form one letter, but remain separate : eutjtveicu, not eu^ireien. 7. Suffixes U(^, jig. — The letter \ in the former should not be joined to a preceding f, nor the letter j in the latter to a preceding t. Print t»evmerfh(f>, not i>er\r)evfiirf) ; (x^iyii)\\, ac^tjig, not ac^tff)n, ac^^ig. So also, in dividing, put «ewcrf;lic^ (or lu'v^rtevfltd^) and ^^UyiS)\\, ai^t-jig. 8. German in Roman type. — In Roman type % is now rendered 13 (better than fs)^; ff becomes ss ; and in spaced words all letters (except /3) are separated. When Roman capital letters are used, § becomes SZ. Thus MASZE (SKa^e, measures) (Avith long a), not MASSE (2)?affe, substance) (with short a). 9. Metal-rules in German. — Spaces are always put before and after a rule in a sen- tence, wide spaces in a widely spaced line, thin spaces in a narrowly spaced one, exactly as with words, thus : @v fagte — iu(f)t cf)uc 3aubevu — , ba§ er gc()en nuiJTe." Rules are not put after colons. * Where these founts are not yet available, ss must, as hitherto, be put for tt. ^ He said— not without hesitation— that he must depart. 92 Rules for setting up 10. Quotation marks in German. — The commencement of a quotation is indicated by commas followed by a thin space ; the close by turned commas. A quotation within a quotation is usually rendered by a single Roman comma at commencement, and by a turned Roman comma at the end ' ; thus : (Sv fac^te mir: „@ct)e ui^t ^iit, beitn e^ I)cipt, t>a§ eg bcrt vcn ,@ciftevn' fpuft." ^ 11. f(. — This is always printed as one letter at the end of a syllable or word, as also in the body of a word if the latter is not a compound, thus: (S^afifod) (now, how- ever, written (S(f)af(od&, but divided @d^af(; tod)) ; twin, foK; it»of(en, fcflen. But in com- pound words, in which the first I ends a syllable and the second \ commences the next one, the two f's must be separated, thus : vieUeic^t (divided inet4ei^t). 12. fl", gf. — Both in Roman type = ss. The fi/st (ff) is used after short vowels, thus : effen, muffen. The second (gf ) is employed when the first jends one syllable and the second commences the next, each syllable giving sense taken singly, i. e. in compounds, thus: ©igfd^cUe (ice-block), bagfefbe, begfelben. 13. §. — After long vowels or diphthongs and if followed by e or i of a less strongly accented syllable ^ : fpa^eu, Qviipen, bei^en, 1 Single German commas are, however, also used. ^ He said to me, ' Do not go there, for they say that "ghosts "are haunting that place'. ^ After short vowels and before e and t of less strongly accented syllables print \\ : effett, toifjen, lafjen, tiiffen, ^Uiffigfeit. German Works 93 ©ii^igfeit; also after short or long vowels or diphthongs if followed by t : f)a^t, fpa§t, fugt, Gvii^t, ifA, gcnie§t, beipt ; and also at the end of words or first part of com- pounds, whether the preceding vowel be long or short : (2d)(op, QXO^, C^KlV, faiplid). 14. Double ktlers.—^, cf, jf, ft, fi, H, \\, \\, ft, %, %• No triple letters, like the Eng- lish ffi, ffl, are used in German. — ffi, ssi, are usually printed fft, fft, as ^fiffig, bifftcj ; ffl is printed ff(, as tvcff(id). As regards f(, the f and ( must be sepa- rated if the latter belongs to a suffix, thus : fci^laflcg, not fc^lafiog. '5- f/ ^- — The long s is used at the beginning, the short s at the end of sylla- bles (fagen, lafeu, kg, bag, ^dugd)en). 16, Abbreviations in German. — The most common are: ufiv. ( = unb fo Ireiter, and so on, et cetera); j. 33. (= jum Seifpiel, for example); b.:^.(=:bag f)eillt, that is to say); b. t. (= bag tft, that is); bgl. (= bevgle{($eu, such like, similar cases) ; \\, a. m. (= uub aubevc md)X, and others); f. (= ftelj)e, see); f. o. (= ftefje ofceu, see above) ; f. u. (= ftel)e iinten, see below); \\,c. (= unb i>\\ix, passim) ', fog. (= fogenamit, so-called) ; bj^it>. ( = bejie^ungg? U>eife, respectively); Stuji. (= Sluftage, un- altered edition") ; 9Uigg. (= SlugguBe, re- vised edition) ; SJbt. ( = 5lbtci(ung, division) ; Slbfrf)U. (=9lbf^nitt, section); . now generally takes its place. x'j.The Apostrophe.— Vnni ij^'g, ge'^t'g (for ift Q§, ge^t e^) ; but where a preposition and the article bag are merged, omit the apostrophe ; thus atlg (for au bag), ing (for ill bag), buvc[)g (for burc^ bag), fitvg (for fitr bag), {not au'g, in'g, buvc^'g, fiiv'g). After proper names ending in g, ^, j, used possessively, put an apostrophe, omitting the apostrophab; thus^i^cf ' Suife,3)emoft^encg' Oiebeu, ^craj' Dben (Voss's Louise, De- mosthenes' Speeches, Horace's Odes). But put cvan, icovaug, &c. &c.). This is frequently forgotten by English compositors. 19. §. — This mark (in PInglish, ' section' is called in German ' Paragraph '. 1 A very full list of German abbreviations, with explanations, is given in Dr. Breul's New Gertnan Dictionary (Cassell &; Co., London, 1906,1. Latin Works 95 APPENDIX IV DIVISION OF LATIN WORDS The general rules are practically Pris- cian's. They are well summarized in Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar. 1. 'In dividing a word into syllables, a consonant between two vowels belongs to the second : a-mo, li-xa. 2. 'Any combination of consonants that can begin a word (including inn, under Greek influence) belongs to the following vowel ; in other combinations the first consonant belongs to the preceding vowel : a-sper,faM-sttis, li-bri, a-mnis. 3. ' The combinations incapable of beginning a word are (a) doubled con- sonants : sic-ciis ; {U) a liquid and a consonant : al-miis, am-bo, an-gtiis, ar-bor. 4. * Compounds are treated by the best grammarians as if their parts were sepa- rate words: ab-igo, res-pnblica.'' To take a page of Cicero : con-sequi so-lent ex-poniinus a-criter cri-mi-no-se diligen-ter a-gi re-rum con- se-quenthim miseri-cor-dia com-movebitur au-di-to-ris a-ni-mus osten-demus com- modis cu-ius cu-i quo-rum qui-bus-que (not 96 Rules for setting up qui-bii-sque) iis-qtie (because the parts are separate) ca-ptabiiims pote-statein sub-i-ci-e- inus pa-rent i-biis neces-sariis cle-men-tia. Again : eius-modi, ciiiits-inodi, huius-jnodi (not eiii-smodi, &c.) con-hcn-ctim (I should suppose, not con-ituic-tivi) am-plijica-stis e-stis vetu-stas hone-stiis omc-shts sus-cipere sub-trahit od-trahit in-striiit circu-it sinnd- tate re-ce-den-dzun di-co di-xi-sti di-xe-rat di-ctum a-cttu7i ati-cttis ma-gmts i-gnis mali-gnns pi-gmcs li-gna pec-catum demon- stra-stis (I am rather doubtful about this) via-gis ma-xime dif-fi-ctd-tas la-brum la- inna lar-gtis lon-ge di-gnus stun-pserim su- mo suni-mtis sti-prema propter- ea, and pro- bably /T^-^/^r-^^ (but again I am in some doubt) dis-tin-ctus dis-ti7i-giw ad-spectus a-spectus teni-ptavit il-hi-stris. Most of these are already adopted in editions of authority, e.g. Nobbe's Cicero, Haase's Seneca. Robinson Ellis. ^fi\\^ Greek Works 97 APPENDIX V DIVISION OF GREEK WORDS A syllable ends in a vowel except — 1. If a consonant is doubled, the con- sonants are divided. "ZvpaKova-aas (Bacch.^), ttoA-Aq) (Thuc), and so Ba/c-xos, ^aiT-^^^A.^rt-. 1^ P eter Schocffer of Gernsheim. perceiving J . CatA^.j Jy his master Faust^ design, and being himself /"desirous (arJenTTy^ to improve the art, found T^V^ ./ out (by the good providence of God) the -5 l^-Cr/ method of cutting [ ^i m sid < »Hd*) the characters ' in a matrix, that the letters might easily be • / singly cast^ instead of bigng cut. He pri- l^^J I / vately cut matrices^ for the whole alphabet .fr\ J* Faust was so pleased with the contrivance^/ I ''th^^ ^*^ promised ^eter to give him his only ^'k^I /^ J ""SaUgbter Christina in marriage, a promise tJf^^JP / I '^Cv hich he soon after performed. >^ / ft^^^^. ^ > Ci,&l '"^Bal there vv'ere, many ditlicultii H^y^ {/ with these letters , as there had been • f^ n / with wooden ones / the metal being */ to support the force of the impie; this defect was soon remedied, by mixing a substancQ . witli the metal which>6uglcienily "ifuS ,j /^j hardened itV ^ Correction of Proof s 99 THE OPPOSITE PAGE CORRECTED /■>> Brevier 8 „ Bourgeois Long Primer Small Pica 9 ,' lO „ Pica 12 „ I03 GENERAL INDEX NOTE.— The words ending in -able, •ible, -ise, -ize, and -ment, and also others, given in alphabetical order on pp. 9-37 (q.v.)/ are not repeated here. A or an, use of, 39. before contractions, 39. Abbreviations, see Contractions. in French, 82-4. in German, 93-4. -able, words ending in, 9. Accented -^d in poetry, 45. Accents in French, 78-9. A.D., 47, 69. Allardyce on Stops, &c., examples from, 64. Alternative or difficult spellings, some, 15-24. Ampersand (&), 43. And (with and without comma), 57. Anglicized words, set in roman, 35-6. Apocrypha, contractions for books of, 42. Aposiopesis, mark of, 62, Apostrophe, in French names ending in -s or -X, 72. in German, 94. in place-names, 44. in poetry, 45. in possessive case of proper names, 71. omitted in hers, ours, theirs, yours, 44. thin space before, when to use, 49. when to join close up, 44. Asterisks, as reference signs, 70. in philology, 48. not to be used for marks of hiatus, 62. Authors and their works, references to, 52. Awkward divisions, &c., 53-4, 80-1. B.C., 47, 69, Beadnell on Spelling, &c., 55-61. I04 General Index Bible and Prayer Book spellings, 9 (note). Bible, contractions for books of, 41-2. references to chapters and verses in, 52. Book sizes — 4to, 8vo, i2mo, &c., need no full points, 42. Book titles, italic or roman, 50, 52. Brackets, 61. Breaklines, length of, 49. Capital letters, when to use in EngUsh, 46. in French, 73-7. in German, 88. in lemmas, 67. when accented in French, 78. Chapter, first word in small caps., 48. first line to be indented, 48, 50. -ck preceding a suffix, 15. Colon, the, 59. Commas — ' inverted', 63. use of, with adjectives and adverbs, 57. with ' and ', 57. with more than three figures, 68, 84-5. Compass, points of the, 43. Compound words, 25-8. plurals of, 15, 21. Consonants, double or single with a suffix, 29. Contractions generally, 41-5. of colloquial expressions, 44. of Latin words not in italic, 51. of names of counties, 42. of personal titles, 44. of philological terms, 43. of points of the compass, 43. of references in footnotes, 43. of references to manuscripts, 43. of Scripture references, 41-2. of sums of money, 51. of titles of books, 44. of weights and measures, 43. Correction of proofs, marks used in, 98, Counties, names of, abbreviated, 42. General Index 105 Dagger f (^obsolete or deceased), 48. Dash, the, 61. Date at foot of title-page, 47. Dates, how to print, 69, 84. Decimal points, 69. Deity, pronouns referring to the, 46. De Vinne on Correct Composition, 55-6, 63. Diaeresis signs, when to use, 17. Difficult or alternative spellings, 15-24. Digraphs and diphthongs, 41. Division of words, English, 53-4. French, 80-1. German, 90. Greek, 97. Italian, 54. Latin, 95-6. Portuguese, 54. Spanish, 54. Double letters, in German, 93. e before -able and -ment, 9, 24. -ed, -kd, in poetry, 45. Ellipsis, 49, 62. Em rules, various uses of, 61-2, 70. English words, how to divide, 53-4. En rules, when to use, 69-70. Erratum and Errata, when to print, 33. ETC., ETC., &c., when to use, 43. Exclamation, the note of, 60. Extracts, how to print, 50. Figures, commas with, 68-9. First line of chapter, 48. Footnotes, abbreviations in, 43, 51. superior figures to refer to, 67, 70. Foreign words and phrases, 35-7. in roman, 35-6 ; in italic, 36-7. Foreign words, formation of plurals of, 31-3. French language, works in the, 73-87. abbreviations, 80-1, 82-4. accented capital letters in, 78. accented small capitals, 78. accents, 78-9. io6 General Index French — capital and lower-case letters, 73-8. division of words, 81-2. hyphens, 79-80. metal-rules, 80. metric signs, 83. names ending in -s or -x, 72. numerals, 84-5. quotation marks, 86-7. reference figures, 85. roman and italic, 85. space before comma, 80 . spacing generally, 80. Full points, examples of use, 60. for contractions, 43-4. to denote omissions, 62. when not to use, 42, 43, 68, 69. German language, works in the, 88'-94. abbreviations, 93. apostrophes, 94. capital and lower-case letters, 88-9. commas, 94. division of words, 90. double letters, 93. full points, 94. hyphens, 90. in roman type, 91. a, 92. metal-rules, gi. paragraph mark (§), 94. prepositional and other prefixes, 90-1. quotation marks, 92. reformed spelling, 89-90. f. ^f 93- spaced words, 90. ff, §f, 92. ^, 92-3. suffixes l\^, jig, 91. Greek words, how to divide, 97, Guillemets in French, 86, 87. Headlines, omission 01 points at end of, 67. Head Master, note on, 25. General Index 107 Hers, no apostrophe, 44. Hyphens, use of, in EngHsh, 25-8. in French, 79-80. in German, 90. -ible, words ending in, 11. I'd, I'll, &c. (no space), 44. Indentation of first lines, 48, 50. Initials with dates, 47. Interrogation, the note of, 60. ' Inverted commas ', 63. -ise or -ize, words ending in, 12-14. Italian words (some), how to divide, 54. Italic type — for mathematical theorems, 51. names of books and periodicals in, 50. names of ships in, 51. words and phrases in, 36-7, 50-1. Latin words, how to divide, 95-6. lb., singular and plural form, 43. Lefevre, T. , Guide pratique die compositeur, referred to, 55. Lower-case letters, for anglicized words, 47. for contractions, 43, 47. in French, 73-8. in German, 88-9. MS. = manuscript, contraction of, 43. Marks used in the correction of proofs, 98. Marks of omission, 62. Marks of parenthesis, 61. Mathematics, inferior in, 70. theorems, in italics, 51. Measures, contractions of, 43. Medical signs, 48. -ment, words ending in, 24. Metal-rules in English, 61-2, 70. in French, 86. in German, 91. Metric signs in French, abbreviations of, 83. Money, contractions in sums of, 51. Months, names of, contracted, 42. io8 General Index New Testament, contractions for names of books of, 42. Newspapers, in italic, 51. Non-hyphened words, 25-8. Nor and or, 40. Note of exclamation, 60-1. interrogation, 60. Numbering of paragraphs, 70. Numerals, arable, 68-70. in French, 84-5. in German, 94. roman, use of, 68-70. O and Oh, 39. -o, plurals of nouns ending in, 34. Old Testament, contractions for names of books of, 41. Omission marks, use full points for, 62. Ours, no apostrophe, 44. Page references, citation of, 69, 70. Paragraphs, indentation of, 48, 50. numbering of, 70. spacing of last line, 49. Parenthesis, marks of, 60-1. Period or full stop, the, 60-1. Periodicals, names of, italic, 50. Philological works, contractions in, 43. punctuation in, 6j. use of symbols in, 48. Phonetic spellings, 38. Place-names, use of apostrophes in, 44-5. Plates, &c., references to, 47. Plurals, formation of, in words of foreign origin, 31-2. of nouns ending in -o, 34. Poetry, 'd, -ed, and -ed in, 45. quotations from, 45. spacing of, 49. Points (punctuation marks), 62. decimal, 69. full, when to omit, 42, 43, 68, 69. in title-pages, «S:c., 67. General Index 109 Points of the compass, 43. Portuguese words (some), how to divide, 54. Possessive case of proper names, 71-2. Prefixes in German, prepositional and other, 90-1. Pronouns, Deistic, capitalization of, 46. omission of apostrophe in, 54. Proofs, marks used in correcting, 98. Proper names, adjectives derived from, 46. common words derived from, 47, possessive case of, 71-2. PS, = postscript (one full point), 43. Punctuation generally, 55-67. colon, 59-60. comma, 57-8. dash, 61-2. note of exclamation, 60-1. note of interrogation, 60. parenthesis, 61. period or full stop, 60-1. semicolon, 58-9. Punctuation marks generally, 62-3. in classical and philological notes, 67. in relation to footnotes, 67. quotation marks, 63. when to precede, and when to follow, the closing quotation mark, 63-7. Quotation marks, 63-7. in essays, 63. in French, 86-7. in German, 92. ' inverted commas ' (so-called), 63. Quotations from foreign books, &c., 50. poetical, 45, 63. prose, 63. when to break off, 50. Reference figures in French, 84-5. References generally, 52. to authors and their works, 52. to the Bible, 41-2, 52. to footnotes, 70. no General Index References— to manuscripts, 43, 52. to periodicals, 50. to plates, woodcuts, &c., 47. in relation to punctuation marks, 67. to Shakespeare's plays, &c., 52. to ships, 51. Roman and italics in French, 85. Roman numerals, use of, 68-70. Roman type, German works in, 91. anglicized words in, 35-6. f, §, 93- 's, thin space before apostrophe, when touse,49. Scripture references, 41-2, 52. Semicolon, the, 58-9. Shakespeare, spelling of the name, 23. Shakespeare's plays, references to, 52. 'Shilling-mark*, 51. Ships, names of, itahc, 51. Signs for reference marks, use of, 70. special, 48. Small capitals, when to use, 47. Southward's Practical Printmg, quoted, 55. Space before comma allowed, in printing French, 80. Spaced words in German, 90. Spacing generally, 49-50. in French, 80. in Greek, Latin, and Italian, 49. of last line in paragraph, 49. of poetry, 49. Spanish words (some), how to divide, 54. Special signs or symbols, 48. Spellings, alternative or difficult, 15-24. Bible and Prayer Book, 9 (note). of old writers, 38. phonetic, 38. reformed German, 89-90. sq., sqq., 70. ff, Sf, 92. Streets, how to print names of, 46. General Index iii Suffixes, 29-30. lit^, m, 91. Superior figures and letters, 70. B. 92-3- Theirs, no apostrophe, 44. Title-pages, date at foot of, 47. points in, 67. Titles, personal, contraction of, 44. Types, English names of, 100-2. American point-system, 102. Underlines, 50. Vowel-ligatiu-es, 41. Weights and measures, contractions of, 43. Woodcuts, plates, &c., references to, 47. Words — common, derived from proper names, 46, ending in -able, 9. ending in -ible, 11. ending in -ise or -ize, 12-14, ending in -ment, 24. ■ ending in -o, plurals of, 34. ending with -ed or -^d in poetry, 45. foreign, in italic, 35-6. foreign, in roman, 36-7. Yours, no apostrophe, 44. UNIVERSITY OF C/- ^ '"^'^"RNI* ^^J^.RARY i\uios I or i;oLipasxtor6, na readers 19 i^ h^m mr ^^ 23 1331^ ^ >R no 193 3 v' / 250^88^ ^ LIBRARY PRINTED BY HORACE HART, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS