»v HD UC-NRLF C 2 b7b bDO ROYAL COMMISSION ON HOUSING IN SCOTLAND. SPECIAL REPORT With Relative Specifications and Plans, prepared by Mr JOHN WILSON, F.R.I.B.A., Architedlural Inspector of the Local Government Board for Scotland ON THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SMALL DWELLING-HOUSES IN SCOTLAND presenteb to parliament bs CommanO of Ibis Majesty EDINBURGH: PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. To be purchased through any Bookseller or directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: 23 Forth Street, Edixburgh ; Imperial House, Kingsway, London, W.C. 2, and 28 Abingdon Street, London, S.VV. I : 37 Peter Street, Manchester ; 1 St Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff ; or from E. PONSONBY, Ltd., 116 Grafton Street, Dublin ; or from the Agencies in the British Colonies and Dependencies, the United States of America and other Foreign Countries of T. FISHER UNWIN, Ltd., London, W.C. 2. [Cd. 8760.] ]9r Prir. n„e Shining Net. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS (with the undermentioned exceptions) can be purchased in the manner indicated on the first page of this wrapper. Hydiographical Publications oi the Admiralty are sold by — J. D. Potter, 145, Minories, London, E.l. Patent Office Publications are sold at— The Patent Office, 25, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Laue, London, W.C.2. (N.B.— Classified Abridgments of Patent Specifications are sold also by Wvman & Sons, Ltd., 29, Breams Buildings, Fetter Lane. London, E.C.4.) ^' Ordnance Survey and Geological Survey Publications can be purchased from — The Director General of the Ordnance Survey, Southampton ; or The Superintendent, Ordnance Survey, Dublin ; or Agents in most of the chief towns in the United Kingdom. (N.B. — Small Scale Maps are, as a rule, procurable at Railway Bookstalls in England and Wales.) The Journal of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries is published monthly by the Board, and is obtainable from 3, St James's Square, London, S.W.I. Price 4d, post free. The following is a list of some recent Parliamentary and Official Publications : — ROYAL COMMISSION ON HOUSING IN SCOTLAND. Housing of the Industrial Population of Scotland, Rural and Urban. Rbpokt : — Introductory ; Origin of the Commission ; Procedure ; Housing Problem and Statement of Method of Treatment ; Shortage of Houses ; Existing Authorities ; Statutory Powers ; Housing in the Cities, Urban Areas, and Burghs ; Tenement System ; Sanitary Appliances and Conveniences in the Burghs ; Occupancy of Houses ; the One-Room House ; Overcrowding ; Common Lodging-Houses, Houses Let in Lodgings, and Parmed-out Houses ; Miners' Housing ; Rural Housing ; Housing Conditions in Fishing Communities ; Migratory and Seasonal Workers ; Crofter Districts ; Land in relation to Housing ; Land Tenures and Titles ; Building Conditions and Restrictions in Feu-Charters ; Cost of Land and Feuing Rates ; Leasehold Tenure, including Tenancy at Will ; Acquisition of Land ; Building Societies ; Public Utility and Co-partnership Societies ; Town Planning and Transit ; Powers of Public Works Loan Commis- sioners ; Housing Policy ; Revision of Administrative Areas and Duties of Local and Central Authorities ; Bad Housing as a Factor in Industrial Unrest ; Leading Issues of Report. MiNOBiTy Report : — Introductory Statement ; Causes of the Cessation of House Building and their possible Removal ; Land Values and the Acqiiisition and Control of Building Land ; Transit and Town Planning ; Function of Local Authorities in Housing ; House Management and the One-Room House ; Constructive Housing Policy after the War ; Farm Servants and Rural Workers ; Smaller Farms and Small Holdings ; Policy in the Outer Hebrides and Skye ; Various Dissents and Recommendations. [Cd. 8731] of Session 1917. Price 4s., post free 4.s. 6d. INCREASES IN THE RENTAL OF SMALL DWELLING-HOUSES IN INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS IN SCOTLAND. Report of the Departmental Committee. Successive Periods of Prosperity and Depression in relation / to House Property (1873-1915), and Contrast of Conditions in 1900-03 and 1908-12 ; Conditions as to/ Housing in Glasgow District following on outbreak of present War ; Ascertainment of Facts as to recenl/ Increases of Rent ; Reasons assigned by Owners and Factors for recent Increases of Rent ; Different Classed of Tenants affected by recent Rent Increases ; Some Minor Causes of Friction ; Dundee and Aberdeen. [Cd. 8II1] of Session 1914-16. Price Id., post free l|d. Minutes of Evidence, with Appendices and Index. [Cd. 8154] of Session 1914-16. Price Is. Id., post free Is. 4d. ! SCOTTISH LAND COURT. Rules under the Small Landholders (Scotland) Acts, 1886 to 1911, with Schedules containing Memor- andum of Instructions to Sheriff Clerks, Forms of Application issued by the Court, and Tables of Exchequer and Law Agents' Fees. (1912.) Price Is. Qd., post free Is. Qd. Fourth Report, for 1915. With Appendices. New Holdings : — Schemes authorised by the Land Court in 1915 ; Schemes authorised by the Land Court in 1915 and previous years, and which were Dismissed, Withdrawn, or Abandoned on the motion of the Board of Agriculture in 1915 ; Number in which Tenants have been Registered during 1915. Enlarge- ments of Existing Small Holdings :— Schemes authorised in 1915 ; Schemes authorised by the Land Court and which were, in 1915, Dismissed, Withdrawn, or Abandoned on the motion of the Board of Agriculture ; Number of Assignments of Land in Enlargement of Existing Small Holdings in 1915 ; Enlargement by Agree- ment. Applications Disposed of and awaiting Disposal as at December 31, 1915. Landholders Registered by Agreement in respect of New Holdings. New Tenants Registered as Landholders in Existing Small Holdings. Appendices. (1917.) Price 5s., post free 5s. 6cZ. {This Report, without Appendices, ivas published as the Parliamentary Paper [Cd. 8304] of Session 1916. Price 2d., post free 2^d.) LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD FOR SCOTLAND, Twenty- Second Annual Report, for 1916. Poor Law ; Audit ; Local Government ; Unemployed Workmen Act, 1905 ; Old Age Pensions ; Housing and Town Planning ; Public Health ; Vaccination ; Miscellaneous. With Appendices and Index. [Cd. 8517] of Session 1917. Price Sd., post free id. Areas, Population, and Valuation of Counties, Burghs, and Parishes in Scotland. Return of the. [Cd. 7992] of Session 1914-16. Price id., post free 5d. H '^,^Y\\ ROYAL COMMISSION ON HOUSING IN SCOTLAND. SPECIAL REPORT With Relative Specifications and Plans, prepared by Mr JOHN WILSON, F.R.I.B.A., Architedlural Inspector of the Local Government Board for Scotland ON THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SMALL DWELLING-HOUSES IN SCOTLAND presenteJ) to parliament b? Comman& of Ibis /TOajests EDINBURGH: PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. To be purchased througli any Bookseller or directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: 23 Forth Street, Edinburgh ; Imperial House, Kinqsway; London, W.C. 2, and 28 Abingdon Street, London, S.W. 1 ; 37 Peter Street, Manchester ; 1 St Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff ; or from B. PONSONBY, Ltd., 116 Grafton Street, Dublin ; or from the Agencies in the British Colonies and Dependencies, * the United States of America and other Foreign Countries of T. FISHER UNWIN, Ltd., London, W.C. 2. [Cd. 8760.] 1917. Price One Shilling Net. p^= 3< NOTE. This Special Keport forms part of the Appendices to the Evidence of the Royal Commission on Housing in Scotland. The Evidence placed before the Commission and the remainder of the Appendices will not be published till later, but meantime it is thought desirable to issue this Report separately, as the Commission consider that it will be of assistance to Local Authorities and others preparing post-war housing schemes. ^ Wt. 299/1— 2000— 10/17.— N. &Co., Ltd.— Gp. 1. Wt. 6384/616—600—5/18. APPENDIX No. CXCII. REPORT HANDED IN BY MR J. WILSON. Question No. 43,721. Local Government Board, Edinburgh, 9th September 1915. Sir, — With reference to your letter o£ tlie 23rd February 1914, intimating that the Royal Commission on Housing (Scotland) had appointed ine a Special Inve.stigator to inquire and report " on different types of houses that are ' being built in selected parts of Scotland, as regards ' their accommodation, materials of construction, methods ' of construction, cost of construction, including architect's ' fees, cost of land, cost of making roads, etc. ; to report ' on the particular type that may be suitable to meet the ' needs of local circumstances, and to suggest in what ' respects the cost of erection of houses may be cheapened, ' and to what extent, if any, the statutory requirements ' and the provisions of local bye-laws or regulations might ' be relaxed or modified," I have now the honour to report as follows : — • GENERAL DESIGN AND TYPE OF HOUSES. 1. The plans appended to this report have been prepared as the result of personal visitation of many towns and districts of Scotland. Of course it is impossible, in the compass of this report, to provide a iilan to suit eveiy district and every class of family, but plans of different types and sizes of cottages and double-Hatted houses are shown to meet the general requirements in the various rural and urban districts of Scotland. An endeavour has been made whenever possible to design a house contained within four walls. Only by this means can the greatest economy be effected, as out-buildmgs always increase the cost. 2. The design of the houses is contingent on the absence of the conditions which lead to cramped and narrow- fronted houses in urban districts. 3. Designs A, B, C, and E are suitable for cottage houses over the greater part of Scotland where a gravita- tion water-supply and drainage system are available. 4. Design D is suitable where a gravitation water-supply is not available and peat is used for fuel. The coal place is omitted, as fuel will be stacked either outside or in a wooden shed behind the house. A rain-water tank is provided and connected to the sink in the scullery for washing purposes, and an earth-closet is also provided. An ash-pit or large ash-bin in the back garden should be provided for the house of " D " design, and also for all houses where there is not a daily collection of household refuse. 5. All the cottage houses can be built in rows of four and six by placing the doors and the windows shown in the end walls on either the front or back walls. 6: The building of cottages in couples is the ideal arrangement, as. by this means access to the back garden can be obtained at the side of the house. However, for purposes of grouping this arrangement is not so satisfactory. 7. A common pathway along the back of the houses is not a desirable arrangement, as it is seldom possible to keep it free from nuisance of one kind or other. 8. Designs F, G, and H are also suitable for double-flatt«d houses over the greater part of Scotland where a gravi- tation water-supply and drainage system are available. 9. The flatted houses are designed in blocks of four houses each. This plan cannot be adapted to suit blocks of a greater number of houses. It is difficult to design a satisfactory and economical plan of a block of more than four houses. If the number of houses is increased, then back stairs to the garden will require to be provided, and these, as well as front stairs, will in most cases require to be common to two tenants. An endeavour has been made in every case to make a house self-contained. Whenever Mr J. Wilson — continued. any part ot a house — a stair or washhouse — is common, then it is found that these tend to a lowered standard of cleanli- ness among the tenants as well as to friction between them. 10. Design G is similar to Design F, with the exception that an outside stair is provided in the former. In many parts of Scotland the outside stair is preferred to the inside stair. 11. Design H is of a house containing a living-room, bedroom, and scullery. The plan is not so satisfactory as those of the other houses. The bedroom is entered from the living-room, but this may not be considered a great objection in a small family house. 12. Design J is a suggestion for the plan of a house for farm-servants. It is intended that married farm-servants should live in the two central houses, and the single men, who usually live in a bothy, should live in the end houses. By this arrangement the housewives in the central houses can do the usual household work for the single men. Possibly, in the majority of cases, two houses in place of four will meet all requirements. There may be some difficulty about this arrangement, as the wives of farm-servants are usually expected to do a certain amount of farm work. Such arrangement would, however, tend to a higher standard of living and comfort among the single men than at present obtains where the bothy is a separate building; The bothy system is fairly common in Scotland, except in the southern counties, where the single men are housed in the farmhouses. 13. Design K shows the plan of a house suitable for smallholders and crofters. Where there is no gravitation water-supply, an earth-closet will require to be provided apart from the house. A tank for rain-water may also require to be provided and connected to the sink for washing purposes. The provision of buildings for cattle, etc., has intentionally been omitted as not coming within the scope of this report. 14. Designs L and M are suggestions for the plans of one-apartment houses. These are not desirable houses for families, but they are suitable for such cases as, e.g. an aged couple, a single woman, or a woman and young child, who do not need and are not able to pay for larger accommodation. This type of house may be called a hostel, and, as stated above, is only suitable for certain cases. In each house there is a large living-room, with a small scullery, coal-place, larder, and water-closet. Where there is no gravitation water-supply, an earth-closet will require to be provided outside the house. In the bact garden a common washing-house is provided, and a roofed shelter for ash-bins. 15. It would be advisable to have as a tenant of one of the houses a woman who could act as caretaker for the hostel, and give assistance to any infirm or sick tenant when required. 16. In designing all the types of houses an endeavour has been made to provide the necessai-y accommodation to enable people to keep their houses wholesome and tidy. At, the same time, advantage has been taken of every foot of space, even to the omission of the usual passage from the front entrance to the scullery. The elevations have been kept simple, although these could be improved by a little extra expenditure. THE PLANNING OF HOUSES. 17. Considerable economy and convenience of arrange- ment can be effected in planning a house by giving careful consideration to every detail. By concentrating sanitary and water fittings, a saving can be effected in capital expenditure and maintenance. By arranging the position of beds and furniture on the plans, convenience of arrange- ment can be attained. 18. The door to a bedroom should be so placed and hung that the bed is covered and protected from draught when the door is opened. The doors in a living-room or kitchen, which may adjoin another room, should have these so placed that the pa88age-way is confined to one end of the ROYAL COMMISSION ON HOUSING IN SCOTLAND. Mr J. Wilson — ooutiiiued. room. Staircases should be so planned that the unueees- sary height of ceilings often found in small bouses can be avoided. 19. Those who have made a study of the planning of small houses for artisans know how difficult it is to elimi- nate the wastage in the areas and so reduce the cubic contents of the building, it should always be remem- bered that as a room or house approaches a square on plan BO does the cost decrease. The house that is narrow- fronted and deep on plan may have the same length of walling to enclose it as that enclosing a house which is practically square on plan, but the former has about 25 per cent, less floor area than the latter. 20. The various apartments that are necessary in a house are dealt with as follows : — ■ Living- Room. 21. This room is the one in which the tamUy will prin- cipally live, and it should be given the chief consideration in planning. A south or south-east aspect should be obtained in order that the room may have the morning sun. Where this is not practicable, a west aspect is the next best in order that as much sunshine as possible may be obtained. Where a northern aspect cannot be avoided, the living-room should be a through room with a window to the south. The minimum size of room given in Appendix No. CXClll. is 168 superficial feet of floor space, and it should be regarded as the smallest in which family life can be carried on without overcrowding and discomfort. The convenience of a living-room depends principally upon the arrangement of the iireplaoe, window, and doors. 22. The fireplace should be placed on a wall at right angles to the window, so that the housewife may not stand in her own light when cooking. The doors to and fi'om the living-room should be so placed that the passage- ways from one room to the other should not interfere with the sitting space round the fire. Pass doors on either side of a fireplace are most inconvenient. 23. The room should be rather longer than its width, and the size which gives 168 square feet (14 feet by 12 feet) will be found of a satisfactory shape. 24. A cooking range should be provided in this room. Some of the latest combinations of cooking range and low tire with boiler for hot-water supply attached have been found satisfactory. SODLLKEY. 25. In small houses for artisans it has not been usual in the past to have a scullery. The living-room or kitchen was provided with a sink, and all the dirty household work was done in this room, with the result that it was found difficult to keep the room clean, tidy, and wholesome. 26. It is essential that every house shpuld have a scullery ; in the scullery all dirty household work can be done, and the hving-room kept clean and tidv for family life. 27. The scullery should be planned so that the doors can be kept at one end in order to give working space round the sink. The scullery should open from the living- room, as it is essential that a mother should be able to keep her children under observation while she works there. The aspect is not of so much importance as that of the living-room, but, where possible, it should be. placed to face north-east or east. 28. The washing boiler can be placed in the scuUery against the internal gable wall, which contains the flues from all the fires in the house. To avoid the escape of steam into the scullery, an arrangement can be provided to take it into the flue. A glazed earthenware sink should be placed in the scullery with a draining-board on one side. 29. Where gas is moderate in price, tenants sometimes prefer a gas washing-boUer to an oidinary washing-boiler. The former is more cleanly to use, but where coal is easily obtained, the latter is preferred by the majority of tenants. 30. In England it is usual to provide a small cooking range in the scullery, Ijut in Scotland it is the practice to have a fire continually in the living-room, and cooking is always done on this fire. The Scottish housewife will not keep two fires burning, so it is useless to provide a fireplace in the scullery. It is of advantage, however, to provide a space for a gas cooking-stove in the scullery, as some housewives desire this arrangement for use in summer Mr J. Wilson — continued, months. The scullery should not be made so large as to encourage its use as a living-room. 31. It will be found convenient if a small part of the court or yard outside the back door is paved with cement, brick, flagstones, or tar macadam. Baths, Wateb- and Eabth-Closbts. 32. There is an increasing demand for baths by the (enants of small houses, and where the standard of living demands it, these may be provided. 33. In England it is customary to place the bath in the scullery with a hinged table-top to cover it. By this arrangement no privacy is secured, ae the scuUery is constantly in demand, and people are thereby deterred from using the bath. Further, the table-top on the bath is so handy for placing dishes on, that rather than be troubled removing these, the people refrain from using the bath. 34. The bathroom may be a separate apartment, and entered from the scullery. The water-closet may also be placed in this apartment. A hinged metal ring fixed on the wall at the end of the bath for a portable ba;sin will be found a convenience. 35. Where there is no gravitation supply of water, only an earth-closet can be provided. This can be placed in a small outhouse detached from the house. There are various types of automatic dry-closets on the market, which, with proper ventilation, have jjioved fairly satis- factory. The pail-closet is, of course, very often used. Laedee. 36. A larder is required in every house for storing food- stuffs, and the space allowed may vary from 12 to 15 superficial feet. The larder should always have a window to the outside for proper ventilation with, if possible, a north or north-east aspect. A wooden frame covered with fiy gauze should be fitted into the window opening outside the window frame. A stone or slate shelf is of great service in the larder. 37. The larder should be entered from the scuUery. It is sometimes placed under the stair and entered from the living-room, but this should be avoided if possible, as frequently it is difficult to ventilate in this position. Coal or Fuel Stoee, etc. 38. This store should be entered from the scullery, and be placed as near the back door as possible. In country- districts where coal is scarce, and peat or wood is frequently- used, it will be found more convenient to keep the fuel in a wooden shed in the back garden, and under the same roof as the earth-closet. 39. It is also desirable to provide space for garden tools, bicycles, and perambulator in a shed in the back garden. In small fishing villages a shed is required for the storage of nets, though in larger villages and towns it is usual to have a large central store for common use by a number of fishermen. ASH-PlT. 40. In rural districts where there is no regular collection of household refuse, it will be advisable to provide a small ash-pit in the back garden. It can be foimed of concrete, and should be roofed in some simple manner and capable of being easily emptied. In places where the intei-vals of collection are short, a large covered iron ash-bin will be more suitable than an a.sh-pit. Staiecase and Lobby. 41. The staircase should open off a small lobby placed at the front door. It should not be necessary to enter the living-room for access to the staircase. 42. The steps of the stair should not be steeper than 7 -inch risers and 9-inch tresids, and, if possible, wheelers should be avoided. The stair should have a width of, at least, 3 feet. The top of the staircase should be well- lighted and ventilated by means of window or roof fight. A handrail should be fixed to one side of the staircase wall. APPENDICES. Mr J. Wilson — continued. Bbdrooms. 43. In cottages, the size of the bedrooms is governed by the size and number of tlie apartments on the ground floor. In flatted liouses there is no such restriction, as all the rooms are placed on one floor. 44. Though a standard of cubic space Ls necessary, the habitability of the room depends as much on floor space and efficient ventilation. The statutory powers contained in the Burgh Pohco (Scotland) Act, 1903, demand 400 cubic feet for each adult, and 200 cubic feet for each child under ten years of age. It is suggestetl, however, that the higher standard of 500 cubic feet for each adult, and probably 37.5 cubic feet for each child under ten years, should be obtained. Where there are only one or two bedrooms in a house, the floor area should not be less than 12.5 square feet, and, where possible, this should be larger. Where there is a third bedroom, it may be smaller, but should in no case have less than 500 cubic feet. 45. In planning bedrooms it will be found that a room of an oblong shape is much more serviceable than one of a square shape. In the former a more convenient space for dressing purposes will be found. The room should be so planned that the bed can be placed out of the draught from the window. Tliere is no objection to the door being placed near the five, but it should always be hung to cover the bed when opened. Where possible, a hanging wall-press for clothes should bo provided in each bedroom, but where this is not possible a hanging cupboard can be formed in a recess or comer by means of a curtain. « Parlour. 46. Where there is a demand for a parlour, it may be advisable to provide one, but only in a house of two or more bedrooms. A parlour, however, is only put to occasional use in the majority of oases, and where there is need for economy it can well be dispensed with. As a parlour is of less importance than a living-room, the size and aspect need not be given the same consideration. It is of importance, however, to plan this room with the door, window, and fireplace in proper relation to each other, so that the space around the fireplace is free for sitting use. Press Acoommodation. 47. Presses should be provided wherever practicable, in order that rooms may be kept as tidy as possible. STRUCTURE OP THE HOUSE. 48. In Appendix No. CXCIV. information is given in regard to tlie building materials used in various districts of Scotland. In tlie Specifications and Schedules of Quantities of the houses (Nos. CXCVI. and CXCVII. of the Appen- dices), of wliich plans are appended to the report, items are given which include the majority of the btiilding materials used throughout the country. ,49. The following description of the various parts of the structure of the houses is practically a description of the plana appended, and what it is suggested should be adopted in the various districts. Walls. ■50. In the greater part of Scotland, cavity brick, plastered on the hard, or solid stone walls, strapped, lathed, and plastered, must be used. In some districts, where brickworks are remote, the cost of a 21 -inch stone wall is found to be a.s cheap as that of a 9-inch brick wall. 51. In a few districts, principally in the north-west of Scotland, in Orkney and Shetland, and in some of the Western Islands, solid concrete walls can, where sand and gravel are available, be built cheaper than those of stone or brick. 52. In Scotland generally, except in specially sheltered places, a 9-inch brick wall, unless strapped, lathed, and plastered, will not be found weatherproof. 53. Stone Walls.— The walls should be bmlt 18 to 21 inches thick in preference to 24 inches thick, as by adopt- Mr J. Wilson — continued. ing this thickness there is less chance of packing with shivers, and a more solidly-built wall is obtained. This wall should be built of random rubble, trowel-pointed on the outside, and on the inside strapped, lathed, and plas- tered, or grounded and covered with wood lining or some composite boarding. 54. In some districts it is customary to whitewash the external face of the walls, and in other districte to finish them in rough-cast. 55. Brick Walls. — WJiere 12-inch cavity walls are used, these should be formed of two 4J-inch brick, with a 3-inch cavity, and galvanised iron ties binding the walls together. In tlie building of the hollow walls care must be taken that no lime is left lying on the metal ties, and that the channel at the foot of the cavity is thoroughly cleaned out at the completion of the work. The cavity must not on any account be ventilated, as the admission of air is liable to produce condensation on the face of the plaster on the inside wall. 56. The walls should be rough-ca.st or skimmed with cement on the outside face, and plastered on the inside face of the cavity built wall. If a 9-inch solid brick wall is built, it should be strapped, lathed, and plastered on the inside and rough-cast on the outside, except in the case of small outbuildings where, if plaster or cement are used, these can be placed directly on the inside face of the wall. In out-buildings it is usual either to point the external face of the brickwork or skim it with cement. A 9-inch solid wall, strapped, lathed, and plastered on the inside, is dearer than a cavity brick wall plastered on the hard inside. 57. Instead of carrying the last coat of the rough-cast on the walls down to the ground level, the part of the walls between the ground floor window-sills and ground is sometimes finished smooth in cement and tarred or built in pressed brick. 58. In the past blaize bricks have not been found very satisfactory where rough-cast. The rough-cast does not seem to adhere properly to these walls. A clay brick is, as a rule, more satisfactory. 59. Concrete Walls.— The best type of concrete wall is built of two thicknesses of concrete blocks with a cavity between of 3 hiches, and bound together with galvanised iron ties. A convenient size of block is 32 inches by 9 inches by 4J inches thick. The outside face of the outer block can be finished rough and covered with rough-cast, or cast with an artificial rook finish. The plaster is applied directly to the inside face of the wall. 60. A cavity wall of concrete is never so satisfactory as one of brick, as the former absorbs water much more readily than the latter. 61. If the walls are built solid they will require to be at least 10 to 12 inches thick, formed either of blocks in courses or in situ by means of boarding. The use of blocks is a much more satisfactory method than forming a concrete wall in one continuous slab by means of board ing. The economy of the latter type of oonstniction depends largely upon suitable materials being easily obtainable and upon skilled labour being available. In buildings of this kind, however, there is a risk of settle- ment and fracture due to careless and hurried construction. The inside of the walls should be strapped, lathed, and plastered. 62. In the north-west of Scotland, in Orkney and Shetland, and in the Western Islands, which are all remote from brickworks, concrete walls will be cheaper to build than those of brick or stone when there are suitable materials at hand. In Shetland there are many houses built of solid concrete walls. When the walls of a house are harled, the lintels, sills, and steps may be of cast concrete. 63. Chimney flues should be pargetted, but if not done properly soot will come through the lime joints and blacken the plaster walls. Fireclay vent linings may be used, but are slightly more expensive. They give, however, a better result. FOtFNDATIONS. 64. The foundations of the houses may be of stone, brick, or concrete. The solum underneath the floor should be covered with a layer of, asphalt or cement concrete laid on the ground after the black soil has been removed, for the prevention of damp and vermin getting into tlie houses. Gravel and ashes are also used for the same ROYAL COMMISSIOIi ON HOUSING IN SCOTLAND. Mr J. Wilson — continued. purpose, but are not so efEective. In some cases, after the ground has been prepared, it is only sprayed with tar. 65. A damp-proof course of slates and cement, stone slabs, or patent asphalt felt should be laid over aU the foundation walls about 4 inches above the finished level of the ground. The outside face of the external foundation walls is sometimes tarred. 66. In some districts where the subsoil is of gravel and sand it has been found unnecessary to cover the solum, or even to provide a damp-proof course, though it is unwise to omit the latter. Finish of the Intbbnal Surface of the Waijm. 67. Where the plaster is put directly on the walls, two coats will be found sufiScient. Where walls are strapped, and in the case of ceilings, three coats will be necessary. Two coats of plaster on brick walls are quite .sufficient. There are now certain forms of patent quick-setting and drying plaster manufactured and sent out in bags ready for use. The cost of this plaster is slightly dearer than that of ordinary plaster, but the durability and fuiisli of the former is much superior to that of the latter. 68. Fibrous plaster sheets are sometimes used in place of lime plaster. The joints are filled with plaster of Paris, and then the whole surface is given a coat of Keene's cement or hard plaster. 69. In certain northern djstricts it is often impossible to obtain good plaster worfe;, and walls are finished in asbestos or other composition sheeting. The only objec- tion to this class of material is in regard to the joints. Probably the best method of overcoming the difficulty is to fix a small half-round wooden bead over the joint. 70. Wood lining has been used in many cases, and where the houses have been well kept it has proved quite satis- factory. There is, however, always a danger from vermin lodging in the joints which open up through shrinkage of the material. 71. In various coast towns in Aberdeenshire and further north, where sea sand is used for internal plaster work, it has been found that plaster cannot be placed on the hard wall because of the " bloom " or efflorescence which appears on the face of the plaster wall. This Ls the result of the salt in the sand. If strapped and lathed wooden partitions are used, this trouble can be partially over- come. 72. The angle at the ceiling can be rounded or a small cove and fillet formed. A picture moulding should be fixed to the wall about 1 foot from the ceiling. This avoids nails for pictures being driven into the plaster. Roofs. 73. The cheapest method of constructing the roofs is to carry purlins on the internal gables and partitions, sup- ported at the corners by piend rafters or stmts. On these are carried light rafters, boarding, and felt. In some cases felt is omitted, and in others waterproof building paper is substituted. Roop CovERiNas. 74. The roof coverings to be adopted depends on the district. (1) Slates. — Where easily procured, slates will be found to be the most satisfactory of roof coverings. Where houses have had to be built economically, Welsh slates seem to have been used all over Scotland. There are, however, good slate quarries in certain districts of Scotland which supply slates of a better texture and colour than those from Wales. Small-sized and thick slates are to be preferred to large-sized and thin slates, and should be laid with an average cover of from 2 to 2J inches. In the north of Scotland, Caithness slates are used, but their weight entails a stronger roof than for ordinary slates. The Caithness slates are found to be more brittle and more susceptible to the changes of weather than ordinary slates. 7.5. (2) Tiles. Pantiles. — It appears that pantiles are at present only made in one district of Scotland. These at one time were made in various parts, and are to be seen on many old houses throughout the country. Where bedrooms are immediately under the roof it may be found Mr J. Wilson — continued. necessary to lay boarding and felt in addition to fillets under the tQes, as these are somewhat porous, though it is claimed that felt laid on the rafters without boarding is sufficient in normal cases. Another method is to use lath and plaster immediately under the tiling fillets in place of boarding and felt. Pantiles, made in England, may be used, as these are much cheaper than flat tiles. 76. Flat Tiles. — As these are made almost entirely in England, they are, because of their expense, seldom used for working-class houses in Scotland. 77. (3) Asbestos Slates. — Asbestos slates are made in two colours, red and blue. As these are light in weight, the roof timbers can be made lighter than for slates. Though the colour and the texture of these slates are not so satisfactory as those of ordinary slates or tiles, they have proved very satisfactory in exposed situations. 78. (4) Concrete Roofs. — Flat roofs of breeze concrete covered with limmer asphalt are favoured in some parts of the country. It is maintained that these cost much the same as a roof framed in wood and covered with slates. The advantage tliey have over slated or tiled roofs is that they are less costly in upkeep. They are, however, rather unsightly. 79. (.5) In Shetland and the Western Islands the roofs of many small houses are covered with tarred felt. This covering is not satisfactory, and in some eases asbestos slates have been substituted later. 80. (6) Galvanised cornigated iron sheeting is sometimes used for roofs, but is rather unsightly. It is costly to maintain if in the vicinity of a town because of the effect of smoke on it 81. Plumber iVorkofRoof. — Cast-iron half-round 4J-inch eaves gutters, with 3-inch down pipes carried direct to drain, are generally used. I^inc is used for ridges, and lead ' flashings at chimney stalks are only used where necessary, as a cement fillet or water table formed at the foot of the stalk will be found sufficient in many cases. The roof- lights should be of iron. Floors. 82. Concrete Floors. — Tlie floors of the scullery, larder, coal-place, and, if placed off the scullery, the bathroom and water-closet, should be laid with concrete. These floors should be laid on a bed of broken stones, blinded and covered with a half-incli coat of asphalt. Tlie asphalt keeps any ground damp from rising through the concrete. In certain circumstances the asphalt may be dispensed with. An impervious tiled floor Ls sometimes preferred for the scullery, but the cost is considerably more than for concrete. 83. Wood Floors. — In all apartments on the ground floor, with the exception of those for which concrete floors have been recommended, |-inch boarded floors are gener- ally used. Where a good-sized scuUery is provided, the floor of the living-room can safely be made of wood. Linoleum and waxcloth are often laid on the flooring, and though these may be partly the cause of dry-rot, it is usually the result of inadequate ventilation under the floor and of the soaking in of water at the joints under the floor coverings when floors are washed. The linoleum or waxcloth should never be washed, but only mopped over with a damp cloth. 84. A common practice is to lay flooring boards in pitch directly on breeze concrete, which gives a hold for the nails. There is greater danger of dry-rot affecting this form of floor when it is covered with linoleum or waxcloth, as the flooring is completely isolated from the air. 85. Eveiy precaution should be taken to guard against the occurrence of dry-rot. It is essential that adequate cross ventilation should be provided under all wood floors, also that all shavings and waste wood should be removed from under the floors. Ventilation gratings on one side of a house are not sufficient, and it may be necessary to use drain pipes under concrete floors to obtain cross ven- tilation. The joists should not be built sohdly into the walls, and wall plates should always be placed above the damp-proof course. 86. The floors of bedrooms on the first floor do not require, as a rule, to be deafened, but if such is found necessary, lime riddlings should not be used. A better method is to lay an inodorous felt on the joists, then nail a fillet 1 inch thick and the width of the joists on the top before the flooring is laid. APPENDICES. Mr J. Wilson — continued. Windows. 87. Sash Windows. — The sasli window ih the usual form adopted all over tlie country. These should be made to open at the top and the bottom, and should be placed not more than 12 inches from the ceiling, in order that the upper as well as the under portion of the room may be ventilated. Tlie windows on all upper floors should be fitted with an apparatus to allow of them being opened inwards to facilitate cleaning. A hinged draught board fixed to the sill will allow of tlio bottom sash being opened for ventilation at the meeting raiLs. 88. Casement Windowt. — Casement windows are simpler in construction than sa-sh windows, but these, if of wood, have not, as a nilo, proved satisfactory in exposed ■situa- tions. Metal easements on account of their cost cannot be used. DOOES. 89. Entrance doors are usually framed and lined IJ inches thick. Interior doors may also be framed and lined, or lined with back bars litted with rim locks and latches. Where economy is not of so much moment, panelled doors may be used, but those of inferior quality are not so satisfactory as the doors mentioned above. 90. All door furnishings «hould be of galvanised or lacquered metal to avoid the labour of polishing. Door handles, if used in place of latches, may be of cocos wood. Domestic Hot-Watee Supply. 91. Wherever there is a gravitation supply of water available, it is advisable, even in small hou.ses, to instal a domestic hot-water system. In the plans appended to the report, the kitchen range, washing boiler, bath and sink have been arranged for the minimum length of piping. The use of galvanised iron, lead, or copper piping depends on tlie hardness or softnass of the water. 92. A range with a largo oven at one side and a low fire at the other has proved satisfactory for the living-room. The low fire gives those sitting around it the advantages of a room fire. The high-pressure boiler is placed behind the fire, which can be closed over when heat is desired for hot water or cooking. The circulating tank can be placed on the kitclien wall, preferably in the upper part of the wall-press in the chimney gable. The tank can be made 9 inches wide and 30 inches square. This size of tank can easily hold twenty-five gallons, and leave sufficient space at the top for the ball-cock on the cold-water supply pipe. Pipes can be led from the tank to the bath and sink in the scuUery. If desired, a con- nection can be made to the washing boiler. By this arrangement an economical system of domestic hot-water supply can be installed. 93. Hand-fed side boilers in ranges should not, as a rule, be used, as these are of small capacity and often prove unsatisfactory. Hot-water pipes are generally exposed, and should always be placed so as to be easily accessible. Watbr-Supply. 94. If available, public water-supplies should be made use of. In country districts not within a special water district, the cost of forming a deep weU is prohibitive, unless there are a considerable number of houses. 95. Shallow weUs are often the only source of supply for crofter and farmhouses. These are lifible to polution from surface impurities when near houses or cesspits. These welLs should be lined with brick or salt-glazed fireclay pipes, 1 foot 6 inches or 2 feet in diameter, to a sufficient depth, and the top protected by a wall of concrete 9 inches thick and about 2 feet 6 inches above the ground level. The inner lining should be brought to the top of the wall sur- rounding the well. 96. When necessary, clay puddling free from stones and not less than 6 inches thick can be put between the well lining and the soil to keep the surface water from percolating through the lining. The well should be covered with l|-inch tongued and grooved redwood lining bolted to the waUs. The suction and overflow pipes should be Mr J. Wilson — continued, fixed in the walls, and the former should have a strainer on the end. The pump should always discharge outside the well. Pumps are sometimes bought in quantities from the makers by Local Authorities and sold at cost price to those requiring them. 97. A concrete or galvanised iron tank is often provided to catch the rain-water from the roof. If this tank is placetl at the back of the house and kept at a sufficient height a pipe can bo led to the sink in the scuUery, as shown on some of the plans appended to this report. It is advisable to place a tray covered with a layer of sand on the top of the tank. By this means the rain water is filtered before it enters the tank. This water should, however, be only used for washing purposes. Drainage. 98. Whenever possible a site for a house should be chosen where a gravitation water-supply and a sewer are avail- able. Though the site with these facilities will be dearer to feu than one without them, it will be found more economical, as a rule, to choose the fonner, as the cost of obtaining water and disposing of the sewage is always considerable on the latter site. The ground, where pos- sible, should have a fall from the house to the garden. 99. Where no sewer is available there are various methods of disposing of the slop water : — (1) The slop water can be run in a pipe to a pit filled with loose stones, and sometimes called a rummel. This water will then percolate through the soil. (2) If the garden is large, the slop water may be dis- charged over a certain area of the garden and allowed to irrigate over the soil. This method will not be successful if the ground is of peat or hard clay. Clay can, however, be made porous by the addition of ashes, (3) If there are a number of houses the soil and waste pipas should be led to a septic tank and the effluent run into a stream or ditch. 100. Great care should be taken in selecting a site for cesspools, etc., in relation to the welLs in order to avoid surface contamination. The drainage should be taken to a point below the water-yielding stratum. 101. The cesspool system without an outlet where the slop w'ater is led into a watertight chamber does not in practice work very satisfactorily. The tank may in a few days become full and require to be emptied. It is better to ado])t one of the systems mentioned above. 102. The guUey trap placed outside the back door is an objectionable method of disposing of slop water. The water, as a nile, is thrown over the ground surrounding the trap, which, if not cemented over, becomes saturated, and an offensive odour is given off. The trap itself also tends to become foul. Sanitary Fittings. 103. Water-CloseU.—'Y\iof.e on the wash-down principle should always be used. The combination type with the flusli cistern at the level of the seat is frequently used where sufficient headroom for the cistern is not obtain- able. It is a curious fact that the standard type of water-closet basin is still made too high for the use of adults. 104. BdJfe*.— There are various porcelain - enamelled cast-iron baths of a very moderate price on the market. These should always be used in preference to enamel- painted baths, as the extra cost wQl give greater economy later, and will not only prove more satisfactory but will involve practically no expenditure in upkeep. 105. Baths are often used for washing clothes, and only jiorcelain enamel will resist the action of certain chemicals used in washing. 106. All fittings should be of a standard type, so that they can be easily renewed when necessary. Painter Woek. 107. The walls should be treated with a water paint and the ceilings distempered. The wood-work finishings may be stained and varnished. Oil-painting is more satisfactory, but of course it means extra cost. The outside wood and iron work should be treated with oil-paint. ROYAL COMMISSION ON HOUSING IN SCOTLAND. Mr J. Wilson — continued. Enolosfre ov Sitk and Formation or Roads AND Paths. 108. The area of ground proposed for each block of two cottages varies from one-sixth to one-eighth of an acre, and for each block of four-flatted houses about one-fifth of an acre. 109. These areas are exclusive of roads and footpaths, and are the plots of ground enclosed by the boundary fences round the blocks. In the cost of the houses, sparred wooden fencing about 3 feet 6 inches high and a wood gate have been included. A path of stone bottom- ing, finished with ashes, from the entrance gate to the main door and round the house, has also been in- cluded. 110. The roadways are taken 40 feet wide between the front garden fences. The carriage-way is 16 feet wide, with a 6-feet footpath and a 6-feet gra.ss verge on either side of the carriage-way. The carriage-way is of 9-inch stone bottoming, and finishefl on the top with a 4-inch layer of whinstone, well blinded and rolled. The channel is of two rows of setts, and the kerb is formed of railway sleepers. The footpaths are of 4-inch stone bottoming, consoUdated and blinded, and finished with a 3-inch layer of clean engine ashes, watered and rolled. 111. If the carriage-way was finished with a 3i-inch layer of tar macadam in place of a 4-inch layer of whin- stone, blinded and rolled, the initial cost would be a little more, but in the cost of upkeep a considerable economy would be effected. The road, in addition, would be practically dustless, as would not be the case with the water-bound road. The cost of the paths and roadway is included in the price of the houses. 112. To obtain a certain amount of privacy in the garden, the fencing can be assisted by planting hedges of privet or common elder. Selection and Lay-out op Sites. 113. In selecting sites for houses, the following points should be kept in mind : — (1) They should, as far as possible, be level, to avoid underbuilding. (2) They should not be too far from the place where the prospective tenants are employed. (3) They should have drainage, water, and lighting facilities. (4) They should not be too near underground workings or of a low-lying nature. 114. In regard to lay-out, the further points should be kept in view : — (1) The necessity for town-planning the whole area before any houses are erected. (2) The number of houses to the acre. (3) The position and width of roads. (4) The aspect of the houses in relation to wind and sun. Cost of Building. 115. In order to ascertain the cost of building the cottages, flatted houses, and special houses as shown on the plans appended to this report, tlie cottage house " C " and the double-flatted house " F " were carefully measured and detailed scliedules prepared. The schedules were sent to various burghs and districts in Scotland, and were priced by reliable persons at the normal rates prevailing at July 1914. 116. In this manner the cost of the cottage houses " C," and the double-flatted houses " F," in forty-seven different burghs and districts, was obtained. The cube rates of these houses are a fair average for both types, as the houses larger or smaller than those for which prices were obtained by schedules do not vary sufficiently in size to make any appreciable difference in the cube rate. The cost of the other houses was thus obtained by applying the cube rate of either the cottage or the double-flatted houses. The result of these investi- gations is given in Appendix No. CXCV. 117. Though all the types of houses are not perhaps strictly applicable to every burgh and district, it was thought advisable to give the cost of all the cottages, flatted houses, and hostels for every locality dealt with. Mr J. Wilson — continued. • In country districts where no gravitation water-supply is available, the cost is given for cottage " D " and hostel " M," which are ])lanned to meet this deficiency. 118. In every case the cost of one house is given, except in " J," where the cost is given for the block of four farm- servants' houses. 1 19. The rate in pence per cubic foot is stated in eacli case in the column preceding that in which the total cost of the house is given. 120. In the large majority of places brick has been found cheaper than stone for the erection of the houses, but where stone is cheaper this has been stated. 121. Cavity walls built of concrete blocks have not been found to be cheaper in cost than those oi brick. This may, however, be due to a lack of knowledge of the making of concrete blocks. 122. In the cost of each house the drainage, water- supply, fencing, footpaths, roadway, and sewer have been included. The only items not included are the cost of land, architect's and surveyor's fees. 123. In every case the cost of a double-flatted house is cheaper than that of a cottage house of the same accom- modation and practically the same superficial floor area. On an average, the difference between the two rates is a little less than a jienny per cubic foot. The cube rate of the cottage is based on the price of semi-detached cottages. If a block of four cottages was built, the cube rate of the two intermediate cottages would possibly be, on an average, about one-fifth of a penny less in cost. 124. If the cost of the floor area af double-flatted and cottage houses be compared, it will be found that the cost of the former varies from 6|d. to lOd. per superficial foot less than that for the latter. 12,5. Three examples are given below of the estimated cost of houses built (a) close to a large city, (6) near a populous town, and (c) in a country district : — District. Cottage C. Cost per Super- ficial Foot of Floor Area. Double- flatted House F. Co-st per Super- ficial Foot of Floor Area. Glasgow Dunfennhne District . Kirkcudbright County a. d. 6 6J 7 U 10 3 s. d. .5 Hi 6 8J 9 5J ■ 126. Anyone With a knowledge of tradesmen's estimates is aware that there is often a wide divergence between the prices obtained for the same building. Consistent pricing is extremely difficult to obtain in any part of the country, except where a ring among contractors has been formed. The rates on which the prices for the various houses were based are, as far as ascertainable, the average normal rates in the district. On examining the priced schedules, it was evident that the pricing on the whole had been done verjr carefully all over the country. 127. li forty or more houses were erected at one time, there may be a reduction in cost of about 2 per cent. It is doubtful, however, if any but large contractors will be able to make this reduction, as it is a question of using available building plant, and the appUcation of good business methods to the work in the course of erection. 128. In arriving at the cost of houses for farm-servants, crofters, and smallholdei-s, no allowance has been made for the fact that cartage of materials and excavations are often done by the tenant, that quanies are sometimes free on estates, and sandpits readily available at normal rates. These facilities will considerably reduce the costs stated in Appendix No. CXCV. 129. The information given in Appendix No. CXCIV. will partly help to explain the reasons for the wide divergence of prices in various parts of the country. The rate of wages, the cost of cement and bricks, the distance stone, sand, lime and slates have to be conveyed, are but some of the factors to be considerexl in the question of cost. 130. Take, for example, the cost of building in Peter- head and Fraserburgh. These two towns are only about 16 miles apart, yet the cost of building in the latter is APPENDICES. Mr J. WiUon — continued. considerablj' great^^r than in the former. Though wages are practically the same in botli places, cement and bricks are dearer in the latter. Stone is scarce, and has to be brought a distance of 12 miles at Fra.serburgh in place of 4 miles at Peterhead. Plumber work for some reason is much more expensive in Fras<'rburgh than in Peterhciul. These art> some of the factors which go to make building dearer in Fraserburgh than in Peterhead. 131. The cost of building in Jedburgh and Hawick, two towns about 12 miles apart, also varies considerably. Though wages are the same, and the price of bricks and cement is equal, yet the Jedburgh prices are much highej' than those of Hawick. In Jedburgh the personal factoi' seems to account for the higher rate, as it is understood that Hawick tradesmen if allowed to compete for work in Jedburgh can estimate cheaper than the Jedburgli tradesmen. The main difference is in the cost of stor.e and brickwork, both of which, as a rule, cost more to build in Jedburgh than in Hawick. The output of work varies considerably in different districts. This has a considerable effect on the cost of building. 132. The following tables show the percentage of the total cost of the erection of cottages and double-flatted houses respectively that is applicable to each of the trades represented in the building of such houses. In arriving at the total cost, an average has teen taken of the costs of the erection of such houses, (a) close to a large city, (6) near a populous town, and (c) in a country district : — Table I. Table 11. Per- Per- Cottages. centage of Whole Double-flatted Houses. centage of Whole Work. Woik. Mason and brick- Mason and brick- works, includ- works, includ- ing excava- tions, roads. mg excava- tions, roads. sewer, and sewer, and grates Carpenter, joiner, and glazier Slater and harler . 40-2 28-5 7-4 grates Carpenter, joiner, and glazier Slater and harler . 39-5 290 6-9 Plumber 15-2 Plumber 15'2 Plasterer 5-4 Plasterer r,-H Painter 3-3 Paint«r 3-6 1000 1000 Architect's and Surveyor's Fees. 133. Architect's fees are charged at the rate of 5 per cent, on the cost of the house. This fee includes for the work necessary in the preparation of the plans and specifications, also for the supervision of the building during erection, etc. If the plans and specification are only prepared, the usual charge is 2^ per cent. In housing schemes tliis fee will only be charged on " type " houses ; but if a number of houses of one type of plan are built, then the fee is a matter of arrangement between the architect and the client. 134. Surveyor's fees are charged at the rate of IJ per cent, for the measuring of the plans. The printing of the schedules of quantities being an additional charge. If a number of houses of one type of plan are built, then the fee is a matter of arrangement, as in the case of the architect. Increased Cost op Building. 135. During the last ten years there has been a steady increase in the cost of building. It is difficult, if not impossible, to obtain exact infonnation as to the per- centage of increase in each district from 1904 to July 1914. So many local factors govern prices in each district. Mr J. Wilson — continued. Tradesmen may have been busy or otherwise, materials may or may not have been easily obtained at the time of estimating, and labour troubles may have existed or been anticipated. All these factors and many others affect prices. 136. It is estimated that during the last decade before July 1914, the increased cost of building in Scotland has been a little over 20 per cent. Of this percentage of increase, it is certain that the main increase is due to the rise in the cost of both raw and manufactured materials. The rise in the price of certain manufactured materials was quite legitimate, as irresponsible competition had teen the means of cutting the prices too low for a reason- ablo profit to the manufacturer. It is open to doubt, liowever, if the prices obtained for other materials produced by manufacturers, who have formed rings among them- selves, are fair. The restricted outjut of work has also contributed to this increase of cost. 137. Since July 1914 the increased cost of building has risen steadily. The principal increases are (1) in joiner work, due to rise in the price of wood ; (2) in plumter work, due to rise in the price of metals ; (3) in painter work, due to rise in the price of white lead ; (4) in cement work, due to rise in the price of cement ; and (5) in lateur, duo to the rise in wages. 138. In normal oases, mason, plaster, and slater works have not increased much in price, except where bricks are used entirely for walls and partitions. If cement is used largely on a building, this will increase the cost con- siderably. Of course, in districts where stone, brick, lime, cement, or slates, etc., have to be conveyed from a dista-nce, the present restricted transit facilities all over the coimtry have caused a considerable increase in cost. 139. It appears from information obtained that the increase in the cost of building since July 1914 is, on an average, from 25 per cent, to 30 per cent. In some districts it is nearer 40 per cent., and in districts in the north and north-west the increase is at least 50 per cent. These increases in cost will rise still further. Prices may be reduced after the war, but it is doubtful if they will te reduced to the rate prevailing at July 1914 for a considerable period, if ever. The Price of Building Sites. 140. In Appendix No. CXCIV. the feuing rates in various burghs and districts are given. These figures may te taken as representing the value of land as undeveloped, ■ though some of the high figures may be subject to certain deductions on this account. In the burghs the feu-duties, excluding those in the larger cities, vary from about £10 to £30. The average for twenty-four burghs works out . at nearly £20 an acre per annum. In the county districts the feu-duties vary from ateut £8 to £27, 10s. The average for twenty-three districts works out at practically £13 an acre per annum. 141. In all royal burghs land on burgage tenure is common. This is practically equivalent to freehold. Owners of tliis land have now power to grant it in feu, and in many cases this has been done. 142. In certain southern districts of Scotland the ground is freehold, but the price is not excessive. 143. In other parts, especially on the north-east coast of Scotland, the ground is leasehold. Building leases are given for ninety-nine years and mider. In the old burgh of Wick all building sites were leasehold until 1883. Since that date the feuing system has teen substituted by the proprietor, and the ground is let at £8 an aore per annum. In Wick many of the old houses for ten years tefore the termination of the lease expired were allowed to fall into disrepair. Fortunately, this system of land tenure is not common in Scotland ; but, wherever it is found, the effect on property is what obtains in Wick. 144. The high feu-duties that obtain in certain burghs are often due to natural and artificial difficulties of exten- sions, e.g. the sea or hilly ground in the first case, and railways or land monopoly in the second case. 145. Where a single proprietor or land company have a monopoly of the land, the groimd rents are often high. These have often been doubled in recent years, and are a fair index of the growth of the community. 146. In the large burghs, tenement building is respon- 10 ROYAL COMMISSIOlf ON HOUSING IN SCOTLAND. Mr J. Wilson — continued. sible for the high feuing rates, and in small burghs, where there are many villa residences, the biulding of these is often the cause of the rise in the feuing rates. These causes keep the feuing rate high for workmen's houses. Of course, it can be argued that high feuing rates are responsible for the building of tenements in the one case and of villa residences in the other. In the past, superiors have often held their land until they could get the highest possible price. 147. The feuing system, however, is superior to the lease- hold system that is common in England. Owners cannot be expected under the latter tenure to maintain their property in habitable order for the last few years of the lease. 148. The influence of the cost of land on the cost of the house is not so great as is commonly supposed, except, of course, in the case of exorbitant feuing rates. There are various factors that influence the cost of the house or the rent at which it can be let. These factors are as follows : The great increase in the cost of materials in recent years, the rates, the rate of interest, the nature of the site, the remoteness from works and railways, and the cost of the land. 149. The cost of land is only one, and by no means the principal, factor. If the rate of interest is raised 1 per cent, on a £200 house, the rent will be increased £2 ; but the difference between cheap and dear land will only amount to halt or three-quarters of this sum. If land can be obtained at £10 an acre for cottages, and at £15 to £20 an acre for double-fladed houses, these rates will not impede building. Where land can be bought from £200 to £250 an acre, it will be fomid that the loan charges for, say, eighty years, are equal to a very moderate feuing rate. At the end of the loan period the land belongs to the purchaser without further payment, which would not be the case if it had been feucd at the same rate. 150. The chief problem in housingihas been, and will be, the high and increasing cost of building and the increasing difficulties with labour. Relaxation and Amendment of Building Byelaws. 151. In burghs and districts where the building regula- tions of the Burgli Police (Scotland) Act do not apply, one is struck with the " jerry " nature of many of the dwelling-houses erected. On the other hand, building regulations may be relaxed in one or two respects, in order that the cost of construction may be cheapened. 152. The following relaxations may with advantage be made on existing building regulations : — Height of Ceilings. (1) Section 172 of the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1892, provides that in new houses the height of ceilings on the ground floor shall be at least 9 feet 6 inches, and on the other floors, except attics, at least 9 feet. (2) This section of the Act was ostensibly framed to meet the case of tenement buildings of three, four, and more storeys in height, and should not apply to cottage or double- flatted houses. (3) In the plans of the houses appended to the report, the height of the ground floor ceilings is shown 8 feet 6 inches, and that of the bedrooms is shown 8 feet. If the bedrooms are attic rooms, i.e. rooms constructed partly or wholly above the level of the eaves of the roof, then the height should be at least 8 feet from the floor to the ceiling through not less than one-half of the area of the room, and should at no part thereof be less than 5 feet in height. It is suggested that these heights are ample if the rooms of the houses described in the report are properly ventilated. Thickness of External Walls. 153. In cottages and flatted houses of not more than two storeys in height, the present regulations may be relaxed to allow : — • (1) Of hollow-brick walls of two 4J-inch bricks with a 3-inch space between, and tied together with galvanised iron ties. The outside of such walls to be built of a facing brick or rough-cast with cement, and the inside of such walls plastered on the hard— not less than \ inch thick. Mr J. Wilson — continued. (2) Of 9-inch solid brick rough-cast on the outside, and strapped, lathed, and plastered on the inside. Party Walls. 154. (1) In cottages and flatted houses of not more than two stories in height, all internal party walls should be solid, and of a thickness of not less than 9 inches. (2) It is provided in Schedule 4 of the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1892, that all party walls must be carried through the roof, and finished with a skew. This is not necessary if the roofing material is bedded securely on the walls to form an effective fireproof barrier. Amendment of Building Byelaws. 155. The statutory provisions should be amended so that Local Authorities in every part of the country shall have power to enforce : — (1) The submission of suitable building plans for the approval of the Local Authority prior to the commence- ment of the work. (2) That all walls, external or internal, floors, roofs, and -all concrete, timber, stone, brick, and iron work, forming part of the structure of a building, shall be of sufficient quality, strength, and stability, and to the • satisfaction of the Local Authority. (3) That no new house shall be occupied until a certificate of fitness for occupancy has been given by the Local Authorities' officers. (4) Where a suitable water-supply is available, the introduction of water into dwelling-houses. (5) The provision of a separate water-closet or earth- closet for every dwelling-house. (6) The provision of a scullery, in addition to a kitchen or living-room. (7) The provision of washing accommodation either in the scullery or elsewhere for every dwelling-house of the cottage or double-flatted house types. (8) The provision of a small larder press or cupboard properly ventilated to the outside. (9) The provision of a coal-house for every dwelling- house. (10) The provision of a damp-proof course in every wall, dwarf wall, and partition wall of a building of such suit- able material as shall be approved by the Local Authority, and that the solum imder the building, if found necessary, shall be covered with a layer of asphalt, cement, or other suitable material, to their satisfaction. (11) That bed recesses shall be prohibited. (12) That the placing* of plaster on the solid external wall of any habitable apartment shall be prohibited. 156. Matters cannot be put right until all Local Authori- ties are bound to make building byelaws to be confirmed by the Local Government Board. Of course, in special cases the Local Authorities should be given powers to relax these conditions subject to the approval of the Local Government Board. The Pinancb of Housing Schemes. 157. In fixing the rents to be charged for houses, no profit to owners has been allowed in the following charges, as it has been assumed that only Local Authorities can build smaller working-class houses without profit to themselves : — (1) Interest. — The rate of interest varies from time to time, and is defined by a Treasury Minute. The rate of interest for loans granted under the Housing Acts to Local Authorities by the Public Works Loan Board at the present time is 4J per cent, for any period. In all probability, this rate will not be reduced for a long period and, in consequence, the rent charges have been based on the present rate of interest. (2) Sinking Fund. — The amount which must be set aside for this fund varies with the period for_ which the loan is obtained. 158. For housing loans, sixty years for buildings and eighty years for land are regarded as the normal periods. ■ 159. The following table shows of how little advantage it is to a Local Authority, or to any person who desires to borrow for housing purposes, to extend the period of repayment beyond forty or fifty years. The table shows the repayment of a loan of £100 at 4J per cent, in eflual APPENDICES. 11 Mr J. WiUon — continued. annual payments of principal and interest combined for a number of years : — £ s. d. 10 years 12 12 9 20 „ ■ . 7 13 !) 30 , 6 2 9 40 „ ..... 588 50 „ 5 12 60 70 80 90 100 4 16 11 4 14 4 4 12 9 4 11 9 4 11 1 Loans for 60 years 80 „ 160. Loans are usually obtained on the annuity system ; and the annual payments to be made in respect of loans for sixty and eighty years under the Housing Acts to Local Authorities are as follows : — Equal Annual Paj'ments of Principal and Interest at 4J per cent, for each £100 on the Annuity System. £ s. d. 4 16 11 4 12 9 161. The respective annual amounts for sinking fund contained in the above sums are : — (1) For a sixty years' loan, 6s. lid. for each £100 ; and (2) For an eighty years' loan, 2s. 9d. for each £100. 162. (3) Rates. — Owners' rates (poor rates and burgh or county rates) must be included in the rent charges. These vary so much in different parts of the country that it is only possible to take an average rate in the following tables of rental. Occupiers' rates have not been included in the rental. 163. (4) Taxes.- — Property or income-tax is levied on the annual rental of property. It is a tax on ownership, and Local Authorities must pay this imperial tax on the rental of property, less owners' rates, and one-sixth of the rental in respect of repairs, etc. The tax is, however, recoverable to the amount of the taxes on the interest charges for the loan on the property. If these charges equal or exceed the amount of the net assessable rental, the whole tax will be recoverable. The Inland Revenue Authorities, of course, draw a distinction between interest and sinking fund charges, as the latter is a repayment of capital. The recovery of the tax is effected by Local Authorities from the Inland Revenue Authorities by the production of a certificate from the Public Works Loan Board certify- ing the amount paid in interest charges for the loan. To avoid recovery proceedings, a simple arrangement would be to levy the tax on the difference between the net assessable rentals and the interest charges of the loan where the former is the greater. The property tax on Local Authorities' housing schemes will be very small, as these show practically no profit when interest charges have been met. 164. (5) Fire Insurance. — This must be allowed for at the usual rate of Is. 6d. per £100. It is maintained by some that as a building cannot be entirely destroyed by fire, only 75 per cent, of the total cost should be insured. In the following tables of rental the full cost of the house has been taken. 165. (6) Repairs and Maintenance. — If the officials of a Local Authority manage the property, 1\ per cent, of the annual rental seems sufficient. Private owners usually allow 10 per cent, for this work, but opinions vary con- siderably as to the charge. Care should be taken to earmark any surplus which is not required in the early years of the loan period for the increased cost of repairs in the later years. It will be found, generally that the main items in the annual cost of repairs are for slater, plumber, and painter works. In regard to the first two items, it is usually found that the cost of maintenance is high on work that has not in the first instance been executed substantially. 166. (7) Management and Collection of Rents. — If the officials of a Local Authority manage the property, 2J per cent, of the annual rental seems sufficient. No allowance has been made for empty houses in view of the present demand and of the distinct shortage which will exist for some years. 167. (8) Feu-duty. — As the feuing system of land Mr J. Wilson — continued. tenure is common all over Scotland, £10 an acre for cottages and £15 for flatted houses have been allowed in the tables of rental. 168. The result of these charges in terms of rental is shown in the following tables : — Example No. I : Cost of a semi-detached cottage at July 1914 :— Cost of a cottage ...... £205 Cost of roads, paths, sewer, and fencing, say . 15 Total cost, without land £220 There are fourteen cottages to the acre, including roads, at an annual feu-duty of £10 an acre. The period for repayment of loan on the cost of the house is sixty years ; interest, 4J per cent. Charges Represented in the Rental. £ s. d. Annual repayment of loan (interest and princi- pal) at 4J per cent, on the annuity system in respect of the cost of the cottage (£220) for sixty years 10 13 2 Owners' rates (poor rate and burgh or county rate) at, say, 2s. in the £ on £14, 3s. 6d. rent 1 3 7 Taxes — Is. 3d. per £ on 14s. 8d., being the differ- ence between the interest charges (£9, 18s.) and the net assessable rental (£10, 12s. 8d.) . 11 Insurance — Is. 6d. per cent, on £200 . .030 Repairs and maintenance — 7 J percent, of rental 113 Management and collection of rents — 2J per cent, of rental 7 Feu-dutv — £10 an acre, fourteen houses per acre ' 14 3 Rent per annum £14 3 3 The rent will be r>s. 5^d. per week, or £14, 3s. 6d. per annum, exclu.sive of occupiers' rates. 1 69. The cost of roads and sewers in Local Authorities' housing schemes is often not charged directly against the schemes. Th<> charges are met out of the local rates for these services when the roads are taken over by the Local Authorities. 170. If the above-mentioned house was built at the present time, the increased cost would be at least 25 per cent, extra, or £275 in place of £220. The extra loan charge would amount to £2, 13s. 4d. The ),>roperty tax would be doubled, and all the other items of expenditure would be increased in proportion to the rise in rental. The rental necessary to meet these extra charges would require to be about £17, lis., in place of £14, 3s. 6d. The weekly rental would require to be about 6s. 9d., in place of 5s. 5Jd. 171. Example No. 2 : Cost of a flatted house in a block of four at July 1914 : — £ s. d. Cost of one flatted house . . . 180 Cost of roads, paths, sewer, and fencing . 10 Total cost, without land . £190 There are five blocks of four flatted houses, or twenty flatted houses to the acre, including roads, at an annual feu-duty of £15 an acre. Loan period and rate of interest as in Example No. 1. Charges Represented in the Rental. £ s. d. Annual repayment of loan (interest and princi- pal) at 4^' per cent, on the annuity system in ' respect of the (ost of the flatted house (£190) for sixty years 9 4 1 Ojvners' rates (poor rate and burgh or county rate) at, say, 2s. in the £ on £12, 9s. rent . 10 8 Taxes — Is. 3d. in the £ on 15s. lOd., being the difference between the interest charges (£8, lis.) and the net assessable rental (£9, 6s. lOd.) 10 Insurar.ee — Is. 6d. per cent, on £180 . .030 Repairs and maintenance — 7 J per cent, of rental 18 9 Miinagement and collection of rents- — 2 J per cent. ( f rental 6 3 Feu-duty — £15 an acre ; 20 houses per acre . 15 Rent per annum £12 8 9 12 ROYAL COMMISSION ON HOUSING IN SCOTLAND. Mr J. Wilson — continued. The rent will be 48. 9Jd. per week on £12, 9s. per annum, ea'duxive of occupiers' rates. 172. If the above mentioned house was built at the present time, the increased cost would be at least 25 per cent, extra, or £237, 10s. in place of £190. The extra loan charge would amount to £2, 6s. In order to meet all the extra charges, the rental would require to be about £15, 7r. 6d., in place of £12, 9s. The weekly rental will require to be about 5s. lid., in place of 4s. 9^. General. 173. It is false economy to save unduly in the initial outlay on the construction and materials of a building, as the result is certain to be increased expense in main- tenance. A house shoiUd remain in a good habitable condition during the period of the loan. If it does not, the rent will require to be reduced considerably, unless there is a shortage of housing accommodation in the district. 174. 'Much has been written about the desirability of wooden houses for ooimtry districts, but the advantages of brick over wooden houses are obvious : — (1) The cost of the maintenance of brick houses is less and the life is longer than for wooden bouses. (2) Money can not only be borrowed more easily for brick than wooden houses, but the loan period usually allowed for the former is sixty years as against twenty years for the latter. The loan charges at 4J per cent, on the annuity system for the former amoimt to £4, 6s. lid. for each £100, and for the latter the charges amount to £7, 138. 9d. for each £100. Mr J. Wilson — continued. (3) Fire insurance for brick houses is Is. 6d. per cent., but for wooden houses 2s. 6d. per cent, is charged. (4) The brick house is more comfortable to live in than the wooden house, and it will sell or let more easily than one of wood. 175. Standardisation. — To obtain structural economy, the cost of the houses should be reduced as much as poss- ible by paying careful attention to arrangement of plan- ning, details of construction, and type of fittings, in order that these may be standardised for the whole scheme. In this way, the sizes of doors and windows can be made uniform, the water-closet basins, baths, sinks, ranges. grates, etc., can be kept of one type, with the result that these can be ordered in large quantities at a reduced price. This docs not necessarily mean that designs should be standardised, and it is not desirable that these should be. The use of local materials, the treatment of windo^vs and roofs to meet local tratlition will give a sufficient diversity of design. 176. In conclusion, I have to thank the many architects, surveyors, and officials of Local Authorities who have given mo assistance in the preparation of this report. I am. Sir, Your obedient Servant, JOHN WILSON, F.R.I.B.A., Architectural Inspector to the Local Oove.rnment Board for Scotland, The Secretary, The Royal Commission on Housing (Scotland). 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Eh O 2 t3 •J n . 2 fl « •So" tH c I* d C o !;:« «M O o *^ . § 3 m ^ o o WW 20 ROYAL COMMISSION ON HOUSING IN SCOTLAND. APPENDIX No. CXCVI. PAPER HANDED IN BY MR J. WILSON. Question No. 43,721. ONE BLOCK OF FOUR-FLATTED HOUSES. {.Type F.) Mr J. Wilson — continued. spboificatton and bill of quantities or the several Works kequired to be executed in the Erection OF Same. Excavator, Brick and Concretob Works Specification. 1. Sand. — ^AU Band to be fine, clean, sharp pit or river sand. 2. Lime Mortar. — The lime mortar to be composed by measure of 1 ton of best fresh -burned unslaked lime shells to 3 tons of sand, mixed with fresh water. 3. Cement. — The cement to be best London Portland cement, and to comply in every respect with the terms of the British Standard Specification for Portland cement as revised to June 1907. 4. Cement Mortar. — -Cement mortar to be composed of 1 of dement to 4 of sand, or as may be otherwise described in Bill of Quantities. 5. Bricks. — The bricks to be all of the best sound, clean, well-shaped, hard-burned bricks from an approved local brickwork. All walls over 4^ inches thick to be built four courses of stretchers to one course of headers. Bill of Quantities. No. yds. Quantity. 181 18 Ft. 39 28 7 82 Ins. Description of Work. Excavations, Foundations, Brickwork, etc. Supl. stripping soil over area of buildings 9 inches deep. Cube excavation in trenches for foundations (under 3 feet deep). Note. — So much of the material from the foregoing excavations as may be required for the purpose to be filled in and well rammed next foundations on each side of walls, and the remainder to be removed and deposited round building or on site (at a distance not exceeding 50 yards from building), laid in layers, well rammed and consolidated, and sloped off as directed, and the prices to include for this. All water that may accumulate in area or trenches, drain tracks, eto. do. do. to 4 rim latches with snib and do. (prime cost, value Is. 6d. each). Windows and their Finishings. Supl. 8 cased 2-inch sash windows, with moulded and checked framing and J-inch astragals dividing each Siish into 6 panes, ca^es of 1^-inch deal, with weathered and throated sills 4 inches thick, parting beads, batten rods, etc., double hung with best quality strong hemp-sash line, best quality brass-faced axle pulleys and pulley boxes, and cast-iron or lead weights, as required for sheet glass. Supl. 6 do. do., but each sash divided into 4 panes. Supl. 8 do. do., but made in com- partments (16 compartments in all) and each sash of compartment divided into 4 panes. Note. — The batten rods of all windows to be fixed with brass screws in brass sockets. Linl. extra for plain inside plate 6 inches broad to cases at mulUons. Linl. do. for double-moulded out- side plate 6 inches broad to do. do. Linl. siUs to windows 3J inches by } inch beaded on edge, tongued into sills of oases, with bearers. 44 beaded returned ends to do., rounded on corner. Linl. small cavetto moulding planted on inside of cases to cover joining with plaster. 52 mitres to do. 52 butt do. to do. Providing and fitting on 30 pairs brass strong ring sash lifters. Do. do. 30 brass spring strong sash fasteners. Sundries. Linl. rounded fillet 1 inch by 1 inch on timber floors next plaster, with fixings (including for mitres, butts, and returned ends, etc.). Linl. do. do. on timber floor next exposed brick walls in bathrooms (do.). Linl. picture moulding to lobbies, living-rooms, and bedrooms, IJ inch by I inch, hollowed for hooks, with grounds. 92 mitres to do. 4 returned moulded ends to do. Linl. IJ-inch comer beads to angles, with fixings. Supl. J-inch shelving in larders, with framed open bracket supports and chamfered flUets at ends as required. Linl. do. do. 11 inches by } inch do. do. Lial.double-mouldedhatanficoatbelt- ing 6 inches by f inch, with fixings. No. 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 Quantity. Yds, 201 202 203 Ft. 204 205 206 207 66 41 11 Ins. 208 209 210 211 212 28 80 64 10 Description of Work. 8 returned open moulded ends to do. Providing and fitting 16 japanned malleable-iron hat and coat hooks, with screws. Supl. IJ-inch redwood deal forming cisterns, dovetailed at the comers and slip-feathered in the joints. Supl. IJ-inch do. grooved and tongued flooring forming bottom to cisterns. Linl. bearers under do. 6 inches by 2 inclies. Supl. lathing as before described, with strong bearers closing in cisterns over boilers in sculleries. Supl. lathing on underside of bearers below cisterns. Linl. IJ-inoh comer beads to angle, with fixings. 4 doors for access to cisterns from sculleries each 1 foot 6 inches by 1 foot 6 incha^inc Mining Company. 3. Lead Pipes. — All lead pipes and traps to be solid hydraulic drawn, and all joints on lead piping to be wiped solder joints. The price of all lead service, supply, waste, and venti- lating pipes, etc., to include for the requisite bends. The sizes stated for all pipes, lead or iron, are in all cases to be understood as internal diameters. 4. Caslings. — All castings to be of best quailty, sotmd and clean, free from all air holes and fla^TO, and without twist, and the price to include for all patterns required. 5. Price of Plumber Work. — The price of all plumber work to include all charges for solder, holdfasts, fixings, and every expense necessary to entirely complete the work. Bill of Quantities. No. 287 288 28d 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 23 49 17 90 171 Description of Work. Linl. No. 14 zinc covering ridges 14 inches broad, secured with strong galvanised malleable-iron straps \\ inch by f-g incTi at not more than 30l inches apart, fixed with strong lead-covered naUs. Linl. 5 lb. lead flashings to skews at chim- ney stalks 12 inches broad (copper tacked to timber plates). Linl. 5 lb. lead berges to chimney stalks 12 inches broad (do.). Linl. 5 lb. lead flashings 6 inches broad under slating at close-mitred piends, dressed into V-grooves in piend rafters. Linl. cast-iron haK-round gutters to eaves 4J inches diameter inside with bead on outer edge, of approved manufacture (medium weight), carefully jointed with red lead, and screwed together with brass bolts and nuts, and secured to the sarking every 22 inches apart, with strong galvanised iron straps 2 inches broad. Extra for 4 east-iron external square-angle pieces to do. Do. 3 drop pieces to do. Linl. cast-iron rainwater pipe 3 inches dia- meter,of approved manufacture (medium heavy), jointed with red-lead putty and hemp, and secured with strong galvan- ised malleable-iron bands batted to brickwork with lead. 3 strong -copper- wire rose gratings in eaves gutters. One 5 lb. lead flange at foot of rainwater pipe next fireclay drain. 297 298 299 300 301 Quan- tity. Ft. 79 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 Ins. Description of Work. Inside Work. Supl. 5 lb. lead lining cisterns, the lead to be fused at the joints with hydrogen blowpifw in place of being soldered. 4 IJ-inch brass ballcocks of approved pat- tern, with stopcock attached, and large strong tinned copper ball, securely fixed. 4 1-inch brass wastes and wasting washers in cisterns with piece 5 lb. lead tapered lead standing overflow pipe of the re- quired length. 4 brass valves for shutting off service from cisterns with copper wires and hooks. 4 Wash-down closets of approved manu- facture in best strong fireclay, white enamelled inside and outside, and having polished hardwood seats with seat extensions, brass hinges and india- rubber buffers, also three-gallon of gal- vanised cast-iron flushing cisterns of approved pattern, with bracket supports, brass chains, and porcelain handles, and IJ-inch bent lead service pipes from cistern to closet, secured with bands, the one at seat having rubber buffer and f-inch composition overflow pipe taken to outside, all fitted and fixed complete. 4 Cast-iron " Dwellings " baths, each 4 feet 9 inches long, 1 foot 10 inches wide, and 1 foot 4J inches deep inside, with 2J-inch roll edge, greenstone enamelled inside and on edge, and plain painted outside, set on cast-iron plain painted feet, and fitted with IJ-ineh plug waste with brass washer and chain, two J-inch brass globe valves for hot and cold water, 1^-inch glass enamelled trap, IJ-inch brass overflow connected to waste with piece-lead pipe of the neces- sary length, and porcelain enamolled cast-iron single soap-dish to fix b3tween valves, all fitted and fixed complete. 4 best quality fireclay sinks in sculleries, each 24 inches by 18 inches, by 10 inches outside size, with roll edge to front, white enamelled in the best manner on inside,rool edge and front of outside, with openings for waste gratings, and having overflow east on, all fitted and fixed complete. 4 sets stronggalvanised ironapproved pillar supports below sinks of the required size, with screwed flanged ends let into walls and concrete floors, run up with lead and securely fixed. 4 2J-inchbrassplugs,eachwithstrong chain, grating, and screwed sockets for sinks. 4 solid-drawn lead traps to sinks, each 2\ inches diameter (equal to 6 lbs. lead), with brass trap-screw. 4 lead-tapered connections from traps, etc., to sockets in bottom of sinks. 4 J-inch brass screw-down nosecocks for hot water at sinks, with "Screwed tails, couplings, and flanges. 4 J-inch do. do. on main at do. 4 cast-iron boilers in sculleries, each to contain 15 gallons, with nozzle, furnace, grate, door, damper, brander, etc., com- plete (to be buUt in by mason). 4 J-inch brass screw-down nosecocks on service pipes at do. with soldered tails. APPENDICES. 29 Mr J. Wilson — oontiniied. Mr J. Wt7«o?i— continued. No. 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 3191 320 321 322 62 20 60 85 195 323 324 88 91 325 17 326 327 328 329 330 331 174 321 Description of Work. 4 J-inoh do. draw-ofi cocks at do. with non-conducting handles and properly secured to cast-iron nozzles. 4 strong zinc-lmeed steam pipes at boilers, each about 2 feet 6 inclies long and 3 inches diameter, flanged at ends, and securely fixed. Note. — -The boilers to be of approved pattern and manufacture, and each to be made rustless on inside. Supply and Service Pipes. Linl. J-incli lead supply pipe from main in roadway to cisterns, weighing 10 lbs. per yard (taken 26 feet out from front of building). Linl. J-inch do. do. weighing 7 lbs. per yard in branches to cisterns. 1 |-inch gun-metal underground stopcock on supply pipe. 1 cast-iron stopcock case for do. with hinged lid and brick in cement-built eye complete. 1 strong malleable- iron key of the requisite length with cross handle for turning stopcock. 1 comiection of J-inch lead supply pipe to iron main, including wairant and water commissioner's charge. Linl. J-inch lead service pipes to the various fittings, weighing 10 lbs. per yard. Linl. J-inch do. do., weighing 6 lbs. per yard. Linl. carefully wrapping the lead supply and service piping iaside of buildmg, with double thickness of dry liair felt, properly secured with strong copper wire, each pipe to be wrapped separately. Hot- water Supply to Fittings. Linl. f -inch lead service pipes from cisterns to boilers, weighing 9 lbs. per yard. Linl. 1-inch galvanised wrought-iron ex- pansion and cleansingpipingwithscrewed sockets and fixings, and the price to in- clude for all fittings, such as crosses, T- pieoes, bends, laiees, etc., as may be re- quired, all to be put together with red lead and made perfectly staunch. Linl. J-inch do. cleansing pipes do. do. Note. — No bends will be allowed to be formed on the iron hot- water piping. In all cases purpose-made bends or knee pieces must be provided, and, where practicable, bends are to be used in pre- ference to knees. Linl. finch lead hot-water piping to the various fittings, etc., weighing 10 lbs. per yard. 12 brass-screwed connections of f-inch lead piping to boilers. 4 brass do. do. of f-inch lead to iron pipes. 4 f-inch brass stopcocks on cleansing pipes with screwed tails, iron key, and 6-inch iron-plate cover screwed to floor. Linl. carefully wrapping the hot- water ser- vice, etc., pipes with hair felt as before. 2 lead flashings of the required size, where iron expansion pipes pass through roofs, with upstand, and made perfectly water- tight. Quan. tity. No. Ft. Ins. 332 40 333 334 96 335 24 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 .346 347 .13 6 348 21 6 349 19 6 330 351 352 353 354 56 355 356 164 357 152 Description of Work. Waste Soil and Ventilating Pipes. Linl. 1-inch solid drawn lead wast« pipes from cisterns (equal to 5 lb. lead). i brass flanged nozzles on ends of do. discharging over baths. Lml. cast-iron waste and ventilating pipes outside of building, 3 inches diameter, secured with strong galvanised malleable iron band fixings batted with lead. Linl. do. soil and ventilating pipes 4 inches diameter, secured with do. do. 8 cast-iron bends on 3-inch diameter pipe. 2 do. on 4-inch diameter do. 2 do. offset bends oil 3-inch do. to clear projection of eaves gutter. 1 do. do. on 4-inch do. to clear do. 8 do. branches on 3-inch do. 4 do. do. on 4-inch do. 2 do. combined branch and offset bends on 3-inch do. to clear projection of eaves gutter. Extra for 4 lower lengths of 3-inch cast-iron waste pipes having cast-iron hand access plates in same immediately at ground surface, with curved inner face to suit pipe, secured with brass bolts. Do. 1 lower length of 4-inch do. soil and ventilating pipe having do. do. 4 strong copper-wire spherical covers to top of 3-inch diameter pipes. 1 do. do. to top of 4-inch diameter do. Note. — The whole of the foregoing oast-iron waste,soil,and ventilating pipes with their fittings to be all of approved manufacture of metal not less than ^j-inch thick, caulked in the joints with hemp, and run up and staved with molten lead and made perfectly staunch, and to be coated outside and inside with Dr Angus Smith's solution. Linl. solid-drawn lead soil-pipe branches from water-closets, 4 inches diameter (equal to 7 lbs. lead). Linl. do. do. waste pipes from sinks 2^ inches diameter (equal to 6 lbs. lead). Lird. do. do. from baths, IJ inch diameter (do.). 4 connections of 4-inch lead soil-pipe branches from water-closets to branches on 4-inch cast-iron pipe, each with brass ferrule soldered to lead pi])es and run and staved into iron pipes with lead. 4 do. of 2J-inch lead waste pipes to branches on 3-inch cast-iron pipe, with do. do. 4 do. of IJ-inch lead waste pipes to branches on 3-inch do. with do. do. 5 5-lb. lead flanges at foot of waste and soil and ventilating pipes next fireclay drains. Linl. 1 J-inch lead ventilating pipes off traps at sinks and baths, 1| inch diameter (equal to 5 lbs. lead). 8 beaded ends to do. with copper-wire gratings. Oas Pipes. Note.— The gas-supply pipes and gas meters are taken to be provided and fixed by the Local Authorities. Linl. compositiongas piping Jinch diameter, price to include for the requisite brass common couplings. lanl. do. do. J inch diameter do. do. 30 ROYAL COMMISSION ON HOUSING IN SCOTLAND. Mr J. Wilson — coiltinued. Mr J. Wilson — continued. No. 358 359 360 Quan- tity. Ft. Ins, Description of Work. No. ■361 362 363 364 365 366 Note. — Contractors are re- quested to fill in rates to the fol- lowing items : — Strong wioug)it-iron galvanised tank to contain rainwater, about 3 feet by 3 feet by 3 feet, properly stayfed, having aperture for rain- water pipe, J-inoh bra.S8 draw-off cock and cleansing door, complete Flanged connections on tank for J-inch galvanised iron draw-ofi pipes Providing and fixing complete the requisite wiring and eteel-drawn enamelled tubing from main switches to points in houses . Double-pole main switches and fuses for disconnecting installation in each house, each to be enclosed in neat stained, varnished, and glazed case Rise and fall single-light pendants with flexible wiring, holder, car- bon-iilament lamp, shade, and controlled by one switch Single-light cord pendants with do. do. and do Note.. — The electric lighting to be all fitted up as directed by, and materials used to be in accordance with, the requirements of the Local Authority. each. do. per point. each. do. do. Plaster Work Specification. 1. Plaster. — The lime for plaster to be of the best well- burned fresh lime shells, slaked with pure water, covered with clean, sharp river or pit sand, and mixed in the proportion of 1 part lime shells to 3 parts of sand, with 1 lb. of approved hair to every 3 cubic feet of mortar. The finishing coat to be of 1 part lime shells run into putty, and mixed with sand and hair in approved pro- portions. The lime mortar to be soured up at least six weeks before being used. 2. Cement. — AH cement to be British Portland cement, as specified in Bill of Quantities for excavator, brick, and concretor works. 3. Plaster Surfaces. — All plaster to be hard rubbed in, very carefully straightened to grounds, hand floated, polished smooth, and finished free from cracks, water marks, blisters, or any other defects. Bill of Quantities. Connecting 4 ends of J-inch composition gas piping to couplings at meters. Taldng delivery of, fitting, and fixing com- plete 24 gas brackets throughout houses. Sundries. Allow for thoroughly testing the whole of the plumber work and gas pipes, pro- viding, fixing, and removing scaffolding, tackling, etc., and maintaining the work for one year after entire completion of contracts. Amount of plumber work and gas pipes carried to Abstract. £ No. 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 Quantity. Yds. 289 611 7 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 63 25 Ft. Ins. 215 25 386 Description of Work. Supl. 3 coats plaster to lathed walls and ceilings. Supl. 2 coats do. on bricks waUs. Supl. 3 coats do. on lathed raking sofiits of stairs. Supl. 2 coats do. do. to ingoes of win- dows and doors (in narrow widtlis). Bedding 22 window cases in well- haired lime, and afterwards pointing them outside with best mastic and linseed oil. Mending plaster and pointing round 8 chimney-pieces in rooms. Do. do. round 4 timber shelves at fireplaces in living-rooms. Linl. double relieving comer beads. Link forming rounded comers in plaster. 28 mitres to do. Supl. Portland cement granolithic paving in sculleries, larders, and coal places, ground floors, 2 J inches thick in all, the lower IJ inch being composed of 1 part cement to 4 parts of clean small broken brick, stone.orgravel, all well rammed and finished on top with a 1-incli layer of concrete composed of equal pro- portions of cement and crushed granite, both layers to be laid simul- taneously and finished off on top with a smooth and perfectly level surface. Supl. do. do. 2 J inches thick laid on top of joiners' wood boarding in sculleries, larders, and coal-places on first floor, do. do. Cement concrete composed, laid, and finished all as described for con- crete floors, forming 4 hearths in bedrooms, ground floor, each about 2 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 2 inches at extremes. Do. do. forming 4 hearths in do. first floor, each about 2 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 2 inches at extremes. Do. do. forming 2 hearths in living rooms, ground floors each about 4 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 6 inches at extremes. Do. do. forming 2 hearths in do. first floor, each about 4 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 6 inches at extremes. 4 cast concrete steps at entrance doors, each 3 feet 3 inches long, 12 inches by 6 inches, finished smooth on tread and breast. 4 do do. at do. each 4 feet 3 inches long, 12 inches by 6 inches, finished smooth on tread, breast, and two ends, include for the necessary underbuilding and ex- cavation for same. Mending all broken plaster and con- crete from time to time during the progress of the entire work, and at completion of same, including after plumbers, gasfitters, and all other trades, and leaving the work per- fect in every respect. Allow for providing and erecting scaffolding, planks, battens, ladders, tressels, supports, etc. required in connection with this department of the contract. APPENDICES. 31 Mr J. Wihon — continued. No. Quantity. Description of Work. Yds. Ft. Ins. 387 388 Do. for water. Do. for maintaining work for one year after entire completion of con- tracts. Amomit for plaster work carried to Abstract. £ No. CJontractors are requested to fill in rates to the following items :— 389 1 coat haired lime plaster deafening standard partitions per supl. yard. 390 Portland cement flush skirting 6 inches high, finished off the hand float (extra to price of 2 coats lime plaster) per linl. foot. 391 Stucco cove run at junction of ceil- ings and walls to 2J inches radius with fillet do. 392 Mitres to do. .... each. 393 Butt do. to do. ... do. 394 Returned moulded ends to do. do. Painter Work Specification. All materials used to be of good and approved quality. No size, stain, glue, or medium of any kind to be used. Bill of Quantities. Quantity. No. Description of Work. Yds. Ft. Ins. Inside Work. 395 276 Supl. 1 coat distemper on ceilings. 396 621 Supl. 2 coats do. on plastered walls 397 256 Supl. 2 coats do. on exposed brick walls in scuUeries, bathrooms, and larders. 398 429 4 6 Supl. sizing, staining, and 2 coats var- nish on all inside woodwork. 399 • 3 coats oil paint on 8 cast -iron mantel- shams in bedrooms, etc. 400 Do. do. on jambs and lintel at 4 living-room fireplaces. 401 3 coats oil paint on 4 cast-iron flushing cisterns, with brackets at water- closets and service pipes, etc., at same. 402 3 coats do. on outside of 4 baths and on the exposed portions of traps and piping at same. 403 3 coats do. on the exposed portions of 4 iron stands at sinks, also on exposed lead waste, etc. piping at same. Outside Work. Note. — The last coat of painting on work under this heading to be mixed with quantity of varnish to give greater durability, and the prices to include for this. 404 15 4 6 Supl. 3 coats oil paint on outside of doors. Mr J. Wilson — continued. Quantity. No. Description of Work. Yds. 61 Ft. 4 Ins. 6 405 Supl. 3 coats do. on outside of ■(vindows (daylight size measured). 406 57' Linl. 3 coats do. on inside and out- side of 4J-inch diameter cast-iron eaves gutters. 407 7 Linl. 3 coats do. on outside of cast-iron rain-water pipes with their fixings. 408 55 Linl. 3 coats do. and 1 coat knot- ting on outside of cast-iron waste, soil, and ventilating pipes with do. 409 3 coats do. on 1 iron ladder to roof 12 feet long with its fixings. Sundries. 410 Allow for preparatory work previous to painting, filling up nail and other holes with lead putty, and carefully metal knotting all knots in wood- work. 411 Do. for providing and erecting all scaffolding, ladders, tressels, etc. required in connection with this department of the contract. 412 Do. for cleaning out all apartments, washing floors, and cleaning win- dows, etc., at completion of entire contracts, and leaving the whole building ready for occupation. Amount for painter work carried to Abstract. £ No. 413 414 Note. — Contractors are re- quested to fill in rates to the fol- lowing items : — 3 coats paint on inside woodwork . 3 coats do. on sparred timber outside fencing (one measure to be given for each side) per Bupl. yard, do. do. General Notes. 1. The contractor to furnish all the materials, work- manship, carriages, implements, tackling, scaffolding, etc., required to carry on and complete the work in accordance with the Plans, Specification, and BiU of Quantities. 2. The whole work comprised in the contract to be carried on in such manner as will be directed. 3. The contractor to be responsible for all risks incurred from fire, weather, accident, or other causes in connection with the whole works, until the same is handed over complete. 4. For contractors' convenience and information, a copy of the Plan of the Building is affixed to the Bill of Quantities. 5. Samples of all materials proposed to be used in the work to be provided by the contractor when requested. 6. In order to secure economy in construction, aU doors and windows have been designed to uniform sizes, and the building generally has been designed with uniform details. The four houses in the block are practically identical, as will be seen on referring to the affixed plan. 7. The work is measured according to the Edinburgh mode of measurement. Abstract. Amount for excavator, brick and concretor works. Do. carpenter, joiner, glazier, and ironmongery works. Do. slater work. Do. plumber work and gas pipes. Do. plsister work. Do. painter work. Total £ 32 ROYAL COMMISSION ON HOUSING IN SCOTLAND. Mr J. Wilson — continued. Note. — ^The ranges, grates, gas fittings, laying out of grounds, paths, and fencing have not been included in the Bill of Quantities. Alternativb Estimates. Contractors are requested to state here what percentage they would be prepared to deduct from the foregoing total amount (which represents the cost from block of four houses. Type F) in the event of (1) 12 similar blocks, and (2) 50 similar blocks, being erected in place of a single block. 1. K 12 blocks (Type F) be erected tinder one contract, in place of a single block, the percentage to be deducted from the foregoing total amount is 2. If 50 blocks (Type F) be erected under one contract, in place of a single block, the percentage to be deducted from the foregoing total amount is Measured from the Plans by Petkk Lawrence & Co., F.F.S., Surveyors. 50a Frederick Street, Edinburgh, 21st October 1914. Mr J. Wilsori — continued. APPENDIX No. CXCVII. PAPER HANDED IN BY MR J. WILSON. Question No. 43,721. ONE BLOCK OF TWO COTTAGE HOUSES. {Type C.) Specification and Bell of Quantities of the Several Works required to be executed in the Erection OF Same. Excavator, Brick and Concrete Works Specification. 1. Sand. — ^All sand to be fine, clean, sharp pit or river sand. 2. Lime Mortar. — The lime mortar to be composed by measure of 1 ton of best, fresh-burned, unslaked lime shells to 3 tons of sand, mixed with fresh water. 3. Cement. — The cement to be best London Portland cement, and to comply in every respect \vith the terms of the British Standard Specification for Portland cement as revised to June 1907. 4. Cement Mortar. — Cement mortar to be composed of 1 of cement to 4 of sand, or as may be otherwise described in Bill of Quantities. 6. Bricks.— The bricks to be aU of the best, sound, clean, well-shaped, hard-burned bricks from an approved local brickwork. All walls over 4J inches thick to be built four courses of stretchers to one course of headers. Bill of Quantities. Description of Work. Quantity. No. Yds. Ft. Ins. 1 114 2 ' 15 6 9 Excavations, Foundations, Brickwork, etc. Supl. stripping surface soil over area of building 9 inches deep. Cubic excavation in trenches for foun- dations (under 3 feet deep). Note.— So much of the material from the foregoing excavations as No. Yds. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Quantity. 29 18 7 21 163 12 172 Ft. 281 45 19 64 24 109 Ins. Description of Work. may be required for the purpose to be filled in and well rammed next foundations on each side of walls, and the remainder to be removed and deposited round building or on site (at a distance not exceeding 50 yards from building), laid in layers, well rammed and consoli- dated, and sloped off as directed, and the prices to include for this. All water that may accumulate in area or trenches, drain tracks, etc. , during the progress of the work, from rain or other cause, is to be removed at thecontractor'sexpense. Supl. Portland cement concrete 9 inches thick in foundations to main walls, composed of 1 part cement, 4 parts of clean, hard stones or bricks, broken to pass a 2-inch ring, and 2 parts clean, sharp, gravelly sand by measure. The materials to be mixed in an approved manner, deposited in tracks, properly levelled, and all well pounded and rammed. Supl. do. do. 6 inches thick to inside walls, do. do. Supl. brick waUs 31 J inches thick (3} bricks). Supl. do. do. 13J inches thick (1 J bricks). Supl. do. do. 4J inches thick. Cubic brickwork in chimney breast and stalk (measured nett). Supl. brick hollow main walls 1 foot thick, consisting of 4|-inch brick to outside, 3-inch air cavity, and 4i-inch brick to inside, having twist«d, galvanised, wrought -iron ties of approved pattern for bond, weighing 1 cwt. per 300, placed 4 feet apart horizontally, 2 feet 6 inches apart vertically, and laid with slight slope outwards. Allow for movable boards or hay bands to keep the air space free from droppings during the building, also for leaving openings at bottom of brick linings at intervals for the removal of any droppings, and for afterwards bricking up these open- ings complete. N.B. — ^The ties ifi hollow walls to be left entirely clear of mortar. Supl. brick walls under sleepers and fenderwalls under hcarths,4 J inches thick (built on top of asphalt over area). Note. — ^All brick walls are stated at the thickness of the bricks them- selves exclusive of the mortar joints. Linl. plumbing external comers to brick walls. Linl. plumbing and forming angular do. Linl. plumbing scuntions to brick walls, 4J inches broad. Linl. do. do. to openings in 12- inch hoUow walls. Linl. do. do. in 12-inch do., in- cluding for extra brickwork across 3 inches space. Linl. plumbing scmitions to openings in do., including keeping back the 4J-inch inner lining to form reveal, as shown. APPENDICES. 33 Mr J. WiUon — continued. Mr J, Wilson — continued. Quantity. No. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2- 28 29 30 31 32 Yils, Ft. Ins, 129 19 57 71 49 24 58 26 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 10 6 Description of Work. Linl. extra for walllieads of 12-)nch hollow brick wails, being built solid with one course of 12 inches by 6 inches bricks, set to project 1 incli from wall face to form plinth. Linl. do. do. for brickwork, rak- ing top of gable heads of do. do., being built solid with one couree of 12 inches by 6 inches bricks. Linl. do. do. for brickwork of do. at window sills, being do. do. Extra for 12 brick saving arches, 9 inches deep, over lintels of open- ings in 4i-inch brick walls, including f ormingspringers and corecomplet*. Supl. raking-out joints of brickwork in bathrooms, sculleries, larders, and coal-places, and filling in with cement mortar (1 to 4), and draw- ing in with edge of the trowel. Liid. brick bearafilling wallheads up to the sarking (walls 12 inches thick and about 1 foot high at extremes). Linl. do. do. (walls 4 J inches thick and about 1 foot high at ex- tremes). Linl. do. do. between platform joists (walls 12 inches thick and ' 4 iuohes higli). Linl. cutting and waste of 12-inch brick hollow walls to rake of roof. Linl. do. do. of 4^ inches do. to do. Supl. damp course to walls § inch thick, composed of best British pitch, Stockholm tar, and washetl and kihi-dried gravel, mixed in approved proportions. iSupl. J-inch coating of asphalt com- posed as described for damp-oourae, below all timber floors, including levelling and haxA beating down surface of ground to receive same. Supl. J-inch coating of do. below concrete floors, do. do. Allow for forming clear space round ends of all joists, etc., in brick walls and carefully keeping tliem free from mortar. 6 galvanised cast-ii'on gratings, each inches by 6 inches for ventilation below sleepere, fixed with cement, including forming openings in 12- inch hollow brick walls, and closing up the air space at same with brick- work or otherwise as directed. forming 16 openings through 4J-inch brick walls and sleeper dwarfs for ventilation. 2 glazed fireclay pipes, each 3 feet long and 4 inehe-s diameter, for passage of air below cement floors. l'''orming 4 openings in 4i-inch walls for ends of do., building in same and making good in cement, com- plete. Note. — The price of all brickwork to include for raking out joints and preparing to receive plaster or rough-casting. •Supl. hammer-dressed flat stones not less than 4 inches thick, to carry brickwork of chimney breast on first floor, built with cement. Linl. hammer-dressed edges to do. Linl. do. sunk (bevelled) do. to do. No, 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48 49 50 Quantity. Yds, Ft. Ins. 51 52 53 54 16 14 170 34 Description of Work. Cutting 4 holes, each 9 inches square, through stones at do. for smoke flues. Supl. hammer-dressed flat stones not less than 3 inches thick, to carry brickwork over presses in living- I'ooms and at doorways to living- rooms, built with cement. Linl. hammer-dressed edges to do. Smoke Flues, Fireplaces, etc. Linl. forming smoke flues in brick walls and chimney stacks, 9 inches by 9 inches, smoothly pargetted with lime mixed with cow dung. 8 fireclay-beaded chimney cans, each about 12 inches lugh, countersunk into concrete cope, and set in and jx)inted with cement. forming 4 openings in brick walls for hreplaces, each with oncome, plumb- ing of scuntions and lintel or brick arch (no deduction made from brick- work). 4 cast concrete jambs to living-room fireplaces, each about 18 inches broad, 6 inches thick, and 4 feet 6 inches high, reinforced and com- posed as specified for window lintels, smooth finished and rounded on angles where exposed. 2 do. do. lintels to fireplaces at do., each 4 feet 6 inches long and 15 niches by 14 inches do. do. Forming safe oncome, etc., to 2 fire- places in living-rooms. Providing the requisite materials for and building in 2 kitchen ranges. Do. do. 4 room grates. Building in 2 boilers in sculleries with firebricks made to the propermould, circled on front, built and pointed in fireclay, having properly formed flues, and with Portland cement concrete copes, about 2 feet 6 inches by 3 feet at extremes, not less than average 3 inches thick, smoothly finished on slightly sloped top and on circular front edge, and slightly rounded on arrises as required, complete. N.B. — Boilers with mountings will be provided by plumber. Providing and building into walls 4 approved perforated stones for steam pipes at do., each about 1 1 inches by 1 1 inches, and 5 inches thick, polished on exposed face and properly connected to vent. 4 arches under hearths in upper floor of 4J-inch brick, built in cement. Allow for making up with hard, dry approved material at 2 hearths on ground floor, within the brick fender walls, each about 4 feet 6 inches by 2 feet, and 1 foot 6 inches deep. Cement Concrete. Linteli and Chimney Copes. Linl. cement concrete lintels to doors and windows, 4| inches by 10 inches, cast in moulds, reinforced with the requisite steel bars or rods turned up at ends as directed, left rough on face, and soffit for harling (in lengths under 5 feet). 3 34 ROYAL COMMISSION ON HOUSING IN SCOTLAND. Mr J. Wilson — continued. Mr J. Wilson — continued. Quantity. No. Ms. 55 56 57 5S 59 60 Ft. 28 14 17 14 61 62 .63 64 65 06 67 68 '69 70 26 Ins. 30 26 54 Description of Work. Linl. do. do., 4J inches by 10 inches, do. do. (in lengths ot 7 feet). Linl. do. do. 12 inches by 10 inches, rebated for window frames as required, and do. do. (in lengths under 5 feet). LinL do. do. 12 inches by 10 inches do., and do. do. (in lengths of 7 feet). Linl. do. do. inner lintels to windows, etc. in sculleries, bath- rooms, and lasers, 4^ inches by 10 inches, as Item No. 54, but smooth- ly finished on inside face where ex- posed (in lengths under 5 feet). Linl. do. do. 4i inches by 10 inches do. do. (in lengths of 7 feet). 1 cement concrete, cope to chimney stalk, about 4 feet 6 inches by 4 feet 6 inches, and 6 inches thick, cast in mould, slightly weathered on top, neatly finished on exposed edges, with arris on horizontal and vertical angles, holed for 8 smoke flues, countersunk for 8 chimney cans, and set with cement. Note. — The foregoing lintels (in- cluding jambs and lintels to fire- places in living-rooms) and cope to chimney stalk to be composed of 1 part cement to 3 parts of stone or brick, free from dust, broken to pass a |-inch mesh, aU well mixed in an approved manner. The concrete lintels have not been deducted from the quantities of brickwork. Sundries. Supl. bedding to granolithic floors in sculleries, larders, and coal-places, 6 inches deep, of clean broken stones or bricks, well blinded, beaten down, and levelled as directed. Cube-making up below do., with hard, dry approved materiaf, thor- oughly packed and rammed. Forming 12 openings through 12-inch hollow brick walls for plumber's waste, etc., pipes, and afterwards neatly building up round same. Linl. cutting and refilling trenches for water-supply pipe, not exceeding 3 feet deep. Drains. Linl. cutting and refilling trenches for drains, not exceeding 3 feet deep. Linl. do. do. over 3 feet, and not exceeding 5 feet deep. Note. — The surplus material from drain trenches to be disposed of as described in Note after Item No. 2. Linl. best quality glazed fireclay drain- pipes, 4 inches diameter, jointed with cement. Extra for 8 bends on do. Do. for 5 branches on do. Do. for 2 Buchan's glazed fireclay patent inspection bends on 4-inoh do. in manholes, each with cast- iron coated cover bedded in red load. No. 71 72 73 Quantity. 74 75 76 Yds. 77 78 79 80 81 Ft. Ins, Description of Work. Do. for, 2 glazed fireclay S.P.A. traps on 4-inch drain with top piece, having single inlet and flat stone seat. Do. for 1 do. do. with do., having three-way inlet and do. 3 polished perforated, and checked hard stones over trajis at do., each 18 inches by 18 inches, and 4 inches thick, fitted with 6 inches by 6 inches galvanised iron grating or "plate, and having pipe eye to trap and brick in cement, built seat, complete. Extra for 1 Buchan's glazed fireclay patent disconnecting trap on 4-inch drain, having flat stone seat. Forming 1 connection of new to main drain, including taking out length of main drain, and providing and inserting new branch pipe of same diameter as existing drain to receive 4-inch drain, and properly cement- ing and making good, inoludmg extra excavation required at same. 2 manholes on drains, each of the requisite size and under 3 feet deep, having cement concrete bottom 6 inches thick made up within the walls, and smooth-floated towards access opening, 4i-inch brick walls built in cement and pointed on in- side, and pavement cover 3 inches thick (price to include excavation additional to drain trench for same complete). 1 do. do. on tail drain over 3 feet, and not exceeding 5 feet deep do. do. (do.) 9 cemented connections of plumber's pipes to drains. Allow for testing drains with smoke, or otherwise as directed, to the satisfaction of the architect and local Sanitary Authority. Jobbings, Scaffolding and Sundries. Allow for performing aU mason and brickwork jobbings, attending on, cutting for, making good after, and rendering the usual assistance to aU the other trades, cutting all holes, sinkings, etc., necessary, except those which have been specially measured. Removing all rubbish of every descrip- tion and of every trade that may accumulate from time to time dur- ing the progress of the works and at completion of same, and carting it away from the site to a deposit found by the contractor, and leav- ing the whole buildings and grounds in a clean and perfect state. Providing water for this department of the contract, including supplying and fixing pipe of the required length, and nosecock with screwed nozzle and coupling for hose, leav- ing same for the use of the plasterer and other contractors requiring it, and afterwards removing same and restoring ground surface. APPENDICES. 35 Mr J. Wilson — continued. Mr J. WiUon — continued. No. Quantity. Desoripl ion of Work. Yds. Ft. Ins. • 83 84 85 Allow for all the implements, tools, crane.s, tackling, scaffolding, gang- ways, ladders, tressels, mixing plat- form and measures for concrete and mortar, etc., moulds, rods, and every appliance necessary for carry- ing on and completing the works. Providing, erecting where directed, and afterwards removing the re- quisite tool-house and workmen's conveniences, including cleaning same as and when directed. Allow for maintaining the work under this department of the contract for twelve months after the entire com- pletion of contract. Amount for excavator, brick, and concretor works carried to Ab- stract. £ No. 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 99 100 Contractors are requested to fill in rates to the following itenw : — Foundations to walls 6^ inches thick, fonncd of two courses of brick on bed built with cement mortar (1 to 4) . Do. do. 4J inches thick, formed of one course of brick on edge, built with do. (do.) Extra for brick walls being built with cement mortar (1 to 4) Extra fc* outer 4^ inch thickness of brick hollow walls being built with do. (do.) and trowel- p6inting joints on one exposed face as work proceeds . Painting exposed face of brick walls two coats patent liquid cement Rubble walls 2 feet thick, built with lime mortar .... Do. do. 1 foot 8 inches thick, do. Do. do. 1 foot 6 inches thick, do. Do. do. 1 foot 3 inches thick, do. Do. do. 1 foot thick, do. . Hammer-dressed comers to external angles, window and door open- ings, etc Cement concrete walls 1 foot thick, composed as described for founda- tions (Item No. 3), but aggregate broken to pass a f -inch ring Strong timber temporary boarding and supports for do., including fitting up and removing, and all cutting and waste Outer hollow walls 1 foot thick, consisting of concrete blocks 4J inches thick to outside and inside and 3-inch air cavity, and hav- ing twisted galvanised wrought- iron ties of similar pattern, and distributed as described for hoUow brick walls (Item No. 9). The concrete blocks to be each 16 inches by 19 inches by 4| inches, composed as above described for concrete in walls, manufactured on site by an approved machine, built with cement mortar (1 to 4), and the price to include all out- ting, fitting, and waste at door and window openings, wallheads, roof, etc., and where else neces- sary and directed per supl. yard. do. do. per cube yard. per supl. yard, do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. per linl. foot. per supl. yard. do. do. No. 101 102 103 104 105 106 Damp course to walls formed of two courses of strong slates, broken, bonded, and bedded in cement mortar (1 to 3) . Layer of olean engine ashes not less than 3 inches deep spread over area below floors, including level- ling and hard beating surface of ground below same Layer of cement concrete 3 inches thick, composed as described for foiuidations, but aggregate broken to pass a f-inch ring, spread over area below floors, including level- ling and hard beating surface of ground below same Forming main roads with stone hand-laid pitching 9 inches deep, well blinded, and finished on top with 4-inch layer of whinstone, broken to pass an 1^-inch ring, well blinded, watered, and rolled, and finished with a camber, in- cluding the necessary excavation for same Forming paths with stone bottom- ing 4 inches deep, broken to pass a 2-inch ring, consolidated and blinded, and finished with a layer 3 inches deep of clean engine ashes, watered and rolled, and laid to the requisite declivities, in- cluding the necessary excavation for same Cement plaster on top of brickwork of chimney stacks, average about IJ inch thick, smoothly polished, weathered off on top, and neatly finished round chimney cans per supl. yard. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. Carpenter, Joiner, Glazier, and Ironmonger Works SPECmCATION. 1. Timber. — ^The timber for all carpenter work to be of good quality whitewood ; for outer doors, windows, and other outside work, good quality redwood ; and for inside doors and finishings generally, first quality whitewood, free from large or loose knots. All timber for finishing to be carefully selected and kept clean for painter, and to stand the full specified size when finished. 2. Price of Woodioork. — The price of all woodwork to include all necessary grooving, tonguing, jointing, framing, morticing, and tenoning, and all work, labour, and fixings complete and requisite. ^ Bill of Quantities. do. do. Quantity. No. Description of Work. Yds. Ft. Ins. Roof. 107 108 109 135 59 323 Note. — ^AU joinings of roof tim- bers to be neatly half-checked, and each joint to have three steel-cut nails of sufficient length to form proper rivet. Linl. purlins 6J inches by 2J inches. Supl. rafters to roofs 4 J inches by 1^ inch at 18-inch centres. Linl. ties to roof 4 inches by 2 inches (plaoed at 18-inch centres). 36 ROYAL COMMISSION ON HOUSING IN SCOTLAND. Mr J. Wilson — continued. Mr J. Wilson — continued. Quantity. No. Yds. Ft. Ins. 110 63 111 34 6 112 19 113 15 114 61 115 23 116 80 117 53 118 6 6 119 23 120 63 121 9 122 24 6 123 124 3 4 6 125 15 6 126 131 127 160 128 85 129 331 130 68 6 131 132 10 133 19 6 134 15 Description of Work. Linl. do. 4J inches by \\ inch do. tying in rafters at hip ends of roofs (in sliort lengths). lanl. bridles to rafters and ties 5 inches by 2 inches (with rafters or ties at 18-inch centre strimmed on to same). Linl. angle runners i\ inches by IJ inch, securely spiked to brick walls (do. do. ). Linl. runners 4 J inches by IJ inch, do. do. (with ties at 18-inch centres bevelled and trimmed on to same). Linl. wallplate 4 J inches by IJ inch, firmly fixed to wallhead. Linl. ridge board 6^ inches by IJ inch. Linl. piend rafters 7 inches by IJ inch (including cutting and fitting ends of rafters 4 inches by 2 inches at 18-inoh centres to both sides of same), and for cutting small V- groove in top edge for water. Linl. valley rafters 7 inches by 3 inches (do. do.). Linl. uprights 6 J inches by 2| inches under ends of purlins. Linl. roimded roll 2J inches by 2 inches on ridge, fixed with double- shouldered iron spikes. Linl. joisting to platform roofs 4J inches by IJ inch, tapered on top edge (placed at 18-inch centres). Supl. J-inch grooved and tongued boarding to do. Linl. rounded rods 2 inches by IJ inch at do. for zinc rolls. Forming 4 haffits to sides of dormer windows, each about 1 foot 9 inches by 1 foot 9 inches at extremes, with J-inch grooved and tongued board- ing, with runners and bearers com- plete. Supl. |-inch grooved and tongued boarding on standarding of haffits of roof over side roofs. Linl. labour and waste cutting and fitting do. to bevel at rake of roof. Note. — The standarding on which the foregoing boarding is fixed is included afterwards in the quantity of standard partitions. Supl. f-inch batten sarking to roof, plain-jointed and firmly nailed. Linl. labour and waste cutting and fitting do. at piends. Linl. do. do. at valleys. Linl. tilting fillets to eaves, etc. Linl. plates 4 inches by | inch behind leawl flashings on harled walls, cham- fered on top, with fixings. Joisting, Flooring, etc. Centres to 4 arches under hearths, lanl. bevelled fillets for springing to do. Linl. safe lintels over windows and doors 4 inches by 4 inches, formed withtwo4 inches by 2 inches spiked, studded with nails as required to give key for plaster. Linl. do. over do. 6 inches by 4 inches, formed with two 6 inches by 2 inches spiked do. Quantity. No. Yds. Ft. Ins. 135 467 136 56 137 298 138 273 139 16 140 8 9 141 8 9 142 9 143 9 144 62 145 53 146 126 4 6 147 35 148 149 10 6 150 6 6 151 6 6 152 6 6 153 6 6 154 45 4 6 155 7 6 156 24 157 38 158 17 6 159 40 160 8 6 161 2 4 6 Description of Work. 9 inches by 7 inches by Linl. sleeper joists 4 inches by 2 inches (placed at 18-inch centres). Linl. wallplates 4^ inches by J inch on sleeper and fender walls. Linl. joisting to upper floors 9 inches by 2 inches (placed at 18-inch centres). Linl. do. do. 7 inches by 2 inches (do.). Linl. studding one face of 7 inches by 2 inches joists with nails as required to give key for plaster. Linl. bridles at hearths 9 inches by 3 inches (with joists at 18-inch centres trimmed on to same). Linl. do. do. 7 inches bv 3 inches (do. do.). Linl. angular do. do. 3 inches (do. do.). Linl. angular do. do. 3 inches (do. do.). Linl. wallplat*s 4J inches by | inch, under joisting on brick partitions. Note.. — No wallplates taken on outer walls under joisting. Linl. dwangs to joisting, formed of cross-pieces 2J inches by IJ inch, neatly fitted and firmly nailed. Supl. J-inch whitewood Hooring in 6-inch widths, grooved and tongued in joints, well nailed, andthoroughly cleaned off at completion. Linl. labour and waste cutting and fitting flooring to angle. Whitewood borders of flooring mitred round 6 hearths, with bearers. Linl. jointing ends and edges of floor- ing to concrete floors. Linl. checked and bottled plates to edge of flooring at 'top of stairs 4J inches by IJ inch. Linl. do. hardwood do. to edge of flooring at entrance doors 4J inches by IJ inch. Linl. plates to breasts of top steps at stairs 8 inches by J inch. Linl. hardwood do. to do. at entrance doors 5J inches by | inch. Standard Partitions, Lath, etc. Supl. standard partitions 4 inches by 2 inchesat 18-inch centres, withsills, top runners, and dwangs. Linl. labour and waste cutting and fitting do. to bevel at rake of roof. linl. ranners under standard parti- tions 4 inches by 2 inches, checked and fitted between the joists. Linl. joisting 4 inches by 2 inches, forming ceiUngs at top of stairs, etc. (placed at 18-inch centres). Linl. runners to ends of do. 4 inches by 2 inches, securely fixed to partition standards. Linl. forming coves in bedrooms with pieces 2| inches by IJ inch, firmly fixed (placed at 18-inch centres). Linl. labour and waste cutting and fitting do. to angle. Supl. brandering IJ inch by 1 inch at 14-iiich centres, with runners and fixings on underside of stones carrying brickwork of chimney breast on first floor (measured nett). APPENDICES. 37 Mr J. If jJ«»i— continued. Mr J. Wt/aon— continued. No. 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 Quantity. Yds. Ft. Ins 249 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 15 1•^ 70 72 71 113 37 82 36.'i 163 38 Description of Work. .Siipl. best Baltic split latli on standard partitions, ceilings, etc. , not less than i inch thick, and not more tlian 1^ inch broad, placed g inch apart, breaking bond every 2 feet, and double nailed with strong lath nails at the joinings. Supl. lath with fillets for deafening in standartl partitions. 10 blocks with fixings on walls for gas brackets. Doors and their Finishings. Linl. dressed frames 6 inches by 2 inches to 4 exterior doors, rounded on two angles, checked for door, and grooved for plaster and rough-cast- ing, with dook fixings. Linl. do. do. 7 inches by 2 inches to 4 interior doors, rounded on four angles, checked for door and twice grooved for plaster, with do. Linl. do. do. 6^ inches by 2 inches to 4 interior' doors, do. do. Linl. do. do. 5J inches by 2 inches to 4 interior doors, do. do. Linl. do. do. 6J inches by 2 inches do. 6 do. in standard partitions do. do., with fixings. Linl. do. do. 4 inches by 2 inches to 2 wall presses, rounded on two angles, checked for door and grooved for plaster. 168 mitres to rounded angles of do.- Supl. 4 framed and lined entrance doors, IJ inch thick, stiles and top rail 1£ inch thick, bottom and mid-rails and diagonals 1 inch thick, and lined one side with J-inch grooved and tongued lining dressed and V-jointed botli sides. Supl. 20 interior doors formetl of J-inoh grooved and tongiied lining in 4-inoh widths, dressed and V- jointed both sides. Linl. chamfered back-bars for do. 6 inches by 1^ inch. 4 pairs 7-inch, best make steel double- joint, edge hinges to doors, with screws. 22 pairs 12-inch, malleable iron, strong T-hinges to doors, with do. Providing and fitting 12 6-inch rim locks with brass ])lain furniture both sides, to doors (prime cost, value 28. each). Do. do. 8 rim latches with do. to do. (prime cost, value Is. .3d. each). Do. do. 2 rim latches with snib and do. to do. (prime cost, value Is. 6d. each). Do. do. 2 press locks with brass plain sham furniture one side (prime cost, value Is. each). Do. do. 4 6-inch slip bolts to two- leaved doors at presses with keepers. Windows and their Finishings. Supl. 2 ca.sed 2-inch sash windows, with moulded and checked framing and J-inch astragals dividing each sash into six panes, cases of 1 J-inch deal, with weathere -^O -.__L 1 1 K I I I l =C 1 I I '^ ri m 1 X_K_ /K^ViKT EleLiatioa. tm i: 'I =fle t' 'I i3oc^ Ektmtiaiz Hide Eleuaffoih SecScHh C^ound Floor Plan Ufpei- Hoot Plwi ■Sceiecf-femt- /o dgp op "40 L-M • Wdafiing -Hoi^sie • '^■" 1-- 3/de jESeL/otion 3ectian m 11 -^ Front El0[mlton. Housing Acts. The Housing, Town Planning, etc., Act, 1901), and the Housing of tlie Working Classes Act, 1890, as applicable to Scotland, incorporating the alterations authorised by the Scottish Application Clauses, and showing the effect of Modifications and Amendments introduced by the Acts of 1894, 1896 (Scotland), 1900, and 1903. With Index. (1910.) Price \}d., post free lOkZ. Housing and Town Planning. Memorandum on the operation of the Housing, Town Planning, etc., Act, 1909. [Cd. 6676] of Session 1913. Price 2d., post free 2|rl LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD— ENGLAND AND WALES. 46th Annual Report, for 1916-17. Part I.— Administration of the Poor Law ; Miscellaneous ; Special Work arising out of the War : — Prevention and Relief of Distress ; Internment Camps and Assistance to Destitute Aliens ; War Refugees ; Use of Poor Law Institutions for Mihtary Purposes ; Casual Paupers of Military Age ; Dietaries of Poor Law Institutions brought within Food Controller's Scale ; Civil Liabilities of Sailors and Soldiers ; National Registration ; The Tribunals under the Group System of Enlistment and the Military Service Acts. Part II.— Housing and Town Planning. Part III.— Public Health and Local Administration. Local Taxation and Valuation. Miscellaneous. Appendices. [Cd. 8697] of Session 1917. Price 3d., post free id. Housing and Town Planning. Memorandum (No. 4), dated December 31, 1914, relative to the Operation of the Housing, Town Plan- ning, etc., Act, 1909, and the earlier Housing Acts as amended by that Act. Inspection of Houses ; Notices to Landlords to make houses fit for habitation ; Closing and Demolition Orders ; Appeals ; New Procedure under the Act of 1909 ; Action of Local Authorities in regard to Unhealthy Areas ; Provision of New Houses by Local Authorities ; Loans for the erection of Houses ; Action on Complaints of Default by Local Authorities ; Town Planning schemes proposed, approved, and under consideration. [Cd. 7760] of Session 1914-16. Price l^d., post free 2d. Housing hy Local Authorities. Return giving particulars of cost of the provision made, under the Housing of the Working Classes Acts, 1890 and 1903, by the London County Council, the Town Councils of County Borough, and Metro- politan Borough Councils. H.C. 114 of Session 1914-16. Price 2d., post free 2|cZ. LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD FOR IRELAND. Forty-Fourth Annual Report, for 1915-16. Local Government (Ireland) Acts ; Motor Car Act ; Old Age Pensions Acts ; Unemployed Workmen Act ; War Relief ; Belgian Refugees ; Poor Relief ; Public Health, etc., Acts ; Sale of Food and Drugs Acts ; Provisional Orders under the Public Health Acts, the Local Government (Ireland) Acts, and the Housing of the Working Classes (Ireland) Acts ; Labourers Acts ; Borrowings by Local Authorities, Treasury Restrictions on Borrowing, Loans sanctioned for Housing Schemes, Public Health Purposes, etc. ; Payments from the Local Taxation (Ireland) Account in aid of Local Rates ; Agricultural Grants ; Audit ; Exami- nation of Parliamentary Bills ; Deputations received ; Departmental Arrangements. [Cd. 8365] of Session 1916. Price 3|ri., post free 5d. DUBLIN HOUSING INQUIRY. Departmental Committee appointed by the Local Government Board for Ireland to inquire into the Housing Conditions of the Working Classes in the City of Dublin. Report. With photographs of dilapidated houses, waste grounds, ruins, etc. [Cd. 7273] of Session 1914. Price Is. Id., post free Is. 2|(Z. Appendix to Report. Minutes of Evidence, with Appendices. With Map. [Cd. 7317] of Session 1914. Price 4s., post free 45. M. LABOURERS' COTTAGES (IRELAND). Return, up to March 31, 1915, in respect of Labourers' Cottages in Ireland, showing County ; Rural District and its Valuation ; Number of Cottages built and in coiu'se of construction ; amount of Loans sanctioned and received, and methods of Repayment, giving present poundage rate levied ; Amount of Exchequer Contribution, with unissued Balance, if any ; Amount of Rent received and Totals per County and Province and for all Ireland. H.C. 281 of Session 1914-16. Price 2d., post free 2^d. LABOURERS (IRELAND). Return, up to March 31, 1915, showing tlie number of Cottages and Allotments provided by each District Council in Ireland ; the Rents reserved in letting ; number unoccupied ; number of which rent is in arrear, and total amount of arrears, in each District Council area ; Number of Applications for Cottages and for additional half-acres, with the number of applications sanctioned, and cost of such confirmation ; and number of cases where Advances have been made to Agricultural Labourers. H.C. 280 of Session 1914-16. Price 2^d., post free Zd. CONGESTED DISTRICTS BOARD FOR IRELAND. Twenty-Fourth Report, for 1915-16. Finance ; Estates ; Purchase and Resale of Estates ; Untenanted Land ; Estate Improvement Works ; Arterial Drainage ; Erection and Improvement of Dwelling-houses ; Loans to Tenants for Purchase of Live Stock ; Sea Fisheries ; Industries ; Miscellaneous Matters. Appendices :■ — ^Various Accounts and Tables, including a Return according to Counties showing the Number of New Houses built by the Board and the amount spent thereon ; Number of Houses built, or substantially improved by Tenants, with the aid of Free Grants or Advances from the Board, and the Number of Houses improved by Tenants with the aid of Free Grants or Advances, and the amount of such Free Grants and Advances ; Returns according to Counties of Loans to Tenant-purchasers of Holdings valued at £7 and under for erection and improvement of Dwelling-houses for the year, and during the five years ended March 31, 1916, etc. [Cd. 8356] of Session 1916. Price id., post free 5^d. ROYAL COMMISSION ON HOUSING IN SCOTLAND. SPECIAL REPORT With Relative Specifications and Plans, prepared by Mr JOHN WILSON, F.R.I.B.A., Architectural Inspector of the Local Government Board for Scotland ON THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SMALL DWELLING ■ HOUSES IN SCOTLAND f>resente& to parliament bs CommaiiO of "tots /TOajest? EDINBURGH: PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. To be purchased throu£;li any Bookseller or directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: 23 Forth Street, Edinburgh ; Imperial House, Kingsway, London, W.C. 2, and 28 Abingdon Street, London, S.W. 1 37 Peter Street, Manchester ; 1 St Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff ; or from E. PONSONBY, Ltd., 116 Grafton Street, Dublin; or from the Agencies in the British Colonies and Dependencies, the United States of America and other Foreign Countries of T. FISHER UNWIN, Ltd, London, W.C. 2. 191^ [Cd. 8760.] Price One Shilling Net. •Bt.J Makers Syracuse, N Y. PAT. JM. 21, lOQS YH 00610 387923 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW Books not returned on time are subject to a fine of 50c per volume after the third day overdue, increasing to $1.00 per volume after the sixth day. Books not in demand may be renewed if application is made before expiration of loan period. # ^ 50jk-7,'1( m V ■v*/'