A 5 ^^^^g 7 ^^B> 1 3 8 8 ^ 8 ■■1 : ■ - ■; 'MiUlllllUllt'BgUHItiWtlHHI. ^x^ > , THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES :i* Uas -•i*> Digitized by tlie Internet Arcliive in 2007 witli funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcli ive.org/details/completemanualofOOIieffiala A COMPLETE MAE^UAL PITMAN SYSTEM PHONOaRAPHT ARRANGED IN PROGRESSIVE LESSONS FOR CLASS AND SELF INSTRUCTION BY NORMAN P. HEFFLEY Seceetaby of the Faculty and Directoe of the Department of COMMEBCE OF PRATT INSTITUTE, BROOKLYN, N.Y. oj*:c NEW YORK :• CINCINNATI:- CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY Copyright, 1S95, bt AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. heffley's phon. W. p. 2 PREFACE. S' INCE the invention of Phonography by Mr. Isaac Pitman, of Bath, England, in 1837, numerous text-books on the subject have been published, yet few, if any, are peculiarly adapted for school use as well as for self instruction. The lack of this desideratum led to the compilation of this treatise, in which all reference to the philoso- t- phy of speech and the science of phonetics is omitted. The redundant '^ rules, the confusing arrangement of principles, and, in fact, every- K tiling which does not pertain strictly to the easy acquisition and prac- g tical application of Phonography for business and reporting purposes, 3 is eitlier eliminated or modified. The success which has uniformly attended instruction given according to the method developed in this ««■ treatise, is, notwithstanding the abundance of other works upon the O same subject, a sufficient justification for the publication of the work. g The following lessons are based upon the ninth edition of Pho- nography by Isaac Pitman, published in England in 1852, and in this country by Benn Pitman in 1855, as well as by Andrew J, Graham ui in 1858. These text-books were, consequently, prepared over thirty tl years ago — long before either the teaching or practice of shorthand *• became a profession — and although there has been no material change in the fundamental principles, there has been great improve- ment in recent years in the manner of teaching these principles. The "Corresponding" and "Reporting" styles have been blended into a natural and orderly method, each principle, when introduced, being 3 448292 thoroughly explained, and its application illustrated by ample practice in reading and writhig. The rules have been condensed as much as possible for class instruction, yet they are made sufficiently explana- tory for self instraction. The number of arbitrary word signs has been reduced to a minimum consistent with requirements for all pur- poses, and the entire system has been rearranged into a series of easy and progressive lessons which may be advantageously adopted by any one familiar with either the Bexn Pitman or the Graham system. Notwithstanding the fact that the work here presented has been thus greatly simplified and systematized, it contains a complete expo- sition of all the principles, word signs, and contractions that are requisite for the most difficult reporting purposes. If they are thor- oughly mastered by the student, there will be but little, if any, neces- sity for a phonographic dictionary. A comprehensive understanding of the abbreviating principles included under "Contracted Phrases," will enable the practitioner to apply them to any extent compatible with legibility, but the examples there given, and those contained in the subsequent list, are all that are essential. While this volume embodies the result of more than twenty years of practice and of teaching shorthand on the part of the author, it also contains the experience of a score of other practitioners and teachers who have successfully imparted a knowledge of the art in class, per- sonally, and by mail, to hundreds of pupils. It is, therefore, confi- dently believed that it will have no superior as a text-book. GENERAL DIRECTIONS. The general directions which may be given the student in advance are few, as the principles introduced from time to time in the following pages will be specifically treated, when reference is made to them. Ruled paper must always be used, and the shorthand characters should be written about one sixth of an inch in length. The characters must be carefully and correctly formed, and should never be written faster than they can be written well. Ability to write rapidly and legibly will depend upon the precision with which in the beginning each character is written. Accuracy in writing depends upon the direction in which each character is written, its length, and whether it is light or heavy. The perpendicular, slanting, and horizontal strokes should be made in the proper direction, and the curved strokes, when made heavy, should be thickened in the center only, and should taper toward the extremities ; while straight strokes are made heavy throughout, and should be made only sufficiently heavy to distinguish them from light strokes. Either a pen or a pencil may be used, and it may be held between the first and second fingers, in an almost upright position. The note- book must be kept in place with the left hand, and, when writing, the weight of the body should not rest upon the right arm. Everything should be written and read over and over again. Each character, word, or principle must be learned perfectly before the next one is taken up, and nothing outside of the exercises given in connec- tion with each lesson should be attempted. Word signs must be reviewed daily. 5 PHONOGRAPHIC ALPHABET. CONSONANTS VOWELS Name I'hunograpb Sound of Uirection written Sound of P \ pas in pope Downward B \ b " babe ." • e as ii eel T i t " tight " • D d " dead " a " ate Chay / ch " church •• • ah " arm J / j " judge " - K k " kick Left to right aw " all Gay g " gatf " Ray ^ r " roar Upward " oak Hay ; h " high " >v ^ 00 " ooze F f " flfe Downward ^ V L V " vat " r i " ill Ith C th " path " The ( th " thy " 5 " ell 8 ) 8 " saw '• a " at Z ) z " zeal ** - 6 " odd iBh J sh " wish Zhe J z " vision " — 11 " us Lay} r 1 " lull 1 Upward 00 " put Yay r y " yet Downward V R -^ r " roar " i " ice Way ^ w " wake " A oi " oil M ^-^ in " maim Left to right Einp > Embi /-^ J mp " hemp 1 1 mb " ember f " A ow " owl N ^-^ n " noun " Ing V-^ ng " thing " (-1 u " use PHONOGRAPHY. Phonography is based upon a scientific analysis of the sounds of the English language. The common alphabet, as being inadequate for the accurate representation of the various sounds, has beefi discarded and one more philosophic has been adopted, — one which provides an absolute sign for each consonant and vowel sound. The consonant signs are derived from the following geometxic diagrams : From these divisions twelve simple straight and curved lines are obtained : _.:^j_.z.-^\^iiuji::\.^^. These lines, made light and heavy, are arranged in pairs, the thin strokes representing the whispered sounds, and the heavy strokes the vocal or thickened sounds, as in column 2, page 6. Each consonant, whether straight or curved, is written in the direction of one of the lines in the following figures : .vl^ ^' ^\ \J Fig. 1. Fio. 2. Fig. 8. The lines in the second and fourth directions are inclined exactly midway between the horizontal and perpendicular lines in the first and third directions. Each sign represents invariably the same sound, and is always written in the same direction. (Columns 3 and 4.) The vo-vrel sounds are represented by dots and dashes placed in three positions about the consonant signs. (Column 5. ) 8 LESSON I. " CONSONANTS. 1. Perpendicular and slanting consonants are written downward ; horizontal ones from left to right. (Lines 1 to 4, page 9.) 2. The cons'onants ray, hay, and lay are written upward, (See line 5.) 3. All consonants rmtst be made of uniform length. Chay is made to slope 60, and ray and hay 30, degrees from the line of writing. 4. When two or more consonants are combined, they should be written without removing the pen from the paper, each succeeding consonant beginning where the preceding one ends. (Lines 6 and 7.) 5. Each consonant retains the same direction when joined to others as when written alone. 6. When two horizontal consonants are joined, they are written on the line. (Line 8.) 7. A horizontal consonant followed by a descending one, is ^v^it- ten at a suflBcient distance above the line to permit the descending one to rest upon the line. (Line 9.) 8. When two downward consonants are combined, the first rests upon the line, and the second descends beloio it. (Line 10.) Note. — An angle is always formed between a straight and a curved, and between two curved, consonants, except in a few combinations like p-n, l-ti, ith-n, lay-k, v-k, etc. (Lines 11 and 12.) WRITING EXERCISE. Read the "General Directions" on page 5. Write all the con- sonant signs. Write all which are written downward ; from left to right ; upward. T 4. T-m, b-k, t-k, t-m-k, chay-k, ray-t, ray-v, hay-ith ; t-lay, lay-t, 1-m, m-lay, ish-d, v-ish, ish-k. T[ 6. M-m, n-n, k-k, k-emp, n-k, k-ing. H 7. K-t, k-chay, k-t-m, gay-p, n-b, n-f, n-t-ray. 1 8. T-t, b-chay, t-p, d-ith, chay-p, f-d, v-chay. Lay-emp, f-m, m-f, f-ing, v-n, b-ing, ith-ing, f-r, p-b, d-t. 1. ._.\. B£AX>ING £XI:RCIS£. CONSONANTS. .\. .z ./.. 2. ...L- F D _J_ r.. _c Chay k ( i 1 1_ V Ith The S Z _":! .'^. Ish Zhe Yay Waj, 5. .._ 6. __ 7. __-, 8. _. Gay M Emp\ Embi N Ray Hay Lay Ing -____i^ L/-.._-_^ /- n. ...__j:^ \ \/i ^ zi. _:z _n 2L_ _^_ .^. 10.. 11.. 12. -^--v-f---v--^----^- 10 LESSON II. ' LONG VOWELS. 9. The six primary or long-vowel sounds, as expressed in the words Eve, ale, arm, awes, owes, ooze, are represented as in lines 1 and 2, page 11. 10. The vowels are written at the beginning, middle, and end of a consonant. They are called first-place, second-place, and third- ,place vowels, and are pronounced as single sounds. 11. Vowel places are reckoned from the beginning of the conso- nant. Dash vowels are written at right angles to the consonant. (Lines.) 12. A vowel written at the left of a downward consonant is read before the consonant ; written at the 7'ight, is read after it. A vowel written above a horizontal or upward consonant is read before the consonant ; written under, is read after it. (Lines 4 and 5.) 13. Between two consonants, first-place and second-place vowels are written after the first consonant, and third-place vowels are written before the second consonant. (Lines 6 to 9.) 14. Write all the consonants of a word before inserting the vowel or vowels. In phonography, only the sounds of a word are expressed. 15. Each sound of the language has one distinct sign for its repre- sentation, except the sounds L and i?, which have two signs. (a) When the sound of Z or ^ begins a word, lay or j-ay is used ; when it ends a word, Z or r is used. (Lines 10 and 11.) Exceptions. — i or r is used before m or emp, and lay or ray is used after m, emp, or j-ay. (Line 12. ) (b) \>'hen a vowel begins a word, Z or r is used ; when it ends a word, lay or ray is used. (Lines 13 and 14.) WRITING EXERCISE. Write all the long vowels separately before each of the consonants p, t, k, ray, and after the consonants b, d, chay, m, and hay. IF 12. Ate, ease, bay, toe, go, thaw, bee, say, Esau. 713. Deem, feed, sheep, balk, daub ; paid, bathe, cage, game, cake, shake ; poke, pope, boat, joke, foam ; boot, doom, coop, dado. 5^-l&. L^ap, leaf, league ; rage, wrought, robe. Feel, Paul, pon]^ ',Ji\ ; pier, pair, fear, far, farm. READING EXERCISE. LONG VOWELS. 11 AH AW 00 2. 1^. 1_,____-) 1 Eve ale arm awes owes ooze /iV 3. ^^ks L^^_______ii:^___ ^/ E__.!-!-! ^:i:^. 4..:i i: k_ ^_:i -I \' eat _vj^ ^ 6. \ _\-:v \_ \ peak \ 8. _\.rr^._ \^r-.,____ When I is the only consoaaot in a word, lay is used. .l-_. V-^--^-*--^----)--->--r rrx \ /^ x__6. __v ur:c:: 13 .X.-.5.. _____^___> I X •! Z_>cS >L______ 'k__x- 12. 13. --\ -J.. _x___J2 -Iv-X.x-S ^C. 14 LESSON m. SHORT VOWELS. 16. Besides the six long vowels, there are six short-vowel sounds, as heard in the words bit, bet, bat, not, nut, foot. (Lines 1 and 2.) 17. These vowels are indicated by light dots and dashes, and are written in the same places and governed by the same rules as the long vowels. Exception. — Second-place short vowels occurring between two con- sonants, are written before the second consonant. (Lines 3 to 7.) 18. Two vowels between two consonants are expressed by writing the first vowel after the first consonant, and the second vowel before the second consonant. (Line 8. ) DIPHTHONGS. 19. The double vowels as heard in the words ice, oil, owl, and use, forming the diphthongs i, oi, oic, and m, are represented as in lines 9 to 12. 20. Each of these signs retains its own direction, and, at the beginning or end of a word, may be joined to the consonant stem without lifting the pen. (Line 13.) When joined, both the diphthong and the stem should retain their complete forms. 21. If two vowels precede or follow a consonant, write that vowel nearer the consonant which is to be read next to it. (Line 14.) WRITING EXERCISE. IT 17. Pick, bill, billow, limp, nip ; beg, deck, check, fell ; pack, lack, baggy, Fanny ; botch, rob, knock, dolly ; touch, tug, love, buggy, honey ; push, cook, full, fully. 1 18. Payer, deity, gayety. T 19. Type, five, thy, like ; decoy, annoy, uncoil ; vowel, lounge, shower ; tube, beauty, July, jury, unique. If 20. Ida, eyes, oily, sue. TT 21. Boa, avowee. Ti 15. Alum, army, Peru ; rhyme, romp, mire, empire, rear, popery. BEADING £XKI(CIS£. SHORT VOWELS-DIPHTHONGS. 15 1 !___. a o -4-- - i- 1 ;/____ ___ .!____ .___:l^_-.. -) -.^^ . it edge add odd book 3. pick 4. 6. _\^ ^—^' _1 __^__ \ _:____ /^_x.__2.__L__n ..^^l^^.l I __ A .__10 _x y. ^. A /" J .^ _W__v„:__^_^_ 'A.. HEFFLEV'S PIT. PHON. 2 18 B£VrEW READING £X£RCIS£. 1..A I^ ^____^ 3. v----^-- --4 /f- .^T^- \— ,.-_jcr____.v_x 5. ^__2^ .__.^__:^f__._i_._Nv___. ..__\___i__.^._x 6. i._. L.._ • 8. i u___:___..£z: :. .^__ :_._!. 9. _n ^TN n3- 1__ . 10.n..._J^____^ ^___. 11.x ._.__.4...._^._. -A- 12.jC.. 13. A _. A_-_\^_. 11 15 1 ._l^.„_. Lj ...^_. ^ .....1^ _..^ ._!___. .)•_. i ■> I V 16 A. / ___ A v_/ --^-^--f-- .■z...^... REVIETAT QUESTIONS. 19 1. In what direction are perpendicular and slanting consonants written ? 2. In what direction are horizontal consonants written ? 3. What characters are written upward ? 4. Are consonants written in the same direction when joined to others as when standing alone ? 5. Write the long vowels before the consonant t. After the con- sonant k. 6. Write the short vowels after the consonant hay. 7. Write the diphthongs after the consonant p. Before the consonant n. 8. Is a vowel placed on the left-hand side of a down stroke read before or after the consonant ? 9. Is a vowel placed under a horizontal or up stroke read before or after the consonant ? 10. Where is a first-place vowel occurring between two consonants placed ? 11. Where is a second- place vowel occurring between two conso- nants placed ? 12. Where is a third-place vowel occurring between two consonants placed ? 13. How are two vowels occurring between two consonants placed ? 14. How are two vowels preceding or following a consonant placed ? 15. When I or r begins a word, which consonant is used ? 16. When I or r ends a word, which consonant is used ? 17. When I or r follows an initial vowel, which consonant is used ? 18. When I or r precedes a final vowel, which consonant is used? Write the following words, expressing all the vowels : 19. Owed, key, beak, poke, beck, pack, lake, elk, fill, fellow. 20. Air, rake, dare, berry, tie, boy, now, new, fuel, ideal. 20 LESSON IV. POSITION. 22. Consonant outlines are written in three different positions, which are determined by the leading or accented vowel : (a) To express first-place vowels, the consonants are written above the line. (Line 1.) (b) To express second-place vowels, the consonants are written •on the line. (Line 2.) (c) To express third-place vowels, descending or ascending conso- nants are written midway through the line, and horizontal ones immediately beloio the line. (Line 3.) 23. The first consonant is written in the position of the controlling vowel of the word, the second consonant beginning where the first ends, and so on. (Lines 4, &, and 6. ) Exception. — The first descending or ascending consonant, when preceded by a horizontal one, is placed in the position of the leading vowel. (Lines 7, 8, and 9.) 24. When double-lined paper is used, outlines are written as in lines 10 and 11. ABBREVIATION. 25. In sentence writing, many outlines will be as legible without as with vowels, when written in position. 26. Certain words of frequent occurrence are arbitrarily repre- sented by one or more of their important letters : (a) By the omission of consonants, (b) By the omission of vowels, (c) By the omis- sion of vowels and writing the full outline out of position. These contractions are called word signs, or logograms. (See page 12.) Word Signs. — (Line 12.) The; a; ah; all; tiro, too; already; before; owe, oh; ought; who. (Line 13.) An, and; ofj to; or; but; on; should; I, eye; how; you. (Line 14.) Hope, happy, party; be,ot^ct; to &; tMe; ^ dollar; do-i had, advertise, -d, -ment; which; rnuchfadvamagejiargef 27. The ticks are called petoid, detoid, etc. They are written downward, except on and sAouidf which are struck upward. 1.1 KEAI>ING KXERCISE. POSITION-ABBREVIATION. C ) >■ 21 2. _;l A 76--^"- — -^^ -k-. .:y. -^- -ri^" ./a._ 10. -(^- \w_: ->- 11. __• Word Signs 12. ___* *_ 13. _... -\ A J .. \ I A 14 ....V-\--V ^ ] l.-^-/--^-y- 22 DICTATION EXERCISE. 1. I hope you may be ready in time. 2. Do you know the way to the pump ? 3. You should pay the money which they took. 4. I should be happy to know of it. 5. They ought to be large to be of much advantage. 6. Joe should aid the Jew to the couch. 7. You may buy the cap, muff, and boa of Minnie. 8. They saw the rat gnaw the rope in two. 9. Show the advertisement to the party who ought to see it. 10. A dollar a day should be an object to the boy. 11. How do you advertise to so much advantage ? 12. You or I should go to the Bureau. To THE Student. All consonant strokes must be made of uniform length irrespec- tive of the position in which they are written. This is necessary in order to make your writing easy to read. Form your characters slowly and with absolute precision. Do not lift the pen or pencil from the paper until the complete consonant outline is written. Do not slant the perpendicular straight strokes, and be careful to make the curved letters properly. Avoid making your characters too large, and writing the words too far apart. Pre- serve a uniform distance between each outline. The word signs should be thoroughly committed to memory so as to be read and written without the slightest hesitation. Those given with this and subsequent lessons are of such frequent occurrence in every line of business, that the better they are learned when first presented, the less difficulty will there be in future efforts to acquire speed in writing. With the signs for the consonant and vowel sounds given in the preceding lessons we are able to write any word in the language. They are not, however, sufficiently brief to enable one to report a speaker, consequently it is necessary to provide additional signs for the repre- sentation of the most frequently recurring sounds, in order that greater brevity may be secured. These signs consist of circles, hooks, loops, etc., and are called appendages. By writing words in " position," the advanced writer may omit the vowels, thus securing increased brevity, and at the same time retaining legibility. liKAJDIXO £X£BCIS£^ 23 -J. \ a_ v -^.--A ziL-_:^ .ixJi _L n v^ .) \ .\^^ X 3. __n / X I — ! \ I _l_j-x— 5 .__(*.___'^____\^ _/___\__l__/..__/ x__.fi ^_A_. . /_ J ^___. :77_._7 _n..__^. A :ZZZN_ _.r_y.-\_!:^_x,_8...(-___i :::1_ \ x_ja _ A_._"_ l_ \ _ '_-_\ 'H- /--^ ...'... i.__L ia.._L_ . __l!_ /__\__ . _\___\ _*__.:__x_ii A. i_ n _. 1- .../.__.Z_I'_-12 . .J__-l -/- --- r-^-'-ve" /^..>^._S. .-/_._._\^_„ / ^x I 1-A _ n __^-;:x__| ^ -l^_x._.5 „ A __/__. /- a ._\ ___,_.,_f-_6. ..L__n.._^___!__/rz^ .7 __*___N^___| L_ N,_-/__/x..8 .n_.__z__\.-_'!r:l L .\ .__Lx._9 __(•___ ^7N__\__\__A-__^^.__1_- I X.Jil._^__. •. -X_ )• ^. A N 24 LESSON V. CIRCLE s on Z. 28. S and z, on account of their frequent occurrence, are supplied with an additional character; namely, a small circle, called Iss. 29. When joined to straight consonants, either initiallj' or finally, the circle is written on the right-hand side of down strokes, and on the uppej' side of horizontal and up strokes. When joined to curves, it is written inside the curve. (Line 1.) 30. Between two straight consonants forming an angle, the circle is written on the outside of the angle. Between curved consonants, or between a straight and a curved consonant, it is written in the most convenient way. (Line 2. ) 31. The vowels are read according to their position relative to the consonant, the circle being invariably read first, when it begins, and last, when it ends, an outline. 32. Use the circle form for all words beginning with s, or ending with s or z. (Lines 3 to 5.) 33. Use the stroke form: (a) For all words beginning with z. (Line 6.) (b) For all words beginning or ending with a vowel. (Line 7.) (c) For all words in which two vowels follow an initial s, or precede a final s or z. (Line 8. ) 34. A circle twice the size of the iss circle, and read in the same way, represents the sounds ses, sez, zes, zez. (Lines 9 and 10.) Other vowel sounds may be expressed by placing the vowel sign within the circle. (Line 11.) 35. S may follow the ses circle as in line 12. WRITING EXERCISE. 1 29, T-s, s-chay, k-s, lay-s, v-s, the-s. 1 30. T-s-k, k-s-t, p-s-f, n-s-t, m-s-lay, n-s-1. IT 32. Sight, such, sake, sing, spoke, sorrow ; base, dies, choose, less, sash, mi.ss, news, stays, sales, sons, notice; desk, cask, Missouri, Cincinnati, business, justice, succeed. \ 33. Zion, Czar ; icy, ask, Isaac, Aztec; Tasso, Nassau, lazy, daisy. H 34. Paces, teases, cases, voices, looses, amazes ; successive, exist. Word Signs. — (Line 13.) 7s, his; as, has; subject; satisfy, satis- fied; because; several. (Line 14.) This; thus, those; impossible, impossibility; improves; influence; influences. lUSAOlXG liXiatClSK. CIRCLE S OR Z. 1. 1 \,. /_ iss-p b-iss, etc. .ko t 25 ..dT^s. 3. A L. »>ap said .r .S /_ _^_. .^^ 5. !% — k^ 9. __^. (JL _0_ £ _<_^__ 6 j^ pieces chases 10. '^ V^ ?& ^ ^ J^ ^ ^ 11 12. V p I n _s._S^ ^-^ -o-l^ ^tT— — — -W Word Signs 13. _.. 14. io_ -r— ■f. ^. 26 DICTATION EXERCISE. I. All saw the sun rise. 2. The sight of such sorrow is sad. 3. The sales at the desk may be less this month. 4. The business of our house improves daily. 5. Ask Isaac the way to Nassau. 6. I assume the agency in Tennessee is busy. 7. His forces are necessary to our success. 8. I insist the exercise of this system may be successful, 9. James is satisfied because they may sell several houses. 10. It is impossible to say how much it influences the Czar. 11. Since I spoke of this subject you may satisfy his curiosity. 12. They should know its impossibility. To THE Student. Learn each lesson thoroughly before taking up the next one. Study each paragraph and write repeatedly the characters illustrating the principle given. When each lesson has been completed in this way, read the Read- ing Exercise again and again until it can be done without the least hesitation. Having thoroughly familiarized yourself with the rules and illustra- tions, you should next read the shorthand sentences many times. They should then be repeatedly copied, care being taken to make the signs correctly. After this has been done, write the sentences from the printed key (either by copying or from dictation) without looking at the shorthand page. Your writing should then be compared with the shorthand sentences, and any errors corrected. Write and com- pare the sentences in this manner until they can be written without error. The shorthand sentences which are given without key should be familiarized, and then a transcript made of them. They should then be written from the transcript and compared with the original. This should be repeated until they can be written with the utmost ease and accuracy. Hereafter the dotted line which has been used in the shorthand pages to indicate the line of writing, will be omitted, except in connec- tion with words which are to be written in the first or the third positions. Therefore, all outlines which occur without tlie line of writing are to be regarded as belonging to the second position. K£AI>ING £X£RCIS£. 27 1_^__1__A_ <^ Z-.L 5c^__:^„. spy' K^-aj-o^ 8,.y_ _I__._*_. x 10 ^P > A __^_„ 1 ..__"rr___:__ \ _x 11 o ^ C \ n ^TN _-P- -.;,^-x 12 (• J^ \ \ _^__. L s 5rlx 10 o .;_.A o ^^ \ . Q_Ln 28 LESSON VI. SEMICIRCLES W AND Y. 36. W and y may also be represented by small initial semicircles called Weh, and Yeh, respectively. 37. Either the right or left half of the circle is used for weh, and the upper or lower half for yeh, using that half which forms the better angle with the stroke. (Lines 1 to 3.) 38. Like the initial circle s, the semicircles are always read first. If a vowel begins or ends a word, way or yay must be used. (Line 4.) 39. S may precede weh by writing the circle entirely within the semicircle. (Line 5.) THE W HOOKS. 40. W is also represented by : (a) A small initial hook (called weh) on lay, ray, m, and n. It is read, and the stem is vocalized, the same as when the semicircle is employed. (Lines 6 to 9. ) (b) A large initial hook on the circle side of t, d, k, and gay, form- ing the double consonants tvcay, dway, kway, and gway, which are vocalized the same as simple stems. (Lines 10 and IL) 41. S may precede the lo hooks by writing the circle entirely within the hook. (Lines 12 and 13. ) Note. — All words commencing with the letters wh and qu, really begin with the sounds hw and kw, respectively WRITING EXERCISE. 1 37. Web, wade, wide, widow, weds, wages, wives, yawn, yore, yachts. 1 38. Woe, woes, wiser, Wyoming, yea, yeas. 1 39. Swoop, sweeps, Swede, swung, swings. 1 40. Wily, Wales, welfare, welcome, weariness, warehouse, worthless, wines, windy ; twill, dwelling, queer, inquiry, equalize, equip, quota, choir, (quietly, quorum, require, quickness, anguish. TT 41. Swelling, swine, swam ; squaw, squall, squeal, squa.sh. Word Signs. — (Line 14.) We, tcith ; were; what; would; ye; yet; beyond; yoxi ; that; when; aware. weep 2. _ 8. I 4. ^ 5. •\ sweep wall 8. 9. .5r^.. 10. __? tmce 11. 12. (T 13 XUiADING KXBRCISE. SBMICIRCLES W AND Y. 29 1. -L- l '^ .1.. > •T r .r -T' Word Signs. u. ^ O yj^L/ 1 •! ._Z_ _.L_ -■^... -^- n- •r- .r^- y '^'^ -^- -ti".. !r._ ^^ ^^-nt o 30 DICTATION KXKRCISE). 1. His wife wove the yellow ensign. 2. Young Miss Yates wishes to go to Yale. 3. Yes, it would be wise to see Edwin. 4. The worthless wines were all in the warehouse. 5. William Wall is will- ing, as well as worthy. 6. May I inquire how many are necessary to do the work ? 7. The swan may swim on the swelling waves. 8. You ought to be aware that we were with you on Wednesday. 9. What would you say if we were to do so ? 10. It is far beyond what you said it would be. 11. We' require a chorus, as well as a choir, to sing this song. To THE Student. The semicircles may also be disjoined and written in the position of the vowels, as follows : — WE WA WAH WAW WO WOO Ul n ^ YE YA YAH YAW YD YOO The signs are made heavy when they coalesce with the long vowels, and light when they coalesce with the short vowels. .These signs are called Coalescents W and Y. W also coalesces with the diphthongs to form the triphthongs : — i T .1 wi woi wow Punctuation marks are written in the usual way, except the following : — f 4} X or / I / Period. flxclainatlon. Dash. Paragraph. Parenthesis. Proper names should be underscored with two parallel ticks, as in sentence 2 on page 31. READING £X£RCISE. 1 iA_.X__:__.w^^ 2 UN^ <~~t> 31 A V i^ X 4 _•__ M^ •^--p .rr cX X 5 ^^____!__iC"_, o r o cX X ^ .(S~^ / ..:^._v^ N I * cX~f 7 / I )-f)io I ..°___^__2__A_.. -f I .\.llJ /^ o o • N \o * ^J^ V L r(; X 6 ..:_.!zi_.!. cM/^ x 7 .a._c __^ 32 LESSON VII. THE ASPIRATE H. 42. In addition to the stroke form, h is represented by a short, light, initial tick (called heh), written in the direction of c/i ay attached to k, gay, s, 2, lay, ?*, m, emp, and way. The tick is always read first. (Lines 1 to 4. ) 43. The tick may also precede iceA. (Line 5.) 44. H may be expressed before the small to hook by making the hook heavy. (Line 6.) Note. — In many words the h may be omitted. THE LOOPS ST AND STR. 45. St is represented by a small initial or final loop one half the length of the stem. It is written on the circle side of straight, and follows the direction of curved, consonants. 46. The rules for vocalizing stems with the circle s apply to those with the loops. (Lines 7 to 10.) 47. Following n, lay, ray, and hay the loop st may be thickened to represent zd. (Line 11.) 48. Str is represented by a large final loop, two thirds the length of the stroke. (Line 12.) 49. S may follow the loops by continuing the loop through the stem in the form of a circle, as in line 13. Note. — When st or str precedes a final vowel, the loop cannot be used. The str loop may be used initially on n and ing. WRITING EXERCISE. IF 42. Huxley, hag, huzza, hazy, hall, harm, homely, hump, whoa ; height, hush, harness, Harrison. 1 43. Whit, whig, whet. IT 44. While, whelp, whereat, wharfage. 1 46. Stage, stick, steal, stump, store, story ; past, test, nest, last, rest, whist, reduced, unjust, utmost, testify; tasty, musty. If 48. Pastor, duster, faster, gamester, disaster ; strength, strange. *' 49. Toasts, chests, coasts, mists, posters, jesters. Word Signs. — (Line 14.) He (struck dowaward) ; first ; at first ; largest; ivfluenced; next; stenography. BLADING EXERCISE. 1. . hack H—ST AND STR. hacic , ^ ^ A^ .i :L_±...X.--A----..:L„ 6..£... V y) ,/Y 'fi.: _^_ , -w- — ^ 8. ^ ...cr.. /- 9.A_ _:f:f!__ ^!vr_ vc /A ■10. i^ H. 4 __!^!__ 2fc _.,b raised / tj 12. Xf b- />' poster 13. K __J?__ ^^o t)- _^- 14. ^ ._A . /___ v^ ^^ -I- ■-/- ukffley's pit. riiox. — 3 34 DICTATION SXKRCISi:. 1. Why do you whistle here in our home ? 2. Hitch up the horse with the heavy harness. 3. The wheat makes white and wholesome cakes. 4. We must pay wharfage on the ship while at the dock. 5. He may state the least cost of the stamp. 6. I may be forced to assist the hasty, though honest, Swede. 7. He should testify to the unjust story of the last witness. 8. The minister perused the poster of the jester. 9. Who at first influenced us to study stenography ? 10. She is to be the first, and he is to be the next. 11. The first advertise- ment should be the largest of all. To THE Student. The semicircles, small circle and loop, should be made very small so that they will not conflict with the large circle and loop. The h tick should be made short and light. The w hook on lay, ray, in, and n is made small, while that on t, d, k, and gay is made large. The semicircle for w is not used on lay, ray, m, and n. Practice with both pen and pencil, taking care that the latter has a sharp point. Have your writing materials in proper condition previous to the time set for the lesson. If a pencil is to be used, have several sharpened so that there may be no interruption occasioned by having to stop for the purpose of sharpening a pencil. Use a good, fine pen, or medium soft pencil. The pen or pencil may be held in the ordinary way, or between the first and second fingers. The latter position seems to be better adapted for writing the shorthand characters. Endeavor to acquire an easy movement of the hand. The fleshy part of the forearm should rest upon the edge of the table, and must always be kept in that position. This can be accomplished by moving the notebook as occasion requires, instead of moving the arm. The hand should rest upon the third and fourth fingers, but the wrist should not touch the table. Facility in writing shorthand cannot be obtained without proper attention being paid to these details. KEAOING KXKRCISK.. 35 X 3 X 4 ^T5i -f ^ _ ._^_-.4x7._r_ / k N ;.-- ^^ .^ .i__:._/f?. -t..__::f__ -) N -r ^ ? 10 .._■::!.'_ °__\.:_ ^ . .'- rz_ ^^ X 5 _r^__i____*_.„^_ \^____!__ ^ X 6 V /^ /-r> — d^ \ N=> X 7 .^4^ b* s ._*__-l7^ X 8 ..*_ f^^ ^_ X ^ 9 * /._ X ._I-___t)..x...lO ^ _°__ . .L_ / _-^ / -- X K£VI£W READING KSLERCISE. •Uv K V . jL:_.n. /s X K 36 1. n / 4. L- _Z 4^ . ..L.:__ ^„ __!_.. ^ ? 7. ^. 4. ^ _:...I. . _ . i.. .:L. 8. Z_ .' _/_...:_ v::>.. . _:_..^.._\..:_..^. 9. :__ iW ^ _l_.:_..-.c___i__i'rNG EXERCISE. 39 WORD SIGNS. 2. .^_ ^ i_ { r ( ._/. _^._ ) ^ ^ -^ ^ -(-- -y- /"-N 3. J ._.^„_ J r -."^ 4. PHKASEOGRAPHY. 5. f/ ri I rv'VN rv^T^i k Vji 6. 1 { ir J ■ ^ \- 7. l^ M ^ Y x_-^^^ 10. .A_.-._:^_ _<^ .^^___._r::*______r:^._ 11. 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ \ '^^ 12. v^ __>_ r__ I. __!_ ^ ___^_____^.. 13. \. 1 7 ' \ ) ._^______5____ 14. c y y^ ^^ <^rN 40 DICTATION KXERCISK. 1. We usually see the importance of this exercise. 2. It will be of common advantage for us to give it together. 3. Will you allow the whole thing to go on in the usual way ? 4. If I ever have any important improvement, I shall think of them. 5. Come to see how they have improved the hou.se. 6. He was to have given us the first issue of his book. 7. In which way do you think the bag was lost ? 8. You will, you must, if you will, do you, thank you, we have, we fear you will be, we will. 9. Is the, is a, it is a, it is the, with his, as the, as a, have the, think the. 10. In the way, in these, in this, in those, in each, in which, in much, in such. To THE St0dent. Phrasing affords a valuable means for obtaining speed in writing. It must, however, be judiciously used, as too much phrasing is as objectionable as too little. Do not combine words that join awkwardly, or make phrases of great length. Join only words which are closely connected, either naturally or grammatically. In phrasing, the loop st may be formed into a circle. Vowels may also be omitted in common words. The tick, circle, and semicircle word signs generally take the posi- tion of the word to which they are joined. The formation of long phrases causes hesitation in their selec- tion, and requires time in their execution. They are therefore to be avoided. The phrases which are given in connection with this and subsequent lessons sufSciently illustrate the phrasing principle. They will also furnish about all of the simple phrases which occur in actual work and with which you will gradually and without difficulty become familiar. Do not make your shorthand characters larger than those given in the shorthand plates. Do not pass over the principles included in each set of Review Questions until they are thoroughly comprehended and can be readily applied. BEADING KXEKCISE. 41 f 4 ■!^_.::A__^.:r:. ------ < J ( ^ X 5 _ . .1 ^ (• ^ 7 ~^. k ( ...>^. ) .£_J 8 /- V ^ xio._^._._^_±t..^___Yv_.^_V. 1 e ^\ ■-V-- ■^- skill Word Signs u. \ -\- \ Zi r\^ -^---t 44 DICTATION KXKRCISE. 1. The club claims that the blame is most unjust to them. 2. Do you say that the idle fly flew at the awful eagle and was lost ? 3. They may bevel the edge of the blue glass which they have. 4. The camel was the first animal that would go in the tunnel. 5. The reply came by cable a couple of hours ago. 6. It is essential to have the initials of the official to place in our book. 7. Will you supply a saddle for the bicycle which was given to us ? 8. Tell him to take a suitable piece of cloth and tack it on the table. 9. Was it legal or illegal to make the cloth taxable at this time ? 10. Do you fully realize the importance of his title for the success of the play? 11. Is it now possible to display our flag in all climes ? 12. It is a rule of the school that we should call the roll daily. 13. We think that it is equally important to follow this clue to show its importance. 14. The people now know of the difficulty of its delivery in time. 15. It is difficult to judge of its value until they deliver it at our house. 16. It belonged in equal shares to the people, and was of much value. To THE Student. In phrasing or in sentence writing, many outlines, when written in position, will be as legible without as with vowels. Hereafter, all common words, such as in, if, at, our, me, may, they, way, know, no, go, take, make, by, buy, these, etc., should be written without vowels. Read everything that you write. You should be able to read short- hand with the same facility as longhand. Remember what has been said concerning the importance of know- ing the word signs. As a number have now been given they should be reviewed until they are perfectly familiar and can be readily made use of. Also practice writing common words without expressing the vowels. By doing so you will soon be able to read unvocalized phonography with greater facility than when it is vocalized. Particular attention, however, should be given to writing the outlines in their proper position. BEADING EXERCISE. 45 1. :_. 2.1 > LX...^.....^....^^^:^ ^T^ €^ ->- 3. ( 4. __ 5. — 6. L -L^ \ Ad • 7. r „ 8. [^ 9, -^- f- \ ^-. ( - ^' ' ' — ; — ^ - L^-^---^ loi ^ M_ L.-Ci^.:" ^ ^ . . > 5_ S, c^^ -A ^ 13 u.:_. 'x 15. 16. 46 LESSON X. DOUBLE CONSONANTS — iZ HOOK. 62. JB may also be represented on the straight letters p, b, t, d. chay, j, k, gay by a small initial hook on the side opposite the I hook, and on the inside of the curved letters, /, v, ith, the, ish, zhe, lay, in, and n. As the r hook is not used on the letters r, way, «, and z, the signs for/, v, ith, and the, with the r hook attached, are reversed to prevent confusion with the I hook. (Lines 1 and 2. ) 63. The consonants with the r hook attached are called per, her, etc. 64. The hook on lay is made large, and m and n are thickened, so that the r hook may not be mistaken for the small w hook. 65. The same rules for vocalizing stems with the I hook attached apply to those with the r hook. (Lines 3 to 10.) 66. S may precede the r hook on straight letters, by making the hook into a circle ; but on curved letters the circle must be made within the hook. (Lines 11 and 12.) 67. Skr, sgr, sfr, or svr, following d, and spr or sbr, following j, are formed as in line 13. Note. — St may precede the r hook on straight letters, by making the hook into a loop. WRITING EXERCISE. IT 65. Pray, Troy, trace, eager, either, froze, preach, prime, bribe, trip, cream, growth, fresh, '^shred,) freak, powder, bother, keeper, vapor, laborHemire) maker, trouble, trifle, proffer, jobber, purchase, protest, collar, nailer, clamor, banner. 1 66. Spray, spruce, sup- press, seeker, solder, spring, strike, sinner, destroy, extreme, ex- pressly, westerly, prosper, designer, subscriber. TI 67. Discourse, disgrace, disagrees. Hereafter write the exercises both roith and without the vowels. Word Signs. — (Line 14.) Appear; princip-le, -al, -ally ; practice; member, remember; number; doctor; dear; during ; danger ; larger; degree. BEADING EXERCISE. 47 THE R HOOK. 1, % \ 1 1 ; ; ;- ^ J>er, ber, etc. 2. -^ ^ ) ) J^ J ^ ^ ^ pry U -/ 4._..n.. ■?. ^ !>.... .._.. .5^_„ 9. ^. ^ rj. '^... X"- "^-^ extra 1. I \ 11. __\_ 1« 'X .^rZl .o:zr_. «pry ' o — I _. \ 12. '^ ^ .:o_.. .. . _. C ^-' 13. l^ _t:.. ._^._. / ^z:\_._V\.. Word Signs 48 DICTATION KXfiRCISE. 1. The preacher was eager to take the trip to Troy to see the church. 2. The robber will cause labor and trouble for his keeper. 3. You may ship the sugar, pepper, and crackers by express. 4. The labor of the clerk on the ledger was a bother to the director. 5. The etcher will offer to show his picture free next month. 6. The jobber will protest that the purchase of the banner was extra. 7. The more energy we apply, the less difficult it will be for us. 8. What is the price per term for the normal class in physical culture ? 9. Will he destroy the spruce tree at the westerly side of the farm ? 10. The subscriber said that notice of the discourse was in the paper. 11. The principle is dear to all members of the council of state. 12. Remember that but a small number of us usually practice what we preach, 13. Do you know that the doctor was away during the danger of the plague ? 14. I know that it is necessary for them to have a higher degree of knowledge on the subject. 15. The principal of the school will appear during one day of the month. 16. Try to overcome each difficulty as you see it day by day. To THE Student. Be careful to form all hooks on the proper side of the stem ; also observe whether they are large or small hooks. If they are not accurately written they are very apt to be mistaken for one another, or for the circles. Do not attempt to write your exercises rapidly. Strive for accuracy as to length of stem, size of hooks, circles, loops, etc. Ish may be written upward, and called shay, when a better angle with a preceding or following consonant will be secured, as in the words _^asft, sugar, shackle, etc. By reason of the variation in size and also of the modification which some of the consonant stems undergo when the I and r hooks are at- tached, they are the most difficult to learn of any of the hooks which have been previously explained, or which are to follow. It is therefore important that they should not be passed over until they have been thoroughly committed to memory, and that the words and sentences given in connection with them can be easily and correctly written from dictation. KBADENTG EXEKCISE. 49 4..:. /^ .f._ '-'V_ ..1 ^ 1 \.y l^X 7..:. ^ ^' _!_.._5;._.;.. ^ 8. 9.r_.<...,^L•..^^,..T....^.. >l..>..i^. (Ti X 11.;.. % __°.. 1 X .\_ \, _L.__-:rY.._\ -Px 12.^ ..^_. . ..^eC_.!\._i__).. >> .V--— --^-^: 13. k. -.^.-..-1 ) ^....-v--:- /-:- ^ ? i5.:..\ .?_ r -^- ...I- <^ I- .z. ^^ X )' I |. \ I. .. ....... r\^.:.i. heffley's pit. phon, 4 50 KirVTEW READING EXERCISK 1 C ) -"s 1 . ,^„ • t ^ ^• 8,^ .^. .\_ V ? 9 ^s J _^..( X 10 \^ L^12 i c_ 1 f 13 __f. 19 I -^^\ > c+e^ ^ 20 ^ -.C \ 2i,..L \ r ^ v^ ..:|.. 10. i- -/■ Word Signs I ^ 12. ..jL ._]-. c/ / ^ ^ .I^_.^ 54 DICTATION £XE:RCIS£. 1. Will you join in the fun down by the ocean this evening? 2. It is known that we mean to make a loan on his stock of grain. 3. Do you know that we shall dine down town at nine o'clock to-mor- row ? 4. I incline to remain until they finish sowing the grass seed. 5. The silence of the machines in Trenton makes it seem lonesome. 6. The fences on the avenue, I fancy, have been torn down. 7. He took pains, hence his success in many branches. 8. The king may pay the man a ransom for the prisoner. 9. The beauty of the evening was enhanced by the glory of the moon. 10. The chances are that he will more than pay his expenses. 11. Our opinion is that they generally begin work on the houses at once. 12. You know that they have been using plionography in your own town. 13. As a gen- eral thing we are sure that it is within our own reach. 14. I think their remembrance of it is very remarkable in every way. 15. I assure you his remark will give pleasure to Mr. Brown. 16. I am sure you know that his speech will be a characteristic one. 17. You may describe tlie characters over again and more at length this time. 18, Ten men expressed their opinion upon what had been done there. WRITING EXERCISE. 1. The ball will-be ^ the talk of-each fair dame we see. 2. The sun thaws the snow slowly on-these chilly days. 3. He abuses the bosses in-his speeches to-the masses. 4. He tries to throw the ball as-far-as you threw it. 5. One drop of ink may make millions think.^ 6. The plowman is known by his furrows. 7. That explains the cost of-the expense. 8. Nine men were in-the mine when it fell in. / 9. The train ran ten miles when it broke down. 10. Are you sure many persons have known what he has done? 11. He took his chances when-he- was in Kansas. 12. If-you-can run fast you-may reach-the engine. 13. It-is-an ill cause in-which no one dares to be known. 14. You- should-be careful to break no branches of-the trees. 15. The minister is-a clever preacher and impresses his hearers. 16. The twenty men had plenty of financial aid. 17. Ten men can earn more than nine men. 18. We surely think there-is pleasure in phonography. > Hereafter words connected by a hyphen should be phrased. R£AorNG kxkbcise:. 55 7. .i^,[_^.^ ^ ^ ._!_. ^io -~r::_ „-wy ..yx, 9. :._.A__.L_'_^ ) .....^-..A. ^^..!_„.x ..:.._..y---^ ) -^•■ 10..—^- /^ —-l- ^ ^ \ -°-_ O X 13. o_ y __^_.__.^_ J 1 .P__.__->^_..rtf X 14. t:^ % 1 _-!_ ^ _^ ^- ^ X 17. .^-N c ..__\. = . ^ 4...^, ..1. ^ .-./._. V -Ji!. THE SHUN HOOK. 7. ^ J ^-t= V> -li?- H^ 8, A.. -^ .Al %.. „,__ J^ TFord Signs 12. V. ..^. .-P.- ._iir^.. / "S ( 58 DICTATION EXKRCISE. 1. Be brave, for bravery will be sure to achieve success in every cause. 2. The discovery of the reef near the shore will serve to save the ship. 3. The chief thing is to strive to deserve the opinion ot others. 4. They prefer to sell the house with no reference to the sur- vey. 5. If he refuses the gloves, we will refuse to give the trophy. 6. He thinks he derives much pleasure from his drives in the open air. 7. I have a notion to call his attention to their action on this occa- sion. 8. Can you gain admission to this session of the National Educational Association ? 9. Their motion was to place him in a position at the railroad station. 10. The physician, as well as the musician, is necessary to our civilization. 11. The supposition is that there will be some opposition to that proposition for the revision. 12. Whatever is done, I shall hope to have whatever difference may come out of it. xl3. Whichever way he goes he should advance most carefully and with caution. 14. Remember that whoever goes must be careful to come back a different way. 15. His advanced views differ from the opinions given by others at that time. 16. The adop- tion of the laws gives satisfaction to all people in general. 17. I have no objection whatever if you care to give him the information. 18. What objection has he to the generalization given in the descrip- tion of the oration ? WRITING EXERCISE. 1. If-the sea is calm we-shall catch many fish. 2, He insists that- such-an exercise is necessary. 3. Because it-is-the best it costs the most money. 4. The first blow is half the battle. 5. The owner is eager to sell by-the first of April. 6. It-is human to err. 7. To whom is it generally given ? 8. The life of man is but a span. 9. You-may stain the pine brown. 10. The positive man is often in error. 11. The skiff is on-the reef at-the cliff. 12. Fashion is-the science of imitation. 13. The convention was for-the promotion of general education. 14. There-was-a disposition to show opposition to-his position. 15. The precision of-the procession was-a surprise on-this- occasion. 10. I-am-sure the information will give satisfaction to-the general. 17. He has taken possession of-the traffic at-the station. 1 8 You-should mention the attention he has given the mission. BEADING EXERCISE. i.\ "x ^ "^Z ry ^ A. oiJD --^ .ere > o>V 5. 6. .-:_ c ..i_._]i ~^ X 8. — , n ^ --^-r "^'"""ci^- '^ '^' 9. ^ .t:, ) s \ ^ .^___^^..^.. C^ Jx iO.--— k O C ^ -_,_. !-- Vl>^ \ J^v- .S^^__x n.\_X -1- V\ 6^ .'!^__..^.__!\|._ ^ _^x 12. L „_°._ J ^ ._v- L L ^ _ ..[-. I X 13. / ^ _l_ _^ jl. ^ __L_ ^T^ c^^ . _L_n:$ -t- 16. :X-'--^-^-^- ^ -^- ^ -^- ^ 17. V. V> ^ --^- -- X -~ ^ --^ 18 \o o .n. > / — ___^.___r:____i ^* t ^ 60 LESION Zm. HALF-LENGTH STROKES. 79. By writing a consonant half its usual length, f or (i is added : (a) T is added to light, and d to heavy, simple characters. (Lines 1 and 2.) (b) y or d is added to compound characters. (Lines 3 to 6.) Only stems with hooks are called compound characters. 80. The positions for half-lengths are above, on, and below the line. The characters are pronounced pet, bed, etc. 81. The t or d is read after a vowel or final hook, but before the final s circle. Before a final vowel the stroke f or d must be used. (Line 6.) 82. D is distinguished from t, on the simple strokes I, r, m, and n, by making them heavy. (Line 7.) 83. Lt is always written upward and Id downward. When s is halved, it may also be written upward. (Line 8.) 84. Bay and emp, when standing alone, are not halved. (Line 9.) Way, yay, and ing are never halved. 85. The final syllable ted or ded is expressed by a half-length t or d. When it does not form an angle at the junction it may be dis- joined and written close to the preceding stroke. (Lines 10 and 11.) WRITING EXERCISE. T" 79. Apt, ached, deed, void, east, saved, plates, broad, flat, effort, wild, wound. 1" 81. Pained, joined, found, land, tends, strained, brands, yield ; gauged, engraved, remained, beautiful, illustrate, warrant. IT 82. Load, sealed, reads, let, hard, might, aimed, night, sound. TF 83. Dealt, gilt ; killed, failed, untold ; briefest, gravest. 1 85. Pointed, counted, fitted, pleaded, ended, audited, founded. Word Signs. — (Line 12.) Particular, -ly ; opportunity ; part ; remembered ; at hand; did not; do not; had not. (Line 13.) Gentlemen ; gentleman ; good ; after ; virtue ; virtual, -ly ; that ; toithout. (Line 14.) Lord, read; immediate, -ly ; under; hand, owned; somewhat; world; amount; movement. ~pee7~ RBADING EXERCISE. HALF-LENGTH STROKES. 61 2. 3. .1^. ^ print 4. .._X.. sobbed 5. 6. 7. 8. V~ 9. _^^_. 10 -- 11. i7 i: ^ '^^ .r 7^ \ "^ V .!._ J^_ V_ U ki ■/Ti 12. 13. Word Signs •N '^^ T" '^ C u. — ^ t/ /'-i _. 62 DICTATION EX£RCISE. 1. The cat made a neat bed on the soft rug by the stove. 2. They sent for the mat which they left last night at our house. 3. The freight offered for shipment was short one box of meat. 4. He went to the tent and betrayed him to the general for his de^s. 5. We observed that they had measured and finished the street last month. 6. We had the beautiful picture engraved to illustrate his last story. 7. He heard a noise in the street, and went to see what made it. 8. He used a gilt cord instead of a band for the frame. 9. I saw that the finest belt was coiled up, and was not to be used. 10. I hardly thought that you would credit that statement which he made. 11. He remembered particularly that they did not have an opportunity to see it finished. 12. We did not know that it was at hand at that par- ticular time, or we would not have sold it. 13. The gentleman was sur- prised that the business was virtually without capital. 14. The account these gentlemen gave of it did the country much good after all. 15. I do not know that it will be of particular advantage to have the business go on in the usual way. 16. Under somewhat different auspices the movement might have been more successful. 17. When he heard of it, he immediately sold the amount of stock he owned. 18. They demanded immediate payment and received cash in hand for it. WRITING EXERCIS£. 1. The path of duty is-the path of safety. 2. They who live in sin may weep in sorrow. 3. You-are rich if-you think you have enough. 4. The brave man was driven by grief to-the grave. 5. We took I occasion at-the auction to purchase works of fiction. 6. He-is-in A Kt^possession of-the premises at-the station. 7. Mary taught the class X/ to write fast. 8. During-the fight we heard that our general was shot. 9. He made a note of-the date of-the deed. 10. She received-a present of a diamond ring. 11. The president was honored as-the bells chimed and-the cannon boomed. 12. His wound pained him badly, though it bled slowly. 13. He seemed faint for-a-moment, but he went home. 14. He- was wounded at Richmond last night. 15. I should-be-glad to meet him, but I-am-afraid I cannot. 16. The gentleman immediately told them all about the movement. 17. They do-not despise the doer, but the deed. 18. After all, what good can come from it ? /SN 1. , 2. ( Q^ ^ READING EXERCISE. 63 3. c^ /^ ^ 4. .!_ <:^ > J. 5. _L ^V i I 6. >. 7. .1. :v8. /... ^ 10. ._r. ^0"^ 11. __!_ ^ ^ 12. J._ s ^ .\.. 5.. "^ z:^-- /^_p T Cl^ \ /^ I X /Ts X X X ' \ 7-t---"7-' --■'----■- ^ ^^ ' 15. 4^ " W ^__.^. / s Vi-.- ^ _i_ 17. ..^__..^ 1 ..!..::_. ^^ _:. r. y.Jr. ^ -N 64 REVIEW READING EXERCISE. 2. _:___S^ f'.y.^ - \ e -^ ^ ^ -ZJi .'_Jrr::__y 4, .-^- ^1-J. ^ .^.. 3. ._ 5. .!__ J. ) .i_ ^ 2_n ) s c. V, ^ X ..\- . X- ^ . ) c i:- X 7. :l.-f • S:r.. ) '13; ^ i__ -^ fV^ ^ \ 1 c \ n / ^7^ — -v- ' ^ r^-..O.L % ^X > ^T^ i-r 0- ^ "v. ^ RBVIE"W QUESTIONS. 65 1. How may the sound of »t be expressed in addition to its stroke form ? 2. On what letters is this form used ? On which side of straight letters is it written ? 3. When is this form for n read ? 4. How do s and ses follow this form for n ? On what kind of strokes are these forms used ? 5. When a word ends with a vowel, immediately preceded by n, which form should be used ? 6. How may the sound of / or v be expressed in addition to its stroke form ? 7. On what letters is this form used ? 8. When is this form for /or v read ? 9. How is the syllable shun expressed ? 10. How is the s-shun hook vocalized ? 11. How does s follow this form for shun ? 12. What is the effect of halving a simple character? A compound character ? 13. How is d added to I, r, m, and n ? 14. What consonants are never halved ? 15. When is a vowel occurring after a half-length character to be read ? 16. When is a final circle on a half-length stem read ? 17. How are the syllables ted and ded expressed ? When may these syllables be disjoined ? 18. How is It distinguished from Id ? Write the following words, expressing each of the vowel sounds : 19. June, pence, monstrous, offenses, fancy, punster, heave, brief, define, coffee. 20. Nation, educational, opposition, dispensation, apt, sealed, de- light, failed, needed, fainted. hekfley's pit. phon. — 5 66 LESSON XIV. DOUBLE-LENGTH STROKES. 86. By -writing curved consonants twice their usual length an additional syllable is added, as follows : (a) £■?• is added to e»np or e?n6. (Line 1.) (b) Ker ov ger to ing. (Line 2.) (c) Ther, ter, or der to all other curves. (Lines 3 to 5. ) 87. The rules for vocalizing half-length strokes apply tO' double- length strokes. Lengthened consonants are called mpr, nkr, ntr, etc. 88. Descending steins are written on, through, and three quar- ters below the line. Ascending stems are written above, on, and through the line. SUFFIXES. 89. Ing is expressed by a light dot, ings by a small circle, and ing the by the chetoid tick written at the end of a word. (Lines 7 and 8.) 90. Ly is expressed by a disjoined I. (Line 9.) 91. Ship is expressed by a disjoined ish. (Line 10.) 92. Self is expressed by a small circle, and selves hy a large circle, disjoined if necessary. (Line 11.) 93. llity, ality, and aniy are represented by disjoining the con- sonant that comes immediately before the ility, etc., and writing it close to the preceding part of the word. (Line 12.) IVBITIXG EXERCISE. ^ 86. Temper, distemper, lumber, chamber, November ; franker, hanker, finger, linger; father, mother, smother, weather, enter, ] center, diameter, Walter, winter, tender, orderly, surrender. IT 89. Paying, buying, trying, screening, having, thinking, shin- ing, speaking ; doings, meetings, buildings ; having the, saving the, training the. IT 90. Finely, heavenly, honestly, justly, lordly. IT 91. Friendship, courtship, statesmanship, generalship. 1 93. Suit- ability, expansibility, responsibility, legibility, frugality, peculiarity, popularity. aV' B£AJDING ISXERCISE. DOUKEE-LBHGFTH STROKBB. 67 plumper -b-^:- _tr-.i J^ tinker 3. 4. 5. 6. feather ^ T 8 9. ^ 10 > r 47" 11. r 12 13. ^ ^~i^. \ ■■^--^- <^ SUFFIXES. ...I. -^ A X r 68 DICTATION EXERCISE. 1. Will they hamper the shii^ment of the timber iii September? 2. The tinker said that this anchor was longer as well as stronger. 3. It was neither smoother nor lighter than the other one. 4. The voter received a letter from the senator about the matter. 5. Mr. Anderson has given orders to render their accounts at once. 6. Father and mother say that we shall have winter weather in October. 7. He thinks if you tamper with the matter you will arouse their anger. 8. We shall go to Watertown the latter part of September if the weather is fine. 9. Walter wrote a letter to his father, and will send another soon. 10. They are training for the rowing match, respecting which we have spoken. 1 1 . When the drawings are finished the engravings will be made from them. 12. They are moving the things from the house, and are taking the screens with them, 13. We are selling the buildings having the extension, and are buying the farm lands. 14. It is plainly evident that they are vainly expecting to hear from them. 15. It will be a hardship for him to accept the chairman- ship of the meeting. 16. They say his stability and prosperity are somewhat due to his peculiarity. 17. The proceedings began with irregularity, and were without much formality. 18. We are sure that his responsibility and frugality led mainly to his popularity. IVBITING EXERCISE. 1. Their dwelling is-in-a different quarter of-the city. 2. The thing which-has-been is-that which shall-be. 3. That-which-is done is-that which shall-be-done. 4. The way to be great is to-do good. 6. Do what you ought to-do, come what may. 6. Do all-the good you-can, and do it with spirit. 7. A friend in need is-a friend indeed. 8. Those who have failed may find fault. 9. What accident has gained, acci- dent may take away. 10. Honor thy father and thy mother. 11. Neither break law nor go to law. 12. I-received-your-letter about the water meter. 13. We all admit that ambition is-a noble passion. 14. Frugality is-a great revenue. 15. Form is good, but not for- mality. 16. The orderly gave news of-the surrender of-the enemy. 17. The diameter of-the chamber was entirely another matter. 18. I wonder if-we-shall receive another letter about the order. X 2. y 3- 6. r c... BEADING £X£RCISi:. m I ^ \^....^:^. 1\^.^^^ ■ ■) -J--^ r^x if- -<^3- 10. ( X > ^ X_.9_.A^. / C ^r-^.^-^-/- 12. 13. _^ r ..^_. ^ 15. K\ .__ v^ \ ,^„:. 16. ( ) ° f^. ._^\ /' -. • ^ V c "=x 17. .-._..':%...v^. ----.^^. . \ r^. -'■::i 1.8. c/ J /\ .\. . - Y 10. 11. 12. 13. 8. ^ n-)/__-i . > ^ X "-'''^" \ V ■f - ^ ■-;- - ^ X V 16...:___S^__5__ "^ . c/^ n _ n .4.. ( 17. o L .-_T^._.. ^ kA s^^ . V^ 18.. ^1l_^ V. ..^.. 74 KE\1EW BEAUrXG KXEKCISE. 2..:.. r^ ^ "^^ ^-^ ).._i6_.^~i..^ 1 9. .Z_._l (. _:._. '^y^z:: J ^ ^- r^..^ 12. ^. .^....C^....^^ \ Y --- - -^ ^ 13- ") -A\ L -ii:! ") \,^- .^. ") iiv >< 18..^^. ^ .lA.^ ^....^...f..l. V. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 75 1. What syllable is added to mp or mb when it is written twice its usual length ? 2. What syllable is added to ing by writing it twice its usual length ? 3. Wliat syllables are added to all other curved consonants by writing them twice their usual length ? 4. What are the positions for the double-length strokes ? What are they called ? 5. How may the final syllable ing be expressed ? G. How may the final syllable ings be expressed ? 7. How may ing the be expressed ? 8. How may a final ly be expressed ? 9. How is the affix ship expressed ? 10. How is the affix self expressed ? 11. How are the syllables ility, ality, and arity at the end of a word expressed ? 12. How may the syllable con, com, or cog be expressed at the beginning of an outline ? 13. How may con, com, or cog be expressed in the middle of an outline ? 14. How is contro or counter expressed ? 15. How is the prefix self or circum expressed ? 16. How may in, en, or un be expressed, and on what kind of consonants ? 17. How may inter, enter, or intro be expressed ? 18. How may magna, magne, or magni be expressed ? Write the following words, expressing each of the vowel sounds : 19. Timber, finger, neither, trying, shinings, doing-the, meanly, hardship, myself, stability. 20. Contain, compact, discomfort, recognize, contribution, counter- mand, insti'uct, entertain, introduce, magnify. 76 OUTLINES. In order to write with the rapidity of speech, it is necessary to abbreviate words to their consonantal outlines. But this amount of contraction is not sufficient ; additional abbreviation is needed to rep- resent the most frequently recurring words and phrases. This is attained by means of word signs, contracted words, etc. But we cannot contract indefinitely, and the occasional insertion of vowels is necessary to preserve the legibility of the writing. Still further, many of the consonant letters may be written in two or more ways, and thus many words can be represented with several different outlines. It is this variation which often causes doubt in word formation ; and ability to make an instantaneous and judicious selection must be acquired, before success in rapid writing can be achieved. One of the principal guides in the selection of outlines is that of convenience and ease in writing. How to make this choice, aside from the word signs and the words in the following lists, must be left to the discretion of the practitioner. To qualify him for this selection, he must possess a thorough knowledge of the principles as given in the previous lessons. Each principle must be thoroughly learned and applied before a subsequent one is undertaken. This is of the utmost importance, as it is the only method which will secure the desired skill. The student having pursued the method of study outlined, and having gained familiarity with outlines for words and expressions relating to various kinds of business, and having had sufficient practice in dictation and transcription, will be enabled to form readily brief and facile outlines for the difficult words which are liable to confront him. The lists of words, with outlines, given on page 113, et seq., are intended for reference rather than for critical study, although they are of very common occurrence in almost every line of business. They should be familiarized by writing from dictation correspondence con- taining the same. The lists will also be of value for exercises in spelling and definition. In fact, no list of words in this book should be passed over without the ability to speU and define each word. TVORD-SIGN W^ORDS. 77 Portions of the word signs. following words are composed of one or more -r advancement advertising afternoon afterward almost although altogether anybody anyhow, ..' anyone anything anywhere awe become commonly differential I J I ^^ disadvantage In — '-^ Jb -S^Ty-... enlarge, -d everything c^ I I foreclose N^ c — o c — r. foreclosure "'^ forever VI V forsake ^•^£! t/ forward ^, ^. y hereafter ■^\ '>! '^ hereabouts .>.^ Sa ^_- hereby xC^ /" z. herein ^^ ^^ ^ hereinafter ^ -\_- hereupon ^ herewith V o ~^— c/ inasmuch 17. inward ^ — P^ x--?v misunderstand "^ ' ^^ s. ^ misunderstood > nobody ^-^ objectionable \ /^ ^\j onward v\ yi.-_ overcharge ' , overhear _:^^.. ^^-J phonographer phonographic satisfactory satisfactorily \| ^ subjected severally something understand, -ing understood under-take, -took c/A^/^c^ 6 -^-^- whereupon wherever wherewith whichsoever whomsoever whosoever withdraw withheld withstand 78 SIMPLE PHRASES. Ease and rapidity in writing the following frequently recurring phrases, will render easy the writing of miscellaneous phrases. aU right anybody else anything else anything more as soon as Q_i? as soon as possible &8 well as as well as possible as early as possible as the as follows as near as yon can at that at owner's risk sender's risk by the way ^-^ 61— a \ dear friend did you receive did you mention first place first-class for it is \ for the matter ' how many has been -- 1 am V — c^ I am glad I am very glad I am very truly yours I am sure I am surprised I am sorry am very sorry have no doubt If it is possible if it is to be in answer inasmuch as in this city in your city in your place in your letter ^'■— '^->. in the way VJ in the west SIMPLE PHRASES. — Continued. 79 the outlines given until they can be written without error. in the country In this country In the meanwhile in the meantime \ r^-^ there has been to some extent . to be able to X_ Jl/^— . truly yours In the matter in that matter very little very likely i K ^ in this matter in such in such cases is the it has been it is necessary it is only it seems to me It would be of course of this date on the on cars on track on sale per cent per month price list price lists such has been that the that is thank you that place this place this class of freight there are there are many very truly very truly yours which would be which would not be will be satisfactory we are r^''^ we can have we cannot we cannot have we have we have yours we have your letter we shall we shall be glad we are very truly your city [yours your place your letter you are aware you will be you may have you must 80 -W^ORDS DISTINGUISHED B7 DIFFERIUYCE IN POSITION. The following words, in order to preserve greater legibility, should be written in position. Practice in writing the sentences on the oppo- site page will give the necessary familiarity with these words. administration admonish adopt .^ ^ "-t. .^_ r fix fluent illnminate immaterial imminent indebted indefinite indicted inevitable indicate induct -^ count material defeat x- ^ (\ occupy defend ^ — -n/ j' \^3_, permanent defined permission definite ^\/-— -, ^ f\_ Permit demonstration __i^ _^ predict deviate product device C\ (>. ^\.-— .. private devote \ \ -JlZ^^ prominent diminish promote division ^ ^ c\ promotion doubter \ — ^ ^^^ ^ protect effect eliminate eminent essence exalt except extract extricate exult failing feeling A^h A- provide regard regret repetition reputation &- resolute result science _V_5 b unanimous unavoidable \ I undefined M undoubted I WRITING £X£RCIS£. 81 Except for that reason, we might accept the work. 2. Count all of the items in the account. 3. I will adopt it if you can adapt it to my business. 4. His demonstration shows that his administration was successful. 5. We purchased the device upon the advice of others. 6. How would it affect him if we should effect the sale? 7. If you will affix the seal, it will fix the document. 8. He is a fluent speaker, and an affluent man. 9. The anonymous letter made them unanimous in their decision. 10. He did not deviate in his story when he told of the definite action he took. 11. He defined his position, in order to defend his reputation. 12. You should devote your energies to defeat the matter. 13. We should admonish them not to diminish their efforts. 14. Make a copy of the paper which is to occupy our attention. 15. His resolute devotion to it will result in a division on the resolution. 16. The eminent man was in imminent danger. 17. They predict that he will provide, in private, to protect their product. 18. How may the doubter have an undoubted demon- stration of the value of this device ? 19. If you will eliminate the difficulty, we will illuminate the house. 20. If they will indicate the result, I have the feeling that it will extricate us from the difficulty. 21. Will you exult if they should exalt him. 22. It is no less a fail- ing if they induct him into office. 23. Will you permit them to promote the undertaking? 24. Have you their permission for the promotion of the enterprise ? 25. It is a prominent and a permanent improvement. 26. It is immaterial what material is used. 27. I regret that its repetition should indicate that you do not regard your reputation. 28. It is an unavoidable as well as an inevitable occur- rence. 29. The science is indefinite, as well as undefined. 30. It is undoubted that he will be indicted, as he is indebted to them. 31. It is immaterial whether or not permission was granted for a division of the labor. 32. Repetition in anything is beneficial in gaining a knowledge of it. 33. We predict that the success of the administra- tion will be definite and conclusive. 34. What else could the prom- inent man do, except to defend his reputation against pennanent injury ? 35. The demonstration they gave of the method adopted, will meet with unanimous approval. 36. The perfumer proceeded to extract the essence from the flowers. heffley's pit. phon. — 6 82 MTORDS DISTINGUISHED BY DIFFERENCE IN OUTLINE. The following words, because of the danger of their confliction, are written with different outlines. They should be studied and written several times befoi*e attempting the writing exercise. The sentences should then be written a sufficient number of times to insure familiarity. ->- ^ - abandoned abundant accordance agent -^ ^^ always /^.__Y--V7 -rgy Mrs. only order passionate patient patron pattern perliaps, propose physical I WRITING EXERCISE. S3 1. He gave abundant reasons when he abandoned the ship. 2. In accordance with your desire we did not give credence to the report. 3. The gentleman should not be long in settling with the agent. 4. The daughter of the debtor will also go along. 5. If they will pledge to make an apology, we shall be satisfied. 6. He cannot, with propriety, appropriate the money. 7. We did not make any preparation to receive the appropriation. 8. The auditor will propose to make only an annual report. 9. The valuable land was not available for building purposes. 10. The greater cost of it caused a better article to be made. 11. Its gradual growth greatly increased its value. 12. Can he frame an excuse for his deviation from the truth ? 13. The bright-minded patron chose the broad pattern. 14. The earth gradually assumed its present physical form. 15. Will the editor and the auditor return by the train ? 16. A little devotion to the cause will always turn the tide. 17. The favorite rider was not favored at the last i*ace. 18. The firm has made a statement for the fiscal year. 19. The Misses Smith were much alike, but Mrs. Jones did not like them. 20. I would rather order the writer than the reader to do the work. 21. The mother was patient with her passionate child. 22. Perhaps it was his purpose to show that a poor man may have a pure heart. 23. What was done for the protection of his production? 24. I have written him to retain the renewed note, or I shall be ruined. 25. The situation at the station yesterday was better than on Saturday. 26. If you will support it, you will render me a sepa- rate service. 27. They say the matter is making terrible trouble. 28. Its high valuation is in violation of our legal rights. 29. I have gradually come to the conclusion that I would rather support the broad cause of freedom. 30. It is greatly to be regretted that the valuation of the property was in excess of last season. 31. We shall have to make an appropriation from the available assets of the bank for our protection. 32. We have abundant reasons for acting in accordance with the preparations which have been made for the avoidance of trouble. 33. The gentleman gave credence to the report of the agent regarding the terrible situation of affairs. 34. We do not know the pui-pose of the report, 35. There is no excuse for your deviation from these greater and more valuable objects. 84 CONTRACTED WORDS. The outlines of the following words, because of their awkward forms when written in full, are contracted by writing only their prom- inent consonants. These are called " Contractions" ; the outlines are generally suggestive of the words they represent, but they should be thoroughly memorized so that they may be written without hesitation. S ^ acknowledge anxiety anxious astonish, -ed, -ment capabl-e, -y ^-V^ ■challenge, -d misrepresent, -ed mistake mistaken change, -d chapter December r determination determine, -d ^— ^ ^ — "X develop, -ment V_ V, distinct, -ly distinction - establish, -ed, -ment— ^ — .^._ ^^ mortgage natural, -ly neglect, -ed never nevertheless new, knew 'notwithstanding November ^ 7 extinct extinction ■ extraordinary familiar, -ly February identical, -ly Independent, -ly indiscriminate, -ly indlspensabl-e, -ly individual, -ly individuality influential, -ly intelligence intelligent, -ly intelligible irregular, -ly January , magazine ->- practica-1, -ble t\ practicability K — privilege, -d \ probabl-e, -y proper, -ly, -ty _ publi-c, -sh, -shed publication regular, -ly represent, -ed A^~y i^ respect, -ed sufficient, -ly territory WRITING JSXERCISK. 85 1. They acknowledged that they have uot a sufficiently intelligent knowledge of the subject. 2. Who will determine what is best for the development of the vast territory of our republic ? 3. An indis- criminate duty should not be placed upon articles indispensable to the public. 4. His extraordinary determination is a mistake inconsistent with natural intelligence. 5. Our representative has acknowledged that he may be mistaken about the challenge. 6. Each influential individual seems determined to show that he is capable of making the exchange. 7. All should have the privilege of acting independently, and of becoming familiar with the question. 8. Notwithstanding this, the regular publication should not be neglected. 9. You should send a memorandum of the manuscript by the messenger. 10. We should never misrepresent our side, nor neglect to convey an accurate rep- resentation of its practicability. 11. This speech is popular, and will be delivered identically the same, though it may be changed and pub- lished by others. 12. Before December, January, or February, much practical good may come from this new and peculiar method. 13. Nevertheless, he is anxious about the mortgage on his property, which will become due in November. 14. It is probable that he will now properly represent the establishment. 15. We are naturally astonished that he did not establish an independent passenger line. 16. He did not show sufficient or proper respect for his individuality. 17. I knew that he was regularly established in business, and was privileged to publish it. 18. He was misrepresented, though it was popularly known to be practicable. 19. It will not astonish them if his anxiety should develop into satisfaction. 20. It is a distinction very intelligently represented by them. 21. He is peculiarly respected for his intelligible views. 22. We expressed our astonishment because it was irregularly done. 23. The extinction of our trade was due to indiscriminately selling goods on credit. 24. It is indispensably neces- sary that it should not be irregular. 25. A distinct chapter is given to each magazine. 26. He challenged the man familiarly called the " Red Prince." 27. The extinct volcano described is the identical one we saw. 28. The words, individually, capably, and influentially, are adverbs. 29. Notwithstanding what is said, I distinctly remember his representations. 30. He nevertheless knew that I was not mistaken. 86 CONTRACTIU3 PHRASES. In addition to the methods of phrasing previously explained, the following are employed for the purpose of further abbreviation. Only those methods, however, need be adopted which will be found useful in the special work in which the stenographer may become engaged. It, had, would. (Line 1.) At it, had it, if it, of it, have it, is it, as it, or has it, which had or which would. Hand, not. (Line 2.) On the one hand, on either hand, on the other hand, have not, will not, we will not, we are not. Us. (LineS.) Let us, let us have, let us consider, tell us, save us, send us. Own, one. (Line 4.) My own, their own, have their own, was their own, at one, some one, every one. Than. (Line 5. ) Better than, greater than, rather than, less than, other than, more than. Have, of. (Line 6.) Which have, such have, who have. City of New York, City of Boston, State of New York. All, will. (Line 7.) By all, at all events, at all times, in all, it will, it will have, which will, which will have. Our, are. (Line 8.) At our, in our, in our own, in our opinion, which are, which are to have, nmch are. Their, there. (Line 9.) Writing their, sending their, when there shall be, I am sure there is, will there be. May be. (Line 10.) You may be, you may be right, there may be some difficulty, we may be quite sure, we may be greatly. Intersected phrases. (Line 11.) Savings Association, Medical Society, Railway Company, Smith & Co., Finance Committee, Legal De- partment, Erie Railroad. Of the. (Line 12.) Many of the circumstances, value of the property, importance of the subject, head of the department, something of the kind. From — to. (Line 13.) From time to time, from day to day, etc. T omitted. (Line 14.) Customer, mostly, postage, post office, post- script, testimony. Con, ing, and unimportant words omitted. (Line 15.) Contain, con- dition, consideration, having, doing, taking, reaching. (Line 16.) For the sake of, more or less, one of the most, circumstances of the case, where do you reside, what is your occupation. BEADING £XERCISI!. 87 1. _.,.., 2. CL^ L n ) o/^ 3. 4. .^_ /:5\_. ^____ C ^ 5. v^ ..^ •1- --J- r <5~i 6. / 7. 8. 9. 10. t^ "s-^ <;_^ --D- \ V 15. J L I ^ I L 16. Vx^ ^^/^ .^^ c^^ ^ 80 50 ^ CONTRACTED PHRASES. — Continued. §_P ^ at hand ^ ^ longer than _ IS at hand ^,. p \/ better than ^^ let us hear -^ '^ ^ ^^ r°^-~^ let us know /^ T , peater than ' er^ \J in consideration let us proceed V_-J rx "e are in receipt of thing ^ ^- j.o„r favor fhfJtwiu ^^-^ ^0\ in referring to,-the when there is V^ ^-^ Vd („ reference to^the wheneverthereis _ o o I think there will ^'■^.y^ ^•-'^ in regard to, -the be ^ in respect to,-the I think there is <^ Q^>C in response to,-the I am sure there is ^-^^ \in reply to,-the in replv to yours our own ^L^ ^^-X. in rep"lv to vour your own \ ^on. favor" their own ^ " ^ ^i_^ in reply to your know their own n-*'^ /^ ( . letter ^^ ^ in relation to, -the receive their own p p at one L_^ L t!ity of New York J ^ '"Np City of Boston other than ^ yesterday morning more than VV"^ v5**b this morning sooner than ''"b i Monday morning LXthan" P^ L Tuesday morning D"- V Wednesday morn- less than *^-f.^^ . in answer to your at any rate ^ ^ ) ^~^ r , **Y°'' . . ,„ , _ at the same price XT '"^'•'ce ^^^ °"^ <•» ^ lading , ,, ^. I - x^~ ^ o it may be as well at the tmie lOS my dear sir at the same time •*• at that time ^^/^^^ ^""-^ my dear madam at any time my dear friend ., ^__^ I more and more I at one time .. replying to your according to,-the ^ A fevor \ /^ again and again cr^b V cordUllv yours V bill of sale J faithfully yours \/^ I bill of exchange A , /\° fi^ternally yours ^ bill of lading — f /^ respectfully yours bills receivable "5>_0^^ ^^"^"^0 sincerely yours bills payable ^ in the first place by express '^— ^ ^""^ — ^ in the second place I collect on delivery No ^ in the next place charter party ^-7^ I in the last place c/^ — Y certain extent

^ trust you will ^^^ east and west \j yo under the circum- 1_ esteemed favor "^ ~T stances , . C ^ we beg to acknowl- errors and omis- X \ ^ edgl , *'?°*„ . .. ^~7 ^~\ we beg to state for the first time / * yA with reference to, L_^_^ for a long time c/ Vj3 ^^ -the o~^ for some time t/ with regard to,-the free on board _£lS_ C^ withrespectto,-the free on board cars y**' ^^ p free on board here vc>/ H>y no gj, ^ great extent ^-^ ^ yoJir feyo, ' ^ I beg to acknowl- U £ ^ f edge Y^^ >1 yours truly v% I beg to thank you ' ( yours faithfully 90 "WORDS OP FREQUENT USE. (Including the Word Signs.) The figures indicate the position in which the characters are to be written. The word signs, and words written out of position, are in Italics. Outlines of words, or word signs, may be modified to repre- sent derivatives, as for example : V- J- J dL Ju General, -ly, generaled, general-8, -ize, generalizes, generalization, generalship. \ 2 up, pay 3 hope, happy, party \ 1 comply 2 people, -d 6 apply N 1 appear 2 princip-le, -al, -ally 3 *\ S practiced [practice °^ 1 surprise 2 suppress > 2 inexperience \ 2 inexperienced \ 2 upon, open 3 happen \ 2 complain 3 plan \ 1 compliance 3 appliance \j 3 hope to have %» 2 proof, prove 3 approv -e, -al \j 1 option 2 compassion 3 passion "X) 2 operation 3 oppression ^ 1 opposition 2 position 3 possesnion ^ 1 complete, complied 3 applied \ 2 complaint 3 plant [tunity r\ 1 particular, -ly, appeared 2 oppor- ♦v 1 profit, -ed 2 proved 8 approved o^ 1 spirit 2 spread B > 1 by, buy 2 be, object S tobe \ 2 subject > 1 belong, -ed 2 able % 3 balance *\ 2 member, remember 8 number •V 2 tieinembrance j 1 brief 2 brave ^v 1 combine 2 been 8 boon 8 above >« 2 belief, believe '\» 2 objective \) 2 objection N 3 about, bad ^ 2 able to N 1 abroad, brought 2 remembered ^ 1 behind, combined 3 bound T time 2 its at, out city 8 suit, satinf-y, -ied ties, toss 2 U« 3 itself test, taste 3 at first tell, till S at all, until contain, attain 3 town, tune at length at once circumstance circumstances whatever 3 out of satisfaction sister tried 2 toward, trade contend 3 attend, at hand constant 3 stand constituent D dollar 2 rfo 3 had, advertise, -d, idle 2 delirer, -y [-meni deliverance doctor 2 rf«a: 3 during differ, -ent, -ence 3 advatice, -d 1 J / ; I 1 r 1 \\ I 2 WORDS OF FREQUENT USE. — Continued. 91 I; 1 edition 2 condition 8 addition I 1 did 3 added I 1 deride, -d 2 dread, -ed i 2 consider, -ed, -ate y 2 inconsiderate J 1 did not 'i do not 3 had not C„ ' 1 each 2 wAicA. 8 WMt7(. / 2 whichever /* 1 child / ^ ' 2 advantage 8 ?a7v« A 2 just 8 largest f 2 danger' 3 larger V 2general,-lySimagin-e,-ary,-ation V 2 generals, -ise 1 correction ' ' % 1 collection G ——1 gri'pe, -re 2 together 8 ago e— 1 degree, agree 2 grow 8 grew —,1 begin 2 again, begun 3 began _*2gave, govern, -ed, -meni _ 1 God, got 2 fifoot?, get F V 1 if, off 2/or 8 few, half ^ 1 follow, awful 2 full, -y > 1 offer, free 2 from Va 1 often, fine 2 phonography K^ 2 afford v^ 2 a/fer c^ 1 offered 2 afraid 3 fruit >- 1 eijer 2 Aare 8 however ^ 1 conceive 2 several \m 1 evil 8 '!;«7m6 ' 1 OTW 2 every, very Vij 1 even <> 2 virtue 8 avert, -ed ry/' 2 virtual, -ly Th ^2 think 8 thank, thousand, -th \/ 1 theory 2 thorough C 1 thought 5 1 authority 2 third 8 throughout The ' 2 1 short 8 itinired 92 WORDS OF FREQUENT USE. — Continued. Zh -^ 2 uimal, -ly —o J i pleasure ..^ L «^ f^ 1 law 2 loill 3 allow t-* i~^ 1 loss 2 less 8 allows, lose O * 1 while 2 well 3 wool V-" ' 1 line, lien 2 alone v^ f 1 light, lot 2 let, late -J> ^ 1 wild, wield -r f* 1 lined 2 lend, lent 3 land ^ 1 lighter 2 letter 8 latter >^ ^ R -—^ <^ 1 year 2 air, heir 3 our, hour ^ 1 here 3 her, hair J 2 earn 3 our own 2 concern, -ing < ■ •>m^ '"-^ "* 2art i i 2 earned 3 around ^ 1 Lord, read 2 word S 2 heard 8 hard \ 1 order r c . Eat y^ 2 are f^ 2 where, wear 3 a/toare «^ 2 world « •»^ 2 sorronnd • M N '^> 1 me, my 2 may, am, him 1 ^ 1 myself 2 amaze 3 amuse / *~^ 1 seem 2 same, some 3 consume t -— * 1 mine, mean 2 men 3 man \ g-^ 1 women 2 woman 1 ^ 1 Bomeichat / ^ 1 mind 2 amount 3 movement V ^^ 1 importan-t, -ce 2 improfie,-d,-ment < ^ 1 imposaib-le, -ilUy 2 improves » gm^ I remark, -able, -ably, Mr. 2 »?iore w ^ 1 immediate, -ly 2 made 3 mad « ,,„-»^ 1 meter, miter 2 matter, mother o N ■^ ^^ 1 in, any 2 no, know 3 own ^ 1 influence 2 ("ptoot^wc* 8 news 1 influence)! 2 commences 1 influenced 2 «««<, commenced 2 stenography 1 when, win, wine 2 one, won 2 only 1 near, nor, honor 3 owner 1 opinion 2 none, known 3 union 1 information 2 nation 1 not, night 2 note, na» VOWKLS ltAe2a3ah 2 an, a;i<2 1 all 2 too, Initials and names may be written in longhand, using the small letters. 96 6. Patbrson, N. J., February 10, 1895. Mr. Charles Parker, Plymouth, Mass. Dear-Sir : We happen to-have in stock this week a gray cloth which- is, we-think, like the one spoken of in-your-letter-of-the-31st ultimo. If-you-think i you would like any, please apply upon receipt of-this, as-the cloth has proved to-be the most popular of any that has-been put on-the market, and will readily sell. We hope to sell you ten pieces, and will guarantee it perfect in shade. Shall send by the American Express Co., C. 0. D., with-the option on-your part of returning it. The price is particularly low — 72 cts. per yard — and you-will-have-no trouble in selling it at a profit. Very-truly-yours, W. L. Pollock & Co. EXERCISE ON B. 7. Auburn, N. Y., May 1, 1895. Messrs. Brown & Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. Gentlemen : In-reply-t -your question, we-would suggest that a brief paper stating-the objections which-have-been made to-the plans, should- be drawn up and signed by the Board of Trustees. The plans, which belong to-the builders, should-have-been numbered, and if-the subject is to-be brought up at-all, it-should-be-done before the details of-the case have passed beyond the remembrance of-the members of-the Board. Do-not be blind to-your interests, but be brave and you-will succeed. You-will-remember that-we-were unable to secure-the balance of-the building plans which belong to-the above matter. Yours- truly. Bowers, Clark & Co. 1 " Tou," in phraseograpby, may be inverted. 8. 97 Buffalo, N. Y., October 15, 1895. Mr. Hebbert Blake, Berlin, Pa. Dear-Sir : Your note of-the 16th-inst. is received, and we approve of-the means you took to suppress the action. If-we remember rightly, it belongs to-the Building Committee to correct this abuse. If combined force was brought to bear upon the Committee, we believe the subject would receive-their attention. Three members, while abroad, have-not-been able-to consider it. The objective point of-the combination, it-is believed, is bound to-be attained. Yours-truly, E. P. Beeger & Co. 9. Baltimore, Md., October 18,^ 1894. Mr. Benjamin Black, Burlington, Vt. Dear-Sir : In-reply-to-your-favor, we-beg-to-advise you that-the Committee referred to has-the law on-its side, and is bound to succeed if-the subject is presented in-the right manner. We-have-no objection to-your using our name, and you-may feel at perfect liberty to-do-so if-you-desire. If-you-are able-to accomplish your object, you-will confer a boon upon those about to buy and build, and also upon those who -have built houses of-this-kind. Yours-faithfully, Bond & Bakek. 10. Boston, Mass., October 26, 1895. Mr. Robert Bland, City. Dear-Sir : In-reply-to-your-request, would-say that I-have a slight remembrance of-the subject that-is to-be discussed, and about-which a number will-be-able-to speak. The object to-be accomplished, be it remembered, Ls to determine the liberty of-the people, and I-am-glad you-are to combine with us and belong to-the society. I believe the spirit of-the movement will spread and great good will result. Yours-respectfully, Bradford Bennett. hefflet's pit. phon. — 7 98 tlXERClSfi OS t. 11. Toronto, Canada, March 6, 1895. Mr. P. T. Atkinson, Toledo, Ohio. My-dear-Sir : Your-favor with stated inclosure at-hand. At-firstl- thought-the matter referred to was true, but I at-once tried to learn if- the circumstance could-be-satisfactorily explained. Until I-am satisfied that-the thing itself will give satisfaction, I-cannot write-you at-length. Under these circumstances, it-will take some little time to i ascertain the facts, and I-trust this will-be-satisfactory to-you. You-may feel satisfied that I-shall give-the above matter my earliest and best attention. I-shall also advise you at-once of-the result of whatever facts I may be-able-to obtain. Very-truly -yours, Thomas Eaton. 12. Atlanta, Ga., June 10, 1895. Mr. Adolphus Tremont, Mobile, Alabama. Dear-Sir : In-reply-to-your inquiry, we would-say that-the state of trade here does-not suit us. However, it-does-not cause us any anxiety, as everything seems to tend toward improvement, and we-think it-will- not-be long before the scheme will-be more-than self-sustaining. The people believe that-it contains attractive features, and we-shall attend strictly to-its development. We-shall thoroughly canvass the surrounding territory and try to awaken a more general interest in-the special lines of goods which we-have to offer. We-think we-shall soon be-able-to send you some large orders. Although, perhaps, somewhat inconsistent with business, my sister wishes to-be remembered. Very-truly-yours, Hkuben Atwood & Co. 1 " To " may occasionally be omitted and expressed by writing tlie following word entirely under the line. 13. -/vi\o 99 Thenton, N. J., April 30, 1895. Mr. M. TiEMANN, Atlantic City, N. J. Dear-Sir : We-have tried tlie test on-the machine, but at first it-was- not satisfactory. Its system and tlie construction are all-right, but to satisfy our people we need at-once further instructions. Whatever you do in-the-matter, be constant in-your endeavors, and we-will stand by you till you attain success. Yours-truly, Temple & Titus. 14. Utica, N. Y., May 29, 1896. Mr. Geo. Whittaker, Taunton, Mass. Dear-Sir : Although not willing to encroach upon your time, yet, under-the-circumstances, we-write-to-say that if-you-can contrive to spare a couple of hours this week, and will tell-us what day you could come on-the train which reaches our town at ten o'clock, we-shall meet you at^the station. There-is an express back to-your city at twelve o'clock. Our president might instruct us on some of-the points desired, but he-is out-of-town. Respectfully-yours, W. B, Taylor & Co. EXEKCISE ON D. 15. DuLUTH, Minn., JTuLe 9, 1894. Mr. David Miller, Detroit, Mich. Dear-Sir : I-ara delighted that-the Reverend Doctor Deane has pub- lished an edition of-hls lectures. The advance sheets have-been delivered to-the buider, for the morning papers contained the adver- tisement. He-again advertised tlie book by incidentally mentioning it to-his audience. I doubt not he-will derive no inconsiderable sum from its sale. This eminent divine stood by his church during its dark days, was both derided and praised ; but he knew no difference between derision and praise. Respectfully-yours, Edwin Downs. 4^ 100 16. Dansville, N. Y., February 1, 1894. Mr. Edward Hudson, Gen'l Manager. Dear-Sir : Yours-of-the-lOth received, and in-reply would-say that rather-than have-the mines remain idle during-the winter, we-will pay the men one dollar a day. In-the spring the condition of affairs, we-do-not doubt, will-be so much improved that-we shall-be-able, not only to advance wages, but to give in addition the entire balance due for December. If-we did differ with-you before, we-do-not now dread the added- expense. Had-the matter been left unconsidered, our deliverance from ultimate loss would-have-been impossible. We-hope-you-will again carefully consider-the matter in its various bearings during-the next few days, and give us your final decision as to the best method of procedure, at as early a date as possible. Sincerely-yours, Henry Dana, President. 17. Dayton, 0., July 1, 1895. Mr. Daniel Edwards, City. Dear-Sir : In-conside ration of-your having a large advertisement ready for delivery during-the day, we-will agree to advance ten dollars on-it. Inasmuch-as the doctor imagined it-was dangerous to delay, we trust you-will-be considerate toward him and advertise to-a con- siderable extent. We imagine that-the danger is inconsiderable, and whichever course you pursue, please consider how much larger will-be the gain. This advertising scheme is-not imaginary, for no imagina- tion can conceive of-the benefit to-be derived. When-you deliver the dollar to-them, the matter will-be advertised, and the contract will-be considered binding. Yours-truly, Dayton Daily Times. EXERCISE ON Ch. 101 18. Jersey City, N. J., March 10, 1895. Mr. Charles Jackson, Capt., 4th Precinct, New York City. Dear-Captain: The boy was lost, homesick, and dependent upon the charity of-those present. Inasmuch-as each felt charitably in- clined, much was done to cheer the child while he remained with us. He fell asleep in-his chair holding in-each hand a peach, which, upon awakening, he appeared to enjoy. When-his father entered unexpect- edly, he cheered heartily, and seemed to-have entirely forgotten his trouble of a few hours before. I-take-this occasion to compliment you upon- the success which-you- have-had in so quickly tracing-the whereabouts of-this lad. Yours-truly, Eugene Chase, Captain. EXERCISE ON J. 19. Bismarck, North Dakota, October 3, 1893. To THE Governor of Idaho, Sir : Replying-to-your inquiry, would-say that-the General referred to has had a large experience, and has never been known to-take advantage of-his position, nor to lead men under him into danger which he himself was-not willing to face. He-is just, is a gentleman, is brave, — not imaginative but practical, — is esteemed by the-other generals, and the larger portion of-the men will hail with joy his restoration to command. I-am particularly pleased to know that-it-has-been also proposed to give this General a higher command than any which he-has previously had, and trust that nothing will prevent its consummation. Respectfully, John A. Jennings, Secretary of State. 102 EXERCISE ON K. 20. Kansas City, Mo,, August 31, 1894. Mrs. Gertrude Coleman, Denver, Col. Dear-Madam: We-can state that our school bears the highest charac- ter, consequently we-have large accessions daily to-the number of pupils attending. Teachers of skill have-been secured, so that more caution and care are exercised than is commonly the case in-our country schools. This-is characteristic of-our school, and we-have come to-the conclusion that you-cannot-do better-than to improve the occasion of-your sojourn here, and have-your children cared for this summer in a school of-this description. Hoping you-will secure their attendance at-once, I-remain, Very-truly, Caroline Clayton, Principal. 21. Cleveland, Ohio, August 18, 1895. Col. Clarence King, 15 Clarke St., Chicago, 111. Dear-Sir : With-reference to-the counterfeit coin, I would-say that-it- was a very accurate imitation of-the genuine ; in-fact, the best ever found in-this-country. The die in-which it-was cast was-made by- their client, who-is a skilled workman, and wlio had a large collection in-his possession. I-cannot account for-the fact of-its being possible that-such work could-be carried on under-the eyes of-the Court with so much security. We-will carefully make the correction in-the application to-which you-refer, because it-is-not a common action, and we should act with extreme caution. We must also be careful, as it-may-be quite difficult to sustain the accusation, which-should-be considered secret until we accuse the party in open court. Respectfully, Gaylord Carter, Attorney General. EXERCISE ON G. 103 22. San Francisco, Cal., October 12, 1895. Mr. Henry Gillespie, Galveston, Texas. Dear-Sir : Referring-to-your inquiry regarding-the Hamilton Club, I-beg-to-say that-the great organ, together with-the gold which we possess, was given to us a year ago to signify good will. When- the club began to organize, it grew rapidly and gave great promise of success. It-has-been agreed that as-soon after the beginning of next year as we-can get a number together, we-will reorganize and form two clubs. Then, as-soon-as we grow in numbers sufiBciently to warrant it, we mean to give a great and glorious jubilee in return for-the generous gifts received. Fratemally-yours, Calvin Grey, Treasurer. 23. Havana, Cuba, October 23, 1896. Editor "Courier Journal," Louisville, Ky. Dear-Sir : In-reply-to-your inquiry, would-say that Mr. James wrote the article to-which-you-refer. Some-time ago he signified his intention to describe the contest from its beginning, and he succeeded in giving an accurate description of-the occurrence, in- consequence of-whichall the papers were equally desirous of publishing the account of what occurred. The result of-the contest justified the cost to- the government, as-the Spanish cla.sses have already begun to feel a greater degree of security. The people will signify their approval of-the consequent equalization of power, and begin to feel that those who govern are entirely in-the right, the significance of- which is important. Yours-truly, Abtpko Paduko. 104 KXERCISE ON F. 24. Philadelphia, February 20, 1894. Messrs. French & Co., City. Dear-Sirs : I-am-afraid I-have a confession to-make. One feature of-the offer made by my father's firm, was that-we should move the float free of charge as often as-the same was returned half full of fruit. I now find that for-their float half full, the original offer was half price instead of free. If- there-has-been any loss occasioned from my error, please fine me the amount ; for, although I-am fond of-my father and hLs partners and glad to-do anything to further-their interests, I-desire to follow instructions, and trust-you-will, after this, experience no confusion of-this-kind. Faithfully-yours, Frank Fulton. 25. PHtENix, N. Y., March 10, 1895. Messrs. Foster & Co., Fall River, Mass. Gentlemen : We-shall thank-you to forward to us, within the next few days, another half gross buttons like those previously sent. Several of-the last lot, however, were of no value and could-not-be used. They have-been taken off sale, as we could-not afford to-have-them offered to customers. The buttons themselves are of use and are highly valued by those who use them. After this we-will make-them a feature of-our business. Though we- have thus far followed your directions, we-are astonished to find so little general business here, but trust hereafter our astonish- ment will decrease, even though we should continue to follow your instructions in the future. Yours-truly, Freeman & Frazeb. EXEKCIS£ ON Y. 105 26. Mt. Verxon, N. Y., January 2, 1895. Mr. Valentine Ferguson, First Avenue, Richmond, Va. Dear-Sir : Several friends went over in-the evening, and every-one seemed to enjoy the conversation. They found nothing, however, more interesting than the various details of-the vision to-which-you- refer. Even the children were not averse to giving their views, and it seemed almost incredible that-their young minds could conceive so clearly that virtue should and would triumph over evil. Before leav- ing, a vote of thanks was given our hostess, together with an English version of a French author, which she values very highly and will ever hold in pleasant remembrance. Very-truly-yours, Alfred Vincent. ESLERCISi: ON Th. 27. Ithaca, N. Y., February 9, 1896. Messrs. Thurber & Co., New York. Grentlemen: This-is the third time the threat has come to us through their representative. We-have thought, and still think, that-they them- selves have-not given these men the authority for thus presenting it, though, on-the-other-hand, there-may-be-sonie ground for-the stand they have-taken. Within the last three days, two of-those representa- tives have gone south and will visit either the southeastern or the southwestern part of-the state. Without thorough and authoritative information the trouble cannot-be averted. We-think-there-will-be no further diflBculty, however, and thank- you a thousand times for-your patience throughout this unpleasant affair. Youre-truly, Arthur F. Withers & Co. 106 EXERCISE ON S — Z. 28. Oswego, N, Y., Febraary 19, 1892, Mr. Samuel Osgood, Easton, Pa. My-dear Osgood : There-was-no reason why this course should-be established and it-was with astonishment that-we saw the announce- ment of-it in-the Eastern papers this-morning. It-is-not easy to say what course will-be pursued, or whose advice will-be-taken, but it-will greatly astonish us if -they should successfully establish the movement. The matter has-been referred to-the General, as-has-been usual in-such- cases, and as we expect his answer soon we-shall defer saying any- thing further. It-is decided, however, to use light measures at first, so a cessation of hostilities has-been asked for. Any secession will be a dangerous precedent. Is-there-any thing you-can suggest that will ease our anxiety ? Yours-very-truly, Stuart Smith. EXERCISE ON Sh — Zh. 29. Chicago, 111., July 10, 1895. Mr. Thomas Shaw, Shelby, Mo. Dear-Sir : Inclosed we-beg to hand you the last issue of-our iisnal price-list, which-wiU, we trust, result in-the establishment of business- relations between our houses. Our man assured us that-he-would visit you next week to show samples, and if you like the goods, as we feel sure you-will, we-shall-take-pleasure in filling your order. In-the-meantime, if-you wish any of-the tan-colored wool shown you last month, you had better order by mail at-once, as-the stock is somewhat short, and we-are positive a further supply cannot-be had. Hoping to hear-from-you, we-are, Cordially-yours, (Inclosure.; Kelley & Sharp. 30. 107 Elizabeth, N. J., January 5, 1895. Mr. Cyrus Shipman, Lancaster, Pa. Dear-Sir : Regarding-the party referred to, they wished to see the show, and as is usually the case, they desired to see all-there-was to-be shown. One of-the ladies, however, did-not wish to go, hut we assured her that she should surely do-so. We-were quite-sure it- would give her pleasure, and it certainly did. We-take-pleasure in saying that we-shall-be-glad to furnish you short items of news for future issues. Yours-truly, Herbert Shaw & Co. EXERCISE ON L. 31. Little Rock, Ark., May 3, 1895. Mr. Wallace H. Latham, Lowell, Mass. Dear-Sir : The will of-the late Mr. James is thought to-be, perhaps, illegal. The law requires that-the seal shall-be of-the same style as for other documents. While the laws, on-the whole, are strict, let-us hope it-will be declared legal, and the sale of-the wool allowed to-take-place. Should-there-be a loss, I-trust-you-will lose less-than you anticipate. In-the light of-these facts, I-shall-not-be unwilling to lend you the money desired and take-the wild land alone as security. Very-truly-yours, D. M. Lathrop. 32. Lakewood, N. J., August 20, 1895. Mr. William Ellis, Lincoln, 111. My-dear-Sir : The seal is already upon-the paper and-the law will allow a man to-make a sale of-his land when ill, the same as when-he- is well ; so we-tliink-the defendant can hold the whole property, which-is worth the amount paid, less the lien placed upon-it before sale was-made. We trust the heir may not suffer any loss, and, if-not too late, we-shall-be-glad to lend all assistance possible. 108 The lawyers have loitered long enough already ; there- is-now no time to lose. Perhaps the letter just received may throw some light on-the case and it-may-be-as- well for-you to let the lad bring it to us. Are-you-sure the seal on-the deed is still intact ? This latter point, while seemingly small, is necessary to success. The line of action laid out will doubtless result well. Yours-tmly, Alhert & Wilson, Attorneys. EXKRCISE ON B. 33. Saratoga, N. Y., October 1, 1895. Mr. Richard B. Reed, Providence, R. I. Dear-Sir : In-reply-to-your question regarding-the reception Mrs. Jones met with here, I would-say that her oration concerning- the "Art of War," which took an hour to read, did-not arouse much enthusiasm. Although she has earned a world-wide reputation as an orator, her heart is-not with-this subject. During its deliveiy not a round of applause rent the air, and not a word of praise was heard. Cordially-yours, Ernest H. Raymond. 34. New Orleans, La., March 10, 1895. Mr. Herrman Sheldon, Treasurer, Nashville, Tenn. My-dear-Sir : Replying-to-your-favor, I would-say that-we-were much concerned upon receipt of-your other letter the latter part of- the week, but we assure you it^is with pleasure we note what you now say concerning-the matter. We-are-aware of-the difficulties which surround the loading of-the vessel, and be a.ssured that we-shall-not loiter in-our endeavor to-make-your burden lighter. Assuring you of-our concern, as herein expressed, and trusting the vessel will receive an order to sail promptly, we-are, Sincerely-yours, Shirley Alder, ISXEBCISE ON M — Mp. 109 35. Minneapolis, Minn., September 8, 1894. Mrs. Mary Chambkrlain, Omaha, Nebraska. Madam : I-am-in-receipt-of-your-favor asking ray views concerning woman's riglits, and in-reply beg-to-say tliat-it-is generally believed that if-the amount of time consumed by the women in-the movement were devoted to-the improvement of-the home, it-would-be simply impos- sible to estimate the gain which-would result to-the human race. I, myself, am somewhat partial to-this view, and unless a woman improves her time in a similar direction, instead of consuming her energies in-the above cause, I regard it as an impossibility for-the human race to advance. I-may further remark that where they im- prove the family relations, they wield great influence upon-the mind. Sincerely-yours, Henry Miller. 36. Mobile, Ala., November 28, 1895. Miss Mabel Mason, Cumberland, Md. My-dear-Madam : The Mission met at my home last month, but my mother now being ill, it might be well to meet at- some-other-place next week. If, however, she continues to improve, they can meet with-me, as we-mean to hold monthly meetings for some-time. At-the last meeting a motion was-made that a woman should-be elected to preside. It-would seem that some-other name than mine might have-been selected. A similar work with-the women of-the down-town Mission, added to home cares, consumes most of-my time ; and, as I remarked then, it seemed almost impossible for me to-take- more responsibilities. Though done with good intention, of-course, they simply ignored my objection, which seemed merely to amuse them, so I concluded to smother my objections and undertake-the work. Fraternally-yours, Harriet Matthews. no 37. Manchester, N. H., December 13, 1890. Mr. J. M. Simpson, 3 Main St., Boston, Mass. Dear-Sir : As little time as possible should-be consumed in discuss- ing mere theory, and I recognize the importance of-the details being somewhat simplified immediately. Mr. Mann, who met with us has- been employed in a similar work in-the region west of-the Mississippi. He-is remarkably well fitted to offer important suggestions for improve- ments, and may be-able-to give us some very valuable aid in getting the matter in proper form for practical work. A number of men belonging to-the Mission agree with-my suggestion that-we should make a systematic movement toward finding homes for those in need of same. Although, perhaps not seeing immediate returns for our efforts, the amount of good we-may-be-able-to do among those needy and worthy human beings by our work of meixy, is-not to-be calculated. Yours, in-the work, William Thompson. EXERCISE ON N — Ng. 38. New Brunswick, N. S., December 1, 1896. Mr. NoBHAN Cook, Newark, N. J. Dear-Sir : The entire winter, thus far, for-this Northern climate, has-been wonderful for mildness, and, as spring is now so near, it bids fair to end as-it commenced. Even the proverbial "oldest inhabitant " has not known anything similar. Many naturally went South at-the beginning of-the season, but soon returned and entered upon their business duties as-has-been their wont to-do in-the spring season. It- is-not-known how much this remarkable weather may have influenced trade, not only in-the United States, but also with other nations. However, up to last night none of-the men from-the Union had received news of-its effect there. RespectfuUy-yours, Andrew Nelson. 3d. Ill Long Island City, November 10, 1894. Mr. Nathan Young, Norwich, Conn. Dear-Sir : Neither you nor I know when-the owner of-the vessel will sign the note of hand. Under-the management of-the men who formerly owned her, the notes had to-be signed before she could enter the Sound, but it-is-our opinion that-the young English gentleman, with his mild manners, has no notion of trying to influence the Captain to break his word of honor. You need-not, therefore, send-another man before next week, or until it-is-known to-be necessary. While the vessel was lying at anchor, one of-the young sailors, in-compliance with our request to sing, sang a song of " Old England," a singularly pretty thing, and afterward sang the same in-the (Jerman language. Yours-truly, Henry Nichols. 40. Nashville, Tenn., September 4, 1895. Messrs. Anderson & Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Gentlemen : We-are naturally anxious to obtain early information as to when you-will commence sending-the next consignment of teas to Cincinnati. Please give us the name of-the owner and the manner of shipment. On-account of-the wonderful natural advantages, it-is-not shigular that-the northern route through-the United States should always be selected. No single shipment of our-own has ever influenced the market as this consignment already commences to-do, and we should-not wonder if -it has commenced to influence the market in England. We-must go hand-in-hand in-this-matter, and. notwithstandlng-the nature and singularity of-the English markets, as-well-as the views of- the younger dealers in-our home market, we-shall get the matter well in hand. Yours-respectfully, Nash & Nathan. 112 EXERCISE ON W, Y AND VOWELS. 41. Milwaukee, Wis., November 1, 1892, Messrs. J. Webster & Co., Worcester, Wyoming. Dear-Sirs : Yours regarding-the yield of ore at-hand. It came while I-was away, and why you-should-have yielded to-their en- treaties to limit your-own production of high grade ore, I-cannot- understaud. You, yourselves, know that^they owe a considerable sum of money on-the mine, and we-must keep an eye on-the business. Yours-truly, William Whitney. 42. Yankton, S. D., December 4, 1895. Mr. J. W. Wheeler, Wilmington, Del. My-dear John : Before we go on our trip, let me know what you- would wish to see first. It-is a year since I-have-been beyond that high mountain you-mention. On-the-otlier-side, there-are two beauti- ful springs of water, to-which my son and daughter have already gone. How would-you like to wait until we hear from them, when we, too, might jom them ? Yours, as ever, Walter Webb. 43. Dubuque, Iowa, September 1, 1895. Mr. Albert West, Ottawa, Ont. Dear-Sir : In-reply-to-your inquiry, I would-say that we-were with you at-the time referred to, and you ought to know how they would testify on behalf of-our clients. You already have two men who will give all the testimony required ; but we should, as I said before, secure all the witnesses we-can. We-cannot be too careful as to whom we- shall engage, as our yearly expenses are already high and much beyond what they ought to-be. Yours-truly, F. W. White. NAMES OF COUNTRIES AND STATES. 113 "^V^- Africa /' Alabama o — Alaska Algeria America Arabia Argentine Rep. Arizona Arkansas Armenia Australia Austria Belgium V ^-1 <\ Bolivia .. v:. V. \. BrazU Bulgaria California Canada , Chile /_^ y\ China <■ — < ' Colorado . Colombia I Connecticut •^ Continent Cuba ^ y I Delaware ...l/.. ...' — s;"!S— Denmark .l^..."-l Dist. of Columbia / Ecuador .. Egjpt England France n Georgia — r—^^ . Germany Great Britain ^Guiana . ...Holland ■^ / c^ -. Hungary (^ Idaho Illinois India v^ Indiana ....1 Iowa ..rv. Y < Ireland Italy Japan Kansas y^ Kentucky ■^..(.- ^_^Louisiana Maine Manitoba <;TV' Mary land heffley's pit. phon. — 8 Massachusetts Mexico ■ Michigan Minnesota Mississippi ./ Missouri Montana Nebraska ■■ Nevada New England Newfoundland . New Hampshire New Jersey New Me-tico ..New York New Zealand North Carolina . North Dakota Norway Nova Scotia .Ohio Oklahoma Oregon ■ Paraguay Patagonia Pennsylvania Persia" Peru Puerto Rico - Portugal Prussia Rhode Island Russia Scotland Siberia South Carolina South Dakota Spain Sweden Switzerland Tennessee .Texas Turkey Uruguay Utah Venezuela Vermont . Virginia Wales Washington . West Indies West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 114 NAMES OP CITIES. Akron Albany : Albuquerque Alleghany ^_^ Allentown /^ ■ /-n-j- Altoona Amsterdam Antwerp [^-•Atlanta y \ Atlantic City V/^ / Auburn •l^-K I Austin r:^.. b V Xr:, _,^:. Baltimore Bangor Barcelona Bavonne Binghamton Birmingham Bloomington Bordeaux Boston Bremen Brattleboro > Bridgeport Bristol Brooklyn Brussels Buenos Ayres Buffalo Burlington Calcutta Cambridge Canton CatskUl Cedar Rapids Charleston Charlestown Charlottetown Chattanooga Chelsea Chicago , Cincinnati Cleveland Columbia Columbus ,£_^. Constantinople ^ Council Bluflfs Cumberland ...1/9 Dallas ' Danburv Dansville Dayton i^ ^ 1 Joliet Kansas City Knox^ille Lakewood Lansing Le.xington Lima Lincoln Little Eock Liverpool London Long Island NAMES OF CITIES. — Continued. 115 >rr-^. , Minneapolis Mobile Monterey Montevideo Montreal Naples Nasii^ille Newark . New Bedford New Britain New Brunswick . Newburg New Castle I New Haven New Orleans Newport New York City Niagara Norfolk Norwicii : Omaha Ontario Oshkosh i Oswego Panama Paris Peekskill Peoria Pernambuco Pliiladelphia Pittsburg Portland Portsmouth Potsdam Poughkeepsie Princeton Providence Pueblo Quebec Quincy Kichmond Rio Janeiro Rochester Rockford Rome Sacramento ^V~f Saginaw ~~"- Saint Augustine Saint John Saint Joseph - — ; Saint Lawrence Saint Louis Q>^ Saint Paul ..-..\.». Saint Petersburt; Salem ^^■^ 7] «.^_, Salt Lake City &. \^ San Antonio Sandusky San Francisco San Jos^ Santa F6 Santiago Saratoga Savannah Schenectady Scranton Seattle Sheffield Sioux City. Sommerville Springfield Stamford Stockholm Sydney Syracuse Taunton Terre Haute Toledo Toronto Trenton Utica Valparaiso Vera Cruz Victoria Vienna Warsaw Waterbuiy West Point Wheeling Wichita Wilkesbarre Willlanisport WUmington Winnipeg Woon socket Worcester Yankton Yonkers Youngstown ..Ti. ..^. 116 NAMES OF PERSONS. , Dennlson i I J Dexter •>— «-^ ••«» •V-.-De Witt . . Dickinson 1—6 I— ft^ J „ Dixon ..V».A^ Donaldson r Douglass ).-^ Dwight Eastman Eavenson » , ?. Edison • ■V>4. o ^.....h-^. J^.. Edwards Elliott ny V Emery /-rr?y^......>:w_C. Evans Farmer I c\ ^ ^ Ferguson .\y. .\—«_x....^rf.. Finch *^\ Fisher Afl ^ ^ Flower .^. \- Foster ^ Fowler n Franklin \./r:^...!T \...^ -Sv^ Fuller *— *— 9 > Fulton p -^ Gallagher .\_. f ^.....i Gardner J Garrison "^ /"^ Gates .^^rr:'.....7^.»— /. .^. Gaylor ^ Gaynor ^^^ — y \^^ Gibbons .!?^^V!< a JTirf^. Gibson Gilbert Goodyear .'?V>w...«TsaCT>.. Graham ^ Grant \i/^ Hancock X Hall Hamilton *v. Hammond -j^ j--^... Harper Harrison p J Hart . ./rZ\.. ...r yft^^ Harvey ^ > * Hanvood a a ^ Hastings •^ £\_p.^ rr.^. Henderson ^ Henry V7^ ^— o ^-«^ Higgins /[, .„..Tr5..-> Hodgman Hoffman Holmes Hooker NAMES OF PERSONS. — Continued. 117 Hopkins ^^ Horner ../STTJ.. Houghton Howard jt Hudson .^-<1... ,i?^jL>i 5j*»> Hughes Humphrey j^—^ ^»s^ ^^,^^^ Hunt .....Ta j^. ....^.„...^... Hunter Packard Palmer V v^-- V. ;:«f ^ Patterson \ J^ — ' ^ Pearson ^^^^A--. ..Y \_t> Perkins Perry Kf'-K p Phillips \^.. ...y...y?. S„y^ Phelps ^ Pierce \ . Pitman ..>:n >:-?. 7\^. Porter ° I Potter V Powell .M \ \ Powers " ' y ^" Pratt '^ •* Pullman .Nvrr:;:^ \ Putnam L^'-^ Raymond ->. ■^ ^ Remington ....Vn \r>^ t. 1 Sedgwick Seymour ,fe<\J Jh^. Sherman p Simpson rf-V ^ U,_p Spencer -""v- Stephens ' Stewart P T Strong ..i zr-r. oTTTt^. Sumner k Taylor IX— N I y^ L^rv Temple ..k:...J L-w:....!^T?^ Thompson Thurman «\ 1 /' Townsend ...>hs \yj- ^^- Trumbull iTurner , ^ C Upham ..Ut<^ >r?.....^^. . Wagner ^^-5 *— C-^ Walters /^ ^— € /-e Wilkinson ^ '' . - . ^ . .. Wilson il8 NAMES OF RAILWAYS. Alabama Midland Ky. ^» ^ y Alleghany Valley Ry. .(..?S^r^....Lm^.._^ ft^M^^-.y-— ' Atchison"& Nebraska R. R. ^^ ^^ Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe K. R. y I 1 Atlantic & Pacific R. R. .f. X ^ y k^. Atlantic City K. R. Vq^ '' Atlantic Coast Line. TK ^ y xS^ V _^ Baltimore .t Ohio R. R. t..k?rr:9. Vf. .VTi-Sw.... Baltimore it Ohio Southwestern R. R. Beach Creek R. R. \ . ^^ » ^^ Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburg Ry. ■ ■ j/-^ \lTfc^ .Vra^ Burlington & Missouri River R. R. - B^ Burlington & Northern Ry. ? .3). .73 Canadian Pacific Ry. ' j^^^_^ ^~V ('"■olina Central R. R. ^"^^ Central Massachusetts R. R. .cr7:?w,^.....?.— r^/....«>y^/r... Central R. R. of Georgia. (^ 7"/ Central I£. R. of New Jersey. Central Vermont R. R. <^ A ^^ ^ -- ^\y t/ r-f* Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. / ys -^::jr( Chicago & Alton R. R. . ^^ . -y( Chicago & Eastern Illinois R. B. .Jr^.. Mr^^....2,J}. Chicago &ErieR. R. r Chicago & Grand Trunk Ry. . Chicago & Northwestern Ry. .. /.fi ^ j//. n^ ....drr\ Chicago, Burling^ton Kansas City, St. Joseph ic Council Bluffs R. R. Lake Erie & Western R. R. ■•'^ ■■ ■•■•^■ n« l^ ^■■ ^ \ t Illinois Central R. R. International & Great Northern Ry. .^x^-^ /^^ ^-4» p^ ><5<1 ^ Lehigh Valley R. tZ^^. jC..C C^... Long Island it. R Lake Shore & Michigan Southern By. Lehigh Valley R.R. NAMES OF RAILWAYS.— Continued. 119 LoulsvIUe & NashvUle K. E. ^ Maine Central E. E. Z>.Vi,j^...O^~,^<^...e^ [auc-.- Missouri, Kansas & Texas Ey. °^ ' iMissouri Pacific Ey. t ^> >!^ ^-:^ Mobile & Ohio E. E. •ryffS^:^ .VfT. .Tw^.... New York & New England E. E. New York Central & Hudson Elver E. R. .X^<: /■y >_^ ^-r'^ Ti^^y York, Chicago & St. Louis E. E, ^ . J-a^ L^ Sw^ . New York. Lake Erie & Western E. ] New York, Lake Erie & Western E. E. New York, New Haven & Hartford E. R. »-yj '^. ,,ov-v — '\/\ yf^ ^*5^^ York, Ontario & Western Ey. ..{\^..- /..K.iyV I..VC.... New York, Pennsylvania & Ohio E. E. New York, Susquehanna & Western E. R. [ Norfolk & Western E. E. Srj,^. Northern Pacific E. E. ""^ '^ Old Colony E. E. JL» ' N Omaha & St. Louis Ey. ■^isvjy /C:F^ Terre Haute & Indianapolis E. E. ^ .C<<%p JOi. ..^.. Tennessee Midland Ey. ••'^■■^ ^ . . , yf ^ Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City R. R. ..L L, (mT^:... Ulster & Delaware R. R. ^"^(^ ^Z- Union Pacific Ry. 3-^ -xl / Wabash E.R. ... \p .V 0.r?7r:.. Western & Atlantic E. E Texas & Pacific Ey. Texas Central E. E. Toledo, Peoria & Western Ry. ~ ■ - - ■• - -- Cit Western New York & Pennsylvania R. K ■>».N_A^ -V "N j> y^ West Shore Ey. ..^...iX .A rT!>rr^.. Wisconsin Central R. E. 120 FINANCIAI. THRMS. ■^■ abscond acceptance ••'^^^-'••- accountant accountable accrued •j administrator ^Z administratrix ad valorem agent appraisal Vajijireciation arbitrary , ai-bitration A assets assign, -ment assigned assignee ..assignor attest balance ..bank y- i. compensation \ *v compound — o* .i^..i..,,..i»ti^ Jyrr^ii.- compromise ^ t> draw drawee earnings embezzle embezzlement endorse endorsement endorser endowed equity escrow estate exchange execute executor executrix expenditure expense finances financial financier fiscal forge forger, -y fhinchise fraud fraudulent FINANCIAL TERMS. — Continued. 121 -Y^ fraudulently ^"^-1 funds ..'^. guarantee hypothecate hypothecation idei ledger /I^S.. lender liability lien liquidate liquidation mandamus margin market maturity maximum minimum National Bank negotiate negotiation notary obligation outlawed overdrawn ■ panic partial paym't partner • partnership par value pass book , payee pecuniary per annum percentage policy power of att'y » ^^ n IV power or ..v../ V~'- "tP' P''^^*'^®"* ^^ promlssoi •^ -^ ..ty. promissory fy yi pro rata ,„a/.X prorate protest proxy quarterly quotation ^-— I ^^ C/l quote u ) realty rebate >Vi receiver /<;»... refund register, -ed ... ~N. reimburse ..^Vrrwy remit y remittance replevin resources ^ "'•■<• security p sight draft L *n^^ 6Va signature ..v.. .A...« J. solvency solvent ^Vi p Lj statement .^...ra E7.... statistics .!:?,. stock ^ stockholder ...> trustee I unsecured usage ...^^ usurious usury ^m voucher ..ft.L- wealth,-y 122 V .jr.... 1 COMMERCIAL TERMS. ■Y- .4.. T -) \ -^ absolute accommodation actual actually annual, -ly '^■:^- applicant application \ assistant J^. associate assorted assortment [. attached attachment cv attainable ...1. average ' bale (v barrel ...\rr^.. breakage bundle p bushel business cancel capacity I--- cask change,-d charge, -d charter cheat circular clerk color commerce commercial,-ly commission commissioner commodity communicate communication company competition competitive conclude conclusion > conditional, -ly •, confidential, -ly connect connection .^.. consent consideration '■^^ consign consigned consignee '^^ consignment ..._. consignor o r ^-^ )^. consolidate, -d consul . contract contractor , correspond . correspondence correspondent corresponding ; couple customer customs . damage declaration , delay . demurrage department detain, -«d . detention discharge dispatch , distance distribute document drawback ■ dravage due' bill dull duplicate duty employee en route enterprise entry especial, -ly essential, -ly esteemed estimate except exception expire expiration export express — P extend ...Lp extension facsimile y^s\s^ failure Nj.-i fee simple .nf. H- simp] fixtures . ^ folio :s/> TA freight ftirniture gallon garnishee COMMERCIAL TERMS. —Continued. 123 Z recommend recommendation refer reference "N,^ refused '•• ••''^'*Y remainder renewal /^ -^ C repair jy;>«r.,<:...V^/c. requisition « response Jl jt x'^L. responsible t,^..A.^.\^ restrict retail y\j< /''^^ ''ude '^•'- ..^...'i. « salesman salesmen jT^^'^ r\. ,T-v^ savage o...^.....«?..?3S semiannual, -ly ' sliipment J U K / «Wpper N^^^- •Xj X^.„ 8pecial,-ly 9 statutory P „ J-. 1^ tariff telegram p r 1 teleplione » }cTr<^..\t^^...r7flJ> terminal track trade .1 !\ .IcrN/i^ trademark ' — traffic n n transmit ,/] rf> Jv,..„ transpire " ^^ transpose n I y^ typewriter ..tL.. \^...(h^ ultimo ^ , uniform,-ity tf^ verdict ..C<^... warehouse warrant > ^ c warrantee .?r. I. weight wholesale •^ I ^ witness j^. U> 1.1. writ yard / yield ....... '. .Vttt-.. & Co. 124 RAIL'WAY TERMS. aboard abrotjated ■■'\....:!rj y ■■■■tC ^ accident ' J acting ->^ ~N/^ '""^ brake ^..V '..lY... air line ^— a[)i)roxiinate \ I L audit ...Vnrf:^ I ^.^...1 auditor axle axle box ....... bad order ^~N ballast, -ing bftfrgage .\./0.... \ \....^^ .:^.. baggage car ^ ' belt line ..VrTA...;: billing blockade c ' V ^ \_,_- block signal ..>—».....,......."?«<'. boxcar I brakeinan brakeinen broad gauge bumper caboose .^_^. carded • cargo carrier cattle guard classification ^ , coach .;.y^ collision commutation commute ■■.^....■■\i.. competitor ' conductor h4 construction hTTp. ^ consumer •*'~^'^ consumption _■ c— ^_^ coupling _,>^^ crossing culvert ~\ .1 cut-off .^rrrf^ -rr^..' cut rate demoralization I /e I V 1 y — derailed \rr>C: ld.....lC7 derrick differential 1^1 T dining car ,\rfj. ijrr....U-^ director disaster I I discriminate ^j.... brTTtC?. nv diversion division dock d(K-kage drawhead 2 drawlink ••«• east bound elevator embankment embargo embedded v^ emigrant ... <^ engineer equalize — \ ^ — I equijiment Vs ^. equitabl-e,-y _ ^ excavation excursion expedition export extra fireman first-class flag station flange flat car flat wheel fluctuat-e,-lng folder foreman fonn number freightage freight bill frog ganger c>_. general snp't I... grad-e,-ing t rrr.. hand car ^ haul ,<:^Jr:. headlight hot box inland interlocking interspersed '^>~-f\ f~^ ^^ transitu ,...:. ...J .0.5r7| ironclad h I junction ^^ lantern .. fa^..., legislation "^ lighterage ^^^ /-^ limit limitation local - i—\ ^k locomotive L. Xj./rr^/Z.^. ni»U train RAIL"WAY TERMS. — Continued. 125 main line f '^^-^ maintenance ■■<^- (7?^^. ..^ manifest message '^ ,—^7 ^~\ mileage • r- ' W.-.. motive power ^^ operator «\ \\ c oi)tional ••••^ ^ \^- palace car ' parallel parlor car W--V !'•''«« ^ I)aymaster . \ ^ perishable .^rro. ... Vv!.. ..W^... platform ^ ^^ pool postal car .\. 2. ?S. .. prepaid f I, rack car /I /^ railroad ..C^.I.C/.A railway re-consigned 'a^ "V— > 5s redeemable • ^.p refrigerator (^ \ regulate release released r\ reload / /\ ^ yy report /<....v: N^,. reship restoration restriction right of way roadbed y\ y\ y^ VQ^ master ,^.|^.^..l<:i.C/....L~ roUing stock ^ roundhouse ^ 1 scalper "^ — •••■\; VN., seaboard A seaworthy /^^ ,j__^ second-clasB ? ^.-^ .-.Tr:p.< section boss ■ P ■ semaphore y^ - j..... sidetrack L °-C^ (r\ ^'^'"" •'"^ -...,-, sleeper q smash-up H S.^.. / ^. ..'U^. ^■^ stop-over stub switch subscriptions «• suburban ^^ switch switching switchback switch lights ^^/- target ':elescope,-d ender erminal erminus rough bill ide water V, u~\ '{- w \ )■ -^ h ^^f f- ■h t J I -.y V turntable c.v_X....lrTri upgrade _ >» ■' ventilatoi •A- ime card ime-table issue copy onnage racer rack rackage rain dispatcher rain order rail railing ransatlantic ranscontinental ran sit ran sport ransportable ransi)ortation ransshipment ransverse raveling restle ruck runk line unnel tilators vestibule bill ■eight .^^, westbound *^^ wharf .Vp .^-.^,. waybill c^ V way fre . ^^y\ west bo 126 MECHANICAL T£3RMS. accelerate /^ alloy pi;r>-i;' aluminum amalgum ancony , angle angular .•>^— '»— *^ annealing 2frrm>.> ••••(»<( ^- anthracite anvil , Wl Ti apparatus rirV- .>^"0 V*- arrester I asbestos \ I \ automatic ^ y!^»rrr:. ...... . tV>j- . . beaklron y bearing vb v xo V^ bellows .\!^......V. 7f. billet • bituminous _ c blast pipe .Vr?»w0..iv. .V^. blower \ ' boiler .^..... N/r....^^yQ«^ brazing burnisher «w — ^ cable .. ia.7 .X...."-j-^- • calcium < calipers ' . calking .....y CtVNi^— ■■■■■j .i^.cani casting P cast iron ....«^....^....^.i.^;"..- chamfer J ^ chapleting /* / chill ...r/ -V- chipping >, chisel / <_i.-. clamp ,./^........^2j,ti: .Vo clevis clutch " . —^ V coil ^yiT.,, >J... compression condenser j t — > ^ conduit .4t. I. .V....*one pulley ' J converter •«\. • . < core \ vrtr?......^.. ...countershaft / C^ countersink dynamics ^ — " eccentric x-y — y elbow equilibrium escapement exhaust face plate I . ( ^. - facing \6S. No* finning fins ( ( I fire brick ./^ \,. ./V^... firegrate > — flux n '~Y_-5 I friction .V f .TTT7r...^rn<_P function furnace ex _i^ fUse ...A_e K^.....4rTr-= gage cock .■ gaggers £«;— 'I ganister . . r> . ujr— • • P^f'i'' cutter — *" "'— ' generato- / ^ i_ — gland w»rt<....7S... horse power (H. P.) ^ hub ^^ ^■''V ^^~~'\ hydraulic A,,\ ; '. indicator ingate vH>*^ ingot ....vC.-.- interior jam nut ^ jlm-crow X. T.,7...,..,-. joint ^^'*^ journal ^ j^/ "knuckle joint ^/,/....VrTrfrrrpr../7 ..laboratory - ladle -»- lag screw /r.l..,./rrr*rT^..^^rr\.. larget lateral ^ ^.Bv latterkin .../:7Z.....^ lingot /*- ,-^-\ /'^-.j ■'^am ,/. /C. /:..T7.,longitudinal MECHANICAL TERMS. — Continued. 127 -o/:::^., iiiacliine .— . ^^ ^~.^j\ ' machinery ,c/ ^ji»..r7"^TTTj/^„i mandrel manufacture manufacturer , mechanical mechanics ^ mechanism .fTi-.i metal meter micrometer milling mold momentum muUar nippers nowel output periphery l)ickle pig iron pillow block pinchers pinion piston pivot planchet planer plant plasm plate pliers plunger pneumatic power propulsion pulley . punch ..\.....^^Jr!^ rammer / rasp ^ ratchet <-^ . . . , /<<«.. register regulator relay I repeater ' reversible cv y\^\ revolution ^/<^.aLfr.y/(\../0. HI revolve J)" risers ^^^ -/I ^ rotate ; /ff\.\ sleeve (\_ \ smokestack •• tfTVrfl ,...'. socket a g tt soldering iron T \ \ spindle •^ yr- " spline sprue ^ ^—^ 9^ squeezer ^\^''- wT., stationary steam chest o/ y\ swarf \-. r.._ir. tallstock tamping •1^. J.....^-!7TT^ teeming punch ^- / / teest (' . . temper „. Vrrrf\, Is-rrrvj. temperature ( templet , ."^ I Tiron l'^^- I.... e^. toggle joint top plate I \a \ Trest .S^ K,......\vr: triblet V trip shaft ] n trowel ..S- ,...') J.^^. trunnion r fr^ rt tumbler I ^^ r JL tuyfere JirNT.... )..... vx .A., tweezers p twister j) vacuum ' ' '^ . valve gear ^ ^J^ ' valve rod Vfy velocity ..,,\> vibration ^-j water gauge fc..l.. we"'" elding winch V^ wiper .<..rt. wire ?wordle ^ ) wrench ...■.c ..-?, INDEX. A, 38 Abbreviation, 20 Affixes, 6() -ality. -arity, 66 Alpliiibtit, i)lionographic, 6 An, 3!S And, 88 Asi)irate H, 82 Chetoid tick, 38 Circle S or Z, 24, 42 Circle Ses, 24 Circum-, 70 Coaiescents W and Y, 30 Cog-, Com-, Con-, 70 Conipound characters, 70 Coininercial terms, 122-128 Consonants, 6, 7, 8 Contracted phrases, 86-89 Contracted words, 84 Contra-, Contri-, Contro-, Counter- -der, 60 Detoid ticlc, 20 Diphthongs, 14 Double consonants, 42, 46 Double-length strokes, 66 En-, 70 Enter-, 70 -er, GO F or V hook, 56 Fidures, 70 Final hooks, 52, 56 Financial terms, 120-121 Fractions, 70 General directions, 6 -ger, 66 H, asi)irate, 32 Half-length strokes, 60 I. 38 -illty, 66 In-, 70 -ing. 66 Inter-, Intro-, 70 -ker, 66 Ketoid tick, 88 L hook, 42 Letter dictation, 93-112 -ly, 66 Magna-, Magne-, Magni-, 70 Mechanical terms, 126-127 W hook, 52 Names of cities, 114-115 Names of countries and states, 113 Names of persons, 116-117 Names of railways, 118-119 Outlines, 76 Petold tick, 20 Phonography, 7 Phraseography, 38 Position, 20 Prefixes, 70 Punctuation marks, 30 R hook, 46 Railway terms, 124-125 Ketoid tick, 38 Keview questions, 19, 87, 51, 65, 75 S or Z circle, 24 Self-, 70 -self, 66 Seniicireles W and Y, 28 Ses circle, 24 Shel-, 42 -ship. 66 Shun liook, 56 Simple phrases, 78-79 St and Str loops, 82 -ter, -ther, 66 Tetoid tick, 88 The, 38 Triphthongs, 80 Un-, 70 Vowels, 6, 7 Vowels, long, 10 Vowels, short, 14 W and Y coaiescents, 80 W and Y semicircles, 28 W hooks, 28 We, 38 With, 88 Word signs, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 88, 42, 46, 52, 56, (Ui, 70 Word-sign words, 77 Words distinguished by difference in out- line, 82 Words distinguished by difference in posi- tion, 80 Words of frequent use, 90-92 -zd, 32 128 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. Form L9-10m-3,'48(A7920)444 UNIVKKSITY ol CALlhOKiHiA AT LOS ANGELES T TRP A P V dA d A. A 000 571 388 8 25 6 H36c :siAi il'iliiSlliliilii liii iii'li^i^^li;