UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 ....... C^e 
 
 Class 
 
Report of Proceedings 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 MINING 
 
 CONGRESS 
 
 Tenth Annual Session 
 
 Joplin, Mo,, November 1146, 1907 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 At the Office; of the Secretary, Denver, Colo., 1908 
 

Report of Proceedings 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 MINING 
 
 CONGRESS 
 
 Tenth Annual Session 
 
 Joplin, Mo., November 11-16, 1907 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 At the Office of the Secretary, Denver, Colo., 1908 
 
 Copyright, 1908, by the 
 
 AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 DENY E.R, COLO. 
 
 Press of the Western Newspaper Union, 'Denver 
 

 
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INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Auditing Committee, report of ' 43 
 
 Credentials Committee 27 
 
 Credentials Committee, report of 53 
 
 Delegates, list of 54 
 
 Directors, election of 48 
 
 Delegates to Trans-Mississippi Commercial Congress 106 
 
 Election of Directors 48 
 
 Financial Statement of Secretary 42 
 
 How the Government Can Aid the Mining Industry 33 
 
 Increase of Membership of Board of Directors c>5 
 
 Invitation to Trans-Mississippi Commercial Congress 106 
 
 Members, annual meeting of 42 
 
 Members, list of 60 
 
 Nominating Committee 44 
 
 Nominating Committee, report of 48 
 
 Resolutions Committee 30 
 
 Revision of Mining Laws Committee, report of 28 
 
 Safety in Coal Operations Committee, report of 113 
 
 Smelter Rate Committee, report of 71-78 
 
 Secretary's Report 42 
 
 Telegram to President Roosevelt 34 
 
 Vertical Side Line Law Committee, report of 38 
 
 Protection to Mining Investors Committee, report of 88 
 
 Place of Meeting 
 
 Los Angeles, California 110 
 
 Douglas, Arizona 110 
 
 Chicago, Illinois 110 
 
 Columbus, Ohio 110 
 
 Reno, Nevada 110 
 
 PAPERS AND ADDRESSES 
 
 Address of Welcome, Gov. Jos. W. Folk 9 
 
 Address of Welcome, Mayor Jesse F. Osborne 13 
 
 Response, by Judge J. H. Richards 15 
 
 Response, by Congressman J. C. Floyd 16 
 
 Response, by Col. T. J Vest 18 
 
 Response, by Hon. John Dern 19 
 
 Response, by Col. Thomas Ewing 22 
 
 Response, by Richard Riepe 23 
 
 Response, by Dr. Victor C. Alderson . . . . 25 
 
 Response, by Dr. J. A. Holmes 26 
 
 Response, by Dr. George Otis Smith 28 
 
 The Great Southwest The Arizona Delegation 97 
 
 The Importance of the Mining Industry to the Commercial and In- 
 dustrial Life of a Nation H. J. Cantwell 115 
 
 A Remedy for the Law of the Apex Dr. James Douglas 122 
 
 The History of Gold and Silver James W. Malcolmson 129 
 
 The Possibilities and Limitations of Geological Survey Work as Applied 
 
 to the Mining Industry George Otis Smith 138 
 
 International Mining Exposition, Madison Square Garden, New York 
 
 William M. Porter 149 
 
 The Protection of Mineral Lands from Agricultural, Timber Entry, or 
 
 Other Patent Lewis E. Aubury -. 152 
 
 The Man Who Stakes Claims Everywhere: Does He Assist or Retard 
 
 the Development of the Mining Industry? Randall H. Kemp 155 
 
 Sliding Scale Royalty Louis D. Huntoon 158 
 
 183243 
 
4 INDEX 
 
 Mining Engineering Education in the United States Dr. Victor C. 
 
 Alderson 162 
 
 What Can the Profession Really Expect from the Mining School Gradu- 
 ate? Milnor Roberts 172 
 
 Secondary Technical Education Applied to Mining Prof. Lewis 
 
 .Young : 178 
 
 Relation of the Mining School to the Mining Industry Prof. Robert 
 
 H. Richards 185 
 
 Some Suggestions Concerning the Training of Mining Engineers 
 
 Robert Peele 189 
 
 The Value of Correspondence Instruction to the Mining Man H. H. 
 
 Stoek 199 
 
 Gypsum: Where Found, Its Use and Its Manufacture C. O. Bartlett . . .215 
 
 Tariff on Zinc Ores S. Duffield Mitchell 219 
 
 How Long Will Our Coal Supplies Meet the Increasing Demands of 
 
 Commerce? Edward W. Parker 239 
 
 Prospecting for Oil and Gas Dr. Erasmus Haworth 247 
 
 The Deflocculation of Non-Metallic Amorphous Bodies Edward Good- 
 rich Acheson 256 
 
 Will tlie Production of Gold in the World Keep Pace With the Increas- 
 ing Demands of Commerce and Trade? Dr. Waldemar Lindgren. .265 
 
 Discussion of Same 37 
 
 Conservation of the Nation's Mineral Resources Dr. J. A. Holmes . . . .272 
 
 Lead and Zinc Resources of Missouri Dr. E. R. Buckley 2^2 
 
 Annual address of the President Hon. John H. Richards 298 
 
 COMMITTEES 
 
 Committee on Credentials 53-27 
 
 Committee on Revision of Mining Laws, report 28 
 
 Committee on Resolutions 30 
 
 Committee on Vertical Side Line Law 38 
 
 Committee on Nominations 44 
 
 Committee on Smelter Rates, report of 71-78 
 
 Committee on Protection to Mining Investors, report of 88-113 
 
 Committee on Safety in Coal Mining Operations . ,- 113-114 
 
 RESOLUTIONS 
 
 Reservation of Minerals in Land Patents Otherwise Classified Lewis 
 
 E. Aubury : 30-52 
 
 Licensing of Mining Engineers W. H. Graves 30 
 
 Duty on Zinc Ores Samuel R. House 31-85 
 
 Department of Mining H. S. Joseph 31-109 
 
 Creating Official Experiment Station for American Mining Con- 
 gress John Dern 40-99 
 
 Concerning Fraudulent Mining Schemes F. C. Vincent 42-97-113 
 
 Of Thanks The Committee 84 
 
 Concerning Reports on Mining Properties by Officers of the Con- 
 gress H. J. Cantwell 85-97 
 
 Concerning International Mining Exposition Frank E. Wire 86 
 
 Bureau of Mining and Engineering Investigation J. H. Richards . . 86-87 
 Reports on Standing of Mining Engineers Dr. E, R. Buckley. .32-52 
 Removal of Restrictions on Sale Indian Land Allotments W. T. Si- 
 dell 39-96 
 
 Invitation to National Association of State Mining Schools Victor C. 
 
 Alderson 40-53 
 
 Concerning Amendments to Alaskan Mining Laws J. F. Callbreath. .104 
 
 Concerning Disposition of Public Lands J. H. Richards 105 
 
 Resolutions of Thanks > 
 
INDEX 5 
 
 To Dr. E. R. Buckley 111 
 
 To Smelter Rate Committee Ill 
 
 To Mining Fraud Committee Ill 
 
 ] To Citizens of Joplin 84 
 
 | To President Richards 114 
 
 | To Secretary Callbreath 114 
 
 SPEAKERS 
 
 Acheson, E. G. 256 
 
 Alderson, Victor C 101 
 
 Buckley, E. R 32-34-37 
 
 Brimhall, Geo. H Iu3 
 
 Callbreath, J. F 36-46-50-114 
 
 Cantwell, H. J 36-103-104-109 
 
 Daniels, W. P ' 35 
 
 Dern, John " 50-84-101 
 
 Dorsey, Geo. W. E 102 
 
 Downey, C. J 88-107-113 
 
 Garfield, James R 40 
 
 Gregg, H. H 85 
 
 Galigher, Carl 47-112 
 
 Hague, Jas. D 38 
 
 Holmes; J. A 48 
 
 Howell, T. M 103 
 
 Ingalls, W. R 28-81 
 
 Joseph, H. S 29-47-70-77-81-83-102 
 
 Kemp, Randall H 31-49-87 
 
 Lindgren, Waldemar 37 
 
 Los Angeles Mining Stock Exchange 38 
 
 Malcolmson, James W 82 
 
 Mills, W. F. R. 102 
 
 Parker, E. W 239 
 
 Richards, J. H 33-35-45-51 
 
 Riepe, Richard A 23-70 
 
 Riter, Geo. W , 81-82 
 
 Scaife, H. L 108 
 
 Smith, Geo. Otis 28 
 
 Stoek, H. H 113 
 
 Vincent, F. C : . . : 44-46-49-106-113 
 
 White, F. Wallace .35-41 
 
 Wire, Frank E 49 
 
 Winchell, Horace V '. . . 37 
 
 Wood, Jno. R . . 34-99-100 
 
Official Roster 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Officers and Committees of the American Mining Congress 
 
 1906 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 J. H. RICHARDS President 
 
 THOMAS EWING First Vice President 
 
 E. R. BUCKLEY Second Vice President 
 
 B. A. COLBURN Third Vice President 
 
 J. F. CALLBREATH, JR Secretary 
 
 DR. W. S. WARD : Curator 
 
 DIRECTORS. 
 
 J. H. Richards Boise, Idaho 
 
 Thomas Ewing. San Francisco, California 
 
 E. R. Buckley Rolla, Missouri 
 
 E. A. Colburn . Denver, Colorado 
 
 George W. E. Dorsey . . . Fremont, Nebraska 
 
 C. M. Shannon Clifton, Arizona 
 
 John Dern . Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 James W. Malcolmson El Paso, Texas 
 
 J. Frank Watson Portland, Oregon 
 
 COMMITTEES 1905-6. 
 
 PROGRAM. 
 
 E. A. Colburn, Denver, Colorado; E. M. DeLavergne, Colorado Springs, 
 Colorado; Victor C. Alderson, Golden, Colorado; Edward H. Benjamin, 
 San Francisco, California; C. Willard Hayes, Washington, D. C. 
 
 BUILDING. 
 
 David H. Moffat, Denver, Colorado; E. A. Colburn, Denver, Colorado; 
 A. J. Spengel, Denver, Colorado. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 Sam F. Dutton, Denver, Colorado; A. G. Brownlee, Idaho Springs, 
 Colorado; Edward J. Wilcox, Denver, Colorado; Henry I. Seeman, Denver, 
 Colorado; J. F. Callbreath, Jr., Denver, Colorado. 
 
 MEMBERSHIP. 
 
 E. G. Reinert, Denver, Colorado; J. F. Callbreath, Jr., Denver, Colo- 
 rado; E:. r M. DeLavergne, Colorado Springs, Colorado. 
 
 MINE DRAINAGE DISTRICTS. 
 
 D. W. Brunton, Denver, Colorado; E. Lyman White, Denver, Colo- 
 rado; F. J. Campbell, Denver, Colorado; Phillip Argall, Denver, Colorado; 
 R. S. Morrison, Denver, Colorado; E. A. Colburn, Denver, Colorado. 
 
 MINING TEMPLE. 
 
 J. H. Richards, Boise, Idaho; E. A. Colburn, Denver, Colorado; Col. 
 Thomas Ewing, San Francisco, California. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MINING. 
 
 Hon. R, W. Bonynge of Colorado, Hon. Francis Newlands of Nevada, 
 Hon. C. M. Shartel of Missouri, Hon. Marcus A. Smith of Arizona, Hon. 
 William Sulzer of New York. 
 
 STATE LEGISLATION AGAINST MINING FRAUDS. 
 Hon. George C. Pardee, Sacramento, California; Hon. Robert M. 
 LaFollette, Madison, Wisconsin; Hon. Joseph W. Folk, Jefferson City, 
 Missouri; Hon. Eben W. Martin, Deadwood, South Dakota; Hon. Fred T. 
 Dubois, Boise, Idaho. 
 
Official Roster 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Officers and Committees of the American Mining Congress 
 
 1 907 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 J. H. RICHARDS President 
 
 THOMAS EWING First Vice President 
 
 E. R. BUCKLEY Second Vice President 
 
 E. A. COLBURN Third Vice President 
 
 J. F. C ALLBRE ATH, JR Secretary 
 
 DR. W. S. WARD Curator 
 
 DIRECTORS. 
 
 J. H. Richards Boise, Idaho 
 
 Thomas E wing Vivian, Arizona 
 
 E. R. Buckley Rolla, Missouri 
 
 E. A. Colburn Denver, Colorado 
 
 George W. E. Dorsey Fremont, Nebraska 
 
 C. M. Shannon . . Los Angeles, California 
 
 John Dern : Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 A. L. White Lima, Ohio 
 
 W. F. R. Mills ' Denver, Colorado 
 
 COMMITTEES 1907. 
 LOCAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 
 
 Colonel H. H. Gregg, Joplin, Missouri Chairman 
 
 Temple Chapman, Webb City First Vice Chairman 
 
 J. W. Watson, Baxter Springs, Kansas Second Vice Chairman 
 
 Gabriel Schmuch, Galena, Kansas Third Vice Chairman 
 
 T. W. Cunningham, Joplin, Missouri Treasurer 
 
 Clay Gregory, Joplin, Missouri Secretary 
 
 PROGRAM. 
 
 Dr. E.R.Buckley, Rolla, Missouri; T. A. Rickard, San Francisco, Cali- 
 fornia; E. Lyman White, Denver, Colorado. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 W. F. R. Mills, Denver, Colorado; Col. A. G. Brownlee, Idaho Springs, 
 Colorado; J. F. Callbreath, Jr., Denver, Colorado. 
 
 WAYS AND MEANS. 
 
 John Dern, Salt Lake City, Utah; Col. Thomas Ewing, Vivian, Ari- 
 zona; Col. George W. E. Dorsey, Fremont, Nebraska; F. Wallace White, 
 Cleveland, Ohio; Judge E. A. Colburn, Denver, Colorado. 
 
 AUDITING COMMITTEE. 
 
 E. Lyman White, Denver, Colorado; E. G, Reinert, Denver, Colorado. 
 MINING TEMPLE BUILDING. 
 
 Governor Henry A. Buchtel, Denver, Colorado; Hon. Meyer Friedman, 
 Denver, Colorado; Hon. J. H. Richards, Boise, Idaho. 
 
 PROTECTION AGAINST MINING FRAUDS. 
 
 C. J. Downey, Denver, Colorado; R. L. Herrick, Scranton, Pennsyl- 
 vania; Hon. A. W. Mclntire, Everett, Washington; Hon. H. C. Beeler. 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming; Judge William; F. Clark, Glover, Vermont. 
 
8 OFFICIAL ROSTER 
 
 SMELTER RATES 
 
 E. A. Colburn, Denver, Colorado (Chairman) ; E. M. DeLavergne, 
 Colorado Springs, Colorado; George W. Riter, Salt Lake City, Utah; H. 
 S. Joseph, Salt Lake City, Utah; Dr. L, D. Godshall, Needles, California. 
 
 VERTICAL SIDE LINE LAW. 
 
 James D. Hague, New York City; John A. Church, New York City; 
 R. A. F. Penrose, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Charles J. Hughes, Jr., Den- 
 ver, Colorado; Hon. Thomas Kearns, Salt Lake City, Utah. 
 
 PREVENTION OF MINE ACCIDENTS. 
 
 H. Foster Bain, Urbana, Illinois; F. W. Parsons, New York; H. H. 
 Stoeck, Scranton, Pennsylvania; B. F. Bush, St. Louis, Missouri; Herman 
 B. Hesse, Frosburg, Maryland. 
 
 GENERAL REVISION OF MINING LAWS. 
 
 W. R. Ingalls, 505 Pearl street, New York; J. Parke Channing, 42 
 Broadway, New York; J. R. Finlay, 71 Broadway, New York; John Hays 
 Hammond, New York; Dr. James Douglas, New York. 
 
 Officers for the Year 1908 
 
 PRESIDENT, 
 J. H. Richards. 
 
 VICE PRESIDENTS, 
 
 Thomas Ewing, E. R. Buckley, 
 
 John Dern. 
 
 DIRECTORS, 
 J. H. Richards, Boise, Idaho. 
 
 Thomas Ewing, Vivian, Arizona. 
 
 E. R. Buckley, Rolla, Missouri. 
 
 E. A. Colburn, Denver, Colorado. 
 
 George W. E. Dorsey, Fremont, Nebraska. 
 
 W. F. R. Mills, Denver, Colorado. 
 
 John Dern, Salt Lake City, Utah. 
 
 Charles M. Shannon, Los Angeles, California. 
 
 A. L. White, Lima, Ohio. 
 
 SECRETARY, 
 James F. Callbreath, Jr., Denver, Colorado. 
 
 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 
 
 Thomas Ewing, E. A. Colburn 
 
 W. F. R. Mills. 
 
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS 
 
 COL,. THOMAS EWING 
 
 First Vice President 
 
 Vivian, Arizona 
 
 DR. E. R. BUCKLEY 
 
 Second Vice President 
 
 Rolla, Missouri 
 
 HON. J. H. RICHARDS 
 
 President 
 Boise, Idaho 
 
 Hon. E. A. COLBURN 
 Denver, Colorado 
 
 JAS. F. CALLBREATH, JR. 
 
 Secretary 
 Denver, Colorado 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 C. M. SHANNON 
 Los Angeles, California 
 
 COL, GEO. W. E. DORSET 
 Fremont, Nebraska. 
 
 JOHN DERN 
 Third Vice President 
 Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 A. L. WHITE 
 Lima Ohio 
 
 W. F. R. MILLS 
 Denver, Colorado 
 

 REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Tenth Annual Session of the American Mining Congress 
 
 Held at Joplin, Missouri, November 11 to 16 Inclusive, 1907 
 
 MONDAY, NOVEMBER 11, 1907. 
 
 Evening Session. 
 
 Meeting called to order by H. H. Gregg of Joplin, Missouri, Chairman 
 of Committee, at 8 o'clock, p. m., Monday, November 11, 1907. 
 
 Invocation by Rev. Dr. Jeffries of Carthage, Missouri. 
 
 Music by the Apollo Club. 
 
 Hon. Jos. K. Folk, Governor of Missouri, was then introduced and 
 delivered the following Address of Welcome: 
 
 GOVERNOR FOLK: Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen of the Convention, 
 Men and Women of Joplin: 
 
 It affords me pleasure to welcome this distinguished assemblage to 
 Missouri. It is peculiarly proper that this convention should meet here 
 in Joplin, the richest spot in all the world. Nowhere on this earth can 
 richer mining property be found than in the district of which Joplin is 
 the capital. Joplin today has something like 40,000 inhabitants. I pre- 
 dict that in a few years Joplin will be a city of 75,000 people, and the 
 output will increase from $15,000,000 to $20,000,000 a year, to $25,000,000 to 
 $30,000,000 a year. 
 
 Those of you who come from other states may be surprised to learn 
 of the rarity of conflict here between capital and labor. Under the indi- 
 vidual system of mining in this district, the laborer of today may become 
 the capitalist of tomorrow and labor troubles are practically unknown. 
 
 You of this convention represent an annual output of $1,800,000,000. 
 Each year the interests represented here give to the country something 
 like $100,000,000 of gold to go into the arts and into the commerce of the 
 country. There is no industry in this nation that exceeds in value 
 the output of the mining industry except the agricultural interests, and 
 there is one thing that should be done for the mining interests 
 of this country in order to do justice to those interests; that is, to have a 
 National Bureau of Mining, and a member of the Cabinet secretary of it. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 I am glad to welcome you to Missouri. Mining was carried on profit- 
 ably in this state one hundred years before the first mine was discovered 
 in California. The mining interests of this state are second to those of 
 no other state in this Union. Someone has remarked upon the pride all 
 Missourians feel in their state. There is every reason that this should be 
 so. If a wall were built around Missouri the state could still supply every 
 want of those within. There are fewer mortgaged homes in Missouri than 
 in any other manufacturing state, fewer mortgaged farms than in any 
 other agricultural state, and fewer mortgaged men than in any of the 
 United States. One-tenth of the wheat and one-twelfth of the corn of 
 the entire world are grown in Missouri. In horticulture as well as in 
 agriculture Missouri leads the other states. The largest orchards on the 
 globe can be found in Missouri. We have no silver mines of consequence, 
 but the output of the Missouri hen each year exceeds in value the total 
 production of all the silver mines of Colorado. (Applause.) We have no 
 gold mines, but the minerals the miners bring up from the bowels of the 
 earth into the Missouri sunlight each year exceed in value the total min- 
 eral production of the golden state of California. (Applause.) Nine- 
 tenths of the nickel, four-fifths of the zinc, of the United States, are pro- 
 duced in Missouri, and sixty per cent, of it right here in the Joplin dis- 
 trict. (Applause.) We have no oil wells, but 26,000 square miles of Mis- 
 souri soil are underlaid with coal deposits of an approximate value of 
 
10 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 $400,000,000,000. Missouri horses can be found in every part of the civil- 
 ized world and the Missouri mule carries the white man's burden to the 
 remotest parts of the earth. (Applause.) Missouri has more large cities 
 than any other agricultural state, and has more agricultural and mining 
 interests than any other state with large cities. With St. Louis on the 
 east, the great metropolis of Kansas City on the west, St. Joseph in the 
 northwest, with Springfield and Joplin in the southwest, a ready market is 
 afforded for the products of mine, of field, of forest and of factory in every 
 part of the commonwealth. In Missouri about $10,000,000 are spent every 
 year on public education nearly four times as much as it costs to main- 
 tain the state government. Missouri's tax rate is lower than that of any 
 state in the Central West or in the South, and yet Missouri's permanent 
 school fund is greater than that of any other state in the Union. There 
 is a schoolhouse within reach of every Missouri child and the percentage 
 of school attendance in Missouri is greater than that of any other state 
 in the Union. (Applause.) The percentage of illiteracy is less by nearly 
 fifty per cent, than the average in the United States. (Applause.) In 
 every state there are some counties where illiteracy rules. That cannot 
 be said of Missouri. There is not a county in this state that can be said 
 to be illiterate. More newspapers and periodicals circulate in Missouri in 
 proportion to the population than in Massachusetts. More books are read 
 from the public libraries in Kansas City than in Boston. Everywhere 
 virtue is honored and God is worshipped. Secure in her natural position 
 as the future commercial center of these States, strong in her 
 unparalleled resources, confident with that assurance which is born of 
 success; conscious of her dignity and power, Missouri stands in the front 
 rank of civilization today, not demanding but acknowledging the majesty 
 of all. Proud of her past achievements, yet looking to the future; satis- 
 fied with her progress, yet determined that the future shall far excel the 
 brilliant past; however great in natural resources; however potent in 
 achievement, in the varied fields of arts and usefulness, Missouri's dear- 
 est and fairest possessions are her men and women. It is these that 
 have made Missouri great. It is these who hold the idea that citizenship 
 in a free country implies a civic obligation to enforce the performance 
 of every public trust; it is these that have the idea that laws are made 
 to be obeyed, not to be ignored (applause) ; it is these who believe that 
 there is an embezzlement of power as well as an embezzlement of money 
 (applause) ; it is these who believe that patriotism belongs not only to 
 nations, not only to states, not only to cities, but to one's fellow-men as 
 well. What a change has come over the minds of the people in refer- 
 ence to that word "patriotism." Some five years ago there was held in 
 one of our distant cities a banquet attended by a number of prominent 
 business men. After the repast was over the band played "America" and 
 the audience stood and sang the familiar words. As the last strains of 
 the song died away, one of those present turned to his neighbor and with 
 the tears trickling down his cheeks he said, "Oh, I wish I could die for 
 my country!" Just three weeks after that, that same man was humbly 
 kneeling at the feet of justice, confessing that he had bribed a municipal 
 assembly to pass a franchise to further one of his interests.. He was 
 willing, he said, to die for his country, but his conduct showed that he 
 was unwilling to live for his country. He had patriotism on his lips and 
 he had treason in his heart. 
 
 Many men would be willing, if need be, to give up their lives on field 
 of battle for state or for country, but the man that will live for his 
 country and his state every day is the man that is needed just now. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 There may be just as much patriotism in living for one's state or city 
 as in dying for one's state or city. Patriotism does not abide alone in the 
 roar of cannon, amid the din and clash of arms, but in the every-day du- 
 ties of civic life as well. There is a patriotism of peace as well as a pa- 
 triotism of war. The man who gives his time to the betterment of civic 
 conditions and in getting better men into office, may be just as patriotic 
 as he who bares his breast to the bullets of the public enemy in time of 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 11 
 
 war. "How may I serve my city and state?" may be asked. There never 
 was a time when men real men were needed more than now. We need 
 more men influenced alone by the public welfare and fewer of those who 
 are in politics for revenue only. (Applause.) I do not refer to the need 
 for men in public office alone, for one does not have to hold public office 
 in order to serve his city, his state or his country. Some of the greatest 
 men of the nation have never held public office. True greatness consists 
 in service service of one's fellow-men, service of one's state, service of 
 one's city. If one can do that in public office, well and good, but do not 
 forget that it is just as essential for private citizens to discharge the 
 responsibilities resting upon them as it is for the faithful carrying out 
 of official obligations in the public service. Missourians believe in liberty 
 liberty under the law; liberty to make law does not mean license to 
 break law. Lawlessness is not liberty. 
 
 There are some who have the idea that this may not be a free country 
 because one cannot sell game out of season, or gamble or sell liquor at 
 times the law says they shall not do so, or do other things that may be 
 permitted in some other places. No greater mistake can be made. There 
 can be no such thing as real liberty without laws which a majority of 
 the people made, and to which obedience and respect are given. The laws 
 are the people's laws made in the exercise of their liberty, and if, after 
 those laws are made, they are not obeyed, the liberty of the majority 
 of the people to make the laws is taken away to the extent their law is 
 nullified. If we allow each man to say what laws are good and what 
 laws are bad, the result would be there would be no laws at all. The trust 
 magnate looks with abhorrence on the pickpocket who violates the lar- 
 ceny statute, but thinks he has a perfect right to break the law against 
 combinations and monopolies. The burglar abhors the man who breaks 
 the law against trusts, but he considers the law against house-breaking 
 an infringement upon his rights. The dram-shop keeper believes in the 
 rigid enforcement of the law against the man who robs his cash drawer, 
 but he thinks the law requiring his saloon to close on Sunday is a blue 
 law and one that ought not to be obeyed. It has been my experience that 
 any law looks blue to the man that wants to break it. (Applause.) 
 More respect for law is what is needed. The corporation magnate should 
 be compelled to respect the law that regulates the conduct of the cor- 
 poration, as he asks others to respect the law that protects the property 
 of the corporation. The anarchy of capital-breeding lawlessness should 
 no more be tolerated than the anarchy of labor-breeding riot and disor- 
 der. Gamblers and those who violate the liquor laws should be made to 
 understand that the laws prohibiting gambling or regulating the sale of 
 liquor are just as sacred as the laws that protect them in their lives and 
 in their property. What a wonderful change has come over the American 
 people in the last six or seven years! Look at your dictionaries tonight 
 and you will not find the word "graft" in the sense in which it is now 
 used and yet every man, woman and child in all this broad land now 
 understands what the term means. Six or seven years ago bribery was 
 the common and accepted thing all over the land. Men gave bribes and 
 thought nothing of doing it; men took bribes and felt no hesitancy in 
 doing so; men purchased votes and bought franchises; legislative halls 
 were often dens of thieves; the touch of the unclean dollar was over all, 
 while the public conscience was asleep. Finally the people awakened to 
 a realization of the fact that a government by bribery was not a govern- 
 ment of and for the people, but a government of and for and by the 
 few with wealth enough to purchase official favors. Then from one end 
 of the land to the other there came a stern demand to stamp 
 out the offense that aims at the very heart of free governjnent, and today 
 no man takes a bribe and considers himself an honest man. The public 
 conscience was extended from the domain of the public wrongdoer to 
 conscience has taught men better than that and the energies of this 
 that of the private wrongdoer. Some of the insurance officials were found 
 to have been using trust funds for their own profit. They said they did 
 not know that was wrong. But they have been taught better than that 
 
12 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 now. Some of the men high up in the commercial world were found to 
 have been accepting rebates from railroads contrary to law. They said 
 they did not know that was dishonest. That it was all right according to 
 the lights they had before them, but those lights have now been put out 
 and other lights have been placed in their stead. It used to be a saying 
 years ago that a prospect was a hole in the ground owned by a liar. I 
 don't know how true that used to be, but I can say this, and you mine- 
 owners and operators know that it is so, that there is a higher standard 
 in your business and in the mining industry than there has ever been be- 
 fore. (Applause.) Things will not be tolerated for a moment now that 
 six or seven years ago were submitted to in silence. The public con- 
 science has taught you that evil in your business should be eliminated. 
 
 So this public conscience has gone on and on, day by day, correcting 
 some evil day after day, remedying some wrong. If things had gone on 
 as they were a few years ago, when bribery was the accepted thing, when 
 lawlessness was looked upon with indifference then the end of the Repub 
 lie itself might well have been prophesied, for we were going the way that 
 other nations have gone who went to their death during the flight of time 
 through the ages. This is not the first nor the oldest republic by any 
 means. If we were to live three centuries longer and then die, we would 
 go down into history as the most brilliant but shortest-lived of all the 
 republics the wrecks of which are strewn along the shores of time. 
 
 Rome had a republican form of government for seven hundred years; 
 Florence for three hundred years; Venice for eleven hundred years. All 
 of these republics have long ago tottered off the stage of the world into 
 oblivion. What caused the death of those republics? They did not die 
 for lack of wealth. Many of them or all of them were richer v/hen they 
 fell than ever before, but they ceased to exist for lack of men. They 
 did not die for lack of money, but for lack of morals. They did not die 
 for want of materiaj wealth but lack of moral health. This nation today 
 does not rest upon the wealth of a few people, but it rests upon the 
 moral character and the integrity of the average individual. Poets have 
 sung of the Golden Age that lies buried far back in the history of the 
 world. I believe that the Golden Age is before us, not behind us, and it 
 will come about when there is more of the Golden Rule in our daily lives 
 and less of the rule of gold. (Applause.) It will come about when the 
 doctrine of brotherhood becomes the standard for governmental action, 
 and private conduct. I believe that the world is getting better and better 
 every day, not worse. Even now wealth is not worshipped with the same 
 devotion that it used to be, and gold is not regarded with the same awe 
 as in days gone by. The ideal of the young man is becoming more and 
 more to get right and to stay right, rather than to get rich and stay rich. 
 A new standard has been established new, yet old just plain, common, 
 simple honesty, that's all. 
 
 Now, this may be ideal, but the business that has ideals will succeed 
 best. The man who has ideals will succeed best. The city or the state 
 or the nation that has ideals will make the greatest progress. Take away 
 the ideal of America and the strength of the nation would soon be gone. 
 Rome built great highways and founded mighty cities while the strength 
 of Roman character ebbed away. When that was gone there was nothing 
 to defend; there was nothing to conquer.. There is an old story of an 
 eastern king who caused a great palace to be erected as a monument of 
 his majesty and power. Stone by stone the structure grew and the heart 
 of the king swelled with pride. One morning the palace was in ruins. 
 "What great treason has been committed here?" the king exclaimed, and 
 a price was put on the head of the traitor who had destroyed the abode 
 of majesty. But a wise man of the court admonished the king. "Great 
 master, there has been no treason here. The house that was great and 
 mighty has fallen down because the builders used mortar without sand, 
 hence their work has gone to ruins." So with the state, so with busi- 
 ness. External grandeur counts for nothing. We may count wealth as 
 the sands of the sea, we may as states build the domes of our capitols 
 and the spires of our churches until they pierce the clouds and glitter 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 13 
 
 among the stars; all must crumble and fall away unless it be welded and 
 strengthened by the principles of morality and justice that constitute the 
 groundwork of enlightened citizenship. Here between two great oceans 
 we have founded an empire such as no conqueror of old ever dreamed of, 
 but the greatness of a nation does not consist in the size of its army nor 
 the strength of its battleships, but in the purity of its ideals and in the 
 intensity of its devotion to those principles that make for right, that 
 make for justice, truth and honor. True to these ideals, we sha.ll be the 
 most powerful amongst all the nations of the earth. Forsaking them, the 
 time will come when our military engines will be as toys in our hands 
 and our strongest naval armament impotent and useless. In vain will we 
 build battleships, fortify our coasts and man our guns unless we bring 
 into every rampart and turret those ideas and those ideals that make the 
 man behind the gun. Our forefathers furnished us with a government 
 guaranteeing rights to the citizens never obtained or exercised by any 
 other people. They fought against the enemies of our country in order 
 that we might have this nation. We must fight against the enemies of 
 peace in order to preserve this as a government for the people and by 
 the people. Let us preserve inviolate the principles of popular self-gov- 
 ernment, recognizing the largest liberty of the individual citizen consistent 
 with law and order. Let us unite in the enforcement of the laws and in 
 counteracting any attempt to defy them. Let us not array class against 
 class, but let us preserve the rights of all by causing each to respect the 
 rights of the other. Let us not attack business, but the wrongdoing on 
 the part of some of those engaged in business. Let us not assail wealth, 
 but the abuses of wealth. Let us attack not men but the evil that men 
 do. Let us love not money but manhood. Let us appeal not to cunning 
 but to conscience. Let us make the national life clean by making the 
 national conscience clean. This is the Missouri idea. To such a state, 
 with its wealth of mines and of field and of forest and of factory, to 
 such a state with men and women holding to these ideals, I bid you a 
 cordial and sincere welcome. 
 
 Hon. Jesse F. Osborne, Mayor of the City of Joplin, was then intro- 
 duced and delivered the following address of welcome on behalf of the 
 citizens of Joplin: 
 
 MAYOR OSBORNE: Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen of the Convention, 
 Ladies and Gentlemen: 
 
 It is a great privilege and a great pleasure to have you hold your 
 Tenth Annual Congress in our midst, for we recognize in your body, 
 composed as it is of all that goes to make up what we are pleased to 
 term the mining industry an ancient, honorable and useful vocation. 
 Ancient, because, look as far back as we may .in the pages of history, 
 sacred and profane, we find mentioned the various metals, which pre- 
 supposes the prospector, the miner and the smelter. It would seem that 
 man's very advancement from the Stone Age was heralded by that first 
 blacksmith, old Tubal Cain, the father of such as work in iron. It was 
 the search for gold that led Cortez to the land of the Montezumas and 
 Coronado in search of the golden city of the Indians named Quiviro. Your 
 vocation is an honorable one. The product you bring to the wealth of 
 the world is in the fullest meaning of the term new wealth and untainted 
 wealth. You take it from no man or set of men. It is not contaminated 
 by any questionable commercial methods in its procurement. It is not 
 haunted by the orphan's cry nor the widow's tear. It is in fact a gift 
 from Almighty God, who at the sunrise of time hid it away in the hills and 
 gulches under Arctic snows and desert sands, from East to West and 
 from pole to pole as an incentive to action and as a reward to him who 
 has the courage and the will to go and seek it out. It is an undoubted 
 fact that your product is an essential and a condition precedent in ad- 
 vancement in all the planes of human endeavor. It has enabled us to 
 span the continents with bands of steel over which is carried the world's 
 commerce. It has enabled us to spiderweb the continents, seas and 
 oceans with wire and cable for almost instantaneous communication be- 
 tween the Occident and Orient. It has enabled us to bridge the great 
 
14 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 rivers of all countries, to make the machinery, tools and appliances used 
 in all the various lines of manufacture, to build the framework of the 
 mighty skyscrapers in the cities, and to furnish implements for the tillage 
 of the fields. Some have said that the agriculturalist brings to humanity 
 the greatest in amount of blessings that go to make up the sum-total of 
 human needs, but it can be readily seen that the agriculturalist would 
 make but an insignificant showing if first the metal for the making of 
 his implements of industry were not mined and brought into use. In ad- 
 dition to the base metals, you furnish the gold and silver on which are 
 based the wealth of the world. You furnish the circulating medium or 
 the basis thereof in the world's commerce, and the scarcity or abundance 
 of your product fixes the price level of the world's goods, influences com- 
 mercial and political policies, makes and unmakes statesmen. And then, 
 when nations depart from the fields of peace, your product is again in 
 requisition for the torpedo boat, the destroyer, the cruiser and the mighty 
 battleship on the seas, in the thundering cannon, the screaming shell, the 
 rattling musketry and the clanking sabre on land. In the search for the 
 hidden treasures of earth no journey has been too long for you to under- 
 take and successfully accomplish, no danger so great that you have not 
 dauntlessly met and overcome it, no clime so unfriendly that you have 
 not successfully withstood it. You have been the pioneers for the colo- 
 nization of the world. You have been the very advance guard of civiliza- 
 tion. What country can you call to mind where the prospector, the 
 miner, did not precede the railroad? The fact is the prospector and the 
 miner go ahead, lay out the trail, spy out the country, report back and 
 the railroad follows on. Thus in all times and in all conditions in the 
 affairs of men from the earliest dawn of civilization down to the present 
 time you have more than borne your burden. You have more than done 
 your part to achieve our present civilization. You have more than done 
 your work in the evolution of humanity. The laborer is worthy of his 
 hire, and as all labor must receive its just reward here or hereafter, your 
 reward is sure, and if you have not found it yet, and if you fail to find it 
 here, let us hope that you may find it in that last great camp just over the 
 Divide, that Eldorado of the Soul where the days never grow old and the 
 streets are paved with pure gold. In your search for the big bonanzas 
 you have gone from camp to camp and from country to country, from 
 California to Nevada, from Pike's Peak to the Black Hills, from Cripple 
 Creek to the Coeur d'Alenes, from the Klondike and Nome to Tonopah 
 and Goldfield, with your ears ever attuned to the far call of the new camp. 
 It is therefore possible that you have given the lead and zinc mines of 
 this district but passing thought. There are those among you I know 
 who are familiar with these mines. To you I need say nothing; but to 
 you who have yet to become acquainted with us it is opportune to say that 
 in all these years the fields of this district have paid their devotees 
 $15,000,000 to $20,000,000 per year without any loss of sleep, any undue 
 excitement, any perceptible rise of temperature. We have gone right on 
 from year to year raising miners to affluence and educating more miners 
 to take the places of those who have received of the beneficence of our 
 district, composed as it is of parts of the states of Missouri, Kansas, Ar- 
 kansas and Oklahoma. We have no lines or class distinctions in our dis- 
 trict worth mentioning. The operator and the shoveler ride or walk to- 
 gether to the mines with perfect confidence, friendship and equality. We 
 have no strikes in our district for the reason that if at any time the 
 miner does not get what he thinks is right, he simply quits and goes out 
 and strikes a mine of his own, and then becomes an operator him- 
 self, when he can see the question from both sides. The operator some- 
 times works his mine out and then to keep his hand in the game, goes 
 into the ground as a spade hand where he gets a look at both sides of 
 the question also. These experiences have a tendency to change the view- 
 point, and as a result capital and labor in our district are all experienced. 
 They have both been there, both ways, and as a consequence are the best 
 of friends. 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 15 
 
 We of this district have a pardonable pride in this happy condition. 
 In behalf of the district, in behalf of our enterprising sister Arkansas 
 to the south, our lively sister Kansas to the West, and I would say our 
 little baby sister Oklahoma to the Southwest if it were not for the fact 
 that, like the veritable Minerva she has sprung full-panoplied from the 
 head of Jove and is in fact a state with the rest of us or will be on the 
 sixteenth of this month when her birth certificate is signed by Dr. 
 Roosevelt, it gives me a great deal of pleasure on behalf of this district, 
 composed of the best American citizenship of the United States, to wel- 
 come you to our midst, and on behalf of the city of Joplin I bid you a 
 cordial welcome and invite you to take everything in sight that you want. 
 (Applause.) There is nothing reserved. The town is yours. I know that 
 you will not abuse it, because miners and those engaged in that industry 
 are the best people on earth. We are proud to have you with us. We are 
 glad to have you with us. If you don't see what you want, ask for it, and 
 we will try to get it for you. (Applause.) 
 
 Response by Hon. J. H. Richards, President of the American Mining 
 Congress: 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: My friends, as I look into your kindly 
 faces, I recognize that we have received a miners' greeting. When I 
 see the beautiful decorations of this hall and such a multitude come to 
 see us, I recognize also that you have touched the tender chord in the 
 heart of every guest within the gates of your city. They cannot help but 
 go forth to the world and have a kindly feeling for the kindly greeting 
 that you have given us. And don't you know that kindness is the crying 
 need of every heart today in this broad land? We must learn that we 
 are to some extent our brother's keeper. When we learn that we will 
 have less dishonesty, less sorrow and less suffering. The American Min- 
 ing Congress is an aggregation of men who believe that the best condi- 
 tions of mining have not been brought out in this great country. Don't 
 you know that in your great government at Washington there is not a 
 bureau or a department that recognizes mining as an industry in this 
 great country? Not one! We intend to continue these gatherings an- 
 nually, and they will finally speak so loud that they will be heard clear 
 to the city of Washington, the capital of this country. (Applause.) 
 
 We believe that all of these mighty resources of this land are simply 
 means to an end and that is to bring out the greatest and noblest man- 
 hood that is possible in this great land. When they gave this land to us 
 they vrere so generous that out of it must come big, generous manhood, 
 and this is being given generously right in your very midst. Missouri 
 has given much to this country. I anticipate it will not be many years 
 until it will give us a President also. (Applause.) 
 
 I don't suppose the state from which I come is very well known to 
 you. I have heard it reported that a boy from Missouri was attending a 
 public school and studying physical geography. The teacher asked him 
 at the next lesson to tell the class what was produced by Idaho. He said: 
 "They produce cactus, sage brush, jack rabbits, hair and whiskers." 
 But we are in the business of developing men out there also. We have 
 many from Missouri. We have great mountains there that are an in- 
 spiration to any man who beholds them their giant breasts bathed in 
 constant snow and ice, and yet at their feet rests a beautiful homeland. 
 Our markets now are full in abundance with the second crop of straw- 
 berries from the same vines. We are producing sixty-one per cent, of all the 
 lead produced in the United States this year. We expect to be heard 
 from because we expect to follow largely in the wake of Missouri. She 
 has led the van largely in this country, and we are looking for her to 
 do greater things. There is one thing that impresses me most as I lis- 
 tened to your Governor's address and that of your Mayor, and that is the 
 harmony that exists between labor and the mine operator. Why should 
 they not? If both are honest, then there can be no disagreement between 
 them that could not be settled amicably. We believe that this great or- 
 ganization that has now come into your midst can bring out of these con- 
 ditions that character of manhood that would be worthy of such mighty 
 
16 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 opportunity. Now in our sessions from day to day here, as your chairman 
 has said, all are welcome, and coming from the state that I do, I am 
 reminded that the ladies are welcome, because up there in those great 
 mountains the husband and the wife, the brother and the sister face the 
 world together, shoulder to shoulder on a perfect equality before the law. 
 (Applause.) And I anticipate, beautiful as your city is, and others that 
 I have seen, that we can teach you something about municipal government 
 in the way of cleanliness, because the women have a right to vote there, 
 and their voice is heard in that larger phase of housekeeping called mu- 
 icipal government. (Applause.) I hope that when we have left your 
 midst that you may feel that you have entertained angels unawares. When 
 I heard the beautiful harmonies coming from these miners I felt sure 
 that they would catch the inspiration so beautifully spoken of by your 
 Governor, and I am sure we will all get into harmony by listening to 
 another song from the Apollo Club. 
 
 Congressman J. C. Floyd, of Yellville, Arkansas, then responded on 
 behalf of the state of Arkansas. 
 
 HON. J. C. FLOYD: Ladies and Gentlemen and Members of the 
 American Mining Congress: I count it both an honor and a pleasure to 
 respond in behalf of the state of Arkansas to the welcome addresses de- 
 livered by 'Governor Folk and the Mayor of Joplin. We have been enter- 
 tained since our arrival here with all the hospitality that it would be 
 possible to confer by any people. While that is true, I confess that the 
 situation to me is rather embarrassing tonight. The Mayor tells us to take 
 everything in sight that we see and want, and the Governor tells us not to 
 take it unless it belongs to us. (Applause.) My position is embarrassing 
 in another respect. Governor Folk has so eloquently and so thoroughly 
 portrayed the greatness of Missouri. What can I say about Arkansas? 
 (Applause.) I have been introduced to this audience as the guest of 
 Missouri. Can I take issue with the Governor? Certainly not. But I 
 want to tell you a few things that the Governor didn't tell you. He says 
 that Missouri has the greatest apple orchards in the world. That is true. 
 But the finest and best and the biggest apples in the world are grown 
 down in Arkansas. (Applause.) At the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
 at St. Louis we shipped from Arkansas an apple that weighed 34 ounces, 
 and it took the premium in Missouri as being the largest apple grown. 
 (Applause.) It is true that Missouri had in a glass case a plaster-of-paris 
 cast of an apple that weighed 32 ounces. We can raise bigger apples in 
 Arkansas than Missouri can make out of plaster-of-paris. (Applause.) 
 
 Your Governor tells you that Missouri is the greatest zinc producing 
 country in the world. That is true. But for the last ten years at all the 
 expositions where zinc ores were put upon exhibition, Arkansas took the 
 premium, on zinc ores. Why, we shipped one specimen, a chunk of zinc 
 ore, to the World's Fair at Chicago, that weighed 12,750 pounds free ore, 
 and it took the premium as being the largest specimen of free ore ever 
 found. The truth is that the best part of this Missouri district lies in 
 Arkansas. (Applause.) 
 
 I am glad to be here. We feel an interest in this Mining Congress 
 because we want the mining people of the United States to understand 
 that the Missouri zinc district extends not only into Arkansas, but into 
 Kansas and the Indian Territory, or the new Oklahoma (applause), and 
 I want to say to the people here tonight that a more profitable field for 
 investment in the United States does not exist anywhere than it does 
 through the length and breadth of this great mining district, covering a 
 portion of the states named, and I think that all of the people of this 
 section and of this district are to be congratulated upon the fact that the 
 American Mining Congress saw proper to fix its meeting place in Joplin 
 the very heart and center of this mineral district and mineral territory. 
 We need to bring to the knowledge of the outside world the undeveloped 
 resources of this field, and as a representative from Arkansas I speak for 
 the undeveloped section of this mineral district. Until about three years 
 ago the Arkansas mineral district had no transportation facilities. Then 
 the St. Louis & North Arkansas Railroad was extended through the 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 17 
 
 counties of Carroll, Boone, Newton and Searcy, in the southern part of 
 the district, from Seligman, Missouri, and, in the near future, that road 
 will be extended to Joplin. About two years ago the White River Railroad, 
 a branch, of the Missouri Pacific, was built from Newport, Arkansas, to 
 Aurora, and thence to Carthage and Joplin, Missouri. Since that road was 
 constructed, the people of the territory lying in the northern part of the 
 district have direct communication with the Joplin fields by railway, so 
 the great obstacle that heretofore existed, want of transportation, no 
 longer is a barrier to the development of those fields, and we invite 
 capitalists to come to our state and to help us develop its wonderful 
 resources. 
 
 You will find the people of Arkansas as hospitable, as loyal to those 
 who engage in honest industries, as any state in this Union. Perhaps no 
 state has ever been the victim of so many misconceptions as the state of 
 Arkansas, but those impressions are passing, and the people of the United 
 States are beginning to realize that there are wonderful opportunities 
 within the borders of our state, that it is one of the grand states of the 
 Union. The state works hand in hand with Missouri. In fact, there is 
 not much difference between the people of Arkansas and the people of 
 Missouri, anyway.. (Applause.) 
 
 Now, I want to say that. this organization has a purpose and an object. 
 This Mining Congress is organized and maintained for a purpose, and as 
 I understand the purpose of this organization it is to build up the mining 
 interests of the United States. One of the objects which they propose, 
 which they ask, and which they demand, is a mining department of the 
 United States, to be one of the leading departments of this government 
 a cabinet department of this government and it ought to have it. Why 
 should it not be? We have a department of agriculture. We have a 
 department of the army and a department of the navy. Just think of the 
 thousands and thousands of dollars that are expended every year to main- 
 tain the army and the navy, and yet the government has no mining depart- 
 ment, and yet if it were not for the miners of this country, if it were not 
 for the men who go into the earth and take out the ores and manufacture 
 them, with all the money appropriated for the army and the navy, you 
 could not make a cannon or a gun, you could not build a battleship, be- 
 cause you would not have any material to do it with. The mining industry 
 of this country deserves this recognition, and as an humble representative 
 in Congress, I pledge to you my support of any proposition to make a 
 cabinet department of the mining industry of this country. (Applause.) 
 Furthermore, I want to make a few suggestions in line with what has 
 been said by your distinguished Governor. This is a time when in all 
 legislative matters there should be one salient principle, one salient policy 
 and that is honesty. Laws should be passed by the respective states to 
 prevent mining frauds, fake stock schemes (applause), to prevent people 
 being defrauded out of their money by dishonest means under form of 
 law. That has hurt the mining industry. There is no industry in this 
 country where a man can honestly acquire fortune fabulous wealth so 
 easily as by digging in the earth and mining ores. He takes not a dollar 
 from living man, he robs no one by his discoveries and labor, and he has 
 added to the total of the world's wealth, harming no one. Stamp out 
 these grafters you know what that means. Governor Folk has told you 
 that all the world has learned what that word graft means in the last 
 five or six years. Now your Governor was modest about it, but I want 
 to say that all the world has known it since District Attorney Folk, of 
 Missouri, now your distinguished Governor, taught them what it meant. 
 (Applause.) Your distinguished chairman said that he expected one day 
 that Missouri would produce a President. He meant Folk. (Cheers.) That 
 undoubtedly may be realized. I listened to a speech in Congress from a 
 distinguished member on the question of railroads and he spoke from 
 the standpoint of one who had interests in corporate wealth, and he 
 argued that the best policy for the railroads was to be honest with the 
 people. Said he: "If you would squeeze the watered stock out of railroad 
 corporations; if you would open your books and let the public into your 
 
JS OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 confidence; if you would lay before the public your transactions, the 
 amount of money in your investments, and the public would see it and 
 read it; a railroad bond would be equal to a government bond." Don't 
 you believe he was right? The same way in your mining propositions. 
 If you will put upon the statute books laws that will punish those who 
 would deal dishonestly, those who would swindle the public, then you 
 increase faith in. the legitimate industry, and in legitimate development 
 of the mining interests of this country. I understand from talking with 
 members of your association, that that is another one of the leading objects 
 of this organization. I wish you godspeed in its accomplishment. 
 
 We should all stand, for good citizenship, for the upbuilding of our 
 material wealth, and for the upbuilding of the citizenship of our country. 
 The public temper is ripe for reforms along that line, and I think that 
 the public temper is right, and that every man in the United States, re- 
 gardless of party, should stand for these reforms, and keep the movement 
 rolling on until every corrupt man is swept from high public place, and 
 until every law behind corruption is swept from the statute books, and 
 wholesome laws are put upon the statutes for the protection of the people's 
 rights. (Applause.) If we are to have a great state we must have honest 
 laws and honest administration of the laws in that state. If we are to 
 have a great government, a great nation, we must have honest laws, and 
 we must have an honest administration of the laws of this nation. This 
 much I say in approval of what has been said by your distinguished Gov- 
 ernor. Thanking you for your very patient attention, I will close my 
 remarks. 
 
 Col. T. J. Vest then responded to the addresses of welcome on behalf 
 of the state of Kansas. 
 
 COL. T. J. VEST, OF GALENA, KANSAS: Mr. Chairman, Members 
 of the American Mining Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: Within the 
 last four decades of time a general uneasiness and anxiety grew up among 
 the young men of the eastern part of the American continent. Eventually 
 they emigrated to the West; they crossed the broad fertile plains of Ohio, 
 Illinois, Iowa and Missouri, but resisted all of the temptations that these 
 states at that time were offering to the home seeker; they stopped in 
 Kansas; they first erected shelter to protect their dependent ones and 
 themselves from the inclemency of the weather, and immediately there- 
 after they erected what is known as the "Kansas School House," so that 
 one traveling over the broad state would no sooner get out of the sight 
 of one school house, but he would come in sight of another. The good 
 work so ably started has developed until we have today at Manhattan, 
 Kansas, the largest agricultural college in the world, with its two thousand 
 students, and at Emporia, Kansas, stands the largest normal school in 
 the world, with its two thousand two hundred students, and at Lawrence 
 stands the Kansas University, which takes second place to no institution 
 of education in America. As a result of the efforts of these pioneers, 
 Kansas adds to the world's wealth from an agricultural and horticultural 
 standpoint three hundred million dollars per annum; they have in Kansas 
 today, as shown by the state bank reports, a circulating per capita of 
 ninety dollars for every man, woman and child as compared to our thirty- 
 two dollars per capita circulation of the United States, Kansas is the 
 wheat field of America, and ranks about fourth as a corn producer. If 
 there was a wall built around the state of Kansas to keep confined within 
 that territory its agricultural products its population would be submerged 
 under its own production. 
 
 As miners, we are something of a figure; as coal producers, for the 
 year 1907, we will add to the world's wealth seven millions of dollars. 
 The output of our cement works, seven in number, will exceed six millions 
 of dollars, and of our other clay products brick, tile and building stone 
 (by the way, many of the streets are paved and buildings erected in our 
 sister state of Missouri on the east out of Kansas brick)^amounts to a 
 total of six million dollars per annum; the oil wells of Kansas add to the 
 world's wealth one million five hundred thousand dollars per annum; our 
 gas product is of the value of three millions five hundred thousand dollars 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 19 
 
 per annum; and, by the way, the gas of Kansas is warming the cities of 
 this part of Missouri as well as the cities on the north. 
 
 We also have zinc mines in Kansas that add to the world's wealth 
 two millions of dollars per annum; and in the thirty years of her existence 
 she has added the sum total of fifty three millions of dollars to the world's 
 wealth. 
 
 We people began mining about thirty years ago, and in a small area 
 of country, but as yet we have not reached the 80-foot level. It has been 
 our boast for years that it is the poor man's camp, and we venture the 
 assertion here and defy contradiction, that any poor man that has lived in 
 Galena, who has been sober and industrious has been rewarded for his 
 efforts; that he is in easy circumstances, or has grown rich. But it is no 
 longer a poor man's camp, but now a rich man's field; we have prospected 
 the earth from 80 feet to 500 feet in depth; we have been rewarded for 
 our efforts by the discovery of rich veins of ore at all the levels, but the 
 poor man is no longer able to provide himself with the equipment neces- 
 sary to proceed further, on account of the large bodies of water en- 
 countered below, and we now consider it the rich man's field, and we say 
 to the rich man: "Your hopes will be realized." 
 
 As a manufacturing state, we are something; our people have paid 
 some attention to the smelting of zinc ore; refining it into the spelter of 
 commerce, and from a bulletin issued recently by the Geological Survey 
 of the United States, we find that Kansas produced in the year 1906 one 
 hundred and twenty-nine thousand tons of spelter, with a commercial 
 value of fourteen millions of dollars. The eight smelting companies that 
 are located in Kansas say to the people who are mining in the southwest 
 of Missouri and southeastern Kansas, produce ore to your utmost capacity, 
 we will purchase it from you; and say to Missouri, produce all the ore 
 you can, we can take care of it; to the new state of Oklahoma, they say, 
 produce all the ore you can, we will take care of it; they say to Arkansas, 
 produce all the ore you can, we will take care of it, and when all of them 
 have put forth their best efforts of increasing their tonnage, the smelters 
 of Kansas are still calling for more. The result is, that they have gone to 
 the states of the West, to New Mexico, Colorado and Utah, and still not 
 being supplied with a sufficient tonnage, they have gone to British Co- 
 lumbia and Old Mexico, and are still asking for more. 
 
 We are also lead smelters, and buy a supply in what is known as the 
 Joplin district, and add to' the world's wealth the refined article to the 
 value of half a million dollars per annum. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, on behalf of this great state of Kansas, and on behalf 
 of Galena, we bid you welcome to this general mining district, and we 
 further promise to lend our aid to- you in establishing at Washington a 
 department of mines and mining, for the betterment of the mining inter- 
 ests of America. 
 
 Hon. John Bern then responded to the address of welcome on behalf 
 of the state of Utah. 
 
 HON. JOHN BERN, OF UTAH: It seems that this meeting of the 
 American Mining Congress is being held far enough south to come within 
 the scope of that hospitality for which the South has ever been famous. 
 
 In behalf of the Utah delegation I take pleasure in saying that we are 
 delighted with our reception, and we are grateful for the charming manner 
 in which we are being entertained. This hospitality we find no less hearty 
 and whole-souled than that of the western prospector, who welcomes you 
 to his lonely camp, and stranger though you be, kills the fatted calf in 
 honor of your visit. It may be true that the fatted calf comes out of a 
 tin can, and that it is more often known as embalmed beef, but the wel- 
 come is no less sincere for all that, and if you happen to come to his camp 
 while the owner is not about, you are expected to help yourself to the 
 grub, and the only thing expected of you is that you wash the dishes 
 before you depart. That is our western idea of hospitality, and, as I said 
 before, we have found the southern brand to compare favorably with it. 
 
 It has been an especial pleasure to be welcomed by the distinguished 
 Governor of the great state of Missouri. When a man reaches eminence 
 
20 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 not as the result of political accident, but as a recognition of valuable 
 public services, the American people are proud to do him honor. 
 
 The great work done by Joseph W. Folk in purifying politics, in 
 promoting honesty, and in advancing lofty ideals, has influenced not 
 Misouri alone, but every state in the Union, and he has endeared himself 
 to every patriotic American heart. 
 
 Let the inspiring example set by Governor Folk in civic matters serve 
 as a motto for the deliberations and actions of the American Mining 
 Congress, and there can remain no doubt of the purity of its purpose, or 
 the value of its work. 
 
 The welcome extended to us by your Mayor in behalf of all the citi- 
 zens of Joplin, I assure you is fully appreciated, and we will carry home 
 with us most pleasant remembrances of the hospitality extended to us by 
 the citizens of the city in the great lead and zinc district of Missouri. 
 
 There should be no doubt in the minds of any of us that we are here 
 for a definite tangible purpose, and that we have certain laudable aims in 
 view, for otherwise there would be no excuse for the existence of our 
 organization. In making this statement, I have given myself an oppor- 
 tunity to enumerate the objects of the American Mining Congress. Of that 
 opportunity, however, I do not intend to avail myself in this brief address. 
 I merely desire to touch upon a few matters which I conceive to be of 
 great importance. Some of them have been discussed in previous meet- 
 ings of the Congress, while others' have received little or no attention. 
 
 All of us will admit that we are passing through a great epoch in our 
 public affairs. The tremendous movement against corruption, and for 
 more exact equality before the law, which in its political application was 
 begun by Folk in Missouri, and which has spread until it has permeated 
 the affairs of the nation, and the affairs of the states, entering the domains 
 of business as well as the field of politics, should be considered by this 
 organization of the mining industry, to the end that we may keep pace 
 with the advancing business standards. If the rules of the game need 
 revising, let them be revised; if there be housecleaning needed, let it be 
 done. In short, let us advocate and press any measures that will elevate 
 the business of mining. 
 
 Some of us are fond of saying that when properly conducted mining 
 is just as safe as any other business. With this view I cannot fully agree, 
 because there is undeniably a greater element of chance in seeking mother 
 earth's hidden treasures than there is about a mercantile or manufacturing 
 business, where success almost invariably rewards ability, industry, enter- 
 prise and foresight; if these qualities be properly displayed. 
 
 In mining no amount of energy can make a mine if <the mineral is 
 not in the ground. The risky nature of mining is at once obvious when 
 we know -the large proportion of meritorious prospects which result in 
 disappointment, even though they be honestly and economically managed. 
 It will be better for us all if the hazardousness of mining be freely and 
 candidly admitted. At the same time, there is no doubt that the risk in 
 mining ventures may be very greatly reduced, and this Congress can do 
 no greater service to the mining industry than to lend its aid to making 
 mining more safe, conservative and legitimate. 
 
 I am not prepared to submit a comprehensive plan for bringing about 
 this desirable condition, but I think I am safe in saying that the more 
 frequent employment of engineering advice, and the extermination of the 
 festive wildcat would help wonderfully. 
 
 In many sections of the country mining is regarded as a gamble pure 
 and simple. The banker or merchant who invests money in a mine often 
 must do so secretly or his reputation as a safe and sane business man will 
 be ruined. Why is this? Because experience has shown that most such 
 ventures have resulted in loss. Why so? Generally because the invest- 
 ment was ill-advised. Too many people depend upon their own inexperi- 
 enced judgment in making mining investments, or else they act upon in- 
 competent advice. Some times the fool and his money are parted by the 
 convincing figures and bright promises of a prospectus. Some times the 
 unscrupulous promoter does the trick By the way, there are promoters 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS. 21 
 
 and promoters; some of them achieve big things. For the others, let me 
 say that they are more often ignorant than wilfully dishonest. Hence, to 
 invest upon such advice is another case of the blind leading the blind. 
 If we could educate the public to patronize the mining engineering profes- 
 sion more freely, there would be fewer aching hearts, and less cursing 
 of the mining business. I am aware that there are also engineers and 
 engineers, and the profession has suffered because of dishonesty and in- 
 competence in some of its members. But we do not condemn the medical 
 and legal professions just because there are a few quacks and shysters, 
 and we should be equally fair to engineers. There are lots of honest, 
 bright and high-minded men in the noble profession of mining engineering, 
 and by due inquiry one can easily find out who they are. A reasonable fee 
 paid to such a man will very often save many times its amount for a 
 prospective investor. 
 
 Speaking for my own state of Utah, I do not wish to claim that we 
 have been entirely free from mining abuses. Mining in our state has 
 had a wonderful development in the past few years, and no doubt the 
 .optimistic dreamer has in some instances impressed this fact upon the 
 investor, to the latter's ultimate regret; and yet I believe it cannot be 
 denied that honest, legitimate mining has been the rule in Utah, and that 
 it has produced wonderful results. Through the aid of science capital is 
 making Utah one of the most important copper producing states, and our 
 mines and reduction works are the wonder and admiration of engineers 
 and metallurgists the world over. 
 
 I need not refer to the statistics which show Utah's rank as a pro- 
 ducer of the other metals. Our gold and silver mines have long been 
 famous, and our lead production has an important effect upon the supply 
 of that metal; nor is Utah restricted to metal mining, coal, salt, asphaltum, 
 and other hydrocarbons, gypsum, fireclay and other wealth-making prod- 
 ucts we have in- abundance. Utah people some times go away from home 
 to mine, but generally they come back with the verdict that as a mining 
 state Utah has no superiors. 
 
 One of the subjects that will probably be discussed in this meeting is 
 the transportation problem. I need not remind you that this question is 
 one of the most vital, and one of the most concrete that confronts us. 
 The life of many mines is absolutely dependent upon transportation facili- 
 ties and rates. If we approach this subject in a spirit of fairness, desiring 
 justice for ourselves without injury to others, I have no doubt that the 
 discussion here may lead to improved conditions wherever abuses exist. 
 
 One of the primary objects of the American Mining Congress is to 
 secure the creation of a department of mines and mining in the National 
 Government. The establishment of a new cabinet portfolio is never easily 
 brought about, and no new department has ever been introduced before a 
 strong, intelligent demand for it was aroused. It is for the members of 
 this Congress to carry out a campaign of education, so that the representa- 
 tives of the people may know that there is a genuine need fo'r such a 
 department. It has often occurred to me that a good many of our members 
 and prominent mining men of the country are lukewarm about this sub- 
 ject. They admit that a department of mines and mining would be a 
 good thing, but they have not worked up sufficient enthusiasm to make 
 them put forth earnest unremitting efforts to get such a department insti- 
 tuted. I venture to say if each and every one of us were imbued with a 
 religious conviction of the value, the justice and the importance of this 
 movement, the desired object could be obtained in a comparatively short 
 time. If, as I have said, there are mining men who do not display a deep 
 interest in this work, I am sure it is because they have not given the 
 matter careful attention. My experience has been that any one who 
 studies the plan deeply is sure to become one of its pronounced advocates. 
 I hope, therefore, that every member will take pains to inform himself 
 on this subject, because it is axiomatic that a man cannot do good work 
 for the advancement of a cause unless he understands it, and unless he 
 wholly and sincerely believes in the righteousness of that cause. If we can 
 make of ourselves a band of ardent missionaries, preaching in every state 
 
22 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 that is here represented, the need of a department of mines and mining, 
 our Senators and Members of Congress would soon take heed of the 
 demand and act accordingly. 
 
 In this brief address I cannot adequately give voice to the reason why 
 the department of mines and mining would be desirable and beneficial. 
 I want, however, to emphasize one or two fundamental principles which 
 may help to impress miners with the dignity and importance of their 
 calling. In the first place, the original source of all wealth is the soil, or 
 the earth's crust. Everything we eat, drink, wear or use is supplied us 
 by our mother earth. The earth's products may be broadly divided into 
 two branches vegetable and mineral. The vegetable kingdom, including 
 animal life, subsisting thereupon, is represented in our government de- 
 partment of agriculture. I am firmly convinced that one of the most wise 
 and statesmanlike steps taken by our government in the past quarter cen- 
 tury was the establishment of the department of Agriculture. It takes 
 years to get such a department into condition to do the most good, but 
 already this department has great achievements to its credit. Without 
 anything paternalistic in its plan, it has before it a scope of work that 
 cannot fail to grow into helpfulness to the entire nation. I contend that 
 the mineral kingdom is entitled to similar representation in our govern- 
 ment, and that a department of mines and mining would primarily benefit 
 the mining industry, and thereby as an inevitable consequence prove a 
 good thing for the nation. As a hint of the help which could be expected 
 from a mines department, let me mention the splendid work that has been 
 done by the United States Geological Survey, whose special surveys of 
 particular mining fields have served as intelligent guides for the pros- 
 pector and mine operator in those districts. Very many of the features 
 of mining could be helped in a similar manner if there were a department 
 specially devoted to this branch of human activity. There might be ex- 
 perimental stations for mining as well as for agriculture, with who knows 
 how great advantage to the world. 
 
 A second point which I desire to emphasize is the importance of the 
 mineral industry. Many of us, when we speak of mining, think only of 
 gold, silver, lead, zinc and copper mines. Important as these are in 
 themselves, do they not look secondary when we place them beside the 
 tremendous values represented by the production of iron, coal, petroleum, 
 brick and other clay products, building stone and other non-metallic min- 
 erals? Let us bear in mind that the mineral industry stands for all of 
 these, as well as for the more precious metals. .Let us remember that 
 mining is just as essential to human progress as agriculture itself. Indeed, 
 agriculture could not have advanced except for mining, because without 
 iron man would still be tilling the soil with a crooked stick. We have 
 every reason to be proud and to glorify the work in which we are engaged. 
 A man can render no greater service to his race than to find minerals and 
 adapt them to the use of mankind. There are many other arguments in 
 favor a* department of Mines and mining, and before this meeting 
 adjourns, I hope they will be ably set forth, and that they will receive 
 the careful attention of every member present, but it seems to me that 
 the considerations which I have mentioned ought alone to convince us all 
 that the propaganda for a secretary of mines and mining deserves our 
 hearty and unqualified support. 
 
 Col. Thomas E'wing then responded on behalf of the territory of 
 Arizona. 
 
 COL. EiW.ING. OF ARIZONA: Mr. President, Delegates to the Mining 
 Congress, Citizens of Joplin, and of the Great State of Missouri: The 
 great state your distinguished Governor has lauded to the skies, and made 
 us love so well, has made us rejoice that we are here tonight, and makes 
 us long to come back to Missouri. Having been born in the great state 
 of Missouri, it is unnecessary for me to be born again. The men who have 
 responded here have an idea they must laud the state they come from. 
 We don't have to blow the horn for our state. We will be heard from in 
 the future. Down in the state I come from, the territory I represent, we 
 have a large crop of horned toads and lightning lizards. We also have 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 23 
 
 mines down there that produce a vast amount of metal. Our copper 
 mines are the greatest in the world. Our silver and gold ores are wonder- 
 fully rich, and our mines productive. 
 
 We also have a good crop of grafters, as well as other people, down 
 there. They fill your papers with advertisements of ten-cent stocks and 
 fifteen-cent stocks that next week will be worth $2.50. We ought to get 
 a law passed to take care of the people who are foolish enough to buy 
 any of tliem. The mining interests suffer great detriment because of this 
 kind of cheap stock, and the people who advertise them should be pun- 
 ished. These frauds should be stopped, and every state in the Union 
 interested in mining should take up this matter and pass laws, as your 
 Governor recommends. I want to say this about your great reform Gov- 
 ernor: He is very popular out in the West. We hear every day about him 
 and whr.t you people in Missouri do. 
 
 Your Mayor so kindly turned the whole town over to us, and has told 
 us to take everything we see. By jove, we want to take the whole of you 
 with UP. You will be bored by convention after convention in this great 
 city", I am afraid. I expect every one will want to come here every year 
 after seeing the way you have entertained us and opened your hearts to 
 us all. 
 
 I am not here to make a speech tonight, and I thank you on behalf of 
 Arizona very much for the kind welcome you have given us, and I will be 
 only too glad to stay with you as long as I can. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS : I want to say to you that I am authorized to 
 express the gratitude of the American Mining Congress for this generous 
 .welcome, and if you want to show us the highest courtesy you can, give 
 us the pleasure of your attendance here at our sessions. We will now 
 listen to the closing song by the Apollo Club. 
 
 TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 1907. 
 
 Morning Session. 
 
 The Congress was called to order at 9:30 o'clock a. m. by President 
 Richards. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The committee having arranged for a 
 continuance of the responses to the addresses of welcome, Mr. Richard 
 Riepe, of Nevada, will new respond on behalf of his state. 
 
 RICHARD RIEPE, OF NEVADA: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentle- 
 men: The great trait of the people of Nevada in the present financial 
 crisis has been confidence. When the banks of "Reno" and of a great 
 many other places in the state of Nevada opened their doors after a few 
 days of temporary suspension, the deposits exceeded the withdrawals. 
 
 The confidence of the people of Nevada is due to their unshakable 
 faith in their state. 
 
 It is faith based on knowledge, and born of experience. Nevada has 
 the most surprising recuperative powers of any commonwealth in the 
 Union. 
 
 Instead of being the petted and pampered member of the Sisterhood 
 of States, she is the Family Football. 
 
 Her chief industry has been silver mining. The Congress of the 
 United States demonetized silver in 1873. The year after the demonetiza- 
 tion, she was at the height of her prosperity. She did not know she had 
 been touched. Nearly twenty-four years after demonetization, to clinch 
 matters, the country went on a gold standard. The blow was delivered 
 below the belt and given without. warning. Nevada took it cheerfully, and 
 went to looking for gold. It might be incidentally said that the country 
 had just emerged from a desperate panic (which you all well remember 
 a harder one than the present one) in which, of course, Nevada was com- 
 pelled to share. 
 
 Nevada after this found her gold, and again became the most pros- 
 perous state in the Union. 
 
24 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS - 
 
 Then the knockers took a hand. The following publications are some 
 of them: "Collier'b Weekly," "Harper's Weekly," also, "The Saturday 
 Evening Post," and a host of subsidized sheets. They made a general 
 onslaught on the state of Nevada "And My Beloved People." 
 
 Nevada took her medicine smiling and bravely, and said to them: 
 "What fools you mortals be." 
 
 A few days ago a great many banks suspended in a great many places 
 and cities in Nevada temporarily. Our money in the eastern part of the 
 state is mostly loaned and kept in Salt Lake City, while the western part 
 of Nevada has its funds in the banks of San Francisco, California, to 
 build up that city from ashes. "Phoenix-like," Nevada faces it all, undis- 
 heartened and undismayed; "Her head is bloody, but unbowed." 
 
 She has the recuperative power of the proverbial cat with nine lives. 
 
 She cannot be killed or down trodden. Nevada is the mainstay of 
 the nation at the present time, and always will be, just as she was from 
 1861 to 1865, and in the years following she was, when the resumption of 
 payment was the chief problem of "our nation and statesmen." 
 
 Won't this dirty, lying sheet that I mentioned before admit that we 
 people of Nevada sustained the credit of Uncle Sam and the nation. 
 
 Did he not use our three electoral votes in the electoral college to 
 save the Union? 
 
 Did he not use the votes in the Senate of that great man the "Hon. 
 William M. Stewart," the father of our federal mining laws? And that 
 man helped save the Union. Did not the old reliable Comstock throw 
 six hundred millions of money in Uncle Sam's lap? 
 
 Did we not uphold and sustain the credit of the nation? Business is 
 based on credit. Credit on money Money on gold. Nevada is producing 
 the stuff that all the world wants. Nevada 'will produce this year more 
 than twenty millions in gold. A few more states producing an equal 
 amount would have prevented the present financial troubles. 1 believe, 
 and am satisfied in my mind, that Goldfield and Tonopah will produce 
 twenty millions alone. Where are there two other camps that can make 
 the same showing? 
 
 I already see the clouds roll by and notice in the distance far beyond 
 "a silver lining." Nevada will again be riding the crest of the wave of 
 prosperity, Serene, indifferent of fate, glorying in her own strength, 
 relying in her own resources, proud of the past and secure in her future. 
 
 The latch string always hangs out. Our state is the state of pros- 
 perity, and her future is greater and brighter than any other state in the 
 Union. We have camps and cities like Goldfield, Tonopah, Bullfrog, 
 Rhyolite, Beatty, Yeringtoii, Fairview, Wonder, Manhattan, Seven 
 Troughs, Round Mountain, Rawhide, the last baby boy born. Stout, and 
 a healthy one he is; only six weeks old, but fifteen hundred people are 
 there. Hotels and stores and all kinds of business houses are put up. 
 Also the inevitable saloon is there, represented in numbers. So if you 
 go there you need not go dry, but can irrigate if you want to. Rawhide 
 is the latest and newest camp in Nevada. To keep track of the new 
 camps in Nevada a person needs an automobile up to date. They come 
 like mushrooms, during the night. 
 
 A word or two for the "Old Camps." There is Pioche, which is just 
 connected with a railroad, "The Las Vegas or Los Angeles and Salt Lake 
 City;" Tuscarora, Eureka, Belmont, Tyo, Austin, Battle Mountain, and a 
 great many others, coming to the front again. But not the last one and 
 not the least, I should mention my dear old stamping ground Ely, which 
 is bound to be heard from soon. From the Pacific to the Atlantic ocean 
 will she sound the trumpet, whenever we blow in our smelters. We are 
 building the greatest smelter in the United States, or under the sun. The 
 first unit of a ten-million reduction works will blow in about the first of 
 the year. We have one of the best railroads the Nevada Northern to 
 connect us with the Central Pacific, or, rather, Southern Pacific System. 
 We have everything in our midst, except elevators and street cars, and 
 when I meet you again, "God willing," I hope I will be able to say to you. 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 25 
 
 "We have those comforts, too." A street car franchise will be given or 
 passed the next meeting of our city council. 
 
 The elevators will come before we know it. We are going to have 
 the greatest copper camp in Ely, Nevada. It will be a second Butte City. 
 What Butte City is in Montana, Ely will be in Nevada. I don't care how 
 bad the present situation is, we have the mines. We have the bulk of ore. 
 Mountains of it. Nevada Consolidated has sixty million tons blocked out, 
 while the Giroux Consolidated has forty million; and the Cumberland and 
 Ely twenty million tons inside, and a great many others beside. 
 
 We can produce copper cheaper than any other place in the United 
 States. We can produce it for less than seven cents a pound. 
 
 We people of Nevada are the people, and going to be. I invite you all 
 to come to our state. 
 
 Don't knock, walk in. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: My friends, in introducing the gentleman 1 
 now introduce, I feel that I am justified in saying that I regard him as one 
 of the greatest minds of the West, and I know you will all enjoy hearing 
 him: Victor C. Alderson, of Colorado, president of the Colorado School of 
 Mines, who will respond on behalf of his state. 
 
 VICTOR C. ALDERSON, OF COLORADO: Ladies and Gentlemen: 
 I am sorry for that introduction, because if it were true I should 
 have to buy a new hat, and currency is exceedingly scarce. I 
 must, I am afraid, continue to wear my old one. The Judge 
 is exceedingly kind, but I am afraid his judgment has been warped 
 a little by his kindness. I cannot help but think of a remark made by 
 the Governor last night. It explains what I observed yesterday in com- 
 ing into Missouri. As I looked out of the car windows I saw my favorite 
 bird, the hen. The hens I saw had a worn, weary, tired look. I did not 
 understand why they should look so. The hen is a favorite bird of mine. 
 I prefer her perhaps in the form of a chicken fry Missouri style, perhaps, 
 but when the Governor said last night what he did about the poor Mis- 
 souri hen yielding a product in excess of the silver product of Colorado, I 
 know the reason why that hen was so tired and that was because she had 
 worked for a record. (Applause.) So, I quietly suggested to the Gov- 
 ernor when it was all over that he gather together the most tired out of 
 the Missouri hens and send them to Colorado for a vacation, and after 
 he had thoroughly recuperated them, that we could send them back, and 
 then perhaps we could guarantee they would exceed in their product the 
 gold production of Colorado. (Applause.) If it has not been already 
 thoroughly stated, it ought to be, that this is the tenth birthday of the 
 American Mining Congress. It ought to be stated most emphatically that 
 she has received the most cordial, the most enthusiastic reception she has 
 ever received anywhere. (Applause.) We who gather from the West, 
 from Montana and from Utah, and from Colorado, and came sliding down 
 this way, we just gathered enthusiasm as we came. It seemed as though 
 the nearer we came to the great state of Missouri the warmer we felt 
 the welcome. We even had to stay over in Kansas City for a few hours, 
 and there, much to my surprise, while I had heard of the harvest moon 
 and the golden moon, and several other kinds of moons, and duplicate 
 moons, I had never until that time seen a blue moon, and some of our 
 party not only saw one blue moon, but quarreled about their being two 
 or three. 
 
 The nearer we came to Missouri and the nearer we came to Joplin, 
 the warmer and more cordial it seemed to be, and, as I said, culminated 
 last night in the finest reception this Congress has ever had. We are here, 
 I think, because we have now to do perhaps the greatest work that has 
 ever come before this Congress. It seems auspicious that we should 
 come to a great mining center like this to do that work. We have great 
 problems before us. I sincerely hope that in the one problem in which 
 I have taken the most interest that we shall be successful at the next 
 session of Congress. I believe in going after what is within reach. I have 
 in mind the work of this Congress towards getting governmental recog- 
 nition at Washington. I have been unpopular, perhaps, at times in saying 
 
26 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 that I did not believe it was within the range of possibilities to get a 
 department. I have been in Washington a little, and I have felt from 
 getting close to the people there that a department was an absolute im- 
 possibility at one stroke. Now, those of you who are fathers of interesting 
 girls know how you get worked. If your little girl wants $5 for something, 
 if she is smart, as sne probably is, she does not say, "Daddy, please give 
 me $5." Not at all. She begins on a dollar and you loosen up on one 
 dollar, and she afterwards talks for a second dollar and you loosen up on 
 the second dollar, and before you know it, she probably has the $5, and 
 perhaps $10 or more, because you are easy. It is a gradual process. It 
 is exactly the same way in getting governmental recognition in Wash- 
 ington. We have none now. If we can get in on something, then we will 
 get another dollar and another dollar, and in a few years we shall get all 
 that we want, but if we should refuse to take what we can get, we will 
 be a long time knocking at the door. I thoroughly believe that if Presi- 
 dent Roosevelt has recognized our just deserts, recognized what we are 
 entitled to now, that is a bureau, we had better unite our forces and go 
 after a bureau, and after we get that, unite our forces and go after a 
 department. It is the logical order of things. That to me is one of the 
 great things before this Congress. I hope it will come up and be dis- 
 cussed in the right way, and that the right forces will be put at work to 
 get that governmental recognition at Washington, because without some 
 governmental recognition we can expect exactly nothing in the way of 
 legislative help or anything of that sort. But I have already taken too 
 long. I thank you. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The last gentleman I will introduce to you 
 this morning is perhaps the most persistent and consistent worker for 
 the objects of this Congress of any man in the East throughout the years 
 that it has been in existence, and that is Dr. J. A. Holmes of the United 
 States Geological Survey, who is here both as a member of the Congress 
 and as a representative of the state of North Carolina. 
 
 DR. J. A. HOLMES of North Carolina: Members of the American 
 Mining Congress, Ladies and Gentlemen: Your President said to me a 
 moment ago that the members of the Congress were slow in coming in 
 and he would like to have a few more minutes' time occupied by some 
 one, so he has asked me to respond on the part of the state of North 
 Carolina to the greeting which was given us in so hearty a manner on last 
 evening. 
 
 That state, which I am informed by one of the Vice Presidents of 
 this organization, was at one time spoken of a "strip of land between 
 South Carolina and Virginia," and we are told further that people com- 
 ing from that state used to say that they came "from North Carolina near 
 the Virginia boundary." You will be glad to know that such a condition is 
 a thing of the past. Now people passing through thtis strip of land take 
 off their hats with respectful courtesy because they recognize the fact 
 that this commonwealth has made such progress during the past twenty 
 years that today it is one of the most progressive of those old common- 
 wealths grown young again which made up the original thirteen. 
 
 Mr. President, North Carolina has something to say in reference to 
 the mining interests of this country, because this one state which secured 
 rights originally from the crown of England has been mining ever since, 
 and the man in North Carolina who migrated from that state to the West 
 to engage in mining have done well in California, Colorado and elsewhere, 
 some of them are now coming back to the great old North State. 
 
 North Carolina sends greetings to this Congress in behalf of equal 
 justice and equal opportunity for all men in mining work. It has always 
 stood to the aid of the individual in the struggle for existence and oppor- 
 tunity against combinations, whether state, federal, corporation or of a 
 private character. 
 
 It is the purpose of this Congress in connection with its mining inter- 
 ests to help the individual miner, and when we see the development of 
 corporate wealth in this country so that perhaps seven-eighths of the 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 27 
 
 wealth of the country is now said to be in the hands of less than one 
 per cent, of the population; when we see the mineral wealth of the coun- 
 try accumulated during thousands and even millions of years, and for the 
 creation of which no man has had to do, now under the control of the 
 few, we see the ways along which the individual needs help. He needs 
 to be supplied with accurate information. He need the help of proper 
 legislation, such as will safeguard the interests of the individual, as 'well 
 as those of the strong corporation, and encourage individual effort. 
 
 In this Joplin district, both the individual and the corporate spirit "is 
 good; legislation and community practice both encourage individual ef- 
 fort. The general natural conditions have been such as to foster the indi- 
 vidual element; and I know of no part of the country where we see it 
 developed more than within this district. The governor said we would 
 find here a larger percentage of successful individuals in connection with 
 this Jcplin mining development than we would find in any other part of the 
 country; and I believe he is correct. 
 
 We are going to ask this Mining Congress to march into the coal field 
 and capture the help of the mining interests in the central portion of the 
 United States. Then with the concentrated effort on the part of the min- 
 ing men from all sections of the country we may be prepared to obtain the 
 co-operation and help from both the federal and state governments to 
 which we claim the mining industry is entitled. 
 
 We are today using up our mineral resources so rapidly that we are 
 consuming both our own share and the share belonging to the future. We 
 are dealing with great national problems as never before in the history 
 of our mineral development; and we must consider and solve these prob- 
 lems in a true national spirit. In this connection the American Mining 
 Congress must capture the East and the South as it has the West. Let 
 us, therefore, hold our next two meetings, one in the heart of the Missis- 
 sippi valley coal fields, and another in the heart of the Alleghanies, (prob- 
 ably at Pittsburg). We will thus gain in eastern membership and in- 
 fluence, and will become truly representative of the great American min- 
 ing industries. We will then the more easily accomplish the great national 
 purposes for which we have our being. 
 
 North Carolina thanks Joplin for this cordial greeting. She assures 
 the Congress of her co-operation in carrying out its great purposes. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: I think you will notice that I did not 
 introduce Dr. Holmes to respond on behalf of North Carolina, because I 
 did not wish to limit him to that state, notwithstanding its greatness, 
 because, in my judgment, he is becoming a national character so far as 
 mining is concerned, and I wanted him to talk from that standpoint 
 without limitation. 
 
 I desire to announce the appointment of the credentials committee as 
 follows: " ' t -:';!T'1|i 
 
 Capt. E. O. Bartlett, of Joplin. 
 
 C. W. Wilker, of St. Louis. 
 
 C. F. Hutchinson, of San Francisco. 
 
 The resolutions committee should go to work at once, as it is one of the 
 most important committees of the Congress. We therefore request that 
 each state hand to the secretary the name of the man who il is desired 
 should represent that state upon that committee. I want to suggest an- 
 other thing. All resolutions that are introduced are to be first handed to 
 the secretary that they may be read to the Congress, and that he may 
 number them and keep track of that part of the work. Then they will 
 go to the Resolutions Committee, where they will be acted upon and 
 reported to the chairman of that committee. The next on the program 
 is report of the committee on a uniform law governing metalliferous min- 
 ing and quarrying in the various states, W. R. Ingalls, of New York City, 
 chairman. The report was read by the secretary as follows; 
 
28 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 To the American Mining Congress. 
 
 Gentlemen: The committee on the drafting of a law to govern 
 metalliferous mining and quarrying reports that it has organized and has 
 entered upon consideration of the subject. For the present it recommends 
 only that the American Mining Congress cause to be printed for general 
 distribution the existing laws of the various states on this subject. The 
 purpose of the committee in making this recommendation is to invite 
 suggestions from mine operators and all who are engaged in mining 
 operations, which will be helpful to the committee in its consideration of 
 the subject. Respectfully submitted, 
 
 W. R. INGALLS, 
 f Chairman. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: As the report is short and some explana- 
 tion seems to be required, we will call upon Mr. Ingalls to make further 
 explanation. 
 
 MR. W. R. INGALLS, OF NEW YORK: Members of the Congress: 
 The report of this committee you have just heard read is extremely brief 
 and it would seem to me, as the president has suggested, that a few 
 words of explanation are in order. The task upon which the committee 
 has entered is one of such magnitude that it is evident that a full con- 
 sideration of the subject is a matter which will occupy several years. 
 The purpose of the committee is not to consider the laws of the states 
 affecting mining titles or anything of that character, but simply the laws 
 of the states governing or pertaining to the matter of safety in mining 
 operations matters which come within the police functions of the various 
 states. Many of the states at the present time have such laws. Many 
 states in which mining is extensively carried on have no laws whatever 
 of this character. Even so important a mining state as California has no 
 law governing mining. There is a demand on the part of the men who 
 work in our mines that every possible precaution shall be taken and 
 insured by adequate legislation to insure their safety. Certainly that is 
 a demand in which all honest operators can join. The committee ap- 
 pointed to consider this question consists of Mr. John Hays Hammond, 
 of New York, Dr. James Douglas, Mr. J. Parke Channing, Mr. J. R. Findlay 
 and myself. The appointment of the committee, or, rather, the accept- 
 ances, were made so late in the spring that most of the members had 
 already gone away for their summer vacations, and consequently it was 
 an impossibility to bring them together until shortly before this meeting. 
 Progress has been made in securing copies of the existing laws, and the 
 committee has considered that the best recommendation it can make at 
 the present time is the one that is contained in the report that the secre- 
 tary has read to you; that is to say, that the existing laws of the states 
 shall be printed so that they will be available in convenient form to be 
 submitted to those interested in mining. The purpose of this recommenda- 
 tion being to invite suggestions upon the part of all who are interested 
 in the question. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The opportunity is extended to any one 
 on the floor to make any suggestions he may desire for the welfare of this 
 work. We will be glad to hear from any of you at this time. 
 
 W. F. R. MILLS, OF COLORADO: Is it proper at this time to make 
 a motion that this committee represented by Mr. Ingalls be continued for 
 another year? 
 
 MR. RICHARDS: I think so. 
 
 Mr. George Otis Smith, Director of the United States Geological Sur- 
 vey of Washington, then responded on behalf of Maine and the District 
 of Columbia: 
 
 GEO. OTIS SMITH: Members of the American Mining Congress: 
 I am embarrassed at the start by this double honor thrust upon me. Speak- 
 ing for Maine and the District of Columbia as two of the greatest mining 
 districts of the Union, I hardly know where to begin. 
 
 Let me represent first the state of Maine. As a mining state, as a 
 producer of important minerals, Maine must rely largely upon her pro- 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 29 
 
 duction of such products as granite, slate and ice. Some years ago I 
 planned to write a paper on the mineral resources of the state of Maine, 
 and in planning this paper I at once thought of the tin deposits, meaning 
 by tin deposits those deposits that come to Maine annually along with 
 the summer visitors the Maine natives being especially expert in their 
 methods by which the tin is extracted from these summer visitors. One 
 of my friends one of those geologists who attaches much importance to 
 the shape in which ore bodies occur asked me in what form these ore 
 bodies usually occurred, and I said in pockets. (Applause.) That paper 
 as yet has not been published, and this is" simply an advance bulletin 
 which I am giving you. 
 
 Maine, however, in spite of the small annual production of articles 
 of mineral wealth, has been foremost in the support which it has given 
 the mining industry. The dollars have flowed from Maine annually in the 
 support of the mines and the non-mines of the West, and with the charity 
 that is characteristic of the Yankee, they have always given the most of 
 their wealth to the places where it was most needed, and in very few 
 cases has it been true that the bread thus cast upon the waters has ever 
 returned. 
 
 Now may I speak for a moment of that other mining district the 
 District of Columbia. It is a place where we are not endowed with the 
 rights of suffrage or of free speech, and if I hesitate in speaking my mind 
 at this time you will know the reason. We are not given that permission 
 to so indulge ourselves in Washington. Representatives from all your 
 states take upon themselves this duty of speaking and also of law-making 
 in our behalf. However, we cannot speak of the District of Columbia 
 without mentioning that we are also producers. I suppose that we lead 
 the Union in the production of gold and silver certificates, and probably 
 no state in the Union has so large a reserve of gold and silver. There 
 are many things which we do there, but in the few moments that I am 
 allowed, I could not mention them all. 
 
 I am, however, glad of this opportunity of expressing to you the in- 
 terest which all of us at Washington feel in the reforms which you are 
 advocating and which this Congress is working for governmental recog- 
 nition. (Applause.) While we of Washington do not see at our doors 
 the need of reform in the mining laws, many of us have been in a position 
 to observe the workings of the present law in the Western country, and 
 we are thoroughly in accord with all that you desire. We are glad of 
 the opportunities that we have had to observe. We will be glad to use 
 these observations in your behalf and to help you in bringing about those 
 reforms which you believe and we believe are so much needed. I also 
 wish to thank the President of your Congress for the visit that he has 
 made us recently. It is a pleasure to be brought in touch with your organi- 
 zation through such a mediator. All that we ask in behalf of the District 
 of Columbia of those interested in the mining industry of the country 
 is that we may know you better, and that you may know us better. I 
 thank you, gentlemen. 
 
 MR. MILLS: I will then make a motion to the effect that the com- 
 mittee of which Mr. Ingalls is chairman be continued for another year in 
 the same work. 
 
 Being duly seconded, the motion was put and carried. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH, OF UTAH: I suggest that each state, through its 
 chairman, announce now publicly from the floor of the convention the 
 name of its member of the committee on resolutions so that we can 
 become acquainted with each other. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: If there is no objection, the secretary will 
 call the roll. As the name of each state is called the chairman of the 
 delegation will please announce the name of the man selected to serve on 
 this committee. 
 
30 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Committee on Resolutions. 
 State. Name. City. 
 
 Arkansas A. W. Estes Yell ville 
 
 Arizona Col. Thos. Ewing Vivian 
 
 California C. T. Hutchinson San Francisco 
 
 Connecticut Dr. L. D. Hun toon New Haven 
 
 Colorado W. F. R. Mills Denver 
 
 Idaho H. F. Samuels Wallace 
 
 Indian Territory .W. F. Sidell '. Bartlesville 
 
 Illinois Dr. H. Foster Bain Urbana 
 
 Iowa D. O. Campbell Cleveland 
 
 Kansas Dr. Erasmus Haworth Lawrence 
 
 Montana Carl Galigher Butte 
 
 Missouri Elias S. Gatch St. Louis 
 
 Minnesota F. A. Brown Duluth 
 
 Nebraska Col Geo. W. E. Dorsey ....'... Fremont 
 
 Nevada Richard A. Riepe Ely 
 
 New Mexico Prof. A. K. Adams Socorro 
 
 New York W. R. Ingalls New York 
 
 Ohio F. Wallace White Cleveland 
 
 Oklahoma Dr. Chas. N. Gould Norman 
 
 Pennsylvania H. H. Stoek Scranton 
 
 South Carolina H. L, Scaife Clinton 
 
 Utah H. S. Joseph . . . : Salt Lake City 
 
 Washington R. H. Kemp Spokane 
 
 West Virginia Dr. H. M. Payne Morgan town 
 
 Wisconsin E. T. Wright Milwaukee 
 
 Wyoming M. N. Grant Laramie 
 
 Officers. 
 
 Col. Geo. W. E. Dorsey, Nebraska, Chairman. 
 Dr. Chas. N. Gould, Oklahoma, Secretary. 
 
 Sub Committee. 
 " W. F. R. Mills, Colorado, Chairman. 
 
 W. R. Ingalls, New York; Dr. H. F. Bain, Illinois; C. T. Hutchinson, 
 California; Elias S. Gatch, Missouri. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The next on the program is an address, 
 "Prospecting for Gas and Petroleum," by Dr. Erasmus Haworth of the 
 State University, Lawrence, Kansas. 
 
 Dr. Haworth's address will be found on Page 247 of this Report. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: I am sure we feel grateful for the ad- 
 dress- we have just listened to. The Secretary has some announcements 
 to make. 
 
 The Secretary then read Resolutions as follows: 
 
 Resolution No. 1. 
 
 (Introduced by Lewis E. Aubury of California.) 
 
 Resolved, By the American Mining Congress in convention assembled : 
 That we favor the enactment of a law by our National Congress, in which 
 shall be incorporated the following: 
 
 "On all patents for lands classified as other than mineral, and which 
 may hereinafter be issued, all mineral rights shall be reserved by the 
 governments, and that separate patent shall issue for such mineral rights 
 after the proper requirements have been complied with. 
 
 Resolution No. 2. 
 
 (Introduced by W. H. Graves of Colorado.) 
 
 Whereas, There are many real or self-styled mining engineers, prac- 
 ticing in the United States as consulting mining engineers, who have not 
 the. best interests of their profession, or of the investing public, at heart, 
 and who give aid to the promotion of fraudulent mining schemes of vari- 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 31 
 
 cms kinds by making false reports on properties, or reports intended to 
 mislead, for the purpose of defrauding investors or others, and 
 
 Whereas, Those mining engineers who are following their profession 
 in a legitimate manner, making honest reports on properties for honest 
 purposes, are injured by the general discredit cast upon the profession 
 by the dishonest ones, and 
 
 Whereas, In the opinion of many, the time has come when some action 
 is necessary for placing control, or restraint, over all consulting mining 
 engineers, whereby the dishonest ones can be prohibited from practicing 
 their profession; be.it 
 
 Resolved, That the President of the American Mining Congress in 
 session at Joplin, Missouri, appoint a committee of five members of this 
 Congress at least three of whom are to be mining engineers whose 
 duty it shall be to investigate this matter in its various phases and to 
 consider the matter of drawing up a bill designed to remedy the evil, per- 
 haps by requiring all consulting mining engineers to be licensed, which 
 bill is to be brought before the legislatures of the several mining states; 
 this bill to be presented for ratification at the 1908 session of the Ame'ri- 
 can Mining Congress. 
 
 Resolution No. 3. 
 (Introduced by Samuel R. House of Colorado.) 
 
 Whereas, It is apparent that the free importation of foreign zinc ores 
 into the United States^ is inimical to the direct interests of the miners 
 of zinc ores in the United States, and 
 
 Whereas, The principle of protection has been applied to the produc- 
 tion of spelter and unrefined zinc products, therefore be it 
 
 Resolved, By the American Mining Congress in convention assembled, 
 that the Congress of the United States be urged to impose such a duty 
 on the importation of zinc ores into the United States as will protect the 
 interests of the miners of zinc ores. 
 
 Resolution No. 4. 
 (Introduced by H. S. Joseph of Utah.) 
 
 Whereas, One of the primary objects of this Congress is to promul- 
 gate the creation of a National Department of Mines and Mining, and 
 
 Whereas, The several legislatures of the several states have from 
 time to time passed memorials to Congress petitioning that such a depart- 
 ment be created, and 
 
 Whereas, No definite action has as yet been taken by National Con- 
 gress on this proposition, and 
 
 Whereas, All the mining states, irrespective of political affiliation and 
 beliefs, are most vitally interested in having such a department created, 
 and 
 
 Whereas, It should be made incumbent upon the representatives to 
 the National halls of Congress and the President of the United States, 
 representing, as they do, the people of the United States, to advocate 
 the establishment of a national Department of Mines and Mining, there- 
 fore, 
 
 Resolved, That the conventions of each national party meeting in 
 1908, for the selection of candidates for the Presidency of. the United 
 States, and the selection of a national platform, be memorialized by this 
 Congress to insert in their respective platforms a plank pledging its 
 respective candidates to the establishment of a Cabinet Department of 
 Mines and Mining as a part of the system of national government, and, 
 
 Resolved, Further, That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to 
 each delegate elected to the leading national conventions and his earnest 
 support of the same be solicited, and that a copy of these resolutions be 
 presented, by the Secretary of this Congress, to the committee on resolu- 
 tions of each leading national convention held in 1908. 
 
S2 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Resolution No. 5. 
 (Introduced by Dr. E. R. Buckley of Missouri.) 
 
 Recognizing the fact that much of flotation of worthless mining stock 
 by unscrupulous promoters is based upon the reports of inexperienced or 
 fictitious mining engineers and geologists, therefore be it 
 
 Resolved, That there be appointed by the President of the Mining 
 Congress a committee of five, consisting of two geologists and three min- 
 ing engineers, whose duty it shall be to investigate and place on file with 
 the Secretary of the Mining Congress a record of the training and experi- 
 ence of geologists and mining engineers practicing in America, in so far 
 as such records can be obtained; 
 
 Resolved, Further, That the professional geologists and mining engi- 
 neers be invited to furnish such committee "with a statement of their 
 training and experience; 
 
 Resolved, Further, That the said Secretary of the Mining Congress 
 be instructed to furnish members of the Mining Congress or others with 
 a copy of such record upon application, without comment or comparison 
 with the records of other geologists or engineers. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: If there are no further suggestions we 
 will stand adjourned until 2 o'clock, p. m. 
 
 TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 1907. 
 
 Afternoon Session. 
 
 The Congress was called to order by Col. Geo. W. E. Dorsey. 
 
 Dr. E. R. Buckley of Rolla, Missouri, then delivered an address on 
 "Lead and Zinc Mining in the Ozark Region." 
 
 Dr. Buckley's paper will be found on page 282 of this Report. 
 
 Mr. S. Duffield Mitchell of Carthage, Missouri, then delivered an 
 address, "Tariff on Zinc Ores." 
 
 Mr. Mitchell's paper will be found on page 219 of this Report. 
 
 CHAIRMAN DORSEY: It being too late for any discussion on this 
 most interesting topic, we will now take an adjournment until 8 o'clock 
 this evening, when we will hear the Annual Address by our President. 
 
 TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 1907. 
 
 Evening Session. 
 
 The Congress was called to order at 8 o'clock, p. m., by Vice President 
 Dr. EL R. Buckley. 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT BUCKLEY: It has been customary, ladies and 
 gentlemen, at each of the sessions of the American Mining Congress, 
 to have an address by the President outlining the aims and purposes and 
 the work of the Congress, to review the past work of the Congress, the 
 work which has been accomplished, and to look into the future and 
 point out the work which lies before the Congress. It is the work of the 
 President of this Congress to direct the activities of this body. We have 
 found in the past that the annual address of the President of this organ- 
 ization has been most helpful to the members, the delegates and .the vis- 
 itors, and to the Board of Directors. Ladies and gentlemen, members of 
 the American Mining Congress and delegates to the American Mining 
 Congress, I have great pleasure this evening in introducing to you Hon. 
 J. H. Richards, the President of the American Mining Congress. 
 
 President Richards' address will be found on Page 298 of this Report. 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 33 
 
 WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 13, 1907. 
 
 Morning Session. 
 
 The Congress was called to order by President Richards. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: It was suggested to me that I did not 
 make clear one point that I attempted to express last evening relative 
 to the purpose of the Mining Congress to eventually secure a Mining 
 Department. While I stated that the President said that he would recom- 
 mend a Bureau, I stated to him that that was satisfactory because it was 
 all we could ask for at this time as a foundation for a Department. That 
 our purpose was to ultimately get a Department. I think, while we are 
 waiting for several to come in I will call attention to just what I pre- 
 sented to Secretary Garfield when I met him in Washington, which seemed 
 to him to justify us in our claim to the right to a Department. It is 
 short; I will read it: 
 
 How the Government Can Aid the Mining Industry. 
 
 (1) By the granting of continued and larger appropriations for the 
 investigations by the Geological Survey, so that the results may be 
 reached rapidly enough to more nearly meet the growing needs of the 
 country, including: 
 
 (a) The classification of the public lands; 
 
 (b) The exploration, surveying and mapping of the geological forma- 
 tions, ore bodies, mineral deposits, etc.; 
 
 (c) The investigations of the nature, extent and origin of these de- 
 posits and of the origin of the soils of the country; 
 
 (2) By the establishment at this time of a Bureau of Mines, with 
 ample authority and funds for the investigation of and inquiries into: 
 
 (a) The methods and processes employed in the mining and quarry- 
 ing industries and in the handling and treatment of mineral pro- 
 ducts with a view to aiding these industries, preventing mine and 
 quarry accidents, and recommending appropriate legislation; 
 
 (b) The wise utilization and conservation of our mineral resources 
 through the prevention of waste, the development of more efficient 
 methods, etc.; 
 
 (c) The mining conditions, and the most efficient methods for the 
 handling, treating and using of ores and other mineral products 
 in foreign countries, with a view to benefiting American mining, 
 quarrying and other mineral and metallurgical industries; 
 
 (d) The publication, in such form as to be readily available, of the 
 information obtained from all these investigations and inquiries; 
 the wide and prompt distribution of these publications among the 
 mining men of the country; and co-operation of impartial govern- 
 ment experts in this educational work by public addresses in min- 
 ing camps and at the meetings of men associated with mining and 
 quarrying industries with a view to the prevention of accidents, 
 the preventing of waste, and more efficient work. 
 
 (3) The above action is recommended with a view to the establish- 
 ment from time to time of other allied bureaus and ultimately 
 the establishment of a Department of Mines if the conditions may 
 warrant such action. 
 
 (4) By revising existing legislation relative to mineral lands and 
 mining: 
 
 (a) To provide for the separation of surface from underground own- 
 ership, with a view to the independent development of the mining 
 and of the agricultural or forest industries; 
 
 (b) To prevent fraud in the entry and patenting of mineral lands; 
 and 
 
 (c) To facilitate the disposition of these lands by lease, sale or 
 otherwise, under such conditions as will best facilitate legitimate 
 and practical mining. 
 
34 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 When that was presented to Secretary Garfield, he said "I think you 
 are entitled to a Bureau," and he is with us, although opposed to us in 
 the first instance. Our ambition is to finally get a Department but at 
 this time we must be satisfied with a Bureau. 
 
 DR. BUCKLEY OF MISSOURI: I want to make a few remarks this 
 morning. In the first place I wish to announce that before the close of 
 this session there will be a daily program issued by the program com 
 mittee giving the members the program for the remainder of the day, 
 also announcing the resolutions to be considered by the resolutions com- 
 mittee and the time and place where these resolutions will be submitted. 
 Anyone wishing to introduce resolutions please take note. 
 
 I wish to say further that the members of the delegations to this 
 Mining Congress will find that there is a less percentage of fictitious pro- 
 motion being carried on in this district than in any other district of a 
 similar size in the United States. (Applause.) I wish to say also that 
 any fictitious promotion which is being carried on in this district so far 
 as I know has not emanated from anyone who may reside in this dis- 
 trict or operating in this district, but by men who live in the eastern or 
 far distant cities who have secured holdings of uncertain value and of 
 which they have uncertain knowledge and which they are trying to un- 
 load on ''people of the East who are equally ignorant. I make this state- 
 ment because I believe the people of this district are worthy the com- 
 mendation and respect of the mining sections of this country. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The meeting is open for discussion on 
 any subject desired to be discussed by anyone. 
 
 JOHN R. WOOD of Colorado: It seems to me. that it is very ap- 
 propriate if it has not been done and I have been in nearly every session 
 so far, and yet away a little of the time, so I may be out of order in that 
 regard. If it has not been done I would think it very proper that this 
 session or the Congress should send a message to our President at Wash- 
 ington, through the Secretary of this Congress, notifying him that we are 
 in session, and of the work that we represent, and so I move that the 
 Secretary of the Congress send a telegram to President Roosevelt in 
 this regard. 
 
 The motion being seconded and put by the chair was unanimously 
 carried, and the Secretary was instructed to send a telegram to the Presi- 
 dent announcing that the American Mining Congress is in session and 
 expressing the appreciation of th-e Congress for the interest he has taken 
 in its purposes. 
 
 In accordance with the above resolution the following telegram was 
 sent. 
 
 Joplin, Mo., Nov. 14, 1907. 
 The Honorable Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States, 
 
 Washington. D. C.: 
 
 The American Mining Congress in Tenth Annual Session assembled 
 tenders to you its greetings and its sincere appreciation and commenda- 
 tion; first, for your efforts in behalf of the wise conservation -md intelli- 
 gent use of the great natural resources of this country; second, for your 
 co-operation in the work of this organization through the agency of tne 
 United States Geological Survey; third, for your promised recommenda- 
 tion for Congressional action, looking to the establishment at the ap- 
 proaching session of Congress of an independent Bureau of Mines under 
 the Department of the Interior, which, through its investigations, inquiries 
 and recommendations, will begin at once to further co-operate with the 
 American Mining Congress and with the mining interests in all parts of 
 the country in improving the increasingly complex and difficult conditions 
 under which this industry is now being conducted. 
 
 J. H. RICHARDS, 
 
 President. 
 JAS. F. CALLBREATH, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 35 
 
 F. WALLACE WHITE of Ohio: I would like to ask the chair if 
 the members of this Congress have been advised that three members of 
 the Board of Directors are to be elected at this session? I ask if they 
 have taken into consideration or thought of the question of this organiza- 
 tion branching out into a national movement that unquestionably will 
 need the support of men in the East, and with that end in view, whether 
 it might not be expedient to increase the number of our directors. After 
 correspondence with the Secretary I was advised to lay the matter before 
 you and I would like to get information from the chair as to the proper 
 proceedings necessary. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The organization was incorporated un- 
 der the statutes of the state of Colorado. Nine members were selected 
 because it was the feeling that when you have a large membership little 
 can be accomplished in a public meeting, and that the most of the busi- 
 ness would be transacted by the directors. I am not entirely familiar 
 with the method by which you can increase a Board of Directors under 
 the statutes of Colorado, but I presume that it can be done. It is usu- 
 ally so in the different states. The Board has considered the question of 
 getting men to work with us from the East especially in the coal mining 
 regions, and that is one of the purposes I suggested last night we are 
 trying to travel' eastward to get that class of men identified with us. I 
 have undertaken to induce the board to select some eastern man in my 
 place, but they have not done so. I think the same is true of each mem- 
 ber on the board they would be glad to be relieved from duty and would 
 be glad to encourage a change along those lines. 
 
 MR. F. WALLACE WHITE OF OHIO : The thought in my mind was 
 not to replace the President at all, but to increase the Board of Directors, 
 so we could put some of these Eastern men on. I had in mind some of 
 the men I have talked with who might be induced to go on our Board. 1 
 only wish to get information on the subject, and if there is any way to 
 revise our By-Laws to accomplish this, I would be glad if it could be 
 done. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: You cannot do it by amending the By- 
 Laws. You probably have to file an application -with the Secretary of 
 state or some other official, if the rule in Colorado is the same as in 
 Idaho, asking for permission to, increase. the Board of Directors. It is 
 purely a legal matter. The articles of incorporation fix the number ot 
 the board. 
 
 W. P. DANIELS of Colorado: All that is necessary is for the mem- 
 bers, if they so desire, to ask that the articles of incorporation be 
 amended increasing the Board of Directors. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: We have undertaken to so organize our 
 Congress that the membership of the board should be increased as the 
 needs required. 
 
 MR. DANIELS: I suppose the discussion as to the advisability of 
 increasing the' board is not in order at the present time. That would 
 properly come before the members themselves, perhaps, but I think 
 it would be extremely well if the members who think of advocating an 
 increase in the membership of the board would consider that the larger 
 the body, with members scattered over a vast territory at considerable 
 distances apart, the more difficult it is to hold meetings of the Board of 
 Directors to transact business that is absolutely necessary. If I am not 
 mistaken, there has already been some difficulty in getting a quorum 
 of the present board together at some time during the past, and it seems 
 to me that it is a question that should be carefully considered, and that 
 that particular thing should be taken into consideration. The smaller 
 the body is as a general rule, the more direct the responsibility, and 
 the more attention is given by the member himself in fulfilling his re- 
 sponsibilities, and so far as I am concerned, personally, I believe it would 
 be a bad move at this time at least to take any steps toward increasing 
 the number of our directors. 
 
36 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 H. J. CANTWEiLL of Missouri: I am not at this time a member of 
 the corporation, but I would suggest before the meeting of the members 
 that the Secretary announce the terms of initiation to become members 
 so that those who are not now members may become such, and I would 
 suggest further in this connection that while the argument is a very 
 good one that the Board of Directors should be limited to a small num- 
 ber, yet it might be possible, even though the laws of Colorado may not 
 provide for a large directory to accomplish the same result by consti- 
 tuting what might be called an advisory committtee of members through 
 which the Board of Directors could communicate and who would accom- 
 plish all of the benefit of increased membership in the directory. My 
 idea being to have a standing advisory committee, one member for each 
 state. Not being a member I have no right to make a move in that di- 
 rection but only advance the suggestion for what it is worth. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: When you take into consideration that 
 it costs from $300 to $1,000 a year to be a director, to pay expenses 
 to attend these meetings and also takes considerable valuable time, it is 
 not always easy to find a man to act in that capacity. It takes a pretty 
 generous heart to do the work. 
 
 Any further matters you wish to take up? 
 
 The Secretary will make a statement, as suggested by the gentle- 
 man from Missouri, relative to the membership matter. 
 
 SECRETARY CALLBREATH: The laws of Colorado permit cor- 
 porations for pecuniary profit a directorate of thirteen. We have nine 
 directors. In order to change our By-Laws it is necessary that an amend- 
 ment be submitted in writing to the Secretary of the organization forty- 
 five days before an annual meeting of the members. The Secretary is requir- 
 ed by the by-laws to send that notice to each member of the Congress thirty 
 days before such meeting. It is necessary to follow this procedure to 
 bring about an amendment to the By-Laws. It is possible to increase 
 the number of directors to thirteen without question. There is some 
 question under the laws of Colorado whether a directorate shall be en- 
 larged above that number. The law speaks of organizations for pe- 
 cuniary profit, but in the opinion of many of our lawyers it does not 
 apply to organizations like this, not organized for pecuniary profit. 
 
 An amendment to the By-Laws can be made by giving notice of forty- 
 five days before any annual meeting of the members. 
 
 Any person interested in the mining business may become a member 
 of the American Mining Congress by paying an admission fee of $15 and 
 annual dues of $10. An application for membership must be passed on 
 by the Membership Committee, and after being accepted, a membership 
 card arid certificate of membership are issued to the member. At this 
 point I desire to say that persons who have become members but have 
 not yet received membership cards will please call my attention to that 
 fact and the matter will be attended to. The qualifications for member- 
 ship are, first, an interest in the mining business, and, second, a willing- 
 ness to co-operate with us, by paying dues and doing such work as may 
 be necessary to make the organization a success. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: One thing that the Secretary omitted a 
 suggestion that came from Missouri, through Dr. Buckley that we have 
 a life membership in which the fee is $100, and no further charge after 
 that, and that Dr. Buckley was the first life member of this organiza- 
 tion. 
 
 If there are no further matters you desire to bring up, we will proceed 
 with our program. 
 
 We will now have the pleasure of listening to an address which I 
 know you will be delighted to hear, by a man fully qualified to speak 
 on his subject. He is working under the federal government. As I un- 
 derstand his work it is investigations relating to the precious metals. 
 His subject is, "Will the Increase of Gold in the World Keep Pace With 
 the Increasing Demands of Commerce and Trade?" I take pleasure in 
 introducing Dr. Waldemar Lindgren .of Washington. 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 37 
 
 Dr. Lindgren's address will be found on page 265 of this Report. 
 DR. BUCKLEY of Missouri: Mr. President, I think that it is the in- 
 tention of the Program Committee that these papers be discussed. Dr. 
 Lindgren's is one of peculiar interest and such that the members and 
 delegates should have an opportunity to discuss. If there are any ques- 
 tions which they care to ask, or suggestions which they care to make, it 
 might be a good idea for them to express it at this time. I, myself, 
 would like to ask Dr. Lindgren a question. I would like to ask Dr. Lind- 
 gren if he believes that the present economic conditions respecting labor 
 and other matters are having a sufficient influence in curtailing the out- 
 put of gold in the world to give any substance to the contention or the 
 desire on the part of the Mining Congress that the United States govern- 
 ment interest itself in decreasing by means of experimental stations or 
 otherwise the cost of production of gold. I wish to ask what he thinks 
 would be the tendency of such action on the part of the government. 
 
 DR. LINDGREN: I certainly think it would be desirable for the 
 government to investigate the processes and improve the processes as 
 far as possible-. It is a rather new departure, of course. The United 
 States government has not undertaken, as a rule, investigation into min- 
 ing production processes, but the subject is a very important one, and I 
 see no reason why they should not from a scientific standpoint. 
 
 DR. BUCKLEY: You think that the possibilities in that direction 
 are sufficient to warrant such investigation the possibilities in the direc- 
 tion of reducing the cost of production. 
 
 DR. LINDGREN: I think it certainly will be necessary to do some- 
 thing in that line, and, as I said, I think that the government would be 
 justified in examining into those subjects. At the present time we have 
 no such experimental stations. 
 
 FRANK E:. WIRE OF ILLINOIS: I would like to ask the Speaker 
 what is his estimate of the proportion of the gold produced last year and 
 year before and this year that goes into the arts and sciences? 
 
 DR. LINDGREN:' Of the $400,000,000 produced there annually goes 
 into the arts and sciences about from $90,000,000 to $100,000,000; that is 
 to say, about one-fourth. 
 
 MR. WIRE: Is the amount of gold that is going into the arts and 
 sciences on the increase or decrease? 
 
 DR. LINDGREN: Decidedly on the increase. A few years ago it 
 was $70,000,000 or $80,000,000. The world is now spending from $90,000,000 
 to $100,000,000 a year for rings and nick-nacks and things of that kind. 
 
 HORACE V. WINCHELL: I am not clear in my own mind as to 
 the answer to the question "Will the Production of Gold in the World 
 Keep Pace With the Increasing Demands of Commerce and Trade?" 
 I understand that Dr. Lindgren informed us that about fifteen years ago 
 the world's production of gold was $115,000,000 or $119,000,000. At the 
 present time it is over $400,000,000. I should like to inquire whether it 
 is a fact that the world's commerce and trade has increased in that pro- 
 portion, and if it has not, whether a constant production at the present 
 rate will be sufficient to keep pace with increasing commerce and trade, 
 and whether the gold production must also increase beyond what it is 
 at present. 
 
 DR. LINDGREIN: I would not be able to answer the question defin- 
 itely as to whether the demand of trade has increased in the same pro- 
 portion. It certainly has increased vastly probably not fully in the 
 same proportion, although I have not the figures at hand to support my 
 position conclusively. As to what it will do in the future, I have just 
 tried to explain that it involves questions which are so difficult that I am 
 very doubtful about the wisdom of committing one's self with definite 
 statements about it. I have simply tried to give you the conditions at 
 present, but what next year's conditions will be, I would be glad to tell 
 you, but I cannot. 
 
 MR. WINCHELL: Is it not a fact that production at the present 
 rate is adding so rapidly to the world's supply of gold that in a few years 
 
38 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 the total amount of gold in the world is likely to be excessive is likely 
 to exceed the actual demand in proportion to its consumption for the 
 past one hundred years in commerce and trade.? 
 
 DR. LINDGREN: I do not think so. I think, of course, an excess- 
 ive increase at this present time in one year or two years might work 
 serious disturbances, but I do not think the increase at the rate of the 
 last fifteen years which has been about $20,000,000 a year would be 
 out of proportion. That is to say, I think the world's commerce is amply 
 able to take care of this increase. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: We will now have the pleasure of listen- 
 ing to Dr. E. W. Parker of Washington, D. C., who has always been an 
 earnest worker in this Congress for many years. His subject is "How 
 Long Will the Supply of Coal Meet the Increasing Demands of Com- 
 merce and Trade?" 
 
 Dr. Parker's address will be found on page 239 of this Report. 
 
 An adjournment was taken until 2 p. m. 
 
 WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 13, 1907. 
 
 Afternoon Session. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The Congress will be in order. 
 
 The Secretary then read the report of committee appointed to draft 
 a side line law to be presented to the Federal Congress, of which -Mr. 
 James D. Hague of New York City is chairman, Mr. Hague not being 
 present, as follows: 
 
 18 Wall Street, November 8, 1907. 
 James F. Callbreath, Jr., Esquire, 
 
 Secretary The American Mining Congress, Denver, Colorado. 
 
 Dear Sir: Since writing you recently I have received further com- 
 munications from certain members of the Vertical Side Line Law Com- 
 mittee and other committees concerned in the revision of mining law, 
 from which it is evident that the first-named committee can do nothing 
 more at present than to report progress, as proposed in my letter to you 
 dated October 24th, with the suggestion that the American Mining Con- 
 gress, at its Joplin meeting, continue the said committee with authority 
 and instructions to act as indicated in the above cited letter, co-operating, 
 so far as practicable, with the Douglas Committee (appointed by the Pub- 
 lic Lands Commission), and seeking to effect through that committee the 
 desired introduction to the Federal Congress of a law abolishing all extra- 
 lateral rights in patents to be granted by the United States after some 
 fixed date, without affecting in any way any previously existing interests 
 or vested rights. Very truly yours, 
 
 JAMES D. HAGUE. 
 
 P. S!. I shall be unable to attend the meeting of the Congress at 
 Joplin. 
 
 MR. DORSET OF NEBRASKA: I move that the committee of which 
 Mr. Hague is chairman be continued until the session of 1908. 
 
 Which motion, after being dluly seconded, was put and unanimously 
 carried. 
 
 The Secretary then read resolutions as follows: ' 
 
 Resolution No 6. 
 
 (Introduced by W. D. Sidell, of Bartlesville, I. T.) 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal., November 9, 1907. 
 American Mining Congress, Joplin, Missouri. 
 
 Gentlemen: Our body has been informed that Congressman George 
 A. Bartlett, of Nevada, has in course of preparation for introduction on 
 the opening day of Congress, December 2, 1907, a bill which is of peculiar 
 interest to all mining men throughout the country. It provides for the 
 suspension, during 1907, of the Federal statute which requires that at least 
 $100.00 worth of work shall be done yearly upon each claim in order for 
 the present owner to retain title thereto. 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 39 
 
 As a result of the present financial depression, the mining sections 
 are in a very unfortunate condition. In fact, there is no section of the 
 country which has felt this strain more acutely than the mining section, 
 unless it be the center of the speculating world, known to us as Wall 
 street. It is necessary for mining men to obtain more or less of their 
 working capital from the outside, and as is evidenced by the fact that all 
 of the money centers are now on a clearing house certificate basis, it is 
 next to impossible to obtain the necessary funds to carry on this work. 
 
 In addition to the above reasons, there can be found a precedent for 
 the proposed action of Congress, in the fact that a measure with similar 
 provisions became a law during the panic year of 1893. Unless this relief 
 can be obtained from the National Congress there are a great many men 
 who are making honest efforts to live up to the requirements of the Fed- 
 eral mining statute by developing the mineral resources of the country, 
 who will lose all of their rights because of their inability to do the work 
 themselves, or obtain the money to hire others. 
 
 In this way a fine opening will be made for a set of unscrupulous 
 and scheming persons who are known as "jumpers" and whose business 
 it is simply to wait for the expiration of the time limit and then rob the 
 honest operator of his property. There is a practice among this class 
 of citizens to keep a close watch upon property which is likely to lapse, 
 and who will then take possession under a location notice, which gives 
 them ninety days in which to perform a very small amount of work. 
 Then at the end of this ninety days, unless they have been successful in 
 selling out, they re-locate, thus gaining another ninety days. These never 
 intend to mine in reality, but are simply the rankest* kind of speculators, 
 who live by their wits. 
 
 We sincerely hope that you can see your way clear to pass a resolu- 
 tion by your body endorsing the suspension of the assessment work as 
 stated in this letter. 
 
 We feel sure that you appreciate the importance of such legislation, 
 as it effects a great number of mining men and therefore have no hesi- 
 tancy in asking you to take an especial interest in the proposed measure. 
 
 Thanking you in advance for what you will no doubt be glad to do, 
 we are, with great respect, Yours truly, 
 
 LOS ANGELES-NEVADA MINING STOCK EXCHANGE. 
 ByM. J. MONNETTE, Pres. 
 ByF. IRVIN HERRON, Sec. 
 
 COL. DORSET, OF NEBRASKA: I move that the letter just read 
 be referred to the Committee on Resolutions. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: There being no objections it will be so 
 referred. 
 
 The Secretary then read resolution No. 6, introduced by W. D. Sidell, 
 of Bartlesville, I. T., as follows: 
 
 Resolved, That we deplore the unfavorable conditions brought about 
 in that portion of the mid-continent oil and gas field lying within Indian 
 Territory, by the recent rulings and regulations of the Secretary of the 
 Interior, resulting practically in a suspension of operations, and resulting 
 in incalculable loss and damage to the operators; that we extend our 
 sympathy to the oil and gas operators in Indian Territory, and tender our 
 co-operation in their efforts to have more equitable and salutary regula- 
 tions adopted; that we urge upon the Secretary of the Interior the neces- 
 sity of a speedy and radical change in existing regulations governing the 
 leasing and operation of oil and gas lands in the Indian Territory; and 
 particularly do we urge upon him the fairness and justice of the demands 
 of such operators for the rescinding of the ruling of October 14, 1907, 
 whereby the royalty to be paid the lessors may be arbitrarily increased 
 beyond that named in the leases, and whereby the operators and lessees 
 are required to divide their net profits with the lessor; that we believe 
 these terms are not only unprecedented and unjust, but that they must 
 necessarily result in permanent loss and detriment not only to the 
 operator, but also to the Indian lessors; and, be it further 
 
 Resolved, That as a means of permanent relief to the oil and gas 
 operators in Indian Territory, we would impress upon Congress and the 
 
40 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 President the necessity of the removal of all restrictions upon allotments 
 of the members of the Indian tribes therein, except such as may be 
 necessary for the proper protection of the interests of full bloods and 
 minors; and, be it further 
 
 Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be furnished by the Secre- 
 tary of this Congress to the members of the United States Congress and 
 the United States Senate, and that they be asked to use their influence 
 in securing the relief herein mentioned. 
 
 Resolution No. 7. 
 (Introduced by Dr. Victor C. Alderson, of Colorado.) 
 
 Whereas, the education of young men for the mining profession is a 
 most important element in the upbuilding of the mining industry and the 
 placing of it upon a substantial and economic basis, and 
 
 Whereas, The National Association of State Mining Schools has been 
 energetic in urging legislation in behalf of mining education, and 
 
 Whereas, The interests of the National Association of State Mining 
 Schools and the American Mining Congress are in many ways identical, 
 therefore be it 
 
 Resolved, That the National Association of State Mining Schools is 
 hereby invited heartily to co-operate with the American Mining Congress 
 in the securing of its objects, and particularly in its efforts to secure a 
 Department of Mines and Mining. 
 
 Resolution No. 8. 
 (Introduced by Mr. John Dern, of Utah.) 
 
 Whereas, Pending the building and equipment of a suitable mining 
 temple at the headquarters of this Congress, it appears wise to make use 
 of a mining and metallurgical laboratory already equipped at some central 
 point in the West; and 
 
 Whereas, The University of Utah, through its duly authorized repre- 
 sentatives, has tendered to this Congress the privilege of using the mining 
 and metallurgical laboratories at its School of Mines, making no charge 
 therefor, except such as will cover actual expenditures in conducting 
 tests; and 
 
 Whereas, It appears that the laboratories at said Utah School of Mines 
 are amply equipped for all necessary and practical tests in connection 
 with concentrating, leaching, furnace work and other methods of testing 
 ores; and 
 
 Whereas, Said Utah School of Mines, located at Salt Lake City, is in 
 the heart of a region where metallurgy on a commercial scale presents 
 a greater variety of practice and is conducted on a larger scale than in 
 any other center of the West; therefore be it 
 
 Resolved, That the American Mining Congress does accept the offer 
 so tendered by the University of Utah, and that said laboratories shall 
 hereafter be the official experiment station of this Congress. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: I think perhaps this would be a proper 
 time to ask the Secretary to read to you the letter addressed to me as 
 President of this Congress by Secretary of the Interior Garfield in relation 
 to a Bureau of Mines. 
 
 The Secretary then read the letter as follows: 
 
 Secretary's Office, Department of the Interior, ( 
 Washington, D. C., Nov. 9, 1907. \ 
 Judge J. H. Richards, President American Mining Congress, Joplin, Mo.: 
 
 My Dear Sir I have been greatly interested by your presentation 
 of the needs of the mining industry of our country, and I am in hearty 
 sympathy with your desire to have the national government do much more 
 for this industry, which is one of the most important in our commercial 
 development. 
 
 The Interior Department has been dealing with some phases of the 
 problems which you present. I am convinced that it has not done as 
 much as it should do and that there is now the opportunity for greatly 
 increasing not only the work but its effectiveness as well. The classifi- 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 41 
 
 cation of the public lands; the exploring, surveying and mapping of the 
 geological formations and mineral deposits; the investigation of the na- 
 ture and extent of these deposits; the testing of fuels and building ma- 
 terials, the publication of information, are all subjects with which the 
 Department, through the Geological Survey, deals. It is my earnest hope 
 that Congress will so largely increase the appropriation available for these 
 purposes that I can immediately increase the volume and scope of the 
 work to meet the pressing and proper demands of legitimate mining. 
 
 I do not mean to limit my co-operation with your work to the agencies 
 now in existence in the Department. Whatever is shown to be necessary 
 and possible of attainment will receive my hearty support. If a special 
 bureau be required to more successfully work out mining problems, it 
 should of course be established. 
 
 The American Mining Congress can supply much information to the 
 Congress in relation to whatever proposition may be presented, either in 
 the way of additional appropriation or the organization of an additional 
 bureau should one be thought advisable. I beg to suggest in this connec- 
 tion that this information be presented at the earliest moment, to tne 
 end that it may be available during the early days of the next session 
 of Congress. 
 
 I trust I will be given the opportunity to confer with such committee 
 as you may appoint to consider proposed legislation. If federal legislation 
 can be suggested which will prevent much of the fraud that has been 
 perpetrated upon the public through improper mining schemes, Congress 
 should be urged to act. This matter, I am advised, has already been 
 taken up effectively in some of the states. In so far as possible under 
 the constitution, such state legislation should be supplemented by federal 
 legislation, applicable to the greater mining corporations engaged in in- 
 terstate commerce. 
 
 I trust that your committees will consider most carefully the prob- 
 lem of conserving and using what is left of our coal supply. The coal 
 land laws need immediate and radical change, to the end that the grow- 
 ing needs of the people should be met and, at the same time, the remain- 
 ing coal supply should not be wasted nor be monopolized by private in- 
 terests. 
 
 I regref I cannot be present at the meeting of your Congress. Mr. 
 Smith, director of the Survey, and Mr. Holmes, the head of its technologic 
 branch, will, however, be there for the Department and present in detail 
 its work. Assuring you of my appreciation of the invitation, I am, 
 Very truly yours, JAMES RUDOLPH GARFIELD, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: If there is no objection I will refer that 
 letter to the Committee on Resolutions to see if there is any action neces- 
 sary to be taken upon a careful consideration of it. 
 
 We now have something that I know will interest you as the next 
 on the program, and that is an address by Mr. E. G. Acheson, of Niagara 
 Falls, N. Y., on the "Deflocculation of Non-Metalic Amorphous Bodies." 
 Mr. Acheson is the discoverer of the process for making carborundum, 
 the hardest known abrasive, and of which over 8,000,000 pounds are made 
 annually in the electrical furnaces of Niagara Falls. He also discovered 
 the process for siloxicon, a material used for refractory purposes. He 
 has also given to the world a process for making artificial or manufactured 
 graphite, of which product many tons are now made annually by elec- 
 tric furnace process and operation in Niagara Falls. His latest invention 
 is "Deflocculated Graphite." 
 
 Mr. Acheson's address will be found on page 256 of this Report. 
 
 MR. F. WALLACE WHITE, OF OHIO: It seems to me that having 
 listened to this scientific as well as practical illustration, I think we ought 
 to thank Mr. Acheson. 
 
 I move that we extend a vote of thanks to the gentleman who has so 
 nicely entertained us during the last hour. 
 
 Which motion being duly seconded, was put and unanimously carried. 
 
42 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 The Secretary then read resolution No. 9, introduced by Maj. F. C. 
 Vincent, of Missouri: 
 
 Resolution No. 9. 
 
 Whereas, The promiscous exploitation of illegetimate and fraudulent 
 mining schemes throughout the United S'tates, Canada and Europe, espe- 
 cially during the past year, by unscrupulous so-called promoters has re- 
 sulted in the wholesale defrauding of the general public, and especially 
 the small investor, and 
 
 Whereas, The above unlawful acts still obtain and continue unabated, 
 and 
 
 Whereas, No other condition has so tended to discredit the fair name 
 of the American Mining Industry throughout the world, and 
 
 Whereas, The public press has been the chief instrument used by 
 the said dishonest promoters in their predatory efforts, now, therefore, 
 be it 
 
 Resolved, By the American Mining Congress in annual convention as- 
 sembled, that the attention of the Department of Justice of the United 
 States and the various Attorney Generals of several states of the Union 
 be favorably called to these flagrant violations of the laws of the states 
 and the United States and that immediate action be taken under the law 
 to prevent further swindling operations as herein outlined ; that it is the 
 sense of this body that such unlawful acts are in fact violations of the 
 statutes to prevent "obtaining money by false pretense" and "general 
 swindling," and that the public press of the country are herewith earnestly 
 urged to assist this body by refusing further to lend its aid to this par- 
 ticular kind of wholesale and organized robbery. 
 
 MR. RICHARDS: We will now have the pleasure of listening to an 
 address by Dr. J. A. Holmes, of Washington, D. C., on "The Waste of the 
 Nation's Mineral Resources." 
 
 Dr. Holmes' address will be found on page 273 of this Report. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: We now have on the program the report 
 of the committee that was appointed to investigate the question of 
 "Smelter Rates" and the controversy between the ore producers and the 
 smelters. 
 
 MR. H. S. JOSEPH, OF UTAH: In view of the fact that most of 
 the delegates have been burdened with a great deal of work to-day and 
 that this is a matter of very vital importance to every ore producer, not 
 only locally but in the whole United States, I move you that the reading 
 of the report of the Committee on Smelter Rates and the consideration 
 thereof be made a special order for to-morrow morning at ten o'clock. 
 
 Which motion being duly seconded, was put and carried unanimously. 
 
 An adjournment was thereupon taken until eight o'clock p. m. 
 
 MINUTES OF ANNUAL MEETING OF MEMBERS. 
 
 Held at Joplin, Mo., November 13th, 1907, 8 O'clock P. M. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The annual meeting of members will be 
 in order. 
 
 The Secretary then read his annual report, as follows: 
 
 \ 
 
 Financial Statement of Secretary for Period October 1, 1906, to November 
 
 1, 1907. 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 Cash on hand, October 1, 1906 $ 147.79 
 
 Received from life memberships '....- 1,500.00 
 
 Received from annual memberships ' . . 2,675.00 
 
 Received from annual dues 2,990.00 
 
 Received from contributions 3,990.00 
 
 Received from Information Department 45.50 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 43 
 
 Received from exchange 8.80 
 
 Received refund Cripple Creek trip 72.25 
 
 Received refund representatives' traveling expense 5.25 
 
 Total receipts $11,434.59 
 
 Disbursements. 
 
 (Covered by Vouchers Nos. 168 to 395%, inclusive, excepting Nos. 368 to 
 
 393 not used.) 
 
 Secretary's salary . $ 3,600.00 
 
 Stenographers' salaries 1,452.40 
 
 Organizers' salaries 625.00 
 
 Furniture and fixtures 6.50 
 
 Office expense .". 311.69 
 
 Printing and stationery ' 2,118.44 
 
 Postage 430.00 
 
 Secretary's traveling expenses 128.50 
 
 Representatives' traveling expenses 1,540.90 
 
 Miscellaneous expense, exchanges, etc. 1,028.04 
 
 Total disbursements $11,241.47 
 
 Total receipts '. $11,434.59 
 
 Total disbursements 11,241.47 
 
 Balance on hand November 1, 1907 .* $ 193.12 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 JAS. F. CALLBREATH, JR., 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 SECRETARY CALLBREATH: I desire to state in connection with 
 this report that all disbursements are represented by vouchers, the bills 
 being first audited by the Auditing Committee appointed by the Board of 
 Directors. The Auditing Committee has also prepared their report, which 
 I will read as follows: 
 
 Denver, Colorado, Nov. 1, 1907. 
 
 We, the undersigned, members of the Auditing Committee of the 
 American Mining Congress beg to report that the books of the Secretary 
 show as follows: 
 
 Cash on hand last report $ 147.79 
 
 Receipts as follows: 
 
 Life memberships 1,500.00 
 
 Annual memberships 2,675.00 
 
 Annual dues 2,990.00 
 
 Contributions .' 3,990.00 
 
 Information Department 45.50 
 
 Exchange 8.80 
 
 Refund Cripple Creek trip 72.25 
 
 Refund representatives' traveling expense 5.25 
 
 Total receipts $11,434.59 
 
 Disbursements. 
 
 (Covered by Vouchers Nos. 168 to 395%, inclusive, excepting Nos. 368 to 
 
 393 not used.) 
 
 Secretary's salary $ 3,600.00 
 
 Stenographers' salaries 1,452.40 
 
 Organizers' salaries 625.00 
 
 Furniture and fixtures 
 
 Office expense 311.69 
 
 Printing and stationery- 2,118.44 
 
 Postage 430.00 
 
 Secretary's traveling expenses 128.50 
 
44 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Representatives' traveling expenses. .' 1,540.90 
 
 Miscellaneous expense, exchanges, etc 1,028.04 
 
 Total disbursements $11,241.47 
 
 Total receipts $11,434.59 
 
 Total disbursements 11,241.47 
 
 Balance on hand November 1, 1907 $ 193.12 
 
 (Signed) E. L. WHITE, 
 / E. J. REINERT, 
 
 Members Auditing Committee. 
 
 It was thereupon duly moved and seconded that the Secretary's re- 
 port and the Auditing Committee's report be approved and placed on file. 
 Said motion being duly seconded, put and carried, it was so ordered. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The next in order, unless you have some 
 other matters to bring up at this time, is the selection of the committee 
 on nominations. I will request the Secretary to read Section 3 of Article 
 VI. of the by-laws. 
 
 The Secretary then read as follows: 
 
 Sec. 3. For the purpose of facilitating the selection of directors, 
 there shall be elected at the annual meeting of the members, a committee 
 of five members to be known as a nominating committee, whose duty 
 it shall be to present to the members for their consideration the names 
 of such persons as such committee may deem advisable to act as Direc- 
 tors for the ensuing year. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The reason of that by-law is this that 
 while we want the members to control the selection of the board of di- 
 rectors, it is advisable always to find some man who is willing and will 
 agree in advance that he will attend the sessions of the board when pos- 
 sible so that we may know that we are going to have an active board of 
 directors, so that the purpose of the selection of this committee is to 
 find out this man who will agree to serve if elected. It is for you to 
 elect that nominating committee and for that committee to find out and 
 recommend those men who will agree to serve from whom you will select 
 your directors. 
 
 THOMAS HOWELL, OF COLORADO: Colorado nominates as mem- 
 ber of that committee R. L. Martin of Denver. 
 
 C. B. BELL, OF ARIZONA: Arizona nominates Mr. Thomas Ewing. 
 
 COLONEL DORSET, OF NEBRASKA: I nominate Mr. H. S. Josephs 
 of Utah. 
 
 MR. H. S. JOSEPH, OF UTAH: I take pleasure in nominating Colonel 
 H. H. Gregg of Missouri. 
 
 MR. WHITE, OF OHIO: I take pleasure in nominating Mr. C. T. 
 Hutchinson of California. 
 
 It was moved and seconded that the nominations be declared closed. 
 Motion carried. It was moved and seconded that the Secretary be author- 
 ized to cast the ballot of the organization for the five members named. 
 
 Which motion was put and carried, and ballot was cast in accordance 
 with resolution, 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: That committee will immediately retire 
 and organize and report as early as possible. 
 
 MAJOR F. C. VINCENT, OF MISSOURI: Mr. President, I would 
 like to ask what steps are being taken to increase the membership of the 
 American Mining Congress. I am a new member, Mr. President, and I 
 rise to ask this for reasons that are to me vital. I am much interested 
 in the work of the American Mining Congress. It has been my policy 
 in the past whenever I have been affiliated with a body of this character 
 to do my level best to make the work a success. It seems to me there 
 never was a grander opportunity before the American Mining Congress 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 45 
 
 than the one that presents itself at this time. Some resolutions have 
 been presented by myself at the suggestion of myself and friends of Kan- 
 sas City which I do not wish to urge at this time but which will come 
 before this body later on, but it has occurred to me, as I have stated, that 
 there never was a grander opportunity than that which presents itself 
 to this body. The prospects of the American Mining Congress are splen- 
 did and I feel that the time is now opportune and I hear it discussed on 
 every hand by the mining men that the need of this great body of men 
 interested in mining and the welfare of mining interests in every phase 
 was never more felt than it is today. That is the reason I ask, Mr. Presi- 
 dent, what the Congress is doing to increase its membership. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: Under the old system the money for 
 carrying on the work of the Congress was provided by the locality where 
 the Congress held its session, but the system was unsatisfactory because 
 it was almost entirely given to entertainment. And I want to say as I 
 find out from the miners of this Congress that it is not entertainment they 
 want so much as to do business and to feel that localities interested are 
 in sympathy with them. And therefore they took occasion to establish 
 this body on the membership basis. We decided upon an initiation fee of 
 $15 and $10 annual dues. Under our present membership it brings us 
 now about $5,000. We scarcely have enough to meet the legitimate ex- 
 penses of the Congress and we hope the time will come when the mining 
 men will become so deeply concerned that we will have a membership 
 large enough to pay the ordinary expenses of the Congress. We are just 
 now in a formative condition, trying to get members who will pay their 
 annual dues and help us in this work. That is the dignified way to do 
 it. Then when we go to hold our sessions at any point, we won't ask 
 for anything but pay our own expenses simply ask them to give us a 
 hall where we can meet., but we have not been able to reach that point 
 yet. Therefore before we get a large membership it is necessary for the 
 locality in which we hold these meetings to contribute as Joplin did, 
 toward these expenses, but we are trying to get the communities where 
 we go not to expend money so much for entertainment yet these affairs 
 of the kindly greetings that you give us here are more than money to 
 this Congress. But we would like to be able to support it by membership 
 dues. It takes not less than $11,000 to meet the ordinary expenses of this 
 Congress. So far they have always been met and I hope the time will 
 come when the miners will have enough interest in this association to 
 join us and furnish a dignified way of supporting this institution. 
 
 M'R. JOSEPH OF MISSOURI: I would very much like the chair to ex- 
 plain as to the qualification of any one voting upon the place for the 
 holding of the next Congress. It appears that some have the Idea that 
 only accredited delegates can vote. Others have the idea that only mem- 
 bers themselves who have paid their regular dues can vote. I would be 
 much obliged if the chair would explain this for the benefit of those 
 who are in doubt. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: Under our system a delegate has all the 
 rights during a session of the Congress that a member has except the 
 right to vote for directors and that belongs to the membership only, 
 but as to the question of determining where the next session shall be 
 held, the delegate has the same right that a member has. We desire 
 their advice upon the matter and the board of directors has always 
 followed the suggestion of the delegates and members on that question. 
 It is very desirable to have you advise us, but you can readily understand 
 that it was necessary to have the power lodged somewhere that in the 
 event something had transpired, after you had advised where you wanted 
 the next session, that would make it almost impossible and inadequate 
 for the Congress to meet there. We had to lodge the power somewhere 
 to change that place of meeting to make that change is necessary. The 
 directors will follow your advice wherever possible. A delegate has the 
 same right as a member to vote on that question: 
 
 I have been asked concerning life memberships. What is called 
 a life membership is where a man has a right to join as a life member 
 
46 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 by the payment of $100. It was determined (I forget just when) but it 
 was decided that that fund should be an accumulating fund to be set 
 aside to be used for some especial occasion when we secured our perma- 
 nent building. Quite likely some man will be generous-hearted enough 
 to help us in building our permanent home. This fund could be used to 
 erect a statue of that man fitting for the occasion in the assembly hall 
 in his memory. It may well be that some of the mining men of the West 
 who have been so abundantly supplied by Nature and their energies with 
 this world's goods and have accumulated their millions, might want to 
 dedicate a portion of that bounty to the service of the mining men. In 
 that case we have an accumulating fund which the Congress could use 
 to express their appreciation of anything of that kind. 
 
 MAJOR VINCENT, OF MISSOURI: It seems to me what you need 
 now is the sinews of war. I listened to the admirable report of the Secre- 
 tary and while listening it occurred to me the work accomplished in the 
 past is almost phenomenal considering the small amount of money used to 
 bring it about. What we need is money now and work now. In order 
 to get this, I think we ought to put our shoulders to the wheel. It does 
 not seem to me that the mining men of the United States- can afford 
 to stand up before this nation as a poverty-stricken body. It seems to 
 me that if necessary we ought to go down in our pockets and until 
 such time as the organization can take care of itself, furnish the necessary 
 money. This work ought to be done. I believe that the great campaign 
 of publicity ought to be forwarded. I believe that every mining man 
 ought to have the interest of mining at heart and the welfare of the peo- 
 ple at heart, and ought to take pride in this work. I believe this Congress 
 is the body to do it, and in fact, it is the only one that would do it. What 
 we need is money, and I want to say that people of Kansas City have 
 talked these things over and I wish to say that the new Kansas City Min- 
 ing Exchange will do its share toward furnishing you with the sinews of 
 war. (Applause.) 
 
 SECRETARY CALLBREATH: I wish to say a word in reply to the 
 first question of the gentleman from Missouri as to what is being done 
 to increase the membership. We have had a traveling representative 
 in the field since last February, who has traveled over a large part of 
 the western territory. He has presented this matter to a great many 
 people. He has gotten opinions on the work that ought to be done, and 
 we have in our office a tabulation of the point of view of a large num- 
 ber of men whom he has interviewed during the past six months. We 
 also have received quite a large nujnber of members as a result of that 
 work. We have also been in. correspondence with a large number of 
 people^ and have secured members through that correspondence. 
 
 With reference to the amount of money necessary to carry on the 
 work of this organization, I wish to say to you gentlemen, there is no 
 limit to the amount of work that ought to be done. We have tried, in our 
 office at Denver, with a small amount of money at hand, to carry on sev- 
 eral enterprises. We have an information bureau through which a man 
 may make inquiries concerning mining investments. In order to carry 
 on that work successfully the information should be gathered in from 
 year to year, and we are doing this, and in time will have in our office 
 informations of all the important mines. 
 
 It is the purpose of the Mining Congress to have information on all 
 lines. We want to be able to furnish answers to any questions our mem- 
 bers may ask concerning the mining industry. In order to do this we must 
 have a library and one of the things we are going to have some day is 
 a complete mining library. There is not such a thing in the world today. 
 We want the American Mining Congress to have one so that if you come 
 to that library you can make your own investigation. If you cannot 
 come there, it will be the duty of the Secretary to make such investiga- 
 tion for you. 
 
 There are so many lines of work in which this organization can en- 
 gage that as I state the amount of money which we can expend legiti- 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 47 
 
 mately and properly for the benefit of the mining industry is practically 
 unlimited, and we hope all of our members will work for the increase 
 of our membership. If every member would bring in another during the 
 year it would double the returns. 
 
 MAJOR VINCENT, OF MISSOURI: We will bring in ten. 
 
 SECRETARY CALLBREATH: We must extend our influence not 
 only to bring in members but also to carry out the idea of building a 
 mining temple in Denver which will be one of the wonders of the world. 
 We hope to have in that a complete mining library. We hope to have 
 there a complete and permanent exhibit of the mineral resources of the 
 nation, and when we have all those things in that Mining Temple and 
 under its roof which can be used in the upbuilding of the mining industry. 
 I believe thiK organization will be one which will be of substantial ad- 
 vantage to every member, and that he who pays his dues to the organiza- 
 tion wil] be getting a substantial return for his money. I would bo glad 
 if you gentlemen would each and every one constitute himself a com- 
 mittee of one to increase the membership. Another thing. Whenever 
 you feel that another Secretary can do the work better than I can you will 
 find my resignation in your hands promptly. 
 
 H.'S. JOSEPH, OF UTAH: Some of the expressions of our Secre- 
 tary have lead me to think. The Utah delegation are naturally of an 
 inquisitive sort but since coming to Missouri they have been imbued with 
 that indomitable spirit of "show me." We have been shown a great 
 many things by the people of Missouri. We have been shown some 
 of the best mines in the United States, and we have been shown the 
 best hospitality that I remember having been shown during my oxperi- 
 ence with the American Mining Congress, which extends over a period of 
 five years. We have also been shown some of the prettiest girls I have 
 seen west of the Mississippi. Now, Mr. Chairman, I think we are en- 
 titled to be shown by the officers of the American Mining Congress or 
 by those who represent Colorado as to that mining home that the Secre- 
 tary referred to. Some three years Salt Lake City entered into the arena 
 and battled against Denver for the permanent headquarters of the Amer- 
 ican Mining Congress. We were beaten fairly and squarely, and we 
 yielded as every man or every member of a community ought to do, but 
 three years have passed, and we yet have to see the foundation stone of 
 that temple laid. We have been promised by several individuals of 
 Colorado, but as yet the promises are still in the air. Utah now calls 
 upon Colorado to give an account of their stewardship. Where is the 
 temple, the wonder that was going to be built? 
 
 MR. GALIGER, OF MONTANA: I do not wish to take sides in this 
 controversy between Utah and Colorado, but I believe I have the same 
 right to take the floor in the defense of Montana in the same way that 
 Dr. Buckley had to take the part of Joplin, Missouri with reference to 
 the paper which has been presented here. I feel that no member of this 
 Congress, if matters not what the proposition is has the right and die 
 right should not be delegated to him, of making a report on a mining prop- 
 erty which, as Dr. Buckley has said, he is not fitted, to judge. We have 
 excellent and competent mining engineers who have passed through ths 
 various colleges, have paid their money to become educated so that they 
 may be able to advise the public, and who are in a position to report cor- 
 rectly, and who are at this time endeavoring to have laws passed whereby 
 they will be responsible for reports which they will make upon the 
 various mining properties; and therefore I say that it ought not to be 
 within the province of you or I or any other member of this Congress to 
 make reports, or knock against any man's proposition. We call that 
 knocking in our country. What right would I have to make a report on a 
 mining property located in Nevada or anywhere else, that I had not seen. 
 None whatever. Now I say this in the kindliest of feeling, but I think 
 it is wrong, and I think that those propositions should be referred to our 
 mining experts and to those men who have studied mines and minerals 
 and who shall receive a just compensation for the work which they have 
 before them. Thank you. (Applause.) 
 
48 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 COLONEL EWING: The report of the Committee on nomination 
 is ready. 
 
 The Secretary then read the report of the Committee of Nominations 
 as follows: 
 
 Joplin, Mo., Nov. 13, 1907. 
 
 Your Committee on Nominations makes the following nominations: 
 For three years, 
 
 John Bern of Utah, 
 George W. E. Dorsey of Nebraska, 
 Dr. E. R. Buckley of Missouri. 
 For one year term, 
 
 A. L. White of Ohio. R. L. MARTIN, 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 DR. HOLMES, OF WASHINGTON, D. C.: I make the motion that 
 the Secretary be instructed to cast the ballot of the members of this 
 organization for the four names that have just been read as directors 
 of this organization. 
 
 MR. WHITE, OF OHIO: I second the motion. 
 
 The motion being then put by the chair was unanimously carried 
 and the Secretary was so instructed. 
 
 SECRETARY CALLBREATH: In accordance with your instructions 
 I have cast the unanimous ballot of the members present for John Dern, 
 George W. E. Dorsey and E. R. Buckley to serve as directors for three 
 years, and for A. L. White to serve as director tor one year and until 
 their successors are duly elected and qualified. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS : . This elects four directors for the terms 
 stated. These four men of course I know personally and I have never 
 seen such devotion to the cause in my life as I have seen from these men 
 that have just been elected as members of this board. They have spent 
 their money and given their time, and I think that it is an expression of 
 confidence in those men to re-elect them which they will fully appreciate. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH, OF UTAH: I renew my question of information about 
 the mining temple. We are entitled to know something of what has been 
 done. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: I really have no control over the Colo- 
 rado delegation. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH: Here they are. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: They don't seem ready to respond. 
 
 T. M. HO WELL, OF COLORADO: I want to state, Mr. Chairman 
 and fellow delegates, when I was elected chairman of our delegation, I 
 did not suppose for one moment that they were going to call upon me 
 to respond to anything in the convention. It was simply to look after 
 the men here. I will state, however, that looking over the program I 
 find our ex-Governor C. S. Thomas was to report on this matter. I saw 
 Governor Thomas a few days before I left Denver, and it was the under- 
 standing that he would be here, but Governor Thomas was detained in 
 Iowa as I understand it, before the Iowa Supreme Court, and could -not 
 be .here. I think probably some other member of the delegation knows 
 more about the temple proposition than I do. I am simply offering this 
 as an explanation of why the report has not been made. As far as talk- 
 ing about the temple is concerned, there are quite a bunch of orators in 
 our delegation. I don't happen to be one of them. 
 
 DR. J. A. HOLMES: There is a point with reference to increasing 
 the membership of the Congress. The growth of an organization depends 
 upon the work of the organization, upon the enthusiasm, and the con- 
 scientious straightforward work of the members, and the effort made by 
 the members of this organization toward inducing others to join the c rgan- 
 ization. It is worth a great deal more than any effort which any one per- 
 son can make or any small number of persons. I am glad the Secretary 
 has made the efforts which he has by sending a representative through 
 the country, in soliciting memberships for this organization, but I think 
 the way to get members from this time on is through the individual 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 49 
 
 effort of members already existing in the organization. I think the sug- 
 gestion made that every member should secure not one or two or three 
 or four members but ten, as the gentleman suggested, a point to be con- 
 sidered by the enthusiastic worker as the minimum of the influence he 
 would bring to bear and the number of members he would look forward 
 to bringing into the organization and the policy to work to. I believe 
 if the 400 active members of this organization will be active in reality that 
 we will have not 400 but several thousand of members within the next 
 few years. I think that is within the possibilities, and I think it is within 
 the practical, and I think it is the thing to do. 
 
 MR. R. H. KEMP, OF WASHINGTON: -It appears to rue that there 
 should be a great deal more publicity about the Mining Congress and some 
 means should be devised whereby its objects and aims should be pro- 
 mulgated throughout the United States. I may be on delicate ground, 
 being editor of the Northwest Mining Journal, but I think this Congress 
 ought to be more thoroughly advertised. Not long ago in the city 01! 
 Spokane in the office of the ex-district judge of the territory of Wash- 
 ington, an ex-United States senator was present, when your representative 
 called and talked to him regarding the American Mining Congress. After 
 some conversation the ex-United States senator scratched the bald place 
 on his head and said: "An institution I know nothing of." After being 
 entertained as I have been in the state of Missouri the greatest enter- 
 tainment I have ever had upon the Atlantic or Pacific coast, I am almost 
 ashamed to say that that ex-United States senator was born in the state 
 of Missouri. I take the responsibility of saying that we need more pub- 
 licity. We want others to know what we are, what our objects are and 
 what we are doing. 
 
 MR. FRANK E. WIRE, OF ILLINOIS: Relative to the matter of 
 obtaining more members for the American Mining Congress I think that 
 we ought to adopt some plan to bring about an increased jnembership. I 
 have a little suggestion to make along this line and it is this: That every 
 member of the American Mining Congress give three names of de- 
 sirable people, of his best friends, to the Secretary, and that the Secre- 
 tary write to these three individuals and say "Mr. John Smith, your 
 friend, has suggested that I write you relative to your becoming a mem- 
 ber of the American Mining Congress." Write him a nice letter, giving 
 him information concerning our organization, its purposes, etc. Tell him 
 that M'r. John Smith would be glad to give him further information. Let the 
 Secretary keep in touch with these people. I believe in this way we 
 could greatly increase our membership. I believe that fifty per cent, of 
 these names could be brought into the organization. I believe this is prac- 
 tical and feasible and that it will work. What we want here is tictive 
 work and not theories. We want something to do, something we can 
 act on, and if everyone constitutes himself a committee of one to go out 
 and get members, we will get members. In the first years of its life the 
 American Mining Congress was a joke, but now it is compelling the re- 
 spect of not only people in high places in the government of the United 
 States, but by foreign consuls in this country, for the careful management 
 lor its ideals and for the enthusiasm its members have shown for the 
 good of mining interests and the work of the organization. Another 
 thing, the American Mining Congress used to be considered a Western or 
 a Southwestern Congress; it was not considered as an Ameri- 
 can institution, but the progressive policy of its management has now 
 placed it where it is a national mining congress, an American Miring 
 Congress in reality. I would like to see the plan which I have sug- 
 gested tried. 
 
 MAJOR F. C. VINCENT, OF MISSOURI: I would like to take issue in 
 some respects with the gentleman from Illinois. When Dr. Bell first in- 
 vented the telephone he was a joke. When Morse invented the tele- 
 graph he was a joke. When practically all the institutions we now onjoy 
 first came to the notice of the people they were jokes. I believe the 
 American Mining Congress is and always has been a dignified institu- 
 
 ^wv*"V 
 
 Of THE . A 
 
 (UNIVERSITY) 
 
 OF ~J 
 
 ^^ 
 
 S 
 
50 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 tion from the time of its inception and that it has reached that postion 
 where it is a representative body of representative mining men. 
 
 Now, as to the matter of correspondence. I think personal work 
 can do much more than letters. I have not the least hesitancy in the 
 world in turning down my best friend through a stenographer, but when 
 my best friend takes off his coat and spends two or three hours with me, 
 stays with me and keeps after me week in and week out and month after 
 month and gives me no peace until I do what he wants me to, it is pretty 
 likely that he will get me on his proposition. I find in my own business 
 that a long distance proposition does not appeal to me. But if a man 
 comes where I am and gives me a personal talk, if his proposition is any 
 good, I am usually in the end with him. This endless chain proposition 
 will work, as it did with the National Druggist Association, which started 
 with twenty members and now has 20,000. Its the personal work that 
 counts. 
 
 MR. JOHN DERN, OF UTAH: I know that my friend Mr. Joseph 
 will not be satisfied unless his inquiry as to the present status of the 
 mining temple is answered, I believe that before closing this session this 
 matter, which concerns us all, should be taken up and that it is the duty 
 of the board of directors to give the report called for, so that ail of us 
 present may know what has been and is being done. We would like to 
 know the present status. Our worthy Secretary, Mr. Callbreata, I be- 
 lieve is in a position to give us this information and I ask him to explain 
 it to every one present so that we may know in just what state the Ameri- 
 can Mining Congress Temple is. 
 
 SECRETARY CALLBREATH: After the location of the permanent 
 home in Denver, various plans were discussed. Your Secretary under- 
 took to bring about the adoption of a plan to erect such a building from 
 the proceeds of a sale of bonds. The plan was carefully prepared upon 
 the basis of a bond issue of $300,000, it being expected that the bonds 
 would be issued for a long time and at a low rate of interest, and that 
 individuals could be induced to subscribe for these bonds partly as an in- 
 vestment and partly as a matter of assistance to the American Mining 
 Congress in its work. It was proposed at that time to put up a business 
 block, to keep one or two floors, or whatever space might be necessary, 
 for the work of the Congress and to lease out the other rooms, and as our 
 departments should grow, to cut down the space occupied by tenants, 
 and eventually to have the building to ourselves. That these bonds 
 could be paid out of membership dues, and fees and from the revenue 
 derived from the building. 
 
 This plan was presented to your board of directors. Your President 
 and one or two of the other directors felt that when this building was 
 competed, it should be paid for, and after conference with prominent 
 mining men in Denver, who also agreed with the directors the bond 
 plan was not approved. It was thought best to postpone the entire mat- 
 ter until provisions could be made to raise the cash necessary for such 
 a building. It was believed the building should be paid for when com- 
 pleted, that it should be a monument to the mining industry, and that 
 it should be so arranged as to its ownership that it would not be possible 
 that it should ever be used for any other purpose. It was also suggested 
 that the legislature pass a bill providing that the state of Colorado should 
 hold in trust such building and appropriating $250,000 for the purpose ol 
 building this temple. Such a bill was presented to the legislature but 
 it was found that there was no money available in the state fund out 
 of whi^h the money could be appropriated. 
 
 The matter was presented to the finance committees of the 
 two branches of the legislature and they agreed if it was possible ro find 
 the fund that the money would be appropriated, to be held in trust by the 
 state of Colorado for the benefit of the Congress, to be used in the build- 
 ing when arrangements were completed. We did finally succeed in get- 
 ting a small appropriation for that purpose an appropriation of $10,000 
 and the bill was passed in that form so that we are now ready to proceed 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 51 
 
 along that line. The Colorado members of the Congress have not been 
 asleep. The President and the Directors have believed that some mining 
 man in this country, having made his millions, will donate money for 
 this purpose, with the idea of making this temple so magnificent that 
 there will be nothing like it in this western country. It is now proposed 
 to raise $1,500,000 for that purpose. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: It may be fitting for me to say something 
 in this connection. I do not want to shirk responsibility in this matter. 
 It is evident that the Secretary has shifted responsibility on my should- 
 ers. The Colorado people came before the Board of Directors and pre- 
 sented the outline of a plan to raise money for a mining temple by the 
 issuance of bonds, and a large part of the directors were in favor of this 
 plan. After hearing what they had to say, I said to my colleagues, "That 
 is entirely too cheap according to my ideas. I believe that the mining 
 men of this country, when they bring the great possibilities of mining 
 before the American people, and the American miner, that ho has got 
 generosity enough in his heart to build on that great site in Colorado, 
 with that magnificent view in front of him, a temple that will be worthy 
 of the mining industry of America." I said, "If I am the man that ever 
 gives enough to build that temple, I want it dedicated to that use for- 
 ever. I don't want it sold out under a bond foreclosure or a mortgage 
 foreclosure, and let somebody get it for nothing. I don't want it sold 
 on a debt or for taxes. I want to know the building is to be dedicated 
 for all time to come to the uses and for the benefit of the mining in- 
 dustry of this country." I said "Don't be in a hurry. When you get this 
 thing in shape. When you need this money, you will get 
 it." My aim is to get on a foundation worthy of this 
 Congress and of the mining men of the country. I said "That is the 
 foundation on which I want it to rest not on a bond foreclosure. I have 
 no question in my mind about the money. That is a small thing. What 
 I want to do is just to get the hearts of the mining men united. I 
 haven't any question about our getting two million, if we need it, not a 
 bit. I haven't any doubt about it. It is possible, if you are not in too big 
 a hurry. (Applause.) The thing to do is to get the hearts of the mining 
 men warm, to insure their co-operation, and when their hearts are right, 
 we will get the money. 
 
 I am perfectly willing to assume the responsibility of this delay. I 
 did state to those men, if we raise money to build the temple, Colorado 
 must endow it so that it wll be a monument to the mining interests for- 
 ever. They have agreed to do that or we will take it somewhere else 
 where they will do it. What Colorado will not do, somebody else will. 
 I believe we will erect there in the midst of those great mountains, a 
 temple that will express all that is grand, beautiful and enduring in min- 
 ing, and I believe the men will come forward for that purpose. And I be- 
 lieve when that is done, we will have interest enough in those men who 
 have made it possible to erect this temple, that the statues of those men 
 will be placed in the temple as an inspiration to the mining men of this 
 country for all future years. That is why I stated to you that we were 
 putting aside a permanent fund for that purpose. 
 
 I know in the years that are yet to come a few more of those great 
 big mining men like you saw sitting on the stage last night with the 
 fidelity they have shown during the last five years will join us, and we 
 will command the respect of this great country for our generation. We 
 have it now. When we go down there and have a conference with the 
 Secretary of the Interior and at the first conference he says "No. You 
 are not entitled to that;" at the second conference he says: "I am in 
 doubt;" and at the third conference, he says: "Your are right," we are 
 gaining ground. We have sent annually to the President of the United 
 States, ever since the present one has been in office, resolutions and let- 
 ters asking his support. We never have had it so far, but when you go 
 right directly before him, representing with full authority to speak for' 
 the mining men of the Western country, he says "What do you mining 
 
52 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 men want." I told you last night what we told him, and we got it in a 
 minute. He is that kind of a man, and he will do just what he said he 
 would do. We will get the law passed and on that we will found a de- 
 partment. That this nation will be brought to give us the same ser- 
 vice it renders to the agriculturist. 
 
 Suppose it takes ten years to build our temple. Our ideas may change 
 in that .time, but when we get it, it will represent all that is beautiful and 
 grand and enduring and useful. If I am wrong in that, I am glad to be 
 corrected, but I think I am responsible to a large extent for the delay in 
 this matter because I am trying to work out a problem. 
 
 I am glad to hear these expressions from you, no matter whether you 
 agree with me or not. It is better that you should disagree so that the 
 best may be brought out. I may not be expressing that which is best, 
 but if I am not, you ought to express it. I think at this time I am justified 
 in saying that I agree in the remarks of the gentleman from Montana 
 about this information bureau. It has never pleased me. It does not 
 seem to me it is along the right lines. I know we undertook it for a while 
 with my tacit consent, but I am not pleased with it. It does not im- 
 press me favorably, but at t,he same time if any good can be brought 
 from it, I am willing to put aside my personal views along that line. 
 
 I want you to express yourself what you think in these matters so 
 that I can catch a good thought from you. You have placed me here this 
 year to guide the deliberations of this body next year. I have no words 
 in which to express the gratitude I feel for the confidence that has been 
 placed in me for the past five years. When you can find a better man than 
 myself for the place, I hope for the sake of every one you will select him 
 in my place, and I will be the first man to support him, but until you do 
 and you feel you need me, you have the right to command me. 
 
 It has been suggested to me that on account of the time which it has 
 taken and the expenses I have incurred I ought to have a salary. I said 
 "When you undertake to put me on a salary, I withdraw. When you un- 
 dertake to give me a salary, you take away my power, just as they did 
 with Sampson when they cut his hair. I want to do this work, because I 
 want to arouse the best of the mining men of the country. I have di- 
 rectors for the next year in whom I have the most absolute confidence. 
 Let us hear your expression on these matters. I hope I have not detained 
 you too long. 
 
 If there is no further business to come before this meeting, if there is 
 no objection, we will stand adjourned until tomorrow at 9 : 30. 
 
 THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 1907. 
 Morning Session. 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT BUCKLEY: The Congress will come to order. 
 
 COL. DORSET: As Chairman of the Resolutions Committee I re- 
 port the following substitute for resolutions No. 1, which I will ask the 
 Secretary to read. 
 
 The Secretary read the resolution as follows: 
 
 Resolutions No. 1. 
 
 The following is offered by the Committee on Resolutions as a sub- 
 stitute for Resolution No. 1, and embodies the resolution introduced "by 
 Mr. Lewis E. Aubury, of California: 
 
 Whereas, Many evils are recognized to exist in the acquisition of 
 title to the public lands of the United States under the present laws of 
 the United States; and, 
 
 Whereas, It is recognized that the present laws of the United States 
 do not adequately provide for all the conditions under which mineral de- 
 posits are now known to occur, neither sufficiently protecting the rights 
 of the people against the speculative acquirement of large areas of the 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 53 
 
 national domain, nor enabling the honest acquirement of such areas of 
 territory as modern conditions have shown to be necessary in many 
 cases. Therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, That the American Mining Congress, in convention assem- 
 bled, urges upon the Congress of the United States, the immediate re- 
 vision of the public land laws in such a way as to correct the evils cited 
 above. And be it further 
 
 Resolved, That pending the passage of such a revised general land 
 law the American Mining Congress recommends the enactment of a law 
 providing that on all patents for lands classified as other than mineral 
 which may be issued in the meanwhile, all mineral rights shall be re- 
 served by the government and that separate patents shall be issued 
 for such mineral rights after the proper requirements have been com- 
 plied with. 
 
 Upon motion duly made, seconded and put, the resolution was adopted. 
 
 COL. DORSEY: The Committee on Resolutions then reported back 
 Resolution No. 7, offered by Dr. Alderson, with an amendment striking 
 out "Department of Mines and Mining" and substituting therefor "Bureau 
 of Mines and Mining." with that exception Resolution No. 7 is recom- 
 mended for adoption. The Secretary will read the Resolution as 
 amended: 
 
 The Secretary read the Resolution as follows: 
 
 Resolution No. 7. 
 (Introduced by Dr. Victor C. Alderson, of Colorado.) 
 
 Whereas, The education of young men for the mining profession is a 
 most important element in the upbuilding of the mining industry and the 
 placing of it upon a substantial and economic basis, and 
 
 Whereas, The National Association of State Mining Schools has 
 been energetic in urging legislation in behalf of mining education, and 
 
 Whereas, The interests of the National Association of State Mining 
 Schools and the American Mining Congress are in many ways identical, 
 therefore be it 
 
 Resolved, That the National Association of State Mining Schools is 
 hereby invited heartily to co-operate with the American Mining Congress 
 in the securing of its objects, and particularly in its efforts to secure a 
 Bureau of Mines and Mining. 
 
 Upon motion duly made, seconded and put, the Resolution was unani- 
 mously adopted. 
 
 COL DORSEY: Mr. President a letter from the Nevada and Los 
 Angeles Mining Stock Exchange and a telegram from Congressman Bart- 
 lett of Nevada, asks this Congress to adopt a resolution recommending 
 that the assessment work required for the year 1907 be omitted, was re- 
 ferred to this comittee. It would be impossible for Congress to take 
 action during the month of December. Such a proposition could scarcely 
 be introduced in time to take effect during this year, so your committee 
 deem it wise to ask that this matter be laid upon the table. I therefore 
 make a motion that it be laid upon the table. 
 
 Which motion being duly seconded, and put, was unanimously car- 
 ried. 
 
 Report of Credentials Committee made as follows: 
 
 Joplin, Mo., Nov. 14, 1907. 
 To the Tenth Annual Session of the American Mining Congress: 
 
 We, the members of the Credentials Committee, find upon examination 
 of the credentials presented that the following number of persons, from 
 the different States, respectively, are entitled to seats in this Congress as 
 Delegates : 
 
 Alaska 2 
 
 Arizona 5 
 
 Arkansas 32 
 
 California 4 
 
 Colorado 21 
 
 Connecticut . 1 
 
54 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 District of Columbia 7 
 
 Idaho 5 
 
 Illinois 27 
 
 Indiana 6 
 
 Indian Territory % 5 
 
 Iowa 1 
 
 Kansas 43 
 
 Massachusetts . . . : , 2 
 
 Mexico 1 
 
 Michigan 1 
 
 Minnesota 3 
 
 Mississippi 1 
 
 Missouri . 105 
 
 Montana 2 
 
 Nebraska 2 
 
 Nevada 6 
 
 New Mexico 5 
 
 New York 4 
 
 Oklahoma 7 
 
 Ohio 12 
 
 Pennsylvania 5 
 
 South Carolina 1 
 
 South Dakota 2 
 
 Tennessee 3 
 
 Texas 1 
 
 Utah 9 
 
 Washington 2 
 
 West Virginia 2 
 
 Wisconsin 4 
 
 Wyoming 5 
 
 Total 344 
 
 (Signed) E. O. BARTLETT, Chairman. 
 (Signed) H. W. WTLKER, Secretary. 
 (Signed) CHAS. T. HUTCHINSON. 
 
 List of Delegates. 
 
 ALASKA. 
 
 Yarmell, L. G Nome 
 
 Baklry, H. G. C Fairbanks 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 
 Bell, C. B Douglas 
 
 Badger, S. S Douglas 
 
 Dooglan, S. S Douglas 
 
 Lewandowski, J. A Douglas 
 
 Royce, W. K Tucson 
 
 Ewing, Col. Thos Vivian 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 Bunch, J. A Harrison 
 
 Campbell, W. P. .- St. Joe 
 
 Estes, Ambrose W Yellville 
 
 Gehr, P. H Mountain Home 
 
 Crane, A. T Kenden Springs 
 
 Duncan, G. . Dodd City 
 
 Hand, J. H Yellville 
 
 For, A. A Harrison 
 
 Purdue, A. H Fayetteville 
 
 Smith, H. W Led Hill 
 
 Zimmerman, Ed. Harrison 
 
 Floyd, J. C Yellville 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 55 
 
 Layton, W. E Yellville 
 
 Jackman, H. H H Fort Smith 
 
 Brown. L. L Zinc 
 
 Crampton, EL J Leslie 
 
 Buie, Henry T Buffalo 
 
 Fredricks, L. G Buffalo 
 
 Payne, H. R . .' Yellville 
 
 Lane, L. M Eureka Springs 
 
 Lane, Mrs. L. M; Eureka Springs 
 
 Lane, Zella Eureka Springs 
 
 Barham, E Zinc 
 
 Cane, D. W, Zinc 
 
 McDonald, John Helena 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Ward, W. W San Francisco 
 
 Hutchinson, Chas. T San Francisco 
 
 Sargent, Geo. M Los Angeles 
 
 Harper, J. H Los Angeles 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 Alderson, Victor C Golden 
 
 Comstock, A. R Idaho Siprings 
 
 Clerc, F. L Denver 
 
 Daniels, Wm. P '" Denver 
 
 Hoskin, Arthur J Golden 
 
 Howell, T. M Denver 
 
 Koch, W. A Denver 
 
 Gardner, J. M Cripple Creek 
 
 Proske, T. H Denver 
 
 Wetherill, W. C Denver 
 
 Thomas, W. B Canon City 
 
 Thompson, H. L Denver 
 
 Wood, John R Denver 
 
 Martin, R. L Central City 
 
 Dubbs, Capt. J. A. Denver 
 
 Callbreath, Jas. F .Denver 
 
 Davis, Robert W Silverton 
 
 Davis, Mrs. R. W Silverton 
 
 Downey, Chas. J Denver 
 
 Pease, L. A Slater 
 
 Mills, W. F. R Denver 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Huntoon, L. D New Haven 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 Hess, Frank L Washington 
 
 Campbell, M. R ^ Washington 
 
 Lindgren, Waldemar Washington 
 
 Smith, Geo. Otis Washington 
 
 Brooks, Alfred H Washington 
 
 Upham, Nellie C Washington 
 
 Holmes, Dr. J. A Washington 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 Samuels, H. H Wallace 
 
 Berkshire, J. H Boise 
 
 Berkshire, Mrs. J. H '. Boise 
 
 Whitsel, R. P Wallace 
 
 Richards, J. H Boise 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 Bain, H. Foster UrbiJia 
 
 Baxter, E. J Nauvoo 
 
 Clark, H. S Chicago 
 
 Christy, G Murphytown 
 
 Dotiglan, W. A , Chicago 
 
56 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 DeWolf, F. W. . . Champaign 
 
 Ede, J. A. t La Salle 
 
 Fisher, A. C Chicago 
 
 Holman, J. W Chicago 
 
 Tisley, Lyman A Chicago 
 
 Kutch, W. G. . . La Salle 
 
 Murray, Hugh , Equality 
 
 Murray, Mrs. Hugh. . Equality 
 
 George, C. W Chicago 
 
 Greene, L. A Chicago 
 
 Moravia, W Chicago 
 
 Newson, R. Peoria 
 
 Noon. Thomas F : "... Peru 
 
 Girley, L. A. . Chicago 
 
 Skinner, M. B Chicago 
 
 Treat, Curt M Chicago 
 
 Terrill, H : Colchester 
 
 Wire, Frank E Libertyville 
 
 Lake, John Perry 
 
 Elmer, H. M' Chicago 
 
 Rice, G. S Chicago 
 
 INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 Colman, G. L. . . . . Miami 
 
 Neal, W. B. . Miami 
 
 Robinson, J. F. . . . Miami 
 
 Pelson, F. D .' ^ Wallace 
 
 Rozelle, F. M. . . . . . Wallace 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 Campbell, D. O Cleveland 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 Cooley, B Galena 
 
 Hazen, J. H Curranville 
 
 Moore, J. C Galena 
 
 Mackie, D. J Scammon 
 
 Mackie, Mrs. D. J Scammon 
 
 Gilday, F Pittsburg 
 
 Clure, A. W, . . Galena 
 
 Nevins, E. S. . : . . . . Pittsburg 
 
 Fry, G. A lola 
 
 Stevens, O. V lola 
 
 Rodgers, J. O lola 
 
 Keplinger, Mrs. JVT. E Baxter Springs 
 
 Cooke, H. V H Lawrence 
 
 Holliday, John. . Pittsburg 
 
 Vest, T. J Galena 
 
 Watson, J. W. . Baxter Springs 
 
 Watson, Mrs. J. W. Baxter Springs 
 
 Ping, Robert. Galena 
 
 Bramlette, S. A. . . . West Mineral 
 
 Gilman, Robert Pittsburg 
 
 Young, C. M Lawrence 
 
 McClure, W. H. . . . lola 
 
 Pompeney, Dr. Jos. A. Frontenac 
 
 Lindsay, W. M Pittsburg 
 
 Spencer, Chas Stippeville 
 
 Bickell, Peter Frontenac 
 
 McManus, P. L West Mineral 
 
 Haworth, E Lawrence 
 
 Sneever, C. D ' Columbus 
 
 M'ason, E. E Independence 
 
 Fletcher, Joseph. . . . - . .* Fontenac 
 
 Lynch, John Pittsburg 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 57 
 
 Mason, L. C Independence 
 
 McElhenie, A. J Pittsburg 
 
 Howat, Alex. Pittsburg 
 
 Sweeney, C. M Weir City 
 
 Williams, J. H Weir City 
 
 MEXICO. 
 Gregory, J. R. . . Boutery 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 Ameling, H. R St. Louis 
 
 Clushong, J. F Fredericktown 
 
 Terr, Mrs. A. L, Alba 
 
 Buckley, E. R Rolla 
 
 Buckley, Mrs. E. R. . . . Rolla 
 
 Thomas, R. C Bevier 
 
 Brinsmade, R. B * St. Louis 
 
 Bowles, W. A ., Granby 
 
 Bowles, Mrs. W. A. . Granby 
 
 Hogan, W. G Kansas City 
 
 Underwood, J. R Granby 
 
 Underwood, Mrs. J. R Granby 
 
 Buehler, H. A. Flat River 
 
 Veatch, J. C Webb City 
 
 Bruce, F. D. St. Joe 
 
 Watson, Wm Webb City 
 
 Durley, John Carthage 
 
 Warne, G. W Carterville 
 
 Erner, Mrs. C. A. Alba 
 
 Watermann, C. H. Aurora 
 
 Elliott, Mrs. C. E. '. Oronogo 
 
 Wilker, H. W St. Louis 
 
 Hevghill, J. P Joplin 
 
 Monurl, George Moberly 
 
 Kingston, J Granby 
 
 Ground, C. W Carthage 
 
 Kirby, E. B Flat River 
 
 Newell, J. P. Carthage 
 
 Leonard, W. D . St. Louis 
 
 Perkins, E Granby 
 
 Moore. Mrs. J. A Oronogo 
 
 Perkins, Mrs. E Granby 
 
 Gamm, G. P /. Monett 
 
 Ragland, W Webb City 
 
 Gatch, Elias S St. Louis 
 
 Smith, C. H Carterville 
 
 Brand, J. H Canon City 
 
 Cantwell, Harry J St. Louis 
 
 Lamgenhol, A. D. . . . St. Louis 
 
 Spencer, Mrs. N. C Sarcoxfe 
 
 Moore, Miss M'. D. Sarcoxie 
 
 Vincent, Maj. F. C. Kansas City 
 
 Vincent, Mrs. F. C Kansas City 
 
 Crall, J. S .Kansas City 
 
 Shephard, Prof. E. M. Springfield 
 
 Cole, Amadee B St. Louis 
 
 Ladd, G. E Rolla 
 
 Scott, W. H. . . . Aurora 
 
 Coleman, M. L. Aurora 
 
 Reppy, W. E Carl Junction 
 
 Jones, T. C Webb City 
 
 Swinford, C. G Pickering 
 
 Morse, P. R St. Louis 
 
 Boyd, J. S. . Carthage 
 
58 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Robinson, R. C Kansas City 
 
 Johnson, R. C Carl Junction 
 
 Tandum' C. W. Carthage 
 
 Etter, J. F Kansas City 
 
 ProudHt, H. K Kansas City 
 
 Burkhardt, G. L. Joplin 
 
 Clark, Hon. . . . .' . Kansas City 
 
 Germern, A. H Webb City 
 
 Brihir, D. J Webb City 
 
 Wing, L. W Joplin 
 
 Whiteside, Carthage 
 
 Bowlen, J. A. Kansas City 
 
 Cole, H. C Carterville 
 
 Campbell, W. J Kansas City 
 
 Kane, W. B Carterville 
 
 Stone, R. S. . . . Carterville 
 
 Gondborn, W. J Carterville 
 
 Campbell, H. C Carterville 
 
 Kelton, Mrs. T. W Aurora 
 
 Miller, M'rs. E. B Aurora 
 
 Mathis, Mrs. M Aurora 
 
 Pfan, Mrs. E. W Aurora 
 
 Horstman, G. W Kansas City 
 
 Sinclair, P. R Aurora 
 
 Sinclair, Mrs. P. R Aurora 
 
 Elliott, C. E Oronogo 
 
 Elliott, Mrs. C. E Oronogo 
 
 Marchbank, H. B Joplin 
 
 Fortis, J. B., Jr Kansas City 
 
 Gounde, C. W Carthage 
 
 Wampler, W. W Webb City 
 
 Ayers, J. F St. Louis 
 
 Newell, J. P Carthage 
 
 Malcolmson, J. W t Kansas City 
 
 Jansen, L. H Kansas City 
 
 Young, L. E. . . . Rolla 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 Richmond. N. S Calumet 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Winchell, H , Minneapolis 
 
 Winchell, Mrs. H. . . . Minneapolis 
 
 Brown, F. A Duluth 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 Roach, Miss E Sardis 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 Galiger, C. Butte 
 
 Galiger, Mrs. C Butte 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 Dorsey, Geo. W. E Fremont 
 
 Oberfelder, R. S Fremont 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Fowler, S. N New York City 
 
 Porter, William M (Madison Sq. Garden) New York City 
 
 Ingalls, W. R. (505 Pearl St.) New York City 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Whiteside, D. B Cappertoe 
 
 Whiteside, Mrs D. B Cappertoe 
 
 Adams, A. K Socorro 
 
 Bent, Geo. B Tularosa 
 
 Marschall, B. F Albuquerque 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 59 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Stoek, H. H. Scrantbn 
 
 Owens, W. D Pittsburg 
 
 Wilkins, W. O Pittsburg 
 
 Kirkwood, A. B Pittsburg 
 
 Weeks, W. S Pittsburg 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 Riepe, Richard A Ely 
 
 Ladd, N. P '. Carson City 
 
 Bride, Edwin L Reno 
 
 Burk, P Yerington 
 
 Burk, Mrs. P Yerington 
 
 Hanby, J. Walter Yerington 
 
 Hanby, J. Walter, M'rs Yerington 
 
 Elkins, John T Goldfield 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Harmon, B. H Columbus 
 
 Patrick, Fred L Columbus 
 
 Caylor, Edward H Columbus 
 
 Bassell, John Y Columbus 
 
 Lentz, John J Columbus 
 
 Bennan, E. H. . . . Cleveland 
 
 White, F. Wallace Cleveland 
 
 White, Mrs. F. W Cleveland 
 
 Bartlett, C. O Cleveland 
 
 White, Arthur L Lima 
 
 OKLAHOMA. 
 
 Flagger, E. D Perry 
 
 Flagger, Mrs. E. D Perry 
 
 Gould, D. N Norman 
 
 Sidell, Wm. T, . .Bartletsville 
 
 Gault, D. A. . . . . , Bartletsville 
 
 Gault, Mrs. D. A Bartletsville 
 
 Vore J. H Stillwater 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 Scaif e, H. L Clinton 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 Andrew, W. B. . Salt Lake 
 
 Bradford, R. H Salt Lake 
 
 Dern, John Salt Lake 
 
 Joseph, Harry S. Salt Lake 
 
 Lehman, B. N. . . . Salt Lake 
 
 Riter, Geo. W Salt Lake 
 
 Brimhall, Geo. H. . . Provo 
 
 Knight, Jesse. Provo 
 
 Knight, Mrs. Jesse Provo 
 
 ' WASHINGTON. 
 
 Krury, R. H Spokane 
 
 Kemp, Randall H. . . . . Spokane 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 Payne, Dr. Henry M Morgantown 
 
 Paul, James W. Charleston 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Wright, E. O .' Milwaukee 
 
 Dugdale, R. I Platteville 
 
 Smalley, S. E Cuba City 
 
 Fox, Morris F Madison 
 
60 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 Minimn, A. E Casper 
 
 Grant, M. N Laramie 
 
 Saul, Henry. . : Laramie 
 
 Rife, Ed. H Rock Springs 
 
 LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS. 
 Life Members Marked (L). 
 
 Abbott, A. F Denver, Colorado 
 
 Acheson, Edward G Niagara Falls. New York 
 
 Adams, Arthur K Socorro, New Mexico 
 
 Adams, Everett F Reno, Nevada 
 
 Airis, E. H Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Akers, C. H Phoenix, Arizona 
 
 Alderson, Victor C. (L.) Golden, Colorado 
 
 Alexander, F. J Denver, Colorado 
 
 Allen, C. A Deadwood, South Dakota 
 
 Allen, Watson Seattle, Washington 
 
 Ameling, H. R St. Louis, Missouri 
 
 Anderson, Chas. H Denver, Colorado 
 
 Anderson, G. Scott Wallace, Idaho 
 
 Arkell, Edwin Reno, Nevada 
 
 Armstrong, L. K Spokane, Washington 
 
 Atwood, Mrs. E. C New York City 
 
 Auerbach, S. H Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Ayers, Geo. V. Deadwood, South Dakota 
 
 Azbell, Chas. C Eaton, Arkansas 
 
 Bailey, G. E :Los Angeles, California 
 
 Bailey, R. W Denver, Colorado 
 
 Baker, E, P Laramie, Wyoming 
 
 Baker, Henry C Ogden, Utah 
 
 Baldwin, M. M. Cripple Creek, Colorado 
 
 Bartlett, C. O Cleveland, Ohio 
 
 Bartlett, Sydney E. Cheyenne, Wyoming 
 
 Baumgartner, Matt (L.) Spokane, Washington 
 
 Becker, Chas. M Victor, Colorado 
 
 Bedell, S. A Needles, California 
 
 Beeler, Henry C Cheyenne, Wyoming 
 
 Beekman, Edd A. Washington, D. C. 
 
 Belcher, J. R Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Bell, C. B Douglas, Arizona 
 
 Bell, Edward Cripple Creek, Colorado 
 
 Bellamy, Chas. N Evansville, Indiana 
 
 Bentley, L. B Organ, New Mexico 
 
 Benzie, W. R Denver, Colorado 
 
 Bernier, R. L Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Settles, A. J. (L.) Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Beveridge, A. E Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Bidwell, Geo. F. : Omaha, Nebraska 
 
 Blatt, John A Lead, South Dakota 
 
 Blochberger, F. R Portland, Oregon 
 
 Blumenberg, Henry Jr .Daggett, California 
 
 Borden, Gail Los Angeles, California 
 
 Bowen, H. M' Oakland, California 
 
 Bracking-Ebbley Inv. Co Wallace, Idaho 
 
 Bradbury, Mrs. Jennie .Denver, Colorado 
 
 Brady, P. A Greenhorn, Oregon 
 
 Brandes, Juan Felix Denver, Colorado 
 
 Bransford, W. H Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Bridgman, W. E '. Denver, Colorado 
 
 Brooks, Alfred H Washington, J). C. 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 61 
 
 Brougner, W Carson City, Nevada 
 
 Brown, C. T Socorro, New Mexico 
 
 Brown, T. H Prescott, Arizona 
 
 Brownlee, Col. A. G. (L.) Idaho Springs, Colorado 
 
 Brunton, D. W. (L.) Denver, Colorado 
 
 Bryant, W. G Carterville, Missouri 
 
 Buckley, Dr. E. R. (L) Rolla, Missouri 
 
 Buie, Henry T Buffalo, Arkansas 
 
 Bunch, John A. Harrison, Arkansas 
 
 Burke, G. M Joplin, Missouori 
 
 Busch Bros Rhyolite, Nevada 
 
 Butler, Edgar T Denver, Colorado 
 
 Butler, Geo. E Needles, California 
 
 Butler, Jos. G. Jr Youngstown, Ohio 
 
 Cable, Dr. E. E Portland, Oregon 
 
 Caffey, B. F Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Calahan, Henry C. (L.) San Francisco, California 
 
 Calavan, W. C Redding, California 
 
 Caldwell, Bros. Co Seattle, Washington 
 
 Caldwell, Jas. N Denver, Colorado 
 
 Calkins Newspaper Syndicate San Francisco, California 
 
 Callbreath, Jas. F. Jr Denver, Colorado 
 
 Campbell, F. J Denver, Colorado 
 
 Campbell, C. P Colorado Springs, Colorado 
 
 Canada, A. W Carterville, Missouri 
 
 Cannon, P. H Cherry Creek, Nevada 
 
 Cantwell, Harry J St. Louis, Missouri 
 
 Capp, William Denver, Colorado 
 
 Carder, Jas. L .Los Angeles, California 
 
 Cargo, L. M. Denver, Colorado 
 
 Carpenter, A. B Los Angeles, California 
 
 Carpenter, F. R Denver, Colorado 
 
 Carrigan, D. Custer, South Dakota 
 
 Carroll, Jas Needles, California 
 
 Carroll, John Voctorville, California 
 
 Carter, W. T . . Los Angeles, California 
 
 Gary, R. J Denver, Colorado 
 
 Case, R. H Organ, New Mexico 
 
 Catlin, W. P. Carson City, Nevada 
 
 Caulkins, W. R Carthage, Missouri 
 
 Cazin, Franz Denver, Colorado 
 
 Chaney, H. E Missoula, Montana 
 
 Chilberg, J. E Seattle, Washington 
 
 Child, Wm. H. (L.) Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Chittenden, W. H Denver, Colorado 
 
 Clark, H. S Butte, Montana 
 
 Clark, J. Ross Los Angeles, California 
 
 Clark, Wm. F Glover, Vermont 
 
 Clark, V. V Reiter, Washington 
 
 Clegg, Dr. J. W. Fairview, Nevada 
 
 Clipper Mining Co Seattle, Washington 
 
 Cobb, E, M Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Colbath, L. U Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Colburn, E. A. (L.) Denver, Colorado 
 
 Coles, A. P El Paso, Texas 
 
 Collins, Glenville A Seattle Washington 
 
 Collins, T. Shields Globe, Arizona 
 
 Comstock, A. R Denver, Colorado 
 
 Comstock, Chas. W Denver, Colorado 
 
 Cooley, B Galena, Kansas 
 
 Cooney, Frank H Butte, Montana 
 
 Cooper, Wm Georgetown, Colorado 
 
 Coplen, J. D Globe, Arizona 
 
62 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Costello, Frank, F. (L.) Colorado Springs, Colorado 
 
 Cousins, A. B Portland, Oregon 
 
 Crampton, E, J Leslie, Arkansas 
 
 Crandell, Jas. H Denver, Colorado 
 
 Crane, Chas. E. Seattle, Washington 
 
 Crawford, Geo New York City 
 
 Crawford, G. H Denver, Colorado 
 
 Crawford, Capt. Jack Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Creelman, G. R Detroit, Michigan 
 
 Crouch, O. M Portland, Oregon 
 
 Crowther, H. M Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Cullen, J. F . .Los Angeles, California 
 
 Cutler, John C Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Dahl, Henry P Cripple Creek, Colorado 
 
 Damours, C. A Virginia City, Montana 
 
 Dana, L. N t Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Daniels; Wm. P Denver, Colorado 
 
 Davis, Jack (L) Goldfield, Nevada 
 
 Day, Eugene R Wallace, Idaho 
 
 Day, Harry L Wallace, Idaho 
 
 Davis, Robt. W. Jr Silverton, Colorado 
 
 Degge, W. W Boulder, Colorado 
 
 De La Vergne, E. M. Colorado Springs, Colorado 
 
 Dempster, A 
 
 Denair, John Needles, California 
 
 Denver Eng. Works Co. . '. Denver, Colorado 
 
 Dern, John Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Devereaux, T. E Fort Dodge, Iowa 
 
 Dickson, W. H Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Dignowity, C. L Reno, Nevada 
 
 Dignowity, F. A Reno, Nevada 
 
 Dillman, L. C Seattle, Washington 
 
 Dirks, Martin H St. Joseph, Missouri 
 
 Dittmar, M. E Redding, California 
 
 Dodge, Wm. H Portland, Oregon 
 
 Dondaldson, A. M Denver, Colorado 
 
 Dondaldson, W. N Boise, Idaho 
 
 Doolittle, C. H Salt Lake City. Utah 
 
 Dornbach, Geo. W Belleville, Illinois 
 
 Dorsey, Geo. W. E Fremont, Nebraska 
 
 Doty, L. C Eureka, Utah 
 
 Douglas, Dr. Jas New York City 
 
 Downey, Chas. J Denver, Colorado 
 
 Downing, Chas. S Denver, Colorado 
 
 Doyle, R. J Rhyolite, Nevada 
 
 Draper, Frank B Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Dube, R. E Denver, Colorado 
 
 Duncan, John A St. Joseph, Missouri 
 
 Dunyon, Newton A Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Button, Sam F Denver, Colorado 
 
 Dwight, F. L Los Angeles, California 
 
 Dwyer, Daniel Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Dwyer, E. P. Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Earle, Henry -. .New York City 
 
 Eastman, A. F Tacoma, Washington 
 
 Eaton, Jos. H Silver Plume, Colorado 
 
 Ede, J. A La Salle, Illinois 
 
 Edwards, Henry W Denver, Colorado 
 
 Elkins, John T Kansas City, Missouri 
 
 Ellingwood, C. O Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Emberson, A. L K Denver, Colorado 
 
 Enderlee, Edw Forest, Idaho 
 
 Eng. & Mng Journal New York City 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 63 
 
 Erisman, J. F. Denver, Colorado 
 
 Estes, Ambrose W Yellville, Arkansas 
 
 Evans, C. W Ashland, Oregon 
 
 Evans, Evan E Denver, Colorado 
 
 Evans, Mark G Denver, Colorado 
 
 Evans, R. J Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Everett, Thos. B Denver, Colorado 
 
 Ewing, Thos. (L.) Vivian, Arizona 
 
 Ewing, W. E. Vivian, Arizona 
 
 Fellows Walter C. Needles, California 
 
 Felt, J. H Kansas City, Missouri 
 
 Ferguson, N. E. Needles, California 
 
 Fergusson, S. W San Francisco, California 
 
 Ferry, W. Mont. Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Fiduciary Company, The Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Finch, Marcus Denver, Colorado 
 
 Finnerty, Michael Denver, Colorado 
 
 Fletcher, Geo. T Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Fletcher, John D Medford, Oregon 
 
 Fletcher, John G Kennett, California 
 
 Foley, W. R Denver, Colorado 
 
 Foote, Arthur De Wint Grass Valley, California 
 
 Foote, Robt. W Breckenridge, Colorado 
 
 Foster, Ernest Le Neve Denver, Colorado 
 
 Forbes, A. M Tucson, Arizona 
 
 Francis, W. E Tucson, Arizona 
 
 Fredericks, L. G Buffalo, Arkansas 
 
 Fukuda, R Berkeley, California 
 
 Gabrowsky, Theo. Howardsville, Colorado 
 
 Gallagher, Jas. F Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Gardner, F. L Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Gardner, Percy S Reno, Nevada 
 
 Garm, J. E Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Gatch, Elias S. (L.) St. Louis, Missouri 
 
 George, Jas. A. Deadwood, South Dakota 
 
 Gifford, A. W El Paso, Texas 
 
 Gilbert, M. P. (L.) Los Angeles, California 
 
 Givens, & Co. J. G Seattle, Washington 
 
 Godfrey, Jas. J Seattle, Washington 
 
 Godshall, L. D 7 Needles, Califori*a 
 
 Godthorpe, Edwin T. Beriton, Wisconsin 
 
 Goodale, C. W. Butte, Montana 
 
 Goodall, Arthur Drytown, California 
 
 Goode, H. W Portland, Oregon 
 
 Goodier, G. P. Denver, Colorado 
 
 Goodsell, B. W Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Granberg, H. O. (L.) Oshkosh, Wisconsin 
 
 Grant, M. N Laramie, Wyoming 
 
 Graves, W. H Denver, Colorado 
 
 Gray, John (L.) Deadwood, South Dakota 
 
 Gray, W. A. Winlock, Washington 
 
 Greenough, W. D Mullan, Idaho 
 
 Gregg, H. H. (L) Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Gregg, Mng. Inv. Co Denver, Colorado 
 
 Grier, T. J. Lead, South Dakota 
 
 Grigsby, W. W. Skidmore, Missouri 
 
 Gunnell, Alva H Grant's Pass, Oregon 
 
 Hale, Irving Denver, Colorado 
 
 Hall, Edwin Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Halloran, W. J Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Hampton, W. H Grant's Pass, Oregon 
 
 Hand, J. H Yellville, Arkansas 
 
 Hanson, Chas. F Douglas, Arizona 
 
04 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Hanson, Otto Salem, Oregon 
 
 Hanson, Rasmus Silverton, Colorado 
 
 Hard, F. J Bohemia, Oregon 
 
 Hardy, W. C Hazel Green, Wisconsin 
 
 Harrison, A. W Silverton, Colorado 
 
 Haworth, Erasmus Lawrence, Kansas 
 
 Hayes, C. Willard Washington, D. C. 
 
 Heigho, E. M Weiser, Idaho 
 
 Heizer, D. N. Colorado Springs, Colorado 
 
 Henderson, H. B Columbus, Kansas 
 
 Herr, H. L Galena, Illinois 
 
 Herrick, R. L Denver, Colorado 
 
 Hiller, Albert L .- Denver, Colorado 
 
 Holman, Austin T Victor,-Colorado 
 
 Holmes, Dr. J. A Washington, D. C. 
 
 Holmes, Edwin F Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Holman, G. P Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Holmes, Susan Emery Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Hoofer, A. O. . . / Grant's Pass, Oregon 
 
 Horse Shoe Mng. Co Seattle, Washington 
 
 House, S. R Denver, Colorado 
 
 Houtz, J. C Rhyolite, Nevada 
 
 Howell, F. D. Jr Los Angeles, California 
 
 Howell, Jos Wellsville, Utah 
 
 Hubbard, M. E Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Humphries, C. K. Seattle, Washington 
 
 Husted, Jas. D. Denver, Colorado 
 
 Hutchinson, Chas. T San Francisco, California 
 
 Hutton, Jas Waukesha, Wisconsin 
 
 Hymer, J. P Denver, Colorado 
 
 Iglehart, Wm Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Ingalls, J. Aaron Reno, Nevada 
 
 Ingham, E. H Etigeiie, Oregon 
 
 Irvine, Thos. E Boulder, Colorado 
 
 Ish, Marvin E Goldfield, Nevada 
 
 Ivey, J. W Seattle, Washington 
 
 Jacobs, A. L Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Jacobson, Tony Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Jackling, D. C. + Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 flkmes, Evan Shade Denver, Colorado 
 
 Jameson, Wm. L Denver, Colorado 
 
 Jamison, W. W Greensburg, Pennsylvania 
 
 Janes, L. M Carterville, Missouri 
 
 Jansen, L, H Kansas City, Missouri 
 
 Jarrett, Geo. L Platteville, Wisconsin 
 
 Jarrett, John G Cuba City, Wisconsin 
 
 Johnson, J. B Denver, Colorado 
 
 Johnston, C. J Denver, Colorado 
 
 Jones, J. I Cottage Grove, Oregon 
 
 Jones, Lloyd Kenyon Denver, Colorado 
 
 Jones, W. A. t . . . Mineral Point, Wisconsin 
 
 Joseph, Harry S. Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Keady, L. Y Portland, Oregon 
 
 Keelyn, Dr. Jas. E Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Keith, David (L.) Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Kendall, W. L Cleveland, Ohio 
 
 Kendrick, W. F Denver, Colorado 
 
 Kennedy Bros Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Kerr, J. E , San Francisco, California 
 
 Keyting, Wm ^ Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 King, Fred B Bridgeport, Connecticut 
 
 Kinkead, Jas. H. Virginia City, Nevada 
 
 Kinney, M'. J Portland, Oregon 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 65 
 
 Kinney, R. C Portland, Oregon 
 
 Kinncy, W. 2, Silverton, Colorado 
 
 Kirby, John A. (L.) Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Kirk, Morris P '. El Paso, Texas 
 
 Klinefelter, P. K Needles, California 
 
 Knight, Jesse (L.) Provo, Utah 
 
 Knowles, W. H Los Angeles, California* 
 
 Kountz, Louis K Goldfield, Nevada 
 
 Krepps, J. E Los Angeles, California 
 
 Krakauer, Adolph. . . . '. El Paso, Texas 
 
 Kyle, T. D Leadville, Colorado 
 
 Lake, C. F Cardinal, Colorado 
 
 Lamb, Wm. A Idaho Springs, Colorado 
 
 Lament, E. M Canon City, Colorado 
 
 Lancaster, Henry M Wallace, Idaho 
 
 Lane, Chas. D. (L.) Seattle, Washington 
 
 Lane, Martin Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
 
 Largent, J. A Rhyolite, Nevada 
 
 Lawton, M. J Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Leary, Chas C Thorpe, Nevada 
 
 Lee, Chester F '. Seattle, Washington 
 
 Lee, J. C. Portland, Oregon 
 
 Leebrick, W. S Idaho Springs, Colorado 
 
 Leftwich, Thos. J Fort Collins, Colorado 
 
 Lennox, Wm. Colorado Springs, Colorado 
 
 Leonard, J. M Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Le Roy, J. L Portland, Oregon 
 
 Leschen & Sons Rope Co., A Denver, Colorado 
 
 Lewandowski, J. A. Douglas, Arizona 
 
 Lewis, S. J Needles, California 
 
 Lightcap, R. L Hazel Green, Wisconsin 
 
 Logan, G. W Denver, Colorado 
 
 Lomiester, Frank Leadville, Colorado 
 
 Longhenry, Edw. G Benton, Wisconsin 
 
 Loose, C. E Provo, Utah 
 
 Lund, S Carson City, Nevada 
 
 Lundberg, Alex. Bohemia, Oregoon 
 
 Lynch, J. H Butte, Montana 
 
 McCaffery, Richard S Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 M'cCarthy, E. T ^ Baxter Springs, Kansas 
 
 McCarthy, Jas. F Wallace, Idaho 
 
 McCarthy, P. B Rapid City, South Dakota 
 
 McChrystal, J. H Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 McClelland, Geo. E Idaho Springs, Colorado 
 
 McCone, Alex. J Reno, Nevada 
 
 McCormick, C. K Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 McCullough, A. Tacoma, Washington 
 
 McDonald, D. C Ely, Nevada 
 
 McDonald, Ed Carterville, Missouri 
 
 M'cDonald, J. R Rhyolite, Nevada 
 
 McDonald, Sam C Cripple Creek, Colorado 
 
 McDowell, W. W Butte, Montana 
 
 McGraw, John H Seattle, Washington 
 
 Mclntire. A. W. Everett, Washington 
 
 McKinnie, J. R Colorado Springs, Colorado 
 
 McLean, M. H Morenci, Arizona 
 
 McLeocl, D. L Portland, Oregon 
 
 M'cMullan, John ! Goldfield, Nevada 
 
 McMurray, John H Denver, Colorado 
 
 McNeil, John Denver, Colorado 
 
 McQuarrie, W. F Denver, Colorado 
 
 McWeeney, P. J Albany, New York 
 
 MacVichie, Duncan (L.) . Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
06 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Magnan, A. U Denver, Colorado 
 
 Maguire, Don Ogden, Utah 
 
 Malcolmson, Jas. W Kansas City, Missouri 
 
 M'ann, Fred A Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Markwell, J. Fred Wallace, Idaho 
 
 Marshall-Ellis Inv. Co Denver, Colorado 
 
 Martin, E. L. Kansas City, Missouri 
 
 Martin, R. L. (L.) Denver, Colorado 
 
 Mason, L. C Independence, Kansas 
 
 Mattheissen & Hegeler La Salle, Illinois 
 
 May, Ernest Lead, South Dakota 
 
 Mayham, H, J New York City 
 
 Meese, Geo. C Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Menardi, J. B Reno, Nevada 
 
 Merchant, Jos, , Walla Walla, Washington 
 
 Merchant,. Wm. F. Walla Walla, Washington 
 
 Middlekauff, E. D Plainfield, New Jersey 
 
 Millar, H. J Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Miller, Cyrus Denver, Colorado 
 
 Miller, David South Bend, Indiana 
 
 Miller, Fred A. Laramie, Wy.oming 
 
 Miller, L. F -. Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Miller, W. A Denver, Colorado 
 
 Mills, W. F. R Denver, Colorado 
 
 Mine & Smelter Sup. Co. .Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Miracle, G. W Seattle, Washington 
 
 Mitchell, Co., The C. E Spokane, Washington 
 
 Mitchell, M'cKinley Gervis, Oregon 
 
 Mitchell, S. Duffield Carthage, Missouri 
 
 Mitchell, W. H Seneca, Missouri 
 
 Moffat, D. H. (L.) Denver, Colorado 
 
 Monroe, Edward Boulder, Colorado 
 
 Moore, F. Gushing Wallace, Idaho 
 
 Moritz, Jacob Salt Lake City. Utah 
 
 Morphy, C. W Granite, Hill, Oregon 
 
 Morris, Chas. H Georgetown, Colorado 
 
 Morris, F. D. Montrose, Pennsylvania 
 
 Morris, Howard G : Denver, Colorado 
 
 Morrison, W. O Denver, Colorado 
 
 Mosier, Frank, Carterville, Missouri 
 
 Mt. Baker & Shukson Mng. Co Seattle, Washington 
 
 Mueller, Dr. Victor F Milwaukee, Wisconsin 
 
 Mudd, Seeley, W Los Angeles, California 
 
 Muir, Thos. K Portland, Oregon 
 
 Mundy, J. A Colorado Springs, Colorado 
 
 Munroe, H. S. Congress Junction, Arizona 
 
 Murray, J. J Orogrande, New Mexico 
 
 Myers, Clarence Chehalis, Washington 
 
 National Development Co Salt Lake City Utah 
 
 Nay, Geo Needles, California 
 
 Newcomb, B. M' San Francisco, California 
 
 Newell, J. W Leadville, Colorado 
 
 Newmeyer, C. E Denver, Colorado 
 
 Nicholson, H. H Lincoln, Nebraska 
 
 Nicholson, Samuel (L.) Leadville, Colorado 
 
 Nix. Geo. M New York City 
 
 Noon, Thos. F Peru, Illinois 
 
 Norcross, C. A Reno, Nevada 
 
 Nordquist, John H. . .Wallace, Idaho 
 
 Northern Exploration Co Seattle, Washington 
 
 Northwest Mining News Spokane, Washington 
 
 Norton, E. A Denver, Colorado 
 
 Oberndorfer, J Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 67 
 
 O'Brien, W. M. Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Orem, W. C. Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Packer, H. G Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Page, Alfred Wardner, Idaho 
 
 Paige, N. Jr Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Palace Drug Co. Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Palmer, Edw. Vose Denver, Colorado 
 
 Pape, J. B Cottage Grove, Oregon 
 
 Parker, E. W. Washington, D. C. 
 
 Parker, M. B El Paso, Texas 
 
 Patrick, Fred L Columbus, Ohio 
 
 Patrick, Jas. M Denver, Colorado 
 
 Pearl, E. H. . . . Denver, Colorado 
 
 Pease, L. A Slater, Colorado 
 
 Peck, I. F Denver, Colorado 
 
 Phelps, Aug. H Denver, Colorado 
 
 Phillips, Wm. B Birmingham, Alabama 
 
 Phinney, Frederick V Wallace, Idaho 
 
 Phipps, S. A. Cripple Creek, Colorado 
 
 Piatt & Heath Co Helena Montana 
 
 Playter, C. C .' Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Playter, Geo. H Boston, Massachusetts 
 
 Playter, Franklin Boston, Massachusetts 
 
 Plummer, Frank Washington, D. C. 
 
 Pollard, Ira Denver, Colorado 
 
 Pollock, Jas. A Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Pompeney, Dr. Jos Frontenac, Kansas 
 
 Power-Christy & Co , GoldHeld, Nevada 
 
 Powers, O. W Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Prather, H. R Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Preston, W. J. Silver Cliff, Colorado 
 
 Quigley, E. D Denver, Colorado 
 
 Randolph, Epes (L) , .Tucson, Arizona 
 
 Rapp, Abram Cripple Creek, Colorado 
 
 Ray, L. O Rhyolite, Nevada 
 
 Read, H. Clay Big Springs, Texas 
 
 Read, T. A Reno, Nevada 
 
 Reese, Mrs. Clara Clark (L) Denver, Colorado 
 
 Reinert, Lewis A Denver, Colorado 
 
 Reinert, E. G. (L) Denver, Colorado 
 
 Reinert, N. A. Denver, Colorado 
 
 Reitler, Charles W Denver, Colorado 
 
 Renshaw & Co., Paris H Wallace, Idaho 
 
 Renshaw, W. E. Idaho Springs, Colorado 
 
 Reppy, W. E Carl Junction, Missouri 
 
 Reynolds, Chas. A Sneffels, Colorado 
 
 Rice, Wm. V Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Richards, A. G Laramie, Wyoming 
 
 Richards, Bartlett (L) Ellsworth, Nebraska 
 
 Richards, J. H. (L) Boise, Idaho 
 
 Ridge, W. R .Reno, Nevada 
 
 Riebe, Ed Redding, California 
 
 Riedel, H. A Denver, Colorado 
 
 Riepe, Richard A , Ely, Nevada 
 
 Riordan, D. M'. ....New York City 
 
 Risque, J. B Salt Like City, Utah 
 
 Riter, Geo. W Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Roberts, Jno. G. Idaho Springs, Colorado 
 
 Robinson, W. J :.. .Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Rodgers & Rogers Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Roeder, A. B Denver, Colorado 
 
 Roller, Arthur H Idaho Springs, Colorado 
 
68 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Rooklidge, Chas. D Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Ross, Beauregard Denver, Colorado 
 
 Ross, J. B Silverton, Colorado 
 
 Root, L. V. . . Needles, California 
 
 Royce, W. K Rich Hill, Missouri 
 
 Royse, O. D Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Rummell, A. G Denver, Colorado 
 
 Samuels, H. F Wallace, Idaho 
 
 Sachs, Claude Colorado Springs, Colorado 
 
 Sanders, Frank T Colorado Springs, Colorado 
 
 Sapp, W. F Galena, Kansas 
 
 Scaife, H. L. Clinton, South Carolina 
 
 Schader, Carl F. (L) . . Los Angeles, California 
 
 Scheii, C. H Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Schermerhorn, E. B Galena, Kansas 
 
 Schnitzel, Henry Lead, South Dakota 
 
 Schwan, Gustave Murray, Utah 
 
 Scott, J. B. Fort Jones, California 
 
 Seeman, Henry I Denver, Colorado 
 
 Shane, W. H Bohemia, Oregon 
 
 Shannon, C. M. (L) Los Angeles, California 
 
 Sherman, M. H Los Angeles, California 
 
 Shinn, Jos. A. s Leadville, Colorado 
 
 Shomon, J. . . . Galena, Kansas 
 
 Shull, W. L. Denver, Colorado 
 
 Siegwein, Jno Weiser, Idaho 
 
 Sierra Madre Mng. Co Kansas City, Missouri 
 
 Siegel, F. L Denver, Colorado 
 
 Sigafoos, R. B Denver, Colorado 
 
 Simmons, A. J Deadwcod, South Dakota 
 
 Singleton, Jno Los Angeles, California 
 
 Siren Gold Mining Co. Greeley, Colorado 
 
 Sessions, E. A ' Portland, Oregon 
 
 Skeels, Alfred Central City, Colorado 
 
 Smedley Steam Pump Co Dubuque, Iowa 
 
 Smith, Claude M Goldfield, Nevada 
 
 Smith, Edmund Valdez, Alaska 
 
 Smith, Frank Clemes Sault Ste Marie, Ontario, Canada 
 
 Smith, Franklin W Bisbee, Arizona 
 
 Smith, Geo. Otis Washington, D. C. 
 
 Smith, Jas Carterville, Missouri 
 
 Smith J. Fewson, Jr Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Smith, Jno. H Denver, Colorado 
 
 Smith, Oscar J Reno, Nevada 
 
 Smith, W. H Burke, Idaho 
 
 Snapp, F. T Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Snavely, R. M '. Denver, Colorado 
 
 Snoqualmie Copper Mng Co Seattle, Washington 
 
 South, Frank M. Grants Pass, Oregon 
 
 Speer, Alex (L) Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Sperry, Edwin A Denver, Colorado 
 
 Spry, Jno. C. (L) Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Standard Reduction & Development Co Seattle, Washington 
 
 Star, Sol Deadwcod. South Dakota 
 
 Steams-Roger Mfg. Co Denver, Colorado 
 
 Stebbins, A. H Little Rock, Arkansas 
 
 Steele, Jno. A Lane City, Nevada 
 
 Steele, J. L Landlock, Alaska 
 
 Steele, T. J. Deadwood, South Dakota 
 
 Steff ner, S. W Portland, Oregon 
 
 Stevenson A. M. Denver, Colorado 
 
 Stevenson, W. L Wadsworth, Nevada 
 
 Stewart, W. B Portland, Oregon 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 69 
 
 Stone, W. B Galena, Kansas 
 
 Storm, Lynn W Valdez, Alaska 
 
 Straub, Frank Denver, Colorado 
 
 Sultana-Arizona Copper Co Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Sumner, C. M . Denver, Colorado 
 
 Swart, W. A Denver, Colorado 
 
 Sweek, Alex . Portland, Oregon 
 
 Swift, J. V Benton, Wisconsin 
 
 Swindler, F. P Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Talbert, High Carterville, Missouri 
 
 Tarbell, W. S Colorado Springs, Colorado 
 
 Taylor, Gibson Los Angeles, California 
 
 Taylor, Harrie L. (L) Goldfield, Nevada 
 
 Temple, Geo. B Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Temple, W. O ,. Denver, Colorado 
 
 Terry, M'. C Carterville, Missouri 
 
 Thatcher, G. W Rhyolite, Nevada 
 
 Thomas, B Seattle, Washington 
 
 Thomas, Gomer Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Thomas, W. J Denver, Colorado 
 
 Tibbals, Wm. H Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Tibbitt, Alton W Seattle, Washington 
 
 Timothy, Thos Baxter Springs, Kansas 
 
 Travers, Richard P Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Traylor, Jno. A Denver, Colorado 
 
 Trenton Iron Co Denver, Colorado 
 
 Triangle Mng. & Dev. Co Missoula, Montana 
 
 Trojanovitch, A Globe, Arizona 
 
 Tulloch, Seymour W . Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Tumbach, J. H Ouray, Colorado 
 
 Turner, J. H Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Tuttle, Sidney Janesville, Wisconsin 
 
 Underbill, H. B. Jr San Francisco, California 
 
 Underwood, Pierce Chicago, Illinois 
 
 Union Iron Works ' San Francisco, California 
 
 Vaughan. B. L. Needles, California 
 
 Vest, T. J Galena, Kansas 
 
 Vincent, Major F. C Kansas City, Missouri 
 
 Voorheis, E. C Sutter Creek, California 
 
 Walden, Chas Victor, Colorado 
 
 Walker, M. H. Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Wall, E. A Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Walsh, Thos. F. (L) Littleton, Colorado 
 
 Walters, Wm. J Portland, Oregon 
 
 Ward, W. S. Denver, Colorado 
 
 Wampler, W. W. Webb City, Missouri 
 
 Walton, Wm. Higbee. Missouri 
 
 Ward, Jno. G Albany, New York 
 
 Warwick, A. W Choix, Sinaloa, Mexico 
 
 Watson, J. Frank Portland, Oregon 
 
 Watson, J. W Baxter Springs, Kansas 
 
 Watts, L. H Baxter Springs, Kansas 
 
 Weaver, Geo. B Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Webb. I. A Deadwood, South Dakota 
 
 Webber, W. H Fairview, Nevada 
 
 Wells, Henry F Boston, Massachusetts 
 
 Welsford, J. V Cuba City, Wisconsin 
 
 West, Jno. H Needles, California 
 
 Westinghouse Mach. Co Denver, Colorado 
 
 White, Arthur L. (L) Lima, Ohio 
 
 White, E. L Denver, Colorado 
 
 White, F. Wallace (L) Cleveland, Ohio 
 
 Whitman, J. A M'edford, Oregon 
 
70 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Wheeler, H. K Ely, Nevada 
 
 Whitman, A. H. San Pedro, Chihuahua, Mexico 
 
 Whitford, O. B Butte, Montana 
 
 White, Robt. H Idaho Springs, Colorado 
 
 White, J. J. Georgetown, Colorado 
 
 Wilber, F. A Joplin, Missouri 
 
 Wilcox, E. J Denver, Colorado 
 
 Williams, E. W Denver, Colorado 
 
 Williamson, J. D. Idaho Springs, Colorado 
 
 Wilson, Geo. B .- Searchlight, Nevada 
 
 Wingfield, Geo. (L) Goldfield, Nevada 
 
 Wire, Frank E Liberty ville, Illinois 
 
 Wolfe, Leon B Lewisberg, Pennsylvania 
 
 Wolff, Jno. R Boulder, Colorado 
 
 Wood, Guilford S Denver, Colorado 
 
 Wood, J. D. (L) ." Salt Lake City, Utah 
 
 Woods, F. M Victor, Colorado 
 
 Woodward, Felix J - Denver, Colorado 
 
 Wourms, Jno. H, Wallace, Idaho 
 
 Wright, E. M Union, Oregon 
 
 Wright, Jno. M. (L) ,. Oakland, California 
 
 Wright, Willis , Indianopolis, Indiana 
 
 Young, Lewis E Rolla, Missouri 
 
 Zeitfuchs, E Wallace, Idaho 
 
 Zimmerman, Ed Harrison, Arkansas 
 
 [(L) following name indicates life members.] 
 
 RICHARD A. RIEPE of Nevada: I rise on a question privilege. I see 
 it stated by the morning papers here that it, is announced that Reno, 
 Nevada, is out of the race for the privilege of having the next session of 
 the Mining Congress and that we have withdrawn in favor of Columbus. 
 That is not the case. When Nevada withdraws it will withdraw in favor 
 of Douglas, Arizona. (Applause.) 
 
 CHAIRMAN BUCKLEY: We will now listen to the reading of the 
 report of the committee on smelter rates by Senator Josephs of Utah. 
 
 H. L. JOSEPH: I want to state first how this committee came to be 
 appointed and how the report was made up. A year ago Senator De La 
 Vergne of Colorado, in a paper read by him at the session in Denver, called 
 the attention of the Congress to grievances that the ore producers of Crip- 
 ple Creek had against the so-called smelter trust. At that session, the 
 matter was thoroughly discussed and it was there found that the griev- 
 ances were not local. They seemed to spring up from all over the country. 
 Hence a resolution was introduced in the Congress to this effect: "Re- 
 solved that the President appoint at his convenience, a committee of five 
 to consider the relations between the ore producers and the smelter in- 
 terests and report on the same at the next session of the Congress, and 
 also reports at intervals to the President and Board of Directors of the 
 Congress if this committee so desires. This resolution was passed after 
 discussion and the following named members or delegates were appointed 
 on that committee: E. A. Colburn of Denver, Chairman; Senator De La 
 Vergne of Colorado Springs, George W. Riter of Salt Lake City, Dr. L. D. 
 Godshall of Needles, California, and H. S. Joseph of Salt Lake City, Utah, 
 This committee met in Denver. It had daily sessions for four days. It in- 
 terviewed a great many ore producers. It received letters and other com- 
 munications, both locally in Colorado and as far north as Alaska. The 
 committee than authorized the Secretary to formulate a request to be sent 
 out to each and every ore producer which had come to the knowledge of 
 the Secretary throughout the United States, and we regret to say that re- 
 sponses to this communication were not as plentiful as they should have 
 been when you come to consider the importance of this question. How- 
 ever, we received some 100 responses. The committee meetings were 
 fully attended, and within the last two weeks part of the committee held 
 another meeting in Denver and the report was agreed upon in part, to be 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 71 
 
 approved of by the entire committee on the assemblage of 
 this Congress here during this week. Judge Colburn who 
 was to present this report as chairman of the committee, 
 was unavoidable detained on account of sickness in his family 
 and hence could not be here. The duty of presenting this report then 
 devolved upon me and I am here to read it to you. There Is a lot in the re- 
 port that ought to be digested by every party interested. We had in- 
 tended to have this report printed for distribution, but owing to the 
 fact that we did not have it prepared before coming here, we could not do 
 so. 
 
 The report of the committee was as follows: 
 
 REPORT ON THE MUTUAL RELATIONS AND GRIEVANCES OF ORE 
 PRODUCERS AND CUSTOM SMELTERS. 
 
 To the President and Members of the American Mining Congress: 
 
 Introductory In submitting this report, the committee desires to state 
 at the outset that the subject assigned to us is rather large, complicated 
 and difficult of treatment for reasons which are very obvious to us and 
 may become plain to all before the report is finished. 
 
 The work of this committee has been considered almost entirely from 
 the standpoint of the ore producers in the West, where the problems of 
 mining are more complex than in the Mississippi valley. Mining ven- 
 tures in the West involve difficulties and hazards, the "only compensa- 
 tion for which lies in the richness of such ore deposits as may eventually 
 be found. Deep shafts, long tunnels and drifts, expensive hoisting and 
 pumping plants, costly supplies, difficult transportation all of these 
 things impose heavy burdens on the mine operator which he cannot af- 
 ford to assume unless he has a regular market for his output of ores. To 
 him, therefore, the smelting question is a most vital one. 
 
 The complaints that have been made to the committee have come, 
 in the main, from the western ore producers, who are obliged to sell their 
 product in markets where there is little or no competition. These com- 
 plaints have been directed, most of them, against the American Smelting 
 and Refining Company and its allies, popularly known as "the Smelting 
 Trust" by whom nearly all of the important custom smelting plants in the 
 United States are controlled. The mine owner who wishes to sell his 
 product must accept the best offer he can get, and in order to insure a 
 market for his ores, he must enter into a contract under which his output 
 for a long period in advance goes to the purchasing smelter and is paid 
 for in accordance with terms specified in the contract. Under such condi- 
 tions there is nothing to prevent the ore buyer from exacting as much 
 tribute as the traffic will bear. 
 
 In considering the complaints that have been filed with the com- 
 mittee, we have tried to bear in mind that custom smelting is a legiti- 
 mate industry and is entitled to recognition as such. We must remember 
 that the owner of a smelting plant cannot afford to buy ores unless they 
 are of such nature that he can utilize them and get the metals from them 
 within a reasonable length of time. He is entitled to a fair return for 
 the money invested in the business, including, of course, the money repre- 
 sented by ores awaiting treatment, product tied. up in process of reduc- 
 tion, and metals awaiting sale. Perhaps he is entitled to an allowance 
 for possible fall in metal prices while he is getting the product in shape 
 for the market, although in the long run prices are as apt to rise as to 
 fall. His problem is to roast off the volatile elements, to flux off the 
 worthless earthy dross, to save the metals as a base bullion which can then 
 be put through a refining process for the purpose of separating the val- 
 uable metals from one another and -finally to sell the refined product to 
 consumers. 
 
 It should be noted that in- lead smelting, as practiced in the West, 
 the lead, silver and gold are saved as bullion and that a by-product is 
 made from which the copper can be recovered. In copper smelting, the 
 copper, silver and gold are saved, but no recovery is made of any lead 
 
72 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 that may be present. In neither of these processes is there any attempt to 
 save other elements in the ore such as zinc, antimony, arsenic, etc.; on 
 the contrary, these elements are looked upon as objectionable, either 
 because extra expense is entailed in getting rid of them, or because in 
 disappearing they carry off precious metals to an alarming extent. In 
 practice, complete recovery of the valuable metals is not made. There- 
 fore, in buying- ores, the smelter does not expect to pay the ore producer 
 for greater percentages of the metals than he can recover; he cannot pay 
 the full market price for the metals without first deducting sums sufficient 
 to transport his product to the refinery, to pay the cost of refining, the 
 cost of transporting refined metal to the market, and the additional costs 
 of brokerage, interest, insurance, etc. He is entitled to charge for roasting 
 off the volatile elements in the ore and for slagging off the earthy dross. If, 
 in order to make the slag, he is compelled to buy barren limestone, iron, 
 etc., he in entitled to charge for the cost of these materials and for the 
 cost of handling this additional stuff in the furnace. If, after all this, he 
 exacts a fair profit and does it without subterfuge, the ore producer should 
 not complain. 
 
 Tenor of Complaints. 
 
 But the objection is made that the methods of ore buyers are not al- 
 ways fair. Summarizing the complaints that have been made to the com- 
 mittee, we find them to embrace: 
 
 1. Excessive deductions for smelting losses and for refining and 
 selling costs. 
 
 2. Unsatisfactory settlements on account of arbitrary valuations 
 placed by the smelters upon different metals. 
 
 3. Exorbitant smelting charges. 
 
 4. Arbitrary and unfair rules governing the sampling and assaying 
 of ores. 
 
 5. Questionable tactics to stifle and forestall competition. 
 
 Relief Through Competition. 
 
 If any or all of these things are true, what can the ore producer do 
 about it? Turning to the Salt Lake valley of Utah, where there seems to 
 be least cause for complaint, we find a number of independent smelting 
 plants which were built by private concerns for the purpose of treating 
 the ores from their own mines and which were afterwards enlarged in 
 order to handle custom business. These plants are now formidable rivals 
 of "the trust." Under the stimulus of competition the smelting industry 
 in the Salt Lake valley has advanced commercially and technically to such 
 an extent that this is now the most important smelting center in the 
 West. Moreover, this competition has brought substantial relief to the ore 
 producer who has no smelting plant of his own. 
 
 Ore producers in other parts of the West will therefore be glad to learn 
 on what basis ores are bought and sold in the Salt Lake valley. By per- 
 mission of certain producers, we recite below the terms of existing con- 
 tracts for the sale of their output or ores. In individual instances, and for 
 exceptional ores, even better terms than these have been obtained. All 
 transactions it might be well to explain, are based on the net ton of 
 2,000 pounds avoirdupois, taking the net weight of the ore after deducting 
 for moisture. The term "unit" means one per cent, or twenty pounds to 
 each ton; the term "ore" means the product shipped to the smelter, 
 whether it be crude ore or mill concentrates. 
 
 Gold contained in the ores in question is paid for at the rate of $19.50 
 per troy ounce. No gold is paid for when the assay shows less than 
 0.03 ounce per ton. 
 
 Silver ninety-five per cent, of the silver obtained in the ore, as 
 shown by fire assay, is paid for at the New York "official" price on the date 
 of the first assay. 
 
 Copper All copper contained in the ore, in excess of 0.5 unit (ten 
 pounds per ton of- ore) is paid for at the ruling wholesale price of elec- 
 trolytic copper in the New York market for the previous week, deducting 
 therefrom 2% cents per pound. If, however, the ore happens to contain 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 73 
 
 lead in excess of three units, such ores are treated in a lead furnace, mak- 
 ing a more round-about process for the recovery of the copper contents 
 and the sum of 4% cents per pound is deducted from the New York price 
 of electrolytic copper. 
 
 Lead ninety per cent of the lead contained in the ore, as shown by wet 
 assay on fire button, is paid for at the ruling wholesale price of common 
 desilverized lead in the New York market, deducting, therefrom the sum 
 of one cent per pound No lead is paid for when the assay shows less than 
 three units. 
 
 Smelting Charges Closely Associated With Buyers' Schedule of 
 
 Deduction on Metals. 
 
 While all metallurgical losses, and all expenses attaching to bullion 
 after it leaves the smelting works, are amply covered by the foregoing de- 
 ductions, the schedules in use in other localities call for deductions far in 
 excess of these. No two smelting companies have exactly the same 
 schedule of deductions, neither does any concern apply the same schedule 
 in dealing with all patrons. When brought to the point, the ore buyer 
 does not maintain that his schedule of deductions represents actual met- 
 allurgical losses and the costs of freighting, refining and selling bullion. 
 The average ore producer, if paid for 100 per cent of the metals in his 
 ore, at full market prices, would object most strenuously to a treatment 
 charge which would cover metallurgical losses, freight on bullion, refining 
 costs, selling costs, interest, depreciation, profit, etc. It is plain that this 
 entire outlay must be borne by the ore in some way, but by the subterfuge 
 of deductions, a little on one metal here, and a little there, and a little some- 
 where else, the ore buyer is able to bring the treatment charge, which first 
 attracts the attention of the producer, to a low point. Although not in fact 
 singled out as victims the producers of gold ores have been the most bitter 
 in their complaints against the ore buyers; one reason being that with no 
 valuable metals in the ore, except gold, there is little chance for round- 
 about figuring, and the treatment charge stands out in its cold reality. 
 
 Reasons for Varying Treatment Rates. 
 
 Rates of treatment vary within wide limits, according to the locality, 
 the nature of the ore, and the needs of the smelter. The ore buyer aims 
 to assemble at his plant, ores containing silica, ores containing iron, and 
 ores containing lime, so that from these a mixture can be made which will 
 yield a fluid slag in the smelting furnace. Under such ideal conditions, the 
 smelter does not have to buy barren rock for flux, and his furnaces are 
 burdened with nothing except pay ore. Too much of one kind of ore is a 
 bugbear in the absence of enough of the other kind. In the smelting 
 centers nearest the Pacific coast, there is frequently such a shortage of 
 silicious ores that the smelters handle them for almost nothing; from 
 such regions, no complaints of exorbitant treatment changes have come 
 to your committee. But in most smelting centers, as in the Salt Lake 
 valley, there is a large surplus of silicious ores, and in order to flux them 
 the smelter is compelled to buy more or less barren iron ore and barren 
 limestone, which not only cost money to get, but also cost money to smelt, 
 to say nothing about metallurgical losses through increased volume of 
 slag. In the Salt Lake valley, one producer of silicious ores is paid for 
 the metals in his ores on the terms already quoted, and pays treatment 
 charges as follows: On ores going to the lead furnaces, a base or initial 
 charge of $1.00 per ton; on ores going to the copper furnaces, no base or 
 initial charge. To the base or initial charge is added: 10 cents for each 
 unit of insoluble matter; 30 cents for each unit of zinc in excess of ten 
 per cent; 25 cents for each unit of sulphur in excess of two per cent, the 
 maximum penalty for sulphur being $1.00 per ton of ore; 25 cents for each 
 unit of speiss in excess of five per cent. On iron, a credit of 10 cents per 
 unit is allowed. All of this means that on highly silicious ore carrying 
 twenty per cent, to twenty-five per cent, of lead, this mine owner pays a 
 treatment charge of some $5.50 per ton, and up to this time the buyer 
 lias made no complaint. 
 
74 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 A private smelting plant, handling sulphide copper ores and having no 
 flux to buy, reports a working cost for roasting, smelting and converting, 
 of less than $3.00 per ton. But as to sulphide ores in general and ores 
 containing other objectional elements, it is impossible to lay down any 
 hard and flat rules, because the ore from any mine is peculiar to itself. 
 
 The actual cost of conducting smelting operations, and the results ob- 
 tained, have been looked upon by concerns doing custom smelting and by 
 many concerns operating private plants, as secrets to be carefully guarded. 
 Notwithstanding such efforts, much information has leaked out through 
 litigation between rival concerns and much data has been given out from 
 time to time by retired owners and officials. To the professional men 
 who have given the subject much study, such details are now fairly well 
 known; the producers who scorn professional advice are the ones that 
 suffer the most. 
 
 Sampling and Assaying. 
 
 As to rules for sampling and assaying, we call attention to the fact 
 that in regions where competition is active, shovel sampling is being done 
 away with and mechanical sampling is becoming general. The theoretical 
 and practical problems involved in obtaining an accurate sample by me- 
 chanical means have been met so thoroughly by the men engaged in the 
 custom sampling business, that the weights, moistures and samples of 
 these custom sampling works are being accepted by the ore buyers. Me- 
 chanical sampling is being adopted by the smelting companies themselves, 
 and much of the ore coming into the market is sampled at the smelting 
 works without being handled by custom samplers at all. In any event, both 
 buyers and sellers are permitted to watch the sampling and to satisfy 
 themselves at any and all reasonable times that the work is being done 
 right. The seller gets his own assays on the control sample as a check 
 on the assays of the smelter. In some cases the assays of the seller are 
 averaged with those of the buyer as a basis of settlement. If the two 
 assays do not agree within reasonable limits, an umpire may be called for. 
 
 Wholesale Metal Market. Quotations. 
 
 Where contracts do not specifically state what authority shall be ac- 
 cepted on the ruling prices of the metals, much dissatisfaction is caused 
 by discrepancies between the prices quoted by the smelting companies 
 and those quoted by the daily press and by trade journals. Up to this 
 time, it has not been possible to account satisfactorily for these discrep- 
 ancies or to locate the actual source of all quotations. 
 
 Silver The so-called "official" prices, published daily is the prices at 
 which silver will be bought by the firm Issuing the quotation. The firm 
 does not undertake to fill orders from consumers at these figures. A state- 
 ment made by the Treasury Department of silver purchased for the mint, 
 shows that the average price paid by the government is some four- 
 tenths of a cent per ounce higher than the average New York prices for 
 the same dates, out of which difference, however, the cost of delivering 
 the silver to the mint was paid. 
 
 Copper Nearly all the copper produced in the United States is sold 
 by some half-dozen firms. The copper turned out by the "smelting trust" 
 is sold by the United Metals Selling Company, a firm that handles more 
 than one-half of the copper output of the country. The selling company 
 persistently refuses to furnish any quotations for publication. Such 
 prices as are given out to the public from day to day are only approxima- 
 tions, made b> journalists who go through the market and endeavor to 
 get an accurate opinion from the parties interested. These figures really 
 mean nothing as to the size of lot, time and place of delivery or terms of 
 payment. As to the quotations sent out by the New York M'etal Exchange, 
 the "American Metal Market and Daily Iron and Steel Report," a trade 
 journal published in New York City, said editorially in its issue of Decem- 
 ber 5, 1906: 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 75 
 
 "We are called upon to day and almost every day, to explain our copper 
 quotations in the light of the official figures for copper issued by the New 
 York Metal Exchange, and which today, and also for several days have 
 been: 
 
 Lake 22% to 223,4 
 
 Electrolytic 22Vs to 22% 
 
 Casting 22 to 22%, 
 
 "These prices are taken by the public press and copied and reproduced 
 daily all over the country as correct, on account of being, as they say, 
 "official." 
 
 "While it is true, very few firms in the metal trade take any interest in 
 this exchange or their prices, or even grace its precincts with their pres- 
 ence, there should be sufficient who use the exchange, to take steps to 
 stop this deliberate under-quoting of the market. 
 
 "As regards our readers who are constantly at us for the difference be- 
 tween our prices and the New York Metal Exchange official price, we refer 
 them to our heading, which states 'Based on actual transactions/ What 
 the other figures are based on we do not know, certainly not on tran- 
 sactions, as no copper transactions are made on the New York Metal Ex- 
 change." , | *] 
 
 Lead Transactions in this metal in the wholesale market are on the 
 basis of so much per pound, the size of lots, terms of delivery, and terms 
 of payment being published regularly in the various technical and trade 
 journals. But in dealings with producers the ore buyers in some regions 
 continue to buy on a so-called "unit" basis, so aranged that there is sel- 
 dom any close or tangible relation between the buyer's price per unit and 
 the ruling price of the metal in the wholesale market. 
 
 No Appeal From Rules of Ore Buyers. 
 
 It is claimed by many small producers of ore, that the large producers 
 are given a very unfair advantage over them in the matter of treatment 
 charges. It is also claimed tha^the custom inaugurated by at least one 
 of the great smelting companies of distributing additional compensation 
 to its employes for faithful service during the preceding year is actuated 
 by ulterior motive, which operates to the disadvantage of the producer. 
 Your committee is not in the possession of data from any of the great 
 smelting companies against whom these complaints and charges are made 
 to show that such smelting company or companies are at all dissatisfied 
 with present existing conditions. When we take into consideration the 
 fact that one of the great smelting companies in its report for the year 
 ending April 30, 1906, showed that the profits upon an original expenditure 
 of some $30,000,000 or $40,000,000 were over $10,000,000 and that* this was 
 but a slight increase in percentage of gain over the former year, the in- 
 quiry naturally arises in the minds of your committee as to how this great 
 accumulation of profit has been accomplished? And it seems to us that 
 the conclusion would naturally arise in the minds of unprejudiced per- 
 sons that the smelting business is wonderfully profitable, or is conducted 
 along lines of advantage which are not to be shared by ore producers. 
 
 In other words, the whole matter, as to treatment charges, weights, 
 moisture, assays and value of different kinds of metals of which the ore 
 is composed, and time of settlement, is absolutely in the hands of the smel- 
 ters, and from their arbitrament and dictation there is. no appeal. 
 
 Impediments to Organized Competition. 
 
 No ore producer can build his own smelting works and operate it to 
 advantage, without making provision for such ores as will combine with 
 his own to make a good smelting mixture. The producer who attempts 
 to set such an enterprise on foot usually finds that other producers, 
 whose ores he needs, and who would ordinarily be willing to co-operate 
 in the enterprise, are not free to do so because they have been allured 
 
76 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 into long term contracts with "the trust." Because of these long term con- 
 tracts, the producer who finds himself free can seldom get any co-opera- 
 tion; and as all such contracts have been timed so carefully that not 
 many important ones terminate during the same year, the producers, how- 
 ever much they may sigh for relief, seldom succeed in getting together. 
 In this respect, "the trust" must be given credit for its shrewd and adroit 
 efforts to forestall further competition. 
 
 It is complained further that railroad rates from many of the mining dis- 
 tricts of the West are dictated by the traffic officials of the "smelting 
 trusts" and that the rates are fixed so as to stifle competition from the out- 
 side. The matter of railroad freight rates, however, is already receiving 
 the attention of congress and of various state legislatures and we with- 
 hold further comment on the subject, other than to advise the formation 
 of local and state mine operators' associations for the purpose of fighting 
 all such evils. 
 
 Remedies Against Monopoly. 
 
 The three most prominent remedies suggested are: 
 
 First. Intervention on the part of the United States government. 
 
 Second. Intervention by way of state legislation. 
 
 Third. Intervention by organization of mine owners and operators 
 throughout the country for the purpose of building, operating and main- 
 taining their own mills and smelters. 
 
 Under the first remedy suggested, "Intervention on the part of the 
 United States government," your committee does not feel like making any 
 recommendation other than that the American Mining Congress uses 
 every effort in its power to convince the United States government of 
 what we believe to be the absolute necessity of better recognition and 
 protection of the mining interests of this country through a Bureau or 
 Department of Mines and Mining. 
 
 Under the second remedy, "Intervention by way of state legislation," 
 on account of the difficulty of securing efficient state legislative action 
 in some of the states we think that recommendation along this line would 
 not be advisable at this time. 
 
 The third remedy suggested, "Intervention by organization, of mine 
 owners and operators, etc.," however, seems to us to be entirely practic- 
 able and if wisely organized and judiciously managed will be eminently 
 satisfactory and we would respectfully recommend it to the consideration 
 of this Congress. About the legality of this remedy there can be no ques- 
 tion. About its desirability, it seems to us, there can be no question, for 
 the reputed dividends earned by the great smelting companies place their 
 enterprises beyond the question of doubt as successful business and finan- 
 cial propositions. And with this idea in mind your committee is dis- 
 posed to discourage mine owners from contracting their output to any con- 
 cern for such long periods in advance that they will be unable to join with 
 their friends in enterprises of this kind whenever the time seems ripe. 
 
 We feel that any objection which can logically be urged against the 
 ownership of smelters and mills by mine owners and operators as a bus- 
 iness proposition, are practically the same objections which could be 
 urged against any such smelting companies as The American Smelting 
 and Refining Company and the United States Smelting Company as bus- 
 iness propositions. 
 
 By way of illustration, permit us to state that not a great many years 
 ago the mine owners and operators of the Cripple Creek mining district 
 became aware of the fact that the railroad charges for transportation were 
 exorbitant, and they were entirely at the mercy of certain railroads. This 
 led to an idea on their part of building an independent road from Colorado 
 Springs into the town of Cripple Creek, traversing the entire Cripple 
 Creek district, as a means of outlet for their ores and transportation of 
 their fuel and other mining supplies. The road was built and paid for by 
 the mine owners and operators, and then began a bitter rate war which 
 continued for a period of seven months. It was inaugurated by a compet- 
 ing line to drive the new line out of business. However, the new line sur- 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 77 
 
 vived and subsequently sold its holding to another railroad company, re- 
 serving for its stockholders contracts with the different mine owners and 
 operators which put them beyond the possibility of paying exorbitant 
 rate in the future. The road paid its owners a good interest and profit 
 on their investment, very materially reduced their transportation rates 
 and was satisfactory in every particular. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 We desire to call attention to the fact that it is the purpose of the 
 American Mining Congress to assist the mining and metallurgical in- 
 dustries in all their branches, not only in the United States, but in all con- 
 tiguous territory where these industries desire to be benefited by our 
 efforts. And while we have been assisted in securing data for use in pre- 
 paring this report by the earnest and hearty support of quite a large num- 
 ber of mining men and operators throughout the country, for which and 
 to whom we extend our hearty thanks, yet we deplore the fact that so 
 many who could have co-operated with us have failed to do so. The reasons 
 for this partial lack of co-operation are very evident to your committee; 
 one of the principal ones being that should it become known by the smelt- 
 ing companies that their business is being criticized by their patrons they 
 might be discriminated against or perhaps refused treatment of their ore 
 entirely. Still another is that producers who are wise to the situation 
 sometimes obtain better concessions and better treatment and conse- 
 quently have not so great cause for complaint as those who have not given 
 the subject so much attention. Another is the general apathy which is 
 very human and which exists to a greater or less extent among mining 
 men as well as other people. 
 
 Your committee would respectfully suggest that when we shall have 
 been discharged from our duties in the premises, another and stronger 
 committee be apopinted to take up and carry forward this work of inves- 
 tigation and recommendation until such policy shall have been inaugu- 
 rated and acted upon among mining men and operators as will insure for 
 all fair, just, equable and satisfactory treatment in the reduction of their 
 ore products. 
 
 All of which is respectfully submitted. 
 
 (Signed) GEORGE W. RITER. 
 
 H. S. JOSEPH. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH: I want to say at this time, gentlemen, that the com- 
 mittee invites discussion upon the different points. You will readily see 
 that we have not gone into details, or given statistical information because 
 that is all on file with the Secretary. The statistics are on file, but our 
 general findings are contained in the .report as read. 
 
 COLONEL EWING: May I ask a question. Is that the report of the 
 entire committee? 
 
 MR. JOSEPH: I stated at the outset Colonel,, that a report had 
 been partially made up in Denver and sent in by Judge Colburn and I have 
 that report, but in making up our report we incorporated the vital points 
 of Judge Colburn's report. His report is only signed by himself. After 
 arriving here Mr. Riter and myself asked Judge Colburn by telegraph as 
 to whether we could make modifications in the report which was sent 
 here by him. He answered that he did not desire any changes made and 
 probably out of justice to Judge Colburn his report ought to be read. I 
 will read it if the Congress desires. I expected to file it with the Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 COLONEL EWING: I think we ought to hear the minority report. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH: I will read this report of Judge Colburn, but I want 
 to say that Mr. Rider and myself do not agree with this report. 
 
78 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 REPORT ON THE MUTUAL RELATIONS AND GRIEVANCES OF ORE 
 PRODUCERS AND CUSTOM SMELTERS. 
 
 Your committee on Mutual Relations and Grievances of Ore Producers 
 and custom smelters reports as follows: 
 
 We desire to state in the outset that the subject assigned to us in rather 
 large, complicated and difficult of treatment, for many reasons which are 
 very obvious to us, and which possibly may become somewhat plain to you 
 before the report is finished. 
 
 Without going too minutely into details, we wish to state that among 
 the matters complained of by the producers are the following: 
 
 I. Exorbitant smelter charges. 
 
 II. Unsatisfactory method of determining basis of settlement. 
 
 III. Unsatisfactory settlements on account of arbitrary valuation 
 placed upon different metals by the smelters; and refusal to pay for the 
 ore under forty-five days to two months after treatment of same. 
 
 I. Exorbitant Charges. 
 
 The claims are made: 
 
 That charges vary depending upon the value of the ore. Most producers 
 are unable to understand that while a treatment charge of say $3.00 per 
 ton .is made on ores not to exceed $10.00 in value, $12.00 or $15.00 is 
 charged on ores valued at $200.00 and upwards; any more than they can 
 understand why it costs a railroad company only 40 cents a ton to haul 
 ores of low grade and from $4.00 to $6.00 a ton for ores above a certain 
 grade. 
 
 That, in localities where there is no competition among smelters, 
 they are obliged to pay much higher rates for treatment of ore where 
 competition exists. We are credibly informed that in one instance of 
 contract where competition existed between smelters there was a differ- 
 ence in treatment charges of $34.00 on lead ore of the value of $100.00 and 
 less per ton. That in an extensive mining district where competition was 
 started the smelters lowered treatment charges from one to three dollars 
 per ton. 
 
 That the tax for insoluble matter and for elemens seems to the producer 
 
 to be altogether too great. 
 
 
 
 II. Unsatisfactory Method of Determining Basis of Settlement. 
 
 The claims are made: 
 
 That the smelter assays are almost invariably low, and this is purposely 
 done in many instances to secure splits on assays to reduce the basis of 
 settlement. 
 
 T,hat methods of umpiring are so arranged by the smelters that the 
 producer almost invariably pays the umpire fees. 
 
 That the methods of assaying used are those which favor the smelter 
 and prevent the producer from receiving full value for his ores. 
 
 That the full assay value of metals is not settled for. 
 
 That a certain percentage of the value in some cases is subtracted from 
 assay value; and in some instances, where full value is allowed, a certain 
 percentage is deducted on settlement; both amounting to the same thing. 
 
 III. Unsatisfactory Settlements on Account of Arbitrary Valuation 
 Placed Upon Different Metals by the Smelters; and a Refusal to 
 Pay for the Ore Under Forty-five Days to Two Months After Treat- 
 ment of Same. 
 
 The claims are made: 
 
 That quotations from the Engineering and Mining Journal are taken 
 by some smelters as a basis of settlement; and by many it is believed 
 that this journal is owned and operated in the interests of a smelter or 
 smelters and that its quotations are not always correct. Some settle- 
 ments are based upon prices quoted by brokerage firms in New York 
 City, who always quote prices lower than the regular New York quota- 
 tions. 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 7t) 
 
 That while some smelters agree in their contracts with producers to 
 settle upon quotations given in the Engineering and Mining Journal, 
 they sometimes settle at less price than such quotations. 
 
 That the smelters in a measure control the quotations upon which 
 their settlements are made and that while under contract to settle on 
 certain quotations they do not always do so. 
 
 And one of the latest, and to our minds, one of the most vital com- 
 plaints is that in certain mining sections the smelters now refuse to 
 settle for ore until the lapse of forty-five days to two months after 
 the treatment of the same. This, to your committee, seems to be a matter 
 of very grave importance so far as present circumstances are to be con- 
 sidered, and also to be very far-reaching in its results so far as the future 
 is concerned. We are credibly informed that in some mining sections it 
 would not only be possible, but highly probable that the smelters would 
 be owing the producers from $1,000,000 tQ $2,000,000 within the two 
 months specified. This rule of the smelters is very serious at this 
 particular time when it is hard to provide currency as a circulating 
 medium. And we fail to see the justice of furnishing the smelting com- 
 panies with what would probably, in certain localities, amount to the 
 continuous use of the interest on from $1,000,000 to $2,000,000. 
 
 It is claimed by many small producers of ore, that the large producers 
 are given a very unfair advantage over them in the matter of treatment 
 charges. It is also claimed that the custom inaugurated by at least one 
 of the great smelting companies of distributing additional compensation 
 to its employes for faithful service during the preceding year is actuated 
 by an ulterior motive, which operates to the disadvantage of the producer. 
 Your committee is not in the possession of data from any of the great 
 smelting companies against whom these complaints and charges are 
 made to show that such smelting company or companies are at all dissat- 
 isfied with present existing conditions. When we take into consideration 
 the fact that one of the great smelting companies, in its report for the 
 year ending April 30, 1906, showed that the profits upon an original ex- 
 penditure of some $30,000,000 or $40,000,000 were over $10,000,000 and 
 that this was but a slight increase in percentage over the former year, 
 the inquiry naturally arises in the minds of your committee as to how this 
 great accumulation of profit has been accomplished? And it seems to us 
 that the conclusion would arise in the minds of unprejudiced persons 
 that the smelting business is wonderfully profitable, or it is conducted 
 along lines of advantage which are not to be shared by ore producers. 
 
 In other words, the whole matter, as to treatment charges, weights, 
 moisture, assays and value of different kinds of metals of which the ore 
 is composed and time of settlement, is absolutely in the hands of the 
 smelters, and from their arbitrament and dictation there is no appeal. 
 
 Remedies. 
 
 The three most prominent remedies suggested are: 
 
 First. Intervention on the part of the United States government. 
 
 Second. Intervention by way of state legislation. 
 
 Third. Intervention by organization of mine owners and operators 
 throughout the country for the purpose of building, operating and main- 
 taining their own mills and smelters along lines similar to those now 
 employed in the operation of the great smelting companies which now 
 control the treatment of ores in this country. 
 
 Under the first remedy suggested, "Intervention on the part of the 
 United States government," your committee does not feel like making 
 any recommendations other than that the American Mining Congress uses 
 every effort in its power to convince the United States government of 
 what we believe to be the absolute necessity of better recognition and 
 protection of the mining interests of this country through a Bureau or 
 Department of Mines and Mining. 
 
80 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Under the second remedy, "Intervention by way of state legislation," 
 on account of the difficulty of securing efficient state legislative action 
 in some of the states we think that recommendation along this line would 
 not be advisable at this time. 
 
 The third remedy suggested, "Intervention by organization of mine own- 
 ers and operators, etc.," however, seems to us to be entirely practicable 
 and if wisely organized and judiciously managed will be eminently 
 satisfactory and we would respectfully recommend it to the consideration 
 of this Congress. About the legality of this remedy there can be no 
 question. About its desirability it seems to us there can be no ques- 
 tion, for the reputed dividends earned by the great smelting companies 
 place their enterprises beyond the question of doubt as successful bus- 
 iness and financial propositions. 
 
 Other remedies, such as competition and independent smelters, have 
 been suggested and considered by your committee. Neither of these do 
 we think would be of any permanent value for the reason that competi- 
 tion might cease to be competition, and independent smelters, as in the 
 past, might cease to be independent smelters and then the mining indus- 
 try, so far as treatment of ores is concerned, would practically be in the 
 same condition as at the present time. 
 
 We feel that any objections which can logically be urged against the 
 ownership of smelters and mills by mine owners and operators as a bus- 
 iness proposition, are practically the same objections which could be 
 urged against any such smelting companies as The American Smelting 
 and Refining Company and the United States Smelting Company, as bus- 
 iness propositions. 
 
 By way of illustration permit us to state that not a great many years 
 ago the mine owners and operators of the Cripple Creek mining district 
 became aware of the fact that the railroad charges for transportation 
 were exorbitant, and they were entirely at the mercy of certain rail- 
 roads. This leads to the conception of an idea on their part of the building 
 of an independent road from Colorado Springs into the town of Cripple 
 Creek, traversing the entire Cripple Creek district as a means of outlet 
 for their ores and transportation for their fuel and other mining supplies. 
 The road was built and paid for by the mine owners and operators and 
 then began a bitter rate war which continued for a period of seven 
 months. It was inaugurated by a competing line to drive the new line 
 out of business. However, .the new line survived and subsequently sold 
 its holdings to another railroad company, reserving for its stockholders 
 contracts with the different mine owners and operators which put them 
 beyond the possibility of paying exhorbitant rates in the future. The road 
 paid Its owners a good interest and profit on their investment; very ma- 
 terially reduced their transportation rates and was satisfactory in every 
 particular. 
 
 We desire to call attention to the fact that it is the purpose of The 
 American Mining Congress to assist the mining and metallurgical in- 
 dustries in all their branches, not only in the United States, but in all 
 contiguous territory where these industries desire to be benefited by our 
 efforts. And while we have been assisted in securing data for use in pre- 
 paring this report by the earnest and hearty support of quite a large num- 
 ber of mining men and operators throughout the country, for which and to 
 whom we extend our hearty thanks, yet we deplore the fact that so many 
 who could have co-operated with us have failed so to do. The reasons 
 for this partial lack of co-operation are very evident to your committee, 
 one of the principal ones being that should it become known by the smelt- 
 ing companies that their business is being criticized by their patrons 
 they would be discriminated aganst or perhaps refused treatment of their 
 ore entirely. Still another is that the producers who are wise to the sit- 
 uation sometimes obtain better concessions and better treament and 
 consequently have not so great cause for complaint as those who have 
 not given the subject so much attention. Another is the general apathy 
 which is very human and which exists to a greater or less extent among 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 81 
 
 mining men as well as other people. However, if we are to expect the 
 best results we must be thoroughly united in our efforts. 
 
 Your committee would respectfully suggest that when we shall have 
 been discharged from our duties in the premises, another and stronger 
 committee be appointed to take up and carry forward this work of inves- 
 tigation and recommendation until such policy shall have been inaugu- 
 rated and acted upon among mining men and operators as will insure 
 for all fair, just, equable and satisfactory treatment in the reduction of 
 their ore products. 
 
 All of which is respectfully submitted. 
 
 (Signed) E. A. COLBURN, Chairman 
 
 H. J. CANT WELL, OF MISSOURI: As the majority report seems to 
 embody all contained in the minority report, and as the minority report 
 contains a criticism of the Engineering and Mining Journal, I move that 
 the minority report be laid upon the table, and the majority report be 
 incorporated in the minutes. 
 
 COLONEL DORSET: You speak of a majority report and a minority 
 report. This Congress appointed a committee of five gentlemen to report 
 upon these facts. As stated, the secretary sent out some 1,500 requests 
 for the different mine owners to answer. I went to a dozen of those men 
 and requested that this information be given. Not one responded for the 
 reason given in those reports. They were afraid to do it. I am satisfied 
 they had contracts with the railroads and with the smelters to their 
 advantage so they were afraid to say anything. I submit there is no ma- 
 jority report here. Mr. Joseph and Mr. Riter make a report. Judge Col- 
 burn makes a report. I think it is wise to publish the report made by 
 Mr. Joseph and Mr. Riter. Let Judge Colburn's lay on the table for 
 the reason that the other report contains everything except this criticism 
 perhaps. Then if you desire, discharge this committee and appoint an- 
 other committee to take this matter up and report to the next session of 
 the Congress. 
 
 GEORGE W. RITER, OF UTAH: As one of the members of the 
 committee who is responsible for this report which was first read, I 
 think it is fair to state to the Congress that the other members of the 
 committee met with us, traveling long distances, and we were in session 
 for several days at a time. I should like to state that although the other 
 members of the committee are not here with us and have not joined in 
 the report first read, the reason for that is this, the report was not made 
 up until our arrival in Joplin the report in its final form. Consequently 
 it has been signed by Senator Joseph and myself who are here. It is fair 
 to the other members of the committee, however, to state that in all ses- 
 sions of the committee the members have been in perfect harmony, and 
 I have no reason to believe that the other members of the committee would 
 be unwilling to add their signatures and give their support to our report. 
 I think it is fair also to state that those figures which are quoted in the 
 report have been given with the express permission of the operator who 
 furnished it, and that the committee has been guided entirely by its pledge 
 not to divulge information given it in confidence. I may say in conclusion 
 that Senator Joseph and I do not join in Judge Colburn's report be- 
 cause it contained things we cannot agree upon. We who are operating 
 and selling ores in a district where competition has reached a maximum, 
 where one of the smelter managers has given us honest information for 
 this report and has stated that more tons of ore are being smelted today 
 with better results than in any other smelting center in the country, are 
 inclined to recommend competition as a good thing. 
 
 W. R. INGALLS, OF NEW YORK: I arise, not to discuss the report 
 just read, but to make a simple statement with reference to the criticism 
 which Judge Colburn has made in his report of the Engineering and Mining 
 Journal. 
 
 H. S. JOSEPH: I arise to a point of order. My point of order is 
 this that there is a motion before the house and that prevents a dis- 
 
82 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 cussion of the two reports before the convention at this time. Unless the 
 gentleman desires to speak on a question of personal privilege to refute 
 certain statements made by Judge Colburn in his report he is out of 
 order. 
 
 MR. INGALLS: That is it. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH: Let me say to Mr. Ingalls, that probably he misunder- 
 stood. That is not the committee's report. 
 
 MR. INGALLS: I understand that and intend simply to make a brief 
 statement of fact. 
 
 CHAIRMAN BUCKLEY: If there are no objections Mr. Ingalls will 
 have permission to make his statement. 
 
 MR. INGALLS: The Engineering and Mining Journal is owned by 
 the Hall Publishing Company. The entire stock of the Hall Publishing 
 Company is owned by its own officers and employes. I make this state- 
 ment as a director in chief of the Engineering and Mining Journal and 
 as a director and manager of the Hall Publishing Company. 
 
 MR. MALCOLMSON, OF KANSAS CITY: Do I understand, Mr. 
 Chairman, that this matter is now open for discussion? 
 
 CHAIRMAN BUCKLEY: The reports are now open for discussion. 
 
 MR. MALCOLMSON: For a number of years I held a general power 
 of attorney for the American Smelting and Refining Company, but since 
 1902 I have been in business of mining on my own account. I would 
 like to make a few remarks regarding this matter. 
 
 In the first place I would protest against the assumption that the ex- 
 tra money paid by that company to its employes for increased efficiency is 
 paid to them because of the amount of money that they steal from the 
 miners. Is that the way I understand tte report of Mr. Joseph? 
 
 MR. JOSEPH : That there was a suspicion well grounded. 
 
 MR. MALCOLMSON: These bonuses are paid to employes for effi- 
 ciency, resulting in increased profits, and in no organization is it possible 
 for efficiency and dishonesty to go together. Most of the employes to 
 whom the increase in the way of a bonus is paid are metallurgists, sup- 
 erintendents and others, who do not come into contact with ore sellers at 
 all, and are in no way able to influence or affect settlements with the 
 customers of the company. It is good in law, and should be good else- 
 where, that definite proof must be obtained before accusations of the kind 
 mentioned by the delegate from Utah be made against a number of repu- 
 table men, based merely on suspicion without any proof whatever is ridic- 
 ulous, and never should have been made. 
 
 MR. RITER, OF UTAH: The members of the committee submitting 
 this report recognizes that custom smelting is a legitimate industry, and 
 so long as it is conducted along that line, and so long as the smelters are 
 fair in their methods of dealing with patrons, there is no complaint. We 
 do object, however, to profits being made by subterfuge. Some time ago, 
 there came into my hands a detailed statement, made by the Treasury 
 Department, covering the purchase of several million ounces of silver for 
 the mint. On comparing these prices by dates with the prices that had 
 been sent out from New York for the use of the smelters, it was found 
 that in every instance the price paid by the government was higher than 
 the so called ''official" quotation, the discrepancy being almost too large 
 to be explained by such items as expressage, insurance, interest on the 
 money and so on. I finally directed an inquiry to the firm responsible 
 for the New York quotation, stating that our company was selling its 
 ores under a contract which provided that the silver contents should be 
 paid for on the basis of official prices as quoted by the firm from day 
 to day and asking how the quotations were arrived at. There had ap- 
 peared last spring, in response to inquiries from a number of mining men 
 including myself, a valuable article in the Engineering and Mining 
 Journal on, "How Metals are Sold." Among other things, it recited the 
 basis on which silver is sold, and stated that the price is governed by the 
 London market. According to the article, which I have every reason to 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 83 
 
 believe correct, at a certain hour each day the silver brokers in 
 London meet and fix upon the price of silver for the day. At that price 
 they agree to buy such quantities of silver as may be offered, within rea-~ 
 sonable limits, and also agree to fill such orders from consumers as may 
 be placed at that price, exacting, more than likely, a reasonable commis- 
 sion. This article was cited- to the firm that .sends out the New York 
 "official" quotation, and the firm was asked whether it followed the 
 rule of the London brokers and undertook to fill orders from consumers 
 at the price quoted. It said: "No. The price we give out from day to day 
 is the price at which we are willing to buy." Now it is to be presumed 
 that the men who are putting out bullion, placing it on the market, are 
 aware of these conditions, and yet all of the contracts that I have ever 
 seen, which the mining men have to sign, recite that the silver contained 
 in ores shall be paid for on the basis of the quotations issued by this 
 firm, which, according to its own statement, does not undertake to sell 
 to consumers at its price, but the price given out is the price it bids for 
 the metal. It might be well to state further that a large portion of the 
 copper produced in the United States is sold by one company, but this 
 company, according to statements made by the editor of the Engineering 
 and Mining Journal, statements made by him personally, does not fur- 
 nish and has persistently refused to furnish for publication any data con- 
 cerning its transactions and prices. In the absence of definite infor- 
 mation from the people who ultimately sell the copper from our mines, 
 we contract in advance to sell to the smelters on the figures quoted in 
 the Engineering and Mining Journal, figures that are made up by journal- 
 ists who go through the market and endeavor to obtain an accurate opin- 
 ion from the parties at interest. While not complaining of this journal 
 as now conducted, we remember that it has changed hands more than 
 once, and we should like some legal guarantee thac the figures we con- 
 tract in advance to accept, will represent actual market conditions, tran- 
 sactions with consumers being considered in their bulk. The smelting 
 and refinining companies knowing the real facts at ail times and being in 
 position to correct any published errors, could give such a guarantee, but 
 refuse to do so. The parties whose figures we contract to accept are not 
 bound to furnish correct ones. If they give out figures which are not 
 correct we can do nothing but accept them. The point of it all is that the 
 companies who are purchasing and selling metals, who are best posted o.n 
 the actual conditions of. the market, are the ones who refuse to give out 
 accurate information as to what the market is. They compel us to ac- 
 cept the figures of third parties, but refuse to guarantee the correctness 
 of the figures. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH, OF UTAH: From Mr. Malcolmson's remarks it would 
 appear that the American Smelting and Refining Company is an angel of 
 charity and justice, never did anything wrong, or dared to do anything 
 wrong, always on the side of right, but the ore producers come to us with 
 their complaints telling us they are not treated fairly and asking the 
 American Mining Congress to help them out. Some have even gone so 
 far as to go to President Roosevelt, the trust-buster, and asked the inter- 
 vention of the government to regulate this octopus, the American Smelting 
 and Refining Company. Mr. Malcolmson states he believes this bonus 
 which the committee referred to is being paid annually to the employes 
 for efficiency. Well, I don't see that the poor furnace tender that gets 
 $2 a day gets any bonus for his work, but the clerks that do the figuring, 
 they get the bonus. 
 
 In reference to another criticism on the part of the gentleman from 
 Missouri with reference to contracts. The committee examined a.great 
 many contracts and I would say that it would defy the efforts of a Phil- 
 adelphia lawyer, much less a Missouri lawyer and I know Missouri has 
 some pretty good things, to unravel these contracts. They read so that 
 the average ore-producer is unable to understand what is in those con- 
 tracts. 
 
84 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 As to quotations, this is what the ore producer is butting up against. 
 We are confronted with two different quotations. The Engineering and 
 Mining Journal has a quotation, and that is the standard the ore producer 
 is willing to take, but the ore producer does criticise these manufacturers 
 quotations given in the Trade Journals and in the Associated Press pos- 
 sibly. We would like to ^see the quotations on the metal the same in 
 one part of the country as 'it is in another, and that is what we do not see. 
 
 CHAIRMAN BUCKLEY: The motion before the convention is that 
 the minority report be placed on the table and that the majority report 
 be accepted and placed on file, and that the Congress recommends 
 that a new committee be appointed to replace the old. That the old com- 
 mittee be discharged and a new committee be appointed. 
 Which motion was carried unanimously. . 
 
 MR. JOHN DERN OF UTAH: I move you, sir, that the present com- 
 mittee or that the committee which has just been discharged be continued 
 or re-appointed for another year. 
 
 CHAIRMAN BUCKLEY: I believe that the motion just voted upon 
 provided that a new committee be appointed, so that the appointment of 
 the new committee would be delegated to the President. 
 
 MR. JOHN DERN, OF UTAH: I will withdraw my motion and sub- 
 stitute this one: I move that this Congress recommend to the president 
 of the Congress that the members of the committee which has just re- 
 ported who are present and have served faithfully upon this committee 
 be reappointed on the committee to be appointed for the next year, and 
 that additional members be appointed to complete the committee of 
 five. 
 
 MR. MALCOLMSON : I would like to say that I hope you will have a 
 man on that committee who knows something about the smelting indus- 
 try, in addition to men who know about the mining industry. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH, OF UTAH: At this point I would like to state that the 
 American Mining Congress challenges discussion of this important ques- 
 tion with the American Smelting and Refining Company, but their rep- 
 resentatives are not here today. 
 
 CHAIRMAN BUCKLEY: Are you ready for the question 
 carried. 
 
 MR. DORSE Y, OF NEBRASKA: The committee on resolutions re- 
 ports back resolution introduced by Mr. Mills, thanking the city of Joplin 
 for their entertainment. In moving its adoption I ask that a rising vote 
 be taken. 
 
 The motion being duly put by the chair was unaanimously carried. 
 
 Resolutions of Thanks. 
 
 Whereas, The citizens of the city of Joplin have more than fullfilled 
 the promises made by the Missouri delegation when the city of Joplin was 
 selected" as the place of holding the session of 1907 of the American Min- 
 ing Congress, and 
 
 Whereas, The officers, members and delegates of the Congress have 
 been received with true Southern hospitality combined with Western en- 
 thusiasm, 
 
 Resolved, That the members and delegates of the tenth annual session 
 of the American Mining Congress hereby express their hearty apprecia- 
 tion of the courtesies extended by the citizens of Joplin. 
 
 Resolved, That the special thanks of the Congress be extended to the 
 warm hearted, generous and apparently tireless ladies of Joplin, who 
 have, by their attendance at the session of the Congress, by their gener- 
 osity, courtesy, thoughtfulness and untiring zeal, done so much to make 
 this session of the Congress the most enjoyable ever held. 
 
 Resolved, That the thanks of this Congress be extended to the Mayor 
 of the city of Joplin and the Joplin Commercial Club for their assistance 
 in making the tenth annual session notable and successful in achieve- 
 ment. 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 85 
 
 Resolved, That the thanks of the Congress be extended to the press 
 of the city of Joplin, which has, by its uniform courtesies and its equal 
 justice contributed in no small degree to the success of the session. 
 
 Resolved, That the thanks of this Congress be extended to the citizens 
 of Galena, Baxter Springs, Webb City, Carterville and Carthage, for 
 their hospitality so generously offered and given by them. 
 
 Resolved that the thanks of this Congress be extended to the Mine own- 
 ers of the Joplin district for the opportunity afforded to members and dele- 
 gates to examine mines and milling methods so successfully practiced. 
 
 Resolved, That it is the intent of these resolutions to convey to each 
 and every officer, citizen and organization in the city of Joplin, an ac- 
 knowledgement that nowhere has this Congress been received with more 
 liberality or enthusiasim, and 
 
 Be It Further Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded 
 to the Mayor of Joplin, the Joplin Club and the press. 
 
 MR. GREGG OP MISSOURI: On behalf of the people of Joplin I de- 
 sire to express the thanks of the people of Joplin and all of those referred 
 to in that resolution for the handsome recognition given for any courtesy 
 which we may have rendered, (applause.) 
 
 M'R. CANTWELL, OF MISSOURI: I have a short resolution which 
 I desire to offer. 
 
 The secretary then read the resolution as follows: 
 
 Resolution No. 10 Introduced by H. J. Cantwell of Missouri. 
 
 Resolved, That it is the sense of this Congress that it is unwise and 
 inexpedient for any official of this Congress to make any report in his 
 official capacity on any individual mine, or other commercial enterprise, 
 and that the work of the information bureau of the Congress be hereafter 
 confined to the circulation of the official printed documents of the Con- 
 gress, which shall be sent out under such rules and regulations as may 
 be prescribed by the Board of Directors. 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT BUCKLEY: I would like to announce that the 
 report of the committee appointed to investigate the laws of the various 
 states with a view to suggesting additional protection for mining investors 
 will be taken up this afternoon. I would suggest that the members be 
 here promptly at 2:30 at which time we will listen to a short address on 
 the International Mining Exposition at M'adison Square Garden in New 
 York City, by Mr. W. M. Porter. A motion for adjournment is now in 
 order. 
 
 A motion to that effect being made and seconded, upon being put was 
 unanimously carried, and a recess taken until 2 o'clock p. m. 
 
 THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 1907. 
 
 Afternoon Session. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The Congress will be in order. 
 COLONEL DORSEY, OF NEBRASKA: The committee on resolu- 
 tions report favorably on resolution No. 3 introduced by Samuel R. 
 House of Denver, which I will ask the secretary to read. 
 The secretary read resolution as follows: 
 
 Resolution No. 3. 
 (By Samuel R. House.) 
 
 Whereas, It is apparent that the free importation of foreign zinc ores 
 into the United States is inimical to the direct interests of the miners of 
 zinc ores in the United States, and 
 
 Whereas, The principle of protection has been applied to the produc- 
 tion of spelter and unrefined zinc products; therefore, be it 
 
86 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Resolved, By the American Mining Congress in convention assembled, 
 that the Congress of the United States be urged to impose such a duty 
 on the importation of zinc ores into the United States as will protect the 
 interests of the miners of zinc ore. 
 
 On motion made, duly seconded and put, the resolution was adopted: 
 
 Motion was made and seconded that the report of the committee of 
 which Mr. Downey is chairman, be fixed as a special order for four o'clock. 
 Being duly put the motion was unanimously carried. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS : " The next order on the program is ad- 
 dress entitled "The International Mining Exposition of M'adison Square 
 Garden, New York City," by W. M. Porter. 
 
 Mr. Porter's address will be found on page 149 of this report. 
 
 MR. FRANK E, WIRE of Illinois: I have a resolution I would like 
 to offer and ask the Secretary to read it. 
 
 Secretary read the resolution as follows: 
 
 Resolution No. 11. 
 (Introduced by Frank E. Wire of Illinois.) 
 
 Resolved, That the American Mining Congress accept this invitation 
 from the International Mining Exposition Company to co-operate with 
 them in holding this exposition at Madison Square Garden, Ne.w York, 
 and to that end, as an educational measure for the benefit of the mining 
 industry, the American Mining Congress extends the invitation to the 
 United States government, states and territories, foreign countries, min- 
 ing associations, manufacturers of mine equipment, and mine owners, to 
 participate in this exposition. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The time has now arrived for our sub- 
 ject "Symposium on Mining Engineering. Education," led by Dr. Victor 
 C. Alderson, President of the School of mines of Colorado. 
 
 Dr. Alderson's address will be found on page 162 of this report. 
 
 COL. DORSEY of Nebraska: There is an important resolution on 
 the desk of the Secretary I would like to have him read. 
 
 Secretary then read the resolution as follows: 
 
 Resolution No. 12. 
 (Introduced by Judge J. H. Richards.) 
 
 Resolved, That the American Mining Congress urges the establish- 
 ment under the Department of the Interior at the approaching session of 
 Congress of an independent Bureau of M'ines and Engineering Investi- 
 gation, with ample authority and funds for, 
 
 (a). The investigation of, and inquiries into the nature and extent of 
 the mine and quarry industries; the cost, method and processes employed 
 in the mining, handling transporting and treatment of mineral products 
 in the United States, the territories and insular possessions; and the 
 recommending of legislation appropriate thereto; with the view of bene- 
 fiting these industries, by improving mining conditions, developing more 
 efficient methods, and preventing mine and quarry accidents as well as 
 unnecessary waste, and of securing thereby the wise utilization and con- 
 servation of our fuels and other mineral resources. 
 
 (b) The investigation in foreign countries concerning mining, hand- 
 ling, treating and using of fuels and other mineral products, with a view 
 to benefiting American industries. 
 
 (c) The investigation of, and inquiries into, the engineering problem 
 of the government, the testing of materials belonging to or for the use of 
 the government of the United States; and the making at cost of similar 
 tests and investigations for state or municipal governments and other 
 parties, under such regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of 
 the Interior. 
 
 (d) The co-operation with the Geological Survey in determining the 
 value of mineral resources in the United States; and with the Survey 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 87 
 
 as well as the General Laud Office and the Forest Service in the disposi- 
 tion and management of the mineral lands belonging to the Federal 
 government. 
 
 (e) The publication, in such form as to be readily available, of the 
 information obtained from all these investigations and inquiries; the wide 
 and prompt distribution of these publications among the mining men of 
 the country; and co-operation of impartial government experts in fur- 
 ther education work by public addresses in mining camps and at the 
 meetings of men associated with mining and quarrying industries with 
 a view to prevention of accidents, and of waste, and the adoption of more 
 efficient methods. 
 
 Resolved, That realizing the increasing importance of the work of 
 the United States Geological Survey as furnishing an intelligent founda- 
 tion for the development of the mining, agricultural, forestry, and other 
 great industrial developments in this country, the American Mining 
 Congress respectfully urges the Congress of the United States to grant 
 larger appropriations for the surveys and other investigations of the 
 Geological Survey, so that the results may be reached rapidly enough to 
 more nearly meet the growing needs of the country, especially in rela- 
 tion to: 
 
 (a) The classification of the public lands; 
 
 (b) The topographic surveying of the United States and the ex- 
 ploration and mapping of the geological formations, ore bodies, mineral 
 deposits, etc. 
 
 (c) The investigations concerning the nature, extent and origin of 
 these deposits, and the relation of the rock formations to the character 
 of the soil derived therefrom. 
 
 COL. DORSEY: Gentlemen of the Convention: This resolution is 
 offered by our worthy President and has been prepared by him after con- 
 sultation with your Board of Directors and the Committee on Resolutions. 
 It embodies what the Secretary of the Interior at Washington desires 
 regarding our views as to the establishment of a Bureau of Mining in 
 the city of Washington under the control of the Secretary of the Inte- 
 rior. After consultation of my colleagues on the Committee on Reso- 
 lutions we have determined to bring the resolutions direct before the 
 convention for action. I therefore move you, Mr. President, that the rule 
 requiring the sending of all resolutions to the Committee on Resolutions 
 be suspended and that this resolution be now considered by the Congress. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: It has been moved and seconded that the 
 rule be suspended which requires the submission of all resolutions to 
 the Committee on Resolutions. The question now is as to the suspen- 
 sion of the rule. 
 
 Motion was unanimously carried. 
 
 COL. DORSEY of Nebraska: I move the adoption of the resolution 
 as read. 
 
 The motion being duly seconded, was put and unanimously carried. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The next topic on the program is "What 
 the Profession can reasonably Expect from the Mining School Graduate," 
 by Dr. Milnor Roberts. 
 
 R. H. KEMP of Minnesota: Mr. President, I was requested to read 
 the paper by Dr. Roberts, but at this time I would like to suggest, owing 
 to the lateness of the hour and the r fact that there are many papers which 
 will be presented by the authors who are present, that we dispense with 
 the reading of this paper, but have it published without reading. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: If there is no objection it will be so or- 
 dered and the paper will be filed for record. 
 
 Dr. Roberts' paper will be found on page 172 of this report. 
 
 The next on the program is the "Relation of the Mining School to the 
 the Mining Industry," by Prof. Robert H. Richards of Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
88 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 DR. HENRY M. PAYNE: Mr. President, I understand that Prof. 
 Richards' paper is of extreme interest, and would suggest that it be 
 handed over to the Secretary and published in the usual course where 
 members may have an opportunity to read it. 
 
 Prof. Richards' paper will be found on page 185 of this report. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: If there is no objection we will take that 
 order. The . next topic is "Secondary Technical Education Applied to 
 Mining," by Mr. Lewis Young, Director of the School of Mines of Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 Prof. Young's paper will be found on page 178 of this report. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS : The next topic is "The Value of Cor- 
 respondence Instruction to the Mining Man," by M'r. H. H. Stoek, Editor 
 of Mines and Minerals of Scranton, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mr. Stoek's paper will be found on page 199 of this report. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The time has arrived for the special order. 
 We will now hear from Mr. C. J. Downey of Colorado, Chairman of the 
 committee appointed to investigate corporation laws of various states 
 with a view to suggesting additional protection for mining investors. 
 
 ' Mr. Downey presented the report of the committee as follows : 
 Members and Delegates of the American Mining Congress: 
 
 This committee respectfully begs leave to report that it is easier to 
 devise than to demonstrate methods of preventing fraudulent mining 
 schemes. By the very nature of the case, the demonstration of methods 
 must be expected to follow the approval and action of this Congress, 
 with respect to the proceedings of this committee. The committee, 
 therefore, has limited itself to the task of devising methods. 
 
 This committee begs leave, first to congratulate the Congress upon 
 the passage by several state legislatures of the so-called Pardee meas- 
 ure, concerning fraudulent stock representations, recommended by the 
 Congress at its ninth annual session, and to urge that the effort be con- 
 tinued to procure its adoption in other states. 
 
 The report of this committee falls under five topical heads, repre- 
 senting the five recommendations which it presents to this Congress: 
 
 First. Concerning a proposed legislative enactment to compel the 
 organizers, directors or promoters of corporations founded upon indefinite 
 or prospective property values, to justify the issuance of full paid stock 
 for such property by filing a complete schedule of facts concerning the 
 same with the secretary of state. 
 
 Second. Concerning a campaign of education, in behalf of probable 
 mining stock buyers, through the media of the city and country press, 
 this campaign to be conducted in the name of the American Mining 
 Congress. 
 
 Third. Concerning a proposal to secure the cumulative voting privi- 
 lege for minority stockholders in all states where this privilege has not 
 already been secured by statute. 
 
 Fourth. Concerning a set of resolutions respectfully urging upon the 
 secretaries of states and attorneys-general of the various mining states 
 and territories the importance of seeing to the enforcement of all local 
 requirements affecting foreign corporations; that is, corporations organized 
 under the laws of other states or territories. 
 
 Fifth. Concerning the proposed establishment of a standing commit- 
 tee of five, the majority of whom shall be practicing attorneys, for the 
 purpose of initiating or considering proper changes in, or additions to, 
 the corporation laws of our states, insofar as they affect or may be made 
 to affect the interests of stock investors. 
 
 First. 
 
 Owing to the variations in the corporation laws of our various states, 
 especially as illustrated by local court decisions bearing upon the same, 
 this committee has found it impossible to recommend to this Congress 
 any general or uniform measure for presentation to the legislatures of 
 those states where the organizers, directors or promoters of mining cor- 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 89 
 
 porations should be required to fully certify the facts concerning their 
 financial operations. It, therefore, presents to this Congress a TYPE of 
 such a measure, one which the committee is satisfied is sustained by the 
 decision of at least one Western state (Colorado), and it recommends 
 that this Congress adopt the said measure as a TYPE of a publicity law 
 to which this Congress gives its hearty sanction, the enactment of proper 
 statutes in the several states to be urged in accordance with the princi- 
 ples thereby approved. The following type of publicity measure is ac- 
 cordingly recommended to the favorable consideration of this Congress: 
 
 AN ACT ENTITLED AN ACT TO CONTROL THE ISSUANCE OF THE 
 FULL PAID CAPITAL STOCK OF CORPORATIONS FOR PROP- 
 ERTY, TO PROVIDE FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF INFORMA- 
 TION CONCERINING SAID PROPERTY AND THE STOCKS SO IS- 
 SUED TO THE STATE, TO REQUIRE AN ANNUAL REPORT TO 
 THE STATE BY CERTAIN CORPORATIONS, TO FIX PENALTIES 
 FOR THE VIOLATION OF THIS ACT, AND TO IMPOSE CERTAIN 
 DUTIES UPON THE SECRETARY OF STATE. 
 
 Be It Enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Colorado: 
 
 Section 1. Whenever the board of directors of any corporation, ex- 
 isting under and by virtue of the laws of the state of Colorado, shall 
 cause to be issued any portion of the capital stock of said corporation in 
 exchange for property, the said capital stock being issued as full paid, 
 it shall be the duty of the said directors, within thirty days immediately 
 succeeding the issuance of said full paid capital stock and the acceptance 
 of the said property as full consideration therefor, to file with the secre- 
 tary of state of Colorado a signed and sworn certificate of the transaction 
 aforesaid, which shall contain also a declaration of the value of said prop- 
 erty, as a reasonable equivalent of the full paid stock issued in exchange 
 for said property; provided only that the said declaration may be sub- 
 ject to the following described specifications, to-wit: 
 
 First. That the declared value of the said property, in whole or in 
 part, is representative of a true market appraisement of the value of 
 said property, in whole or in part, and to this extent, as described or de- 
 fined, immediately available for productive use or valuable service to the 
 possessor thereof. 
 
 Second. That the declared value of said property, in whole or in 
 part, is representative of an implied future or prospective value inherent 
 in said property, in the judgment of the directors; the said implied fu- 
 ture value being dependent upon undetermined factors of experiment, ex- 
 ploration, equipment or other means of exploitation, without which the 
 said implied future value must forever remain undisclosed. r 
 
 Sec. 2. In case the said directors of any corporation shall certify to 
 ihe value of the property issued in exchange for the full paid stock of the 
 said corporation, subject to the two specifications of value, as provided 
 in section 1 of this act, it shall be the duty of said directors to clearly 
 define the proportions in which the market or appraised value of said 
 property and the implied future value of said property are represented by 
 the said declaration. Failure to specify the implied future or prospective 
 value of any property, accepted in exchange for the full paid stock of 
 the corporation, when the said implied future value is manifestly an in- 
 crement of the total valuable consideration for said full paid stock, 
 or any evasion or false representation as to the actual present value, or 
 implied future value, of said property, shall be a misdemeanor, punishable 
 by fine or imprisonment, as hereinafter provided. 
 
 Sec. 3. Whenever the directors of a corporation shall certify to the 
 secretary of state the implied future or prospective value of any prop- 
 erty, transferred to the said corporation in exchange for the full paid 
 
90 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 stock of the said corporation, it shall be the duty of the said directors 
 to comprise within or, attach to their said declaration, as a part thereof, 
 a description of the said property with respect to the following particu- 
 lars, to-wit: (1) Its location within a given state, county, township and 
 section; (2) the nature of the legal title thereto; (3) the industrial or 
 commercial character of the same, and (4) a description of its physical 
 extent or amount; except in the case of leaseholds, contracts of purchase 
 or other written instrument signifying possession of real property, in 
 which case the real property itself shall be described with respect to the 
 particulars set forth in this section; also the said directors shall accom- 
 pany their declaration with, or attach thereto, a signed and sworn report 
 of an expert authority, fully describing (1) the limitations of the said 
 property, or the property represented by leasehold, contract of purchase 
 or other written instrument of possession, with respect to its imme- 
 diate productive use or valuable service, and the element of uncertainty 
 existing in the value of said property, together with (2) the nature of the 
 experiment, exploration, equipment or other means of exploitation, which, 
 in his judgment, are necessary in determining the actual value of said 
 property, and (3) the probable expenditure of cash or labor or both in 
 completing said experiment, exploration, equipment or other means of ex- 
 ploitation. 
 
 In case the property transferred to the said corporation, in exchange 
 for its full paid stock, is unproductive or prospective mining property, 
 in whole or in part, or a leasehold, contract of purchase, or other written 
 instrument signifying possession of unproductive or prospective mining 
 property, in whole or in part, wherein the ores or valuable minerals ex- 
 posed to the knowledge of its owners are not sufficient to warrant a valu- 
 ation equal to the full payment of the capital stock so issued, the expert 
 authority mentioned in this section shall be a practical mining engineer, 
 who shall, in furtherance of the provisions of this act, certify to the sec- 
 retary of state (1) the amount of underground development done upon 
 the said property; (2) a description of the surface and underground 
 equipment appurtenant thereto; (3) the approximate amount of ores or val- 
 uable mineral exposed, if any, (4) his estimate of the gross value of the 
 ores or valuable minerals so exposed; (5) the nature of the titles under 
 which said property is held, as revealed by the public records, and (6) the 
 limitations, the uncertainty, the necessary forms of exploitation and the 
 necessary expenditures with respect to said property, as hereinbefore 
 provided. 
 
 Failure of -directors to comply with the provisions of this section shall 
 be deemed a misdemeanor, punishable by fine or imprisonment, as here- 
 inafter provided. 
 
 Sec. 4. Whenever the directors of any corporation shall cause to be 
 issued any portion of the capital stock of said corporation in equivalent, 
 exchange for property having an implied future or prospective value, iE 
 whole or in part, and shall certify to the said transaction, as provided in 
 section 1 of this act, it shall be the duty of the said directors to file in- 
 stanter with the secretary of state a certificate containing the following re- 
 scribed particulars, to-wit: 
 
 First. The name and address of the last previous owner of said prop- 
 erty, and a statement with respect to any contract, agreement or under- 
 standing which he may have with any or all of the said directors or with 
 any organizer or organizers, affecting the subsequent use of the stock of 
 said corporation for and in behalf of the said corporation and its stock- 
 holders. 
 
 Second. The amount of full paid capital stock of the said corpora- 
 tion of original or subsequent issue, if any, accepted or designed to be ac- 
 cepted by the said directors as trustees for and in behalf of the said cor- 
 poration and its stockholders, or of any cash proceeds from the sale of 
 any of the company's full paid stock, accepted or designed to be accepted 
 for the use and benefit of the said corporation and its stockholders. 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 91 
 
 Third. The name and address of any officer, director, stockholder, 
 trustee or agent into whose hands the company's full paid stock of original 
 or subsequent issue has passed by virtue of expected cash considera- 
 tion from the sale thereof for the use and benefit of the said corpora- 
 tion. 
 
 Fourth. The nature of any contract, agreement or understanding by 
 and between the said officer, director, stockholder, trustee or agent with 
 respect to the subsequent cash or market price of any of the said corpo- 
 ration's full paid capital stock, by virtue of any expected cash considera- 
 tion to the said corporation from the sale thereof, or with respect to any 
 commissions, bonuses, funding expenses or other outlays incident to the 
 said sale of the said full paid capital stock; also a statement whether 
 or not there exists any contract, escrow agreement or understanding by 
 and between the parties herein mentioned to assure to the said corpora- 
 tion any proportional benefits from the sale of any of the capital stock 
 of the said corporation, made under and by virtue of the public market 
 for said stock created through the said contract, agreement or understand- 
 ing. 
 
 Failure of directors to comply with the provisions of this section shall 
 be deemed a misdeameanor, punishable by fine or imprisonment, as here- 
 after provided. 
 
 Sec. 5. Whenever, by virtue of any contract, agreement or under- 
 standing by and between the directors, organizers or incorporators of any 
 corporation or any of said directors, organizers or incorporators, and any 
 officer, director, stockholder, trustee or agent of the said corporation, the 
 said officer, director, stockholder, trustee or agent shall issue or cause 
 to be issued, a printed prospectus, book or pamphlet for general public cir- 
 culation, in furtherance of the advertising and marketing of any of the 
 capital stock of said corporation, the said capital stock being full paid in 
 exchange by the said corporation for property having an implied future 
 or prospective value, in whole or in part, in accordance with the specifi- 
 cations set forth in section 1 of this act.; it shall be the duty of the said 
 officer, director, stockholder, trustee or agent furthering the sale of said 
 full paid capital stock to duly print in said prospectus, book or pamphlet 
 a, transcript of all declarations and certifications filed with the secretary 
 of state under the provisions of this act, as hereinbefore recited; provided 
 that the said officer, director, stockholder, trustee or agent may print or 
 cause to be printed, in prominent typographical characters within the 
 first three successive pages of the said prospectus, book or pamphlet, the 
 words "Official Prospectus, Published in Compliance with the Statute of 
 the State of Colorado;" provided that the said officer, director, stock- 
 holder, trustee or agent shall, by so publishing the said imprint in the said 
 prospectus, book or pamphlet, be acquitted of any further requirement to 
 print said declarations certifications in other printed advertising, circulars 
 or letters. Failure of any officer, director, stockholder, trustee or agent, 
 to comply with the provisions of this section shall be deemed a misde- 
 meanor, punishable by fine or imprisonment, as hereinafter provided. 
 
 Sec. 6. Any corporation whose board of directors shall certify to the 
 secretary of state the issuance of any portion of its capital stock as full 
 paid in exchange for property having an implied future or prospective 
 value, as provided in section 1 of this act, may, a't any time, file with the 
 secretary of state a declaration, signed by the then existing board of di- 
 rectors, setting forth that the said property has, by experiment, explora- 
 tion, equipment or other means of exploitation, proven to be of actual 
 value, by virtue of productive use of valuable service to the possessor, 
 equivalent to the face value of the full paid stock issued in exchange for 
 the said property; but any false representation upon the part of the said 
 directors as to the proven equivalent value of the said property, under the 
 provisions of this section, shall be a misdemeanor, punishable by fine or 
 imprisonment, as hereinafter provided. Any corporation subject to the 
 provisions of this section, as hereinbefore recited, which has not filed 
 the said declaration of proven equivalent value, shall, by its board of di- 
 rectors, annually file with the secretary of state, between the first day of 
 
92 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 January and the first day of April, a statement showing (1) the amount 
 of cash received into the treasury of the said corporation during the year 
 ending December 31st last past, together with the amount separately stated, 
 of any cash balance remaining in the treasury from any previous fiscal per- 
 iod; (2) the nature of the source or sources from which said new cash was 
 received; (3) the amount of any expenditures or disbursements made 
 from the treasury of the said corporation during the year ending December 
 31st last past; (4) the nature and destination of said expenditures or dis- 
 bursements; (5) the nature and amount of any liens or encumbrances 
 that may rest upon any of the company's property, and (6) the nature and 
 amount of any experiment, exploration, equipment or other means of ex- 
 ploitation, whereby it was proposed to transfer the implied future or 
 prospective value of any property assets of the said corporation into the 
 category of proven equivalent value, as defined in this act. Failure to file 
 said annual statement shall constitute a forfeiture of the charter of the 
 said corporation, but the said charter may be revived by the payment to 
 the secretary of state of the sum of $100 and the filing of the last delin- 
 quent annual statement as aforesaid. 
 
 Sec. 7. Wherever in this act the failure of directors or of any officer, 
 director, stockholder, trustee or agent to comply with the provisions of 
 any section hereof is proclaimed as a misdemeanor the penalty for 
 such failure shall be a fine of not to exceed $500 or imprisonment in the 
 county jail for the term of not to exceed three months; provided that, in 
 the case of the duties of directors, as prescribed in sections 1, 2, 3 and 4 
 of this act, any director may urge as his defense the records of any meeting 
 of directors showing that he has, by resolution or otherwise, sought to 
 set in motion the functions of the board of directors in compliance with 
 this act, or that he has voted in favor of compliance with this act, or that 
 he has dissented from any agreement or understanding to the contrary. 
 
 Any false certification or declaration filed with the secretary of state 
 in pretended compliance with the terms of this act shall be deemed 
 a felony, and any director consenting to such felonious certification or dec- 
 laration shall, upon conviction, be subject to imprisonment in the state 
 penitentiary for a term of not to exceed two years; except that any signed 
 and sworn report filed by the directors of a corporation in compliance with 
 the provision of section 3 of this act, requiring the filing of a report from 
 an expert authority or mining engineer, shall be deemed the work of the 
 said expert authority or mining engineer and not chargeable to the said di- 
 rectors; provided that this exception shall not be construed to inhibit the 
 .charge of a conspiracy, as between the said directors and the said expert 
 authority or mining engineer. In the case of a false report by an expert 
 authority or mining engineer, the said expert authority or mining engin- 
 eer shall be subject to the usual penalties for perjury. 
 
 Sec. 8. It shall be the duty of the secretary of state to accept for fil- 
 ing all certifications, declarations, and reports provided for under this act; 
 and he may exact fees for the filing of the same provided that the fee for 
 any single certification, declaration or report shall in no case exceed the 
 sum of one dollar. In the event that the directors of any corporation shall 
 fail to comply with the provisions of this act, as prescribed in sections 1, 
 2, 3 and 4, it shall be the duty of the secretary of state to promptly notify 
 the attorney general of the circumstance and supply him with the state 
 documents bearing upon such breach of the law, to the end that the at- 
 torney general may proceed against the offenders. 
 
 Sec. 9. In the event of any request for a certified copy of any docu- 
 ment or report, filed under the provisions of this act, the secretary of 
 state may cause the same to be made and delivered upon the receipt of 
 the usual transcript fees. 
 
 The Abolition of Par Value. 
 
 As a supplement to the foregoing recommendations, this committee 
 makes the further recommendation that this Congress place itself upon 
 record as favoring a dual classification of corporation based upon the man- 
 ner of the original issuance of stock, in accordance with a suggestion re- 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 93 
 
 cently outlined before the Illinois State Bar Association at Galesburg, 
 Illinois. The idea, while not altogether a new one, was brilliantly set forth 
 and advocated by Mr. Edward M. Shepard of New York City, and it calls 
 for the organization of corporations without any fixed par value of shares 
 in simple terms for the elimination of the dollar sign from stock 
 certificates. Inasmuch as the function of legal par value is to determine 
 the liability of the stockholder, and this function has been practically 
 abolished by the system of issuing full-paid stock for property, its function 
 of determining the liabability of the stockholder can much better be ful- 
 filled by requiring adequate and honest certifications to. the state of the 
 assets upon which corporation shares are uttered. 
 
 This committee is of the opinion and so recommends, that this Con- 
 gress should approve the organization of corporations either with or 
 without a legal par value for their shares, provided that those which are 
 organized with a legal par value be required to issue these shares for 
 cash or an actual cash equivalent; and provided also that those corpora- 
 tions which attach no par value to their shares shall be required to cer- 
 tify,* in extenso, to the location, nature and status of all assets for which 
 such shares are paid. It will be apparent that this dual classification of 
 corporations can be appropriately attached to the TYPE of publicity 
 measure already set forth, but the enactment of this idea must, of course, 
 go to the very roots of our corporation laws, and the committee recom- 
 mends the idea rather for future enactment. While this committee is of 
 the opinion that the corporation laws of our states and territories, in- 
 so far as they should be devoted to the protection of general stock buy- 
 ers are often wrong and in general far from adequate, it does not now feel 
 warranted in recommending more than the continued agitation for a 
 fundamental revision thereof, in the light of the needs of stock investors. 
 The work which should be done in this direction is gigantic in its pro- 
 portions, and the education of public opinion may, in some respects, be 
 necessary. 
 
 SECOND. 
 
 As a means of instructing and protecting the widely distributed 
 mining stock buyers of the United States, this committee recommends 
 that the American Mining Congress, under the direction of its Secretary, 
 shall pursue a permanent campaign of education through the city and 
 country press, insofar as the financial resources of the Congress will per- 
 mit; it being the design of this recommendation to present to such pur- 
 chasers of stocks a clearer knowledge of mining as a business, its risks, 
 needs and responsibilities, together with suggestions as to how they may 
 defend themselves against false representations by detecting the ear- 
 marks of fraud. 
 
 As a suggestion appropriate to this purpose, the committee recom- 
 mends that the following notice be sent to the city and country news- 
 papers of the United States with the request that it be published as 
 coming from this committee of the American Mining Congress. 
 
 Authoritative Advice to Mining Investors. 
 
 The American Mining Congress, numbering among its members 
 thousands of the representative mining men of the West, at its Denver 
 meeting in 1906 and its meeting at Joplin, Missouri, in November, com- 
 mitted itself to a policy of suppressing fraudulent mining promotions. 
 
 In pursuance of that policy it appointed a Fraud Investigating Com- 
 mittee, which has issued to the press of the county the following infor- 
 mation, intended as a safeguard to the mining investor: 
 
 In the interests of those who wish to invest, not speculate, in mining 
 stocks, the committee urges that each prospective investor arm himself 
 with information in answer to the questions below. 
 
 Let there be no evasion of the promoter, accept from him no glitter- 
 ing generalities, but insist on clear, concise, accurate information. The 
 honest promoter, who has a business-like proposition to present to busi- 
 
94 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 ness men is afraid of shocking their intelligence by explaining the business 
 chances which his enterprise entails. 
 
 The "Separator Promoter," however, that is, one whose chief in- 
 terest is in dishonestly separating cash from the investor, rather than in 
 separating metal from the ground is either afraid to reveal the thousand 
 to one chances against his gamble, or reluctant to disclose his method of 
 pocketing the lion's share in case of success. 
 
 Presuming that the prospective investor is anxious to acquire definite 
 information regarding a mining company and its property, the com- 
 mittee urges that, as a preliminary step, he secure precise statements 
 from the promoter in answer to the following questions. Inasmuch as 
 the misuse of the mails is a felony, be sure to preserve all replies, together 
 with the stamped envelopes containing them: 
 
 1. Company organization, when and where incorporated? 
 
 2. Capital stock, how issued and apportioned? 
 
 3. What steps have been, or will be, taken to raise funds for the 
 development or equipment of the property? 
 
 4. Is any of the stock pooled? 
 
 5. How was the property acquired by this company? 
 
 6. Are there any debts against the company? 
 
 7. Are there any incumbrances against the property? 
 
 8. Location of the property and total acreage? Nature of titles? 
 
 9. Nature and extent of developments and equipment, and how much 
 has been expended in this work? 
 
 10. How much treasury stock has been sold and at what price? 
 
 11. How much cash is in the treasury? 
 
 12. Has the property ever produced, and if so, how much has it 
 produced under the present ownership? 
 
 13. Has the property ever been examined by a competent and honest 
 mining engineer? Give his name and address, and send copy of his report. 
 
 14. Is the property working at the present time? If so, how many 
 men does it employ, exclusive of stock solicitors? 
 
 15. Has a comprehensive financial report of the operations to date 
 been issued? If so, send a copy. If not, count the writer out. 
 
 These questions are modeled after a few of the most important con- 
 tained in a blank form issued by the American Mining Congress, James 
 F. Callbreath, Secretary, Denver, Colorado. This blank will be mailed 
 to any address upon application. 
 
 It will be noted that question No. 13 calls for the name and 
 address of the engineer who has examined and reported upon the prop- 
 erty in question. To those innocent of the fact that scores of parasites 
 upon the legitimate mining industry masquerade under the title of Pro- 
 fessor or Doctor, or have appropriated the degrees of E. M. or M'. E., a 
 word of advice may ot come amiss. 
 
 Investigate the standing of this engineer, by writing some one in a 
 position to know, and whose integrity is beyond question. If you are not 
 a good judge of these things, exhibit his report to some one who is. 
 
 Below is given a list of the various state officials whose duties 
 concern the mining industry: 
 
 Arizona William P. Blake, State Geologist, Tucson. 
 
 California Lewis E. Aubrey, State Mineralogist, San Francisco. 
 
 Colorado T. J. Dalzell, Commissioner of Mines, Denver. 
 
 Idaho Robert N. Bell, State Inspector of Mines, Boise. 
 
 Kansas Erasmus Haworth, State Geologist, Lawrence. 
 
 Michigan Alfred C. Lane, State Geologist, Lansing. 
 
 North Carolina Jos. Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, Chapel Hill. 
 
 Missouri E. R. Buckley, State Geologist, Rolla. 
 
 South Dakota E. C. Perisho, State Geologist, Vermillion. 
 
 Washington Henry Landes, State Geologist, Seattle. 
 
 Wisconsin E. A. Birge, State Geologist, Madison. 
 
 Wyoming H. C. Beeler, State Geologist, Cheyenne, 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 95 
 
 In some of these state offices the regulations require the receipt of 
 one dolar, acompanying all inquiries, to guarantee answer. In all of them 
 such a small fee is only a proper recompense for a conscientious reply 
 on inquiries. 
 
 A quick method of getting in touch with a reputable engineer, famil- 
 iar with the region in which the mining property is located, is that of 
 corresponding direct with the editors of the reputable technical mining 
 press. Avoid what are known as promotion organs. 
 
 These suggestions to the public are made by a special committee of 
 the American Mining Congress, composed of Hon. Albert Mclntyre, 
 Everett, Washington, former governor of Colorado; Hon. Henry C. Beeler, 
 state geologist, Cheyenne, Wyoming; Judge William F. Clark, Glover, 
 Vermont; R. L. Herrick, associate editor of Mines and Minerals, Scran- 
 ton, Pennsylvania, and Charles J. Downey, managing editor of The Daily 
 Mining Record, Denver, Colorado. 
 
 THIRD. 
 
 The purpose of what is known as the cumulative voting privilege in 
 the selection of corporation directors is to enable minority stockholder 
 to procure representation in boards of directors. Instead of casting one 
 vote per share for each of a given number of directors, 'such a law will 
 permit any stockholder to cumulate his vote; that is, by casting all his 
 votes for a single director, or for any limited number which he desires. 
 This committee, therefore, recommends that a measure be framed, after 
 the models already existing, carrying out the idea of the cumulative vot- 
 ing privilege, and that the same be presented to the legislatures of the 
 states not already possessing such a law. 
 
 FOURTH. 
 
 This committee recommends the adoption of the following self-ex- 
 planatory set of resolutions: 
 
 In view of the frequent complaint that is heard against the business 
 methods of mining corporations and their attitude toward the remote 
 purchasers of their shares in the interest of development, and being con- 
 vinced from investigation that many evils arise from the practice of in- 
 corporating mining companies under the laws of one state or territory 
 for the purpose of doing a mining business in another state or territory, 
 as well as from the frequent failure of such corporations to properly 
 comply with the corporation laws of the states or territories wherein 
 their principal business is carried on; therefore, 
 
 Be it resolved, By the tenth annual session of the American Mining 
 Congress, assembled at Joplin, Missouri, that the nature of such evils 
 and the efforts which the Congress has put forth to suggest remedies 
 therefor, fully justify it in respectfully expressing itself upon this point 
 to the secretaries of state and attorneys general of all the states of tne 
 United States where mining is done, and especially where public mining 
 corporations the more frequently operate; and, 
 
 Be it further resolved, That, without any specific instance in mind 
 and wholly to the general advantage of the mining industry and those who 
 trust their money in the development and equipment of mining enter- 
 prises, legitimate or spurious, the American Mining Congress shall urge 
 upon the state and territorial officers herein mentioned the vital im- 
 portance of enforcing the local laws governing foreign corporations, to the 
 end that no mining company, by any method of organization, may evade 
 or continue to evade its just duties toward the purchasers of such cor- 
 poration shares; and, 
 
 Be it finally resolved, That the Secretary of the American Mining 
 Congress be hereby instructed to send a copy of these resolutions to the 
 Secretary of State and the Attorney General of every state or territory 
 where, according to his knowledge, the purposes of these resolutions 
 apply, together with any suitable letter of explanation which he may see 
 fit to draw. 
 
96 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 FIFTH. 
 
 This committee recommends that a standing committee of five be 
 established by the American Mining Congress, called the Committee on 
 Investment Legislation, the purposes of which shall be to initiate or con- 
 sider suggestions for improvements in the corporation laws of the various 
 states with respect to their bearing upon the needs and privileges of 
 stock investors; the majority of the members thereof to be practicing 
 attorneys and the tenure of service upon this committee to run from one 
 annual session of this Congress to the next succeeding session, the Pres- 
 ident of the Congress being authorized to appoint the members thereof 
 annually. Nothing in this recommendation shall be construed to mean 
 that a committeeman may not succeed himself. This committee shall 
 be empowered to consider and report upon matters initiated by itself or 
 proposed at any session of this Congress, as well as to take in hand any 
 incompleted business of the present committee. 
 
 Respectfully submitted by the committee: 
 
 A. W. McINTIRE, 
 R. L. HERRICK, 
 WILLIAM F. CLARK, 
 HENRY C. BEELER, 
 CHARLES J. DOWNEY, 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 1907. 
 
 Evening Session. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS : The Congress will be in order. 
 
 We will now listen to an address entitled "The Relations of the United 
 States Geological Survey to the Mining Industry," by Dr. George Otis 
 Smith of Washington, D. C., Director of the United States Geological 
 Survey. 
 
 Dr. Smith's paper will be found on page 138 of this report. 
 
 COL. DORSE Y of Nebraska: I am directed by the Committee on Res- 
 olutions to report back Resolution No. 6, introduced by Mr. Siclelle, and 
 offer as a substitute therefor that which I will ask the Secretary to read. 
 
 The Secretary then read the resolution as follows: 
 
 Substitute for Resolution No. 6. 
 (Introduced by Wm. T. Sidell of Oklahoma.) 
 
 Whereas, There is expressed dissatisfaction among the oil producer." 
 of Oklahoma respecting the conditions governing the development and 
 operation of oil and gas lands in that state; and 
 
 Whereas, It is recognized by the American Mining Congress that these 
 unsatisfactory conditions arise from the peculiar relations existing under 
 acts of Congress, whereby the Department of Interior is constituted as 
 guardian for the Indian land owners; therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, That the Congress of the United States be urged to enact 
 such legislation as will, so far as possible, correct the unsatisfactory con- 
 ditions at present existing, and be to the mutual advantage of the Indian 
 land owner and those who are desirous of developing the oil and gas re- 
 sources of their lands. 
 
 Moved and seconded that the substitute resolution be adopted in 
 place of the one formerly offered. The motions being duly put was unani- 
 mously carried. 
 
 COL. DORSE Y of Nebraska: I am instructed to report back Reso- 
 lutions No. 10, offered by Mr. Cantrell of Missouri, and offer this substi- 
 tute therefor. 
 
 The Secretary than read the resolution as follows: 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 97 
 
 Substitute for Resolution No. 10. 
 (Introduced by H. J. Cantwell of Missouri. 
 
 Resolved that it is the sense of this Congress that it is unwise and in- 
 expedient for any official of this Congress to make any report in his of- 
 ficial capacity on any individual mine or other commercial enterprise 
 whatever, and that the work of the Information Bureau of the Congress 
 be hereafter confined to the circulation of the official printed documents 
 of the Congress, which shall be sent out under such rules and regula- 
 tions as may be presribed by the Board of Directors. 
 
 It being moved and seconded that the substitute resolution be adopted 
 and the resolution offered by Mr. Cantrell laid upon the table, the motion 
 was put and unanimously carried. 
 
 COL. DORSET of Nebraska: I report back Resolution No. 9, offered 
 by Mr. Vincent of Missouri, This matter is covered largely by the report 
 of the committee of which M'r. Downey is chairman and it is now under 
 consideration by this Congress. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: That is the one which was to have been 
 considered with the report? 
 
 COL. DORSET: Yes. If this report is adopted by this Congress I will 
 ask that the resolution offered by Mr. Vincent be tabled, for everything, in 
 my judgment, that he seeks to enact or reccommend is covered by that re- 
 port. Still, some gentlemen of the committee take a different view and 
 think that this resolution of Mr. Vincent should be considered, so I ask 
 now that the two be considered together, the resolution of Mr. Vincent and 
 the report of the committee of five referred to, to investigate laws for 
 the prevention of mining frauds. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: I believe it was understood that at the 
 proper time the motion would be made to make these two resolutions a 
 special order. They will remain in the Secretary's hands until that order 
 is made. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The next on the program is an address 
 on the subject "The Importance of the Mining Industry to the Industrial 
 and Commercial Life of the Nation," by H. J. Cantwell of St. Louis. 
 
 Mr. Cantwell's address will be found on page 115 of this report. 
 
 There being no further business the meeting adjourned until Friday 
 morning at 9:30 o'clock. 
 
 FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 15, 1907. 
 
 Morning Session. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The Congress will be in order. 
 The Secretary was requested to read the paper entitled, "The Great 
 Southwest," which paper is as follows: 
 
 THE GREAT SOUTHWEST. 
 
 Mr. President and Gentlemen of the American Mining Congress: 
 
 With a profound appreciation of of the honor of appearing before this 
 excellent body as duly accredited delegates thereof, and as representa- 
 tives from Arizona and the Great Southwest, we extend to you the hand 
 of royal fellowship from that magnificent field. We are incapable of 
 underestimating the importance to ourselves, our country and to civiliza- 
 tion which this splendid convention carries. In it we see the brain and 
 brawn, the integrity, the industrial worth and the crystallized patriotism 
 of the very best element from many nations the world over. 
 
 As comrades we extend to you the right hand of the Great Southwest 
 as together we take up the march in this grand crusade of industrial 
 progress. 
 
 In a spirit of what we consider legitimate pride, we lay the list of 
 our resources before you, and ask recognition in the eyes of the mining 
 world, in a measure commensurate with these resources, in a field of 
 enterprise, which means, advantage for all. In this beneficent work, the 
 advancement of one does not involve the downfall of another, and a mul- 
 
98 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 titude of golden congratulations, fresh moulded in the heart, follow fast 
 on the success of the lowliest and most obscure, as well as upon the 
 achievements of the mightiest captains. 
 
 In this convention, which can be said of no other, from The Hague 
 down to the partisan primary, selfishness and personal advancement is 
 entirely eliminated. No other but what the imp of intrigue, the Mephisto 
 of revenge or the heartless demon of ambition enters its ranks, either 
 bodily or in disguise, to corrupt its rectitude, steal away its sense of jus- 
 tice or lead its high promoters in forbidden ways, but here, the noble im- 
 pulse of mutual and honorable emulation, that splendid ambition to 
 climb to triumph, not upon the ruins of other men's hopes, but by the 
 ladder provided by generous Mother Nature, is in the saddle and calls 
 for the best effort of the noblest sons of this and every other civilized 
 nation on the globe. 
 
 We feel that the earnest benediction of all mankind rests upon our 
 deliberations, and may our course be crowned with such results as will 
 vindicate the happiest predictions of our most enthusiastic well wishers. 
 
 With every species of respect for every section of the august mining 
 field, from Alaska to Patagonia, from Australia to Africa, from Europe to 
 the antipodes, we are asking ourselves, if, after due investigation and re- 
 flection, we may be pardoned by the rank and file of this splendid body 
 for cherishing a PECULIAR pride in our beloved Arizona and the Great 
 Southwest. 
 
 We will not burden this august body by lengthy quotations of fig- 
 ures and statistics, which, since they are public property, we have a 
 right to assume have come under the observation of every delegate 
 present. In the light of this statement we hope we may be pardoned 
 for dealing in generalities and off-hand results. 
 
 When we reflect that our older sisters, Colorado, California, Montana 
 and Michigan employed a score of men in their copper fields, while 
 among the sunny foot-hills of Arizona, a single miner chlorided in the 
 superficial style for the red metal, with his Winchester at his elbow, in 
 momentary expectation of ambuscade at the hands of the lurking Apa- 
 che, when we reflect that one level was added to another, as the tardy 
 railway grew closer and closer, and as capital angled cautiously for 
 years about the golden prize, when we stop to consider that, despite all 
 of these difficulties, and with one man at work to-day, where our older 
 sisters have perhaps ten, with their unlimited capital and mighty machinery, 
 California, Colorado and Michigan have successively yielded the palm to 
 Arizona as a copper producer and Montana will also yield by the end 
 of 1907 are we not compelled to attach most profound importance to 
 these -significant FACTS ? 
 
 Do not these eloquent truths speak volumes for the ore bodies in 
 Arizona, their extent, their richness and the facilities which must sur- 
 round the meagre mining operations in the territory? 
 
 In the light .of these happy conditions, are we not compelled to ad- 
 mit that Arizona is an industrial entity entitled to the highest recogni- 
 tion and consideration at the hands of this splendid body of just and 
 considerate men? 
 
 Now this remarkable result has been brought about by the output of 
 the copper mines of Arizona, conspicuously Bisbee, Jerome, Clifton, Mor- 
 enci, Globe and many others surrounding Douglas. Thus Cochise county, 
 Arizona, is the head and front of the mighty impulse, and extraordinary 
 resources, which give Arizona first place as a copper producer in this 
 country despite the disadvantages under which it has labored. 
 
 Now, the city from which we have the honor of being accredited is in 
 Cochise county, Arizona. It is the smelter center of the Southwest as 
 well as for a field of custom operations of vast extent. The field tribu- 
 tary to it in the Territory of Arizona, great as it is, is Jiardly more im- 
 portant than that whose wealth flows through it from the wonderful min- 
 ing area of Sonora, Mexico. Space forbids, and precludes the possibility 
 of granting the wonderful mining field of Sonora just mentioned in this 
 connection. It's incomprehensible to one who has never visited that ex- 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 99 
 
 traordinary mining belt in person. The open record of La Cananea and 
 the Moctezuma districts, alone with a thousand smaller propositions, 
 which have produced millions by inefficient, if not primitive methods, 
 would fill a volume of large proportions. This virgin field, which, as 
 yet, has barely been touched, as railroads penetrate the mountains year 
 by year, is unfolding in point of mineral resources in a manner that 
 challenges the astonishment of the mining world. 
 
 Then the multitude of undeveloped propositions, with exceptionally 
 fine surface showings, constitutes the principal attraction of capitalist 
 from all over the world, and the recent avalanche of capital and enter- 
 prise, moving in that direction, has taken form in a manner to command 
 the attention of the profession universally, before our next Congress 
 shall have been called to order. 
 
 The Delegates from Douglas, Arizona, submit this manuscript with a 
 request that the same be filed with and made a part of the records of 
 the American Mining Congress, here assembled. 
 
 S. S. BADGER, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 COL. DORSET of Nebraska: I am requested to report back Resolu- 
 tion No. 8 and have substituted therefor the resolution which the Secre- 
 tary will read. 
 
 The Secretary then read the following resolution: 
 
 Substitute for Resolution No. 8. 
 (By John Dern of Utah.) 
 
 Whereas, the University of Utah, through a resolution, (No. 8), in- 
 troduced by Mr. John Dern, has tendered to this Congress the privilege of 
 using the mining and metallurgical laboratories it its school of mines, 
 agreeing to make no charges therefor except to cover actual expenditures 
 in conducting tests; and 
 
 Whereas, It is recited in said resolution that the laboratories at said 
 school of mines are amply equipped for necessary and practical tests in 
 connection with concentrating, leaching, furnace work, and other methods, 
 of treating ores; and 
 
 Whereas, It appears that the judicious use of laboratories, so located 
 in the heart of the mining regions, will materially advance the mining 
 industry and the purposes of this congress; therefore be it 
 
 Resolved, That this Congress looks with favor upon aid and co-opera- 
 tion so proffered; and be it further 
 
 Resolved, That the thanks of this Congress are hereby tendered to 
 the University of Utah for its generous offer, and that the matter of ac- 
 cepting said offer, and of designating said laboratories as an official ex- 
 periment station of this Congress, is hereby referred to the Directors for 
 such action as in their judgment will be for the best interests of the 
 Congress. 
 
 COL. DORS*EY of Nebraska: I move the adoption of the Resolution 
 just read. 
 
 JOHN R. WOOD of Colorado: This Resolution comes to us this morn- 
 ing somewhat in the nature of a surprise. If this was a church social 
 where prize grab-bags were in order it would be very interesting because 
 then we would pay our money and take our fortune, but this Resolution 
 has been already brought before the subcommittee on Resolutions and it 
 has been known -that it was there presented. The Colorado delegation of 
 this Congress had met in caucus upon this resolution and unanimously, 
 in a friendly spirit, and with the very highest desire for co-operation with 
 all the mining interests and delegates represented in this Convention, 
 agreed it to be unwise that this Resolution be passed for reasons that 
 I will give you in connection with others in all probability in a mo- 
 ment, and so they unanimously drew up a set of Resolutions addressed to 
 the Committee upon Resolutions and the subcommittee, in regard to this 
 
100 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 Resolution from Utah, asking that this Resolution be not reported. We 
 met with the sub-committee in connection with the representatives from 
 the state of Utah, and were very generously heard, and then were told 
 that the sub-committee upon Resolutions had declined this Resolution, and 
 we supposed that the battle was over. Now to come here this morning 
 and find that the whole matter has once more been brought upon the floor 
 is a surprise to us. Not that we are unwilling to bring this matter to 
 the Convention, but we did feel that the place to have settled it was be- 
 fore the Committee. We are glad we were here in time and knew that 
 this procedure was taken. I don't know just what authority the consti- 
 tution and by-laws give the directors in this matter, but I suppose if this 
 Convention sees fit to hand over this deliberative function to the executive 
 department of this Congress and allow it to act for them, that then the 
 Board of Directors would have that authority and the question then is 
 the advisability of having this resolution carried out. It is an affirmative 
 proposition for the Board of Directers. 
 
 Just a word now in regard to why we think this Resolu- 
 tion or the statement of facts in this Resolution should not 
 be approved. In the first place we believe that it is not advisable for 
 this Congress to name any specific school of mining as its representative 
 for any division of mining country. To say that the laboratory of the 
 Utah school or the Colorado school that the Missouri school, or the Kan- 
 sas school or the Oklahoma school or any other of these schools should be 
 the official representative of this Congress seems to us would be a great 
 mistake. Just what it would be if we were to designate one particular 
 engineer as the official engineer of this Mining Congress. As our friends 
 and they are our friends, we love our friends, we are one with them, we 
 would not do anything in this world to lay a straw in the way of the devel- 
 opment of their interests, but they themselves have said before the sub- 
 committe that this action would give their school prestige. Can you or I 
 afford to select in invidious distinction any one of our splendid mining 
 schools of which we are so justly proud can we afford, gentlemen, under 
 any circumstances, by our action, to specifically say that this one shall have 
 prestige over the ether one? Itake it that we cannot. That that would be 
 an invidious distinction. 
 
 COL. DORSET of Nebraska: Yield to me a moment so that I may 
 read this resolution. I am sure you do not understand it. 
 
 JOHN R. WOOD of Colorado: If I am out of order I should be glad 
 to hear it. 
 
 COL. DORSET: (Reads Resolution.) Now you have got it before 
 you. I do not see how you can charge bad faith on our part. 
 
 JOHN R. WOOD of Colorado: Thank you. Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen 
 of this Congress: I had not thought for an instant be it far from me, to 
 attack the committee for bad faith. I beg your pardon, sir, if there is any- 
 thing in the thought that has come to you. I never dreamed that the 
 committee was acting in bad faith. 
 
 And furthermore, it seems to me that this resolution that is brought 
 before us this morning is simply -going home around Robin Hood's barn. 
 It is another way of getting to Carthage than going by way of Webb 
 City. 
 
 In regard to the equipment of the Colorado School of Mines, I will 
 pass that up to men more competent to speak of that. I do not know how 
 many schools of mines there are, possibly you know. 
 
 COL. DORSET: Five. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH of Utah: One only one. 
 
 MR. WOOD of Colorado: Possibly five. Our brother here says only 
 one. Do I need to say any more? The delegate from Utah has boasted, 
 there is but one school of mines. Gentlemen, when you and I are in Con- 
 gress assembled, it seems to me the time has come to sink our individual 
 interests in the interest of the entire mining region of this great United 
 States of our. (Applause.) Instead of boasting of one school, let us boast 
 of five. Therefore, I ask you that you will under no circumstances what- 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 101 
 
 ever pass up your privilege of deciding these questions by even our 
 Board of Directors, but settle it on the floor of this Congress this morn- 
 ing. 
 
 M'R. JOHN BERN of Utah: Mr. President, Delegates and Members 
 of the Convention: I am not going to enlarge on this subject very ex- 
 tensively but I think it my duty as the originator of the Resolution to givo 
 you the plain facts and the purposes for which this Resolution of mine 
 was introduced. Indeed, I am very much surprised at the attitude of 
 the gentleman from Colorado. He cannot confine himself to the facts, but 
 is simply trying to attack and misconstrue our Resolution to be one for the 
 advancement of the school of Utah. This Congress was organized for the 
 purpose of accomplishing things. When our advance sheets were sent out 
 by the Executive Committee, or the Committee on Program, this fall, 
 which only reached the members and delegates a few weeks ago, one of 
 the items specified was the purpose of this Congress to establish experi- 
 mental stations in the West where ores could be tested and by which the 
 poor prospector would be able to have his ores tested without going to the 
 expense of having these ores tested by an expert elsewhere. Being a 
 bright young man myself, and closely connected with the Congress, I 
 thought we might have an opportunity here to do something for the bene- 
 fit of the Congress and for the mining industry. Realizing that three 
 years have elapsed since we voted the establishment of a permanent home 
 at Denver in which home it is intended to establish not only laboratories, 
 but other information on geology and mining, equip it with the most mod- 
 ern and up-to-date testing plant to test ores of the miners for all those 
 who desire them to be tested. I figured that so little progress had been 
 made it would probably be years before such equipment should be es- 
 tablished or the building erected. I thought after talking wjth the professors 
 of our university and with a number of our members, it might be a 
 good thing to have the University of Utah offer the service of our State 
 School of Mines. Other schools have the same opportunity to offer their 
 services to advance the cause of the mining interests of the country. This 
 offer was made in the best of faith and I believe it is a step in the right 
 direction. I trust you will vote in support of the Resolution as it is in- 
 troduced, as it is plainly stated in there that it is proposed to make the 
 Utah school AN experimental station, not THE experimental station. 
 
 DR. V. C. ALDERSON of Colorado: In speaking on this matter I 
 should like to refer to what Mr. Dern has said because it applies to every 
 school of the United States, that it is located in a mining locality. How- 
 ever, I thing the gist of this question is just here: Is it within the province 
 of the American Congress to have any official School of Mines, any offi- 
 cial testing plant, any official jig, any official concentrating table. If this 
 resolution passes gentlemen, it will open the door for people to come 
 in here and ask for the official recognition of everything that is used in 
 mines and you, gentlemen, will have to approve or disapprove of it. I 
 don't want to get into an argument with regard to the relative advantages 
 of the different schools. If necessary, I could give many reasons why the 
 Colorado School of Mines should be recognized officially. But I would 
 not ask that my school be designated or our testing plant designated as 
 the official testing plant for the American Mining Congress because in 
 the bottom of my heart I belive it would be a bad thing for the American 
 Mining Congress. As our President has said so well from this platform, 
 the idea with us should be co-operation. I tell you, gentlemen, it is a 
 dangerous thing to begin on. I think the thanks of this Congress ought 
 to be extended to the Utah School of Mines and to the Utah delegation 
 for their sincerity and their kindness in making this offer, but I believe 
 it would be utterly dangerous to accept it because it would open the door 
 for many other and greater errors that might be performed by this Con- 
 gress. I tell you, gentlemen, this Congress cannot afford to give its of- 
 ficial sanction to any such plan. It will come back to us in years to come 
 and we will regret it. The 'American Mining Congress must be too big 
 for that. I think the Utah school can do its work in helping miners just as 
 well without our official recognition as with it. We in Colorado will do 
 
102 OFFICIAL, PROCEEDINGS 
 
 our work along that line in the same old regulation way. We should not 
 pass this resolution because, for the one reason, if no other, it is outside 
 of the province of this Congress to put this official stamp on any such 
 thing. I therefore move you, Mr. President, that as an addition to this or 
 as a substitute for the Resolution, that it is the sense of this Congress that 
 the thanks of the Congress be tendered to the Utah delegation for calling 
 our attention to this matter and for their courtesy and kindly suggesion, 
 but that it is beyond the province of this Congress to accept it. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS : It has been moved and seconded that it is 
 the sense of this Congress that the thanks of the Congress be tendered 
 the Utah delegation for calling our attention to this matter, but it is the 
 sense of this Congress that we are not authorized to endorse the propo- 
 sition. 
 
 COL. DORSET of Nebraska: This proposition does not designate the 
 Utah school. The resolution refers the entire matter to the Board of 
 .Directors. If you do not have any confidence in your Board of Directors, 
 then vote for the motion made by my friend from Colorado. 
 
 DR. ALDERSON of Colorado: Don't put it that way, because we have 
 have the utmost confidence in the Board of Directors. 
 
 COL. DORSET of Nebraska: Let me read it. I repeat what I said, 
 if you vote down this resolution and sustain Dr. Alderson's motion, you 
 display a lack of confidence in your Board of Directors. Under this Reso- 
 lution the entire matter goes to your Board of Directors for action. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH of Utah: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: Utah 
 came here in all sincerity and made this proffer. The proffer in the origi- 
 nal manner in which it was presented was turned down by the sub- com- 
 mittee of the Committee on Resolutions. It was then referred back to the 
 Committee on Resolutions and the report of the sub-committee was 
 adopted, and they offered a substitute to the effect that Utah should be 
 thanked by this Congress for the kindly proffer, but they did not think it 
 expedient to take up any school as the official experimental station of the 
 Congress. This morning I went before the Committee on Resolutions, of 
 which I have the honor to be a member, and offered this Resolution as it 
 was here presented by the Chairman of the Committee on Resolutions. Not 
 one voice of protest was raised against the unanimous adoption of that 
 Resolution at that time. The man who made the motion to adopt the Reso- 
 lution was a delegate from Colorado. I appeal to the gentleman from 
 Colorado. 
 
 MR. WOOD of Colorado: I rise to a point of information. If the 
 Colorado representative on the committee moved the adoption of the 
 Resolution, we knew nothing about it and had no hearing. 
 
 MR. MILLS of Colorado: The Colorado delegation had a meeting 
 last night and at that meeting, I as a member from Colorado, explained to 
 them what the sub-committee had passed upon and the substitute which 
 they proposed to offer to the committee this morning . That was entirely 
 satisfactory to the Colorado delegation. This morning the general Com- 
 mittee on Resolutions accepted and ordered reported the Resolution sug- 
 gested by the sub-committee. This morning a motion to re-consider was 
 made and M'r. Joseph at that time offered as a substitute this Resolution 
 which we have here this morning. As the Resolution or substitute offered 
 by Mr. Joseph did not designate any school as the official experimental 
 station, but left it open for the Board of Directors to act upon the applica- 
 tion of any school to be so named, I did not consider that the Colorado dele- 
 gation would object at all. In fact, I had no opportunity to consult with 
 the Colorado delegation and ascertain their views and I acted simply on 
 my own initiative and am perfectly willing to stand by that. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH of Utah: In justice to Mr. Mills, I want to state that 
 I substantiate the statement he has made, but there was no intention on 
 the part of the Utah delegation to take any snap judgment. I have seen 
 these fights between schools and I know what they mean*, but this is not 
 the place nor the time for the Colorado School of Mines or the Utah 
 School of Mines to fight or to bring before the Congress their respective 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 103 
 
 
 
 merits. We are here for the general good of the people of all the 
 people. This is an American institution, not a local institution. Now 
 Mr. Chairman, in order to show Colorado that we are sincere and we de- 
 sire to extend the olive branch of peace, because peace is what we want, 
 and we are going to have peace if we have to fight for it, I desire to offer 
 this as an amendment. As I understand there is a motion, Mr. Chairman, 
 and I offer as an amendment to the motion that the last clause of the reso- 
 lution be made to read as follows: "Be it further resolved ttiat the thanks 
 of this Congress are hereby tendered to the University of Utah for its 
 generous offer and that the matter of accepting said offers and any other 
 offers which may be made to this Congress and of designating said labora- 
 tories or any other laboratories which may be offered as official experi- 
 mental stations of this Congress is hereby referred to the Board of Di- 
 rectors for such action as in their judgment will be for the best interests 
 of this Congress." 
 
 MR. HOWELL of Colorado: When reference was first made to this 
 matter this morning it was stated that the whole matter was settled. We 
 were so informed. It is unquestionably true that Utah is represented here 
 by one of the most active delegations that ever represented any common- 
 wealth in any convention. It is true and it was admitted by the chair- 
 man of their delegation that they wanted the matter referred to the Board 
 of Directors without giving anybody a chance to act upon it. We don't 
 want to wash any dirty linen and yet I say our position is not that we 
 want you to endorse the Golden School of Mines or any other. We take 
 the position that it is not for the benefit of this Congress that we should 
 endorse any specific school. Now, gentlemen, I want to say to you, we 
 have a right to contest this matter. It was introduced by one of our 
 directors. He says so himself. It is being advocated by another one of 
 our directors. He says himself he wants to see this resolution passed. I 
 say it should not be left to the Board of Directors. You charge us with 
 insincerity. Your own argument has given us the right to charge it for 
 trying to shove something down us. The proposition is one that we should 
 not handle at all we should either endorse it or let it alone. Let us not 
 put the responsibility on some one else. We don't want you to endorse the 
 School at Golden as Golden can stand on her own merits and .so can any 
 other mining school. I say the whole matter ought to be settled here and 
 now, and we ought to decide to either endorse this school or we ought to 
 take it entirely out of the hands of the directors. 
 
 GEO. H. BRIMHALL of Utah: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: 
 It appears to me that there is nothing novel in accepting the offer made 
 by. Utah, at least to the extent of turning it over to the Board of Direc- 
 tors as to the wisdom of acceptance or rejection. 
 
 MR. CANTWELL of Missouri: In the Kilkenny-cat fight between 
 Colorado and Utah it is perhaps unwise for any member of the Missouri 
 delegation to inject himself, because he is liable to get scratched. There 
 is a distinction, however, between the endorsement of an educational in- 
 stitution or a state official school of mines and the endorsement of a man's 
 mining scheme or any man's concentrator. There is no parallel between 
 the two propositions. There is no more impropriety in this Congress 
 or its Board of Directors endorsing the state school of mines officially 
 or accepting the offer of a state school of mines to treat ores at cost, 
 than there would be In a Farmers' Institute endorsing state agricultural 
 schools. Therefore, that objection to this endorsement is certainly not 
 well taken. 
 
 The objection that thereby one school of mines may be given added 
 prestige is perhaps well taken, but Utah, it appears, is the only school of 
 mines that has yet made this generous offer. I only call attention to these 
 two points. So far as Colorado is concerned, if the gentlemen would -ac- 
 cept the suggestion, add to the original resolution that whenever Colorado 
 should duplicate the generous offer of Utah, then the directors might 
 and should so order to make an endorsement of the State School of Mines 
 of Colorado as one of the official experimental stations. 
 
104 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 MR. HOWELL of Colorado: Will the gentleman kindly refrain from 
 the position that we are opposing Utah. We do not ask it for Colorado. 
 We are hot in that position at all. We are not proposing that the Congress 
 endorse Colorado or any other school. We do not want endorsement for 
 Colorado. 
 
 MR. CANTWELL of Missouri: The reason why the question of the en- 
 dorsement of Utah's offer alone is not properly before this Congress is 
 because it is the only offer and because the Congress will not remain in 
 continuous session. Yet I take it, whenever a similar public institution 
 makes a similar offer, then the Board of Directors can act upon that also. 
 
 MR. RITER of Utah: I want to say a word, not from the standpoint 
 of a member of the Utah delegation, but from the standpoint of a mining 
 engineer, who has business which takes him out of the state of Utah. 
 
 I have often been placed in a position where the opportunity to use 
 some of the laboratories of our state would be a great boon. I have inter- 
 ests in another state which has no school of mines and where no private 
 individual has established laboratories such as it is proposed to give us the 
 use of by the offer of the Utah School of Mines. I should have some hesi- 
 tancy in sending my ores from outside the state into the laboratories of 
 the School of Mines of Utah. However, if the resolution passed, and in this 
 way the American Mining Congress endorsed this school, it would put me 
 in a different position. I feel that the Congress should take such action. 
 
 COL. DORSEY of Nebraska: I ask the chair to state what is the mo- 
 tion now pending. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The first question is as to the amendment. 
 All in favor of the amendment signify the same by saying "aye." Con- 
 trary by the same sign. The chair is in doubt. 
 
 All in favor of the amendment will signify the same by standing un- 
 til counted by the Secretary. 
 
 A rising vote was taken and the Secretary announced forty-four votes 
 in favor -and sixty-three against. . 
 
 MR. JOSEPH of Utah: M'r. Chairman, we are entitled to a roll call 
 on this point. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: Mr. Joseph under the rules is entitled to 
 a roll call. 
 
 MR.' HOWELL of Colorado: I move that the entire matter be laid 
 upon the table. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The question now arises on the motion to 
 lay this whole matter on the table. All in favor of the motion say "aye." 
 Those opposed signify the same by saying "no." The ayes seem to have it. 
 The matter is therefore laid on the table. 
 
 COL. DORSEY of Nebraska: I report back Resolution No. 14, which 
 I ask the Secretary to read. 
 
 The Secretary then read the resolution as follows: 
 
 Resolution No. 14. 
 (Introduced by James F. Callbreath, Jr., of Colorado.) 
 
 Whereas, The laws and regulations governing and controlling mining 
 operations in the territory of Alaska, being largely designed for the regu- 
 lation of mining under conditions substantially different from those ex- 
 isting in that territory, and 
 
 Whereas, The American Mining Congress has been frequently called 
 upon by those interested in the Alaskan mining operations, for assistance 
 in the creation of remedies for unnecessary burdens and restrictions now 
 resting upon the development of the mining industry of that section, and 
 
 Whereas, This organization has not been sufficiently well advised as to 
 the conditions' there existing to render intelligent assistance in those 
 matters which have been called to its attention; therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, That the President of this Congress be authorized to ap- 
 point a committee of three members to investigate into the conditions 
 existing in Alaska, and the laws and regulations controlling its mining 
 operations; to render such assistance to the mining men of Alaska as may 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 105 
 
 seem proper and advisable under the advice and control of the Board of 
 Directors of the American Mining Congress, and to report at its Eleventh 
 Annual Session such recommendations as may seem desirable. 
 
 It was moved and seconded that the resolution be adopted. On being 
 put was unanimously carried. 
 
 COL. DORSE Y of Nebraska: I have another resolution I am directed 
 to report Resolution No. 13, by J. H. Richards, I will ask the Secretary 
 to read it. 
 
 Secretary reads as follows: 
 
 Resolution No. 13. 
 
 (Introduced by J. H. Richards of Idaho.) 
 
 The American Mining Congress in its Tenth Annual Session again 
 commends the efforts of the President of the United States in behalf of 
 a wise and just disposition of the remaining public lands in the interest 
 of the actual settler and the bona fide miner. 
 
 It also joins the President in asking the Federal Congress to pass such 
 legislation relative to the coal and other fuel resources still owned by the 
 government, as, while continuing this ownership by the government. 
 
 (1) Will encourage their development by providing conditions favor- 
 able for modern mining operations. 
 
 (2) Will prevent all unnecessary waste of these resources. 
 
 (3) Will make certain the use of these resources in the best inter- 
 ests of the whole people of the West; and 
 
 (4) Will separate the surface development of these coal and oil 
 lands for agriculture, forests or grazing from the development of the un- 
 derground or fuel resources. 
 
 It was moved and seconded the resolution be adopted, which motion 
 was unanimously adopted. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS : I have here an official telegram from tire 
 Trans-Mississippi Congress, inviting this Congress to send delegates to 
 its session to be held in Muskogee next week. We are anxious to have 
 the Trans-Mississippi Congress adopt the resolution which you adopted 
 yesterday. Mr. Bailey, just coming from there, will make a very brief 
 statement, which I think you ought to hear before any action is taken 
 on that matter. 
 
 MR. BAILEY, OF OKLAHOMA: Mr. President, Gentlemen of the 
 Congress: We do not only sent you this telegram officially from the Trans- 
 Mississippi Congress, but we come here personally to invite you to attend 
 that meeting and participate in the deliberations. Bring to Muskogee 
 those questions which remain unsettled in your splendid meeting here. 
 The new state of Oklahoma comes to you the fledgling in the sisterhood 
 of the American commonwealths. The State of Oklahoma can entertain 
 you practical hard-headed mining business men. The new state of Okla- 
 homa has, I venture, the vastest fields of virgin untouched coal in the 
 United States. We have the finest oil field of the United States the 
 biggest production, I think that has ever been known in the country- 
 gas in unlimited quantities. We have the same, perhaps not as large, a 
 field as Joplin, Webb City and southwestern Missouri, but we have lead 
 and zinc undeveloped. We are interested in establishing a Department 
 or Bureau of Mines and Mining. (Applause.) We have this early, even 
 before the first meeting of our Legislature, a plan on foot to establish 
 a splendid School of Mines. At the next meeting of the American Mining 
 Congress we will be here bidding with Utah for a spot-light position, 
 and I warn you right now, we will get what Utah fell down on. (Ap- 
 plause.) When you come to Muskogee you will see that on the register 
 of delegates that have been sent to Secretary Francis there are 2,500 
 delegates. Gentlemen, if we have a 50 per cent, of that attendance we 
 will have the most magnificent of all the Congresses for sixteen years. 
 Ninety per cent, of its recommendations have ben adopted by the Na- 
 tional Congress. There will be governors from every state west of the 
 Mississippi river, Come, We will welcome you, give you the glad hand, 
 
106 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 and entertain you right. To-morrow we will become a state and then 
 we can entertain you. Come to Muskogee Tuesday. (Applause.) 
 
 A motion was made to accept the invitation and that a committee 
 be appointed to attend in accordance with the telegram. 
 
 Which motion being duly seconded and put was unanimously carried. 
 
 In accordance with resolution the following communication was sent: 
 
 COL. DORSEY, OF NEBRASKA: The special order is the considera- 
 tion of the report of the committee, made by Mr.. Downey as Chairman, 
 in reference to the appointment of the committee of five for the purpose 
 of devising methods of preventing fraudulent mining schemes. I will 
 yield now to Major Vincent, as he has a resolution on the table of the 
 Secretary on this same question. 
 
 Joplin, Missouri, Nov. 15, 1907. 
 To the Trans-Mississippi Commercial Congress, 
 Muskogee, Oklahoma. 
 
 Gentlemen: The American Mining Congress sends greetings to the 
 Trans-Mississippi Commercial Congress, and begs to express the hope 
 chat its great work will be fostered and augmented through its present 
 session. 
 
 Responding to your telegram, I beg to appoint as delegates the fol- 
 lowing persons: Dr. J. A. Holmes, Mr. H. L. Scaife, Mr. F. A. Brown, 
 Major F. C. Vincent, and Col. W. R. Calkins. 
 
 This organization expresses its sincere appreciation of assistance 
 rendered to it by the Trans-Mississippi Congress in its work looking to 
 greater co-operation between the government and the mniing industry. 
 
 I have requested Mr. Jas. F. Callbreath, Jr., to present to your session 
 some matters which we deem of particular importance at this time and 
 for which we ask your continued support and co-operation. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 THE AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS, 
 
 By J. H. RICHARDS, 
 
 President. 
 
 MAJ. F. C. VINCENT, OF MISSOURI: Mr. President, M'embers and 
 Delegates of the American Mining Congress: Ladies and Gentlemen: 
 
 One of the resolutions presented to your Committee on Resolutions, 
 the one referring to the prevention of fraudulent mining schemes, was 
 presented before I was advised of the action taken at your last session, 
 when a committee of five was appointed to devise means of putting an 
 end to such illegitimate transactions. That committee has presented 
 this printed report, which has been scattered broadcast amongst the 
 members of this convention. The report shows a vast amount of indi- 
 vidual work on the part of the committee on this particular proposition. 
 While they were at work on behalf of this Congress, it is safe to say 
 that in other states of this Union many other people were at work on 
 identically this same proposition. Speaking for the legitimate mining 
 men of Kansas City, I can say we also considered this proposition in all 
 its phases. Almost every one of the recommendations made by the com- 
 mittee of which Mr. Downey is Chairman was considered by us. 
 
 After examining the laws of the various states we finally arrived at 
 the conclusion that the entire matter could be accomplished by urging 
 the attorneys general of the various states and the departments of justice 
 of the United States to thoroughly enforce the laws now on their statute 
 books. I say to you gentlemen that ninety per cent, of these swindling 
 operations have been made possible by the non-enforcement of the law, 
 and that if the laws had been properly applied if the attorneys general 
 of the various states would enforce the law, these men could not have 
 placed upon the name of mining the blot that now rests there. Inasmuch 
 as this report recommends that a committee be appointed, the majority 
 of whom shall be lawyers, who shall endeavor to frame and shall be in- 
 strumental in placing on the statute books of the various states laws 
 that will cover adequately the questions, off-hand, I am in favor of refer- 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 107 
 
 ring this whole matter back to that committee and let them frame a law 
 that will be absolutely feasible. 
 
 1 am not going to talk further on this resolution. I am going to 
 make a motion that inasmuch as part of this resolution refers to the 
 appointment of a committee composed mostly of attorneys, to frame a 
 law or to have placed upon the statute books a law that will hold water 
 and that will be the best possible proposition for this Congress, that this 
 entire matter be referred to this committee and that no further action 
 be taken on it by this Congress at this time. 
 
 COL. DORSET, OF NEBRASKA: That is the report of the special 
 committee of five that has not been before the Committee on Resolu- 
 tions? 
 
 MAJ. VINCENT: I understand that. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS : You have heard the motion that the mat- 
 ter be referred to the special committee of five, the majority of whom 
 shall be lawyers,, who after further action shall report to the next session. 
 What shall we do with the motion? Do I hear a second? 
 
 MR. DOWNEY, OF COLORADO: If no one else wants to discuss 
 this question I am willing they should do so, but if no one else intends to, 
 I want to do so. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: Mr. Downey has the floor. 
 
 MR. DOWNEY: In the first place, I don't understand the resolution 
 that Mr. Vincent has himself introduced. As I understand it, that reso- 
 lution was to be added on the report. 
 
 MAJ. VINCENT: Mr. Downey, for your information and for the 
 information of the Congress I will say that not knowing that a committee 
 had been appointed to consider this question I had previously introduced 
 a resolution somewhat similar. I am not going to urge the passage of 
 that resolution, in deference to Mr. Downey's report, but I am willing 
 to have that resolution and the report of the committee referred back 
 to the committee of five. 
 
 MR. DOWNEY: It will be clearly understood that the committee 
 making this report proposed a standing committee on investment legisla- 
 tion and that we have distinctly stated in here that that committee shall 
 take charge of any uncompleted business which might pass over from 
 the committee that is now retiring. There are certain portions of this 
 report that it seems to me this Congress ought to pass on. The com- 
 mittee that has been serving you during the past year has made this 
 report unanimously. I have just this morning received a letter from 
 Ex-Governor Mclntire of Colorado on this point. He has not been with 
 us, but has kept in touch with this matter by correspondence. Now it 
 seems to me that the feelings of the five members of this committee who 
 have devoted a year to this matter should have a little consideration. 
 We have talked this matter over and come to the conclusion that the 
 whole trouble with this entire question is that the fakir does not have 
 to put himself on record. This argument about retarding development 
 I don't think holds water. You speak of the prospector as though he 
 were constantly organizing corporations. That is not the case. It is only 
 when the prospector, by the aid of some promoter in some city some- 
 where, seeks to organize a corporation in such a way as to deceive those 
 at a distance, that we demand of him that he place himself on record. 
 That does not retard development in the slightest. If it retards develop- 
 ment it had better do it. That is my position on the matter. If the 
 prospector of the West has to unload his property on Eastern investors 
 at a price far in excess of what it is worth and what he paid for it, then 
 I say let him fail. That is the point. I don't believe there are many 
 prospectors who are deceitful. This Congress certainly should place itself 
 on record with respect to this matter. I want to say that the master-spirit 
 in favor of publicity in cases of this kind is our President, Theodore 
 Roosevelt, to whom we are now going for a Bureau of Mines and Mining, 
 and if you want to please him on the side without any sentiment thrown 
 
108 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 in, you might consider this would please him in that respect. This com- 
 mittee's report states very distinctly that the legislation offered here is a 
 type. I don't want to argue with the gentleman from Kansas City on 
 the question of constitutionality of any measure I am not an attorney 
 and don't profess to be, at the same time, if I wanted take the time 
 and do so, I could show him, I believe, that there was two sides to the 
 question. I have here one decision. I took a copy of it because it is 
 typical of the position which the courts of the mining states seem to take 
 on this subject of prospective value. This is a case before the Colorado 
 Court of Appeals, afterwards decided by the Supreme Court: 
 
 "In the case of corporations organized under the laws of this state 
 for the development of mining property, the capitalization may be, and 
 usually is, fixed with reference to 'prospective' value; that is, to value, 
 which, in the judgment of the parties, the property actually has, but 
 which development is necessary to disclose ; and if such value is esti- 
 mated in good faith, we think the stock issued in consideration of a trans- 
 fer of the property should be so regarded as full paid, notwithstanding 
 the parties' judgment should afterwards prove to be erroneous." Buck 
 v. Jones, 18 Colo. App. 250, 70 Pac. 951. 
 
 Strange to say that decision was rendered in a case in which the 
 very opposite result was arrived at so far as the decision was concerned. 
 In other words, the case involved the transfer of property to a corpora- 
 tion upon which mineral in place had not been discovered. I believe 
 that is in some way the effect of your resolution. As that is contrary to 
 the United States statutes, the court declared that such property was of 
 no value because mineral in place was not discovered. Therefore the 
 property was of no value and could not be given in exchange for stock of 
 a corporation. 
 
 This shows that the court of that state has given its sanction to the 
 idea that full-paid stock may issue for property of value. In fact, that is 
 being done every day in the year. It is the prevailing method of organ- 
 izing such corporations, and as I said it was the object of this committee 
 not particularly to sanction that thing, but to meet the situation as it 
 stands and to sanction it with regulation. Regulation is what is de- 
 manded. This committee has offered what it considers the best method 
 for regulation: I don't think this Congress can afford to turn this question 
 down. You can't afford to adjourn this convention without giving your 
 specific approval of the principles stated in that report, namely, that 
 those who offer their stock in that way, based on prospective values, 
 with a view to deceiving the prospective investor and persuade him that 
 he is getting something of greater value, should be compelled to put him- 
 self on, record. 
 
 I am perfectly willing you should refer this matter back to a com- 
 mittee. There are no Legislatures meeting in the West this winter. 
 Another session of the Congress will be held before any Lgislature in 
 the West can meet. Therefore I have no objection that the special com- 
 mittee that is provided for should take this matter under consideration 
 and take any steps it sees fit, but I don't want the idea to go forth that 
 this Congress is trying to side-track this proposition, and that is the 
 intent, it seems to me, of the motion. That is the reason why I have 
 taken the floor. 
 
 COL. DORSET, OF NEBRASKA: Mr. President, this is a very im- 
 portant question and there are some gentlemen here who wish to be 
 heard on it, but there is a special order for the selection of the place of 
 holding our next Congress. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: I would suggest that the special order 
 be taken up at the beginning of the afternoon session without anything 
 else intervening. That will enable us to clear up some of the smaller 
 matters. 
 
 MR. H. L. SCAIFE, OF SOUTH CAROLINA: There is a disposition 
 on the part of people to make too many laws. If you examine this ques- 
 tion you will find that we have a statute of the United States against 
 the fraudulent use of the mails, but sometimes fraudulent promotions 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 109 
 
 are made without using the mails, and some are unwise enough to do so, 
 but I dare say there is not a state in the Union but has sufficient laws 
 against frauds, getting money under false pretenses, to amply protect 
 the investor if the law was enforced. Now, gentlemen, it would be a wise 
 thing for us to frame a general law on this subject, but as I see it, we 
 have not as yet sufficient information upon which to base such a law, 
 so I think it would be wise for this Congress to appoint a committee, 
 to get this additional information and report at the next meeting. 
 
 MR. WIRE, OF ILLINOIS: The tendency of the times is toward 
 publicity, toward the clearing away of the mists, to divest this business 
 from the glittering generalities of the promoter or the stock seller, and 
 to compel him to go on record and state what he has and to state it in 
 black and white. So far as the publicity portion of this proposed measure 
 is concerned it rather underreaches than overreaches. I believe we ought 
 to go on record in favor of some publicity measure, or some statement 
 of the Congress in favor of publicity. I am of the opinion that it would 
 be a mistake for this Congress, with its intelligent membership and 
 delegates, to fail to express itself in some way in favor of a publicity 
 measure and along lines that make it easy for an honest man to do 
 business, and almost impossible or really impossible for a fakir, or for 
 a fake promoter, one who uses glittering generalities, to take advantage 
 of the American people. The greatest enemy that the mining business has, 
 the greatest enemy that the investor has, the greatest enemy 
 that the prospector has, is the fake promoter. And I think 
 this American Mining Congress ought to go on record in some way, either 
 extending this committee or appointing a new one, or the same com- 
 mittee (for they have done good work) for it is a step in the right 
 direction. This committee has done good work and we appreciate it. It 
 is the best measure we can get and they ought to be continued for another 
 year. The records ought to show that the Congress is opposed to any- 
 thing that makes fake or fraud promotion easy and in favor of everything 
 that makes it hard or impossible. It ought to be made impossible. 
 
 MR. CANTWELL, OF MISSOURI: It appears that this document 
 submitted by the committee of five is divisible into two parts and it has 
 never been read to the Congress. I take it from the discussion evidently 
 very few of even those who are discussing it, have read it. This docu- 
 ment contains B l / 2 pages which is simply the report of the committee. 
 Then it contains a very short resolution, three or four questions in one 
 column, which evidently contains nearly all the suggestions that have 
 been made here, and I am going to take the liberty, if the Congress will 
 permit me, to read that column. 
 
 MR. VINCENT, OF MISSOURI: I would like to ask, just as soon 
 as the discussion on the question of place for holding next session has 
 been finished and the convention has disposed of that proposition, that 
 a re-hearing of this motion be taken up. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: After the special order. If there is no 
 objection, it will be so ordered. 
 
 We will now adjourn until 1:30 o'clock this afternoon. 
 
 FRIDAY, NOVEMBER, 15,. 1907. 
 
 Afternoon Session. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The Congress will come to order. 
 
 COL. DORSET, OF NEBRASKA: Mr. President, your Committee 
 on Resolutions refers back this resolution, which I ask the Secretary to 
 read. 
 
 Secretary read the resolution as follows: 
 
 Substitute for Resolution No. 4, introduced by H. S. Joseph of Utah. 
 To The American Mining Congress: 
 
 Gentlemen: Your Committee on Resolutions, to which was referred 
 resolution No. 4, introduced by H. S. Joseph, having had same under con- 
 
110 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 sideration, do respectfully recommend that the subject matter of said 
 resolution be referred to the Board of Directors and in the event of the 
 failure of this winter's session of the National Congress to establish a 
 Bureau of Mining, that the Board of Directors be and are hereby empowered 
 and instructed to carry out the subject matter of said resolution. 
 
 Upon motion duly seconded it was ordered that the recommendation 
 of the Committee be adopted. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: We wil1 now P r <> c eed with the special 
 order. Delegates and members will be given an opportunity to express 
 their desires as to place of holding the session for 1908. The Secretary 
 will call the roll of states alphabetically, and any state desiring to re- 
 spond as the name is called will have the privilege of doing so. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH, OF UTAH: Mr. President, we would like Arizona 
 passed for the present. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: If there is no objection, it is so ordered. 
 
 The Secretary then proceeded to call the roll of states. 
 
 Edwin L. Bride, of Nevada, nominated Reno, Nevada. 
 
 Frank E. Wire, of Illinois, nominated Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 T. M. Howell, of Colorado, made a motion that the matter be left to 
 the determination of the Board of Directors. Motion overruled for the 
 time being. 
 
 H. S. Joseph, of Utah, nominated Douglas, Arizona. 
 
 MT. S. S. Badger, of Arizona, seconded the nomination of Douglas. 
 
 Mr. John Y. Bassell, of Columbus, Ohio, nominated Columbus, Ohio. 
 Mr. John J. Lentz, of Ohio, seconded the nomination of Columbus. 
 
 Mr. Wire, of Illinois, then withdrew the nomination of Chicago in 
 favor of Columbus. 
 
 MR. HOWELL, OF COLORADO: Do I understand the chair ruled 
 my motion out of order? 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: I have not ruled at all. What is your 
 motion ? 
 
 MR. HOWELL, OF COLORADO: My motion was that the matter 
 be referred to the Board of Directors. I renew that motion, that the 
 whole matter be referred to the Board of Directors for consideration. 
 
 A MEMBER: I second the motion. 
 
 A MEMBER: I move to amend that motion by moving that we pro- 
 ceed with a direct vote of the house. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS : It has been moved and seconded that 
 the motion made and stated a while ago and which was temporarily sus- 
 pended, be amended, and that we now proceed to a direct vote upon the 
 question as to the location of the next session of the Congress. 
 
 M'R. JOSEPH, OF UTAH: I arise to a point of order. My point of 
 order is that the amendment is not germane to the point in issue. 
 
 MR. WIRE, OF ILLINOIS : I make a motion to lay the gentleman's 
 motion on the table. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The point of order is well taken. 
 
 MR. WIRE, OF ILLINOIS: Did you make any ruling on my motion? 
 I moved that the motion of the gentleman from Colorado be laid on the 
 table. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: It has. been moved and seconded that the 
 motion of the gentleman from Colorado be laid on the table. 
 
 The ayes seem to have it. It is so ordered. 
 
 SECRETARY CALLBREATH: We have a telegraphic communica- 
 tion and two or three letters extending invitations. Inasmuch as the 
 cities named by the letters have been placed in nomination, it may not 
 be necessary to read them. But it would seem fair to hear the telegram 
 from Los Angeles, which I will read: 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal v Nov. 12-13. 
 
 Jas. F. Callbreath, Jr., Secretary American Mining Congress, Joplin, Mo.: 
 We extend greetings. Our representative bearing credentials relat- 
 ing to 1908 convention is sick and can not attend. Los Angeles wants 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 111 
 
 1908 convention and Chamber of Mines guarantees to take care of cus- 
 tomary expenses in the event Congress convenes here in 1908. Have 
 arranged special programme entertainment for a gala miners' week. 
 Please notify us if Delegate C.- M. Shannon, A. D. Myers, L. V. Root or 
 Wm. Gross present. Answer. Collect. 
 
 LOS ANGELES CHAMBER OF MINES, 
 
 Per G. W. ARNDT, Sec'y. 
 
 MR. VINCENT: I recommend that the telegram be placed on file. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: If there is no objection, it is so ordered. 
 
 How do you want to vote on this question? In the order of nom- 
 ination? 
 
 A M'EMBER: I move you that we proceed to vote on the question 
 of place of holding next Congress by calling the names in the order of 
 nomination. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The question now arises on the invita- 
 tion of Arizona. Those that are in favor of going to Arizona for 1908 
 may say aye, and those opposed say no. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH, OF UTAH: Mr. Chairman, I think that we should 
 not have a viva voce vote. I think we should have a standing vote. No 
 man need be ashamed to show his colors. We are willing to stand on 
 the record. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: If there is no objection we will call the 
 vote by standing. We will vote until one point gets a majority, all candi- 
 dates remaining in. It is a standing vote and the place that wins must 
 have a majority of the votes cast. 
 
 COL. DORSET, OF NEBRASKA: While the Secretary is preparing 
 to call the roll, nlay I report some resolutions. My committee recom- 
 mends a vote of thanks to Dr. Buckley for the services rendered in the 
 preparation of our program, etc., which the Secretary will read: 
 
 Resolved, That the success of the Tenth Annual Session of the Amer- 
 ican Mining Congress has been achieved largely through the efforts of 
 Dr. E. R. Buckley, the Chairman of the Programme Committee. 
 
 Dr. Buckley has labored unceasingly for several months in preparing 
 the splendid programme which has been presented to the Congress. The 
 papers presented and the discussion thereof will be of the most lasting 
 benefit to not only those in attendance at this session, but to all those 
 interested in the upbuilding of the mining industry; therefore be it 
 
 Resolved, That a vote of thanks be extended to Dr. E. R. Buckley, 
 as an acknowledgment of the appreciation of the members and delegates 
 of the Congress for the work he has so faithfully performed. 
 
 A motion was made that the resolution be adopted, which being duly 
 seconded and put, was unanimously carried. 
 
 COL. DORSET, OF NEBRASKA: Your Committee on Resolutions 
 recommends that a vote of thanks be extended to the Smelter Rates and 
 Freight Bill Committees, which I will ask the Secretary to read. 
 
 Secretary then read the resolution, as follows: 
 
 Resolved, That a special vote of thanks be extended to the members 
 of the "Smelter Methods" and "Fraud Bill" Committees. These com- 
 mittees have spent not only their time, but their money, in obtaining 
 information that will be of the greatest benefit to their fellows engaged 
 in every branch of the mining industry; therefore be it 
 
 Resolved, That the American Mining Congress hereby records its 
 hearty appreciation of the work so wisely and generously performed by 
 the members of the above named committees. 
 
 It was moved and seconded that the resolution be adopted, which 
 motion was duly put and unanimously carried. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH, OF UTAH: I move you that each state be allowed to 
 vote the full strength of its delegation present in Joplin. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: Is there any objection to that. If there 
 is no objection it will be so ordered. 
 
 COL. DORSET, OF NEBRASKA: I make this objection: I do not 
 think it is fair. I think if the men who have been delegates and mem- 
 
112 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 bers of this delegation have thought so little of this issue that they 
 have absented themselves, they have no right to a voice in the determina- 
 tion of that matter. It is for those who are here to determine the place 
 of next meeeting, and as I am informed, -that has been your ruling and 
 usage heretofore. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH, OF UTAH: I desire to state that I know of twenty 
 delegates who aie partaking of the hospitality of the people of Joplin: 
 They ought not to be cut out. They are represented on the floor by other 
 delegates. They should express their opinion. 
 
 COL. DORSEY, OF NEBRASKA: Under our by-laws no man has a 
 right to give his proxy to another in this Congress. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH, OF UTAH: If that is so, I have nothing to say. I 
 do know this was the order of business for ten o'clock this morning. 
 These men were here then, but accepted the hospitality of some of the 
 people of Joplin this afternoon, or they would be here to vote. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: It has always been the rule that only 
 those present can vote here. If you wish to make an exception it is 
 your privilege to do so. 
 
 MR. HOWELL, OF COLORADO: A resolution was passed by our 
 delegation unanimously that the membership present at this convention 
 vote the absentees. That was our organization and I think there should 
 be a ruling on it whether we are allowed to do it that way. 
 
 MR. GALIGER, OF MONTANA: I don't see how you can get around 
 your by-laws on this proposition. It states positively that no vote shall 
 be cast by proxy and that no state shall be permitted to cas more votes 
 than the number of members from each state which are present at the 
 annual meeting. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH, OF UTAH: The interpretation of that is those dele- 
 gates who come to the annual session are allowed to vote. It does not 
 refer to the sitting it refers to the convention present at the conven- 
 tion. 
 
 MR. GALIGER, OF MONTANA: Article IX, section 1, provides: 
 
 "The directors shall be elected at the annual meeting of the mem- 
 bers. In the election of the directors each state or territory shall be 
 entitled to cast ten votes and one additional vote for each fifty members 
 in good standing, residing within such state or territory; provided, how- 
 ever, that no votes shall be cast by proxy and that no state shall be per- 
 mitted to cast more votes than the number of members from such state 
 present at such annual session." 
 
 MR. JOSEPH, OF UTAH: That clause does not fit the case. This is 
 the selection of the place for the next convention. That clause has ref- 
 erence to the election of directors. 
 
 MR. GALIGER, OF MONTANA: I take it that it refers to all elec- 
 tions, as much so for the election of a point of meeting, because of the 
 fact that there is no other clause in these by-laws to govern the election 
 of officers. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: The by-law has no reference to this 
 character of vote. It relates to an election of directors, but as I stated 
 a while ago, the custom has been to only allow those to vote who are 
 present, on questions of this character, but I stated to you that under 
 that ruling, you would have a right to change it if you saw fit. I have 
 no right to change it. 
 
 A MEMBER: I move that this convention proceed to vote, allowing 
 only those to vote who are actually present. 
 
 Which motion being duly seconded, was put and carried. 
 
 The Secretary then called the roll of places nominated, which re- 
 sulted as follows: 
 
 Douglas, Arizona, 29 votes. 
 
 Los Angeles, California, no votes. 
 
 Reno, Nevada, 6 votes. 
 
 Columbus, Ohio. 63 votes. 
 
 MR. JOSEPH, OF UTAH: On behalf of Douglas, I desire to with- 
 draw Douglas, Arizona, and cast our vote with Columbus. 
 
AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 113 
 
 COL. DORSET, OF NEBRASKA: I move that it is the sense of this 
 Congress that Columbus, Ohio, be unanimously nominated as the place 
 for the holding of the next session of this Congress. 
 
 Which motion being duly seconded, was put and unanimously carried. 
 
 MR. DOWNEY, OF COLORADO: I move that the report of the 
 committee of five appointed for the purpose of devising methods of pre- 
 venting fraudulent mining schemes be received and printed. That the 
 recommendations of the committee be adopted, and that the resolutions 
 under clause 4 be also adopted, and that a standing committee of five, as 
 recommended by clause 5, be appointed. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: If there is no objection it will be so 
 ordered. 
 
 MAJ. VINCENT, OF MISSOURI: Mr. Dorsey and Gentlemen: The 
 resolution I presented to the Resolutions Committee was reported back 
 to the Resolution Committee and not acted upon. I wish to read the 
 resolution before this body. It is short, and I believe inasmuch as we 
 ought to put ourselves squarely before the world, I am going to ask that 
 you pass my resolution, which is as follows: 
 
 Whereas, The promiscuous exploitation of illegitimate and fraudulent 
 mining schemes throughout the United States, Canada and Europe, espe- 
 cially during the past year, by unscrupulous so-called promoters has 
 resulted in the wholesale defrauding of the general public and especially 
 the small "investor; and, 
 
 Whereas, The above unlawful acts still obtained and continued un- 
 abated; and, 
 
 Whereas, No other condition has so tended to discredit the fair 
 name of the American mining industry throughout the world; and, 
 
 Whereas, The public press has been the chief instrument used by 
 the said dishonest promoters in their predatory efforts; now, therefore, 
 be it 
 
 Resolved, By the American Mining Congress in annual convention 
 assembled, that the attention of the Department of Justice of the United 
 States and the various attorney generals of several states of the Union 
 be favorably called to these flagrant violations of the laws of the states 
 and the United States and that immediate action be taken under the law 
 to prevent further swindling operations as herein outlined; that it is the 
 sense of this body that such unlawful acts are in fact violations of the 
 statutes to prevent "obtaining money by false pretense" and " "general 
 swindling," and that the public press of the country are herewith earn- 
 estly urged to assist this body by refusing further to lend its aid to this 
 particular kind of wholesale and organized robbery. 
 
 That those periodicals and newspapers who have aided this body 
 in its efforts to right this condition be greatly commended, and that 
 the members of this body and all other good citizens support these pub- 
 lications in every way possible in the accomplishment of the aim set 
 forth in this resolution. 
 
 COL. DORSEY, OF NEBRASKA: This asks for the appointment 
 of no committee? 
 
 MAJ. VINCENT, OF MISSOURI: I simply ask for its adoption, so 
 that it can be scattered broadcast through the country as the sentiment 
 of this Congress. I move the adoption of the resolution. 
 
 Which motion being duly seconded, was put and carried. 
 
 MR. H. H. STOEK, OF PENNSYLVANIA: I beg to submit the fol- 
 lowing report: 
 
 Report of the committee appointed to investigate the advisability of 
 a commission appointed from the several coal mining states and- the 
 United States at large to investigate the conditions effecting safety in 
 coal mining, with a view toward the formation and enforcement of ade : 
 quate laws favoring this branch of the mining industry. 
 
 Your committee reports that the Chairman and one member of the 
 committee appointed at the last meeting of the Mining Congress, found 
 it impossible to serve. It was therefore necessary to appoint other mem- 
 bers and a new Chairman. This was not done, however, until shortly 
 
114 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS 
 
 before the meeting of the Congress, and it was therefore impossible for 
 this new committee to assemble before coming to Joplin. Only two mem- 
 bers of the committee are in attendance at the Congress, although two 
 others fully expected to attend, but were detained at a late date. 
 
 Your committee does not consider it feasible at present to have a 
 commission appointed from the several coal mining states, and believes 
 that such a commission should be national in character, and that such 
 an investigation should preferably be carried on by a Federal Bureau 
 of Mines, such as the Mining Congress is now working to have estab- 
 lished. In view of the probability that such a Bureau will be established 
 in the near future, your committee suggests that the same, or a similar, 
 committee be appointed and authorized to consider this matter further 
 and to gather statistics upon the subject, to be reported to the next meet- 
 ing of the Mining Congress. 
 
 (Signed) H. FOSTER BAIN, Chairman. 
 H. H. STOEK, Secretary. 
 
 COL. DORSET, OF NEBRASKA: Are the members of the committee 
 able to give their services? 
 
 MR. STOEK: The new members of the committee were only ap- 
 pointed a short time ago and we had no meeting until we came to Joplin. 
 Two members not here were unavoidably detained. 
 
 SECRETARY CALLBREATH : The "members of this committee have 
 all consented to serve. I move that the report of the committee be re- 
 ceived, that the committee be continued for another year, and that the 
 President be authorized to add to the committee two additional members. 
 
 PRESIDENT RICHARDS: There being no objection it will be so 
 ordered. 
 
 SECRETARY CALLBREATH: I have a paper submitted by Dr. 
 James Douglas, entitled "The remedy for the Law of the Apex," which 
 I will read, in response to particular request that it shall be presented 
 to the convention: 
 
 Dr. Douglas' paper will .be found on page 122 of this report. 
 
 COL. DORSEY, OF NEBRASKA: There is one thing I wish to speak 
 of, and I hope the members will publish this. We have had quite a 
 number of telegrams and letters asking the Congress of the United States 
 to pass a bill not requiring the work of 1907 to be done on mineral loca- 
 tions. That work in most instances has already been done up to this 
 time, and it would be utterly impossible for such a bill to pass through 
 the Congress of the United States during the month of December, as it 
 is necessary it should be passed during that month to become operative, 
 for the reason that if the work is not done by December 31st the claims 
 are re-opened and open for re-location. We do not refuse to take up that 
 matter and consider it, but it is absolutely useless to do so, for the 
 reasons I have given. And so the Committee on Resolutions did not 
 consider it. 
 
 It was moved and seconded that a vote of thanks be tendered to 
 President Richards for his able services in behalf of the American Mining 
 Congress. A rising vote was called for, and the motion was carried 
 unanimously. 
 
 It was also moved and seconded that a vote of thanks be tendered 
 to Secretary Callbreath for his able services. A rising vote was also 
 called for, and the motion was carried unanimously. 
 
 It was moved and seconded that a vote of thanks be tendered to the 
 members of the Committee on Resolutions for their faithful and able 
 services rendered by that committee. Which motion being duly put was 
 unanimously carried. 
 
 MR. DORSEY, OF NEBRASKA: I move that this Congress do now 
 adjourn sine die. 
 
 The motion being duly seconded, was put and unanimously carried, 
 
The Importance of the Mining Industry to the Commercial and Industrial 
 
 Life of a Nation 
 
 BY H. J. CANT WELL, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI. 
 
 It seems like painting the lily and gilding refined gold 
 to attempt to demonstrate before an assembly of intelligent 
 people in America the importance of the mining industry 
 to the commercial and industrial life of a nation, for as we 
 understand the words "industrial and commercial life," and 
 the Word "nation," there could be neither without the min- 
 ing industry. 
 
 The history of civilization is the history of the progress 
 of mining. When the first cave dweller ceased to tear the 
 raw flesh from the bones of the animals which he had stran- 
 gled with his hairy claws, or killed with his stone ax, he 
 became a miner, and from that day until now, when so 
 many of the forces of nature have been subjugated by man, 
 there is not an hour of our existence on this planet when we 
 should not be reminded of the contribution which the miner 
 has made to the comfort of our existence. 
 
 There is no modern industry which does not have as the 
 base of its existence, the products taken from beneath the 
 surface of the earth. Every art and every science owes its 
 debt to the miner. 
 
 Were it not for the mining industry, the art of naviga- 
 tion would be confined to the paddling of the birch bark 
 canoe, or the steering of the galley within sight of continen- 
 tal shores, instead of the accurate direction, from continent 
 to continent and from pole to pole, of floating cities of the 
 seas like the Lusitania. The clumsy wooden cart, oxen- 
 dragged through knee-deep mire, would be the means of 
 land transportation instead of the locomotive whirling its 
 train of palace cars or the automobile realizing the poetry 
 of motion on the Champs Elysee or the Jasper county roads. 
 The beacon fire upon the hill would be the means of com- 
 municating intelligence instead of the telephone, the tele- 
 graph and the wireless, which by their wonders give to mor- 
 tals the qualities heretofore deemed possible to be possessed 
 only by the immortals. Winged mercury! The dream of 
 the poetic pagans, realized in common, prosaic, everyday 
 life; for the individual vibrations of your thought, electric- 
 winged, may now be felt to the remotest corner of the globe. 
 
 Instead of the palaces of modei T n architecture in which 
 the humlest member of society may dwell, man would 
 
116 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 still be living in the wigwam of the Indian or the palm-leaf 
 hut of the South Sea Islander. Instead of the electrict light, 
 illuminating the darkness of the witching hour with the 
 brilliant rays of mid-day, we should have the pine torch and 
 the tallow dip. Agriculture would be confined to the 
 wooden flail and a plow of forked stick instead of the four- 
 furrowed cultivator, the thresher and the mower. The pic- 
 ture of the art of milling would be of a haggard crone, grind- 
 ing between two smooth stones the kernels of corn instead 
 of a colossal giant with a thousand deft fingers the mod- 
 ern mill. The countless instruments by which the masters 
 of music render to human ears their divine symphonies 
 would not be possible, and man's only attempt at harmony 
 would be such as he could derive from the rude viol, the 
 voudoo drum or the pith extracted pipe. None of the tri- 
 umphs of modern surgery would be possible without the 
 instruments made from the fruit of the toil of the miner. 
 The art of the painter progressed no farther than the dye- 
 ing of his own face, until the miner gave him the materials 
 by which he might reproduce upon a canvas all the glowing 
 colors of the rainbow. 
 
 Commerce, other than the most primitive barter, would 
 not be possible, for, imperfect as it may seem today, when 
 the exchange of commodities of the world is made upon a 
 basis of relative values, by bookkeeping, yet man has only 
 reached this stage as an evolution from, by and with a me- 
 tallic currency which has been produced by the miner. In 
 fact, there is no art, however seemingly far it be re- 
 moved from the toil and grime of the mine, but depends 
 absolutely upon contributions gotten by the rugged delvers 
 in the subterranean depths. 
 
 A great philosopher has said that there is nothing 
 more unreliable than statistics except the deductions often 
 sought to be drawn from statistics. I shall not attempt to 
 burden your minds with the exact figures of the values of 
 the mining products of the world, and shall only deal in 
 round millions in attempting to give a relative idea of the 
 value of the mining products of the United States, as com- 
 pared with other products of this most productive age. 
 
 The production of coal in the United States for the last 
 year was $567,000,000. That coal made possible all the man- 
 ufactures of the United States. 
 
 The production of iron, in ore and pig, amounted to $560,- 
 000,000, and from that iron was produced all the machines 
 which went into every industry other than mining. 
 
IMPORTANCE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY 117 
 
 The production of zinc ore and metal amounted to $45,- 
 000,000, making possible all the electrical manufactures and 
 supplying the inside paints of the world. 
 
 The production of lead amounted to $39,000,000, mak- 
 ing possible all of the underground cables, furnishing the 
 outside paints in the United States and the conduits by 
 which the modern systems of plumbing are possible, thus 
 giving civilized man an abundance of pure water, one of the 
 greatest gifts of God to man. In the ancient days, and even 
 in the early history of our country, water, the finding of the 
 well, was the first care of the settler. Tribes went to war 
 to occupy particular locations in the neighborhood of this 
 necessary of daily life, and yet, by the production of lead, 
 and in the uses of it for carrying and distribution water, the 
 beggar upon the streets is a greater master of this gift than 
 the former monarch upon the throne. 
 
 The production of copper in the United States 
 amounted to $180,000,000, the greater part of which is con- 
 sumed in electrical devices for the transmission of power, 
 light, and heat. 
 
 The production of gold in the United. States amounted 
 to $96,000,000, furnishing the basis of value of debts at least, 
 and preventing the enslavement of a generation of debtors 
 to the foreign creditor. 
 
 The production of silver in the United States amounted 
 to $37,000,000. 
 
 The production of petroleum amounted to $80,000,000, 
 the use of which has multiplied the capacity of man in every 
 field. 
 
 The production of phosphate rock, the use of which has 
 revolutionized a'griculture, amounted to $12,000,000. 
 
 The production of salt, that necessary of man and 
 tyeast, amounted to $6,600,000. 
 
 The total production . including secondary minerals 
 and chemicals, amounted to a magnificent total of $1,868,- 
 000,000, excluding all excavation of brick, fire-clay, tiling 
 rnd all quarry products. This production being twice as 
 much as in 1900. 
 
 Think of it! These statistics show a production from 
 beneath the surface of one billion eight hundred and sixty- 
 eight millions of dollars. One's brain reels from a glimpse 
 of the immensity. 
 
 It is barely possible that in the table of these statistics 
 there has been some duplication, as when the value of white 
 lead is included as well as the value of pig lead, from which 
 it is made; but excluding all possiblities of duplication, it 
 yet remains absolutely certain that the value, at the mine 
 
118 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 pit, or furnace, of the products of the mines in the United 
 States during the year 1906 easily exceeded 11,700,000,000, 
 or a value of more than one hundred dollars for every male 
 adult in the United States, or, assuming that there are ap- 
 proximately six hundred thousand persons engaged in the 
 mining industry proper, a production per capita of men 
 employed in the United States in the mining industry of 
 more than |2,800.00 annually. 
 
 Consider how the development of the Western Conti- 
 nent has been brought about. Remember that the first in- 
 centive to the early explorations of the Spaniards, and to the 
 later settlements of uhe Frencl? in this magnificent valley, 
 was the search for minerals. Fresh in the memory of many 
 men now living, is the development of the iron industry in 
 Alabama and Tennessee, and the transformation thereby 
 wrought. Consider western Pennsylvania before the oil, 
 gas, coal and iron were developed, and view it today, the 
 heart of the manufacturing district of the world. 
 
 Picture the the shores of Lake Michigan before the cop- 
 per and the iron were developed, and know of the wondrous 
 changes in New York and Chicago by the making of a thous- 
 and millionaires from the deposits of the Mesabi range. 
 Contemplate the first development of southern Missouri, 
 and remember that the first railroad in that section 
 was built to reach the famous Iron mountain! See what 
 Joplin and the adjacent districts have become under the 
 influence of the zinc mining industry. 
 
 Alaska sat, since the glacial period, silent, grim and 
 impenetrable, bound by the icy fetters of the polar seas, her 
 barren peaks swept by the cruel blast of the north wind, 
 until the miner's fiery ardor melted the icy chains and re- 
 leased the golden flood. Alaska, for the purchase of which 
 our government was criticised as being prodigal in paying 
 the sum of seven millions of dollars forty years ago, today 
 producing annually a total of more than f 21,000,000 in gold 
 and in other mine products and is producing of forest, fish- 
 ery and farm, three times as much more. 
 
 Africa, which since the loss of King Solomon's mines, 
 was abandoned to the barbarian and the beast by the gen- 
 ius of the miners, Rhodes and Hammond, and the touch of 
 their magic wands on the golden reefs, today is yielding mil- 
 lions of wealth of every conceivable form for the uses of 
 man. 
 
 California, which lay across the barren waste of the 
 great American Desert, over which the slow steps of the 
 Forty-niner wearily dragged under the lure of the mine, 
 
IMPORTANCE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY 119 
 
 and by reason of the mining industry, has now become 
 the most fertile spot on God's footstool. In truth, war and 
 the lure of the mine, by which the best and the bravest of 
 every generation have been drawn from the place of their 
 birth, and their capacities multiplied many fold by a change 
 of environment, have been the two incentives to action, the 
 main factors of progress, the cause of the development of 
 individuality, the means of diffusing intelligence, and the 
 consequent attainment of the brotherhood of man. 
 
 In the front ranks of the adventurers of the world have 
 been the miners, and though of the advance guard too often 
 may it be said, "their bones unburied on the naked shore, 
 devouring dogs and hungry vultures tore, 7 ' yet ceaselessly 
 the column has passed on, and smiling peace and plenty 
 have followed in their train. 
 
 There is no part of this continent, at least, where the 
 miner has not been the pioneer. 
 
 South America, most fertile in resources of all the spots 
 of the earth, will never be redeemed from the jungle until 
 the adventurous miner does the pioneer work. And rough 
 and uncouth as these soldiers of the pick and drill are, yet 
 'tis the miner who has always planted the foundations of 
 law and order. 
 
 The only mention of a land of perfect abundance in the 
 Bible is of a land of mines of useful metals. The book of 
 Deuteronomy speaks of a promised land "where without any 
 want thou shalt eat thy bread and shalt know abundance 
 of all things. Where the stones are of iron and out of its 
 hills are digged mines of brass." 
 
 Without the product of the mines, the materials of lit- 
 erature would be the quill pen and papyrus sheet, instead of 
 the printing press and cheap paper, diffusing intelligence 
 over the entire world and placing education within the 
 reach of all; making the researches of the sages of all the 
 heritage of all men. This democracy of education, this 
 common diffusion of intelligence, is possible only 
 through the modern printing press, and the printing press 
 is made from the products of the mine. While the mines 
 have created the means by which this literature is popular- 
 ized, and by which literary men may be sustained, yet the 
 mining industry has received few tributes from Knights 
 of the Quill. Of the dignity of agriculture, literature is full ; 
 of the glory of war, minstrels and poets have sung in every 
 age; but of the dignity, glory and heroism of those who be- 
 neath the surface of the earth have toiled with more won- 
 drous results than the genii of Aladdin's Lamp, literature, 
 song and story have been absolutely silent. 
 
120 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 The Book of Job makes but one reference to a mine- 
 but one sentence "There is a path which no fowl kuoweth 
 and which the vulture's eye hath not seen; the lion's whelps 
 have not trodden it, nor the fierce lion passed by it." No 
 flaming' gonfalon floats there, and no stirring music is 
 heard. There is none of the pomp and circumstance of 
 glorious war. But in those dark, dull caverns, which the 
 lion's whelp have not trod, and the vulture's eye hath not 
 seen, are performed more acts of simple heroism and self- 
 sacrificing ' endeavor than have ever been performed upon 
 the battlefields of the earth. 
 
 There have been more hardships endured between the 
 White Pass of Alaska and the sweltering sun of the Equa- 
 tor, in the miner's daily toil, than armies engaged in war 
 have ever suffered. 
 
 Gold, and the mysterious call from the depths of the 
 earth have been the attraction by which all the great ex- 
 plorers of the earth have ventured forth, and in their wake, 
 and by reason of their first conquest of the wilderness and 
 the desert, in the search of mines, have come all the great 
 progresses of agriculture, of transportation, of manufac- 
 turing, and of art. 
 
 These are the direct influences of mining on the indus- 
 trial and commercial life of a nation. But there is another 
 feature of importance in mining. The indirect effect of min- 
 ing success cannot be overestimated. The man who has 
 amassed a fortune in mining is rarely content to be a mere 
 idle holder of mone} 7 thereafter, and every field of endeavor 
 outside of mining has felt the quickening effect of his invest 
 ment in other fields of the millions made in the mines. 
 
 . "The patient search and vigil long," the courage and 
 constancy necessary for the development of a mining enter- 
 prise, becomes a permanent possession to the successful 
 miner; he carries these same qualifies into other fields of 
 endeavor, he re-animates other enterprises, he inspires his 
 associates, his courage and enthusiasm leaven the whole 
 lump. 
 
 Consider for a moment the remarkable impetus given 
 to other enterprises in San Francisco and New York by 
 the fortunes made in mining, and that the money of 
 Mackay, Haggin, Fair and Hearst, has caused untold ac- 
 tivity in other fields on the eastern shores of the continent, 
 four thousand miles away from where the treasure was 
 uncovered. 
 
 Denver owes its commercial and industrial prestige, 
 outside of mining, to the activities of Moffat, Tabor and 
 others in other fields. 
 
IMPORTANCE OP THE MINERAL INDUSTRY 
 
 St. Louis was called from her long sleep by the fortunes 
 made in the famous Granite Mountain. 
 
 Pittsburgers have become the most fearless and persist- 
 ent workers in manufactures of all kinds, stimulated by the 
 money and encouraged by the success of the iron, coal, gas 
 and oil miners. 
 
 Boston was little famed for its trade until the copper 
 fields of Michigan distributed its millions 1 there. 
 
 In this, more than in any other age, is the mining in- 
 dustry the very heart and soul of industry and commerce, 
 but looking back throughout the centuries, since the dawn 
 of industry and commerce, there is no age in which the min- 
 ing industry has not been paramount. 
 
 "A cultivated and a populous race heaped with long 
 toil the earth (Yea, and mined beneath it\ while yet the 
 Greek was hewing the Pentelicus to forms of symmetry, or 
 raising on its rock the glittering Parthenon." 
 
 The importance of the mining industry to a nation! 
 Your means of defense would be confined to the arrow or 
 the wooden javelin, or the club with which the baboon kills 
 his prey, instead of the many implements of war, made pos- 
 sible by the mining industry, and by which peace is assured 
 and nations are preserved! Tribes and confederations of 
 tribes there might be, but no modern civilized nation could 
 exist without the mining industry. 
 
 But why multiply words upon the importance of the 
 mining industry to the commercial and industrial life of a 
 nation? Without it there would be little industry, tcss com 
 rnerce, and NO NATION. 
 
 Therefore, let the miner \valk erect, unaffected by the 
 sneer of the supercilious or the criticism of the ignorant. 
 His craft is ancient, and his calling noble. Let him walk 
 erect! 
 
 He is the chosen son of the Most High in the industrial 
 development of this age and of all the ages yet to come. 
 
A Remedy for the Law of the Apex 
 
 BY DR. JAMES DOUGLAS, NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 While there may be difference of opinion as to the 
 wisdom of amending the existing law known as the 
 Law of the Apex, by reason of the fact that court decis- 
 ions have settled so many of its ambiguous features, and 
 that its provisions have been applied, and rights under it 
 secured over so large an area as the. United Stages, few 
 people would be found to defend the law on its own merits. 
 Fewer still, if the law did not stand on the statute books, 
 would frame or vote for the passage of such a law today. 
 It was based on false geological assumptions, and has re- 
 tarded mining in many districts. Apart from its baneful 
 effects in this respect, it has been the cause of bitter ill- 
 feeling among neighbors, and created a widespread feeling 
 of hostility where there should have been co-operation, self- 
 help and mutual aid and counsel. 
 
 Those who so desire have the remedy in their own 
 hands, for neighbors who do not wish to avail themselves 
 of their rights under the apex law, may contract between 
 themselves to apply to their surface the common law rule, 
 and abolish, so far as their adjacent property is concerned, 
 their rights under the law of 1873. In May, 1882, Mr. Win. 
 E. Church of the Detroit Copper Mining Company, whose 
 operating headquarters were at Morenci, near Clifton, Ari- 
 zona, made an arrangement with Messrs. Freudenthal and 
 Lesinsky, the owners of the Longfellow Copper Mining Com- 
 pany, and a number of other claims in the Clifton district, 
 to aJbolish the apex law as applied to their properties, and 
 to confine their operations in depth within the end and side 
 lines of their respective claims carried down vertically. 
 After Messrs. Freudenthal and Lesinsky sold their prop- 
 erty to the Arizona Copper Company the arrangement which 
 has worked so well was confirmed by the Arizona Copper 
 Company, and a similar contract was made between that 
 corporation and the Detroit Copper Mining Company. As 
 a result, during the twenty-six years that have intervened 
 between the first contract and today, there has been no 
 litigation in the Clifton district growing out of the law of 
 the apex. A number of other companies have since then 
 begun operations in the district. I am not aware whether 
 or not similar contracts have been made among them, but 
 a spirit of friendliness, instead of distrust, prevades the 
 whole corporate mining community of that district, which 
 
A REMEDY FOR THE LAW OF THE APEX 123 
 
 may or may not have been brought about by the action of 
 the two most prominent mining companies. 
 
 In the still more productive Warren district of southern 
 Arizona, whose center is the town of Bisbee, the Copper 
 Queen was for many years the only company working ac- 
 tively, or producing much copper; but when the Calumet & 
 Arizona Company acquired property and became an impor- 
 tant factor in the copper production of the southwest, the 
 same spirit possessed the companies, and the same method 
 of avoiding litigation, growing out of the direction in which 
 ore bodies extended, was adopted. In the Warren district 
 the profitable ore as yet discovered and developed is con- 
 fined to beds of carboniferous limestone, whose thickness is 
 about 400 feet, and which have a southerly dip. Probably 
 under the decision in the famous Eureka-Richmond case, the 
 Copper Queen, which has worked continuously from a mar- 
 velous outcrop opened up in 1880 along the dip of the ore 
 bearing strata of limestone for a distance of over a mile 
 from it outcrop to a depth of 1,200 feet below the surface, 
 might have fought, with a reasonable 'expectation of win- 
 ning, for all ore on the dip. But the result of litigation 
 would have been curtailment, if not stoppage, of work, by 
 injunction, paralysis of the whole district, rabid hatred be- 
 tween neighbors, and the transfer of profits (if under the 
 circumstances any happened to be made) to the legal profes- 
 sion instead of to the shareholders. And therefore the Cop- 
 per Queen Company, guided by the success of the experi- 
 ment in the Clifton district, was quite willing to follow the 
 same procedure and make side and end line agreements 
 with the Calumet & Arizona Mining Company and with 
 five other prominent neighboring mining companies. 
 
 The wonderful development of mining in the district 
 has unquestionably been brought about through this lib- 
 eral policy, for not only has litigation and its consequent 
 bitterness of feeling been eliminated, but the underground 
 development of the district has progressed more rapidly 
 than it would have done had not the contracts contained a 
 clause which opened each other's mines to the inspection of 
 the contracting parties. The consequence has been that 
 any discovery made by any one of the companies, instead 
 of being concealed, is published to the others, and the 
 neighbor is thus directed to the point where he should, with 
 most probability of success, search for ore. This benefit 
 has been experienced to the utmost advantage in the War- 
 ren district, where the ore bodies appear to be eccentrically 
 distributed within the area of the limestone above 
 referred to. 
 
124 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 So loyally do. the companies live up to the spirit as 
 well as the letter of the mutual engagements, that when 
 one of the companies works in ore to the side line of his 
 neighbor's claim, and his neighbor's ground travels across 
 the line into his own (an event which not seldom happens 
 in ground so soft and shifting as the ferruginous clays which 
 carry most of the copper of the Warren district) no question 
 has arisen as to the right of the original owner to the trav- 
 elled ore, nor objection raised to his removing it from the 
 adjacent claim which he does not OAVII, or else claiming its 
 value. From every point of view, therefore, I believe the 
 companies of both districts have benefited; and the popula- 
 tion at large of both have prospered. Moreover, to this 
 abolition of the Law of the Apex and the voluntary adoption 
 of the common law rule, may safely be attributed the rapid 
 strides with which the whole of southern Arizona has 
 advanced of late. 
 
 Under the old Spanish mining law T , as applied to their 
 American colonies, the ownership of the mineral in depth 
 beneath the actual surface of. the claim is vested in the pos- 
 sessor of the surface, but if the miners were negligent and 
 tardy, and his neighbor reached the ore in depth below his 
 surface before he did, that neighbor might extract the ore, 
 accounting to the owner for a certain share in the profits. 
 In that way the Spanish government, which depended for 
 revenue on the export duty of minerals, protected itself 
 against the absorption of unused mining property by un- 
 productive owners; but the eagerness with which we push 
 forward towards every indication of ore, and the haste with 
 which we are to extract it, supply sufficient remedy against 
 so remote an evil. 
 
 As I have already remarked, except by voluntary con- 
 tract such as above described, one can see no means of radi- 
 cally amending the mischievous Avorkings of the Law of 
 the Apex in the older mining districts; but this remedy is 
 available to all neighboring mine owners, who wish to act 
 in a neighborly manner and exchange a possible advantage, 
 which may be secured after great loss of money and temper, 
 for an assured benefit. 
 
 The following draft of an agreement embodies such 
 provisions as we have found to cover the main points, which, 
 in our experience, have arisen in carrying out the above 
 policy : 
 
 This agreement, made and entered into this 
 
 Witnesseth: That whereas, The parties to this agree- 
 ment are the owners of certain mines, mining claims, and 
 premises, situate, lying and being in the county of ........ . 
 
A REMEDY FOR THE LAW OF THE APEX 125 
 
 Territory, of Arizona, the side lines of many of which adjoin 
 each other, or are closely contiguous to each other. 
 
 And whereas, Under existing Statutes of the United 
 States of America in relation to leads, lodes, veins, and 
 deposits of mineral bearing earth or rock, the rights of own- 
 ers and locators thereof, where the apex exists within the 
 surface boundaries of a claim, to follow such leads, lodes, 
 veins, or deposits upon their dip, outside of and beyond the 
 side lines of mines, mining claims and premises, which are 
 carried downward vertically from the surface indefinitely, 
 have been established, 
 
 And whereas, The parties hereto desire to settle and 
 adjust forever their respective rights to the leads, lodes, 
 veins, and deposits existing within the boundaries of the 
 several mines, mining claims, and premises owned by them, 
 respectively, by waiving their rights, privileges and owner- 
 ship arising under the statutory provisions now existing, or 
 which may hereafter be adopted, in relation to the right to 
 follow said leads, lodes, veins, or deposits outside of and 
 beyond the side lines of said mines, mining claims, and 
 premises, carried downward vertically from the surface 
 indefinitely. 
 
 Now, . therefore, in consideration of these presents and 
 the covenants, conditions, and provisions herein set forth, 
 and the grants, conveyances, relinquishments, and releases 
 which are hereby made by and between the parties hereto, 
 it is hereby covenanted and agreed by and between the 
 parties hereto, as follows : 
 
 First. That in all cases where the lead, lode, vein or 
 deposit of mineral bearing earth or rock situate within the 
 surface boundaries of any mine, mining claim, or premises, 
 herein mentioned and referred to, passes on its dip, or other- 
 wise, outside of and beyond the side line of such mine, min- 
 ing claim, or premises, carried downward vertically from 
 the surface indefinitely, the right of the owner or locator 
 of said mine, mining claim, or premises, in. which said lead, 
 lode, vein, or deposit exists to follow the same and to ex- 
 tract the ore therefrom after it passes on its dip, or other- 
 wise, outside of and beyond said vertical side lines into the 
 mine, mining claim, or premises, owned by the other party 
 or parties hereto, is relinquished and released to, is hereby 
 forever vested in and granted and conveyed to the party to 
 this agreement that is the owner of the mine, mining claim, 
 or premises, into which said lead, lode, vein, or deposit of 
 mineral bearing earth or rock it passes. 
 
 Second. That, in relation to the said mines, mining 
 claim, and premises, in every case where the lead, lode, vein, 
 
126 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 or deposit of mineral bearing earth or rock shall pass on 
 its dip, or otherwise, from the mines, mining claim, or prem- 
 ises, of one party to this instrument beyond the side lines 
 of such mines, mining claims, or premises, carried down- 
 ward vertically from the surface indefinitely, into the mines, 
 mining claims, or premises, of the other party, the right 
 to follow such lead, lode, vein, or deposit outside of or 
 beyond said side lines of such mines, mining claims, or. 
 premises, carried downward vertically from the surface 
 indefinitely, is, by these presents, waived and forever relin- 
 quished and released by the parties hereto, each to the 
 other, its successors and assigns. 
 
 Third. That the officers, servants, or agents of either 
 party hereto who may be by either party authorized in 
 writing, by the board of directors of either party, shall at 
 all times have free access into and through all exterior and 
 interior openings and workings of any of the mines, mining 
 claims, and premises, herein mentioned and referred to for 
 the purpose of determining the location and position of said 
 workings and openings and of the ore bodies therein with 
 reference to the side lines and end lines of the said mines, 
 mining claims, and premises, carried downward vertically 
 from the surface indefinitely. 
 
 Fourth. That upon the application of either party 
 hereto for a United States patent for any of the claims 
 herein mentioned and referred to, no protest, objection, or 
 adverse claim or suit shall be entered, made, filed, or insti- 
 tuted by either party hereto against the other who shall 
 apply for such patent, on account of the working or mining 
 of leads, lodes, veins, or deposits of mineral bearing earth 
 or rock, or the extraction of ores therefrom, which are 
 found upon the dip of the leads, lodes, veins, or deposits of 
 mines, mining claims, or premises, for which such United 
 States patent is applied. 
 
 Fifth. That in all cases in which United States patents 
 may be hereafter granted for the mines, mining claims, or 
 premises of either party, situate in the Copper Mountain 
 
 mining district in the county of , Territory 
 
 of Arizona, this agreement shall operate as a covenant on 
 the part of each of the parties hereto that upon the acqui- 
 sition by either party of the outstanding title in the United 
 States of America in unpatented claims, all the covenants 
 herein shall be deemed immediately applicable to, and shall 
 control and determine the rights of the parties hereto in 
 relation to following any leads, lodes, veins or deposits of 
 mineral bearing earth or rock in such patented claims 
 beyond the side lines thereof, carried downward vertically 
 
A REMEDY FOR THE LAW OF THE APEX 12? 
 
 from the surface indefinitely, notwithstanding the grant and 
 conveyance by the United States of America to either party 
 hereto of said leads, lodes, veins, or deposits of mineral bear- 
 ing earth or rock, and the exclusive right of possession and 
 enjoyment of all the surface included within the lines of 
 their locations, and of all veins, lodes, and ledges through^ 
 out their entire depth, the top or apex of which lies inside 
 of such surface lines extended downward, vertically $ al j 
 though such veins, lodes, or ledges may so far depart from 
 a perpendicular in their course downward as to extend out- 
 side the vertical side ftnes of such locations. 
 
 Sixth. That either party hereto, upon the request of 
 the other, and without further or additional consideration, 
 shall and will make, execute and deliver to the other such 
 further or additional instrument or conveyance as shall, 
 subject to the proviso aforesaid, absolutely vest the owner- 
 ship of any lead, lode, vein, or deposit in any mine, mining 
 claim, or premises therein mentioned or referred to, so pass- 
 ing outside of and beyond the side lines thereof, in the other 
 party who is the owner of any adjoining or closely contigu- 
 ous mine, mining claim, or premises, herein mentioned and 
 referred to; such ownership, however, shall be restricted 
 and confined within said side lines of the mines, mining 
 claims, or premises of such other party, carried downward 
 vertically from the surface indefinitely. 
 
 Seventh. That the party of the first part hereto, and 
 the parties of the second part and of the third part hereto, 
 for the consideration herein expressed and in consideration 
 of the sum of one dollar ($1.00) by each paid to the other, 
 the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have forever 
 released and discharged each other, from any and all debts, 
 dues, claims, demands, damages, and suits at law or in 
 equity, for, or on account of any trespass or injury done or 
 committed in working in or upon and leads, lodes, veins, 
 ledges, or deposits of mineral bearing earth or rock, in any 
 mine, mining claim, or premises, herein mentioned and re- 
 ferred to, or in the extraction of the ores thereof, from the 
 beginning of the world to the date of these present. 
 
 Eighth. That this instrument, which is to be executed 
 by the party of the first part and the party of the second 
 part in the Territory of Arizona, in the United States of 
 
 America, and by the party of the third part in 
 
 shall be construed in accordance with the laws of the Ter- 
 ritory of Arizona. 
 
 Ninth. That the mines, mining claims, and premises, 
 mentioned and referred to in Schedule A, hereto annexed, 
 constitute the property of the party of the first part hereto, 
 
128 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS. 
 
 and the mines, mining claims, and premises, mentioned and 
 referred to in Schedule B, hereto annexed, constitute the 
 property of the party of the second part and of the party of 
 the third part hereto, and Schedules A and B, hereto an- 
 nexed, are hereby made a part of and are deemed to be 
 incorporated in, this agreement, as a part hereof, and that 
 said party of the third part, for the consideration therein 
 expressed, hereby assents to and confirms this agreement 
 and all the covenants, conditions, and provisions therein 
 contained. 
 
 In witness whereof, the parties hereto have caused this 
 instrument to be executed in triplicate in the manner un- 
 derwritten, and have caused their respective corporate seals 
 to be hereto duly affixed, the day and year first above 
 written. 
 
The History of Gold and Silver 
 
 l:Y JAAIKS \V. MALCOLMSON, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI. 
 
 The history of gold and silver to a large degree is the 
 history' of civilization. These metals have been found in 
 all countries of the world and are widely diffused through- 
 out the crust of the earth. 
 
 In the earlier ages of the world's history, gold was 
 obtained more readily than silver, as it is not affected by 
 oxidation or decay. On account of its weight, it settles 
 in the metallic state in streams to the bedrock and on 
 account of its resistance to natural leaching processes, it is 
 often found at the outcrops of mineral deposits when all 
 other minerals hare disappeared entirely. 
 
 Silver, on the other hand, is but seldom found in the 
 metallic state, but is more, often mixed with gold, lead, 
 copper, or zinc. Pure silver minerals, such as the chloride 
 or sulphide are almost as rare as native silver and silver 
 ores are usually complex mixtures in which other metals 
 predominate. 
 
 The processes of treatment of silver ores are therefore 
 more complex than those of gold, and the metal is only 
 obtained by regular underground mining operations, as it 
 is but rarely carried away from the zone of its original 
 deposition. 
 
 It is pro.bable that gold was employed long before 
 silver was known and the value of silver in some ancient 
 states appears to have been superior to that of gold. 
 Even in Japan, up to the seventeenth century, the value 
 of gold and silver* were almost equal. Soon after the 
 first opening of that country to commerce the Dutch secured 
 nearly all the gold of Japan in exchange for silver, before 
 the Japanese learned the difference in values in Europe. 
 
 In ancient Greece in the days of Herodotus, gold was 
 thirteen times more valuable than silver and this ratio 
 appears to have been fairly constant for many centuries. 
 For .nearly 1,000 years to the fall of Constantinople, the 
 ratio of value of gold to silver in the Roman Empire was 
 approximately 12 to 1. 
 
 In Arabia, in the sixth century, the ratio was 61 to 1, 
 while at the same time it was 10 to 1 in France. 
 
 In Spain in 1493 it was 10f to 1. 
 
 In 1500 the ratio of value of gold to silver was 10] 
 tol. 
 
 In 1600, it was 12 to 1. 
 
Kill PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN" MIX IXC COXCRKSS 
 
 In 1700 it was 15 to 1. 
 
 In 1800 it was 151 to 1. 
 
 In 1900 it was &U to 1, prolmbly on account of its 
 demonetization throughout nearly the whole of Europe and 
 America. 
 
 It was a remarkable fact thai from IWiO to ISdO, a 
 IK rioel of .200 years, the ratio of the value of gold and silver 
 remained almost stationary at 15| to 1. 
 
 The search for gold has been the- first cause of the set- 
 t lenient of mnch of the earth's surface 4 by civilized races. 
 Del Mar believes that the Argonauts, who sailed from Thes- 
 saly with Jason to obtain the golden fleece of Colchis, were 
 probably leaders in a rush to a new gold field or placer 
 deposit along one of the rivers flowing into the Black Sea. 
 The allusion to the golden fleece perhaps indicates the use 
 (.f sheep skins in sluice boxes in the way (hat we still use 
 woolen blankets for the same purpose. 
 
 The settlement of Egypt by the Semitic races of Asia 
 has been thought to be contemporaneous with the first dis.- 
 covery of the gold mines of the Peninsula of Sinai, more 1 
 than 2,500 years before Christ, and the Phoenicians and 
 Jews, the kinsmen of these hardy pioneers, went out and 
 searched the whole world for minerals. 
 
 In the Book of Job, supposed, I believe 4 , to have beer. 
 written 1,500 years before Christ, a notable reference to 
 gold and silver occurs, as follows: ''Surely there is a vein 
 for the silver and a place for gold where 1 they fine it, as 
 for the earth, the stones of it are the place of sapphires and 
 it hath dust of gold. 7 ' 
 
 Of Solomon, who lived 1,000 years before Christ, it was 
 said that "All his drinking vessels and all the vessels of his 
 house were of gold, none were of silver, it. was nothing 
 accounted in the days of Solomon." Solomon was perhaps 
 our first Bonanza Mining King. It is* a curious fact in the 
 history of mining the precious metals, that no matter how 
 intelligent or economical a man may be, if he be unsuccess- 
 ful in finding ore, his industry and talent count for noth- 
 ing; and no matter IIOAV imprudent or unintelligent he may 
 leally be, if he finds rich ore and makes a huge profit, he is 
 hailed everywhere as Wisdom personified. It was probable 
 that something of this sort happened to Solomon and since 1 
 then, his mines have 1 been the theme of the novelist and the j 
 poet. He was closely allied with be>th the Egyptians and 
 the Phoenicians; he married Pharaoh's daughter and was a 
 e-lose friend and ally e>f Hiram of Tyre, King of Phoenicia. 
 On account of his successes in gold, mining in Africa, in 
 Egypt and elsewhere, it is probable that every wise saying 
 
THE HISTORY OF GOLD AND SILVER. 1:51 
 
 for centuries was attributed to him. Even his matrimonial 
 adventures are more or less characteristic of many success- 
 ful mining' operations of our own time. In southeastern 
 Africa, over an area of 600 miles square, the ruins of forti- 
 fied cities. and great mining camps are found, about which 
 almost nothing is known today, except that the occupation 
 of the ancient inhabitants was gold mining. It is estimated 
 that over four hundred million dollars worth of gold was 
 extracted from these mines. 
 
 Andrew Lang says of them: 
 
 "Into the darkness 'whence they came, they passed, 
 Their country knoweth none; 
 They and their gods without a name 
 Partake the same oblivion. 
 Their work they did, their work is done 
 Whose gold it may be shone like fire, 
 About, the brows of Solomon 
 And in the house of God's desire. 
 We know but that men fought and fell 
 Like us, like us, for love of gold!" 
 
 The silver mines of Laurium, 30 miles west of Athens 
 were worked for centuries by the Greeks and are referred 
 to by Tacitus, Aristotle and many other writers. They weem 
 to have been worked originally by the Phoenicians, 1,200 
 years before Christ. Demetrius, a Greek writer, AV!IO lived 
 800 years before Christ, boasted that the Greeks, worked 
 these properties with such energy that they threatened to 
 dig up the devil himself. Shortly after this period, min- 
 ing operations were shut down. The mines of Laurium 
 were re-opened very successfully by the French in 1S(5() and 
 aie paying dividends at the present time. 
 
 In the search for gold, the Phoenicians, and afterwards 
 the Romans, who Avere more skillful miners than the Greeks 
 were led to Spam, which was to the ancient world what 
 Mexico is to us today, but during the most critical period 
 of the Punic wars, Koine debased its silver money and 
 demonetized its copper coinage, because the silver and cop- 
 per supplies of the world at that time came from Spain, 
 then in possession of the Carthaginian army. Hannibal", 
 however, had other resources and this became, probably, 
 (lie first 'great war in history where the troops of both 
 armies were paid in gold coin. 
 
 In the fourth century the Romans worked, gold mines 
 in every province of Europe and practically all the gold 
 known at that time was in their possession. 
 
 Humboldt is authority for the statement that America 
 was discovered because Columbus sought a nearer way to 
 the gold mines of Japan, Avhile rortez and Pizarro peue- 
 
132 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 trated the unknown forests of the New World in the search 
 for the precious metals. 
 
 The conquest of India and South Africa, the settlement 
 of California, Australia and Alaska, all originated in the 
 desire to obtain golden treasure, and the search for gold 
 has carried the torch of civilization throughout the world. 
 It is a curious fact, however, that th-^ English speaking peo- 
 ple alone produce today nearly seven-eighths of the world's 
 production of gold. 
 
 Asia possesses a remarkable capacity for the absorption 
 of gold and silver and much of the precious metals sent 
 there seems to be permanently withdrawn from our stocks 
 available for money. It may be that much of this is hoarded 
 or buried in the ground and lost, becoming practically non- 
 existent. Asia has been called the sink of gold and silver 
 and its ability to absorb or lose .these metals has been a 
 subject of remark ever since the time of Alexander the 
 Great. 
 
 Among all civilized peoples, gold and silver have de- 
 rived their chief importance from their use as money. In 
 the earlier period, the first money known and even still in 
 use among undeveloped or isolated communities consists of 
 skins, salt, shells, soap, slaves, cattle, sheep, olive oil, 
 tobacco, iron, tin, lead, copper, nickel and platinum. In 
 such communities transportation facilities were rudimen- 
 tary, commercial operations were limited to small areas and 
 carried forward slowly, on a small scale. Money lias been 
 defined as that which passes from hand to hand throughout 
 the community in final discharge of debts and as full pay- 
 ment for commodities or service, being accepted without 
 reference to the character or credit of the person who offers 
 it. 
 
 For many reasons, the metals finally superseded all 
 other forms of money and gold is gradually displacing all 
 other metals and driving them from the field. Cattle die, 
 iron rusts, slaves grow" old, but gold and silver, and more 
 especially gold, fulfills all the requirements of money bet- 
 ter than anything else we know of. Gold is of small volume 
 compared with its weight and value, it is of uniform good- 
 ness and quality, easy of transport, easily guarded, readily 
 divided and reunited without loss. Its identity is perfect, 
 it is easily recognized and is beautiful, brilliant and dur- 
 able almost to eternity. .It is probable that gold which was 
 in use at the time of Solomon is in active service still. Gold 
 does not deteriorate with storage or time and its firm and 
 compact texture, makes it difficult to wear away. 
 
THE HISTORY OF GOLD AND SILVER 133 
 
 Until within the last generation, the value of gold 
 bore practically no relation to its cost of production, but 
 depended only on the total quantity in the hands of man- 
 kind. For ages, its values changed only by slow degrees. 
 In ancient times, strong nations plundered weaker races 
 of their hoards of the precious metals and more modern 
 powers have followed their example, using it without 
 regard to its cost of production. 
 
 It is probable that gold and silver were used as money 
 long before the metals were stamped and coined and this 
 was ultimately drone in order to save the trouble of weighing 
 and assaying for each transaction. The talent, shekel, etc., 
 in the Hebrew records all refer to the use of money by 
 AY eight, while the English pound and the Spanish peso and 
 onza all indicate weight. The word coin itself, meaning a 
 wedge, indicates a primitive method of using money. Our 
 word pecuniary, now applied to metallic money, origin- 
 ally meant cattle, and from the custom of counting cattle, 
 comes our present designation of money as capital, meaning 
 heads. 
 
 The coinage of gold and silver was adopted at first by 
 private individuals and cities to guarantee originally the 
 fineness and afterwards both the weight and purity of the 
 metals. In Rome, under the empire, however, coinage 
 became the exclusive privilege of the Emperor. Herodo- 
 tus attributes the first use of coined gold and silver to the 
 Lydians, but it is probable that the real date was much 
 earlier. 
 
 As civilization advanced, the use of gold and silver 
 as money became a modification and an improvement on 
 the earlier methods of simple barter and gold presented us 
 with a desirable standard of comparison with which all 
 other values, even including future obligations are com- 
 pared and measured. 
 
 Gold, however, is not an absolute standard, such as 
 the pound weight or the metre length, but is simply a rela- 
 tive measure of value as steady as anything w T e know of. In 
 other words it is possible for gold itself to change in value. 
 The control of weights and measures has always been one 
 of the great functions of governments and is one of the nec- 
 essary prerogatives of national life and honor, and every 
 honest government since the dawn of history has protected 
 the use of gold and silver with the best guarantees it could 
 devise, both as regards its weight and its purity. The repu- 
 tation of any government can be more readily and more ser- 
 iously injured by the debasement or the defects of its cur- 
 rency than in any other way. Changes in the value of gold 
 
134 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 
 
 are reflected immediately in the price of some commodities 
 and very slowly in the price of others, particularly in wages 
 and returns from investments bearing a iixed rate of inter- 
 est. In any change in the value of gold, the majority of the 
 poorer portion of the community suffers most; employers 
 and merchants are quick to discount any change and they 
 adjust themselves to new conditions more readily than the 
 wage earning classes. Those living on the interest paid on 
 bonds or mortgages, cannot adjust themselves to the change 
 at all, and are paid a, fixed amount of gold, irrespective 
 of its value. The wealth stored up by all com in unities in 
 interest bearing bonds, using gold as a fixed standard for 
 future payments, is affected enormously by changes in the 
 value of gold and the result of such changes on the busi- 
 ness and commerce of the world is hard to realize. 
 
 Although gold is mentioned in the earlier literature of 
 every race, it is difficult to learn its ancient value as meas- 
 ured in terms of food and Avages. It is certain, however, 
 that its value in early times was a thousand times greater 
 than it is today and that this value had been decreasing 
 slowly until the discovery of America. In the thirteenth 
 century, it was estimated that the total stock of gold and 
 silver in Europe was approximately six dollars per capita, 
 the population at that time being thirty millions. Only 
 one-half of this gold and silver was coined; no banks or 
 negotiable paper existed. Good roads were few and there 
 was little peace and no credit. From the fifteenth to the 
 eighteenth centuries, enormous quantities of silver were 
 obtained, by Europe from the New World and the gold sup- 
 plies of Japan and India were gradually transferred to 
 Europe until by the end of the eighteenth century there 
 was, estimated to be ten times as much of the precious met- 
 als in Europe as in the thirteenth century. As before men- 
 ^ ioned, previous to the eighteenth century, the value of gold 
 bore practically no relation to its cost of production, but 
 depended primarily on its peculiar fitness for money as a 
 basis of value and on the total amount in use. Before 1840 
 the annual production of gold bore puck a small relation to 
 the total quantity existing, that its cost of production from 
 year to year never materially affected the value of the whole 
 quantity in use and Yon Hum-bold t, in a remarkable arti- 
 cle on the production of gold, written in the early part of 
 the nineteenth century, predicted that these conditions 
 would exist for all time. 
 
 In 1845 the annual production of gold in Russia in- 
 creased very largely and all Europe 1 was alarmed. In Hol- 
 land the desirability of a single silver standard was widely 
 
THE HISTORY OF GOLD AND SILVER i:',r 
 
 discussed. In the Netherlands, gold was demonetized in 
 1847 and the silver florin declared 1o be the sole legal ten- 
 der. Belgium soon followed suit. In 1847 a run occurred 
 on the Bank of England. In 1848 the Bank of Austria stop- 
 ped payment and when in 1849 California began to give its 
 golden treasury to the world, the golden panic reached its 
 height. In 1857 Russia suspended payments in specie and 
 the German states, including Austria, adopted a single sil- 
 ver standard. Chevalier advised the government of France 
 to demonetize gold and Cobden, in- England, seriously rec- 
 ommended a return to simple barter. After this increased 
 production of gold, however, the actual course of events 
 reversed all predictions, prices rose everywhere, and the 
 world entered upon a period of unexampled progress and 
 prosperity, and in 1871 the German empire finally adopted 
 the gold standard and discontinued the mintage of silver, 
 being followed in 1873 by the United States and France and 
 by the Latin Union, Holland and Belgium in 1875. 
 
 It is, however, owing to the utilization of the power of 
 steam, during the past 50 years, a cause which has wrought 
 so many changes in human affairs, that the use of gold as 
 money has been almost completely revolutionized. The 
 amount- of gold in the world, which, before 1850 had in- 
 creased slowly and had barely kept up with the increase in 
 population, suddenly increased by leaps and bounds. It 
 became twice as great, ten times as great, and by the year 
 1900, the annual production of gold became approximately 
 400 tons, or 22 times as great as in 1800. Since then, the 
 production has increased with equal rapidity, until now, it 
 has reached 680 tons per year, and it is estimated by 
 competent authorities, that in the next 16 or 17 years the 
 amount of gold in the world will be doubled. In other 
 words, the amount of gold which has taken the whole civ- 
 ilized world thousands of years to accumulate, will be dou- 
 bled in our own lifetime. In addition to this, the spread 
 of knowledge, the development of railroad and ocean trans- 
 portation, the use of the telegraph and the growth of mod- 
 ern banking methods, have all increased the efficiency of 
 gold as money. This has also been aided by the greater 
 confidence which races and individuals now have in each 
 other, which is one of the great underlying features of our 
 modern civilization and a golden dollar can now be made 
 to do more than a hundred dollars did a century ago. These 
 rapid changes are being accompanied by others equally 
 remarkable; money can now be transported throughout the 
 world at a. speed undreamt of by our fathers, cheaply and 
 
I.!*; PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 with almost perfect safety. Its use has been still further 
 facilitated by international and other clearing houses, 
 where transactions involving the use of the measuring 
 power of gold are affected to an enormous extent by tele- 
 egraphic communication without actually moving or hand- 
 ling the gold itself at all. All this has tended to make gold 
 cheaper. On the other hand, the enormous scale on which 
 commercial enterprise is now being carried forward, the 
 improved mode of living of whole races, the demands of 
 industry for money along so many different lines, the money 
 needed in the building up of new countries and the funds 
 required for war purposes, all tend to keep up the price of 
 gold. 
 
 Underlying all these activities, however, remains the 
 commodity gold, upon which all our calculations are based 
 pnd the fact must always be remembered that gold as 
 money is only a measure of value by virtue of its relation 
 to the value of other commodities. In all countries, appre- 
 hension is felt when gold is exported and this perhaps is 
 an unconscious admission that the quantity of gold in any 
 community exercises an important influence on its indus- 
 tries and its commerce. 
 
 The use of gold as money is primarily a modification of 
 the system of barter or exchange and is to a lesser degree 
 than any other material human standard, a creation of law. 
 At the same time it must always be the effort of govern- 
 ment to limit and define its use with precision. 
 
 In spite of the present efficiency of mining operations 
 and the improvements and economies in metallurgical pro- 
 cesses, it is probable that the demands of industry and 
 commerce which are increasing so enormously, will ulti- 
 mately increase the value of gold, or at least prevent its 
 depreciation to any serious extent below its present level. 
 Whether the value of gold will change materially in the 
 future or not, is a subject that deserves the earnest consid- 
 eration of every statesman. Although this subject has 
 received the attention of thinkers in all ages, the issues have 
 usually been hidden by the personal interests of rulers, or 
 of those controlling the supplies of the precious metals, or 
 by the desire of governments to secure the greatest benefits 
 for their own coinage. It is seldom that the people of any 
 community have had the opportunity to investigate the rela- 
 tion of this question to their own welfare and it is not im- 
 probable that some of the inequalities of our social system 
 may be traced directly to this cause. The growth of organ- 
 ized society depends largely upon the development of ex- 
 
THE HISTORY OF GOLD AND SILVER 137 
 
 change and exchange is impossible without money. If we 
 must continue to use gold, it is of prime importance that our 
 government should be able to form an accurate judgment 
 regarding its present and future value because this, the 
 basis of our monetary system, fixes the value of much of the 
 property in our own country over long periods of time. 
 
The Possibilities and Limitations of Geological Survey Work as Applied to 
 
 the Mining Industry 
 
 BY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUR- 
 VEY, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 . Gentlemen of the American Mining Congress: 
 
 The year 1907 promises to mark an epoch in the, min- 
 ing industry of the United States. 1 refer to the proba- 
 bility that the 'value of the mineral output, for this year will 
 pass the $2,000,000,000 mark. Last year was a record 
 breaker Avith its mineral product valued at $1,902,000,000, 
 an increase of 17 per cent, over the previous year. There- 
 fore, before I discuss the relation of the Geological 
 Survey to the mineral industry allow me to call your 
 attention to the fact that in the first year of the Sur- 
 vey's history the value of the mineral product of the 
 country, so far as known, was only about one-ninth 
 of the present figure, and further, that now the value 
 of the annua.l product, of our coal mines alone exceeds 
 one-half billion dollars, or, in other words, is more than 
 twice the total value of all the mineral products of 1880. 
 At this time we do well to consider whether this federal 
 organization has had any part in the national progress 
 and whether it intends to keep pace with the development 
 of your industry, a development it has carefully recorded 
 during these twenty-eight years. 
 
 ' In any review of the development of American mining, 
 the man behind the pick and the drill must be given his 
 due, but motive power counts for little without knowledge* 
 to guide it. And I take it, Mr. President, that the Ameri- 
 can Mining Congress stands for the intelligent guidance 
 of the mining industry, and in this the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey heartily joins. 
 
 Your President,' in his inspiring address the other 
 evening, remarked on the discoveries you had recently 
 made in Washington, and he was kind enough to mention 
 his discovery of the Director of the Geological Survey, but 
 he neglected what was far more important, the Geological 
 Survey itself. If I may be allowed to speak in technical 
 language he spoke to you regarding a small surface show- 
 ing and neglected to mention the big high-grade ore de- 
 posit beneath. 
 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WORK 139 
 
 The Geological Survey is a federal bureau, the chief 
 work of which has been and is devoted to the industry you 
 represent, Reference has been made by your President 
 to the Department of Agriculture and its many bureaus 
 and its important work. Our Geological Survey is expend- 
 ing annually over $1,500,000, in other words, measured in 
 terms of comparison witli the Department of Agriculture., 
 it exceeds the expenditures of several bureaus of that de- 
 partment by several thousands of dollars and I repeat that 
 our work is largely addressed to the needs of the mining 
 industry. Our division of Alaskan mineral sources is larger 
 than any one of several bureaus of the Department' of Agri- 
 culture. Every cent of the $80,000 of that appropriation is 
 expended in the interest of mining in Alaska,' 
 
 I might mention to } r ou our publications. Your Presi- 
 dent spoke of the Agricultural Department, that it was is- 
 suing publications for the information of the farmer, by 
 the million. We can say, too, that we issue publications 
 by the million. The last year, our total distribution of pub- 
 lic documents was within a few thousand of one million 
 copies. 
 
 There is another channel through which our Survey 
 keeps in touch with the mining industry and with the min- 
 ers, and that is, in the compilation of mineral statistics, the 
 divisions of mineral resources, carrying on correspondence 
 regularly with no less than fifty thousand men interested in 
 the mining industry of the country." Nine thousand of these 
 correspondents, for instance, are gold and silver miners > 
 and five thousand are coal operators. It is this kind of 
 thoroughness in this work that leads our friends in the De- 
 partment of Agriculture to frequently express their admira- 
 tion for our force and our work. I regret, therefore, that 
 President Richards did not have time to be shown both, but 
 I imagine that he saw more than what he told you, for I 
 understand it was at his instance that the Congress today 
 passed a resolution asking for larger appropriations for the 
 work of the Geological Survey. 
 
 In speaking to the subpect assigned me, I ask for the 
 Survey a fair recognition for its part in the past of Ameri- 
 can mining, and I promise for the Survey even greater en- 
 deavor to increase its usefulness to your industry in the 
 future. In making this promise of future service I am con- 
 scious of the two fundamental limitations of a government 
 organization; the United States Geological Survey is the 
 servant of the people along lines defined by the law of Con- 
 gress, and both the direction of our progress and the dis* 
 
140 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 tance covered are determined and limited by the appropria- 
 tion act. 
 
 Limitation is but another name for boundary. What, 
 then, axe the boundaries of our field of endeavor? Or, if 
 you please, the end lines of our claim? Interested as I am 
 in the future development of the organization I represent, 
 I believe we should not be asked to surrender extra-lateral 
 rights, but only to show the persistence of the lead to jus 
 tify further extension and expansion of the work. 
 
 Congress has expressed the scope and purpose of this 
 branch of the public service in its name. The words "United 
 States" define its national character. In no branch of in- 
 dustry, probably, are state lines of so little moment as in 
 the mining industry. A mineral product of fifty years ago 
 might have been credited to a single state; but today, by 
 reason of development of transportation, with its influence 
 upon financial operation and commercial interchange, the* 
 output of our mines and quarries not only reaches the mar- 
 kets of the. world, but in many cases the marketed product 
 is of interstate origin. Years ago a shipment of pig iron 
 could be set down as the product of a Marquette county 
 furnace, using Michigan iron ore from the mines close at 
 hand and Michigan limestone as well as charcoal from the 
 neighboring hills; yet today, the blast furnace in eastern 
 Pennsylvania may use Minnesota ore, West Virginia coke 
 and New Jersey limestone, and ship its product to Cali- 
 fornia, Nor need I go far afield for an illustration: You 
 men a,t Joplin, for the operation of your mines and mills, 
 get your power from a sister state, from the coal mines, 
 froni the gas wells and from the water power of Kansas. 
 Nor is the case at all different in the smelting of ores of 
 the precious or other metals. Our smelters, whether lo- 
 cated in the East or the West, levy tribute upon the min- 
 eral wealth of many states and rarely can the best mixture 
 of ores be obtained from a single state. Again, in the study 
 of ore deposits the mining geologist who, for instance, can 
 continue his investigations year by year through a series 
 of copper camps, has a great advantage over an investigator 
 whose observations must be confined to the mines of a single 
 state. This increase in opportunity means increase in value 
 of results secured and published for the information of the 
 public. 
 
 The collection of mineral statistics and the study of 
 mineral deposits then must of necessity be made by an or- 
 ganization whose field is the whole country. As regards 
 authority, the first Director of the Survey, Clarence King, 
 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WORK 141 
 
 well remarked (hat (lie constitutional right of the federal 
 government "to regulate internal commerce could hardly 
 fail to carry Avith it the correlative right to gain a know- 
 edge of those commodities and products which are the very 
 material and basis of commerce." In its relation to the 
 mining industry, therefore, I discover no limitations set 
 upon the work of our Survey by reason of its federal char- 
 acter; but rather see in this one of its greatest sources of 
 strength and efficiency. 
 
 The second part* of the name is "Geological." In the 
 wording of the law creating the Geological Survey, "min- 
 eral resources" and "geologic structure" are linked together 
 in a closeness of union that is well justified by the results 
 of investigations showing the absolute dependence of the 
 one upon the other in so many mining districts. There is 
 then a fitness in the use of this adjective "geological" in 
 the title of the organization. It expresses a recognition of 
 the real basis of the mining industry, and upon this found a 
 tiou the Geological Survey has built well. 
 
 Between the lines of every appropriation bill for work 
 under the auspices of our Survey we may read the words 
 "practical" and "utilitarian"; yet even this evident purpose 
 of the appropriation is not to be considered as a limitation 
 upon the nature of the work. The very name of the or- 
 ganization to which these funds are entrusted speaks for 
 its scientific character and in science, progress is not at- 
 tained by the. separation of the practical from the theo- 
 retical, but by their union.and co-ordination. The fruitage 
 of theory is practice and we cannot gather the harvest with- 
 out carefully tending the tree of knowledge. Most import 
 tant is it not to limit our concept of the useful as did the 
 Englishman who is quoted by Huxley as understanding 
 utility to mean "that by which w r e get pudding or praise, or 
 both." Better to count every investigation useful which 
 our faith tells us may some time win pudding and praise 
 for the other fellow. On this account you practical men 
 must not under-rate the contribution of the worker in pure 
 science, but rather realize that his work is fundamental. 
 For these reasons, again, Mr. President, we count it not a 
 limitation, but the greatest advantage, that this federal or- 
 ganization of which I am speaking bears the title "geologi- 
 cal" and that we therefore approach your most important 
 industry from the scientific side. 
 
 In the third place, I can discover no embarrassing prop- 
 erty line in the word "Survey." To most of us, does not the 
 term carry with it the flavor of the West, and the inspira- 
 
142 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 tioii of discovery and exploration? It expresses the idea of 
 getting- at the truth at tirst hand, while such a word as 
 "bureau'"'' serves only to emphasize the administrative and 
 clerical side. "Survey," then, stands for work in the field, 
 the winning of truth, not from books, but from rocks; not 
 in the office, but in the slope; and as you men well know, 
 it is upon thorough field, investigation alone that you can 
 rely. On this account, I rejoice that tweiity-eighl years ago 
 Congress in its wisdom retained the tise of this one word 
 which links the present organization .with its predecessors 
 whose records in the winning of the West are a valued 
 heritage. 
 
 Our title to the claim is well established, for our pat- 
 ent rests upon no nominal compliance with the require- 
 ments as to assessment work. The field in which you are 
 interested is a broad one and you are justified in the state- 
 ment that too little attention has been given to your indus- 
 try by the federal government. Yet thus far all the devel- 
 opment work is to be credited to the Tnited States Geo- 
 logical Survey and its predecessors, and many witnesses 
 could be cited to prove the value, of its output. The subject 
 of mining geology was put foremost in the plan of the or- 
 ganization .of the Survey and the impetus then given to the 
 investigation of ore deposits continues to the present day. 
 Dr. Raymond, the Secretary of the American Institute 1 of 
 Mining Engineers, has said that the leadership which 
 American observers have taken in the science of ore depos- 
 its must be attributed not only to the rich field here afforded 
 and its active development by mining, as well as to tlie lib- 
 eral appropriations made by state and federal governments 
 for its study, but also to what is most important the pres 
 ence of men competent to take advantage of these favor- 
 able conditions and "the wise provision made for such in- 
 vestigations by the first Director of the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey." 
 
 May -I now speak of the possiblities of the United 
 States jeolog-.cal Survey? 
 
 At other sessions of this Congress, representatives of 
 the Survey have explained to you the contributions it has 
 made and is making to your industry, and already I have 
 incidentally touched on some of these. I propose, there- 
 fore, to conihie myself to only a brief mention of the pres- 
 ent work, and that merely as a basis .for the statements of 
 further possibilities of development in your behalf. 
 
 Our topographic maps in accuracy of detail and in ex- 
 cellence of mechanical execution are of the highest grade. 
 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WORK 143 
 
 Every three days our om'ce is publishing one of these maps, 
 based on actual survey, and much oftener is printing a new 
 edition of some eailier sheet; yet we appreciate the fact 
 that one class of men, to whom many of these maps would 
 be of greatest assistance the prospectors rarely know 
 that such a map is extant. Of even greater value is this 
 map To The mine, operator, who follows the prospector and 
 plans the development of the property, and therefore should 
 have before him all the data bearing upon the important 
 questions of water supply and transportation. The en- 
 deavor of the Geological Survey must be, not alone to make 
 better topographic maps and more of them, but to get these 
 maps into the hands of the people for whom they are made. 
 
 Much the same statement can be presented regarding 
 our geologic maps. Every month, on the average, a folio is 
 issued which presents graphically all that is known regard- 
 ing the geologic structure and the distribution of the min- 
 eral wealth within a district embracing an area of from 200 
 to 1,000 square miles. A large proportion of these geologic 
 folios cover mining districts and are especially addressed 
 to the mining fraternity. However, it again appears that 
 the Survey's geologic folios do not reach all Avho^ might 
 profit by the facts they set forth. The price asked for these 
 publications is only nominal; the real difficulty is that of 
 advertising our output. Recognizing the possibility of in- 
 creasing our usefulness by wider publicity, I pledge my- 
 self to a special effort to reach the mining man, however 
 distant from the .great centers he may be. 
 
 Perhaps the Survey has nowhere better improved its 
 opportunity to aid the mining industry than in Alaska. The 
 literature on .Alaska of A'alue to the mining man is almost 
 wholly composed of Survey publications; yet the explora- 
 tion work represented by these reports and maps has in- 
 volved an expenditure of less than half a million dollars, 
 or only one-half of one per cent, of the gold output for the 
 same period. Few taxes are so light as this, especially when 
 we consider also that the work done by the government 
 geologist covers also the coal, copper and other resources of 
 that district, and- that the benefits Avill continue through 
 a term of years. 
 
 Reference has already been made to the importance of 
 reliable statistics regarding the mining industry. At the 
 time of the organization of the Geological Survey the coun- 
 i ry possessed no adequate knowledge of the status of min- 
 ing, although this is one of the groat primary industries 
 based upon natural resources* Advantage was at once 
 
144 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 taken of the new organization, and the systematic statis- 
 tical study of the mining industry under the tenth census 
 was entrusted to Director King. I refer to this because in 
 the successful issue of the work under these auspices can be 
 discerned the correct policy for this important work. Mr. 
 King's plan of utilizing for statistical work the services of 
 those most closely in touch with th'e mines deserves con- 
 tinuance, and in view of our recent progress along this same 
 line I assure you that there is within our reach the possi- 
 bility of much greater usefulness to your industry. 
 
 The scope of the Survey's statistical work, like that of 
 all other of its investigations, has been limited by the ap- 
 propriation available; increase that, and more and more 
 can be done in the matter of keeping the country informed 
 as to the phenomenal development in the technology of the 
 mining industry, as well as the no less marked increase in 
 production. I need only to suggest to you the inherent 
 connection existing between an adequate and exact knowl 
 dege of any industry and its future development. It is only 
 by observing, recording, and publishing each advance in 
 the utilization of these mineral resources that true progress 
 will be insured; and here, again, it is to be noted that to se- 
 cure the best results there must be the closest relations 
 between geologist and statistician; best of all is it when the 
 investigator can justly claim both titles. Without full in- 
 formation regarding the latest development in mining, met- 
 allurgical, or milling practice, the geologist-explorer cannot 
 intelligently conduct the work entrusted to him; and on the 
 other hand, without a quantitative knowledge of the varied 
 contents of Nature's mineral storehouse the student of sta- 
 tistics cannot appreciate the bearing of the data he collects. 
 
 "The record of the Geological Survey in mining geology 
 warrants the hope of greater development in the field it has 
 occupied during these years. Let me again cite the disin- 
 terested testimony of those unconnected with the organiza- 
 tion. A leading mining journal has within a few years 
 stated that in no other country "has economic geology been 
 applied to the development of industry with such beneficent 
 results as in the United States, and no. (other) geological 
 survey has contributed so much to the practical application 
 of the science of geology to mining operations." 
 
 Not only in this country, but abroad, the United States 
 Geological Survey is regarded as in reality performing the 
 work of a mining bureau by reason of its activity in fos- 
 tering the development of the niineral resources of the coun- 
 try. 
 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WORK 145 
 
 indeed, foreign engineers are apt to hold up our sur- 
 vey as a model for the organization of a mining bureau. 
 Only last night I was reading such a comment from one, 
 prominent in the mining development of India. 
 
 Last year the Canadian Mining Review, in an editorial, 
 pointed to the successful contributions to the mining indus- 
 try made by our Federal Survey as the strongest argument 
 against the continuance of the independent existence in 
 Canada of a Geological Survey and a Mines Branch, with 
 the resultant duplication of endeavor involving greater ex- 
 pense and less efficiency. The effort should be, not only to 
 expand the work, but also to seek a logical correlation of 
 all the various branches of industry and of research that 
 will benefit your industry, for logical correlation means 
 economy. 
 
 I must not lemve the subject of mining geology without 
 a reference to one of the greater possibilities for increasing 
 the efficiency of the Geological Survey. Legislative author- 
 ity should be secured for a certain amount of investigation 
 in foreign countries of ore deposits, together with mining 
 conditions and methods. Several of the Survey's mining 1 
 geologists, from time to time, while on leave of absence, 
 have been engaged by foreign corporations to report upon 
 properties in. South Africa, Australia and South America, 
 and the extent to which the Survey has benefited by reason 
 of their foreign service is keenly appreciated. 
 
 The statement of official publications planned by the 
 first Director of the Geological Survey, twenty-eight years 
 ago, indicates the value which he attached to investigations , 
 into the technology of the mineral industry, even to the 
 matter of testing the relative cost and efficiency of different 
 types of mining and milling machinery. Little, however, 
 was done along these lines until, under Director Walcott, 
 the Survey took up the fuer-testing work, which has reached 
 so successful SL development under the recently organized 
 Technologic branch of the Survey. The chief of that branch 
 yesterday spoke to you on the need of conserving our min- 
 eral resources, and I need add little to his argument for in- 
 creasing our work for the better utilization of the country's 
 fuels and the prevention of waste. The statistician in charge 
 of the collection of our mineral statistics placed before you 
 the facts bearing upon the life of our fuel supply. Our 
 fathers were fond of referring to "the all but exhaustless 
 beds of anthracite," and even now it already appears that 
 our children may speak of "the all but exhausted beds of 
 anthracite." 
 
146 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Again, I wish to call your attention to the complexity 
 of the mineral industry of today. The interdependence .of 
 the one mineral product upon many others makes the miner 
 of all men dependent upon many factors outside his own 
 mine. Waste of our supply of wood, water, and mineral 
 fuels will hasten the day when certain ore deposits can no 
 longer be mined at a profit. Hence, we count upon y< mi- 
 mine owners for hearty support in the work that the Forest 
 Service and the Geological Survey are doing in the conser- 
 vation of the natural resources of the nation. 
 
 At the El Paso session of your congress the chief geol- 
 ogist of the Survey enumerated certain apparent needs of 
 the mining industry for meeting, which insufficient provis- 
 ion had been made by the federal government. The argu- 
 ments clearly set forth at that time I will not repeat, yet it 
 is worthy of note that a full compliance* with the demand 
 for free assays and for free advice, both as regards mineral 
 properties and mining technology, would be of the nature of 
 an expansion of work already undertaken by the Survey, 
 
 One distinction, however, must be made between what 
 may be asked and what can be granted by the I'Yderal Geo- 
 logical Survey. I refer to the legal restrictions whereby 
 "the Director and members of the Geological Survey shall 
 have no personal or private interests in the lands or min- 
 eral wealth of the region under survey, and shall execute 
 no surveys or examinations for private parties or corpora- 
 tions." This law may bethought to restrict somewhat our 
 activity, yet it surely adds to the value of our results. In- 
 creased appropriations would enable us to meet these spe- 
 cific needs, although the assays and other examinations 
 made by the Geological Survey should be only for new 
 finds-,, or for new methods, and the results should be 
 promptly published for the information and benefit of the 
 public, rather than of the individual. In a word, the work 
 of the Survey, geologist, engineer, statistician and chemist 
 is planned not to encroach upon that of the mining engineer 
 or the assay er in private practice, but it is to be basal in 
 character, and of a nature to assist these professional men 
 as well as the prospector and the mine owner. I am not 
 unmindful of what your industry has suffered at the hands 
 of the unscrupulous, who masquerade under the title of ex- 
 pert, and against these the Federal Survey is ready to join 
 with your Mining Congress in the protection of both pros- 
 pector and investor. More and more is our organization 
 taking upon itself work of this kind, which is always 
 cate and often thankless, 
 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WORK 147 
 
 It may be well to note that the Geological Survey is not 
 charged Avith the enforcement of the law, but is rather a 
 bureau of information; yet as such, it is no less our duty to 
 assist in law enforcement, especially in all that relates to 
 the classification of the public lauds. At the time of the in- 
 auguration of the work of the Geological Survey, the clas- 
 sification intended by Congress was believed to be general 
 in character, and such as would be expressed upon maps 
 issued for the general information of the people. The pres- 
 ent interpretation is that the classification should be more 
 definite, and, therefore, during the past season the Survey 
 has been actively engaged in the classification and valua- 
 tion of the coal land of the public domain. Increased de- 
 mands are also being made upon our mining geologists for 
 assistance in the determination of the mineral or non-min- 
 eral character of land of which title from the government 
 is sought. In all this work our sole purpose is to determine 
 the truth of the issue and thus to protect the interests of 
 the public. Our purpose is to assist the legitimate miner 
 by opposing his worst enemies, the land grabber and the 
 unscrupulous promoter of wildcat schemes, and in this we 
 know that we have the support of the men who really rep- 
 resent the mining industry. At this time I might mention 
 such instances as that of the Survey report on Tonopah. 
 The first report of Tonopah it furnished was rather a knock- 
 out blow to wildcat schemes, and yet we believe has worked 
 for good to the benefit of the industry of that particular 
 section. 
 
 President Richards has outlined definite recommenda- 
 tions for tl;e further extension of federal work in aid of the 
 industry you represent. With full faith in the trained men 
 who constitute its working corps, I promise, in behalf of 
 the Geological Survey, that our possibilities in your service 
 will be limited only by the appropriations which your rep- 
 resentatives in Congress may entrust to us. In the Survey's 
 effort to serve the mining industry, I recognize, then, no lim- 
 itation beyond- those set down by congressional enactment, 
 and I w r ill gladly join with you in the effort to make such 
 enactment more truly fit your real needs. Under what fed- 
 eral auspices the mining work should be conducted is not 
 so important a consideration, to my mind, as that the work 
 should be done and done w^ell. All that has been accom- 
 plished thus far has been under the auspices of the United 
 States Geological Survey, and its predecessors, and I men- 
 tion this fact as a token of how we have administered our 
 trust. Enlarge our appropriations and we will continue to 
 
148 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 make good along every line of investigation that is en- 
 trusted to us. If changes in organization or in name be- 
 come necessary, there will be no hesitation in making such 
 changes, nor with co-operating with any other agency that 
 may share with us the work. I repeat, it is the work itself 
 that is of prime importance. 
 
 In conclusion, the lines along which 1 propose to have 
 the United States Geological Survey advance to a position 
 of greater usefulness, in behalf of the mining industry of 
 the country, are these: 
 
 First The fuller recognition of its duty in the matter 
 of the classification of tile mineral lands of the public do- 
 main. 
 
 Second The rapid extension of systematic field study 
 of all mineral resources, so that geological exploration may 
 keep in 'advance of economic development. 
 
 Third The further development of the Survey as a 
 source of authoritative and disinterested information for 
 the benefit of the prospector or the land owner. 
 
 Fourth The broadening and improvement of the 
 methods of collecting mineral statistics, with the purpose of 
 securing more accurate returns and of expediting their com- 
 pilation and publication. 
 
 Fifth The investigation of processes relating to the 
 mining and later treatment of fuels, ores, and other mineral 
 products, but only in so far as such investigation may be 
 fundamental to the best utilization of the nation's mineral 
 wealth. 
 
 Sixth The preparation of reports that will better meet 
 the needs of the mining industry and the distribution of 
 these publications more promptly and -effectually. 
 
 These are not radical departures, as the Survey is at 
 present making progress along each of these lines of public 
 service, and we mean to continue that progress ; yet the rate 
 of our advance, and that is what you are most interested in, 
 will be largely governed by the size of the appropriations, 
 and it can be greatly accelerated by the more generous sup- 
 port which you are able to ask for us. 
 
International Mining^Exposition, Madison Square Garden, New York 
 
 BY WILLIAM M. PORTER, NEW YORK. 
 
 The idea of holding a large mining exposition as an 
 educational measure for the benefit of the industry, in Mad- 
 ison Square Garden, New York, on internationaL lines, in 
 which there will be hearty co-operation of all mining inter- 
 ests, has, it is safe to say, the approval of every member of 
 this Congress, and mining men generally. 
 
 In contemplation of the high aim to be attained we 
 therefore respectfully invite the Government of the United 
 States, all foreign governments, the mining states and ter- 
 ritories, the American Mining Congress, all miners' asso- 
 ciations, the manufacturers and mine owners to assemble 
 and demonstrate their respective mineral and manufac- 
 tured products at this, the first International Mining Expo- 
 sition in America. 
 
 We realized from the beginning that in order to secure 
 public confidence and achieve success, an undertaking of 
 this nature and magnitude should be conducted on a broad 
 scope and, to the entire exclusion of all spurious properties, 
 as well as the exclusion of the sale of mining stocks. 
 
 In the effort to educate the public in this regard it is 
 apparent that it is impossible to take all who may be inter- 
 ested to where there are mines in operation, but it is most 
 feasible to demonstrate the mining business in that city 
 where there is the greatest concentration of population and 
 capital, which, of course, is New York City. 
 
 Experience has taught us that the eastern public will 
 become enthusiastic and liberally patronize an exposition if 
 made attractive and instructive by planning it upon an 
 elaborate scale and by presenting something new; there- 
 fore, as the possibilities are unlimited in this industry their 
 every desire can be highly gratified. To this end we wish 
 to illustrate in a practical manner every phase of mining, 
 mine construction, mine operation both lode and placer 
 in the latter the use of the pan, cradle, dredge, 
 giants and sluices; also reduction of ores, metal ex- 
 traction by various processes in short, mining methods 
 throughout. This, we wish to accomplish by the oper- 
 ation of machinery as far as possible. There is no 
 mechanical exhibit so attractive to the public as an 
 active one. A silent machine does not teach anything, and 
 
150 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 is, therefore, most uninteresting. We have decided to make 
 all exhibits throughout this exposition active \vliere pos- 
 sible. 
 
 In mineral exhibits a similar idea will prevail. There 
 is not a more unattractive display to the novice than min- 
 eral with its techncal title on printed label, but when the 
 same is placed under a magnifying glass and its component 
 parts clearly explained, then information is imparted which 
 makes a lasting impression. A mineral exhibit without 
 demonstration does not appeal to the public. Many stairs 
 that will have exhibits have mining schools that should be 
 willing to send some of their advanced pupils to instruct 
 the public pertaining to the mineral. 
 
 Mine owners in showing the product of their property 
 will naturally be expected to have an engineer to answer all 
 inquiries. Their object will be to interest investors, which 
 they can more easily accomplish by displaying a certificate 
 from the State Geologist or other officer, setting forth that 
 the property as exhibited is bona tide; also give assay value 
 of the ore of the same. This will prove to be a very im- 
 portant part of their exhibit, and will be necessary in pro- 
 curing space, as it. is due this industry and the public that 
 we insist on compliance with this measure, and we expect a 
 most hearty co-operation from all sources. We have classi- 
 fied the exhibits in seven different departments to establish 
 system and avoid confusion, and they must be assigned to 
 their proper departments only, which are as follows: 
 
 No. 1. Department of Machinery. 
 
 No. 2. Department of United States (iovernment and 
 Foreign Countries. 
 
 -No. 3. Department of State Exhibits. 
 
 No. 4. Department of Metal Mining. 
 
 No. 5. Department of Miscellaneous Mineral. 
 
 No. 6. Department of Mining Camps of Different 
 Nations. 
 
 No. 7. -Department of Precious Stones, Mineral Jew- 
 elry, Lapidary Work, Etc. 
 
 The last named will be very interesting, as it embodies 
 the cutting and polishing of diamonds and other gems. 
 
 The mining camps of different nations, showing the ex- 
 traction of metal in their crude ways, also their novel mode 
 of transporting ore, can be made a feature of the exposition. 
 This could include a prospector's camp, burro and grub- 
 stake outfit. We are asking each foreign country to include 
 a mining camp as a part of its exhibit. A commodious hall 
 will be utilized for the accommodation of this department. 
 
INTERNATIONAL MINING EXPOSITION 151 
 
 Plans are well formulated for securing a United States 
 Government exhibit, which, if successful, will influence 
 many foreign countries to participate, as well as western 
 states and territories. 
 
 A great deal of attention is being given to the miners- 
 rock drilling contest, as it accords with our idea of practical 
 demonstration. We believe it will be successful to that end, 
 and novel and attractive in the extreme to eastern peo- 
 ple. Liberal cash prizes will be offered to the best 
 teams having records to induce them to enter these 
 contests, and we desire to get in communication with such. 
 
 We are very desirous of securing an assayer's labora- 
 tory. This could be supplied by a school of mines of some 
 state, and would make a good exhibit. 
 
 It is our earnest endeavor to have a representation of 
 a complete mine installed, the same to be in operation. 
 The facilities in the Garden can be easily adapted to this 
 purpose by constructing a wooden shaft from the top gal- 
 lery to the main floor, a distance of about seventy feet, and 
 a tunnel leading from the bottom of the shaft down the in- 
 cline to the basement, where a drill could be in operation. 
 Several different levels could be shown in this shaft, and a 
 cage could be operated by an electric motor. Such a dem- 
 onstration, it is apparent to all mining men, would be of 
 the utmost importance to this industry, and one of the 
 strongest educational features that could be presented to 
 the public. 
 
 We would consider it a A^ery great favor to have dona- 
 tions of rock for the drilling contests, also of ore for demon- 
 strating the machinery. We have accommodations for han- 
 dling large quantities of it, which will be necessary, con- 
 sidering the four weeks' duration of the exposition. We, 
 of course, will pay freight. 
 
 There is a great deal of wall space in the Garden, 
 which could be utilized to good advantage to show scenic 
 paintings of different mining sections throughout the West. 
 We will donate the space, but the district using it must 
 stand the expense of procuring the painting. 
 
 While we have the largest and most complete facilities 
 for holding this exposition to be obtained in America, it 
 should be understood that we are striving to place the min- 
 ing industry of the world in one building, and that neces- 
 sarily there are many applicants for each space. This ex- 
 position will cost thousands of dollars. We are not seeking 
 assistance in bearing this expense, other than general co- 
 operation with us. There is not a mining state which can- 
 
152 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 not afford an exhibit here, for it would be most inexpensive, 
 greatly beneficial and well worth the effort. 
 
 Now, good people of this wonderfully promising indus- 
 try, the time and tide have turned; the opportunity is at 
 hand. Let us take advantage of it and unite in this great 
 effort and clearly and practically demonstrate that mining 
 is a business by business men and not a gamble by gam- 
 blers. 
 
The Protection of Mineral Lands From Agricultural, Timber Entry, or 
 
 Other Patent 
 
 BY LEAVfS K. AITIT'RY, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA. 
 
 As our Western country develops, it is a source of con- 
 siderable comment among mining men that our supposed 
 mineral area is noticeably decreasing, principally within 
 the past few years. The prospector of today often finds his 
 way barred by a barbed wire fence, and he frequently ob- 
 serves that the latter encloses undoubted mineral terri- 
 tory, and which, it may be found, is being held without re- 
 gard for tlie present laws, or the rights of the miner. 
 
 The rush for land among all classes has placed the 
 pioneer miner in such a position that it is imperative on his 
 part to at once place himself on the defensive, as against the 
 agricultural entrymen, the timber grabber, the homesteader 
 and the stockmen and scripper. 
 
 The land laws of our country are either a farce or the 
 enforcement of them so feeble that the miner always re- 
 ceives the worst end of the deal. The cards are stacked 
 against him, and unless he bestirs himself, and seeks other 
 enactments than our present land laws in the near future, 
 it will be too late for him to secure recognition of his rights, 
 I believe it w r as the original intention of our law makers 
 that in order to develop our western country, which at that 
 time was supposedly rich in mineral, to so frame the laws 
 that every encouragement would be extended to the miner. 
 How well these laws have been carried out is evidenced by 
 the millions of acres of mineral land which have found their 
 way into the hands of a comparatively few individuals and 
 corporations, who now hold the land for other uses. This 
 fraudulent acquirement has been participated in by some of 
 the most prominent men in the country, and some of whom 
 are honored by seats in Congress. The story of the rotten- 
 ness and corruption in the means of acquiring these lands is 
 too lengthy for submission. Like Hamlet, I might "a tale 
 unfold," but in the telling of it, the entire time of this con- 
 vention and more would be consumed. You have all been 
 informed many times, I suppose, of the methods which have 
 prevailed in the theft of our mineral lands, and I will not 
 burden you with the repetition of the story. To many, how- 
 ever, the methods employed by the timber thieves would 
 not be more wonderful than was Kelly's impression at his 
 first sight of Niagara. 
 
154 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 He wa,s looking' at the Horseshoe Falls when liis friend 
 (VHara said: "Ain't that wondherful, Kelly?" 
 
 "What's; wondherfnl?" says Kelly. 
 
 "Why man, to see all that wather come thunderin 1 over 
 thini rocks," said O'Hara. 
 
 "I don't see as it's wondherfnl," says Kelly. "What, 
 the hell is there to hindher it from coming over?" 
 
 Now what is there to hinder the land grabber from ac- 
 quiring numberless thousands of acres of our mineral lands 
 which have as yet been left untouched. Shall we attempt 
 to assert ourselves, and ask Congress to protect us? I be- 
 lieve-that we should, and I further believe 1 that a solution 
 of the. difficulty will be found in the enactment of laws 
 which have been in force for many years in our sister Re- 
 public, of Mexico, and which have proven effective in the 
 protection of mineral lands. 
 
 The substance of the proposed law is that on all United 
 States land patents which may be issued by the President, 
 on lands classified as other than mineral, that the Govern- 
 ment shall reserve the mineral rights, and after complying 
 with the necessary requirements, a separate patent for ihc 
 mineral rights shall be issued to the miner. 
 
 From much personal observation, I believe that such 
 a. law would be just to ail parties concerned, and would not 
 only meet with general approval, but would settle a vexed 
 question. 
 
The Who Man Stakes Claims Everywhere: Does He Assist or Retard the 
 Development of the Mining Industry? 
 
 BY RANDALL H. KEMP, SPOKANE, WASHINGTON. 
 
 This is a question that can be viewed from two stand- 
 points. Put in different language, does the man who gob- 
 bles up an entire district and endeavors to appropriate the 
 whole country benefit that section or is he a detriment? 
 In my experience of a little over one-third of a century, cov- 
 ering a great portion of the country from Colorado to 
 Alaska, and always being identified with the industry of 
 mining, it could not be otherwise than that I would take 
 some note of the matters which come under this head. In 
 this connection I wish to state that the wholesale patenting 
 of both quartz and placer claims in many instances is also a 
 detriment to the mining industry, and if I am allowed, I 
 shall dwell on this evil before I have finished. 
 
 By way of preface, permit me to pay a slight tribute 
 to our American prospector. It is to this optomistic person- 
 age that we owe our greatest debt today. The prospector, 
 with the radiant eyes of faith ventured into the unknown 
 wilds of the boundless west and while undergoing the great- 
 est of privations and braving all the dangers that could 
 beset an individual or class of persons, proved to the world 
 that metals, both precious and base, were in evidence in- pay- 
 ing quantities. Following the prospector came the hus- 
 bandman, the merchant, manufacturer, artizan and the 
 hundreds of others who live and thrive in new sections of 
 our country, and I may add, ladies and gentlemen, that 
 were it not for the prospector we would not be here at this 
 time. 
 
 Only in rare instances, as far as my knowledge goes, 
 did the pioneer prospector become so greedy that he endeav- 
 ored to corral everything that was in sight to the detriment 
 of those who came later and wished for a share in nature's 
 gifts. The exception, the man who staked everywhere, was 
 a detriment to the country and a drawback to progress. 
 
 Several instances I can cite that have come under my 
 observation. When the placer fields of the Coeur d'Alene 
 were found in the fall of 1873, a horde of agricultural people 
 from a nearby section swarmed into the country and 
 planted their stakes all over the country. Hundreds of 
 claims were located by virtue of power of attorney. These 
 claims .were twenty acres in extent, and when it came to 
 
15G PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 voting at miners' meetings, these farmer-minors were in 
 the majority, and to this day the full merits of the placers 
 of the North side of the Coeur d'Alene are practically un- 
 known. This would not be the case were the ownership 
 more evenly divided and the claims had been smaller, which 
 would have caused them to be more easily developed, as 
 every experienced person knows. 
 
 During my sojourn in British Columbia, the evil of one 
 man acquiring so much mineral land became such a nui- 
 sance that the associated Boards of Trade took the matter 
 up and memorialized the Provincial Parliament to enact 
 laws to overcome this drawback to the country's advance- 
 ment. One of the members of this organization informed 
 me that he knew of one man who had sixty claims staked 
 in one district and practically kept out every one else. 
 
 In Alaska, also, I have seen the disadvantages of this 
 system. I knew of one prospector who covered two huge 
 mountains with locations and when another prospector 
 would wander into that district he would be shown a map 
 of the first party's holdings and be warned to keep away. 
 In Idaho, I understand, that the entire Seven Devils 
 country was located and patented by a Helena, Montana, 
 association at least a quarter of a century ago, and it is 
 well known that that region so prolific in copper values has 
 been dormant ever since. 
 
 Doubtless there is no one within sound of my voice, who 
 has had experience in the field, but knows of numerous, 
 similar instances of where the r mining industry has been 
 retarded and the country 7 held back as outlined above. 
 
 As a rule the prospector is of a generous nature; when 
 he dives into the wilderness and makes a notable find, he 
 is willing to share with those who come later. In fact he 
 welcomes the crowd as he is aware that in numbers there 
 is strength, and the more that become located around him 
 the sooner his holdings will have a value. Besides this the 
 others aid in constructing trails, roads and other improve- 
 ments which tend to make all property more valuable. On 
 the other hand, the man who desires to hog the whole coun- 
 try and gives every one to understand that their room is 
 better than their company, rarely, if ever, accomplishes 
 anything and in the end they often lie down in paupers' 
 graves all on account of the desire to keep everything to 
 themeslves. 
 
 Not only does the man who stakes everywhere become 
 a detriment to the mining industry, but so is the man who 
 shingles the country with patents covering both quartz and 
 placer mines as well. To prove this assertion I will cite 
 
THE MAN WHO STAKES CLAIMS EVERYWHERE 157 
 
 one instance that came under my observation while resid- 
 ing in Montana. An old prospector ventured into an aban- 
 doned district that many years before had been quite a pro- 
 ducer of placer gold. The shallow diggings which could 
 only be worked profitably in the early days had become ex- 
 hausted and the hundreds of miners became scattered far 
 and wide. This prospector in his search for the yellow 
 metal chanced on some ground that had been overlooked in 
 the days gone by that would pay well to work by primitive 
 methods. To thoroughly test the ground, he packed to the 
 nearest stream a quantity of the gravel on his ca.yuse and 
 ascertained that he had made quite a strike. He then 
 laboriously constructed a ditch to bring water to the claim, 
 whipsawed lumber and was in readiness to reap the reward 
 of his labor. When lo, and behold, along comes a Helena 
 merchant who coolly informs him that he had obtained a 
 patent to 160 acres there a number of years before, and ye 
 old prospector could get off. It is well to add to this inci- 
 dent that all monuments were obliterated and the old pros- 
 pector could find no evidence that he was encroaching on 
 another person's rights. 
 
 To my mind there is no doubt but that the man who 
 stakes claims everywhere, and the man who plasters the 
 country with patents should be classed as following the 
 dog in the manger policy according to the ancient fable, 
 and I would strongly urge that this Congress use every hon- 
 est endeavor to have, if not stronger laws enacted, to rec- 
 ommend that 'those already on our statute books be more 
 rigidly enforced. 
 
Sliding Scale Royalty 
 
 BY LOUIS D. HUNTOON, NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT. 
 
 In visiting a district for the first time, tlie attention of 
 the mining engineer is always directed to the methods of 
 mining and milling which have been developed in the dis- 
 trict for the class of ore it contains, and especially so if the 
 methods are not in use elsewhere. 
 
 The lead-zinc deposits of Sou ih western Missouri pre- 
 sent many interesting features. The leasing and sub-leas- 
 ing of lands on a flat royalty is the special feature with 
 f which this paper is concerned. 
 
 The prerequisite of mining and milling in a district is 
 securing the land and mineral rights. In Southwest Mis- 
 souri this is accomplished by buying outright for leasing. 
 The leases are of three kinds: Leasing for development 
 only; leasing for development and mining, and sub-leasing. 
 
 In the first class, leasing for development only, the 
 lessor guarantees to do more or less work testing the prop- 
 erty with drill holes, and possibly, the sinking of a shaft. 
 At the completion of this work the lessor generally sells 
 or sub-leases. 
 
 The second class, leasing for development and mining, 
 the lessor agrees to test and develop the property and then 
 mine and mill the ore. The lessor .pays a royalty on the 
 gross returns of from ten to twenty per cent., but guaran- 
 tees no minimum royalty. 
 
 In sub-leasing, the sub-lessor guarantees to operate the 
 property and pays to the first lessor, five per cent, or ten per 
 cent, more royalty than the original lease calls for. The 
 drilling of a few holes costs the first lessor about $500, and, 
 if he can then sub-lease without further expenditure, he 
 is quite certain of very lucrative returns on his investment. 
 The cost of sinking a shaft is about $2,000 to $3,000. With 
 this additional cost it is only necessary for the sub-lessor 
 to ship about $30,000 of concentrates to pay all costs of the 
 first lessor. After this shipment the royalties paid the les- 
 sor on gross returns or profits, make an original lease very 
 valuable, providing the property is operated. 
 
 This places upon the property ;i very heavy burden to 
 carry and prevents the working of the lower grade 1 of ores. 
 These ores are lost to the market and the royalties are lost 
 to the land owner. If the mill operates at a loss the first 
 lessor and the land owner continue to receive their income, 
 increasing the loss to the operator. 
 
SLIDING SCALE ROYALTY 159 
 
 The above forms of least* are liable to, and do in some 
 cases to my knowledge, work an injustice to all parties and 
 to the district as a whole. The land owner is guaranteed the 
 prospecting and continued working of the property, but no 
 minimum royalty. He is assured of no definite return from 
 his land. His land can, under these conditions, be held for 
 a long period at a nominal expense to the lessor. The oper- 
 ating lessor in turn is not protected when the grade of dirt 
 is low, or the selling price of concentrates is low. When 
 gross returns on concentrates just equals the cost of pro- 
 duction, the operating lessor must draw on his reserve cap- 
 ital to pay royalty. The custom of the camp, I understand,' 
 is for the company operating to hold little or no reserve in 
 the treasury for amortization or the securing of new lands, 
 all surplus earnings being paid as weekly or monthly divi- 
 dends. This failure to keep the capital of the company 
 intact, and a fiat royalty on gross returns, also has a 
 tendency to work a hardship to the company and the dis- 
 trict as a whole, especially so when the ore is of a low grade. 
 Mines and mills must close down when working on a los- 
 ing basis with no money in the treasury. If these mines and 
 mills were relieved from royalty on this low-grade ore, they 
 could afford to prospect and in all probability Avould en- 
 counter rich ore bodies and again pay good royalties. The 
 land owner, the company and the district as a whole, will 
 be enriched by the mining of this second ore body. 
 
 Interesting figures are developed when the present 
 royalty system is carefully investigated. When the dirt 
 is low grade, or the price of concentrates is low, the greater 
 part, if not all of the net earnings, or more, is paid to the 
 land owner. When the mine is working high grade ore and 
 making large net earnings, only a small percentage of the 
 net earnings is paid to the land owner. These conditions 
 are illustrated in Table I., the first line showing a loss to 
 the operator, usually resulting in abandoning of the prop- 
 erty. In Table V., the same grade of dirt shows a net in- 
 come to both operator and land owner. Table II. shows the 
 cash distributions of net earnings with varying recoveries 
 and varying selling prices. Table III. shows the percentage 
 distribution of net earnings. Comparing Tables I., II., and 
 III., we find in Table I. that dirt giving a recovery of four 
 per cent., with concentrates at f 40, is worked at net earn- 
 ings of ten cents per ton of dirt. The royalty on this is six- 
 teen cents per ton, leaving a net income loss to the operator 
 of six cents per ton. Conditions like this prevent explora- 
 tion and further profits to both land owner and lessees. 
 
PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Recovery 
 % Tons 
 
 Gross 
 Earnings 
 
 Cost 
 Mn. Mill 
 
 TABLE 1 
 Net 
 Earnings 
 
 Royalty 
 
 10% 
 
 Net 
 Income 
 
 %of Net Earn's 
 Koyalty Opet'r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $60 
 
 
 60% 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 $1,600 
 
 $1.500 
 
 $ 100 
 
 $160 
 
 loss 
 
 
 loss 
 
 5 
 
 50 
 
 2,000 
 
 1,500 
 
 500 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 40% 
 
 Mr; 
 
 7% 
 
 75 
 
 3,000 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,500 
 
 300 
 
 l.L'OII 
 
 20% 
 
 80% 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 4,000 
 
 1,500 
 
 2,500 
 
 400 
 
 2,100 
 
 16% 
 
 84. 
 
 15 
 
 150 
 
 6,000 
 
 1,500 
 
 4,500 
 
 600 
 
 3,900 
 
 13.3% 
 
 cS 6 . 7 
 
 20 
 
 200 
 
 ' 8,000 
 
 1,500 
 
 6,500 
 
 goo 
 
 5,700 
 
 12.3% 
 
 S7.7 
 
 per 
 
 02 
 
 Distributions of net earnings on 1,000 tons of 
 ton. Mining and Milling at $1.50. 
 
 dirt ; concent rates at $40 
 
 TABLE II. 
 Recovery. 
 
 7^% , , 10% N 
 R. O. R. 0. 
 
 $300 $1,200 $400 $2,100 
 375 1,875 500 3,000 
 470 2,730 600 3,900 
 
 , 15% x 
 R. 0. 
 
 $600 $3,900 
 750 5,250 
 90.0 6,600 
 
 , ^20% , 
 R. 0. 
 
 $ 800 $5,700 
 1,000 7,500 
 1,200 i),300 
 
 * i 4% , . 
 
 R. O. R. 
 
 $60 
 
 $40 $160 loss $200 $ 300 
 50 200 300 250 750 
 60 240 660 300 1,200 
 
 Cash distribution of net earnings on 1,000 tons of dirt. Royalty 10%. 
 Selling price of concentrates varying from $40 to $60. R-Royalty, O-Opera- 
 tors net income. 
 
 M, TABLE III. 
 
 NfS Recovery. 
 
 O. 
 
 J.5 
 
 Percentage distribution of net earnings on 1,000 tons of dirt. Royalty 
 10%. Selling price of concentrates varying from $40 to $60. R-Royalty 
 O-Operators net income. 
 
 $40 
 50 
 60 
 
 R 
 
 40% 
 26.7 
 
 4% , 
 O. 
 60% 
 loss 
 60% 
 73.3 
 
 / 5% , 
 R. 0. 
 
 40% 60% 
 25 75 
 20 80 
 
 , 7i x 
 
 20 
 16.6 
 14.6 
 
 80 
 83.4 
 85.4 
 
 , 10% , , 
 R. O. 
 
 16 84 
 14.3 85.7 
 13.3 86.7 
 
 15% 
 R. O. 
 
 13.3 86, 
 12.5 87, 
 12.0 88 
 
 locn-o J 
 
 , 2( 
 R. 
 
 12.5 
 11.7 
 11.5 
 
 TABLE IV. 
 
 Royalty in dollars payable per ton with concentrates selling at or above 
 
 D, $80.00 $70.00 $60.00 $50.00 $40.00 $30. Off 
 
 20 24.00 21.00 18.00 15.00 12.00 9.00 
 
 19 22.73 19.83 17.00 14.11 11.29 8.40 
 
 18 21.47 18.66 16.00 13.24 10.59 7.80 
 
 17 20.21 17.50 15.00 12.35 9.88 7.20 
 
 16 18.94 16.33 14.00 11.47 9.18 6.60 
 
 15 17.68 15.16 13.00 10.59 8.47 6.00 
 
 14 16.42 14.00 12.00 9.71 7.76 5.40 
 
 13 15.15 12.83 11.00 8.82 7.06 4.80 
 
 1ST- 13.89 11.66 10.00 7.94 6.35 4.20 
 
 11 12.63 10.50 9.00 7.06 5.65 3.60 
 
 10 11.36 9.33 8.00 6.18 4.94 10% 3.00 
 
 9 10.10 8.16 7.00 10.5% 5.29 10.6% 4.24 2.40 
 
 8 11% 8.84 10% 7.00 10% 6.00 4.41 3.53 1.80 
 
 7 9.4% 7.57 5.83 5.00 3.53 . 2.82 1.20 
 
 6 6.31 4.66 4.00 2.65 2.12 .60 
 
 5 5.05 3.50 3.00 1.76 1.41 .00 
 
 4 3.78 2.33 2.00 .88 .71 
 
 3 2.52 1.16 1.00 - .00 .00 
 
 2 1.26 .00 .00 
 
 1 .00 
 
 Royalty on sliding basis dependent- on per cent, of mineral recovered 
 and price at which concentrates sell. 
 
 Maximum royalty to be 30% for 20% recovery. 
 
 The zero royalty is where the cost of operating equals the selling price 
 of concentrates. 
 
 Tons 
 Dirt 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000' 
 1,000 
 6,000 
 
 -Concentrates at $40 ^ 
 
 -Recovery- 
 
 TABLE V. 
 
 , Present System-^ 
 Royalty Operators 
 
 10% 
 
 $ 160 
 
 200 
 
 .300 
 
 400 
 
 600 
 
 800 
 
 52,460 
 
 net income 
 loss $60 
 300 
 1,200 
 2,100 
 3,900 
 5,700 
 $13,140 
 
 f System Suggested- 
 
 Sliding Operators 
 
 Royalty 
 
 '28.40 
 
 70.50 
 
 211.50 
 
 494.00 
 
 1.270.50 
 
 2,400.00 
 $4,474.90 
 
 Comparison of present Royalty system with sliding Scale Royalty. 
 
 net income 
 71.60 
 429.50 
 1,288.50 
 2,006.00 
 3,229.50 
 4,100.00 
 $11,125.10 
 
SLIDING SCALE ROYALTY 161 
 
 We also find iu Table I. that dirt giving a recovery of 
 five per cent., with concentrates at $40, is worked at net 
 earnings of fifty cents per ton. The royalty on this is forty 
 per cent, of the net earnings, leaving the operator a net in- 
 come of thirty cents, which is less than sufficient to pay off 
 the original investment to the stockholders. 
 
 Further consideration of Table I. shows that dirt giving 
 a recovery of fifteen per cent., with concentrates at $40, is 
 worked at net earnings of $4.50 per ton of dirt. The royalty 
 here is only thirteen per cent, of the net earnings, or sixty 
 cents per ton, while the operator's net income is 86.7 per 
 cent, of the net earnings, or $3.90 per ton. The operator 
 here can well afford to pay a much higher royalty, if the 
 royalty with the lower grades is reduced. 
 
 By placing the royalty on a sliding scale as shown in 
 Table IV., dependent upon the recovery and the selling- 
 price of concentrates and with a guaranteed minimum roy- 
 alty to the land owner, a more equal distribution of net 
 earnings will be made ; the investor will run less risk in the 
 return of capital invested; the lessor will receive greater 
 royalties than at present with high grade dirt; and the en- 
 tire district will be benefited by it being made possible to 
 work these low grade ores, with the probability of encoun- 
 tering more high grade deposit. 
 
 The sliding royalty scale, given in Table No. IV, has 
 been worked out by the plotting of a cost curve dependent 
 upon the recovery and selling. price of concentrates. No 
 royalty is allowed other than the yearly minimum, on the 
 sale of concentrates, when the cost of production equals the 
 gross earnings. The royalty increases regularly until it 
 reaches a maximum of thirty per cent, on gross earnings 
 for twenty per cent, recovery. 
 
 Table No. 5 is a comparison of the two systems with 
 concentrates at $40 per ton, showing the more equal dis- 
 tribution of profits. In this Table, it will be noted that un- 
 der the present system, with concentrates at $40 per ton, 
 and dirt giving a recovery of four per cent, to twenty per 
 cent., the average, royalty is forty-one cents per ton of dirt. 
 In the system suggested, the average royalty is seventy - 
 lour and one-half cents per ton of dirt. 
 
 The placing of the royalty on a sliding scale, dependent 
 upon the selling price of concentrates and the percentage 
 recovered from the dirt, I consider equitable to both parties 
 and the district as a whole. The sliding scale royalties 
 given in Tables IV. and V. were computed with mining 
 and milling costs at $1.50 per ton of dirt. 
 
Mining Engineering Education in the United States 
 
 BY VICTOR C. ALDERSON, PRESIDENT OF THE COLORADO SCHOOL 
 
 OF MINES. 
 
 The Present Status. 
 
 Less than five years ago a celebrated Professor of Min- 
 ing Engineering, in one of the famous mining schools of this 
 country, said to the writer that all the forms of engineer- 
 ing education in the United States, mining engineering was 
 the least progressive; that, while instruction in mechanical, 
 electrical, and civil engineering was advancing rapidly, 
 through advanced methods of instruction and well equipped 
 laboratories all over the country, and new courses were 
 being introduced like chemical, telephone, and fire protec- 
 tion engineering, mining engineering was lagging behind; 
 that, while great private schools, like Columbia, Harvard 
 and Massachusetts Institute of Technology were flourish- 
 ing, and while the state mining schools of Minnesota, Mich- 
 igan, Colorado, Missouri and California were doing excel- 
 lent work, yet in many states no effort whatever was made 
 to provide instruction in mining, in many others there was 
 only a half-hearted attempt, and, on the whole, mining 
 education was below the standard set by other kinds of 
 engineering education. 
 
 A glance at the facts will help us to analyze the case. 
 Departments of mining are now in operation at the follow- 
 ing private institutions: 
 
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 Columbia University, New York, N. Y. 
 
 Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. 
 
 Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland. Ohio. 
 
 Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. 
 
 Northwestern University, Evanston, 111. 
 
 Departments of mining are in operation at the follow- 
 ing institutions under state control: 
 
 Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala. 
 
 West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va. 
 
 Georgia School of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 University of Maine, Orono, Me. 
 
 Washington Agricultural College and Schoo- of 
 Science, Pullman, Wash. 
 
MINING ENGINEERING EDUCATION 163 
 
 University of Oregon, Eugene, Ore. 
 
 University of California, Berkeley, .Calif. 
 
 University of Nevada, Reno, Nev. 
 
 University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. 
 
 University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo. 
 
 University of Texas, Austin, Texas. 
 
 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 University of Washington, Seattle, W^ash. 
 
 State College of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. 
 
 University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C. 
 
 University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. 
 
 University of Alabama, University, Ala. 
 
 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark. 
 
 University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. 
 
 State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Ames, 
 Iowa. 
 
 University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, N. D. 
 
 University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kas. 
 
 University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. 
 
 University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. 
 
 University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. 
 
 University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 
 
 Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa. 
 
 University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. 
 
 Western University of Pennsylvania, Allegheny, Pa. 
 
 Separate schools of mining are maintained as follows: 
 
 New Mexico School of Mines, Socorro, N. M. 
 
 South Dakota School of Mines, Rapid City, S. D. 
 
 Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo. 
 
 Montana School of Mines, Butte, Mont. 
 
 Missouri School of Mines, Rolla, Mo. 
 
 Michigan School of Mines, Houghton, Mich. 
 
 Secondary Technical School for Practical Miners, 
 Platteville, W 7 is. 
 
 In the following states there is no attempt, as far as 
 the writer knows, to teach mining or metallurgy: Louisi- 
 ana, Mississippi, Indiana, South Carolina, Florida, Rhode 
 Island, Vermont, New Hampshire, Delaware, Maryland an<l 
 New Jersey. 
 
 TLo list of places where a mining education may be 
 obtained, seems formidable, but on closer inspection it will 
 be found that the number of first class mining schools, 
 whether as separate institutions or as departments of a 
 university, is lamentably small. They can be counted on 
 one's thumbs and fingers with some fingers to spare. Many 
 of the institutions offering instruction in mining have only 
 
164 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 a corporal's, guard of mining students, lost in an army of 
 mechanical, electrical and civil engineering students. 
 Some of them with long and ponderous names depend upon 
 the professor of geology to teach all that is taught of min- 
 ing and metallurgy. 
 
 Recently the writer tried to ascertain the,exact number 
 of students in mining and metallurgy now enrolled in the 
 different schools of the country. Inquiries were sent out 
 and the replies received from thirty with results as 
 follows: 
 
 10 schools reported less than 25 students 
 7 schools reported from 25 to 50 students 
 5 schools reported from 50 to 100 students 
 4 schools reported from 100 to 200 students 
 3 schools reported from 200 to 300 students 
 1 school reported more than 300 students 
 
 The total number reported amounted to 2,370. Allow- 
 ing for the schools not reporting it is fair to assume that 
 the number of students of mining and metallurgy, at the 
 present time, in the United States in resident schools is 
 about 3,000. All the schools known to have a large attend- 
 ance are accounted for in this list. The attend- 
 ance at the fifteen schools not reporting is known to be 
 small, so it is clear that only eight mining schools in the 
 country have an attendance of more than one hundred each. 
 These figures, compared with the attendance at such great 
 schools as Sibley College, of Cornell and the Massachusetts 
 Institute of Technology, where the engineering students are 
 numbered in the thousands, shows conclusively that in 
 numbers, at least, mining education is lagging behind. It 
 is also true, admitting that some few schools are well 
 equipped, that the great bulk of the schools are ill prepared 
 to give thorough instruction. From the point of view, then, 
 of quality as well as quantity of instruction, mining educa- 
 tion is lagging behind. 
 
 There are several reasons for this condition. The first 
 is a long continued lack of appreciation of the need of tech- 
 nical training for the mining and metallurgical industries. 
 The picturesque figure of the prospector, however, is rapidly 
 disappearing. In his place comes the highly trained engi- 
 neer the expert in geology, in engineering and in chem- 
 istry. In place of the single miner panning out his gold, is 
 the placer mining company with its huge dredge or its 
 great water power, levelling hills and diverting whole rivers 
 to secure the free gold. Probably ninety per cent, of the 
 mining of today is done by incorporated companies employ- 
 
MINING ENGINEERING EDUCATION 165 
 
 ing every grade of labor from the "mucker" up to the high- 
 est priced engineer. The demand for competent mining men 
 now exceeds the supply, because the real worth of the tech- 
 nical man is appreciated more fully than ever before. With 
 this demand is coining a stronger and better support for 
 the mining schools which augurs well for the future. 
 
 Another cause lies in the fact that in the west, where 
 mining engineers are in great demand, schools are new and 
 funds limited. Had the great metalliferous mines been 
 found in the Allegheny mountains, the Atlantic coast would 
 now be dotted with mining schools. Some of our great min- 
 ing schools, to be sure, are located in the East, but they are 
 riot located in mining centers, nor in a mining atmosphere, 
 nor where their students can have easy access to mines, 
 mills and smelters. The Mecca for other lines of engineer- 
 ing education may be in the East, but the center for mining 
 education will, of necessity, lie west of the Allegheny 
 mountains. 
 
 Another cause is the failure on the part of legislators 
 to recognize that the field of mining instruction may cover 
 legitimately not merely the metal, but the great field of non- 
 metalliferous mining. In Colorado today there is the keen- 
 est demand for coal mining engineers, but only a limited 
 supply. The center for coal mining engineering is, of 
 course, in Pensylvania, but even in other states where coal 
 mining is an important industry, as in Indiana and Illinois, 
 no effort of any consequence is made to educate the coal 
 mining engineer. As long as mining means to the average 
 law-maker only gold and silver mining, just so long will he 
 look upon appropriations for mining schools as benefiting 
 only a few, but as soon as he sees the full breadth of the 
 mining industry, and understands that it covers the rare 
 metals, like tungsten and vanadium, the common metals, 
 like gold and silver, lead, tin, zinc and copper, the entire 
 coal and iron industry, and the great industries involving 
 clay, gypsum, limestones, sandstones, granite, gas, oil and 
 cement, then he is likely to be more friendly towards mining 
 education. 
 
 Still another reason is the unorganized condition of the 
 mining industry. While the farmer has succeeded in secur- 
 ing national recognition of his industry, has forced the 
 government to organize a Department of Agriculture, and, 
 on three occasions, has secured the passage of bills giving 
 financial aid to state agricultural schools, the miner has 
 secured nothing. The farmer has an army of scientific men 
 in the employ of the government, all seeking to aid him in 
 
166 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 solving the problems of scientific agriculture. Almost every 
 state has an Agricultural Experiment Station, whose sole 
 business it is to help him to increase the value of his pro- 
 duct. The miner in the hills, who shares with the farmer 
 the credit of engaging in an industry basal to all other in- 
 dustries, gets not a particle of assistance. With govern- 
 mental recognition of the mining industry through the 
 establishment of a Department of Mines and Mining, with 
 headquarters at Washington, with governmental aid to 
 state mining schools, and with the organization of mining 
 experimental stations to aid the plain prospector and the 
 small miner, mining education would no longer lag behind. 
 
 While some of the causes resulting in a low general 
 standard for mining education remain operative, yet it is 
 pleasant to record a marked improvement in the past few 
 years. Chief among the favorable influences is the clearer 
 appreciation of the need of trained mining engineers. This 
 is due, in turn, to the appreciation of mining as less specu- 
 lative and more substantial, as an industry, than formerly; 
 also to the formation of large companies organized to work 
 extensive properties requiring the services of competent 
 engineers ; and to the treatment of great bodies of low grade 
 ores which necessitates the employment of many engineers, 
 chemists and assayers of ability. These influences have 
 caused an increased demand, to supply which the schools 
 now organized are endeavoring as best they can. Those in 
 charge of schools are doing all they can, but they need 
 more and better trained instructors, better laboratories, 
 more testing plants, and much more money. 
 
 It is pleasant to note, however, that a new interest in 
 mining education is manifest. An optimistic view certainly 
 prevails and the outlook is promising. Among the impor- 
 tant events which compel this view, are the gifts of John 
 Hays Hammond to Yale, by Mrs. Phoebe Hearst to the 
 University of California, by John D. Rockefeller to the 
 Case School of Applied Science, by Senator Simon Guggen- 
 heim to the Colorado School of Mines, the increased appro- 
 priations for buildings and current expenses by nearly all 
 of the western legislatures, and the new departments of 
 mining which have been organized at the Case School of 
 Applied Science and at Northwestern University. Notable, 
 too, is the establishment of a new and separate school of 
 mines, authorized by the Legislature of Wisconsin, to be 
 located at Platteville, Wisconsin, and designed to train 
 practical miners. This is a new and important step, be- 
 cause it recognizes secondary technical education as of 
 
MINING ENGINEERING EDUCATION 167 
 
 industrial importance. It is also fortunate that action was 
 taken by a state legislature, for it thus takes on a public 
 character, and, no doubt, will lead other states to recog- 
 nize the need of fostering industrial education as an aid 
 to industry. 
 
 The Scope. 
 
 The engineer, no matter what his special field, is the 
 pioneer of the twentieth century. Especially is tnis true of 
 the mining engineer. Industry would be paralyzed without 
 coal, iron, copper, gold, silver, lead, zinc, clays, cement and 
 all the other products for which the mining engineer works. 
 As his work is broad and comprehensive, so is his education. 
 In addition to the knowledge of the electrical, mechanical 
 and civil engineer, he must have the training of a chemist, 
 a metallurgist, a geologist and a business man, besides, 
 he must have as it were, a stomach like that of an ostrich, 
 a heart as vigorous as a force pump, and a physique like 
 Sandow; in the camp, he must rough it with the Slav and 
 the Pole, but in New York he must have the polish of a 
 Chesterfield; besides all these qualifications, he must be a 
 skilled manager, a practical economist, and above all, a 
 dividend producer. Few occupations demand so much of a 
 man as that of a mining engineer. However, many a young 
 man is now preparing to enter the profession. Why? Be- 
 cause American spirit will not down. Wherever there are 
 difficulties to be overcome or obstacles to be removed, there 
 the young American will be found. For more than twenty 
 years I have been dealing with the education of young men 
 in the prime of their youth, preparing for their life work. I 
 have seen them go into the army, into journalism, into law, 
 into medicine, into business, into the ministry, into all 
 branches of engineering, but those who enter the profes- 
 sion of mining engineering are the most enterprising, the 
 most self-reliant, the most ambitious, the most all-around 
 Americans of them all. 
 
 The scope of mining education should be broad; it 
 should be philosophic; it should be human. For breadth 
 there are few professions that can surpass it. Some per- 
 sons educated in geology alone, think they are mining engi- 
 neers; others delude themselves with the same fond hope 
 because they are familiar, through training or experience, or 
 both, with the mechanical, the electrical, or the chemical 
 aspects of mining. Some, still more deluded, think they are 
 mining engineers because they can handle the instruments 
 well enough to survey underground, or manipulate a fur- 
 nace and run a fifty cent assay. 
 
168 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 The real mining engineer is not any of these, but all 
 of them combined. He may not practice all of these accom- 
 plishments, but his education should include them, and 
 more. The peculiar features attendant upon the organiza- 
 tion of some mining companies have frequently been of such 
 a nature that "favorite sons" or "worthy nephews' 7 have 
 been placed in charge of mining properties and have been 
 "educated 1 " at a fearful cost to the stockholders. Such dis- 
 regard of the fundamental principles of success in mine 
 management is so culpable that no one should sympathize 
 with the directors or stockholders who permit such blunders 
 to be made. The fault lies in expecting a man honest and 
 Avell intentioned, undoubtedly but without broad profes- 
 sional training and practical experience, to succeed in a 
 position where these qualities are the prime requisites. 
 Besides the ordinary subjects fundamental to all successful 
 engineering education the mining engineer should under- 
 stand such professional subjects as underground surveying, 
 assaying, the principles of ore dressing and metallurgical 
 treatment, mine sampling, mine examination, mine reports, 
 the economics of mining, mine management, mine plant de- 
 sign, mill construction, mining law, and business forms. 
 
 The mining engineer, when examining a property for a 
 prospective purchaser, holds a relation to his client as close, 
 as exacting, as distinctly ethical, as does the lawyer or the 
 physician to his client. He is, perhaps, more subject to 
 temptation than any other professional man. If purchasa- 
 ble, he may be bribed to make a favorable report on a worth- 
 less property, fleece his client, but fill his own pockets with 
 the price of his reputation. He must be ever on the watch 
 to . prevent being duped into reporting favorably on a 
 "salted mine." On the other hand he must not be so conser- 
 vative as to turn down really good properties. He cannot 
 see through solid rock, but he must have, as it were, a nose 
 for ore. On his report thousands or millions of dollars may 
 be made or irretrievably lost. He must, therefore, be a 
 man of sound, ripe judgment, not over-confident, nor too 
 conservative. Such a man must, of necessity, be a philoso- 
 pher not a recluse nor a metaphysician, but a man 
 who has a broad view of life, who can judge character, mo- 
 tives and intent; who can divine why the owner is willing to 
 sell because the mine has been worked out, or because he 
 really has not the necessary capital to continue develop- 
 ment work. 
 
 High personal character and lofty ideals as to profes- 
 sional ethics should distinguish the mining engineer. While 
 
MINING ENGINEERING EDUCATION 169 
 
 the professors of law and of medicine are recognized by law, 
 while mine inspectors are required to pass an examination 
 showing their fitness for the work, and even street peddlers 
 must secure a license, yet the engineer has no professional 
 status under the law. The mining engineer may practice 
 on any one whom he can persuade to accept his work. The 
 public at large has no way to determine whether he has 
 made any preparation whatever for a professional career. 
 The great engineering societies, recognizing this defect, try 
 to remedy it by making membership in their societies a pass- 
 port to a good professional standing. This is, however, not 
 sufficient. There should be legal restriction upon those who 
 desire to practice engineering as there is upon those who 
 desire to practice law or medicine. In Illinois, for example, 
 no man can legally practice architecture who is not certified 
 by the State Board of Examiners as a competent architect. 
 In the mining states it would be a great boon to the invest- 
 ing public if all who desired to practice mining engineering- 
 should first be certified by a State Board, either through 
 direct examination or on general professional experience as 
 competent mining engineers. Such action would go a long 
 way towards eliminating mining frauds and fake promotion 
 schemes; besides it would place the professional work en- 
 tirely in the hands of competent men, who would strive to 
 uphold the dignity and ideals of the profession. It would 
 further eliminate the unfit because it would show to the 
 public at once who the fit and the unfit were. 
 
 Like the regular army, the industrial army is composed 
 of commissioned officers, non-commissioned officers, and 
 privates. The privates must, in either army, be taught their 
 duties by practice under the guidance of trained officers. In 
 our present organization the commissioned officers are 
 trained in our schools of mines, but, with the exception of 
 the new school at Platteville, there has been no attempt by 
 the state or by the general government, to train the non- 
 commissioned officers, although this is a branch needing 
 attention fully as much as any other. Fortunately, through 
 private enterprises, begun in the coal districts of Pennsyl- 
 vania by the International Correspondence School, there 
 has been developed an influence for the better training of 
 practical miners in comparison with which the entire efforts 
 of the state and nation pale into insignificance. Such work, 
 however, should not be left to private enterprise, good 
 though it may be. The states interested in the mining in- 
 dustry should, as Massachusetts is now doing, through her 
 Industrial Education Commission, investigate the need of 
 secondary technical education and solve the problem, possi- 
 
170 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 bly, as Wisconsin has done, by the organization of practical 
 schools in the mining camps for the training of practical 
 miners, by increased aid to schools already existing, or by 
 the organization of experimental plants to aid in the solu- 
 tion of the problems confronting the mining industry. 
 
 In most educational work we begin at the bottom, as 
 it were, and work upwards trying to develop a young man 
 up to a certain standard. In mining engineering education 
 we are forced to proceed in the opposite direction. We are 
 shown by the profession what grade of efficiency a young 
 graduate should possess. Given this standard we are 
 obliged to work backwards and to force into a four year 
 curriculum the necessary amount of training. This squeez 
 ing process results in a heavy, rigid course with numerous 
 failures, but it produces good mining engineers. 
 
 The action of the General Electric Company at Schenec- 
 tady, New York, and the Westinghouse Electric Company 
 at Pittsburg, in taking electrical graduates into their works 
 for additional training, suggests the close relationship which 
 should exist between the engineering school and the pro- 
 fession. At the present time there is no such relation exist- 
 ing between the mining school and large mining companies. 
 Such a relation could, in many cases, be entered into with 
 profit. However, there is another way to bring about the 
 desired connection, that is by equipping the mining schools 
 with extensive experimental plants, to do for the mining 
 industry what the Agricultural Experiment Stations do for 
 agriculture. 
 
 Millions of dollars have been wasted on mills that were 
 ill-adapted to the ore to be treated. The reason for such 
 waste is that there are few opportunities for exhaustive 
 tests to be made so as to determine the best method of treat- 
 ing a particular ore. To be sure, there are private testing 
 plants, like those in Denver, but they are by no means com- 
 plete in their work, nor authoritative in their results. In 
 order to make the relation as close as possible the mining 
 schools, as far as practicable, should have large, complete 
 and well equipped testing plants, so that ore, in carload 
 lots, could be thoroughly and scientifically tested so as to 
 determine, beyond question, the method of extracting the 
 maximum values. If such plants were open for the use of 
 practicing, mining engineers and owners could send their 
 ore to be treated, not only would there be the most cordial 
 relation between the school and the mining industry, but 
 both would be immeasurably benefited. 
 
MINING ENGINEERING EDUCATION 171 
 
 Finally, to recapitulate, mining education as a national 
 question, has never received the support and attention it 
 richly deserves. Recent events, however, contain hopeful 
 signs for the future. There is much work to be done, not 
 only in developing the high grade schools, but in fostering 
 education for the practical miner, in elevating the mining 
 profession to a higher plane than it now occupies, in secur- 
 ing both from the states and from the general government 
 greater financial support, and in bringing the mining school 
 and the mining industry into hearty co-operation for their 
 mutual benefit. 
 
What Can the Profession Really Expect from the Mining School Graduate ? 
 
 BY MILNOR ROBERTS, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON. 
 
 The preliminary training that was received by mining 
 engineers who are now successfully practicing their profes- 
 sions varied widely in different cases. Some men gained 
 their knowledge and skill wholly from experience and indi- 
 vidual study, others had a collective scientific course for a 
 foundation, while in recent years many have graduated 
 from mining schools. A consideration of these wide varia- 
 tions leads to one of two conclusions: either, the qualifica- 
 tions of a mining engineer do not conform to a fixed stand- 
 ard, or else if any criterion exists it is not accepted the world 
 over. Assuming that there is only partial truth in the 
 former conclusion, regarding the latter it must be admitted 
 that within certain limits there is a considerable lack of 
 uniformity and agreement of ideas. 
 
 Mining engineering is acknowledged to be one of the 
 most difficult professions in which to prepare. The various 
 problems arising in it would require for their exact or per- 
 fect solution a knowledge of many branches of engineering 
 as well as of other professions, sciences and trades covering 
 n wide range. To master these many useful adjuncts to the 
 principal training before beginning to practice would cause 
 unwarranted, delay, besides being impracticable. Therefore 
 one must choose first the absolutely necessary portions, 
 those on which future knowledge may be built and those 
 which would be difficult to attain later. 
 
 The question "What can the profession really expect 
 from the mining school graduate," can first be answered in 
 a general way. The most obvious purpose of a mining 
 school is to teach not only the principles of the sciences and 
 of engineering but also the technical subjects needed by a 
 mining engineer. Men of the profession are in the best po- 
 sition to say what training is most useful to meet their du- 
 ties and they can with propriety ask that preparation shall 
 be in accordance with their opinion. In other words, the pro- 
 fession can reasonably expect from the mining school grad- 
 uate whatever it reasonably demands in his education. To 
 criticize the results of this training without indicating how 
 it shall be obtained or considering the methods now in use 
 seems illogical. Proceeding on this assumption, it is, profit- 
 able to discuss the kind of preparation needed and to state 
 what amount of it seems most desirable. 
 
THE MINING SCHOOL GRADUATE. 173 
 
 Preparatory schools, high schools and academies in all 
 parts of the country give practically the same instruction, 
 resulting in, or rather, largely on acount of nearly uniform 
 college entrance requirements. There is general agreement 
 among our institutions of collegiate rank as to the studies 
 needed in the first two or three years of an engineering 
 course. In the upper class and graduate years, however, 
 and in the vacations there is opportunity for choice of sub- 
 jects and of the length of time alloAved to each. 
 
 The quantity of preparation evidently varies with ,the 
 time taken to acquire it. But unfortunately experience has 
 shown that a steady diet of this intellectual food when con- 
 tinued overlong becomes not only unpalatable but indigesti- 
 ble. This is true from the very nature of mining, where 
 familiarity with natural conditions which cannot be repro- 
 duced or forcibly explained in the laboratory is a necessary 
 qualification of the engineer. Now if there is one thing that 
 a mining student ought to avoid it is a predigested food, 
 hence the value of imitating those features of ancient times 
 who alternated games and dances with their courses of 
 food, in order to help digestion and whet their appetites. 
 Vacation courses, summers spent in mining and tours of 
 inspection are recognized as useful aids to the assimilation 
 of laboratory and class room knowledge. If the field ex- 
 perience which may be gained partly before and partly after 
 graduation is considered part of the preparation, it is im- 
 possible to draw a line at which instruction may be said to 
 end and practice begins. 
 
 Regarding the kind of training most desired, the bene- 
 fit of a broad foundation reinforced by sterling habits of 
 Avork rather than a specialized structure without the lat- 
 ter bracing is generally recognized. Its value is emphasized 
 by the fact that to a greater extent in mining than in other 
 industries the exact technical studies which will prove use- 
 ful immediately cannot be foretold except for a particular 
 district or a certain branch of the work. Furthermore, it 
 may be convenient or necessary at some later time to take up a 
 different branch from the one originally intended. A stu- 
 dent who can devote an extra length of time to preparation 
 should be warned against the mere collecting and memoriz- 
 ing of information on a number of more or less parallel tech- 
 nical subjects. An investigation requiring original effort 
 will prove of greater interest and will show the need of ad- 
 vanced study and continuous reasoning. 
 
 Among the qualities which may rightfully be expected 
 in the graduate is accuracy of observation within the limits 
 
174 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 of his knowledge. For example, a student with only a few 
 months of field experience who attempts to describe an oc- 
 currence of ore may not realize the bearings of the facts he 
 himself observes, or he may even fail to observe certain rela- 
 tions which would be apparent to a trained eye. But on the 
 other hand whatever notes or sketches he makes should be 
 reliable. 
 
 Coupled with the quality just mentioned is the trait, 
 especially commendable in a young engineer, of having an 
 accurate estimate of one's own capabilities. There need be 
 no confusion of this judicial frame of mind with weakness, 
 or the fear of failure in an undertaking. For instance, the 
 examinations of even a small mining proposition may in- 
 volve questions of mining law. A wide-awake young fellow 
 would be expected to learn this fact and at least call atten- 
 tion to it, even if he could offer no advice on the subject. 
 Sometimes the problem in hand contains commercial fac- 
 tors which demand more business experience than a graduate 
 has had time to accumulate. General principles and sound 
 reasoning are not always of much assistance in answering 
 questions of mining law, especially where local rules in- 
 tervene, nor are they applicable to every transaction in 
 business. We must expect, then, to find inexperience in 
 such matters the rule rather than the exception with gradu- 
 ates. 
 
 It would seem that the only logical basis on which the 
 subject of a mining school graduate's qualifications can be 
 considered is that he is to be concerned with the working 
 of a mine, no matter of what sort. It is difficult to compare 
 the running of a soft iron ore mine in Michigan with one of 
 Colorado's high grade silver properties but the underlying 
 principles of the operation, the life of the task and the spirit 
 cf the workers is the same at each. In so far as the young 
 engineer stationed at either mine, while fulfilling his own 
 duties, loses sight of the aims of all parts of the operating 
 system and their mutual relations, he is failing to qualify 
 himself for an active charge. In order to have a clear under- 
 standing of the mine it is absolutely essential to possess a 
 knowledge of the ore, its probable life and the methods of 
 mining and treating it. The profession can demand that 
 these latter points shall be made of the first importance. 
 
 If the above view is held the recent graduate may be 
 excused for ignorance of other technical subjects which in 
 themselves may be as available as those mentioned. It may 
 happen that a mine needs only transportation facilities to 
 put it on a working basis. An aerial tramway is suggested 
 
THE MINING SCHOOL GRADUATE. 175 
 
 and the engineer is called on for drawings. A graduate 
 should be able to show clearly whether or not the plan sug- 
 gested would meet the needs of the situation. His map and 
 profile of the route should be acceptable and his specifica- 
 tions should bear weight. But unless he has had consid- 
 erable experience with tramways, only slight reliance could 
 be placed on his opinion regarding the advisability of in- 
 stalling it exactly as designed in the particular place in 
 question. Even a graduate would hardly have .risked his 
 reputation by designing an aerial tram such as was recently 
 ordered in the state of Washington, with masts and a 
 knuckle tension station located on a glacier. As another in- 
 stance, suppose that the deciding element in the plan is the 
 treatment of the ore by some metallurgical process of re- 
 cent invention. The graduate might not be familiar with 
 the. working details of the process but he should know of its 
 existence and should be able to inform himself concern- 
 ing it. 
 
 Opposed to the cases just described is the one where the 
 engineer in charge builds an excellent tramway to a prop- 
 erty or constructs a creditable mill upon it, only to find that 
 the composition of the ore is not exactly as stated in the in- 
 formation furnished to him when he assumed charge and, 
 therefore, a different system of treatment must be adopted. 
 For a mining engineer to depend on anyone, except those 
 working under his instructions, for information on the na- 
 ture of his ore and the possible methods of recovering the 
 values, seems an anomaly. To use a mild parody, "the mine's 
 the thing." 
 
 There is an apparent exception to this rule in the case 
 of a well established mine in which the ore is thoroughly 
 understood and the principal need is for an ingenious mind 
 to devise methods to lower the costs and increase the out- 
 put. However, no mine has yet been found which will not 
 bear watching. The need of a geologist's eye on the ore in 
 a mine of this type opens a splendid opportunity to the 
 mining graduate. He can show, his skill at "reading the 
 signs" and reporting them to the consulting engineer, and 
 at the same time make himself useful in other capacities 
 which will bring him experience. 
 
 On acount of the conditions under which most mining 
 is carried on and because of the fact that it cannot be made 
 an exact art to the same degree as mechanical engineering, 
 for instance, the .mining engineer, even when in a subordi- 
 nate position, is more dependent upon himself and less sub- 
 ject to instructions and guidance than men in other cor- 
 
17G PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 responding professions. For these reasons it is a greater 
 step from the college to the mine than most other fields of 
 labor. Some of the large mines furnish an ideal entry to 
 professional practice and judging from incidents of the past 
 few years mine owners have found that the benefits of the 
 plan are mutual. Mining graduates in such situations 
 will be useful in proportion as they are given a chance at 
 tasks belonging strictly to their profession. 
 
 One of the demands which can reasonably be made is 
 that students shall be familiar not only with the daily rou- 
 tine of a mine, the arrangements of shifts, the pay system 
 and so forth, but also with the reasons governing these af- 
 fairs. Information of this character is usually included in 
 the mining curriculum but it should also be mastered at 
 first hand. A summer spent underground will yield a. stu- 
 dent little benefit if he does not carry away a clear under- 
 standing of how the day's work was done. 
 
 It would be a great boon to the profession if a graduate, 
 chosen at random could be intrusted with the charge of 
 men. Unfortunately it has been- found in the past that only 
 one young man here and there can fill the job of boss. The 
 knack of handling a group of workers to perfection is said 
 to be a talent but it is none the less true that a person can 
 school himself to it with very good results. With the latter 
 object in view, students looking for vacation employment 
 are advised to try for positions in which they can learn the 
 art of superintending fellow workmen. If a graduate shows 
 a lack of capacity in this direction, his superior should give 
 him every opportunity to overcome his weakness, because 
 he will be undependable while it lasts. 
 
 Students today obtain much more practice in the 
 methods of handling men than they did formerly. With 
 the systematizing of all lines of business and the adoption 
 of units related to one another as the blocks in a pyramid, 
 has come the present methodical arrangement of college 
 work. In class reports, in laboratory tests and on the ath- 
 letic field there is plenty of opportunity for co-operation and 
 the subdivision of labor. There is no reason why a graduate 
 should not be able to keep or to oversee the keeping of time- 
 books and cost sheets, especially after a brief period of in^ 
 ptructian in his duties. These positions give their holder a 
 clear insight into the details of operation. Needless to say 
 an engineer would not wish to devote to this character of 
 work a large part of his time for an indefinite period. 
 
 Specialization has produced as remarkable results in 
 mining as in other technical branches, As experts in vari- 
 
THE MINING SCHOOL GRADUATE. 177 
 
 ous lines are being employed more generally from day to 
 day to contribute their best efforts to the working out of a 
 mining proposition, it becomes highly necessary that there 
 shall be an equally skillful man who can direct the efforts 
 of his co-workers to the greatest mutual advantage. The 
 mining students of today, who are to accomplish this in the 
 future, need the advice of those who are now obtaining 
 results. If the active mining engineers will generously 
 point out the way, the younger generation seems quite able 
 to follow at good speed. 
 
Secondary Technical Education Applied to Mining 
 
 BY LEWIS YOUNG, HOLLA, MISSOURI. 
 
 The prospector who cannot identify the common min- 
 erals, who knows nothing of geology and assaying, is today 
 at a great disadvantage; the machine man who does not 
 understand something of the mechanism of the rock drill 
 is an expensive nuisance; the mill foreman who cannot 
 make simple tests on the o'res he is treating usually saves 
 only a small percentage; the coal mine foreman who cannot 
 produce coal cheaply without endangering the lives of the 
 miners can no longer find employment; the mine superin- 
 tendent who knows nothing of mining geology may find 
 some new ore bodies but he will have the odds against him. 
 The great coal and metal mining camps of the East and of 
 the West require thoroughly competent, ambitious men for 
 positions of responsibility in mine, mill, and smelter. The 
 man who knows nothing of the technical and scientific prin- 
 ciples underlying the industry will continue on the pay roll, 
 while the man who knows "how" and a why" receives a 
 salary. 
 
 In the mineral industry there is a great demand at the 
 present time for men who have received a thorough college 
 training in mining and metallurgical engineering. Many 
 first-class mining schools, colleges, and universities offer 
 three, four or five-year courses to train men in the sciences 
 underlying the industry and in the application of these 
 sciences to practice. Graduates of these courses find em- 
 ployment as assayers, chemists, surveyors, draftsmen, fore- 
 men, superintendents, and managers of many of our large 
 mining companies. These college graduates and the insti- 
 tutions which have prepared them for their life's work have 
 played an important part in the development of mining and 
 metallurgy in this and many other lands. 
 
 However, side by side with the college graduate is 
 found working many a man who may have lacked the oppor- 
 tunity to study mining or metallurgy in college and who 
 does not write E. M. or Met. E. after his name. Many of the 
 1 -ading men in the mining profession have by hard work, 
 personal study, and persistent efforts prepared themselves 
 outside of college and are qualified to rank with the best 
 of the college bred men. 
 
 Many worthy men who have availed themselves of * 
 every opportunity to study the principles and the science 
 
SECONDARY TECHNICAL, EDUCATION. 179 
 
 underlying the routine tasks in the mine, mill and smelter 
 have risen from the ranks and hold responsible positions as 
 foremen, assayers, or engineers. These men become more 
 valuable to their employers in proportion as they under- 
 stand what they are doing. 
 
 The call for college graduates will continue but there 
 is also a growing demand for men who have a fair mining 
 education men not of necessity graduates. To provide 
 such training there must be "Secondary Technical Educa- 
 tion Applied to Mining." 
 
 Courses of Study. 
 
 You are all undoubtedly familiar with the great influ- 
 ence of the Secondary Technical Education on other indus- 
 tries. That it is of at least equal importance in the mining 
 industry no one will deny. Recently Secondary Technical 
 Education has received considerable attention in both coal 
 and metal mining. The man who desires to secure a mining 
 education without spending four years at college, (1) may 
 take a two-year course in mining at any one of a number of 
 good mining schools; (2) may take a short course (several 
 months) at some mining schools; (3) may attend a night- 
 school; (4) may attend local mining clubs and institutes; or 
 (5) may study by correspondence. Correspondence methods 
 are discussed at length in another paper, and therefore, 
 receive no further mention in this paper. 
 
 Two-Tear Mining Courses. 
 
 Many of the mining schools recognize the fact that they 
 owe it to the industry to assist men who cannot find time 
 to complete the courses for the. college degrees. Such 
 men may be interested in mining because of investments 
 and may desire to secure knowledge in some special line in 
 order that they may look after their own interests more sat- 
 isfactorily; others may be mine operators who have difficult 
 problems to solve and who have discovered the value of a 
 knowledge of some science; still others may desire to qual- 
 ify themselves for a respected and more remunerative posi- 
 tion which requires a specific knowledge and training. To 
 such ambitious men many institutions of learning gladly 
 open their doors and waive entrance examinations, and 
 many college rules, provided these men are of some specific 
 age, of good character, . and demonstrate their ability to 
 profit by their opportunities. 
 
 The Missouri School of Mines has for over twenty years 
 been of assistance to many practical men in this way and 
 
180 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 in many instances these men after completing a snort course 
 have taken a full four years' course and qualified for a de- 
 gree. Other institutions have had a similar experience. 
 
 In the West and Northwest there is a growing demand 
 for educational opportunities by men actively engaged in 
 mining. The popularity of such courses is shown by an arti- 
 cle which appeared in a metropolitan newspaper of the 
 Northwest: "Since the course was established it has 
 grown in popularity among the mining men of the North- 
 western states and those of British Columbia, and each fall 
 there is an increased number of inquiries from mining men 
 for detailed information about the course and the scope of 
 instruction which it covers. This year twenty-six mining- 
 men registered in the shorter course, coming from the var- 
 ious grades of work in the widely distributed mining fields 
 of the Northwest. One has been a smelter superintendent ' 
 another has been a mine foreman; others are property own- 
 ers who desire practical instruction in the development 
 of their properties in order that they may prosecute their 
 work to the best advantage. Others are men who have 
 worked in mines more or less and expect to return to their 
 several localities with the opening of work in the spring 
 with a better knowledge of the technical details of mining ; 
 still others are young men who are just starting in a full 
 four years' course at the university, but plan to return to 
 the university another winter and take advanced work 
 along mining lines." 
 
 Short Courses at Rolla. 
 
 The prescribed two-year course in mining and assaying 
 at the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy includes in 
 the first year the following subjects: Higher Algebra, Solid 
 Geometry, Trigonometry, English, General Chemistry, Qual- 
 itative Chemical Analysis and Mechanical Drawing; in the 
 second year: Surveying, Mineralogy, General Geology, As- 
 saying, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Mining and Ore 
 Dressing. Other subjects may be taken if the student is 
 properly prepared and shows good reasons for not taking a 
 regular course. 
 
 These short course men are very diligent, ambitious and 
 thoroughly practical and usually have a good influence 
 on the study body because of their practical knowledge and 
 diligence. At some of the other mining schools the studies 
 of the short courses are entirely optional and the character 
 of the work is determined by the student's experience and 
 ambitions. 
 
SECONDARY TECHNICAL EDUCATION. 181 
 
 Coal Mining. 
 
 In coal raining especially there is a demand for men 
 thoroughly acquainted with mining methods, mine ventila- 
 tion, mine gases, mining machinery, etc. Most of the states 
 require coal mine officials to pass examinations in order to 
 demonstrate their fitness for a given position. To qualify 
 for these examinations requires careful study, a thorough 
 knowledge of elementary mathematics, the mechanics of 
 mine ventilation, the chemistry of mine gases, the elements 
 of mechanical engineering, some mechanics, and a knowl- 
 edge of physics and other sciences. It is not surprising, 
 therefore, that Secondary Technical Education has pro- 
 gressed very rapidly in the coal mining districts. 
 
 In various parts of the state of Pennsylvania, the fol- 
 lowing methods of Secondary Technical Education in coal 
 mining are in vogue: Correspondence courses, lecture 
 courses by mining employes, mining institutes conducted 
 by Young Men's Christian Associations, day and night 
 schools at technical institutes, and special and tAVO-year col- 
 lege courses. 
 
 Bituminous Mining Clubs. 
 
 It is especially interesting to note the progress and suc- 
 cess of the work of the industrial and educational depart- 
 ments of the Young Men's Christian Association, both in 
 Pennsylvania and in other states. The bituminous depart- 
 ment, with headquarters at Greensburg, Pa., has organized 
 "Bituminous Mining Clubs" and "Institutes" with the plea 
 that "Technical and Moral Education makes a man more 
 efficient in the position he occupies, gives him greater earn 
 ing capacity, is a requisite element in success, and brings 
 deeper enjoyment to the industrial life." 
 
 The men who teach or lead in the study of mining at 
 the coal mining clubs, are mine foremen, fire-bosses, engi- 
 neers, or other practical men about the mines, depending 
 upon what a club wishes to take up. A club meets at least 
 once a week in the Young Men's Christian Association rooms 
 cr in rooms furnished by the coal mining companies. Once 
 every two or three months a "Local Institute" is conducted. 
 District Mining Institutes are held annually, the program 
 consisting of papers on various phases of mining, presented 
 <,y prominent mining men, of addresses on mining topics, 
 and of the discussion of mining club plans. 
 
 The bituminous region of Pennsylvania has been 
 divided into eleven districts. The institute committees 
 fire composed of state mine inspectors, superintendents, 
 engineers, etc.; in all, about four hundred leaders over the 
 
182 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 region on all of the committees. It is estimated that at the 
 present time there are one thousand men studying mining 
 through these clubs in western Pennsylvania. 
 
 Y. M. C. A. Metal Mining Courses. 
 
 The Young Men's Christian Association has planned a 
 similar system for other coal mining districts in the East 
 and in the West. In Colorado and Utah definite courses 
 are to be offered this winter in metal mining camps. The 
 Salt Lake City Young Men's Christian Association offers a 
 number of courses that are of interest to mining men, includ- 
 ing two courses in Chemistry, two in Electricity, one in 
 Metallurgy, one in Mining, one in Trigonometry, one in Sur- 
 veying, and one in Topographical Drafting. Chemistry and 
 Metallurgy are taught on two nights a week by demonstra- 
 tive lectures; Mining is taught by a series of lectures. Sur- 
 veying involves Saturday afternoon field w r ork and one night 
 for the compilation of field notes. At the present time the 
 enrollment in each of these classes averages twelve men. 
 
 The two objectives of these Young Men's Christian As- 
 sociations' courses are: 
 
 "First: To enable the worker to increase his knowl- 
 edge and skill and thereby increase his earning capacity and 
 to fit him for larger work and a better position. 
 
 "Second: To increase his knowledge and ability in the 
 position which he now fills, even though his present work 
 may not actually demand this increase of efficiency." 
 
 In many of the mining camps the first educational 
 work of the Young Men's Christian Association is really of 
 a primary nature. In one of the mining camps of the San 
 Juan district of Colorado, one association is teaching 
 twenty-three Greeks to speak English. At another camp in 
 the same district the classes include men of seven national- 
 ities. The work of the Young Men's Christian Association 
 in these camps is slowly telling and demonstrating that 
 there is a great need for Secondary Technical Education in 
 the mining camps. 
 
 Methods. 
 
 Methods of technical education are changing and im- 
 proving rapidly. In no division has greater advancement 
 been made than in agriculture and in agricultural education. 
 That engineering and mining schools have as able and pro- 
 gressive educators, no one will deny, but the fact remains 
 that, as a class, the agricultural educator has accomplished 
 more during the past ten years than has his mining col- 
 league. It is to be especially noted that Secondary Techm- 
 
SECONDARY TECHNICAL EDUCATION. 183 
 
 cal Education in Agriculture has received much attention. 
 The results speak for themselves. The Farmers' Short 
 Course, the Stock Show, the Dairy School, the Corn Show, 
 the Farmers' Institute, the Corn Special and the other 
 means of disseminating information regarding the farm 
 and farm products have enabled the agricultural schools to 
 come closely in touch with the industry, have materially 
 improved the quality and the quantity of farm products, 
 and have been factors of economic importance to the farmer, 
 the dairyman, the stockman, and the horticulturist. 
 
 Mining Experiment Stations. 
 
 One of the leading educators in agriculture on being 
 asked to explain the phenomenal advancement in agricul- 
 tural education replied that in his opinion the progress and 
 the growth were possible only because of the methods of 
 education used and because of the agricultural experiment 
 stations. These latter offer almost ideal opportunities for 
 demonstrative work for the student, permit of investigation 
 and research, and enable the educators to work out prob- 
 lems of scientific and economic interest. Without the ex- 
 periment station, our schools of agriculture would be almost 
 useless as judged, by present day American standards, and 
 it is because of the experiment station that the methods 
 used in Secondary Education in Agriculture have been so 
 eminently successful. 
 
 Recently two engineering experiment stations have 
 been established by states of the Middle West. It is gen- 
 erally conceded that these stations will not only assist in 
 the solution of problems in engineering, but they will also 
 materially improve the quality of engineering education. 
 
 The mining experiment station is not a new idea, nor a 
 fanciful one. There is much experimental and testing work 
 awaiting the opening of such plants. There are refractory 
 ores to be tested and there is drilling machinery to be tried; 
 there are safety appliances to be demonstrated and elec- 
 trical smelting is to be adapted. Many other lines of inves- 
 tigation could be pursued which would make possible im- 
 portant advances in the industry. When such mining ex- 
 periment stations will have been established at the various 
 state mining schools, it will be possible for mining educators 
 to assist the mining industry as agricultural educators have 
 helped agriculture and at the same time the equipment and 
 facilities for teaching will be greatly improved. 
 
184 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Future. 
 
 The advances made in Secondary Technical Education 
 in mining are thoroughly creditable to the individuals and 
 the institutions which have been doing the pioneer work. 
 The success of the courses which have been offered and the 
 demand for technically educated men for subordinate and 
 secondary positions have fully demonstrated that Secon- 
 dary Technical Education in Mining is not only practical, 
 but necessary. 
 
 The state institutions, however, require support from 
 the states and the nation so that the men desiring a secon- 
 dary course may have at least equal advantage with the col- 
 lege man. 
 
 The American Mining Congress is in a position to exert 
 influence in behalf of the schools offering short courses in 
 mining, in establishing local mining institutes and in es- 
 tablishing state mining experiment stations. The agricul- 
 tural experiment stations receive both state and federal sup- 
 port; the mining experiment stations should be supported 
 similarly. The Farmers' Institutes are usually supported 
 by the states in which they are held. The Legislature of 
 Missouri makes an appropriation of five thousand dollars 
 per year to the State Board of Agriculture for this purpose. 
 The Agricultural College helps out, by supplying lecturers 
 in the person of its teachers, without compensation, the 
 Board of Agriculture bearing their traveling expenses to 
 and from the institutes. The Department of Agriculture at 
 Washington details some of its officers to work of this .sort, 
 but there is no federal appropriation directly for this pur- 
 pose. 
 
 With additional teaching facilities at the various min- 
 ing schools, with first-class mining clubs and mining insti- 
 tutes similar to the Farmers' Institutes and with mining 
 experiment stations in each mining state, Secondary Techni- 
 cal Education can be much more effectively applied to 
 mining. 
 
Relation of the Mining School to the Mining Industry 
 
 BY ROBERT H. RICHARDS, BOSTON, MASS. 
 
 It is taken for granted that the mining industry is the 
 chief thing and that the school exists to help the industry. A 
 difference of opinion may exist as to how this should be 
 done. 
 
 The mineral industry has such a strong bearing on the 
 welfare of the community that it is well to dwell upon this 
 relationship a moment before taking up the main thread. 
 
 The miner brings the ores to the surface, the smelter 
 separates the metals, metals without which there can be 
 no advancement in the community, no civilization. What 
 did the stone age man have? A stone hammer, a stone 
 knife, a stone arrow head, a tent of skins. He had advanced 
 as far as he could without metals. We are so accustomed 
 to use metals and articles manufactured of metals or by 
 means of them that we do not think of the immense advance 
 that has been made in consequence of the work of the miner 
 and metallurgist, and of the wonderful age in which we 
 live. 
 
 If we look about this room every metallic object in sight 
 has been made from ore got by the miner and refined by 
 the smelter. Every object in wood, glass, pottery, plaster, 
 cement or other material than metal has been gathered, 
 shaped and finished by tools of metal. And again, the busi- 
 ness of mining and metallurgy furnishes a great field for 
 gaining a livelihood. Great numbers of men are employed 
 in the ranks of labor and of the skilled mechanic, consider- 
 able numbers also in engineering, management, financing 
 of mines, also the mercantile pursuits to furnish supplies. 
 Finally, as an investment of funds, the successful mine is 
 among the most profitable of investments, and the unsuc- 
 cessful mines may be no worse for the stockholder than the 
 unsuccessful rail or manufactory. 
 
 The points of contact between the community and the 
 mining industry are then varied in kind and many in num- 
 ber. For economy in the world's work, for best results in 
 quickest time, all forces tending toward the same end 
 should work in harmony, each doing its own part. This is 
 the case with the mining industry and the mining school. 
 Mining plants should be ready to supply certain necessary 
 experience to students the school cannot give. Hence the 
 need of mine practice. It cannot do the whole work without 
 
186 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 great waste of time. Hence the need of school training. 
 There should be a cordial relationship between school and* 
 mine. 
 
 The school asks the mining industry to take its pupils 
 and be patient with them for a little time until they acquire 
 the experience with men in command and men employed, 
 things that no school can teach. A few vacation months at 
 a mine, mill or furnace is , worth a great deal to help a 
 student appreciate the value of his school work, to clinch 
 his knowledge, to make it a useful tool, and work off his 
 crudity. 
 
 The universal verdict is that a student leaving a school 
 should spend a year or more at work at mines or furnaces 
 doing laborer's or mechanic's work. He not only gains the 
 knowledge of things by contact which the school failed to 
 give him, but and still more important, he gains knowledge 
 of men. A man to direct others must know what the other 
 man is thinking of. The young man who began as a laborer 
 knows this from his own experience. The young man who 
 did not so begin, is at a great disadvantage. Therefore we 
 ask the works and mines to have a little patience with the 
 young beginners just out of school. Many works are already 
 doing this in a very liberal way, and I wish here in behalf 
 of the schools to present our thanks to those in charge of 
 the mining industry for the fine way they are doing this. 
 We ask further that those in charge of industry forgive the 
 occasional misfit which the young school man makes and 
 do not charge off his misdemeanors and mistakes as a uni- 
 versal attribute of school men. 
 
 Besides the knowledge of things by contact that a 
 student can learn at the works, the sense of responsibility 
 he acquires is of immense value. It is impossible to give in 
 the school the sense of impending fate which impresses facts 
 on the brain in mines and furnaces. A furnace man must 
 get his 300 tons a day smelted or lose his job. A miner must 
 get his pump running in three hours or the pump will be 
 drowned, and the mine flooded. This kind of active work 
 and experience is a great teacher. 
 
 What now may the school do for the works in return for 
 favors received? Those in active work with the constant 
 and incessant demands upon them have little time to inves- 
 tigate problems and to seek for the underlying principles on 
 which the most perfect solution may depend, or to find what 
 others at a distance are doing in the same line, and if they 
 are self-made men, they are probably wise in experience, 
 but weak in mathematics. In most mines there have been 
 short periods of depression because of failure to grasp.some 
 
RELATION OF MINING SCHOOL TO THE INDUSTRY. 187 
 
 salient point which a trained engineer would have seen. 
 
 The school teaches the alphabet of machinery and pro- 
 cesses of fundamental knowledge just as useful here as the 
 real alphabet is in working out words in a, dictionary. The 
 mining school cannot give the experience, but can give the 
 training in mathematics, physics, chemistry and drawing, 
 and it can give the pupil access to the accumulated fund of 
 professional methods of all time. This leads us up to the 
 school's main duty to the mines and works. If a school 
 can inspire enthusiasm for ,the profession in its pupils and 
 can bring the pupils to the point where they have love of 
 knowledge, love of accuracy, love of industry, it has led its 
 pupils to a point where they are ripe to become engineers, 
 for they will be naturally seeking problems to solve and 
 solving problems when found, problems in excavating, in 
 sorting, in tramming, in hoisting, in dealing with men, 
 problems in moving materials, in concentrating ores, in 
 economy of waste, in retreating waste, in dealing with the 
 markets, in handling the property to the advantage of the 
 owners, and indirectly, of the community. 
 
 The student must acquire a love of knowledge, a love 
 of accuracy and a love of industry. We expect the school 
 to develop this in him. How can the school do this? It 
 can only do it by making the problems the school sets before 
 the pupil real, live, interesting ones. A real problem as new 
 to the teacher as to the pupil has the greatest power to 
 awaken enthusiasm in the pupils. Every small problem 
 solved in the school laboratory whets the appetites for 
 greater ones in the field. 
 
 The school has to make things real to most of its pupils 
 who have never seen a mine. The pupil who goes to the 
 school from the mining region while he is an apt pupil and 
 interested in the profession, he is unbalanced by giving 
 more value to the details in his own district than to funda- 
 mental principles. He must be balanced up by showing him 
 the value of fundamental principles and the differing prac- 
 tice of other districts. The school must be so organized to 
 help both kinds of students. One of the best things the 
 mines and works can do for the schools is, when the teachers 
 bring their students on visits, let the teachers know some 
 of the real problems the profession is struggling with so 
 the teachers can get into the spirit of the game, and carry 
 back problems to work over at the school, thus getting 
 inspiration for their work which they pass on to their 
 students. Furnish them specimens, samples, drawings, 
 photos. Students become immensely interested in actual 
 
188 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 needs if something they do is going to count. It makes the 
 profession real, a living interest to them. 
 
 The school contributes to the success of the mining 
 industry, the mining industry is vital to the success of the 
 community, and therefore the community must support the 
 mining school. 
 
Some Suggestions Concerning the Training of Mining Engineers 
 
 BY ROBERT PEELE, NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 For some years past the subject of engineering educa- 
 tion lias received much attention from both teachers in tech- 
 nical schools and practicing engineers. Many able and 
 illuminating papers have appeared in the transactions of 
 technical societies and the engineering press. The authors 
 cf some of these papers have dealt with questions relating 
 to preparatory training for the engineering schools; others 
 with questions as to what subjects should be comprised in 
 the course of study and the best methods of teaching. There 
 have been lengthy discussions concerning how much and 
 what kinds of practical instruction and laboratory work 
 should be given in the schools, and whether these should 
 precede, accompany or follow, the presentation of the 
 theory. 
 
 The subject is of the greatest interest to engineers and 
 employers as well as to instructors and pupils of the schools. 
 As might be anticipated there is considerable diversity in 
 the opinions that have been expressed. These differences 
 of opinion, however, are unimportant as regards instruction 
 in the fundamental subjects, such as mathematics, physics, 
 mechanics, chemistry, draughting, etc. They are noticeable 
 chiefly in discussions as to the character of the training in 
 the later years of the course of study; and to what extent it 
 is feasible or desirable to introduce into the curriculum such 
 practical work as might materially shorten the young engi- 
 neer's novitiate, by bridging over the often unprodctive pe- 
 riod intervening between the completion of his school train- 
 ing and the time when he shall have really become fitted to 
 assume his place as a capable practitioner. An urgent 
 insistence upon the necessity of making the course of study 
 as practical as possible comes not only from managers of 
 works, but also from the older engineers, to whose lot 
 usually falls the duty of imparting to their young brothers 
 post-graduate instruction in field methods. 
 
 Graduates of engineering schools are but the partly 
 elaborated raw material from w r hich engineers are devel- 
 oped and many find themselves unable at first to grapple 
 successfully with the practical details of their profession. 
 The fault is usually laid at the door of the schools them- 
 selves, on the kind of instruction given in them and the 
 shortcomings of the members of the teaching staff. But 
 
190 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 this view does not, I think, cover the ease. There are just 
 as great differences in the mental characteristics of the 
 crowds of young men, who every year besiege the schools 
 for admittance, as among those who strive to enter any 
 other professional or business career. Some choose a course 
 in engineering not only because they are thoroughly in 
 earnest but also because they have exhibited a genuine 
 aptitude for it; others drift in, with no particular bent or 
 inclination for engineering studies; while a few enter 
 against their wills, at the desire of their parents. 
 
 During the first year or two of the course a weeding out 
 process eliminates some of the poorer students, who are 
 mentally inferior or who neglect their work. But this process 
 of natural selection is often stifled, or at least not allowed 
 sufficient freedom to work its results. If untrammelled or 
 actually assisted in its operation, an improvement in the 
 average quality of engineering graduates would be brought 
 about. It should be part of the duty of each instructor to 
 observe the capabilities of the students under his charge; 
 to encourage where encouragement ought to be given, and 
 to dissuade some from attempting to pursue farther a career 
 for which they appear to be unfitted. I am aware that this 
 is a difficult function to fulfill, especially because, at the 
 end of the first year, or even the second, the student may not 
 yet have "found himself." 
 
 A young man who has entered an engineering school 
 may be an earnest student, and still lack the particular 
 aptitudes necessary in an engineer. He may be able to pass 
 a satisfactory examination in theoretical chemistry, without 
 possessing the qualities essential to success in the quanti- 
 tative laboratory; he may be a neat and accurate draughts- 
 man and yet find difficulty in applying the laws of mechan- 
 ics and of resistance of materials to the simplest problem in 
 machine design, having an imperfect conception of the 
 proper proportions and inter-relations of parts; though 
 excellent in analytical geometry and the calculus, he may 
 yet be deficient in common sense without which none can 
 hope to become a successful engineer. Nevertheless, grant- 
 ing the difficulty of giving the doubtful student sound 
 advice in so important a matter, affecting as it would his 
 whole future life, much might be done by a wise interfer- 
 ence before it is too late to avert serious discouragement 
 and disappointment. 
 
 Two further considerations are:* The unfavorable effect 
 on the morale of the body of students in a class, produced 
 by the incompetency and lack of interest of even a few; 
 and the waste of the instructor's time and energy in 
 
TRAINING OP MINING ENGINEERS. 1^1 
 
 endeavor to keep poor students up to their work. Poor 
 students require far more help and attention than good 
 ones, and the instructor's efficiency is wrongfully reduced 
 by having to push the unwilling or incompetent to a grad- 
 uation which may barely escape failure. An adverse ele- 
 ment of the problem of dealing with students of this kind 
 is the desire of every school of both governing board and 
 teaching staff for large enrollments. The privilege of 
 showing each year a gain in numbers is sometimes consid- 
 ered of more importance than evidence of improvement in 
 the quality of the graduates. 
 
 -L The first year curriculum in many engineering schools 
 is substantially the same, irrespective of the branch of 
 engineering taught. In a few, where several courses are 
 maintained, leading to different degrees, the first year stu- 
 dies are identical, or nearly so, for all the courses, whether 
 civil, electrical, mechanical or mining engineering. In these 
 cases, marked differentiation of the courses begins with .the 
 second year, the divergence becoming greater and greater in 
 the subsequent years. 
 
 Our practice in the mining schools of this country is to 
 take the graduate of the high school or preparatory school, 
 at the age of 17 (preferably 18) years, and give him four 
 years more work in those branches of study that experience 
 has indicated to be essential or desirable in the training of 
 the mining engineer. The greater part of the first three 
 years is devoted to mathematics, mechanical draughting, 
 physics, chemistry, geology, mineralogy, surveying, etc., 
 together with certain civil, electrical and mechanical engin- 
 eering subjects, all with their accompanying laboratory 
 work. Generally, some of the elementary mining courses 
 are given in the third year, but most of the mining and 
 metallurgical work falls in the last year, together with the 
 advanced subjects of the other engineering branches. The 
 distinctly mining courses occupy say one-third of the lec- 
 ture recitation hours of the third year, and form one-half 
 to two thirds of the hours in the fourth year. About three- 
 quarters of the total afternon hours of the fourth year are 
 usually occupied by laboratory work in ore-dressing, metal- 
 lurgy, mining design and to mining thesis or project work. 
 
 In the best equipped mining schools a large part of the 
 first two vacations is devoted to field surveying, lasting, say 
 twelve to fourteen weeks. Some time in the second vacation 
 may be given also to field work in geology and at mines and 
 metallurgical works. The last vacation is taken up mainly 
 by study or w^ork in the mines, to which may be added sev- 
 eral weeks more of field geology and visits to metallurgical 
 
192 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 a n(l ore-dressing works. The periods available for these 
 branches of field study usually range in the aggregate from 
 eight to ten weeks. In many schools the laboratory work 
 of different kinds, including draughting and engineering 
 design, occupies all the afternoons of the week except Sat- 
 urday. In some Saturday afternoon is also utilized. Nearly 
 all of the preparation for recitations, and the study of lec- 
 ture notes with collateral reading, must therefore be done 
 in the evenings. 
 
 It is generally recognized that the course of study lead- 
 ing to the degree of Mining Engineer is broader than that 
 for the other engineering branches, in that it must contain 
 a greater variety of subjects and in this sense cover more 
 ground. This very fact would seem to militate against thor- 
 oughness of instruction in each of the individual subjects. 
 Besides the mathematics, natural sciences and the specific- 
 ally mining subjects, instruction must be given to a limited 
 extent in civil, electrical and mechanical engineering, since 
 all of these have their part in the equipment and operation 
 of mines and reduction works. Thus, under civil engineer- 
 ing would fall the Theory and Practice of Surveying, includ- 
 ing the elements of Railroad Surveying, Resistance or 
 Strength of the Materials of Engineering, Graphic Statics 
 and Hydraulics; under Electrical Engineering, the Princi- 
 ples and Elements of the Dynamo, Direct and Alternating 
 Current Machinery, Principles of Electro-Chemistry and 
 Electro-Metallurgy; under Mechanical Engineering, Me- 
 chanical Draughting, Engines and Boilers, Engineering of 
 Power Plants, and related subjects. 
 
 These courses, with their accompanying laboratory 
 work, may be provided for in two ways, according as the 
 mining school stands alone as an independent institution, 
 or forms a division of a larger organization, such as a 
 university or general technological institute. 
 
 In the first case, the maintenance of adequately equipped 
 departments of instruction for the different engineer- 
 ing subjects constitutes a serious problem, on account of 
 the large first cost and the running expenses of laboratories 
 and the size of the requisite teaching staff. Not all of the 
 mining schools of this class, therefore, can offer efficient 
 courses in these allied branches of engineering. 
 
 In the second case as in some of the best and most 
 thoroughly organized institutions the mining school is one 
 of a group of technical schools. Each school has the equip- 
 ment necessary for specializing in its own subjects and the 
 mining students have the advantage of receiving their 
 
TRAINING OF MINING ENGINEERS. 193 
 
 instruction in civil, electrical and mechanical engineering 
 from these respective schools or departments. 
 
 Thus the system of instruction as it actually exists in 
 mining schools has grown up under several influences, such 
 as: the mode of organization and size of the school, depend- 
 ing largely on its financial support; its location, whether 
 in a mining region, or at a distance and forming part of a 
 university or other institution with an extensive equipment; 
 lastly, its chosen field, that is, whether the instruction is 
 intended to include only the subjects most closely* related 
 to mining and metallurgy or whether it shall afford a 
 broader training, in which the fundamental sciences are 
 more emphasized, in preparation for and relation to, the 
 study of mining engineering. 
 
 With this brief review of what composes a course of 
 study in mining engineering, we may now consider the 
 results obtained, and inquire as to how far the schools suc- 
 ceed in imparting a satisfactory education. It is evident at 
 the outset that the course is a severe one. It has become 
 so gradually. Twenty-five or thirty years ago, when elec- 
 trical engineering as a study was barely thought of and 
 when mechanical engineering was far less developed and 
 specialized than now, the student of mining was not bur- 
 dened with such a multiplicity of subjects. A larger pro- 
 portion of the work in and about mines was formerly done 
 by manual labor, and the limited variety of mining and 
 ore-dressing machinery made the equipment and operation 
 of mines a simpler matter. The attention of the student 
 was therefore concentrated in a narrower field, in which 
 more thorough work could be done. More time could be 
 given to chemistry, physics, mineralogy, and the applica- 
 tions of these sciences to mining, metallurgy and ore-dress- 
 ing. On the other hand, it is probable that the graduate, of 
 that period had less grasp of the practical side of mining as 
 a branch of engineering. The young men of today are in 
 constant, though often unconscious, touch witn the multi- 
 rude of mechanical devices which play their part in our 
 daily life, and they are inevitably brought into contact in 
 one way or another with engineering works of the most 
 varied description: all of which cannot fail to develop the 
 intelligence of things practical. 
 
 But these very conditions have so broadened the field 
 of study that the customary four years 7 course is in danger 
 of being over-crowded in the effort to keep abreast with the 
 times. If the student's work be done in haste and under a 
 feeling of pressure, his mental vision for the time being 
 tends to become restricted. The development of his deliber- 
 
194 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 aiive faculties may be impeded by living too much iu an 
 atmosphere of facts, for the proper assimilation and ar- 
 rangement of which he has insufficient time. In presenting 
 some of the engineering subjects undue prominence may be 
 given to descriptions of methods and plant, the details of 
 which vary from time to time as practice changes and 
 advances, and too little to principles on which practice is 
 based. The teaching of facts is one of the lower functions 
 of the instructor, and when it is done without impressing 
 upon the student the reasons for the existence of these facts 
 and their relations to one another, the chief purpose of edu- 
 cation are only partially fulfilled. 
 
 Undoubtedly the tendency of the present time is to 
 consider the purely utilitarian aspect of technical educa- 
 tion as first in importance. The student himself is usually 
 much more concerned about the kind of position he will be 
 able to secure after he graduates and the salary attached 
 thereto, than about the character of the training that will 
 fit him satisfactorily to fulfill the requirements of that posi- 
 tion and insure a larger measure of success in after life. 
 Both he and his parents look forward with interest to the 
 time when he shall be able to pay his own way. Nothing 
 is more natural than this point of view, for the period of 
 education is long and its cost considerable. But, in endeav- 
 oring to turn out graduates who shall be immediately effi- 
 cient as engineers and capable of earning good salaries, 
 there is danger of encroaching too much on that portion of 
 the four years which should be devoted to a sound training 
 in those subjects which underlie all engineering; develop- 
 ing the student's thinking faculties and teaching him how 
 to apply engineering principles to the solution of practical 
 problems. Mine managers and others who employ young 
 graduates have in a measure helped to bring about this 
 condition, by expecting to much from the four years of 
 school training. Though many graduates actually do meet 
 the requirements in a surprisingly efficient manner, the 
 early failures are numerous enough to attract attention and 
 arouse criticism. 
 
 One reason for this has already been suggested. The 
 young man entering the schools, though of all sorts and 
 kinds, in their physical and mental capabilities, are driven 
 through the course of study at the same speed and supplied 
 with the same routine of work. Even if it were possible so 
 to vary the system of training as to adapt it to each individ- 
 ual case, there would still be some failures, A uniform 
 product cannot be expected from heterogeneous raw mate- 
 rial. The exceptional men, who are naturally able and well- 
 
TRAINING OF MI N1NG ENGINEERS. 195 
 
 balanced and endowed with the talent of common sense, 
 may make good from the hour of their entrance into the 
 iield. Others, by assuming too soon positions of responsi- 
 bility, attain success only through experience born of early 
 failure. Still others, slower in their development, advance 
 steadily after graduation, gaining experience in subordinate 
 positions, learning to manage men, and so achieve substan- 
 tial progress by the time they have been out of school a few 
 years. There are also the "round pegs in the square holes;" 
 young men who are unfitted for any engineering profession 
 and who, long before graduation, should have been directed 
 into a more suitable career. 
 
 If we are justified in attempting to turn out ready- 
 made engineers, the present methods are not far wrong. 
 The large amount of laboratory practice, and the vacation 
 work and study in mines which have proved to be such 
 valuable features of the course, do much toward familiar- 
 izing the student with the practical aspects of his profes- 
 sion. It may be objected thtat the time allotted to the sum- 
 mer class in the mines, as already outlined, is too short to 
 be of much benefit. Experience shows, however, that a 
 great deal is accomplished if this work be properly syste- 
 matized under competent advice and supervision. The 
 insight into actual practice become valuable immediately 
 after graduation, as well as during the last year of school 
 work. 
 
 But may it not be that more is attempted in other parts 
 of the course than can reasonably be carried out? While 
 recognizing the usefulness of the mining school, which has 
 been so fully demonstrated that its graduates are every- 
 where in demand, we should also concede its limitations. 
 The schools can and do give young men a great advantage 
 over those not possessing such training and who have at 
 their command only what has come within their own per- 
 sonal experience. The student of mining becomes familiar 
 with many resources of information which to the practical 
 man are unknown and therefore not available. But the 
 schools cannot teach common sense, nor impart the invalu- 
 able faculty of controlling men and of knowing how to do 
 work efficiently and economically. A not uncommon fault 
 among young graduates js to consider themselves compe- 
 tent engineers, while still lacking tlie experience that is in- 
 dispensable in developing maturity of judgment. 
 
 The tendency to over-crowd the course of study, caused 
 largely by the rapid advances in every branch of mining and 
 metallurgy, creates a situation difficult to deal with. If, 
 while still retaining the advantages accruing from fie!4 
 
196 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 work and study, with whatever else shall aid in attaining a 
 clear comprehension of the application of principle to prac- 
 tice, the fundamental aims of all education shall also be sat- 
 isfactorily fulfilled, one of two things would appear to be 
 requisite: either to lengthen the undergraduate period, or 
 to revise the curriculum, as it now exists in many mining- 
 schools. 
 
 I am aware that any proposal to lengthen the time 
 would meet with serious opposition. Four years of well- 
 directed work should be sufficient to start a man in any 
 branch of engineering. By prolonging the period of pre- 
 paration there is danger that the student will become "over- 
 trained" and less able to adapt himself to the new condi- 
 tions which will face him in the field. While in the school, 
 his sense of engineering perspective remains only partly 
 developed, so that he is apt to assign undue importance to 
 relatively trivial details. The cultivation of sound, inde- 
 pendent judgment and self-reliance in attacking practical 
 problems, must be acquired in the field, when the young 
 engineer is in contact with actual engineering conditions. 
 
 Rather than advocate the adoption of a longer course I 
 would suggest as a remedy for the conditions outlined that 
 the list of studies now prescribed in those schools which, 
 largely because of the demands of both employers and stu- 
 dents, have become most highly developed in specialized 
 work, be carefully weighed and examined, with the object 
 of eliminating possible non-essentials. Every well-organ- 
 ized, progressive mining school finds it necessary from time 
 to time to revise and readjust its curriculum, but probably 
 still more might be done to reduce the tendency to excessive 
 specialization. If the fundamental science subjects be not 
 mastered in the v school, it is more than probable that they 
 will never be mastered in after life. It is quite possible 
 that a part of the work now carried on in the school could 
 well be postponed until after graduation. A thorough drill 
 in principles, developing scientific habits of thought, will 
 carry the student farther as an engineer than if, while 
 devoting less time to these, he had been led to give more 
 attention to the changeable details of practice; for, while 
 still an undergraduate, his acquaintance with the latter 
 will at best be superficial and his ideas often distorted. 
 
 In offering these suggestions, I would not for a moment 
 advocate the abandonment of the vacation study and obser- 
 vation in the mines. They are of the utmost importance 
 in leading the student to a better comprehension of the 
 relations to practice of the subjects taught in the school and 
 in arousing and sustaining interest in his work. We do not 
 
TRAINING OF MINING ENGINEERS. 197 
 
 want to turn out purely theoretical men, for there is no 
 demand for them. Theory must be so supplemented by 
 practice as to prepare the student for efficient, productive 
 service, early in his career. But the fundamental scientific 
 subjects too often rest under an implied stigma in being 
 characterized as "mere theory," to be later set aside or 
 superseded by something useful, called "practice." Prac- 
 tice illustrates principles.. 
 
 The theoretical studies in themselves contain the ele- 
 ments of all engineering, and the broader the educational 
 foundation into which they enter as essential constituents, 
 the more effective will be the student's life training in his 
 chosen field. It should be observed, however, that mathe- 
 matics and the natural sciences must be so taught as to 
 show the student of engineering that for him they are not 
 an end, but a means. They are tools, of which he must learn 
 the uses. His object in studying them is totally different 
 from that of the student who aims to be an investigator in 
 some one of the sciences. 
 
 These problems of modern engineering education I 
 believe to belong peculiarly to our mining schools, because 
 of the diversity of the subjects taught in them and the 
 exacting nature of the curriculum. To study the question 
 carefully, as it so well deserves, and to endeavor to improve 
 our methods of instruction, while still meeting the imme- 
 diate demands made on the young graduate, falls to the 
 administrative and teaching staffs of the mining schools. 
 But mine managers, engineers and other employers of the 
 graduates of these schools, who are certainly not less inter- 
 ested, can do much toward assisting the solution. 
 
 With the development of the technical school, the old 
 system of apprenticeship for engineers in engineering 
 offices, formerly in vogue chiefly in Europe, has almost dis- 
 appeared. It was wasteful of time and is no longer neces- 
 sary. In recent years, however, another kind of apprentice- 
 ship has grown up in many mechanical and electrical engi- 
 neering works, in manufacturing establishments and in the 
 shops of some leading railroad companies, and it suggests 
 a possible. method of dealing with the conditions herein 
 presented. Among the prominent concerns first to intro- 
 duce this new system were the Westinghouse and General 
 Electric companies and the Pennsylvania Railroad. 
 
 The object of the system is to fit graduates of colleges 
 and technical schools for filling responsible positions in the 
 engineering or operating departments of the works. The 
 young men are taken into the shops on the same footing as 
 the skilled mechanics, except as to salary. This is small at 
 
198 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 first, with increases at stated intervals, or according to 
 progress made, which is closely watched by foremen and 
 superintendents. The course of training lasts several years, 
 each apprentice being moved systematically through the 
 different departments of the works, in order to gain a com- 
 prehensive knowledge of the whole. They are not expected 
 to acquire sufficient skill in any one branch to compete with 
 the journeyman machinist or electrical worker, but rathei* 
 to become familiar with shop methods and operations; to 
 learn what constitutes a day's work and whether that work 
 is good or bad. 
 
 Notwithstanding the material differences between the 
 conditions existing in mines and manufacturing establish- 
 ments, it is possible that such a system in some modified 
 form might be introduced for graduates of mining schools. 
 During the past fourteen years, in taking classes of students 
 into the field each summer, to study in the mines, I have 
 found managers and superintendents in nearly every case 
 interested in the students' work, as Avell as cordial and help- 
 ful in extending the privileges necessary for carrying" on 
 that work. But any plan for post-graduate training should 
 be adopted with caution. To secure the best results the 
 young engineer must stand convinced of his personal 
 responsibility. He must enter the mine or works with the 
 realization that he is to be neither nursed nor favored, that 
 his future depends wholly on himself. If rightly under- 
 stood, a plan of this kind might be made of advantage to 
 both employer and young engineer. 
 
 The writer of this paper refrains at this time from mak- 
 ing any specific suggestions as to changes in curriculum or 
 the proportionate time to be given to each kind of work 
 entering into the training of the mining engineering stu- 
 dent. Having had experience himself both in field practice 
 and in teaching, he believes that useful conclusions can be 
 reached and definite recommendations made, only after 
 detailed study and thorough discussion of the subject. 
 
The Value of Correspondence Instruction to the Mining Man 
 
 BY H. H. STOEK, EDITOR MINES AND MINERALS, SCRANTON, 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Origin of Correspondence Instruction in America. 
 
 The expression "this enterprise was started in answer 
 to a distinct need and fills a long felt want" is very much 
 overworked nowadays. There is, however, probably no bet- 
 ter example of an undertaking started to supply a distinct 
 demand than is to be found in the beginning of the system of 
 teaching mining by correspondence in the United States. 
 
 In 1885 the state of Pennsylvania revised its mine laws 
 and in the revision there was incorporated a provision that 
 mine foremen and fire bosses must hold certificates of com- 
 petency based upon an examination in technical mining 
 subjects. 
 
 At that time Mr. T. J. Foster was editor of the Mining 
 Herald in Shenandoah, Pa,, and an examination of the files 
 of that paper for some years prior to and succeeding the 
 year 1885 and of the Mining Pocket Books published under 
 the same auspices discloses the germ of correspondence in- 
 struction. Technical articles were printed in the Mining 
 Herald, written by well known engineers, such as C. M. 
 Percy from England and others. These articles were in- 
 tended to assist the ambitious and studious men about the 
 mines, and after the passage of the law of 1885 they were 
 especially designed for those wishing to fit themselves to 
 pass the state examinations prescribed by the law of 1885. 
 In 1887 the Mining Herald, which had been a weekly news- 
 paper with a technical mining department was changed to 
 The Colliery Engineer, a distinctly technical mining publi- 
 cation, Mr. R. J. Foster then becoming associated as one of 
 the editors. The headquarters were moved to Scranton, 
 Pa., in 1888. The correspondence columns of the journal 
 were thrown open especially to all persons desiring to pre- 
 pare themselves for state examinations, and such persons 
 were urged to ask questions, or to answer such questions as 
 were asked by others upon any subjects pertaining to min- 
 ing, the questions and answers being published each month 
 in the paper. This feature of the paper was so popular that 
 it soon became apparent that this medium alone could not 
 supply the instruction and assistance needed in connec- 
 tion with the state mining examinations. Consequently, 
 
200 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 in August, 1891, the Colliery Engineer Company began 
 the preparation of leaflets for the use of men studying to 
 pass the examinations for foremen, assistant foreman, and 
 fire boss. The subjects of these leaflets were Mine Survey- 
 ing, Mine cases, Ventilation, Mining Methods, Mine Ma- 
 chinery, etc. 
 
 Preparation of Mining Text Books. 
 
 The choice of the foundation upon which the whole 
 superstructure of correspondence instruction has been 
 reared showed remarkable foresight and a keen appre- 
 ciation of the whole problem of industrial education. This 
 foundation may be said to be the furnishing of highly spec- 
 ialized text books adapted for study without the assistance 
 of a teacher. 
 
 The course of study is adapted to any person, no matter 
 how limited his preliminary education, providing he can 
 read and write; consequently, it begins with elementary 
 arithmetic and advances step by step through the other 
 branches of elementary mathematics such as Algebra, 
 Geometry and Trigonometry, each step being completed be- 
 fore the next is taken. The idea of a complete course in 
 mathematics, looked upon as a mental training, has been 
 cast aside as requiring more time than the student by cor- 
 respondence can ordinarily give; only such essential steps 
 in the mathematical ladder have been selected as are 
 needed to understand the higher branches of technical 
 knowledge. 
 
 No attempt has been made. to adapt ordinary textbooks 
 to correspondence instruction, but special books have been 
 prepared, designedly different from other technical books in 
 being every day working books. 
 
 These two fundamental principles, namely, simplifica- 
 tions of the courses so that they can be studied by any one 
 who can read and write, and the preparation of suitable 
 books, have been strictly adhered to in all of the later devel- 
 opment of the International Correspondence Schools, and 
 they form undoubtedly the strongest elements in its success 
 as an educational institution. Every student receives the 
 lesson papers to be studied in the form of small pamphlets, 
 each containing about fifty pages so that he can carry his 
 lesson in his pocket with him wherever he goes, and many 
 a man in mine or mill uses his noon time or smoke time 
 during the day in study. In addition to these pamphlet les- 
 sons papers each student receives what is called a reference 
 library which consists of a duplicate set of all the lesson 
 papers, systematically arranged, indexed and bound in half 
 
VALUE OF CORRESPONDENCE INSTRUCTION 201 
 
 leather. This gives him a mining library for constant refer- 
 ence, and investigation has shown that probably 25 per 
 cent, of those who enroll as students use their books at 
 home without sending in any written work to the schools. 
 The great and permanent value of this wide dissemination 
 of mining literature is apparent; and if correspondence in- 
 struction had done nothing else for the mining world than 
 to distribute throughout the entire mining world about 100,- 
 000 bound volumes of the highest type of mining literature 
 and an equal amount of mining literature in pamphlet form, 
 its inauguration would have been worth while. 
 
 Since its incorporation the International Textbook 
 Company has spent over $1,500,000 in preparing its books, 
 and each year spends large amounts in preparing new books 
 and in revising and perfecting the old ones. 
 
 The exact effect of this literature is indeterminate, 
 since it is used not only by the original purchaser, but 
 since it is now found in practically all of the leading librar- 
 ies in the United States, it has become undoubtedly one 
 of the greatest factors in connection with technical edu- 
 cation in the United States. Some of the principal librar- 
 ians in such industrial centers as Pittsburg report that the 
 books published by the International Textbook Company 
 are more used by the working classes than any other techni- 
 cal books upon their shelves. Until the mining books of 
 the International Textbook Company were put upon the 
 market most of our mining literature for instructional pur- 
 poses was of English origin and therefore distinctly un- 
 American. No one know r s this better than those who have 
 attempted to carry on classes in mining, for then work was 
 rendered very difficult because there were no suitable text 
 books, and the lecture system, which is bad enough for col- 
 legiate work, is absolutely unsuitable for elementary work 
 and secondary education such as is required by most of the 
 students of mining by the correspondence method. 
 
 Inspiration Advertising. 
 
 Another distinctive feature of the correspondence sys- 
 tem as worked out under Mr. Foster's general direction is 
 what he calls inspirational advertising, that is, convincing 
 the masses of people that they need education and that 
 they can secure it in their homes without giving up their 
 daily occupation. In this way the technical school room 
 has been brought to the home just as surely as general 
 news is brought there by the newspapers. A distinct ad- 
 vance has thus been made in the educational scheme and a 
 gap which formerly existed has been bridged. 
 
202 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 One of the strongest features of correspondence instruc- 
 tion is the very feature which for many years made it unat- 
 tractive in the eyes of educators, that is, its commercial 
 side, by which we mean not because it is operated as a 
 business, for private schools, academies, etc., are operated 
 in the same way, but because one of the strongest argu- 
 ments urged for getting an education was the financial bet- 
 terment to be expected as the result of this education. The 
 securing of an education simply for the sake of being edu- 
 cated is an excellent theoretical idea, but the securing of 
 that particular specialized brand of education that makes ii 
 possible for a man to increase his earnings is a more dis- 
 tinctly American idea. 
 
 In general about 25 per cent, of the enrollments taken 
 by the International Correspondence Schools are secured 
 in response to the natural demand for educational books 
 and for a bettter education. About 75 per cent, comes from 
 the "men from Missouri" who must "be shown" before they 
 take up educational work. One of the greatest accomplish- 
 ments of correspondence instruction and one but little ap- 
 preciated is undoubtedly the inspiration it has given to 
 careless or indifferent persons, by first arousing their am- 
 bition, then by inspiring them with self-confidence so that 
 they are fitted for better things, and by furnishing the 
 means for satisfying this ambition. Only a small portion 
 of those enrolled for correspondence instruction comes from 
 the educated or cultured classes, for the only qualification 
 is an ability to read and write English, and indeed many 
 of the foreign population have started before they could 
 understand and read English with any facility, and have 
 gained their knowledge of the English language largely 
 through correspondence study. 
 
 The fact that three-fourths of the men who take up 
 correspondence work must be induced and persuaded to do 
 so, brings out an ethical side of such instruction which is 
 not commonly appreciated. The 25 per cent, who take up 
 correspondence study voluntarily would probably devote a 
 similar amount of time to studying or reading of some kind. 
 The 75 per cent, who are induced to undertake such study 
 would probably not employ their time thus usefully, and 
 large numbers of them would undoubtedly spend the even- 
 ings in the saloons and gambling dens. 
 
 Mr. T. J. Foster in his Presidential Address at the Fif- 
 teenth Anniversary of the International Correspondence 
 Schools, October, 1906, said: "If Mr. Carnegie will supple- 
 ment his magnificent gift for libraries by establishing a 
 
VALUE, OF CORRESPONDENCE INSTRUCTION 203 
 
 foundation to provide a half million dollars annually to be 
 expended in advertising the benefits of education and the 
 resources of his libraries he will be surprised by the great 
 increase in the number using his libraries." This kind of 
 advertising Mr. Foster has aptly named "Inspirational Ad- 
 vertising." 
 
 Mining Courses Offered by Correspondence. 
 
 The following courses in Mining are offered by corres- 
 pondence : 
 
 Mining Engineering, including Coal Mining, Metallifer- 
 ous Mining and Metallurgy, the text being included in thir- 
 teen volumes of approximately 600 pages each and covering 
 practically every phase of mining knowledge. 
 
 Complete Coal Mining Course. The portion of the gen- 
 eral Mining Engineering Course having to do specifically 
 with coal mining. 
 
 Mine Foreman's Course. An abridgement of the Com- 
 plete Coal Mining, intended for those who wish to prepare 
 especially for mine foremen's examinations. 
 
 Fire Bosses' Course. A "still further abridgement than 
 the Mine Foreman's Course of the Complete Coal Mining 
 Course, intended for those who wish to pass the examina- 
 tion for fire boss. 
 
 Metal Mining Course. That portion of the Mining En- 
 gineering Course dealing with metalliferous mining. 
 
 Metal Prospector's Course. An abridgement from the 
 Metal Mining Course. 
 
 Mine Surveying and Mapping Course. Designed to 
 give full instruction for one working on a mine survey 
 corps. 
 
 Complete Metallurgy Course. Contains all of the sub- 
 jects pertaining to metalliferous mining from the Mining 
 Engineering Course. 
 
 Hydro-metallurgy Course. An abridged Metallurgy 
 Course. 
 
 Smelting Course. An abridged Metallurgy Course. 
 
 Milling Course. An abridged Metallurgy Course. 
 
 Manufacture of Iron and Steel. Includes the funda- 
 mental principles of iron and steel manufacture, inorganic 
 chemistry, and quantitative analysis. 
 
 Number and Occupation of Correspondence Students of Mining. 
 
 Since October 16, 1891, when Thomas Ooates of Ply- 
 mouth, Pennsylvania, enrolled as the first student in mining 
 34,496 (October 7, 1907) persons have taken up correspond- 
 ence mining courses, scattered through every state and 
 
204 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 territory in the United States, in fact in practically every 
 country of the world, large numbers being found in South 
 Africa, Australia and other far-away countries. 
 
 In the various courses of the International Correspond - 
 dence Schools 50 per cent, or more of the scholarships are 
 sold to men engaged in the engineering trades or profes- 
 sions, some of whom are graduates of scientific schools, who 
 buy the text for reference purposes because they are con- 
 cise, complete, practical and thoroughly well indexed. The 
 success of correspondence instruction depends in great part 
 on the fact that it is primarily utilitarian and secondarily 
 educational (as the word education is commonly employed). 
 The percentage of students in the mining courses who are 
 already connected with mining is probably greater than 50 
 per cent, especially in the Coal Mining courses, since the 
 incentive for taking these courses is in so many cases x the 
 desire to secure a state certificate of competency, and these 
 certificates are based upon a term of service in the mines as 
 well as upon the result of an examination upon the theory 
 of mining. 
 
 There are many students who are connected with min- 
 ing only incidentally; this class includes brokers, bankers, 
 mining investors and engineers who are connected with op- 
 erations allied to the mining industry. This class of stu- 
 dents find the books prepared for correspondence study 
 about the only ones available for their use, for while the 
 books are distinctly practical and technically accurate, the 
 language used in them is so simple that they can be under- 
 stood by the layman in mining matters to w r hom the special- 
 ized books on geology, metallurgy, etc., are usually sealed 
 volumes on account of their extreme specialization and ul- 
 tra-technical language. Again, if questions arise in connec- 
 tion with the contents of the correspondence school books, 
 the student has a right to ask for full explanation, a privi- 
 lege not accompanying the purchase of an ordinary book. 
 
 Results of Correspondence Instruction. 
 
 As to the results of correspondence instruction in gen- 
 eral, up to October 1, 1907, approximately 1,034,000 schol- 
 arships had been sold by the International Correspondence 
 Schools. About 100,000 students have been awarded diplo- 
 mas of graduation or have made considerable progress in 
 the advanced subjects of their courses. Approximately 
 300,000 more mathematics, physics, drawing and other im- 
 portant subjects, while several hundred thousand others 
 have successfully pursued their studies by means of Inter- 
 
VALUE OF CORRESPONDENCE INSTRUCTION 205 
 
 national Correspondence Schools text books without send- 
 ing in exercises for correction. During the fiscal year end- 
 ing December 31, 1906, there were corrected 772,481 exami- 
 nation papers, drawing plates and language records. In 
 connection with the sale of these scholarships over 2,000,000 
 bound volumes of technical literature have been sent out. 
 
 Quoting again from Mr. Foster's Presidential Address, 
 "It is much easier to resolve to study than to study, and 
 many are enrolled who do not become students. For the 
 man who agrees to study and pay, and does not, corre- 
 spondence instruction is not responsible. About two-thirds 
 of those enrolled pay for their scholarships, occupy the 
 status of a matriculated student in a college or university, 
 and are entitled to instruction. Three out of every four of 
 these are benefited. It can be stated definitely, therefore, 
 that one-half of those who enroll as students in the Inter- 
 national Correspondence Schools are permanently, defin- 
 itely benefited. All of the students who complete one sub- 
 ject of their course complete on an average three subjects, 
 that is, Arithmetic, Geometrical Drawing and Mechanical 
 Drawing, or Blow-piping, Assaying and Mineralogy, or Ar- 
 ithmetic, Mensuration and Mine Ventilation. As it takes 
 the average student more than four months to finish each 
 subject, this shows that one-half of the students enrolled 
 study at least one year. Since 90 per cent, of all the stu- 
 dents enrolled cannot work Fractions, those who complete 
 one subject, that is, Arithmetic, are benefited, and since the 
 problems in Arithmetic are varied to suit the trade for 
 which the course is intended, every person completing Ar- 
 ithmetic at the same time learns something of the applica- 
 tions of his trade." 
 
 The first 500 students in the International Correspond-^ 
 ence Schools were enrolled between October 16, 1891, and 
 May 20, 1892, in the Complete Coal Mining Course, which 
 was the only course taught at that time; 385, or 77 per cent., 
 of these, completed one or more subjects of the course and 
 46 completed the course. The average number of papers 
 completed was ten, the majority completing the prelimi- 
 nary papers on Arithmetic, Mensuration and Mine Ventila- 
 tion, which papers are those needed to qualify them to pass 
 the examination in which they were especially interested. 
 Many of these original 500 have passed away or have been 
 lost sight of, but from a list of 100 of them it is found that 
 with few exceptions they were miners when they enrolled. 
 Fifty per cent, of this number are now coal operators, min- 
 ing engineers, mine inspectors or mine superintendents, and 
 
206 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 the rest are mine foremen. Nearly all of these original stu- 
 dents enrolled without personal solicitation, and as they 
 had a strong incentive to do good work, namely, a definite 
 examination to pass, it is probable that the results obtained 
 with them are somewhat higher than the average of corre- 
 spondence instruction. 
 
 It is probably true that the students in the Goal Mining 
 courses study more than in some of the other courses for 
 the reason that they have generally a definite goal before 
 them, in being required to pass a state examination in many 
 states before they can occupy a position of responsibility. 
 This gives a definite aim which is even stronger than the 
 incentive to increase the salary. 
 
 In judging the results of correspondence instruction 
 the fact must be kept in mind that such instruction is not 
 designed for the few who have time and means to attend 
 a technical school, but for the large part of the artisan pop- 
 ulation, probably ninety-five per cent, of the whole, who 
 from force of circumstances, cannot attend such a school, 
 and who in most cases have not even had a high school edu- 
 cation. Correspondence instruction is not therefore a com- 
 petitor of collegiate instruction, but it aims to do for the 
 many what our colleges are doing for the few. It is not 
 claimed that correspondence instruction is the panacea for 
 all the ills of the industrial world, but it is firmly believed 
 by the writer that when rightly understood and rightly 
 applied it is one of the most potent factors making for the 
 betterment of the industrial classes at the present time. 
 
 The facts thus far given are historical and statistical 
 and can be verified by anyone through an examination of 
 the books of the International Textbook Company in Scran- 
 ton. 
 
 The proof of the pudding, however, is in the eating of it, 
 and in order to find out the opinion of mining men through- 
 out the country with regard to correspondence instruction 
 the following circular letter was sent in the United States 
 and Canada to about 120 mining men occupying positions 
 of different degrees of responsibility and including every 
 state mining official and mine inspector. 
 
 "One of the questions for discussion at the next meet- 
 ing of the American Mining Congress to be held in Joplin, 
 Missouri, November llth to 16th, will be the subject of 'Min- 
 ing Education in the United States.' 
 
 "I desire to get the opinions of prominent mining men 
 throughout the United States upon the subject of 'The 
 Value of Correspondence Instruction to the Mining Men.' 
 
VALUE OF CORRESPONDENCE INSTRUCTION 207 
 
 I will appreciate it if you will answer the questions on the 
 accompanying sheet and return them to me at your earli- 
 est convenience." 
 
 (1) Have you ever been a student of Mining by cor- 
 respondence? 
 
 (2) If you have studied Mining by correspondence, 
 how much of your success do you attribute to corre- 
 spondence instruction? 
 
 (3) What advancement in position or income have 
 you made which you can trace to your correspondence 
 instruction? 
 
 (4) What is your opinion of the value of such in- 
 struction to others with whom you have come in con- 
 tact as regards their general efficiency about the 
 mines? 
 
 (5) In the state examinations, how do students of 
 Mining by correspondence compare with other appli- 
 cants who have not taken correspondence courses? 
 
 (6) Give some notable instance which you have 
 seen of success due to correspondence instruction. 
 
 Signature 
 
 Official Position ; . 
 
 To this circular letter 66 replies were received and a 
 number of letters were returned on account of imperfect 
 addresses. As these replies came from all over the United 
 States and Canada and from persons in no way connected 
 with the International Correspondence Schools they furnish 
 a good index of the opinion in which correspondence in- 
 struction is held by men who have tried such instruction 
 personally and who are also in a position to judge of its 
 results with others whom they have observed. 
 
 In answer to the first question, "Have you ever been 
 a student of mining by correspondence?" 44 out of 66, that 
 is, 66 V a per cent., stated that they had, and in most cases 
 practically all of their technical knowledge had been se- 
 cured by this method of instruction. A number of others 
 who have not taken courses stated that they had used the 
 books of the International Correspondence Schools and 
 found them very helpful. Of the min'e inspectors and chiefs 
 of departments of mines throughout the United States, 35 
 out of the 54 who replied have been students of mining by 
 correspondence. Nearly all of the inspectors appointed 
 within the past fifteen years have been correspondence stu- 
 dence. Most of the state officials who have not been stu- 
 dents by correspondence had been appointed without an 
 
208 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING ^ CONGRESS 
 
 examination or had secured their certificates of compe- 
 tency before the introduction of correspondence instruction 
 in the United States. In many cases these same men state 
 that they realize full well the greater advantages now open 
 to young men through the medium of correspondence in- 
 struction. 
 
 Question 2. "If you have studied mining by correspon- 
 dence, how much of your success do you attribute to corres- 
 pondence instruction?" 
 
 This is, of course, a rather difficult question to answer,, 
 as it is difficult to determine just what part of a man's suc- 
 cess is due to each of the items contributing to it. How- 
 ever, 21 out of the 65 who answered state that they consider 
 that "practically all" of their success can be attributed to cor- 
 respondence instruction, while 11 others state that their 
 success is "very largely" due to such instruction. Several 
 college graduates replied that they had been materially 
 helped in connection with their work by taking correspon- 
 dence instruction after receiving their college degrees. 
 
 One man replied that he attributed very little of his 
 success, and four that they attributed none at all to such 
 instruction. 
 
 Question 3. "What advancement in position and in- 
 come have you made which you can trace to correspondence 
 instruction?" 
 
 A large number of those replying have advanced from 
 the position of miner at the face to various positions of re- 
 sponsibility such as secretary and treasurer of a coal com- 
 pany, mine inspector, general foreman, etc. The most no- 
 ticeable advancement is probably one man -from a photo- 
 rapher at a dollar a day to a mining geologist and engineer, 
 due entirely, he says, to correspondence instruction. An- 
 other notable instance is that of advancement from the po- 
 sition of janitor to state inspector of mines. Increases of 
 salary vary from 100 per cent, to 500 per cent. Only two 
 report that they have made no advance in salary since they 
 began studying by correspondence. 
 
 It is not claimed, of course, that some of these men 
 would not have made advancement studying by the ordi- 
 nary methods, but their advancement has undoubtedly been 
 more rapid and a larger number have succeeded that other- 
 wise would not have done so, owing to the almost insur- 
 mountable difficulties of studying alone and without assist- 
 ance. The courses in mining are difficult, and the fact that 
 a man has backbone enough to give up his nights to study 
 
VALUE OF CORRESPONDENCE INSTRUCTION 209 
 
 after a hard day of labor is an index to the character of the 
 men who successfully carry on correspondence courses. 
 
 The fact that a man must work to successfully com- 
 plete a course of instruction by correspondence, and that he 
 must frequently do his work under trying circumstances 
 and must deny himself certain pleasures and privileges in 
 order to do it, marks such a one as a man with ambition and 
 a man with backbone, and even for the sake of argument, 
 assuming the impossible, that is, that a man derives no 
 good from the contents of the books he studies and from 
 writing out answers to the questions contained in them, 
 any man who has the nerve to study for several years in 
 order to know the why and wherefore of his daily work is 
 bound to be a better man. One man in answer to this ques- 
 tion writes: "After completing my course I worked as a 
 miner and was then selected out of twenty -five other appli- 
 cants for foreman of an iron mine.' 7 
 
 Question 4. "What is your opinion of the value of such 
 instruction to others with whom you have come in contact 
 as regards their general efficiency about the mines?" 
 
 This question and the one following form the critical 
 test of the success of correspondence instruction and the 
 answers received are very interesting. It is difficult to tab- 
 ulate this information as each reply is expressed in differ- 
 ent terms of appreciation. Fifteen state simply that they 
 have the "very highest opinion" of the value of such instruc- 
 tion. A large number of others say that men who have 
 taken such courses are more reliable, have more fixity of 
 purpose, are most ambitious, take a greater interest in the 
 affairs of the company, give their superiors less trouble, 
 are up-to-date in their methods, and that men with such in- 
 struction are much above the average of their fellow work- 
 men. 
 
 One Chief of Department of Mines writes: "It has 
 brought about greater efficiency among mine managers, it 
 brings young men to the front who would otherwise remain 
 working at the face, and enables the older men to keep up 
 with the times and with the advancements in mining life." 
 
 A mine manager in Illinois writes: "I have had per- 
 sonal experience with a great many students of correspon- 
 dence schools in mining work and I find them in general 
 much more efficient and practical than men who are not 
 such students." 
 
 One inspector of mines states that he has never come in 
 contact with any person who has shown extra ability be- 
 cause of correspondence instruction, but he adds that he 
 
210 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 does not wish to appear as depreciating such instruction, 
 since he has only been thrown in contact very slightly with 
 those taking such work, and, by the way, he is located in 
 a part of the country in which the correspondence work 
 has not been pushed to any great extent. 
 
 Question 5. "In the state examination, how do stu- 
 dents of mining by correspondence compare with other ap- 
 plicants who have not taken correspondence courses?" 
 
 This is a question which, of course, applies only to the 
 states in which coal mining is carried on, and only in such 
 of them as have certificated foremen, fire bosses, etc. With- 
 out exception the replies state that students who have stud- 
 ied the theory of mining by correspondence lead the oth- 
 ers who have prepared themselves in such examinations; 
 that they give better answers and show greater reasoning 
 power, and that their examination papers are more satis- 
 factory to the examining boards. One member of an ex- 
 amining board writes: "In this locality students by cor- 
 respondence always get higher percentages than those who 
 study by other methods." Another member of an examin- 
 ing board from British Columbia states that correspondence 
 students stand foremost in the examinations in that sec- 
 tion. Another states that they compare as a polished gem 
 to the rough diamond. A mine inspector from Montana 
 writes: "Of fourteen successful applicants for certificates 
 of competency, the examination papers on file in this office 
 show that the seven highest graded papers were those of 
 correspondence school students." 
 
 Another writes: "I am in a position where I can see 
 the particular benefits derived from correspondence courses 
 in the state examinations for mine foreman and hoisting en- 
 gineer. Here the students of mining by correspondence are 
 about the only successful ones in these examinations. I 
 cannot speak too highly for the correspondence courses in 
 mining." 
 
 Another writes: "I was never a correspondence stu- 
 dent until I had successfully passed the mine foreman and 
 mine inspector examinations, but have since become a stu- 
 dent, and can now see how much easier a student by cor- 
 respondence can fit himself for an examination than one 
 who has to depend upon studying by himself from text- 
 books without any person to explain and make things clear 
 which he is unable to understand." 
 
 Another Chief of Department of Mines writes: "The 
 applicants for state examinations who have not taken a 
 complete course by correspondence do not compare favor- 
 
VALUE OF CORRESPONDENCE INSTRUCTION 211 
 
 ably with those who have. Those that have completed a 
 course and have practical knowledge of mine work stand 
 the best examinations and get the highest certificate of effi- 
 ciency." 
 
 At an examination for State Mine Inspector held at 
 Uniontown, Pennsylvania, in May, 1903, nineteen of the can- 
 didates were International Correspondence School students. 
 Fifty were not such students. The following table shows 
 the relative results: 
 
 Average 
 Percent- 
 
 Per Per age Mark 
 
 Number cent- Number cent- Received in 
 Candidates Number Passed age Failed age Examin's 
 
 I. C. S. Students 19 15 79 4 21 75.2 
 
 Not I. C. S. Students 50 7 14 43 86 54.7 
 
 The average percentage received by the International 
 Correspondence School students was 20.5 per cent, higher 
 than that received by the other contestants; 65 per cent, 
 more of the former passed than of the latter. 
 
 Question 6. "Give some notable instance which you 
 have seen of success due to correspondence instruction." 
 
 Nearly "all of the answers, whether by those who had 
 or had not studied by correspondence themselves contained 
 recited instances of men occupying responsible positions 
 which, in the opinion of the writers, could be directly trace- 
 able to their instruction by correspondence. Some few 
 stated that their observation had not been extensive enough 
 and answers such as the following were very common : 
 
 "Too numerous to mention." 
 
 "I know hundreds of young men in Illinois." 
 
 "Have employed a number of correspondence school 
 men in my laboratory and have found them very efficient." 
 
 "Instances of benefit derived are to be found in every 
 camp in this state." 
 
 "Two men who could not read and write when they 
 enrolled are now superintendents." 
 
 "A friend of mine who could not do simple multiplica- 
 tion is now a good mathematician, surveyor and a very suc- 
 cessful mine manager." 
 
 One man from Montana writes that after completing 
 the course he applied for a position and was told that 
 "no correspondence school students need apply." The same 
 employer would probably have made the same response to 
 a college graduate. 
 
 A well known mining engineer of Denver, a college 
 graduate and for some years a teacher, writes : "Have met 
 a number of men in responsible positions, all of whose tech- 
 nical education had been in correspondence instruction." 
 
212 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 The following letter from the chief mine inspector of 
 one of our states accidentally came into the writer's hands. 
 It was written without any idea that it would be used in 
 this way and in response to a letter of inquiry from a young 
 man in Canada: 
 
 "Your letter of the 14th, relative to recommendation 
 of the International Correspondence School in mining and 
 metallurgy is just at hand. In reply permit me to say that 
 I have taken the complete course in mining in this school 
 and am fully warranted in saying that the benefits de- 
 rived from this study have been of incalculable value to 
 me as a mining engineer. 
 
 "It is true that I was pretty well prepared to do mining 
 engineering before I ever studied or took up the correspon- 
 dence school. However, I acquired a great deal of informa- 
 tion from that school that I did not have. 
 
 "I would advise that you take up a special course of 
 Mine Engineering in this school, along with your complete 
 course in mining. When you have completed these courses, 
 if you have had practical experience, I feel that you will 
 be fully prepared to do mining engineering. 
 
 "I know a number of young men that have taken these 
 courses along with their practical experience in mining, and 
 with such instructions as they got from myself and others, 
 they are well qualified mining engineers, and in many in- 
 stances more thorough and competent than a great many 
 engineers graduating from mining schools." 
 
 Another engineer from Denver who has had a great 
 deal of experience with correspondence students in mining 
 writes as follows in regard to the general subject of cor- 
 respondence instructions : 
 
 "I value correspondence instruction very highly, but 
 even higher on ethical grounds than on practical; for the 
 spirit and thirst for education that will drive a man to 
 correspondence instruction marks him, at least nine times 
 out of ten, as a valuable man. The tenth man is the one 
 who holds the mistaken idea that the diploma, with its 
 effect on possible employers, is the great end and aim of 
 the correspondence courses, and who, because he has no 
 one to watch him, will copy answers to examination ques- 
 .tions directly from his text book. He simply w r ants the 
 mark and diploma without the education, and is no more 
 worthy of consideration in connection witli the general 
 value of correspondence education than is the 'student' in 
 the school or college who 'cribs' his way through. His 
 diploma or certificate won't fool his employers very long, 
 
VALUE OF CORRESPONDENCE INSTRUCTION 213 
 
 and the same lack of principle that leads him to 'crib' 
 will sooner or later get him into trouble with his employ- 
 ers, even if he does succeed in 'holding 1 down his job. 7 So 
 we will eliminate him and consider only the man who stud- 
 ies for the love of study, of the increased knowledge and 
 efficiency it Avill bring him. The other fellow is simply 
 cheating himself and throwing away his money. But to the 
 man who is really after results, the correspondence school 
 offers in many cases the only practicable way to attain them. 
 The willingness to take up, honestly, a course of study, in 
 addition to or connection with a man's regular work, is in 
 itself a mark of that man's superiority. 
 
 "As to the character and efficiency of the instruction, 
 while it must necessarily occasionally lack some of the clar- 
 ity of personal instruction since students' questions can- 
 not be answered as soon as asked, and the sequence of a 
 series of interdependent questions may have become some- 
 what broken by the time the answers are all in; still, the 
 instruction papers are today written in such clear and sim- 
 ple language as to largely obviate this difficulty. The Inter- 
 national Correspondence Schools text books have a high 
 value as reference books on account of their clearness and 
 simplicity. 
 
 "I think so much of correspondence instruction that I 
 recommend it always to working men who show a desire to 
 know more of the theoretical and technical side of their 
 work, and even consider myself, and other engineers, not 
 above profiting by it in the way of brushing up on special 
 subjects. I want to take up a course in electro-chemistry 
 and am going to do so as soon as I can get established some- 
 where where I won't have to pack and unpack my stuff 
 about once a week.'* 
 
 This canvass of the opinions of prominent mining men 
 throughout the United States has at least strengthened the 
 opinion of the writer of the value of correspondence instruc- 
 tion. It is not the panacea for all of the ills of mining. It 
 cannot make an impractical man a practical one. It cannot 
 furnish brains to -the brainless man nor tact to the tactless 
 man. It does, however, offer to the ambitious man a means 
 of obtaining a technical knowledge which he has never had 
 until the correspondence system of instruction as outlined 
 above was put into force. 
 
 Correspondence Schools have not only provided water 
 for the horse to drink, but they have taken the drink to 
 the horse, thus minimizing Ms efforts as much as possible. 
 They cannot, of course, force the horse to drink, but if he 
 
 OF THE 
 
214 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 will lialf try, the drink has been made as palatable as pos- 
 sible. I do not mean by this that correspondence courses 
 are easy courses. Far from it, and really the only dissatis- 
 fied correspondence school students with whom I have come 
 in contact are those who thought that all that was neces- 
 sary to secure a knowledge of the theory of mining was to 
 pay the price of a course, and that in some mysterious way 
 the International Correspondence Schools would turn on 
 the knowledge faucet and allow the streams of information 
 to flow at will down their throats. Such persons probably 
 prefer liquid refreshment to solid because it is too mucn 
 trouble to chew the latter. 
 
Gypsum : Where Found, Its Use and Its Manufacture 
 
 BY C. O. BARTLETT, CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 As I understand it, one of the -principal objects of the 
 American Mining Congress is the creation of a separate 
 Department of Mining by the Government, similar to the 
 Department of Agriculture, honestly believing that the 
 mining industry is so great and so important that it should 
 have a department by itself. 
 
 If tliis is done by the government it must necessarily 
 include all kinds of mining; not the precious metals alone, 
 but all kinds. For instance, there were produced in the 
 state of Vermont very nearly as many dollars' worth of 
 gra nite as the total output of gold in South Dakota. There 
 were over $20,000,000 worth of clay products produced in 
 the state of Ohio last year, nearly three and a half times 
 the value of the gold produced in South Dakota. There 
 were produced in the state of Ohio during the last year 
 more than 27,000,000 tons of coal, and counting its value at 
 #1.50 a ton, this equals more than $40,000,000 worth of coal. 
 There will be received at Cleveland and the nearby ports 
 more than 40,000,000 tons of iron ore this year. Counting 
 the value at $6 per ton, which- is low at the present time, 
 this amounts to more than $240,000,000. 
 
 Again, there is another thing very favorable to the 
 cheaper minerals. As soon as the gold is received it is turned 
 over to the Government and the cash is paid for it. But 
 Avith clay, iron, granite, etc., the work is just begun. The 
 vessels and railroads take the ore and deliver it to the 
 docks. From there it goes to the furnaces and through the 
 different processes until it comes out different kinds of ma- 
 chinery, each process adding to its value, and also adding 
 very much to the wealth of the country, and very much to 
 the common wealth of the people, for it requires an army of 
 workmen to do the work. There are two salt factories in 
 Cleveland extracting from the bowels of the earth right 
 under the city of Cleveland more than 500 tons of salt a 
 day. On the top of the ground are situated large iron man- 
 ufactories, turning out great quantities of iron in the form 
 of wire, nails, bolts, etc., while underneath at a depth of 
 about 2,000 feet are the mines of salt. 
 
 I venture the assertion that in the state of Colorado, 
 which I understand is the banner state in the production of 
 
216 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 gold, in the near future the production of coal will exceed 
 the value of the gold. In fact, it is very nearly to that 
 point now. In 1906 there were mined in Colorado about 
 $22,000,000 worth of gold, and over 10,000,000 tons of coal. 
 Counting coal at $2 a ton, it means over $20,000,000 worth 
 of coal mined in the state of Colorado, but a very little less 
 than the value of the total amount of gold. This was in 
 1906, and it is a question if this year does not bring the coal 
 ahead of the gold. The largest deposits of coal in Colorado 
 have hardly been touched, especially in Koutt county; not 
 only bituminous coal, but anthracite, of which I understand 
 there are large quantities. 
 
 There are many other cheap minerals that must, and 
 necessarily should, receive the attention of the government. 
 There is one company in the city of Cleveland, with quarries 
 near that city,, that is now shipping more than 85 carloads 
 of their stone product a day, employing an army of work- 
 men. This product goes to nearly every part of the United 
 States. There is another company near Cleveland that is 
 manufacturing a very high grade of pressed brick. They 
 are making about 10,000,000 very high quality of pressed 
 brick a year, which are shipped to all the cities from the 
 Mississippi river to the Atlantic ocean and the present 
 price is about $13 per 1,000. 
 
 Another industry belonging to this class is the gypsum, 
 industry, on which I beg to submit the following: 
 
 Gypsum is found in many mountainous localities 
 throughout the United States, and especially in New York, 
 Ohio, Michigan, Iowa, Kansas and several other of the 
 eastern states. It is also found in the eastern part of Can- 
 ade. The largest deposits are found in Nova Scotia and 
 Newfoundland, and it is of a very high grade. It is gen- 
 erally found near the surface and is easy to mine. In some 
 places it is nearly pure and in other places it is necessary 
 to sort it. 
 
 At the present time I presume that not one in five at 
 this convention have ever heard of gypsum, but neverthe- 
 less it is used in nearly every city in the United States in 
 one form or another. It is largely used for making ready- 
 made plaster, and its use along this line is increasing very 
 rapidly indeed. In fact, in 1900 there were produced only 
 429,000 tons. In 1906 there were produced nearly 1,400,000 
 tons, with a very marked increase in 1907. One company 
 is now operating over 30 plants throughout the United 
 States, and as I understand it, they are continually behind 
 in their orders. Gypsum is also used for making Portland 
 cement, crayons, and for many other purposes. 
 
GYPSUM 21? 
 
 Most gypsum is quite hard. It generally contains 
 about 25 per cent, moisture. The product manufactured 
 from gypsum rock is generally called calcined plaster of 
 paris. To manufacture this requires the following machin- 
 ery: 
 
 The gypsum rock is first crushed in an ordinary 9x12 
 inch jaw breaker, which easily has a capacity of 5 tons an 
 hour. From this breaker the crushed gypsum rock goes to 
 the second crusher, called a pot-crusher, and is again 
 crushed. From the second crusher the material goes to the 
 dryer, where about 10 per cent, of the moisture is taken 
 out. The products of the fire should not be allowed to come 
 in contact with the material while being dried, on account 
 of the danger of discoloring it. From the dryer the crushed 
 gypsum rock should be ground and elevated to the bins over 
 the calcining kettle. Different machines are used for grind- 
 ing, but as a general thing the horizontal French Bulir 
 mills are as good as anything to reduce the rock. 
 
 The calcining or boiling is done in a large open kettle, 
 generally 10 feet in diameter and 10 feet deep, with heavy 
 wrought steel sides and cast iron or very heavy steel bot- 
 tom, made convex so as to better resist the heat without sag- 
 ging. The kettle should have four flues, about 12 inches in 
 diameter, running through it near the bottom. Inside of 
 the kettle is a heavy shaft supported from above, with very 
 heavy sweeps or stirrers below the flues near the bottom, 
 and some mixing paddles above the flues. The shaft must 
 necessarily be very strong and should be supported froni 
 above, otherwise the weight of it would tend to break down 
 the bottom of the kettle. The kettle should be set in brick- 
 work, with fire front, doors, grate bars, etc. The heat passes 
 directly under it and around the sides, then through the 
 flues and out at the stack. The ground gypsum is fed into 
 the kettle in quantities of about ten tons at a time and 
 continually stirred and boiled until the remainder of the 
 free water is driven off. It usually takes about two hours 
 to boil one batch. It should be brought to a temperature of 
 265 F. When properly boiled it will settle, after which it 
 is ready to be discharged, which is done through a discharge 
 gate on the side near the bottom, same being operated by a 
 lever from above. 
 
 A large proportion of the calcined plaster is used in 
 this form. If it be desired to make a finer grade it will be 
 necessary to boil it the second time, which in reality is tak- 
 ing out the water of crystallization. If this water of crys- 
 tallization is once started it must be taken out, otherwise 
 
2l8 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 the calcined plaster will be spoiled. A competent and reli- 
 able man should always have charge of this calcining- ket- 
 tle, for it is the most important part of the business. After 
 calcining it can be either passed over a grading reel and 
 graded, or else the whole product can be ground on Buhr 
 mills, after which it is ready for use. 
 
 Elevators, conveyors and good, heavy bins, which 
 should be made largely of steel and iron, will also be re- 
 quired. Everything about a gypsum plant should be very 
 strong and substantial. . 
 
 The necessary machinery for making the above men- 
 tioned quantity of calcined plaster will weigh about 75,000 
 pounds. It will take about 125 horse power to drive it and 
 will cost in the neighborhood of f 10,000. The cost of min- 
 ing the gypsum depends upon circumstances, and varies 
 from 25 cents per ton up. The cost of manufacturing this 
 product in quantities of not less than 50 tons a day will be 
 about f 1 a ton, counting 10 per cent, depreciation of ma- 
 chinery, which is ample, 6 per cent, interest on the invest- 
 ment of, say, |10,000, and allowing 30 cents a ton for 
 mining. 
 
 As above stated, calcined plaster of paris is used in 
 making ready-made plaster. In fact, it is the base of all 
 of this product and is generally used in the proportion of 
 one-third calcined plaster to two-thirds dried sand, with a 
 small amount of hair and retarder. The retarder is neces- 
 sary to prevent the plaster from setting too quickly. For 
 stone or brick work the proportion of calcined plaster is 
 about one-fourth. Wood fibre is largely used, also asbestos 
 fibre, which is preferred by some. There are no patent for- 
 mulas for making ready-made plaster. It is free to any- 
 body and everybody, and anyone who buys so-called patent 
 and secret formulas for making ready-made plaster is sim- 
 ply buying gold bricks. 
 
Tariff on Zinc Ores 
 
 BY S. DUFFIELD MITCHELL, CARTHAGE, MISSOURI. 
 
 Like most subjects touching so many sides of our in- 
 dustrial life, the one before us of "Tariff on Zinc Ores" has 
 accumulated an almost impenetrable covering of technical- 
 ity, and, to get at the underlying body, perhaps one should 
 be a composite mineralogist, metallurgist, lawyer and 
 statesman. I, therefore, approach the discussion with dif- 
 fidence, fearing that to my own undoing I may "rush in 
 where angels fear to tread." 
 
 However, in spite of the apparent serious aspect of the 
 subject, there appears a somewhat redeeming quality of hu- 
 mor in it, as that, for instance, manifested in the absolutely 
 irreconcilable interpretations by the Board of General Ap- 
 praisers in New York, and others, who have trumpeted sci- 
 entific and legal definitions of , the sections of the tariff act 
 with bewildering promise of solution, but whose notes have 
 died away to the faintest echo. 
 
 For within the past two years have you not heard that 
 the lawyer-Secretary of the Treasury, the Attorney General 
 of the United States, the Board of Appraisers at New York, 
 and many expert tariff lawyers, have played battledoor and 
 shuttle-cock with this subject, and there is even now dis- 
 agreement among them all as to the facts and the law. 
 
 Even the United States Circuit Court Judge of Texas, 
 before whom the questions were argued on appeal more 
 than six months ago, has seen not the guiding light to lead 
 him forth from the wilderness, and has failed thus far to 
 make the pronouncement so anxiously awaited. 
 
 In the summer of 1904 prices of zinc ore at Joplin were 
 depressed and the demand somewhat curtailed. *In October 
 the base price wa.s about $40 per ton, but by January and 
 February, 1905, the price had attached itself to a comet 
 and was soaring between $55 and $60. For the succeeding 
 few months prices receded somewhat, but during the last 
 half of that year showed great strength and were well 
 maintained around the $50 mark. 
 
 During a large portion of this time the ore buyers vied 
 with each other for the ore. This competition for ore and 
 enhancement in values, were brought about solely by the 
 smelters. There was no concerted action among the pro- 
 ducers, either to raise the price, or to regulate the output. 
 Many of the more far-seeing operators did not view the situ- 
 
220 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 ation with complacency. For we knew that the law of grav- 
 itation must govern even zinc ore prices at some time. 
 Throughout the year of 1905 the price of 60^ jack at Jopliu 
 averaged $46.95 per ton: it had been $35.92 in 1904. During 
 the whole of the year 1905 with jack at $40.95 and spelter at 
 St. Louis $5.73 per hundred, the ratio between mineral and 
 metal was as 1 to 8 1-5. The zinc operators had always been 
 given the sop that a 1 to 7 ratio would give the smelters 
 only a fair margin of profit. 
 
 From this, one is well able to deduce the fact that dur- 
 ing the whole of the year 1905 no smelter made money; 
 that it was impossible to pay the high price for ore; take 
 the moderate price for spelter;, pay operating expenses, 
 fixed charges, interest on bonded indebtedness; and have 
 left even the widow's mite for the holders of engraved cer- 
 tificates of moisture. As a conclusion this must be correct, 
 for during the months of January and February, 1905, the 
 ratio between the prices of ore and spelter was as 1 to 8f . 
 
 During the latter part of 1904 the smelters began the 
 importation of zinc ores from British Columbia and Mexico. 
 By a ruling of the Treasury Department in October of that 
 year, such ores were admitted under paragraph 181 of the 
 tariff act as "lead bearing ore" and paid the nominal duty 
 of 1J cents per pound on the lead contents^ 
 
 The mine operators of this district then agitated the 
 subject of securing a rational classification of these ores; 
 a committee was appointed to have charge of the subject 
 and discussion was opened with the Treasury Department 
 at Washington. There for six months the weather vane 
 was variable. In July, 1905, the Secretary of the Treasury 
 in "a letter, said that instructions would issue that lead 
 bearing ore must contain four per cent, lead to be lead ore 
 (a construction entirely apart from his powers as an offi- 
 cial); that zinc sulphides might be dutiable as metallic 
 mineral substances under paragraph 183 of the act; and 
 that calamine was free. These promised instructions were 
 never issued. In September, 1905, he declared he had ex- 
 pericenced a change of heart; that while before he had con- 
 cived a strong leaning towards the position of the domestic 
 mine operators, his attitude had since changed and he then 
 thought zinc ore was not dutiable because there was no 
 free metal in it. 
 
 After urgent appeal the whole matter was referred to 
 Attorney General Moody for opinion. Three propositions 
 were argued in printed briefs submitted to the Attorney 
 General. Representing two operating companies and my- 
 self, I presented an intervening brief, urging one position 
 
TARIFF ON ZINC ORES 221 
 
 which New York attorneys, representing the producers, re- 
 fused to argue. 
 
 The Attorney General sustained all three contentions 
 and accordingly on February 10, 1906, the Secretary of the 
 Treasury telegraphed the Collectors of Customs, as follows : 
 
 "You are hereby instructed, following the advice of the 
 Attorney General, to classify ores ohiefly valuable for the 
 zinc which they contain as metallic mineral substances in 
 a crude state, under paragraph 183 of the existing tariff 
 act, at the ratio of 20^ ad valorem. You will admit ca!a 
 mine, silicate of zinc, free under paragraph 514.". 
 
 Such in brief was the preliminary skirmish which pre- 
 ceded the larger contest, now pending in the courts. This 
 controversy is based upon protests filed at the ports of La- 
 redo, Kansas City, Philadelphia and other places. 
 
 The record in the case now pending in the Circuit 
 Court of Texas squarely raises the three questions: 
 
 First What is calamine? Does it apply exclusively to 
 hydrous silicate of zinc, or does it include both the sili- 
 cates and both the carbonates of zinc? 
 
 Second Are ores of zinc "metallic mineral substances 
 in a crude state" and dutiable; or are they "minerals, crude, 
 or not advanced in value or condition by refining or grind- 
 ing, or by other process of manufacture," and therefore 
 free? 
 
 Third What is the scope and meaning of the term 
 "lead bearing ore" when lead and zinc are combined in the 
 same ore? 
 
 First. 
 
 Calamine: Paragraph 514 places calamine on the free 
 list. 
 
 For the year ending June 30, 1907, over 66,500 tons of 
 ore, classified as calamine, were imported from Mexico, or 
 75$ of the total zinc importations from that country. The 
 Board of Appraisers ruled that "the term 'calamine' covers 
 both the silicates and the carbonates of zinc, that this is 
 so, when the word is regarded in its broadest sense, so far 
 at least as tariff construction should go." 
 
 It was said that the word was scientific ; not familiarly 
 used in ordinary speech and having no "popular" meaning. 
 The distinction of Dana that only the hydrous silicate of 
 zinc is properly calamine, was admitted, as well as the fact 
 that he is the accepted American authority on the nomen- 
 clature of zinc ores. But it was said that the foreign min- 
 eralogists recognize no such distinction. 
 
 Again, it was said that in view T of the fact that silicates 
 and carbonates of zinc are found in nature commingled: 
 
222 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 are of the same value; used for the same purpose; and that 
 zinc ore is nowhere provided for by name; it is more than 
 a conjecture that Congress, under the name of calami ne, 
 intended to cover both the carbonate and silicate of zinc. 
 
 It was further stated that calamine has been mentioned 
 by name in the free list in every tariff act since 1792, except 
 in the acts of 1846 and 1857, where it was dutiable. In none 
 of the tariff acts has zinc ore been provided for by name. 
 It was then argued that if any presumption arises at all, 
 it is that Congress intended no duty on zinc ores, as such, 
 rather than that by changing the designation "lapis calim- 
 inaris" to calamine (in the act of 1846) it was intended to 
 charge certain kinds of zinc ore with duty. 
 
 Such is the decision of the Board of General Ap- 
 praisers. It will be remembered that this Mining Congress 
 at its El Paso meeting in 1905, passed a resolution to secure 
 a correct interpretation of the term "calamine" in accord- 
 ance with the definition established by Professor Dana. 
 
 I dismiss the subject of calamine with this brief syn- 
 opsis of the official finding of the General Appraisers, be- 
 cause the discussion is purely scientific and involves only 
 mineralogical technicality. 
 
 Second. 
 
 Paragraph 183: Are the ores of zinc "metallic mineral 
 substances" or are they "minerals crude, or not advanced 
 in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other 
 process of manufacture"? If the former, they are dutiable 
 at 20$ ad valorem; if the latter, they are free. 
 
 The Board of General Appraisers, who had decided 
 180,703 various protests before our 13 protests claimed their 
 attention, found no difficulty in ruling that zinc ore is not 
 a metallic mineral substance, because it contains no free, 
 native metal; and because one cannot by the dexterous use 
 of tweezers pick out of the ore particles of spelter; also that 
 the ore, by the usual system of concentration, has not been 
 advanced in value or condition; but that such process is 
 merely "to avoid paying freight charges on rock and dirt." 
 As Jones pays the freight, and the Joplin miner never pays 
 it, it is interesting to learn by quasi- judicial determination, 
 that our $25,000 concentrating mills have for their prime 
 object the removal from the smelter of the burden of freight 
 charges. 
 
 It seems to lawyer and layman alike that the word 
 "metallic" clearly includes a zinc ore, which is capable by 
 process of smelting to yield spelter (metal) in a commercial 
 quantity. 
 
TARIFF ON ZINC ORES 223 
 
 There can be no doubt that zinc is a "mineral sub- 
 stance. 77 So are marbles, stones, clays, earths and a hun- 
 dred like articles, specifically mentioned in the schedules 
 preceding the metallic schedule; but the latter are not me- 
 tallic in appearance, nature or composition. 
 
 The Supreme Court of the United States (Marvel vs. 
 Merritt, 116 U. S. 11) defined the noun mineral as "any iu- 
 organic species having a definite chemical composition, 7 ' 
 and ore as the "compound of a metal and some other sub- 
 stances, as oxygen, sulphur or arsenic, called its mineral- 
 izer, by which its properties are disguised or lost." 
 
 Following Webster, it was said that a mine is "a pit 
 or excavation in the earth from which metallic ores or other 
 mineral substances are taken by digging, distinguished 
 from the pits from which stones only are taken and which 
 are called quarries. 77 
 
 As a tariff law deals with articles of commerce between 
 nations, the courts have ruled that its words and terms 
 must receive a commercial, an every day business niaii 7 ^ 
 interpretation. Its language should be exempt from a con 
 struction, which resorts to the technicalities which are 
 properly resorted to in the interpretation of solemn in- 
 struments of writing or those acts of legislation which in- 
 volve property rights and liberty. 
 
 Thus construed, "metallic mineral substance 77 can only 
 inean a mineral substance useful for the metal to be de- 
 rived therefrom. Judge McPherson, an eminent Pennsyl- 
 vania jurist, in construing this paragraph, ruled that the 
 term "mineral substance 77 means "ore, 77 and that "metallic 77 
 signifies metalliferous in ordinary speech, and is not to be 
 confined to its strictly scientific, dictionary meaning. 
 
 Several mineralogists of high standing testified before 
 the Board of Appraisers that there are but five metals, of 
 commercial consequence, which occur in nature in a free 
 state. These are gold, silver, copper, platinum and iridos- 
 mium. 
 
 Every one of these five metals is, by Congress, specifi- 
 cally placed in the free list: they bear no duty; metallic 
 mineral substances are subject to 20$ duty. 
 
 "Metallic mineral substances 77 were mentioned in the 
 tariff acts of 1883, 1890 and 1897, -and it remained for the 
 Board of Appraisers to discover in the year 1907, that Con- 
 gress almost twenty -five years ago had enacted a provision 
 of law which is absolutely without effect. 
 
 The point is this: Congress says metallic ore shall be 
 dutiable; the Board of Appraisers says a metallic ore must 
 contain the free metal to be dutiable; all the free metal 
 
224 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 ores are put by Congress in the free list; therefore the board 
 in effect says that no metallic ore is dutiable. This view, 
 if correct, destroys paragraph 183 entirely, for there is noth* 
 ing to come within its provisions; there can be no dutiable 
 crude metallic mineral substances whatever. 
 
 Had not Congress foreseen this wisdom of the board 
 and made specific provision for the ores of iron, alumina, 
 lead, nickel, and many others, these would have gone the 
 road with the ores of zinc, unless one could have picked 
 out the spike from the iron ore, the kitchen w r are from the 
 alumina, or the lead pipe from the lead ore. I am not much 
 overdrawing the situation. 
 
 I do not want to appear hypercritical of government's 
 counsel; but after a close study of the record, I think they 
 were guilty of sins of omission and commission. It should 
 have been shown by positive proof that the process of se- 
 curing spelter from zinc ore in one operation ; that after the 
 ore is placed in the retort it sees not the light of din until 
 it is drawn off as spelter; that the spelter is one degree re- 
 moved from the ore, and therefore that metal as metal must 
 be in the ore. 
 
 It could, at least, have been shown in proof that bj 
 the mixture of zinc ore (the sulphide), limestone and coke 
 in the retort spelter can be procured directly from the ore 
 without resort to calcination. 
 
 In lieu of this, the record shows that witnesses for the 
 importers by their testimony, made out a very intricate sys- 
 tem of zinc smelting: First, calcination for burning out the 
 sulphur; second, distillation in the retort and turning the 
 ore into zinc oxide vapor; third, condensation of this metal- 
 lic "vapor into physical spelter. 
 
 With the record in this shape, it was good argument 
 for importer's counsel to say, "We have the exact analogy of 
 this proposition in the tungsten ore case." To use their 
 words, "the analogy to zinc ore is perfect." Do you not read 
 that the court there said that tungsten metal is two degrees 
 removed from the ore? But said government counsel, 
 "Tungsten metal is used exclusively as an alloy to harden 
 steel." And said counsel for importer, "The suggestion is 
 unfortunate for the government, since a chief use of metal- 
 lic zinc is as an alloy with copper in making brass." 
 
 From the lawyers viewpoint it is difficult to see how 
 the tungsten ore case bears at all on this zinc ore case, for 
 it is said in opinion that the change from tungsten ore to 
 the metal is "an expensive and intricate process." The 
 statement that "the ore does not contain particles of metal" 
 is obiter dictum. How unlike zinc smelting is the cbnver- 
 
TARIFF ON ZINC ORES 225 
 
 sion of tungsten ore into tungsten metal is shown by its 
 process : the powdered tungsten ore is treated with soda and 
 saltpeter in a reverbatory furnace; the melted material is 
 subjected to acid; and on evaporation crystallized into tung- 
 state: of soda; on adding muriatic acid to the latter, tung- 
 stic acid is precipitated; by igniting tungstic acid with 
 charcoal or a current hydrogen, metallic tungsten can be 
 obtained in the form of a powder. 
 
 A very elaborate system indeed of addition, subtrac- 
 tion, evaporation and acidification, compared to the simple 
 process of zinc smelting. This tungsten case is the legal 
 authority for the defeat of zinc ore being classed as a metal- 
 lic mineral substance. 
 
 Paragraph 614: The proposition that zinc ores are 
 "minerals, crude, or not advanced in value or condition by 
 refining or grinding, or by other process of manufacture,' 7 
 and are therefore on the free list, was affirmatively ruled 
 by the board of appraisers. 
 
 While it has been decided that any labor bestowed 
 upon an article is a process of manufacture, the decisions 
 are irreconcilable as to where an article stops being crude 
 and when it becomes a manufactured product. It is un- 
 profitable to discuss these cases. The practice of the treas- 
 ury department is well settled that removing the gangue 
 or impurities from ore is not manufacture or refining but 
 is "one of selection," that it is "mainly for the purpose of 
 economizing in the cost of transportation." 
 
 But I insist that the point was not well developed or 
 strongly argued, that the most important function of mill 
 concentration (after eliminating gangue and rock) is the 
 separation of the zinc, the lead and iron. To that extent 
 the zinc is very greatly "advanced in value or condition by 
 refining." 
 
 For do we not all know how zinc is penalized when con- 
 taining iron and even a very small percentage of lead? And 
 how an excess of lead over this limit precludes many buyers 
 from buying zinc ore? 
 
 Third. 
 
 Paragraph 181 provides that "lead-bearing ore of all 
 kinds," shall be dutiable at li cents per pound "on the lead 
 contained therein." This clause offers the utmost difficulty 
 of construction. 
 
 What is "lead-bearing" ore? How does it differ from 
 the term "lead ore" used in prior tariff acts? Why was 
 "lead ore" in the tariff act of 1894 and prior acts changed 
 to "lead-bearing ore" in the act of 1897? 
 
220 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Secretary Shaw took a short cut and said that "lead- 
 bearing ores" within the spirit of the law, must bear suffi- 
 cient lead to justify its reduction for the retention of this 
 lead; he then arbitrarily decided that four per cent lead is 
 sufficient to; justify such reduction and retention. 
 
 This brought a protest from the local committee having 
 in charge the tariff matter, because it was claimed he had no 
 authority in law for such ruling; it was attempted legisla- 
 tion on his part, and not the promulgation of a regulation 
 as to the collection of the duty. The lead-bearing ore might 
 include all ores containing lead, even though the lead is so 
 small a per cent, as merely to exist chemically ami not as a 
 commercial product. But so far as actual protection was 
 concerned, it was felt that we \vere about as well off with 
 only a trace of duty as a sum of $1.20 or more suggested 
 by the secretary. 
 
 Let us go back twenty-five years and review generally 
 the statutes and their absurdly forced construction, to find 
 the cause of discontent among the lead producers and the 
 smelters, and the reason for their periodic protests and de- 
 mands for a change in the law. The tariff act of 1883 pro- 
 vided a tariff on lead ore of li cents per pound. Large im- 
 portations of silver-lead ore were made; silver ore was free 
 of duty. It became the settled practice of the treasury de- 
 partment that such ore was classified either as silver ore or 
 lead ore, according to which mineral was the component of 
 chief value; if the value of the lead exceeded the value of 
 the silver contents, the whole was classified as lead ore and 
 duty was taken at 1J cents per pound on the gross weight: 
 if the silver exceeded in value the lead, the entire bulk 
 (including the lead) came in free of duty. The vice of this 
 practice was apparent. When the tariff bill of 1890 was in 
 process of construction the western lead miners petitioned 
 the committee on ways and means for such change in the 
 language of the lead ore clause, as would afford protection 
 on the lead contained in all the ores. 
 
 Congress made such change in the law and the act of 
 1890 provided that lead ore should be dutiable at 1/J cents 
 per pound, and added the statutory proviso, 
 
 "That silver ore and all other ores containing lead shall 
 pay a duty of H cents per pound on the lead contained 
 therein." 
 
 The Wilson bill of 1894 left intact the wording of the 
 McKinley act, but the duty on lead ore was reduced to J of a 
 cent. Still the Treasury Department was tenacious of its 
 former rulings and adhered to the classification of silver- 
 lead ore according to the component mineral of chief value. 
 
TARIFF ON ZINC ORES 227 
 
 Until the act of 1897 the practice still was to classify the 
 imported ore either as lead or silver ore, according to which 
 was the more valuable part; if the classification made the 
 bulk silver ore, then under the proviso of the statute the 
 lead contents were dutiable according to tariff rates exist- 
 ing; if, however, the bulk was lead ore, then duty was taken 
 on the gross weight according to the lead schedule. 
 
 Still the western lead smelters were dissatisfied. They 
 declared that the government was exercising an unfair ad- 
 vantage in collecting duty on waste rock and silver, when 
 the importation happened to fall in the category of lead ore. 
 
 They clamored for relief, and a delegation in January, 
 1897, from the four corners of the country appeared before 
 the Committee on Ways and Means to have their grievances 
 righted. 
 
 Some members of the delegation were content to let 
 remain the duty of f of a cent under the Wilson bill ; others 
 insisted upon a return to the duty of li cents per pound un- 
 der the McKinley bill; all demanded a change in the con- 
 struction of the law. It is of interest to note that Messrs. 
 Dingley, Payne and Dalzell thought that the Treasury De- 
 partment rulings were not "the intention of the framers" 
 of the act and that they were "not a fair construction under 
 the act." 
 
 Some of the delegation insisted that lead ores, carrying- 
 less than 5$ of lead, should be admitted free; others in- 
 sisted on a limit of 10$; the representative of the Associa- 
 tion of Missouri Lead Miners stated that the average of 
 their ore mined was less than 7$ lead and that the recovery 
 by concentration did not exceed 5$. Our southeastern 
 neighbors suggested a limit of 8$ and that an excess of lead 
 over that should be dutiable at "f of a cent per pound." 
 
 To show the unsettled and unsatisfactory status of the 
 law from the smelter standpoint, I quote somewhat at 
 length from the testimony of their representative at the 
 hearing in January, 1897 : 
 
 "By a peculiar and somewhat strained use of terms, 
 silver bearing ores in which the value of silver contained 
 therein preponderates, are classed as silver ores, though 
 the quantity of silver may be an insignificant number of 
 ounces, while the remaining metals are figured in tons. 
 Ores of this sort are said to contain the lead, which is an 
 exceedingly ridiculous proposition on its face. With equal 
 propriety one might speak of a house being contained in one 
 of its closets. In the case under discussion the injustice of 
 this unique classification is particularly conspicuous. For 
 instance, A imports 100 tons of silver bearing ore containing 
 
228 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 60 tons of lead, nearly 40 tons of waste, and the compara- 
 tively insignificant physical item of 4,000 ounces of silver. 
 This enormous proportion of lead is valued at $2,400. The 
 few ounces of silver, by the same regulation is valued at 
 $2,600, and, presto, it becomes at once a silver ore, and the 
 importer pays duty only on the 120,000 pounds of lead 
 therein, amounting to $900. B imports another 100 tons of 
 similar ore, from the same mine, containing 60 tons of lead, 
 nearly 40 tons of waste, and 3,600 ounces of silvei The 
 lead, as in the previous illustration, is valued at $2,400, 
 while the silver, happening to be 400 ounces less in quantity, 
 is valued at $2,340. Presto again and we have lead ore, and 
 duty is assessed and collected on the entire importation of 
 200,000 pounds. Does it not strike you, gentlemen, as some- 
 what absurd that a paltry difference of $60 in the valuation 
 of the two metals should determine the character of the 
 ore and compel the payment of $600 additional duty on 
 80,000 pounds of useless substance." 
 
 At the hearings of January, 1897, no one appeared be- 
 fore the Committee on Ways and Means to plead the cause 
 of zinc ore. The final draft of that bill gave the lead miners 
 and the lead smelters all they had asked and much more, for 
 paragraph 181 provides that: 
 
 "Lead bearing ore of all kinds" shall be dutiable at 
 "li cents per pound on the lead contained therein." 
 
 Congress unconsciously stabbed the zinc miners in the 
 back, as recent events have proved. The policy of the domi- 
 nant party in Congress at that time was "protection," and 
 for the mere asking, zinc ores could have received the lib- 
 eral consideration of the Legislature. 
 
 The paragraph 181 in reference to "lead-bearing ore" 
 was passed to avoid the absurdities which for twenty years 
 had existed in reference to importations of silver-lead ores. 
 So far as that class of ore is concerned the Dingley act ef- 
 fected a wholesome and a just change; because now lead 
 bearing ore, containing silver, regardless of the preponder- 
 ating quantity of either, pays duty on the actual lead 
 contents. 
 
 If, however it shall be finally determined that zinc ore 
 is a "metallic mineral substance," what shall be done in the 
 classification and collection of duty upon an importation of 
 zinc-lead ore, where the difference in value of each metal 
 therein is a few dollars or a few cents? 
 
 Suppose the case of imported ore, in which the metallic 
 zinc value is $16 per ton and the lead contents are 4 per 
 cent. ; and that the ore is imported by a zinc smelter for the 
 zinc ; the zinc is the component of chief value and under the 
 
TARIFF ON ZING ORES 229 
 
 law prior to the act of 1897, would pay 20 per cent, ad 
 valorem duty, or the sum of $3.20. But the importer will 
 claim now that it is dutiable only on the 4 per cent, lead 
 contents at li cents per pound or in the sum of $1.20; 
 because the law of 1897 says "lead bearing ore of all kinds" 
 shall be dutiable; and having paid duty as lead bearing 
 ore, the right of the government is claimed to be exhausted 
 to collect any further duty. This seems to be the principle of 
 of construction running through all the revenue acts from 
 the earliest times. 
 
 However, whether that may be established as a princi- 
 ple of law, I find a very recent decision of the United States 
 Circuit Court of Appeals at New York in which there is a 
 slight disposition to change that rule and the broad princi- 
 ple is laid down that "in applying a tariff law, a single arti- 
 cle may be constructively separated into parts subject to 
 different classification." 
 
 If this be the true principle, then in the case of lead-zinc 
 ore the zinc and the lead may be segregated; the ad valorem 
 duty taken on the zinc contents; and the specific duty taken 
 on the lead contents. 
 
 Congress in changing the language of the law from 
 "lead ore" to "lead bearing ore of all kinds" evidently con- 
 templated a radical change only in the case of silver-lead 
 ores. What change (if any) Congress intended to effect in 
 the case of all other ores in which lead enters into combina- 
 tion is as yet problematical. 
 
 If the lead ore alone is dutiable, we have an absurdity 
 shown in one of the protests now pending before the Circuit 
 Court of Texas, where zinc silicate was present to the 
 amount of 6.51 per cent.; zinc carbonate 31.89 per cent., 
 in all 38.40 per cent, of zinc contents, worth $16 per ton, 
 on which the duty would be $3.20; and in which the lead 
 contents were one-half per cent., on which the duty on the 
 lead would be but 16 8-10 cents per ton. 
 
 Ad Valorem Duty. 
 
 The question naturally presents itself, whether an ad 
 valorem duty upon zinc ore is fair protection to the zinc 
 miners of the United States. Ad valorem duty is proper and 
 defensible upon many classes of imports. It is right to as- 
 sess tariff on an ad valorem basis upon expensive paintings, 
 statuary, fabrics, etc., etc., when the value is dependent 
 upon the antiquity, or .other intrinsic value, of the article 
 imported: no other satisfactory assessment could be made 
 as to them, 
 
230 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 But ad valorem duty always suggests the chance of 
 fraud in under-valuation of the merchandise, and the more 
 inexpensive the imported article, probably the more lax are 
 the government customs officials in insisting upon full 
 valuation. 
 
 Lead ore has been dutiable almost from time immemo- 
 rial at a specific rate. Neither producer, smelter, nor con- 
 sumer has been heard to object. Why not then impose a 
 specific duty of at least 1 cent and possibly 1^ cents per 
 pound upon the actual zinc contents. 
 
 Recurring again to the hearings before the Committee 
 on Ways and Means in Januar}^, 1897, we find that repre- 
 sentatives of the lead miners spoke of the then menace of 
 the Mexican lead mines to the domestic producers. 
 
 Thus a representative spoke of the great impetus the 
 McKinley bill of 1890 had given to lead mine development 
 in San Bernardino county, California; how the reduction in 
 duty of the Wilson bill had put quietus upon the busi- 
 ness; how the Mexican mines were flooding our markets 
 with lead to the extent of 100,000 tons annually; and how 
 this entire foreign production could be displaced by the 
 domestic mines, if the duty of the McKinley act were 
 restored. 
 
 The St. Joseph and Doe Run Lead Companies of South- 
 eastern Missouri presented in substance the same argu- 
 ments; and further stated that the Mexican lead mines had 
 been so developed; their output so large; their advantage in 
 freight rates so great; and their scale of wages so low, that 
 they were absolute masters of the situation and that they 
 "hold the power to keep down the industry absolutely and 
 to limit any tendency in upward prices in the domestic 
 market." 
 
 These suggestions as to conditions in 1897 are gravely 
 important to the zinc miners of this general district and to 
 those also of Colorado, Wisconsin, Askansas and other 
 states of the Union where zinc mining either is, or shall be, 
 a leading industry. The menace of Mexican zinc ore today 
 is as great as the menace of Mexican lead ore was ten years 
 ago. 
 
 Speaking of local conditions in the Missouri-Kansas dis- 
 trict, I can say that a vast majority of the producers have 
 always hoped for greater stability of ore prices. In the 
 early part of 1905, after zinc ore had reached a much higher 
 price than f 35 per ton of (>0^ ore, I attended a meeting of 
 operators who controlled more than half the ore production 
 of this district and a contract good for one year to deliver 
 pre to the smelters at $35 per ton base price could have been 
 
TARIFF ON ZINC ORES 221 
 
 effected. The smelters spurned the offer. Again in April, 
 1906, an offer was actually made to the smelters and a con- 
 tract would have been signed to sell ore based upon the 
 quoted St. Louis price for metal. This proposition contem- 
 plated a graduated scale of prices, the extremes of which 
 meant $ 40 ore when spelter was $5 and $52 ore when spelter 
 was $7. This offer was rejected. 
 
 Events since that time have abundantly proved 
 from the smelter's standpoint, the wisdom of such a scale of 
 prices, had it been accepted by them. 
 
 As bearing upon the question of supply and demand 
 in the zinc ore market of the world for the near future it 
 may not be unprofitable to cast about and see what the 
 probable world's supply of zinc ore may be. 
 
 First of all the so-called Broken Hill Zinc field, of New 
 South Wales, Australia, contains stupendous zinc ore de- 
 posits in the heretofore abandoned tailings of the silver-lead 
 mines. 
 
 In November, 1905, was organized "The Zinc Corpora- 
 tion, Ltd.," with offices at Melbourne, Victoria, and a capital 
 stock of $2,500,000, whose object was to purchase and treat 
 these tailings to recover the zinc, lead and silver contents. 
 This syndicate then had secured control of almost 6 million 
 tons of tailings, averaging 17 to 22$ zinc; 6 to 7 oz. of silver 
 and 6 to 10$ lead to the ton. The holdings of the syndicate 
 were then estimated to be in metallic contents:- 900,000 tons, 
 of zinc; 22 millions ounces of silver; and 360,000 tons of 
 lead; representing at that time at current market sales ai 
 value of over 132 million dollars. 
 
 The vast wilderness of Mid-Africa gives promise of 
 producing large tonnage of zinc ores. Not far from the 
 great Zambesi Falls zinc is quarried out of the kopjes and 
 calcined on the spot; it is 50 to 60 per cent, zinc and the 
 cost of mining and sending the ore to Wales is $19.50 per 
 ton; it costs $14.60 to reduce the ore to spelter; and there- 
 fore $34 to make a ton of spelter. As the ore averages 50 
 per cent, metal the spelter cost was $68 per ton, when the 
 London price was $130 per ton. Some time ago it was esti- 
 mated that the mineral tonnage in sight was 750,000 tons. 
 
 For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1906, free and dutia- 
 ble zinc ores to the value of $813,000 (quantities not given 
 by collectors of customs) were imported from Mexico: and 
 for the year ending June 30, 1907, there were imported from 
 the same country 66,500 tons of calamine, valued at $11.79 
 per ton and 23,000 tons of dutiable zinc ore valued at $14.75 
 per ton, making a total for the year of 89,500 tons of zinc 
 
232 PROCEEiDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 ore, valued at the sum of over $1,123,000: an increase for 
 the year of 1906-07 of over 38 per cent, over the value of the 
 preceding year. 
 
 Colorado for the year 1905 mined zinc ore which pro- 
 duced four million seven hundred and seventy-five thousand 
 dollars of spelter and in 1906 the spelter production was five 
 million three hundred thousand dollars worth. Wisconsin 
 in 1906 produced about forty thousand tons of zinc ores. 
 
 It is well known that many new T fields are being devel- 
 oped in the United States; that the domestic production of 
 zinc ore is rapidly increasing; and that the annual output of 
 the high grade Missouri mines is more than holding its own. 
 Therefore, the conclusion is inevitable, that the total do- 
 mestic production of zinc ore must soon supply the spelter 
 requirements of the country. If we must have competition, 
 then let us compete among ourselves, and not with those 
 who are not of our blood and whose methods of life and 
 ideas of government are far beneath our standards. 
 
 In the first session of the 59th Congress, the Hon. C. M. 
 Shartel introduced House Bill 3030, which was referred to 
 the Committee on Ways and Means and ordered to be 
 printed. The bill was introduced by request of the ore pro- 
 ducers of this district and has never been reported by the 
 committee. 
 
 This bill possesses many good features and, if it were 
 now law, would undoubtedly give the domestic zinc miners 
 a fair modicum of protection. It provides for a specific duty 
 of 1 cent per pound upon the zinc contained in all zinc-bear- 
 ing ores. Section 2 provides : 
 
 "That the term 'zinc-bearing ores' means all ores, 
 whether crude, concentrated or otherwise, which contain 
 zinc in any form or condition, either free or in combination, 
 and in which the zinc is of more value than any other single 
 component, irrespective of whether such ores are lead-bear- 
 ing ores or not. Such value shall be determined as of the 
 time and place of importation." 
 
 The draughtsman of this bill is a gentleman long expe- 
 rienced in the practice of tariff law and it may seem self- 
 flattering for me to raise objections thereto. 
 
 But we find the bogey of "component material of chief 
 value" between lead and zinc expressly provided for in the 
 above quoted section. The bill should be so drawn as to 
 relieve us of such tribulation. 
 
 The zinc ore and lead ore importers should not be rele- 
 gated to the situation which existed prior to the McKinley 
 act of 1890, between silver and lead ores. 
 
TARIFF ON ZINC ORES 233 
 
 Suppose the average stable price of lead ore to be 
 per ton and that of zinc ore to be $45 per ton; and the 
 specific duty on lead to be 1J cents per pound on the lead 
 contents; and upon zinc to be 1 cent per pound on the zinc 
 contents. It will be found that 1143 pounds of zinc ore 
 exactly equals in value 857 pounds of lead ore. The duty 
 on the zinc contents is $11.43 ( ; the duty on the lead contents 
 is |12.85; a difference of $1.42i more for the lead contents. 
 
 ~N.O' Mexican mine probably produces such ore; but what 
 nature has failed to do artificial means may dor, if it should 
 prove profitable to the importer to try it. I speak not of 
 probability but possibility. While the mixing of ores for 
 the purpose of securing favorable tariff duty may involve 
 moral turpitude, it seems not to be a fraud against the gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 The treasury department many years ago (T. D. 9492) 
 issued stringent regulations prohibiting the mixing of ores 
 to raise the silver contents and thereby escape the duty on 
 the component lead contents. Yet we find in one case (In re 
 Chichester, 48 Fed. 281) the deliberate mixing of the ores 
 from several mines, so as to give the ores a high content of 
 silver, and to make the importation dutiable only on the 
 lead contained, instead of on its gross weight as lead ore. 
 Upon appeal to the board of general appraisers it was held 
 that "there is nothing" in the law "to warrant a discrimina- 
 tion against the importation of mixed ores. * * * There 
 is no such * * * prohibition in regard to ores of any 
 kind, and no such discrimination can be lawfully made, 
 except after further legislation by Congress." 
 
 The case was appealed to the Circuit Court of the 
 United States, but the main question was left undecided. 
 For a long time since then the mixing of ores still continued 
 in reliance upon the opinion of the board. 
 
 So with the fluctuating prices of lead and zinc ores, it 
 might be profitable to import lead and zinc ores so mixed, 
 and after importation by concentration to separate the two 
 minerals at a low cost a^d market each at the appropriate 
 smelter. 
 
 The equitable procedure seems to be to cast to the winds 
 the classification by component material of chief value and' 
 impose the specific duty on the lead and on the zinc, con- 
 tained in the same importation. Under such law, the lead 
 smelter will import for the lead contents and the zinc smel- 
 ter for the zinc contents. There will be no object for chi- 
 canery; and protection is dispensed with an even hand to 
 both lead and zinc producers of the United States. 
 
234 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 I believe the bill should contain a specific repeal of 
 par. 514, which places calamine (an ore of zinc) upon the free 
 list; and should make 5t dutiable as a zinc ore. There would 
 then no loophole for rrgument as to the implied repeal 
 of that paragraph. 
 
 Whether 1 cent per pound duty on the zinc contents of 
 the ore is adequate protection is a question of perplexity. 
 It may be assumed that the price of zinc ore and the con- 
 sequent price of spelter may be put so high that the con- 
 sumer may curtail in large part his use of the metal and use 
 a substitute which may be procured at a less price. To this 
 extent the demand for a specfic duty on zinc ore must be 
 exercised with discretion. 
 
 It is interesting, however, to note that $60 lead, 80 
 per cent standard, and $45 zinc, 60 per cent standard, sell 
 for exactly the same price per pound of metallic contents. 
 
 But during the years 1905 and 1906 4ind the nine months 
 of 1907 the Joplin price of lead ore has averaged $71.04 and 
 the price of zinc ore has averaged $45.51 per ton. 
 
 The fact that the metallic lead has brought almost .89 
 of a cent per pound and that metallic zinc has brought a lit- 
 tle more than f of a cent per pound, may be significant. Is 
 the fact that lead ore has sold 20 per cent, higher than zinc 
 ore due to the protective duty upon lead? Would zinc ore 
 have sold higher had the law given adequate protection 
 to it? 
 
 The fair query then is, why, if for years the duty of 
 li cents per pound on lead has proved satisfactory to the 
 producer, smelter, and consumer of lead, is not the same 
 rate equitable for zinc ore? 
 
 Not including the production of New Jersey, we find 
 that the domestic production of zinc ore for the year 1904 
 was 413,000 short tons; for 1905, 434,000 tons an increase 
 of 5 per cent; and for 1906, 500,000 tons, an increase of 15 
 pei* cent. 
 
 The importation of zinc ore for 1904 was an unknown 
 quantity; in 1905 it was 41,000 tons, about 9i per cent, of 
 the domestic production; and for 1906 it was 89,500 tons or 
 18 per cent, of the domestic production; and about 31J 
 per cent, of the entire Missouri-Kansas output. 
 
 In 1906 the imports of lead were about 16 per cent, of 
 the domestic production. 
 
 It is undeniable that with the rapid development of 
 Mexico, the building of railroads, and the future discovery 
 of mineral products, the United States will be more and 
 more the outlet and market for these zinc ores. The extor* 
 
TARIFF ON ZINC ORES 235 
 
 tionate price of fuel in Mexico almost precludes the smelting 
 of ores there. 
 
 If the Mexican export of zinc ore in 1906 was over 31 
 per cent, of the production of this district, who can tell 
 what it will be for 1907 or prophesy its magnitude in 1908 
 and succeeding years? How are we to know whether the 
 vast product of Australia may not seek a market here? 
 
 It behooves the zinc producer of the United States to 
 guard well the future. Unless a tariff is demanded of Con- 
 gress and secured which will be protection to the fullest 
 extent, it may be a sorry day for the mine operator and the 
 mine laborer too. 
 
 The smelter has always been alert to his interests, for 
 there is duty on all manufactured forms of zinc; zinc in 
 blocks or pigs, is protected by a duty of 1J cents per pound ; 
 in sheets, two cents per pound ; and even zinc "old and worn 
 out, fit only to be remanufactured, one cent per pound." 
 
 Even "articles or wares * * composed wholly 
 or in part of * * * zinc * * , and whether partly 
 or wholly manufactured," have a high protective wall 
 around them of 45 per cent ad valorem. 
 
 The paint schedule says that zinc oxide and white paint 
 or pigment containing zinc, shall be dutiable at one cent per 
 pound; when ground in oil 1J cents per pound: white sul- 
 phide of zinc li cents per pound; and chloride of zinc and 
 sulphate of zinc one cent per pound. The producer of the 
 raw material alone is without his protection. 
 
 Along the lines suggested in this paper, I venture to 
 propose a form of bill, placing a duty on zinc ore, which, if 
 Congressional action can be secured before a probable gen- 
 eral revision of the tariff subject, is so moulded as to be an 
 amendment to the lead paragraph of the Dingley Act of 
 1897. It fully meets the requirements of the domestic zinc 
 miner, it is adverse to no interest of the domestic lead miner 
 or smelter, and it is confidently believed to be free of the 
 apparently objectionable features which are contained in 
 said House bill 3030. 
 
 An Act to define the duty on lead bearing ore and zinc bear- 
 ing ore and to determine the method of sampling and assaying the 
 same; to amend paragraph 181 and to repeal paragraph 514 of an 
 Act, approved July 24, 1897, entitled, "An Act To provide revenue 
 for the Government and to encourage the industries of the United 
 States;" and for other purposes. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- 
 tives of the United States of America in Congress assem- 
 bled, That paragraph 181 of an Act, approved July 24, 1897, 
 entitled, "An Act to provide revenue for the government 
 
236 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 and to encourage the industries of the United States," bo, 
 and the same is hereby, amended so as to read as follows, 
 viz: 
 
 181. Lead-bearing ore of all kinds, one and one- 
 half cents per pound on the lead contained therein; 
 zinc-bearing ore of all kinds, including calamine, one 
 cent per pound on the zinc contained therein : Provided, 
 that all ores imported, which shall contain both lead 
 and zinc, shall pay; the above specified duty upon the 
 lead contained therein and also upon the zinc contained 
 therein: And provided further, that on all importations 
 of lead-bearing ores and of zinc-bearing ores the duties 
 shall be estimated at the port of entry and a bond given 
 in double the amount of such estimated duties for the 
 transportation of the ores by common carriers bonded 
 for the transportation of appraised or unappraised mer- 
 chandise to properly equipped sampling or smelting es- 
 tablishments, whether designated as bonded ware- 
 houses or otherwise. On the arrival of the ores at such 
 establishments they shall be sampled according to 
 commercial methods under the supervision of govern- 
 ment officers, who shall be stationed at such establish- 
 ments and who shall submit the samples thus ob- 
 tained to a government assay er, designated by the Sec- 
 retary of the Treasury, who shall make a proper assay 
 of the sample, and report the result to the proper cus- 
 toms officers, and the import entries shall be liquidated 
 thereon, except in case of ores that shall be removed 
 to a bonded warehouse to be refined for exportation as 
 provided by law. And the Secretary of the Treasury 
 is authorized to make all necessary regulations to 
 enforce the provisions of this paragraph. 
 
 Sec. 2. That paragraph 514 of said recited Act, and 
 all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of 
 this act be, and the same are hereby, repealed. 
 
 Sec. 3. That this act shall take effect and be in force 
 upon its passage and approval. 
 
 And now may I engage for a short while in discussing 
 a matter not exactly germane to the main subject the 
 question of policy of the domestic zinc operators in demand- 
 ing a specific duty on zinc ore? Regardless of party creed, 
 all operators of this district demand an adequate import 
 duty upon the mineral. We are now a unit in the court liti- 
 gation seeking to impose on zinc ore a meager protective 
 duty of 20 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
TARIFF ON ZINC ORES 237 
 
 The Joplin zinc industry 10 years ago was in value 3 
 and 3-4 million dollars; five years ago about eight million 
 dollars; last year over fifteen million dollars. The value of 
 production still increases. And while the local mining in- 
 dustry is not exactly infantile: the districts of Wisconsin, 
 Colorado and elsewhere are of more tender age; and the 
 aggregations of districts needs protection. 
 
 The domestic operators produce the raw material, and 
 have no protection ; the smelter sells the manufactured pro- 
 duct and enjoys adequate protection. It is the same situa- 
 tion which confronted the farmers under the Wilson Bill : 
 free trade in raw wool tariff on woolen textiles. The Ding- 
 ley bill righted that wrong; you all well know the result. 
 
 Five years ago six to ten thousand dollars was the cost 
 of an average mill under the then existing mining condi- 
 tions; today, fifteen to twenty-five thousand dollars is the 
 price of a good plant under our present mining system. 
 Years ago, short lived soft ground mines, with high mineral 
 values, were operated : today less than three per cent, sheet 
 ground mines with large mineral area, are profitably oper- 
 ated; then wages were much lower and labor hours longer: 
 today wages are very high and the eight hour underground 
 law is rigidly enforced. High wages and the labor law are 
 not objected to by the mine operator, other things being 
 equal. 
 
 If the smelter succeeds in the present tariff suit and no 
 duty is placed on zinc ore, then one of two results must fol- 
 low, either the low grade sheet ground properties must close 
 indefinitely or else the price of supplies and labor must be 
 largely reduced. Labor amounts to sixty per cent, of the 
 operating cost. We prefer to pay to labor the present prices 
 and have an adequate stable price for our. mineral output. 
 
 The average importation of zinc ore from Mexico still 
 continues; for the months of July, Aug. and Sept., 1907, it 
 aggregated 22,000 tons. If we must compete with Mexican 
 ore, then in a way we are driven to compete with Mexican 
 mining conditions. To the miners, I assure you, this is no 
 dream. 
 
 Let me call your attention to the wage scale of a large 
 Mexican mine. These figures are authentic: 
 Mine Employes: 
 
 Foreman $2.85 to $5.00 per day 
 
 Shift Boss, 8 hours 1.71 to 2.14 " 
 
 Hoistmen, 8 hours 2.00 
 
 Common laborers, 12 hours .25 to 1.00 " " 
 
 Muckers, 8 hours .65 " 
 
 Blacksmiths, 12 hours .75 to 1.75 " " 
 
238 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Blacksmith helpers, 12 hours .35 per day 
 
 Compressormen, 12 hours 1.28 
 
 Mill Employes: 
 
 Clerk, 8 hours $18.00 per week 
 
 Ore Weigher, 8 hours 10.00 
 
 Wilfley Concentrator man, 8 hours 1.50 day 
 
 Zinc room man, 8 hours 3.00 
 
 Common laborer, 8 hours 38 cts to 1.00 
 
 These figures are in Mexican coin; worth less than one- 
 half the value of U. S. money. Compared to the scale of 
 wages existing here, the Mexican wages are one-ninth to 
 one-half our scale of prices. 
 
 There are at least 8,000 miners in this district; the 
 weekly pay roll probably reaches the sum of one hundred 
 and fifty to two hundred thousand dollars. This money is 
 immediately circulated among local merchants. Cut this 
 by one-fourth or one-half and the result would be most dis- 
 astrous to general business. 
 
 Protection in principle is intended to foster infant indus- 
 try; also to prevent ruinous competition of foreign trade 
 with established domestic industry; and last, but not least, 
 to enable the domestic industrial concern to pay a higher 
 wage to labor than it could do if subjected to foreign com- 
 petition based on the wage of the laborer who is un-Ameri- 
 can in habits, may be semi-civilized; and whose living neces- 
 sities may be measured by scant requirements. Adequate 
 tariff duty on zinc ores is defensible under all three of the 
 heads above mentioned. 
 
 It is safe to assume that domestic investment in zinc 
 mines is many fold in excess of the amount of investment in 
 smelters. As an industry the mining is of greater financial 
 importance than is the smelting of ore. The golden rule of 
 business and legislation therefore should be to give ade- 
 quate protection to the producer of the raw product, as well 
 as to the manufacturer of the metal. 
 
 It is said that the recent reported increase in Mexican 
 freight rates, by order of the president of that country, will 
 eliminate zinc ore shipments to the U. S. and relieve us of 
 the need of statutory protection. My answer to that propo- 
 sition is that the domestic operator and laborer should have 
 the situation more securely in hand, than it possibly can 
 have when its dependence is based upon some foreign poten- 
 tate's embargo, or the whim of a railroad directorate. 
 
 The domestic zinc mine operator must have the bul- 
 wark of specific duty. And to your Senators and Represen- 
 tatives, from now on, let that be your unceasing slogan. 
 
How Long Will Our Coal Supplies Meet the Increasing Demands of 
 
 Commerce ? 
 
 BY EDWARD W. PARKER, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 The story is told ill Canada of an old lady whose faith 
 is of the kind that moveth mountains. She lived some dis- 
 tance from the beaten paths of commerce, and modern meth- 
 ods of heating and lighting were unknown to her. But one 
 day her son, who had been "to the city," brought home with 
 him a kerosene lamp and a can of oil. She naturally in- 
 quired what the oil was and whence it came, and on learn- 
 ing that it was petroleum or rock oil, she commanded her 
 son to take it back she would have none of it. She could 
 not understand the wickedness of men who were stealing 
 from the Lord the fuel that He had stored in the world for 
 the purpose of consuming it when time should be no more. 
 
 We are not called upon to interpret in what manner 
 the promise of the destruction of the world by fire shall be 
 brought about, but certain it is that man is consuming at 
 an enormous rate not only the combustible material stored 
 beneath the surface of the ground, but we are told by Mr. 
 Pinchot that the forests that formerly seemed inexhaustible 
 will have been practically destroyed by the middle of the 
 present century, if the present rate of destruction continues. 
 The use of wood for fuel is not so great proportionately 
 today as it was a century ago, but other demands upon the 
 forests have taken its place. A recent report of the Forest 
 Service states that the present annual consumption of fire- 
 wood is about 100,000,000 cords, valued at $350,000,000, and 
 that the total forestry consumption represents about 20 bil- 
 lion cubic feet, worth nearly f 1,100,000,000. The consump- 
 tion of lumber has increased more rapidly than the popula- 
 tion. My reason for referring in this paper to the forest 
 destruction will be shown later. 
 
 The subject assigned to me for this meeting by jour 
 distinguished secretary is "How Long Will the Supply of 
 Coal Meet the Increasing Demands of Commerce?" The 
 question is one to which, of course, no accurate reply could 
 be given, for the answer is predicated upon the determina- 
 tion of one unknown and unascertainable quantity, and 
 that is the rate of increase which the demands of commerce 
 will take. Other and scarcely less important factors also 
 enter into the solution of the problem. Among these maj 
 be mentioned the improvement which must be brought 
 
240 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 about in (1) the methods of mining, assuring a greater per- 
 centage of recovery from the mines and a larger proportion 
 of usable fuel and less waste and inferior coal (by inferior 
 coal I mean slack coal or fines which are sold at low prices, 
 or not at all); (2) processes for using economically the slack 
 or low grade coal; (3) more efficient methods of combustion 
 which will increase output of energy per unit of fuel con- 
 sumed; (4) the utilization of other forces of nature which 
 will to greater or less extent diminish the drain upon our 
 coal supplies. Much is already being done and more will be 
 done in the development of better methods in the mining, 
 preparation and utilization of coal. The government, 
 through the Technologic branch of the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey, is spending thousands of dollars in the wav 
 of scientific investigation of fuel utilization, and although 
 this work is of recent inauguration, having had its inception 
 at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, highly valuable re- 
 sults have been obtained, and these are being published 
 and gratuitously given to the public as fast as they can be 
 compiled and published. I shall not attempt to go into 
 these, as I understand you are to have a paper by Prof. 
 Joseph A. Holmes, under whose direction this work is being 
 conducted. I will only mention the fact that one of the 
 results accomplished during the Exposition period was the 
 demonstration that producer gas for power purposes could 
 be made from bituminous coal and lignites with an increase 
 of from 200 tp 300 per cent, over the efficiency obtained from 
 a steam power plant. It is significant, too, that when one 
 of the gas engine manufacturers was approached with a 
 proposition to install one of his engines as a working exhibit 
 at the St. Louis Exposition, the proposition was declined 
 because of want of belief that producer gas from bitumin- 
 ous coal could be so used. I speak from personal knowledge 
 on this point, for I did the approaching. One of the coals 
 successfully used at this exposition plant was a California 
 black lignite or sub-bituminous coal containing 8 per cent, 
 sulphur. I am informed by Prof. Fernald, in charge of the 
 producer gas investigations of the Technologic branch, that 
 66 2-3 per cent of the power represented by the installation 
 of producer gas plants during the last year are for using 
 bituminous coal, while 80 per cent, of the number of plants 
 are designed for anthracite. 
 
 As to the utilization of other forces, the development in 
 the harnessing of water courses which has been made possi- 
 ble through the long distance transmission of power by 
 electricity is one of the wonders of the present time. The 
 great Susquehanna river is being dammed at McCalls Ferry, 
 
242 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 Pennsylvania, for the purpose of sending power electrically 
 to Baltimore and Philadelphia, two cities a hundred miles 
 apart. The power of Niagara Falls is being utilized to a 
 great extent already, and it is a momentous question as to 
 whether we can better afford to permit what remains to be 
 used for power or to preserve it as one of nature's art works. 
 Is it better to use it for utilitarian purposes or for its beauty 
 and grandeur? I am sufficiently uncommercial to hope for 
 the latter. 
 
 As to the interesting demands of commerce on our coal 
 supply, our only method of forming an opinion on this point 
 is from what has preceded (as Patrick Henry once remarked, 
 "We have no way of judging of the future but by the past"). 
 And our past, so far as coal mining is concerned, presents an 
 interesting history. I have prepared and present here a 
 chart which illustrates better than I can tell in figures the 
 rapid, almost phenomenal, growth of our coal mining indus- 
 try. It shows the total production of coal in the United 
 States for each ten years to the close of 1905. Each decade 
 shows an output approximately double that of the preceding 
 one, which means that the production in each ten years has 
 been equal to the production up to the beginning of that 
 decade. How long can or will this continue? Let us prolong 
 the curve as it would show for the future if this history were 
 to continue. I have done this on another chart, which is on 
 a scale of about one-eighth of the one showing our record in 
 the past. It will be noticed that while the production has 
 approximately doubled, there is a decreasing ratio in the 
 percentage of increase during each decade. For instance, 
 the total production of coal .from the earliest times to the 
 close of 1845 was nearly 28,000,000 tons. In the decade for 
 1846 to 1855, inclusive, the production was something over 
 83,000,000 tons, or practically three times the total produc- 
 tion to the beginning of that decade. In the ten years end- 
 ing in 1865, the total production was 174,000,000, an increase 
 of about TO per cent, over the total production for the begin- 
 ning of that decade, but this was the period in which the 
 Civil War occurred, and coal mining, like all other indus- 
 tries, suffered a relapse. Moreover, the records of produc- 
 tion for that period are incomplete, and it is possible that 
 the actual tonnage was more than we have recorded. In 
 the ten years from 1866 to 1875, the coal production 
 amounted to nearly 420,000,000 tons, and it was in this 
 decade that the wonderful development in the coal mining 
 industry actually began. The production for this ten years 
 was two and one-half times that of the preceding ten years 
 and was 35,000,000 tons in excess of the total production up 
 
OUR COAL SUPPLIES 243 
 
 to the beginning of the decade. In the following decade 
 (that ending in 1885) the production was again somewhat 
 more than doubled, but not in the same proportion as in the 
 preceding ten years. The production in the decade ending 
 in 1895 was 87 per cent, larger than that of the preceding 
 one and was over 30,000,000 tons in excess of the total pro- 
 duction to the close of 1885. In the ten years from 1896 to 
 1905 this country produced 2,832,403,000 tons, an increase 
 of 78.5 per cent, over the preceding ten years. 
 
 If we can assume that the production will continue to 
 increase with the decreasing percentage ratio, the produc- 
 tion for the decade ending in 1915 would be 60 per cent, over 
 that of the decade ending in 1905, and the total production 
 for the ten years would be 4,530,000,000 tons, or an average 
 of 453,000,000 tons per year (our production last year was 
 414,000,000). In the next ten years there would be an in- 
 crease of 54 per cent, and the production for the ten years 
 would amount to something over 6,600,000,000 tons. If we 
 prolong the curve in this way for another hundred and fifty 
 years we find that the production would become fairly con- 
 stant between 2046 and 2055, with a decennial production 
 of approximately 2,300,000,000 tons a year, as compared 
 with the production of the present time of something over 
 400,000,000 tons. 
 
 The anthracite fields of Pennsylvania have been pretty 
 thoroughly studied, and it is generally accepted that if the 
 production were to continue at the present rate of about 
 65,000,000 long tons a year, the supply would be practically 
 exhausted in between 70 and 80 years. It is not to be 
 assumed, however, that the production will be maintained 
 at this rate and then suddenly cease, but that the decline 
 would be gradual, and with possibly an increase in the per- 
 centage of recovery of the coal in the ground the total 
 exhaustion of the fields will be put off for 150 to 200 years, 
 
 Mr. M. E. Campbell, in charge of the economic geology 
 of fuel, has prepared with much care an estimate of the con 
 tents of our bituminous coal fields, and he places the quan- 
 1ity of coal in the ground when mining first began at 2,200,- 
 000,000,000 tons. From this there has been extracted, to 
 the close of 1906, about 4,625,000,000 tons, and estimating 
 that for every ton of coal mined there is half a ton lost, this 
 represents an exhaustion of nearly 7,000,000,000 tons, or 
 32 hundredths of one per cent, of the supply. If we estimate 
 that by 2055 the production would amount to 2,300,000,000 
 tons annually, and the percentage of recovery remains the 
 same, the supply, in the light of present knowledge, would 
 be exhausted in approximately 700 years. I am convinced, 
 
H096tf.il - C98t I 
 
 I ^e ill C8 - SfBI I 
 
OUR COAL SUPPLIES 245 
 
 however, that before we have proceeded many years further 
 our methods of mining and our methods of fuel consumption 
 will have so improved that this waste will be materially 
 decreased and that our descendants will recover from 90 to 
 95 per cent, of the supply. This is being done in some regions 
 at the present time. This and the investigation of other 
 forces of nature's may put off for many years the date of 
 complete exhaustion. 
 
 I should like to call attention to the fact that the great 
 increase in our production of coal has been due to our indus- 
 trial development. In the middle of the last century, when 
 the population of this country was 23,191,876 persons, the 
 total amount of coal produced in one year was about six 
 and a half million tons. This represents a per capita con- 
 sumption of a little more than one-fourth of a ton. Ten 
 3 r ears later the consumption was a little over one-half of a 
 ton per capita. It should be remembered that at this time 
 a large amount of the fuel used for household purposes, and 
 to a considerable degree for manufacturing purposes also, 
 was wood. In 1880 the consumption of coal had increased 
 to one and one-half tons per capita and in 1906 it is esti- 
 mated that the per capita consumption was almost exactly 
 five tons of coal. So that in a little over 50 years the per 
 capita consumption has increased from one-fourth of a ton 
 to five tons twenty times. It might be well to mention 
 here that the fuel consumption of wood in the middle of the 
 last century is possibly more than replaced by our present 
 consumption of petroleum and natural gas, for in addition 
 to the coal consumed in 1906 we used nearly 400,000,000,- 
 000 cubic feet of natural gas and 126,500,000 barrels of pe 
 troleum. The natural gas consumed was equivalent to 
 approximately 18,000,000 tons of coal. About 80 per cent, 
 of the petroleum produced, or say 100,000,000, was burned 
 in making light or heat, which would have been equal to the 
 consumption of 25,000,000 tons of coal. 
 
 As I have stated, our production of coal in 1906 was 414,- 
 000,000 short tons. The total production of the world was 
 1,000,000,000, short tons. In the combustion of each pound 
 of coal about two and one-third pounds of oxygen are taken 
 out of our atmosphere and three and one-third pounds of 
 carbonic acid are given off. Take the combustion of the 
 United States product alone and ignoring what additional 
 supply is added by the consumption of oil and gas by the 
 exhalation of man and animals, the quantity of carbonic 
 acid thrown into the atmosphere last year by the consump- 
 tion of coal in this country was approximately 3,000,000,000,- 
 000 pounds. What, becomes of it? One of thegreat consumers 
 
246 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 of carbonic acid is the forests, and these, as I have pointed 
 out, are being used up even faster than the coal. It is true 
 that the cultivation of our farms and the raising of our 
 enormous crops of corn, of wheat, of hay, of vegetables, etc., 
 provide for the consumption of this product of fuel com- 
 bustion, but will they be able to do so if we continue to- 
 rn crease the production and consumption of coal as indi- 
 cated by the chart? One scientist has told me that the corn 
 crop of Kansas will take up as much carbon dioxide as all 
 the trees cut in a year. I am not in a position to deny it, but 
 I am inclined to doubt it. On the other hand, leaf decay and 
 the oxidation of plant life year by year, form another source 
 of carbon dioxide which probably equals the consumption 
 of it by growing vegetation. In fact, no less an authority 
 than Kelvin has been credited with the prediction that the 
 supply of oxygen will be used up before the supply of carbon 
 as represented by our coal beds and forests. This would 
 produce a condition that would make the earth uninhabita- 
 ble by man, but, before that time arrives, we may rest 
 assured that man's genius will have so subdued and utilized 
 the forces of nature that the need for the combustion of fuel 
 in the production of heat, light and power, will have passed. 
 I have shown that, assuring a certain ratio of increase 
 in our production of coal when the supply may be expected 
 to fail, and while there is no fear of an immediate exhaus 
 tion, it is also true that our best and cheaply mined coal3 
 will, at the present rate of drain upon them be largely 
 depleted by the end of the next century. We are taking the 
 cream and leaving the skim-milk. The users of anthracite 
 coal . in the East are already feeling the effects of the 
 lessening supply, and we will do well to heed the warn- 
 ings which bid us practice greater economy in the mining 
 and utilization of our fuel supplies. 
 
Prospecting for Oil and Gas 
 
 BY DR. ERASMUS HAWORTH, LAWRENCE, KANSAS. 
 
 My theme is "Prospecting for Oil and Gas," by which 
 is meant going out into new territory and discovering and 
 opening up new oil and gas fields. If we have advanced far 
 enough in gaining knowledge of the origin and hiding places 
 of these important products of Nature's laboratory to un- 
 derstand the fundamental principles by which Nature was 
 governed in their compounding, then we ought to be able 
 to carry such prospecting beyond a mere wild search and 
 accidental discovery and we should have our actions based 
 upon some fundamental working hypotheses. 
 
 Prospecting for any mineral substance intelligently 
 must presuppose at least some knowledge of its usual oceur- 
 ence and its usual association with other materials; at least 
 some knowledge of its origin and the natural conditions 
 governing its existence. If this is not correct, then all sci- 
 ence and learning are mockery in this particular and the 
 "Open Sesame" of the Ancient with his wand remains the 
 only guide. Certainly with our boasted knowledge and 
 learning of the twentieth century we will not admit this. 
 And yet our knowledge of fundamentals is so limited, and 
 minerals and ores and precious gems have been so successful 
 in choosing their hiding places that thus far in our history, 
 it must be confessed, many of the most valuable discoveries 
 have been made by accident. 
 
 There seems to be a certain association of minerals and 
 of mineral materials which results in our considering the 
 occurrence of certain things as signs of something else. We 
 have, for example, "coal blossom," the expression meaning 
 that something discovered indicates the presence of coal, an 
 idea gained by experience that this "something" is asso- 
 ciated with coal, and having found the first, proper search 
 will reveal the other. Likewise, we have "mineral blossom" 
 for gold, for silver, for lead, for copper, and for every other 
 material usually mined. Then again, we have a certain 
 knowledge of geographic distribution gained by centuries 
 of experience. Such experience will prevent our searching 
 for gold or silver or copper or other metalliferous deposits 
 on the broad plains and fertile fields of the great Mississippi 
 Valley region excepting in a few localities. But after a 
 fashion this is begging the question, for we should know 
 
248 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 more fundamentally why the areas named do not contain 
 the ores mentioned. 
 
 It is my firm belief that when we have sufficiently as- 
 sembled all knowledge of association of materials, we will 
 be able to place prospecting on a firm and scientific basis. 
 Already we do not seek for coal in granite rocks. And why ? 
 Because we have never yet found the two associated. We 
 understand the processes of Nature forming granite are in 
 a measure antagonistic to the processes forming coal, and, 
 therefore, they could not be associated. In our search for 
 the metals, we go to mountainous districts, or to regions 
 where natural forces have greatly disturbed the outer part 
 of the earth, making many fractures and fissures in which 
 valuable deposits could be placed; and we avoid areas where 
 no disturbances of Nature have occurred and where the 
 rocks are soft and friable so that fissures and openings 
 could not remain in existence, even were they once formed. 
 This custom is so well established that we follow it almost 
 unconsciously and possibly without asking or answering 
 the question why. We have the experience of the entire 
 -human race for many thousands of years to support us in 
 such actions, 
 
 Let us occupy a few moments in looking over occur- 
 rences and associations of oil and gas in an effort to learn 
 whether or not we may be equally Avise in searching for 
 these materials. 
 
 The first great general conclusion based upon experi- 
 ence and observation is that oil and gas almost always are 
 found in a porous rock rather than in genuine fissure veins. 
 Sandstone is the most uniformly porous rock known, and 
 almost all the oil and gas know r n to man have been found, 
 in sandstone. Apparently, however, the reason for this is 
 not because the sandstone is sandstone as such, but simply 
 because it is porous and open. Throughout the great oil 
 fields and gas fields of Western Ohio and Indiana oil and 
 gas exist in a limestone which, by one of Nature's myste- 
 rious processes, has been made broadly porous, imitating 
 in this respect an ordinary sandstone. In portions of Cali- 
 fornia oil occurs in a metamorphosed shale which has been 
 rendered hard and porous by metamorphic processes. It 
 would seem, therefore, that the important fact here is that 
 sandstone is porous and forms a natural receptacle or store- 
 room for the oil and gas, rather than a laboratory in which 
 they are compounded. 
 
 Another great fact of observation is that in every oil 
 field thus far developed, a bed of -fine-grained, compact shale 
 
PROSPECTING FOR OIL AND GAS 240 
 
 or clay overlies the porous stone or receptacle, which serves 
 as a blanket or covering to hold the materials in and keep 
 them from escaping. This covering, or blanket, varies 
 greatly in thickness in different places, but apparently is 
 everywhere present. It would seem that it is an essential 
 association. 
 
 The two observations just named are fundamental in 
 importance. They prevent our hope of finding oil or gas 
 in a sandstone immediately at the surface, and equally pre- 
 vent our prospecting in regions where we know no porous 
 rock exists. We would laugh at the man who would begin 
 drilling in solid granite in a search for oil. It becomes de- 
 sirable, therefore, to learn all we can regarding the way na- 
 ture prepared these underground receptacles the sand- 
 stoned and the porous limestones. Many inexplicable con- 
 ditions are observed in oil fields, inexplicable until we study 
 Nature's processes in making sandstone. 
 
 I know an instance, for example, where a line of good 
 oil wells had been drilled nearly a mile in length. Later, 
 a well was put down between two of the old wells, which 
 were 600 feet apart, and this last well found no oil, much 
 to the surprise of everyone who knew about it. But upon 
 investigation it was learned that the last well found no 
 sandstone where the sandstone was expected. The explana- 
 tion clearly is that, along the old sea beach on which the 
 oil-bearing sandstone was formed elsewhere, a mud-bank, 
 due to the particular combination of beach line and river 
 mouth, had been formed, and the dry well penetrated a 
 place where eddies deposited mud, w r hile sandbeds were 
 forming on either side. 
 
 Oil fields in general have been discovered by pros- 
 pectors attracted by surface indications. Usually leaks or 
 springs bring oil to the surface and prospectors have placed 
 their drills nearby. We owe a great debt of gratitude to 
 such prospectors and, in fairness, it should be stated that 
 to them belongs nearly all the credit of having discovered 
 every important oil field thus far developed in America. It 
 was the accidental discovery of oil in boring for salt brine 
 in many places throughout the Appalachian region which 
 prompted the supporters of Colonel Drake to drill his fa- 
 mous well in Pennsylvania. It was the accidental discov- 
 ery of escaping gas and oil in many places which led tin- 
 prospector to make discoveries resulting in the development 
 of many other fields. According to a personal letter re- 
 ceived from Dr. G. W. Brown, now of Illinois, it was the 
 discovery by him of asphalt in Miami county, Kansas, which 
 
250 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 led to the drilling of the first well near Paoli, which must 
 be reckoned as the starting point of development in the 
 great Mid-Continental field. 
 
 And yet, in the aggregate, I venture to state that seaps 
 and springs and escaping gas have led to a larger number 
 of failures than successes. Such springs clearly show that 
 oil and gas exist in a given territory, but they fail to show 
 details of where to drill in order to get the good well. 
 Nearly forty years ago, springs were found on a mountain 
 side in California, but the wells drilled as a result of the 
 discovery in general were total failures. The reason was 
 that the prospector neglected to study his territory care- 
 fully and to learn from what particular formations the 
 seaps were derived. Unfortunately, the drill was placed 
 so that it went directly away from the source of oil rather 
 than towards it. 
 
 In early days quantities of asphaltum were found in 
 Cherokee county, Kansas, east of the Neosho River, and 
 ever since the discovery, periodically, first one party and 
 then another have taken leases in that vicinity with the 
 hope that, by drilling deeper, large quantities of oil would 
 be obtained. Here again disappointment has always accom- 
 panied honest efforts simply because the leaks come to the 
 surface at a place far removed from the bodies of oil and 
 the drill progresses in a wrong direction. 
 
 The Mid-Continental oil field, which lies astride the 
 state boundaries between Oklahoma and Kansas, is now r reck- 
 oned as one of the greatest ever discovered. During the cal- 
 endar year 1907, it will produce about 40,000,000 barrels of 
 oil, probably the largest amount from any one field in the 
 United States. Throughout this entire field, oil is found in 
 sandstone, not one individual sandstone bed, but in many. 
 The field is much more spotted and uncertain than some 
 others. Operators long ago ceased being discouraged by 
 bringing in a dry well, or over-enthusiastic by bringing in 
 a good one. The Mid-Continental field has many individual 
 pools, each one limited in its extent in every direction. No 
 two of them are exactly alike in conditions of thickness of 
 sandstone or distance below the surface. But they are all 
 closely similar in that the oil and gas occur in sandstone 
 which has a firm, compact layer of shale overlying it. It 
 is not uncommon for the drill to pass through a number of 
 different sandstones, each one of which may be productive 
 of oil or gas. 
 
 In order to portray a proper conception, let me liken 
 the formation to a series of shelves in a kitchen cupboard, 
 the shelves proper to be composed of limestones and the in- 
 
PROSPECTING FOR OIL AND GAS . 251 
 
 tervening spaces to be filled with shale beds here and there 
 carrying lenticular masses of sandstone. The drill, starting 
 at the top, will pass through shelf after shelf of limestone 
 with shale and sandstone intervening. These formations 
 vary greatly in thickness, that is, the shelves are unequally 
 distant apart. In some places, a half dozen or more sand- 
 stones will be passed, each one of which is filled with water 
 that must be cased off in drilling, and a lower sandstone 
 found so full of oil that more than a thousand barrels per 
 day may be obtained from one well. Some of the sand- 
 stones are filled with gas instead of oil. Here a gas-bearing 
 sandstone overlies the oil and there it underlies it. The 
 shale beds between may be thick or thin, ten or twenty or 
 thirty feet, or a hundred feet or more. It is not proper to 
 say that the gas is shallower than the oil or that the oil 
 is shallower than the gas. Often we have strong flows of 
 gas above oil-bearing stones, but quite as frequently the ga 
 lies below the oil. 
 
 In one very important respect the Mid-Continental field 
 differs strongly from any and all oil fields farther east. Here 
 there seems to be almost a total lack of important structural 
 relations. In the Appalachian region, we have great broad 
 anticlinal ridges and synclinal troughs which, in a measure, 
 control the location of oil and gas. An anticlinal ridge is 
 simply a fold where Nature has bent the rock strata up- 
 wards. It seems that when a gas body exists underground, 
 the gas is trying to escape upwards and may be caught in 
 this arch, or roof, provided our familiar fine-grained shale 
 bed constitutes the roof. As gas is lighter than oil, it will 
 lie on top of the oil should the two exist in the same sand- 
 stone, and as oil is lighter than water, the oil will lie on 
 top of the water, should they exist in the same sandstone. 
 In regions where anticlinal ridges exist, therefore, one 
 should follow them in search for gas, and after the gas has 
 escaped, oil may be obtained from the same wells, which, 
 in turn, may be followed by water after the oil is exhausted. 
 One eloquent writer, in describing the Appalachian region, 
 said that the anticlinal ridges might be traced by the torch- 
 lights of the gas wells and the synclinal troughs lying be- 
 tween were accurately outlined by the dark valleys where 
 no gas light could be found. 
 
 Many have searched in vain for well-defined anticlinal 
 ridges and synclinal troughs in the Mid-Continental area. 
 Here and there, locally, small and illy-defined anticlines 
 have been discovered. Usually they are productive of gas, 
 but occasionally they overlie mud-banks along the beaches 
 of the ancient seas and, therefore, the necessary porous 
 
252 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 sandstone does not exist. The absence of this important 
 structural relation, which may be determined by surface 
 conditions, makes prospecting in the Mid-Continental field 
 correspondingly more hazardous. An extended study of the 
 records of hundreds of deep wells reveals another important 
 great general fact. The individual sandstone beds in the 
 Mid-Continental field have a lesser horizontal extension 
 than those of a number of other places. This is the imme- 
 diate reason for the existence of so many pools. 
 
 The old lola gas field, for example, had comparatively 
 definite outlines, or perifera, uneven in direction, with an 
 area eight or nine miles in greatest length and from three 
 to four miles in greatest width. Nearby, but outside of the 
 old field, other gas wells of equal importance have been 
 found which seem to be entirely separate and distinct. The 
 gas pressure in the two is not the same and the exhaustion 
 of one does not affect the other. The reason evidently is 
 that in each case a lenticular mass of sandstone contained 
 the gas and that away back at the time each sandstone was 
 forming, conditions along' the old ocean beaches were such 
 that each sandstone area was surrounded by mud deposits 
 which provided no openings or pores to serve as a sieve in 
 later times. 
 
 A careful study of the geology of this region shows that 
 the trend of the old beach lies in a general way nearly 
 north and south. This is certainly the explanation for the 
 long drawn-out, shoe-string-like shape of the Mid-Conti 
 nental productive field. Examine a map of Kansas and Ok- 
 lahoma on which is marked the productive area and it will 
 be found to consist of a long, narrow strip reaching from 
 near Kansas City, a little west of south, by way of lola, In- 
 dependence, Bartlesville and Tulsa, on southward to be- 
 yond the Glenn Pool, a distance of nearly 300 miles. In 
 transverse direction, it is seldom to find an extent of more 
 than ten per cent, of this measurement, although here and 
 there it may be considerably increased. But throughout 
 this great distance north and south, it is only occasionally 
 that nature has been liberal in supplying oil and gas. This 
 local area has it in great abundance and that area has non 
 and our ignorance of Nature's processes is so great that tin 
 wisest cannot explain why. 
 
 Prospecting for oil and gas in the Mid-Continental field, 
 therefore, is exceedingly uncertain in detail, but compara- 
 tively certain and sure in a broad general way. It is de- 
 tail, however, which makes or breaks the individual pros- 
 pector. If a company sufficiently strong could be organized 
 to drill a hundred or a thousand wells, regardless of sue- 
 
PROSPECTING FOR OIL AND GAS 253 
 
 cess or failure, it is practically sure success would meet 
 their efforts. But the individual, or the small company 
 that can drill only a few wells unless success is obtained at 
 first, is likely to meet failure first and go to the wall, only 
 to learn that his follower is successful with his first well. 
 
 This brings me to a most: important point, one hinted 
 at earlier, namely: What is the origin of oil and gas? I be- 
 lieve that if we knew the origin of oil and gas, we would 
 know better where to prospect for it. If we could penetrate 
 the mysteries of Nature sufficiently to understand her man- 
 ufacturing methods and could learn where her factories are 
 located, we would know more about where to search for her 
 store-houses. At present, there are two main and conflict- 
 ing theories regarding the origin of oil and gas. One is 
 held in a tentative way by nearly all the working geologists 
 who are familiar with field conditions in oil and gas re- 
 gions. The other is held principally by chemists. 
 
 The first theory assumes that oil and gas represent 
 products of decay of organic matter which was imbedded in 
 rock masses at the time they were formed. It supposes that 
 during the formation of shale beds and limestones a vary- 
 ing amount of organic matter was included in the rock 
 masses. Such organic matter, it is supposed, being shut out 
 from the oxygen of the air, passed through various stages 
 of partial decomposition similar to the way organic matter 
 decomposes at the surface of the earth, excepting that it 
 was not oxidized. This w^ould yield a complex series of 
 products, gas, light oils, medium oils, and heavy oils, such 
 that their varying gravities would arrange them, as far as 
 possible, with the lighter above the heavier. As all of them 
 are lighter than water, and as ground -water is almost every- 
 where present and is continuously being augmented by rain- 
 fall, the tendency would be for the ground water to drive 
 them upwards, ever upwards and out at the surface, pro- 
 ducing the various leaks, seaps and springs. Here and there 
 where conditions were most favorable, the porous rock- 
 sandstone, limestone, or hardened shale occasionally 
 would be met where the oil or gas might find a resting place, 
 held in place by an overlying, impervious shale bed. The 
 pressure under which a body w r ould exist might be depend- 
 ent on the distance from the surface, which is the same as 
 the pressure of the water holding it in place, or it might in 
 rare cases be increased by water at great depths crowding 
 the oil and gas out of great depths and driving them to- 
 wards the surface. 
 
 This explanation in general is fairly satisfactory, but 
 the great trouble is, we cannot be real sure that it is cor- 
 
254 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 iect. According to it, we would expect to find oil and gas 
 close to where they are manufactured. Therefore' we would 
 search for them in porous rock masses surrounded by black 
 bituminous shale or by other rocks w r hich could have pro- 
 duced them by decomposition of contained organic matter, 
 cither vegetable or animal,, or both. 
 
 The old idea that oil was produced from beds of coal 
 clings to many and is the same as that just expressed, ex- 
 cepting that it is more contracted and probably correspond 
 ingly less likely to be correct. Oil and gas may have beei 
 produced from coal, but if so, it must necessarily be true 
 that they have been produced in much larger quantities by 
 the much greater aggregate of organic matter disseminated 
 throughout the great masses of stratified rock in such a way 
 that it would not ordinarily be called coal. Every black 
 shale, every bituminous sandstone, every limestone, cer- 
 tainly, has contained more or less organic matter and, to 
 those who hold other views regarding the origin of oil and 
 gas, it is difficult to explain what has become of the prod- 
 ucts of decay, of this organic matter. 
 
 When I first began studying this subject, I was puzzled 
 to know how sufficient organic matter could have been im- 
 bedded in rock masses to produce the vast quantity of oil 
 and gas already discovered. Today I am puzzled to explain 
 what has become of the vast quantity of organic matter that 
 we know. was imbedded in all stratified rocks. The mat- 
 ter of quantity, therefore, need give no concern. Not a drop 
 of water enters the ocean from the dry land without taking 
 at least a trace of organic matter with it. Throughout all 
 geologic time, vegetation has covered the dry land areas. 
 Each spring it has budded, and bloomed and matured the 
 ripened fruit; each autumn the fruit and the grass and the 
 leaves have fallen to the ground only to be swept down to 
 the ocean in great measure by flowing waters and to be im- 
 bedded in the silt and mud and the forming sandstones and 
 limestones and thus shut out from the atmosphere so that 
 complete oxidation was impossible. What has become of 
 all this vast amount of organic matter? To those who be- 
 lieve in the origin of gas and oil as above outlined, the an- 
 swer is that a portion of it has been changed over into gas 
 and oil and is now lurking here and there in the stratified 
 rocks and is escaping in seaps and springs in countless 
 myriads of places, but in tops of anticlinal ridges and sand- 
 stone beds and porous limestones overlaid by impervious 
 shales it is awaiting the drill of the prospector for an oppor- 
 tunity to escape to the surface. 
 
PROSPECTING FOR OIL AND GAS 255 
 
 Another view of the origin of oil and gas has been ad- 
 vocated for many years which may be called the chemical 
 theory. This chemical theory is based upon well-known 
 chemical properties of matter. It assumes that at one time 
 at least a portion of the matter of the earth was in a molten 
 condition and that while in that condition, carbon united 
 with different metals forming carbides similar to that 
 known to exist in ordinary cast iron. Gradually, through- 
 out geologic time, water has come in contact with these me- 
 tallic carbides and has brought about a decomposition of 
 the carbides, producing oxides of the metals and hydro- 
 carbons. In our chemical laboratories such changes can 
 be brought about so that there need be nothing surprising if 
 oil and gas should be produced in this manner. 
 
 Suppose that at a proper distance beneath the surface 
 where the temperature is considerably above surface tem- 
 peratures, percolating water should find carbides of iron 
 and other metals. The reactions above named probably 
 would occur and a complex series of hydro-carbons would 
 be produced which, under the influence of water pressure, 
 would migrate towards the surface along whatever chan- 
 nels they might be able to find, would be filtered or strained 
 through clays and stones of various degrees of porosity, 
 and would ultimately be found escaping in seaps or springs, 
 or caught in pools in much the same way as though pro- 
 duced by decomposition of organic matter, as already ex- 
 plained. 
 
 This chemical theory of the origin of oil and gas, ap- 
 parently is gaining favor of late. It is an all-important 
 question. If, by some good fortune, we can decide which 
 theory is correct, or possibly could find that still a new and 
 unheard of explanation is correct, then it seems we would 
 be in a position to formulate rules to govern our actions in 
 prospecting, rules which would lead to ultimate success. 
 But so long as there is a doubt as to how oil and gas have 
 been produced and where on the earth or in the earth Na- 
 ture's factories have been located, or are located, provided 
 they are still in operation, just that long it will be impossi- 
 ble for man to entirely satisfactorily establish working hy- 
 potheses to guide his actions. And so long .as this doubt 
 exists, surely we must proceed in our prospecting in a 
 measure without being governed by that high degree of in- 
 telligence for which all of us are longing and striving. 
 
The Deflocculation of Non-Metallic Amorphous Bodies 
 
 BY EDWARD GOODRICH ACHESON, NIAGARA PALLS, N. Y. 
 
 In the year 1901, I was engaged in a series of experi- 
 ments having as their object the production of crucibles 
 from artificial graphite. In this work I was led into a study 
 of clays. What 1 learned may be briefly stated as follows: 
 
 1st. The American manufacturers of graphite cruci- 
 bles imported from Germany the clay used by them as a 
 binder of the graphite entering into the crucibles. 
 
 2nd. The German clays are much more plastic and 
 have a greater tensile strength than American clays of very 
 similar chemical composition. 
 
 3rd. Residual clays those found at or near the point 
 at which the parent feldspathic rock was decomposed are 
 not in any sense as plastic or strong as the same clays are 
 when found as sedimentary clays at a distance from their 
 place of origin. 
 
 4th. Chemical analysis failed to account for those 
 decided differences. 
 
 I reasoned that the greater plasticity and tensile 
 strength were developed during the period of transportation 
 from the place of their formation to their final bed, and I 
 thought it might be due to the presence of extracts from 
 vegetation, the washings from the forests being in the 
 waters which carried them. 
 
 I made several experiments on clay with extracts of 
 plants, tannin being one of them, and I found a moderately 
 plastic weak clay, when treated with a dilute solution of 
 tannic acid or extract of straw, was increased in plasticity, 
 made stronger, in some cases as much as three hundred 
 per cent., required but sixty per cent, as much water to 
 produce a given degree of fluidity, was caused to remain sus- 
 pended in water and made so fine that it would pass through 
 a filter paper. Being acquainted with the record of how 
 the Egyptians had the Children of Israel use straw in mak- 
 ing bricks, anc\ how they substituted stubble for straw, and 
 believing it was not used for any benefits derivable from 
 the fibres but for the extract, I called clay so treated 
 "Egyptianized Clay." 
 
 Having in 1906 discovered a process of producing a fine, 
 pure, unctuous graphite, I undertook to work out the details 
 of its application as a lubricant. In the dry form, or mixed 
 with grease, it was easy to handle, but I wished it to enter 
 
DEFLOCCULATION OF NON-METALLIC AMORPHOUS BODIES 257 
 
 the entire field of lubrication as occupied by oil. In my first 
 efforts to suspend it in oil, I met the same troubles encoun- 
 tered by my predecessors in this line of work, it would 
 quickly settled out of the oil. It obeyed the same laws cov- 
 ering the natural product. 
 
 So things stood until the latter part of 1906, when 
 the thought occurred to me that tannin might have the 
 same effect on graphite that it did on clay. I tried it with 
 satisfactory results, the effect being obtainable with the 
 natural graphites as found in the Ticonderoga and Ceylon 
 varieties, and with the artificial product as found in Ache- 
 son-graphite. It was more essential and cheaply produced 
 when the soft, unctuous variety of my graphite was used, 
 this kind being composed of pseudo-morphs of carbide crys- 
 tals, which had been decomposed in the electric furnace, the 
 resultant graphite being very loose, porous and readily dis- 
 
 II ,1 
 
 integrated and deflocculated. The effect was produced by 
 treating the graphite in the disintegrated form with a water 
 solution of tannin, the amount of tannin being from three 
 to six per cent, by weight of the graphite treated. I found 
 that while the effect may be produced in a very satisfactory 
 way with distilled water, the waters as found in rivers, deep 
 wells, etc., are improved by the addition of a trace of am- 
 monia. The presence of carbon dioxide in the water will 
 prevent deflocculation. 
 
 The accompanying Figures 1 and 2 show the effect of 
 tannin in suspending graphite. Figure 1 is that of two 
 test tubes, one containing water, a drop of ammonia and 
 disintegrated Acheson-graphite; the other tube containing 
 a similar amount of water, ammonia and graphite, with the 
 addition of a little tannic acid. The photograph was taken 
 immediately after the tubes were thoroughly shaken. Fig- 
 ure 2 shows the same tubes and contents, four minutes hav- 
 
258 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 ing elapsed after being shaken, they not having been dis- 
 turbed during that interval. These tubes furnish a very 
 clear demonstration of the quick settling of graphite in 
 plain water and the remarkable effect of the presence of 
 tannin. All of the graphite put into the tube with the tan- 
 nin did not remain suspended. In fact, in this case as il- 
 lustrated, very nearly all of it had settled, only sufficient re- 
 maining in the water to give it its blackness. To cause a 
 complete Suspension of all the graphite necessitates pro- 
 longed mastication in the form of a paste with the water 
 and tannin, and I find that after this mastication has been 
 carried out that the effect is very much improved by diluting 
 the mass with considerable water, and allowing it to re- 
 main some weeks with occasional stirring. 
 
 I have operated a masticator continuously for one 
 month, without interruption, the machine having been 
 charged with graphite and tannic acid made to a paste with 
 water, and I afterwards found the graphite would remain 
 suspended apparently for all time, not having shown any 
 disposition to settle for a period of two or three months. In 
 this condition I believe it is what would be called, by the 
 chemists, "colloidal," but this word to me is wanting in 
 significance and seems rather to be solely the name of a 
 state or condition, and conveys no conception % of the real 
 condition of the body that is in suspension. I have adopted 
 the name "deflocculated." This is a new word that is not 
 to be found in the dictionary. Flocculation, however,, is, 
 and in the Century Dictionary I find it defined, as applied 
 to chemistry and physics, as follows: "The union of small 
 particles into granular aggregates or compound particles of 
 larger size." If to this word we add the prefix "de," we 
 have a word that would have the meaning of the undoing 
 or resolving of the compound particles into their final molec- 
 ular condition. I believe the body to be actually reduced 
 to the molecular form, as I cannot conceive that the process 
 of subdivision would cease at any definite point previous to 
 the final subdivision to that form. When the subdivision 
 has been carried to this molecular state, the body is ap- 
 parently entirely free from the law of gravitation as we 
 know it as applied to larger masses, and we have here 
 graphite, which weighs approximately two and one-fourth 
 times that of the water in which it is suspended, remaining 
 indefinitely in suspension without any apparent disposition 
 to seek a lower level. Is it not possible that to be colloidal 
 is to be molecular, and to be molecular is to be free from the 
 law of gravitation? We know that colloidal gold, weighing 
 more than twenty times that of the water in which it is sus- 
 
DBFLOCCULATION OF NON-METALLIC AMORPHOUS BODIES 259 
 
 pended, will remain apparently indifferent to gravitation. 
 It is customary to speak of the diffusion of gases; thus car- 
 bonic acid gas, although much heavier than air, will become 
 diffused through the air, but if a volume of this gas be 
 collected in a balloon, you will find that as a mass it is sub- 
 ject to the law of gravitation and will immediately seek a 
 lower level. 
 
 I have found that this effect is obtainable not only with 
 tannic acid and extract of straw, but I have also produced 
 it with catechu and the extracts of sumac, oak bark, spruce 
 bark, and tea leaves. It may be remarked that all these sub- 
 stances, with the one exception of straw, contain tannic 
 acid, and were it not that I have obtained the effect with 
 extract of straw, which is free from tannin, it might be 
 assumed that tannin itself was the essential agent. It is 
 quite possible that this list may be largely extended. I have 
 produced the effect not only on clay and on graphite, but 
 also on amorphous silica, alumina, lampblack, and my new 
 product Siloxicon, and it would seem that this list might be 
 very much extended also. Indeed, it would seem that we 
 might take it as an established law applying to all non- 
 metallic amorphous bodies. When it be remembered how 
 broadly scattered over the face of the earth are these amor- 
 phous inorganic bodies and these active organic agents, it 
 is difficult to grasp to what extent this effect may be utilized 
 in the economy of Nature the effect of the organic acting 
 upon the inorganic. Unquestionably it is this action that 
 prepares the clay for the potters' use. May it not play an 
 important part in the process of the preparation of plant 
 food? 
 
 I have continually referred to the act of deflocculation 
 as an "effect. " I know of no law, either chemical or physi- 
 cal, that will account for the results produced, and we are 
 therefore compelled to define it as an effect a result pro- 
 duced by a cause. 
 
 Figures 3 and 4 illustrate an experiment with water 
 containing 0.2 of one per cent, graphite. Figure 3 shows a 
 glass funnel containing a fine filter paper resting in a test 
 tube. In the tube below the funnel is a black liquid, which 
 has passed through the filter paper. This black liquid is 
 water containing 0.2 of one per cent, deflocculated Acheson- 
 graphite. The- fact of its having passed through the filter 
 paper leaves no doubt in our minds of the impossibility of 
 separating the water and graphite while in this condition 
 by ordinary filtration. I have found that the addition of a 
 very minute amount of hydro chloric acid causes the con- 
 
260 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 tained graphite to flocculate, i. e., group its particles into 
 masses so that it will no longer pass through the paper. 
 Figure 4 shows, as in the former case, the funnel, filter 
 paper and test tube; but now in the lower part of the tube, 
 below the filter, we find a clear liquid, this being the water 
 in which the deflocculated graphite was formerly sus- 
 pended, the graphite now being caught entirely in the 
 filter paper above. It will be noticed that the filter paper 
 in Figure 3 is black on the outside, ,this having been pro- 
 duced by the deflocculated graphite passing through the 
 paper, whereas the filter paper, as shown in Figure 4, re- 
 mains white on the outside, the graphite not having passed 
 through its body. 
 
 This graphite, even after flocculation, is so fine in its 
 particles that when dried en masse it forms a nurd article. 
 It is self-bonding, like a sun-dried clod of clay. 
 
 I have successfully used deflocculated graphite in water 
 instead of oil in sight drop feed oilers and with chain feed 
 oilers. I have a shaft in my laboratory measuring 2 5-10 
 inches in diameter, revolving at 3,000 revolutions per min- 
 ute in a bearing ten inches long that had no oil on it for a 
 month, deflocculated graphite and water being the only 
 lubricants used, the feed being by chain, ancl it ran per- 
 fectly. On the same shaft is a similar bearing lubricated 
 with oil, and this ran much the warmer of the two. 
 
 A few days after this test was started a pessimistic 
 friend remarked that just plain simple water would give 
 the same results, that the presence of graphite was un- 
 necessary. We are influenced by the opinions of others, even 
 when we know or think they are wrong. I emptied the oil 
 out of the second bearing on the shaft and substituted plain 
 water. The results during the first twelve hours seemed 
 to support the contention of the friend. The next day after 
 the machine had stood motionless over night, things did not 
 look so well for the water; it was a lame "second" on ac- 
 count of rust, and was hurriedly removed. I think I shall 
 not recommend clear water as a permanent lubricant. 
 
 . Deflocculated graphite in water possesses the* remark- 
 able power of preventing rust or corrosion of iron or steel. 
 This characteristic will unquestionably make it of great 
 value for some uses, and while, as yet, little has been done 
 to explore the field some work has already been accom- 
 plished in using it as a cutting compound in screw cutting, 
 and I have been advised by one large manufacturer that 
 the results obtained showed it to be equal or superior to 
 oil when the water was carrying as little as one-half 
 
DEFLOCCULATION OF NON-METALLIC AMORPHOUS BODIES 261 
 
 of one per cent, of its weight in graphite. It will readily be 
 understood that while preventing rusting, the high specific 
 heat of the water renders it of great importance, permitting 
 of a high speed of the machinery, and consequently in- 
 creased output. Another probable application of defloccu- 
 lated graphite in water will be as lubricant for condensing 
 engine cylinders. 
 
 While as I have stated, deflocculated graphite in water 
 is an excellent lubricant for light work, it has the disad- 
 vantage of losing its water by evaporation, and I realize 
 that to utilize the possible advantages of deflocculated- 
 graphite it would be necessary to replace the water with oil ; 
 therefore, I set before me the task of accomplishing that re- 
 sult. When it is remembered that a removal of the water by 
 evaporation previous to its replacement by oil would cause 
 the contained graphite to assume the condition of hard, 
 flocculated, self-bonded mass, it will be seen that the prob- 
 lem was not simply one of the evaporation of the water and 
 suspending the resultant dry graphite in oil. A very great 
 deal of difficulty and many discouraging conditions were 
 met with in my attempt to cross this apparently bottomless 
 chasm, and I am pleased to say that I eventually succeeded, 
 and I have been successful in suspending the deflocculated 
 graphite in standard oil in a dehydrated condition. The 
 graphite will remain suspended in the manner that it 
 formerly did in the water, and we now have in this article 
 a truly new lubricating body. 
 
 A new material having been created, as this would evi- 
 dently seem to be, a new name is necessary, and I have 
 added the initial letters of Deflocculated Acheson-graphite 
 D-A-G to "Oil" or "Aqua/ 7 when the deflocculated graphite 
 is carried in oil or water as the case might be, and have 
 "Oildag" and "Aquadag" respectively. 
 
 Professor 0. H. Benjamin, formerly of the Case School 
 of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio, and now Dean of the 
 Engineering Schools of Purdue University, Lafayette, Indi- 
 ana, is engaged in making extensive tests to determine the 
 value of deflocculated graphite as a lubricant, and, while 
 these tests are not as yet completed, he has proved that 
 0.5 per cent, by weight of this graphite in oil greatly reduces 
 the co-efficient of friction and materially extends the lif< 
 of the oil in which it is suspended as a lubricant. Figure 
 5 shows some of the results obtained in his tests with 
 spindle oil, and by a study of them we find that comparm;> 
 the initial co-efficient of friction of plain oil and oil contain 
 ing one-half ? of one per cent, of graphite^ the co-efficieni 
 
262 
 
 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 of friction of the oil containing the graphite was but sixty - 
 live per cent, of the plain oil, while after one hundred and 
 twenty minutes, it was but fifty-five per cent., the friction of 
 the oil having increased fifty-four per cent., while with the 
 contained graphite it increased but thirty per cent. After 
 shutting off the supply of the lubricant on the bearing, the 
 co-efficient of friction of the oil alone increased in thirty 
 minutes 125 per cent, whereas the co-efficient of the oil with 
 one-half of one per cent, of graphite increased in eighty 
 minutes but fourteen per cent. In fact, at the end of the 
 
 entire run of 200 minutes its co-efficient of friction was 
 less than the initial friction of the plain oil. 
 
 Very extensive and careful tests of Oildag have also 
 been made at the works of the General Electric Company, 
 Schenectady, New York, under the supervision of Mr. W. 
 L. R Emmett, engineer of the Lighting Department, and 
 these tests have been corroborative of those made by Prof. 
 Benjamin. They were, however, not made to include meas- 
 urements of the co-efficient of friction but of the tempera- 
 ture and the surface speed of the shaft in the bearing. The 
 shaft measured seven and one-half inches, in diameter, .rest- 
 ing in a bearing twenty-one inches in length, and the test 
 covered both forced lubrication and oil ring lubrication. 
 Not a great deal of advantage was shown in the case of the 
 
DEFLOCCULATION OF NON-METALLIC AMORPHOUS BODIES 263 
 
 forced feed lubrication, the presence of the graphite holding 
 down the temperature but a very little. In the test on the 
 oil ring feed, however, very pronounced advantages were 
 fchown in favor of the graphite. The graphite content as 
 Used in these tests was 0.35 of one per cent, of the weight 
 of the oil. The comparison of oil and oil and graphite with 
 
 pressure of seventy-five to one hundred pounds per square 
 inch of projected area of the bearing showed that with the 
 same pressure and temperature, a shaft can be run from 50 
 to 100 per cent, faster with the graphite in the oil than with 
 the plain oil. 
 
 The world was shocked a short time ago by the appear- 
 ance in the daily press of an account of the utter annihila- 
 
 1 ion of one of the plants of the DuPont Powder Company. 
 The account informed the world of the sacrifice of the lives 
 of a number of its employes, the maiming and crippling of 
 very many more, and of a property destruction extending 
 over many square miles, and, further, that this was -caused 
 by the overheating of a bearing. I believe I am quite 
 within the truth when I state that this frightful catastro- 
 phe might have been entirely obviated had that bearing 
 been lubricated with Oildag. A thin film of graphite be- 
 tween two metallic surfaces will prevent their seizing, cut- 
 ting, or heating from friction. This fact can readily be 
 drawn from the curves of Professor Benjamin's results 
 that I have already shown you, and from the statements I 
 have given you of the results obtained in the works of the 
 General Electric Company, under the supervision of Mr. 
 W. L. R Emmett. 
 
 I have myself been making tests of the efficiency of my 
 product as a lubricant for automobile gasoline engine cylin- 
 ders, with the result that I have very materially reduced 
 the consumption of oil. A Packard No. 30 automobile that 
 I am operating ran 6,000 miles without the necessity of 
 cleaning the spar plugs, and what is still more remarkable, 
 without the necessity of grinding the valves. It would 
 perhaps be too early to state positively that the use of Oil- 
 dag in the gas engine valves would eliminate the pitting 
 of the valve seats, but the results that I have so far ob- 
 tained would rather indicate such a possibility. The sur- 
 faces produced on the valve seats are remarkable, being 
 much finer than is possible of attainment by any mechani- 
 cal finishing, the graphite being incorporated in the body 
 of the metal. 
 
 The results that I have obtained in lubricating my auto- 
 mobile have been largely corroborated by others. Thus, Mr. 
 
264 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 F. W. Haskell, president of the Carborundum Company, 
 who operates a forty-five horse-power Pierce touring car, 
 has been experimenting with Oildag in cylinder lubrication, 
 and he informs me that whereas his past practice, under the 
 advice of the George N. Pierce company, has been to in- 
 troduce a charge of five pints of cylinder oil into his crank 
 case for every three hundred miles, he had, after introduc- 
 ing deflocculated graphite in the oil in an amount equal to 
 0.35 of one per cent., operated the car continuously for six 
 hundred and thirty miles, and upon removing the remain- 
 der of the charge, after running that distance, he found 
 that the quantity and quality was of a kind that would have 
 justified him in continuing for a further unknown distance. 
 
 Mr. W. K Densmore, formerly prominently associated 
 with the interests of the Packard Motor Car Company, and 
 now secretary of the Imperial Motor Company the local 
 representative in the Buffalo territory of the Packard com- 
 pany has found as the results of his experiments with 
 Oildag in the cylinders that deflocculated graphite to the 
 amount of 0.35 of one per cent, reduced the amount of oil 
 necessary for perfect lubrication to the extent of one-half. 
 
 While the possible improvements in the fitting and 
 wear of the various parts of engines and machinery in gen- 
 eral is a matter of great importance, unquestionably the 
 greater value of this new product will be found in its re- 
 duction of the oil consumption in lubrication. We probably 
 have not fully realized the great consumption of lubricating 
 oils, but this can be readily grasped when we remember that 
 the transportation and manufacturing interests of the 
 world are conducted on or with wheels running in bearings 
 that must be lubricated. This requirement has been met for 
 a number of years by the Standard Oil Company, and it is 
 currently stated that the major part of their business is 
 supplying this particular necessity, and we have but 
 recently been pretty well informed as to the profits derived 
 from it. In offering this new product to the w^orld, my pur- 
 pose will be to share the resultant savings, which should 
 be a matter of considerable magnitude, with the public. 
 The tests that have been made by the experts I have re- 
 ferred to, indicate that the oil consumption will be reduced 
 over twenty-five per cent. I hope to make Oildag the lubri- 
 cant of the bearings of the world. 
 
Will the Production of Gold in the World Keep Pace with the Increasing 
 Demands of Commerce and Trade? 
 
 BY DR. WALDEMAB LINDGREN, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 I assure you that I am not using an empty phrase when 
 I say that I approach this subject with the greatest diffi- 
 dence. In fact, I feel a great deal like a student who has 
 been given a problem containing five unknown quantities, 
 and only has data to assemble two equations. To a 
 considerable degree this uncertainty and this difficulty 
 is due to the fact that within this apparently inno- 
 cent question lies concealed another problem, a prob- 
 lem of political economy, and this involves questions 
 concerning which I might say that no two investi- 
 gators have ever been able to agree. Now if the question 
 had been "Will the production of Coal or Iron keep pace 
 with the development of our industries?" it would have 
 been a good deal easier. Coal we need, and iron we need 
 w r e are sure to need but gold the political economists are 
 not at all agreed as to whether we need gold or not. There 
 are a good many mining gentlemen who will tell us that 
 gold is not necessary for the increasing business transac- 
 tions in the business of the world. They Avill tell us that 
 the gold production has no connection whatever with the 
 progress of the industries. There are, however, a number 
 of the students of political economy who hold a different 
 opinion, and I think on the whole they must be right, al- 
 though I am not qualified to pass on the subject. They hold 
 that an abundant supply of gold is absolutely necessary un- 
 der existing conditions, under the standard of values which 
 the nations have adopted for the successful development 
 of industries and trade, and they hold that the increasing 
 production of gold which Ave have experienced the last ten 
 to twenty years has brought about a depreciation of gold 
 wMch needs expression in the increase in Avages and the in- 
 crease in the price of commodities. 
 
 I will accept that vieAv as probably the correct one, but 
 the question then further arises, at what rate is the develop- 
 ment in the industries and trade supposed to progress. The 
 question is, of course, will the production of the gold of the 
 world keep pace with increasing demands of commerce and 
 trade? What are those increasing demands? In other 
 words, at what rate are we going? I venture to say if we 
 
266 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 keep going at the pace which we were setting last year, one 
 thousand millions of gold a year would not be sufficient, 
 but I shall assume that it means that the progress shall be 
 normal, gradual and healthy. 
 
 Now, I said that I approach the subject with diffidence. 
 It is not on account of the questions of political economy. 
 It is also on account of the fact that every man, like myself, 
 who has tried to predict the AVO.rkFs production of gold, has 
 failed signally. Some fifteen years ago when the production 
 of the world was about $119.000,000 a year, we were gener- 
 ally pessimists, and most of those who tried to predict, their 
 predictions fell far short of the actual results, so that per- 
 haps the result is now in 1906 we are apt to be a little too 
 optimistic. We think a flood of gold is going to overwhelm 
 us as it did in 1859 or 1856 when the gold from California 
 and Australia began to pour into the market. 
 
 The question, then, with these preliminary problems 
 eliminated in a way is, what the recourses of the world at 
 the present time are, and what they are likely to be this year 
 and the next year, and possibly hereafter. We have to con- 
 fine ourselves to that. 
 
 I said that the gold production of the world in 1890 
 amounted to $119,000,000. In 1906 it amounted in round 
 numbers to $403,000,000. That is quite a handsome sum. 
 In fact, it is so large that it does not present any definite 
 idea. It is difficult to attach an idea of value to such an 
 amount of money. It is equivalent to 600,000 tons of gold 
 a year. Now, that again is very well, but it is difficult to 
 understand just exactly what it means. Perhaps I can give 
 a better idea of the quantity of gold by telling you what I 
 saw a few years ago in the Denver mint. There was a safe 
 about 6x5x7, 1 should say, and it was lined with gold bars on 
 three sides, two deep, and about five feet high. It contained 
 $14,000,000 to $15,000,000 in gold. And incidentally, I as- 
 sure you, it was a pretty sight. 
 
 Now, the gold production of the world would amount 
 to thirty such safes. You can imagine to better effect thirty 
 such safes filled up with those gold bars one at the side of 
 the other. 
 
 The first thing we had better do is perhaps to try to find 
 out where this gold comes from. First as to quality, as to 
 source of; second, as to geographical location. According 
 to a rough calculation, I have placed the amount of placet- 
 gold in the world annually produced, taking last year, 1906, 
 for an example, at $74,000,000. That is placer gold. The 
 gold contained in copper and lead ores, not mined chiefly 
 
THE PRODUCTION OF GOLD 267 
 
 but partly for the gold they contained, would be about 
 119,000,000. Silver bullion containing a very small amount 
 of gold would contribute about $10,000,000 or $12,000,000. 
 The remainder, or $300,000,000, of gold comes from siliceous 
 quartzose ores. 
 
 There is a fact which we must keep in mind. It is not 
 like silver. We cannot rely on having a steady production 
 of gold as a by-product from copper and lead ore. Silver 
 production is steady and does not increase in a startling 
 manner. That is because most of it is a clear by-product. 
 The mining of pure silver ores is comparatively a very small 
 amount. There is a good deal of it in the bed, of course, but 
 compared with the whole it is not of very great importance. 
 So it is to the siliceous quartzose ores that we have to look 
 for the gold supply. 
 
 Now, then, looking over the geographical distribution 
 of those $403,000,000 of gold I can first mention a miscel- 
 laneous item, that is about $30,000,000. It comes from 
 South America, Central America, European countries, the 
 Orient, and a few other scattered places, in all amounting to 
 $30,000,000, and there is no great reason for expecting much 
 of a change in the immediate future from those countries. 
 True, South America has always been supposed to be a po- 
 tential source of gold. Very likely it is, but it is not to be 
 supposed that there are any gold countries proper on the 
 scale of California and Australia containing that metal, but 
 in some way Mexico suddenly has increased her gold produc- 
 tion in a short time, so that we may expect South America 
 shall sometime furnish a similar amount. India contributes 
 now about $10,000,000 or $11,000,000 only from one district 
 practically, and that production is rather slightly decreas- 
 ing by slow degrees so that there is not much to expect 
 from there. 
 
 The next item is Russia, and that is an important item. 
 The trouble' about Russia is its gold production remains at 
 about the same figure, and has remained for th^ last ten 
 years. It is about $24,000,000. Russia contains, no doubt, 
 vast amounts of placer gold, but political conditions make 
 it very difficult to work there. This is the consensus of 
 opinion of engineers who have been there and examined 
 their resources. Aside from drawbacks of climate, the 
 frozen ground, etc., the government does, not seem to en- 
 courage the industry at all. True there are concessions, 
 but they are coupled with so many embarrassing terms that 
 they are very difficult to comply with, so although in fact 
 Russia may vastly increase its gold output very likely it 
 
268 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 will there is nothing much to be expected from that source 
 in the immediate future. 
 
 The next country we come to is Australia. Now that 
 is very important. It produces about one-fourth or one- 
 fifth of the total gold production of the world, and inci- 
 dentally I call your attention to the remarkable and close 
 analogy and similarity between Victoria, Australia and Cal- 
 ifornia, in the quantities produced; in geological structure, 
 form and nature of deposits they are most remarkably simi- 
 lar, but it was Western Australia which yielded the pro- 
 duct that caused Australia as a continent to become so 
 prominent of late years in the gold production of the world. 
 But the picture is not altogether so rosy. The different 
 states have shown a decided decrease in the past years, in 
 Western Australia itself, West Cambria especially so and 
 there is no reason to suppose, unless remarkable discoveries 
 appear, that Australia will increase its gold output. More 
 likely it will decrease it. Last year the decrease was $3,- 
 000,000. It is predicted there will be a decrease of about 
 $2,000,000 this year perhaps more. That disposes of Aus- 
 tralia. 
 
 Now we come to the more interesting feature perhaps 
 to us North America. While our production in 1906 was 
 $124,000,000 quite a considerable sum about $14,000,000 
 of that came from Mexico and that country seems likely to 
 hold its own for quite awhile yet. The production of Mex- 
 ico comes from two sources; first, that contained in the sil- 
 ver bullion, and second, that contained in the gold mines of 
 El Oro and a few others, but nearly half the production of 
 Mexico hinges on the production of the mines of El Oro. 
 
 Next comes the gold production of Canada. That is 
 at present something like $12,000,000, and has shown a 
 decreasing tendency due to persistent decrease in the pro- 
 duction of the Klondike. It is true that it seems likely that 
 within a short time because of the numerous quartz mines, 
 which are now being located there, combined with dredg- 
 ing the Klondike will once more regain its former position 
 maybe not reach such startling figures, but will no doubt 
 produce for many years to come. 
 
 The United States last year produced about $94,000,000 
 and it has increased about $6,000,000 or $7,000,000 or $8,- 
 000,000 for the last three or four years. What is the pros- 
 pect of gold production for the present year? The papers 
 have been predicting the $100,000,000 mark will be reached. 
 I doubt whether it will be readied this year. There are 
 influences at work and have been at work for the last year 
 
THE PRODUCTION OP GOLD 269 
 
 which have, I fear, decreased the production. Copper pro- 
 duction has decreased in the last few months, and that will 
 decrease it some. The production of the Black Hills has 
 decreased somewhat, and in California the production 
 would hardly offset the troubles they have been having in 
 the Mariposa region. 
 
 Alaska has had its share of labor troubles, and on 
 Alaska we have relied to make good this year to reach the 
 |100,000,000 mark. But there is one state worth mention- 
 ing, among the gold-producing states, Nevada. Nevada 
 undoubtedly will increase its production this year just 
 how much I am not in a position to say. You all know T 
 and the papers claim, and no doubt a large part of it is true 
 I think it will produce enough to offset losses in other 
 states which will make our probable gold production this 
 year about the same as last. For the next few years we 
 will be able to maintain a similar production unless as I say, 
 the troubles which are now feared, are coming to the front. 
 
 There is one country we have not touched upon yet and 
 that is Africa, The real crux of the gold situation depends 
 on Africa. Africa produces about $134,000,000 gold at the 
 present time. A part of it is from Rhodesia, and a small 
 part from the Gold Coast Colony and Ashante on the Wes- 
 tern Coast of Africa, but both those districts in spite of 
 rather doubtful production seem to make good and seem 
 to be in the way of increasing their production for the next 
 few years. That is a point in doubt. 
 
 Then we have the Transvaal. The Transvaal produced 
 in 1906 |119,000,000 in gold. The question is, what will it 
 do in the future? The whole problem really hinges on that. 
 For 1907 the figures indicate with considerable certainty 
 that the Band will produce $136,000,000 this year, conse- 
 quently there will be an increase of $6,000,000. The in- 
 crease in production in Africa will probably amount to 
 about |9,000,000. 
 
 Now, summing all this, we reach the tentative con- 
 clusion of course entirely tentative that the production 
 for 1907 will amount to $410,000,000; that is to say, an in- 
 crease of $8,000,000 or $9,000,000 over the production of 
 1906. 
 
 Now as to the future. In regard to the Transvaal and 
 the Band, which as I said is a most important item, the 
 future is somewhat shrouded in doubt. I have not the privi- 
 lege of personal acquaintance with the field but from opin- 
 ions of the men best qualified to judge, there are several 
 influences at work which make the outlook a little bit doubt- 
 
270 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 ful. Kerl, perhaps one of the best writers on the subject, 
 says the following in a recent article: "If more money for 
 further development is not forthcoming, the further devel- 
 opment of the Rand will be greatly checked. The present 
 number of stamps which is 8,000, will then not be increased. 
 The whole of the gold field will be apportioned off relative 
 to the present mills and stamps and the ore instead of being 
 worked out at full pressure in thirty years, which will mean 
 an increasing supply, will last at the present rate of ex- 
 haustion for an indefinite period." 
 
 Now it seems on the face of it that everything should 
 be lovely down there, but unfortunately it is not. They 
 have their labor troubles of the most pronounced and diffi- 
 cult character, and they have difficulty in procuring the 
 necessary capital for their further work. Some of the 
 "out-crop" mines, as they are called, will soon be exhausted 
 and big shafts must be sunk, big hoists erected, and lots of 
 money will be needed, and in the present temper of the in- 
 Vesting mining public in England, it seems rather doubtful 
 whether that amount of money will be forthcoming. 
 
 There are two finalities really dependent upon the im- 
 portant developments on the Rand. One is that the gold pro- 
 duction will be maintained at about the present rate for 
 a number of years is about as far as we can say, and 
 the other is that money will be provided for the develop- 
 ment of the Rand industry, that labor troubles will be 
 avoided, and then the production of the world will no doubt 
 be greatly increased during coming years. 
 
 I must once more call your attention to the uncertainty 
 involved in new discoveries coming right along. You see 
 what a difference the Nevada gold fields have made. What 
 a difference the Fairbanks discoveries. It is all a very un- 
 certain quantity when it comes to future discoveries. We 
 may not find anything of value for a number of years, and 
 again some stars of gold mining may arise on the horizon 
 increasing our gold supply far beyond our estimates. 
 
 There is one more subject on which I would like to 
 touch, and that involves a question in political economy in a 
 way. Students of Political Economy believe that gold depre- 
 ciates because it is produced in such large quantities, and 
 that finds its expression as I have said in increasing the rate 
 of wages and increasing cost of commodities. 
 
 Now I wish to call your attention to a fact. I am not 
 the first one that suggested it. Mr. Roberts, the Director 
 of the Mint suggested it in one of his reports, that if this 
 is true, it is apt to act as a very decided agent or automatic 
 
THE PRODUCTION OF GOLD 271 
 
 regulation on the gold output of the world. If wages raise 
 continually because gold is getting cheaper, more plentiful, 
 some of our gold mines have got to close. It was more or 
 less a political discussion until some things happened a few 
 years ago that made it appear that the theory was well 
 founded. Take for instance, what happened in the Angeles 
 camp in California. The big mines were working on big 
 masses of low grade ores and made some profit. This year 
 there was a strike. More wages were demanded and the op- 
 erators decided they could not pay them. The consequence 
 was, the mines closed down. Consequently the output of 
 California will be much curtailed because of that. Now 
 the same thing is likely to happen, especially on our low 
 grade properties which increase to a great extent the gold 
 production, such as the Treadwell mines in Alaska, the 
 Black Hill mines and others. On the other hand, in opposi- 
 tion to this, stands, of course, the possibilities of cheaper 
 prices, the possibilities of increased labor-saving appliances, 
 and all those products of the ingenuity of man. Just what 
 the sum total of all this will be is of course very difficult to 
 predict. 
 
 That, then, would be about all that I could tell. I am 
 sorry it is so little. So that to sum up the prospects, 1907 
 will show a further increase in the production of the world 
 from |403,000,000 to about $410,000,000. Regarding what 
 will happen after that, the question is very much involved. 
 It seems likely, as I said, that production will be maintained 
 at an increasing rate, but there is also the possibility that 
 we will only be able to maintain present production for a 
 number of years. 
 
Conservation of the Nation's Mineral Resources 
 
 BY DR. J. A. HOLMES, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 Waste as a National Habit. 
 
 The world recognizes Americans as the most wasteful 
 of peoples in the utilization of their resources. Certainly 
 no nation received so rich an inheritance as did the United 
 States in its combination of soil and forest and climate and 
 .streams and mineral resources. The nation has literally 
 grown up in luxury. 
 
 Out of the very abundance of thes resources we have de- 
 veloped an indifference to economy and the habit of waste. 
 We have destroyed our game for its hides and horns; our 
 forests for their tan bark, or a pittance of the lumber they 
 would yield. Meanwhile with a thoughtless indifference, 
 we have allowed the forest fires to burn more lumber than 
 we have used in the building of homes and in the industries. 
 Meanwhile, through the destruction of the forests about the 
 sources of important streams and the improper cultivation 
 of these sloping lands, the fertile soils are washed away 
 from the fields where they are needed and deposited in the 
 streams and in the harbors of the country from which their 
 continued removal will cost an enormous sum. 
 
 We are thus gradually, but surely destroying the 
 beauty and wealth of our scenic and health-giving moun- 
 tains and the value of our great water resources for power, 
 for irrigation, and for navigation purposes. In spite of our 
 thoughtless waste, this fertile soil and genial climate have 
 furnished food enough for the nation and to spare; but so 
 luxurious are the habits developed by this super-abundant 
 production of food that, as is sometimes said, we waste food 
 enough to supply the wants of another nation as large as 
 our own. 
 
 I The Waste of the Nation's Mineral Resources. 
 
 Water, in some respects the most valuable of ail our 
 mineral resources, as a source of power, is being wasted day 
 after day and year after year to the extent of millions of 
 horse-power. As the essential factor in all irrigation 
 work, it is being wasted by use to excess in many instances; 
 but on a much larger scale and to the value of hundreds of 
 millions of dollars it is being allowed to go to waste year 
 after year by not being used at all. And in a number of 
 
CONSERVATION OF THE NATION'S MINERALS 273 
 
 localities, the limited supply of artesian water available for 
 irrigation and other purposes is being wasted on a consid- 
 erable scale by being allowed to flow continuously when 
 not needed, or in excess of actual need. 
 
 Other mineral resources are being wasted on as large 
 n scale as is true of water, but their waste is even a more 
 serious matter, for the reason that the supplies are not 
 reproduced, as in the case of water, but when once ex- 
 hausted, are exhausted permanently. No better illustration 
 of this fact can be found than is seen in the deserted mining 
 camps, deserted after the mines have become exhausted. 
 
 In- connection with metallurgical processes there is 
 often a waste of materials, which also prove injurious, such 
 as the large quantities of sulphur and arsenic vapors that 
 are turned loose from the chimneys of the modern smelters. 
 This waste is largely preventable, and should be prevented, 
 for the double reason that these materials have a com 
 mercial and economic value, and they are destructive of 
 adjacent vegetation. This destruction of vegetation allows 
 the rains to erode the bare land surface and deposit the 
 transported soil into the adjacent streams. 
 
 The waste in metal mining and treatment of gold, sil- 
 ver, copper, lead, zinc, iron, and other metallic substances, 
 under old time practices, was frequently as high as from 
 twenty to fifty per cent. ; but the modern mining, milling and 
 smelting processes have, of late, been developed along the 
 lines of increased efficiency. Under these more modern 
 practices, waste is now being reduced to from five to usually 
 less than twenty-five per cent. 
 
 Modern chemistry and metallurgy are also developing 
 ]>j j (n esses for the treatment of low grade ores which formerly 
 wf-re left in the mines or on the dumps, or were used in the 
 construction of walls, or public roads, just as they have 
 developed processes for the profitable re-treatment of the 
 enormous piles of tailings, accumulated under the cruder 
 methods of treatment practiced only a few years since. In 
 the mining and treatment of some of these metalliferous 
 ores, however, there is still great waste, and an opportunity 
 for decided improvement which in time is sure to come, as 
 deposits of new material become scarcer and mining oper- 
 ations more expensive. 
 
 In the mining and utilization of miscellaneous min- 
 erals existing practice is a great improvement over that of 
 the recent past, and the future is full of promise. Thus, in 
 the utilization of the mica deposits, formerly only cut sizes 
 of mica were used; now the smaller scales are being col- 
 
274 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 lected, ground and used for a number of purposes. The 
 former waste in the quarry is now being largely used for 
 macadamizing public highways, for mixing with cement 
 and -sand in the construction of concrete buildings, or for 
 use in a variety of other ways. The waste piles about: some 
 of the coal mines, and other mines of the past, are 1 eing 
 taken back into the mines, and new waste materials are 
 being retained in the mines for the building of supporting 
 pillars, and in filling space otherwise left open through the 
 extraction of the mineral deposits; thus greatly diminishm 
 the need for timber and permitting a much larger extraction 
 of valuable material from the mines. 
 
 Waste in the Utilization of Fuels is a problem that in an 
 especial manner concerns the general public, for the reason 
 that the fuel supplies are coining to be regarded, like the 
 water and the forests as public utilities. They furnish our 
 heat, light and power; they serve as the basis of industry 
 and of transportation, and are, therefore, absolutely neces- 
 sary to the welfare of the nation's industries and commerce. 
 But, notwithstanding their vast importance, it is in the 
 mining and utilization of these fuel resources that we prac- 
 tice the greatest waste. 
 
 The waste of gas and petroleum illustrate this practice. 
 
 Persons now living can recall when the great gas wells 
 were seemingly inexhaustible in Ohio, Indiana, West Vir- 
 ginia and Pennsylvania. They have seen the innumerable 
 gas flames pointing skyward day and night. In many of 
 those fields, this gas supply was wasted in a manner well- 
 nigh criminal, and the exhaustion has been so complete 
 that there is no ground for belief that other supplies of gas 
 will be discovered in many of those special regions. 
 
 Petroleum in the past has, in like manner, been wasted, 
 both in enormous overflows and the burning of material. 
 In the early days of petroleum there was also an enormous 
 waste through the failure to save the gasoline and other 
 bi -products, which now have great value. Here, however, 
 as in the case of the metals, the modern improved practice 
 is doing much to lessen this enormous waste. This problem 
 is one of especial importance to the Pacific Coast states, 
 owing to the absence of adequate coal supplies. 
 
 Coal is now the world's greatest fuel. Wood has been used 
 extensively in the past, especially for domestic purposes. 
 Gas and petroleum continue to have extensive local use, and 
 in power and light developments, water power will play an 
 important part in some portions of the country. Alcohol 
 and the solar energy may contribute their mite to the na- 
 
CONSERVATION OF THE NATION'S MINERALS 275 
 
 tion's power, but the world's great centers and industries 
 of today, and, as far as we definitely know, of the future, 
 must look to coal as their main source of heat, power and 
 light. 
 
 Notwithstanding its recognized importance, its mining 
 and use are subjected to large waste. In the mining oper- 
 ations at the present time, nearly one-half of our total coal 
 supply is left under ground, partly as pillars to support the 
 roof; partly as coal of inferior quality, only the best part of 
 the coal from the beds being removed in many cases, and 
 partly due to the fact that the workings out of lower beds 
 of coal first, in some cases breaks and renders impracticable 
 the subsequent mining of the adjacent higher coal beds. Of 
 the coal actually used for power development, usually not 
 more than five per cent, is converted into actual work, the 
 remainder being consumed in the making of steam and 
 smoke, and in overcoming the friction and inertia of the 
 engine, shafting, etc. Of the coal used in . railway oper- 
 ations which includes nearly one hundred million tons, or 
 nearly one-fourth of the total supply of the country not 
 more than five per cent, is transformed into actual work 
 of pulling the trains. Of the coal used in the development 
 of electric lights, usually less than one-fifth, and often less 
 than one-seventh, of one per cent, is actually converted into 
 light; the remaining ninety-nine and four-fifths, or six-sev- 
 enths, per cent, being consumed in the various preliminary 
 formations of energy. 
 
 This waste is appalling, and every possible means 
 should be adopted for reducing it to a minimum, in order 
 that our fuel resources may suffice for the future as well 
 as for the present needs of the nation. 
 
 What Our Coal Represents. 
 
 In the plant life of the earth our coal fields represent 
 vast areas of vegetable matter, accumulated during the past 
 periods in the earth's history, later and gradually trans- 
 formed into coal. Every foot of the thickness of this coal 
 may be considered the equivalent of many feet of the origi- 
 nal vegetation. Of the sun's light and heat our coal represents 
 enormous quantities transformed and stored in this vegeta- 
 tion, and further concentrated in the coal. It is the earth's 
 great storage battery of solar energy. In time this coal 
 represents the unmeasured ages of the past, the thousands 
 and millions of years before man came into existence, during 
 which this solar energy was being stored and concentrated 
 in different parts of the earth's crust. In the nation's welfare 
 
276 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 it represents the basis of the heat, power and light upon 
 which the nation's comfort and the nation's industries and 
 the nation's commerce depend. 
 
 How the Duration of Our Coal Supply Can Be Extended. 
 
 During the past year the country produced and used 
 more than 400,000,000 tons of coal; during the ten years pre- 
 ceding the consumption was nearly three billion tons 
 which approximates the aggregate consumption of the sev- 
 enty years preceding. (It is estimated that by 1950 the 
 population of the country will aggregate over 200,000,000.) 
 It is expected that the rate of per capita consumption of coal 
 for domestic, for manufacturing, and for transportation 
 purposes will continue to increase largely, as this is in ac- 
 cord with the logical development of the country. 
 
 These considerations lead to the conclusion that this 
 rate of increase in our coal exhaustion is not likely to di- 
 minish greatly, and might at times become larger, unless 
 we may find more efficient methods of mining arid using 
 coal. If this increasing rate does continue, it is estimated 
 the nation will have used the larger and more available 
 part of its coal supply before the end of the next century. 
 At that time there will, of course, still be much coal under- 
 ground, but it will be low in grade, or much higher in price, 
 owing to its greater depth; mining will be more expensive 
 and more dangerous. 
 
 In considering the possibilities of extending the life 
 of our coal supplies, so as to meet the needs of the future 
 as well as those of the present, we must therefore reckon 
 with the continuance of these rapidly growing needs of the 
 country, and our possibilities of success in meeting these 
 on a rational basis will be along the following lines: 
 
 (1) The prevention of waste in mining. The coal left 
 in the mines as pillars to support the roof, together with 
 that left under ground because of its being inferior, or low 
 grade in quality, will range from less than ten to more than 
 seventy-five per cent, of the total, these extreme figures rep- 
 resenting unusual conditions. Add to these the loss arising 
 from the breaking up of closely overlying beds of coal owing 
 to the previous removal of the lower beds and the caving in 
 of the overlying strata, and we have a' total waste which will 
 aggregate on the average but little, if any less than fifty 
 per cent, of the possible total available supply. It is be- 
 lieved that an increasingly large part of this waste will be 
 found preventable. 
 
CONSERVATION OF THE NATION'S MINERALS 277 
 
 (2) We must use coal with greater efficiency. The 
 small percentage of the heat units in coal that are actually 
 converted into work or light, as stated above, indicates the 
 urgent need of improvement along these lines. The investi- 
 gation now being conducted by the Technologic Branch of 
 the IT. S. Geological Survey, indicates the possibility of in- 
 creasing these fuel efficiencies by two or three fold, and 
 suggests still greater possibilities which will soon be tested. 
 These investigations also point to the extensive future use 
 of dirty low grade coals now left underground or thrown 
 away. The future along these lines is full of promise, but 
 the solution of these problems calls for extended further 
 investigation. 
 
 (3) We should be looking out for possible substitutes 
 for high grade coals. There will be, in the near future, a 
 larger use of running waters for power and light develop- 
 ment, and such developments should be encouraged. 
 
 There will also continue a diminishing development ol* 
 heat and power through the use of wood; and the planting 
 of new forests should everywhere meet with favor. In the 
 New England, Atlantic and some of the middle northern 
 states, there will be some utilization of the peat beds for 
 similar purposes, and investigations should be made to dis- 
 cover the most efficient ways of utilizing these deposits. 
 
 A limited future use of alcohol made from wood and 
 farm products for heat and power purposes, seems certain, 
 and it is to be hoped, but not certain, that cheaper methods 
 may reduce its cost to come within reach of commercial 
 practice, say twelve cents or fifteen cents per gallon. 
 
 Petroleum and natural gas will long continue as large 
 local, but in a measure, temporary contributors to the com- 
 forts and industries of the nation, and our supplies of these 
 should be efficiently utilized. It is occasionally suggested 
 that the heat of the sun may be stored from day to day In 
 sufficient quantities for continuous power development; but 
 the suggestion has, as yet, too indefinite a basis to permit 
 of its serious consideration in the present connection, 
 though this is worthy of serious investigation. 
 
 These considerations are all important, but at the pres- 
 ent time the sum of all these possible substitutes in the na- 
 tion's supply of heat and power and light, cannot now be 
 expected to seriously lessen the rate of increase in the na- 
 tion's enormous demand for fuel; and we must revert again 
 with renewed emphasis, to the necessity of lessening the 
 waste, and increasing efficiencies in the utilization of our 
 coal supply. 
 
278 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 How Can These Reforms Be Brought About? 
 
 (1) Let us find out all the facts in the case. The investi- 
 gation now under way by the government should be ex- 
 tended until every phase of these important problems has 
 been carefully inquired into and definite facts have been 
 obtained. 
 
 (2) This information should be placed before the peo- 
 ple of the country in such form as to be readily understood. 
 
 Both the producers and users of fuel can be expected 
 to co-operate in remedying the existing evils as fast as com- 
 mercial conditions will permit; but should legislative meas- 
 ures prove necessary at any time, the reliable data thu* 
 obtained will serve as a guarantee that such legislation will 
 be wisely directed. 
 
 Why the Fuel Resources Should Be Conserved. 
 
 (1) Their supply is limited, and, considered in connec- 
 tion with the life of the nation, the early exhaustion is cer- 
 tain, unless the greatest care be exercised. 
 
 (2) The exhaustion of mineral resources is a perma- 
 nent exhaustion. One year's wheat crop, when consumed, 
 is replaced by that of the succeeding year. The forest re- 
 sources of one period, when exhausted, under favorable con- 
 ditions, may be replaced by a succeeding forest within a few 
 decades or centuries. A water supply of one day, or of one 
 period, under favorable conditions, may be continued in- 
 definitely by nature's repeating processes, but when a de- 
 posit of coal, or oil, or nature's gas, or iron ore, has been ex- 
 hausted, this exhaustion, as far as we are concerned, is per- 
 manent. 
 
 (3) The mineral resources of the country belong to 
 the future, as well as to the present generation of men. 
 They should be used, but not Avasted. The creation of these 
 deposits required thousands or millions of years. Their 
 present, so-called owners, had no part in this creation of 
 resources, and have no real rights to them beyond present 
 actual needs. 
 
 (4) Let us riot forget that these mineral fuels, which 
 we call our own, represent in concentrated form, a storage 
 battery of the sun's heat and light, accumulated during 
 countless ages that passed before the human race came into 
 existence. Let not the men of the present generation com- 
 mit the unpardonable sin of Avasting the necessary birth- 
 right of the generations yet unborn. This nation must have 
 a, great future as well as a great present. 
 
CONSERVATION OF THE NATION'S MINERALS 279 
 
 (5) The fuel supplies of the country will be sufficient 
 for both present and future needs, if we stop their waste 
 and practice increasing efficiency in their utilization. There^ 
 can be no suggestion looking to the curtailment of present' 
 needs. And these needs will increase in proportion as the 
 nation grows in population, and in the extent and diversity 
 of its industries. And while the present generation has a 
 right to use the fuel which it actually needs, it is bound 
 by every principle of right and justice, not to w r aste this 
 precious heritage. 
 
 (6) The future ascendency of American industries 
 will depend largely on our manufacturers being able to 
 secure cheap fuel. The value and cost of labor will never 
 be reduced in the United States to what they are in foreign 
 countries; but this fact renders all the more essential, in the 
 struggle for industrial and commercial supremacy, that 
 the manufacturers of this country be able to obtain fuel 
 supplies cheaper than they are to be had in other countries. 
 
 We cannot continue this wasteful consumption of our 
 fuel resources, and at the same time perpetuate the supply 
 of cheap fuels. The only solution of the problem is that we 
 must learn to use our fuels more efficiently; and we must 
 stop this enormous waste. 
 
 The people of the United States consumed during the 
 past year about 415,000,000 tons of coal besides large quan- 
 tities of- oil and gas and wood. The total cost of this fuel 
 in the furnaces was not less than |2,000,000. The future 
 growing scarcity of wood, gas and oil, and the Increasing 
 cost of mining the coal as the surface beds are exhausted 
 and the mines become deeper and more dangerous, will 
 naturally increase the aggregate expenditure for fueJ, even 
 faster than the tonnage increases. But the welfare of the 
 nation demands not only that the future has a coal supply, 
 but that the cost of this supply be kept as low as possible. 
 
 (7) The United States need not expect to draw future 
 coal supplies from other countries, except for limited use 
 along our Pacific coast; as no other country can spare from 
 its own reserves coal enough to meet any appreciable part 
 of our growing needs. 
 
 (8) In every civilized country, the conservation of fuels 
 and other great resources of public utilities, is properly 
 coming to be regarded as a national problem, because in 
 every country these materials serve as a basis of national 
 welfare. The individual citizen looks to the present. He 
 sees little beyond his individual interest of today. The na- 
 tion while helping the citizen today, must safe-guard the 
 
280 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 welfare of the citizen of tomorrow, by a judicious conserva- 
 tion of these resources, which, in reality, belong not to the 
 individual, but in a higher sense, to the nation. 
 
 The Fuel Problems in the Trans-Mississippi States. 
 In this great Trans-Mississippi region, seven states ana 
 one territory contain practically no coal. But there are one 
 territory and twelve states that together contain 260,000 
 square miles of coal fields, or twice that area embraced in 
 the coal fields east of the Mississippi. And although these 
 more eastern fields now produce more than five and a half 
 times as much coal as do the Trans-Mississippi fields, yet 
 the production of the latter is in its infancy and may be ex- 
 pected to increase largely. 
 
 Many of the western coal fields are at a 'double dis- 
 advantage in supplying the needs of a growing nation, ow- 
 ing to (1) the absence of high grade coking coals that would 
 serve as a basis of iron and steel industries and (2) the large 
 portion of these far western coal fields in which the coal 
 is lignitic or high ash or otherwise inferior in quality. 
 
 But in a number of these Trans-Mississippi states as in 
 the splendid young commonwealth of Oklahoma, there are 
 ample supplies of coals of good quality for general pur- 
 poses; and the time is near at hand when we shall see in 
 them a growth of varied manufacturing industries as re- 
 markable as has been their development in mining and agri- 
 culture. 
 
 And even in the more western states, where the low 
 grade and lignitic coals are more abundant, such investiga- 
 tions as are now being conducted by the government, prom- 
 ise a future efficient use of these coals, for power develop- 
 ment which will avoid the cost of their transportation by 
 locating power plants at the mines and transmitting the 
 developed electric power to manufacturing centers on the 
 lines of transportation. For the full development of the 
 greater West the growth of manufacture must now follow 
 in the wake of mining and agricultural industries, and this 
 they are certain to do if the power supply proves adequate. 
 The Trans-Continental lines must be increased, double - 
 tracked, and over the mountains they must be electrified, so 
 that their full capacity may be used in transporting articles 
 of commerce, instead of in carrying fuel with which to feed 
 their locomotives. 
 
 For this greater development, abundant and cheap 
 power are essential. Every stream of water must be util- 
 ized to its full capacity, for irrigation, for power and for 
 
CONSERVATION OF THE NATION'S MINERALS 281 
 
 navigation. Every coal field and every oil field must be made 
 to render its most efficient service. Not only should there 
 be no fuel wasted, but every variety of fuel should be used 
 for the purpose for which it is best adapted and most 
 needed. For, otherwise, in this West, where the fuelsupply 
 is inadequate, even for the present needs, all unnecessary 
 Avaste is unbusiness-like and criminal. And even in the 
 states where we boast of "exhaustless resources," the con- 
 tinued wastefulness of a few generations will render im- 
 possible the greater future to which the nation is entitled. 
 
 The doctrine that self preservation is the first law of 
 nature is not only as applicable to the nation as it is to the 
 citizen, but the brave and pat riotic individual has ever been 
 willing in time of war to give up his life, if need be, in order 
 that the nation might live. 
 
 We are now dealing with problems that have to do 
 with the life of the nation in time of peace. These are prob- 
 lems, however, which deserve and need, for their proper so- 
 lution the highest type of patriotism, American business 
 sense and statesmanship. 
 
Lead and Zinc Resources of Missouri 
 
 BY E. R. BUCKLEY Ph.D., DIRECTOR MISSOURI BUREAU OF GEOLOGY 
 
 AND MINES. 
 
 The world's production of spelter in 1900 amounted to 
 775,871 tons. Of this amount the United States produced 
 224,770 tons, or 29 per cent", of the total. Of the total pro- 
 duction in the United States the Ozark region, comprising 
 parts of Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas and Indian Territory, 
 furnished 136,051 tons, or 60.6 per cent. Missouri alone 
 produced 58 per cent., or nearly 17 per cent, of the world's 
 output. 
 
 In 1906 the United States produced 347,695 tons of pig 
 lead. During the same year the Ozark region produced 113,- 
 107 tons, or 32.5 per cent, of the total. Of this amount Mis 
 souri produced 111,075 tons, or 31.9 per cent. 
 
 In the production of zinc Missouri ranks first; in the 
 production of lead Missouri ranks second, being surpassed 
 only by Idaho. In the combined production of lead and zinc 
 the output of Missouri is greater than that of Idaho, the 
 next state in production, by 123,733 tons. In other words 
 the combined output of lead and zinc. from Missouri is more 
 than double that of Idaho, and nearly equals the combined 
 output of Idaho, Colorado and Utah, the three states rank- 
 ing next to Missouri in production. 
 
 In 1906 and 1907 there were in the neighborhood of 800 
 shafts being operated in the Southwestern Missouri Lead 
 and Zinc District. In the Southeastern or Disseminated 
 Lead District there are in the neighborhood of fifty shafts, 
 of which forty are in almost continuous operation. The 
 shafts are of large dimensions, two or three compartment, 
 and the mines which they connect will soon be supplying 
 mills having a combined daily capacity of 10,000 tons of 
 ore. 
 
 Beyond the limits of these well known districts, skirt- 
 ing the Ozark region to the north and south, are numerous 
 mines and prospects which have been operated occasionally 
 during the last forty years. Some of these, as the Virginia 
 and Bellew in Franklin County, the Renault Mines in Wash- 
 ington County, the Fortuna mines in Moniteau County, and 
 the Valle's mines in Jefferson County, have been rich and 
 productive. 
 
LEAD AND ZINC RESOURCES -OF MISSOURI 283 
 
 Iii addition to the lead and zinc mines the Ozark region 
 and the St. Francois Mountains have produced millions 
 of tons of iron ore. The mines are still being operated. This 
 region is the greatest producer of barite in the United 
 States. Copper has been and is being produced in this 
 region and an attempt is being made to refine the nickel 
 and cobalt matte obtained in the smelting of the lead ores 
 of the Madison County area. 
 
 Not only does the Ozark region excel in the production 
 of lead and zinc, but she also excels in the quality of the ores 
 and metals produced therefrom. The zinc blende mined in 
 this region hovers constantly about the 60 per cent, mark, 
 while the galena seldom assays less than 80 per cent, metal- 
 lic lead. The Missouri soft pig lead is known the world over 
 as being of superior quality. 
 
 The -lead and zinc mines of the Ozark region are sur- 
 rounded by areas rich in mineral fuels. The marvelously 
 productive gas belt of Kansas and the extensive coal fields 
 of Illinois are the nearest fuel regions to the lead and zinc 
 mining districts, for which reason the ores mined in Mis- 
 souri are smelted chiefly in the neighboring states of Kan- 
 sas and Illinois. 
 
 If an apology be needed for entering into a somewhat 
 detailed discussion of the geology of and genesis of the ores 
 of this region, I believe it will be found in the foregoing 
 brief statement of the importance of the area. 
 
 The Geology of the Ozark Region. 
 
 In the southeastern part of the state of Missouri there 
 are areas of ancient Pre-Cambrian igneous rocks, chiefly 
 granite, rhyolite (porphyry) and diabase. These rocks form 
 hills and ridges known as the St. Francois Mountains. The 
 highest of these hills has an elevation of 1,800 feet above 
 sea level, which is about 900 feet above the general level of 
 the country in which they occur. 
 
 These rocks contain small percentages of the metals, 
 gold, silver, lead, zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt and iron, as 
 shown by chemical analysis. Occasional veins of galena 
 and zinc blende occur in these rocks but thus far they have 
 not been successfully exploited. Several quartz veins and 
 diabase dikes have been prospected for gold, silver and other 
 metals and although they show small percentages, the re- 
 sults have not been especially encouraging. It appears that 
 there has been very little secondary concentration, which is 
 so important a factor in producing ore bodies of commercial 
 importance. 
 
284 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 The* practically unaltered igneous rocks contain small 
 percentages of lead and zinc and it is believed that the 
 original source of all the lead and zinc minerals of our lead 
 and zinc mining districts is the igneous rocks which once 
 formed a part of the hills now known as the St. Francois 
 mountains. 
 
 The Ozark region is a dissected plateau occupying a 
 greater part of the southern half of Missouri and portions 
 of Kansas, Indian Territory and Arkansas. The St. Fran- 
 cois mountains are located on the eastern flank of Ibis up- 
 lift, the name being applied only to the hills of pre-Cain- 
 brian, igneous rocks. A greater portion of the Ozark region 
 is occupied with formations belonging to the Cumbrian and 
 Ordovician series. Flanking the regioti on all sides are 
 formations belonging to the Silurian, Devonian and Car- 
 boniferous. Small isolated areas of Mississlppian and 
 Pennsylvanian strata are irregularly scattered over the 
 Ozark plateau. The Cambrian and Ordovician formations 
 .consist chiefly of dolomitic limestone, sandstone and chert. 
 The Silurian consists chiefly of limestone, with a. little 
 shale; the Devonian is mainly limestone and shale; the Mis- 
 sissippian is chiefly limestone, cherty in places with some 
 shale and a little sandstone; the lower portion of the Peiin- 
 sylvanian is chiefly shale and sandstone, while the upper 
 portion is chiefly limestone and shale. 
 
 The different formations in this portion of the state 
 were not laid down in an unbroken succession. Some of 
 them are separated by well marked unconformities. The 
 best defined and most important of these unconformities 
 occur at the base of the LaMotte sandstone Avhich rests upon 
 the pre-Cambrian igneous rocks; at the base of the Missis- 
 sippian, which rests upon several of the older Silurian, 
 Ordovician and Cambrian formations, and at the base of the 
 Pennsylvanian which rests on the Mississippian and other 
 older formations of the Ozark region . 
 
 As a result of the uplift of the Ozark region, the beds 
 have been in some places slightly folded, faulted and every - 
 Avhere prominently jointed. The faulting in this region oc- 
 curs chiefly in the eastern portion of the Ozarks and 'm close 
 proximity to the St^ Francois Mountains. There is some 
 faulting in other portions of the region, but it is not con 
 spicuous and seldom associated with deposits of lead and 
 zinc ore. 
 
 The following is a geological section of this region 
 showing the horizons in which the lead and zinc ores chiefly 
 occur in this state; 
 
LEAD AND ZINC RESOURCES OF MISSOURI 
 
 285 
 
 QUATERNARY 
 
 Alluvium 
 lowan Loess 
 
 Unconformity 
 
 TERTIARY-LAFAYETTE Gravel, Sand and Clay. 
 
 Unconformity 
 
 Missourian 
 
 Occasional crystal of zinc blende 
 
 PENNSYLVANIAN 
 
 Des Moines 
 
 Zinc Blende and galena, chiefly 
 in isolated areas. 
 
 Unconformity. 
 
 MISSISSIPPIAN 
 
 Chester 
 
 { 
 
 Tribune 
 
 
 I 
 
 Cypress 
 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 f 
 
 Ste. Genevieve 
 
 of. 
 
 i 
 
 St. Louis Occasional crystal 
 zinc blende 
 
 Spergen 
 
 Warsaw 
 
 . 
 
 f Birdsville 
 
 Keokuk ] f Ore bearing for- 
 
 Also called [ mation of the 
 
 "Boone" -(south west Mo. 
 
 | lead and zinc 
 
 Burlington J i district. 
 
 Chemung 
 
 or 
 Kinderhookj 
 
 Chouteau 
 
 Hannibal 
 
 Louisiana Occasional zinc 
 I blende crystals 
 
 DEVONIAN 
 
 Bushberg 
 
 Sulphur Sp'gs{ Glen Park 
 
 Unnamed shale 
 
 Grand Tower, (Hamilton and Onondaga) 
 
 Clear Creek (Oriskany) 
 
 SILURIAN 
 
 Bailey (Lower Helderburg) 
 
 Niagara (Bainbridge) Occasional crystal of zinc 
 blende. 
 
 Girardeau (Cape Girardeau) 
 
286 
 
 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 ORDOVICIAN 
 
 Hudson River Shale (Thebes) 
 
 Kimmswick [Receptaculites] 
 
 Plattin [Trenton] 
 
 Joachim 
 
 I St. Peters 
 
 Unconformity 
 
 f Jefferson City Some lead and zinc ore 
 
 UPPER CAMBRIAN 
 
 A number of mines. Moniteau Co. 
 
 Roubidoux 
 
 Some lead and zinc ore. Small 
 mines in Central Ozark region 
 
 Gasconade 
 
 Some lead and zinc mines in Cen- 
 tral Ozark region 
 
 Unconformity 
 
 Proctor 
 
 Eminence 
 
 Potosi 
 
 Lead and zinc. Washington and 
 Jefferson counties 
 
 Unconformity 
 
 Elvins 
 
 [Doe Run Some zinc crystals 
 
 -j Derby Some galena crystals 
 
 [Davis 
 
 MIDDLE CAMBRIAN 
 
 Bonneterre Formation in which the Dissem- 
 
 inated Ore occurs. St. Francois 
 and Madison counties 
 
 Lamotte 
 
 A little galena near the top 
 
 Unconformity 
 
 HURONIAN 
 
 Pilot Knob 
 
 Unconformity. 
 
 Diabase 
 
 Some galena and zinc blende 
 
 LAURENTIAN 1 Granite 
 
 Veins of galena 
 
 Rhyolite 
 
 Traces of galena by analysis 
 
LEAD AND ZINC RESOURCES OP MISSOURI 28Y 
 
 Origin of the Lead and Zina Ores of Southwest (Joplin) District. 
 
 For a number of years the origin of the lead and zinc 
 ores of this district has been the basis of a widespread dis- 
 cussion by Economic Geologists and Mining Engineers. The 
 geologists of the U. S. Geological Survey have contended 
 that these ore deposits were the result of a first concentra- 
 tion through an artesian circulation and a secondary con- 
 centration or enrichment through downward circulation. 
 
 This theory was originally based upon the supposed 
 widespread occurrence of faults and fault breccias asso- 
 ciated with the ore bodies through which it was possible for 
 the water circulating through the Cambro-Ordovician for- 
 mations below to 'reach the surface. According to this 
 theory the immediate source of the lead and zinc minerals 
 was thought to be the Cambro-Ordovician formations which 
 constitute a major portion of the Ozark region. 
 
 As a result of the investigations of the Bureau of 
 Geology and Mines of this state, it was recognized that be- 
 tween the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian series, there 
 existed an unconformity co-extensive with the areas ex- 
 amined. It became clearly evident that those who had 
 mapped extensive faults in this district had in some manner 
 been mistaken. The faults mapped in the Aurora, Joplin 
 and Granby areas are clearly planes of discordant bedding 
 due to the unconformity between the Mississippian and 
 Pennsylvanian series. In some cases there is evidence of 
 movement between the Pennsylvanian and Mississippian 
 series within or adjacent to the so-called breccias at the base 
 of the Pennsylvanian. A detailed examination revealed the 
 fact that these movements were small, although frequently 
 of sufficient intensity to develop slickensides. Later inves- 
 tigations of the United States Geological Survey have con- 
 firmed our observations that faults of sufficient magnitude 
 to be considered in connection with "an artesian circula- 
 tion" theory of the origin of the ore deposits do not exist 
 in this district. The greatest faults recognized in the 
 Southwestern and Central Ozark districts are in no way con- 
 nected with the deposits of lead and zinc ores. The greatest 
 faults positively recognized in this district do not have a 
 displacement of over 25 feet. 
 
 It follows as a corollary that there are no fault breccias 
 in this district. The so-called breccias are in part basal con- 
 glomerates and in part a result of solution. The different 
 types of breccias in this district are so intimately associated 
 as to make a separation or classification a matter of some 
 difficulty and greater uncertainty. The absence of faults 
 
288 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 and fault breccias argues that very little of the water circu- 
 lating through the deeply underlying Cambro-Ordovician 
 formations reaches the superficial zone in which the ores 
 occur. 
 
 Analyses made in the laboratory of the Bureau of Ge- 
 ology and Mines and elsewhere indicate that the waters 
 from the Cambro-Ordovician series obtained from deep 
 wells, do not contain an appreciable quantity of zinc. On 
 the other hand, the mine waters which represent chiefly the 
 downward circulation, near the surface, contain a consider- 
 able quantity of both lead and zinc, chiefly the latter. Some 
 of the wells from which water w r as obtained for analysis 
 are not cased and consequently the traces of lead arid zinc- 
 detected may have been due to the seepage of surface waters 
 into the wells. Mr. George Waring of Webb City has made 
 repeated analyses of the mine waters from the upper super- 
 ficial zone of 150 to 200 feet and finds that they contain from 
 0.4 to 2.5 grams per liter of zinc. It is also interesting to 
 note that the quantity of magnesia in the water from the 
 deep wells is much less than that obtained from the mine 
 waters. If, as contended, the original source of the mag- 
 nesia, lead, zinc and iron were the deep-seated ground 
 waters, represented by an artesian circulation, it is remark- 
 able that these waters at the present time do not contain 
 measurable quantities of the metals other than magnesium. 
 
 The practical absence of lead and zinc in the waters 
 from deep wells, and the absence of brecciated or fault zones 
 which might provide avenues of communication between the 
 Cambro-Ordovician and the surface argue against the direct 
 derivation of the lead and zinc from the magnesian lime- 
 stones of the Cambro-Ordovician series by an artesian circu- 
 lation. 
 
 All the evidence which we have been able to gather 
 indicates that the ore bodies from the first to the Nth con- 
 centration are the result of converging, downward circu- 
 lating waters, the oxidizing portions of which carried the 
 metallic salts and the reducing portions the organic matter 
 which provided the condition necessary for precipitation. 
 It is believed that the early concentration of the zinc blende 
 was contemporaneous with a deposition of at least a part oi 
 the black flint. Both were deposited after the Mississip- 
 pian-Pennsylvanian erosion interval. The organic matter 
 which gives color to the flint was derived from the bitumi- 
 nous shales, being carried into the broken residual flint beds 
 and the flint conglomerate by downward circulating waters, 
 which probably also carried silica either in suspension or in 
 
LEAD AND ZINC RESOURCES OF MISSOURI 289 
 
 solution. When the precipitation of the silica took place it 
 evidently carried down with it very finely pulverulent car- 
 bonaceous or asphaltic material with both of which the 
 shales were impregnated. The bituminous and asphaltic 
 materials which now impregnate the flint "breccias" and 
 the Mississippian limestone were also derived from the over- 
 lying bituminous shales of the Pennsylvanian, being carried 
 downward in advance of the erosion which removed these 
 rocks, either by gravity alone or by gravity assisted by 
 water. Contemporaneous downward circulating waters 
 carried lead and zinc salts which were precipitated with the 
 silica and carbonaceous matter, forming what is known as 
 the disseminated black flint ore. 
 
 Since a part of the black flint and the dolomitic spar 
 were contemporaneous deposits, it is very probable that 
 some of the zinc blende associated with the spar belongs to 
 an early stage in the process of concentration. 
 
 The evidence at hand goes to show that the lead and 
 zinc were probably derived from the overlying Pennsyl- 
 vanian shales and limestone being carried downward as 
 they were disintegrated and eroded. There are numerous 
 deposits of lead and zinc in the southern part of the state 
 where one can scarcely account for their presence except 
 through the disintegration and decomposition of the Penn- 
 sylvania shales and limestones. In Miller County alone 
 there are eight or ten isolated areas of Pennsylvanian shale 
 in which galena or zinc blende, sometimes both, are found. 
 These minerals either occur along the contact between the 
 shale and the underlying magnesian limestone or filling, 
 jointing and bedding planes within the shale. There are 
 many similar occurrences of zinc blende and galena in the 
 areas of Carboniferous shale and coal in Moniteau, Cooper 
 and other counties in the central part of the state. 
 
 The ground water passing through these isolated areas 
 of Pennsylvanian shales and coal has had no special avenues 
 of communication with the deep underground circulation. 
 The ore bodies do not extend beyond the influence of the so- 
 lutions passing downward or laterally through the coal 
 pockets. Every condition leads one to believe that these 
 lead and zinc minerals have been brought to their present 
 position by downward circulating waters. 
 
 Everywhere through the Pennsylvanian strata there 
 are seams and crystals of iron sulphide, and were we to 
 make careful chemical analyses of the shale and coal tribu- 
 tary to this district it is thought that there would be found 
 
290 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 as great a quantity of lead and zinc as has been found in the 
 unaltered dolomities of the Cambro-Ordovician. 
 
 Some of the lead and zinc may have been originally de- 
 posited with the limestone in which the ore bodies now oc- 
 cur, but analyses, although they may show the presence of 
 lead and zinc, are not a demonstration that these metals 
 were introduced at the time the sediments were laid down. 
 The samples of limestone analyzed may be from a locality 
 distant from any known ore body, and the rock may con- 
 tain no particles of galena or blende of sufficient size to be 
 detected with the naked eye or with a hand lens, yet these 
 specimens may contain lead and zinc introduced since the 
 rock was formed. 
 
 Neither the size of the lead or zinc individuals nor the 
 locality from which the specimens are collected can be used 
 as evidence that the zinc blende or galena were original con- 
 stituents of the country rock in which the ore bodies now 
 occur. 
 
 Galena and zinc blende occur everywhere throughout 
 the Mississippian and Cambro-Ordovician series in Missouri, 
 although there are comparatively few areas in which these 
 minerals appear to have been sufficiently concentrated to 
 constitute workable ore bodies. If one were to have before 
 him a map of the Cambro-Ordovician and Mississippian of 
 Missouri, upon which were located all mines and prospects 
 from wluch galena and zinc blende have been obtained, he 
 would certainly doubt very much the ability of any one to 
 select samples which he could state positively contained 
 galena or blende which were deposited at the time the sedi- 
 ments were laid down in the ocean. 
 
 Under certain conditions the stream waters entering 
 the ocean during any of the geological periods might have 
 carried lead and zinc in solution. Given proper conditions 
 for the reduction and precipil ation of these metallic salts, 
 the sediments being laid down at the bottom of the ocean 
 into which these waters flowed would certainly contain 
 minute quantities of lead and zinc. 
 
 In the geological history of this state we find no condi- 
 tions more favorable to the deposition of the metallic salts 
 contained in the ocean than those which existed during the 
 Pennsylvania^ period. Everywhere there must have been 
 conditions simulating those by virtue of which these metals 
 are now being concentrated within the Mississippian forma- 
 tion. The occurrence of galena, blende, pyrite and narcasite 
 the latter two in great quantities within the Pennsyl- 
 vanian, in many parts of the state, is strong evidence that 
 
LEAD AND ZINC RESOURCES OP MISSOURI 291 
 
 the metals were thrown down abundantly in some portions 
 of the Pennsylvania!! sea. It is a noticeable fact that pyrite 
 is most abundant in the coal and shale where they occur 
 near what is supposed to have been the shore line. It is 
 more than probable that the oxidizing waters from the lantf 
 area, at that time, precipitated the metallic salts, which 
 they had gathered in their journey, before traveling very 
 far from the shore. This would tend to localize, within the 
 Pennsylvanian, the original deposits. Later, in the Penn- 
 sylvania sea, when the reducing conditions became mor^ 
 general or the land area was completely submerged, the dis- 
 tribution of the metallic salts would become more general, 
 and when the source of supply was cut off their introduction 
 would cease. 
 
 We do not presume to point out the original source of 
 the lead and zinc in the oceanic waters of the Pennsylvanian 
 era, although it appears highly probable that the crystal- 
 line rocks, the Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian and the 
 Cambro-Ordovician have all contributed in so far as they 
 supplied sediments to the then existing ocean. As pointed 
 out by Van Hise, Winslow and others, were we to traco 
 these metallic minerals to their ultimate source, we woulu 
 find them to have originated in the igneous rocks. From 
 the time these metals were abstracted from the igneous 
 rocks to the time they were held in solution by the waters 
 of the Pennsylvanian sea, they may have been several times, 
 in part, at least, precipitated with the oceanic sediments 
 and re-dissolved with the weathering of the land surface. 
 If one should judge the opinions held by others from their 
 published reports, he would be led to infer that the Cambro- 
 Ordovician sea was the last great receiver of the lead and 
 zinc minerals brought from the land by streams. This does 
 not seem reasonable since we know that the Mississippi 
 river is now carrying and depositing lead and zinc with the 
 sediments being deposited in the Gulf of Mexico. In addi- 
 tion to this it is known that younger formations supplied 
 equally as favorable, and sometimes more favorable con- 
 ditions for precipitation of metallic salts from the oceanic 
 waters. 
 
 If .002 of one per cent, of zinc and lead deposited from 
 the waters of the Cambro-Ordovician sea is considered suf- 
 ficient to account for the lead and zinc deposits of the Ozark 
 region, very much less will be required by the Pennsyl- 
 vanian, since, through the almost complete removal of the 
 beds of this series from the area in which the ore bodies oc- 
 cur, all the lead and zinc which they at one time contained 
 
292 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 must have been transferred to other places. In the case of 
 the Cambro-Ordovician, these series have only been partly 
 removed and the greater part of this was accomplished by 
 the streams which contributed sediments to the Pennsyl- 
 vanian sea, On the other hand, the extremely favorable 
 conditions for precipitation in the Pennsylvanian sea would 
 lead one to suppose that the probability of a localization or 
 concentration of the original precipitates would be many 
 times greater than in the Cambro-Ordovician sea. 
 
 In a consideration of the formation of the workable de- 
 posits of lead and zinc ore, the starting point must be the 
 last time the lead and zinci was held in solution by the 
 waters of the ocean. In the case of the Southwestern Ozark 
 district, it is thought to have been the Pennsylvanian sea. 
 We believe that the concentration from this formation into 
 the Mississippian has resulted from solution and redeposi- 
 tion, as a result of weathering, in a manner somewhat anal- 
 agous to the concentration of minerals by the mechanical 
 process. 
 
 Not only has there been a concentration of the lead and 
 zinc, but as striking, also, has been the concentration of 
 silica, dolomite, calcite and pyrite. Evidently, in all cases, 
 there has been a gradual movement of these minerals, in- 
 cluding the lead and zinc minerals, downward, pari-passu 
 with the degradation of the land. That this movement is 
 still in progress is shown by the growth of lead and zinc 
 minerals in mines that have been abandoned and flooded 
 with water. Instances of this have been recited in the re- 
 ports of the Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines. 
 
 It must be constantly borne in mind that any lead or 
 zinc contained in a formation which is being decomposed 
 and removed from the surface, will be disposed of eventu- 
 ally in two ways, (1) by removal in streams to the ocean or 
 (2) by removal to greater depths and redeposited, in local- 
 ities favorable to the reduction of these salts, within the 
 underlying formations. The percentage of the metals which 
 are disposed of by re-concentration below the zone where 
 abstraction by solution is going on will depend upon the 
 extent of the reducing conditions between the point where 
 the waters leave the zone of oxidation and where they issue 
 from the ground again in the form of springs. 
 
 In the district under consideration the percentage re- 
 moved by surface streams must be relatively small owing to 
 the persistence in depth of the bituminous and asphaltic 
 materials in many of the openings of the "breccias," joints, 
 
LEAD AND ZINC RESOURCES OF MISSOURI 293 
 
 bedding planes and solution cavities, along which the 
 ground waters travel. 
 
 The entire process of ore deposition in this district has 
 been one of enrichment, below; the level of ground water, 
 brought about through the migration of the materials down- 
 ward. The process has been one of constant but interrupted 
 concentration, the interruptions probably being due to 
 changes in the level of the ground waters resulting from 
 successive periods of elevation and subsidence. In this our 
 conclusions agree, essentially, with those which Mr. W. P. 
 Blake, announced for the origin of the Wisconsin lead and 
 zinc deposits. He says: "The evidence is strongly in favor 
 of the view of the long continued decomposition, downward 
 flow and recomposition of not only the ores of zinc, but lead 
 and of the pyrite from the upper formations to the lower, 
 as the general water level of the region subsided and as 
 the upper formations by long continued exposure through 
 geologic ages were gradually decomposed in place." 
 
 Above the level of the ground water, and in many cases 
 far below, a process of abstraction is going on, as a result 
 of which the sulphide minerals are, in part, taken into solu- 
 tion and in part altered to the carbonate and silicate. The 
 carbonate and silicate are in many places precipitated as 
 such from the underground waters, replacing the limestone 
 and calcite crystals forming stalactites in caves and caverns, 
 and lining small openings within the flint. Casts of crinoids 
 and brachiopods lined with rosettes of calamine are fre- 
 quently observed. 
 
 It is noticeable that the removal of the sulphides, car- 
 bonates and silicates from the zone of weathering to deeper 
 levels has in many places lagged behind the surface 
 weathering. Especially is this true of the galena and car- 
 bonate minerals, which, in the Aurora, Granby and other 
 areas, have been found in their greatest richness near the 
 surface, often at the "grass roots." 
 
 As an example of the depth at which the galena occurs 
 with respect to the zinc blende, it may be cited that at least 
 three-fourths of the galena mined in the Granby area has 
 been obtained within sixty or seventy feet of the surface, 
 while most of the zinc blende occurs below this depth, down 
 to 200 feet. This in itself, in view of the fact that the Mis- 
 sissippian has been eroded very little since the Pennsyl- 
 vanian strata were laid down, is evidence that there has 
 been very little of the so-called secondary concentration of 
 the galena, It also shows that such as has been secondarily 
 concentrated has not traveled very far. Runs of galena are 
 
294 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 sometimes found below blende, although the history of the 
 district shows that the greatest. deposits of blende are in 
 the deeper workings, while the richest galena horizon is 
 near the surface. This condition may be due in part to the 
 greater stability of the lead ores within the zone of weather- 
 ing, but chiefly, we believe, to the fact that it was the chief 
 horizon of the early concentration of the galena from the 
 convergent downward circulation. 
 
 The foregoing brief discussion of the origin of the lead 
 and zinc ores is believed to be applicable to those deposits 
 occurring in the Mississippian limestone, and would include 
 the areas in Jasper, Newton and Lawrence counties, Mis- 
 souri; the Quapaw and Miami areas in the Indian Territory, 
 and the Galena-Empire camp in Kansas. 
 
 The Chemistry of the deposition of the ores of this dis- 
 trict may be found in the report of the Missouri Bureau of 
 Geology and Mines on "The Geology of the Granby Area." 
 Space does not permit including it in this brief summary. 
 
 Estimates of Costs of Mining Operations in the JopUn District. 
 
 During the last few years our office has had many In- 
 quiries as to the cost of mining in the Joplin district, but 
 owing to various circumstances we have never been in posi- 
 tion to give very satisfactory answers to such questions. 
 
 Owing to the great diversity in physical conditions, 
 equipment and efficiency of management, there Is a wide 
 range in the cost of operating mines and mills. In some in- 
 stances the rock is hard, in others it is soft. In some local- 
 ities there is a heavy flow of underground water, in others 
 the flow is very light. In some places the ore is close to the 
 surface, in others it is deep. Some mines require consider- 
 able timbering, both in the shaft and in the workings, others 
 require practically none. Some mines can be operated most 
 successfully with a mill of large capacity, others with a mill 
 of small capacity. Some have efficient management, in 
 others the management is inefficient. Thus it may be seen 
 that the various elements entering into any estimates of cost 
 may cause them to vary widely. 
 
 With a full realization that any general estimate of 
 costs in this district may be misleading, I am submitting the 
 following table in which the estimates are remarkable for 
 their uniformity. These estimates have been made by 
 men of broad experience in mining in the Joplin district and 
 if used with judgment, ought to furnish a very valuable 
 guide to those who are unfamiliar with the costs of mining 
 in this region. 
 
LEAD AND ZINC RESOURCES OF MISSOURI 295 
 
 Estimates of Costs in Mining Operations of Joplin District. 
 
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 1 $10-$25 $2.00 $15,000 
 
 3 80 
 
 90c 
 
 .$12.00 
 
 
 $9,000 
 
 
 
 
 2 $5-$30 
 
 to 
 
 3 to 6 80 
 
 90c 
 
 
 
 $10,000 
 
 
 
 
 5x7 
 
 shaft 
 
 
 
 
 3 About $10 $1.50 $3.000 $12,000 
 
 4 98 90c to $1.00 
 
 $5.00 
 
 4 Average $10 
 
 $2,000 $10,000 
 
 5 80 
 
 85c to 90c 
 
 $8.00 
 
 5 $18 $1.50 $2,000 $12,000 
 
 4 57 
 
 SOc 
 
 $20.00 
 
 
 $8,000 
 
 
 
 
 6 $12 $1.00 $800 to 
 
 3 90 
 
 90c 
 
 $8.00 
 
 
 $20,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 $8,000 
 
 
 90c 
 
 
 7 $12 to $22 
 
 $1,000 to 
 
 3 
 
 50c 
 
 $10.00 
 
 
 $9,000 
 
 
 by owner 
 
 
 
 $400- 
 
 
 
 
 8 $5 to $40 
 
 $4,000 $8,000 
 
 4 SOc to $1.00 
 
 $4.00 
 
 9 $10 to $20 $2.00 $2,500 $12,000 
 
 3 up 68 
 
 $1,00 
 
 $10.00 
 
 10 $10 hard and 
 dry $15 
 
 to $40 hard 5x7 shaft 
 and wet $2.50 to $5.00 
 
 11 $5.00 in dry 
 shale, 
 
 $12.50 in dry $5.00 
 limestone for drifts 
 
 $12,000 
 
 $1,100 $9,000 2.6 
 
 70c-80c 
 75 by owner $4.00 to $6.00 
 
 40cto 60c $3.00 with 
 
 compressed 
 7? by owner air furnished 
 
 In reviewing the above table, attention should be di- 
 rected to the several estimates in particular. The average 
 cost of sinking a shaft 5x7 feet is given as a little over f 15. 
 However, it is thought that if one were to secure informa- 
 tion covering the cost of sinking shafts in which correct 
 methods were employed, he would find that the cost has not 
 exceeded f 10 per foot in hard ground. In loose ground with 
 a heavy flow of water, the cost may reach as high as |40 
 per foot. There are shafts in the district in the sinking of 
 
296 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 which labor has cost only f 1.50 a foot to a depth of 75 feet. 
 Others 140 feet or more in depth have cost up to $70 per 
 foot. These are probably 4ue chiefly to mismanagement or 
 accident. 
 
 The cost of timbering a shaft is usually included in the 
 cost of sinking. Under ordinary conditions the cost does 
 not exceed $2 per foot. The variations in the character of 
 the ground passed through controls the costs. Sometimes 
 a set every six feet is sufficient, and then again one has to 
 drive piling ahead, lag the sides and insert the sets much 
 closer. 
 
 The cost of equipping a shaft is usually included in that 
 of the erection of the mill. At least the two are usually so 
 dovetailed as to make an estimate of either considerable of 
 an approximation. The equipment of a shaft often passes 
 through various evolutionary stages from a simple hand 
 hoist to a steam hoist with standard head frame, etc. The 
 size of buckets, cable, cars, etc., also influence the cost. The 
 estimates given in the table represent the cost of equipping 
 a mine of a size sufficient to operate a 100 or 200-ton mill. 
 Fromi these estimates one would conclude that the average 
 equipment costs about $2,500. 
 
 The cost of erecting a 100-ton mill complete with power 
 plant (Joplin type), depends somewhat upon the character 
 of the ore to be broken. If it is hard the power plant will 
 need to be of greater capacity than if it is soft. The source 
 of supply of water will also effect the cost. If a pond is re- 
 quired as a reservoir, this will be an added expense. There 
 are other factors which it is unnecessary to mention here. 
 The estimates given in the table illustrate the effects of 
 these varying conditions, upon the cost. It is thought that 
 $9,000 will represent the average cost of a new, modern 
 100-ton mill complete. Good second-hand mills can usually 
 be purchased at a cost of from $2,000 to $3,000. Such a mill 
 may be moved and put into satisfactory operation, by con- 
 tract, for $1,500. This makes the cost of a second-hand mill 
 $3,500 to $4,500. 
 
 The estimates of the percentage of mineral (zinc 
 blende), which an ore must carry in order to be worked 
 profitably, while paying a royalty of 15 per cent., 
 are very close. I am inclined to believe, however, 
 that in most cases this refers to percentage of 
 blende obtained from the ore. There are very few 
 operators in the district who know the percentage 
 of zinc blende in the ore as it comes from their mines. 
 They do not consider the losses in milling sufficient to wai- 
 
LEAD AND ZINC RESOURCES OF MISSOURI 297 
 
 rant the installation of a sampler to check the work of the 
 mill. The companies know approximately the number ot 
 tons of ore hoisted and the number of tons of concentrates 
 obtained therefrom. From these" they make an estimate of 
 the amount of blende carried by the ore. The highest esti- 
 mate is 5 per cent., and it is thought that this is in some in- 
 stances too high, although as an average it is closer than 3 
 per cent. I have in mind a property which in April, 1906, 
 extracting as low as 2.37 per cent, mineral (184,660 Ibs. of 
 zinc blende at $41.25 per ton and 36,070 Ibs. of galena at 
 $74.10 per ton), and paying a 15 per cent, royalty, made a 
 net profit of $264. Many of the richer mines of the district 
 pay royalties of from 20 to 25 per cent., in which cases the 
 percentage of zinc blende in the ore must be considerably 
 greater, perhaps as high as. 8 or 10 per cent. 
 
 I believe that it is a safe proposition to say that, under 
 present conditions, an ore body of ordinary size and under 
 normal conditions must contain at least 3 per cent, of zinc 
 blende to be worked at a profit and pay a royalty of 15 per 
 cent., with 60 per cent, zinc at $45 and lead at $80 j^er ton. 
 
 The percentage of extraction by the Joplin type of inill 
 has never received the attention in this district which it de- 
 serves. Very few operators determine the percentage of 
 zinc blende that leaves the mill for the tailing pile. How- 
 ever, it is commonly known that the "tailing mill" and 
 sludge mill operators obtain a good revenue from re- work- 
 ing the chat piles and sludge. Many of the tailing piles 
 worked over by these mills, contain from 2 to 3 per cent, of 
 zinc blende. Assays of some tailings in very good practice 
 have shown 1.85 per cent, zinc blende. Basing our estimate 
 upon the quantity of zinc blende extracted by the mill and 
 upon. the percentage shown by analyses to be in the tailings, 
 ii is thought that 60 to 70 per cent is a fair estimate. 
 
 There is very little difference in the cost of churn drill- 
 ing, the prices ranging from 80 cents to $1 by contract. In 
 case a company desires to operate its own drills, the cost of 
 200-foot holes ought not to exceed 50 cents per foot, as an 
 average. 
 
 The cost of cutting a drift 6x8 feet in hard ground will 
 vary with the amount of water to handle, the facilities for 
 disposing of the waste and numerous other conditions. The 
 average may, perhaps, be taken as $10. 
 
Annual Address of the President 
 
 BY HON. JOHN H. RICHARDS, BOISE, IDAHO. 
 
 My Friends: Missouri is always producing something 
 good, judging from what was told us last evening. It not 
 only produced the men we heard speak here last night, but, 
 it has also given us Dr. Buckley. (Applause.) He has been 
 one of the most energetic and untiring workers for this 
 Congress. It has been largely due to his sacrifices for 
 years, his careful interest in this work, and his compre- 
 hensive grasp of its meaning expressed in the by-laws and 
 articles of incorporation, in the preparation of which he 
 had a large part, that the future work of this Congress has 
 been so clearly defined. Therefore, we feel that w r e are 
 under a debt of gratitude to Missouri for having given us 
 Dr. Buckley. 
 
 This occasion as I understand it, is purely a business 
 one. The thoughts I desire to suggest for your considera- 
 tion tonight are to call your attention to the work of the 
 Congress, its aims and purposes. We feel that we have 
 made some progress. I am sure we have the most self-sac- 
 rificing board of directors of any class of men with whom 
 I have ever come in contact. They are so self-sacrificing 
 and generous that they are willing to do all the work and 
 give me all the credit. A gentleman from Texas asked 
 me, "How is it that you have taken hold of this organiza- 
 tion and brought order out of chaos so that it is now doing 
 its work so smoothly?" I replied, "Because I have been so 
 fortunate as to gather around me men who are willing to 
 do things and let me stand still and look wise." 
 
 I want to say to you that it is the mining of this 
 country that makes it possible to have a great agri- 
 cultural country and set the wheels of civilization 
 and progress in motion. We should not attempt to 
 separate these two great forces of agriculture and mining. 
 When you see these great deposits of coal that are capable 
 of producing millions of tons per annum, such as you 
 have in this Middle West; when you see the direc- 
 tion given to multutudes of men and the instru- 
 mentalities by which this production can be made and 
 direct the mighty transportation forces, you must real- 
 ize that these things take men. These men come 
 from the mining sections of the world. (Applause.) 
 Do not misunderstand me, I do not want to belittle any 
 
ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 299 
 
 industry; but, if you take from the great active forces 
 of this nation today, the great iron industry that makes 
 your transportation lines possible, makes possible the 
 great manufacturing of this country, and take from it 
 also the coal that impels our nation's mechanical activities, 
 and take from it also the great mental capacity, including 
 the comprehensive grasp of the present and future, and 
 what have you left in this country that makes for progress 
 and the higher civilization? 
 
 You must be aware that these great active forces come 
 from the mining sections of the country, and they are forces 
 that should be considered in giving direction to our nation's 
 progress, but when I go down to your National Capital, as 
 I did last week, on, a tour of investigation I do not find a 
 single bureau or department in the great government at 
 Washington by which the mining industry is recognized as 
 an industry in this country. I think it is about time that 
 the mining men of our nation spoke loud enough to be 
 heard at the Capital at Washington. (Applause.) 
 
 The mining men are interested in the great forests of 
 this country, and if the things had been done fifty years 
 ago in relation to our forests that we are undertaking to 
 do today, and if the things that we are undertaking to do 
 today in relation to our great coal deposits had been done 
 fifty years ago to protect them in the interests of the gen- 
 eral welfare, the blight of corruption and dishonor would 
 not have rested on the fair name of this government as it 
 has been uncovered in the land fraud scandals of the West. 
 This is true, because in that event the government would 
 have looked far enough ahead to have cared for these things 
 in the interests of the general welfare, the purpose for 
 which our government was organized. 
 
 To place before you the work of this Congress and what 
 it is trying to do, the board of directors have instructed me 
 to call your attention to the plan of organization and what 
 we are trying to accomplish through this organization. 
 The basis of it all is intelligent co-operation. I have discov- 
 ered during the years I have been in the West, that no man 
 can live to himself alone and develop into a true manhood. 
 We must to a certain extent, be our brother's keeper. We 
 must learn this great lesson in all the great undertakings 
 of life, if we would truly progress. If a man lives to him- 
 self alone, he is the man that believes that only the dol- 
 lar is necessary to make him a great man. I tell you that 
 when you feel the experience of being even a little bit un- 
 selfish and look to the needs of your neighbor so as to reach 
 
300 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 the great heart of humanity, you will find that there is a 
 higher view than the possession of mere dollars. 
 
 On this basis we come here to ask that you encourage 
 this work of intelligent co-operation on the part of the peo- 
 ple of this country. We do not believe that we should go 
 to the extremes to promote any one industry, but that as 
 a great people we should promote all as a harmonious 
 whole. We first need intelligent co-operation among indi- 
 viduals. You must realize that no individual can success- 
 fully perform all of the steps in the manufacture of his 
 own shoes. Suppose every individual undertook to do that, 
 what kind of a country would this be? That is not intelli- 
 gent co-operation. No individual can successfully ! and 
 properly perform all the steps in converting the raw ma- 
 terial into the clothes he wears. It needs co-operation on 
 the part of individuals, if we would bring out of those in- 
 dividuals the higher qualities which would enable them to 
 achieve. It is only through intelligent co-operation that 
 we can truly progress; it can never be done through indi- 
 vidual selfishness. The miser is a fair specimen of the 
 individual who undertakes to live to himself alone, and 
 yet, as you and I see him there is no beggar that walks the 
 street that is so poor as a man who has nothing but money. 
 (Applause.) Under this idea communities must likewise 
 co-operate. 
 
 In talking with some of your great coal operators in 
 the cities of Chicago, Springfield, Indianapolis and Pitts- 
 burg recently about their joining us in this co-operation, 
 they wanted 'to know where this organization originated 
 and what was its fundamental idea. I replied that it origi- 
 nated in the West, and its fundamental idea was largely 
 educational. They looked at me in apparent amazement, 
 as if wondering how any good thing could come out of 
 Nazareth. I am sure many good things are coming out of the 
 the West, and the East w r ill secure a blessing by understand- 
 ing them. Don't you know that many of your brightest, 
 keenest, most progressive young men go to the West, and 
 they are the men that make the West what it is today. Out 
 there we get closer to nature than we do to the dollar, and 
 our hearts expand when we come in contact with those 
 great mountains, those great canyons, and those great val- 
 leys, and we come back to the East to try to impress upon 
 the men of these great prairies that co-operation with the 
 West will help develop this entire country and its man- 
 hood. 
 
ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 301 
 
 We also need co-operation between the states. No 
 state can live to itself alone in this country under our form 
 of government. They must co-operate. Is it not perfectly 
 clear that if one community can raise potatoes to niuch bet- 
 ter advantage than another, and another community can 
 raise grain or cotton to much better advantage than an- 
 other, that it is better for each community to raise those 
 things best adapted to its conditions and which can be pro- 
 duced most profitably, and then to interchange these com- 
 modities, and this interchange makes commerce and both 
 communities are blessed, and that is my idea of commerce. 
 True commerce is that interchange which benefits both 
 the seller and the buyer. It is not commerce when it blesses 
 one only. So I say tjiese states must co-operate. In addi- 
 tion to this, the states, the individual and the community 
 must co-operate with the Federal Government. 
 
 I undertake to say that in the hour of our nation's 
 birth, when we said: "We, the people of the United States, 
 in order to form a more perfect union" (and let me impress 
 you with the thought that there is no union that is endur- 
 ing except a union for good), "and to establish justice," I 
 think we realize today that this the great cry of the nation 
 at this hour that we may establish justice simple ordi- 
 nary justice. This would promote the general welfare. We 
 also formed this country "to provide for the common de- 
 fense, insure domestic tranquillity, and secure the blessings 
 of liberty. 77 This was all done for the general welfare. In 
 the light of these things the sentiment that "private inter- 
 ests 77 are too sacred to be regulated by law in the interests 
 of the general welfare, is not wholesome. 
 
 There is no band of men in this country that are so anx- 
 ious that capital should prosper, that men should make 
 money from their business ventures, as the members of this 
 Congress, and we also want to give the other fellow a 
 chance. In other words, we want all to stand equal before 
 the law and have an equal opportunity under the law. 
 (Applause.) Therefore, we want this great government to co- 
 operate with us as they are co-operating with agriculture. 
 
 We believe that if our government had co-operated with 
 the West and planted upon their books years ago, statutes 
 adapted to the conditions to which they were intended to 
 apply, there would not have arisen the great questions of 
 land frauds and the prosecution of United States Senators 
 and that sort of thing in the West, that is going on today. 
 They undertook to apply to that country the same laws that 
 applied to Ohio and Indiana and this country here. They 
 
302 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 did not meet Western conditions. It is because we have 
 not co-operated intelligently that these things have arisen. 
 A statute should be the highest formal expression of the 
 wisdom of a great people, and it should always be inter- 
 preted in the light of the conditions to which it was in- 
 tended to apply. Necessity must be the basis of all law. 
 But we find vast tracts of timber land, the most marvelous 
 timber that the earth has produced, passing into the hands 
 of the few, contrary to law. The laws are not of a char- 
 acter that would permit a corporation with plenty of capi- 
 tal to acquire sufficient timber honestly to justify large ex- 
 penditure, to meet even local needs. The same is true of 
 our coal lands. Why should not the law permit a company 
 which has sufficient means to develop a coal mine on a 
 scale to meet the conditions surrounding that coal section, 
 to secure that coal honestly? As the law will not permit 
 this, they have undertaken to get it in some other way, 
 and they have gotten it to the dishonor of our country. It 
 is conditions that produce these results, and not the dis- 
 honesty of the men at heart. 
 
 I undertake to say that if the present forestry policy 
 had been put into operation twenty-five or fifty years ago, 
 that the general welfare of the West would -have been 
 vastly promoted. The conditions there are such that we get 
 our water supply through the great storage of banks of 
 snow in those forests on the mountain sides and in the 
 canyons, which melts out gently in the summer, and 
 through the co-operation of communities the highest form 
 of agriculture is promoted. They are using those great 
 mountain lakes as reservoirs for power to help lift a part 
 of the burden of toil from the shoulders of men; they are 
 using those rapid flowing mountain streams as a means 
 of bringing the resurrection morn to the parched lips of the 
 valleys and the withered breasts of the plains that lie be- 
 neath them. While they own these water rights jointly, 
 they are yet held in severally so far as their application to 
 the land is concerned. A man cannot under the conditions 
 there existing look out for his own interests, without at 
 the same time caring for the interests of his neighbor. 
 They must work together. In this way they are producing 
 better men and better results and better conditions than 
 they produced under the old individual, selfish system. These 
 Western men are not dishonest at heart, but they come 
 West from this great East to do things, and they are going 
 to do them in some way, and they do it. 
 
ANNUAL, ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 303 
 
 Now, there is a mighty waste going on in our coal mines, 
 in our fuel, and this should be stopped. The Government 
 should co-operate with the miner so that there may not 
 be that mighty waste. The fuel question should be care- 
 fully studied, analyzed and understood, so as to get the 
 best results from it. Who can do that better than the Gov- 
 ernment of the United States, just as they are doing it for 
 the farmer. Why not? The mining industry of this coun- 
 try today produces in raw material about two billions of 
 dollars, but when you add to that the articles manu- 
 factured from that raw material, mining stands on an 
 equality with the agricultural interests of this country. 
 
 Individuals in this country seem to think that when 
 they have acquired title to those great natural bodies, such 
 as coal deposits, given to the American people by nature, 
 that they own them absolutely and have the right to waste 
 them. That proposition the American Mining Congress 
 denies. We do not believe that any man has the right to ac- 
 quire those great forests given by nature to the people of 
 this country and waste them. (Applause.) We do not be- 
 lieve that any individual or any corporation even after ac- 
 quiring legal title to great coal beds, has any right to 
 waste those deposits. There is an element even in spite 
 of this legal title that belongs to the American people, and 
 that is that these deposits shall be wisely used and wisely 
 conserved for the future. These deposits lay at the feet of 
 the red man for ages, wholly useless to him, because he did 
 not have the intelligence to use them. But the white man 
 came and is making better use of them. The use of these 
 bounties should be governed by intelligence, and not by 
 ignorance. No man has a right to waste the natural 
 wealth that has been given humanity by nature for the 
 general welfare. I believe there is an equality in all na- 
 ture's bounties which belongs to the American people, and 
 that is that every man shall use those things so that it will 
 bring out of them the greatest good to the American peo- 
 ple as well as to the individual, but he has no right to waste 
 them. Wastefulness in business does not make a good busi- 
 ness man. But to learn how to use nature's forces, use 
 them wisely, develops the man, and that is what these forces 
 are for. These great deposits were not given to us to 
 waste. While they may amount to nothing in themselves, 
 yet they amount to almost infinite value when we take 
 into consideration that they were given to us to develop 
 humanity through a right use of them and to bring out 
 the manhood and the womanhood of this country, and this 
 
304 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 right use develops in us the capacity to achieve greater 
 things through a right understanding, and that is what 
 they are for, and that is why I say the people of this coun- 
 try have an interest in the conservative use of nature's 
 forces. 
 
 When we look across this country and see the great 
 shore lines and the rivers and the lakes for commerce, 
 when we see the fertile soil pregnant with vitality when 
 guided by intelligence, when we see the great forces of the 
 coal bodies, the mighty forces embraced in our zinc, lead, 
 copper and iron deposits, we find there the things, the right 
 use of which makes the nation mighty, and when we see 
 the great mountains, when we see all the mighty forces for 
 good, and all that can be accomplished with them, we be- 
 lieve through this right use of it all, we can be a blessing 
 to all the world. I believe a nation that can produce an 
 Abraham Lincoln is capable of producing anything almost. 
 There are no limitations on that quality of production, and 
 that character of manhood adds a more true and lasting 
 wealth to our nation than all the gold and silver hidden in 
 those great mountains. 
 
 We must intelligently co-operate to learn how to use 
 these forces to bring out of men that greatest good. We 
 have infinite capacity if we will only learn how to develop 
 that capacity, and use it, and in that kind of development 
 you will learn how to enjoy. The miser does not enjoy any- 
 thing. He fears everything. There is not a spark of devel- 
 opment in him that brings out one noble impulse. So I say 
 that we want to learn how to use these forces in co-opera- 
 tion with our neighbor, and in that way we are both 
 blessed. 
 
 I think it is one of the most valuable assets of my life 
 that in this work for the Congress I have come in contact 
 with just such men as sit here before you. Their faces tell 
 what they are, 'and whose friendships will endure as long as 
 life endures, and no money could compensate for the loss of 
 their confidence and friendship. I say that if you take hold 
 of these things 'and help us develop them in this nation, 
 you will find there are things in this character of work that 
 have a value absolutely beyond price from a dollar and 
 cents standpoint. 
 
 Let me give you an example of what I mean by intelli- 
 gent co-operation and what that co-operation is doing. 
 Take the Agricultural Department of our country. We all 
 have to have bread to eat, and we all have to procure that 
 from agriculture, from the cultivation of the fields and from 
 
ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 305 
 
 horticulture, from cultivation of the garden. Out in our 
 country in those little communities where a man has all 
 he can do to farm well twenty acres, where his rainfall is 
 governed by human intelligence, where farming becomes 
 scientific, where he applies the water to the plant just when 
 it needs it most, and he sees there a perfect development, 
 that kind of horticulture or agriculture makes a better kind 
 of man than the careless farming such as I see in the State 
 of Missouri. I am not criticizing you, but I am calling at- 
 tention to the carelessness that does not bring out the best 
 in a man. We asked the Government to help the farmer, 
 and it has created the Agricultural Department, and that 
 Department is spending annually $10,000,000 to help the 
 farmers of this country. That is a grand work, a splendid 
 one. But they are not doing enough in that direction; With 
 that character of co-operation by which they investigate in 
 each state through their experimental stations and the Ag- 
 ricultural Colleges, they are finding out what can be done 
 best by intelligence in those states, and thTough that we 
 are developing better farmers because they are better men. 
 Intelligence applied to farming brings results just as well 
 as intelligence applied to the products of the mine or any 
 other industry or undertaking. The Agricultural Depart- 
 ment has nine bureaus in which this scientific work is go- 
 ing on. I will read them to you. First is that of Animal 
 Industry. I don't know of anything to help develop a man 
 into a better man, than to teach him how to raise animals 
 properly. Way back in the past, our ancestors lived by the 
 destruction of animal life, but they learned after that a 
 little care devoted to animal life produced better results 
 than cruelty and slaughter and murder, and as we have 
 gone along down the ages we find that when intelligence, 
 kindness, love and affection are devoted to our animal life 
 that that animal life responds in kind. You take the little 
 broncho of the Western plains, vicious little brute because 
 he had vicious treatment. He could not develop into a big, 
 noble horse, because he had no kind of treatment that would 
 bring out the best in his nature. As I said last night, kind- 
 ness and love are what the world demands and is crying 
 for at this hour in every experience of life from the vege- 
 table to the animal kingdom of this country. If you want 
 to bring out the best that is in a horse, treat him kindly. 
 Educate him, don't break him educate him. Man was cre- 
 ated to have dominion over the earth, and he will never 
 have dominion through war and cruelty, but through kind- 
 ness and intelligence. That is the way to get dominion and 
 come into our rightful heritage. 
 
306 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 The next is the Plant Bureau or industry. You will 
 find that the strawberry vine will respond in wonderful de- 
 grees to kindness and affectionate care. It is affection that 
 brought forth those plants, not cruelty, not murder. If you 
 want to beautify and adorn the earth, let love shine out 
 in everything you do, and you will find that everything will 
 respond in kind to you. 
 
 We all hope the time will come when we will not need 
 to learn war any more. Why, "The drying up of a single 
 tear has more of honest fame than shedding seas of gore." 
 
 The next is Food, and you know how much the Govern- 
 ment has helped you on the beef question and other things 
 that pertain to pure food. A man that has impure food 
 cannot have pure thoughts. "Blessed are the pure in heart, 
 for they shall see Good." A corrupt man never sees Good. 
 That is what we are searching for, is Good, and that is all. 
 We must learn how to search for it in that direction. Ideas 
 rule the world nations and individuals therefore let us 
 get right ideas and put them into practice. The Golden Rule 
 put into practice today would bring the millennium. What 
 we need is common honesty in our dealings with our neigh- 
 bor. That is what we are trying to do, but we have to go 
 a long way around. 
 
 The next is the insect pest. That has been a wonder- 
 ful service to the farmer in making a success of his busi- 
 ness. It does more it helps to make the man better. A 
 man that can grow a good field of corn is better than the 
 man that grows a poor one. % 
 
 The Weather Bureau. That is a great service, to the 
 whole country. Then we have the question of soil, where 
 they analyze the soil, and find what kind of soil can produce 
 the best crop and give the best results, and when you study 
 those soils and understand them, you will have a high re- 
 gard for the soil, and the soil will respond in kind that you 
 devote to it. If kindness and intelligence is applied to the 
 soil, that soil will respond to that kind of treatment. If 
 you are a careless, cruel, narrow man, your soil will re- 
 spond just that way, and so will everything else in nature. 
 
 We can find in this world just what we hunt for. If 
 you want trouble you will find it anywhere. If you want 
 success, you cannot fail, if you will hunt success along true 
 lines. It is just as certain * as a mathematical problem. I 
 might quote a little Scripture, to show that I am somewhat 
 familiar with the Good Book. Many of us have a great deal 
 of trouble fretting and worrying and wasting our energy 
 over things that never happen. What did the Great Master 
 tell us? We are fretting about what kind of clothes we 
 
ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 307 
 
 are going to have, arid the kind of homes we are going to 
 have, and Ave want wealth and comfort and we fret about 
 it. He said, "Fret not thyself, saying what shall we eat or 
 what shall we drink, or wherewithal shall we be clothed. 
 Seek you first the Kingdom of Good and His righteousness 
 (or right thinking) and all these things shall be added 
 unto you." It is the same as twice two is four. When you 
 undertake to solve a problem in mathematics, follow the 
 rule. Seek the truth and follow it, and you cannot help 
 getting correct results. The same way with any work we 
 are doing. We are trying to get intelligent co-operation. 
 If we get this on the part of the Government, success is a 
 certainty. 
 
 Now we have another bureau called the Koad Bureau, 
 and we have met with a splendid example in this country 
 on good roads. In all my travels in the West and Middle 
 West, I have not found as good roads as you have here. 
 I think you are better for it. You make your neighbor bet- 
 ter by your good roads. You reach every man here tonight 
 thinking about your roads and he will bear this in mind 
 and when he goes home he will help to get good roads there. 
 Thus we co-operate along all lines, and think better of each 
 other for it. 
 
 Then we have experimental stations to help experiment 
 on all these things. They have searched the world over to 
 find new seeds, new grasses, new fruits and new methods 
 to help the farmer produce a greater quantity of the product 
 and better quality. In the degree a man develops in quality 
 he will produce a higher quality of grazing or horticultural 
 products. Only to that extent can he do it. 
 
 That is what the Government is doing for the farmer 
 with these nine bureaus. Now this work that we are under- 
 taking, you can see from what I have said so far, is largely 
 educational. This is one of the essential things in a gov- 
 ernment of the people, because its progress depends entirely 
 upon the intelligence and understanding of that people. 
 Therefore it requires education all the time. I find that the 
 miner, the ordinary miner that you talk about, can teach 
 me and you many a good lesson. That is why we invite 
 him in this Congress to co-operate with us as well as the 
 operator, because the operator can be taught many a good 
 lesson by the miner. The operator does not know it all, 
 neither does the miner, but if we get together we will get 
 the benefit of all of the experience and each will be bene- 
 fitted. 
 
 We have agricultural colleges established in each state. 
 I had the pleasure of spending last Sabbath a week ago 
 
308 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 in the Agricultural College of Illinois. It is a wonderful 
 institution. It is wonderful what they are doing there to 
 prepare the young man to work upon a higher plane, to 
 bring out the best in Nature, by bringing out the best that 
 is in him. 
 
 I think that the mine operator in this Middle West and 
 the East needs educating some along these lines, because 
 I thoroughly believe that if he participates in this eff oil 
 to get national co-operation, he will find that he is bene- 
 fited, an'd I believe that many of them realize that to a 
 large extent, some of them much more than I do, perhaps, 
 because'! have talked With them in Chicago, Springfield, 
 Indianapolis and Pittsburg last week, and they are willing 
 to co-operate with us in this great work in the future. 
 
 The Agricultural Department is sending out publica- 
 tions for the benefit of the farmers by the millions so that 
 the farmer has something absolutely reliable, written by 
 men who understand, to guide him in his work of agricul- 
 ture and horticulture. I don't know why the miner should 
 not be helped that way just as well as the farmer, not be- 
 cause one is better than the other, but because both need 
 it. (Applause.) 
 
 When we look back over the history of this country 
 as a matter of education, we find it took many gatherings 
 of the people like we have here to-night, it took much dis- 
 cussion and thought to even let the people understand how 
 to found this Government. It has taken many gatherings 
 and much thought and much argument to keep the people 
 educated up to the condition that was necessary to keep 
 this government moving on and progressing, and it will 
 continue to take many gatherings in the future to keep this 
 educational work going on because it is by gathering to- 
 gether and seeing our needs and learning from each other, 
 that we grow. 
 
 It is the individuality of the American citizen that 
 makes America great, that makes the American citizen rec- 
 ognized as an individual throughout the world because he 
 dares think for himself, and expresses his thoughts on all 
 occasions, and it is this interchange of ideas that brings out 
 the best things, not for controversy, but to bring out the 
 truth. 
 
 I think the public at large has a very false idea of min- 
 ing. I heard some one say since we have been here that 
 a prospect or a mine was a hole in the ground with a liar 
 at one end of it, or something like that. Now is that your 
 idea of a mine or a prospect? If so, you have not the first 
 glimpse of the wonders of a mine. I have just recently vis- 
 
ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 309 
 
 ited a great mine in my own state, and I went in there two 
 miles from the mouth of the tunnel, and there I saw a great 
 body of galena ore 120 feet thick between the walls. Is 
 that a hole in the ground with a liar at one end of it? 
 It is something more than that. They are handling in 
 that great mine 4,000 tons a day, taking f 500,000 annually 
 to buy the timber alone that they use in that mine and we 
 have many of them. Let the people understand that a mine 
 means a hole in the ground with a liar in it? No. There 
 is no truth in that. We want to learn how to find the truth 
 about mining. (Applause.) Why, don't you know that it 
 is the virtue of mining that makes it possible for the dis- 
 honest man to take advantage of individuals? If it were 
 not possible to get such mighty results as we get from min- 
 ing, it would not be possible to float these fraudulent stocks 
 which are being sold in this country by the dishonest pro- 
 moter? You may dig a hole in the ground and make mil- 
 lions out of it. That is why the dishonest promoter under- 
 takes to mine that vein in human nature which we call the 
 "get-rich-quick get-something-for-nothing" streak in human- 
 ity instead of mining out of the ground. It may be true 
 that distance lends enchantment to the lie, but nearness 
 lends enchantment to the truth at all times. 'Bring the 
 skeptical man with you if you want him to see the truth. 
 
 So I say if we understood mining in its scientific sense, 
 through co-operation with the best minds in our country, 
 and on the part of the Government we would change this 
 theory of mining. I have lived in mining communities now 
 for thirty years. I want to say to you that I have no ques- 
 tion that in mining, if a man will pay the same attention 
 to it that he will to merchandising or banking, that he will 
 make a larger percentage of profit than in any business that 
 I know of. (Applause.) It is a mere question of under- 
 standing. There is no use in a man going into business and 
 undertaking to succeed at it when he is ignorant of how to 
 succeed. Mining requires skill, courage, judgment, knowl- 
 edge and when you have it, and pursue mining intelli- 
 gently, it is the most certain of returns of any industry with 
 which I am familiar, and I say the American people need 
 to be educated upon the subject of mining. 
 
 Why, when you look at your great coal mine, isn't there 
 a chance to win certainly out of these great coal mines if 
 you go at it intelligently, and if we are honest we can al- 
 ways get all the money we want to develop the property? 
 Look at the great iron mines. Is it not safe to say you 
 are getting an honest deal when you go into an iron mine? 
 Take the great steel trust they never need to look for mil- 
 
310 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 lions to develop their great iron industry. It is a good in- 
 vestment. And so with many other branches like copper 
 and lead and zinc. I think we find in Idaho, out in that 
 wild and woolly West, that we can teach you many lessons 
 about how to save out of the ore after you have mined it 
 and crushed it and jigged it, you haven't got it all yet, 
 There is profit to a large extent, even in this community in 
 the portion that is being wasted. You have no right to 
 waste it. It belongs to the public, to the people of this 
 country, and you ought to use scientific methods by which 
 those things are saved, because there is clean profit in it. 
 
 Let me give you some idea of the character of the or- 
 ganization of the American Mining Congress, so that you 
 can see as to its plan of organization. It is a corporation 
 not based on capital stock but based on membership, where 
 each member has a right to vote and participate in all mat- 
 ters that pertain to that organization, electing directors, 
 laying its plans, and everything that pertains to it. We 
 have also in connection with that under our by-laws a dele- 
 gate system, because we believe that many men who are 
 not willing to become members because they may not feel 
 able to attend every session or pay the amount that is neces- 
 sary to become members, may come occasionally and bring 
 with them some splendid ideas. The delegate helps give us 
 the necessary enthusiasm. He helps to keep us out of a 
 rut, and we find him a very useful element in the Congress. 
 The delegate has the same right in all deliberations of this 
 body at the sessions that the members have except in vot- 
 ing for directors. That is a legal question and only mem- 
 bers have the right to vote upon that question. 
 
 We have established, because it seems necessary, per- 
 manent headquarters. Our records got to be quite volumi- 
 nous-^-we needed a place where they could be preserved, 
 because we have addresses and papers of great value which 
 must be stored away for use in the future. It is necessary 
 that we have one place where the officer, the Secretary 
 of the organization, can be communicated with between ses- 
 sions, so we have that particular place, our headquarters, 
 at Denver, Colorado. The annual session can be held any- 
 where in the United States. I want to make a suggestion 
 on that because always at these sessions a contest arises 
 for the location of the next session. The directors have the 
 power to locate the session, or, rather, I would say, 
 ratify the action of the delegates and members, because 
 something might arise by which after the session had ad- 
 journed, it would be impossible or impracticable to go to 
 the place selected. Some power must be lodged somewhere. 
 
ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 311 
 
 The Board might find it necessary to change the location. 
 
 Now, the annual sessions at present are quite impor- 
 tant. It may not be out of place to make a suggestion or 
 two. A gentleman in Chicago, I think it was, asked me 
 why we didn't come to the East years ago. "Well," I said, 
 "in the first place, in my judgment you never could have 
 started an organization like this in the East. They are too 
 busy making dollars. But we wanted it started in the 
 West and we just had to make it respectable and respected 
 and we believe that we have done that, and now we are 
 coming East and we are going to educate you, and you will 
 educate us on these great questions. We will co-operate 
 on these lines because something good can come out of the 
 West." That is about as brief an outline as I can make of 
 the plan of the organization. 
 
 Don't you know that a great many people still have 
 the idea that one of the purposes of our great Government, 
 is war? That is a false idea, and that idea, if the Govern- 
 ment cultivates it among the individuals, then the individu- 
 al thinks that his attitude is to make war on his neighbor 
 instead of working with him. He undertakes always to get 
 the best of him, to get something from him that does not 
 belong to him, and that creates a bad tendency, and we are 
 tending too much toward the idea of war in our industrial 
 progress in this country, instead of co-operation. During the 
 Middle Ages, a nation could not be great unless it was great in 
 war; in the destruction of life, liberty, property and progress. 
 That is what it means. There is nothing so disastrous to 
 progress as war, whether war of individuals, communities, 
 states, corporations or nations. We must learn to over- 
 come this tendency to w r ar, and learn to co-operate. I think 
 it was Jefferson who said in his first inaugural address as 
 defining his idea of this Government: "It should prevent 
 men from injuring one another and leave them otherwise 
 free." That was true at his time, but it is outgrown today. 
 If this government is only going to prevent you and me 
 from injuring each other and leave us otherwise free, then 
 we have lost the precious jewel of all progress. It must 
 help the individual to grow, it must co-operate with the 
 man who is trying to better conditions, it must not only 
 restrain evil, but it must uphold the good tendencies and 
 encourage them. The Government is growing in the right 
 direction, as this Congress and other Congresses of its kind 
 will show. We are trying to uphold men who are trying 
 to do good, discourage evil and strengthen good. The mod- 
 ern idea does not mean war, it does not mean protection 
 merely, it means development. That means bring out of us 
 
312 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 those energies which we have, if we can only learn how to 
 use them wisely. We have all within us what is necessary 
 for infinite happiness if we can learn how to bring it out, 
 and in bringing it out of ourselves we bring it out of Na- 
 ture in the form of blossoms and fruit. It is a wonderful 
 thought. There are no limitations to hinder our progress. 
 It makes a man feel free without limit when he thinks of 
 those things and undertakes to do them. We want develop- 
 ment of the individual^ We don't want to destroy individual 
 development, but don't you see that you and I can develop 
 better by working together than we can by working singly. 
 Let me supplement what you are capable of with myself, 
 and we will both be the better for it. It is development 
 that we want, in communities and with a nation. I need 
 not go into details with that further. Our Government was 
 organized as a means, not as an end. It is not the end. 
 It is organized to help you to work together and be men and 
 women. It is an instrument by which we are doing that, 
 but it is not the end, any more than war is. We feel that 
 our Government is lacking in one thing. We feel that while 
 it is helping agriculture it should do more in that direction, 
 but it is making it sort of lop-sided or top-heavy by giving 
 so much to one side, and not building up the other side of 
 the Nation's wealth in an industry. We have many depart- 
 ments the Department of State, War Department, Navy 
 Department, Department of Justice acting through the At- 
 torney General, and those departments are necessary in or- 
 der to execute the form of Government at all. Then we 
 add to that other departments which are both executive and 
 I might say industrial, that go directly to the welfare of 
 the people, like the Postal Department, Interior Depart- 
 ment. Then we have a third which goes directly to the 
 general welfare, like the Department of Agriculture and 
 the Department of Commerce and Labor, and we want a 
 Department of Mining to bring out the mining interests. 
 
 Eight here let me say to you that for ten years this 
 Congress has been undertaking to get that work started. 
 The Board of Directors sent me down to Washington to 
 see what could be done there. I had the pleasure of meeting 
 first the director of the Geological Survey whom you heard 
 speak since you have met here a splendid character earn- 
 est, sincere, doing everything in his power to be faithful and 
 true to the great trust that was reposed to his keeping. I 
 found quite a sympathetic nature in him. We did not agree 
 upon all things and it is very good that we did not. The 
 fact that we did not agree shows there is development in 
 both, or one, of us, anyhow. But I tell you he is a big, earn- 
 
ANNUAL ADDRESS OP THEl PRESIDENT 3l3 
 
 est man, in sympathy with the plan of work we are trying 
 to carry on and we can trust him as a Mend of this Congress 
 to help carry out the great work we have undertaken. I 
 then had the pleasure of going to see Secretary Garfield, 
 another great, big, strong American man. At first he said 
 "No." Second, he said, "I may be mistaken about this." 
 And, third, he said: "You are entitled to it and I will help 
 you get it." (Applause.) He promised to write me a letter 
 that I might bring to read to you to-night, but owing to the 
 delays in the mails, or something, it has not reached here 
 at this time but may before the Congress adjourns, and I 
 feel very grateful to him for the encouragement he gives. 
 But the first real, direct encouragement I received in Wash- 
 ington was from Senator Heyburn of Idaho and I will ask 
 the Secretary to read the letter at this time. 
 
 (Secretary then read the letter.) 
 
 Senator Heyburn will do anything in his power to help 
 us in this work. Senator Hemingway of Indiana will also. 
 Mr. Dalzell and others will aid, and I feel we will get a 
 Bureau of Mines an independent bureau, because, in addi- 
 tion to this I had the pleasure of calling upon the President 
 of the United States. He is a very strong character, and is 
 like a steel trap. He said: "What do you mining men 
 want?" I said: "We want results; we don't care what you 
 name it." He said: "I will recommend a Bureau of Mines 
 in my next message. I have a part of it outlined already. 
 Will that suit you?" I said: "That is all we ask. Good-bye, 
 Mr. Roosevelt." Quick work by a quick man, and that is 
 the way we expect that bill to pass, or else they will hear 
 from us in Washington again. 
 
 There are two great basic industries in this country, 
 and only two, from which all the forces that we have to 
 use in our development are derived, and those two are min- 
 ing and agriculture. They cover it all. They ought to be 
 developed side by side, harmoniously, and not lop-sided. I 
 cannot understand why the American miner is not just as 
 much entitled to encouragement and help as the American 
 farmer. They both need it and must have it. We started 
 out to fight it out on these lines and will do it if it takes 
 twenty-five years. We are going to be heard. 
 
 I might go on and tell you the lack of legislation by 
 which the forests have been wasted and by which coal lands 
 have been wasted. The miner goes out into these mountain 
 fastnesses. He finds there the mineral, and behind him 
 comes the men with money, and he sees the forests going 
 into the hands of the few, and with the timber goes the min- 
 eral in many cases. He sees the coal lands going into the 
 
314 PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 
 
 hands of the few, and he is up in these great hills and there 
 is nothing left for him no ore, no timber, no pasture. But 
 he understands the use of dynamite and he uses it. I told 
 the President of these conditions that they were the con- 
 ditions that produced the "undesirable citizen" you are talk- 
 ing about, and we want those conditions remedied. I say 
 we should remedy those conditions that make those citizens. 
 
 I might go into all those things but I will not do it. 
 The effective work of this Congress depends upon the prac- 
 tical questions that affect us every day, and the character 
 of the men that handle these questions. When you come 
 to the Congress and hear men read papers and discuss 
 things, one man will do you more good in five minutes than 
 the other would in five weeks, because it is in him. He 
 understands it, and is trying to tell you about it. We are 
 trying to bring the people in contact with the practical 
 miner that knows how to do things. We are trying to get 
 a program which will bring out the more practical phases 
 in this work. They will attract attention by the manner 
 in which they are presented. 
 
 Now take the question of low grade ores. What a won- 
 derful thing in a community where you have vast bodies 
 of low grade ore and the miner is undertaking to develop 
 a claim, he finds the ore, he gets out a few tons and ships 
 it, and the railroad charges him about five times as much 
 as it is charging the larger shipper, and then it comes to 
 the smelter and what the railroad did not take, the smelter 
 takes, and he has nothing left but dynamite, and he uses it. 
 I am not defending him in that, but I say those conditions 
 bring about those results because a man has no redress. 
 The government does not help him; does not defend his 
 rights. I am acquainted with those conditions in that 
 Western country. There is no better-hearted, more gener- 
 ous, noble, brave manhood in this country than you will 
 find in our Western mining country. (Applause.) They 
 are the young men that came from the East, educated, many 
 of them great big men, but they have rights, and they ought 
 to be helped and encouraged because they will help to make 
 a great nation and a great people. Let me suggest, you will 
 hear a report from the committee investigating smelter 
 rates: We take this position. We want the smelter to 
 prosper and to make money. We want it liberally rewarded 
 but there is a condition in this country where great corpora- 
 tions undertake to render you an important service, and 
 we know nothing about the value of that service at all, 
 and we have to pay just what they arbitrarily say. We 
 have to pay it. There is an element of injustice in that that 
 
ANNUAL, ADDRESS OP THE PRESIDENT 315 
 
 the people of the United States will not submit to many 
 hundred years longer. When I render you a service, you 
 are entitled to know something about the value of that ser- 
 vice to you and pay accordingly, and when the entire know- 
 ledge is on one side and helplessness on the other, somebody 
 should come into the arena and bring out better conditions. 
 There is a controversy going on between the miner and 
 smelter. We are determined, if possible, to bring those two 
 elements together so that they can both prosper in a higher 
 degree than ever before. 
 
 Take the question of labor. We meet it out in our 
 country, but I believe as much as I believe anything that 
 the labor unions came forth in this country as a cry for 
 justice. That is what made the labor unions come out as 
 they have, but they must be conducted so that that instru- 
 ment which was intended to bring justice shall not be con- 
 verted into an instrument of injustice, as they are doing in 
 many cases. That is one of the works we are going to un- 
 dertake to do, to bring these elements on a plane that will 
 bless both of them. 
 
 I might go on and tell you all the mutual benefits that 
 would come to us from co-operation but I will close with 
 this one thought that sentiment in mining in my judgment 
 is its most valuable asset. I mean that sentiment that en- 
 ables a promoter when he attempts to interest you and me 
 to join him in a mining venture that he should possess that 
 sentiment that compels him to do everything in his power 
 to make that a proper venture and not a dishonest one.- 
 This can only be surpassed by that other sentiment in mine 
 management by which every employe truly co-operates with 
 the management, and the management with the employe, 
 not only to bring the best out of the mine but the best out 
 of the men, that all may be truly benefited. That is the 
 sentiment that is the most valuable asset in all mining and 
 all industries and out of this character of co-operation you 
 will find will come in this country great American charac- 
 ters, great enough and grand enough to match these great 
 mountains and plains and in whose lives of achievements 
 the whole nation will take pride, and like the life of Lin- 
 coln, will add a, crowning glory to modern civilization. 
 I thank you. (Applause.) 
 

 
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