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rJ^UU 
 
 A 
 
 DISCOVERY 
 
 OF 
 
 TPIE AUTHOR 
 
 OF 
 
 THE LETTERS OF JUi\IUS, 
 
 FOUNDED ON SUCH 
 
 EVIDENCE AND ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 AS EXPLAIN 
 
 ALL THE MYSTERIOUS CIRCUMSTANCES 
 
 AND APPARENT CONTRADICTIONS 
 
 WHICH HAVE 
 
 CONTRIBUTED TO THE CONCEALMENT 
 
 MOST IMPORTANT SECRET OF OUR TIMES 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PpaNTED FOR TAYLOR AND HESSEY^93, FLEfiT-STREi: f. 
 
 1813. 
 
T. Davison, Whitefr.ars, 
 London. 
 
FST3f 
 
 A 
 
 DISCOVERY, 
 
 The late re'publication of the letters of Junius 
 has again drawn the attention of the public to 
 the discovery of the author. The additional 
 information it contained was expected to lead 
 to the developement of the secret. Inquiry 
 was accordingly renewed with even more zeal 
 than ever : many conjectures were revived that 
 were long ago proved to be groundless ; and 
 some new ones offered which appear to be as 
 little entitled to attention. Whether the opi- 
 nion we maintain, resting, as it does, on circum- 
 stantial evidence, be deserving of more con- 
 sideration, must be left to the decision of the 
 public. We can only say that if it fail, it wall 
 not be for want of reasons in its favour, far 
 stronger than any that have yet been offered in 
 support of other opinions. 
 
 We did not sit down to the perusal of Junius 
 with any expectation of discovering the author. 
 
The idea we have formed was suggested by 
 some of the letters at the end of the work ; 
 and, when once entertained, so many other 
 reasons offered in its support, that we were 
 induced to extend our inquiry. One circum- 
 stance after another added strength to the 
 conjecture, till at length we were compelled to 
 believe it was correct. Subsequent information 
 tended to confirm the first impression, and to 
 produce in our minds so entire a conviction, as 
 led us to think a statement of the evidence 
 would not be unacceptable to the public. 
 
 It may be one recommendation of the follow- 
 ing pages, that the discovery they profess to 
 make has novelty in it. We attribute the pro- 
 duction to two gentlemen^ neither of whom, as 
 far as our knowledge extends, has ever been 
 surmised to be the author.. The death of the 
 one, and the absence of the other, by removing 
 them from the public eye, might be the reason 
 of their not being suspected. As politicians, 
 indeed, they were not at that time so conspicu- 
 ous as to excite general attention. The father 
 was in the decline of life, unaccustomed, under 
 his own name, to appear as a political writer ; 
 and though the son was speedily distinguished 
 for talents and virtues of the first order, yet 
 they were displayed at such a distance from his 
 
native country, that no one appears to have 
 recognised in them any traces of the character 
 of Junius. 
 
 In attributing the letters to these gentlemen, 
 we beg to remark, that every mystery in the 
 conduct and character of Junius will be ex- 
 plained by proofs adduced from documents 
 already before the public. We have no oppor- 
 tunity of acquiring secret intelligence. Our 
 biographical accounts are extracted from works 
 which were written, of course, without any 
 design to give currency or weight to the 
 opinion we have formed. We lament that our 
 materials are in consequence so scanty ; but 
 while, on the one hand, this was a subject of 
 regret, it conduced, on the other, to strengthen 
 our suspicions. For almost every fact that has 
 come to our knowledge has been decidedly 
 favourable to our conjecture ; and in no single 
 instance have we met with a circumstance that 
 in the least militates against it. 
 
 When a correct opinion has been formed, 
 every little incident tends to its confirmation. 
 Thus, the apparent contradictions in the cha- 
 racter of Junius, which have been utterly irre- 
 concileable with any supposition that has hither- 
 to been formed of the author, are of material 
 service in the present case. That Junius ap- 
 
pears, at various times, to be an Old Man, an 
 Irishman, a Lawyer, a Soldier, a Courtier, a 
 Statesman, a Divine, and again not one of all 
 these, has been sufficient to baffle the most 
 pertinacious inquirer. Yet all these seeming 
 inconsistencies may be satisfactorily explained ; 
 and if upon the meagre evidence which is acci- 
 dentally contained in books these things m^y 
 be accounted for, how much more may not bie 
 expected from the disclosures of those, who had 
 the honour and the happiness to be intimately 
 acquainted with the parties ? 
 
 That Junius was a fictitious character, as well 
 as a fictitious name, has been remarked by 
 Dr. Girdlestone. The remark is ingenious. It 
 is supported by the motto to the w^ork, as well 
 as by the express declaration of Junius. Our 
 author was not accustomed to employ words 
 lightly. " I weigh every word, and every altera- 
 tion, in my eyes at least, is a blemish*." There 
 is a latent force in many of his expressions that 
 is still more severe than their obvious meaning; 
 and it might be expected, that a motto selected 
 by himself wpuld contain some secret allusion 
 —some indirect application to the author, 
 which, when the secret was disclosed, would be 
 
 * WoodfaP's edit, of Junius, vol. i. p. 240. 
 
strikingly apparent. The fictitious character, 
 the absolute non-entity of the man, was the 
 circumstance hinted at in the words " Stat 
 nojnmis umbra/' It was idle, and beneath 
 Junius, to tell the world that he employed a 
 great name merely as a stalking-horse — the fact 
 was evident. Besides, he would then have 
 given the entire phrase, stat magni nominis 
 umbra, but the omission shews that tliis was 
 pot his purpose. It is not mag7ii, but umbra, 
 which is the emphatic word ; and thus the 
 shadow of a name has another meaning attached 
 to it- The word umbra proves that the secret 
 Junius was himself a shadow, an ideal character, 
 Jiidden beneath a fictitious name — in fact, the 
 shadow of a shade; for a name is but the 
 shadow of a substance, and our JyNiys was him^ 
 ^elf but the shadow of a name. 
 
 The supposition of a fictitious character 
 receives support from various passages in our 
 ,author'§ correspondence. 
 
 " I have faithfully served the public without the possi^ 
 bility of a personal advantage. As JUNIUS, I can never 
 expect to be rewarded.'* 
 
 Letter to WilkeSy v. i. p. * 295. 
 
 " As to Junius, I must wait for fresh matter, as this is 
 a character which must be kept up with credit." 
 
 Letter to Wood/ally v. i. p. *198. 
 
s 
 
 ** He asserts that he has traced me through a variety 
 of signatures. To make the discovery of any importance 
 to his purpose, he should have proved, either that the 
 fictitious character of Junius has not been consistentJj/ 
 supported, or that the author has maintained different 
 principles under different signatures. I cannot recall to 
 my memory the numberless trifles I have written ; but 
 I rely upon the consciousness of my own integrity, and 
 defy him to fix any colourable charge of inconsistency 
 
 upon me." 
 
 Letter to Home, v. i. p. 307. . 
 
 There are several passages in the letters of 
 Junius which have always been supposed to be 
 directly contradictory to each other. Were 
 this in fact the case, it might admit of an 
 excuse in a writer whose life perhaps depended 
 on the concealment of his name. But to the 
 noble mind of Junius falsehood was a stranger ; 
 and so far from resorting to such meanness for 
 protection, he defies his enemies to ^x upon 
 him *^ any colourable charge of inconsistency," 
 even in any of the trifles he had written. 
 
 An author so jealous of his honour is not 
 likely to have been guilty of unnecessary pre- 
 varication : yet if we imagine that Junius was 
 some single person, how can he escape the 
 charge ? l^^ on the contrary, we admit that txvo 
 persons were concerned in the formation of this 
 one fictitious character^ the difficulty is removed. 
 There is then no inconsistency in expressions 
 
9 
 
 which in any other view it is impossible to re- 
 concile with each other. 
 
 Thus, when the w^^^/^c^/ Junius declares in his 
 dedication, " I am the sole depositary of my 
 own secret, and it shall perish with me," we 
 can acknowledge that under that name he speaks 
 the truth ; and yet that the following extracts 
 from his letters to Woodfall are in perfect con- 
 sistency with such a declaration. 
 
 *' The gentleman who transacts the conveyancing part 
 of our correspondence tells me there was much difficulty 
 last night." 
 
 Vol. i. p. *246. 
 
 *' The last letter you printed was idle and improper, 
 and I assure you printed against my own opinion. The 
 truth isj there are people about me whom I would wish 
 not to contradict, and who would rather see Junius in the 
 papers ever so improperly than not at all. I wish it could 
 be recalled. Suppose you were to say, — TVe have some 
 reason to suspect that the last letter signed Junius, in this 
 paper, was not written by the real Junius, though the ob^ 
 servation escaped us at the time; or if you can hit off any 
 thing yourself more plausible, you will much oblige me ; 
 but without a positive assertion. Don't let it be the same 
 day with the enclosed." 
 
 Vol. i. p.* 198. 
 
 The letter in question was clearly written 
 by only one of the persons composing the cha- 
 racter of Junius, without the assistance or con- 
 currence of the other. He might therefore. 
 
10 
 
 •without any inconsistency say, it " was not 
 written by the real Jiuu'i/s,*' to whose existence 
 the united minds of both the writers were essen- 
 tial. 
 
 With this explanation the veracity of Junius 
 stands unimpeachable. If under other signatures 
 expressions are used which appear inconsistent 
 with each other, the slightest consideration will 
 serve to explain them. — Thus the epithet, " We 
 soldiers," in the following extract, is conform- 
 able to the signature affixed to that letter. 
 
 *' My Lord, the rest of the world laugh at your choice; 
 but we soldiers feel it as an indignity to the whole army, 
 and be assured we shall resent it accordingly *' 
 
 Vol. iii. p. 424. 
 
 It is no inconsistency in Veteran to use this 
 phrase, though Lucius (vol. iii. p. 154.) says to 
 Lord Hillsborough, " I am no soldier, my 
 Lord." — The character^ whatever it be, must 
 be supported, and the inconsistency would be 
 justly chargeable on the writer, if this were 
 neglected to be done. 
 
 In the like manner, Scotus (vol. iii. p. 447.) 
 is correct in saying, " I am a Scotchman.'^ But 
 no one, surely, can think it necessary to object 
 to phrases such as these. 
 
 Having made these hw preliminary remarks, 
 we now proceed to shew that all the circum- 
 stances of time and place^ talents and character. 
 
11 
 
 conspire to prove that Dr. Francis, and his son 
 the present Sir Philip Francis, were the authors 
 of the Letters OF Junius. And though the style 
 of one person, when corrected and qualified by 
 the taste of another, must vary in some degree 
 from other specimens of that writer's usual man- 
 ner, we shall, in addition to our other proofs, 
 exhibit some remarkable coincidences of expres- 
 sion in the writings of these gentlemen and of 
 Junius. 
 
 The circumstances most material to be first 
 determined are those of time and place. We 
 shall therefore shew, that Dr. Francis and his 
 Son were in London, or its immediate neigh- 
 bourhood, during the period in which these 
 letters were written; and that they were in si- 
 tuations favourable for obtaining that informa- 
 tion which Junius was so remarkable for pos- 
 sessing. 
 
 The Miscellaneous Letters ascribed to Junius 
 in Mr. Woodfall's last edition extend from 
 April 28, 1767, to May 12, 1772; the letters 
 signed Junius, from January 21,1 76ij, to January 
 21, 1772; the Private Letters to Mr. Wilkes, 
 from August 21, to November 9, 1771 ; and the 
 Private Letters to Woodfall commence on April 
 20, 1769, and close on January 19, 1773. 
 
19 
 
 Thus the whole of the letters attributed to 
 Junius were written between the dates of April 
 28, 1767, and January 19, 1773. 
 
 Dr. Francis died at Bath on the fifth of March, 
 1773. For several years previous to his death 
 he had resided in or near London. — His son 
 was born about the year 1748*. In 1773, he 
 was appointed one of the Commissioners for the 
 Government of India. He sailed from England 
 in the spj-ing of 1774. 
 
 There is nothing, therefore, in the time when 
 these Letters were written that opposes the o^u 
 nion we have expressed. Dr, Francis lived 
 three months after the date of the last private 
 communication of Junius, and ten months after 
 the appearance of his last miscellaneous letter. 
 The latest of the acknotvledged Letters of Junius 
 was published fourteen months before his death. 
 Sir Philip Francis did not leave England until 
 a twelvemonth after the date of the last commu- 
 nication, of any description, that can be traced to 
 Junius. 
 
 But while there is nothing in this evidence 
 that contradicts our assertion, we must be al- 
 lowed to remark, that the sudden and total dis- 
 appearance of Junius at this crisis is no light 
 
 * Pub. Char. I8O9. 
 
13 
 
 presumption in its favour. Had Junius written 
 after the death of Dr. Francis, and the departure 
 of Sir Philip, there would be an end ofour pre- 
 sent inquiry. Or if Sir Philip had continued in 
 England, and Dr. Francis had lived any consi- 
 derable time after JtJNius had ceased to write, 
 appearances would not have been so strongly in 
 our favour. Under all the circumstances, we 
 may certainly consider the time and place as 
 affording some proofs of the correctness of our 
 suggestion. 
 
 But Junius not only continued to write for 
 the space of five years, and then ceased alto- 
 gether : his labour was incessant during that 
 period. " From January, 1769, to January, 
 1772, he uniformly resided in London, or its 
 immediate vicinity, and never quitted his stated 
 habitation for a longer period than a few weeks.*' 
 — Prel. Ess. p. *47. We have reason to believe, 
 from various circumstances, that Dr. Francis, 
 during all this time, lived in or near town. — That 
 his son was an inhabitant of the metropolis for 
 the same term may be inferred from the follow- 
 ing account. " He was born about the year 
 1748, and was bred at St. PauFs school, under 
 Mr. Thicknesse, the brother of the governor of 
 the same name, who was allowed to be a man of 
 great learning and talents. At an early period 
 
u 
 
 of his llfey in consequence of the influence of hrs 
 father, Philip was patronized by the late Lord 
 Barrington, who at that time presided at the 
 War- Office, and by whom he was first introduced 
 into public business in that department/* * 
 
 Lord Barrington was appointed Secretary at 
 War in 1765. As Sir Philip was introduced 
 into the War-Office at an early period of life^ it 
 probably took place soon after the appointment 
 of his patron, at which time he was seventeen 
 years of age. He continued in this department 
 vmtil he was expelled by Lord Barrington in 
 March 1772. — Junius, v. iii. p. 445. 
 
 We have great reason then to conclude, that 
 so long as Junius was known to be confined to 
 London, or its immediate vicinity, Mr. Philip 
 Francis held a situation at the War-Office,which 
 necessarily required his constant residence iti 
 town. When the latter was released from this 
 constraint, the Letters of Junius immediately 
 evince that he himself indulged in a corre- 
 spondent relaxation. So completely, indeed, 
 does the parallel hold between the situation and 
 peculiar circumstances of Junius and Mr. Philip 
 Francis, that when the latter finally quitted the 
 War-Office, the former entirely gave up his poli- 
 tical lucubrations. 
 
 * Pub. Char. I8O9. 
 
15 
 
 Favourable as these coincidences are to our 
 general supposition, the connection of Sir Philip 
 with the War- Office affords still stronger evidence 
 of its truth. 
 
 Junius was remarkably distinguished for his 
 particular knowledge of the minor concerns of 
 the army. Malone mentions this fact as a rea- 
 son why Mr. Secretary Hamilton could not have 
 been the author of the Letters. " He had none 
 of that minute commissarial kuow]edge of petty 
 military matters which is displayed in some of 
 the earlier papers of Junius.*' — Prel. Essai/, 
 
 p. *117. 
 
 These expressions very happily designate that 
 species of knowledge which a chief clerk in the 
 War- Office would naturally acquire. — Let us see 
 how this applies to the Letters of Junius. 
 
 In his first Letter, Junius animadverts on the 
 conduct of the Commander in Chief, for " ne- 
 glecting the merit and services of the rest of the 
 army, to heap promotions upon his favourites 
 and dependents." — '^ If the discipline of the 
 army be in any degree preserved, what thanks,** 
 he asks, " are due to a man, whose cares, notori- 
 ously confined to filling up vacancies, have de- 
 graded the office of Commander in Chief to a 
 broker of commissions ? " 
 
16 
 
 In reply to Sir William Draper's vindication 
 of Lord Granby, the second Letter of Junius 
 contains the following passages : 
 
 " You say, he has acquired nothing but honour in the 
 field. Is the Ordnance nothing ? Are the Blues nothing ? 
 Is the command of the army, with all the patronage an- 
 nexed to it, nothing ? Where he got these nothings I 
 know not ; but you at least ought to have told us when 
 he deserved them. 
 
 " As to his bounty, compassion, &c. It would have 
 been but little to the purpose, though you had proved all 
 that you have asserted. I meddle with nothing but his 
 character as Commander in Chief: and though I acquit 
 him of the baseness of selling commissions, I still assert 
 that his military cares have never extended beyond the 
 disposal of vacancies; and I am justified by the complaints 
 of the whole army, when I say that, in this distribution, 
 lie consults nothing but parliamentary Interests, or the 
 gratification of his immediate dependents. As to his ser- 
 vile submission to the reigning ministry, let me ask, whe- 
 ther he did not desert the cause of the whole army, when 
 he suffered Sir JefFery Amherst to be sacrificed, and what 
 share he had in recalling that officer to the service ? Did 
 he not betray the just interest of the army, in permitting 
 Lord Percy to have a regiment ? And does he not at 
 this moment give up all character and dignity as a gen- 
 tleman, in receding from his own repeated declarations 
 in favour of Mr. Wilkes ?" — 
 
 *' The last charge, of the neglect of the army, is indeed 
 the most material of all. I am sorry to tell you, Sir Wil- 
 liam, that in this article your first fact is false : and as 
 there is nothing more painful to me than to give a direct 
 
17 
 
 contradiction to a gentleman of your appearance, I could 
 wish that, in your future publications, you would pay a 
 greater attention to the truth of your premises, before 
 you suffer your genius to hurry you to a conclusion. Lord 
 Ligonier did not deliver the army, (which you, in classical 
 language, are pleased to call z palladium) into Lord Gran- 
 by's hands. It was taken from him much against his 
 inclination, some two or three years before Lord Granby 
 was Commander in Chief. As to the state of the army, 
 1 should be glad to know where you have received your 
 intelligence. Was it in the rooms at Bath, or at your re- 
 treat at Clifton ? The reports of the reviewing generals 
 comprehend only a few regiments in England, which, as 
 they are immediately under the royal inspection, are, 
 perhaps, in some tolerable order. But do you know any 
 thing of the troops in the West Indies, the Mediterranean, 
 and North America, to say nothing of a whole army aj)- 
 solutely ruined in Ireland ? Enquire a little into facts. 
 Sir William, before you publish your next panegyric 
 upon Lord Granby ; and believe me, you will find there 
 is a fault at head-quarters, which even the acknowledged 
 care and abilities of the adjutant- general cannot correct." 
 
 Vol. i. pp. 74, 75, 76. 
 
 The subsequent Letters of Junius to Sir Wil- 
 liam Draper display many more proofs of this 
 '^ minute cow wi^^flrn'fl/ knowledge." 
 
 *' In exchange for your regiment, you accepted of a 
 colonel's half-pay, (at least 2201. a year,) and an annuity of 
 2001. for your own and Lady Draper's life jointly. And 
 is this the losing bargain which you would represent to 
 
 C 
 
18 
 
 Uf, ts if you had given up an income of 8001. a year for 
 SSOL ?'* 
 
 Junius, vol. i. p. 97. 
 
 ** When you receive your half-pay, do you,, or do you 
 not, take a solemn oath, or sign a declaration upon your 
 honour, to the following effect ? That you do not at- 
 tually hold anyplace of profit, civil or military^ under his 
 Majesty, 
 
 Junius^ vol. i. p. 98. 
 
 '* You were appointed (greatly out of your turn) to 
 the command of a regiment, and, during that administra- 
 tion, we heard no more of Sir William Draper ."^ 
 
 Junius, vol. ii. p. 7. 
 
 The rescue of Major General Gansel is the 
 next subject whereon the Letters of Junius dis- 
 play any minute knowledge of military matters. 
 
 It may readily be imagined that a clerk in the 
 War-Office must know every particular of this 
 transaction ; and it is highly probable that he 
 would himself behold it, as it took place at the 
 Horse-Guards. 
 
 Junius details the affair with a minuteness 
 that proves he was an eye-witness of it. Every 
 little circumstance is marked in his account with 
 the precision of a picture painted on the spot. 
 
 " A major-general of the army is arrested by the 
 sheriff's officers for a considerable debt. He persuade* 
 
19 
 
 them to conduct him to the Tilt-yard in St. James's Park, 
 vnder some pretence of business, which it imported him 
 to settle before he was confined. He applies to a serjeant, 
 not immediately on duty, to assist with some of his com* 
 panions in favouring his escape. He attempts it. A bus^ 
 tie ensues. * An officer of the guards, not then on duty, 
 takes part in the affair, applies to the f Ueutenant, com- 
 manding the Tilt-yard guard, and urges him to turn out 
 his guard to relieve a general offi.cer. The lieutenant 
 declines interfering in person j but stands at a distance, 
 and suffers the business to be done. The other officer 
 takes upon himself to order out the guard. In a moment 
 they are in arms, quit their guard, march, rescue the ge- 
 neral, and drive away the sheriff's officers, who in vain 
 represent their right to the prisoner, and the nature oJf 
 the arrest. The soldiers first conduct the general into 
 their guard-room, — then escort him to a place of safety 
 with bayonets ^ fixed, and in all the forms of military 
 triumph." 
 
 Ju7iiuSy vol. ii. p. 37. 
 
 In commenting upon this transaction Junius 
 thus proceeds. 
 
 " A lieutenant upon duty designedly quits his guard, 
 and suffers it to be drawn out by another officer, for si 
 purpose, which he well knew (as we may collect from an 
 appearance of caution, which only makes his behaviour 
 the more criminal,) to be in the highest degree illegal. 
 Has this gentleman been called to a court-martial to an- 
 swer for his conduct } No. Has it been censured } No. 
 Has it been in any shape enquired into ? No. Another 
 
 ^ Lieutenant Dodd. f Lieutenant Garth. 
 
 c S 
 
20 
 
 Keutenant not upon duty, nor even in his regimentals, is 
 daring enough to order out the King's guard, over which 
 he had properly no command, and engages them in « 
 violation of the laws of his country, perhaps the most sin- 
 gular and extravagant that ever was attempted. What 
 punishment has he suffered ? Literally none/* 
 
 Junius, vol. ii. p. 40. 
 
 " I know, indeed, that when this affair happened, an 
 affectation of alarm ran through the ministry. Something 
 must be done to save appearances. The case was too 
 flagrant to be passed by absolutely without notice. But 
 how have they acted? Instead of ordering the officers con- 
 cerned (and who, strictly speaking, are alone guilty,) to 
 be put under arrest, and brought to trial, they would have 
 it understood that they did their duty completely, in con- 
 fining a Serjeant and four private soldiers, until they 
 should be demanded by the civil power. So that, while 
 the officers who ordered or permitted the thing to be 
 done escape without censure, the poor men who obeyed 
 those orders, who in a military view are no way respon- 
 sible for what they did, and who for that reason have 
 been discharged by the civil magistrates, are the only ob- 
 jects whom the ministry have thought proper to expose 
 to punishment. They did not venture to bring even 
 these men to a court-martial, because they knew their 
 evidence would be fatal to some persons whom t/iey were 
 determined to protect." 
 
 Junius, vol. ii. pp. 42, 43. 
 
 Under the signature of X. X. in the Miscella- 
 neous Letters, Junius again shews his acquaint- 
 
21 
 
 ance with every circnmstaQce connected with 
 this adventure, 
 
 '* Is Captain Gartb, who d^orted his guard at notm- 
 day, an cqaerry to the Doke of CkmiberlaDd ? Did he not 
 leave the command of his gizard to a person who had as 
 Iktie right to take it as Bockhoa^e, mid is he^ <»* is he not, 
 protected hj his Rojal H%hDes5 ? — Is not Cq^Cain Dodd 
 the o]d friend of Besny Latves Lnttrd!, and the son 
 of the oldest and most imimate ctnszy of Lord Irsham i 
 Have either of the psitks denied any one of the facts 
 stated bj Jukius? — Has ziot Cblond Saher been ordered 
 to hold Ms ^tesce i — ^Has not WiBiain Viscount fiarring*- 
 taoy Secretary at War, most inJaua o iply selected bis 
 doty, in not nsoviog the Idag to older a comt-martiai for 
 the trial of these oSendcrs? .And has not the .A^otant- 
 general ffahUdy and repeatedly, thovii^ in vain, rqnre- 
 sented that they OQ|^t to be cashiered? What will the flat 
 general contradkticKi <^ an anonysxiBis writer avail against 
 drcumstances so particular, so well vouched, that the par- 
 ties nK»st ccmcemed are a^iamed orafiraidto deny tliem ? 
 How is JvKius to prove his £Kt5, hot by sud^ a particnla- 
 rity and precision in the state of them, that no man, who 
 knows any thing ai the matter, will Tentnre to dispute 
 the troth of them f* 
 
 Junass, ToL iii. p. £40. 
 
 The fact oext stated by Junius is the sale of 
 a patent place in the coliection of the costoxns 
 at Exeter. The place was given by the Duke 
 of Grafton to Ckilonei Bu rgoyne, who sdd it, 
 according to Junius, for 3,500/. which sum he 
 
22 
 
 aifjrms was paid to Colonel Burgoyne with the 
 connivance and consent of the Duke.— -In the 
 same letter Junius announces the promotion of 
 the Colonel to a military government, the go- 
 vernment of Fort St. George ; which promotion, 
 it seems, took place " only a few days before 
 the date of this letter." — Vide vol. ii. p. 58. note. 
 
 The statenaent given by Junius of the appoint- 
 ment of Lieut. Colonel Luttrell to be Adj^:tant- 
 general to the army in Ireland is as minute as 
 any of the preceding. 
 
 " This infamous transaction ought to be explained to 
 the Public. Colonel Gisborne was Quaster-master-ge- 
 neral in Ireland. Lord Townshend persuades him to resign 
 to a Scotch officer, one Fraser, and gives him the go- 
 vernment of Kinsale. 
 
 " Colonel Cuninghame was Adjutant-general in Ire- 
 land. Lord Townshend offers him a pension to induce 
 him to resign to Luttrell. Cuninghame treats the offer 
 with contempt. What's to be done .'* poor Gisborne must 
 move once more. He accepts of a pension of 500/. 
 a year, until a government of greater value shall become 
 vacant. Colonel Cuninghame is made Governor of Kin- 
 sale, and Luttrell at last, for whom the whole machinery 
 is put in motion, becomes Adjutant-general, and, in ef- 
 fect, takes the command of the army in Ireland." 
 
 Junius, vol. ii. p. 156. 
 
 But the intelligence that Colonel Luttrell had 
 accepted this appointment was unconfirmed. 
 
Q3 
 
 And Junius felt himself a few days after com- 
 pelled to announce, that the minister had '^ mean- 
 ly rescinded this detestable promotion." — Fronj 
 his peculiar sources of information, Junius ap- 
 pears to have had knowledge of this appoint- 
 ment before it had received the royal sanction. 
 — Perhaps he founded his opinion upon the 
 changes vi^hich were known at the War-Office to 
 have taken place, and which, it might be sup- 
 posed, were made for no other purpose than to 
 provide for Colonel LuttrelL This conjecture 
 receives some support from the manner in which 
 Junius speaks of the appointment, and from the 
 apprehension he entertained lest the entire de- 
 sign should be disavowed. " As very few forms 
 concurred to this appointment, except private 
 commissions to a Lord-lieutenant, we shall not 
 be surprised at that effrontery which may here^ 
 after deny the whole transaction; it is not, 
 however, lost in ignorance, because the royal fiat 
 had purposely delayed its progress through the 
 offices of the Secretaries of State. It never, per- 
 haps, was intended that this circumstance should 
 have been made public, till the destruction of 
 our rights had been at least more easily to be 
 accomplished than it is at present." 
 
 VoL ii. p. 158^ 
 
24 
 
 As the Miscellaneous Letters afford many 
 more instances of this commissarial knowledge 
 of military matters than the regular letters of 
 Junius contain, Mr. Malone's remark is still 
 more entitled to our attention than he himself 
 imagined. 
 
 The very particular account which Junius 
 gives of the dismissal of Sir JefFery Amherst 
 from the government of Virginia, — his state- 
 ment, " that Colonel Hotham is now Colonel 
 of the 13th Regiment, and that the commis- 
 sion of Commandant of the Royal Americans 
 only waits until it shall be determined whether 
 General Gage shall be recalled or not,'' — the 
 exact estimate he makes of Sir JefFery 's income, 
 from the government of Virginia, and his two 
 regiments, — the hint he gives to Lord Hills- 
 borough, that, '' the ostensible defence he has 
 given to the public differs widely from the real 
 one^ intrusted privately to his friends; and that 
 the most distant insinuation of what that defence is 
 would ruin his Lordship at 07ice*;^^ — and his note 
 to Woodfall — " By way of intelligence, you may 
 inform the public, that Mr. De la Fontaine,j^r 
 his secret services in the Alley ^ is appointed Bar- 
 rack Master to the Savoy ^'' — are all specimens 
 
 * Junius, V. iii. p. 139, 
 
25 
 
 of intelligence very similar in their kind to those 
 we have before adduced. 
 
 Even his personal knowledge of the cream* 
 coloured Bradshaw, and the blushing Rigby, 
 may have proceeded from the former being at 
 one time a clerk in the War-Office; and the 
 latter a paymaster of the Forces.. 
 
 But the most complete proofs of the connec- 
 tion of Junius with the War-Office, and of his 
 identity or connection with Sir Philip Francis^ 
 are to be found in the letters addressed to Lord 
 Barrington. They are introduced to the pub- 
 lisher by the following note. 
 
 Jan, 25, 1772. 
 
 *' Having nothing better to do, I propose to entertain 
 myself and the public, with torturing that ****** ****** 
 Barrington.* He has just appointed a French broker his 
 deputy, for no reason but his relation to Bradshaw. I 
 hear from all quarters that it is looked upon as a most 
 impudent insult to the army. — Be careful not to have it 
 known to come from me. Such an insignificant creature 
 is not worth the generous rage of Junius." 
 
 JuniuSy V. i. p.* 247. 
 
 * (Note by the Editor.) The letter that accompanied 
 this is numbered 105 in the Miscellaneous Collection, and 
 the signature of Junius will be found to be exchanged for 
 that of Veteran, Juniusy vol, i, p. 247. 
 
26 
 
 Accordingly in Letter 105, of the Miscellane- 
 ous Collection, Junius, under the name of Ve- 
 teran, attacks Loi*d Barrington for having ap- 
 pointed Mr. Chamier his deputy. Mr. Chamier 
 was successor in the War-Office to Mr. D'Oyly, 
 who was discarded to make room for him. 
 
 In this letter Junius introduces a conversa- 
 tion-piece between a General Officer and the 
 new deputy, with these words: "Let us sup- 
 pose a case, which everi/ man acquainted with the 
 War-Offite will admit to be very probable." 
 
 The incidents throughout this letter are far 
 beneath the notice of Junius ; yet they are com- 
 mented upon with a severity and resentment 
 which shew that they very seriously displeased 
 the writer. 
 
 ** There is no other way to account for your hx^ frantic 
 resolution of appointing Toyiy Shammy* your deputy 
 Secretary at War. 
 
 " My Lord, if I remember right, you are partial to tha 
 spawn of Jonathan's; witness the care you took to provide 
 for Mr. De la Fontaine in the military department. — 
 
 ** This last resolution, however, approaches to madness; — 
 and remember what I seriously tell you, this measure 
 will, sooner or later, be the cause, not of your disgrace, — 
 (that affair's settled) but of your ruin. What demon 
 possessed you, to place a little gambling broker at the 
 
 , * Anthony Chamier. 
 
27 
 
 head of the War-Office, and in a post of so much rank 
 
 and confidence as that of deputy to the Secretary at 
 
 War?" 
 
 JuniiiSf vol. iii. pp. 423-4. 
 
 From whom were these sentiments and ex- 
 pressions so likely to proceed as from a clerk in 
 the War-Office, who had been disappointed by 
 seeing another man unexpectedly placed over 
 his head? 
 
 It is, perhaps, to obviate this conclusion, and 
 escape discovery, that he assumes the character 
 and signature of a military man. — " We soldiers 
 feel it as an indignity to the whole army, and, 
 be assured, we shall resent it accordingly." 
 
 The 2d Letter to Lord Barrington contains 
 a hasty sketch of his Lordship's political career ; 
 and concludes with a conversation, which it is 
 insinuated passed between his Lordship and the 
 King. 
 
 ^' MY LORD, 
 
 ** In my last letter I only meant to be 
 jocular. An essay so replete with good humour could not 
 possibly give offence. You are no enemy to a jest, or at 
 least you would be thought callous to reproach. You 
 profess a most stoical indifference about the opinion of the 
 world, and above all things make it your boast that you 
 can set the newspapers at defiance. No man indeed has 
 
28 
 
 received a greater share of correction in this way, or 
 profited less by it than your Lordship. But we know 
 you better. You have one defect less than yon pretend 
 to. You are not insensible of the scorn and hatred of 
 the v^rorld, though you take no care to avoid it. — ^When 
 the bloody Barrington, that silken fawning courtier at 
 St. James's, — that stem and insolent minister at the War- 
 Office, is pointed out to universal contempt and detesta- 
 tion, you smile indeed, but the last agonies of the hyste- 
 ric passion are painted in your countenance. Your cheek 
 betrays what passes within you, and your whole firame is 
 in convulsions. — I now mean to be serious with you. — 
 
 '* By garbling and new modelling the War-OflGicc, you 
 think you have reduced the army to siibjection.-«»-?Ftt/4 
 in. Gentlemen^ business dime by Chamier and Ca» — To 
 make your office complete, you want nothing now but 
 a paper lanthorn at the door, and the scheme of a lottery 
 pasted upon the window. — ^With all your folly and ob- 
 stinacy, I am at a loss to conceive what coimtenance yoo 
 assumed, when you told your royal master that you had 
 taken a little Frenchified broker irom Change Alley, to 
 intrust with the management of all the affairs of his army- 
 Did the following dialogue leave no impression upon your 
 disordered imagination ? You know where it passed. 
 
 ** K, Pray, my Lord, whom have you appointed to 
 succeed Mr. D'Oyly ? 
 
 ** B. Please your M , I believe I have made a 
 
 choice that will be highly acceptable to the public and 
 to the army. 
 
 « K. Who is it ? 
 
 " C. Sire, il s^appelle Ragosin, Bom and educated in 
 Change Alley, he glories in the name of broker : and, to 
 say nothing of Lord Sandwich's friendship, I can assure 
 
29 
 
 your M he has always kept the best company at 
 
 Jonathan's. 
 
 ** K, My Lord, I never interfere in these matters ; but 
 I cannot help telling your Lordship, that you might have 
 consulted my honour and the credit of my army a little 
 better. Your appointment of so mean a person, though 
 he may be a very honest man in the m.ystery he was bred 
 to, casts a reflection upon mCy and is an insult to the 
 army. At all events, I desire it may be understood that 
 I have no concern in this ill-judged, indecent measure, 
 and that I do not approve of it." 
 
 *' I suppose, my Lord, you thought this conversation 
 might be sunk upon the public. It does honour to his 
 Majesty, and therefore you concealed it. — In my next I 
 propose to shew what a faithful friend you have been to 
 the army, particularly to old worn-out officers." 
 
 Junius, V. iii. p. 430, &c. 
 
 At the beginning of his 5di Letter to Lord 
 Barrington, Junius notices, in severe terms, his 
 Lordship's " opinion, solemnly and deliberately 
 expressed before the House of Commons, that 
 there is not a single man in the profession who 
 h in any shape qualified for Commander in 
 Chief." 
 
 This letter concludes with a conversation- 
 piece, which is introduced in the following 
 manner. 
 
 " After treating the most powerful people in the army 
 with so much unprovoked insolence, it is not to be sup- 
 
30 
 
 posed that field oiEcers, captains, and subalterns^ have 
 any chance of common justice at your hands. Bat that 
 matter shall be the subject of another letter, and every 
 letter shall be concluded with a conversation-piece. The 
 following dialogue is 7wt iniaginmy. 
 
 Scene. — ^War-Office. 
 Enter Barrington, meeting Waddlewell. 
 
 " B. My dear friend,you look charmingly this morning. 
 
 ** W. My dearest Lord — the sight of your Lordship !• — 
 (Here they eynbracCy WaddleweWs thoughts being too big 
 for utterance.) 
 
 " B. When did you see my PyladeSy our dear Brad- 
 shaw ? 
 
 " W. Ay, my Lord, there is a friend indeed ! — Firm- 
 ness without resistance — sincerity without contradiction 
 — and the milky way painted in his countenance. If I 
 could ever reconcile my mind to the distracting prospect 
 of losing your Lordship, where else should we look for a 
 successor ! But that event I hope is at a great distance. 
 Late, very late. Oh may he rule us ! 
 
 " B. Ay, my dearest Waddlewell, but we are sadly 
 abused notwithstanding all our virtues. 
 
 ** PT, Merit, my dear Lord, merit will for ever excite 
 enmity. — ^I found it so in the Alley. I never made a 
 lucky hit in my life, that it did not set all Jonathan's in 
 an uproar. If an idea succeeded, my best friends turned 
 against me, Judas and Levi, Moses and Issachar. — People 
 with whom I have been connected by the tenderest ties — 
 could not endure a sight of my prosperity. The ten 
 tribes of Israel united to destroy me, and for two years 
 together were malicious enough to call me the lucky little 
 
31 
 
 Benjamin. Friendship, among the best of men, is little 
 better than a name. 
 
 " B. Why, my dear deputy, it is not that I regard the 
 contempt and hatred of all mankind. — I never knew it 
 otherwise. No man's patience has been better exercised. 
 But what if the King should hear of it ? — 
 
 " W, Ay, there's the rub ! 
 
 *' B. If the best of princes, who pretends to be his own 
 Commander in Chief, should hear that the name of 
 Barrington is opprobrious in the army ; — that even he 
 himself is not spared for supportinjr me 
 
 *' W. (Weeping), Oh fatal day! — Compared with this 
 what is a riscounter ! — Alas, my dearest Lord 1 you 
 have unmanned your deputy. — I feel myself already at 
 10 per cent, discount, and never shall be at par again. 
 
 ** B. Something must be done. — Let us consider. 
 
 ^' W. Ay, my dear Lord, for heaven's sake let us 
 speculate ! (Exeunt, disputing about precedence,)" 
 
 Junius i vol. iii. p. 437, &c. 
 
 The 4th Letter of Junius to Lord Barrington 
 is not concluded with a dialogue, though one 
 had been promised. He appears to be upon 
 his guard, as if he thought himself suspected. 
 Some person, under the signature of Novalis^ 
 had replied to his former letters; and from one 
 passage in this reply, if Junius was indeed a 
 clerk in the War-Office, we may infer that he 
 had some cause of alarm. 
 
 Novalis challenges a comparison between the 
 experience of Lord Barrington and that of his 
 clerks. Junius repeats the passage, and com- 
 
52 
 
 merits on it, but with a reserve that is not 
 usual with him. As for the challenge, it is 
 altogether neglected ; and not a word appears 
 in favour of the clerks. 
 
 " My Lord, 
 
 " I am at a loss for words to express 
 my acknowledgment of the signal honour you have done 
 me. One of the principal purposes of these addresses 
 was to engage you in a regular public correspondence. 
 You very justly thought it unnecessary to sign your 
 name to this last, elegant performance. Novalis answers 
 as well as Barrington, We know you by your style. 
 
 " You intimate, without daring directly to assert, that 
 you did not fix that odious stigma upon the body of 
 general officers. Have you forgot the time when you 
 attempted the same evasion in the House of Commons, 
 and forced General Howard to rise and say he was 
 ashamed of you .'' — These mean, dirty, pitiful tricks are 
 fitter for Jonathan's than the War-Office. 
 
 " Tcu have more experience than any of your Clerks , 
 and your great abilities are acknowledged on all sides. — 
 As for your experience, we all know how much your 
 conduct has been improved by it. But, pray, who 
 informed you of this universal acknowledgment of your 
 abilities ? The sycophants whose company you delight 
 in are likely enough to fill you with these flattering 
 ideas. But if you were wise enough to consult the good 
 opinion of the world, you would not be so eager, to 
 establish the credit of your understanding. The moment 
 vou arrive at the character of a man of sense you are 
 undone : you must then relinquish the only tolerable 
 
S3 
 
 excuse that can be made for your conduct. — It is really 
 unkind of you to distress the few friends you have left." 
 
 Junius^ vol. iii. p. 4S9, &c. 
 
 The real grievance again appears at the latter 
 end of this Letter. It stands almost as the 
 acknowledged motive of these addresses to Lord 
 Barrington. 
 
 ** For shame, my Lord Barrington ! send this whiffling 
 broker back to the mystery he was bred in. Though an 
 infant in the War-Office, the man is too old to learn a 
 new trade. — At this very moment they are calling out for 
 him at the bar of Jonathan's, — Shammy! Shammy! Sham- 
 my ! — The house of Israel are waiting to settle their last 
 account with him. During his absence things may take a 
 desperate turn in the Alley, and you never may be able 
 to make up to the man what he has lost in half-crowns 
 and sixpences already." 
 
 Junius , vol. iii. p. 444. 
 
 Although the writer had threatened Lord 
 Barrington with sixteen Letters* on the subject 
 of the War-Office, and had numbered them as 
 if he actually meant to keep his word, the fourth 
 concludes the series. Mr. Francis was ex- 
 pelled, and not Mr. Chamier: the purpose, 
 therefore, of their publication was probably »t 
 an end. 
 
 * Vide Junius, vol. iiju p. 42/» 
 
34 
 
 /The letter next in order to those addressed to' 
 Lord Barrington announces the ea:pulsmi of 
 Mr. Francis from the War-Office. This fact 
 forms the sole subject of the letter. It is men- 
 tioned in strong language of reprobation, and 
 we are even told that it is a fit subject of inves- 
 tigation by the House of Commons. — We insert 
 the tvhole. 
 
 " To the Printer of the Public Advertiser. 
 « Sir, 
 
 ^' I desire you will inform the public that the 
 worthy Lord Barrington, not contented with having driven 
 Mr. D'Oyly out of the War-OiKce, has at least contrived 
 to expel Mr. Francis, His Lordship will never rest till 
 he has cleared his office of every gentleman who can 
 either be serviceable to the public, or whose honour and 
 integrity are a check upon his own dark proceedings. 
 Men who do their duty with credit and ability are not 
 proper instruments for Lord Barrington to work with. 
 He must have a broker from Change- Alley for his deputy, 
 and some raw ignorant boy for his first clerk. I think 
 the public have a right to call upon Mr. D'Oyly and 
 Mr. Francis to declare their reasons for quitting the "War- 
 Office. Men of their unblemished character do not re- 
 sign lucrative employments without some sufficient rea- 
 sons. The conduct of these gentlemen has always been 
 approved of, and 1 know that they stand as well in the 
 esteem of the army, as any persons in their station ever 
 did. What then can be the cause that the public and the 
 army should be deprived of their service .•* — There must 
 certainly be something about Lord Barrington which 
 
35 
 
 every honest man dreads and detests. Or is it that they 
 cannot be brought to connive at his jobs and underhand 
 dealings ? They have too much honour I suppose to do 
 some certain business by commission. They have not 
 been educated in the conversation of Jews and gamblers,-— 
 they have had no experience at Jonathan's, — they know 
 nothing of the stocks ; and therefore Lord Barrington 
 drives them out of the AVar-OiEce. The army, indeed, 
 is come to a fine pass, with a gambling broker at the head 
 of it ! What signifies ability, or integrity, or practice, or 
 experience in business ? Lord Barrington feels himself 
 uneasy while men with such qualifications are about him. 
 He wants nothing in his office but ignorance, impudence, 
 pertness, and servility. Of these commodities he has laid 
 in a plentiful stock, that ought to last him as long as he is 
 Secretary at War. Again, I wish that Mr. Francis and 
 Mr. D'Oyly would give the public some account of what 
 is going forward in the War-Ofiice. I think these events 
 so remarkable, that some notice ought to be taken of them 
 in the House of Commons. When the public loses the 
 service of two able and honest servants, it is but reason- 
 able that the wretch, who drives such men out of a public 
 office, should be compelled to give some account of him- 
 self and his proceedings." — 
 
 Junius^ v. iii. p. 444, 6cc. 
 
 This is the last of the letters signed " Vete- 
 ran:''— \t is dated March 23, 1772. 
 
 On May 4, 1772, Junius recommences his 
 attack on Lord Barrington in a letter signed 
 Scotiis, But there is not one word about the 
 War-Office in it. It is, however, very probable 
 
 D 2 
 
that the following lines allude to the late dis- 
 missals. 
 
 ** It IS the coward who fawns upon those above him. 
 It IS the coward that is insolent wherever he dares be so. 
 You have had some lessons which have made you more 
 cautious than you used to be. Tou have reason to re- 
 member, that modest humble merit will not always bear 
 to be insulted by an upstart in office,^* 
 
 Junius, vol. iii. p. 448. 
 
 Our author's next letter is dated the 8th of 
 May, 1772, and narrates the history of Bradshaw 
 of the Treasury. He is described as having been 
 one of Lord Barrington's domestics. He then 
 'pimped himself into a pension of 1500/. a year, 
 and was lastly appointed a Lord of the Admi- 
 ralty. This appointment called forth Junius's 
 present letter, which is addressed to the Lords 
 of the Admiralty. — As there is nothing very 
 important in this short letter, w^e shall not make 
 any extracts from it. The order in which it 
 stands, being the last but one of all the letters 
 of Junius, is the reason it is now mentioned. 
 
 We are now come to the last public letter 
 known to have been written by Junius. It ap- 
 peared under the signature of Nemesis^ and is 
 dated May 12, 1772. On its first publication it 
 was called, " Memoirs of Lord Barrington^^ in 
 compliance with the rec^uest of the writer. 
 
37 
 
 ** I am just returned from a visit in a certain part of 
 Berkshire, near which I found Lord Barrington had spent 
 his Easter-holidays- His Lordship, I presume, went into 
 the country to indulge his grief j for, whatever company 
 he happened to be in, it seems his discourse turned en- 
 tirely upon the hardship and difficulty of his situation. 
 The impression which he would be glad to give of him- 
 self, is that of an old faithful servant of the crown, who 
 on one side is abused and vilified for his great zeal in 
 support of Government, and at the same time gets no 
 thanks or reward from the King or the Administration. 
 He is modest enough to affirm in all companies, that his 
 services are unrewarded, that he bears the burthen, that 
 other people engross the profits; and that he gets no- 
 thing. Those who know but little of his history may 
 perhaps be inclined to pity him ; but he and I ham been 
 old acquaintame i and considering the size of his under- 
 standing, I believe I shall be able to prove, that no man 
 in the kingdom ever sold himself and his services to 
 better advantage than Lord Barrington. — Let us take a 
 short review of him from his political birth." 
 
 JuniuSy vol. iii. p. 45 1 , &c 
 
 After enumerating the different particulars 
 of Lord Barrington's political life, our author 
 adds: 
 
 ** At his very outset, the blundering orders he sent to 
 Gibraltar might have occasioned the loss of that import- 
 ant place. When the fate of Gibraltar was at stake, we 
 had a Secretary at War who could neither write plain 
 English nor common sense. But he compensated for his 
 own blunder by ruining the worthy General Fowke, 
 whom he and a certain Countess (taking a base advantage 
 
38 
 
 of the unhappy man's distress) prevailed upon to write 
 a letter, the recollection of which soon after broke his 
 heart." 
 
 " Sometimes his folly exceeds all bounds : as, for in-» 
 stance, when he traduced the whole body of General Of- 
 ficers, which I presume they will not readily forget. In 
 the War^Office he has made it his study to oppress all the 
 lower part of the army by a multitude of foolish regu- 
 lations, by which he hoped to gain the reputation of 
 great discipline and economy; but which have only 
 served to make him as odious to the military, as he is to 
 every other rank of people in the kingdom. 
 
 ** Such are the services which, in his lordship's opinion, 
 can never be sufficiently rewarded. He complains that 
 he gets nothing ; although, upon a moderate computation, 
 he has not received less of the public money than fifty- 
 three thousand pounds : viz. 
 
 Ten years Lord of the Admiralty. - £ 8,000 
 
 Eighteen years either Secretary at War, Chan- 
 cellor of the Exchequer, or Treasurer of 
 the Navy, at £ 2,500 per annum. - £ 45,000 
 
 'i^'» 
 
 %, £ 53,000 
 
 It is not possible to ascertain what farther advantages he 
 may have made by preference in subscriptions, lottery- 
 tickets, and the management of large sums lying in his 
 hands, as Treasurer of the Navy. Mr. Chamier, if he 
 thought proper, might give us some tolerable account of 
 the matter. When a Secretary at War chooses a bro- 
 ker for his deputy, it is not difficult to guess what kind 
 of transactions must formerly have passed between them. 
 I don't mean to question the honour of Mr. Chamier. 
 
He always had the reputation of as active a little fellow as 
 any in Jonathan's. But, putting all things together, I 
 think we may affirm that when Lord Barrington com- 
 plains of getting nothing from government, he must have 
 conceived a most extravagant idea of his own import- 
 ance, or that the inward torture he suffers from knowing 
 how thoroughly he is hated and despised is such as no 
 pecuniary emoluments can repay." 
 
 Junius, vol. iii. p. 455, &c. 
 
 From that time to the present we hear no 
 more of Junius, with the exception of a private 
 letter to Woodfall, dated Jan. 19, 1773. 
 
 " I have seen the signals thrown out for your old friend 
 and correspondent. Be assured that I have had good rea- 
 son for not complying with them. In the present state of 
 things, if I were to write again, I must be as silly as any 
 of the horned cattle that run mad through the city, or 
 as any of your wise aldermen. I meant the cause and 
 the public. Both are given up. I feel for the honour of 
 this country, when I see that there are not ten men in it 
 who will unite and stand together upon any one question. 
 But it is all alike, vile and contemptible." 
 
 Junius, vol. i. p. *255, 
 
 That Mr. Francis was suspected of being the 
 author of the letters signed Veteran, may be in- 
 ferred from some expressions in these letters, as 
 well as from his expulsion from the War-Office. 
 Lord Barrington introduced him into that de- 
 partment. — Lord Barrington expelled him. And 
 as there are no more attacks upon his Lord- 
 
40 
 
 ship from the same quarter after that expulsion^ 
 he must have been confirmed, if he previously 
 entertained a doubt, in the opinion that Mr. 
 Philip Francis was the writer. 
 
 Junius himself appears to have dreaded, that 
 if he were known to be the author of the letters 
 signed Veteran, it might be discovered that he 
 was also concerned in the Letters of JuNJtus, 
 His private letter to Woodfall, on the 10th of 
 May, 1772, is as follows—" Pray let this be an- 
 nounced, Memoirs of Lord Barrington in our 
 tiext. Keep the author a secret*.'^ And in the 
 letter which accompanied the first of those signed 
 Veteran, he says — " Be careful not to have it 
 known to come from mef." 
 
 The real name of the author not being known 
 to Woodfall, all that could be intended by this 
 injunction v^2iS,ihdX Junius should not be known 
 to have written them. He foresaw that if Lord 
 Barrington should ascertain that Junius and 
 Veteran were the same, his grand secret would 
 be discovered. But had his Lordship entertained 
 no suspicion of the author, it must have been 
 perfectly indifferent to Junius whether the let- 
 ters of Veteran^ Scotus, and Nemesis, wer6 
 traced to him or not.— He shews no such appre- 
 
 * Junius, V6l. i, p. *255. f ^^' ?♦ *247» 
 
41 
 
 hension as this on any other occasion. Yet he 
 had hefore this time written underdifferent signa- 
 tures. — It is fair, therefore, to conclude that he 
 had betrayed himself by his warmth in this in- 
 stance, and was afraid lest, by means of the clue 
 he had dropt, his enemies should track him up 
 to Junius himself. 
 
 It may excite surprise, that Mr. Francis, if 
 he were indeed Junius, should be so extremely 
 severe in his attacks upon Lord Barrington, who 
 was his earliest patron, and had introduced him 
 into the War-Oflice. — Without attempting to 
 account for the fact, by the political conduct of 
 Lord Barrington, which is the cause assigned in 
 WoodfalFs edition, we have only to appeal to 
 the evidence of the letters before us. They ex- 
 pressly say that Lord Barrington expelled Mr. 
 Francis, because " Ms honow and iiitegrity were 
 a check upon his Lordship's dark proceedings >** 
 because " men who do their duty with credit 
 and ability are not proper instruments for Lord 
 Barrington to work with 5 they cannot be 
 brought to connive at his jobs and underhand 
 dealings;" and, among other reasons, because 
 *^ Lord Barrington feels himself uneasy while 
 men with such qualifications are about him.** 
 
42 
 
 It is unnecessary to pursue this portion of our 
 proofs any further. Mr. Francis and Junius 
 are by these last letters completely identified. 
 The reader will observe, that during the whole 
 period of the publication of the letters of Junius, 
 Mr. Francis was a chief clerk in the War- 
 Office ; — that for a considerable time Lord Har- 
 rington was the constant subject of attack from 
 the pen of Junius ; that several of his last letters 
 are solely occupied in addresses to his Lordship; 
 and that j^om the time of Mr. Francises quitting 
 the War-Office^ neither Lord Barrington nor the 
 public have heard any thing more of Junius. 
 
43 
 
 We shall now consider such other particuiars 
 of the character of Junius as are known to the 
 public, and shew how exactly they apply 
 those gentlemen who are the subject of our pre- 
 sent investigation. 
 
 One of the persons composing the character 
 of J UNI us possessed a considerable degree of legal 
 knowledge; and numerous phrases might be cited, 
 to -evince his familiar acquaintance with the lan- 
 guage of the profession. Yet Junius expressly 
 declares, without elsewhere contradicting or qua^ 
 lifying the assertion — " I am no lawyer hy pro- 
 fession ; nor do I pretend to be more deeply read 
 than every English gentleman should be, in the 
 laws of his country. If, therefore, the principles I 
 maintain are truly constitutional, I shall not 
 think myself answered, though I should be con- 
 victed of a mistake in terms, or of misapplying 
 the language of the law." 
 
 Junius^ vol. i. p. ii. Preface. 
 
 Again, in a private letter to Wilkes. 
 
 ** Though I use the terms of art, do not injure me so 
 much as to suspect I am a lawyer. — I had as lief be a 
 Scotchman." 
 
 JuniuSy vol. i. p. 312. 
 
 But while he declares his aversion to the pro- 
 fession, and his contempt for the practice of the 
 law, it is evident, from his works, that he was 
 
44 
 
 profoundly acquainted with its principles. And 
 in a letter to Woodfall, on the subject of his 
 trial for publishing the Letter to the King, he 
 expresses his opinion with an air of legal au- 
 thority. 
 
 *^ I have carefully perused the Information. It is so 
 loose and ill drawn, that I am persuaded Mr. De Grey- 
 could not have had a hand in it. Their inserting the 
 whole, proves they had no strong passages to fix on. I 
 still think it will not be tried. If it should, it is not pos- 
 sible for a jury to find you guilty." 
 
 Junius, vol. I. p. *209. 
 
 We may collect from these extracts, and from 
 the whole tenor of his writings, that though Ju- 
 nius was certainly no lawyer by profession, he 
 was deeply versed in the science of jurispru- 
 dence ; and, as he himself declares, " well knew 
 the practice of the Court, and by what rules it 
 
 ought to be directed." 
 
 Junius, vol. ii. p. 409. 
 
 Mr. Francis was no lawyer by profession. 
 But his abilities, as a civilian and a statesman, 
 may be estimated from the following account. 
 It fortunately affords a testimony of his uncom- 
 mon talents and attainments, at the very time 
 when the Letters of Junius were written. 
 
 It was resolved by Parliament that some at- 
 tempt should be made to reform the abuses in 
 the government of India. 
 
45 
 
 " Accordingly, Lord North, then in the zenith of his 
 power, introduced a bill for this purpose, in 3773, con- 
 taining a variety of regulations, by which the civil go- 
 vernment of Bengal was to be vested in a governor-gene- 
 ral and council, while the juridical administration was to 
 be confided to a supreme court of judicature. 
 
 ** In conformity to the first of these plans, it was de- 
 termined to send out three persons of known integrity 
 and talents, not only to enforce the act in question, but 
 also to constitute a majority in the council ; by means of 
 which the improvident expenditure in the revenue might 
 be controlled, the grievances of the country powers re- 
 dressed, the interests of the company benefited, and the 
 honour of the English name, which was supposed, not 
 without truth, to have been tarnished by malversation and 
 oppression, restored to its wonted lustre. 
 
 '^ For the completion of these honourable purposes, 
 two soldiers and one civilian were selected. Sir John 
 Clavering, the commander in chief, was a man of some 
 military reputation, and possessed a high character for in- 
 tegrity. — Colonel Monson, the second, who had served 
 and distinguished himself in India, possessed an unim- 
 peachable reputation ; — and Mr. Philip Francis, then 
 in the bloom of manhood, had at once the merit and 
 good fortune of being selected as the last of this respect- 
 able triumvirate. Young, however,. as he might be, he 
 was the man of business selected to organize the plans y dU 
 rect the proceedings^ and regulate the conduct of the 
 whole*:' 
 
 If, on this head, further evidence were neces- 
 sary, we might quote the words of Mr. Burke, 
 
 * Pub. Char. I8O9. 
 
when he describes the situation^of Mr. Francis 
 on his return to England in 1781- 
 
 ** This man, whose deep reach of thought^ whose large 
 legislative co7iceptions, and whose grand plans of polici/ 
 make the most shining part of our reports, from whence 
 we have all learned our lessons, if we have learned any 
 good ones ; this man, from whose materials those gentle- 
 men, who have least acknowledged it, have yet spoken, 
 as from a brief ; this man, driven from his employment, 
 discountenanced by the directors, has had no other re- 
 ward, and no other distinction, but that imvard *' sun- 
 shine of the soul, which a good conscience can always 
 bestow upon itself." 
 
 Burke's Works, vol. IV. p. 101. 
 
 From these testimonies, and a multitude of 
 others that might be adduced, it is apparent that 
 Sir Philip Francis, even at that early period, 
 was, in all the requisites of legal knowledge, fully 
 competent to the production of the Letters of 
 Junius. 
 
 Junius was so universally suspected to be an 
 Irishmany or of Irish descent, that any attempt 
 to prove it from his writings would be unneces- 
 sary for our present purpose. 
 
 A writer, who signs himself O.voniensis, men- 
 tions some of JuNius's Hibernicisms, and endea- 
 
47 
 
 vours to prove, from these expressions, that Mr. 
 Burke was the author. We shall quote one pa- 
 ragraph of this letter, chiefly for the sake of the 
 proof it brings, that Junius, whoever he might 
 be, was a member of the University oi Dublin. 
 
 *' Edmund received his education amongst the Irish 
 Jesuits at St. Omer's, and finished his studies in Ireland. 
 If any one will take the trouble of reading over the Let- 
 ters of Junius, he will find that Edmund, notwithstanding 
 all his ' care and pains,' sometimes falls into Hiberm- 
 ctsmS, In one place he says, ' make common cause:' 
 this is not English, though, to be sure, the phrase is com- 
 mon enough in Dublin* In JuNius's Letter of the 1 3th 
 of August, he talks of * the sophistries of a collegian :' 
 this expression is not English ; and the word collegia?! is 
 never used in this sense, except in the college of Dublin, 
 and (perhaps) of St. Omer's. We say, indeed, fellow- 
 collegian ; but at the great schools here, those of the col- 
 lege are called collegers : and at our two Universities the 
 members of a college are called gownsmen ; at Dublin 
 they are called collegiansJ' 
 
 Though Oxoniensis was wrong in his suspi- 
 cions of Mr. Burke, his arguments to prove that 
 Junius was, in his sense of the word, a collegian^ 
 are worth our notice. 
 
 Baker, in his biography of Dr. Francis, af- 
 fords us very few particulars of his life ; but what 
 he says is strictly consistent with the preceding 
 inferences ; 
 
48 
 
 " This gentleman is of Irish extraction, if not born in 
 that kingdom. His father was a dignified clergyman, 
 being dean of some cathedral, and also rector of St. Mary's, 
 Dublin, from whence he was ejected by the court, on ac- 
 count of his Tory principles, after he had enjoyed the 
 living eighteen years. His son was also bred to the 
 church, and had a doctor's degree conferred on him," 
 
 We are further told, by the biographer of Sir 
 Philip, that Dr. Francis " received his educa- 
 tion <2^ the University of the Holy Trinity y Dub- 
 lin, and obtained the degree of D.D. there*." 
 
 Tiiese accounts tally so exactly with the con- 
 clusions attempted to be drawn in the preceding 
 letter, that we cannot but regard them as mate- 
 rial corroborations of our general opinion. The 
 editor of Junius, in his Preliminary Essay, at the 
 same time that he notices the currency of the 
 charge, inclines to the belief that Junius is not 
 proved by internal evidence to belong to any 
 particular country. His words are as follow : 
 
 " Of those who have critically analyzed the style of 
 his compositions, some have pretended to prove, that he 
 must necessarily have been of Irish descent, or Irish edu- 
 cation, from the peculiarity of his idioms; — while, to shew 
 how little dependence is to be placed upon any such ob- 
 servations, others have equally pretended to prove, from 
 a similar investigation, that he could not have been a na- 
 tive of either Scotland or Ireland, nor have studied in any 
 
 * Pub. Char. iSOp. 
 
49 
 
 university of either of those countries. The fact is, that 
 there are a few phraseologies in his Letters peculiar to 
 himself ; such as occur in the compositions of all original 
 writers of great force and genius, but which are neither 
 indicative of any particular race, nor referable to any pro- 
 vincial dialect." 
 
 Juniusy V. i. p. *88. 
 
 This same conclusion may, with almost as 
 much propriety, be drawn from an examination 
 of the avowed works of Du. Francis, as there is 
 scarcely one peculiar expression in the whole 
 of his Demosthenes and Horace, of which an 
 example cannot also be found in the last edition 
 of the works of Junius. These expressions 
 abound in some letters more than in others ; but 
 this may be owing to the superior care bestowed 
 upon the composition of those pieces wherein 
 they are less frequent, and to the critical powers 
 of that duplex character displayed in the osten- 
 sible productions of Junius. But even these 
 latter are not totally free from singular forms of 
 expression, many of which may, with ease, be 
 traced in the undoubted writings of the Doctor. 
 Let us not be understood to affirm this univer- 
 sally ; for we are persuaded that more than one 
 person was concerned in the production of these 
 Letters. Internal evidence supports this opinion. 
 But whether they were the compositions of 
 
 E 
 
50 
 
 the Son, strengthened by the profound remarks, 
 the sarcastic wit, and the happy expression of 
 the Father: or whether the Father dictated, 
 while the Son held the pen, enHvening and il- 
 lustrating the work as it proceeded, with his own 
 sprightly and pertinent suggestions, it is not 
 for us to determine. Be this as it may, there 
 certainly appears, throughout the work, a va- 
 riety of style, irreconcileable with the idea, that 
 only one person was the author. This difference 
 is especially apparent in the use of the relative 
 pronoun. Sometimes it is inserted as frequently 
 as it can be : at others, it is omitted to so great 
 a degree as to form a remarkable character in 
 the style of this great English classic. We can- 
 not therefore assert, that every singularity in the 
 language of Junius is to be paralleled by pas- 
 sages from the works of Dr. Francis. But with 
 neryfew exceptions we may make this declara- 
 tion. And, with still fewer, we may venture to 
 affirm, that all the peculiarities of language in 
 the writings of Dr. Francis, are discernible in 
 some part or other of the works of Junius. The 
 quotations we shall bring forward under the 
 head of internal evidence, will tend both to illus- 
 trate and justify this position. 
 
51 
 
 In consequence of the extensive range of his 
 subjects, and the boldness with which he at- 
 tacked every kind of political dehnquency, when 
 Junius overlooked a flagrant case of malversa- 
 tion, it was supposed to proceed from his secret 
 partiality for the man* His forbearance towards 
 Lord Holland was so uniform that it could not 
 pass unnoticed ; and inferences were accordingly 
 drawn from the fact to prove, that the writer 
 was in some degree connected with his Lordship. 
 His vvas a case indeed which might naturally be 
 expected to call forth all the " generous rage 
 of Junius." But on this subject he was inflex- 
 ibly silent. 
 
 This reserve on the part of Junius could not 
 proceed from his ignorance of the particulars of 
 an affair which was so generally known to the 
 public. Nor was he so unacquainted with his 
 lordship and his family as not to be able to make 
 the attack in his usual caustic manner. Sus- 
 pecting that his lordship's son, the late Mr. Fox, 
 was the author of some remarks which appeared 
 under the signature of " an old Correspondent,^^ 
 Junius concludes his answer to this gentleman 
 in the following words. 
 
 " This my pretty Black Bai/ calls a retractation of 
 JuNius's first concession, and applies to his aged father 
 
 E 2 
 
52 
 
 for ah old woman's proverb. — Junius speaks oi softening 
 the symptoms of a disorder. The Black Boy changes 
 the terms again, and destroys the allusion. The rest of 
 his letter is of a piece with these instances ; a misrepre- 
 sentation of JuNiu§, equally pert, false, and stupid. Ex 
 his disce omnia. 
 
 •* I know nothing of Junius, but I see plainly, that he 
 has designedh/ spared Lord Holland and his family.— 
 Whether Lord Holland be invulnerable, or whether Ju- 
 nius should be wantonly provoked, are questions worthy 
 the Black Boy^s consideration." 
 
 Junius i vol. iii. p. 410. 
 
 As Lord FloUand did- not owe his safety to 
 our author's ignorance, of his history^ it is not 
 very likely that it proceeded from any general 
 esteem that he might entertain for his public 
 character. Men whose conduct and principles 
 were far more likely to win the regard of Ju- 
 nius, were not without the utmost difficulty able 
 to obtain and preserve it. As long as a doubt 
 remained of the rectitude of their intentions, he 
 examined their proceedings with a watchful 
 eye ; and at the first appearance of impropriety, 
 he interfered, and expressed his warmest resent- 
 ment. 
 
 The jealousy of Junius in all that concerned 
 the public good, made him at one time regard 
 
53 
 
 even Lord Chatham as a traitor to his coun- 
 try.* 
 
 As long as he was thus suspected, his Lord- 
 ship felt the full force of our author's indigna- 
 tion. When, at a subsequent period, Junius 
 arrived at a better understanding of that Noble- 
 man's character ; — ^when he saw him " gal- 
 lantly throw away the scabbard"f and stand up 
 in defence of the rights of the people, a decided 
 change took place in his opinions. But the 
 manner in which he avows this alteration in 
 his sentiments, shews with what care and de- 
 liberation it was made. 
 
 ** I did not intend to make a public declaration of the 
 respect I bear Lord Chatham. I well knew what unworthy 
 conclusions would be drawn from it. But I am called 
 upon to deliver my opinion, and surely it is not in the 
 little censure of Mr. Home, to deter me from doing 
 signal justice to a man, who, I confess, has grown upon 
 my esteem. As for the common sordid views of avarice, 
 or any purpose of vulgar ambition, I question whether 
 the applause of Junius would be of service to Lord Chat- 
 ham. My vote will hardly recommend him to an in- 
 crease of his pension, or to a seat in the Cabinet. But, 
 if his ambition be upon a level with his understanding, — if 
 he judges of what is truly honourable for himself, with the 
 same superior genius which animates and directs him to 
 eloquence in debate, to wisdom in decision, even the pen 
 
 * Jmiusy vol.ii. p. 458. f Vol i. p. *231. 
 
54 
 
 of Junius shall contribute to reward him. Recorded 
 honours shall gather round his monument and thicken 
 over him. It is a solid fabric, and will support the lau- 
 rels that adorn it. — I am not conversant in the language 
 of panegyric. — These praises are extorted from me, but 
 they will wear well, for they have been dearly earned." 
 
 Junius, V. ii. p. 310. 
 
 The same disposition to censure those men 
 whose principles were in reality not at any time 
 very different from his own, is observable in 
 his conduct to Lord Camden. He was once 
 *' Judge Jefferyes/' with" the Laws of England 
 under his feet, and before his distorted vision 
 a dagger which he calls the Law of Nature, and 
 which marshals him the v/ay to the murder of 
 the constitution.'* — V. ii. p. 472. 
 
 After a lapse of five years, during which 
 Lord Camden had sufficiently evinced his at- 
 tachment to the genuine principles of the con- 
 stitution, his public virtue drew from Junius 
 the following acknowledgment of esteem. — "I 
 turn, with pleasure, from that barren waste, in 
 which no salutary plant takes root, no verdure 
 quickens, to a character fertile, as I willingly 
 believe, in every great and good qualification." 
 — V. ii. p. 441. 
 
 While such men as these were hardly for- 
 given, we cannot but wonder that Lord Hoi- 
 
55 
 
 krxd should escape. It was certainly no com- 
 mon cause that could produce so decided a 
 partiality. Nor was it any consideration of a 
 public nature, for that would have operated in 
 other instances. The reasons, whatever they 
 were, that led to this mysterious behaviour, 
 must have been wholly of a private kind. — 
 Junius must have been secretly attached to 
 Lord Holland by the closest ties. In such a 
 cause as this it was not possible for him to be 
 indifferent, and as he evidently was not a foe, 
 it is fair to presume that he was a friend. 
 
 But we are not left to doubt of the attach- 
 ment of Junius to the late Lord Holland. In 
 his private letters to Woodfall he expressly says, 
 *' / wish Lord Holland may acquit himself with 
 honou7\ If his cause be good, he should at 
 once have published that account, to which he 
 refers in his letter to the Mayor." — V. i. p.*l74. 
 
 Let us then proceed to consider how far this 
 partiality for Lord Holland and his family affects 
 that gentleman to whom we attribute an im- 
 portant share in the production of the Letters of 
 Junius. — We must again refer to his biographer. 
 
 Dr. Francis's Translation of Horace made 
 his name known in England about the year 
 1743. Some time after its publication he ap- 
 pears to have come over to England ; where in 
 
^* 66 
 
 1753 he published the first vol. of his Translation 
 of Demosthenes.* — In 1752 appeared the Tra- 
 gedy of Eugenia. And in 1754 that of Con- 
 stantine. — He published the 2d vol. of Demos- 
 thenes in I755.t 
 
 ** Towards the beginning of the present reign Dr. 
 Francis entered the lists as a political writer; and, 
 ayyiong other persons of distinction^ lived in great intimacy 
 with Lord Hollandy the father of the late Mr. Fox, who 
 was then a great favourite at court, and consulted by his 
 Majesty on many trying occasions, 
 
 *' How far this circumstance may have been accom- 
 panied by any beneficial consequences, we are not pre- 
 pared to decide. As to himself, he was promoted to the 
 rectory of Barrow, in Suffolk, a living of considerable 
 amount, and this he held along with the Chaplaincy of 
 Chelsea Hospital, the latter of which he appears to have 
 retained from 1764 to 1768." 
 
 Pub. Char, 1809. 
 
 Dr. Francis was also the Chaplain of Lord 
 Holland ; and his translation of Demosthenes 
 was dedicated to his Lordship. In expectation 
 of a refusal, if he had applied for permission to 
 make this dedication to his patron, he adds, " but 
 who would bear being much obliged, if he were 
 
 * The date prefixed to the work is 1 757 and 1758. 
 f Baker's Biog, Dram, and Biog. Diet. 
 
57 
 
 forbidden to acknowledge the obligation, or why 
 should gratitude be the only virtue you seem 
 unwilling to encourage ? But, Sir, I had other 
 motives to this address ; I would inform our 
 men of genius and learning that this was the 
 only literary work proposed to the public during 
 your continuance in administration, and that it 
 was in a particular manner honoured with your 
 protection." 
 
 But Dr. Francis was not only honoured with 
 the friendship and patronage of his Lordship, 
 we are informed that he was also the tutor of 
 his Son ; and, if Doctor Francis was indeed 
 the author of the Letters of Junius, it is a 
 singular and very satisfactory circumstance, 
 that Mr. Fox was indebted to so firm a friend of 
 liberty for any part of his education. 
 
 The intimacy of Dr. Francis with Lord 
 Holland, his situation in that nobleman's family, 
 and the preferment he had received through 
 his intervention, were circumstances clearly 
 sufficient to produce that silence which in 
 Junius is so remarkable. Attached to Lord 
 Holland by gratitude and friendship, he could 
 not, consistently with honour, arraign his pub- 
 lic conduct. Besides, whatever remarks he 
 might think proper to make, would be heard 
 in private with greater prospects of advantage. 
 
These considerations appear to us powerful 
 enough to lay restraint upon the pen of Junius. 
 We think, at the same time, nothing short of 
 these ties could limit his exertions in the service 
 of his country. 
 
 By means of the opportunities which were 
 afforded him by his connection with the family 
 of Lord Holland, Dr. Francis would un- 
 avoidably acquire that peculiar knowledge of 
 the affairs of the Court which is so conspicuous 
 in Junius. We have seen that Lord Holland 
 *^ was then a great favourite at court, and 
 consulted by his Majesty on many trying oc- 
 casions." With this key, we are no longer at 
 a loss to ascertain the source whence Junius 
 might derive his anecdotes of the King — of 
 the Princess Dowager of Wales — of the brutal 
 conduct of the Duke of Bedford towards his 
 Sovereign — of the secret intelligence concern- 
 ing Junius conveyed by Garrick to Richmond, 
 — and of those changes in the superior depart- 
 ments of Administration, with which he was so 
 promptly made acquainted. But if it appears 
 improbable that from this single channel our 
 author should have derived a knowledge of 
 such various particulars, let it be recollected 
 that he was in other respects intimately con- 
 nected with high life and the literary world. 
 
59 
 
 He was the Chaplain and intimate friend of 
 Lord Chesterfield, to whom he dedicates his 
 tragedy of Constantine, in terms which shew the 
 mutual regard which subsisted between them. 
 '' As I may probably,** says our author, " never 
 have another opportunity, certainly not in this 
 kind of writing, of pubhcly professing my re- 
 spect, my esteem, I had almost said, my affec- 
 tion for your lordship, may I not be forgiven, if 
 I dedicate, not the Play, but its Author; not his 
 Poetry y but his Understanding and his Heart T' 
 
 The acquaintance which Dr. Francis main- 
 tained among eminent literary men may be in- 
 ferred from various anecdotes which are related 
 of him. Of his fondness for London and literary 
 society, even as early as 17o2, Mr. Gibbon, 
 the historian, who was at that time his pupil, 
 accidentally affords the following testimony. — 
 " My unexpected recovery again encouraged 
 the hope of my education; and I was placed at 
 Esher in Surrey, in the house of the Rev. Mr. 
 Philip Francis, in a pleasant spot, which pro- 
 mised to unite the various benefits of air, exer- 
 cise, and study. The Translator of Horace 
 might have taught me to relish the Latin poets, 
 had not my friends discovered, in a few weeks, 
 that he preferred the pleasures of London to 
 the instruction of his pupils.*' 
 
60 
 
 The circumstances connected with Garrick's 
 interference for the purpose of discovering the 
 author of the Letters of Junius, deserve more 
 particular consideration. 
 
 Junius writes thus to Woodfall, in a private 
 letter, dated Nov. 8, 1771 :— 
 
 " (secret). 
 
 ** Beware of David Garrick — he was sent to pump you, 
 and went directly to Richmond to tell the King I should 
 write no more." 
 
 Juniusy vol. i. p. *228. 
 
 Two days after this, he sends the following 
 letter to Woodfall, to be by him transcribed and 
 forwarded to Garrick. 
 
 ** To Mr. David Garrick, 
 
 ** I am very exactly informed of your 
 impertinent inquiries, and of the information you so 
 busily sent to Richmond, and with what triumph and 
 exultation it was received. I knew every particular of it 
 the next day. Now, mark me, vagabond, keep to your 
 pantomimes, or, be assured, you ihall hear of it ; meddle 
 no more, thou busy informer ! It is in my power to 
 make you curse the hour in which you dared to interfere 
 with 
 
 " Junius." 
 
61 
 
 ** I would send the above to Garrick directly, but tliat 
 / would avoid having this hand too com7nonh/ seen. 
 Oblige me, then, so much as to have it copied in any 
 hand, and sent by the penny-post ; that is, if you dislike 
 sending it in your own writing. I must be more cautious 
 than ever. I am sure I should not survive a discovery 
 three days ; or if I did, they would attaint me by bill. 
 Change to the Somerset Coffee-House^ and let no mortal 
 know the alteration^ 
 
 Junius^ vol. i. p. *2ll9i &c. 
 
 From an explanation which Woodfall gave 
 him, of the means by which Garrick obtained 
 his intelligence, Junius desires Woodfall to 
 " drop the note," adding, " the truth is, that in 
 order to curry favour, he made himself a greater 
 rascal than he was. Depend upon what I tell 
 you, the King understood that he had found out 
 the secret by his own cunning and activity. — 
 As it is important to deter him from meddling, I 
 desire you will tell him that I am aware of his 
 practices, and will certainly be revenged if he 
 does not desist. An appeal to the public from 
 Junius would destroy him." At the end of 
 the same letter he again changes his opinion, 
 and desires Woodfall to send the note. " Upon 
 reflection,** says he, " I think it absolutely 
 necessary to send that note to D. G. only say 
 practices instead of impertinent inquiries,*' 
 
 For the space of three weeks after, he still 
 continued under the greatest apprehensions of 
 
6^2 
 
 being discovered by Garrick, occasionally ex- 
 pressing his fears to Woodfall. 
 
 If Garrick was at all likely to be acquainted 
 with the hand-writing of Junius, or if there 
 was any possibility that he could know the 
 person of the messenger employed by Junius, 
 we see at once sufficient causes for his alarm, 
 and for the above precautions. Under no other 
 supposition than that of Garrick's knowledge of 
 him in his proper person, dan we account 
 for the excessive fears that were entertained of 
 Garrick by the writer of these Letters. 
 
 Supposing Dr. Francis to be the author of 
 Junius, he would have had sufficient cause to 
 dread being discovered by these means/ Gar- 
 rick and he were in the habit of meeting at the 
 houses of Lord Holland, of Foote, and of other 
 mutual friends. They were upon terms of 
 intimacy, and even of friendship. Garrick had 
 brought out, at Drury-lane, Dr. Francis'^ 
 tragedy of Eugenia, in which he performed the 
 principal part, that of Merc our. The acknow- 
 ledgment which the author makes of his exer- 
 tions upon this occasion, is a proof of the good 
 understanding which subsisted between them. 
 " Mr. Garrick is entitled to my sincerest grati- 
 tude for his performance as an actor, and for his 
 punctuality as a manager. But his assistance 
 in a thousand alterations, his strong good sense. 
 
63 
 
 with that spirit of theatrical criticism which is 
 his peculiar natural genius, give him a right to 
 a great share of that applause with which this 
 play was received. The rest is friendship and 
 esteem.'^ 
 
 That our author really entertained a favour- 
 able opinion of Garrick, and only spoke of him 
 with severity from the extreme apprehensions of 
 being discovered, appears from his readiness to 
 receive as an excuse for Garrick's conduct, the 
 declaration of Woodfall, that the information of 
 Junius having ceased writing was obtained by 
 Garrick from mere accident, and not in conse- 
 quence of any inquiry made by him into the 
 circumstance. 
 
 Indeed from a man of Junius's temper, the 
 remark which he makes, that Garrick ** in order 
 to curry favour made himself a greater rascal 
 than he was,'* is a proof that he held him in no 
 light estimation. It was customary with Junius 
 to express his displeasure in language so far 
 different from that which he employs on this 
 occasion, that by the comparison, a phrase which 
 elsewhere would seem by no means a kind or 
 a courtly one, almost conveys a compliment. 
 
64 
 
 The next circumstance that we shall notice, 
 is one whereon it will be unnecessary to dwell. 
 It is well known that Junius, from the singular 
 freedom of some of his allusions to relisrious 
 subjects, was accused, though without founda- 
 tion, of being an atheist or a deist. It is worth 
 remarking, that Churchill, with as little reason, 
 styles Dr. Francis, 
 
 " The atheist chaplain of an atheist Lord." 
 
 In a note on this passage we are informed, 
 that the circumstances most likely to have 
 occasioned the poet's enmity to Dr. Francis, 
 were his having been employed as a writer in 
 defence of Government, at the commencement 
 of the present reign, and his connection with 
 Lord Holland. 
 
 Except such evidence as relates generally to 
 the talents and principles of our respective 
 authors, we know not of any circumstance that 
 now remains to be considered. We hasten, 
 therefore, to that portion of our work which 
 regards the conformity of their style and senti- 
 ments. 
 
Under the head of internal evidence we pro- 
 pose to consider, first, the peculiar expressions 
 and style of composition, and secondly, the ge- 
 neral opinions and principles of the writers. 
 
 Remarkable expressions can scarcely be ex- 
 pected to abound in Junius. He prided him- 
 self on the extreme care and labour which he 
 had bestowed on his compositions. They were 
 pruned of every unnecessary epithet, in order 
 that its luxuriance being repressed, the language 
 might become more vigorous and expriessive. 
 The character of his style was exquisitely wrought 
 and polished up to the perfection of ideal beauty. 
 It were no wonder, therefore, if we scarcely dis- 
 cern the lineaments of a family resemblance in 
 the works which we purpose to compare with 
 Junius, allowing they were all the acknowledged 
 productions of the same mind^ 
 
 There is another reason why th^ author, who- 
 ever he were, would, as far as possible, remove 
 all resemblance between the style of Junius and 
 his other works. He would justly fear that the 
 internal evidence which all compositions, by the 
 same hand, afford of their common origin, espe- 
 cially to those who are accustomed to regard 
 the nicer distinctions in phraseology, would be 
 
 «. 
 
«6 
 
 an obvious means of discovering that secret, on 
 the concealment of which he thought even his 
 Jife depended. Under this impression, if he 
 were sensible of any peculiarities, it would be 
 the constant object of his solicitude to remove 
 them. 
 
 And if the principal writer were himself un- 
 able to detect the varieties of phrase which dis- 
 tinguished his productions, he had in the present 
 instance an able coadjutor, whose critical saga- 
 city would no doubt be unceasingly, and in ge- 
 neral successfully exerted to point them out. 
 This is at least probable, according to the view we 
 have taken of the compoitind character of Junius. 
 
 Thus carefully guarded from peculiar words 
 and phrases, the pages of Junius cannot be (ex- 
 pected to furnish many proofs for our purpose^ 
 Yet with the works to which we have compared 
 them, they exhibit so striking a coincidence in 
 some uncommon instances, that, as far as this 
 kind of evidence can prove any thing, we think 
 we may be allowed to claim its suffrages. 
 
 We beg to observe that the examples we shall 
 adduce are taken at random, and by no means 
 constitute the whole of each particular class. 
 They are intended rather to serve as specimens 
 of the more remarkable of those peculiarities of 
 
67 
 
 expression which are to be found in the writings 
 of Junius. 
 
 The quotations from Dr. Francis are care- 
 fully selected from the original pieces in his edi- 
 tions of Horace and Demosthenes. 
 
 1. To conclude: in the unusual sense of ^o infer ^ 
 to make an inference. 
 
 Junius. Dr. Francis. 
 
 I would engage your fa- Thiis from the absurdity 
 vourable attention to what of the fabulous system, he 
 I am going to say to you ; may conclude the falsehood 
 and I intreat you not to be of the Christian religion, 
 too hasty in concluding ^ from Horace^ vol. i. p. 28 1*. 
 
 the apparent tendency of 
 this letter, to any possible 
 interests or connexions of 
 my own. 
 
 Vol. i. p.*264. 
 
 Besides the favourable 
 presumption that ought to 
 operate for possession, the 
 whole conduct of the Trea- 
 sury gives me a right to con* 
 dude against them. 
 
 Vol. iu. p. 55. 
 
 F 2 
 
68 
 
 ^. To pronounce : to affirm sohmnty. 
 
 Junius- 
 
 As far as the probability 
 of argument extends) we 
 may safely -pronounce^ that 
 a conjuncture which threat- 
 ens the very being of this 
 country, has b6en wilfully 
 prepared and forwarded by 
 our own Ministry. 
 
 Vol.il. p. 191. 
 
 To 'pronounce fairly upon 
 their conduct, It was neces- 
 sary to wait until we could 
 consider, &c. 
 
 JuniuSy vol. ii. p. 135. 
 
 I may safely pronounce 
 that that man knows no- 
 thing of the condition of the 
 British commerce. 
 
 Vol. ii. p. 510. 
 
 Dr. Francis. 
 
 We can easily pronounce 
 upon the ruin of that state, 
 in which corruption and 
 bribery have tainted the ad- 
 ministration. The coward 
 may plead his natural tem- 
 perament, in excuse for de- 
 serting the post in which 
 he was placed ; the man of 
 ambition may boast a wicked 
 greatness in enslaving his 
 country ; but the wretch 
 who sells her is at once 
 wicked and contemptible.* 
 Dem, vol. i. p. 180. 
 
 You, Sir, are capable of 
 pronouncing upon the merit 
 of those political maxims, 
 so frequent in his orations, 
 and whether he was really 
 that able statesman the world 
 in general hath allowed. 
 
 Dem» Ded. v. 
 
 * "We quote occasionally more of a passage than is 
 necessary to prove the coincidence of expression, for the 
 sake of shewing the general opinions of the author. 
 
G9 
 
 I will not venture to de- "We only pronounce with 
 ^ermine what may be the ce;-tainty, from the eighth 
 real motive of this strange and fifteenth lines, that the 
 conduct and inconsistent ode was written, &c. 
 language -, bu: I will boldly Hor. vol. i. p. 229. 
 
 pronounce that it carries with 
 it a niost odious appearance. 
 Vol. ii. p. 507. 
 
 I too, in my turn, will 
 venture to pronounce^ that 
 nothing is so ardently der 
 sired, &c. 
 
 Vol. iii. p. 278, . . , 
 
 3. Equally used with or, instead of as, 
 
 Junius. Dr. Francis, 
 
 O polished language! and Our poet assures us, that 
 
 equally fit for the noble he knew how to reconcile 
 
 Lord who speaks, or for the himself equally to a frugal, 
 
 footman who hears it. or a sumptuous table. 
 
 Vol. ii. p. 498, Horace, vol. iv. p. 116. 
 
70 
 
 4. Matter of, &c. A very uncommon phrase 
 in composition. 
 
 Junius. Dr. Francis. 
 
 Whether it be matter of Is it not therefore matter 
 honour or reproach, it is at of indignation, 
 least a singular circumstance, Dem. vol. i. p. 320. 
 
 &c. 
 
 Vol. iii. p. 83. 
 
 For the matter of a recom- As the whole is matter of 
 pense equivalent to his Go- conjecture. 
 vernment, he repeatedly Dem. vol. i. p. 125. 
 
 told your Lordships that the 
 name of pension was grating 
 to his ears. 
 
 Vol. iii. p. 182. 
 
 For the matter of expe- It mxj he matter ofcuru 
 
 diency, an advocate for the o«/y to know the meaning 
 
 present Ministry seems to of the expression, 
 
 me to arraign his patrons Dem* vol. ii. p. 28. 
 when he argues against it. 
 Vol. iii. p. 85. 
 
 It is matter of debate 
 among the critics, whether 
 our author pronounced this 
 crayon to the people. 
 
 Vol. i. p. 173, 
 
71 
 
 When you invade the This was always matter 
 
 province of the jury, in of dispute among the philo- 
 
 matter of libel, you, in ef- sophers. 
 
 feet, attack the liberty of Horace, vol. iv. p. 153. 
 
 the press. I should suspect my own 
 
 Vol. iL p. 169. taste if I did not laugh, 
 
 where Maecenas, Virgil, and 
 
 Horace, could find matter 
 
 of mirth, 
 
 Hor^acey vol. iii. p. 92. 
 
 5» Article of, &c. A more singular expression 
 than the former. 
 
 Junius. Dr. Francis. 
 
 If you propose that in the That presence of mind, 
 article of taxation they which, with a kind of in- 
 should hereafter be left to stinct, supports us in the 
 the authority of their re- very article of danger he 
 spective assemblies, I must possessed in common with 
 own, I think you had no others, 
 business to revive a ques- Dem, vol. i. p. 25. 
 
 tion, which should, and pro- 
 bably would have lain dor- 
 mant for ever. 
 
 Vol. i. p.* 293. 
 
 His grace is wonderfully But we must not reckon 
 bountiful in the article of too exactly with poets upon 
 lands. the article of vanity. 
 
 Vol. iii. p. 123. Horace^ vol. ii. p. 148. 
 
72 
 
 In the article of firmness 
 
 I think this young man's 
 
 character is universally given 
 
 up- 
 
 Vol. iii. p. 233. 
 
 6* They used where those is generally employed. 
 
 Junius. Dr. Francis. 
 
 They who object to de- They who fancy them- 
 
 tached parts of Junius*s last selves wise and happy be- 
 
 l/etter, either do not mean cause they appear so to the 
 
 him fairly, &c. public opinion, are here 
 
 Vol. ii. p. 223. compared to persons, &c. 
 
 Horace^ vol. iv. p. 123. 
 
 They who are acquainted They who have taste for 
 with the state of politics at whatever is delicate and na- 
 that period, will judge of tural in poetry, for whatever 
 them somewhat differently, is noble and elegant in style. 
 Vol. ii, p. 379. or flowing and harnionious 
 in numbers, must acknow- 
 ledge, &c. 
 
 Horace, vol. ii. p. 170. 
 
 TA^^/ who are conversant 
 in the language of poets, 
 know that such transposi- 
 tions are familiar to them. 
 Horace, vol. ii. 325. 
 
73 
 
 7. Oratorial^ for oratoricaL 
 
 The word oratorial is not used by any author 
 except Junius and Dr. Francis as far as we 
 are able to ascertain. The word itself is not 
 to be found in any dictionary. 
 
 Junius. Dr. Francis. 
 
 You will be as well able Upon this occasion we 
 
 to judge of his orafotial may suppose them ihflanied 
 
 powers, as if you had heard by oratorial descriptions. 
 
 him a thousand times. Dern. vol. i. p. 3, 
 
 Vol. iii. p. 287. 
 
 It seems a sudden starting 
 
 to some new matter ; or 
 rather an oratorial breaking 
 away from his subject, more 
 strong] y to catch that atten- 
 tion of his judges which he 
 with earnestness demands. 
 DemJ vol. u p. 166. 
 
 Tiresias pleasantly means 
 that oratorial circumlocu- 
 tion of Ulysses. 
 
 Horace f vol. iii. p. 268. 
 
 8. Wild : an unusual epithet in this sense. 
 
 Junius. Dr. Francis. 
 
 The author is certainly at By this conduct, he left 
 liberty to fancy cases, and the republic at his death, to 
 
74 
 
 make whatever comparisons 
 he thinks proper ; his sup- 
 positions still continue as 
 distant from fact as his wild 
 discourses are from solid 
 argument. 
 
 Vol. i. p. 222. 
 
 One of the ablest, most 
 virtuous, and most tempe- 
 rate men in the kingdom, 
 supported by a steady band 
 of uniform patriots, has 
 made an attempt, in a cer- 
 tain great assembly, to se- 
 cure the subject, at least for 
 the future, against such wild 
 and indefinite claims. 
 
 Vol. iii. p. 12. 
 
 be governed by the temerity 
 of Cleon, the timidity of 
 Nicias, and the wild abili- 
 ties of Alcibiades. 
 
 Denu i. p. 30. 
 
 The liberty both of paint- 
 ers and poets is by nature 
 confined within certain 
 bounds, and all beyond 
 those bounds is the wildness 
 of irregular imagination. 
 Horace f vol. iv. p. 251. 
 
 That the wildest spirit of Apprehensive of a tedious 
 inconsistency should never uniformity, we run into a 
 once have betrayed you wild and monstrous variety 
 into a wise or honourable of images. 
 ^ction. Horace, vol. iv. 254. 
 
 Vol. i. p. 140. His imagination is as tiyf/fi? 
 and licentious as his num- 
 bers are loose and irregular. 
 Prtf. to Hor. ^. U, 
 
75 
 
 9. False Concords. 
 
 Junius. Dr. Francis. 
 
 Yet every one of the On the contrary, every 
 judges, who went the cir- other state imagined they 
 cuit last summer, instead of had strength enough to at- 
 instructing the several grand tempt, and wisdom to main- 
 Juries in the old, legal, con- tain the universal empire of 
 stitutional way, were order- Greece. 
 €d to sound the praises of Dewi. i. p. 34. 
 the House of Commons. 
 
 Vol. iii. p. 290. 
 
 The certainty of forfeit- Every word in these lines 
 
 ing their own rights, when is of weight, and as exact 
 
 they sacrifice those of the as if they were written in 
 
 nation, is no check to a coldness of understanding, 
 
 brutal degenerate mind. not in a warmth of imagina- 
 
 Vol. i. Dedication^ p. 6. tion. 
 
 Hot, ii. 179. 
 
 There is nothing in your The rapidity of the num- 
 
 attachments that savour of bers in the original are of 
 
 obstinacy. inimitable beauty. 
 
 Vol. iii. p. 433. Dem. i. 128. 
 
 The audience is justly af- 
 flicted with the calamities 
 of SI brave unhappy people. 
 
76 
 
 and see with indignation the 
 triumphal feast that cele- 
 brates their ruin. 
 
 Dem, ii. 88 *» 
 
 *A party of his cavalry surrounded a detachment of ours, 
 consisting of two complete companies of seapoys, some cannon, 
 and fifty European artillery-men, everj/ man of whom were cut to 
 pieces. 
 
 Sir Philip Francis's Speeches on the Mahratta War, 
 p. 16. 
 
 10. Unresponsible y ^c. : not customary exr 
 pressions. 
 Junius. Dr. Francis. 
 
 The people of England It may not be unuseful 
 have seen an administration to point out the particular 
 formed, almost avowedly, passages in the last oration, 
 under the direction of a Dem, ii. 157, 
 
 dangerous, because private 
 -and unresponsible influence. 
 Vol. iii. p. 9. 
 
 Our poet invites him to 
 return to Rome, and gives 
 him such excellent maxims, 
 as might be useful to a per- 
 son who, by an uncheerful 
 cast of mind, is apt to de^ 
 spair upon every accident or 
 alteration of his fortune. 
 
 Hor, i. 92. 
 
77 
 
 1 1. Simple y in the Latin sense of the word. 
 
 Junius. Dr. Francis. 
 
 I did never question your The poet hath chosen, 
 
 understanding. Far other- for an example of this ti*uth, 
 
 wise. The Latin word sim- three virtues, probity, pru- 
 
 plex conveys to me an ami- dence, and simplicity. By 
 
 able character, and never the last he understands a 
 
 denotes folly. frankness in our actions. 
 
 Vol. i. p.*237. which frequently passes over 
 
 the decencies of life, rather 
 
 through inattention than 
 
 unpoliteness. 
 
 Hor. iii. -46. 
 
 "When It appeared that he Is it not more natural and 
 had been frequently em- simple to imagine, 
 ployed in the same services, Dem, ii. 403. 
 
 and that no excuse for him 
 could be drawn, either from 
 the innocence of his former 
 Yihy or th.Q simplicity oi his 
 character. 
 
 Vol. i. p. 111. 
 
 Innocence, even in its I have now given my senti- 
 
 crudest simplicity y has some ments with freedom ; all of 
 
 advantages over the most them with perfect s?Vw/)//a*/y, 
 
 dexterous and practised guilt, and without apprehension of 
 
 • Vol. iii. p. 13. your displeasure. 
 
 Dem. i. 77. 
 
79 
 
 But the danger to this I have been entrusted 
 country would cease to be with the direction of more 
 problematical, if the crown important affairs than any 
 should ever descend to a man of this age, and have 
 prince, whose apparent sitn- executed every trust with 
 plicity might throw his sub- a religious purity, with in- 
 jects off their guard. tegrity, and simplicity. 
 
 Vol. ii. p. S24. Dem. ii. 493. 
 
 We verb. It ^'^ 
 12. The bjunct re, is constantly 
 
 found in both authors. 
 
 Junius. Dr. Francis. 
 
 // were unworthy of me It were, perhaps, impru- 
 
 to press you farther. dent to inform an English 
 
 Vol. i. p. 97. reader. 
 
 Dem, i. 44* 
 
 If the instance were not Perhaps it were impose 
 too important for an expe- sible that two nations, so 
 riment, it might not be different in genius and man- 
 amiss to confide a Httle on ners, ever should entertain 
 their integrity. any sentiments of friendship 
 Vol. i. p. 40. or esteem for each other. 
 
 Dem. i. 30. 
 
 Fact alone does not con- It were imprudent, there- 
 
 stitute right. If it does, fore, to have entered farther 
 
 general warrants were law- into this argument, 
 
 ful. Dm. i. m» 
 Vol. ii. p. 2U. 
 
79 
 
 It were much to be de- This assertion were abso- 
 sired that we had many such lutely false, and the odes o£ 
 men. Pindar and Horace are a 
 
 Vol. ii. p. 34<9. proof of the contrary. 
 
 Hor. i. 232. 
 
 // were to be wished that It were not possible to 
 the parallel held good in all find a comparison more 
 the circumstances. proper to figure to us the 
 
 Vol. iii. 317. character of a poet, always 
 great in his designs, sublime 
 in his sentiments, pompous 
 in his descriptions, rapid in 
 his style, bold in his figures, 
 and strong in his expres- 
 sions. 
 
 Mediate : to go between, 
 
 Junius. Sir P. Francis. 
 
 This mediating expedient Extremities are not to be 
 
 will, for the present, take in governed by mediation. 
 
 both opinions. Paper Currency, p. 49. 
 Vol. i. 310. 
 
80 
 
 l4* Last: ht utmost, hy no means a common 
 use of the word. 
 
 Junius. Dr. Francis. 
 
 I would pursue him In the last excess of cor- 
 
 through Hfe, and try the ruption, 
 
 last exertion of my abilities Dem, i. 140. 
 to preserve the perishable 
 infamy of his name, and 
 make.it immortal. 
 
 Vol. ii. p. 91. 
 
 His finances were in the Some years afterwards he 
 
 last disorder, and it is pro- broke through all restraints, 
 
 bable that his troops might and his incontinence plung- 
 
 find sufficient employment ed him into the lasi dis- 
 
 at home. tresses. 
 
 Vol. ii. p. 190. Hor. iv. 122. 
 
 The bounds of human If criticism, as a great 
 
 science are still unknown ; rhetorician asserts, be the 
 
 but this, assuredly, is the last effort of reflection and 
 
 Z^i^^, limit of human depra- judgment, we shall equally 
 
 vity. admire the critic as the poet 
 
 Vol. iii. p. 1 90. in the following satire. 
 
 Hor, iii. H8. 
 
 This, I conceive, is the Our author ends the sa- 
 
 last disorder of the state. tire with an irony of the 
 
 Vol, iii. p. 176. /a^^ malignity. 
 
 Hor. iii. 264. 
 
81 
 
 The preceding are some of the most remark- 
 able expressions in the pages before us. There 
 are several others of less importance, in which 
 both our writers indulge to a degree, that makes 
 the words, though not in themselves remark- 
 able, deserve attention. 
 
 The epithets, uniform^ ridiculous^ and detesU 
 able, and especially the latter, occur so very fre- 
 quently in all these productions, that they form 
 a conspicuous feature of identity in an inquiry 
 like the present. — Whether or no is a phrase 
 which for the same reason becomes remarkable. 
 Hardly is in almost every instance employed in- 
 stead o^ scarcely ; and enough constantly takes 
 the place of sufficient. Politics is a word which 
 abounds in both authors, and is very generally 
 used instead of policy. Forced is uniformly pre- 
 ferred to its synonymes: and hath,^ especially 
 in the earlier letters, is sometimes used by Junius 
 instead of has. In Demosthenes and Horace it 
 continually occurs^ 
 
 * " Whose folly or whose treachery hath reduced us to 
 
 this state." 
 
 Junius, vol. iii. p. 75. 
 
 " The question is, whether we shall still submit to be 
 guided by the hand which hath driven us to it ?" 
 
 Junius y vol. iii. p. 79. 
 G 
 
 .4^5 
 
82 
 
 The Letters of Junius, the writings of Dr. 
 Francis, and those of Sm Philip, discover that 
 each author was acquainted with the Latin, 
 Greek, Italian, and French languages. They 
 have, all of them, frequent quotations in these 
 languages, and in no other. They all quote 
 Shakespeare and Milton, but, with scarcely an 
 exception, no other English poet. Metaphors 
 and similies taken from the polite arts, the sci- 
 ences, law, and religion, are found with equal 
 frequency in the works of each of them. They 
 alike excel in those profound pithy remarks or 
 axioms which can only occur to men of strong 
 minds, who have been a long time acquainted 
 with the world. If Dr. Francis's notes to 
 Horace and Demosthenes furnish but few pas- 
 sages of this kind, strikingly similar to those of 
 Junius, the number and excellence of his re- 
 flections on subjects not of a political nature 
 shew that it proceeded not from want of ability. 
 
 " The honourable lead you have taken In the affairs of 
 
 America, hath drawn upon you the whole attention of 
 
 the public." 
 
 Junius^ vol. iii. p. 105. 
 
 *' By what hints it hath been possible." 
 
 ' Junm^ vol. ii. p. 466. 
 
88 
 
 but from the restraint which the confined na- 
 ture of his undertaking imposed on the com- 
 mentator. 
 
 In the few publications we possess of Sir 
 Philip Francis these examples, however, are 
 much more numerous, considering the small 
 compass in which they are contained. He 
 abounds with metaphorical expressions and 
 figurative allusions, delivered with that sententi- 
 ous brevity which is observable in Junius. 
 
 As examples of what has been above asserted, 
 we have thrown together the following pas- 
 sages, taken without order from the works of 
 Dr. Francis and Sir Philip. 
 
 '' In Juvenal the vices of his age are shewn 
 in all their natural horrors. He commands his 
 readers in the language of authority, and terri- 
 fies them with images drawn in the boldness of 
 a truly poetical spirit. He stands like a priest 
 at an altar sacrificing to his gods : but even a 
 priest^ in his warmest zeal of religion, might be 
 forgiven if he confessed so much humanity, as 
 not to take a pleasure in hearing the groans, 
 and searching into the entrails of his victim." * 
 
 Preface to Horace, 
 
 * These were the wretched ministers who served at the 
 o9 
 
84 
 
 '* I confess I mean to praise, for honest praise 
 is not only one of the warmest incitements to 
 virtue, but its most honourable reward. Great 
 minds will receive it with their natural greatness, 
 and only little spirits have an affectation of re- 
 fusing it. The task, I own, is not without diffi- 
 culty j but when the original is marked with 
 strong and pleasing lines of life, a meaner hand 
 may preserve the likeness. The integrity of his 
 colouring, if I may be allowed the expression, is 
 of more consequence than the glow and richness 
 of it. Dedications would then be like pictures 
 in miniature, which the future historian might 
 draw out into larger proportion, grace, and dig- 
 nity." 
 
 Preface to Constantine. 
 
 altar y whilst the high-prkst himself, with more than 
 
 frantic fury, offered up his bleeding country a victim to 
 
 America." 
 
 Junius, vol. ii. p. 510. 
 
 " Mine is an inferior ministerial office in the temple of 
 
 Justice— I have bound the victim and dragged him to the 
 
 altar." 
 
 JuniuSf vol. ii. p. 443. 
 
 " When a victim is marked out by the ministry, this 
 judge will offer himself to perform the sacrifce.^* 
 
 Junius, vol. i. p. 60. 
 
B5 
 
 *' Style is genius, and justly numbered among 
 the fountains of the sublime. Expression in 
 poetry is that colouring in painting, which dis- 
 tinguishes a master^s hand.** 
 
 Preface to Horace. 
 
 '* Tear such a poet in pieces, and every scat- 
 tered limb is animated with the spirit of poetry. 
 The head of Orpheus, when floating on the 
 water, uttered sounds of music and poetry.'* 
 
 Horace^ vol. iii. p. 69. 
 
 " The arrangement of our thoughts is of more 
 power in an oration than their number or va- 
 riety. The images in a period, like figures in 
 a painting, owe much of their effect to their 
 harmony and keeping.** 
 
 Demosthenes^ vol. i. p. 45. 
 
 " With the worst speculative opinions, a man 
 may be morally honest and virtuous.*' 
 
 Horace^ vol. i. p. l68. 
 
 " Davus does not absolutely mean, that a man 
 in one constant course of vice is less miserable 
 than he who continually changes from vice to 
 virtue, from virtue to vice; but that he is less 
 sensible of his misery : because the other is per- 
 
86 
 
 petually struggling with himself, and labouring 
 between two extremes."* 
 
 Horace^ vol. iii. p. 305. 
 
 ** The theology of the ancients taught, that 
 when a man was dead, hh soul or the spiritual 
 part ofhim^ went to heaven ; that his body con- 
 tinued in tlie earth ; and his image or shadow 
 
 went to helL^'lf 
 
 Horace, vol. i. p. 116. 
 
 * " It is the middle compound charcter which alone is 
 
 vulnerable: the man who without lirmness enough to 
 
 avoid a dishonourable action, has feeling enough to be 
 
 ashamed of it." 
 
 yuniuSy vol. i. p. 101. 
 
 *' I still believe you to consist of that composition, 
 which, without virtue enough to avoid prostitution, has 
 still feeling enough to be ashamed of it." 
 
 Junius, vol. iii. p. 401. 
 
 " The most contemptible character in private life, and 
 the most ruinous to private fortunes, is that which pos- 
 sesses neither judgment nor inclination to do right, nor 
 resolution enough to be consistent in doing wrong." 
 
 Juniusy vol. iii. p. 1 84- 
 
 f «^ Let him resemble the great demi-gods of antiquity, 
 who had also two characters, and whilst one-half of them 
 
87 
 
 " But perhaps we shall better see the variety 
 
 of our poet's genius, by considering, if such an 
 
 expression may he forgiven^ the various genius of 
 
 lyric poetry*." 
 
 Preface to Horace. 
 
 '^ Yet far more important to us the reflection, 
 what noble efforts a love of country, a jzeal for 
 liberty, a contempt for slavery, and a just detest- 
 Mion of tyranny, are capable of inspiring |.*' 
 
 Dem, p. 24. 
 
 " Strange expedient, says Plutarch, to repre- 
 sent it honourable and valuable in public, yet 
 expect to make it appear contemptible and 
 worthless in private t/' 
 
 Dem. p. 35. 
 
 was taken up to heaven, the other half found its way to 
 helir 
 
 Junim, vol. iii, p. 25. 
 
 * " The first uniform principle, or, if I may call it, 
 the germs of your life." 
 
 Junius, vol. i. p. 140. 
 
 f Instances of imperfect sentences are found also in 
 JvMius. 
 
ss 
 
 " Liberty is the greatest of all blessings : it 
 
 gives a relish to all other enjoyments. Mankind 
 
 are prepossessed in favour of these sentiments, 
 
 and tell us that they are born for freedom, and 
 
 consider it as the most glorious privilege of 
 
 their nature. Yet there is nothing which they 
 
 so carelessly resign. Among all the slaves in 
 
 life, they who have engaged themselves in the 
 
 service of the great, are most to be lamented. 
 
 Their whole being is one continual servitude; 
 
 and he whom they call their patron is properly 
 
 their tyrant.*' 
 
 Horace^ vol. iv. p, 62. 
 
 " In this general servitude, the great, properly 
 speaking, are only master slaves; and in pro- 
 portion to their fortunes and honours, pay a 
 larger tribute to their own ambition and vanity. 
 
 " Lord Granby himself has some emoluments besides 
 his power, and Sir Edward Hawke has his pension. 
 Nobly earned, J confess, but not better deserved than by 
 the labours which conquered America'^ 
 
 Junius, vol. iii. p. 107. 
 
 '^ The same charges had been made by JuNias and 
 Others several times before. Jlways the same reply, ^"^ 
 
 Junius, vol. iii. p. 212. 
 
89 
 
 as well as to the pride and insolence of their 
 superiors. They are only different from the rest 
 of mankind, as their servitude is of larger ex tent ^ 
 and disguised under more specious names*.** 
 Horace, vol. iii. p. 313. 
 
 " It is filled with maxims of such political 
 wisdom; with sentiments of liberty so truly 
 honourable to human kind, that it must appear 
 to every free people one of the noblest, most 
 valuable remains of antiquity f.'* 
 
 Dem, vol. i. p. 246, 
 
 " The vicious and corrupted passions of his 
 
 heart are of sacred, religious authority to this 
 
 man of wealth f.*' 
 
 Horace, vol. iv. p. 17. 
 
 * *' Falsehood is a servile vice, and to the imputation 
 of that vice, people in a slavish condition, whether low or 
 high (for servitude, as well as hell, has its ranks and 
 dignities) will always be subject." 
 
 Junius, vol. iii. p. 
 
 f The stringing together of two or three adjectives 
 without a conjunction, is very common in Junius as well 
 as in Dr. Francis. 
 
 " Though urged, insulted, braved to it, by every 
 stimulus that could touch the feelings of a man." 
 
 Junius, vol. iii. p. 285. 
 
90 
 
 " As if we had converted our whole inherit- 
 ance into an annuity, and had nothing but a 
 life interest in the salvation of the country */' 
 
 Sir Philip Francis on Paper Money. 
 
 ^' With a callous heart, there can be no 
 genius in the imaginatiQn, or wisdom in the 
 
 " There is one general, easy way of answering Junius, 
 which his opponents have constantly had recourse to, &c," 
 
 Junius, vol. iii. p. 427. 
 ** These are your words, given under your hand, as the 
 solemn, deliberate opinion of his Majesty's Secretary at 
 War." 
 
 Junius, vol. iii. p. 447. 
 
 , ♦ ** The minister, perhaps, may have reason to be 
 satisfied with the success of the present hour, and with 
 the profits of his employment. He is the tenant of the 
 day, and has no interest in the inheritance.^'* 
 
 Junius, vol. ii. p. 133. 
 
 " When you leave the unijnpaired, hereditary freehold 
 to your children, you do but half your duty, &c. — 
 
 The power of King, Lords, and Commons, is not 
 
 an arbitrary power. They are the trustees, not the 
 owners of the estate. The fee-simple is in US. They 
 cannot alienate, they cannot waste." 
 
 Junius, vol. i. pp. 2—5, Dedication. 
 
91 
 
 mind ; and therefore the prayer, with equal 
 truth and sublimity, says, ' Incline our hearts 
 unto wisdom *.' '* 
 
 Sir P. Francis on Paper Money ^ p. 53. 
 
 " A brave man with truth of his side, need 
 
 not wish to be eloquent. Resolute thoughts 
 
 find words for themselves, and make their own 
 
 vehicle. Impression and expression are relative 
 
 ideas. He who feels deeply will express strongly. 
 
 The language of slight sensations is naturally 
 
 feeble and superficial t.'* 
 
 Ibid. p. 54. 
 
 " The crimes of individuals, however enor- 
 mous, are not necessarily mortal to great com- 
 munities. The death of nations is impunity. 
 Still we are lulled with fine promises and flatter- 
 ing prospects. Hope is a dangerous narcotic, 
 and not only sets the mind asleep, but, like 
 opium to the Turk, furnishes the brain with 
 many delightful visions. Thus it is that a 
 
 * ** if I were not satisfied, that really to inform 
 
 the understanding corrects and enlarges the heart." 
 
 Junius, vol. ii. p. 448. 
 
 f ** Whenever he changes his servants he is sure to 
 have the people, in that instance, of his side'* 
 
 Junius , vol. iii. p; 316. 
 
92 
 
 nation may walk in its sleep, until it reaches 
 the edge of a precipice without the power of 
 turning back. These treacherous delusions arc 
 deadly symptoms. When nothing but a drastic 
 resohition can save the animaJ, false hope sup- 
 plies him with palliatives, and bars the last 
 extremity of its last resource, by the exclusion 
 of despair*." 
 
 Sir P. Francis on Paper Money^ p. 47. 
 
 ** His principle, if he be in earnest, which I 
 should very much doubt of any person in pos-^ 
 session of his senses, would oblige him, in many 
 other cases, to maintain that the shadow of a 
 good thing is just as good as the substance; or 
 that water, forced into the system, performs the 
 functions of blood, with equal effect, and greater 
 
 * ** After all, Sir, will you not endeavour to remove or 
 alleviate the most dangerous symptoms, because you can- 
 not eradicate the disease ?" 
 
 Junius, vol. ii. p. 224. 
 
 *^ It does not follow that the symptoms may not be 
 softened, although the distemper cannot be cured." 
 
 Junius^ vol. ii. p. 354. 
 
 " He advertises for patients, collects all the diseases of 
 
 the heart, and turns the royal palace into an hospital for 
 
 incurables.'* 
 
 Junius, vol. ii. p. 439. 
 
93 
 
 facility. With the help of tapping it might do 
 so, as long as the stamina lasted : but, in rhese 
 cases, the patient is apt to give the lie or the 
 slip to the physician, and to die of a dropsy 
 with the panacea in his bowels/* 
 
 Sir P. Francis on Paper Money ^ p. 4. 
 
 " But granted 3 war is no longer a calamity 3 
 or at worst a necessary evil, incident to the 
 system : it is the physic and phlebotomy that 
 clears the intestines and opens the veins, and 
 saves the body politic from bursting of a ple- 
 thora/* 
 
 lb. p. 27. 
 
 '* After all, Mr. Printer, these are feverish symp- 
 toms, and look as if the disorder were coming to a crisis. 
 Even this last effort is the fore-runner of their speedy 
 dissolution ; like the false strength of a delirium, which 
 exerts itself by fits, and dies in convulsions." 
 
 Junius, vol. ii. p. 66. 
 
 " The disorder must have quitted his head, and fixed 
 
 itself in his heart.'' 
 
 Junius^ p. 109, 
 
 ** This, I conceive, is the last disorder of the State. 
 The consultation meets but to disagree. Opposite medi- 
 cines are prescribed, and the last fixed on is changed by 
 the hand that gives it." 
 
 Junius, p. 176. 
 
t4 
 
 '^ The sensation of pain is the providential 
 
 warning against clanger, the sentry or out- post, 
 
 that gives notice of the approach of an enemy. 
 
 The being who feels none, or who is suddenly 
 
 relieved from it, or who by intoxication has 
 
 deadened his senses, knows nothing of his own 
 
 case, and dies of a mortification below, with a 
 
 languid flush in his face that looks Hke a return 
 
 of health." 
 
 Sii^ P. Francis on Paper Money ^ p. 45. 
 
 " When all your instruments of amputation are pre- 
 pared, when the unhappy patient lies at your feet, without 
 the possibility of resistance, by what infallible rule will 
 you direct the operation ? When you propose to cut 
 away the rotten parts, can you tell us what parts are 
 perfectly sound? Are there any certain limits, in fact or 
 theory, to inform you at what point you must stop, at 
 what point the mortification ends ?*' 
 
 Junius, vol. ii. p. 448. 
 
 *' A sick man might as well expect to be cured by a 
 consultation of doctors. They talk, and debate, and 
 wrangle, and the patient expires." 
 
 Junius, vol. ii. p. 491. 
 
 " When the poison of their doctrines has tainted the 
 natural benevolence of his disposition ; when their insidi- 
 ous counsels have corrupted the stamina of his govern- 
 ment, what antidote can restore him to his political 
 health and honour, but the firm security of his English 
 
 subjects ?'* 
 
 Junius y vol. ii. p. 125. 
 
95 
 
 " Most men are ready to admit that plainness 
 and simplicity are good moral qualities, and not 
 at all unwilling to encourage them in others. 
 But it is not so generally known or admitted, 
 that these qualities, instructed by experience or 
 enlighted by reflection, are the surest evidence 
 of a sound understanding. A cunning rogue may 
 cheat a wiser man of his money ; but in an ab- 
 stract question to be determined by judgment, 
 it is not possible that skill and artifice can finally 
 prevail over plain reason, which, in the ordinary 
 transactions of life, is called common sense*.'* 
 
 Sir P. Francis on Paper Money ^ p, 2. 
 
 *' If my voice could contribute to his honour, he 
 should have it without reserve, for the spirit that 
 prompts him to undertake such a task as I know 
 it to be, and at such a time^ and if it were pos- 
 
 * " Mr. Home, it seems, is very unable to comprehend 
 how an extreme want of conduct and discretion can con- 
 sist with the abilities I have allowed him ; nor can he con- 
 ceive that a very honest man with a very good understand- 
 ing may be deceived by a knave. — Distinguished talents 
 are not necessarily connected with discretion," 
 
 Junius, v. ii. p. 304-. 
 
96 
 
 sible to give him support in the execution of it 
 
 by any effort of mine, he might be sure of it *.'* 
 
 Sir P. F.'s Speeches on Mahratta War, p. 19. 
 
 ^* When a purpose is to be served, it is not 
 very difficult to find a principle to answer it.'* 
 Sir P. F.'s Speeches, p. 46*. 
 
 " In the perpetual revolutions of human af- 
 fairs, it often happens that the forms of power 
 survive the fact f." 
 
 Speeches, p. 64. 
 
 * " I should have hoped that even 7ny name might carry 
 some authority with it, if I had not seen how very lit- 
 tle weight, &c." 
 
 Junius, V. i. p. 71. 
 
 "i/y vote will hardly recommend him to an increase of 
 his pension, or to a seat in the cabinet. But if his ambi- 
 tion be upon a level with his understanding ; — if he judges 
 of what is truly honourable for himself with the same su- 
 perior genius, which animates and directs him, to elo- 
 quence in debate, to wisdom in decision, even the pen of 
 Junius shall contribute to reward him," 
 
 Junius, v.ii. p. 311. 
 
 f " How long, and to what extent the King of England 
 may be protected by the forms, when he violates the 
 spirit of the constitution, deserves to be considered." 
 
 Junius, vol. p. 42. 
 
97 
 
 <c y^Q go into their country to charge 
 
 them with lawless ambition ; and we rob them 
 
 of their property, in order to charge them with 
 
 insatiable avarice. The day of retribution, I bor 
 
 lieve, will come, when you are least prepared 
 
 for it.'' 
 
 Speeches y p. 6^. 
 
 " This is a wide circumference; but the pas- 
 sage across it shall be short and rapid. A bird's 
 eye view of the subject will be sufficient/* 
 
 Speeches^ p. 26. 
 
 In the present practice, the wholesome rela- 
 tion of guilt and punishment is inverted. The 
 k'N escape, and the multitude suffer *.** 
 
 Sir P. Francis on Paper Money, p. 46. 
 
 *^ Do whatever you think right, for its own 
 sake, and never look to popularity for support 
 or reward. Honest fame will follow you, if you 
 deserve it,'* 
 
 Sir P. F. on Paper Money, p. 48. 
 
 " If it were possible for me to personify the 
 
 * " You have no -enemies, sir, but those who tliink it 
 flattery to tell you that the character of king dissolves the 
 natural relation between guilt and punishment." 
 
 Junius, vol. i. p. 44. 
 H 
 
9S 
 
 British nation, and if I were at liberty to offer my 
 
 humble advice to so great a person, the first 
 
 thing I should recommend to him would be to 
 
 adopt the maxim of Lord Chatham, to stop for 
 
 a moment, in order to take a general view of his 
 
 situation with his own eyes, and to reflect on it 
 
 himself*/' 
 
 Paper Money ^ p. 3. 
 
 *' Believing, as I do, that some internal cata* 
 ^strophe hangs over us, which might possibly be 
 averted or provided for by wisdom at the helm, 
 but which ignorance and folly can only accele- 
 rate, I call on the r^ation to look at their goverr^- 
 ment. Is it an abuse to be endured, that any 
 set of men, with no other title or shelter but the 
 word prerogative, should dare to hold and retain 
 the executive power of the state, with a hundred 
 peers protesting against them, without the con? 
 fidence of the House of Commons, ^nd them^ 
 selves on their trial at the bar of that House ? Af 
 the public shame of such a sight, indignation 
 sickens into scorn. Resentment dies of con«p 
 tempt. Such authors, of such ruin, take axvay all 
 
 * The above passage will remind the reader of the in- 
 troduction to Junius' s celebrated letter to the king, and 
 f>f a similar address in the preface to the Letters. 
 
 See Junius^ v. ii. p. 62, and v. i. p. 42, 
 
99 
 
 dignity from distress^ and make calamity ridicu- 
 lous'':' 
 
 Paper Money, p. 46. 
 
 The political principles of Sir Philip Francis 
 appear to agree exactly with those of Junius, 
 and his whole life has been a practical exposi- 
 tion of the sincerity of his professions. 
 
 During his residence in India, his wisdom, his 
 zeal, his spirit, and integrity, were amply mani- 
 fested. He received such encomiums on his con- 
 duct from Mr. Fox, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Wind- 
 ham, Mr. Burke, and the whole of the committee 
 for the impeachment of Mr. Hastings, as have 
 seldom fallen to the lot of any man. But with 
 the exception of au empty title, — the commenda- 
 tion of the wise and good, and the mens sibi con- 
 scia recti are all the rewards this virtuous man 
 has received. 
 
 The behaviour of Sir Philip throughout the 
 whole of his opposition to that system of ambi- 
 
 * " I cannot express my opinion of the present ministry 
 
 more exactly than in the words of Sir Richard Steele — 
 
 • that we are governed by a set of drivellers, wJiose folly 
 
 takes away all dignity from distress ^ and makes even cala^ 
 
 7mty ridiculous J " 
 
 Philo Junius y v, i. p. 23L 
 
 n 2 
 
100 
 
 tion, perfidy, and cruelty, which at one time 
 characterized the government of India, is pre- 
 cisely that which Junius himseJf would have 
 adopted, had he been placed in a similar situa- 
 tion, 
 
 ** Engaged in the defence of an honourable 
 cause, I would take a decisive part.-— I should 
 scorn to provide for a future retreat, or to keep 
 terms with a man, who preserves no measures 
 with the public, I would pursue him through 
 life, and try the last exertion of my abilities to 
 preserve the perishable infamy of his name, and 
 make it immortal." 
 
 Junius, vol. ii. p. 9, 
 
 With unwearied pains Sir Philip Francis 
 endeavoured to rectify those abuses which were 
 connived at and encouraged by the Governor- 
 General of India, For seven years he was en- 
 gaged in a constant personal opposition to a 
 man whose actions were, in the estimation of 
 many persons, injurious to the real interests 
 and honour of this country, and dreadfully 
 oppressive to the miserable natives whom he 
 governed. What Sir Philip performed in the 
 sacred cause of liberty and humanity is uni" 
 versally known, and has received the approba- 
 
101 
 
 tion it deserved. What he endured from the 
 uniform failure of his beneficent plans, and from 
 being compelled to witness the proceedings that 
 his nature shrunk from, is of far more value in 
 the estimation of Him zvho knozveih the hearty 
 though it enters but little into the calculations of 
 mankind, and is follovt^ed by no testimonies of 
 public gratitude. In the impeachment of Mn 
 Hastings Sir Philip Francis made a conspi- 
 cuous figure, and with the purest of all possible 
 motives, took a " decisive part'* against him* 
 The following letter from the gentlemen of the 
 committee appointed to conduct the impeach- 
 ment, will shew in what estimation they held the 
 conduct of Sir Philip Francis. 
 
 « Sir, 
 
 *' There is nothing in the orders of the House 
 which prevents us from resorting to your assist- 
 ance ; and we should shew very little regard to 
 our honour, to our duty, or to the effectual exe- 
 cution of our trusf, if we omitted any means 
 that are left in our power to obtain the most be- 
 iieficial use of it. 
 
 " An exact local knowledge of the affairs of 
 Bengal is requisite in every step of our proceed- 
 ings ; and it is necessary that our information 
 should come from sources not only gompetent 
 
102 
 
 'I 
 but unsuspected. We have perused, as our 
 
 duty often led us to do, with great attention, 
 the records of the Company, during the time in 
 which you executed the important office com- 
 mitted to you by Parliament ; and our good 
 opinion of you has grown in exact proportion 
 to the minuteness and accuracy of our re- 
 searches. We have found that as far as in you 
 lay, you fully answered the ends of your arduous 
 delegation. An exact obedience to the authori- 
 ty placed over you by the laws of your country, 
 wise and steady principles of government, an 
 inflexible integrity in yourself, and a firm re- 
 sistance to all corrupt practices in others, 
 crowned by an uniform benevolent attention to 
 the rights, properties, and welfare of the natives 
 (the grand leading object in your appointment) 
 appear eminently throughout those records. 
 Such a conduct, so tried, acknowledged, and re- 
 corded, demands our fullest confidence. 
 
 " Tliese, Sir, are the qualities, and this is the 
 conduct on your part, on which we ground our 
 wishes for your assistance. On what we are to 
 groujnd our right to make any demand upon 
 you, we are more at a loss to suggest. Our sole 
 titles> we are sensible, are to be found in the 
 public exigencies, and in your public spirit.. 
 Permit us. Sir, to call for this further service in 
 
103 
 
 the name of the people of India, for whom your 
 parental care has been so long distinguished, 
 and in support of whose cause you have en- 
 countered so many difificulties, vexations^ and 
 dangers.' 
 
 " We have expressed sentiments in which we 
 are unanimous, and which, with pride and plea- 
 sure, we attest under all our signatures, entreat- 
 ing you to favour us as frequently as you can 
 with your assistance in the committee • and you 
 shall have due notice of the days on which your 
 advice and instructions may be more particu- 
 larly necessary. We have the honour to be, 
 ** With the most perfect respect. Sir, 
 " Your most faithful and obliged 
 humble servants,- 
 
 « EDMUND BURKE, Chairmari. 
 
 Then follow the naimes of the rest of the com- 
 fnit^ee. 
 
■104 
 
 Let us now consider in what other respects 
 the political opinions and principles of Sih 
 Philip Francis correspond with those of Jcr- 
 
 NIUS. 
 
 In a letter to Mr. Wilkes Junius speaks with 
 approbation of the " Society of the Bill of 
 Rights." " I think/' says he, '' the plan was 
 admirable : that it has already been of signal 
 service to the public, and may be of much 
 greater ; and I do most earnestly wish that yoti 
 would consider of and promote a plan for form- 
 ing constitutional clubs all through the king- 
 dom. A measure of this kind would alarm go- 
 vernment more, and be of more essential service 
 to the cause, than any thing that can be done re- 
 lative to new-modelling the House of Commons.'* 
 
 Vol. i. p. 280*. 
 
 We may infer from the above, that Junius 
 cither was, or would have been, a member of one 
 of these societies. 
 
 In this respect Sir Philip Francis followed 
 the conduct which Junius approved. — He was 
 a very active and a principal member of the So- 
 ciety of the Friends of the People. But his 
 ardent love of liberty did not betray him inta 
 
105 
 
 the promotion of any plans inconsistent witTt 
 the established government of the nation. He 
 was a friend to reform j but it was such a reform 
 as Junius recommended, — a reform that should 
 not endanger the venerable fabric it was meant 
 to repair. In a spirited letter to Mr. Burke, 
 who had charged him with a bias to the indivi- 
 dual representation of the people. Sir Philip 
 says, " of me, in particular, he must have known, 
 and in candour he ought to have acknowledged, 
 that it is not possible for any man to go further 
 than I have done, to reject, to resist, and to explode 
 every project of that nature^ and every principle 
 and argument set up to support it; a project, 
 however, so chimerical, and so utterly imprac- 
 ticable, that it is superfluous to load it with 
 charges of danger and malignity." 
 
 That Sir Philip, though his ardour is abated, 
 and his hopes are fled, entertains the same senti- 
 ments at the present day, is evident from his 
 last publication. "As to parliamentary reform, 
 I have tried it enough to be convinced that it 
 never can be adopted on any sound principle, 
 that would at once be safe in its operation, and 
 effective to its purpose. 
 
 *^ The people are well enough represented. 
 The milk throws up the cream. No change iu 
 
io6 
 
 the form will mend the materials. I am sure 
 you will find it, as I have done, a vain attempt 
 to build Grecian temples with brickbats and 
 rubbish.*' — 
 
 " I am as little sanguine as ever about the 
 success of a reform in the construction of the 
 House of Commons. But, knowing of no other 
 remedy, I cannot answer those who say, that 
 when the exigency leaves you no choice, the 
 last chance is to be taken. The opinions of wise 
 and thoughtful men on this great question are 
 changing exesy day. For myself, I can only 
 say that / did not abandon my principles with my 
 hopes; and that, whenever the nation shall be 
 generally disposed to adopt the measure, I shall 
 be found where I was left^ and ready to take part 
 ill the execution of itT 
 
 Sir P. Francis on Paper Money, p. 49. 
 
 The sentiments of Junius on this subject are 
 fully developed in his letters to Mr. Wilkes. It 
 is well known that they were not levelling 
 enough for many of those who styled themselves 
 the Friends of the People. 
 
 ^' That the people are not equally and fully 
 represented is unquestionabk. But let us take 
 care what we attempt. We may demolish the ve- 
 
107 
 
 ner able fabric we intend to repair ; and where is 
 the strength and virtue to erect a better in its 
 steads 1 should not, for my own part, be so 
 much moved at the corrupt and odious practices 
 by which inconsiderable men get into Parlia- 
 ment, nor even at the want of a perfect repre- 
 sentation, (and certainly nothing can be less 
 reconcileable to the theory, than the present 
 practice of the constitution,) if means could be 
 found to compel such men to do their duty, in 
 essentials at least, when they are in Parliament. 
 Now, Sir, I am convinced, that if shortening the 
 duration of Parliaments (which in effect is keep- 
 ing the representative under the rod of the con- 
 stituent,) be not made the basis of our new 
 parliamentary jurisprudence, other checks or 
 improvements signify nothing. On the con- 
 trary, if this be made the foundation, other mea- 
 sures may come in aid, and, as au.viliaries, be of 
 considerable advantage,*' 
 
 Junius, vol. i. p. 286*. 
 
 The conduct of Sir Philip Francis in advo- 
 cating the abolition of the Slave Trade, is not 
 the least glorious trait in the history of this dis- 
 tinguished patriot and philanthropist. " Every 
 motive by which the conduct of men is usually 
 
108 
 
 determined was united on one side, and powef- 
 iully pressed upon him to engage him to take 
 part against his opinion. Connections of every 
 sort, friends who were dear to him^^ and who 
 thought their fortunes were at stake, solicitations 
 the most urgent, from persons to whom he was 
 bound by many ties, and possibly the prospect 
 of advantage to himself or to his family at a 
 future day to be forfeited or preserved ;-*a]l 
 these were in one scale, and nothing in the other 
 but the justice of the cause and the protection 
 of creatures, who would never know that he had 
 endeavoured to serve them, or whose gratitude 
 could never reach him." But no personal con- 
 siderations could weigh with Sir Philip while 
 the cause of liberty and humanity stood in need 
 of his assistance. He persevered in the discharge 
 of his duty, and had at length the satisfaction of 
 seeing his efforts crowned with success, though 
 zvlth the loss to himself of a considerable estate in 
 the West Indies. Whether Sir Philip Francis 
 be identified with Junius, or not, the purity of 
 his principles, the disinterestedness of his con- 
 duct, and the goodness of his heart, claim for 
 him as high a character as it is possible for truth 
 to confer on any man. 
 
 We remark, with much concern, that tone of 
 despondence which occasionally pervades the 
 
109 
 
 language of Sir Philip Francis. A good man 
 may express his regret when villany or folly is 
 triumphant; but while he laments his want of 
 success, he should be careful not to seem to re- 
 pent of his exertions. The example is disheart- 
 ening when a man whose whole life has been 
 spent in endeavours to benefit mankind pub- 
 licly expresses his dissatisfaction at what is past, 
 as if he were sorry for the course he had pur- 
 sued ; it is too apt to check the kindling of that 
 patriotism and philanthropy in the breasts of 
 younger men, which would animate them to the 
 performance of all great and good actions. Lest 
 we be suspected of complaining without cause, 
 we subjoin some specimens of this apparent dis- 
 contentedness from the recorded speeches of 
 Sir Philip. 
 
 " By endeavouring through all that portion 
 of his life (thirty years) to maintain right against 
 wrong, he had sacrificed his repose, and forfeited 
 all hopes of reward or personal advantage ; but 
 he had taken his resolutions, and would do so no 
 more. He would never more take an active pari, 
 much less a lead, in any discussions of Indian 
 questions." 
 
 " With regard to personal proceedings against 
 any man, he xvas resolved to take no part in them^ 
 
110 
 
 .The impeachment of Mr, Hastings had cured 
 him of that folly. It was he, in fact, who had 
 been tried, and Mr. Hastings acquitted." 
 
 " His spirits were exhausted^ and his mind was 
 siibduedy by a long, unthankful, and most invi- 
 dious application to one pursuit, zw which he had 
 never been able to do any good.** 
 
 Pari Debates, lOth March, 1806. 
 
 In the last publication by Sir Philip Francis, 
 we find examples of the same melancholy tone. 
 
 " Not long ago an opportunity came of itself, 
 of stating some new opinions of my own on the 
 subject of a reform of the House of Commons, 
 to a member of Parliament, of whose integrity 
 no man can be better satisfied than I am. I 
 took the liberty of saying to him, * Sir, do 
 whatever you think right, for its own sake, and 
 never look to popularity for support or reward. 
 Honest fame will follow you if you deserve it. 
 The very people whom you serve may be 
 turned at any moment against you, by a cry or 
 a signal, and run you down for your pains. 
 Your own hounds had as lief hunt the huntsman 
 as the hare.' " 
 
 On Paper Curreyicy, p. 47. 
 
Hi 
 
 Not that his principles were changed. He 
 will be found where he was left. But he was dis^ 
 pirited with the vain endeavours to do good to a 
 world that vs^as determined not to be a friend to 
 itself. Dr. Johnson observes, that the misan- 
 thrope is usually a man of a warm heart, who in 
 his early years thought too favourably of human 
 iiature. This cause ej^isted in its highest degree 
 in the present instance, and an unbounded 
 goodness of disposition has alone prevented it 
 from leading to the same conclusion. 
 
 In noticing this querulousness, at different 
 periods, and the language in which it is ex- 
 pressed, it is impossible to avoid being struck 
 with its conformity to that feeling which appears 
 to have dictated the last letter of Junius to his 
 publisher, 
 
 " I have seen the signals thrown out for your 
 old friend and correspondent. Be assured that 
 I have had good reason for not complying with 
 them. In the present state of things, if I were 
 to write again, I must be as silly as any of the 
 horned cattle that run mad through the city, or 
 as any of your wise aldermen. I meant the cause 
 and the public. Both are given up. I feel for 
 the honour of this country, when I see that 
 there are not ten men iu it who will unite and 
 
112 
 
 stand together upon any one question. But if is 
 all alike^ vile and contemptible, 
 
 " You have never flinched, that I know of; 
 and I shall always rejoice to hear of your 
 prosperity.*' 
 
 Junius, vol. i. p. *255, 
 
 This was not a casual expression of disgust : 
 it arose from a feeling natural to the warm and 
 irritable heart of Junius. — In the course of his 
 correspondence with Woodfall he displays fre- 
 quent instances of a similar dissatisfactions. 
 
 " What an abandoned, prostituted ideot is 
 your Lord Mayor. The shameful mismanage- 
 ment which brought him into office, gave me 
 the first and an unconquerable disgust." 
 
 Junius, vol. i. p. *250. 
 
 " Surely you have misjudged it very much 
 about the book. I could not have conceived 
 it possible that you could protract the publica- 
 tion so long. At this time, particularly before 
 Mr. Sawbridge*s motion, it would have been of 
 singular use. You have trifled too long with 
 the public expectation. At a certain point of 
 time the appetite palls. I fear you have already 
 lost the season. The book, I am sure, will lose 
 
113 
 
 the greater part of the effect I expected from 
 it. — But I have done." 
 
 Junius, vol. i. p. *249. 
 
 *' I really doubt whether I shall write any- 
 more under this signature. I am weary of at- 
 tacking a set of brutes whose writings are too 
 dull to furnish me even with the materials of 
 contention, and whose measures are too gross and 
 direct to be the subject of argument, or to 
 require illustration/' 
 
 Junius y vol. i. p. * 1 74. 
 
 It is the character of feelings that are so 
 quick and delicate, to subside as suddenly as 
 they are excited. Though Junius complains 
 so freely of the delay in the publishing of a com- 
 plete edition of his letters, yet what he says in 
 another letter is applicable on this occasion. 
 " Make yourself easy about me, I believe you 
 are an honest man, and I never am angry.*" 
 
 Junius, vol. i. p. 212. 
 
 His inclination to relinquish writing under 
 the signature of Junius, was only the ebullition 
 of the moment; and was perhaps entertained 
 without any seriousness. But his disgust at the 
 conduct of the citizens was much more deeply 
 
 • Ji72ixus, vol i. p. 212, 
 I 
 
114 
 
 rooted. Yet even this impression, unconquer- 
 able as he thought it, vanished away in some 
 degree, for in the course of a few days he writes 
 thus to Woodfall : 
 
 " If I saw any prospect of uniting the city 
 
 once more, / would readily continue to labour in 
 
 the vineyard. Whenever Mr. Wilkes can tell 
 
 me that such an union is in prospect^ he shall 
 
 hear of me.** 
 
 Junius, vol. i. p. 253. 
 
 This declaration is in the very spirit of that 
 with which Sir Philip Francis concludes his 
 opinion of a reform. 
 
 " For myself, I can only say that I did not 
 abandon my principles with my hopes ; and that 
 whenever the nation shall be generally dispos- 
 ed to adopt the measure^ I shall be found 
 where I was left^ and ready to take part in the 
 execution ofit'^ 
 
 On Paper Currency^ p. 49. 
 
 We cannot close this part of our subject with- 
 out expressing our concern that we are so little 
 able to do justice to the character of this most 
 consistent patriot of our time. We feel a 
 respect and a regard for him which not even 
 
115 
 
 the certainty that he were Junius eould heighten, 
 much as we wish that the circumstance were 
 proved beyond the possibility of doubt, by the 
 addition of that direct evidence which it is not 
 at present in our power to produce. 
 
 We shall terminate this part of our work with 
 a quotation from the speech of Lord Minto on 
 the character of Sir Philip Francis. When 
 our readers peruse it, let them reflect on that 
 personification of Junius which the study of his 
 letters has created in their minds, and observe 
 with what peculiar propriety the description 
 here given would apply to that exalted cha- 
 racter. 
 
 *^ In delivering my opinion of my honour- 
 able friend, I am not so madly vain as to think 
 it can add any thing to his honours ; it is to do 
 myself honour that I say here, what I have often 
 said elsewhere, that of all the great and consider- 
 able men whom this country possesses, there is 
 not one in the empire who has a claim so much 
 beyond all question, who can shew a title so 
 thoroughly authenticated, as this gentleman, to 
 the admiration, the thanks, the reward, the love 
 of his country and of the world. If I am asked 
 for proof, I say, the book of his life is open 
 before you ^ it has been read, it has been 
 
 l2 
 
116 
 
 examined in every line by the diligent inquisi- 
 tion, the searching eye, of malice and envy. 
 Has a single blot been found? Is there one 
 page which has not been traced by virtue and 
 by wisdom ?— Virtue, Sir, not of the cold and 
 neutral quality, which is contented to avoid 
 reproach by shrinking from action, and is the 
 best ally of vice — ^but virtue fervent, full of 
 ardour, of energy, of effect : wisdom. Sir, not 
 the mere flash of genius and of talents, though 
 these are not wanting ^ but wisdom informed, 
 deliberate, and profound. I know. Sir, the 
 warmth imputed to, nay possessed by that 
 character ; it is a warmth which does but bur- 
 nish all his other virtues. His heart is warm, 
 his judgment is cool, and the latter of these 
 virtues none will deny, except those who have 
 not examined, or wish to disbelieve it." 
 
 Speech of Sir Gilbert Elliot (now Lord 
 Minto), Dec. \% 1787. 
 
117 
 
 To illustrate the political character of Dr. 
 Francis, we shall have recourse to the sentiments 
 he has avowed in his editions of Horace and 
 Demosthenes. There are some parts of each 
 of those works, but more especially of the latter, 
 wherein he displays his own sentiments in some 
 fme original disquisitions. It is unnecessary to 
 lay our extracts before the reader in any parti- 
 cular order : separately taken, they will exhibit 
 the conformity of his opinion with that of Ju- 
 nius, on some particular subjects; and alto- 
 gether they will furnish a complete view of the 
 political principles of the author. 
 
 " The true morality of politics^ in the subject^ is 
 
 the preservation of liberty ; and the safety of the 
 
 people^ whom Providence hath committed to their 
 
 care^ is the first duty of princes. They cannot 
 
 know any better, they should not acknowledge 
 
 any other morals." 
 
 Bern, vol. i. p. 304. 
 
 \^ *'In her political constitution, Lacedemon very 
 nearly resembled that of Britain, "while Britain 
 could Jiave boasted her constitution was unviolated. 
 
\U 
 
 Her kings, although entrusted, as generals, 
 with that absolute command in war, which is 
 necessary to a prompt and vigorous execution, 
 yet held a very Hmited authority in peace. 
 Her senate preserved a kind of balance between 
 any apprehensions of tyranny from their mo- 
 narchs, and of anarchy in the people; while the 
 people themselves maintained their rights of li- 
 berty, and had a proper share in the administra- 
 tion, without that confusion to which pure demo- 
 cracies are liable, for they acted by their repre- 
 sentatives. To give the senate due influence, all 
 employments and magistracies were exercised 
 by them only : they were the great council of 
 the nation, nor were the kings permitted to un- 
 dertake any expedition without their consent. 
 They held their station for life, but with a con- 
 sciousness of being indebted for it to the people, 
 by whom they were elected, and for whose inte- 
 fests they were therefore supposed to have a pe- 
 culiar concern." 
 
 Pref. to Dem. xvi. 
 
 " But Sboh, according perhaf)^ to thfe lot of 
 our humanity, wealth and happiness begot ^X« 
 cifess ^hd luxury; di^feipatioh and expence f)r5- 
 
duced venality and corruption; a total dege- 
 neracy of manners ensued, an indolence and in- 
 attention to all public affairs. Poverty and pro- 
 bity became equal objects of contempt; while 
 public virtue and love of country were consi- 
 dered as the language of a party, or v^hat we 
 call opposition. They were only not treated 
 with the levity and insignificance of laughing, 
 or as subjects of ridicule. That hardiness was 
 reserved Jo f^ another people.*' 
 
 Pfef. to Dem. xliv, 
 
 *' They marched under the conduct of Hip- 
 pias, who, to recover the unjust domination 
 which his father, Pisistratus, had usurped over 
 the Athenians, was not ashamed to debase the 
 honour of the Grecian name in doing homage to 
 a barbarian monarch, but even implored his as- 
 sistance to lay waste his native country, and en- 
 slave his fellow- citizens. Execrable ambition ! 
 Detestable and pernicious tyrant ! Spite of 
 himself, however, he served the cause of liberty 
 at the battle of Marathon. The Athenians be- 
 held him with indignation among the Persian 
 troops, and his presence very probably inspired 
 them with that impetuosity with which they 
 rushed forward, and ran upon the enemy. This 
 manner of attack was till then unknown to the 
 
120 
 
 Grecian military ; and we may therefore believe 
 this first instance of it proceeded even more 
 from the presence of their tyrant, than from the 
 common ardours of liberty, and the horrors of 
 slavery. They had the pleasure of sacrificing 
 him not only as a victim to their own vengeance, 
 but to the rights of human kind, which he had 
 boldly and impiously violated. 
 
 Pref. to Dem, xxii. 
 
 '* These revolutions happened in the compass of 
 a fewyears. Their periods are not exactly marked. 
 They are brought under one view for the sake 
 of tlie following reflections. That different sets 
 of men, born in the bosom of hberty, educated 
 in principles of republican equality, and inspired 
 from their infancy with a detestation of arbitrary 
 power, should uniformly pursue the same plan of 
 tyranny and domination, is ma ter of astonish- 
 ment. But when we consider that many of 
 them were men of probity, honour, and virtue, 
 before they were chosen by their fellow-citizens 
 to execute the sacred trust of gov rnment, and 
 that instantly they threw off all regard to jus- 
 tice, religion, and even to common humanity, we 
 must be tempted to think that nature hah im- 
 planted in the heart of man an appetite to en- 
 
121 
 
 slave and oppress his fellow creatures. But of 
 greater importance is the conclusion from these 
 and numberless other examples, that we should 
 never intrust a human creature^ even in times of 
 the uttermost distress^ with any powers unknown 
 to the constitution, in hopes of a precarious, un- 
 certain relief. By this kind of confidence, the 
 liberties of Greece and Rome were totally lost ; 
 and what nation now upon earth will presume to 
 say they may not be enslaved in the same manner V^ 
 
 Ibid. p. xxxii. 
 
 " When a nation is inclined to slavery, at 
 what a little price will it sell its liberty." 
 
 Dem, vol. i. p. l66* 
 
 The Character of Philip. 
 
 ** Equally a politician, as a general, he was 
 temperate in forming his plans, and rapid in 
 the execution ; — Impenetrable in his own coun- 
 sels, and master of those of his enemies; — Sa- 
 gacious to foresee, and bold to seize the most 
 favourable conjunctures ; — Perpetually varying 
 his conduct, without ever varying the principles 
 upon which he acted :— Embassies, negociations. 
 
122 
 
 treaties, peace, hostilities, compliances, menaces, 
 promises and money, were all employed to the 
 purposes of his ambition. We shall mention 
 only one particular artifice which he invented, 
 and which hath since been often practised uith 
 success. Under pretence that the treasury of 
 Macedonia was exhausted, he borrowed consi- 
 derable sums from all the wealthiest citizens of 
 Greece, who from thence became interested in 
 his future fortune; and with an appearance 
 only of receiving interest for their mone}'-, were 
 really pensioners of Philip." 
 
 Pref. to Dem, p. xxxviii. 
 
 " Our orator now appears upon the scene in a 
 character well worthy of his own great abilities ; 
 indeed, of all the powers of eloquence. We behold 
 him in personal opposition to, perhaps, the great- 
 est prince that ever sat upon a throne ; yet neither 
 awed by his power, imposed upon by his artifices, 
 or corrupted by his gold. Animated by the love 
 of liberty, that noblest of all human passions, he 
 stands forth the guardian and defender of his 
 country. An equal terror to the tyrant, who 
 would enslave her, as to the traitors who would 
 betray. Whatever sentiments, that passion can 
 
125 
 
 iftSpire ; whatever arguments good sense can 
 dictate ; whatever ideas of highest sublimity, 
 his own great genius could conceive, the reader 
 will find in the following orations, philippics, 
 and olynthiacs. After such a character of them, 
 what modest excuse can be made for the trans- 
 lator ? He professes, and surely without suspi- 
 cion of affectation, his apprehension of sinking 
 tinder the attempt. Yet while he feels the in* 
 fiuence of the same passions that animate the ori- 
 ginal, he will not wholly despair of the trans- 
 lation." 
 
 Dem, i. 47. 
 
 " Our orator again reproves the indolence, 
 irresolution, inactivity, the fatal procrastination 
 of his audience. How sincerely does the trans- 
 lator wish that the following proverb could onli/ 
 be applied to the Greeks and Romans ! Dum 
 Rbni€e consulitur, Saguntum ea:pugnatur. While 
 the senate consults at Rome, Saguntum is be- 
 l^ieged and taken." 
 
 Dem. i. 135. 
 
 " An evil, most pernicious to a free state, had 
 long raged in Athens. The people^ to whorn^ in 
 the last resort^ all administrations must appeal. 
 
124 
 
 and in whom resides the power ^ and strength^ and 
 majesty vfa nation^, were treated with contempt. 
 Advantage was taken of their poverty, to cor- 
 rupt their honesty, in giving their votes for 
 places and employments. They were intimi- 
 dated by menaces, or deceived by promises, or 
 seduced by adulation. For they were flattered, 
 even while they were despised. In the last ex- 
 cess of corruption, they w^ere debauched in their 
 sobriety and temperance, by drunken riots and 
 luxurious entertainments. From hence, as from 
 a first principle of ruin and dissolution, pro- 
 ceeded the destruction of Athens and Rome. 
 From the same principle will invariably and for 
 ever proceed the destruction of all future states J* 
 
 Dem, i. 40. 
 
 " The wealth brought into Rome, by ravaging 
 and plundering the world, was employed with a 
 wantonness almost incredible, in the last ex- 
 cesses of extravagance and luxury. These ex- 
 cesses vitiated the minds, corrupted the under- 
 standings, and broke the resolution of a people. 
 
 * '^ The collective body of the people form that jury, 
 and from their decision there is but one appeal." 
 
 Junius^ vol. i. 165. 
 
H6 
 
 not less glorious for their spirit of liberty, than 
 for their conquest of the world. Thus at length 
 they were debased to a vileness of slavery un- 
 known to the nations whom they had conquered, 
 
 and infamous to all posterity." 
 
 Hor. i. 254. 
 
 " Let the horrors of this execrable story 
 alarm every free people to an attention to the 
 first attempts against their liberty. For what 
 nation now upon earth can presume to say, 
 they would submit only to any certain degree 
 of slavery, when the Roman people could be 
 thus enslaved to the cruelty of Tiberius, the 
 madness of Caligula, the stupidity of Claudius, 
 or the impiety of Nero ?" * 
 
 Dem, i. p. l6S. 
 
 * '* If an honest and, I may truly affirm, a laborious zeal 
 for the public service has given me any weight in your 
 esteem, let me exhort and conjure you never to suffer 
 an invasion of your political constitution, however minute 
 the instance may appear, to pass by without a determined 
 and persevering resistance. One precedent creates an- 
 other. They soon accumulate and constitute a law. What 
 yesterday was fact, to-day is doctrine ; examples are sup- 
 posed to justify the most dangerous measures, and where 
 they do not suit exactly, the defect is supplied by analogy.*' 
 
 Junius^ vol. i. p. 3. 
 
126 
 
 " The patriot nobly sacrifices the reputation 
 and interests of the orator to the glory and the 
 welfare of his audience. The dignity of his lan- 
 guage, the resistless spirit of conviction, the 
 pathetic, the sublime, seem unpremeditated ef- 
 fects of genius, animated by love of liberty and 
 of country." 
 
 Dem, vol. i. p. xlv. 
 
 " His efforts to recover the freedom of his 
 country after the death of Philip and Alexander 
 may appear, as we are now influenced in our 
 judgment by the event, too precipitate and im- 
 mature: their strength too disproportioned to 
 an enterprize of such importance. Yet if not 
 prudent, they were glorious efforts. They sus- 
 tain the integrity of his character ; they shew 
 that a detestation of tyranny was the actuating 
 principle of his life, and love of liberty the pas- 
 sion that supported him in death, when he nobly 
 
 *' The woman who adi^piits of one familiarity seldom 
 knows where to stop, or what to refuse ; and when the 
 counsels of a great country give way in a single instance 
 — ^when once they are inclined to submission^ every step 
 accelerates the rapidity of the descent." 
 
 Junius y voL ii. p« 186. 
 
127 
 
 refused to survive the ruin of his country, or 
 accept an obligation from its tyrant.'* 
 
 Dem, vol. i. p.xl . 
 
 " The first intention of this essay was to 
 inquire into the principles of political wisdom, 
 upon which the various forms of government in 
 Greece were founded, and to mark the error 
 from which their dissolution proceeded; that, 
 possibly, some hints might arise for the preser- 
 vation or improvement of our own most excellent 
 constitution. Let the writer therefore be for- 
 given one reflection here, not wholly foreign to 
 his intention, perhaps not unapplicable to the 
 present conjuncture of public affairs: that, al- 
 though a republican government be greatly- 
 capable of maintaining its liberty, either against 
 the attempts of foreign conquests or domestic 
 tyranny, while it preserves the principles of vir- 
 tue and equality upon which it is founded, yet 
 when its citizens are enervated by luxury and 
 pleasure, their morals vitiated by avarice and 
 profusion, it is alnost impossible ever to recover 
 them to their original severity of discipline and 
 manners. If a citizen should arise of courage 
 enough to attempt their reformation, the people 
 would consider him a^ their equal. He could 
 
128 
 
 assume no other power over them, than that of 
 persuasion ; and the laws he proposed must be 
 passed by their own consent, in opposition to 
 their prejudices, their passions, and their vices. 
 On the contrary, there is a regular subordina- 
 tion of powers and influences in a monarchy, of 
 mighty effect to preserve it in times of immi- 
 nent danger and distress. The prince impresses 
 his virtues on his nobility. Their example dif- 
 fuses those virtues among the people, who are 
 generally taught to admire, and who feel almost 
 a natural tendency to imitate the manners of 
 their superiors.'* 
 
 Dem, vol. i. p. xxxvii. 
 
 Our author, in this last extract, introduces a 
 reflection, which he says is *'not unapplicable to 
 the present conjuncture of public affairs.'* He 
 appears to have been considering at the time 
 he made this remark, in what way our own con- 
 stitution might be improved or preserved ; and 
 by what means, one of the people would be best 
 able to recover his fellow-subjects from that state 
 of debasement, into which luxury and avarice 
 had sunk them. From his application of the 
 reflection to the present conjuncture of affairs^ it 
 would appear that he believed such was the de- 
 
129 
 
 graded state of this country at the time he 
 wrote 3 — " that its citizens were enervated by 
 luxury and pleasure, their morals vitiat^ by 
 avarice and profusion/' Then comes the reflec- 
 tion — that, in a democracy where all the people 
 are equal it would be impossible to reclaim them 
 from their vicious propensities. For, *' if a citi- 
 zen should arise of courage enough to attempt 
 their reformation, the people would consider him 
 as their equal,'* and this would defeat all his 
 good intentions, since they would not listen to 
 him with respect, nor obey, against their inclina- 
 tions, one man, whose influence was tantamount 
 only to their own. " He could assume no other 
 power over them, than that of persuasion ; and 
 the laws he proposed must be passed by their 
 own consent, in opposition to their prejudices, 
 their passions, and their vices." It is impossi- 
 ble, therefore, that he could attain his ends. 
 
 Under a republican form of government the 
 people would be safer, and more happy, as long as 
 public virtue and the severe simplicity of their pri- 
 mitive manners were preserved ; but the moment 
 the great mass of the people was tainted with 
 corruption, the decline of that state would be 
 swift and irremediable. 
 
 This reflection was very naturally accompa- 
 
ISO 
 
 nied by another : that under an opposite form 
 of government, the people might possibly be re- 
 stored to something like their original purity of 
 morals and behaviour. For, ^' there is a regular 
 subordination of powers and influences in a mo- 
 narchy, of mighty effect to preserve it in times 
 of imminent danger and distress.'* But the be- 
 nefit, even then, could only be effected by the 
 prince himself setting the example. He is the 
 first cause of reformation. ** The prince im- 
 presses his virtues on his nobility. Their exam- 
 ple diffuses those virtues among the people^ who 
 are generally taught to admire, and who feel a 
 natural tendency to imitatCy the manners of their 
 superiors.** 
 
 The man who sits down to examine the forms 
 of other constitutions, vi^ith a view to the im- 
 provement or preservation of that under which 
 he lives, — and who endeavours ^' to mark the 
 error from whence the dissolution" of other go- 
 vernments has proceeded, — does it not with a 
 light mind, but is probably influenced in his in- 
 quiry by the most perfect love for his own coun- 
 try. He sees that whenever the vices have 
 taken root in a land, they have gradually mul- 
 tiplied until they overran the whole country. 
 
ISI 
 
 and destroyed every thing that was wholesome 
 or lovely ; — that under a democracy it was im* 
 possible to eradicate the evil, and under a 
 monarchy it was difficult, requiring a chain of 
 favourable circumstances, which rarely, if ever, 
 met together at the time when they were want* 
 ed. He looks at his native soil, and sees it 
 abound with those vices which will speedily re- 
 duce it to a state of utter worthlessness. It is 
 the first wish of his heart to be of service to his 
 country. In what way can he proceed ? — He is 
 a member of that rank in society which has no 
 influence over the public mind : * as far there- 
 fore as his opinion goes, it will have no conse- 
 quence attached to it. He would possess even 
 more power under a democratic form of govern- 
 ment, than he does in his present circumstances. 
 For in that case he might have some chance of 
 success from the advantages which public ora- 
 tory affords, and from the opportunity he would 
 possess of arriving without difficulty at the high- 
 est offices in the republic. But, in England he 
 must make his appeal to the public eye through 
 
 * " I dedicate to you a collection of letters, written by 
 one of yourselves for the common benefit of us all." 
 
 Junius^ vol, i. p. 1. 
 
rs2 
 
 the medium of the press. He must address him- 
 self to the reason. His countrymen can neither 
 hear his voice, nor see his action or expression. 
 The passions, which are of the first importance 
 in a cause like his, are either beyond the power 
 of his excitement, or the reach of his control. 
 
 But as the country is governed by a King, 
 there would still be one hope left. And as the 
 land is filled with noblemen of great influence, 
 some little good might surely be expected to 
 proceed from them. 
 
 If the person we are now considering coulc^ 
 be satisfied that his Prince was active and sincere 
 in promoting the practice of virtue, or that the 
 nobility were uniformly zealous in their attempts 
 to amend the morals of the people by the force 
 of good example ; it is probable that these con- 
 siderations would calm his fears. But it is more 
 likely that he who has to complain of the de- 
 pravity of the age is convinced that no benefit is 
 to be expected from these sources. On the 
 contrary, he may think that the immorality and 
 profligacy of the great are the chief causes of 
 that laxity of morals which has taken place iii. 
 all the other classes of the community. 
 
 With the conviction on his mind that we are- 
 hastening to a state of moral and political de~ 
 
gradation, from which no hand that is able is 
 also wiUing to save us ; he looks around, and 
 finds, in the midst of his despair, one course 
 still is open to him, whereby he may possibly 
 avert the approaching danger. 
 
 The press furnishes an easy mode of appeal- 
 ing to the people, without being personally 
 known to them. He accordingly addresses 
 them on subjects necessary to be well under- 
 stood by all *. 
 
 He sets before them the origin of their liber- 
 ties i he explains the nature of their invalu- 
 able constitution ; he shews them the folly of 
 their credulity, the danger of their indifference, 
 the madness of their venality ; he tells them 
 what course they must pursue to retrieve their 
 errors, and points out the path which they must 
 take to avoid them for the future ; he places 
 before them the glory of their ancestoi'S, the 
 misery and slavery of their posterity j by every 
 argument in nature that can influence the heart 
 
 ** I do not place the little pleasures of life in competi- 
 tion with the glprious business of instructing and directing 
 the people." 
 
 Letter to Wilkes ^ vol. i. p. 314. 
 
1S4 
 
 of man, he endeavours to win them to vh'tue, to 
 wisdom, to freedom, and to happiness.* 
 
 Aware of the fruitlessness of all his efforts, 
 unless he can impress upon their minds a sense 
 of his importance,! he assumes that character 
 in his writings, which is denied to his real situa- 
 tion. He speaks as a man of high rank and the 
 first consequence. J As the people are " generally 
 taught to admire the great," he engages by his 
 dignity their reverance for his person. As they 
 
 * «< This is not the cause of faction or of party, or of 
 
 any individual, but the common interest of every man in 
 
 Britain." 
 
 JuniuSy Dedication, vol. i. p. i. 
 
 f " In my opinion you should not wish to decline the 
 appearance of being particularly addressed in that letter. 
 It is calculated to give you dignity with the public. 
 There is more in it than perhaps you are aware of. De- 
 pend upon it, the perpetual union of Wilkes and mob 
 does you no service. Not but that I love and esteem the 
 mob. It is your interest to keep up dignity and gravity 
 besides. I would not make myself cheap by walking the 
 streets so much as you do. Verbum sat,** 
 
 Letter to Wilkes ^ vol. i. p. 317. 
 
 X ** Besides every personal consideration, if I were 
 known, / could no longer be an useful servant to the 
 public. At present there is something oracular in the 
 delivery of my opinions. I speak from a recess which no 
 
135 
 
 ** feel a natural tendency to imitate" their supe- 
 riors, he stamps on their minds an impression of 
 his character. 
 
 Though fortune has denied him the nobility 
 of birth, she has given him an elevation of soul to 
 look down on titles ; and though she has deprived 
 him of the influence which attends on wealth, 
 she makes those whom wealth ennobles render 
 homage to his talents, and respect to his au- 
 thority. 
 
 He strives to improve the great by exhorta- 
 tion and praise, by reproof and ridicule, not so 
 much for their own sakes as for the value of 
 their example. He addresses those especially, 
 whose influence in the state* affords them an 
 opportunity of secretly undermining the foun- 
 dations of our liberty; and when he cannot de- 
 ter them from attempting to do wrong, he en- 
 deavours to deprive them of that power which 
 makes them dangerous. 
 
 Lastly, as kings are the chief authors of good 
 and evil to their subjects — the main spring of a 
 
 human curiosity can penetrate, and darkness, we are told, 
 is one source of the sublime. The mystery of J UN JUS 
 increases his importance J* 
 
 Junius, Letter to Wilkes, vol. i. p. 314; 
 ♦ ^* To preserve the whole system, you must correct 
 your legislature.'* 
 
 Ibid, vol. i. p. €; 
 
136 
 
 machine that is either a blessing or a curse to 
 the nation, he summons all his strength for his 
 last, best work; and since he cannot, as a 
 prince, communicate the impress of his virtues 
 from the highest to the lowest, through all the 
 gradations of rank within the kingdom, he goes 
 directly to the King himself, and by virtue of his 
 invisibihty, addresses him in the unexpected lan- 
 guage of truth. All that wisdom can dictate, 
 and eloquence express, is urged with irresistible 
 force upon the heart and understanding of the 
 monarch : for he remembers that the improve- 
 ment of a whole people is the object to be at- 
 tained, and that " clearing the fountain is the 
 best and shortest way to purify the stream."* 
 
 We do not mean to say that such conduct as 
 this we have described would necessarily result 
 from that reflection which gave birth to our 
 theory. But we appeal to the Letters of 
 Junius for proofs, that a similar conduct has been 
 pursued by a character, in every minute par- 
 
 * Junius, vol, i. p. 293. 
 
 ** If it were my misfortune to live under the inauspi- 
 cious reign of a prince, whose whole life was employed in 
 one base contemptible struggle with the free spirit of the 
 people, or in the detestable endeavour to corrupt their 
 moral principles, I would not scruple to declare to him — 
 * Sir, you alone are the author of the greatest wrong to 
 your subjects, and to yourself.' " 
 
 JuniuSy vol. i. 42. and vol. ii. 64. 
 
137 
 
 ticular resembling that which has been drawn ; 
 and we think that such conduct was more likely 
 to proceed from the author of the foregoing 
 reflection than from any other person. 
 
 If we are correct in our opinion, that the 
 ideal character of Junius was suggested by the 
 last of our quotations from Dr. Francis j and 
 if the theory we have laid down be applicable 
 to the whole of the conduct pursued by Junius j 
 it will necessarily follow, that the real author of 
 those letters, to be consistent with his first inten- 
 tion, must for ever remain unknown to the 
 public. — Owing his influence among the people 
 to the impression he has left on their minds, that 
 he was a man of high rank, who had no other 
 opportunity of speaking his real sentiments 
 without danger to himself or his connections; 
 possessing his ascendancy over the Court and 
 the Officers of State only so long as it was 
 suspected that he was himself a great personage 
 in disguise, he must have resolved that his secret 
 should die with himy'ii he sincerely desired that 
 his country should derive benefit from his la- 
 bours. All his power of doing good would 
 cease, according to his own mpst excellent 
 observation, as soon as it was discovered that he 
 was' only one oj' the people. He must, there- 
 fore, resign all hopes 6f advantage during his 
 
 L 
 
138 
 
 life, and of honour after death. AH the vanity 
 of authorship must be suppressed ; and the 
 glorious hopes of immortal fame, which have 
 animated other great minds to perform splendid 
 actions, and accomplish laborious undertakinojs, 
 must be sacrificed at the shrine of public 
 utility. — Tn the lan^ua^e of Dr. Francis, the 
 man vi^ho wrote these Letters has dedicated to 
 the nation, not his work, hut its author; not 
 his eloquence, hut his understanding and his 
 heart! Other men have offered up their lives 
 for the welfare of their country, but they have 
 felt at the time an inexpressible delight in the 
 reflection, that they should survive for ever in 
 the memory of a grateful posterity. It remained 
 for the present age to produce a patriot who 
 devoted his fame, as well as his life, to the 
 service of his fellow creatures. 
 
 It may naturally be asked, why we so highly 
 commend the endeavour of the author to remain 
 undiscovered, and yet do our utmost to reveal 
 him to the world. We think, and in our own 
 hearts are satisfied, that this noble attempt to 
 leap unseen into the gulph of oblivion, for tHfe 
 preservation of his country, will elevate him in 
 the estimation of the people, far more than the 
 knowledge of his real situation can depress him; 
 and instead of our disclosure tending to detract 
 
139 
 
 from the weight of his authority, we do not know 
 that any act or accident in life can add such 
 value to the sentiments of any man, as a sincere 
 endeavour to die in support of his principles. 
 
 The reader is now in possession of all the 
 circumstances which have impressed us with a 
 conviction that Dr. Francis and his son Sir. 
 Philip were the authors of the Letters of 
 Junius. If he entertains a doubt of the validity 
 of our discovery, we request him to take a re- 
 view of the whole of the evidence we have of- 
 fered; and since he has formed his judgment of 
 the weight of each individual circumstance in 
 succession, let him now consider and estimate 
 the aggregate value of the mass. Should he 
 still hesitate to admit of our conclusion, we must 
 request his attention to some further evidence 
 which we shall speedily have the pleasure to 
 submit to his inspection. 
 
 r~" KOTE. 
 
 The edition of Horace, quoted in the preceding pajos, is that of 1753, 
 in 4 vols. 
 
 We request the reader's attention to the following Enutn. 
 Page 34. « Least" should be " last," in line 13. 
 
 ^ 69. « Equally used with or, instead of a>," sliould be *= EiuaUy 
 
 used with or, instead of and J' 
 *^— .112. ^'Dissatisfactions" should be " dissatisfaction," in line M. 
 -p— 127. " Alnost" should bo " almost," in line 21. 
 
 134. " Reverance" should be « reverence;" in last Hue. 
 
 %lh May, 1813. 
 
T. DAVISON, Lombard-street, 
 WEitefriars, London. 
 
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