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 § 
 
About and Roundabout 
 
 TUCSON 
 
 With Maps and Notes 
 Concerning Other 
 Places In 
 Arizona 
 
 published by 
 The Junior League of Tucson 
 tucson, arizona 
 1936 
 
Copyright 1936 
 
 BY 
 
 The Junior League of Tucson 
 
 ACME PRINTING COMPANY 
 TUCSON, ARIZONA 
 
T7J<) 
 
 Table of Contents 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Map of Tucson and Map of Arizona ----- Insert 
 
 Foreword - -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 
 
 The Early History of Tucson - -- -- -- - 7 
 
 Missions: The Founding and History of San Xavier del Bac - 11 
 
 Military History of Tucson; The Presidio and Fort Lowell - 13 
 
 Ranching in The Old Days - -------16 
 
 Places of Interest In and Around Tucson - - - - 18 
 
 Places of Interest in Southern Arizona - - - - - - 26 
 
 Places of Interest in Northern Arizona - - - - - - 35 
 
 Trips ----- 38 
 
 Seasonal Events in Tucson and Elsewhere in Arizona - - 39 
 
 Archeology Notes - -- -- -- -- -42 
 
 Natural History Notes - -- -- -- -- -45 
 
 The University of Arizona; Museums, Schools and Cultural 
 
 Organizations of Tucson - -- -- -- -55 
 
 Commonly Used Spanish and Indian Words - - - - 58 
 
 A List of Books About Arizona and The Southwest - - - 6 1 
 
 1097168 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2014 
 
 https://archive.org/details/aboutroundabouttOOjuni 
 
Foreword 
 
 Within fifty years after Columbus came to the New World, and 
 more than half a century before the settlement of Virginia, Arizona 
 became known to European explorers. Though Coronado, following 
 the legend of the Seven Cities of Cibola, found neither the gold nor 
 jewels which lured the Spaniards four hundred years ago, he opened 
 the way for even more marvelous adventures and the discovery of 
 undreamed-of treasures within and upon the land itself. To those 
 who seek Arizona today, for health, recreation, or the beauties of 
 strange and matchless scenery, there is much to be unfolded; and this 
 small book can only hint to the interested traveler where he may 
 explore and what he is to find. It has been prepared with the sense 
 of obligation and pleasure which belongs to the claiming and sharing 
 of so great a heritage, and grateful acknowledgment is made to all the 
 scholars and lovers of Arizona who have been its authorities and most 
 helpful critics. 
 
 The Junior League of Tucson 
 
The Early History of Tucson 
 
 The record of Tucson must begin with some account of the first 
 Spanish entradas, or explorations, inspired by the marvelous legend 
 of the Seven Cities of Cibola. The story was first brought to the con- 
 quistadores in Mexico, in 1536, by Cabeza de Vaca, a survivor of 
 Narvaez' doomed expedition to Florida; for years he had struggled 
 westward through the wilderness, first enslaved, then venerated by 
 the Indians. Unsubstantial but alluring were the reports they gave 
 him, of the gold and jewels in the far-away palaces; and in the 
 imagination of the Viceroy Mendoza the tale grew so tantalizing that 
 he appointed his general, Francisco Vasques Coronado, to discover if 
 there were any truth in these wonders. 
 
 Before venturing northward, Coronado sent reconnoitering Fray 
 Marcos de Niza, and the Moorish slave Estevan who had also escaped 
 out of Florida and accompanied Cabeza de Vaca on the last part of 
 his journey. According to Fray Marcos, they reached the fabulous 
 country they sought but only saw the Seven Cities from afar, since 
 hostilities of the Indians held them at a distance. Estevan, who in 
 bravado attempted to approach, was mercilessly killed. In spite of 
 this and the fact that there were no signs of great wealth — for actually 
 he had discovered the Zuni pueblos of New Mexico — the monk, on his 
 return, urged Coronado to proceed and even insisted upon guiding him. 
 So, in 1540, the General set forth with his well-prepared company, 
 including men-at-arms and several priests beside Fray Marcos, cui- 
 rass and cassock making their strange way across the desert. 
 Probably they came no nearer the site of Tucson than the San Pedro 
 Valley, down which they are thought to have traveled, thence turning 
 northeastward, perhaps through the Aravaipa canyon. At the same 
 time Hernando de Alarcon was sent to approach the new land by ship, 
 proceeding up the great gulf of California and the river at its head, 
 the Colorado, which he evidently navigated as far as the Needles. 
 
 Thus it turned out that upon Coronado, this proud and valiant con- 
 quistador, fell the extreme disappointment of breaking the glorious 
 dream into miserable reality. He did not, however, give up at once, 
 but sent Tovar to visit the Indian pueblos farther west, and later 
 
 [7] 
 
dispatched Cardenas to investigate the report of the Great River and 
 its gorge which, had he seen it himself, would have fulfilled his am- 
 bition to discover one of the wonders of the world. 
 
 Toward the end of the century other Spaniards, Espejo and Onate, 
 crossed into northern Arizona and penetrated some distance westward; 
 and in 1630 the first mission was established among the pueblo 
 Indians, though long since destroyed. But it was a hundred and fifty 
 years after Coronado's time that Europeans again came into that part 
 of the country known as Pimeria Alta, or Upper Pima Land, which 
 extended from northern Sonora to the Gila River. 
 
 Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino, the Jesuit missionary, was probably 
 the first to visit the site of Tucson. He notes in his diary that on his 
 way to Casa Grande in 1698, he passed through the rancheria 
 of San Cosme del Tucson, an Indian village on the west bank of the 
 Santa Cruz River near the base of Sentinel Peak ("A" Mountain). 
 The settlement, already established by 1694, was variously called San 
 Cosme del Tucson, or San Jose del Tucson, and was of little import- 
 ance at this time, being a visita, or branch, of the large San Xavier del 
 Bac Mission founded by Father Kino. Few changes occurred during 
 the next fifty years until, about 1763, a Spanish settlement was made 
 some two miles from the old Indian village, called San Agustin del 
 Tucson. 
 
 Even more closely connected with the history of Tucson than 
 Father Kino was Father Francisco Garces, (born in Aragon, 1738) 
 sent to San Xavier, after the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767. He 
 not only developed a large ranch in the vicinity, but had built the 
 church and monastery 7 of San Jose, to serve the Indians of San Cosme 
 del Tucson. A zealous and untiring missionary, he visited the tribes 
 along the Gila and lower Colorado, traveling many hundreds of lea- 
 gues, usually alone or accompanied only by the natives. Though he met 
 martyrdom at the hands of the Yumas, the tragedy was due not to his 
 failure, but that of his superiors, to keep the promises made the Indians. 
 
 In 1775, Captain Juan Bautista de Anza, marching northward 
 with a company of colonists to found San Francisco, made camp 
 across the river from San Agustin del Tucson. And in the following 
 year the Spanish garrison w r as transferred from Tubac to form the 
 Tucson presidio, at this time established a short distance farther 
 down the Santa Cruz, on the east bank (near the present overpass on 
 
 [8] 
 
Highway 84). As this site proved difficult to defend, the presidio 
 was moved in 1777, to where the modern city now stands, the gar- 
 rison consisting of two or three officers and usually about seventy-five 
 men. The town was occupied almost entirely by the soldiers and 
 their families. The first church, dedicated to San Agustin, was 
 built close under the east wall, as were most of the houses. A section 
 of the old wall is preserved on the south side of the Court House, but 
 the 'dobes of the earliest buildings have long since disappeared. 
 
 When Mexico, after ten years' war, overthrew Spanish rule in 
 1821, Tucson came under the newly independent government, 
 but remained much the same as before, a walled and garrisoned town. 
 It was the most northern spear-point of European settlement in Ari- 
 zona, guarding the route to California and lower Colorado, and was 
 in constant danger of attack from hostile Indians (Apaches). As the 
 Santa Cruz Valley was at that time far more productive than now, 
 the small community 7 was also the center of rich farming and ranching 
 country. 
 
 The American flag was first unfurled in Tucson in 1846 by Lieut. 
 Col. Cook, commander of the Mormon Battalion. His men, among 
 the first to be mustered in the Mexican War, made the longest mili- 
 tary march in history, from Kansas to the coast, with the two-fold 
 purpose of seizing land in California for the United States, and break- 
 ing the first wagon road through the Southwest. They remained in 
 the town only a few days, the Mexican commander withdrawing, 
 but refusing to surrender. 
 
 When John R. Bartlett visited Tucson in 1852, during the boun- 
 dary survey between the United States and Mexico, previous to the 
 Gadsden Purchase, he described the town in his diary: "It has always 
 been and is to this day, a garrison, but for which the place could not be 
 sustained. In its best days it boasted the population of a thousand 
 souls, now diminished to about one-third that number. It stands on 
 the plateau adjoining the fertile valley watered by the Santa Cruz; 
 the lands near Tucson are very rich and were once extensively cul- 
 tivated, but the encroachment of the Apaches compelled the people to 
 abandon their ranches and seek safety within the town." 
 
 By the Gadsden Purchase in 1854, Tucson became an xA.merican 
 town, but the Mexican troops did not withdraw until a year later, 
 when four companies of dragoons were stationed here. After this, 
 
 [9] 
 
Americans began to move in and the town gradually expanded far be- 
 yond the old walls which were already disintegrating. In 1857 the 
 Overland Stage began making two trips a month from San Antonio to 
 San Diego, and the next year the stage from St. Louis to San Francisco 
 came through twice a week. 
 
 The "Stars and Bars" of the Confederacy was the fourth flag to 
 fly over Tucson, being raised for a few months in 1862. The place 
 was "retaken", however, by Colonel Carleton, of the California 
 Column, and was placed under martial law, Arizona being claimed 
 for the Union at the same time. 
 
 It was not until 1863 that Arizona, originally incorporated with 
 New Mexico, was made a separate territory. For a period, 1866-76 
 Tucson was the territorial capital, as well as military headquarters. 
 
 By the end of the Civil War the rich mines of the region began to 
 attract adventurous young men from the east, and many retired 
 soldiers also settled here, one of whom gave the following description 
 of Tucson as it was in 1866: "The buildings that deserved the names 
 of houses were of adobe with flat roofs. Those of the poorer class 
 of Mexicans were of mesquite poles and the long wands of candle- 
 wood (ocotillo), the chinks being filled with mud plaster. . . . The 
 doors of many houses consisted of rawhides stretched over rough 
 frames, the windows being apertures in the walls barred with upright 
 sticks stuck therein." 
 
 Newspaper advertisements of 1870 show that at this time the town 
 boasted four restaurants, one "first class" hotel, two doctors, a nearly 
 completed school house and the recently built church of San Agustin, 
 which still stands although in ruins. Another decade brought the 
 railroad, making the town a secure link in the line between east and 
 west and marking the transition between early and recent history. 
 From that time on, keeping some of its old ways and many of its old 
 landmarks, Tucson has spread out in the wide valley, ever more 
 green and fair with the years, living by offering much to living. 
 
 [10] 
 
Missions: The Founding and History of 
 San Xavier del Bac 
 
 Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, one of the most eminent figures 
 in the history of the Southwest, was the first to bring really construc- 
 tive help to the Indians in Pimeria Alta. He was born in the village 
 of Segno, Italy, August 10, 1645. (The name, originally Chini, 
 was changed when he came to his post in New Spain.) While still a 
 young man he suffered a serious illness and in thankfulness for his 
 recovery, entered the Jesuit order with the intention of becoming a 
 missionary. In 1681 he was sent to La Paz in Lower California to 
 help colonize the territory, but the Indians grew so hostile to the 
 Spaniards that, much to the grief of the fathers, the project was 
 abandoned. 
 
 Six years later Padre Kino set out again among the Indians of 
 northern Sonora and at the most populous villages he founded mis- 
 sion stations, sending to each sheep, mares and cattle from the rich 
 mother-mission, Dolores, so that in the course of a few years the 
 whole region was well stocked with domestic animals. Helping to 
 plant orchards, and vineyards, introducing many European trees and 
 plants, he taught the Indians the necessary ways of farming, stock- 
 raising and building, along with Christian living. 
 
 At each place where the natives expressed a desire to have a father 
 settled among them, Kino built a permanent adobe house for the 
 priest. His next thought was the erection of a church and thus mis- 
 sion after mission was established, twenty-five in all. Now, at eleven 
 of these places churches are still in use, built on or near the original 
 foundations laid under Kino's direction, but completed by the Fran- 
 ciscan Fathers who came to replace the Jesuit order in this region in 
 1767-68. 
 
 [H] 
 
Of them all none has been more enduring or more beautiful than 
 San Xavier del Bac, named in honor of Father Kino's patron saint, 
 Francisco Xavier (1506-1552) a famous Jesuit missionary called 
 "The Apostle to the Indians". 
 
 At Bac Father Kino found a thriving settlement in a very fertile 
 area. (The Papago word "bac" means "place where there is water"). 
 Shortly after 1692 he built there a little adobe church and later, in 
 the spring of 1700, he supervised the laying of foundations for a sec- 
 ond, more pretentious building; but how far the work progressed 
 during his lifetime, we do not know. The present mission, actually 
 the third at Bac, was probably completed in 1797. The Padre was 
 so fond of San Xavier del Bac, its people, its pleasant, mountain rim- 
 med valley and its strategic position as a missionary post, that he asked 
 for permission to make it his headquarters; but as no priest could be 
 found to relieve him at Dolores, his request was never granted. 
 
 During the year 1751, there was a general revolt of the Pima 
 Indians, and San Xavier was plundered and damaged. For six or 
 seven years thereafter it was not re-occupied, but made a visita of 
 Guevavi. In 1767 the Jesuits were expelled by royal order from 
 Spain, and their missions were taken over by the Franciscans. From 
 about 1780 a long period of obscurity followed, until finally, due to 
 Apache depredations, the missions were ordered abandoned in 1829. 
 
 One of the many visitors to this old church in the early days was 
 Father Joseph Machebeuf, (the original Joseph of Willa Cather's 
 "Death comes for the Archbishop.") In 1858 he traveled to Arizona 
 and mentioned San Xavier in these words: "I had the pleasure of 
 finding there a large brick church very rich and beautiful for that 
 country." 
 
 [12] 
 
Military History of Tucson 
 
 The Presidio and Fort Lowell 
 
 About sixty years after a number of prosperous missions had been 
 founded, the Pima Nation, including the Papagos, revolted (1751) 
 and while no missions were actually destroyed or any priest killed, the 
 insurrection was severe enough to cause the vice-royal government 
 in Mexico to erect the presidios of Tubac (1752) and Tucson (1776- 
 77), where small garrisons were maintained to protect the missions 
 and to guard the route to California. In 1829, the Mexican Govern- 
 ment (independent of Spain since 1821), ordered the missions aban- 
 doned and the people who escaped the savages took refuge in the 
 presidios. Years of precarious living for Tucson and Tubac followed, 
 for by the close of the Mexican war in 1847, the Apaches were 
 endangering the progress of civilization on every side. 
 
 At the outbreak of the Civil War, the West was left unprotected 
 by the removal of troops to the East, and the Indians immediately 
 renewed their warfare with astonishing cruelty, for in their ignorance 
 they attributed the withdrawal of the troops to fear of their prowess 
 and took advantage accordingly. 
 
 In February, 1862, Captain Hunter with a band of about three 
 hundred men marched into Tucson and took possession of the ter- 
 ritory in the name of the Confederate States. It is said that a major- 
 ity of the American population was in sympathy with the Southern 
 cause, but Hunter's occupation was brief. In May a body of Union 
 soldiers, known as the California Volunteers, under the leadership of 
 General James Carleton, arrived on the scene and the Confederates 
 retreated at once toward the Rio Grande. 
 
 In the same year a military camp was located in Tucson, and 
 though abandoned in '64, was again occupied a year later, and in 1867 
 
 [13] 
 
made a permanent post, named for Colonel C. R. Lowell, who had 
 been killed in Virginia. Originally it was located in the old "Mili- 
 tary Plaza", now the site of the Armory and Library parks (hence 
 for many years Broadway was known as Camp Street). All the 
 officers lived in Tucson, quartered in private homes, until it was de- 
 cided that the post was too close to the town and its diverting influ- 
 ences. Consequently the removal of the post to the site of the present 
 ruins, on the Rillito, seven miles away, took place in 1873. 
 
 In the new location Fort Lowell was laid out in much the same 
 general plan as all other military posts. The hard surface of the 
 desert was ideal for a parade ground; cottonwood trees were planted 
 in profusion and the place became a veritable oasis. The buildings, 
 all of adobe brick, are now in ruins, since by 1886 there was no longer 
 any real need of troops in the vicinity and the Fort was abandoned 
 soon thereafter. The picturesque arched doorways of the hospital 
 are still standing, as well as several other buildings, the best preserved 
 being that which once housed the Trader's Store. 
 
 In its day Fort Lowell was the most brilliant post in the Southwest 
 and consequently one of the most popular in the Army. As Regimen- 
 tal Headquarters for the 6th U. S. Cavalry, it was the scene of many 
 lavish entertainments and much gaiety in which the townspeople took 
 part, with the extra excitement of risking pursuit by the Apaches on 
 the way to and from the Fort. 
 
 The deeds of these ferocious Indians have hardly been paralleled 
 for cruelty and violence. It is impossible to give here any particular 
 account of their raids and depredations which extended all through 
 the southern part of the state. Attacks, murders and cattle steal- 
 ing finally became so terrorizing in the Santa Cruz Valley that they 
 culminated in 1871 in an episode which must be mentioned. And in 
 this case the tables were turned! 
 
 Certain citizens of Tucson, having proof of the guilt of the band 
 of Indians living in the San Pedro Valley under the protection of 
 Camp Grant, decided to have vengeance. Gathering a number of 
 Mexicans and Papagoes as allies, they marched over the mountains, 
 taking precautions that their plan did not become known at Camp 
 Grant, and made a surprise attack upon the Indians. Out of the en- 
 tire settlement no adult was left alive and only a few children were 
 made captive. 
 
 [14] 
 
Among the many Apache leaders, three stand out as particularly 
 bold and intelligent: Mangas Coloradas (Red Sleeves), a chief of 
 eastern Apacheria made his people the most powerful in the south- 
 west. He was captured and treacherously killed in 1863. Cochise, 
 of the Chiricahuas, become the warrior most feared upon the with- 
 drawal of the troops during the Civil War, his bands raiding with 
 especial daring in the Santa Cruz, San Pedro, and Sonoita valleys. 
 Put on the reservation in 1872, he died two years later. Geronimo 
 was a warrior-politician, rather than a chief, among the border 
 Apaches, exerting great influence among all the Indians. After 
 repeated surrenders and escapes he and his people were taken to 
 Florida and later removed to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, where he lived 
 until his death in 1909. 
 
 [15] 
 
Ranching in the Old Days 
 
 Father Kino brought the first cattle into Arizona from Mexico to 
 distribute among the Indian tribes. They were not the kind of 
 desert cattle known today, but small, scrawny, white and black 
 animals with vicious tempers, which became the chief source of live- 
 lihood for the Pimas and Papagos. 
 
 Soon after the Civil War, ranchers from Texas drifted into Ari- 
 zona, driving their herds of longhorn cattle before them. They took 
 up homestead rights to the good land — places with water, for water 
 was all-important. The entire southern part of the state was an un- 
 fenced, open range in which cattle, identified only by brands, wander- 
 ed as much as a hundred miles from the home ranch, making neces- 
 sary the spring and fall round-ups, or rodeos. 
 
 Late in the nineties, cattlemen found that the squat Hereford was 
 a better desert animal than the Texas longhorn, and the change was 
 made gradually, by importing Hereford bulls at the then high price 
 of fifty dollars a head. Steers sold in those days for fifteen to eighteen 
 dollars a head. 
 
 When cattlemen first came to Arizona, the grass often grew waist 
 high, while the mesas were covered with mesquite trees, two and three 
 feet in diameter. The Tucson valley was at one time such a cattle- 
 men's paradise, but the ranges have been overgrazed, allowing the 
 heavy rains to take off the top soil and destroy much of its fertility. 
 
 At first the cattleman had few possible markets for his steers. He 
 might sell them to the various forts dotting the territory; he might 
 drive them overland through Yuma to San Diego ; or, more often, he 
 
 [16] 
 
would make the long trek to Kansas City and the railhead. After 
 the arrival of the railroad in 1880, Tucson became a shipping center 
 for cattle; its saloons were crowded with cowboys, mostly Mexican 
 vaqueros, who spent their wages freely in the typically western 
 fashion. Next to Tombstone, Tucson was regarded as the toughest 
 town in the Southwest. 
 
 The early rancher had no easy time of it. There was always the 
 Apache danger, for isolated ranches furnished the easiest and most 
 frequent prey for small roving bands. Sometimes the Indians con- 
 tented themselves with stampeding and running off the stock; again 
 they might slaughter the rancher and his family and burn his house. 
 After the Indians had been suppressed, there were other troubles such 
 as cattle rustling, though western fiction has exaggerated conditions. 
 In the Patagonia region, where, at one time, were run several 
 thousand head of sheep, there was friction between the sheepmen and 
 the cattlemen. 
 
 The early rancher led a rather miserable existence, without com- 
 forts of any sort. He built his home of adobe, by mixing straw with 
 earth and water, kneading the mud, and shaping the bricks with a 
 home-made mold. Or he put up a house framed with mesquite wood, 
 covered over with the sticks from the giant cactus, and finally plaster- 
 ed with mud. Usually the floor was simply of packed dirt, and until 
 the coming of the railroad there was little glass for windows. The 
 corrals were built of mesquite wood timbers, laid in criss-cross 
 fashion without nails or fastenings of any sort. Many of these corrals 
 are in existence today. 
 
 Modern ranching does not have much profit for the small holder, 
 for he does not have the capital to survive the drouth periods which 
 come without fail every five years, according to old observers. 
 Modern companies have consolidated many of the old-time ranches 
 into larger holdings, with enough capital to carry through the hard 
 times and reap a rich harvest during the good years. Depending on 
 the condition of the range, fifteen or twenty acres must be allowed to 
 feed each grown animal, and the extensive range thus necessary, is 
 often leased in part from the National Forest areas. 
 
 Many of the old places have become better known recently as dude 
 ranches, about which information may be obtained from the local 
 Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 [17] 
 
Places of Interest in and Around Tucson 
 
 The Old Wall 
 
 On the south side of the Court House are two tablets commemorat- 
 ing the original site of Tucson. Here is to be seen part of the old 
 adobe wall that protected the townspeople from Indians until about the 
 middle of the last century. Its outline may be traced by the rough 
 square now formed by Washington, Council, Pennington and Main 
 streets. 
 
 Main and Meyer Streets 
 
 As Tucson expanded beyond its walls, activity centered in these two 
 parallel streets. At one end of Main were the beautiful Carrilo gardens; 
 at the other, Chinese gambling dens. Meyer Street was first the resi- 
 dential section, where the Palace Hotel was widely known for its 
 sumptuous entertainments; later the character of the two streets 
 changed about, many fine old homes being built on Main, while 
 Meyer developed as a business section for the Mexican population. 
 Although progress has brought many changes to this colorful, narrow 
 thoroughfare, the "manana" spirit still prevails. Now among the 
 shops and houses built close upon the pavement, with hidden court- 
 yards, are to be found a tortilla factory, and the old Teatro Royal, 
 where German opera companies were brought from Mexico in the 
 early 1900's. 
 
 "The Governor's Corner" 
 
 Located at 158 Court Street, across from the Court House, is the 
 rambling adobe home built in 1874 on the site of the Mexican Com- 
 
 [18] 
 
mandante's house, by L. C. Hughes, who was one of Arizona's first 
 territorial governors. The first American flag was raised near this 
 place — see the marker on the diagonal corner. Few changes have 
 been made in the old building, but it has been renovated and a group 
 of shops, a lending library and a tea room, now occupy the original 
 rooms. 
 
 Kino Memorial 
 
 A monument to Father Eusebio Francisco Kino has been placed in 
 the little park on Main Street, overlooking the valley he so often trod. 
 The bronze relief by Mahonri, set in native volcanic rock, was dedi- 
 cated in 1936. It is inscribed: "Earliest pioneer of civilization in the 
 Southwest; heroic missionary to the Pima Indians; intrepid explorer; 
 founder of San Xavier del Bac." 
 
 Site of the Old Orndorff Hotel 
 
 The original hotel was erected in 1856, on the corner of Main and 
 Pennington Streets, just outside the southern portion of the historic 
 town wall, and was called the Phillips House (after its builder) at the 
 time General Fremont stopped in Tucson on his way to become Gov- 
 ernor of California. Later, purchased by Mr. Sam Hughes who 
 made extensive additions, it was re-christened "The Cosmopolitan" 
 and became known far and wide as the finest hotel between the 
 Mississippi River and the Pacific. Condemned by city engineers, it 
 was torn down in 1935, but in the nearby plaza pioneers may still 
 dream of the thrilling days in which it was a landmark. 
 
 The Wishing Shrine 
 
 In a vacant lot on the northwest corner of Simpson and Main 
 Streets is one of the most interesting places within the limits of the 
 city. Marked and protected by an adobe wall, it is variously called 
 "The Shrine", "The Wishing Shrine", and "The Shrine of Thanks- 
 giving", and is visited constantly by multitudes of Indian and Mexi- 
 can people who come to light a candle and repeat a little prayer of 
 supplication or thanksgiving. Following their example, hundreds of 
 visitors also bring a candle offering to the spot. 
 
 Many legends are current as to the origin of this custom, but that 
 told by Mrs. C. B. Perkins, a resident of Tucson for over fifty years, 
 
 [19] 
 
is claimed to be the authentic one. In the late seventies, Mrs. Perkin's 
 father owned a sheep ranch some miles north of the town. He em- 
 ployed as a sheepherder a young man named Juan Oliveras, who, 
 with his wife and father-in-law, lived at the ranch. Juan became 
 infatuated with his mother-in-law who lived in Tucson. One day, 
 when Juan came to town, the father-in-law followed, found him out, 
 and violently evicting him from the house, killed him. According 
 to a Mexican custom, the body of the slain man was unceremoniously 
 buried where he had fallen, hence came the name familiarly applied to 
 the site — "El Tiradito" meaning "the one thrown out" or abandoned. 
 Pious individuals ever since have placed candles on the grave with a 
 prayer for the soul of the departed and, as time has gone on, adding 
 petitions of their own. The property has been dedicated to the city as 
 a public park, for the preservation of the tradition. 
 
 San Agustin Church 
 
 Probably begun in 1866, this building was not finished until 1868 
 with lumber brought from the Huachuca Mountains. It has not 
 been used for worship since 1895, but in spite of neglect and abuse, 
 the charm of its proportions and design is still evident. It stands fac- 
 ing the little plaza, at Court St. and Broadway. 
 
 Saint Augustine's Cathedral 
 
 Built in much the same style as the early Spanish Missions, this 
 church, three blocks south of Congress on Stone Avenue, was finished 
 in 1897. The towers and lovely decorations of the interior have been 
 added in recent years. 
 
 The Carnegie Library 
 
 Located on South Sixth Avenue between Twelfth and Thirteenth 
 Streets, the library contains sixty thousand volumes. Sixty periodicals 
 and fifteen daily papers are available to readers. A card for the use 
 of books must be signed by a property owner, but non-residents of the 
 city pay a fee of two dollars and fifty cents a year. 
 
 The Carnegie Desert Laboratory 
 
 Scientific study in relation to desert plants is carried on in this re- 
 search laboratory of the Carnegie Institute of Washington. It com- 
 prises several buildings on the hill south of St. Mary's Hospital, which 
 are not open to the public. 
 
 [20] 
 
The United States Veterans' Hospital 
 
 On South 6th Ave. (Highway 89) stands the group of fine large 
 buildings of Spanish type, which the Government has built to accom- 
 modate about three hundred and fifty patients. 
 
 Chapel of St. John the Evangelist 
 
 This little church, built as a memorial to Veterans of the World 
 War, stands opposite the Government Hospital, one block west of 6th 
 Avenue. As far as possible, according to an early drawing, it is a 
 replica of the old church of San Jose del Tucson and contains one of 
 the original beams, as well as some beautiful modern wrought iron 
 at the altar and baptismal font. 
 
 San Jose del Tucson 
 
 Near the Santa Cruz River at the base of Sentinel Peak ("A" 
 Mountain), the Mission of San Jose del Tucson was established about 
 1775-6 by Father Garces, to accomodate the Indians settled there- 
 about. Old pictures show that the monastery beside the mission 
 church itself, was a beautiful building, two stories in height, with 
 deeply set doorways on the first floor and imposing arches in the 
 wall above. Only foundations of the church may still be traced, and 
 only a few heaps of weathered adobes remain of the monastery. 
 
 "A" Mountain 
 
 Known as Sentinel Peak in the old days, this was used as a look- 
 out for Indians. Today, a roadway to the summit presents splendid 
 views of Tucson and the valley. The "A" on the east side is tradi- 
 tionally cared for by University of Arizona freshmen. 
 
 Tucson Mountain Park 
 
 Twenty-eight thousand acres in the Tucson Mountains have been 
 set aside for a recreational area, developed as a C. C. C. project. 
 More than eight picnic grounds have been equipped with tables 
 shelters, fireplaces and grills, and there are many fine views of the 
 Santa Cruz, Avra and Altar Valleys. The park, which includes 
 fine desert growth and a sahuaro forest may be reached by three 
 roads: one through the pass beyond St. Mary's Hospital; another turn- 
 ing right from Ajo road, about five miles from its junction with the 
 
 [21] 
 
road to San Xavier; and the third via Picture Rocks. While in this 
 area visitors may be interested to see the Children's Preventorium, 
 established by the Pima County Welfare Board. 
 
 Picture Rocks 
 
 Take West Congress St. or Speedway to Silverbell Road and turn 
 right. Keep on to sign, left, about thirteen miles from Tucson. Close 
 to the north entrance of Tucson Mountain Park is located a ridge of 
 lava rock, badly weathered, so that the surface is largely covered with 
 a hard, dark crust. The ancient inhabitants of this region scratched 
 through this crust, forming pictographs of mountain sheep, goats, 
 deer, snakes, lizards, and various geometric designs apparently of 
 symbolic value. The animal forms may represent the ambitions of 
 of ancient hunters, who wished to gain magic power over the animals 
 they hunted or, according to another interpretation, they are records 
 of successful hunts. 
 
 Above and to the southwest of this ridge rises a rocky eminence that 
 is crowned with the ruins of an old wall that once undoubtedly served 
 as a protected retreat for these people and gave a good lookout over 
 the valley below. 
 
 San Xavier del Bac Mission (See page 11). 
 
 All visitors to Tucson should see this old and celebrated mission. 
 Its carvings and decorations are rich in color, and old-world know- 
 ledge of architecture is manifest in the many details so accurately 
 executed by native workmen. In an excellent state of preservation, 
 it is used as a church for the Indians nearby on the Papago Reserva- 
 tion, and resident priests are always glad to show the interesting 
 features and to interpret its ecclesiastical lore. 
 
 The Mission Road turns west (right) from South 6th Ave., beyond 
 the Government Hospital. As the Santa Cruz must be forded going 
 this way, after wet weather it is best to take the paved road the other 
 side of the river, which is reached by going out West Congress St. to 
 the four corners at Grand Ave. and turning left. 
 
 Martinez Hill Ruin (See page 44). 
 
 It is reached by going south on Sixth Avenue to the Mission Road, 
 turning right and continuing to the road that leads left to the Papago 
 
 [22] 
 
hospital. Instead of going toward the hospital, keep directly south 
 until reaching a fork in the road, take the right branch and continue 
 a few hundred yards to the mounds. 
 
 Yaqui Village of Pascua. 
 
 On the outskirts of Tucson, west of the Oracle Road, between the 
 railroad tracks and the river, is a village of some three hundred 
 Indians. Originally a small group of political refugees from Mexico, 
 they are related to the Yaquis of Sonora, one of the strongest tribes 
 yet remaining in North America, who have never acknowledged 
 allegiance to the Mexican government. Coming over the border for 
 some forty years, they have brought with them a strong feeling of 
 independence which has enabled them against odds to maintain com- 
 munities in which their old life goes on as formerly, except for some 
 economic adjustments. A similar village, Guadalupe has come into 
 existence near Phoenix; and still another small settlement can be 
 found near the southern end of Tucson, on West 25th St. However, 
 Pascua, named from the Easter dances given annually, is the best 
 known of the group. 
 
 Randolph Park 
 
 A municipal project where sport enthusiasts have an opportunity 
 to see big league baseball, play golf on a grassed course, and practice 
 shooting on the pistol range. 
 
 The Tucson Airport 
 
 Five miles east of the city is the eighteen hundred acre municipal 
 aviation field. Daily passenger and air mail service is maintained. Go 
 east on Broadway; turn south at Randolph Park. 
 Fort Lowell See page 13). 
 
 Turn north from Speedway on Campbell Ave. to Ft. Lowell Road, 
 and continue. 
 River Road Loop 
 
 From East Speedway, turn north on Campbell Avenue and, cross- 
 ing the Rillito, take the next turn right on a winding road which 
 presently connects with the Sabino Canyon Road, east of the city. 
 
 University Ruin 
 
 This ruin is reached by following Speedway eastward to Wilmont 
 Road, then turning left. Just after crossing the Pantano, turn left 
 
 [23] 
 
again on a newly built road which continues several hundred yards 
 to the pueblo gate. (See page 43). 
 
 Sahuaro Forest 
 
 Recently designated as a National Monument, with a museum and 
 resident guide. Fifteen miles from town, it is reached by the continu- 
 ation of Speedway east, or from the Tanque Verde Road turning 
 right at the Wrightstown schoolhouse, then left on the next crossroad 
 where a sign is found. 
 
 Sabino and Bear Canyons 
 
 In the Catalina mountains, about seventeen miles northeast of 
 Tucson, and easily accessible by good roads. Take Speedway east to 
 Wilmont Road, turn left and continue to the turn (also left) marked 
 Sabino. The Bear Canyon road branches off (left) a short distance 
 farther east. A series of small dams have been constructed in Sabino, 
 and tables, and out-door fireplaces built for the convenience of pic- 
 nickers. Bear Canyon is also popular as a play-ground. Mountain 
 climbers will find interesting trails from these canyons to Mount Lem- 
 mon and "The Window", a hole worn by wind erosion through a 
 rocky point on the Mountains. 
 
 Redington Road 
 
 Continuing from the Tanque Verde Road east of Tucson and 
 following the old stage route to the San Pedro Valley. Wonderful 
 views of the valleys are to be had from the summit. Picnic grounds 
 have been prepared at the base of the Tanque Verde Mountains. 
 
 The New Mount Lemmon Road 
 
 Now under construction by Federal prisoners, the New Mount 
 Lemmon Road is nineteen miles northeast of the city and three miles 
 north of the Tanque Verde Road. On Sundays visitors are allowed 
 to drive the completed section of the road, which commands a magni- 
 ficent view. 
 
 Oracle 
 
 A ranching center forty miles from Tucson on the present route to 
 Mt. Lemmon. Several ranches cater especially to dudes, and many 
 out-of-door recreations are offered the year around. 
 
 [24] 
 
San Pedro Valley 
 
 It is thought most probable that Coronado led his expedition north 
 by this route rather than along the Santa Cruz. The valley is reached 
 by Highway 80 (Benson); by the Redington Road; or by going 
 through Oracle. A beautiful outlook across the Valley may be 
 had a few miles east of Oracle, on the road to Mammoth, where 
 gold claims were located in 1881. Farther on, Ray (1870) and 
 other towns are noted for their copper and molybdenum mines. 
 
 White House Canyon 
 
 Sought by a small summer colony this canyon lies at the foot 
 of Old Baldy, the highest peak of the Santa Ritas. It is reached 
 by going south on the Nogales Highway to Continental turning 
 left and travelling southeast for seven miles, then following 
 the road to the right which leads directly to the canyon. A public 
 camping ground is provided for visitors who wish to remain over night 
 or longer, and cabins may be available. 
 
 Church of Santa-Rita-in-the-Desert 
 
 Built by Mrs. Charles Beach of Vail, as a memorial to her late 
 husband, Dr. Takamine of Japan, and dedicated in 1935, this little 
 church contains many treasures from over the world. 
 
 Colossal Cave 
 
 Colossal Cave, in the foothills of the Rincon Mountains southeast of 
 Tucson, has been compared with The Mammoth Cave of Kentucky 
 and New Mexico's Carlsbad Caverns for the beautiful formations 
 and intricacies of the passages. Many are the legends connected with 
 the cave which Indian tribes are said to have used as a route to San 
 Pedro Valley on the other side of the mountains, although the actual 
 extent of the cave has never been learned. Evidence has led authori- 
 ties to suppose that bandits hid their loot there for a number of years. 
 Concrete steps and lighting facilitate the visitor's explorations, and 
 rangers act as guides to those who desire to make the trip. Follow 
 Highway 80 for eighteen miles to the east, where a sign will be found. 
 
 [25] 
 
Places of Interest in Southern Arizona 
 
 TUBAC 
 
 On Highway 89, forty-five miles from Tucson. First established 
 as a Spanish presidio in 1752, Tubac has a very colorful history. For 
 some years, dating from about 1764, it was under the command of 
 Juan Bautista de Anza (the founder of San Francisco) and had a 
 population of nearly five hundred. When the garrison was transfer- 
 red to Tucson ( 1 776-77), the settlers in the vicinity were left exposed 
 to the pillaging Apaches. After many petitions asking for a restoration 
 of the presidio, a company of Pima allies was organized and stationed 
 there. 
 
 Tubac was first settled by Americans in 1856, when it was partially 
 rebuilt under the direction of Charles D. Poston who established 
 it as his headquarters during the development of rich silver mines 
 nearby. For several years after, the town might well be regarded as 
 the center of civilization in Arizona, for Mr. Poston ruled both social 
 and civic affairs in the style of a true "don" and gave the place a bril- 
 liant but fleeting prominence. Here the first newspaper in the terri- 
 tory, "The Weekly Arizonian", was published in 1859. 
 
 When Arizona was claimed as a Confederate territory (February 
 1862), Tubac was the designated capital — but never more than in 
 name. After the Federal troops were withdrawn to the Rio Grande, 
 the place was partially abandoned and the Apaches grew more daring 
 in their raids. On one occasion the few inhabitants left kept the 
 Indians at bay for several days, but finally sent word to Tucson, ask- 
 ing for assistance. To the rescue went a party of twenty-five 
 men, and by maneuvering came suddenly upon the Apaches, who 
 numbered about two hundred, attacking them with such spirit that the 
 whole band fled to the Santa Rita Mountains. At the same time a 
 
 [26] 
 
number of Mexicans, who believed the American government had 
 lost control, came in from Sonora with the purpose of plunder. Thus 
 harassed, and without protection, the people of Tubac finally aban- 
 doned the town. 
 
 San Jose de Tumacacori Mission 
 
 Three miles south of Tubac, this mission was founded in 1691, near 
 the site of probably the first Christian services held in present Arizona, 
 but a church was not completed until 1700, (the year that Father Kino 
 laid the foundations of the second church at Bac.) The present build- 
 ing dates from about 1754, following the Pima Revolt. Franciscan 
 friars took over the mission from the Jesuits after 1767, repairing its 
 walls and maintaining peaceable possession for over sixty years. In the 
 early part of the 19th century the place was attacked by the Apaches, 
 who drove away the priests and disbanded the peace-loving Indians in 
 the vicinity. When Tumacacori was first visited by Americans, around 
 1850, it was already in ruins. It was created a National Monument 
 in 1908 and since then much has been done to preserve the remaining* 
 walls and to make the grounds attractive. 
 
 San Gabriel de Guevavi Mission 
 
 In 1691 Kino passed through the rancheria of Guevavi, where 
 subsequently he established the first mission on Arizona soil, although 
 a resident priest was not stationed there until 1701. After the Pima 
 Revolt in 1751, Guevavi became the head church in the district, with 
 other villages, even as far as Bac, visit as. The ruins, nearly oblit- 
 erated, lie seven or eight miles northeast of Nogales, on the east bank 
 of the Santa Cruz, though the only road approaching is on the west 
 bank. 
 
 Arivaca and Ruby 
 
 Once a thriving Pima Village but abandoned for a time after the 
 Pima Revolt, Arivaca has been the center of some of Southern Ari- 
 zona's mining and ranching interests. Nearby is Ruby, a picturesque 
 silver mine town. 
 
 Nogales 
 
 The twin cities of the same name, straddling the Arizona-Sonora 
 line, form one of the most interesting places on the southwestern 
 
 [27] 
 
border. An hour and a half ride from Tucson, takes the visitor into 
 another world where he will enjoy unusual places of entertainment, 
 the Public Market, and shops filled with fascinating Mexican hand- 
 work. Customs officials allow a certain amount of merchandise to be 
 brought in, if it is acquired incidentally. 
 
 Fort Buchanan and Camp Crittenden 
 
 Fort Buchanan, situated on the Patagonia Road, forty-five miles 
 southeast of Tucson and twenty miles north of the Mexican border, 
 was established in November 1856 for the protection of the settlers 
 in the Babocamari, Sonoita and Santa Cruz Valleys, against Indians. 
 Since this location did not prove to be very healthful, a new camp 
 was located about half a mile east, (1868) and named in honor of 
 General J. L. Crittenden. While there are scarcely any traces 
 of Fort Buchanan, quite extensive ruins of Camp Crittenden remain 
 although the post was abandoned in 1873. 
 
 Fort Huachuca 
 
 Camp Wallen, established in 1874, about twenty miles from Camp 
 Crittenden, was succeeded in 1877 by a camp located on the northern 
 slopes of the Huachuca Mountains, known as Fort Huachuca. After 
 any necessity for guarding the settlers against Indians had passed, the 
 Fort assumed a degree of international importance during a long 
 period of Mexican revolutionary outbreaks, especially that of 1915. 
 For many years it was one of the largest posts in the Southwest, re- 
 cently being changed from calvary to infantry. 
 
 Tombstone 
 
 The name was given to the place where Ed SchiefFelen located his 
 silver mine (1877) for he had been told, when he set out to prospect, 
 that he would "find his tombstone". Consequently the weekly news- 
 paper was called "The Epitaph". Once the scene of the most pros- 
 perous activity in Arizona, few of the mines have been worked for 
 years, although some have recently been re-opened. The town is 
 best known for its reputation as "Helldorado", the setting of dramatic 
 feuds and fights between desperadoes, and long-drawn war between 
 bandits and rustlers, such as Curly Bill and John Ringo, and the 
 Law. Still standing are the old Bird Cage Theatre and Shieffelen 
 
 [28] 
 
Hall, both famed for the theatrical productions they housed when 
 great names trod the boards far from Broadway. Beside the highway 
 west of the town has been placed the stone monument to the prospec- 
 tor who brought Tombstone into being. 
 
 Bisbee 
 
 Copper mines were first discovered here in 1875, and developed 
 into the immensely valuable holdings of the Phelps Dodge Corpor- 
 ation. The town itself clings precipitously to the sides of various 
 gulches, known as Mule, Brewery, etc. 
 
 Douglas 
 
 Only twenty-six miles distant from Bisbee, the border town of 
 Douglas was developed as the site of the Phelps Dodge Smelter. 
 
 The Wonderland of Rocks 
 
 As a National Monument, four thousand acres have been set aside 
 in the Chiricahua Mountains because of the peculiar and beautiful 
 rock formations. Douglas, Bisbee, and Tombstone are key points 
 to reach this area, through which wind a motor road and bridle trails. 
 
 Cochise Stronghold 
 
 This naturally fortified "box" canyon in the Dragoon Mountains, 
 was one of the favorite gathering places of the Indian chieftain. 
 
 Baboquivari Peak 
 
 A landmark of Pima County, the highest point of the Baboquivari 
 Mountains has been fabled as the dwelling-place of the Papago gods. 
 A trail to the summit provides mountain climbers with a test of their 
 skill and ardor. 
 
 S AS ABE 
 
 With the local color of the border, the town is seventy-four miles 
 from Tucson up the Altar Valley; on the American side of the line 
 is San Fernando. 
 
 Sells 
 
 This town, sixty-five miles from Tucson, is the official and trading 
 center of the Papago Reservation. 
 
 [29] 
 
The Papago Indian Reservation 
 
 Clustered picturesquely around the old San Xavier Mission and 
 scattered through sixy-five miniature villages between that point and 
 Ajo, are more than 5000 of Tucson's most interesting neighbors — 
 the Papagos. 
 
 Who they are or where they come from no one has yet been able to 
 say exactly. They speak a tongue distinctly related to the ancient 
 language of the Valley of Mexico, and some of the artifacts dug up by 
 the archaeologists in the Gila Valley among their cousins, the Pimas, 
 give strong indications of Mexican influence. They were first seen by 
 Europeans when the Spanish conquerors used their friendly services 
 in the early sixteenth century. At that time they had a few farms, 
 raising corn, beans,squash, and cotton. Archaeologists now believe 
 that their ancestors might have built the great irrigation canals of 
 the Salt and Gila River valleys, lived in the compounds at Casa 
 Grande, and numbered many thousands before drouth and invading 
 tribes reduced their population and scattered them over the desert. 
 
 Their holdings, finally determined for them in 1916, would be an 
 empire in another climate — just three times the size of Rhode Island. 
 Being industrious and thrifty to an unusual degree, they prosper 
 where their American neighbors would abandon the effort as hopeless, 
 farming, raising cattle and making baskets. 
 
 The Spanish and Mexican culture, with which they came in con- 
 tact for three hundred years, greatly influenced their habits and cus- 
 toms, especially in their homes and dress. The houses are usually of 
 one room with a dirt floor and no windows in the walls of solid adobe. 
 Roofs have sahuaro rib beams crossed by branches, brush, or grass, 
 and covered over with mud. As the summer cooking is done outside, 
 these houses are cool, even on the hottest days, and nearly every one 
 has its adjacent brush shelter, called a "ramada". 
 
 Both men and women dress like Tucson Mexicans, except that the 
 men add cowboy hats and boots, and the women, in full skirts, usually 
 have a blanket around their shoulders or hips, a cotton 'reboso' tied 
 over their heads. 
 
 Aside from their crops, beef, and "store goods", the Indians use 
 many native products for food. The fruit of the sahuaro, gathered 
 with ceremony each year, makes an excellent wine when fermented. 
 
 [30] 
 
Dried, it is stewed like apples, or it may be pulverized and mixed with 
 meal to form a sort of pudding. Dried mesquite pods and beans are 
 ground into a sweet-tasting flour. 
 
 White, bleached yucca leaves are used for the baskets which are 
 made in quantities for tourist trade. The designs, in dark brown and 
 black, are chiefly linear or geometric and usually radiate from the bot- 
 tom. An interesting carrying basket, called "kiaha", supported by 
 a tump-line across the forehead, is made from the fiber of the yucca 
 or sotol, twisted into cord, which is fashioned into a cornucopia-shaped 
 net. The mouth is held open by a hoop of willow, and the whole 
 thing is supported by a sahuaro-rib frame. 
 
 Each village has a ceremonial place, called a "large house", under 
 the care of "the Keeper of the Smoke", the priestly head of the group. 
 There are two classes of medicine men, those dealing with sickness, 
 and those dealing with the weather, growing of crops and warfare. 
 In mid-spring ceremonies are performed to procure good crops and 
 in the harvest festival, called "Vigita", held in late July or August, 
 there is held a one-day ceremony, with songs, dances and drinking 
 of the wine made from the newly gathered sahuaro fruit. 
 
 Nature, in the form of rain, wind, sun, moon, thunder, and such 
 superhuman personalities as the Earth Magician (the Creator) and 
 Elder Brother (their culture hero), are the chief members of the 
 Papago pantheon. While these tribal traditions still exist, the Indians 
 have, of course, been Christianized for years. Protestant schools 
 and missions have been established, but mainly the people are members 
 of the Catholic Church which has shepherded them for more than 
 two hundred and fifty years. 
 
 Ajo 
 
 This, the second largest city in Pima County, is famous for 
 the copper mine owned and operated by the New Cornelia Branch 
 of the Phelps Dodge Company. Visitors have the privilege of being 
 conducted down the well, seven hundred feet underground, from 
 which comes Ajo's water supply. 
 
 Yuma 
 
 Center of a great district producing citrus, lettuce, live-stock, etc., 
 it will benefit by the completion of the Yuma-Gila Irrigation Project, 
 
 [31] 
 
and the Imperial Dam (on the Colorado) which also will control the 
 All-American Canal. Of most historic interest are the remains of 
 the Arizona Territorial Prison, erected in 1878. They are close to 
 the highway just before crossing the Colorado bridge. 
 
 The Boyce Thompson Arboretum 
 
 About three miles west of Superior in Queen Canyon, at the foot of 
 Picket Post Mountain, (landmark of pioneer days). This experimen- 
 tal station, open to the public, was established by William Boyce 
 Thompson of Yonkers, New York, and is devoted to growing plants 
 native to the Southwest and other desert regions of the world, 
 many of the species being extremely rare. 
 
 Superior Highway 
 
 Rivaling the Apache Trail, this is a paved route between the min- 
 ing towns of Superior and Miami. 
 
 Miami-Globe 
 
 For many years this district was first in mineral production of all the 
 great camps in the state, the mines being originally located for silver, 
 copper becoming of more importance later. It is also one of the chief 
 centers of asbestos mining in the country. 
 
 Coolidge Dam 
 
 Located at Box Canyon, on the Gila River four miles below the 
 town of San Carlos, the unusual dome type of construction was used. 
 The reservoir submerged the old town of San Carlos, which was 
 established as a military post in 1872. 
 
 Tonto National Monument 
 
 Some of Arizona's best preserved cliff dwellings. 
 
 Roosevelt Dam 
 
 Erected to conserve water from the Salt River and Tonto Basin, 
 for irrigation of the valley below. Named for and dedicated by Theo- 
 dore Roosevelt. 
 
 Apache Trail 
 
 Next to the Grand Canyon, of greatest interest to visitors in Ari- 
 zona. Through canyons of amazing color and formation, the present 
 road was engineered to transport supplies for the construction of 
 
 [32] 
 
Roosevelt Dam. A fascinating side trip is the thirty mile cruise on 
 Canyon Lake (formed by Mormon Flats Dam, on the Salt River) 
 where the cliffs rise, even more weird and beautiful, from the 
 water's edge. 
 
 Casa Grande Ruins 
 
 One of the most historically interesting of our National Monu- 
 ments is Casa Grande, situated one mile north of Coolidge on High- 
 way 84, about midway between Tucson and Phoenix. (Another 
 approach is via the Bankhead Highway which goes through Florence.) 
 There is really a group of ruins, with the four-story walls of the 
 main building or "Big House" dominating. The present theory of 
 the occupancy of the pueblo is as follows: the Hohokam, a tribe no- 
 madic in habit, wandered into this valley at some remote time, grad- 
 ually built a series of canals from the Gila River, and lived there for 
 several generations while the slow development of their architecture 
 took place. Then, harassed by the mountain Indians and suffering 
 from repeated years of drought, they drifted out, not in one migration 
 but over a number of years. The first record we have of the Casa 
 Grande was written by Father Kino. He had heard rumors of the 
 great house on the bank of the Gila, and finally in November 1694 
 visited this wonder of which he relates: "The Casa Grande is a four 
 storey building as large as a castle and equal to the finest churches in 
 these lands. Close to the Casa Grande are thirteen smaller houses, 
 somewhat delapidated, and the ruins of many more." 
 
 This place was set aside as a Government Reservation in 1892 and 
 made a National Monument in 1918. The adjacent museum 
 houses a fine collection of relics. (The State Museum in Tucson has 
 a small model of the ruins). 
 
 Superstition Mountains 
 
 A range east of Phoenix, noted for its beautiful colors and strange 
 pinnacles. Many are the legends concerning it, the Indians believing 
 that death will be the fate of all who explore it. It still holds the 
 secret of the "Lost Dutchman Mine." 
 
 Florence 
 
 Here is located the State Penitentiary. Arizona's first representa- 
 tive in the United States' Congress, Charles D. Poston, spent several 
 
 [33] 
 
thousand dollars building a road to the summit of an eminence several 
 miles northwest of Florence, where he hoped to build a temple for 
 sun worship and where a monument now marks his burial-place. 
 
 Adamsville 
 
 Situated about three miles west of Florence and founded by 
 Charles Adams in 1866, was once famed as having been the wildest 
 of wild West towns. Adams irrigated about a quarter section of land 
 and laid out a town site. He gave land to all who wanted to build, 
 and soon a lively village sprang up, but like many other small Arizona 
 towns that for one reason or another have been deserted, it is now a 
 ghost town. 
 
 Mesa 
 
 The gateway to the verdant Salt River Valley and the home of the 
 beautiful Mormon Temple, erected by a group of people who have 
 pioneered in many fields for the betterment of the state. 
 
 Tempe 
 
 An educational center, the location of one of Arizona's two normal 
 schools — Tempe State Teacher's College. 
 
 Phoenix 
 
 The state capital, a city of culture, industry and beautiful homes; 
 the agricultural center of the rich Salt River Valley (citrus, cotton, 
 lettuce, etc.) Since the modern settlement was built on the site of 
 prehistoric dwellings, it was named after the legendary bird which rose 
 alive from its own ashes. 
 
 [34] 
 
Places of Interest in Northern Arizona 
 
 WlCKENBURG 
 
 "The Dude Ranch Capital of the World", is situated in pleasant 
 hilly country beside the Hassayampa River. 
 Prescott 
 
 The first territorial capital of Arizona. Here are located the Ari- 
 zona Pioneers' Home, Fort Whipple (now a Government hospital for 
 veterans) and the Charlotte Hall Museum; also Granite Dells — fan- 
 tastic formations on Jerome Highway (State 79). 
 
 Boulder Dam 
 
 Constructed by the Federal government on the Arizona-Nevada 
 border. On Mead Lake, which is one hundred and nineteen miles 
 in length, boating and other water sports are possible. 
 
 Tuzigoot Ruins and Museum 
 
 On the road a short distance southeast of Clarkdale; an especially 
 interesting collection of ancient structures and relics. 
 Montezuma's Castle National Monument 
 
 A well preserved cliff dwelling with museum. 
 Natural Bridge 
 
 Below Pine, on the road to Payson a short turn-off leads to the 
 valley of the Tonto Natural Bridge, which spans the creek at a height 
 of 180 feet, with an alfalfa field covering the top. It has been the 
 property, since its discovery, of the Goodfellow family, members of 
 which live in the old ranch house now open to travelers as "Natural 
 Bridge Lodge." 
 Oak Creek Canyon 
 
 On the road between Jerome and Flagstaff. Here the rich coloring 
 of the rock walls is enhanced by the surrounding forest. 
 
 [35] 
 
Flagstaff 
 
 Famous for the beauty of its location beneath the snowy San Fran- 
 cisco Peaks which command views of five states: Arizona, New Mex- 
 ico, Utah, Colorado, and Nevada. Here are the Lowell Observa- 
 tory, the Flagstaff State Teachers' College, the Museum of Northern 
 Arizona and nearby Indian ruins. 
 
 Walnut Canyon National Monument — (Flagstaff) 
 
 A hundred cliff dwellings built seven or eight centuries ago. 
 
 Sunset Crater National Monument — (Flagstaff) 
 
 The most recent volcano in the Southwest with extensive lava 
 flows and an ice cave. 
 
 Wupatki National Monument — (Flagstaff) 
 
 A prehistoric Indian pueblo built in the twelfth century. 
 
 The Painted Desert 
 
 U. S. Highway 60 on the Navajo Indian Reservation. . . . Sands 
 of many colored mountain sides merge in a wonderful panorama. 
 
 Grand Canyon of the Colorado 
 
 The greatest gorge in the world, discovered by Don Garcia Lopez 
 de Cardenas who accompanied Coronado on his expedition to Cibola 
 in 1540. 
 
 Kaibab Forest 
 
 Extending from the north rim of the Grand Canyon, is the largest 
 soft pine forest in the country, providing grazing land for great herds 
 of deer under government protection. 
 
 Pipe Springs 
 
 Now a National Monument, was prominent in Utah and Arizona 
 history. After the first settler had been killed by Indians, the place 
 was bought by Brigham Young. 
 
 Navajo National Monument 
 
 The great pueblo ruins of Betatakin, Keetseel, and Inscription 
 House. 
 
 Dinosaur Canyon 
 
 Immense rocks on which are found tracks of dinosaurs. 
 
 [36] 
 
Rainbow Bridge National Monument 
 
 The greatest and most beautiful natural bridge in the world, in 
 Utah close to the Arizona border. A pack trip, with guide, is neces- 
 sary to reach it. 
 
 Meteor Crater — (Winslow) 
 
 A tremendous crater-like hole in otherwise flat country, made by 
 the impact of the giant Barringer cluster of meteorites. 
 
 Petrified Forest National Monument — (Holbrook) 
 
 The remains of a forest that has been turned into stone, some of 
 the trunks containing crystals of many colors. A very excellent 
 museum is maintained near the south entrance. 
 
 HoTEVILLA, ORAIBI AND WALPI 
 
 Three of the best known pueblos, where are held the Snake, Ante- 
 lope and Flute dances of the Hopi Indians. (See also page 40). 
 
 Canyon de Chelly (de shay) 
 
 The site of ancient cliff dwellings especially picturesque and im- 
 pregnable. 
 
 KlNISHBA 
 
 Near White River and Ft. Apache (U. S. Highway 60), are some 
 of the most extensive and newly opened ruins in the state. The 
 excavation and restorations are being done by archaeology students 
 of the University under the direction of Dean Byron Cummings. (A 
 model is shown at the Arizona State Museum). 
 
 The White Mountains 
 
 A popular cool retreat in summer, providing varied interest for the 
 sportsman in the fishing and hunting seasons. 
 
 The Coronado Trail 
 
 Supposedly part of the route covered by the Conquistador in 1540. 
 The present road winds over wild and rugged country which is best 
 viewed on the descent, from Springerville, through Alpine, Metcalf 
 (remarkable copper mining operations, now abandoned) to Clifton 
 and Safford. 
 
 [37] 
 
Trips 
 
 Excursions of half a day or less 
 
 1. Picture Rocks and Mountain Park (west). 
 
 2. San Xavier del Bac Mission, the Papago Indian Reservation 
 and Martinez Hill Excavations (south). Also may include 
 Twin Buttes loop road, returning via the Nogales highway. 
 
 3. Fort Lowell, University Ruin, Sabino and Bear Canyon; 
 new Mount Lemmon Road, or Redington Road; Sahuaro 
 Forest. 
 
 4. White House Canyon. 
 
 Excursions of one day 
 
 1 . Oracle and Mt. Lemmon or Oracle and the San Pedro Valley. 
 
 2. Colossal Cave and Vail (church of Santa-Rita-in-the-Desert). 
 
 3. Arivaca, Ruby, Nogales, Tumacacori, Tubac. 
 
 4. Tubac, Tumacacori, Nogales, Patagonia, Vail. 
 
 5. Vail, Sonoita, Fort Huachuca, Tombstone, Benson. 
 
 6. Gila Valley: Coolidge, Casa Grande Ruins, Adamsville, 
 Florence. 
 
 7. Sells, A jo, Gila Bend, Casa Grande Ruins, Picacho. 
 
 8. Salt River Valley: Florence, Mesa, Tempe, Phoenix, 
 Chandler. 
 
 9. Altar Valley: Baboquivari, San Fernando, Sasabe. 
 
 Excursions of two days 
 
 1. Florence, Boyce Thompson Arboretum, Superior, Miami, 
 Globe (night) ; Coolidge Dam, Safford, Dragoon, Benson. 
 
 2. As above to Globe and Coolidge Dam; then over Apache 
 Trail and return via Phoenix. 
 
 3. Tombstone, Bisbee, Douglas (night) ; Wonderland of Rocks, 
 Cochise Stronghold, Dragoon, Benson. 
 
 [38] 
 
Seasonal Events in Tucson and Elsewhere 
 in Arizona 
 
 La Fiesta de los Vaqueros (Tucson) 
 
 The Rodeo, opening with a parade through the city, absorbs the 
 interest of the entire community for four days around Washington's 
 birthday. Calf and steer roping and tying, bull-dogging, bronco- 
 busting and horse racing are participated in by local cowboys and 
 nationally known experts. One day is devoted to the dances and 
 feats of the Papago Indians who come in from the Reservation and 
 perform in their bright native costumes. The Pima County Fair and 
 Cattle Show is held at the same time. Fair Grounds and Rodeo 
 Field, combined, are on South 6th Ave., past the Veterans' Hospital. 
 
 Baile de las Flores (Tucson) 
 
 Formal, brilliant Spanish costumes mark this "Ball of the Flowers" 
 early in February. It is sponsored by the Lady Board of Visitors to 
 St. Luke's-in-the-Desert (a sanatorium for men). 
 
 Yaqui Indian Dances (Tucson) 
 
 In paint, feathers, masks and native garb, the Indians portray the 
 martyrdom of Christ, just before Easter. (See also page 23). 
 
 Papago Dances (Tucson) 
 
 The Indians of the San Xavier del Bac village hold ceremonials in 
 March, preserving their old traditions. Look for announcements in 
 the paper. 
 
 [39] 
 
Mission Services (San Xavier del Bac) 
 
 Christmas and Easter services are particularly beautiful, especially 
 the latter which is held at sunrise, on the little hill beside the old 
 church. 
 
 Pageant of the Superstitions (Mesa) 
 
 Presented by the High School in the Theatre of the Hills, ten miles 
 east of Mesa, usually the last Friday in April or the second or third 
 Friday in May. It is a great out-of-door drama, with dancing and 
 chorals. 
 
 The Masque of the Yellow Moon (Phoenix) 
 
 In celebration of the moon month of April when the yellow flowers 
 bloom on the desert, three thousand students and teachers of the High 
 School and Junior College present a pageant based on Arizona 
 legends and history. The elaborate scale and professional achieve- 
 ment of this production have spread its fame. All costumes, stage sets, 
 properties and programs, are made entirely in the schools. 
 
 Smoki Dances (Prescott) 
 
 To perpetuate the ceremonies of the Arizona Indians in all their 
 ritualistic splendor and authenticity, these dances are given by the 
 "Smokis", a group of young business men. Usually in June, the exact 
 date can be obtained from the Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 Frontier Days (Prescott) 
 
 Always including the Fourth of July ,several days are given over to 
 a rodeo, games and displays, with general fun-making. 
 
 The Flagstaff Pageant 
 
 Presented about mid-summer by the Arizona State Teacher's 
 College (of Flagstaff). 
 
 Hopi Snake Dances (northern Arizona) 
 
 High on the mesas, at Hotevilla, Oraibi or Walpi, these famous 
 dances take place in August to bring rain to the land. During the 
 strange and sacred rites, rattlesnakes are handled with complete 
 
 [40] 
 
safety, the secret being still kept from the white men. The date is 
 never known very far in advance, but information may be obtained 
 from the Arizona Automobile Association. 
 
 Red Knolls Pageant (Saftord) 
 
 The beautiful natural Desert Theatre near Highway 80 is the 
 setting of a drama by the Gila Junior College, about the second Friday 
 in May. Dances, choruses processionals, etc., include a cast of 
 around two hundred. 
 
 Snowflake Pageant (Snowflake) 
 
 The community dramatizes the story of pioneer conquest in a giant 
 crater close to the town. 
 
 Local rodeos at Florence, Wickenburg, etc., and the Indian Pow- 
 Wow at Flagstaff, add to the visitor's interest, fun and thrills in Ari- 
 zona. Exact information as to dates, etc., is best obtained from the lo- 
 cal Chamber of Commerce or the newspapers. 
 
Archaeology Notes 
 
 Arizona is the center of one of the most interesting, most thoroughly 
 studied archaeological zones in North America. For nearly fifty 
 years scientists have delved into the mysteries of the countless ruins 
 scattered in every section of the state and have been able to determine 
 dates, cultural areas, and probable migrations. 
 
 There were definitely two zones of occupation, containing people 
 of distinctly different traits. In the north, in the area now occupied 
 by the Navajos, were the Cliff-Dwellers, who developed from a 
 simple cave-dwelling, hunting stage, to a civilized state based on in- 
 tensive agriculture and closely knit village life. This culture also 
 extended to the Sierra Ancha Mountains and to the Tonto cliff- 
 dwellings near Roosevelt Lake. To the south (Gila and Salt River 
 basin areas), there is evidence of another group which, at the height 
 of its development, occupied the great adobe villages, such as Casa 
 Grande. Here, the first traces of the people show that they were 
 already agricultural and established in settlements. 
 
 In Northern Arizona the stratified remains found in caves indicate 
 that the so-called San Juan culture had its beginning about 1000 B. C. 
 These people did not have cotton, the bow and arrow, pottery, nor 
 homes, except the hollowed-out corner of a cave or a crude brush 
 wind-break in the open. It is thought, principally because the skull 
 shape changed, that a new people migrated into the area from the 
 south by 500 B. c. After this time there was a rapid development of 
 culture. Domesticated cotton, the bow and arrow, stone houses the 
 cradle board, pottery, and countless other useful articles were develop- 
 ed. These people, by 900 a. d., started to build the great mesa and 
 cliff ruins now found in the north. A few hundred years later, either 
 because of drought, or the entrance into the country of the Navajos 
 and Apaches, or for both reasons, the people abandoned their cities 
 
 [42] 
 
and scattered over the country. It was the remnants of this former 
 glory that the Spaniards found on the Rio Grande and in the Hopi 
 country of Northern Arizona. 
 
 In Southern Arizona scientists have not yet determined the source 
 of the high civilization which existed in the most ancient ruins. The 
 oldest villages uncovered, (dating about 2000 years ago), show that 
 the people already had a knowledge of house-building, pottery making, 
 and farming — probably with the use of irrigation canals. It is highly 
 probable that these people contributed no small part to the great civil- 
 izations of Mexico and Central America. The connection between 
 the two areas, is definitely shown by many similar artifacts and cus- 
 toms. Like the people of the north, these scattered and declined after 
 1400 A. D., and their descendants are possibly the present occupants of 
 this same area, the Pimas and Papagos. 
 
 Besides these two definite cultures, established for northern and 
 southern Arizona, archaeologists have discovered numerous remains 
 that indicate the presence of the earliest people who migrated into 
 America from Asia. Dr. Byron Cummings of the University of Ari- 
 zona has found camp sites and crude rubbing stones in southeastern 
 Arizona that, according to comparison with the data from other sec- 
 tions, may represent the presence of roving hunters in this section as 
 far back as 10,000 years ago. 
 
 Archaeology in the Tucson Area 
 
 University Ruins 
 
 Eight miles northeast of the University campus is located a pre- 
 historic pueblo ruin which now servies as a perpetual outdoor labora- 
 tory for the advanced students of archaeology at the University. 
 
 Two periods of occupation are plainly indicated: a surface pueblo, 
 and a pit-house village that seems to belong to the later stages of the 
 Pithouse period, dating around 500 to 700 a. d. The buildings of 
 this time were probably only one story high, with floors sunken 
 beneath the surface, and the side walls built up with clay and strength- 
 ened with pounded caliche and gravel to a height sufficient to carry 
 a roof above the heads of the occupants. 
 
 The roofs consisted of supporting cross-beams, over which were 
 laid poles, then brush and grass, with a final coating of adobe clay. 
 
 [43] 
 
Entrances were chiefly at the side, and rooms were arranged around 
 open spaces or courts. The higher mounds, which have not as yet 
 been excavated, indicate a structure of the later, or Surface Pueblo 
 period, which existed about 900 A. d. to 1000 A. d. The surface 
 pueblo dwellings have massive walls of clay and caliche, and un- 
 doubtedly were carried up two and three stories in height. 
 
 Martinez Hill Ruin 
 
 This is a large ruin similar to the University Ruin. It also gives 
 evidence of two periods of occupation — the earlier Pithouse and later 
 Surface Pueblo structure and consists of several mounds, each 
 covering a group of apartments built with massive walls of caliche and 
 clay. These mounds, with their intervening structures, cover an 
 area of more than twenty acres. Two of them have been uncovered 
 and a partial restoration of the major portion of the buildings has been 
 completed by archaeology students. 
 
 [*4] 
 
Natural History Notes 
 
 The environs of Tucson offer an interesting and varied abundance 
 of animal and plant life, of which only a few examples may be given 
 here. It is a state law that native plants are not to be dug up without 
 permission, or destroyed. 
 
 Cacti 
 
 These peculiar members of the vegetable world prove more inter- 
 esting to people than almost any other plant family. Their grotesque 
 shapes, their protective devices and extraordinary flowers, and their 
 ability to live under difficult conditions set them apart as a strikingly 
 distinct group. Most species do not have leaves, but nearly all have 
 spines. Most of them produce fruits and seeds, but many increase 
 rather by the breaking and rooting of their brittle joints. The flowers 
 are usually showy, of almost every shade except blue and violet. 
 
 Bisnaga or Barrel Cactus, from which candy is made, is shaped ac- 
 cording to its name, heavily ribbed and armed with vicious 'fish-hook' 
 spines. It is sometimes called the Compass Cactus, because it usually 
 leans toward the south. The flowers are yellow, circling the top, the 
 fruit resembling miniature pineapples. Phonograph needles have been 
 made from the spines and the moist pulp has helped save the lives of 
 men stranded without water. 
 
 Cholla y or Walking-Cane Cactus is closely related to the Prickly 
 Pears, but can be distinguished by the fact that the joints are cylindri- 
 cal rather than flat. The woody skeleton of the plant is often cleaned 
 and polished to make canes, lamp-stands and other articles. 
 
 [45] 
 
Hedgehog Cactus appears in groups of heavily spined cylinders 
 about a foot high. The blossoms are earliest in the spring, of brilliant 
 rose-magenta shades. 
 
 The Night-blooming Cereus, or Reina de Noche (Queen of the 
 Night) is held sacred by the Mexicans and Indians who give homage 
 to this strangest, rarest and most beautiful of the desert flowers. Its 
 root is like a large beet, holding food and water for one or two years 
 growth; its stem resembles a crooked, blackened stick. The flowers 
 are seven or eight inches long, fragrant, graceful, with spreading, 
 recurving ivory-white petals. These appear for onlv one night, in 
 the early part of June, opening at sunset and closing soon after they 
 are touched by the morning sun. 
 
 The Prickly Pear y or Tuna. There are many species and varieties 
 of the flat-jointed "pear". Some seem to be almost spineless, but 
 careless fingers will be irritated by an abundance of fine, stiff hairs 
 which easily drop from the plant. The blossoms range in color from 
 clear yellow to shades of red, with fruits also varying from yellow to 
 red. One species, the Santa Rita, differs from the common green 
 color, being blended rose and violet, and hence is called the Purple 
 Pear. 
 
 The Rainbow Cactus is a single, cylindrical type, not over fifteen 
 inches high, so named from the reddish bands of color which encircle 
 it. The flowers are bright pink. 
 
 The Sahuaroy or Giant C actus y (Arizona State flower), is the 
 largest species of cactus in the United States. It grows as high as 
 forty or fifty feet, and exceptionally large plants will weigh several 
 tons. Although a few of these are scattered to the west of the Colo- 
 rado River in California, this magnificent giant will be found in no 
 other state. It lives to be several hundred years old, but grows so 
 slowly that it is not much larger than an ordinary match by the end of 
 two years. 
 
 The small flowers are wax white, wreathing the tips of the branches 
 in the spring; the fruit is bright red and full of shining black seeds. 
 
 Trees and Shrues 
 
 The Creosote Bush, also called greasewood, is marked by fine, dull 
 foliage, oily in appearance. Tiny yellow blooms in spring and late 
 
 [+6] 
 
summer turn into equally tiny, grey, furry balls. The bushes have a 
 distinctly agreeable pungent odor, especially after summer rains. 
 
 Iron Wood from a distance might be mistaken for mesquite but is 
 recognizable by its dark, almost black bark. It is the hardest of 
 Western woods. 
 
 Mesquite is most characteristic of the desert; irregular and pictures- 
 que, it varies between bush and tree in form. The foliage is light 
 green, delicate, and fern-like. The heavy, reddish brown wood has 
 for many years been the chief source of fuel for southern Arizona 
 burning slowly and pungently. The flowers, which grow in dense 
 spikes, are cream colored and fragrant, and are highly valued for 
 honey production. The beans, found in clusters of cream colored 
 pods, are used by the Indians for cattle feed, and flour. 
 
 Ocotillo is not a cactus, although the stems which grow unbranch- 
 ing, directly from the root, are stoutly thorned. Small leaves appear 
 in season, and in the spring the long wands are tipped with a graceful 
 'pennon' of vermillion flowers. Often single stems are planted in 
 rows and wired together to form a kind of wattle fence, which is very 
 effective when in bloom. 
 
 Palo Verde is recognizable by its green trunk as well as branches. 
 It has a soft twiggy, rather than leafy, look. In April and May the 
 trees are a mass of golden blossoms. 
 
 Flowers 
 
 Agaves, Mescals y or Century Plants often regarded as cacti; 
 actually belong to the lily and onion family. Some of the larger 
 species have been called century plants because it was thought they 
 bloomed only once every hundred years and then died. The smaller 
 plants take three or four years to bloom, while in the largest it may 
 be as long as twenty-five years. 
 
 The thick flower stalk which grows rapidly, often over a foot a day, 
 causes the death of the plant if allowed to develope. The Indians cut 
 this flower stalk when it is only a foot or two high and roast it for food, 
 while in Mexico, this and other fleshy parts of the plant are fermented 
 and distilled to make many kinds of drink. 
 
 Datura, a roadside plant, has large dark green leaves and flowers 
 like huge white morning glories. 
 
 [47] 
 
Fairy Dusters, whose blossoms look as if they were spun from rose- 
 colored silk, give a pink hue to parts of foothill slopes where it is thick- 
 est in spring. The bush is made up of shrubby, gnarly stems with 
 very fine green leaves. 
 
 Encelia grows about eighteen inches high, a plant with hairy dull 
 leaves and brilliant yellow daisy-like flowers in open clusters. An- 
 other type of encelia is of shrubby growth with gray green foliage 
 whose leaves have a half open look. The loosely clustered flowers 
 have yellow rays with deeper centers, making a vivid effect. 
 
 Larkspur is similar to the cultivated garden plant, but with smaller 
 flowers, in both the dark and pale blue varieties. 
 
 Lupine has violet-blue spikes of pea-like flowers with finely cut 
 silvery green leaves. It is usually found on sandy, rocky slopes. 
 
 Desert Mallow is one of the earliest plants to blossom. Often 
 found along the roadside, it is identified by the numerous graceful 
 stems bearing pale orange to flush-white flowers. 
 
 Wild Marigold is a plant about one foot tall, which has a wooly 
 stem and leaves. The blossom is lifted distinctly from the rest of the 
 plant, and resembles a small yellow daisy. 
 
 The Mariposa Lily, a delicate tulip-like flower, grows from a bul- 
 bous root. The three petals are commonly white or lavender-white 
 with dark spots at the base, but there is also a brilliant orange variety. 
 They appear profusely in open high country, gracefully swaying in 
 the wind. 
 
 Paper Flowers make a yellow ball when in bloom, as the plant is 
 compact, about twelve inches high, with inconspicious gray-green 
 downy leaves. The flowers have five or six bright petals whose tex- 
 ture becomes papery as they fade. 
 
 Penstemon are usually found on rocky slopes, but some varieties 
 thrive only in the higher altitudes. The leaves are grayish-green, and 
 the stalks are long, hung with bell-shaped pink or scarlet blossoms. 
 
 California Poppy, most famous of western flowers, varies in size, 
 but the plant is usually about a foot in height. The flowers, bright 
 yellow shading to orange at the base, open only in the sunlight, and 
 
 [+8] 
 
close with the dusk. The leaves and stems are of a light bluish green. 
 Very similar to this is the Mexican Poppy. 
 
 Poffy Thistle is a large prickly gray-green plant of roadside and 
 field with an open white flower, yellow centered. 
 
 Desert Verbena is similar in low matted growth to the garden 
 verbena. The leaves are a warm green, and hairy. The flat flower 
 clusters, two or three inches across, are lilac color, often tinged wtih 
 pink. 
 
 Vervenia a low plant with hairy soft green leaves. Flowers formed 
 in a curly spike are violet and particularly noticeable when a mass of 
 them makes a pool of deep color on the desert. 
 
 Yucca is another distinct type of desert plant. The long, narrow 
 leaves are bunched at the top, while the dried ones hang down close 
 to the stems. Out of this clump grows the tall flower stalk, on which 
 is found a cluster of waxy, white bells. Sfanish Bayonet is similar in 
 many respects, but grows more compactly and not so tall; while the 
 flowers, in proportion, are larger. 
 
 Birds 
 
 Four hundred species of birds are to be found in Arizona at one 
 time or another. 
 
 The Buzzard, a bird as large as an eagle, is usually seen circling high 
 over head. A black patch like a shadow is conspicuous beneath the 
 wings. 
 
 The Arizona Cardinal is a brilliant red on the head and crest, a 
 darker red on the body. It is a shy bird of thickets and brushy places; 
 the song is very spirited. 
 
 The Sonoran Dove, or ground dove, is a friendly little bird which 
 stays wherever it can find seed or grain. The call is distinctly: "No 
 hope, no hope." 
 
 The White-wing Dove provides hunting sport during the season. 
 It is a fairly large species, grayish brown in color with a distinct white 
 patch on the wings, visible when flying. The doves nest in colonies 
 among thickets. 
 
 [49] 
 
The Vermilion Flycatcher is one of the rare Mexican birds found 
 in Arizona. Its glowing scarlet body can often be seen in mesquite, 
 palo verde, or Cottonwood trees where it usually builds its frail and 
 flimsy nest. 
 
 Humming Birds in many varieties are native to Arizona. They 
 feed on desert flowers, but with a flash of color and a blur wings, 
 often come into the gardens for a taste of imported fare. 
 
 The Western Mocking-bird is of a dull gray color and is recog- 
 nized from the clear trilly song in which there seems to be no pause for 
 breath. It is also distinguished for its mimicry of other birds. The 
 nest is built in yuccas, thorny trees, etc. 
 
 The Arizona Hooded Oriole may be recognized by the lovely 
 yellow plumage of the male and the clear rhythmic whistle of its call. 
 It hides in the chaparral and sings when out of sight. 
 
 The Gambel Quail is usually abundant, and less timid than eastern 
 quail, even coming to the edge of town if fed and protected. The 
 male is mottled brown, black, and white, with several black feathers 
 forming a top-knot, which dangles over his head. The female is less 
 distinct in color with a smaller crest. These birds remain in coveys 
 most of the time. Although as many as eighteen eggs are laid in a 
 nest, there is always a great loss of young due to skunks, rats, etc. 
 Mesquite beans are a chief source of food, and seeds of wild grasses 
 and cacti contribute also. Their grassy nests are from five to seven 
 inches across and very hard to locate. 
 
 The Road Runner, or Chapparal Cock, has been called "a carica- 
 ture of a bird." It is large, with an exceptionally long tail and coarse 
 bluish gray and black plumage. It has an amusing, or annoying habit 
 of running along the road in front of a car, then darting across, with 
 a final flying leap to safety. Its diet consists of grasshoppers, mice, 
 small snakes, etc. 
 
 The Palmer Thrasher is a large bird, slate gray in color, with a 
 pronounced beak. It is locally named the "Pretty Quick" from its 
 distinctive call, although some of its other notes might be called those 
 of a mocking bird. 
 
 [50] 
 
The Cactus Wren, "the most unwrenlike of wrens", is a brownish 
 bird with streaks of black dots on a pale breast. The nests, like bun- 
 dles of dried grass are made in cactus branches or other well-protected 
 places, whence its voice is heard, a sharp, scolding chatter. 
 
 Animals 
 
 The Badger occupies as his favorite home the grassy, bushgrown 
 plains where there is an abundance of rodents. Low, broad, short- 
 legged, powerfully built, this animal, though shy, fights viciously 
 when brought to bay. 
 
 The Coyote, (from the Aztec Coyotl) is a slinky sandy-gray 
 creature resembling a fox. It lives upon smaller animals and plants, 
 and is seldom seen in the open though the shrill yapping is often heard 
 at night. 
 
 The Arizona White-tailed Deer are slight and graceful animals, 
 so small that hunters often ride into camp with a full-grown buck tied 
 back of the saddle. They are grey in winter and rusty in summer. 
 The small antlers are shed in winter and renewed before the end of 
 the summer. 
 
 Mule Deer, commonly found on the plains, are larger than the 
 white-tails, with stockier form. Their most outstanding character- 
 istics are the large double-branching antlers, broad ears, and rounded 
 whitish tail with a brush-like black tip. In summer they have a rich, 
 rusty red coat, which turns dusty-brown in winter. 
 
 The Desert Fox, is a beautiful species, slender in form and extra- 
 ordinarily quick and graceful in its movements, but seldom seen by 
 the desert traveller. When one is encountered abroad by day, it 
 usually "freezes" by any small object which breaks the flatness of the 
 desert, but if the intruder indicates by any action that he has seen it, 
 the fox darts away at great speed, with a smooth, floating motion. 
 
 The Gopher, frequently called the 'tent peg gopher', is about the 
 size of a chipmunk and is of a dusty brown color. Recklessly it 
 scampers across the road or sits up with paws held before its stomach. 
 
 The Jack-Rabbit, sl devastating forager, can develop amazing 
 speed propelled by his hind legs. If he could jump any farther, he 
 might be mistaken for a young kangaroo! 
 
 [51] 
 
The Skunk, or polecat has the same appearance and habits here as 
 elsewhere. Old Timers will tell of the "hydrophoby" skunks they 
 have encountered, rabies evidently being prevalent among the 
 animals. 
 
 The California Ground, or Rock Squirrel makes its home in the 
 mountain regions immediately surrounding Tucson, living among 
 live-oaks scattered on the open slopes or among the denser chaparral, 
 scrub oaks, pinon pines, and junipers. It has prominent ears, bushy 
 tails, and gives the appearance of a heavy-bodied gray tree squirrel, 
 but in reality is close kin to the marmot. It eats omniverously, insects 
 and flesh on occasions, but mainly seeds, fruits. 
 
 The Round Tailed Ground Squirrel, erroneously called a gopher, 
 is pale brownish buff, and about nine inches long. When green 
 vegetation is obtainable, leaves and buds are eaten voraciously, the 
 usually slender squirrel distending its stomach until it can hardly 
 crawl away. It makes a peculiar, low, hissing whistle, which sounds 
 more like the note of some bird. 
 
 Reptiles: 
 
 (Usually found only during warm weather.) 
 
 The Gila Monster, (pronounced "hee-la"), belongs to the lizard 
 family. With a maximum length of twenty inches, it is striking in 
 appearance from the orange and black "beaded" pattern on its back 
 and tail. Seemingly sluggish, it can move quickly and has a bull-dog 
 grasp of its jaws. The young are hatched from large tough-shelled 
 white eggs. In the blunt tail is a nourishing reservoir of fat upon 
 which the monster can live for months if necessary, hence its fabulous 
 ability to survive apparently without food. 
 
 The Horned Toad also belongs to the lizard family. It has a flat, 
 brown, mottled body, and unlike true toads, runs instead of hops; an- 
 other distinguishing feature is the tail. The body is fringed with 
 pointed scales, and back of the head is a ruff or "crown" of triangular 
 horns. They are very destructive to ants which they devour. 
 
 The Bull Snake grows about the size of a rattler, but is lighter in 
 color, brownish, with less distinct markings. It is harmless and 
 
 [52] 
 
sometimes becomes quite domesticated. The head is oval, not the 
 flat, arrowhead type of the poisonous snakes. 
 
 The Coral Snake, the most venomous snake in this region is rarely 
 seen. It is a timid and beautiful little reptile which has been compared 
 to a necklace of black, ivory and coral-colored beads. 
 
 The Desert Diamondback Rattlesnake is long, dark, and heavy 
 with diamond-shaped markings of yellow-gray. The rattles are 
 hollow segments of horny skin, which form when the snake moults — 
 usually two or three times a year. These rattles are usually shaken 
 as a warning before the snake strikes, but this signal is not always 
 given. The Hopi Indians regard rattlesnakes as "the little brothers 
 of the gods". 
 
 Insects: 
 
 (Seldom seen except in the warm season.) 
 
 The Centipede is sometimes found a foot long. The pale body, 
 dark streaked down the center, is fringed with legs (but not a hun- 
 dred! ). The poisonous sting, located in each leg, is not particularly 
 dangerous, but decidedly irritating. 
 
 The Millipede is a non-poisonous animal frequently confused with 
 the centipede. It has a segmented, cylindrical body with a smooth, 
 hard covering. To each segment are attached two pairs of legs. 
 
 The Pepsis, or tarantula hawk, is one of the most interesting of 
 native insects. It is a wasp with a black body and reddish wings. To 
 feed its young it stings tarantulas, which it may drag hundreds of feet 
 to the nest. 
 
 The Scorpion, whose pale yellow body is shaped like a miniature 
 crawfish and whose tail is carried curved up and ready to flip a bad 
 sting, carries a poison which is dangerous in some cases and always 
 extremely painful in effect. It is usually found under rocks or other 
 objects lying on the ground. 
 
 The Black Widow Spider has a small, satiny black body and is 
 identified by little reddish-orange "hour-glass" spots on the abdomen. 
 It carries a very dangerous venom. 
 
 [53] 
 
The Tarantula^ a large, black, hairy, spider which attains a size 
 of from three to four inches in diameter, is fierce looking but not 
 an attacker unless provoked. It nests in the ground, the top of the 
 hole being surrounded with a tiny wall of web and grass. 
 
 Vinegarone is the name commonly applied to near relatives of the 
 spider. With four pointed jaws on a hairy, light brown body, they are 
 unusually quick in pursuing their prey. A sting from a vinegarone 
 may prove unpleasant but not necessarily dangerous. 
 
 [54] 
 
The University of Arizona; Museums, Schools and 
 Cultural Organizations of Tucson 
 
 The University , founded in 1885, has grown into one of the lead- 
 ing universities in the West, with an exceptional teaching staff and 
 many fine buildings both old and modern. On its campus also is a 
 cactus garden which contains many kinds of desert plants, shrubs and 
 trees, and is of particular interest to visitors. In the large stadium 
 evening foot-ball games are of special attraction during the fall. The 
 University Polo Team meets teams from the east and west in bril- 
 liant matches on the field located on Vine St., north of Speedway. 
 
 Steward Observatory On Tuesday night each week, the Observa- 
 tory, located on the University campus, is open to the public; and 
 lectures are scheduled a number of times during the winter. The 
 principal instrument is the reflecting thirty-six inch telescope, one of 
 the largest on any campus, and chiefly used for photography. 
 
 University Library contains about 90,000 volumes, besides 12,000 
 federal documents several thousand unbound bulletins and reports. 
 As a depository, the library receives documents and publications of the 
 Government and the State of Arizona, publications of the Carnegie 
 Institute, and many university exchanges. It is located immediately 
 to the left of the 3rd St. entrance to the campus. 
 
 Arizona State Museum. Here may be seen an excellent collection 
 of pottery, artifacts, jewelry and other relics of the prehistoric inhab- 
 itants of the Southwest, as well as rugs and baskets of modern Indians. 
 The museum was moved in 1936 to the new archaeology building on 
 the University campus, just to the right of the 3rd Street entrance, off 
 Park Avenue. 
 
 [55] 
 
Meetings of the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society 
 held in this building on the evening of the third Monday each month 
 are open to the public. The Society publishes a monthly bulletin 
 called "The Kiva" (the name of the ancient Indian ceremonial 
 house or chamber). 
 
 Arizona .Pioneers' Historical Society Library and Museum. 
 Housed in the University Stadium just off east Sixth Street on Vine, 
 this museum is open to the public between the hours of one-thiry and 
 four-thirty every day except Sunday. It contains a large collection 
 of Southwestern historical data in the form of diaries, relics, letters, 
 mining and industrial reports, pictures, etc. 
 
 Public Schools include a finely equipped high school, three junior 
 high schools, and seventeen elementary schools. 
 
 Private Schools. Over a dozen private schools, covering a variety 
 of needs and ages, are located in, or within a short distance of the city. 
 
 The Arizona School for the Deaf and the Blind is located west of 
 the city, on Speedway, just beyond the Santa Cruz crossing, with 
 attractive grounds, well-planned buildings, swimming pool, etc. 
 
 The Indian School. A project of educational interest maintained 
 by the Presbyterian Church for Indians from all over the Southwest, 
 is located on Indian School Road west from South 6th Ave. (Highway 
 89). 
 
 The University of Arizona Fine Arts College. This College 
 sponsors each year a series of lectures on various subjects, in conjunc- 
 tion with a number of concerts by well-known artists. Faculty and 
 student recitals are also included in the program each season. Infor- 
 mation concerning tickets or programs may be secured by calling the 
 office of the University College of Fine Arts. 
 
 The Saturday Morning Musical Club. The club sponsors a course 
 of performances by nationally known musicians, and other artists, 
 and also has special departments with efficient teachers for Juveniles 
 and Juniors. Choral work for adults is presented through a number 
 of groups, and each year the members produce an opera. Twice a 
 month on Sunday afternoons at 4:15, free concerts are given for the 
 public. All concerts and activities are held in the Temple of Music 
 and Art, four blocks south from Congress on Scott Street. 
 
 [56] 
 
Tucson Symfhony Orchestra. This group is an organization of 
 unusual merit giving at least three concerts each season in the Temple 
 of Music and Art. Guest artists are often presented on the program. 
 
 Tucson Fine Arts Association. Exhibitions of paintings and draw- 
 ings by local artists or loaned from various parts of the country, are 
 hung each month during the winter in the Temple of Music and Art. 
 (Gallery on the second floor). Hours are from 2 until 5 o'clock 
 every afternoon. A museum case is also maintained by the Junior 
 League, where rare and interesting articles are on display. Member- 
 ship in the Association gives the additional advantage of lectures and 
 group-work. 
 
 Y. M. C. A. Established in Tucson in 1915, this organization has 
 a large number participating in its many activities. The building, 
 located at 125 West Congress St., has an excellent pool among other 
 accomodations. 
 
 Y. W.C. A. Organized in Tucson in 1918. Situated on North 5th 
 Avenue, near 3rd St., the attractive building houses offices, accomoda- 
 tions for thirty-four residents, dining room and swimming pool. 
 Branch work, assisted by other agencies, is carried on at the Oury 
 Park Mexican center, where a children's library and mothers' club are 
 located. 
 
 Garden Club. Though only recently organized the Garden Club 
 of Tucson has already influenced interest and activity toward more 
 attractive homes and improvements for the city. Meetings, to which 
 visitors are welcome, are held at the Y. W. C. A. at ten o'clock, the 
 first Wednesday of each month. 
 
 The Little Theatre. Each season this ambitious organization gives 
 plays from the pens of distinguished authors. Productions are in 
 Cathedral Hall, which may be reached by going south on Stone 
 Avenue from the Valley Bank to Ochoa Street, then one half block 
 west. 
 
 The Children's Theatre. Children's productions are given several 
 times a year by this group in the Temple of Music and Art. 
 
Commonly Used Spanish and Indian Words 
 
 Key to Pronunciation 
 a as in father 
 e as in let 
 o as in cone 
 
 adios, a-dee-os', good-bye 
 agua, a'wa, water 
 
 Ajo, a'ho, garlic j name given to town in Pima County because of the wild 
 
 onion growing there 
 alamo, a'la-mo, cottonwood tree 
 amado, a-ma'do, loved or beloved 
 amole, a-mo'le, soap root (a desert plant) 
 Apache, a-pa'chee, Zuni word meaning 'enemy' 
 
 Arizona, a-ree-zo'na, meaning 'little spring'; this name was given to the 
 
 present section probably as early as 1754 
 Arivaca, a-ree-va'ka, Papago word meaning 'little marsh' 
 arroyo, a-rro'yo, creek, wash 
 
 Baboquivari, ba-bo-kee'va-ree, Papago word meaning 'pinched below the 
 middle'. Name of the sacred mountain of the Papagoes. 
 
 Bac, bak, meaning 'marsh' or 'where there is water'; site of San Xavier 
 mission 
 
 baile, by'le, ball, dance 
 
 banqueta, ban-kee'ta, a little bench 
 
 buenos dias, bwe'nos dee'as, good morning 
 
 buenas noches, bwe'nas no'ches, good evening 
 
 buenas tardes, bwe'nas tar'des, good afternoon 
 
 cabeza, ca-bay'sa, head; Cabeza de Vaca, 'head of a cow'. 
 
 calabasas, ca-la-ba'sas, squash or pumpkin 
 
 caliente, ca-lee-en'te, warm 
 
 calle, ca'ye, street 
 
 Canada, ka-nya'da, glen 
 
 [58] 
 
canoa, ka-no'a, a trough, or flume for irrigation 
 Casa Grande, ka'sa gran'de, big house 
 
 Cascabel, kas-ka-bel', a very small bell, snake's rattle; name of a town in 
 Arizona 
 
 cazuela, ka-swe'la, Mexican baking dish; also name of a kind of food, 
 centavo, sen-ta'vo, cent 
 cerro, se'rro, hill 
 
 chapparal, shap-a-ral', brush, thicket; a term sometimes applied to the 
 
 creosote bush 
 charro, cha'rro, Mexican cowboy 
 
 chili con carne, chee'le kon kar'ne, a mixture of meat, frijoles and pepper 
 
 chocolate, cho-ko-la'te, Mexican chocolate (made with cinnamon) 
 
 cholla, cho'ya, 'jumping' cactus, one of the opuntias 
 
 cibola, see-bo'la, buffalo 
 
 cienega, see-en-e'ga, marsh 
 
 ciudad, siu-dad', city 
 
 Colorado, ko-lo-ra'do, red 
 
 concha, kon'cha, shell; used also for silver ornaments made by the Indians 
 
 conquistador, kon-kees'tador, conqueror 
 
 dulce, dul'see, sweet, candy 
 
 encanto, en-kan'to, enchanted, charming 
 
 enchilada, en-chee-la'da, a variety of Mexican food 
 
 fiesta, fee-es'ta, festival, fete; Fiesta de los Vaqueros, rodeo 
 
 flores, flo'res, flowers 
 
 fresnal, fres'nal, ash tree 
 
 fria, free'a, cold 
 
 frijoles, free-ho'les, Mexican beans 
 Geronimo, he-ro'nee-mo, Apache leader 
 hacienda, a-see-en'da, ranch home 
 hasta la vista, as'ta la vees'ta, until we meet again 
 
 Huachuca, wa-chu'ka, thunder; name of mountains and a military post in 
 Arizona 
 
 maguey, ma-gay', a species of century plant; used for making distilled drink 
 manana, ma-nya'na, tomorrow 
 mescal, mes-kal', century plant 
 mesquite, mes-kee'te, a desert tree 
 mimbre, meem'bre, willow tree 
 
 muchacho, moo-cha'cho, small boy: muchacha, little girl 
 ninos, nee'nyos, young children 
 
 Nogales, no-ga'les, walnut trees; name of a border town 
 
 nopal, no'pal, prickly pear cactus 
 
 ocotillo, o-ko-tee'yo, desert plant 
 
 olla, o'ya, an earthen vessel for holding water 
 
 padre, pa'dre, father, title of priest 
 
 palo verde, pa'lo ver'de, green stick, name of a desert tree 
 panaderia, pa-na-de-ree'a, bakery 
 
 [59] 
 
peso, pe'so, dollar 
 
 pichacho, pee-ka'cho, pointed or peaked 
 Pima, pee'ma, Indian tribe 
 
 pinto, peen'to, painted, spotted, often applied to horses 
 
 presidio, pre-see'dio, fortified, garrisoned place 
 
 pueblo, poo-eb'lo, town village 
 
 que ora es, kee-o'ra es 
 
 quien sabe, kee-en-sa'be 
 
 queso, ke'so, white Mexican cheese 
 
 ramada, ra-ma'da, brush shelter, arbour 
 
 rancheria, ran-che-ree'a, group of habitations; Indian village 
 reboso, re-bo' so, shawl, or head covering 
 represo, re-pre'so, dam, reservoir 
 rillito, reeyee'to, little river 
 
 Rincon, reen'kon, corner; name of mountains east of Tucson. 
 
 rivera, ree-ve'ra, brook, creek 
 
 robles, ro'bles, oak trees 
 
 rodeo, ro-day'o, round up of cattle 
 
 sacate, sa-ka'te, grass, or hay 
 
 sacaton, sa-ka-ton', tall grass 
 
 sahuaro, sa-wa'ro, giant cactus 
 
 Santa Cruz, san'ta kroos', Holy Cross; name of river in Arizona. 
 
 San Xavier, san ha-vyer', name of the mission at Bac 
 
 Sasabe, sa'sa-be, echo, name of town in Mexico 
 
 senor, se-nyor', Sir, Mr. 
 
 senorita, se-nyo-ree'ta, Miss 
 
 senora, se-nyo'ra, Madam, Mrs. 
 
 serape, se-ra'pe, Mexican blanket 
 
 sonora, so-no'ra, musical 
 
 Sopori, so'po-ree, corruption of Spanish name for Papagoes 
 
 taco, ta'co, a Mexican dish made of tortilla, meat, lettuce, cheese 
 
 tamale, ta-ma'le, mixture of meat, chili and corn, prepared in corn husks 
 
 tanque verde, tan'ke, ver'de, green tanks, or springs 
 
 tortilla, tor-tee'ya, unleavened flat corn cake 
 
 tostados, tos-ta'dos, tortillas fried in deep fat until brittle 
 
 Tubac, too-bak', adobe house 
 
 Tucson, too-san', at the foot of the black mountain 
 
 Tumacacori, too-ma-ka'ko-ree, curved peak; name of mission site 
 
 vaquero, va-ke'ro, cowboy 
 
 visita, vee-see'ta, branch of a mission 
 
 vista, vees'ta, view 
 
 Yaqui, ya'kee, one who yells, name of an Indian tribe in Mexico 
 yucca, yuk'ka, a desert plant 
 
 [60] 
 
A List of Boo\s About Arizona and the 
 Southwest 
 
 Fiction 
 
 Arizona Nights — Stewart Edward White 
 Beyond the Blue Sierra — Hon ore W. Morrow 
 Blood of the Conquerors — Harvey Fergusson 
 Conquest — Jack O'Connor 
 
 Death Comes for the Archbishop — Willa Cather 
 Dust of the Desert — Jack Weadock 
 Eagle in the Sun — Hoffman Birney 
 Home Ranch — Will James 
 
 Indian Stories from the Pueblos — Frank G. Applegate 
 
 Laughing Boy- — Oliver LaFarge 
 
 Long Ago Told— Harold Bell Wright 
 
 Mine with the Iron Door y The — Harold Bell Wright 
 
 One Smoke Stories — Mary Austin 
 
 Out Yonder — Gypsy Clark 
 
 Plumed Serpent, The — D. H. Lawrence 
 
 Pueblo Indian Folk Stories — Charles Lummis 
 
 Story of a Cowboy, The — Emerson Hough 
 
 Three Mustangeers — Will James 
 
 Wedge, The — Herman Deutsch 
 
 Windsinger — Frances Gillmor 
 
 Non-Fiction 
 
 Ancient Americans — Emily C. Davis 
 
 Ancient Life in the Southwest — Edgar L. Hewett 
 
 Apache Agent — Woodworth Clum 
 
 Arizona in Literature — Mary G. Boyer 
 
 Arizona Place Names — Will Barnes 
 
 Arizona the Wonderland — George Wharton James 
 
 Beyond the Rainbow — C. Kluckhohn 
 
 Cattle — William McLeod Raine 
 
 [61] 
 
Conquest of Mexico, The — (2 vol.) William H. Prescott 
 
 Cowboy — Ross Santee 
 
 Cowman's Wife, The — Mary Kidder Rak 
 
 Dancing Gods — Erna Fergusson 
 
 Days on the Painted Desert — Harold S. Colton 
 
 Delight Makers, The — Adolf Bandelier 
 
 Desert Drums — Leo Crane 
 
 Desert, The — John Van Dyke 
 
 Designs on the P re-historic Pottery of Arizona — Eleanor P. Clark 
 Digging in the Southwest — Ann Axtell Morris 
 Fiesta in Mexico — Erna Fergusson 
 
 Franciscans in Arizona — Fr. Zephyrin Engelhardt, O. F. M. 
 Helldorado — W. M. Breckinridge 
 
 Historical Memoirs of Pimeria Alta — Herbert Eugene Bolton 
 
 Idols Behind Altars — Anita Brenner 
 
 Indian Basketry — George Wharton James 
 
 Indian Book, The — Natalie Curtis 
 
 Indians of the Enchanted Desert, The — Leo Crane 
 
 Indians of the Painted Desert — George Wharton James 
 
 Introduction to Southwestern Archaeology — V. A. Kidder 
 
 Land of Journeys Ending — Mary Austin 
 
 Land of Poco Tiemfo — Charles Lummis 
 
 Life of Bishof Machebeuf — W. J. Howlett 
 
 Life in Mexico — Mme. Calderon de la Barca 
 
 Log of an Arizona Trail Blazer — John A. Rockfellow 
 
 March of the Mormon Battalion, The — Frank A. Golder 
 
 Mesa, Canyan, and Pueblo — Charles Lummis 
 
 Mesa Land — Anne W. Ickes 
 
 Mexico — Stuart Chase 
 
 Mexico and Its Heritage — Ernest Gruening 
 Mexican Interlude — Joseph Henry Jackson 
 Mexican Maze — Carlton Beals 
 Mexican Odyssey — Bowman and Dickinson 
 Mission of San Xavier del Bac, The — Estelle Lutrell 
 Mormon Settlement in Arizona, The — James H. McClintock 
 Mornings in Mexico — D. H. Lawrence 
 Mountain Cattle — Mary Kidder Rak 
 Navajo Indians, The — Mary Robert Coolidge 
 
 [62] 
 
New Trails in Mexico — Carl Lumholts 
 
 Odyssey of Cabeza de Vaca, The — Morris Bishop 
 
 Old Mother Mexico — -Harry Carr 
 
 Our Hisfanic Southwest — Ernest Peixotto 
 
 Outpost of Empire — Herbert Eugene Bolton 
 
 Padre on Horseback — Herbert Eugene Bolton 
 
 Pioneer Days in Arizona — Frank C. Lockwood 
 
 Pioneer Padre; The Life and Times of E use bio Francisco Kino — Rufus 
 
 Kay Wyllys 
 Rainbow Bridge — Charles Bernheimer 
 Rainmakers ; The — Mary Robert Coolidge 
 Red Mexico — Francis McCullagh 
 Renascent Mexico — Herring and Weinstock 
 Riata and Spurs — Charles Siringo 
 
 Rim of Christendom {Kino) — Herbert Eugene Bolton 
 
 Roads to Roam — Hoffman Birney 
 
 Romantic Coffer — Ira B. Joralemon 
 
 Saga of Billy the Kid, The — Walter N. Burns 
 
 Sam Houston — Marquis James 
 
 Scouting on Two Continents — Major Frederick R. Burnham 
 Soldiers of the Cross — Bishop J. B. Salpointe 
 Spanish Pioneers — Charles Lummis 
 Story of the American Indians, The — Flora Seymour 
 Story of the Spanish Missions of the Middle Southwest — Frank C. 
 Lockwood 
 
 Through the Grand Canyon from Wyoming to Mexico — E. and E. Kolb 
 
 Tombstone — Walter N. Burns 
 
 Tombstone's Yesterday — Lorenzo D. Walters 
 
 Traders to the Navajos — Frances Gillmor and Louisa Wetherill 
 
 Trailing Cortex through Mexico — Harry A. Franck 
 
 Trailing Geronimo — Anton Mazzaanovitch 
 
 Tucson, the Old Pueblo — Frank C. Lockwood and Donald W. Page 
 Under Turquoise Skies — W. H. Robinson 
 Viva Mexico — Charles M. Flandreau 
 West Is Still Wild, The — Harry Carr 
 When Geronimo Rode — F. C. Hooker 
 When the West Was Young — Frederick R. Bechdoldt 
 With Padre Kino on the Trail — Frank C. Lockwood 
 
 [63] 
 
Wyatt Earf — Stuart N. Lake 
 
 Yaqui Indian Dance of Tucson, Arizona, The — Phoebe M. Bogan 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Cactus and Its Home, The — Laura A. Armer 
 
 Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads — J. A. Lomax 
 
 Denizens of the Desert — Edmund Jaeger 
 
 Desert Mavericks {verses and sketches} — Eve Ganson 
 
 Fantastic Clan, The (cacti) — J. J. Thornber 
 
 Field Book of Western Wild Flowers, The — Margaret Armstrong and 
 
 J. J. Thornber 
 Guide Book to Western Wild Birds — Chester A. Reed 
 Poisonous Animals of the Desert — Charles T. Vorhies 
 Sun and Saddle Leather — (cowboy poems) Badger Clark 
 
 MA. 
 
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