k ■ dijl s. 4 ■i\; ; .;?!, ;; ;.■ v=:';::'-;v;!i;;i;:;r THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES Ji/i/yU^^^^ in^' GRAMMAR OF THB BIBLICAL CHALDAIC LANGUAGE AND THE TALMUD BABLI. IDIOMS. BY S. D. LUZZATTO, LATE PBOFESSOB IN THE EABBINICAL INSTITUTE AT PADUA, ITALY. TRANSLATED FROM THE ITALIAN, AND LARGELY REVIEWED BY J. S. GOLDAMMER, D.P., BABBI IN CINCINNATI. " Qui transtulit sustinet.^* NEW YORK: JOHN WILEY &.SONS, 15 ASTOR PLACE. 1S76. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year ISTfi, by JOHN WILEY & SONS, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, nt Washington. .louN F Tiiow & Son, MllNTKKH AMI IIOllKIIINDKHB, aiir. -ivi rust \-iih .st., htVi V 1 1 II K . 5 50^ THE PRINCIPAL FOUNDERS OF THE HEBREW UNION COLLEGE: Dr. I. M. WISE, M. LOTH, Esquire, II. ABLER, " EESrECTFULLY THE EDITOR. 2047499 PREFACE BY THE EDITOR. There is no ancient language into wliich the gram- marians have brought more confusion for its teachers and i^upils than the Chaldaic. They have compiled rules and laws for the study of this vernacular regard- less of its different dialects, and thus have increased the difficulties the student has to meet with whenever entering the field of dead languages. The attempt, therefore, to treat particularly each dialect of this tongue in its grammatical proprieties, in order to make the student perceptibly familiar with the different principles prevailing in its different phraseologies, must be considered as one of the methods the most appro- priate for acquiring a thorough knowledge of the Chal- daic language, and that the author succeeded in his endeavors is unquestionably shown in each paragraph of this work. The method applied in this grammar is as plain as intelligible, and entirely adapted to the use of the stu- dent who aims to acquire in as short a time as pos- sible a clear understanding of the Chaldaic sections in the Bible, which are of the greatest imjiortance to biblicists, and especially to theologians. As to the talmudical grammar, it seems proper to be observed, that : Yl PREFACE BY THE EDITOR. 1) This grammar is tlie first attempt tliat ever lias been made to show the dialect of the Semitic toiiirue in the Talmud, hitherto considered as of a style as con- fused as anarchical, to be inferior to no lano-uaire con- cerning the grammatical organizations of laws and principles, mthout which no language ever became the true expression of ideas. 2) By the use of this grammar the student will acquire a knowledge of the subject he chooses to study on clearer, and a perception more definite than has generally been the case as long as a grammarless method has been observed. * 3) This grammar affords the teachers of the Talmud a ne^v method of instruction, more fruitful and more efficient than any that has been observed ever since in any theological school. 4) The difficulties of self -instruction in the Talmud, almost insuperable, as is generally known, will greatly be surmounted by the use of this grannnar. There are some of the D'^n^sb who boastingly claim to have acquired talmudical attainments without the least knowledge of grammar; l)ut sucli claims are to be credited no more tlian the pretcmsion of a mariner to determine the direction of his shij) ^\■itlJout tlie aid of a comj)ass ; for, what the com]>ass is to tlie mariner, that is the grannnar to the p^b in tins ocean of the Talmud. • 0) The imi)()rtancc of this grammar will be highly acknowledged ]»y every scholar of Jewish theology, not oidy in regard to tlie study of the Talmud, but also to what concerns the i-eading of the vast literature accu- mnlated aronnd Ihis gigantic work dni'ing so nniny C(!nturics. There is within the whole range of our PREFACE BY TIFE EDITOR. Vll theological literature scarcely one writer who did not make use of the talmudical dialect, and there will ])e found ever so many j^assages which, hitherto o})scure to the reader for want of a theoretical knowledge of the language, may satisfactorily be elucidated by application of this grammar. But above all these considerations, this book owns yet another, more intrinsic merit for the favor of all friends of Semitic literature and for their permanent patronage. This merit consists in the facility it fur- nishes to a ready knowledge of a language w^hich not only was spoken by a people yet in existence, and in close intercourse with almost all living nations, but which also embraces within its sacred folds thoughts and ideas being the very nucleus of our present moral and relie^ious life. At a time when the monuments of dead antiquity rise to tell us stories of lost ages ; at a time when the sounds that rung on the lips of nations forgotten thousands of years ago, and of scarcely any relation to the conditions of our present life, are resus- citated and remolded into their original forms — at such a time one can hardly be al)le to plead in excuse for dooming to silence a tongue that speaks even as yet as powerfully to the very soul of our life as in times of yore. Let us therefore release from oblivion our beloved Talmud, and adapt it to a thorough study for our youth in removing every obscurity from its lan- guage through the light of a grammatical exposition of its laws and principles, as was intended to by the author of tliis book. And should the feeble efforts in translating it into English prove a help to the Ameri- can student of Jewish learning, such as to enable him to VIU PREFACE BY THE EDITOR. acquire a clear knowledge of the Talmud, then the Editor's fondest anticipation will fully be realized. Considering this grammar as the first attempt of the kind, the reader will hardly find it strange that the author's opinions, though keenly developed and sup- ported by deep erudition, yet often lack that trait of j)]ain truth which alone determines the reader's mind to surrender Avithout objection. At such occasions I — facile est i7iventis addere — have laid before the reader my own views in marginal annotation, unsigned, how- ever, while the author's own remarks are signed by : A. I. S. GOLDAMMER. Cincinnati, February, 187G. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. CIIAFrER I. The Biblical Clialdaic is that language in wliicli the following chapters and verses of the Scrii:)tnres are written, viz. : In the l^ook of Daniel, from the fonrtli verse of the second chaj^ter to the end of the seventh chajiter ; in the book of Ezi-a, from the eighth verse of the fourth chapter to the eighteenth verse of the sixth chapter, and from the twelfth to the twenty-sixth verse of the seventh chapter ; further, in Jeremiah, the eipv- entli verse of chapter ten ; and finally, two words in Genesis, chapter thirty, verse forty -seven. § 2. The Biblical Chaldee is the oldest relic preserved of the ancient Chaldaic or Aramaic tongue. Tliere ex- ists besides this no book whatever handed down to us in the vernacular idiom of the earliest Chaldeans. As to the writings knowai to be the Syriac or Chaldaic literature, of which the " Peshito," a version of the Scriptures, is the oldest work, they belong mostly to the Christian era, and are written by Christian au- thors.* * C'est done aux Juifs que nous dovons ce qn'il est possible de savoir sur I'ancien idiome arameen." Renan, hist. gen. des langues antiques, ji. 214, which translated reads : " It is to the Jews that we are indebted for all that we may possibly know about the ancient Aramaic idiom." 29 ENTRODUCTOKY KEMAKKS. §3- The Biblical Clialdaic is written with the Hebrew characters furnished with the Hebrew vowels, and in accordance with the rules of the Hebre\v grammar. There occurs, however, occasionally a long vowel in connection "v\dth a short and unaccented syllal>le, as in : Kno^xa, Ezra iv. 12;* snp^^a, id. v. 8; vi. 2; sn^n?, Daniel ii. 49 ; Ezra v. 8 ; «i?"i^3^, Dan. ii. 20, 23 ; xn'pxw, id. iv. 14; -i^scuba, id. i. 7, etc.; ^^:ito% Ezra v. 14, 10. §4. The Clialdaic orthography differs from that <>f the Hebrew in reirard to the nne furtive. It is omitted at the n preceded by "^12, f. i. nn';'a, instead of f^r?^3, as is the case in Hebrew, as in ??3^ri. § 5. In th(; Clialdaic the 7'ap has the peculiarity of con- tracting to no shorter vowel, Vmt to remain unaltcnid (v. § ly). It is, however, omitted at the end of words in cases where tlie x disapi)ears, e.(j., i<^)'^ hhig, ??bi3, and corresj)onds generally to the o'sin in Hebrew, e.fj.j "1*1=111 generation, bxw=b5r. as missinj missini missini missini CHAPTER IL §n- TlicC'liiiMaii' nouns and adjectives have four forms: 1. Ahsolutm; 2. Constriwtus ; 3. Bmpliaticus ; 4. I'ossesnive. §15-. The Chaldaic nouns and adjectives have two declensions : I. the Masculine and i. the Feminine gender Siiifjiilar. Aljsolutus, VP. time, Coustructns, W of time, Emphaticus, Si'iy the time, Possessive, ''?7? my time, !i;w thy time, n:^? his time, Kri^y our time, ■jisnr your time, •fireny tlieir time. Paradiom of the First Declension. Plural. T':^? times, ^!'^? of times, s;:-is the times, missing, 1 "=7? my times, g missing, 2 ViV thy times, ajT? her time, ^ T'l-'J? his times, missing, ^ "JI^'T? our times, nussmg, ^ r=''?'77 your times, injns theii- time, j P""'??? their times. SB missing, my times, missing, thy " aw? her times, missing, our " missing, your " imns their " It is to he iiiulei'stix>J tliat the above wanting woril-forms are to lie coiisiilered as sueli, Ijeeause tlity are not contained in the kw remnants of the Chaldaic preserved in the Bilile, but not that this idiom had originally lieen defieient thereof. Tlie suffix Tin is found in Ezra sometimes sulis-titnted by Bh as in annix, v. 5, their God ; nn7"'3, in their hand, ib. S ; rincsria, ib. 10. in their head ; Drinr.150, ib, ilj. their name {see § 30). There are in the same ehajrter found even the words nnb , obi with n instead of 1. uhrh is also in Jeremiah s. 11. There is found no noun with the suffix St:''—, it occiu's only annexed to the jiarticle i?, u])on (see § 12i), which is taken in plural form »:■';?, Ezra iv. 12, 18; v. 17. The following words are examples for the suffix rf- ; n''E;, her wings ; n''30, her teeth ; n*'??, her Ijiicks (parts of the back) ; n'^?"i, her feet ; n^i?u, hei- nails ; '^''VIP,,, her ]previous (beasts), Dan. vii. ; n^'is, over lier, ib. iv. 14 ; v. 21). Some of these woi'ds stand iu different editions of the Bible incorrectly with a "psp instead of a nns. Absolutus, Constructus, Emphaticus, Possessive, Singular s;."'" animal, n^'^ri animal of, SPvn the animal, •'nrn mine aninnxl, Sjriiin thine animal, aniin his animal, »:ni''n our animal, Tisrii"'!! your animal, '|'inpl''rT their animal. §16. Pakadiom of tue Segohd Declension. Plural. Xj^n animals. nrn animals of, i«ni''n the animals. missing, ini''n my animals, missing. missing, « ^ni^n thy animals. •A missing. -A nrvn her animal. % nnrn his animals. 3 missing. ■■E missing. X a wri'in our animals. s missing, V: g missing. Ti^rn your animals, c3 a missing, ■a inni'^n their uuinial. linpiin their animals. V}^^- tinir word-forms are to be considered as siicli, because tliev Chaldaic preserved in the Bible, but not tliat this idiom ffix lin is found in Ezra sometimes substituted by Dn as I, ib. 8 ; onrsnn, ib. 1 0. in their head ; Dhnr.'ac, ib. ib. their liapter found even the ^vords DPib^ obb with D instead of und no noun with the suffix xr-, it occurs only annexed 1 is taken in plural form xrb??, Ezra iv. 12, 18 ; v. 17. suffix n-^_ ; n-^E-j, her wings ; «^''|T2?, her teeth ; n^a?, her :t2, her nails ; n^TSi;?, her previous (beasts), Dan. vii. ; fn^b?, Yords stand in different editions of the Bible incorrectly §16. ruE Second Declension. ^1 K'l' animal, ,^ <» their aiiiiiiMl. Plural, 'j^'^n animals, riiTi animals of, xm^n the animals, T T •■ 7 Tii'in my animals, ^Crn thy animals, •^rir"^ lii*' Jiuimals, _• ^?s) have in the Chaldaic x^iiJ and nns, or nitu and "^m*, e,(j., 5103 H., qo3 Ch. ; Db2 IL, Dbs Ch. The Heljrew form isyb is changed in the Ch. into bys, e.g.^ utDp, truth, H., t3t:p Ch. ; vipn H., tjpn, power. There are found in the Chal. also words of the Segol-form, but they are undoubtedly Ilel^raisms, e.g.^ tj^a, king, Dan. ii. 10, etc. ; Dbn, dream, ib. iv. 2 ; vii. 1 ; D^^, image, ib. iii. 5, 7, 10, etc. §18. Nouns which in the Hel>re\v have two y^P take in the Chal., for the most part, s^© and nns, as nra, H. flesh, nirn Ch. ; nnr gold, H., nn^ Ch. § 19. Some Chaldaic nouns, having NlTD and f"'2p in the Status Absolutus, preserv^e the same punctuation in the Constructus and Emphaticus, e.g.^ nbs God, ^^''at' n'-s?, xnbs; ni5io, remainder, bnn I'o^sn nsir, remainder of the Babylonian sages, i«"?XTJJ ; "'■i?^, dignity, "^nnn ip-^bT j .^nd to the dignity of my majesty, i*7)??' The 2>unctuation of 8 THE NOUN. the words ^p^ Dan. iv. 33; ^5?«, Ezra vii. 18; 3^3, ul. yi. 18 ; -sn, Dan. iii. 25, with nns, is incorrect, as is also reversely the V^ap in ann, id. ii. 32. § 20. All masculine singular nouns have their Constructus and Aljsolutus alike. §21. The final nns of the Absolutus is, in the Emphaticus, changed to a «i« ; e. (see § 19). But as by this rule two 5510 Avould meet together at the beginning of tlie word, the K10 of the first root-letter is changed either to the vowel dr<)j»])ed from the second root-letter; e.(j.^ C1P3, XSC3, or to its homogenous vowel as in ?|pri, s^Epn, or finally, indej)endently of the droj)ped vowel of the second let- ter, to a pi^n, or nnc ; e.g., iW3, sj)])('d from the Al)solute, its ending V^p clianged to KiTC, and tlie termination xn annexed thereto; lura] ('onstnictus tlic T of tlie former is di()p])ed, and the pT'n clumged to "^^i ; e.g., ban ^-cp-^ry. THE NOUN. 9 §24. The plural masculine Emphatic is formed from the singular Emphatic, by changing its ending V^p into nriD followed Ijy \ which is furnished with TU^I and pp; e.g., xn^?, »:^'}^; ^s"?^, «r=^^- § 25. The plural feminine Absolute ends in 1-, and its Con- structus in n_ ; of this last the Emphatic is formed by ending in xr- ; e.g., ipi-o, nr^ia, xn^n^. This r'>=^?, so peculiar to the plural feminine, and unchangeable with the suffixes in the Chaldaic, agrees with the Hebrew nbin w^hen in the same position, as in nii'i^, ''iD'i^']^. § 26. The Possessive is formed by annexing the suffixes, i.e., one or two of the letters ^ D 1 3 x n to the respective Emphatics, the ending ii- of which is droj^ped ; thus in each declension the suffixes are annexed, in the sin- gular nouns to the singular Emphatics, and in the plural nouns to the plural Emphatics. In the j)lural masculines, however, the nns preceding the ■> in the plural Emphatic is preserved only in the two first forms, viz. : ^^^y, ^^S"!?. §27. The dual ends in ']"J— ; e.g., V*??? hands ; T^^'^, feet ; ■J?!©, teeth. Excepted is I''?"'?, eyes. §28.^ By the same termination is formed the plural of nouns ending in N-, or TV-r. ; e.g., n:5', 'j'^sy, x^td, 'ji'n©, 1* 10 THE NOUN. §29. Patronymics ending in ''— , as '''^ic?, a Chaldean, as also all other nouns of the same termination, as '^'0'7l?? the first ; "^^y, the "fexalted, form the singular Emphatic by the termination «;', which, however, is changed by the lectio marginalis to nx ; e.g., sn^?> ^r^7P) ^"^T^l, the fourth ; xpjy, which is read by the Masorah nsnirs, n^^^p, nsy^an ns^y. The plural Absolute of this class of nouns is made by adding VX to tlie stem ; e.g., r^i!^^'?^ Chaldeans, and the plural Emphatic by i?';' ; e.g., ^'!'>^'}'i?, the first (kings), Dan, vii. 24 ; S^^nsn, the sheriffs, id. iii. 2 ; i^^T^"^ ^.■'^??, Ezra iv. 9, etc."^^ «::'7i??, Dan. ii. 5, 10, etc., is read ■'^?'^iD^ by the lectio marginalis. §30. Some feminine nouns end in the Absolute in i, or ''— as ^D'p'a, kingdom; "h'}}, dung-hill. Nouns of this class take ri in the Constructus and through the Avhole declen- sion ; e.g., n^Db^, xn^sb^, ""T^^d)^. So also i^riih, exile.** In plural the 1 or '' are furnished Avith yop, as f^^^b)?, xni^b^a. § 31. Nouns having in plural a feminine termination take pometimes tlie syllabic n or ^, though not existing in tlie singulai- ; e.g., T'^'?^, niy fathei's, N:nn3X, onr fathers ; rn")2tt), names of . . . Ezi-a v. 4, where the n is incor- rectly furnished Avith nrt); nnnnrTT, ib. v. 10, alike * Thfi first 2, of X'^^n^, fcho 'Rabyloniana has nPD iiiKtcad of ycp, a** in fca, and as found always by tli(i Syriacs. (S. S. Kfrcm T. I. last, p., and T. II.'p. H.-,, lOl.) A. *♦ Th% Ezra iv. 10, noble, is the masc. Emphatic, while in Dan. ii. 2 it stands as the feminine Absolute, and therefore with n (?t^''|?!'). The use of the n as a special indication of the feminine gender is not constant ; there is JDan. ii. 40 ^?'^t>0, and ib. 42 iiS''I?nj strong, both fern. CHAPTER HI. PKONOUNS. §35. The Chaldalc personal pronouns are n;i5 or s:i{, I ; np:x, thou; xm, he; K-^n, she; x:n:s< or n:n:x, we; ■j'^prs, ye or you, masc. ; "J^iX, masc., yi^, fern. they. "We read in Ezra v. 11, iiin ii:n:s5, we those, i.e., we are those Avho . . . , tliough isn usually expresses the Accusative (see § 110). §36. Demonstrative pronouns are : • SiNC JULAR. Plural. Masc. Fern. Masc. and Fern. r 11"^ Vthis T\ V this ?T^5< V these 1?^) n'^K ) ?pT is found six times in Ezra, v. and vii. ; ^Ji, six times in Ezra, iv. and v. ; ]"1, masc, Dan. ii. 31 ; tl)e same, fcm, id. vii. 20, 21. Tlie 1\ m ?n and ?f7 is orii^inally tli(! siiflix of th<' possessive pronouns, second juTson; likewise, tliy tliis. Sucli c()mj)<)siti<)ns of tlie sulVixes with the pronouns arc common with tlie Ara])ic laii- t;u.'it^(!. The word I?"! is a comj)ound of ^^^ or ^7 witli "jl, the st(uii of nr'n, Ezra v. 10. nbx is read bi< by the Masorah, Ezra v. 15. PRONOUNS. 13 §37. '^'i is the relative pronoun irrespective of gender and number. It is often employed to denote the relation of the Genitive ; , following the Hebrew rule, according to which no quiescent letter (except the i5), when fol- lowed by two consonants, is admissible after an accent- uated syllable. 16 VE11J3S. § 46. There is in the Bibl. Chal. an instance of the b^BtD and b^SPTTH forms (see § 9), (so commonly made use of in the Aramaic dialects and in later Hebraisms), in the stem bbs, as nbbDO'i, set it np, finished it, Ezra v. 2 ; ^bbDTC, ib. iv. 12; vi. 14; nbbDCb, ib. v. 3, 9; r^'?=I?^»^ ib. iv 13, 16. — The ©^"T, peculiar to the second radical in the byB-form, is substituted by a quiescent letter after the first radical in the words r^^'^°^? being supported, Ezra vi. 3 ; Sin^nj-'TCb, to deliver us, Dan. iii. 1 7 ; and in K-'2'>iD, to finish, Ezra vi. 15.* §47. There is mentioned by some writers a form brspx as a passive voice of bysn, to be at the same time the substitute of byssrin. But tlie bysnx ai)i)lied by Ludo- vicus de Dieu in his " Grauunaticum linguarum orien- talium inter se collatarum, Lugd. Batav. 1628," quite remote from ])eing the proper form (l???) of any per- fect conjugation, is nothing but the byenn or bycnn of the quiescent or defective verbs (s. § So, and my Prole- gomcni, ]). 117). §48. Tlie forms of the reflectives generally begin with n, * A Hiinilar incident occurs in the Syriac verbs naip R"d ""3^0, meaning i»2io in Ezra, and 2thi5 meaning antlJ in Dan. There in no ground to say (with (JouHHct and GcHcniuH) that s"'S''ia be the brciD of tlio Hebrew x^-i and with (Uikliger), that 3T"". 1 u _ r killiiiix. Passive. Passive. Ring, bvjp ) sing, nb^jp | 1 ..v„,-« r killed. , .u,.,^ r killed. FUTURE. Vjpst, T sli.'ill kill, wanting, b"jpn, thou wilt, kill, wanting, b-jp--, he will kill, ^^pn, siie will kill, b'jp:, we shall kill, wanting, •j^b-jpn, you will kill, wanting, 'j^b-jp;>, they will kill. I^'jp^ tliey will kill. CONJUGATIONS OF PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. ID IMPERATIVE. sing, ^'^i? ] (thou) do kill, sing. ^V^?, do kill, plur. ^"^'Op f (ye) " plur. wanting. INFINITIVE. b'jjp^, to kill. § 51. Perfect tense: Many intransitive verbs have ''^s instead of nns (as in the Hebrew ^5", etc.) ; 5. The third person plural is alike in both genders; e.g., i^t:\ Dan. vii. 20; 'iips^nx, ibid. 8, "they were ])lucked up." Both are icad ])y the Masorah nbD:^, ^TP^f?*^- '^''^ P i'^ found provided (ju'obably by mistake of the ti-anscribcrs) Avith yiap. The ''IS in the active j)articiple, singular masculine, AvhcTi ])r('('('ding a guttural or the sinuiguttural "i (i^ ()),. is cliaiigcd to nro; e'.y., nbB, " worslii])ping" D. vi. 17; nT2X, " saying." §57. Tile j>aH.sive i)articij>l(! b'^3'B takes "^ as a distinetion CONJUGATIONS OF PERFECT VEIIB.NJL STEMS. 21 from the other ^yfi (§ 51), in which the P"i^n takes the ])lace of ''"IX §58. * Tlie characteristic sign of the future, third person, feminine jjlural, is not ri, as in Hebrew, but \ § 59. In verbs, tlie third radical of which is n, "5 or "i, the p3j5 (^ ), in the imperative as also in the future, is chaiiged to nns; e.g., 3?TaTDn, nb©:*, lao;', ttJ^b^ inax.^ Jerem. x. 11, lacks the \ and is irregular; a Hebraism. §60. It is only in the bp that the infinitive is prefixed with ^ ; e.g., '^'•7'^, Dan. iii. 2, " to assemble ; " "it?b^'?, id. v. 10, " to interpret." In all other forms the infinitive ends in n preceded by two f^p. §61- The suffixes may be annexed to the infinitive, in the same way as to the nouns; e.g., rianp^s^ id. vi. 21, " and as his to approach ; " i.e. when he was approaching. §62. CONJUGATION OF PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. • Form by?. PRETERITE. Mmculhie. Feminine. mbrap, I have killed, \ P"?^P, thou hast killed, >- wanting. bi?p, he has killed, ) 22 CONJUGATIONS OF PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. Masculine. Feminine. wanting, we have killed, \ wanting, ye have killed, j- wanting. ^bi2p, they have killed. ) PARTICIPLE. Active. sing. ^Pi?^, killing, sing. ^)^x^, killing, plur. VVcj)?^, killing, plur. l^iapti, killing. Passive. sing, ^d;:^, killed, sing. ^«^I?)?^, killed, plur. V^ta^^, killed. plur. l^tfl?^, killed. FUTURE. sing. ^ip'^i^, I shall kill, wanting, bippn, thou wilt kill, wanting, bi?)?;^, he will kill, wanting, plur. -I?;??, we shall kill, wanting, •jibcji^n, ye will kill, wanting, ■jnbap^, they will kill, l^cjp;', they will kill. sing. IMPERATIVE. bp;?, do kill, ■''=P|5, plur. ^bDp, do kill wanting. INFINITIVE. nbDp, to kill. Tliis form is eommoidy called, l)ut inoorrectly, byo; cor- rectly it nnist be caHed byc; for th(^ I'>il»l. Cliald. reads in tli(! tliird ]K'i-son, pei-feet tense ^"la, ^bc3, bbia, bi2]?, Dric, 1^©; ill llic active parti(Mi>le, bbiaia, nnct) ; in the imperative, usp ; in the future, bbl?;', ST^C?;*, while with CONJUGATIOlSrS OF PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. 23 1*12 there are found ouly two instances ^3]?, Dan. vi. 1 ; nnpni, Ezra vii. 17. §64. In tliis form as also in the following ^^^r?, the parti- cijile active is distinguished from the participle passive by the terminal vowel, viz., the former ends in P">"'n and the latter in nnB. This distinction, however, takes place only in singular masculine, othermse they are alike, as even in singular masculine, in verbs ending in one of the gutturals, "i, 3?, n ; e.g.^ nat'a, "Tnn^, which may signify both " praising " as well as " jjraised," and is to be ascertained only by the context. § 65. CONJUGATION OF THE PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. Form b3?&n. PRETERITE. Masculine. Feminine. f^!?9I?n, I have caused to kill, wanting, i^^PI?!!!, thou hast caused to kill, wanting, bippHj he has caused to kill, t^^^ir'!', she has caused to kill, Npb'Jipn, we have caused to kill, wanting, ■j^nb'jpn, ye have caused to kill, wanting, 'ib'jpn, they have caused to kill, wanting. PARTICIPLE. Active. sing. Vuipn'a, causing to kill, sing. S5yu:pn'a, plur. xh'^'^iyq^ causing to kill. plur. fr^pH''?- 24 CONJUGATIONS OF PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. Passive. sing. ^"^I?n^, one caused to kill, sing, ^^'^irri^, plur. ]''bv;:n^, many caused to kill. plur. "iftppr^ia. FUTURE. b'j;:s<, I shall cause to kill, wanting, b-L?]:!?, thou wilt cause to kill, wanting, b-Jj:^, he will cause to kill, ^'JpP, she will cause to kill, b-c:|:3, we shall cause to kill, Avanting, •j^b-jpp, ye will cause to kill, wanting, .•jib-jj;^, they will cause to kill, '\)'^?1, they will cause to kill. IMPERATIVE. sing, bci^n, do cause to kill, "^btppn, plur. ibtspHj do cause to kill, wanting. INFINITIVE. nb'jipn, to cause to kill. § 06. Tliis form is also found more commonly with P'TTI (without •<) than with "'ns. Tlie following words arc found with the former, in the j^rcterlte : ^cabn, ^'^')^^., "^T^nn, wann ^pE:n, ^pcn, ^p'^^, 1''?'^^ ; in tlie active partit'ij)le, bcna, bsT? ; in the future, bBCn^, pT:nn, p-jp. Witli the latter the following words are found in the preterite : by:n, pc:n, nnin; in tlic i)articij)h', p'^n-a, opnTS ; in the future, bbun, nnn, nninn, Q^p!??, "cr?, all instances of defective stems. In vcrhs of })erfe('t roots tliere is with ■'"IS only one instance, tlic iniju'rative, nbT^n. ^^^'lO? ])an. vii. 22, instead of ^:crin, ur -ixnn, is a Jlchraism. CONJUGATIONS OF PEllFECT VERBAL STEMS. 2o §67. The n as the characteristic sign of this form, is in the participle and future often found apj:)lied as well as omitted, as : ns^ni?, nsinnia, bsTCia, bjs^n;^, p-^ni2 and np-iia. The like occurs as a poetical Hebraism, as ^i^Tin^, ?"^^'in;', and also in prose, niin^, Nehem. xi. 17. §68. CONJUGATION OF THE PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. Form b3?Bnn. Masculine. Feminine. f^^'9i?*?'^? I have been killed, wanting, nbt:|?nn, thou hast been killed, wanting, bujpnn, he has been killed, nbippnn, she has been killed, Kpb'jjpnn, we have been killed, wanting, •jinbpjpnn, ye have been killed, wanting, ^bi3prn, they have been killed, wanting. PARTICIPLE. sing. ^t2]?ntt, one being killed, ^^^i^fp'P, l)lur. rbippn^a, many being killed, 1^i3J?na. u a FUTURE. ^^P?^i?, I shall be killed, wanting, biappnn, thou wilt be killed, wanting, bp]::n'', he will be killed, ^i?)?nn, she will be killed, ^^pri3, we shall be killed, wanting, •j^btppnn, ye will be killed, wanting, ■j^brapn;', they will be killed, '^^I??f;l^ they will be killed. 26 conjugations of perfect verbal stems. i:mperatiye. sing. Vjprn, be killed, ^'P'^iff^n, plur. iVj^nrij be killed, wanting. infinitive. nb-jpr-, to be killed. § C9. There is only one instance found of the first person singular preterite, and it ends in a guttural, viz. HDncn ; its plui'al occurs, and has pi'^n without "^j unnnn. § 70. The nns at the first radical in nb'j)?nn and nVifjinn is a slight vowel, i.e.^ it takes the place of a s^TO. The same is the case Avith the nrs in the j^articiple ^^bI:)5n'a, and in the future "j^bipprin. There are but t\vo instances of this nns: x^mynis, i^iaynp. Coucernino: mtiinn and nnDnch, see 52. § '1- The future is found with "'"is, *i3?n';> (and in verbs ending in a guttural witli nns, nc:n;i), as also with p'T^n without '^, psr^T?!?. The ri of this form, like in the lleb., takes its position after tlie first radical, Avlien a t?; § 72. conjugation of the perfect verbal stem. Form ^V^rT}. I'RETERrrE. Mm^ciiUne. Feminine. rbD|5rn, I luive kilh'd myself, wanting, pbcppn, tliou liast killed thyself, wanting, i5L)j:rn^ he has killed Iiiniscli', rbrpprn, slic has killed herself, CONJUGATIONS OF PERFECT VERBAL STEMS. 27 s:bt2)?!nri, we have killed ourselves, wanting, ^inbrspnn, ye have killed yourselves, wanting, 'tbDjjnri, they have killed them. selves, wanting. PARTICIPLE. sing. bi2)5n'a, killing oneself, s«r^l?f?^, " " plur. pbrapniSj killing themselves, "jb^i^ri^, u u FUTURE. bBi?n«, I shall kill myself, wanting, bEpnPj thou shalt kill thyself, wanting, b^I?!^l^ he will kill himself, b^j?rin, biapn?, we shall kill ourselves, wanting, ■jibcppnn, ye will kill yourselves, wanting, •jibDpn;', they will kill themselves, fbispri^. IMPERATIVE. '^t?p^r», do kill thyself, ''^^pt;'??, ^bDj5nn, do ye kill yourselves, wanting. INFINITIVE. nbta^nn, to kill oneself. Here also, like in the previous form, the characteris- tical ti follows the first radical in case this is a tJ; / CHAPTER VI. QCriESCENT VERBS VERBS WITH THE FIRST RADICAL QUIESCENT. § T3. Verbs beginning with the ^5 radical are conjugated like perfect stems whenever, in the intiection, the verb begins with the fii'st radical; 6.^., pret. brs?, bDX, "nax, nrs? ; imp. sing. "Tasj: ; imp. pliir. ^^"ax ; imp. fern. ""bDi^, The imp. of ^Ti« occurs: ^TX, Ezra v, 15. §74. But whenever, in the inflection, the verbs of this con- jugation begin with a preformative, the X, in the bp becomes quiescent, preceded by ''12; e.cj.^ "I'Cfi?^, "i^s:, nrs'ab, ^nns\ and in tlie brsn it is chanwd either to "^ or 1: e.fi., Ti^n, T'lr^n, n\-i^nb, lainn mninb "i^a^n, "scr^Tyti. . §75. ^ Verbs beainninG: with tlie radical "' are likewise resfu- larly conjugated wlienever, in the inflection, the "^ occurs, in bp ;it the beginning of the verl) ; e.(/.^ ^i;', ^^^^ ^?'7^ y^T-, 3^n;', nn^n-', "a^n^, and in b3?Ern and '^rErn at tlie ])egiiiniiig of tlie syllable; e.g., 3n:'r^, '^^a^:n^ ^"Jr,r?x. It, however, is omitted in th(^ impel', bp; e.g.^ yn, nn. §70. I>tit, wherever, in the inflection, the "> is the initial neither of the word nor of the syllabh^, it connnonly QUIESCENT VERBS. 29 is cliangecl in tlie ^^Bri into 1 ; f.^^.j^iin, Sfiin, wliile in tlie Isp future such verljs are mostly conjugated like verbs having for their first radical 3, whicli Nun, sometimes, takes place actually, and sometimes is assimilated by -oj^i forte ; e.g., ^isx, y^fri, ]^y^:^, b^^, b^n (§ 85). CHAPTER VII. VEEBS AVITK THE SECOND R^VDICAL QUIESCENT. Parndigm of the conjugation of verbal stems, with the second radical quiescent, as : D^p, to rise. Form ^p. PEETERITE. MasG. r^P, I rose. P72)5, thou rosest, Dp, he rose, Avanting, wanting, i^p, they rose. Fern. wanting, wanting, rrnp, she rose, wanting, wanting, Avanting. PARTICIPLE. Active. Passive. sing. D2^p, rising ; D'^p, risen, wanting, plur.'j^^i, and in the only word maimrx, id. vi. 16 of 2?i>; both are prob- ably Hebraisms. §83. CONJUGATION OF THE 'iV. Form bysn. PRETERITE. Masculine. M')?"*;:^;, I have caused to rise, 3?^"'I?r|, tliou hast caused to rise, D"'j;;n, lie has caused to rise, Avantim^, waiitini:;, ^'a"'pn, they have caus(;d to rise. JFeminiiie. 1' wanting. PARTICIPLE. Active. D-'pnia, one causing to rise. FUTURE. D^p5«, T sliall cause to rise, wanting, D"'pP, tlion wilt cause to rise, wanting, D^p;*, he will cause to rise, D-^pp, slie will cause to rise, VERBS WITH THE SECOND RADICAL QUIESCENT. 33 C^p?, we shall cause to rise, wanting, •jTO-^pn, ye will cause to rise, w^anting, 'j^'a^P"', they will cause to rise. T'S'^p^ they will cause to rise. INFINITIVE. n^pn, to cause to rise. § 84. Examples, iweterite : D^prn, Dan. iii. 2, 5, 7 ; vi. 2 n-^nn, id. ii. 14; n^a-^pn, id. iii. 12, 18; nTs^pr;, id. iii. 14 ia"^pn, Ezra vi. 18. Fartic. active : D^'p™, Dan. ii. 21 'jn''?^, id. vii. 2 ; D^nia, id. v. 19, with f^P transposed from the n to the "d is an exception. Infinitive : •^'JIH^, id. V. 20. Future : tr^'^r>^ id. vi. 9 ; D^p;', id. vi. 14, and with the n : n^pn;>, id. vi. 16. §85. CONJUGATION OF 'iS. Form bysnn. Masculine. Feminine. PRETERITE, Wanting. PARTICIPLE. Dpn^, the rest wanting. FUTURE. Third person sing. npn"*. Third person plur. l^^pi^'^, the rest wanting. § 86. _ Examples of the 2}a?'ticip. : Disn''?, Ezra v. 8. \ future : DiBpi, id. iv. 21 ; ^'oinn'', Dan. ii. 5, and with p-'in instead 3 34 VERBS WITH THE SECOND RADICAL QUIESCENT. of V^p : VTPi?, id. vi. 9. Lud. de Dieu and his follow- ers consider these verbs as belonging to a form of its o-svn, called bysni? (see § 47). But as there is no instance whatever of such a verbal form as ^?sr)55 in the pei'fect stems, neither in the Bib. Chal. nor in the purer ancient Aramaic ; moreover, as there occurs no other form of the ^?Enn with verbs of the second radical quies- cent, neither in the Chaldaic nor in the Syriac: the above verbs, therefore, seem to me to represent a spe- cial conjugation, j^eculiar only to imperfect roots, which, as if in order to make them perfect, are pro- vided with a ti preceding the two stem-letters, and read Dpnia, or (as spelled by the Syriac) Di^nma, instead of Dj^nia. It is by this tendency of perfectioning the radi- cals, that the Nun or Dagesh may be explained in the words yjST?, 7n:n, nn;^, npiia (§ 70), and in the Hebrew the TC5iT of Dn:*, Di?^ etc. CHAPTER VIII. VERBS WITH THE THIRD RADICAL QUIESCENT. §87- The third radical quiescent letter is indiscriminately » as well as n. Other Chald. dialects have exclusively N; tlie Bi])l. Glial, however, on account of its Hebr. character, uses commonly the n. § 8'5- Form ^p. — Paradigm n;3. PRETERITE. Masculine. Feminine. tT'.?3, I have built, wanting, r.;^:3, thou hast Iniilt, wanting, n:3, he lias built, r;3, she has built, Nr.:3, we have built, wanting, wanting, wanting, i:3, they have built. wanting. ARTICIPLE. Active. Passive. Active. Passive. sing. n?3, building, n:3, built, «;':3, building, wanting, plur. r.rs, building, y,i:i, built, 'j:33, wanting. FUTURE. r,:ns, I shall build, wanting, r.:3ri, thou wilt build, wanting, n:^:', he will build, n:3r\, she will build, n:n:, we shall build, wanting, ■jiznp, ye will build, wanting, 'jisn;', they \vi\l build. wanting. 36 VERBS WITH THE THIRD RADICAL QUIESCENT. IMPERATIVE. sing. "^23, do build, plur. i:3, do build, INFINITIVE. «:n^, to build. wanting, wanting. §89. Examples of the 2)reterite : x^a, Dan. ii. 10, 49; nni?, Ezra V. 3; Kin, id. v. 11; Dan. vi. 11; vii. 13; nin, Dan. iv. 2G ; v. 19; vi. 4, 15; n^'Tn, id. iv. 17; n^in, id. ii. 31 (and the irregular n^n"), id. iv. 19 instead of r^nn) ; n^rri, id. ii. 26 ; n^nn, id. iv. 1; nnti, id. ii. 34; nin, id. ii. 35; n:y, id. v. 10; nn?, id. iv. 28; nxbia, id. ii. 35; nnn, Tuna, id. iv. 19; iin, id. v. 19; r.v, id. ii. 1 ; i;©, id. iii. 27; xr^-i, id. iii. 24. Active partlcip. : n:y, id. ii. 5; nntt?, id. v. 1; nya, id. vi. 12 ; njn, id. ii. 31 ; x-^I?, id. iii. 4; Nns, id. v. 19 ; ^)>}, id. ii. 22; nbs, id. 28; r??, id. iii. 24; T1^, id. iii. 27; r.^T?, id. V. 9; r?5, vi. 5; r^©, v. 23; r??, Ezra iv. 12; n;:r, Dan. vii. 19; n^^^7, id. vii. 5; irsir, id. vii. 3. Pass. X>articix)le: n:3, Ezra v. 11 ; N"^«, Dan. ii. 22 ; nm (■'^s-i), id. iii. 19; njN, id. iii. 22, with '^^2 instead of q-jn, after the Syriac; ^c, id. iii. 25. Future: ^^^s^ Dan. vii. 16; snpx, id. V. 17; xaii):^, id. iii. 31 ; Ezra iv. 22; nut?-'^ Dan. iv. S ; Nr3-, vi. 8 ; m^;', id. vii. 14; x^:Pn, id. vi. 9; K.:cn, id. vi. 18 ; r:^-', Ezi-a vi. 7 ; T^m^^ Dan. v. 2 ; liij?^, id. v. 15. Tinperative: ^l^n, Dan. ii. 4; inx, id. iii. 26; i^n, Ezra iv. 22. Infinitit^e : Nip^a, Dan. v. S ; fci^n-Q, id. ii. S ; simp, Ezra iv. 14 ; Nici^a, Dan. iii. 20 ; s:3T3, Ezra v. 2; xb73, Dan. ii. 47; xraV, Ezra v. 2, without ^ isir- regular. VERBS WITH THE THIRD RADICAL QUIESCENT. 37 § ^0- The inflectional termination in P"iito of other stems is changed with the verbs of this stem into Dbn at the sec- ond radical, viz., instead of ^S"0^ (^^'^I?)j ^^V- So also in the imper. and Jutiwe. §91. The termination of the participle, pliir., masc, active and passive is )'*—. § 92. The preterite of ^"^l^s (v. § 44) forms ''pa, '^^^3 ; as % Dan. ii. 30; % id. ii. 19 ; ^i^, Ezra iv. 18, 23*; Tan, Dan. iii. 21. , § 03. Form bys. — Paradigm, "i^?, to pray. PRETERITE. Mascidine, rrib^, I have prayed, ri''^?, thou hast prayed, "'Ips, he has prayed, wanting, wanthig, T'^s, they have prayed. Feminine, >■ wanting. PARTICIPLE. Active. Passive. Active. Passive. sing. i5l53?^, praying, wanting, wanting, i^^bs'a, prayed. j)lur. V^'STS, praying, wanting, wanting, wanting. * It is therefore erronous to read the annotations of the lectio marginalls : i-ip being the preterite, it must be read inp as the pass, participle, mean- ing " which is read." A. But why uot n'lp as the imperative ? corresponding to "lege! logaturl read ! " 38 VEEBS WITH THE THIRD RADICAL QUIESCENT. FUTURE. N^?i«, I shall pray, wanting, wanting, sbsp, we sliall pray, wanting, V^^"^., tliey sliall pray. y wanting. IIMPERATIVE. ■ r.-7 wanting. wanting, wanting §94. Examples of tlie preterite : "^3^, Dan. ii. 24, 49 ; "^^n, id. ii. 48; n-^?^, id. iii. 12; Tnir, Ezra v. 2; Tso, Dan. iii. 28. Of the active participle : i«>?^, id. vi. 11 ; x-iria, id. V. 12; V^'P^, Ezra 17, 10. Of i\\Q j^ctss. partici][)le : N^'pirtJ, Dan. vii. 7. Of the /«/?/r6 .• xnns?, Dan. ii. 24; »?n3, id. ii. 4; lisTr-;, id. iv. 13; 1W, id. iv. 33. Of the imp. : ''?^, Ezra vii. 25. §95. Form of brsn. — Paradijxm ''b^n. • : - O ■ 1 - IMIETEIIITE. Masculine. wanting, wanting, ■•bjjri, ]i(! causcid t(; e\ll(», wanting, wanting, vbSHj they caused to exile. Weminine. wantmric. VEKBS WITH THE THIRD RADICAL QUIESCENT. 39 PARTICIPLE. Active. xbsri'a, one causing to exile, wanting, wanting, w^anting. V- wanting. wanting, wanting. FUTURE. wanting, wanting, n^^n;*, lie will cause to exile, nbr^np, we shall cause to exile, ■jib.^nn, ye will cause to exile, ifi^yrP,-, tliey will cause to exile. IMPERATIVE. sino;. wantino^, plur. ib^n, do cause to exile, INFINITIVE. n^ibsn, to cause to exile. §96. Examples of the preterite: ""bsn, Ezra iv. 10; "'O^n, Dan. V. 13 ; T^^n, id. v. 20 ; vii. 12 ; vn^n, id. v. 3. Of the active jparticiple : «;T^n'a, n^iS'TO, id. ii. 21 ; Slint), id. ii. 23 ; iiiiia, id. vi. 11. Of the futiLre : n^nn":, id. v. 12 ; iJirn;', Ezra vi. 11; ninnp, Dan. ii. 7; p'nnp, id. ii.iJ; 'j^'iyn^, id. vii. 26. Of the imperative : ""V^T}-, id. ii. 0. Of the infitiitive: n;^innb, id. ii. 10; n^Jicnb, id. vi. 9; ♦^rsilT}"?, icl. V. 2. I^Tyn-i jjas incorrectly piiTO in some modern, but abi"in in the older and more correct edi- tions; so in that of Mantua ("'TC nn:'a) ; in the Ral^bin- ical Bilde, Venice, 1517 ; in the Bibles of Sancino, 1488, and of Brescia, 1494. 40 VERBS WITH THE THIRD RADICAL QUIESCENT. §97. Form of the byBnn. — Paradisrm '^isnn. •• : • O • ; : • PRETERITE. Masciiline, wanting, wanting, •':3nn, he was built, wanting, wanting, wanting. Feminine. Y wantiniT. PARTICIPLE. N:3nT3, one being built, wanting, wanting, wanting. wanting, ■wanting, sisn;', he will be built, wanting, "jiianp, ye will be built, wanting. rUTURE. wanting, wanting, Kranp, she will be built, wanting, wanting, wanting. §98. E.\'anii)los of \\\{}, preterite : "''^'Qi^P, Dan. III. 10. Of the imrticiple: «:3r.i3, K/j-a v. S. Of \\w.fufnre: Ktinn-^, D.iii. iii. <; ; «:3ro, K/ra v. ir);N:2nn, id. iv. i;5; ''':^)5n^ D.iii. V. 12; 'ji'Q^rr?, id. iii. 13, the last incorrectly with ';>'\^tl instead of abnn. VERES WITH THE THIRD RADICAL QUIESCENT. 41 § 99. Form of ^^Btpn. — Paradigm "'ssrin. PEETERITE. Masculine. wanting, wanting, ''a:nn, he prophesied, wanting, wanting, wanting. PARTICIPLE. sing. Avanting, plur. ■}■??? ^1^, prophesying. Feminine. >- wanting. [• wanting. EUTUKE. wanting, wanting, i53;n;^, he will prophesy, wanting, wanting, •jiajn"^, they will prophesy. wanting, wanting, ^r??r;iJ^, she will prophesy, wanting, wanting, wantinc:. § 100. Examples of the preterite : ^s:nn, Ezra v. 1 ; ■'?nu?N, Dan. iii. 19. Of \\\q ]i)artiGi2Jle : T'lnp^, id. v. 6. Of tlie future: nwTS^, id. iii. 29; N:rnc^, id. ii. 9; r'sp©^, id. vii. 28 ; isn©:^, id. v. 10. There occurs X instead of Yod in the participle fern. ns?TC:n^, which, however, is a Hebra- ism. CHAPTER IX. VERBS OF WEAK ROOTS. § 101. Verbs beginning with Nun, D, retain tlie siime some- times, and are conjugated like the perfect verbs. So ■jnpiab, "jPfn, Ezra vii. 20; 1^:P>??, id. iv 13 ; ripTznia, a par- ticiple in the constructus, id. iv. 15; rij^nnb, infinitive in the constructus, id. iv. 22; pl}^^, id. iv. 13; nj^crnb, Dan. vi. 2-4 ; pBsn, id. v. 2 ; ^p2:n, id. v. 3. Sometimes the Nun is omitted like in the Hebrew, e.g., !^l?n^ id. iv. 14 ; bD-', id. iii, 16 ; r^En, id. ib. 5 ; 'ip^B, id. 16, 22; 'ipDn, id. 16, 22; bstt, id. ib. 28; nnn from rns, descend, in the ^^sr?, properly, to place in a h^w position, hence, to put down, to prostrate, Ezra vi. 5 ; V^'H'^'o, passive jxirtia'jyJe, id. vi. 1 ; I'^Pi?, Dan. vi. 1 1 ; stp, Ezra v. 15, both last imj^eratlves. The form rinx, id. 16, the K with Cfon, is of the root riin, ecpiivalent to nns. • §102. Tlie second radical wanting in stems, called gemin- ate, is substituted l)y a CM in the first root-letter when ])r('('(Mled by a proformative, e.g., in tlu; ^jysn ; np"n (pictcrit 3d person feni.) instead of ^Pv^i, Dan. ii. 34; ^P'T\^ id. vi. 25; p^ryq^ u\, ii. 40; np^ia, id. vii. 7; p^n, id. ii. K); "fPvri, id. vii. 23. Sometimes the wanting letter is substituted by 3 (Nun), e.g , "^yin, fr. i'sr enter, id. ii. 25; n'-yinb, id. iv. 3. Tli<' above "icn is left out in "jrna, infin. bp of "Jin, Dun. iv. 24, and in xn'o^ act. partic. VERBS OF WEAK KOOTS. 43 in ^ysn of '''•n, id. v. 19.'^* It is found also compensated by the change of the preceding vowel in ?nri, future '^P of yyi, id. ii. 40, and in "'sbyn. imperative bysn of bby, id. ii. 24. In 5^^?!!!^, infinitive bs^sn of the same verb, id. v. 7, the nns is changed into bir^o by reason of the fol- lowing guttural with a yop^ like in the Hebrew. The following are instances of geminate verbs inflected like perfect verbs: S'inia, active participle of the b^s, id. ii. 40, and bbun^ future of the bysn, id. iv. 9. § 103. But in the inflections of the geminate verbs, where the first radical is preceded by 7io preformative, and, con- sequently inapt of accepting the is^il forte, the compen- sative Ti5!iT is placed in the third radical, e.g., iia, Dan. iv 11 ; m?, id. vi. 19. So also in b?, " he entered," id. ii. 10, the nns3 is showing the b to have a I03ii, if not pre- vented by its position at the ejul of the word. So also are tlie words, wa-itten : "p^by, id. v. 8, and nbby, id. ib. 10, read by the lectio margirudis, for the same reason, rby, nb?. The r^P in r^?, though follo\ved by tj:;^ forte, is a long one, such as would be in V^^^, corresponding to V"i^s (§ 3). The w-ord ^pn, id. ii. 35, is inflected in accordance with the quiescent "ib. §104. An instance of the quadriliteral bysmn after the Hebrew, is the word niainox (§ 81). * In the edition before me (Berlin, 1806, revised by M. Letteris) it reads inn, the oji compensated by the change of the preceding vowel. CHAPTER X. ANOMALIES IN THE CONJUGATIONS OP SOME YEEBS. § 105. o bT« and ?I^n, to go. Tlie former is used only in tlie ^P, and then only in the ])reterite^ Dan. ii. 17; Ezra iv. 22 ; id. v. 8, and imijerativG^ which reads bis, id. v. 15. Of the latter, there is the participle of ^:?s, '^brns, Dan. iv, 26 ; rPr^^, id. iii.' 25 and iv. 34. The last word shows a transposition of the vowels. ?Fbn in the bp shows an aljlneviation by omitting the b, as ^n>2 instead of ^"srjTS, ^n? instead of Y?r)"!, Ezra v. 5 ; vi. 5; vii. 13. Some writers suc^srest a verl)al stem tfin as a root for ^ma and "jn^ ; but if such be the case, then the future ought to l)e T''^ with \ The suggestion may possibly refer to tlie 7^p of intt, Ezra vii. 13, like^v-ise Dpia from Dip. But even tlie claim of the T^p to tliis jdace is very doul^tfid; for in tlie editions of 14S8, 1449 and 1517, tlie n of ^n^ is provided not with V^P 1)ut with nrD. In in-*, Ezia vi. 5, the n is i)roperly furnished with nrs; while, the V^ap at the same words, id. v. 5 and vii. 13, is occasi(Uied merely ])y the pauses made at these words. § lOG. N'T^*, Dan. ii. 5 and S, is ])robabl y au e(|uivalent. to rbrx, she went (s. (I laminar of the liabyl. Talni. idiom, ^ in7. nn:^, to give, lacks the infniflre iuu\ft(fn?'e ; they are, however, substituted by the vei-b ]n3 (v. g 1(>1 j. ANOMALIES IN THE CONJUGATIONS OF SOME VEKBS. 45 §108. b?;', to lie able, forms regularly bsn, bs^' (v. § 70), but b?^"*, I)au. ii. 10, is exceptionally according to the Hebrew. §109. In the word i5'o.?3, Ezra, often, being of the root Tax, the "I as the last radical, is apocopated (s. Grammar of the Bab. Talm. idiom, § 7). §110. The future tense of the verb s«!in, to be, occurs some- times improperly with b instead of the preformative Yod, e.g., xinb, Dan. ii. 20 ; Ezra iv. 13 ; linb, Dan. ii. 43 ; ir^O^j itl. V. 17. By this b the future takes for the most part the meaning of the optative or imjyerative. Such a b is commonly used in the Arabic and also in the Talmudical idiom. CIIAPTEE XL VERBAL SUFFIXES. §111. Paradigm of the verbal or objective suffixes : tj!, he has kept. "ir^u::, he has kept me, ^ly^:, he has kej)t thee, n-^-^D, he has kept him; f^y^?, he has kept her, s:tj:, he has kept us, "jiDi'j:, he has kept ye, you. As for the third pers. plur. there is in the Bil)l. Cliahl. made no use of the pronominal suffix, but of the independent pronoun iian, e.g.^ iian nninn, Ezra iv. 10; iTsn ^bpa sbi, id. v. 5, or "jiTsn, as "jiTan nj^ini, Dan. ii. 31: ; Nrni -jiisn xirpi, id. ib. 35. §112. In the future an epentlietic Nun (3) is sometimes found inserted Ix^tween the verl) and its suffix, e. -A : "t this very time, on the spot. So also is : o \\a\ • /'"' '^•'' wr/i /<«/r, fin abbreviation of this compound in llin Turkish l:inyuiigo. (See FuadKfTendi'H Osm. Gram., Ch. V., Sect. LM. * Probably of Pcrs. ori(,'in ; comit. Nprcx (ATTraSaTat. Dim]. R. ii. ""), a namo of the pod llohniin in the shape of a horse, as this animal is called in the Zi^nd, Asp. or Aspli. lint, Asn : horse is tht! Sanskrit name which means orig- inally, HiH'iit^ swiftness. See M. Muller, Science of Language. ADVERBS. 53 8. n:n3 and I? (from Hr)? so, thus. 9. nin?, Dan. ii., together, at once. 10. nps, Dan. iii. 33, how ! how very ! liow much ! 11. ST2:3 (v. § 104), as we shall say, namely, as follows. 12. r:y3, -jra, Ezra iv. 10, 11; vii. 12, and n?3, id. iv. 17 (J^??), now, presently. ri3?3 and r?3 are applied in introducing a sentence, likewise, "and now," in English.* 13. T^)^) and ^'^'Q)^), Dan. ii. 44, for ever, in eternity. 14. x^^iiiJ, Dan. v. 9 ; vi. 15, 24 ; vii. 28, many, very, exceedingly. §122. Adverbs com])osed of two or more words : nn ^-}n^_, Dan. ii. 29, 4(), and nn nnxa, Dan. vii. G, 7, after this, after which, nj^ ^^ip-bs, Dan. ii. 12, 24, and nn b^i^b, according to that, in consequence of that, therefore, likewise. ■j'^ii* "("a, Ezra v. 10, since that time. n-'S?^ 1^, Dan. ii. 8, and •jirip TO, Dan. ii. 47, in truth, in certainty. n:-i n^-i;^ i^a, Dan. vi. 11, and n:'^ ri'aij5t2, Ezra v. 11, before this time, years ago. TIT}^ iy, Dan. iv. 5, at last. r\2 ny, Dan. vii. 28, hitherto. 173 "?, Ezra v. IG, until now. V' " ( Dan. VI 1. 8, and T - : T - T - -^ h-q)^ ny-i nrby i^, Dan. il. 20, for ever, in eternity. * From r:v, time, like the Ilebr. rr, which is also applied as au adverb. *m335"' n? "^3, Hos. xiii. 13. CHAPTER XIV. PREPOSITIONS. §123. The prepositions in tlie Bil^l. Cliald. are as follows : 3 As a prefix, liaviug the same signification as in Heb. b signifying, the same, as in Heb., but mostly the accu- sative, e.g., ''a") ^^T-i?, ^^^r^, Dan. ii. 48, the king ele- vated Daniel. ^^ns, Dan. ii. 29, with suffixes ; 'iin^'ir:s?, id. vii. 24, and irsa, id. vii. G and 7 (nni<3, = oip^a) with suffixes: ^^na, id. ii. 39, after. V?, id. vii. 5, with suffixes, "jnira, id. vii. 8, between. 2 ^T''^, id. ii. 34, witliout. rinbj"^' by, close to; ^nnb ya^ Ezra iv. 12, from thy neigh- borhood, i.e.^ from thee, like the Ilebr. UVQ. "isb^ Dan. vii. 25, towards, at tlie side. IP, from, with suffixes ^sia, Ji:^, M:Ta, pn:)?, iniia, ■'su. ^213, Dan. vi. 5, from the ])art, in regard. '^^:, id. vi. Tl, opposite. "?, until, till. by, up()n, ))y, near by, to, Dan. ii. 24; vi. 7 and K); vii. 1(); mor(! tlian, id. iii. 19; opjjosite, id. iii. 29; v. 23, Ezra iv. b^ ; on, id. il). 11, 17; with the suffixes of tlic ])lnr;d nouns ''br, ^^b?, n-^by, xpby, ]in^b? and nr.by, Ezra vii. 21. "jia xby, Dan. vi. S, sujH'rior io. * Coutr. of nx^b from x"b, conuoction. PREPOSITIONS. d5 Q3?, with, by, next, Dan. ii, 11; in (in regard to time), id. iii. 38; iv. 31; vii. 2. b2pb, bnp, o})posite, before, in tlie presence, Dan. 3; v. 1, 5 ; in consequence, accordingly, id. v. 10; Ezra vi. 13, with suffix ^bnpb. D7)p, l:)efove, in tlie presence, with sufB. ''?2'7)5, 'rfTa";-)^ {rp2-}p^, Dan. V. 23, is irregular), "^ni^n;?, n-^^s'ij^, pn^^np^. n^P ■J73,="'.:£bi3, from before, Dan. ii. 15 ; vi. 27 ; Ezra vii. 14, with suff. '"■a'lp^"^, ^niiGip-]^, etc. Minn, beneath, under, Dan. vii. 26 ; with sufP. ''ninnp, Dan. iv. 9, 18. m'nn ]i2, Jer. x. 11, from under ; with the suif. '^ninnn )iq^ Dan. iv. 11, as if from nnrn )'q. CHAPTER Xy. CONJUNCTIONS. § 124. Tlie conjunctions are as follows : nna, but, though, surely, Dan. ii. 28; iv. 12, 20; v. 17; Ezra V. 13. Probably from the Rabb. ^"la or i5^-i3, meaning: certainly ("^^is), like the Latin conjunction verurn^ yet, but, from vcrus. Like n^sa of tlie Mishna, meaning : yet, when following "'D by ^is. *''n, that, as [because; used in the same way as art; "it's and "^3 in the Hebr. Also in relation to a sentencej. '''7 ^?)?."^3, because of that, for this cause, for reason of that. The word ^3 is here of no special meaning, and bnip-bs seems to l)e orio-inally one word, forminir b3pb2, like tlic Ral)l)in. "^sbs, ^si^bs |"from ''ES bs, in presence of all that, considering that], bap bs seems to be the origin of msy'bs in Eccles. (■i-lD) ^^9 xn, I);iii. ii. 43, even as (^iiJita), in llie same way as. '''-} '{0, after tliat, therefrom, Dan. iv. 23; Ezra iv. 23 and V. 12. ■17 r.-^.ZTf by, th:it, in order (o, to the end, Dan. ii. 30 7; •'*1 rrint, i);iii. iv. 1-1, has its origin in tlie ancient us(; • •I' cli.iiiging tlu; end-consonant into the initial of the following word wlieii both consonants are of the s.'inic n.itni'c. (Sec INoleg. ij 108.) in, if, wlieii. "i^, in -jn^rr "jia^r-^s Fm'^- i>-">. iii. 15, has been considerecl b) .s(jmt' lo be the llebr. p, Ijchold ! CONJUNCTIONS. 57 But this is wrong ; for in the Aram, it never has this meaning, and the sentence is to be translated, Now, if ye be ready, etc. (well !), but if not, etc. ... A similar ellipsis is found in Exod. xxxii. 32. szr.bs in-^s p, etc., ib. ib. 17, must be translated: ... "If the God whom we worship be able to deliver us. He will deliver us from the burning, fiery furnace, and from thy hand." Tlie king having said, who is that God that shall deliver you out of my hand? they, considering the i'es])ect due to him, did not contradict directly, but deferentially answered : If He will be able. He will deliver us ; but even if, as thou sayest. He be not able to do it, know, that still we shall not worship the golden image. In Ns^x mnn p, Dan. iv. 24, "in is not altering its meaning, but it must be taken wdth an ellipsis, thus: If (thou wilt) that there be a length- ening of thy tranquillity. — 1^ . . . "jn, Ezra vii. 2G, whether so ... or so .. . "jnb, ci) except, unless, oidy if, Dan. ii. 11, 30; iii. 23; vi. 6, 8, 13; Ezra v. 12 (from in jib instead of xb -jn, Lat. nisi^ instead of, si noii) ; h) therefore, con- sequently (l^b), Dan. ii. 0, ; iv. 24.^^ 51551, id. vi. 22; Ezra v. 10; vi. 5, and also. n-ab, Ezra iv. 22, and niab-^i, id. vii. 23 ; that not, unless, like the Talm. fi«^b^'7, and the Hebr. rsnh and n^bffi. r.72~by, ^vhy ? * Tha passages quoted in h) admit just as well the signification given in a). 3-"- CHAPTER XVI. INTEllJECTIONS. § 125. o sn, Dan. iii. 25, find sn in ''"19 sn (§ 23), may be con- sidered to be interjections, meaning, lo ! see! behold ! GRAMMAR OP THE CHALDAIC IDIOM OP THE BABYLONICAL TALMUD. CHAPTER I. INTllODUCTORY REMAIIKS. § 1- The language in wliicli the Babylonical Talmud was written is called the Bahylonical-Talinudlcal idiom^ and forms a dialect of the Aramaic or Chaldaic lan- ti^uao-e. § 2. The Ba])ylonical Talmud, though very large in volume, maintains in its language grammatical unity and harmony. Its language is characterized as the " Talinudical dialeotj'' from which, however, the dialect of the following 2:)arts in the Talmud is more or less different : a) A great number of passages in the Mlslma and Baraitha, as also such sentences as belong to Palestinean authors (R. Yochanan, R. Amea, R. Ashe), wliich are al)un(1antly scattered in these parts of the Talmud. They are not Aramaic, l)ut Hebrew of a later period, the so-called D^-aDn -jiirb, Rabbinical dialect. l>) Sentences belonging to Pale^jtinean sages; they are nearer to the Tai"2:um dialect. (?) Some pieces of notarial style, as honorary instru- ments, mercantile contracts, etc., being also more of the Targuni dialect. d) The tract of Nedarim, which difFers somewhat in its dialect from that of the Bab. Talmud, as has been noticed already by Rabenu Asher iu his commentary 62 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. to Neclarim, p. 2), saj-ing n:TOi2 D-^n^s 'j^.TUb© i?bs, only that the language of Nedarim is different (from tlie common Talm. dialect). So also is the tract of Nazir distinguished by its use of some of the phraseology peculiar to Nedarim. The linguistic peculiarities of both tracts pertain to the Palestinean dialect (see §§ 38, 47, 48). §3. As to its wording the Talm. dialect uses, besides the Hebrew, also words of many other languages, as Greek, Latin, Persian, Syriac, Arabic, etc. Concerning the different Talm. dictionaries, there are given some use- ful notices l)y Moses Landau in his preface to the '^3"iy^ liTCb. As to the originally Persian words in the Talmud, see Adrian Reland, dissert, miscellan., t. IL, diss, ix., and an extract thereof in the DTi:? iiid3, Jahrgang 587, p. 76-79.* § 4. The Talmud consists of records and discussions, relat- ing partly to the doctrines of the different schools (academies) in regard to ritual statutes, civil and moral laws, and partly to matter of popular nature, liaving the social and political life as the subject of consider- ation. §5. Li (lie doctrinal parts of tlie Talmud a great number of II(!l)re\v words, as also nniny teclini(;al terms nnd designations peculiar to tlie nature of tliis matter, ai'c a})pli('d, aiid cxprc'ssions originally Greek, as found in the Mislmali, iivv profusely emjdoyed. Tii tlie sections * And of later date : T. Pcrlo'B Etymologisclio Studien. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 63 relating to popular matter, however, a great variety of exclusive Talni. words, as also Persian and Chaldaic expressions are abundantly prevailing. § 6. In relation to its grammar the Talmudical dialect is particularly characterized by its disposition towards an utmost contraction of loords^ and this peculiarity is the ground on which the following rules and regulations are founded : 7. 1) The terminal consonant is generally, and, when a Nun (3), almost always omitted, e.g.^ """iiaij: for T'l'sai?, say- ing, partic. plur. ; S?213 for "js"!? ("JX "J^), wheref j'om ? ''S for ri^3, in the house of . . , (Germ, bei) ; s^'^x, x)2"^n, fcW"':, I shall, thou wilt, he will say, for n'O'^x, nia'^n, -i^^d ; XV^T for TJ1T, small ; ^n for nw (§97). There is in the Bibl. Chald. but one instance of such an apocoj^e, viz., the word s^'??^, Ezra, often. § 8. Apocopated words change either the i^iiu into a vowel, e.g., ^pT;) instead of D^p?!^, she will stand, i.e., the question will stand undecided ; or the vowel into a di})hthong*, e.g., "^i^in instead of f^*'!ir|, I was; or, lastly, the KITE' into a diphthong, e.g., '^s'^'),?''? for I'i^s'D, from you ; ^T^^-^pi for "jiniTa, from them. §9- The suffixes 1 and "^ are often omitted. The first with verbs, the latter with verbs as well as nouns, e.g., * See my Prolegomini and my Hebrew grammar, §§ 17, 51. A. 6J: INTKODUCTORY REMARKS. ^12 for ^"i"Q, my master, teacher, lord; 'jn?5 for ''5353,* lie robbed me (Nedariui 02.) ; ni^s?^ for ^-ii2i<., they said, Avith the vowel ^ transposed, lu the Syriac the suffixes "1 and "^ are mute. The omission of the suffix "^ is found more frequently in the Palest. Talm. dialect ; thus E. Yoclianan says : )-Q 'n-'^ ''^^^ is^-a T^ ^^TJ)55 -"S (Chag. 15:), If I had taken hold of him Avith my hand, who could wrest him from me ? instead of ^sn^n and ''Xsti.** §10. The vowel i omitted at the end of a verb takes its ])lace before the last consonant as in "ii'as (s. § 9). § 11. 2) Many of tlie monosyllabical particles are joined eitlier to the following or to the preceding word, e.(/.j ^-:, a particle which in the Talm. dialect is never used fcei)arately (s. § 25) ; ''S?, wlien, if, in N^-'n-'S, if thou Avilt say ; n-^ya^s, if thou desirest, if thou requirest ; 5?n, beliohl, yet, but yet, as n^nsn, yet, there is written; nrsn, yet, he said ; Nj? (g 23) in n^s]?, he stands saying (sta dicendo), lie says; sin, lie ; i^^n, she, in ^.i-Q, ^3-0, who is? 1^, to us, in i}}'>2, wherefn^m is that (known) to us? Avh(T(i is this derived from? So also the dissyllable, ^zr^, th(!se, m ^)>'Q "'Sniii instead of ''^^ ""-^ «f3, wherefrom are these things derived ? § 12. ^) The guttural 7 is of ten elided, CJj., n f<^i" >'?">' ^'^ • R. § 03 A. ♦♦ In Uio Talmud edition before me in the quoted passage, '^^^ is found instead of •,«, which i)osHil>ly may be justifiod by tho transposition of the K, similar to inox luoutioucd above. INTKODUCTORY REMARKS. Go set (s. '^TD-i, Genes, xxx. 38) ; ilji of small stature) ; snaia fur i^^^^'a, ford, fei-ry ; «:rj for s<:?^i3, burden ; «:7^2OT for sn:? ■'xn, this time, at present; sriffin for snytc sn, at this moment, hour. At the besfinnino; of a word the 3^ is often ehano-ed. into i? (§§ 21, 22). The n also is sometimes elided, as ■j?ii: for i- K- ^0:), ua alHot<■^-,J^ '^i-'a in tbo acuse of opposing, objecting. INTRODUCTOKY KEMAKKS. G7 witli vowels. In the Talmud, therefore, vowels are sub- stituted by letters. The S denotes y"73p or nns, e.q., ''nsp for -i-ijp^ calling, reading ; 'js'a for 113, who? ''Snn for '']n, 1 was. The Yod (^) denotes p^^n or ^"^l^ e.rj.^ n^S'^'a for niia, from him. Two Yods {^^) indicate the dipli- tliong ai, e.g., ns^^r^ for ^'^^va. The 1 stands for nb^n, p-TTU, and also for pnp (J, e.^., n^b^D for M?s, all of him, it. Two Vavs (11) or two Yods (^•') often signify that lor •< are to be read as consonantal sounds, and not as quiescent, e.g., niniiBo read f^niBO, his lips, x^^nx read n^nx, on what, which ? §17. The Talm. idiom having been at the time when it was spoken provided with no vowels, its pronunciation has become at last uncertain ; it may, however, be deter- mined to some extent by the following principles : (i) By the quiescent letters (s. § 16) ; b) By analogy with the pronunciation of the Chal- daic and Syriac ; c) By analogy between different parts of the Talmud dialect itself ; d) By tradition or the pronunciation used hitherto by the Jews in reading the Talmud. CHAPTER 11. PREFIXED PARTICLES. § 18. The letters forming tlie words "^sn ^ssi 0)5, are used as ])refix-])artic]es, which, divided iiit(3 the voweled letters i?, n, "o^ jp, and the imvoweled 2, n, "i, D, b^ furnish the sentence ^"1335 nia^px, as voces memoriales. § 19- In the Talni. dialect the n is not, like in the Bibl. Clial., used as an interrogative, hut as an interjection or as a substitute for the adverbial xn, equivalent to the Ilebr. s^bn, l)eliold! and yet! e.g.^ ^"^^r^? y^^^ there, is ■written (in the Script.) ; "irn, yet ! we repeat ! (the oral tradition of that doctrine or ])recept), i.e.^ and yet we read in the Mhhnali? i^^^i^^}, yet, tliei-e is a repeti- tion, a learning (of the traditional doctrine), i.e.^ and yet ! it is tauglit in the Baraitha? '^'Q^'^^ yet he says ! ? § 20. n is sometimes a snbstitute of the demonst. ju'onoim fcm. Nn, tliis, r.y., snrn, contr. from sn:'C sn (s. g I'J) ; nn-^zn, this may rest, i.e. tliis might be riglit, tliis wonld do il" . . . ; nrrn (s. nrn, Chapt. VIII. en) n substitutes the ])ron. masc. "^sjiri. §21. N is a snbstitute foi' tlie ])rej)ositiou ^7, c.g.^ '^'^'^^ for PREFIXED TATITICLES. CD ''^^'a by, for what ? upon what reason ? wliy ? a^s? for b:? Si>, np(Mi tlie back, i.e., over, upon, on ; sp2''is for ^55 sm, at the opinion, intention; i«3"'!?5? for N3b by according to the meaning, sense ; ''l"'?s for "' j"^ by, ]jy liand, ie., by reason, by help, means, etc. Such an S is, liowever, omitted where the ])receding word ends in N, l\T\v-\ spbo (Shabb. 71.), T^V^i SjpbD for iryix xpbo, spbo )\ny-.>?, it might come up in thy mind, in our mind, i.e., thou ^vouldst, we could believe. §22. Sometimes X substitutes the prepos. ny, e.g., "Tc^nx (Chagg. 5.), till, up to the time, when he was small (young); 5?bms (Pess. 113.) for iJbn^ 'ly, to the sand; m7^?« (Ki(Ul. 30.) for 1\T. "^ ^^\ till (to the time) that it is in thy hand, power ; ^:n^x ( Shal)b. 68 :), for ^irri ";y, till, as far, as he I'epeats, learns (followed by : rather) ; ^^V: V?^'^'^.^ (Sanh. 33 :) for T\'p^m -ly, till the fire burns ; ?lby ?inii!pT3-is (Abodah Zarah, 58 :), till, thy cloak is yet on thee ; xrE-^p^a^s? (Berach. (32 :), for — m ^y, till,' as long as I make the roun(labout•^vay. It is seen \)j the (J noted examples that the omission of the T takes ])lace only with words l)eginning with ^, where it is compen- sated })y Dagesh forte; otherwise the "r is preserved, as ••pn-ix for ^pn ny, till, as long as in this time, manner, i.e., u]) to this time, meanwhile, in the meantime. ■^'' § 23. The ]irefix ^ stands for the word s^p, l)eing con- tracted from ■'Sp, which again is an al)])reviati()n fi-om * Neither is the n contr. when nr is to be taken in the proper sense of until, in regard-to time, as nnT ^b iir.TTi* (B. M. 1), until I shall have money. 70 PREFIXED PARTICLES. DSj5, tlie active partic. Kal of the verl), D"'? equivalent to the Hebr. 'i^^y, standing. This partic. may be used as an auxiliary verb in connection with the participle of any other verb, e.g., -i^s?)?, "nas ssp, it2S{ ^sj?, i)3Sn dj5]5, ni3i55"i ""oiy, he is standing and saying, he says, he is say- ing. This particle, however, has no bearing whatever upon the meaning of the sentence, and as it merely is employed to render the phrase more neat, it may as well be suspended.* Such phrases as "^HT D5?|5 nin'^ (Yernsh. Berach. c. II.), Avlio was tillino:; rxT D^s

''?^i?, they say (masc.) ; X7^X)?, she says; p'cxp, tliey say (fern.) Sep- arately taken, it would read T'^^s TP'^?)?, ^^^^ ^T?Pj § 25. The "J substitutes tlie particle "^1 in all its significations (h. Bibl. Chald. Gram., §g ^7, 124). As to tlie puiietuaiion of the j)refi\es, the five letten *: T n 3 b JiaAc a S"©, and follow j)robably th(^ rules of ilic llrbi<'\\ jii-e\'ailiMg with 3 b D 1, followed likewise l)y tilt- i')il)l. ('Iial. The S and the n have ])riiiei])any * This particle is chiefly cmployml in l.lio inlftrro^ntive an., lie said t<» his servant; inrr^mb nb -»2S, he said to her, to his wife, i.e.., he said to his wife; V3"*b ^nb spnn -in "'S (Iicracli. (> :j, when 1 haxc seen thcni, the rabliis, /.r., when i have seen the rabbis. A similar j)lconasm is often NOUNS. 73 found in tlie unnecessary use of the oljjective suffix joined to a word preceding the accusative, .), their jn-aisc; 'in-'i^is^bs, their cloak; ^n^;''^?N (W. ^I. .s;{.j), their wages; in-';:T2 f Sliabb. i;38 :), their garments. An exc(^jiti(m to this rule is the woi'd bs, all, whicli, thougli j)r()i>erly a noun, has ^nbs, they all, all of them, without the Yod C^), after tin; form of the ])articles, inb, to them ; "ina in them ; ^nt^i, theirs. The termination n is in feminine often eliunged into V, C.^, ib. 39:; pn^"^:, ib. 49:; lin^-i-ipia, ik 40. ; lin?^, ib. 52 : ; r'n^a^, ib. 59. ; |in-^.r^3, ib. 29. § 39. ^ The suffix of the third j^erson singular masculine with tlie noun in j^lural is formed in fi— like that, with the noun in singular, ^.^., rn^?n3, his feet; f^^f^n.) (B. K. 117.), his brows. Termed in ^rc— it is found in c:s? "i^'i 'inibsn (Succah 53), the feet of the son of man, a 2:)hrase ascribed to R. Yochanan (s. § 2, c). §40. The nouns : ss, father, n55, brother, on, father-in-law, are (like in the Hebr., Chal. and Syriac) somewhat ir- regularly declined, as follows : Singular Suffix. I. person iJas (B. M. 59:), ^nx ^^n, my. . . . II. person tjinx (il:». 84), ^^ns ^i^n, thy. . . . III. person n^ns '"•, rn^ns fn^'cn, his. . . . Plural Suffix. I. person, "j^nx (Pess. 31), our. . . . II. person, li^^ns* (i^j-)? your. . . . III. i)erson, lininif: (ib.), their. . . . It is proper to observe here that the nns with ^ is a furtive one, under the same rule as in nin. The plural of nx forms, like in the Chald. in "Jv?^ a"<^^ xnnnsi: ; the plural of ni« is ^ns. * Also regularly. 76 ^ouNS. §41. The noun "13, son, forms the plur. like in the targnm Chah and Syriac in V??, ^:3 n^:2b (Bera. 8.) ; t^3 instead of "i? is found in a sentence of R. Yochanan, Siana I'^T Tn ns^TT?! (Berach. 5 :, B. B. 116.), this is the boon of the tenth son (dead), and is of the Palestinean dialect, as the expression "^an "^2 or "^^T^ for "'Si T^a, the son of Mr. ... is used very frecj^uently in the Palestinean Tal- mud. The feminine of 13 is i5!?'^3, daughter, of which tlie status co/istnictus is ra, and in the plural ^ri:3, "ifs tlie same as in the Syriac, only that in the latter it is written rn3, and pronounced ri3. § 42. In the noun C3S5, man, the s?, like in the Syriac, is omit- ted in the compound 03 "^3, son of man, /.l»a(.li, week, "^3©, HT^'JW, time, moment, hour. •'?«', NP©, y(;ar, ■j^;o, ^:«. CHAPTER IV. PKOXOUNS. §45. The personal pronouns are the following : S'uuj'idar. Plural. I. person, x:i«, I, •;;«, we, II. person, r\x, thou, 1ir\S5, yea, III. person, ^n\>{, m. he, "^n^S, f. she,^nri5, m., "^nrx, f. they (Beraclioth 44). § 4^^- V^^ii in Nazir 57 :, 64. is a Targumical form ; nrbc p:5? for rii? (Shabb. 30), thou Solomo, is of the Palestine dialect, the author of the j^hrase being a Palestinean. §47. Demonstrative pronouns are : "^sn masc., «n fern., this (that) ; '^.?n, plur. com., these, those. The Chaldaic Vl, this (masc.) is found onl}^ in such phrases as belong to Palestinean authors, e.g.^ i^'Qi^ I"'"!, by R. Yoclianan (§ 41) ; tJ-'3 p!?? i^n, this was a bad Inisiness (B. Kama. 99.), by R. Cheya, wlio lived in Palestine; x^n ■'ba yn (Sanh. 31.), this (man) reveals secrets, by R. Amae, and s«:b ^dtoo i^n "((i bsi y^ ya bs (Kethub. 17.), only such as this and that (man) may promote us (to Rabbis and judges), a verse sung at the occasion of R. Amae's and R. Ashe's promotion to the dignities mentioned above, bb^^ ^T''^'^ ^'"''^ VI (Sotah 78 PRONOUNS. 35), tliis severed head sliall it speak?* presumed to be said by the Israelites against Joshua at the time of Moses. V"!? is often used in Nedarim, e.cj.^ Nin y^^r) (5) ; r^n «:?^ (^) ; «J 'T v')^ (^) ; «:i? ti^i (i<^) ; ^\=r^ vir^. (n, 22); Tax V"]n, Tax V^y)") (25): Njp^cs ^-^nnb (38); IP x^p ]^-in (ib.) i«aby vir'^^ (50) ; xnn^ yt\ (62) ; n^ T'^ (^^0- '^o ^^SQ in Nazir 3, 10, 27, 35. s^n is the fem. of V^n, e.g., N^^nn xnn (Ned. 53) ; i^nn •»> s::f2^>?i xin (ib. 55) ; xnn p ^^b -jcs (il). 57), three times, 58 two times; xnb^p xnn (ib. <)1). Sometimes s^ny stands for s^in, and in the pbir. '''i:?, (?.y., i^r^r? ^7^ (Pess. 53), it may be this (statement, f.) ; nnias? si:^ (B. ]\I. GO), this (passage, f.) says it, proves it ; V"^^"^ ''"^ (Gittin 45), these are men. In the passage, however s^n nsv.o "'ny (Gittin 31), it is used in the sinej uhir.''^* § 48. The Syriac and Masoretic X^r\^ these, occurs in Neda- rim, e.(j., ^i!5iiST Q^iua -j^bn (2); inr? nm^ •'3;ri'^ l^bni (30) ; v!''^? ^^"^ r^T? r^s* r^T? xb^ r^*^? r?n' (37, 38), these (words or letters) are read and not written, and tliose (words or letters) are written and not read ; '{"'bn V-ni rc33 (4S); binni ^np? r^rHb (49); r'^r^^ x^r\ ('J 7) ; D^i=? r^n (Ul). So also in Nazir 4, 13, 14, 10, 37. * •'""CJT to the same interprets jtyiap, small, in relation to the head of the name, and Arnch, art. UJ^^, explains severed head, to relate to Joshua's childlcss- nosH at that time ; both explanations are too weak to deserve any consider- ation x'i'in?3 to -pr"* "pr defines it to relate to the prefixed Yod, being a si^fii of (;l(:vation to the ofiioe, not bestowed from God but by Moses ; hence, " should this man without dignity have the right to speak?" ** But taking the whole passage sin nxn'D, """O "'CXn •S'O, and reading it, he who says these oi such (things) is a Syrian, in? may be considered as not exceptional. PRONOUIS'S. 79 There occurs in B. M. 90, ""tiin '{■'bn, ])ut this passage belongs to a question put by Palestineans (s. "'isi, il).). The Chald. y},i^, these, is found in B. M. 15, used in a notary style. §49. There are yet other demonstrative pronouns, as x*"n, that (masc), S'^nn, that (fern.), ^n:n, those (com.). These words represent also the indefinite pronoun : some one, some body, a certain (quidam), but then they always are followed by an appellative noun, e.g., N^~n ^"^^^ (Berach. 6), one man, a certain man; s?^9 N^nn (ib. 5), one old man ; scn^sin'j^ i^""^^, a certain matron ; "^li^-in in:r. (Ber. 10), some vulgar people; ''^^x ''^^ri ^-:n (Cliag. 3), (there was once) two dumb persons. Some- times N^rr. stands for Knn:^ xv.n, e.g.^ -I'csj;^ r.^rn x^r.n b-'Tij'i (Sanh. 7), that (man) used to say ; srsi s^nn (Keth. 67), that (man) who came; and likewise for i5rpx s^T.-i, e.g., n^^;:b i«rs|'i s^nn (Ned. 50), that (avo- man) that came before him. §50. The expression si'^n.n s^nn, used as a euphemism, relates partly to the first, partly to the second person, in sentences of an odious or ominous sense, e.g., s<""in s^n S7.n^ s^^nrn rr^na^ b?n i^ns? (Gittin. 53), that man there (thou) is the enemy of this man (of mine), i.e., thou art mine enemy. §51. mT^ '"iiitl ^I'^iin, sing, masc, and ?jn, fern., denote, that there, the other there ; and ^:n, i)lur. com., those there, the otliers there, •jn^XT occurs very frequently in the sense: and the 80 * PRONOUNS. otlier of the two opposing parties, -\vliat lias lie to reply? liow is lie able to maintain yet his statement? Examples for T^T\, s. Pess. 3, and Ned. 30 (VinT i5inn-i, ?j^srn), and for ^n in B. K. 2. Examples for ^:ri are sb ?y:r; -j^i? ^.:ri (Chag. 11), these here, yes; the others there, no ; ^nr: ^rnns? ^.:nn i^^byb ^bii? l\:r\ (Bezah 11), those there are gone, and these here are others. ?f^s:n, ?jn, ?j:n represent properly the orighial pronouns ''rn, "^s^n ixn, increased by the suffix of the second person singular ty, saying as much as this thine, and indicating a reference to the person addressed, like the Italian cotesto.'^ § 52. Tlie pronouns ^n'^s and ^nrs!, when expressing the verb to be (he is, they are) take often at the begin- ning** the letter 3 for the purpose of preventing a hiatus Avhich necessarily would take ])lace, as the pre- ceding words mostly end in a vowel-sylhible, e.g.^ '''^'^ ^n-^s (B. K. 3), wliatis? ^n-^? ^n^i? (Pess. 10), he is, it is the same; ^n:"^? Tins? (Bezali 11), these are others; ^'^T\ nn:^: ^nni (Keth, 22), they are two and two; ^n^-Q.) "^p^]? ^nr: (Chag. 0), they are very righteous men; accom- ])lislied, rigliteous men; ^T^1T\ is a compound from "^i^T] ^n*':, and means, that is. §53. Possessive ]u*onouns are "'H'^'i, ^T'l; '^^T'^-, •^'7'''^? IT"^? 'IST'^, ^!^""^1, iiiiiic, tliiiic, etc. Th(; second 1 stands liere for the b of tlic Targumic ])ossessive ])ronoun ''b'^'', ^bi ^ etc., of which llic B. Ciiald. has one instance in Dan. ii. 20. * Or tho Lat. iatc. ** lustcad of the x. PEONOUNS. 81 Examples : ^3T"''2 t^S'^l?; ''T^, mine (opiuion) is better than yours ; in-iiia '.npxT ■}'ii-i2 iix, we are (busy) with our (things), and they with their (ones) ; sn n'^T'i sn •^■^3'!)7» this is his (opinion), and the other one his mas- ter's. R. Yochanan says to tlie Palestineans (Succa 44 ; B. K. 17), ^''n "jinb^n ini2N lin'?"'^, yours, they say, it is? (the knowledge of the law), theirs it is ! § 54. Interrogative pronouns are ]S5'a, who? and derived fi'om this are '^^'Q, who is he ? and "'s)?, who is she ? (§ 11); "^x^a, what ? T}, which ? Examples for the last : '^7\^-;p'Q ^n (Chag. 7, 18), which of them? nic?^ -^n (Bez. 10), which event? fact? It seems proper to observe here that it is incorrect to derive, as some writers do, the word "^S'Q in the phrases 2?Ta©^ \^«13, snp -iN^, and the like from the pronoun ''n, and to read consequently Ti2t:'i2 "^iJ'a, from what is this to be inferred? s^np ix'a, from which verse (in the Scrip- tures) is this to be proved ? for as this pronoun is to be written witliout i5, there is no reason for its existence in the derivative. It prol^aldy is to be read yaiu^ "^x^, what is it that may show that ? S"ip "^fi?)?, what verse is it that may prove that? § 55- But 'jN'a and ''X^, though originally interrogatives, they are not used as such, e.g., "^"Qi^l l^T?, he who sa}-s, whoever says; nin"i •^^'o^ that what was. Sometimes )^'Q i5«n (Ber. 6 ; B. K. 30) stands for the same expression. '^'n*'^ (Syriac and Palestinean Targum DmIS, and Babyl. Targum ni:^'a), anything, aught; n^b n^i5'7 ^"n^^ 82 PRONOUNS. rs'^s'^'n r.Krn (Kidd. 51 :), ain'tliing of which he ma}^ have some profit."^ § 56. The inteiT02:ative "^n is analog^ous to the Hebrew "'S. It is em2:)loyed in forming some adverbs, e.g., ^^T?, where ? (like the Hebr. nb^s, nb^s?) ; ^D^n, how ? (Hebr. Ti<). The Palestinean dialect uses VTk^, K>^^ (Heljr. iT"^S, nrs corresponds to theSyriac kh^s), wliich ^ wliat? who ? So Nedarim 26 (according to ^«i) ; S'.n 'j-'-t ^n •jinnx x^n i"i- -^nn frsn. There occurs in Tamid V"^x four times Avith S5. From "^n amj:)lified comes the word K'^^n. It is, however, used only either with ^5 prefixed (s. § 21) as ^-^^ns (Berach. 34 : ; Meiiach. 70 :), to what (statement does this relate:!) or a\ ith a prefixed b and the " elidited, so as to read i^'^^b (Berach. oS.), whither^ toward ^vhat (place) ? Hence the frequent expression «""^b lEbs, what to ? where to ? to ^vhat end i § 57. The datives ''V, ^^ take often tlie insignificant syl- labh's n^3 jn-efixed, (S'.,^., n^brpD ^nrn^io (Ketli. 67 :), he sent them to him; n"^n"^3 '^^"^"Q (Yebam. ().'>.), lie brings to licr; n^brp; ni^-jrs (Shab. 11'.).), they brought it to liim; s«<7i? """^'ri"? "^"l' ^^''^ (Ivcth. 92.), he makes them seize the ground in ])ayment. §58. Tin; possessive pronouns '^T'l, ^T*^, etc., stand some, times for tli(! sinudc j)ossessive snllix, <■.;/., ^"I'l i^'cya fPcssM. L';;.) |(.f ^STsrJ, my reason; ^J-^T ^^"1 (il). i>.-):) foj- !I^7, thy blood. t5o also ^T1 ^1^^;^ (Keth. 2U3 :) • S. § 97. PRONOUNS. 83 for "xnn?, with me ; J^n'^lb m■1^1'^ -j-^a (BeracL 48.) for nrnb rT^rs, between liim aucl her. § 59. The expression ''TXl ^Ti< (Pess. 39 : ; Chag. 6 :) corre- sponds to the English these and those, both. CHAPTER V. NUMBERS. 60. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. y. 10. 11. 1-2. 13. The cardinal numbers are : Masc. ■in (Beracliot 5.) ■'■^ri (il). <).) i^^rr^ (ih. (3.) srans? (B. mezi^ 73. B. Batra 71 :) N©i:n (B. me25. 73.) Nn^ir (id. ib.) sync (Pessach. 110.) and with Sincope Si? (Gittin 57.) Nl'irn (Joniil 72.) nyirr, (Ilimvin b& :) nnir? (Berachot 56.) no-^nn (MegillA 2.) nc^bn (Meiril]i\ 2.) 14. iD^a-is? (ArcgilhY 2 :) 15. "ic^'an (11).) 16. nc™ (Mc(rill}\ 2.) 17. ■^cn-'Tr (Mcgilla 2.) 18. "10 ^;'cr\ X *J • • • • jF'e??n?i. Si'in (i)>. 49.) ''n'lp (ib. 3.) nbn (ib. 3.) v-cn (Nazlr 38.) n^© (Berach 3 :) ac (Beracliot 55 : Sanhedrin 29.) '^:'gr\ (B. batri\ 75 :) yirpi ^m (B. batnV 167.) •ix nn (Aracliin 12.) •^■^o ^r^^Pi (Aracliin 12.) *i")D nbp (Beracliot bij : 8anliedrin 106.) • • • -inpisn (Scliabbat 118.) ■•nDn^iu (Scliabbat 2 :) ^ncmr ( Hcnicliot 55 :) •^no ^:)2n (Aracliin 12.) •'no^cn (ib. Beracliot 28:) NUMBERS. 85 Masc. Femin, 20. V^iry (Bechovot 50.) 21. "inn -p-nir? (ib.) SO. r^'^n (Joma 71 :) 40. V2^.^"^x (Avod4 Zar^ 9.) 50. VTE^n (B. batra 172.) GO. rno (B. Kama 92 :) 70. rs^nc 80. r^-qr^ 90. ''■'iPTSn 100. nxT3 (B. batra 25 :) 200. •jns)? (Ketuvot 106.) 800. n«i2 nbn (B. batra 73.) 1000. tlbs (Sanhedriu 39.) /Si^. emphat ss'JX (Beracliot. 6.) 2000. ■'Sbs? ''"in (B. batra 26 :) 6000. ^Ebx sn^TT) (Moed katau 10 :) 10,000. sn^nn (Beracliot 6.) ■ Pliir. »rin^=i"^ (Sancleclrin 36.) 12,000. ''Bbs nc-'^n (B. batra 150:) 100,000. i«Ebj« nsip (Reracliot 8 :) § 61. ''in "la slo'iiifies: two persons (Chagig. 11 :) ; nnto:? ^3 (Kidd. 80 :),teu persons; nsi? ""a (Beracli. 50.), hundred persons § 6'-^- ''•nn and Tinn are Used with the suffixes ^3 and x^n, and read thus : ^^''^I'ln (Berach. 48.) ; ^~p;'^"^n (ilj. 5 :). §63. The numbers from 11 to 19 ending in ">P are often employed also for the fern, gender ; and may, therefore, 86 K UMBERS. be considered to be of coium. gen. The fern, termina- tion in ■'ID is seldom used. Note. Buxdorf in his Chald. and Syr. grammar de.clares, and after him some other grammarians, as also Fuerst in his Lehrgebaude, p. 242, ''■icrns or "^^icrii), to be as much as '^'19? yrn, 19, contr. by way of syncope and metathesis, and as a support thereto he quotes an instance from Pseudo Yonathan, Genes, xi. 25. It is true that in the quoted passage '''riornp is found used for the number 19 ; but there is no doubt but that this word was inserted by mistake, either of copy or print. For it is hardly possible to think of any language, dia- lect, or people, howev^er low their state of civilization may yet be, to have no discriminative expressions for two numbers as different as 16 and 19. ^y^i^.^ or "^'^O"'^^? however, are correct, and occur in the Talnmd, iVi'achin 1 2. and Beracli. 28 :. §64. The ordinal numbers are: Nl2]5 (derived from "^^71?), the first ; plur. : "^sir))?; fem. singul. : Nn^;'i2p (Bcrach 21.) ; i)lur. N*n\^T£p. (ib. 7.), tlie first ones. •j^pp, sr:n, tlie second. ■"xr^bn, nxn^bn, tlie tliird. nsn^t:; (Berach. 5:), tin; tentli. The expression N72|P Nisp ((Jittin 12.), corresponding to II1C i';ibl»iiiical ]""irsn "JICS"!, .signifies: jste]) by step, grad- ually, ^5Uccessively. § 64/>. Terms cxju'cssiiig fractions arc : »pb^p, ^ (B. M. 100.), Niri^nn, l. NUMBEKS. 87 i5:?n^n ^?: (Kett. 21.), properly, less i=f, "'Sf, being the pass, partic. of the verb s<3?, ''3: (s. B. Cli. gr. § 88) : to subtract, properly, to beat, like the Fr. abattre.* § 64(7. The termination of the ordinal numbers is employed also for denoting patronymical nouns, e.g.^ "i^^r^s "*??*?? (Gittin 11); nsn^o (ib. 3., Keth. 53:); nxr^i^^^D (Ket. 82.); Tmr\z (Chul. 128.); -srb^ (B. K. 52.). Ral)'s name, SD''"i5? S3S, is supposed by some recent Avriters to be such a j)atrial name, relating to the city Areca.'^* But this is incorrect, for in this case it ought to read : r.xs-^ii?. The fact, however, that Rab was tall of stature, is distinctly stated Mdda 24 : iiiia ^^ii? nn S^^n, hence his name ND'^ix.')' * And the Engl, abate. ** In the province of Susiana, a. Ptolm. vi. 3 ; Mark, xxiii. 6. f Dr. Muhlfelder takes X31-1S in tlie sense of : healer, figuratively, re- former, as a complimentary name of Rab for his endeavors toward securing th3 ecclesiastical independence of the Babylonian congregations from under the ambitious control of the Palestine community. But, besides that the application of this word, being singular and as imique as strange at the time in question, the grammar of the word, as \vill be seen, speaks yet more decid- edly against M.'s definition. For X3"nx is the adjective noun formed from the pass, partici. -;ins of the verb, Tjnx in bp (s. B. Ch. gr. §§ 49, 50.) by the affix of the x empkatlcus. (s. B. Ch. gr. § 33.). Hence, even in the sense suggested by M., the proper meaning of the word would be : healed, figurl. reformed, in a pass, and not active mood, as reformer. No doubt, sz'^iX is to be taken in its original meaning : long, tall, inasmuch as the passage quoted above sufficiently testifies of s^i-ix to be Rab's epithet in relation to his tallness of stature, like 5*CT, 'tipn. Or. what seems to be yet more probable, siz'^-x, emphatically: t//e aixlon, from the Gr. 6.px<^v, leader, which he in fact was, as stated in the quoted passage. CHAPTER VI. THE VERBS. § 65. The conjugations are tlie same as in the Clialdaic language, with the only difference that in the forms b?^s, bysns? and "sysns (like in the Targuni and the Syriac) the Talmud always employs s< instead of n. § 66. In the preterite, the ri in the Chaldaic affixed to the first pers. sing, is in the Talmud always omitted ; e.g.^ ''STn, I liave seen, for nirn ; ''xnn, I have been, n^in ; -"^rn ■"^^1? (^ 87); ''l^si; for n^")^5< ; ^b]:T^, I have taken, for nbpp ; -^-cp^j^ (Yeba. C4 :), I have stated, for ni?;^;?. § 67. The ri affixed in the Chal. to the third pers. sing, is -in tin; Talmud generally omitted and rejdaced by ^5 or n. K.ij., n-'b rrpi)^_^ she said to him ; n^b nc'i;^"'S (Kcth. iVl :), she was married to him ; ?fT£S« x:by\N! (Yeba. Oa.), thy mother })ecame ])etter; 'inb N^rs'^sc, it was asked, in- .) for n^n, slie was; xprco "^x^o (H. Bath. 71) :) foi- rjo, the shi]) Avent ; n^nnx \xns ( Kcthu. (17 :), his sister came, for f^^ii*. The same occurs sometimes THE VERBS. 89. also in tlie" other forms, e.g.^ ''XTO (Keth. 68 :), slie protested ; i^n'p^ ''5<^a'^X (Pessa. 31.), thing was discovered, exposed. . §68. ii:, the Chald. termination of the first pers. pliir. is changed into !}— , e.g.^ !j"?^^ (Berach. 12.), we have said; ;jn2Tri? or jrisirs? (ib. 10.), we have found. §69. _ The termination i of the third person plur. takes in the T. its place between the second and the third radi- cals, e.g. , "i^n; (Berach. 56.), they fell down, instead of ^inp ; "iiCiJ5 (ib. 56 :), they have bound, forbidden, for tnci? ; i^ny (Pess. 2 :), they have done, for ^n^?; n^T^ (ib. 16.), they have resolved; P'^ss (Ned. 59), they went out; biT.A (B. Kam. 94:), they have robbed; r:^yi:55 (Chag. 18.), they have diminished themselves, for ^•jyisny: ; "jipn (Pess. 30.), they have established, for !irpri; "i^snirx (Berach. 9.), they have intoxicated them- selves, for ^^snii'X ; ^'^'S (Yeba. 96 :), they went, for '^V. This I'ule, however, is not applied with verbs of quies- cent ^. Sometimes it occurs with the imperative, e.g.., ^'^'^r\ th ^zn n',TS« (Gittin 34.), courage ! give him to her, i.e.., forwards ! go on, give him to her !* § 70. The partici. act. and passive are united with the pers. pronouns, which then are considered as suffixes of the former, e.g., i^r^^. I cry ; i^rnn;", I give (Bera. 5 :) for x:i«. "^32, »:i? nn;» ; pi^s (ib. 2 :), thou say- est, for ns? ni3S; -jpn^s, we say, for IJi? n^ij ; in^i)25?R, you say ; xf^^s^ (Keth. 104.), I say, for linJ? "i^'iP^'p, * S. •'"ui to the s. 90 THE VERBS. i«:s Tax;^ ; irT'iaDnn in^nias (Bera. 5G.), you are saying tliat you are wise; irp^^^p^, 'j^n-'^^;j?T9 (Neda. 25.); nx^na (Keth. 43 :) for rii< s^35, thou collectest pay- ment ; "^'5 f^^sria (Keth. (31:), doest thou many me ? for ■'^ i?^ S3c:na. Exam4)les of the pass, partici. sp^irn (Bera. 5 :), I am suspected ; s^jb^ps (Keth. 109 :), I am disal)led ; W"?"^^^:, we are engaged, we have to do it with . . . we are occupied . . . Avith . . . '^1'^^'^ (Bera. 10.); nr^nia (ib. 11.), thou art held, indel)ted, guilty for ni? nps^a, nx n^rn^ ; ^n^s^n^ (Naz. 19.), ye are in need. From "^rn and "J"?!? is formed reguhu'ly i^psn, 'ip^rn. By reason of its very frec^uent use the latter is abbre- viated to 1?Pi. The infinitive of the bp takes, like in the dial., the pre- formative "a, e.(/., nrD-ab (Berach. 9.), to write ; 1?^^'?, to do ; "^■'a'^^b, to say. In the other forms the infin. ends in ^-\ fjj., ^'S'\vc^'sh;^ (Pessa. 4.), to neglect, for the Cliald. i{y:rnsb ; Ti^aTr (ib. 2.), to praise, for xnsi? ; I'Jiyigb (Beracli. 9.), ^pissb (ib. 4 :), to exclude ; '^r'ini? (Pess. 08.), to revive ; the last is the b^ysn form of s;*!! ; i.^ioK (ib. Iy'^^ V3^), to heal, bys from ncn. Tlic infinitive of bp in xband ""'s is found also end- ing in K, as «";i"2^'ab, to say ; xnn'^'ab, to give (s. § 81). 'i']i(3 future, tliird pers. masc. sing, and ])lur. is often prefixed ])y b (s. B, ('li. § 109), and conveys the sense of eitlier the imjxT., ojttative, or subjunctive, (.fi-^ S^'^b, let liini say; T^t\ (Berach. 5.), let iiim cxMinine into . . scarcli into . . ; "'.^nb. it (the Mishnah) ouglit to read, or use the ex])ression of . . ; S^risb^ he .should write, it THE VERBS. 01 should stand; 'in^l3"'b^ (ib. 10.), that they die; Ti^^b, he may bring; pTn^b sb"i (ib. 6.), that he may not hurt himself. Instead of the b often the 5 (like in the Syriac) with the same signification is prefixed to the above future, e.g.^ s3t!, i^-^a^, he, she is sought for, required. So also \S53^« (Keth. 03.), cover thyself, fem. imper. in bysns?. In verbs with n as the first radical, the n of bysrs is preserved, ^vhile the n radicis is left out and compen- sated by ©n forte, e.g.;''P^^ (Kidd. 67.). S. § 91. 75. The geminate verbs D^b-SDn nin are conjugated partly after the manner of the V (piiescent, and })artly like the b quiescent. E.g., by, root bby; to enter, n'r?? (Berach. 9:), thou enterest, like nia-'^]5, i.e., nx a^^p * Heb. n-iD. 92 THE VERBS. from n^? (s. B. Ch. § 78.) ; ^^:?^ (Pess. G.), introducing, act. ])artic. in biys (s. B. Ch. § 80). So also from i3b (root 1512?), to curse, "o^:^ Sl?"i x^n -jb^ (Pess. 2 :) ; from qs (root :iE3), to bend, compel, Ci^^D (Cbagg. 16.). Like b quiescent are the words n->;:i:bs (Berach. 7.), I shall curse him ; l^'-TO (ib. 6 :), (persons) desecrating, from b5n as if from sbn ; in the ^ys, ^^n. Verbs of i«D are inflected like those of 's in such in- flections as do not begin with it (s. B. Ch. § 73), c.g.^ i^-":, he Avill say ; isnim (Bera. 8.), that ye prolong (s. §8n. The verbs xnx, bryj, to come, to go, omit the « in the imj). as sn (Berach. 2 :), ^'^. with Yod. The word b^ is of the form b^ys from bi, loot bbr, to be disagreeable, despisable, e.(/., Nnb-^'Q "^3 sb'^n (Pessa. 113. ■^■), the thing is despisable to me. §78. The same verb xriifl omits sometimes in the byESi the Yoil (■'), which is a substitute of the first « radical, e.(/., '^'!'^^^^ (CliMLTg. 2.), to let enter, come into, i.e., to inchide, for -i^nn-Kb. §70. Tlic imper. in tlu! bp of TQX, to say, is formed like tlie fntnn^ <>f the same verb, by apocope, as X'C'X (Kctli. S :), do say. There occurs, h()wev<'r, also ii'a"'i< (CIim'j: .'5 ; Pessa. 0, 20.), which likinvise seems to ]>v. the impel-, simil.iito Tf^E^X ■"•• (Pessa. 21 .), subvert it, though, • ThiM jihrfiHf; is fonnd in 15 n.-itltni 110, and not at tlio place rislatcnl to. ** Tj!iE'J< may juHt an well be the future a.s in B. Mez., 0., 4., «:« r^^E-'X. A. THE VERBS. 93 according to the rule, the "i ought to be preceded by nrs (s. B. Ch. §§ 6, 9.). However this uuiy be, iTCSi! appears to be irreguhir, even if taken as the future first pei'son. § 80. In verbs of "^'b, the Yod, in tlie form of ->S5?, is changed like in the Hebr. and Chal. into 1, e.g.^ ^T^pix (B, M. 59.), ye shall honor; rr^nnii?, he seated him; ••b ri"ip"''a (Berach. 48.), thou honorest me. § 81. The verb nn"^, to give (s. B. Ch. § lOG) is in the infin. and future generally changed into nn;*, as a com- ])ound of nn-; and 103, e.g., f^^^ ^^nni^b (Keth. lOG ; B. K. 95; B. B. 124.), to give him; n-'n'^: (Pess. 12.; Keth. 52 :), he shall give. It may properly be observed here, that these words as inflections from the above Avord ^in-" should not be mistaken for words formed from the radix nn*', to seat, to tarry, e.g., ^p-'^b (Kidd. V.J), to remain; n'^n'^n sb (Erubin 54.), do not sit down. There is, however, found also N'n^s? nn^^b (Beracli. 9 :), to give wages; iT^i nn^i3 (Choi. 00.) from nn;', and n:r\T32 ^b 'jn^'ab (B. B. 13 :), to give thee as a present from "jriD. § 82- Verbs with 55 as the second radical change tliis K into Yod in all conjugations characterized by Dagesh forte, e.g., «7"^':t?^ ^'T^'^. (Pess, 9 :), leaves a rest. There occurs likewise in the bysrs, b^tjn^if! (Kethu. 77 :\= inyi2TiJ by bsr;, as if from b^ttJ; and in the ^^ss, "^bir-isb (ib. 105 :) as if from bin;' (s. § 85.), to lend (like in the Hebr. b-^i^tcnj) ; 'pty^, lend me. 94 THE VERBS. § 83. Verbs of ib chaiiire the (i) into Yod in the act. partici. of the 5p, e.^., n-^ri;, dying, one that is dying; n^^s (Yebam. 63. :), 1)inding in. The same change takes place iu the bys, e.g., ^^\^)? (ib. 64 :). §84. Of verbs in ib and geminate (D^biSDn) sometimes the active partici. is employed instead of the jiassive, in order to make the expression more forcible and sonorous, e.g., f? ^T^--, it stands settled, established for us, instead of lb Kia^p like f^^^^3 ^b n^p. So al^^o r*n'^:r."a s^p^n ^^? instead of «P''l, the pass, par tic. of pp^, " the Mislmah also is exact, precise in the manner of expres- sion."* So also q^-^b (Chal. 11.), joined together, con- nected, from ?iSb ; rp^TU (Sanli. 88.), bent, down-cast, from qsTD; ^i^'^s (Keth. lOo:). bent, subdued. § 85. Verbs of 'V ''n; are in the bysx sometimes conjugated like tliose of ■''s 'TM^e.g., Q-'pis^ for n-'ps; lience, n^'Qp'^s (Berachotli. 5 :) ; n:i2V^« (Pess. 11.). So also n^nnia, ivjdying, objecting, for n^nia. So also nnin^N, i-adix, n^n takes in tlie bpEnx, tlie 1 projH'r to tlic '^'d "^n: in tlie brsx (§ SO), tliougli tliere exists no iiiNlancc (hereof for tlic '^'b ''ns in tlie brErs.*-'^ ♦ Prni)nrly : to Hoparafcn in clomonts, likn the Ilobr. ppn, to make thin, to brui.so. tit^'iirat. to make clear, coucc^ivablc. *♦ AcconliiiK to other RrammnrianH Uie word ZT^n^X '« "f tl»« form brcns, a form which our author couatantly declares to be iuudmissible. (S, 13. Ch. tTa. g§. 40, 85.) THE VEEB9. 95 § SG. Verbs of the qiiiescent and imperfect roots* take in the forms '^^Dnx and byEns<5 for the most part a Yod between the first and second letter of the word. This Yod refers probably to the toyi in the ri, and seems to l)e characteristic to this sort of verbs, e.g., pTP"'^ (s. §§ 74, 72). §87. ^ Verbs of ^ qniescent, otherwise following, as far as consistent Avith the peculiarities of the Talmudical con- jugations, the principles of the Chaldaic language, are found in tiie infinitive ^P ending with Yod ; e.g., "i^nTD, to ask, to j)ray ; "'T^''?, to see, and sometimes in i5 (like in the Syriac) ; e.g., i^^^"^"^ (Keth. 43 :), to collect payment, the imper. fem. ends (like in the Syriac in •^N— ; e.g., "^i^na, do take payment, do collect ; "'Xtte: ^K^n *'S:n ?jb \v5-ip i\b \srsD i5<7n (Pess. 08 :), rejoice, my soul, rejoice, my soul ! for thee I have read (the holy Scriptures), for thee I have repeated, learned (the Mishnah l)y heart); "^i?"!? (Keth. 61:), throw away; ■ :), tliis man is con- suukmI in liis Avoods, l.e..^ he is ignorant of tlic tilings going on in tin; world, as if sticluded in the woods. * Syriac : x-ia . t«j tear, (Jr. Ttipiw, to rub, imll, figunit. to di.scuHS. THE VERRS. 97 §01. The passive partici. is often followed by '^^, ^b, etc., in the {)roper sense of the dative, e.g.^ •^'^^ "^^aTa (Beracli. 5.) (equivalent to ''^Sfp^, § 74), it is requisite, necessary to hitn, i.e.^ he needs, must; T\^)> f^^.?n^ xbn miria * (Kidd. G7 :) (equivalent to ''.?rfrip, § 74), because it was not possible for him to mention it expressly, without omit- ting the usual laconism (s. ''"ttJi) ; ^b T\V\ti X)P sb^ it is not habitable to (for) me, I cannot live there. * In the edition before me (Vienna, 1862) there is nb instead of r\'h as quoted above. CHAPTER VII. VERBAL SUFFIXES. 8 <)2 The Talmud ical verbal suffixes differ in so far from the respective Clialdaic paradigms (B. Cha. Gr. § 110), as in tlie Talmud, dialect the Yod and the S of ''PT^? and s:^'^? are dropped, e.g.^ psa (Nedar. 62.), he robbed (from) me; X^ (ib. 50 :), had indicted me ; "jny:^ (Chagg. 5 :), hadst detained me ; r:)5Ti< (Erub. 5 :), they made me old. In tlie imperative : "Jpi^s (Gittin 47.), redeem me; and in the future : ininn xb (Nedar. 50 :), do not make me laugh. §93. The suffix of tlie third ])ers. plur. — which in the Bild. Ch. is missing, and in the Syriac expressed by the se))arate pi-onoun, 'J^i'^x — is formed l)y ^n?"'— , €.cj. 'inrn'inx (Chagg. 5 :), he turned them away (from them) ; ^inr'aibirxb (15ei-a. 8 :), to accomplisli them ; ^nrv'^B (Yel)am. 79.), lie ai)i)eased them; ^nrnPDSi ^^^r^^^^r? (§ 73). The fem. f days since. s:TXn (fr. x:^? ■'Xn), at present, at this lime. * Used iu the same way aa universe, uiiivcrsally, gcucrally ADVERBS. 103 ^yiri, (Syriac '^'^'in,'^' perhaps from 'itni ^n, properly the one aud the other), is used only in connection witli a pi'eposition ; ■'"l""^ (Berach. 6.), one to another, one another; ^"J'^i? (ib. 7.), one against another; Vj^i^ ''^■?)? iliJ)?,"''"'^* the Scriptural verses are hard (afford difficulties) one against another; i.e., they contradict one another. ^11^!^, from one another ; ''"I'jn ''!?n3, with one another, together (Meg. 7 :); ^'I'ln 135 (ib. 11.), near one another; '^'iin ^3 (Pessa. 3 :), like one another, the one like the other. "I'ln (Berach. 2.), afterwards, from the verb "Tin, to do a2:ain some tliinc;. See W. xrn, where here ? where there? from xn and 553 ana- logous to the Hebr. r^Vi^^^ JiD^x ; i53inTa,f wherefrom there ? "'ri'^ri xs'^ri'a, wherefrom shall it come ? Avhere- f rom shall that be deduced ? how can that be snp- posed ? N3"'n bs, everywhere. '^rn, how? corresponds to the IIel)r. V^_ % ns^X; — ''D'^n 13, ill the same manner, in a like way, as much . as, in a manner that, in order to (Berach. 10.). KDH (Berach. 4 :), here, from the Clial. fi53. '^sn, so — ■'sn^, hence, therefore. iinujn (from spyio xn, Syr. sirn from TOU) sn), now, at present, expressing also astonishment ^rsn niria s^rnrn ! ^^2 ^'}'^. ^) (Berach. 3 :), how ! Moses did not know it (and David did ? !). * •nri'' hm (Job iii. 6) seems to be from the Syriac inn : to unite, being together, and the Daghesh forte being the compensation for the missing n. ** The original of this quotation reads "jji^m and not icp (s. § 93). f In the Hebr. , however, the prepos. is connected with the second syllable, n|l5a IX, unlike the Tahn. >t3"^n^. % The 3 being the compar. element, so also in jtS'Tl bs. 104 ADVERBS. urn, there (ibi.) (Glial, r.'np, Hebr. Dt»). S. r^T\* ■"KIT (ilj. 2 :), certainly, surely (from fil^, nin, i^Ti, likewise : coufess, supposing to be so). snrj (ib. 6.), manifoldly (Hebr. nL?^n, Yonali iv. 4 ; fr. bien) a good deal. "^S'J (Pess, 12.), more, pass, particip. of the verb i^E'J, to add (B. M. 83.). I'lS (in the Targu 1^13), now, at present ; n"^nn ^idi (Ned. 21 :), and now thou repentest, or, art thou yet of the same opinion ? the words ^^y l\2b is are miss, ing (s. Mard'chai Shelnioth, Cu]). I., § 1114 and Seraag r^-'^'^ 240). ^^2 from s^^n-is, as it is ; f^3DD ^^5 (Rosh Hash. 5., B. M. 27:, Cliul. 22., Kiddush. 5 :, Sotah 19:, Zebacb. 93., Menacli. 93.), " he took it as it is, i.e., pro])erly it was not necessary to mention this special (piality of the subject, but having under discussion its differ- ent ])roj)erties, he (piotes all of them as many as there are." From its proper meaning: "as it is," tliis word l)ecame tlie ex])ression for, a trifle, insigni. ficance, littleness, as in the liablt. Hebrew: N^mD = ma iPi^Ta, wliatever it may be, in the sense of: of what- ever (piantity it may be, even of tlie least (juantity, ever so littk^ So "^TCrs "^n-^Di sb -"-idi ^^)2 bs (San- hed. 29:), ju'ople usually do not kec]) in memory tilings of littl(! importance, of no im])()i"tance to them. "ipnyjia i«b ^npn srT ^2 "^nin-^s (B. K. 90:), "AV(! do not molest the court with trivial affairs." ''-iDn HTT irrx ^^fW sb (Kethu. 3():), no man throws away his money for triHcs. nnn"i5« Nb ^id2 (Ned. 22.), •'iDa nypE (il,. 29.). In Megil. 2:, Ycbamoth * Dn."i, ubi, being tin; coiTolivtivc of strn, ibL ADVERBS. 105 90., Chul. 73. and 81 :. -'is nb i-itixi «an nux and in Nazir 2. : ''"13 si3^r)"'Ni ssi n^S it sicrnifies : Some •J T • TT -. (^ said that (stat4.), tlicy saw notli- df^rivation npparoiilly loss cxcnptinnnl than tlic dc'finition l\v Aruch, who holds tliis wfjfd to 1)(> a coinpoiuid from the Hchr. j<^ im*^ t'le Greek vii\ son ! * This etymolojry is by Rabbi David Vita Todesco. A. ** An iiitfnojr, partirle used whom a nofjativo answer is oxpoeted. and has no <;orr('S])ondinjr term ill Eiiplish. ^^ may adequately be translated hy tho Oer. ftwaV and the L. " num," as in unm barbarorum Romulus rex fuit ? Cic. Rep. 1. 87. \ And is used as an indirect intcrrog. ; if not ? whether not ? ADVERBS. 107 incr. — *^'r\^i2 iibi, notliinc: at all, not the least, as P'^niC'^s? ^T^ sbi nib ni2X i^bn (Sliabb. 95 :, Temiira 34.), he was silent and said nothing to him ; -"T^ xbi ic-ir;? xb, there is not the least ditilculty ; sbiJ Ni2?u S'.n ^T'>^ * (Pessa. 17.), is there anything (else) as a reason for thy statement — if it be not. "^T"^ is also used as a substitute for its synonymous, the Rabb. D^bs, L. eec|uid ? to express astonishment, as D'^yirin^ O'ittbi: '^''''n ?inr: spT i;3 (Keth. 105)., what? are fools and rascals to be judges ! ^^3^ **, hoAv ? what ! N"inn-j rt^ann byn s^n?;^ i«-nn '^"is'a N^n N-^nSi (Gittin 55 :), how ! this man is also the enemy of this man ! ^>., thou art also mine enemy. See Bera. 9:; 10., 33. ; Pess. 23 : ; Megill. 2.; Chagg. 4., 9., 11., 12:. Originally .comp. from ')'^"p "^ST?, what is that ? how is this ? •1X1312 f (Chull. 11.), wherefrom? out of what? (and is used as an indirect interrog., if not ? whether not ?) is this demonstrated ? sb^'^ia, liy itself, from itself; possibly derived from n'rri)?, from the thing, i.e., iu consequence of the thing itself, ex re. J * S. Rashi to th. s. ** Trobably from •'is (s. above) with the causal a, and is to be read • ^p^n fi-om D^pr\), this may rest, let it b(! unsliakcn, su])]ios(i admiiting (it in * RiiHhi hro ci'l iito c.xiA^inH, according to Uio first meaning, "not luiforo they Bat down," which in Hupportcd also Viy the nature of tlie contents. ** XSS), perhajw, iiHcd in the Mi.shnali, and cxprcHsiug the same as x^i'"'"! in tin; Tahnudic dialect. ADVERBS. 109 this case, but how in the other?) ('Berach. 6.). The same as s^Tsbira.-^ — nprn, s. § 20. •j^n (Chald. nian, Hebr. Dcj), there. "jTsn nna trhr\ nrni«3 "133 "iin (Berach. 63.), where there is no man, there be a man. i5rn (from snnr, Hebr. t^nr), snnb, below ... "7 ''«rr^, underneath. There occurs in Nazir rnnbip. * xrb'Ja relates mostly to the premise, antecedent, cauae, while piJ^n argues more in reference to the consequence. CHAPTER IX. prp:positions. § 98. The following words are used as prepositions : n^x (s. n-^ni^s a:i« under the adverbs and "^ns infra), by virtue, over, for the sake ; J^'^'^Ir^'' 3-''i^ (Yebam. 25.), l)y virtue of his worthiness. ^m, in regard, respect; nao ^-jsj! nrj Di'' i^')}:^ (Sliabb. 124.), we proliibit the performance of a certain liandwork on a feastday only in respect to the Sab- bath, as one may likely be led to perform the same also on this (la\'. Tliis word is derived from -? x:yi-j, l)y changing i5:y-i'J, " burden," into i«r"^ '^"^^ '? 1TJ, into i^-JS, whence ^t:x.* See infra ^^oia. It expresses also astonishment, e.r/., "I'^s^^i ^y^l"^ ^"^ ''"^^^ Sf^'csip (B. K. 84.), what! I do not know that I am well speaking ! 'ira'as, see b^t:^. ''■rna, see "''in. 1^3 (Kctlni. 17.) and ^:^3 (Beracli. S.), ])etween, among; with suiT. "^i^r^a, ?Ip3, etc. R. Yochannn said 55::^3 (Chagg. 15:) instead of "ipa. ^3, ^^•itll()^t .... "a 13, withal Hint, except. Hence, the advcrl) ''i«i3S, out-doors ('I'aiii. 27., Nazir. 17:), ♦ This (lofinition is by the worthy Rnbbi Abram Lattes.** A. ** Very farfetched. Wliy not from the Syr. i:i:;'as, by ooutr. likewiso ps, from risx, etc., and the b unoconated ? PREPOSITIONS. Ill ''ii'na'a, from outside, besides (Tarn. 29 :). So is said also n2bt). ^ri2, after (s.B. Cli. § 122). ""^a (from 3Di, back, the upper part of a body), ''35'? (Sanh. 83.), with sufE. ''^^i^, etc., on, next, near by (like addosso in Ita.). So without b, e.(/., Vl^, "'S^ (^[egill. 11.), near one another, together; ^J^^yi?;' ''r\->b ''sa^ (Bera. 10.), let Isaiah come to me. ''a^b signi- fies also, in comparison to: nir'Ta 135b (ib. 'S3:), in comparison to Moses. ia (s. under adv.), "153, '^^b, within, iiJia, from within, from the inside. ■jia, N:na (color, appearance,) t^:^, in the appearance, way, manner, kind of, for example. s:i? "'S^n "^3 (Chagg. 15 :), in this way, manner. S^'Q^-T (resemblance) .... 7 s^'a^l (Chagg. 2.), like, likewise, example. "'■in (union, joining, perhaps from ^n), used only with the prefix particles n, b, ^.^., xnnD -^-pb ijs^n '^-r.s (B. K. 92.), " the cabbage in company with the thorn shares its punishment." n'b n^b Nirnni -^tpn? "iina (Bera. 10.), " What hast thou to do ^vith that, which belongs to God's mysteries ? " With sufF. '^S'jns (Chagg. 4:), or "'T^ "^nna (Keth. 103:), "with me," ^'ina, etc. ; i?i2^D ■'-rnb s-jia ^s (Yel)am. 49 :), " Avhen she reached the mouth, she reached that Avhich be- longs to the mouth." "''irnb (Sheb. (3.) ; . . . n ''-na, meanwhile, during; TSJi -M5?P7 "^1^? (Keth. 105:), while he went and came. nns, like, Avith suff. ''sni^S, etc. It consists of the prefix jmrticle 3 with the plural termination of i* * Sing. fem. noua, according to I. Fueist the 3 similitudiuis is originally 112 PREPOSITIONS. (n^sb-a), the same as the Cliald. mib, being the prefix particle b with the same plur. termination. ^2 (Berach. 6.), like VS^nx --s (Sanh. 9-4.), like our land, country. ■•sb; (from "^sxb with the 3 prosthetic), toward, to, in relation to. S'^^b ^fibs, s. § 56.* fi"^Bb, according to ; corresponding to the Hebr. *^tb (B. M. 96:). b'licTa (burden, from b-J3, to lift up, to remove), brj-fisi (b^i2T2 b?), by motive of . . because of . . n^ribnia^i? . (Keth. 67 :), because of him, on his, her, its account. Without sufP. and apocopated, ^I3i2fi? as 1\T1 M^T leiaif (Berach. 56.), on account of thy money ; ""anb 'iroiss ** (Fess. 31., 32., Neda. 29; Nazir 25. and 29.) and isn 112^5? (Tam. 32.), on account of this, for that rea- son. . This prepos. is similar to 'iisi? (s. above), which originally denotes burden, compulsion, cause, motive, because. D't5i2 (from DitJ, name), in the name of f^'QiD "^sn mc^a (Berach. 5 :), in the name of R. Shemon. Oftener of 12, and, as the nouns of the sing. fern, in i_ have also their plur. in ni like those in !i. the declension of- ni» corresponds to the former and not to T I the latter termination (s. Bib. Ch. Or. t$ 20>, the same may be said of rT'b. * L. quorsum ? = quoversus ? to what end, as in " quorsnm ig-itur hnac dia- pnto" (Auct. or. at Qu'h). Aruch, in quoting from Pess. 5, reads rr'bx, tail, instead of j<^"^b, which, however, is contrary to the text in the cd. before nio. ** iaj<, laiax and hv^'O seem to be derived from the Syr. b'iaast, partly by pon opo and partly by contr. , and all in the sense of the verb ba3, to lift up, to carry, involving the relation (if the consequence to the cause as carrying the former ; hence, because, on account, etc. So also as a relat. conjunction, like the Hebr. s as in the Syr. iu .-ii-na in 3tt"i Voia for n aia ^3 (ts. 100.5.) PREPOsmoisrs. 113 in the sense of on the ground, basis, under designa- tion of, . . for the reason of . . Hence its use (by the Mishnah-Rabbis) to express title, basis.* ^?, «^7, upon, over, with the suff. ■'Xi!!^^? (Neda. C5.), ?finb^? (Bera. 9.), n^nb^? (B. K. 117.), 'inplb'i? (Beraeh. 10) with the addition of a 1, as in '}l^'','^x (B. Ch. § 30). '^'3)5 (for '^^'71^) before, in presence, S5"^T0 "'^l^ (Beraeh. 3 :), before God, with God ; y^ni-^ "^an-; WT2p (ib. 5.), in the presence of R. Y. — "'^I^'a, corresponding to the Hebr. "^^s^, before, because. In the last sense used also by the Samar. as '}2"'DD '''ajp^ (Carmina Samari- tana, p. 35), because of our enemies; incorrectly translated by Gesenius (ib. p. 89), "surgentibus osoribus nostris," as if from the verb D^p, to rise. ''nip, ''ninn, under (Cliull. 105 :). * CTwO niay properly be derived from the Hebr. cViI5, to appreciate, esti- mate the value of anything, Ec3l. 3. 17, and often in the Talmud as 'ppT'jn "piO'iJ, hence nana nVJJa, in sense of, as a gift, considered, estimated aa a gift. CHAPTER X. CONJUNCTIONS. § 99. The following words are used as conjunctions: ix (Ilebr. and Chald.), or, as Tax -is n^^ (B. B. 13.), draw thou, or I sliall draw, i.e.^ either take thou the half price of our common property, or I shall ; (B. K. 59 :), " either you will ask a question from me, or I shall ask one from you." is is, L. aut — aut, either — or, "^.^ni? is is, i.e.^ the Mishnah does not re- (|uest Ijoth the things mentioned, only, either the one, or the other; ^5'Q'^■'^ is (Sanh. 71 :), or perhaps? ''S (from the Cliald. I'^S, corresponding to the Ilel>r. DS), when. '3n -^s (Sliabb. 25.), if it 1h» so, as it now is, whereas, if so . . . tlicn ; ST2"^n \x or s^^^n^S (Bera. 5.), when, if thou wilt say, if one should say, or also* N^^'ri? (il). 5:), if we would say, if suj)])os- \\vj^. ST2\^ v^V2 ■'S or s^^s n-'j'a^s (Chull. 10:), A\ Iicii tli<»u wilt r sliall say, I can say, or so. Tlicri^ occui's STS^n n^;?3^S (four times) in Nazir 32., and (two times) in Sli«'])n. 10., which jusliHes \\\v. (pies- tioii, if s^'^s l.c not ill the imjxT. so as to ivnder si2^s r-'ra-'S, if ilicu wilt, then, say! "''ops (Sanli. 04.), or also. The coiijunc, ""S is often omitted like- wise in tlic Sci'ipt. cs. See infi'a sn. "^T^i* (from ''T, '^), l>y, because, concerning, as being, * lu au iutcri'ogativc an alao alErm. bcuhc. CONJUNCTIONS. 115 t2Ti2 Tjm '>T;'it (B. B. 14 :), because, or, in consid- eration of it (the book) being small, it would easily liave been lost; s:n-i ^T^x, having said (the one thing, he says also the other). It stands also as a ])rej)os., e.^., npna -iT^s (Nazir 2.), as much as ^T, ^? xbx (a Rabbin., Syr., Arab., and Greek word, possibly from r^^, if, and i<), not), if not, only, but; expressing in the Talmud the sense of, hence, consequently, after having entirely rejected an antecedent proposition, and means "this opinion being rejected, consequently the other one, the following, must be admitted." The following passage may be quoted as an instance for l)oth interpretations: Sipp? sjbs n^si l^iab sn-^zn ? ni2"^^b srs? "^sia inzi-a-Q spfD s:bs nisxi "jSTab i^bx sc:p 1D1 ■'in'^'a? ""^n xpi "^"ri^x sbs (Sanh. 3.), "this may be admissible on the ground held by the one, who says, that the payment of half damage is to be considered as a penalty ; but, on the ground held by the other, who says that the same is to be considered as a restitution of property, what is there that may be said against 'i consequently (hence) (the preposition ])recedently assumed nuist be rejected, and it must be admitted that,) as it is intended l)y the Mishnah to show, etc. siabx (Brach. 3 :), hence, accordingly, consecpiently. In some few pxassages it is expressing astonishment, as ):T) xtibx (Shebu. 11.), and yet, it is said in the ISIishnah ! X*? x^'-i? (Shebu. 13., 13 :), why not i In these cases X'a'ps: is synonymous with nisb, why ? (Rashi Berach. 11.), and according to Jos. Karo compound from r.T2 by, which occurs as such in Talm. Yeru- shalmi, i«::n n-a b?i. 116 CONJUNCTIONS. sbribs or ^'"rib:? (a Eiibbiu. Hebr. ^vord, eorresponding to the Hebr. ssW'), if it be not, if not. si^'ann s?5T2bi? nrsjp ^S)3 S5:yn^ sb snp ■'sn-; (Megill. 3., Sanlied. 9-4 :), if it be not for tlie interpretation of this verse, we ^voiild not know what it means. Sometimes it signi- fies simply if, as ^nbs n^i-?! bs?ffi^)2 n^::nb n^ns? iibiabj? i^Tsbf? (Keth. 33 :), if they had castigated Chananyah, Mishael, and Asaryah, they would have worshipped the image. Kal)l)enii Tarn's opinion in regard to the different spelling of this word, viz., that with S5 it means, if it be not, and with Yod simply, if, is objec- tionable. For, as the original, the Bibl. s^bib being used for Ijoth significations without varying in orthog- raphy, its Rabl). derivative must also express l)oth significations without regard to its different spellings, And, indeed, both ^bicbs? as well as i^b^abs are found used for either of the two different meanings. ib^ES!. (a Rabb. word com]), from ::ia?, also, and 'i^s?, when, etiamsi), also when, even if; jc 5«n^3-ia w^n ^b^si« n"'b"'T2piTa i*;')?®, "even the surveyor of tlie fountains is a])i)()inted from Heaven." "^pn ^b^BJj:, even so, yet, nevertheless ; S'S'^ri ^b^BS, even if thou sayst, i.e., the statement may be maintained even at the supposition tliat .... n na br r,s? (Berach. 7 :), although, even wlien. ^t^^■^ (jb. 3:), as, ])ecaus('.'''' KTab^i, tliat not (s. B. Cliald. § 123). Kn, tliiis; sr-^x \^ sn (B. M. 8<'>:), thus, if it be . . . Aflci- tlii> t«" ^i< i^ mostly omitted ; ^tn^x sn (ibid.) ; * This word ih composed from tlie conjunct, jiartic. 1 of in, and tho domouHtr. pron. xn, aud luay be rendered by, that that. CONJUNCTIONS. 117 ''Dn lj{b xn, tlnis, if it is, or be not so. So .also in tlie Misbnali, niiin is,"" «n (B. M. 83.) for Hi: as sn nsn. ^?rr^ (perhaps from sri, behold! (§ 07) and ^35, Eal)- biii. for that), therefore, accordingly. )T^ (a Hebraism of a later 2)eriod) . . . . T )T^, as soon as, after. "^i?'?^?'? (from "ins b?, similar to the Ger. " auf der Stelle," and the Fv. " sur le champ ") [and the Engl. " npon the spot "], immediately, forthwith. ia)?, in ease, since, supposing that . . . TOi* ^^.^ ''i^T 'iS'a ini^n I'^i'Q (Kerath. 12.), " in case he would, he could say : 1 have done it on consideration." It corresp. to the Raljbin. ^ini2, as 1^ being the Chald. of the Hebr. Tfin.'^ sn"")? (Berach. 10.), nn'^)2 (Pessa. 9 :), '^'rf^'n fYebam. 63.), yet, however, nevertheless. ^b2)a (Berach. 25 :), from all that (that was said), fol- lows. It is a Rabb. Hebraism. . . "i ^'Q'^12 (s. ''rp under the prepos.), before that (he said, etc.). ■ •1^3 (Berach. 4:), also, even; ^^^. ''sn or ^-c: ''2^ r« (Chagg. 11.), yes, so also it is; "'a? s?n (Berach. 8 :), here also, i.e., even so in our case. It often is preceded by the word Cji?, e.f/., ■'^3 sn^Dffi; qs? (Berach. 4 :), from the last instance is to be seen that origin- ally ''''23 had not the meaning of, also, but that it was a verb, which afterwards became a peculiar ex- pression for, also, I'eally, indeed. Supposed this to be so, '^''33 may be a derivative, according to D. Tedesco, * S. t. s. under prepos. 118 COKJUTs^CTIONS. from «'a?,* " we will say," or, according to M. Eliren- reicli, from T^^;., " we would believe," or, lastly, ac- cording to my suggestion, from "''Qis, " we could swear on that." * Already in Aruch. CHAPTER XL INTEEJECTIONS. § 100. The following words are used as interjections: ^y^t^D^ '1X^33, ■'n^^nix (Erub. 17.), by the Law, prophets and Hagiographa ! a manner of swearing. '13'^x, alas ! behold! O! an interjection of a wide use. mrhiz xn ^Db ^i^5« S5b ^npia ^rs (Shabb. 152:, Yebam. 46., B. M. 73 :) , Lo ! if I had been dead I could not have told you this thing ; ^''"inx i«c-iD sin -h nnb^ ^s-'S (Yebamoth G5 :), look, thou wouldst have borne unto me yet another pair of children.* srnrn ^rx ^nnb l^nDSO isns xb (Bera. 25 :), now see ! had I not come, you would have brought my son into danger ; t? V^^^. ''S < jut ' l-'orm L9-SerieH 444 LD/URL JAN12'90 JAN i 6 1990 ?SSS1 SEPlO'90 RENEWAL p^pT- . in uRi Uul Id \y^ PJ 5302 L98eE > i >^m^ . ■ — ^^-^ ^';H 1 . ,1 . ■!i ■. ';v-