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 COST OF PRODUCING 
 SUGAR 
 
 IN THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, GERMANY, AUSTRIA 
 HUNGARY, RUSSIA AND CUBA 
 
 ; / 
 
 QUALITY OF RAW MATERIAL. 
 
 PRICE OF SUGAR BEETS. 
 
 COST OF FARM LABOR. 
 
 EUROPEAN WAR AND THE PRICE 
 OF SUGAR 
 
 RUSSIA, THE GREAT SUGAR PRODUC- 
 ING NATION OF THE FUTURE. 
 
 STATISTICAL TABLES — COMPARISON 
 OF 'FIELD AND FACTORY RESULTS. 
 
 Truman G.; Palmer 
 
 Secretary, United States Beet Sugar Industry 
 
 901-903 Union Trust Building 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 1913 
 
 COPKMHAVCR. WASHINOTON 
 
COST OF PRODUCING 
 SUGAR 
 
 IN THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, GERMANY, AUSTRIA- 
 HUNGARY, RUSSIA AND CUBA. 
 
 QUALITY OF RAW MATERIAL. 
 
 PRICE OF SUGAR BEETS. 
 
 COST OF FARM LABOR. 
 
 EUROPEAN WAR AND THE PRICE 
 OF SUGAR 
 
 RUSSIA, THE GREAT SUGAR PRODUC- 
 ING NATION OF THE FUTURE. 
 
 STATISTICAL TABLES — COMPARISON 
 OF FIELD AND FACTORY RESULTS. 
 
 BY 
 
 Truman G. Palmer 
 
 Secretary, United States Beet Sugar Industry 
 
 901-903 Union Trust Building 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 1913 
 

 MAIN LIBRARV AGRIC. OZrt. 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 PAG« 
 
 Factors to be considered 3 
 
 Quality of raw material 3 
 
 Price of sugar beets in Europe and in the United 
 
 States 5 
 
 Cost of farm labor in the beet fields of the United 
 
 States and of Europe 21 
 
 European war and the price of sugar 27 
 
 Russia, the great sugar producing nation of the future 31 
 
 Cost of producing sugar in Cuba 38 
 
 Statistical tables — Comparison of field and factory 
 
 results 41 
 
v° 
 
 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR 
 
 In arriving at the relative cost of producing sugar in 
 the United States and Europe, three factors are to be 
 considered. 
 
 (1) The cost of erecting factories of a given capacity 
 in the different countries and the consequent margin of 
 profit required in order to return a given rate of interest 
 on the investment, 
 
 (2) The cost of operating factories, and 
 
 (3) The cost of raw material, i. <?., the cost per pound 
 of the extractable sugar in the beet, laid down at the 
 factory gates before the factory commences to work them. 
 
 In Europe it costs approximately one-half as much as 
 it costs in the United States to erect a factory of a given 
 capacity, the number of operatives required is about the 
 same, while the wage rate is but a fraction of what it is 
 in the United States. In this study, however, I shall 
 confine myself to a consideration of the quality and 
 cost of raw material. 
 
 QUAI^ITY OF RAW MATERIAL. 
 
 i In the manufacture of sugar the cost of raw material 
 I depends upon its quality as well as upon the price per 
 jton. A ton of beets or cane is valuable for sugar-making 
 Ipurposes, in proportion not only to its sugar content, 
 |butJto^ i tsjpunty . 
 
 The two plants from which the world derives its sugar 
 are as dissimilar as well could be imagined. Sugar cane 
 is a weed in the tropics, springing from the same root 
 year after year without replanting and containing about 
 the same sugar content whether growing wild or under 
 cultivation ; about the same now as generations ago. 
 On the other hand, the sugar beet is the most scientifi- 
 cally bred plant in the world. Originally containing 
 only 4 to 5 per cent of sugar and having a low purity, it 
 now contains from 15 to more than 20 per cent of sugar 
 and is of a much higher purity, the latter enabling the 
 factory to extract a greater percentage of the sugar con- 
 
 Mtessso 
 
^ COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 tained in the root. But while responding to science and 
 to correct cultural methods more readily than does any 
 other plant known, it yields the poorest results of any 
 plant, both in quantity and quality if correct cultural 
 methods be not applied to it ; hence a knowledge of and 
 an application of correct cultural methods by the farmers 
 growing the crop is of primary importance. 
 
 The progress made in the United States in raising the 
 quality of the beet has been marked, the extractable raw 
 sugar in a ton of beets having increased in twenty years 
 from 183.90 pounds to 263.16 pounds, our present average 
 extraction being greater than was the extraction in any 
 country in Europe twenty years ago. But while we have 
 been progressing, Europe also has progressed and due to 
 her superior cultural methods, which our farmers are 
 slow to adopt, Europe still excels us, both in tonnage 
 per acre and in the purity of her beets, only Russia fall- 
 ing below us in tonnage per acre. 
 
 If the average quality of the beets and the tonnage per 
 acre secured in the various beet sugar districts of the 
 United States approached the maximum results which 
 reasonably could be expected, the outlook for eventually 
 competing with Europe would be discouraging ; but 
 when we consider the fact that there scarcely is a sugar 
 beet district in the United States where numbers of 
 farmers do not produce a greater tonnage of high grade 
 beets than are produced in the best districts of Europe, 
 it is plain to be seen that our low averages result from a 
 lack of education on the part of our farmers. 
 
 James Wilson grew over 20 tons of high grade beets 
 per acre in Iowa year after year before he became Secre- 
 tary of Agriculture and he is convinced that when our 
 farmers shall have become accustomed to the culture of 
 beets they will produce at least that tonnage, which is 
 25 per cent in excess of what the German farmers are 
 able to coax from their worn-out soils. In the judgment 
 of those most familiar with the industry, it is not a ques- 
 tion of soil or of climate, but of cultural education. 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 5 
 
 PRICE OF SUGAR BEETS IN EUROPE AND IN 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary are the domi- 
 nant beet sugar producing countries of the world. Of 
 the 9,000,000 tons of beet sugar annually produced in 
 Europe, 7,000,000 tons, or 77%, are produced in these 
 three countries, which also export 2,500,000 tons an- 
 nually, or 83% of the total sugar exports of Europe. 
 Sugar conditions in other European countries do not 
 materially affect the international sugar situation, and 
 when comparing the cost of raw material at home and 
 abroad, these are the countries which must be taken into 
 consideration. 
 
 The beet sugar produced in the United States is refined 
 sugar for direct consumption, but to afford an exact 
 comparison, the United States production of refined sugar 
 per ton of beets, as given by the Department of Agri- 
 culture, has been reduced to terms of raw. on the basis 
 of 100 pounds of raw being equivalent to 90 pounds 
 of refined. 
 
 Table No. VII, attached hereto, shows the average 
 number of pounds of raw sugar extracted from a 2,000 
 pound ton of beets in the United States and in various 
 European countries for a series of years. 
 
 For the five-year period from 1907-08 to 1911-12 it 
 will be seen that the extraction was as follows : 
 
 Germany 328.30 lbs. 
 
 Russia 316.98 lbs. 
 
 Austria-Hungary 315.20 lbs. 
 
 United States 274.57 lbs. 
 
 As will be seen by the attached data, the north German 
 and the Holland sugar manufacturers' associations have 
 fixed the 1913-14 price of beets in the two countries at 
 an average of $4.34 per 2,000 pound ton, delivered at the 
 factory gates, while in the south, the factories are holding 
 out for $4.32 J^. 
 
 As also will be seen by the attached data the Prague 
 Association of Raw Sugar Manufacturers of Bohemia 
 and the Organization of Sugar Beet Growers have agreed 
 upon the price of $3.68 per 2,000 pound ton for the 1913- 
 14 campaign, delivered at receiving stations, and $3.88 
 delivered at the factory. The latest advices, as given in 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 foreign sugar journals, are to the effect that other Aus- 
 trian factory and beet growers associations are perfecting 
 agreements on practically the same basis. 
 
 The latest obtainable figures on Russia are given by 
 the Minister of Finance and are for the campaign 1911- 
 12, when the average price paid throughout the Russian 
 Empire was $3.90 per 2,000 pound ton. The Minister's 
 report does not state whether the price is for beets deliv- 
 ered at the factory or at receiving stations, but in the 
 second calculation I have added 20f per ton for freight, 
 as in Austria. 
 
 The average price paid to farmers for beets in the 
 United States, as given in the April issue of the Crop 
 Reporter, issued by the Department of Agriculture, was 
 $5.50 per ton in 1911 and $5.82 per ton in 1912. Direct 
 reports from 65 factories show an average freight charge 
 on beets, paid by the factories, of 43 cents per ton in 
 1911, 45 cents in 1912, and 41 cents per ton for agricul- 
 tural expenses in 1911, 38 cents for 1912. 
 
 Thus the average cost of beets, laid down at the factory 
 gates in the United States, was $6.34 per ton in 1911 and 
 $6.65 in 1912. 
 
 Assuming that the ofl&cial figures for Russia are for 
 beets at the farm and not delivered to the factory, and 
 that the delivered price as given in Germany includes 20 
 cents per ton for freight, as in Austria, the following 
 table shows the average amount paid to farmers in four 
 countries for each 100 pounds of extractable raw sugar 
 which their beets contain. 
 
 Farmers^ Receipts for Raw Material. 
 
 
 si 
 
 Ill 
 
 Average extrac- 
 tion of raw sugar 
 per 2000 lb. ton of 
 beets, 1907-11. 
 
 II 
 
 m 
 
 U. S. farm cost 
 per 100 lbs. of raw 
 sugar in the beet 
 \va excess of cost 
 in other countries. 
 
 United States . . 
 
 $5.82 
 3.90 
 3.68 
 4.14 
 
 274.57 
 316.98 
 315.20 
 328.30 
 
 $2.12 • 
 -^ 1.2,3 
 1.16 
 1.26 
 
 
 Russia 
 
 Austria -Hungary . 
 Germany .... 
 
 ^ .89^ 
 .96^ 
 .86^ 
 
 ^ ^^^* 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 COST OF BEETS DELIVERED AT THE 
 FACTORY. 
 
 To determine the cost of raw material to the factory, 
 there must be added to the price paid the farmer for his 
 beets, the agricultural expense borne by the factory and 
 the freight on the beets from receiving station to factory . 
 The great agricultural expense which formerly attached 
 to the growing of beets in Europe practically has dis- 
 appeared, since European farmers thoroughly understand 
 the cultivation of this crop, and although they naturally 
 strive to secure a high price per ton , they are anxious to 
 plant beets because of the indirect agricultural advantages, 
 and while the agricultural expense is decreasing in the 
 United States and eventually will be eliminated here as 
 it has been in Europe, at present it is an important and 
 a necessary item of expense attaching to the cost of raw 
 material in the United States. This item consists of the 
 cost of soliciting acreage, superintendence of fields by the 
 chief factory agriculturist and his assistants during the 
 planting and growing season, wear and tear on agri- 
 cultural implements loaned to farmers, and such other 
 expense as is incurred by the factory in the field. 
 
 In Europe, where the custom of rotating cereal crops 
 with a hoed crop is universal, the beet supply is grown 
 closer to the factories than it is in the United States and 
 the freight charges are correspondingly lower. Although 
 the freight expense in the United States was greater by 
 2 cents per ton in 1912 than in 1911, as compared with 
 earlier years, it is much less now and it will continue to 
 be a decreasing item of expense. 
 
 The following table shows the average cost to the fac- 
 tory of lOO'pounds of extractable raw sugar in the beets, 
 delivered at the factory gates, in the United States and 
 in the three principal European beet sugar producing 
 countries : 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 Factory Cost of Raw Material. 
 
 United States. 
 Average price paid farmers 
 
 in 1912 $5.82 
 
 Average freight paid by 
 
 factories 45 
 
 Average agricultural expense 
 incurred by factories . . .38 
 
 Total per ton .... 
 
 Russia. 
 Average price paid for beets 
 
 in 1911 $3.90 
 
 Assuming for freight 
 
 as in Austria 20 
 
 Total per ton .... 
 
 A ustria- Hungary. 
 
 Bohemia, 1913 contract price 
 at receiving stations . $3.68 
 Contract price delivered at 
 factory 
 
 Germany. 
 Average cost, purchase beets, 
 
 1904 to 1910 14.44 
 
 North Germany, average 
 1913 contract price purchase 
 beets, delivered at factory 
 gates 
 
 Is 
 
 S8 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 6.65 
 
 4.10 
 
 3.88 
 
 4.34 
 
 2S^ 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 274.57 
 
 316.98 
 
 315.20 
 
 328.30 
 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 2.42 
 
 1.29 
 
 1.23 
 
 1.32 
 
 2 ? 51 " . 
 CO .^ww 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.19 
 
 1.10 
 
 The difference in the average cost of raw material in 
 our principal beet sugar producing States, is given in 
 the following table. The average cost of beets laid 
 down at the factory is derived by adding to the price 
 paid per ton of beets to farmers in 1912, as given by the 
 Department of Agriculture, 45 cents, average freight 
 paid by 65 factories, and 38 cents, average agricultural 
 expense. As in 1912 the Department changed its classi- 
 fication by grouping Wisconsin with certain other States 
 and forming a new group for ''other States," the 
 extraction as shown for these two groups in the follow- 
 ing table may differ slightly, though not materially, from 
 what would be shown had the Department not changed 
 its classification. 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 Factory Cost of Raw Material by States. 
 
 
 Average cost of 
 
 Pounds of raw 
 
 Cost of 100 pounds 
 
 
 beets per ton. laid 
 
 sugar extracted 
 
 of extractable 
 
 
 down at factory, 
 
 per ton of beets. 
 
 raw sugar in the 
 
 
 1912. 
 
 1907-11. • 
 
 beet. 
 
 California . . . 
 
 ^7.29 
 
 324.93 
 
 12.24 
 
 Utah and Idaho . 
 
 5.80 
 
 282.03 
 
 2.05 
 
 Colorado .... 
 
 6.79 
 
 280.80 
 
 2.42 
 
 Michigan . . . 
 
 6.52 
 
 263.37 
 
 2.48 
 
 Ohio, Indiana, 
 
 
 
 
 Illinois and 
 
 
 
 
 Wisconsin . . 
 
 6.43 
 
 260.93 
 
 2.46 
 
 Other States . . 
 
 6.64 
 
 260.74 
 
 2.55 
 
 * Based on 100 pounds of raw being equal to 90 pounds of refined sugar. 
 
 FROM THE FARMING VIEWPOINT. 
 
 As stated before, the drouth of 1911 resulted in an 
 abnormally low tonnage per acre in Western Europe. 
 The yield per acre during the preceding five years was 
 as follows in the four countries mentioned : 
 
 Tonnage per Acre. 
 
 Average for the Yeai^ 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Austria- 
 Hungary. 
 
 United 
 States. 
 
 1906-07 
 
 1907-08 . 
 
 1908-09 
 
 1909-10 
 
 1910-11 
 
 14.16 
 13.36 
 12.08 
 12.56 
 14.70 
 
 7.95 
 6.31 
 6.99 
 5.64 
 8.74 
 
 11.70 
 11.29 
 10.71 
 11.28 
 12.36 
 
 11.26 
 
 10.16 
 
 9.36 
 
 9.71 
 
 10.17 
 
 Average of 5 yrs. 1907-1911 
 
 13.37 
 
 7.126 
 
 11.47 
 
 10.13 
 
 Taking the above average yield for five years and apply- 
 ing the latest available figures concerning the price paid 
 to farmers for beets, and assuming that the cost of freight 
 in Germany is 20 cents per ton, as in Austria, the average 
 gross returns per acre to farmers in the four countries 
 are as follows : 
 
 Gross Returns to Farmers Per Acre. 
 Russia . . . .7.126 tons per acre @ |3.90 per ton, $27.79 per acre 
 Austria-Hungary 11.47 •' " @ 3.68 " 42.21 " 
 
 Germany .... 13.37 " " @ 4.14 '' 55.35 
 
 United States . .10.13" " @ 5.82 " 58.95 
 
 The variation in gross amount per acre received by 
 farmers for their beet crop in our leading beet sugar pro- , 
 ducing States is as follows : 
 
10 
 
 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 Calitornia . . 
 Utah and Idaho 
 Colorado . . . 
 Michigan . . 
 Wisconsin . . 
 Other States . 
 
 Tons of beets per 
 acre. 1907-11. 
 
 10.37 
 11.32 
 10.64 
 
 8.58 
 10.02 
 
 9.07 
 
 Price paid to 
 farmers per ton 
 for beets in 1912. 
 
 $6.46 
 4.97 
 5.96 
 5.69 
 
 *5.60 
 5.81 
 
 Gross returns 
 per acre. 
 
 $66.99 
 62.57 
 63.41 
 48.82 
 56.11 
 52.69 
 
 * Under new classification by Department of Agriculture, this is the average 
 price paid in Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio and Illinois. 
 
 Considering the difference in the cost of farm labor in 
 the United States and in Europe, it is evident that the 
 disparity in the cost of raw material is not due to inor- 
 dinate profits made by American farmers, hence it is 
 impracticable to try and remedy it through a material 
 lowering of the price of beets in the United States. 
 
 The remedy lies with the education of our farmers, 
 who, as compared with German farmers, produce 24% 
 less tonnage of beets per acre and of a quality which 
 yields the factory 16% less sugar per ton. As a result, 
 from 1906 to 1910 inclusive, American farmers produced 
 an average of but 2 , 757 pounds of extractable raw sugar per 
 acre, as compared with 4,355 pounds produced per acre 
 in Germany during the same period. From a like quality 
 of beets American factories extract as much sugar as do 
 European factories, and the equalization of the cost of 
 raw material only can be accomplished on the farm. 
 Here it is a new crop, while European farmers have had 
 generations of experience. 
 
 PRICE OF BEETS IN GERMANY. 
 
 In Germany, beets are secured in three ways (l) beets 
 grown by the factories, (2) contract and shareholders' 
 beets, (3) purchase beets. The percentage of each class, 
 as given by the German Imperial Bureau of Statistics, is 
 as follows : 
 
 Factory grown beets 4.09% 
 
 Contract and shareholders' beets (co-operative) 40.48% 
 Purchase beets ( Kaufrueben ) 55.43% 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 11 
 
 The low initial price paid for the first two classes of 
 beets above mentioned does not necessarily indicate the 
 real value of the beets for sugar-making purposes, as 
 after the campaign is over, an additional distribution of 
 a certain amount per ton is made to the growers, the 
 amount depending upon the success of the campaign. 
 The size of the second distribution is more dependent 
 upon the price of sugar than of any other condition and 
 the total amount received per ton of beets includes the 
 manufacturing as well as the agricultural profits. Pre- 
 sumably for this reason the German Government does 
 not publish the average price for either of these classes 
 of beets, but confines itself to reporting the cost of what 
 are termed purchase beets, beets which are purchased by 
 the factories, regardless of any consideration except the 
 value of the beets for sugar-making purposes and where 
 the price is not affected by reason of free seed or free 
 pulp or by any other consideration. The cost of these 
 beets for the past eight years, as given by the German 
 Imperial Bureau of Statistics, has been as follows : 
 
 Average Prices. 
 Per Metric Ton, Per 2.000 lb. Ton. 
 Year. Marks. Dollars. 
 
 1904-05 20.10 4.34 
 
 1905-06 20.00 4.32 
 
 1906-07 18.70 4.04 
 
 1907-08 19.60 4.23 
 
 1908-09 21.30 4.60 
 
 1909-10 21.90 4.73 
 
 1910-11 22.50 4.86 
 
 Average for seven years .... 4.44 
 
 1911-12 25.10 5.42 
 
 The price paid for beets in Germany and other portions 
 of western Europe in 1911 can not be used as a criterion, 
 because of the drouth which that year prevailed through- 
 out that section and thereby created an abnormal price 
 for both beets and sugar. Prior to July of that year, 
 crop conditions were favorable and, as is their custom, 
 raw sugar factories sold sugar ahead for October - 
 December delivery. In July a prolonged drouth set 
 in, the result of which was that the tonnage of beets 
 harvested in the autumn amounted to less than 8 tons 
 per acre in Germany, or but little over one-half the 
 usual yield. With a shortage in Europe of 1,760,000 
 tons of sugar and the consequent high prices, sugar 
 
12 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 factories bid up the price of beets to a figure never before 
 known, even importing large quantities from Holland, 
 thus shortening the campaign of the Dutch factories. 
 The German factories secured only enough beets to 
 operate an average of 42 days, as compared with 70 days 
 the year before and many factories were compelled to 
 purchase raw sugar on the Magdeburg market at high 
 prices in order to fulfill their advance sales contracts. 
 
 Following the half crop of 1911, the plantings of beets 
 increased, and the 1912 beet yield was a million tons in 
 excess of any preceding year. With this bumper crop, 
 not only has the price of sugar, but of beets gone down, 
 the drop in the price of beets in Germany being even 
 greater than it was in 1906, as will be seen by the fol- 
 lowing excerpt from the Journal des Fabricants de 
 Sucre, Paris, February 12, 1913. 
 
 PROVINCE OF SAXONY. 
 (Excerpt from I/cading Article.) 
 
 In consequence of better offers having been made for beets by 
 the factories it is not likely that a diminution of acreage to beets 
 will occur in Germany (Province Saxony), IM. to Mk. 1.10 for 
 50 Kg. of beets will be paid (equal to $4.31 per short ton); in 
 addition the grower is to receive 50% of pulp. 
 
 (Excerpt from Die Deutsche Zuckerindustrie, March 14, 1913, 
 page 239). 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 Price of Beets in Germany. ' 
 
 The beet prices are dependent usually on the current market 
 price of sugar. At the end of 1911 the price of raw sugar was very 
 high, and this is the reason why all German beet sugar factories 
 were able to pay high prices for their beets ; but recently the price 
 of sugar has reached a low level, wherefore the sugar factories of 
 Germany, especially those of South Germany, are determined to 
 secure their beets at a lower price than they have been paying up 
 to the present time. This was brought to the attention of Secre- 
 tary of State Frhr. Zorn v. Bulach in the House of Representatives 
 of Alsace-Ivorraine, and he was asked what the Government 
 intended doing about the proposed reduction in the price of beets. 
 The honorable gentleman conferred with Representative Wehrung, 
 and after the conference stated that it was his opinion that the 
 farmers should organize and protest against the lowering of the 
 price of beets, and that the Government is not in a position to 
 bring pressure to bear upon the farmers to accept a lower price for 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 13 
 
 their beets, but that the farmers should have patience and when 
 the price of sugar in the world market shall warrant, the price of 
 beets would undoubtedly return to the level of what it was in 
 the last campaign. 
 
 NKTHBRIyANDS (Ibid). 
 
 Nord-Brabandt, 12th of March, 1913. 
 
 Contracts for beets are being signed up in different districts. 
 Fixed prices for beets have been determined upon as follows for 
 the campaign 1913-14. 
 
 Dist. 1 and 2, 12 Florens per Metric ton ( equals $4.38 per short ton ) . 
 i. 3 11 «' «< «♦ «' ( " 4.01 '* " " ). 
 
 " 4 12.70 *' " '• *' ( " 4.63 " " " ). 
 
 (Average 4.34). 
 
 These prices are paid for beets delivered at the factory gates 
 and no increase or deferred payment will be made for deferred 
 deliveries. The *' Bund " of sugar manufacturers made an agree- 
 ment with the German sugar factory association to the effect that 
 these organizations will cooperate with each other in keeping the 
 price the same in both countries. 
 
 From the above it appears that the average price of 
 purchase beets in north Germany in 1913-14 delivered at 
 the factory will be $4.34 per 2,000 pound ton, or 10 cents 
 per ton less than was paid during the 7 years preceding 
 1911. 
 
 The following article indicates that the price of beets 
 for this year is to be about the same in south Germany 
 as it is in the northern provinces of the Empire : 
 
 (Excerpt from Die Deutsche Zuckerindustrie, April 5th, 1913, 
 page 980.) 
 
 BBKT GROWERS versus FACTORIES IN SOUTHERN 
 GERMANY. 
 
 The Strassburger Post publishes the following article : 
 
 All those who have the interest of agriculture at heart will be 
 unpleasantly surprised at the agitation started by beet growers 
 against the sugar factories ; the agitators do not wish to look facts 
 in the face. Any agronomist as well as those who have experi- 
 ence in beet growing will frankly admit that beet culture is a 
 blessing for agriculture in general, and 1 Mark per 50 Kg. (equal 
 to $4,323^ per short ton) paid for beets, leaves a fair margin for 
 the grower. 
 
 Unfortunately, the factory is not in a position to adjust the sale 
 price of sugar to the purchase price of beets, but has to part with 
 
14 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 the sugar at whatever the world's market price happens to be. 
 Considering the fact that sugar is a product dealt in by the world's 
 producers and costs (raw) now 9.75 mark per 50 Kg. (equal to 
 J2.ll per 100 lbs.) factory price, we do not see how it is possible 
 to pay more than one mark per centner of beets ($4.32)^ per short 
 ton). 
 
 All agitation in the world will not remedy this state of affairs ; 
 even experts will tell you that very little profit can be made by 
 manufacturers paying 1 Mark per centner ($4.32)4 P^r short ton) 
 if sugar is not going to be higher in the world's markets. 
 
 Beet growers should realize and know what are their real inter- 
 ests a,)Rd should not allow themselves to be incited by their 
 so-called friends to carry on a senseless agitation, a campaign 
 against the beet sugar factory owners with whom they should have 
 a community of interests. 
 
 PRICE OF BEETS IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 
 
 The Prague (Bohemia) organization of raw sugar 
 manufacturers and the Organization of Beet Growers 
 have fixed the price of beets for the 1913-14 campaign 
 at $3.68 per short ton at receiving stations, and $3.88 
 delivered at the factories. 
 
 On February 28 the Briinn (Moravia) raw sugar 
 manufacturers and the beet growers were close to an 
 agreement. The growers were demanding $3.95 per 
 short ton for all beets, with an increase of 18 cents per 
 ton if the factory price of raw sugar during October, 
 November and December should exceed 2 cents per 
 pound. The factories were willing to pay $3.95 for one 
 group, but were holding out for $3.78 for other beets, 
 with an increase of 14 cents per ton if the price of sugar 
 October-December should exceed 2.11 cents per pound. 
 
 The factories of Boemish Brod were offering but $3.68 
 per short ton, with an increase of 18 cents per ton if the 
 October-December price of raw sugar should exceed 
 $1.89 per 100 pounds. 
 
 Austrian export sugar is shipped down the Elbe and 
 across Germany to Hamburg, at which port the average 
 price in 1912, October- December, was 2.06 cents per 
 pound. 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 15 
 
 (Excerpt from Prager Zuckermarkt, February 26, 1913. Page 168. 
 Beet Sugar Purchases, Campaign 1913-14. ) 
 
 The Association of the Prague Raw Sugar factories has per- 
 fected in harmony with the Organization of Sugar Beet Growers 
 their agreement for delivery of beets during campaign 1913-14 on 
 the basis of 2.10 kronen per double zentner (220 pounds) delivered 
 at factory ($3.88 per short ton) ; and on the basis 2.00 kronen per 
 double zentner (^3.68 per short ton), delivered at the field receiv- 
 ing station. Conditions of delivery to remain the same as in pre- 
 ceding campaign 1911-12. 
 
 (Excerpt from the Journal des Fabri cants de Sucre, March 12, 
 1913.) 
 
 AUSTRIA. 
 Bohetnia-Moravia . 
 From leading article by G. Bureau. 
 
 In Austria negotiations regarding Beet Contracts and agree- 
 ments about Kaufrueben (purchase beets) are being carried on. 
 
 The prospects for an understanding between the growers and 
 factories now rest upon a solid basis and it is most likely that 
 shortly an arrangement acceptable to both sides will be made. 
 
 At a meeting in Briinn, Moravia, held on February 28th, 1913, 
 by representatives of sugar factories and delegates of the Organi- 
 zation of Beet Growers, the sugar factories advocated the adoption 
 of a minimum price as a basis of a certain level eventually attained 
 by sugar quotations; the growers agreeing to this in principle, 
 have asked that the price of purchase beets be fixed at 2.15 kronen 
 per 100 Kg. (= $3.95 per short ton) with an increase of 10 hellers 
 (18 cents per short ton of beets) — if sugar quotations rise above 
 22 kronen (|4.46 per 100 Kg. sugar, or $2.00 per 100 lbs.). 
 
 The factory delegates have offered 2.05 kronen per 100 Kg. 
 beets ( = $3.78 per short ton) for the first group (district) — and 
 2.15 kronen per 1(K) Kg. for every kronen (|0.203) rise in price 
 of sugar beyond 22 kronen — ($4.46 per 100 Kg. sugar, or $2.00 per 
 100 lbs. ). 
 
 In some parts of Moravia beets were purchased at fixed prices. 
 
 The Sugar Factories of Boemish Brod offer 2 kronen per 100 
 Kg. beets (=$3.68 per short ton) with an increase for every 100 
 Kg. of 10 hellers (18 cents per short ton) if sugar quotations 
 reach above 20.50 kronen ($4.16 per 100 Kg. of sugar, or $1.89 
 per 100 lbs. ) delivery October-December, 1913. 
 
 The following tabulated figures for the various 
 provinces of Austria-Hungary are from the oflScial 
 publication, Mitteilungen des K. K. Finans Minis- 
 teriuras. Only minimum and maximum prices are given 
 in the report of the Finance Minister and it is impossible 
 to derive the average price. I have added, however, a 
 column giving the mean of the minimum and maximum. 
 
16 
 
 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 Bohemia. Official Figures . 
 
 
 Hellers per 100 kilos. 
 
 Per 2.000 pound ton. 
 
 U.S. Currency 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Min. 8c Max. 
 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 
 1895-96 
 
 130 
 
 260 
 
 $2.39 
 
 $4.79 
 
 $3.59 
 
 1896-97 
 
 160 
 
 270 
 
 2.95 
 
 4.97 
 
 3.96 
 
 1897-98 
 
 160 
 
 260 
 
 2.95 
 
 4.79 
 
 2.87 
 
 1898-99 
 
 160 
 
 250 
 
 3.13 
 
 4.61 
 
 3.87 
 
 1899-1900 
 
 170 
 
 274 
 
 3.13 
 
 5.05 
 
 4.09 
 
 1900-1 
 
 180 
 
 274 
 
 3.32 
 
 5.05 
 
 4.19 
 
 1901-2 
 
 160 
 
 250 
 
 2.95 
 
 4.61 
 
 3.78 
 
 1902-3 
 
 140 
 
 272 
 
 2.58 
 
 5.02 
 
 3.80 
 
 1903-4 
 
 140 
 
 250 
 
 2.58 
 
 4.61 
 
 3.60 
 
 1904-5 
 
 160 
 
 276 
 
 2.95 
 
 5.09 
 
 4.02 
 
 1905-6 
 
 170 
 
 290 
 
 3.13 
 
 5.35 
 
 4.24 
 
 1906-7 
 
 160 
 
 290 
 
 2.95 
 
 5.35 
 
 4.15 
 
 1907-8 
 
 170 
 
 265 
 
 3.13 
 
 4.89 
 
 4.01 
 
 1908-9 
 
 185 
 
 282 
 
 3.41 
 
 5.19 
 
 4.30 
 
 
 Moravia. Official Figures. 
 
 
 
 Hellers per 100 kilos. 
 
 Per 2.000 pound ton. 
 
 U. S. Currency 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 
 liyroan l\( 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Min. & Max. 
 
 1895-96 
 
 172 
 
 260 
 
 $3.15 
 
 $4.80 
 
 $3.98 
 
 1896-97 
 
 160 
 
 236 
 
 2.95 
 
 4.35 
 
 3.65 
 
 1897-98 
 
 160 
 
 240 
 
 2.95 
 
 4.42 
 
 3.69 
 
 1898-99 
 
 170 
 
 249 
 
 3.13 
 
 4.59 
 
 3.86 
 
 1899-1900 
 
 170 
 
 245 
 
 3.13 
 
 4.51 
 
 3.82 
 
 1900-1 
 
 170 
 
 274 
 
 3.13 
 
 5.05 
 
 4.10 
 
 1901-2 
 
 170 
 
 242 
 
 3.13 
 
 4.47 
 
 3.80 
 
 1902-3 
 
 162 
 
 240 
 
 2.99 
 
 4.42 
 
 3.70 
 
 1903-4 
 
 170 
 
 237 
 
 3.13 
 
 4.37 
 
 3.75 
 
 1904-5 
 
 168 
 
 260 
 
 3.10 
 
 4.80 
 
 3.95 
 
 1905-6 
 
 183 
 
 275 
 
 3.41 
 
 5.08 
 
 4.24 
 
 1906-7 
 
 180 
 
 274 
 
 3.32 
 
 5.06 
 
 4.19 
 
 1907-8 
 
 170 
 
 264 
 
 3.13 
 
 4.87 
 
 4.00 
 
 1908-9 
 
 205 
 
 284 
 
 3.77 
 
 5.23 
 
 4.50 
 
 
 Silesia. Official Figures. 
 
 
 
 Hellerg per 100 kilos 
 
 Per 2,000 pound ton 
 
 U. S. Currency 
 
 Year 
 
 
 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Min. & Mar. 
 
 1895-96 
 
 210 
 
 250 
 
 $3.87 
 
 $4.61 
 
 $4.24 
 
 1896-97 
 
 190 
 
 237 
 
 3.50 
 
 4.37 
 
 3.94 
 
 1897-98 
 
 190 
 
 200 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.69 
 
 3.60 
 
 1898-99 
 
 206 
 
 248 
 
 3.80 
 
 4.57 
 
 4.19 
 
 1899-1900 
 
 216 
 
 247 
 
 3.98 
 
 4.56 
 
 4.27 
 
 1900-1 
 
 212 
 
 248 
 
 3.91 
 
 4.57 
 
 4.24 
 
 1901-2 
 
 219 
 
 243 
 
 4.03 
 
 4.48 
 
 4.26 
 
 1902-3 
 
 210 
 
 236 
 
 3.87 
 
 4.35 
 
 4.11 
 
 1903-4 
 
 180 
 
 242 
 
 3.32 
 
 4.47 
 
 3.90 
 
 1904-5 
 
 180 
 
 248 
 
 3.32 
 
 4.57 
 
 3.95 
 
 1905-6 
 
 200 
 
 246 
 
 3.69 
 
 4.54 
 
 4.12 
 
 1906-7 
 
 190 
 
 251 
 
 3.50 
 
 4.63 
 
 4.06 
 
 1907-8 
 
 200 
 
 249 
 
 3.69 
 
 4.59 
 
 4.24 
 
 1908-9 
 
 220 
 
 257 
 
 4.06 
 
 4.74 
 
 4.40 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 Galicia. Official Figures. 
 
 17 
 
 
 Hellers per 100 kilos 
 
 Per 2,000 pound ton 
 
 U. S. Currency 
 
 Year 
 
 
 
 
 
 IV/Tsan rS 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Min. & Max. 
 
 1895-96 
 
 190 
 
 210 
 
 ^3.50 
 
 153.87 
 
 $3.68 
 
 1896-97 
 
 200 
 
 220 
 
 3.69 
 
 4.06 
 
 3.87 
 
 1897-98 
 
 200 
 
 220 
 
 3.69 
 
 4.06 
 
 3.87 
 
 1898-99 
 
 190 
 
 220 
 
 3.50 
 
 4.06 
 
 3.78 
 
 1899-1900 
 
 190 
 
 226 
 
 3.50 
 
 4.17 
 
 3.84 
 
 1900-1 
 
 190 
 
 210 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.87 
 
 3.69 
 
 1901-2 
 
 208 
 
 210 
 
 3.84 
 
 3.87 
 
 3.85 
 
 1902-3 
 
 191 
 
 208 
 
 3.52 
 
 3.84 
 
 3.68 
 
 1903-4 
 
 189 
 
 190 
 
 3.49 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.50 
 
 1904-5 
 
 
 210 
 
 
 3.87 
 
 
 1905-6 
 
 
 208 
 
 
 3.83 
 
 
 1906-7 
 
 
 189 
 
 
 3.49 
 
 
 1907-8 
 
 
 200 
 
 - 
 
 3.69 
 
 
 1908-9 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 3.69 
 
 
 Austria below the Ems. Official Figures. 
 
 
 Hellers per 100 kilos 
 
 Per 2,000 pound ton 
 
 
 Year 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mean of 
 Min. & Max. 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 1895-96 
 
 200 
 
 230 
 
 $3.69 
 
 $4.24 
 
 $3.96 
 
 1896-97 
 
 222 
 
 230 
 
 4.10 
 
 4.24 
 
 4.17 
 
 1897-98 
 
 222 
 
 230 
 
 4.10 
 
 4.24 
 
 4.17 
 
 1898-99 
 
 206 
 
 212 
 
 3.76 
 
 3.91 
 
 3.84 
 
 1899-1900 
 
 205 
 
 230 
 
 3.78 
 
 4.24 
 
 4.01 
 
 1900-1 
 
 210 
 
 230 
 
 3.87 
 
 4.24 
 
 4.05 
 
 1901-2 
 
 210 
 
 218 
 
 3.87 
 
 4.02 
 
 3.95 
 
 1902-3 
 
 202 
 
 260 
 
 3.72 
 
 4.79 
 
 4.25 
 
 1903-4 
 
 207 
 
 221 
 
 3.81 
 
 4.07 
 
 3.94 
 
 1904-5 
 
 185 
 
 225 
 
 3.41 
 
 4.15 
 
 3.78 
 
 1905-6 
 
 200 
 
 240 
 
 3.69 
 
 4.42 
 
 4.06 
 
 1906-7 
 
 200 
 
 230 
 
 3.69 
 
 4.24 
 
 3.96 
 
 1907-8 
 
 200 
 
 248 
 
 3.69 
 
 4.57 
 
 4.23 
 
 1908-9 
 
 245 
 
 250 
 
 4.52 
 
 4.61 
 
 4.56 
 
 Hungary and Bukowina. Official Figures. 
 
 
 Hellers per 100 kilos. 
 
 Per 2,000 pound ton. 
 
 U. S. Currency 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 
 Mean of 
 Min. & Max. 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 Minimum 
 
 Maximum 
 
 1895-96 
 
 160 
 
 300 
 
 $2.95 
 
 $5.53 
 
 $4.14 
 
 1896-97 
 
 180 
 
 300 
 
 3.32 
 
 5.53 
 
 4.42 
 
 1897-98 
 
 180 
 
 300 
 
 3.32 
 
 5.53 
 
 4.42 
 
 1898-99 
 
 163 
 
 300 
 
 3.00 
 
 5.53 
 
 4.26 
 
 1899-1900 
 
 104 
 
 300 
 
 1.92 
 
 5.53 
 
 3.72 
 
 1900-1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1901-2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1902-3 
 
 170 
 
 300 
 
 3.13 
 
 5.53 
 
 4.33 
 
 1903-4 
 
 224 
 
 234 
 
 4.13 
 
 4.32 
 
 4.22 
 
 1904-5 
 
 
 251 
 
 
 
 4.63 
 
 
 1905-6 
 
 255 
 
 272 
 
 4.69 
 
 5.02 
 
 4.85 
 
 1906-7 
 
 200 
 
 240 
 
 3.69 
 
 4.42 
 
 4.05 
 
 1907-8 
 
 236 
 
 245 
 
 4.35 
 
 4.52 
 
 4.43 
 
 1908-9 
 
 252 
 
 264 
 
 4.65 
 
 4.87 
 
 4.76 
 
18 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 PRICE OF BEETS IN RUSSIA. 
 
 The drouth of 1911 which shortened the sugar crop of 
 Europe 1,760,000 tons did not materially affect the prin- 
 cipal beet growing sections of Russia and the average 
 tonnage per acre, while below that of 1910, was greater 
 than it had been in any other year subsequent to 1906, 
 and consequently the price of beets was normal. 
 
 Prices quoted to me as being paid in the vicinity of 
 Warsaw in November, 1911, were 27 to 30 kopeks per 
 Russian hundred pounds (2.4 lbs. per kilo), which is 
 equal to $3.08 to $3.43 per short ton. 
 
 In 1911 the French Association of Sugar Manufact- 
 urers appointed a commission to visit and investigate the 
 Russian sugar producing districts. The report of the 
 Association was made by one of its members, Mons. 
 Emile Saillard, agronomic engineer, professor at the 
 Government School of Agricultural Industries, and Di- 
 rector of the Laboratory of the Association of Sugar 
 Manufacturers of France. In this report M. Saillard 
 quotes the cost of beets at various factories at from 20 
 francs to 23 J^ francs per metric ton, or from $3.44 to 
 $4.15 per 2,000 pound ton. He gives the average of 
 three provinces as 21, 23.25 and 22.90 francs per metric 
 ton, or $3.68, $4.07 and $4.02 respectively, per 2,000 
 pound ton. 
 
 Die Deutsche Zuckerindustrie of February 28, 1913, 
 gives 13 kopeks per pud of 36.113 lbs., equal to $3.72 
 per short ton, as the price paid for beets by the Ssobo- 
 lewka factory in the Province of Podolia ; and 14 kopeks 
 per pud, or $3.98 as the price paid by the Schsuprunowka 
 factory in the Province of Charkow. 
 
 The annual Report of the Russian Minister of Finance 
 for 1911 gives $3.90 per short ton as the average cost 
 throughout Russia for the campaign of 1911-12. 
 
 From Annuai. Report of the Minister 
 OF Finance. 
 
 Excerpt from report of Kapinst, Chief of Government 
 Factory Inspection, to Senator Novitzke, Imperial Com- 
 missioner of Agriculture and aid to Wierchnjatsck 
 Kokowzoo, Minister of Finance and President of the 
 Imperial Cabinet, given under date of May 21, 1912. 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 19 
 
 (CAMPAIGN 1911-12). 
 
 In Russia from 707,441 dessiatines of beets there were harvested 
 825,731,000 puds of beets which yielded 9,510, 166y% berkovetz (as 
 given by Rathke, 1,944,677 acres, 14,931,866 short tons of beets, 
 2,293,115 short tons of sugar). 
 
 Beets, average price throughout Russia, 1.65 rubles per berko- 
 vetz (=^3.90 per short ton). The lowest price is paid on the 
 Trans-Dnieper region and in Russian Poland, where acreage to 
 beets was about 10% of the total beet area. 
 
 The four provinces, Kieff, Podolia, Kursk and Charkow, which 
 have an area about twice that of Bavaria and Wurttemberg, are 
 our greatest beet growing provinces, producing about 71 % of all 
 our beets. Wolhynie, Tchernigow, Poltowa, Woronege and Tam- 
 bow come next. 
 
 Kight million two hundred and twenty dessaitines (22,239,000 
 acres) of land have in recent years been given over to the peasantry 
 and a large number of those peasants have caught the * ' sugar 
 beet fever " and are planting a portion of their holdings to beets. 
 
 The above mentioned lands (22,239,000 acres) formerly belonged 
 to the Imperial Family, the Government and to large landowners. 
 
 It is surprising to note that Russia, notwithstanding its large 
 stock of sugar, still is continuing to increase the area of beet cul- 
 tivation. It results from the fact that the quantity of sugar each 
 factory is licensed to sell in the home market would be reduced 
 by law if its output of sugar were to decrease in comparison with 
 factories placed side by side (factories of like capacity). 
 
 Factories, therefore, are interested in increasing their produc- 
 tion, so as not to see their home market sales diminished. This 
 peculiarity in the Russian law leads us to produce more beets than 
 we need, whether we make money on our foreign sales or not, as 
 the factories expect to recoup themselves on their home sales when 
 the relation between the prices paid at home and those paid abroad 
 are regulated. 
 
 PRICE OF BEETS IN FRANCE. 
 
 From the Bulletin de Statistique, issued by the French 
 Minister of Finance. 
 
20 
 
 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 Campaign 
 Year. 
 
 Francs per 
 1,000 Kilos. 
 
 Equivalent in 
 U. S. Currency 
 per 2,000 lb. Ton. 
 
 1892-3 
 
 26.98 
 
 $4.71 
 
 1893-4 
 
 28.20 
 
 4.94 
 
 1894-5 
 
 25.97 
 
 4.53 
 
 1895-6 
 
 26.43 
 
 4.63 
 
 1896-7 
 
 24.30 
 
 4.26 
 
 1897-8 
 
 25.97 
 
 4.53 
 
 1898-9 
 
 30.24 
 
 5.29 
 
 1899-1900 
 
 30.06 
 
 5.22 
 
 1900-01 
 
 29.71 
 
 5.15 
 
 1901-2 
 
 25.45 
 
 4.45 
 
 1902-3 
 
 23.01 
 
 4.03 
 
 1903-4 
 
 22.39 
 
 3.91 
 
 1904-5 
 
 22.23 
 
 3.89 
 
 1905-6 
 
 24.61 
 
 4.30 
 
 1906-7 
 
 21.78 
 
 3.79 
 
 1907-8 
 
 22.71 
 
 3.98 
 
 1908-9 
 
 23.90 
 
 4.18 
 
 1909-10 
 
 24.37 
 
 4.26 
 
 1910-11 
 
 26.52 
 
 4.65 
 
 1911-12 
 
 28.61 
 
 5.01 
 
 Average for 10 yrs. $4.77 
 
 Average for 10 yrs. $4.20 
 
 PRICE OF BEETS IN HOI.LAND. 
 
 The following ofi&cial figures are from the Gemiddelte 
 Marktprijzon von Landbouwproducten Konynkrijk der 
 Nederlanden Rijk in Europa. Centraal Bureau voor de 
 Statistick. 
 
 Official Figures, Average Cost of all Beets. 
 
 Year 
 
 Florins 
 
 Dollars 
 
 Per 100 kg. 
 
 Per 2.000 lb. Ton 
 
 Per 2,000 lb. Ton 
 
 1898 
 
 1.00 
 
 9.09 
 
 $3.65 
 
 1899 
 
 1.00 
 
 9.09 
 
 3.65 
 
 1900 
 
 0.915 
 
 8.61 
 
 3.46 
 
 1901 
 
 0.955 
 
 8.68 
 
 3.49 
 
 1902 
 
 0.890 
 
 8.09 
 
 3.25 
 
 1903 
 
 0.970 
 
 8.82 
 
 3.64 
 
 1904 
 
 1.075 
 
 9.77 
 
 3.92 
 
 1905 
 
 1.200 
 
 10.91 
 
 4.38 
 
 1906 
 
 1.00 
 
 9.09 
 
 3.65 
 
 1907 
 
 1.045 
 
 9.50 
 
 3.82 
 
 1908 
 
 1.20 
 
 10.91 
 
 4.38 
 
 1909 
 
 1.20 
 
 10.91 
 
 4.38 
 
 1910 
 
 1.25 
 
 11.36 
 
 4.56 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 21 
 
 As Stated elsewhere, the Dutch and German raw sugar 
 associations have fixed the price of beets for the campaign 
 1913-14, delivered at the factory gates, as follows : 
 
 Dist. 1 and 2, 12 Florens per metric ton ( equals $4. 38 per short ton) 
 ♦' 3, 11 ** " '• " ( " 4.01 " '' •' ) 
 
 <« 4, 12.70 " " ** " ( " 4.63 " " '' ) 
 
 (Average 4.34 '* ** " ) 
 
 COST OF FARM LABOR IN THE BEET FIELDS 
 OF THE UNITED STATES AND IN EUROPE. 
 
 The U. S. Department of Agriculture recently issued 
 a bulletin on the cost of farm labor in 1912, in which it 
 was stated : 
 
 *' Wages now, compared with the average of wages during the 
 eighties, are about 53 per cent higher; compared with the low 
 year of 1894 wages now are about 65 per cent higher. The current 
 average rate of farm wages in the United States, when board is 
 included, is, by the month, $20.81; by the day, other than harvest, 
 $1.14; at harvest, $1.54. When board is not included the rate is, 
 by the month, $29.58; by the day, other than harvest, $1.47; by 
 the day, at harvest, $1.87." 
 
 An analysis of the labor figures as given in the March 
 Crop Reporter of the Department shows that the average 
 wage of day laborers on the farms in the 16 sugar beet 
 States in 1912 was $2.45 at harvest time and $1.95 at 
 other seasons of the year. From 76 direct reports re- 
 ceived from the various beet growing sections, I found 
 that the average daily wage in the beet fields was $2.21, 
 the average daily earnings of piece workers, $3.25. 
 
 A comparison of these wages with the wages paid in 
 the beet fields of Europe is illuminating. 
 
 The wage rate for agricultural laborers in Poland is 
 26.2 cents per day for men, and 20.6 cents for women, 
 while the German wage rate is the highest to be found in 
 the three great European beet sugar producing countries. 
 Due to the introduction of sugar beets and the other root 
 crops which followed and were introduced in the rota- 
 tion, the acreage yield of cereal crops in Germany has 
 been more than doubled and instead of assisting emigra- 
 tion because of inability to feed a population of 30,000,000 
 
22 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 people, Germany to-day with a population of 65,000,000 
 people annually imports 800,000 seasonal workers to help 
 till her fields and work in her shops. 
 
 Sixty-seven per cent of these workers come from cer- 
 tain provinces of Russia and Austria, the other two great 
 sugar producing countries, attracted by the higher wage 
 which prevails in the German Empire. 
 
 Due to a semi-ofl&cial immigration bureau and to strict 
 passport regulations which prevent an emigrant from 
 living in any portion of the German Empire save the 
 particular place for which he or she is booked, the wage 
 is fixed and regulated to a nicety. Of late, certain dis- 
 tricts of other countries which need workers have been 
 bidding against Germany. 
 
 The Director of the German Labor Bureau gives the 
 following as the standard wage when all allowances have 
 been converted into money : 
 
 For Men. 
 
 Germany 1 Mark 74 Pfennigs per day (41.4 cents U. S. ) 
 
 " " (45.2 cents U. S.) 
 " " (41.1 cents U. S.) 
 " '• (41.1 cents U. S.) 
 •' •' (42.1 cents U. S.) 
 
 For Women. 
 
 Germany 1 Mark 51 Pfennigs per day (36.0 cents U. S.) 
 Denmark 1 " 49 '* " " (35.4 cents U. S.) 
 
 Prague 1 " 52 " " " (36.1 cents U. S.) 
 
 Vienna 1 *• 55 *' " " (36.9 cents U. S.) 
 
 Crakow 1 " 60 " " " (38.0 cents U. S.) 
 
 The Director remarks, " these figures show that our 
 European competitors are trying to dislodge us from the 
 field " and in order to save the day for Germany, he 
 earnestly pleads, *'we ought to grant an increase in 
 wages of say 3 pfennigs per day for men dVV of one cent), 
 and 2 pfennigs (tA of one cent) for women." He says, 
 *' I believe we ought to grant this increase in wages, as 
 we can not get around it, and it would not be too heavy 
 a burden for our agriculturists to pay." The question 
 of this pitiful increase of less than three-quarters of 
 one cent per day has assumed national importance 
 in Germany, where, before it yet is light enough to see 
 distinctly, farm laborers, like ghosts, flit by to their work, 
 later slacking 30 minutes for breakfast, 60 to 90 minutes 
 
 Denmark 1 " 
 
 ' 90 
 
 Prague 1 ' 
 
 ' 73 
 
 Vienna 1 * ' 
 
 ' 73 
 
 Crakow 1 " 
 
 . 77 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 23 
 
 for dinner and 30 minutes for the " vesper meal," after 
 which they work until darkness comes on at 9 to 10 
 o'clock in that northern climate, and all for 41 cents per 
 day. In the beet fields, these sturd)^ laborers are the 
 most expert of any to be found. So superior are conti- 
 nental laborers in this work that last year the new beet 
 sugar factory erected at Cantley, England, imported con- 
 tinental laborers to take the place of native farm laborers 
 whom they were paying 2 shillings 6 pence (60 cents per 
 day). After paying the Europeans much higher wages 
 than they paid to Englishmen, they found that they 
 still had saved $10.00 per acre by the operation. 
 
 When hundreds of thousands of seasoned, skilled 
 agricultural workmen are glad of the chance to migrate 
 and toil from sun-up to sun-down for a week in the fields 
 of Europe for the same wage an American farmer pays 
 for one day's labor in the United States, it is not sur- 
 prising that the American farmer needs and asks for 
 protection. 
 
 (Bxcerpt from Blatter fiir Zuckerriibenbau, December 31, 1912, 
 page 387.) 
 
 CONDITION OF THE FOREIGN lyABOR MARKET. 
 
 By Freihkrr von Busche Kessei,, 
 
 Director of the German Labor Bureau, Berlin. 
 
 In considering the business year, regarding the development 
 which has occurred in the German labor m^irket, we find that in 
 the spring of the year we had an ample supply of it, especially 
 from Russia, but even at Easter, labor became scarce, the supply 
 not entirely meeting the demand (during summer and fall) made 
 by industrial and agricultural centers. Notwithstanding the high 
 commission offered to labor agencies the efforts made to bring foreign 
 laborers in considerable numbers to Germany, were fruitless. This 
 was due to bad weather at harvest time here and abroad, which 
 lengthened the period of harvesting. Consequently, a great 
 number of farm hands who would have come to Germany for work 
 were unavoidably detained in their own country. 
 
 Although we succeeded in procuring a good supply of labor for 
 spring work, as stated above, during the summer and after Easter 
 the supply did not correspond with the demand. If we did get 
 enough laborers to help us out until the latter time, we owe it to 
 Russia, for she sent us far more men than in the previous year, and 
 there was not only a relative, but an absolute decrease in this re- 
 spect from Galicia. 
 
 If you follow my figures in this article carefully, you will find 
 
24 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 that Galicia can no longer be looked upon as a favorable recruiting 
 ground as immigration from that quarter is gradually diminishing. 
 
 Now as to the ensuing year : We must expect an increased de- 
 mand for foreign labor, particularly as related to our industries, 
 as we are still on the upward curve in industrial activity. In 
 looking over contracts and reports of important financial institu- 
 tions and of large industrial establishments, we find everywhere 
 that orders are abundant, the execution of which will last well 
 into the summer and it will require a large force of workmen to 
 execute these orders. Transportation reports from the railways 
 and other signs of the times point in the same direction. 
 
 The Balkan war (if limited to the powers warring at present) 
 will scarcely affect our industrial development. But if a world 
 war breaks out, the conditions would be different. The farmer 
 would not worry about lack of workmen the factory needs, but 
 immigration for the benefit of either industry or agriculture would 
 cease. In such a case we have no means of finding a remedy. 
 However, it would be a greater calamity for Germany if, without 
 her men going to fight, Austria and Russia were to mobilize and 
 keep at home the men who otherwise would emigrate. 
 
 Under normal conditions we shall require a large number of 
 immigrants to satisfy the needs of our flourishing industries. The 
 following tables show how many workmen we procured from 
 abroad and the proportion that were engaged in our industries : 
 
 1909. Total of workmen 643,000 
 
 In Agriculture 375,000 = 58.3% 
 
 In Industries 268, 000 = 41 . 7 % 
 1910-11. Total of immigrants 696,000 
 
 In Agriculture 388,000= 55.7% 
 
 In Industries 308,000 = 44.3 % 
 1911-12. Total of immigrants 729,000 
 
 In Agriculture 397,000 = 55 % 
 
 In Industries 332 , 000 = 45>^ % 
 
 Although we had 33,000 more immigrants this year than last, 
 yet 24,000 went to work in industrial establishments and only 9,000 
 on farms. Summing up the foreign labor supply, the proportion 
 of industrial workers has recently increased much more rapidly 
 than that of agricultural laborers. 
 
 On account of the rising curve in the extension of our intensive 
 agricultural methods, we must look to foreign countries next 
 Spring for an increase in our demand for agricultural laborers, 
 also because the preparatory work on the farms has been delayed 
 in Russia owing to unfavorable weather conditions. This will 
 delay the usual contingent coming from there to help us in our 
 work. 
 
 A considerable number of our agriculturists in different parts of 
 Germany are behind in their farm work and they will have to 
 apply intensive methods in order to make up for lost time. This 
 will absolutely compel them to employ (this Spring, 1913), an 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 25 
 
 increased number of foreign laborers far in excess of the number 
 employed last season. Our Bureau will be kept exceedingly busy 
 in consequence of this, and we are apprehensive lest the demand 
 shall be greater than the meager supply we will have to offer. 
 L/ast year's bad harvests in Russia forced a vast number of laborers 
 to come to us for work, who otherwise would not have come. 
 However, as Russia, this year, had a good harvest, the incentive 
 on the part of many to emigrate does not exist. We will be cur- 
 tailed in this direction and fears are entertained that the decrease 
 in immigration from Galicia will further hamper us in the way of 
 a sufficient supply of workers. 
 
 Now we come to the Poles and Ruthenians, who make up a 
 large quota of our foreign laborers and we find that Galicia proper 
 has given us only 114,000 farm laborers in 1909-10; in 1910-11 
 only 109,000; and last year only 97,000, a minus of 17,000 as 
 compared with two years ago; and a minus of 12,000 as compared 
 with the previous year. These figures are sufficiently eloquent 
 without my having further to comment on them. 
 
 Of course, Russia has helped us hitherto by sending us in 
 
 1909-10 242,000 agricultural laborers. 
 
 191C-11 238,000 
 
 1911-12 262,000 
 
 However, it is a serious matter for us Germans to have to depend 
 more and more on * * Russia ' ' for our supply of agricultural labor- 
 ers. I put emphasis on the word "Russia'* as there the police 
 not only pry into the political conduct of the workmen, but also 
 have their say in rural economics. In the matter of migration, 
 the will of the police is supreme. In order to cross the frontier, 
 every foot of which is closely guarded, a Russian subject must be 
 provided with a specified permit and those permits are issued ac- 
 cording to commercial treaties made between Russia and Germany 
 from time to time, — and when you bear in mind that Russia is a 
 country which largely exports agricultural products, you will then 
 realize the gravity of the situation which confronts Germany with 
 respect to the latter having to depend mainly on Russia for her 
 supply of agricultural laborers. 
 
 Men who know Russian conditions in the interior, believe that 
 she is on the eve of a new revolution and it only requires some 
 sort of foreign complication to fan the glowing embers into a 
 flame. China, Persia, the Balkans, — the mention of any of 
 these three names will give us food for thought. Therefore, not 
 to be entirely dependent on Russia for our labor supply, we must 
 bestow our attention on Galicia. And why has the supply of 
 laborers from Galicia decreased? Ivet us examine this question. 
 First of all, we have competitors in the European labor market. 
 
 Last year we offered for men per day, 1 M. 74 (41.4 cents) 
 women '* 1 M. 51 (36 cents) 
 
 or allowances converted into the same amount of money. 
 
26 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 Denmark, at that time, made contracts paying 
 
 Men per day 1 M. 90 (45.2 cents) 
 
 Women per day 1 M. 49 (35.4 cents) 
 
 For men a plus of 16 Fig. = (3. 8 cents) 
 
 For women a minus of 2 Pfg. = (0.47 cents) per day. 
 
 The National Central Bureau of Prague, which hires the largest 
 percentage of laborers for the Bohemian landowners, offered men 
 M. 1.73 (41.1 cents) per day, and women 1.52 M. (36.1 cents). 
 
 The great Agricultural Central Bureau in Vienna, which hires 
 people for all Austria at M. 1.73 (41.1 cents), also offered the 
 women M. 1.55 (36.9 cents). 
 
 The Emigration Union of Crakow, agents for "Austrian Land- 
 owners," offered: Men, M. 1.77 (42.1 cents) and 
 
 Women, M. 1.60 (38 cents) per day, that is to 
 say, 3 pfennigs (0.714 cents) more for men and 9 pfennigs (2.14 
 cents) for women. 
 
 These figures show that our European competitors are trying to 
 dislodge us from the field. Then we must bear in mind that work 
 in a man's own country is accompanied by many advantages; and 
 added to that fact the workman as a rule is subjected to a greater 
 supervision and discipline in Prussian Germany than is the case 
 in Moravia and Bohemia, where surroundings are more congenial, 
 and you will not be surprised to see that the laborer is inclined to 
 prefer working there than in Germany. 
 
 If you read the newspapers, you will find therein articles written 
 by Poles, advising laborers not to go to "Prussian Germany." 
 Thus the Poles try to make use of any means they can to harm 
 German agriculture by boycotting German employers of labor. 
 One of the means also consists in publishing letters alleged to 
 have been written to their relatives by workmen employed in 
 Germany, in which complaints are made of the terrible treatment 
 and sufferings entailed. Although the very exaggerated accounts 
 bear the impress of untruth, yet we have taken the trouble with 
 the aid of the authorities, in the locality named, to investigate 
 these allegations, and we invariably have found that on confession 
 of the writers of such letters, the accounts were untrue. Also that 
 some incidents in the laborer's daily routine work were grossly 
 misrepresented and exaggerated. 
 
 The "Polish Emigration Union " is especially active in this work 
 and boasts in pages of its weekly paper that it will not cease to 
 agitate until all laborers will decide to go to other countries rather 
 than to Germany. One object of this agitation is to secure for 
 other countries their share of the labor available and to which the 
 Poles are more favorably inclined. 
 
 We are living in a period of a highly advanced economic develop- 
 ment, and with the increased cost of living the world over, the 
 price of goods materially increased, wages must of necessity rise 
 accordingly. Therefore, Germany ought to make efforts towards 
 bettering and strengthening her position in the field of competi- 
 tion, for to stand still would mean stagnation in agriculture, which 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 27 
 
 not only must compete with a foreign element, but must right 
 here, in Germany, compete for her labor supply with industrial 
 establishments. We must also bear in mind that Easter of 1913 
 will be earlier than usual; those who make up their minds to 
 celebrate it at home will not leave their country to go abroad until 
 after Kaster ; this fact is well known to all of us. Therefore, if 
 we wish to supply our demand for 1913, we must make strenuous 
 efforts to secure an early and abundant flow of immigration. 
 
 What must we do ? 
 
 To Russian laborers who demand contracts with more cash pay- 
 ments and scarcely any allowance for firewood, etc., we ought to 
 grant an increase in wages of say 3 Pfgs. per day (0.714 cents) for 
 men and 2 Pfgs. (0.476 cents) for women. To Galician workmen 
 who make contracts on the basis of less cash and more subsistence 
 in lieu of cash, we ought to grant 4 Pfgs. per day for men and 4 
 Pfgs. (0.952 cents) for women, the increase in wages granted by 
 our competitors. 
 
 I believe we ought to grant this increase in wages, as we can 
 not get around it, and it would not be too heavy a burden for our 
 agriculturists to bear. I have received a list of 44 employers of 
 labor — of contracts made on the Russian frontier — where alone, 
 contracts for large numbers can be made, either by employers or 
 their Agents. This list comprises 44 farms located in different 
 parts of Prussia and Germany. 
 
 Below I give you a comparative statement : 
 
 ** We offered for men per day M. 1.96 (46.6 cents) inclusive al- 
 lowance converted into a cash equivalent M. 1.45 (=34.5 cents) for 
 women. These 44 employers give men M. 2.17 (=51.6 cents), 
 women M. 1.59 (=37.8 cents) a plus of 21 Pfg. (4.99 cents) for 
 men, and a plus of 14 Pfg. (3.33 cents) for women." 
 
 I recommend, therefore, in view of market conditions described, 
 that the resolution I herewith introduce be faithfully passed, which 
 will enable us to offer foreign workmen a higher rate of wages 
 than those we have heretofore agreed to pay, and I request you, 
 gentlemen, to vote favorably on this, my resolution. 
 
 EUROPEAN WAR AND THE PRICE OF SUGAR. 
 
 Owing to the drouth which visited western Europe in 
 1911, the wholesale price of sugar in New York rose to 
 1% cents per pound, the highest figure it had reached in 
 many years. 
 
 Due to a bountiful world crop and especially to the fact 
 that the domestic crop of beet sugar is the largest ever 
 produced, sugar to-day is 4 cents per pound wholesale, 
 in New York, the lowest price recorded in years. 
 
28 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 That the enactment of the pending tariff bill would 
 destroy the domestic beet and cane sugar industry is con- 
 ceded by all who have any knowledge of these industries, 
 after which the United States would be dependent upon 
 foreign countries for its sugar supply. 
 
 To what figure the price of sugar then would go in case 
 of an European war, only can be imagined, but, consid- 
 ering the facts set forth in the following article, it is not 
 unreasonable to suppose that it would rise to from 10 to 
 20 cents per pound. 
 
 (Translation from the German.) 
 
 (:Sxcerpt from Die Deutsche Zuckerindustrie, February 21, 1913, 
 page 173. Annual meeting of East German Union of Sugar 
 Factories. By Dr. CI. Mayer, Berlin.) 
 
 BKET CUIvTURE IN GERMANY AND THE GERMAN SUGAR 
 INDUSTRY, THREATENED WITH STAGNATION IN 
 VIEW OF THE SUPPIvY OF lyABOR NOT BEING EQUAI, 
 TO THE DEMAND IN FIEIyD AND FACTORY. 
 
 The Importance of Foreign Laborers in Relation to Rural 
 Economics in Germany. 
 
 You are all aware of the fact that the German Sugar Industry 
 and the beet growing agriculturists depend very largely on foreign 
 labor to carry on their work. Dark clouds have appeared on the 
 political horizon and our peaceful security may be threatened at 
 any time. To use the words of the Imperial Chancellor, "A con- 
 flagration over the whole of Europe — a war involving many 
 nations — is still within the range of possibility." 
 
 These war clouds have materially influenced the labor market 
 and may well give us food for thought with regard to the future 
 of the Beet Sugar Industry. 
 
 If, at a given moment, war should break out, involving Central 
 and Eastern Europe, we must take it for granted that all wage 
 earners now flocking to our fields from Austria and Russia will be 
 forcibly kept at home, thereby inflicting a tremendous injury to 
 our Sugar Beet Industry. The question is what can we do about 
 it? 
 
 Some time ago this question was discussed in Berlin and many 
 came to the conclusion that in case of war, during the time it 
 lasted, our Sugar Industry would stagnate or remain entirely idle. 
 
 If such a contingency should arise, if it is thought that such a 
 thing might happen, then it is our duty to calmly picture to our- 
 selves the calamitous consequences of such an occurrence and to 
 think out what sort of a remedy to apply. 
 
 The vast number of men and women that cross and recross an- 
 nually our frontiers, is greater than the migration of people we 
 read about in history, people who came, saw, conquered and set- 
 tled down, but here we have hundreds of thousands who come 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 29 
 
 here to work, don't settle down, carry off over 100,000,000 marks 
 annually, and may be, never to return. 
 
 I have brought with me colored charts, from which you will gain 
 an idea as to the number of foreign workmen engaged in agri- 
 culture and the industries as reported by district oflBcials and 
 Councillors of State (of course these statistics refer to 1905, 1906, 
 1907 and 1908). These figures are also applicable to the present 
 time. 
 
 Foreign Workmen in Prussia {by Occupations in Industries), 
 
 Industries. No. Agriculture. Total Number. 
 
 1905 229,000 207,000 454,000 
 
 1906 369,000 236,000 605,000 
 
 1907 475,000 258,300 733,000 
 
 1908 471,000 309,000 780,000 
 
 Foreign Laborers in Prussia. By Countries of Origin. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 341,600 43.8 from Austria Hungary. 
 
 184,000 23.5 " Russia. 
 
 105,300 13.5 •' Italy. 
 
 103,800 13.3 *• Netherlands. 
 
 7,600 1.0 " Belgium. 
 
 37,700 4.9 '* Other countries. 
 
 1908 
 
 Total No. Foreigners, 780,000 
 
 But we may safely estimate, however, that 800,000 to 850,000 
 people, male and female, cross our frontiers to find work here and 
 two-thirds come from the Kast, that is to say, from Austrian pro- 
 vinces and Russia, and one-third from other States. There are 
 Poles, Italians, Ruthenians, Dutch and Belgians, Germans from 
 Austria-Hungary, Danes, Swedes, Norwegians and others. 
 
 More workmen are claimed by industrial establishments than 
 are in demand for agriculture. There are certainly 310,000 if not 
 330,000 foreigners at work in agriculture and 450,000 to 480,000 in 
 the industries. 
 
 I wish to point out the prejudice caused by these foreigners to 
 our national economic life: 100,000,000 marks are carried out of 
 Germany by these foreigners in the shape of wages — which is 
 certainly a considerable item to the debit of our financial balance. 
 
 We must admit that through the influx of these foreigners, 
 wages for our own working people are kept down — as the families of 
 these foreigners live mostly in their own country, where the cost 
 of living is not so high as it is in Germany, therefore the foreign 
 workmen are not compelled to earn as much to provide for their 
 families. The German working man is bound to get enough so as 
 to satisfy the needs of his family. Besides, we have become en- 
 tirely dependent on foreign countries for the supply of labor on 
 our farms and in industrial centers. Should Russia or Austria 
 require the help of these people at any time and prevent them 
 from crossing the frontier or recall them from Germany — even 
 without the chances of a war breaking out (some reason might 
 be given at any time by their respective governments for recalling 
 
30 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 them), this would be the greatest calamity that could befall our 
 Central and East German agricultural districts. It would mean 
 the ruin of numerous agricultural establishments, a tremendous 
 shrinkage in many industrial undertakings and the loss of many 
 millions of marks, would, in that case, follow as a matter of course. 
 
 It has been found that in many districts where foreign workmen 
 were employed, breaches of contract between wage earners and 
 employers were of frequent occurrence, which exercised an un- 
 favorable influence on our native workmen as far as discipline and 
 order were concerned. 
 
 Foreigners ought to have their papers in good order and should 
 have documentary proofs as to their identity, their antecedents, 
 etc. A case came to my knowledge where a Pole had a document, 
 provided with beautiful stamps and seals which passed everywhere 
 as his passport, until, one day, an official who could read Polish 
 found that the passport was nothing more than a certificate given 
 by the municipal authorities of his native village, giving the 
 holder thereof notice that he was again permitted to milk his cow, 
 which two years previous had been adjudged tubercular. This 
 shows the necessity of our taking vigorous measures to see that 
 incoming foreigners are bearers of proper passports. 
 
 For agricultural and industrial needs, we now have a perfect 
 Official Central Hiring Administration in Berlin, which works both 
 in the interests of employer and workman. 
 
 Most of the foreign agricultural Austrian and Russian laborers 
 are employed by large landowners east of the river Elbe and in 
 West Germany, mostly on estates where beet culture and intensive 
 farming is carried on. Wage earners that are mainly to be con- 
 sidered in beet culture are Poles (Russian and Austrian) and 
 Ruthenians, half of which are women. 
 
 As beet growing developed, we were obliged to employ more 
 labor in the fields ; we soon found that our native population did 
 not supply the necessary and increasing demand. The so-called 
 ** Sachs engangers " (wandering natives of Saxony) that annually 
 crowded into the beet districts, for a time supplied the necessary 
 labor material, but beet culture increased rapidly and foreign 
 countries had to supply the demand for labor. Of course, we 
 must attribute this partly to the fact that between 1850 to 1900, 
 about 5,000,000 emigrants left for America, never to return. Then 
 in 1890 and since, came the steady flight of people from the rural 
 districts to the city, causing an annual loss of 200,000 people to 
 our agricultural districts in favor of industrial centers, the growth 
 of which assumes, year after year, extraordinary proportions. 
 
 Agriculturists and landowners have been blamed for calling in 
 foreigners in order to keep the wages of our native workers down 
 to as low a level as possible. However, we know that this is not 
 the case, as we were simply compelled to get labor from abroad, 
 our native supply not corresponding with the demand. Large 
 estates engaged in beet culture have been entirely dependent on 
 the influx of foreigners for their supply of labor. 
 
 The foreign element who has come to us for work, has been 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 31 
 
 largely unskilled labor, the essential being muscle and endurance. 
 Many managers of industrial plants look upon the foreigner as an 
 undesirable element, yet they are forced, for want of native help, 
 to employ them. During the busy season there is an abundance 
 of foreign labor from which recruits can be obtained, and when 
 the season slacks down, this particular class is gotten rid of before 
 any of the native workmen are discharged. 
 
 Of the foreigners employed, the Poles are subject to Govern- 
 ment regulation; they are compelled to leave Germany on the 
 20th of December each year, and are also obliged to stay in their 
 own country until February 1st. 
 
 As a rule, foreign workmen constitute a sort of contingency 
 buffer, a safety valve for our native working population ; for Ger- 
 mans are getting employment when work is slack, whilst foreigners 
 are discharged ere the Germans get notice to quit. 
 
 It certainly is to be deplored that foreign workmen should play 
 such an important part in our national economics and that we have 
 to be dependent on the good will of foreign countries for our labor 
 supply. It is with deep regret that conditions are such, especially 
 so with regard to our agriculture, for other industries may incur 
 some temporary losses by reason of an insufficient number of 
 workers, but in the case of agriculture, such losses would be per- 
 manent, if, for instance, no workmen were available for harvest- 
 ing our crops at the proper time. 
 
 RUSSIA THE GREAT SUGAR PRODUCING 
 NATION OF THE FUTURE. 
 
 For many years the sugar world has watched and feared 
 the growth of the sugar industry in Cuba, in Java and 
 in Germany. The Cuban sugar industry is dreaded 
 because of the ideal cane sugar conditions which exist in 
 that island, the sugar areas of which are sufficient to 
 supply the world with sugar, the only limitation being 
 the supply of labor. The Javan sugar industry is dreaded 
 not only because of the favorable natural conditions 
 which the island offers, but because of the fact that it 
 has a population of 30,000,000 and they toil in the cane 
 fields for a wage of 8 cents per day. The German sugar 
 industry is feared because of the marvelously superior 
 cultural methods which are applied to the tilling of the 
 soil and because of the fostering care which the German 
 government extends to the industry. 
 
 But of late Germany and other European sugar men 
 have awakened to a new Richmond who has appeared in 
 
52 
 
 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 the sugar world and threatens to distance all other 
 countries in the production of sugar. I refer to Russia, 
 which, both in percentage and in tons, has increased her 
 sugar production far more rapidly than has any other 
 great sugar producing country in the world, as will be 
 seen from the following : 
 
 Sugar ProdiLction of Russia, Germany, Cuba and Java, 1892-93 
 
 and 1910-11. 
 
 (In short tons of 2,000 lbs. ) 
 
 Russia . 
 Germany 
 Cuba . . 
 Java . . 
 
 Production 
 
 1892-93. 
 
 445,456 
 1,356,749 
 1,118,743 
 
 470.593 
 
 Production 
 
 1910-11. 
 
 2,324,530 
 2,854,847 
 1,661,465 
 1,376,592 
 
 Net 
 Increase. 
 
 1,879,074 
 
 1,498,098 
 
 542,722 
 
 905,999 
 
 Percentage 
 of Increase. 
 
 421.8 
 
 110.4 
 
 48.5 
 
 192.5 
 
 A few years ago, Russia stood fourth in the produc- 
 tion of beet sugar. She now stands first in the area 
 devoted to sugar beets and second only to Germany in 
 her output of sugar. To cultivate her fields, the German 
 Empire depends largely upon the 800,000 seasonal 
 workers which annually are imported, while Russian 
 Europe has a population of 131,000,000 people and 
 not only are they industrious, but they toil for a lower 
 wage than do any other people in Europe. Train 
 loads of Russian women and girls annually migrate 
 to Germany, Sweden and Denmark, to work in the 
 fields from five and six o'clock in the morning to 
 ten and eleven o'clock at night for a wage of 41/^ 
 cents (U. S.) per day, out of which they feed them- 
 selves. They go because such wages are nearly double 
 what they are at home and because they are unable to 
 secure employment at home even at the lower wage. But 
 at home there are as good or better soils than in the coun- 
 tries to which they migrate and with the new light which 
 has come to Russia, she means that the profits derived 
 from this labor shall go into Russian, instead of foreign, 
 pockets. It requires a passport to leave, as well as to 
 enter, Russia, and Russia will experience no more diffi- 
 culty in regulating emigration than in regulating immi- 
 gration, once the means of livelihood has been provided. 
 The present average field wage in Polish Russia and in 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 33 
 
 Galicia is but 10 cents per day for children, 17^ cents 
 for women and 24.9 cents for men. It is with indus- 
 trious laborers working at such a wage and properly- 
 directed that the sugar world has to compete. 
 
 The soil in both the Polish and the Kiev districts is 
 fertile and strong and the climate is superior to that 
 of the most of Europe for agriculture. Although the 
 natural agricultural conditions of Russia are superior to 
 those to be found elsewhere in Europe, her crop yields 
 are the lowest. In fact Russia has the distinction of 
 being the only great agricultural country whose yields 
 per acre are less than they are in the United States, and 
 while the low yield in Russia is due somewhat to the 
 poverty of her people, the principal cause is the same as 
 in the United States, absence of alternation of root crops 
 with cereals. 
 
 Until a few years ago, the fact that the culture of 
 sugar beets in rotation with other crops greatly increased 
 the yield of the latter, was not appreciated in Russia, 
 but now that it is, every effort is being made to increase 
 their beet plantings. When I was in Warsaw a year 
 ago, three large beet-sugar machinery concerns were 
 running on full time, as were two others at Kiev. One 
 of the projectors of a new beet-sugar factory to be erected 
 between Warsaw and Krakau informed me that so anxious 
 were the farmers to grow beets that before the contract 
 was let for the machinery or a brick laid for the build- 
 ings, they had all the beet acreage signed up that they 
 could handle, at a fraction under the equivalent of $3.20 
 per 2,000-pound ton, which, on the average extraction 
 obtained in Russia (316.98 lbs. of raw sugar per ton of 
 beets), will give them raw sugar in the beet at a cost of 
 $1.01 per 100 pounds. 
 
 The Minister of Agriculture of Russia maintains an 
 Institute for agricultural research work which is subsi- 
 dized by the Russian Association of Sugar Manufacturers, 
 and due to its efforts, has scattered throughout Russia a 
 number of experiment stations in beet-sugar districts. 
 This Institute is presided over by Dr. Frankfourth, one of 
 their greatest agriculturists. Thanks to this Institute, 
 in studying all the questions relating to rotation, fertiliz- 
 ing, seed, tillage, etc., vast progress has been made in 
 Russian beet culture. 
 
34 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 In common with the United States, Russia's low cereal 
 crop yields present to her statesmen the strongest incen- 
 tive to foster the culture of sugar beets regardless of cost 
 to her treasury, and her vast and underpaid population, 
 coupled with soil and climatic advantages which are 
 inferior to none, present conditions which can not be 
 ignored when considering the future prospects of the 
 sugar industry elsewhere in the world. 
 
 After making an extended tour of investigation through 
 the sugar-beet districts of Russia, Mons. Emile Saillard, 
 Chief of the sugar laboratories of the French Syndicate 
 of Sugar Manufacturers, said in his report : 
 
 Russia's future sugar industry is assured. She can increase her pro- 
 duction not only by introducing improved methods of culture but also 
 by increasing her sugar-beet area. In the natural course of events, 
 without carrying on a very extensive culture she is liable to become the 
 greatest sugar producer of not only Europe but of the whole world. 
 
 To summarize Russian conditions, they have : 
 
 The richest of soils. 
 
 A limitless area. 
 
 A population of 131,000,000 people. 
 
 The lowest wage rate in Europe. 
 
 A prohibitive import duty of $8.56 per 100 pounds. 
 
 A Government bounty on sugar exports. 
 
 The domestic price of sugar fixed by law, which on a 
 certain date as mentioned by Koenig, enabled them to 
 make an export price of $2.45 per hundred for export 
 sugar, while maintaining a price of $7.18 per hundred 
 on sugar for the domestic consumption of 131,000,000 
 people. 
 
 Low yields of cereal crops. 
 
 Discovery of the fact that the yield of cereal crops can 
 be doubled and quadrupled by rotating them with sugar 
 beets. 
 
 A law whereby Government aid is assured and facilities 
 granted for the extension of beet culture and the building 
 of new factories. 
 
 It is not overstating the truth to say that Russia can 
 raise as rich beets as can Germany and as many tons per 
 acre. She has billions of dollars a year to gain in the 
 increased yield of other crops by extending her beet 
 acreage, her thinking and scientific men are alive to 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 35 
 
 these possibilities and her government officials are ex- 
 tending every possible aid to her sugar manufacturers. 
 
 None are more far-seeing than are the Germans, and 
 they fear Russian competition far more than we fear that 
 of Germany. 
 
 Should the United States duty on sugar be greatly 
 reduced or altogether removed, thus destroying the home 
 sugar industry, it is Russia and not Germany which 
 would run Cuba the closest race for the extra market 
 thus opened up. 
 
 Early last year Privy Counselor Gustav Koenig, Presi- 
 dent of the German Beet-Sugar Association, sounded a 
 note of warning to German sugar nianufacturers, when 
 addressing the Association. The following is a transla- 
 tion of Koenig's remarks : 
 
 RUSSIAN SUGAR. 
 Excerpt from Die Deutsche Zuckerindustriey January 26, and March 1, 1912. 
 
 At a general meeting of the German Beet-Sugar Industry held in 
 Berlin, Imperial Councillor Koenig, who is also the President of the 
 organization, made the following remarks: 
 
 We ought to do everything in our power to limit Russia in her efforts to 
 increase her export trade before 1918. Russia is planning to rid herself 
 of the vast stocks of sugar she has on hand, not merely for the purpose 
 of enhancing her position, but primarily to fill her coffers with millions 
 of roubles. She is very anxious to strengthen her position and increase 
 her production from year to year, which means, of course, a large in- 
 crease in her exports to non-convention countries. 
 
 Should we, the German beet-growers and German sugar trade, permit 
 this ? If so, Russia would be able to capture the markets of the world, 
 and ere we are aware, crush our export trade. We must therefore take 
 heed and do nothing which might in any way help to advance Russia's 
 position; especially is this true with regard to preventing her from increas- 
 ing her production, for, according to the agreement she has with the 
 Brussels Convention she can only expand in exports outside of conven- 
 tion countries in competition with us. Sugar, as you all know, is a 
 world commodity, and Russia will make every effort to compete with us 
 in all directions of the compass. We must not second Russia in her 
 desire to further her exports and rid herself of her surplus production, 
 as the German Sugar Industry and beet-growers are already feeling the 
 effects which have been produced by her anxiety to get all the export 
 trade she can gobble. 
 
 Let us look into the future and see what harm will come to us on the 
 part of Russian competition. When I say us, I mean the German Sugar 
 Industry, the beet-growers, and commerce generally. Gentlemen, the 
 three factors are of one mind, not to help in strengthening the capacity 
 of Russia's output. 
 
36 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 Gentlemen, I have faith in the German government j faith in the 
 German law-givers, that they will do their duty and give us, regardless 
 of Convention agreements, a duty which will give the German beet- 
 growers and sugar factories such protection as to effectually keep any 
 and all foreign sugar out of the country. 
 
 If we can carry on the fight of competition in non-convention coun- 
 tries and our hands be not tied by the Brussels Convention as far as 
 markets of the world are concerned, we do not fear the oncoming struggle 
 with Russia in her desire to gain supremacy. But to sharpen her sword 
 so that she would be able to dislodge us from the sugar markets of the 
 world, that would be asking too much. 
 
 What the German beet-sugar people want is not to have their hands 
 tied too much by the Brussels Convention, but to be able to carry on a 
 war of competition with Russia, whose sugar exports in the near future 
 to non-convention countries we have to fear. 
 
 After Russia will have exported all that the Convention allows her; 
 after having sold to England all that country will take, and having grad- 
 ually increased her production, she will be confronted with the fact that 
 she has large stocks on hand and does not know how to rid herself of 
 them. Russia's sugar stocks are growing tower-like, and there is a 
 danger that Germany will have to suffer from the stones that will fly to 
 all points of the compass. 
 
 Russia's acreage since 1904-5 has increased from 478,000 hectares 
 (1,181,138 acres) to 787,000 hectares (1,944,677 acres) in 1912, and 
 her production of raw sugar has increased from 591,000 (in 1894) to 
 2,080,000 tons. The Government is doing everything possible to 
 further and encourage beet culture, and on March 4th of this year the 
 Minister of Finance brought in a bill which has since been enacted into 
 law, whereby government aid is assured and facilities granted for the 
 extension of beet culture and the building of new factories. The 
 Cologne Gazette of February 26th, 1912, says: 
 
 **It is Germany's duty to put on her armor and be ready for energetic 
 competition in the world's sugar markets." 
 
 If you picture to yourself that from 591,000 tons in 1894, Russian 
 sugar production has risen to 2,080,000 tons in 1911-12, we have no 
 guarantee as to the limit that her production may reach. We will have 
 a war of competition on our hands and we will have to fight that war 
 under unfavorable conditions. 
 
 Mr. Secretary of the Treasury and gentlemen: 
 
 I have here a report, informing me that large quantities of Russian 
 sugar are now stored at Vladivostock, Port Said, Le Havre and Ham- 
 burg, and we must be on the lookout that this sugar does not reach the 
 European markets — in which the eleven (11) convention countries are 
 interested. The steamers Vladimir, Moughieff, Mars and Cerena, each 
 with a wagon load of 200 tons, are now on the way to increase the stocks 
 of Russian sugar at above points. 
 
 Our sugar factories and allied industries give occupation to 270,000 
 workmen in addition to field laborers engaged in beet culture. 
 
 Now let me illustrate as to how we are likely to be inferior to Russia 
 in competing in the western world (United States). Odessa, not long 
 ago, quoted 5.08 roubles per pud for (consumption inland) sugar and 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 37 
 
 quoted export sugar at 1.73 roubles; that is to say, 100 Kg. sugar con- 
 sumed in Russia was quoted at Frs. 82 ($7.18 per 100 lbs. ); 100 Kgs. 
 for export Frs. 28 ($2.4 5 per 100 lbs.). In other words, considering 
 the high prices obtained in Russia from her 150^000,000 people for sugar 
 consumed in Russia, the factories nvere able to thronv all they did not con- 
 sume at the heads of foreign buyers at a great loss — that loss being only 
 apparent— for their a<verage profit nvas considerable. Count Kheven- 
 hueller of Austria, has calculated that in reality the Russian law gives 
 Russian sugar a bounty of 17 francs 60 per 100 Kilograms ($1.54 per 
 100 lbs. ), and Count von Schwerin calculated that Russia is now able to 
 sell her sugar (100 Kgs. ) about 12 francs ($1.05 per 100 lbs. ) cheaper 
 abroad than the price her native consumers have to pay. 
 
 Mr. Secretary, if you have the interests of the German Sugar Industry 
 at heart, then co-operate with us in enabling us to manufacture sugar 
 cheaply, so that we may succeed in competing with Russia successfully 
 in the markets of the world. 
 
 You are aware of the fact that the United States of America has 
 granted the Philippine Islands duty free markets for 300,000 tons 
 of sugar; this quantity, however, has not been reached, and it will 
 be a long time before it does reach that figure. 
 
 This preferential favor is due to the President of the United States, 
 Mr. Taft, who, whilst Secretary of War, took an interest in Philippine 
 affairs in general. 
 
 The Beet Sugar Industry of the United States did not like this and in 
 this respect their interests are identical with those of the beet sugar 
 industries of the world — and it is not likely that within the next fifteen 
 years the Pliilippines will be able to supply more than 180,000 to 200,000 
 tons per annum. It would be very unpleasant for us if the Philippines 
 would exceed this quantity, but still more unpleasant for the German 
 sugar people if the North American Beet Sugar Industry should reach a 
 higher development than it has noiv. 
 
 You all know that this campaign has a surplus of about 1,900,000 tons 
 and most of that surplus is in Russia, or in various ports, in bond, for 
 Russian accoun't, speculators and others, and her exports are liable to 
 increase to the East and to the American continent and Canada, and we 
 also know that the English invisible stocks are tremendously large. 
 
 The Russian government in consequence of having a large surplus has 
 reduced the price limit by 5 kopecks per 110 pounds ($1.20 per short 
 ton or about 6 cents per hundred pounds), so as to stimulate home con- 
 sumption. 
 
 We must also note whether the Austrians will export sugar in the 
 raw, as Austria exports annually as much sugar as she consumes. 
 
 In the name of the Association I have to thank the first Pi-esident, 
 His Excellency von Gunther, for having honored us with his presence 
 at this meeting. 
 
38 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 Cf^ 
 
 -k 
 
 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR IN CUBA. 
 
 Deputy Consul General H. P. Starrett of Habana has 
 supplied the Daily Consular and Trade Reports with 
 information concerning the present cost of producing 
 sugar in Cuba. In his report published June 10, 1912, 
 he gave the average cost at the factory- in Oriente Pro- 
 vince as 1.6 cents per pound. In his report published 
 April 8, 1913, he gives 1.25 cents as the average cost in 
 a modem mill, a cost of ** well over 2 cents a pound " in 
 the poorest mills, and an average cost throughout the 
 island of 1.75 cents at the mill and 1.85 cents laid down 
 at the seaboard. 
 
 The correspondent of the Deutsche Zuckerindustrie un- 
 der date of January 31, 1913, states that American fac- 
 tories in Cuba calculate the cost at 1.5 per pound, which 
 he says is 1 pfennig iH^) per pound less than he calcu- 
 lates it, but he figures that some mills are producing at 
 1.5 cents per pound. 
 
 Excerpt from the Daily Cotismlar and Trade Reports, June 10, 1912. 
 
 THB CUBAN SUGAR INDUSTRY. 
 
 (From Deputy Consul General H. P. Starrett, Habana.) 
 
 The treaty of redfMtxnty between the United States and the 
 Republic of Cuba, which was negotiated in 1902. allowed a prefer- 
 ence of 20 per cent in the duty on Cuban sugar entering the United 
 States. Since that date Cuba has entered upon a period of devel- 
 opment that has exceeded the predictions of the most optimistic. 
 Vast new areas of land have been brought under cultivation, new 
 mills hav5 been erected, old mills have been remodeled and im- 
 proved, and projects are on foot for many additional mills to be 
 built in the near future. So great has been this recent develop- 
 ment that it can safely be said that if the present activity continues 
 Cuba will be in a fair way of becoming the largest producer of 
 sugar in the world. 
 
 The relations between Cuba and the United States have been so 
 close during the last few years that it is interesting to observe to 
 just what extent American capital has invested in the Cuban sugar 
 industry. A careful estimate of this investment in mills, lands, 
 railroads, and other equipment devoted exclusively to the indus- 
 try, but not including mortgages, g^ves a total of $54,C 00,000. In 
 this estimate, however, are included a few companies which were 
 organized in the United States and hold charters granted by differ- 
 ent States, but whose stock is owned by persons other than Ameri- 
 cans. Their investment amounts to a very small percentage of the 
 whole. The distribution of this total investment through the 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 39 
 
 different Provinces of the island is as follows: Pinar del Rio, 
 |750,000; Habana, $3 ,0(K) ,000 ; Matanwis, $.5,750,000; vSanta Clara, 
 $14,500,000; Camaguey, J^4, 700,000; and in Oriente, $25,300,000. 
 
 Extent of American Interests. 
 
 There are in the island at the present time 173 active mills, of 
 which 34 are wholly American owned and 2 partly controlled by 
 American capital. Another interesting fact is that American- 
 owned mills produce nearly 35 per cent of the total sugar output 
 of Cuba. ♦ ♦ ♦ 
 
 Excerpt from the Daily Consular and Trade Reports^ April 8, 1913. 
 
 COST OF PRODUCING CUBAN CANK SUGAR. 
 (Deputy Consul General Henry P. »Starrett, Ilabana.) 
 
 In discussing the cost of production of Cuban cane sugar it may 
 be stated at the outset that no statement as to such costs can be 
 absolutely correct as applied to individual mills, differences in cost 
 being as wide among the different mills as for any staple article 
 where producing conditions differ with locality, cost of raw mate- 
 rial, labor wage, efficiency of machinery, and character of trans- 
 portation facilities. 
 
 Low Cost in Modern Mills. 
 
 In the modern sugar mill in which machinery of the highest 
 efficiency has been installed, where the location is on or near a 
 good harbor and docking facilities are available, where the mill 
 company owns and operates its own lands and railroad, and which 
 has as its manager a man who has real executive ability coupled 
 with long sugar experience, sugar can be and is produced for 1.25 
 cents a pound, this representing the total cost of the product from 
 time of planting the cane to placing the finished product alongside 
 the ship, and the proportional charge for general and administra- 
 tive expense. 
 
 High Cost in the Older Mills. 
 
 However, the other extreme is reached in the old mills, which 
 are inefficient in themselves and are located at interior points 
 where they are compelled to pay high freight rates on their sugar 
 product and oftentimes an abnormal price for their cane. Many 
 of the older mills do not own or operate the fields from which 
 their cane is produced, whereas other mills own the land and 
 allow *' Colonos " or cane farmers to operate the fields. In the 
 first instance some of these mills pay as high as 7 arrobas (ar- 
 roba=25.3664 pounds) of sugar for each 100 arrobas of cane deliv- 
 ered to the mill or its railroad, while in the latter case, where the 
 mill owns the land, the "colono" receives only from 4 to 5 
 arrobas of sugar for each 100 arrobas of cane. Under the condi- 
 tions which obtain with the mills of the first instance the maximum 
 of disadvantage is operating against the possible profits of the 
 mill, and there is no doubt about the fact that many of the mills 
 of this type in Cuba produce sugar at a total co.st which is well 
 
40 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 over 2 cents a pound and close to the zone of "no profits. " The 
 production of such mills, however, probably represents a small 
 percentag^e of the total production of the island. ♦ ♦ ♦ 
 
 Total Average Cost of Sugar at the Mill. 
 
 The two general items, cost of cane and cost of manufacture, 
 are therefore : 
 Producing and cultivating 90,000 tons of cane, at 90 cents 
 
 per ton $81,000 
 
 Cutting and loading same on carts, at 70 cents per ton . 63,000 
 Hauling from fields and loading on railroad cars, at 40 
 
 cents per ton . . .... 36,000 
 
 Railroad cost for hauling to mill, at 30 cents per ton . . 27,000 
 Mill cost of manufacture, at 75 cents per ton 67,000 
 
 Total $274,500 
 
 To this amount must be added the ' * general expenses ' ' amount- 
 ing to 1104,250, making a total of $378,750, which figure represents 
 the cost of producing 9,651 tons of raw sugar. Each ton being of 
 2,240 pounds, the production in pounds is therefore 21,618,240, 
 and the cost per pound is 1.75 cents. 
 
 Total Average Cost at Seaboard. 
 
 This of course represents the cost at the mill and does not take 
 into account the cost of transporting the product from the mill to 
 the shipping port, for this varies so widely that no fair estimate 
 could be given, some mills being so situated that they are com- 
 pelled to pay as high as 60 cents a bag [325 pounds] for railroad 
 freight from the mill to the seaboard, while for others which are 
 located on the coast and own their own docking facilities and 
 railroad, the shipping cost is low, being not more than 5 cents a 
 bag. As a rough estimate it can be stated, however, that the 
 average transportation cost from mill to seaport probably does not 
 exceed 32 cents per bag, or an equivalent per pound of 0.1 cent. 
 This would make the total average cost of sugar at seaboard 1.85 
 cents per pound. 
 
 In conclusion it should be reiterated that these figures are only 
 
 average results, and that this average will be higher or lower 
 
 according to the season and conditions — that is, whether a large 
 
 or a small crop of cane is harvested ; high or low percentage of 
 
 sugar content in the cane; and the rise or fall in the wage scale. 
 * * If 
 
 Excerpt from Die Deutsche Zuckerindustrie , January 31, 1913. 
 
 WHAT IS THE COST OF PRODUCTION OF 1 POUND OF 
 CANE SUGAR IN CUBA. 
 
 Ten factories (situated in different districts) show the cost of 
 production to be at Ports (net price in Port not f. o. b.) of Cuba 
 including cane, wages, bags, taxes and all operating expenses 
 without any profit zuhatsoever 2.04 centavos Spanish Gold per 
 pound or 500 grams % kilo=7.96 pfennigs (equal to 1.55 cents) 
 per pound avoirdupois. ♦ ♦ * 
 
 American factories in Cuba calculate, with a 10% Rendement 
 (96° Pol.) sugar as being produced at 1.5 cents per American 
 pound =6. 95 pfennig a metric pound — but this is 1 pfennig per 
 pound less than my calculations run to, but we must bear in mind 
 that American factories equipped with modern machinery and 
 with a large capital at their disposal, buy their coal, bags, etc. 
 wholesale, pay no interest on loans and with other economic ad- 
 vantages over Spanish and Cuban factories, may, under favorable 
 conditions, reduce their cost of production by one pfennig per 
 pound (^ cent per pound). * * * 
 
COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 41 
 
 STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 PRODUCTION OF BEET SUGAR IN THE UNITED 
 
 STATES AND IN THE PRINCIPAL SUGAR 
 
 PRODUCING COUNTRIES OF EUROPE. 
 
 1886 to 1912. 
 COMPUTED BY TRUMAN G. PAI^MER. 
 
 Basic Figures for United States : International 
 Sugar Situation, Bui^letin No. 30, Dept. Agri- 
 culture, 1904, p. 94 ; BULLETIN No. 260, Dept. 
 Agriculture, 1912, p. 70, and Figures Furnished 
 BY Bureau of Statistics, Dept. Agriculture, 
 March 17, 1913. For Denmark, Spain and Italy, 
 FROM Figures of Fred Sachs, Brussels, Bel- 
 gium. For Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, 
 France, Belgium, Netherlands and Sweden, 
 
 FROM RATHKE'S JAHRBUCH. 
 
 Note. — The ofl&cial figures of the German Statistical Office do 
 not include sugar extracted in molasses plants, hence differ 
 slightly from Rathke's figures which correspond with those of 
 Bureau, the Austro-Hungarian Sugar Syndicate and the Deutsche 
 Zuckerindustrie. No notice is taken of the comparatively smal 
 quantities of beets which are shipped across the frontiers. 
 
 European figures for 1911-12 are " preliminary fig- 
 ures." 
 
 All sugar expressed in terms of raw, and stated in tons 
 of 2,000 pounds. 
 
 The sugar product of Europe consists largely of raw 
 sugar which is shipped to domestic refineries or is 
 exported in its raw state, and such white sugar as 
 Europe produces for direct consumption is converted to 
 terms of raw on the basis of 100 pounds of raw to 90 
 pounds of refined. 
 
 The United States beet sugar factories produce only 
 white refined sugar for direct consumption, and to facili- 
 tate comparison with the foreign figures, I have converted 
 the American product to terms of raw sugar on the 
 basis of 100 pounds of raw to 90 pounds of refined . 
 
42 
 
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44 
 
 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
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COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 AS 
 
 C<)OOi— ICC^SOJCDO 
 
 CC-^OOrtiooiMO 
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 t^ 00 05 O r-l(M 
 
46 
 
 ;COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
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 CO'c-fc^f of CO CO (M" CO (M" 
 
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 53 
 
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COST OP PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 47 
 
 C0r-(O<M(Mr-tC^r-lrH 
 
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48 
 
 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
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 CO Ir^ »0 lO "5 no >0 iC IC 00 CO CO OO OO OS 00 t-H O t-( O <— I rH »0 rH oq (M C<l 
 
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COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
 00 CO CO CO CO CO I 
 
 t^t^r^t^i>-i>-t^t^l>-l:^i:^l:^00QO 
 
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 I2 
 
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50 
 
 COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR. 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 BERKELEY 
 
 Return to desk from which borrowed. 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
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 THE UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA UBRARY