;'V<*f'^4-'.\^;--' 
 
 
 Romance 
 Seminar 
 
 ?2S
 
 THE WORD CELT 
 
 BY 
 
 JOSEPH DUNN 
 
 [Beprinted from the Catholic University Bulletin, Vol. xiii, 1, 2, 3] 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 1907 
 
 
 3q
 
 
 A-><^ 
 
 THE WORD CELT 
 
 BY 
 
 4 A l^^L^ 
 
 JOSEPH DU^ 
 
 [Reprint€d from the Catholic University Bulleiin, Vol. xiii, 1, 2, 3] 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 1907
 
 THE WORD CELT. 
 
 Probably the earliest mention of the word Celt with which 
 most readers are familiar occurs in that classic phrase where, 
 in the introduction to his 'Commentaries on the Gallic War', 
 Ca?sar, speaking of the division of all Gaul into three parts, 
 says that the native name of the group of peoples who occupied 
 the centre of Gaul between the Seine, the Marne and the 
 Garonne is a Celtic word. The word is foimd long before 
 Caesar's time, however. In fact, as early as the end of the 
 sixth century, B. C, we find, for the first time in history, the 
 word in a derived form, in the Greek writer Hecataeus of 
 Miletus, who uses it in a geographic sense. In his 'Voyage 
 around the World,' of which only fragments have been pre- 
 served, he says, speaking of Marseilles, that it is near Celtica, 
 and he also says that Nyrax, wherever that may have been, is 
 a Celtic city. The word Celt, itself, is found first in Herodo- 
 tus, in a passage dating from the middle of the fifth century 
 B. C, or, more precisely, between the years 445 and 443, where 
 he informs us that the Celts, ot A's/ro/Jive at the sources of the 
 Danube, that is, in the southwest corner of Germany in the 
 present Grand Duchy of Baden, and in Spain and on the coast 
 of the Atlantic. The Latin Celfcc, with which we are familiar 
 in Caesar, is the plural of a masculine a stem and, on it, the 
 later Greek historians and geographers built the form h'ehac, 
 as a variant of the older Kshoi. 
 
 There are two veiy different applications of the word Celt 
 in the ancient writers : as the name of a tribe in Gaul, and as 
 the general name for all the Celts of the Continent. Appar- 
 ently, the ancients never applied the name to the inhabitants 
 of the British Isles, Since each tribe had its own name, it is 
 probable that the word Celt was originally nothing more than 
 the name of one of these tribes, but, just why it was given to 
 that particular group of people that C.Tsar speaks of, we have 
 no way of knowing. On the other hand, the Greeks, up to the 
 third century B. C, not only had no other name than this for 
 all the Continental Celts, but the confusion is heightened by 
 
 1
 
 2 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 their sometimes including under that denomination, the Ger- 
 mans. Of the three words, Faldzac, KeXroc and Galli, which are 
 found applied to the Celts by the ancient authors, we may say 
 that, as a rule, they are used without much difference of mean- 
 ing. Some, however (as Diodorus the Sicilian), seem to mean 
 by KeXzoc, the Celts of Gaul, and by FaXdrat, the Germans ; to 
 others (as Dio Cassius) these terms meant just the reverse. 
 The poets probably had the Celts in mind when they wrote of 
 Hyperboreans. There is not the slightest reason to believe 
 that KsXroi, FaXdvac and Gain are all forms of the same word, as 
 was the opinion of Diefenbach (1840) and of Leibnitz {Collect. 
 Etymol., p. 79, Opera, Genevas, 1768) : '^Galatas et Celtas idem 
 vocabulum putem." 
 
 The word Celt has had a checkered career. It has grown 
 from the name of a single tribe, so as to include (in the extra- 
 Celtic use of the word) in a vague way, all the members of the 
 family, so that now it has come to mean anyone who speaks, or 
 is descended from one who speaks, any Celtic language. This 
 is a quite modern use of the word, and there is nothing to show 
 that the Celts themselves ever employed it, or that it is 
 employed properly to-day, in this wider meaning, in any of the 
 neo-Celtic languages. It is doubtful if the Celts of antiquity 
 ever felt or acted as a united people, except to a certain extent, 
 under Vercingetorix' lead at the siege of Alesia. 
 
 It would be interesting to know why the Celts called them- 
 selves by that name or, what is just as likely, why they were 
 called so by their neighbors or enemies. Here nothing certain 
 is known. Pausanias, writing about the year 173 A. D., says 
 that that was the name which the Celts had given themselves, 
 and Cassar (51 B. C), as we have seen, says that, "ipsorum 
 lingua," they were called Celts. It is well known that coun- 
 tries and their inhabitants more often bear names given them 
 by their discoverers and first explorers than names that origi- 
 nated at home. For example, "Indian" as the name of the 
 Eed Skins. An interesting instance or two from Celtic topo- 
 nomy will illustrate this pomt. The Gaulish Allobroges were 
 originally those "of another, not of the speaker's country," 
 and they must have got the name from another Celtic speak- 
 ing tribe that lived outside their borders. Argyll, the name of
 
 THE WORD CELT. » 
 
 that part of Scotland that lies between the Mull of Kintyre and 
 the Clyde is, in the dialect of that district, Earra-ghdidheal, 
 which represents an older airer-gaidel, the first member of 
 which it has recently been sought to equate with the Irish 
 airther ''eastern", and to conclude that the name meant ori- 
 ginally ' ' the east-land of the Gail. " It is true that it was pre- 
 cisely in that part of Scotland that the old Kingdom of 
 Dalriada was established but, unfortunately for the value of 
 Argyll as an illustration, there are some objections that will 
 have to be met before this explanation of its meaning can be 
 entirely satisfactory. 
 
 At all events, the name Celt may have been imposed upon 
 some tribe from without, by the uitlander, and need not be of 
 Celtic origin. This is at least a possibility, but highly improb- 
 able, and the statements of the ancient writers that the word 
 belonged to the language of the people who bore the name is 
 generally accepted. We must confess that we know nothing 
 of the exact meaning of the word Celt, but it has at all times 
 been the delight of dilettanti and bibliophiles to speculate on 
 its origin and meaning. Court de Gebelin in the eighteenth 
 century wished to bring it into relation with the German Kdlte, 
 Leibnitz, with the German gelten, and Davies (1804) makes it 
 out to be the Hebrew TI^D^ "the men of the extremity", to 
 intimate the position occupied by the descendants of Gomer 
 who, according to many of the scholars of the early part of the 
 last century, were the Cymri. The relation of the word to 
 the Irish clethe, ''great, noble", is to be rejected along with 
 the other explanations which are here resurrected only as 
 curiosities. The only hypotheses wo^hy of consideration are 
 the following: (1) It has been suggested that the root of the 
 word is the same as that found in Old-Irish ar-cel-im, Middle- 
 Irish ar-chell-aim "I carry off, plunder, steal", in Old-Irish 
 fo-chelim "I protect", and in Latin {per-, re)- cello, calamitas, 
 in-columis, cld-des, cldva, Lithuanian halti "to beat, hammer." 
 (2) It has been suggested that the word means "warrior", 
 and that from it is derived the pre-Germanic *CeUio-, the Old- 
 German hildja- "battle"; the Frankish, which is seen in 
 (Bruni-) childis, the Old-Norse hild-r "war," and the Old-Eng- 
 lish 7ii76^ "fight." (3) It has been suggested that the word is
 
 4 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 connected with the word of the same form meaning ' ' dress or 
 raiment", which we know in the Scotch hilt. When applied 
 to a tribe it would mean ' ' the clothed ones ' ', and according to 
 this explanation, combined with that given under (2), the 
 Celts would be "the people clothed in armor." (4) Finally, 
 it has been suggested that^the word is a participial formation 
 in -to- from a root kel which we know in Latin celsus (cel-to-s), 
 Lithuanian kelta-s. According to this etymology, the Celts 
 are the ' ' exalted, eminent ones ' ', a derivation that cannot fail 
 to suit the wishes of the most exacting Celt. Be that as it 
 may, the meaning of the root kel eludes us, and no such root 
 meaning ''to raise" has been found in any of the living Celtic 
 languages, and we are obliged to say that this explanation, as 
 well as the others, is a pure supposition. The humanists of 
 the Renaissance did not worry their heads long over the prob- 
 lem, but accounted for the name in a delightfully simple way, 
 by an ingenious myth which brought into relation an autoch- 
 thonous nymph named Celto, the Greek hero Hercules and 
 the child Britto, the first and last of whom, they said, have 
 given their names to the Celts of the Continent and of the 
 Isles. 
 
 The word Celtic is of extremely rare occurrence in the neo- 
 Celtic languages. But, an Irishman or a Breton, for example, 
 when speaking in English or French of his native language, 
 will often be found calling it ''Celtic" as if it were the only 
 one with a right to the name. It is obviously a misuse of the 
 word to apply it to Irish, Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Breton, Cornish 
 or Gaulish, to any but the whole group of Celtic languages. 
 Formerly, there were many "Celtic" grammars and diction- 
 aries which were confined to Irish or Welsh, and celtists who 
 knew but Irish, Welsh or Breton, as the case might be. That 
 was as meaningless as if one who knows only Latin or Greek 
 were to be called a classical philologist, or a romanist, one who 
 is acquainted with the philology of but one of the Romance 
 languages. The meaning of the word Celtic, as used even in 
 scientific works, is not always unmistakable. The Germans 
 sometimes write keltisch when they mean and had better write 
 urkeltisch. The same mistake is occasionally met with in 
 French works ; that is, we find celtique in the sense of celtique
 
 TEE WORD CELT. 5 
 
 primitif, which is correctly called in German, urkeltisch, and 
 in English, protoceltiqiie. Besides, in French works on arch- 
 3Bology, we sometimes find that a distinction is made between 
 Celtic and Gaulish, by which the former denotes the era char- 
 acterized by the appearance of metals, bronze arms and the 
 practice of incineration, the latter, the era characterized by 
 the prevalance of iron and the practice of inhumation. This 
 difference of usage seems to be a survival of the old days when 
 the ethnic distinction between Celts and Gauls was insisted 
 upon. *^ 
 
 The earliest instance of the word Celt in Irish literature is 
 found in the Leahhar na hUidhre (f° 1, a) the ''Book of the 
 Dun Cow," a manuscript of miscellaneous contents compiled 
 in the twelfth century. The word is Celtecdai, a nom. pi. sub- 
 stantivized adjective meaning "the Celts", and occurs in a 
 fragmentary history of the six ages of the world. In the 
 modern dialects of Irish the word is of very rare occurrence. 
 It is not found in any of the Irish-English dictionaries except 
 Dinneen's, and no Irish equivalents are given to Celt, Celtic 
 in any of the English-Irish dictionaries. There are very few 
 instances of its use in the modern literature, and always as a 
 learned word, for example in an article by John Fleming in 
 the Gaelic Journal, VII, 13 and by Dr. Douglas Hyde in his 
 Filidheacht Ghaedhealacli, pp. 12, 44, and sut?h expressions as 
 Irish Coimthinoil uile-Cheilteach, Welsh Cynghrair oll-Gelt- 
 aidd, Breton Kendalc'h oll-Geltiek, ''The Panceltic Congress." 
 
 The dictionaries of Scotch-Gaelic, Welsh and Breton con- 
 tain some curious entries under this head, but nothing of 
 value. The prevalent opinion seems to have been that the 
 word Celt is to be derived from the verb celim "conceal, hide" 
 and, sometimes, another word coill "wood, forest", was 
 brought in to help along the explanation. Consequently, the 
 Celts are the "sequestered people or woodlanders ", a Celt 
 * ' one that abideth in a covert, or an inhabitant of the wood. ' ' 
 This groundless assumption that the word Celt is related to 
 celim was for a long time a favorite one and has found its way 
 into most of our dictionaries of the English language. 
 
 There is considerable difference of opinion whether the 
 word Celt should be (1) spelled with a c and pronounced with
 
 6 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 an 5, or (2) spelled and pronounced with a k, or (3) spelled 
 with a c but pronounced with a k. There are none, it seem, 
 who would spell it with a k but pronounce it with an s. The 
 following reasons may be offered in favor of the first of these 
 spellings and pronunciations. C is to be preferred to k in the 
 spelling of Celt, since, in the oldest Irish alphabet, the charac- 
 ter k is found very rarely and exclusively in loan words and, 
 besides, the word is spelled with a c in Latin and, as we might 
 expect from its position before e, also in all the Romance 
 languages ; it is only in Greek that it is spelled with a k, and 
 there is no reason why the Greek spelling should be followed 
 when the word is written in English. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to say that the Celts themselves pro- 
 nounced their name with a k, since it is contrary to the genius 
 of the Celtic languages, as it is of the Greek, Latin and Ger- 
 man, to pronounce the c as s. But, we are not to conclude that 
 English speakers in pronouncing Ivelt are reproducing the 
 exact sound that the c before e has in Modern-Irish, for ex- 
 ample. There is a very large difference of articulation be- 
 tween the two sounds. In the English pronunciation of the 
 word the contact is made much farther back on the palate, 
 while in Irish it is pronounced in very much the same position 
 as English speakers give to the initial sound in the word kin, 
 the sound which is often represented phonetically k. This 
 difference is not only proved by a study of the English and 
 Irish pronunciation of the initial consonant in this word with 
 the aid of the artificial palate, but it is easily sensible through 
 the ear. 
 
 It may be said by the defenders of the pronunciation k that 
 to give the "hard" sound to the letter c would help to differ- 
 entiate our word from celt "a stone chisel", pronounced selt. 
 But, by so doing, we should be adding to the kelts, viz. kelt 
 (Scotch) "a salmon, sea-trout after spawning, foul fish", and 
 kelt (Scotch and Northern dialects) "frieze, homespun cloth." 
 
 It has been objected to the pronunciation seU{ik) that the 
 sibilant is not a pleasing sound; but, words do not stand or 
 fall on the ground of euphony alone. And are Keltism, 
 Keltist, Keltology, etc., really more euphonious than when
 
 TEE WORD CELT. 7 
 
 pronounced with an s ? Kelticist and Keltism would, if left to 
 themselves, tend to become Celticist etc., by anticipation of 
 the following s-sound. We seldom, if ever, hear of a Pan- 
 Celtic Congress or of l^eltia. In Germany, the question Celt 
 or Kelt is not settled, and we sometimes find the same scholars 
 using now the one, now the other form. It would seem, however, 
 that the choice depends some on the combination. Thus, for ex- 
 ample, Keltentum and Celtomanie are more common than with 
 C and K respectively. The titles of the two German periodicals 
 in the very field that concerns us here, the Zeitschrift fur 
 CeltiscJie PJiilologie and the Archiv fur Celtische Lexicogra- 
 phie, may be adduced as testimony in favor of the C-form, and 
 we may hold the view of the majority of German scholars, 
 differing with Leibnitz, o. c. ''Celtas, vel {ut pronuntiari de- 
 heret) Keltas/' that the word is in the same class with Cy- 
 pern, Cyclus and Macedonien and its c should be pronounced ts. 
 
 It cannot be objected to this conclusion that the native name 
 of the British Celts, Cymry and the adjective Cymric, are 
 always pronounced with a h. The initial consonant in these 
 words, whether spelled with a C or a J^ (preferably with the 
 former, though both letters are used indifferently in early 
 Welsh manuscripts) should always be pronounced "hard" be- 
 cause of its position before a "broad" vowel. The word 
 Cymry is genuinel^^ Celtic and postulates a *Camhroges, "the 
 compatroits, or men of the same country. ' ' 
 
 According to the Dictionary of the Philological Society, the 
 first instance cited of the word Celt in English dates from the 
 year 1607, and the first citation of the word Celtic is from the 
 year 1656. In this Dictionary, which represents the most 
 recent and highest scholarship applied to lexicography, a de- 
 cided preference is given to the spelling C and the pronuncia- 
 tion s of Celt, Celtic and their derivatives, celtified, celtish, 
 celtism, celtist, celtization, celtically, celtican, celticism, celti- 
 vist, celticity, celticize, celtologist, celtology, celtologue, celto- 
 manie, celtophile, celto-Eoman, etc. 
 
 One of the strongest arguments for this pronunciation is 
 that the word Celt has become as thoroughly anglicized as 
 Caesar and Cicero. Whatever may have been the origin of the
 
 8 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 word, it undoubtedly entered English from the French Celte, 
 which, itself, had developed out of the Latin Celta. The anal- 
 ogy of the large number of other words beginning with c fol- 
 lowed by e or i which English has taken from the French, of 
 such Greek and Latin proper names as Circe, Ceres, Cephissus, 
 Cerberus, Alcihiades, and even of Gaulish names as Cingetorix, 
 Vercingetorix, in all of which it is customary, if one wishes 
 to avoid being pedantic, to pronounce the letter c as s, is 
 strong enough to carry the word Celt with them. 
 
 The remainder of this article will consist of a rather literal 
 translation of those passages from the works of the Greek and 
 Latin authors, glossaries, inscriptions and coins, ranging from 
 the earliest times to the end of the Merovingian period (mid- 
 dle of the eighth century) in which the word Celt or any of its 
 derivatives is found. The translation will be confined to these 
 detached sentences in the order and extent in which they are 
 cited by Dr. Alf. Holder in his epoch-making "Thesaurus of 
 Old-Celtic" {Alt-Celtischer Sprachschatz, Leipzig, 1904 and 
 fol.) cols. 888-977. 
 
 Herodotus, II, 33 (written between 445 and 443 B. C.) : The 
 river Ister (the Danube) rises in the territory of the 
 Celts and near the city of Pyrene {i. e., in the Pyrenees) 
 and it divides Europe in its course. The Celts, however, 
 dwell beyond the pillars of Hercules and border on the 
 lands of the Cynesii (i. e., in southern Portugal), who are 
 the last inhabitants of Europe to the westward. IV, 49 
 (written between 443 and 432 B. C.) : For, the Ister flows 
 across all Europe. It rises in the country of the Celts, 
 who are next to the Cynetae (another name for the 
 Cynesii) and inhabit the remotest parts of western Eu- 
 rope; its course is across Europe and it empties at the 
 borders of Scythia. 
 Avienus, Ora Maritima, 130-137 (based on sources of the end 
 of the fifth century, B. C.) : If one dared steer his boat 
 from the Oestrymnides through the sea that lies in 
 Lycaon's clime, where the air is crisp with cold, he would 
 land on soil once settled by Ligures but now devoid of 
 inhabitants ; for, the Celts in long and frequent wars laid 
 waste the lands and expelled the Ligures. . . . (The
 
 TEE WORD CELT. 9 
 
 Celts were more intimately known in Hellas, from having 
 served as mercenaries in the service of the tyrant 
 Dionysius and other commanders.) 
 
 Plato, Be Legihus, I, 9, p. 637, D. E. : It is not of drinking, or 
 not drinking, wine at all that I am speaking, but of drmik- 
 enness. The question is whether it is better to follow the 
 custom of the Scythians, and Persians, and Carthaginians, 
 and Celts, and Iberians, and Thracians, who are all war- 
 like people, than to follow your own custom (From this 
 it would appear that Plato was familiar with the Celtic 
 and Iberian troops in the pay of the Syracusans). 
 
 Xenophon, Hellenica, VII, 1, 20 (speaking of Celtic merce- 
 naries in the service of the tyrant Dionysius, 369, B. C.) : 
 Triremes which carried Celts, Iberians and about fifty 
 horsemen. 31: When, then, Archidamus led them on, 
 those few of the enemy who received their attack at the 
 point of the spear, were killed; but as the rest fled they 
 fell, some by the hands of horsemen, others by the Celts. 
 
 Scylax, Periplus, 18 (here for the first time, about 356 B. C, 
 the Gauls in Cisalpina are mentioned under the name of 
 Celts) : After the Tyrrheni, come the Celts, who were left 
 behind on an expedition (i e., the remnants of a Gaulish 
 invasion) ; they extend on the narrow part as far as Adria 
 which is at the inmost recess of the Adriatic. 19 : After 
 the Celts, come the Veneti, in whose territory is the 
 Eridanus (the Po). 
 
 Ephorus, 4 fr. 38 M : The region of the westerly wind and the 
 setting sun is inhabited by the Celts, while the Scythians 
 occupy the region of the north wind and the bear. These 
 (four) parts are not, however, of equal magnitude, for the 
 territory of the Scythians and the Ethiopians is greater 
 than tliat of the Indians and the Celts, but each is of about 
 the same size as the corresponding part of the other 
 group. For, the Indians dwell between the summer and 
 the winter rising sun, while the Celts posses the territory 
 from the summer to the winter setting sun, and thus the 
 adjoining parts are of unequal size and the opposite parts 
 are of the same size.
 
 10 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 Theopompiis, fr. 223 M (quoted by Stephanus Byzantinus) : 
 Drilonios is a large city and the most distant of the Celts. 
 
 Aristotle, Meteorologica, I, 13, p. 350*" 2: The Ister and the 
 Tartei'sus have their source in the Pyrenees which is a 
 mountain towards the equinoctial west, in Celtica— 
 Historia animalium: VIII, 28, p. 606" 2-5: And in many 
 places this difference is to be attributed to the climate. 
 Thus, for example, in Illyria, Thrace and Epirus, the 
 asses are small, but in Scythia and Celtica no asses are 
 bom; for the cold in those countries is very severe— De 
 anim. generatione, II, 8, p. 748, 22-26 : Then again, the ass 
 is a cold animal; hence, because it is naturally impatient 
 of the cold, it cannot be raised in cold regions, as, for 
 example, in Scythia and the neighboring lands, nor among 
 the Celts, who dwell beyond Spain ; for that country, too, 
 is cold-Nicomachean Ethics, III, 10 p. 1115'' 26-29: He, 
 however, is either insane, or has no sense of pain, who 
 fears nothing, neither earthquakes nor floods, as it is said 
 is the case with the Celts. 
 
 Eudemius of Rhodes, Ethics, III, 1, 25 p. 1229" 25-30: Hence, 
 we are not to conclude that he who endures terrible things 
 through ignorance is a brave man, as if one were to ex- 
 pose himself in insanity to thunder and lightning. Nor 
 is he a wise man who, knowing the danger, exposes him- 
 self to it, in consequence of anger, as the Celts, who take 
 up arms and attack the sea-waves. Generally speaking, 
 barbaric bravery is accompanied with anger. 
 
 Aristotle, Politics, 11, 9, p. 1269" 23-27 : So that, of necessity, 
 in such a state wealth is highly valued, especially if the 
 citizens are governed by their wives, as is the case with all 
 military and warlike nations, except the Celts and a few 
 others who openly approve of pederasty. VII, 2, p. 1324" 
 9-12: Moreover, in all nations that are able to gratify 
 their ambition, military power is held in esteem, for ex- 
 ample among the Scythians, and Persians, and Thracians, 
 and Celts. 17, p. 1336^ 15-18: Hence, many barbarian 
 peoples have a custom of plunging their infants in a cold 
 stream; others, as the Celts, clothe them in a light gar- 
 ment only— Fragments, 30 (35 Eose), quoted by Diogenes
 
 TEE WO ED CELT. H 
 
 Laertius (about 200 A. D.), I, 1: Some say that the pro- 
 fession of philosophy began among the barbarians. For, 
 Aristotle in his work on "Magic" and Sotion (about 200 
 B. C), in the twenty-third book of his (lost) ''Succession 
 of the Philosophers," say that the Persians had their 
 interpreters of dreams, the Babylonians or Assyrians 
 their astrologers, the Indians their naked philosophers, 
 and the Celts and Galates what they called druids and 
 lefjivo-^so:. Fragments, 564, quoted by Stephanus Byzan- 
 tinus, s. V. re(>fxapa : Germara, a tribe in Celtica who do 
 not see the day, as Aristotle tells us in his De Mirabilibus. 
 Fragments, 568 (610 Rose), quoted in Plutarch's Camillus. 
 22: The philosopher Aristotle appears to have heard a 
 clear account of the capture of Rome by the Celts, but 
 he says that it was saved by Lucius; the deliverer of 
 the city was not Lucius, but Marcus Camillus. 
 Pseudo- Aristotle, De mirabilibus ausctiltationibus, 50, p. 834* 
 6 = Fragments, 248, 9 p. 1524=^ 22 ff : It is said that Celtic 
 tin is melted down much more quickly than lead. 85, p. 
 837'' 7-11 : It is said that there is a certain road, called the 
 'Herculean,' which extends from Italy as far as Celtica, 
 the CELTo-Ligurians and the Iberians, and that any Greek 
 or native travelling that road is protected by those who 
 dwell along it, so that no harm shall be done him, and if 
 any should be done, the penalty is paid by those in whose 
 territory the wrong was committed. 86, p. 837^12-23 : It is 
 said that the Celts possess a poison to which they have 
 given the name 'toxicon,' and it is said that this poison 
 causes death so quickly that when the Celtic huntsmen 
 have shot a deer or other animal they run up to it and 
 quickly cut away from the body the wounded flesh before 
 the poison has time to penetrate, both to save the food and 
 to keep the carcass from putrifying. They say that an 
 antidote has been found for this poison in oak bark, but, 
 according to others, the antidote is a certain leaf which 
 they call xofjdxiov, so called because it has been observed 
 that when a crow has tasted of the poison, and feels the 
 evil effects of it, it makes at once for that leaf, and, as 
 soon as it has swallowed some of it, it is relieved of the 
 pain.
 
 12 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 Ptolemaeus Lagida, Historia Alexandri, fr. 2, p. 87 M {ad a. 
 336) : the Celts who live at Adria. 
 
 'Anyte {a. 280-78), in Anthologia Palatina, 7, 492 : We have de- 
 parted, Miletus, our dear native land, three maidens, thy 
 countrj^women, since we repulsed the lawless passion of 
 the impious Galates (the Gauls in Asia Minor), and the 
 mighty Mars of the Celts has driven us to this death. 
 (Compare Hieronymus, Against Joviniamts, I, 41, 0pp. 
 ed. Vail. Ven. 2 c. 308 E-309 A: Could any one pass over 
 in silence the seven virgins of Miletus, who, when the 
 Gauls were laying waste everything far and wide, that 
 they might suffer no outrage at the hands of the enemy, 
 escaped disgrace by death?) 
 
 Callimachus, Hymn to Delos, 171-175 (after the year 272 
 A. D.) : Hereafter shall a common contest arise for us, 
 when those latest born Titans from the extremest west 
 shall raise their barbarous sword and their Celtic god of 
 war over the realm of Greece and hurl themselves (upon 
 her) (Compare Pausanias, I, 7, 2). 
 
 Since the second century, B. C, the Celts find a place 
 beside the Ligures in the legend of the Argonauts. 
 
 Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautics, IV, 601-612: And round 
 about, the unhappy daughters of the Sun, entwined with 
 slender poplars, weep a plaintive lamentation, and the 
 shining tears of amber trickle from their eyes and some, 
 falling on the sand, dry in the sun. But, when the blast 
 of the loud-sounding wind dashes the dark sea-waters high 
 on the bank, the amber tears all flow together into Erida- 
 nus' waves in a swelling stream. The Celts, however, 
 have a legend that the tears which are whirled along in 
 eddies are those that Leto's son, Apollo, shed without 
 number when he came to live among the sacred Hyper- 
 boreans. 633-634: (Waters) which spread over the vast 
 marvellous land of the Celts. 641 if : Journeying among 
 countless tribes of Celts and Ligures. 
 
 Apollodorus, I, c. 9, § 24, 5 : Accordingly, the Argonauts sailed 
 past the tribes of Ligures and Celts, and were borne 
 through the Sardinian sea, skirting Tyrrhenia until they 
 arrived at Aea, where, as suppliants, they were purified 
 by Circe.
 
 TEE WORD CELT. ^^ 
 
 Polyhius uses the word raXdzfu only when his source of infor- 
 mation are Roman writers. When referring to the west, 
 he uses the names Celts and Galates without difference of 
 meaning, and, according to him, there are only Galates, 
 no Celts, along the Danube. I, 6, 4: The Romans waged 
 war on the Etruscans, then on the Celts, and next on the 
 Samnites. 6 : The Romans, having reduced the Etruscans 
 and the Samnites to submission, and having worsted the 
 Celts in Italy in many battles . . . Having become 
 thoroughly expert in the art of war from their contests 
 with the Samnites and the Celts . . . All the tribes in- 
 habiting Italy, except the Celts, were made subject to 
 them {a. u. 484) . 13, 4 : The first expedition of the Romans 
 into Illyria and these (eastern) parts of Europe, as well 
 as their struggles against the Celts in Italy, took place 
 at about the same time. 17, 4: Accordingly, the Cartha- 
 ginians levied mercenaries from over sea, many Ligures 
 and Celts and a still larger number of Iberians, and des- 
 patched them all to Sicily. 43, 4 (speaking of the merce- 
 naries in the Carthaginian army) : He at once commis^ 
 sioned some officers accompanied by Hannibal to go to the 
 Celts ... he sent Alexon to fetch the other mercenar- 
 ies. 67, 7 : In the army were Iberians and Celts, some 
 Ligures and some from the Balearic Islands, and not a few 
 half-breed Greeks. II, 13, 5 : The Romans did not venture, 
 however, at that time to impose conditions or make war 
 on the Carthaginians, because of their fear of the Celts, 
 who were threatening their own affairs, and because they 
 almost daily expected an attack from them. 6: And so 
 they determined, by pacifying and mollifying Hasdrubal, 
 to attack the Celts and try conclusions with them, for 
 they were convinced that, so long as they had such men 
 on their flanks, not only would they be unable to keep theii 
 control over the tribes in Italy, but even to reckon on 
 safety in their own country. 7 : Accordingly, they at once 
 despatched envoys to Hasdrubal with whom they con- 
 cluded a treaty by which the Carthaginians, without say- 
 ing anything of the rest of Iberia, engaged not to cross in 
 arms the river that is called Iber. Then the Romans,
 
 14 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 without delay, pushed on the war against the Celts in 
 Italy. 17, 3 : The chief intercourse of the Etruscans was 
 with the Celts, who were their neighbors, and who, envy- 
 ing them the beauty of their lands, took some slight pre- 
 text to gather a large army and drive the Etruscans from 
 the valley of the Po (424 B. C), which they themselves at 
 once took possession of. 4 : First, the country lying near 
 the source of the Po was held by the Laiui and the Lebecii ; 
 after then, the Insubres settled in the country ; they were 
 the largest of those tribes, and, next them, along the river, 
 dwelt the Cenomani. 5: The district along the shores of 
 the Adriatic was occupied by another very ancient tribe 
 called Veneti, in customs and dress not much unlike the 
 Celts, but using a quite different language, 6: about 
 whom the tragic writers have written much and told 
 many wonderful tales. 7: On the other (south) side of 
 the Po, in the Apennine district, first come the Anares 
 and, next them, the Boii settled. After them, towards 
 the Adriatic, come the Lingones, and the last places, the 
 country on the sea-coast is occupied by the Senones. 
 8-12 : These are the most important tribes occupying the 
 above mentioned districts; (9) they lived in unwalled 
 villages and had no permanent buildings; they lived 
 simple lives, made their beds of straw, fed on meat, and 
 followed no pursuits but those of war and farming, with- 
 out being acquainted with any other science or art what- 
 ever. Each man's propertj^, moreover, consisted of flocks 
 and herds and gold, as these were the only things that 
 could easily be carried about at times of difficulty and 
 removed from one place to another as their fancy directed. 
 They made a great point of friendship, for the man who 
 had the largest number of attendants and companions 
 they regarded as the most powerful and formidable 
 among them. 18, 1-4 : At first, they did not merely take 
 possession of the territory, but made many of the neigh- 
 boring peoples subject to them, terrifying them by their 
 recklessness and boldness. Some time afterwards (a. u. 
 364), having defeated the Eomans in battle and those who, 
 after the Romans, opposed them, they pursued the fugi-
 
 THE WORD CELT. 1^ 
 
 tives and, in three days after the battle, occupied Kome 
 itself with the exception of the Capitol. But it happened 
 that war broke out between them and the Veneti who 
 were invading their country. Accordingly, they made 
 terms with the Romans to whom they handed over the 
 city and returned to their own country. Subsequently, they 
 were occupied with wars at home. Some of their tribes 
 who lived on the Alps and saw with envy the rich pos- 
 sessions of others were continually gathering their forces 
 and making raids upon them. 6 ff: When, again, thirty 
 years after the taking of the city {a. u. 393), the Celts 
 advanced with a large army as far as Alba, the Romans, 
 surprised by the unexpectedness of the attack and unable 
 to collect their allies ' forces, did not venture to lead their 
 legions against them. But when, twelve years later, they 
 invaded in great force, the Romans had become aware of 
 their approach, and, having mustered their allies, they 
 marched out in great spirit, being eager to engage them 
 and make a final desperate attempt. But the Galates, 
 etc. 22, 8: The Celts had not yet set out from their 
 coimtry. 10 : The Romans were anxious to first settle the 
 trouble with the Celts. 11 : Then, with one accord, they 
 gave their attention to the war with the Celts, convinced 
 that it was to their advantage to come to a decision with 
 them. 23 {a. u. 529), 3-5: The kings of the Celts were 
 obliged to leave behind a portion of their forces to guard 
 their territory, because of their fear of those tribes (the 
 Veneti and Cenomani) . They themselves with their main 
 army struck camp and set out boldly, making their march 
 through Etruria, their force consisting of about 50,000 
 foot, and twenty thousand horse and chariots. As soon 
 as the Romans heard that the Celts had crossed the Alps, 
 etc. 25, 1: Having made their way into Etruria, the 
 Celts began their march through the country, devastating 
 fearlessly and without opposition; finally, they took up 
 their march to Rome. 5 : The Celts lit their watch fires 
 and left their cavalry in camp. 7 : (The Romans) believed 
 the Celts had fled. 8 : The Celts rose from their position 
 and fell upon them (the Romans). The struggle was at
 
 16 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 first fierce on both sides. 9 : At length, the Celts won by 
 superior courage. 10 : The first desire of the Celts was 
 to besiege them. 26, 1: (Lucius Aemilius) having been 
 ^ informed that the Celts had entered Etruria and were 
 drawing near Rome. 27, 2 ff: When the Celts had 
 reached Telamon in Etruria, some of their foragers fell 
 in with the advance guard of Gains and were made prison- 
 ers. Under examination by the commander they fur- 
 nished precise information as to what had taken place; 
 they informed him, besides, that both armies were in the 
 neighborhood, that the Celts were close at hand, and 
 Lucius' forces hard upon their rear. 4: The Celts (cut 
 off by the two hostile armies) were left on the road. 5: 
 Under which (ridge) the Celts had to march. 6-8: At 
 first, the Celts, unaware of the presence of Atilius ' forces, 
 but supposing from what was taking that the cavalry of 
 Aemilius had marched around them in the night, and were 
 preoccupying the vantage points, immediately despatched 
 their cavalry and some of their light infantry to contend 
 with them for the possession of places along the eminence. 
 But they soon learned from a prisoner who was brought 
 in of the presence of Gains, and then they hurriedly drew 
 up their infantry so as to face two opposite ways, some 
 towards the rear and others towards the front. For they 
 knew that one army was pursuing them, and, judging 
 from the intelligence which had reached them and from 
 what was actually taking place, they expected that they 
 would have to encounter another on their front. 28, 3-6 : 
 The Celts, however, stationed on their rear the Alpine 
 tribe called Gaesatae to oppose the enemy from that point 
 where they expected the attack of Aemilius' force, and, 
 behind them, the Insubres; on their front they placed 
 the Taurisci, and the Boii who dwell south of the Po to 
 hold the position opposite that just mentioned, and to 
 await the attack of Gains. Their waggons and chariots 
 they placed on the extremity of either wing, while the booty 
 was gathered together and placed under a guard on one of 
 the adjacent hills. The result was that the army of the 
 Celts was double-faced and their arrangement not only
 
 TEE WORD CELT. 17 
 
 effective but also calculated to inspire terror. 10: And 
 Gains ' head was brought to the king of the Celts 29, 2 : 
 Whether the Celts occupied the most dangerous position. 
 5-8: The ornaments and clamor of the Celts terrified 
 them (the Eomans). For they had innumerable horns 
 and trumpets, and with these and the shouting of their 
 entire army they made so great and loud a noise, that it 
 seemed that not only the trumpets and voices but even the 
 nearby hills^ resounded and gave forth cries. Not less 
 astounding was the appearance and rapid movement of 
 the naked warriors who were" in the front of the army, 
 men in the prime of youth and beauty. And all the war- 
 riors in the front ranks were richly adorned with golden 
 bracelets and armlets. 30, 1 f : The Celts in the inner 
 ranks found their cloaks and breeches of great service, but 
 the naked warriors in the front were in great difficulty and 
 distress because of this unexpected mode of attack (of the 
 Romans) . 9 : The infantry of the Celts were cut to pieces 
 on the field of battle, and their horse turned in flight. 31, 
 1 f : Forty thousand Celts were slain and no fewer than 
 ten thousand were taken prisoners, among whom was one 
 of their kings, Concolitanus. The other king, Aneroestos, 
 fled with a few followers to a certain place where he put 
 an end to his own life and that of his relatives. 7 : In this 
 way the most important invasion of the Celts was re- 
 pelled. 8 : The Eomans hoped to be able to entirely expel 
 the Celts from the country along the Po, and, accordingly, 
 great preparations were made and the appointed consuls, 
 Quintus Fulvius and Titus Manlius were sent out with 
 their legions against the Celts {a. u. 530). 32, 1 : Publius 
 Furius and Gains Flaminius again invaded Celtica {a. u. 
 531), marching through the lands of the Anares, who 
 dwell not far from Marseilles. 7 : The Romans determined 
 to avail themselves of the forces of the allied Celts. 9: 
 Finally, they themselves (the Romans) remained behind 
 on this side of the river, and sending the Celts who were 
 with them to the other side, they pulled up the bridges 
 over the stream. 33, 4: They attacked the Celts full in 
 front in regular battle. 5: They made the Celts help-
 
 18 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 less, by preventing them from fighting with broadswords. 
 34, 1: The next year (a. u. 532), embassies came from the 
 Celts seeking peace and promising to do everything, etc. 
 7: When the Celts heard of the presence of the enemy, 
 they raised the siege and came out to meet them and give 
 battle. 15: The Celts, encouraged by their success^held 
 their ground courageously, but after a while, they turned 
 and fled to the mountainous districts. 35, 2 : In this way, 
 the war with the Celts came to an end. 36, 1 (a. ii. 533) : 
 Hasdrubal was assassinated, one night, in his own lodg- 
 ings by a certain Celt for some private wrong. Ill, 2, 6 : 
 Acquiring a supremacy over the Iberians and the Celts. 
 34, 1 : Hannibal waited for the messengers who had been 
 sent to him from the Celts. 4: He took care to send 
 messengers with unlimited promises to the chiefs of the 
 Celts, whether dwelling south of the Alps or actually in 
 the mountains. 5-6 : To reach the places just mentioned 
 and to avail himself of the support and co-operation of the 
 Celts in the proposed undertaking. His messengers re- 
 turned with the news that the Celts were willing and ex- 
 pecting him, and that the passage of the Alps, though 
 exceedingly difficult and toilsome, etc. 8: He hinted at 
 the fertility of the country to which they (Hannibal's 
 soldiers) would come and the good will and active alliance 
 of the Celts. 37, 9: The country around Narbonne and 
 thence as far as the Pyrenees already mentioned, is the 
 district which the Celts possess. 39, 4 : From the Pyre- 
 nees, which separate the Iberians from the Celts. 40, 1 : 
 Hannibal, greatly alarmed at the impregnable positions 
 occupied by the Celts. 41, 1: Such was the state of 
 affairs concerning the Celts from the beginning until the 
 arrival of Hannibal among them. 6 fl: Owing to the 
 unevenness of the country and the number of tribes of 
 Celts intervening. But, contrary to expectations, Hanni- 
 bal won over the Celts, partly by bribes and partly by 
 force. 9: Joining with them as leaders and supports 
 some Celts (=Livy's ''Gaulish auxiliaries," XXI, 26, 
 5), who happened to be serving as mercenaries among 
 the Marseillais. 43, 12 : While the Celts, both by reason
 
 THE WORD CELT. 19 
 
 of their disorder and the unexpectedness of what had 
 taken place, turned and were put to flight. 44, 9 : "When 
 the Celts had spoken thus, they withdrew. 45, 2: The 
 Romans and the Celts lost a hundred and forty horsemen. 
 47, 3 : The Rhone flows, for the most part, through a deep 
 valley, where, to the north, live the Ardues {sic. Read, 
 Aedui) a Celtic tribe, while it is walled in on the south by 
 the northern slopes of the Alps. 48, 6: For, they (some 
 historians) do not tell that not only once or twice before 
 Hannibal came, but in very recent times, the Celts who 
 lived along the Rhone crossed the Alps with numerous 
 forces and fought battles with the Romans who were 
 allied with the Celts occupying the plains along the Po. 
 60, 11 : According to their original purpose, the remaining 
 mass of Celts inhabiting these plains (of the Po) were 
 anxious to join the Carthaginians. 12 : And some, of them 
 (the Celts) were even compelled to serve with the Ro- 
 mans. QQi, 7: For, no sooner had he (Hannibal) gained 
 the advantage than all the Celts in the vicinity hastened, 
 according to their original engagement, to proclaim them- 
 selves his friends, to furnish him with provisions and to 
 join the Carthaginian army. 67, 1 : While the Celts who 
 were serving in the Roman army, seeing that the prospect 
 of the Carthaginians looked the brighter, conspired and 
 set upon a time for carrying out their plans, waiting in 
 their several tents, etc. 8: The Celts in the neighbor- 
 hood had long been unfavorably disposed towards them 
 (the Romans). 68, 8: While the numerous Celts who 
 inhabited the plains, excited by the good prospects of the 
 Carthaginians, provided their army with supplies in 
 abundance and were ready to take part with Hannibal's 
 troops in every undertaking and danger. 10: They (the 
 Romans) attributed it (their defeat) to the treacherous 
 neglect on the part of the Celts, which they concluded 
 from their recent revolt. 69, 5-7 : But afterwards, Hanni- 
 bal found out that certain Celts who lived between the Po 
 and the Trebbia were sending messages to the Romans, 
 believing that in this way they would secure safety for 
 themselves from both sides. He accordingly despatched
 
 20 CATHOLIC UNIVEBSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 two thousand infantry and a thousand Celtic and Numi- 
 dian cavalry with orders to devastate their country. This 
 order was executed and thevRomans took possession of 
 gi'eat booty; then, straitway, the Celts appeared at the 
 Roman palisade beseeching their aid. 9: The Celts and 
 Numidians fled and found a place of safety in their own 
 camp. 11 : After that sldrmish, the Celts again retreated 
 and sought the protection of their own camp. 70, 4: 
 When the Celts would be idle and forced to remain inac- 
 tive, their fickleness would not allow them to remain faith- 
 ful to the Carthaginians, but they would turn against 
 them once more. 9: Hannibal, wishing to avail himself 
 first of the fresh spirit of the Celts. 71, 2: Because the 
 Celts invariably set their ambuscades in such places {i. e., 
 in the woods). 72, 8 f.: Hannibal drew up his infantry, 
 consisting of about twenty thousand Iberians, Celts and 
 Libyans, in one long line, while the cavalry, amounting to 
 more than ten thousand, including the Celtic allies, he 
 divided and stationed on either wing. 74, 4: Those in 
 the front ranks, hard pressed, defeated the Celts and a 
 division of the Libyans, and, after killing a large number 
 of them, broke through the Carthaginian line. 10: For, 
 it happened that the loss of the Iberians and Libyans had 
 been slight, the heaviest having fallen on the Celts. 75, 
 2 : All the Celts had gone over to their (the Carthaginian) 
 side. 77, 3: Hannibal went into winter quarters in 
 Celtica. 78, 2: The lawlessness of the Celts, who were 
 restless and contentious. 5 : Seeing that the Celts were 
 discontented at the length of time that the war dragged 
 on within their borders, and were eagerly anxious for an 
 engagement, on the pretence of hatred for Rome, but, 
 much more from hopes of booty. 79, 3 ff: Behind these 
 he (Hannibal) placed the Celts, and last of all the 
 cavalry. He entrusted the charge of the rear guard to 
 his brother Mago, that he might see to the security of all, 
 but especially to watch the impatience of the Celts and 
 their aversion to hard labor, in order that, if they should 
 show a lack of endurance and should attempt to turn back, 
 he might check them by means of the cavalry and force
 
 TEE WORD CELT. 21 
 
 them on. 6-8: But the Celts suffered greatly on their 
 march through the deep marshes which had been dis- 
 turbed and trampled on, and, unaccustomed to all such 
 pain and toil, they bore the fatigue with impatience and 
 were soon exhausted, while they were prevented from 
 turning back by the cavalry in their rear. All, however, 
 suffered severely, especially because they had had no 
 sleep for four continuous nights and three days while they 
 marched over a road that was under water. But the 
 Celts suffered most of all and lost most men. 83, 4: 
 Hannibal, by a detour, deployed his cavalry and Celts 
 into one line under cover of the hills on the left. 84, 6; 
 Flaminius fell in with a company of Celts and was killed. 
 85, 5: In all, fifteen hundred were killed, most of whom 
 were Celts. 93, 10 : The Iberians and Celts bringing up 
 the rear. 106, 6: The Senate sent the Praetor, Lucius 
 Postumius, as commander of a legion into Galatia 
 (= Gallia Cisalpina), with instructions to affect a diver- 
 sion with the Celts who were campaigning with Hannibal. 
 113, 7 {a. u. 536) : Close to the river, on his left wing, he 
 (Hannibal) stationed the Iberian and Celtic horse oppo- 
 site the Roman cavalry ; and, next to them, half the heavy- 
 armed Libyan infantry; and, next in order, the Iberian 
 and Celtic foot. 8 : He advanced with the central brigade 
 of Iberians and Celts. 9 : He aimed to engage first with 
 the Iberians and Celts. 114, 2 : The shields of the Iberi- 
 ans and Celts were about the same size, but they were 
 differently arranged. 4: Of the naked Celts. 115, 2: 
 But, as soon as the Iberian and Celtic cavalry on the left 
 got at the Eomans. 5: For a short time, the lines of 
 Iberians and Celts held their ground and fought the 
 Romans gallantly. 6: The Celts had been drawn up in 
 a thin line. 7 : For, the centre, where the Celts had been 
 stationed on the arc of the crescent, advanced much be- 
 fore the wings, the curve of the crescent being towards the 
 enemy. 11: As the Romans were pursuing the Celts. 
 117, 6 : Of those who fell on Hannibal 's side, four thou- 
 sand were Celts. 118, 6 : It (the Roman army in Gaul) was 
 utterly annihilated by the Celts. VII, 9, 6 : All the cities
 
 22 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 and tribes in Italy, Celtia (but in III, 59, 7 Poljijins uses 
 Talazia to mean Gallia omnis) and Liguria with whom we 
 are on friendly terms. 7: Of all the tribes and cities in 
 Italy, Celtia and Liguria. VIII, 32, 1: He (Hannibal) 
 detached two thousand Celts, and, having divided them 
 into three companies, he assigned two of the young men 
 who were managing the affair to each company. 4: But 
 he (Hannibal) directed the Carthaginian and Celtic 
 officers to kill all the Romans they met. 9: Some of them 
 (the Romans) fell in with the Carthaginians, others with 
 the Celts. XI, 3, 1 : The Romans slaughtered a number 
 of the Celts like victims as they lay asleep in their beds 
 stupefied with drink. 3 : In the battle, not less than ten 
 thousand were killed, taking Carthaginians and Celts to- 
 gether. 19, 4: For, Hannibal had (in his army) Libyans, 
 Iberians, Ligurians, Celts, Phoenicians, Italians and 
 Greeks, who had naturally nothing in common, neither 
 laws, nor customs, nor language. XII, 28% 3 ff: At any 
 rate, he (Timaeus) mentions the great expense and labor 
 he went to in collecting records from Assyria and in 
 enquiring closely into the customs of the Ligures, Celts, 
 and Iberians, so that he could not have himself expected 
 to be believed in his account of them. One would like to 
 ask the historian which of the two he thinks requires more 
 expense and labor,— to remain at home and collect records 
 and investigate the customs of the Ligurians and Celts, 
 or to obtain personal experience of all the tribes possible, 
 and see with one's own eyes. XV, 11, 1 {a. u. 552) : Hanni- 
 bal placed the elephants, which numbered more than 
 eighty, in the van of the whole army. Next, he stationed 
 his mercenaries, of whom there were about twelve thou- 
 sand, consisting of Ligurians, Celts, Baliarians and 
 Mauretani. XVIII (XVII), 11, 2 : Because of fear of the 
 Celts. XXXIV, 10, 1: The rivers Illeberis and Rusci- 
 nus which flow past some cities of the same name inhabited 
 by Cei.ts— Fragments, 20, p. 1390 (Hultsch) quoted by 
 Suidas, suh v/s^'/if^Seuy/.dza^ : The Celts, seeing the Romans 
 prepared to fight, and thinking that their bodies were so
 
 TEE WORD CELT. 23 
 
 weakened by hunger that they had chosen the quickest 
 kind of death. 
 
 Apollodorus, Chron. 4, quoted by Stephanus Byzantinus, fr. 
 59 M : Aeria is a Celtic city, as Apollodorus says in the 
 IVth Book of his ''Chronicles." 60: The Aedui were 
 allies of the Romans in Celtic Gaul, according to Apollo- 
 dorus, "Chronicles," Bk. IV, 62: The Arverni, the most 
 warlike tribes of the Galates of Celtica. Apollodorus, 
 in the IVth Book of his "Chronicles", speaks of the 
 Arverni of the Celts. 
 
 Nicander, quoted by Tertullian, De Aninia, 57, p. 393, 17 E.; 
 For, the Nasamones consult private oracles by making 
 prolonged visits to the tombs of their relatives, as is told 
 by Heraclides, or Nymphodorus or Herodotus, and, as 
 Nicander affirms, the Celts, for the same purpose, pass 
 the night at the tombs of their brave men. 
 
 Eudoxus of Rhodes, quoted by ApoUonius, Historia mirabil. 
 c. 24: Eudoxus of Rhodes, in his work on Celtica, says 
 that there is a certain people who do not see by day, but 
 by night. 
 
 Artemidorus, quoted by Stephanus Byzantinus, p. 20, 7 : The 
 Agnotes are a tribe in Celtica near the ocean, according 
 to Artemidorus. p. 436, 18: Mastramela is a city and a 
 marshy lake in Celtica. Artemidorus in the ' ' Epitome of 
 the Eleven Books ' ', p. 608, 6 : Tauroeis^ is a Celtic colony 
 of the Marseillais (of the Phocaeans. cf. Strabo, 4, p. 184). 
 Artemidorus, in the 1st Book of his "Geography", says 
 that it was a ship with the figure-head of a bull that 
 carried over the founders of the city who were castaways 
 from the fleet of the Phocaeans, and, having reached that 
 place, they called their city after the ensign of the ship, 
 the nation Tauroentii. 
 
 Pseudo-Scymnus of Chios, 165-169: (Tartessus), a famous city, 
 produces tin which is carried down the river from Celtica, 
 and gold and copper in abundance. Then comes the land 
 called Celtica extending as far as the sea that lies near 
 Sardinia, and this is the largest nation towards the west. 
 173 f : That region that extends from the west wind to the 
 summer setting-sun the Celts inhabit, but that to the
 
 24 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 north, the Scythians. 176-177: The Celts, on the other 
 hand, dwell beneath the equinoctial and summer setting- 
 sun, as they say. 183-195: The Celts practice the Gre- 
 cian manners, having friendly relations with the Greeks 
 through those who have dwelt abroad and enjoyed their 
 hospitality. They conduct their assemblies with music, 
 which they cultivate as a means to civilization {cf. Dio- 
 dorus II, 47, 2: This god (Apollo) they (the Hyperbore- 
 ans) sing the praises of continually during the day in 
 hymns, and they honor him especially. 4: They have a 
 language of their own and are most friendly disposed 
 towards the Greeks). At the very end of their region 
 stands the so-called North Pole, which is very high and 
 raises its head over the waving ocean. The lands nearest 
 the Pole are occupied by those Celts who are furthest 
 away, the Enetoi, descendants of the Istrians, who extend 
 inland as far as the Adriatic. It is said that it is thence 
 that the Ister begins its course. 777 : The Ister is doubt- 
 less known as far as Celtica. 
 Parthenius eroticus, 8: (Aristodemus of Nysa tells the story 
 in the 1st Book of his "Histories," except that he changes 
 the names, calling Herippe, Euthymia, and the barbarian 
 Cavarus). At the time when the Galates were making 
 their incursions into Ionia and were laying waste the cities, 
 the festival of the Thesmophoria was being celebrated 
 in Miletus and the women had gathered together in 
 the temple which was removed some little distance from 
 the city. A band which had broken from the barbarian 
 army reached Miletus and by a sudden attack seized the 
 women, some of whom were at once ransomed for large 
 sums of silver and gold, but the others, whom the barba- 
 rians claimed as their own, were carried off, and amongst 
 them was Herippe, wife of Xantus, a man of the highest 
 character and of the noblest family in Miletus ; and she left 
 behind a boy two years old. Now, Xantus felt much sor- 
 row at her loss, and having converted a large portion of 
 his wealth into gold, he took two thousand pieces of gold 
 with him and went first to Italy, whence he was accom- 
 panied by certain friends to Marseilles and thence to
 
 TEE WORD CELT. 26 
 
 Celtica. When he had come to the house where his wife 
 was living with the man who happened to be one of the most 
 highly esteemed among the Celts, he asked to be enter- 
 tained and, without hesitation, he was received most hos- 
 pitably. As he went in, he saw his wife, and she threw 
 her arms about him and embraced him lovingly. As 
 soon as the Celt appeared, Herippe related to him her 
 husband's wanderings, and that he had come to pay a 
 ransom for her release. The barbarian admired Xan- 
 thus' spirit, and at once, calling together his nearest rela- 
 tives, he prepared a party and received him as his guest. 
 While they drank, he made the woman sit on the same 
 couch with her husband at the table and asked, through an 
 interpreter, what sum of money had been gathered 
 together; when he said that he had about a thousand 
 pieces of gold, the barbarian ordered the sum to be divided 
 into four portions, and three of them to be put aside for 
 Xantus, his wife and his child, and to leave the remainder 
 as the ransom for the woman. When they had gone to 
 rest, Herippe found much fault with her husband because 
 he had not the amount of gold that he had promised the 
 barbarian, and she said that he would be in danger of his 
 life if he failed to stand by his promise. But Xantus re- 
 plied that he had hidden away in his servant's boots 
 another thousand pieces, since he had not expected to find 
 any barbarian so just but that he would have need of a 
 heavy ransom. The next day, the woman made known to 
 the Celt the great amount of gold, and urged him to put 
 Xantus to death, saying that she much preferred him to 
 her country and her son, and that she utterly loathed 
 Xantus. This talk did not please the barbarian, and he 
 had a mind to punish her. As Xantus was ready to de- 
 part, the Celt accompanied him in the friendliest way and 
 conducted Herippe. When they reached the borders 
 of the country of the Celts, the barbarian said that he 
 wished to offer sacrifice before they separated, and the 
 victim having been brought up, he bade Herippe as- 
 sist, and when she had taken hold, as she was accustomed 
 to do on such occasions, he drew his sword and struck her
 
 26 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 and cut off lier head, and he asked Xantus not bear 
 him any ill, telling him of her treachery, and he handed 
 over to him all the gold to take with him. 30: It is 
 told how Hercules, when he was driving Geryon's oxen 
 from Erytheia, wandered across the country of the Celts. 
 And he reached Bretannus, whose daughter Celtine fell 
 in love with Hercules. She hid his cattle and refused to 
 give them up, unless he would first consent to be united 
 with her. Hercules, eager to recover the oxen, but much 
 more because he was struck by the girl 's beauty, consented, 
 and, in the course of time, a son was born to them named 
 Celtus, from whom we are to suppose the Celts are 
 called, (cf. Herodotus, IV, 8-10.) 
 
 Scholiast, Homer, Odyssey, 208: When he (Phaethon) fell 
 with the divine flash on Eridanus' stream and was de- 
 stroyed, his sisters, who were near at hand near the Celtic 
 sea, bewailed him unceasingly night and day. 
 
 Eustathius, to Homer, Iliad, Z, 219, p. 1139, 57 (according to 
 Mommsen this passage is probably from Poseidonius) : 
 The third (trumpet), that of the Galates, is formed by 
 casting ... it has a sharp sound, and is called xdpw^ 
 by the Celts. 
 
 CcBsar, Gallic War, I, 1, 1 : All Gaul is divided into three parts, 
 of which the Belgae inhabit one, the Aquitani the other, 
 and the third is inhabited by those who, in their own lan- 
 guage are called Celts, in ours {soil, the Roman) Gauls. 
 2: All these differ from each other in language, customs 
 and laws. The Garonne separates the Gauls from the 
 Aquitani, while the Marne and the Seine separate them 
 from the Belgae. 
 
 Pseudo-Aristotle, De Mundo, 3, p. 398^ 8-14: Then, little by 
 little, beyond the Scythians and Celtica, the ocean holds 
 together the inhabited world at the Galatic gulf and the 
 columns of Hercules which we have already spoken of. 
 Outside these pillars, the ocean flows around the earth. 
 Nevertheless, out in that ocean are situated two very vast 
 islands called British, namely Albion and lerne (Ireland), 
 larger than any we have yet described, lying beyond the 
 Celts.
 
 TEE WORD CELT. 27 
 
 Crinagoras, AntJiologia Palatina, 9, 283, 1-4 : Ye Pyrenees, and 
 ye deep-valed Alps which face the mouth of the Rhine, ye 
 were witnesses of the rays which Germanicus flashed, 
 lightening many battles for the Celts. 
 
 Diodorus, I, 4, 7: Up to the beginning of the war between the 
 Romans and the Celts, which was brought to a successful 
 termination by Gains Julius Cassar who subdued most of 
 the most warlike tribes of Celts and who, because of his 
 deeds, was proclaimed a god. 5, 1: And from the first 
 Olympiad to the beginning of the Celtic war, which I have 
 made the end of mj history, there are seven hundred and 
 thirty years. II, 47, 1 : Hecataeus and others say that in 
 the ocean, on the other side of Celtica, is an island that is 
 not smaller than Sicily. IV, 19, 1 : Hercules gave over the 
 rule of the Iberians to the noblest of the country, and he 
 himself with his diYTHj arrived in Celtica, which he 
 marched through and broke up the lawless practices of the 
 natives, especially the murder of strangers. Because of 
 the great multitude of men of all nations who willingly 
 shared in his expedition, he founded a very great city, 
 which, because of his many wanderings on this expedition, 
 he called Alesia. 2 : He allowed, also, many of the natives 
 to settle in the city, and, since these soon became powerful 
 through their number, the whole population became wild 
 and barbarous. Even in our time, the Celts regarded 
 this city as the heart and metropolis of all Celtica. It re- 
 mained free and was never conquered until finally Gaius 
 Julius Csesar took it by storm and made it and all the Celts 
 subject to the Romans. 3 : Hercules continued his journey 
 from Celtica to Italy, and, on his way across the Alps, he 
 smoothed the roughness of the way and the impassable 
 places, so that the road was practicable for armies and 
 beasts of burden. 4 : The wild tribes who inhabited the 
 mountain, and who were in the habit of plundering and 
 killing those who travelled through those impassable 
 places, he subdued and the leaders of their lawlessness 
 were put to death. Thus he (Hercules) made the way 
 safe for future travellers. When he had crossed the 
 Alps and the plains of what now is called Gaul, he con-
 
 28 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 tinned his journey through Liguria. 56, 4 (from 
 Timaeus) : The Celts who dwell by the ocean worship the 
 Dioscuri most of all the gods. According to tradition 
 handed down from ancient times, these gods came to them 
 from the ocean. V, 24, 1 : It is said that once there ruled 
 in Celtica a famous man, who had a daughter of uncom- 
 mon stature and far surpassing others in beauty. So 
 proud was she of her bodily strength and wonderful 
 beauty, that she rejected the hand of every suitor, and 
 believed that no one was worthy of her. 2: When Her- 
 cules came into Celtica, after his expedition against 
 Geryon, and built the city of Alesia therein, she saw him 
 and wondered at his excellence and strength of body, and 
 with all eagerness she agreed, with the consent of her 
 parents, to a union with him. 3 : She bore Hercules a son 
 who was named Galates, etc. 25, 5 : Many other navigable 
 rivers flow through Celtica, about which it would be too 
 long to write. Most of these rivers freeze over and form 
 natural bridges, but since the ice is extremely smooth and 
 travellers are in danger of slipping on it, they strew straw 
 on the ice and then there is no danger in crossing. 27, 4 : 
 There is a curious practice of the Celts of the upper 
 country in respect of the sacred precincts of their gods : in 
 the temples and religious places which one finds scattered 
 here and there in the land are piles of gold thrown on the 
 ground and consecrated to the gods, and none of the 
 natives dares touch it, because of their superstition, al- 
 though the Celts are exceedingly fond of money. 32, 1 : 
 It is necessary to make a distinction here that is not 
 observed by many. Those who live above Marseilles in 
 the interior and those who live on the Alps and this side of 
 the Pyrenees are called Celts ; while those who live above 
 this part of Celtica, in the country towards the south 
 (reading uorou ; Niebuhr, however, reads dfrxrou, the north) 
 and along the coast and the Hercynian mountains, as 
 well as all those who occupy the expanse as far as 
 Scythia, are called Galates. (What follows is from 
 Poseidonius). But the Romans have included all these 
 nations under one general name, calling them all with-
 
 THE WO ED CELT. 
 
 29 
 
 out distinction Galates (Lat. Galli). 33, 1: Concern- 
 ing the Celts . . . The Iberians and the Celts (vd. 
 sub Celt-iheres, below). 38, 5: Much tin is also brought 
 over from the island of Britain to the opposite coast 
 of Gaul whore merchants receive it and load their horses 
 with it and bring it through the interior of Celtica 
 to the ]\[arseillais and the city of Narbonne. XII, 26, 4 
 {anno 442 B. C.) : There was peace besides among the 
 peoples inhabiting Itah^ and Celtica and Iberia and al- 
 most all the rest of the inhabited world. XIV, 113, 1 : The 
 Celts who lived across the Alps, having passed in large 
 bands through the defiles of the mountains, invaded the 
 country situated between the Apennines and the Alps, and 
 drove out the Etruscans who inhabited it. 3 : The Celts 
 divided the land among themselves according to tribe, and 
 those who were called Senones received as their part the 
 most distant crest of the mountains along the sea. 4 : The 
 Roman Commons sent deputies into Etruria to make a 
 careful examination of the movements of the Celts. 6: 
 As soon as the Celts heard of the matter, they sent envoys 
 to Rome to demand the surrender of the deputy who had 
 unjustly begun hostihties. 7 : To induce the envoys of the 
 Celts . . . 114, 1 : The envoys of the Celts having re- 
 turned to their camp . . . (when the tribunes heard of) 
 the approach of the Celts . . . (informed of the ap- 
 proach) of the Galates ... 3: But the Celts were 
 drawn up in a thin line and, whether by chance or by 
 design, they had placed their best men on the hills. 4 : At 
 the same time, the trumpets on both sides gave the signal, 
 and the armies, with loud shouts, came to close quarters. 
 The picked men of the Celts, who were opposed to the 
 weakest of the Romans, drove them easily from the 
 hills . . . 5 : Their ranks were thrown into disorder and 
 they fled, while the Celts pressed them closely and struck 
 them down . . . The Celts cut down the hindmost. 
 115, 1 : Although the Celts had slaughtered so very many 
 on the banks of the river, they did not stop in their eager- 
 ness for blood, but shot at those who were swimming, and, 
 because of the crowds that were in the river and the great
 
 30 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 number of missiles fired at them, they did not fail to reach 
 their mark. 5 f : For, the first day (after the battle) the 
 Celts spent in cutting off the heads of the dead, according 
 to their native custom. 116, 3: Because of the fact that 
 the Celts were encamped with heavy forces about the city. 
 4 : To make a sortie against the Celts. 5 : But the Celts 
 noticed the fresh traces, which showed that some one had 
 climbed up, and they decided to climb by the same rock 
 during the night . . . and some of the Celts succeeded 
 in reaching the summit, etc. 117, 6 : Those of the Celts 
 who had served in lapygia, turned back through Roman 
 territory, and, shortly after, they were ambushed by 
 Cerians and completely destroyed on the Trausiun plain 
 (i. e., Pisaurum). XV, 70, 1: Two thousand Celts and 
 Iberians sailed from Sicily for Corinth; they had been 
 sent by the tyrant Dionysius as auxiliaries for the Lace- 
 demonians, with pay for five months. XVI, 73, 3: They 
 (the Carthaginians) procured a large sum of money with 
 which they levied Iberians, Celts and Ligures as mercen- 
 aries. 94, 3 (Pausanias) with a Celtic sword concealed 
 under his garments. XX, 64, 2 {anno 307) : Agathocles 
 still had left six thousand Greeks and these with an equal 
 number of Celts, Samnites and Etruscans constituted his 
 infantry. XXIII, 21 (aitno 251 B. C.) : But, since traders 
 had brought to the camp a large quantity of wine, the 
 Celts became drunk and uproar and disorder spread 
 among them. The Roman consul Caecilius attacked them 
 suddenly and won a complete victory and took possession 
 of sixty elephants which he sent to Rome, where they were 
 an object of general wonder. XXV, 2, 2 {a. 241-237) ; 
 The foreign troops who served in the Carthaginian army 
 were Iberians, Celts, men from the Balearic islands, Liby- 
 Phoenicians, Ligurians and half-Greek slaves who had 
 revolted. XXV, 9 {a. 238-230) : The Celts were many 
 times more numerous than the rest and, highly conceited 
 because of their strength and courage, they regarded the 
 enemy with contempt. XXV, 10, 1 {anno 230) : Hamilcar 
 made war on the Iberians and Tartessians as well as on 
 Istolatius, the general of the Celts, and his brother. He
 
 THE Vi'OED CELT. 31 
 
 put them all to death, among them the two brothers and 
 many other distinguished chiefs. XXV, 13 {anno 225) : 
 The Celts, having united with the Galates for the war 
 against the Romans, mustered a host of two hundred thou- 
 sand men and won the first battle ; they were victorious in 
 the second assault also and killed one of the Roman con- 
 suls . . . Aemilius raided the territory of the Galates 
 and the Celts, and took possession of many cities and 
 strongholds and filled Rome with their great spoils. Ch. 
 14 {a. 225) : Hieron, king of Syracuse, provided the 
 Romans with wheat during the Celtic war. XXX, 21, 3 : 
 Alexander's character was far from being like that of 
 Perseus. For, Alexander, by a magnanimity that was 
 adapted to the greatness of his enterprises, gained an 
 empire. But Perseus, by his pettiness, estranged the 
 Celts and, by other similar blunders, ruined a great and 
 ancient kingdom. 
 Strabo, I, 1, 13, p. 7 : In small distances, a little deviation north 
 or south does not make much difference, but in the whole 
 circle of the inhabited earth, the north extends to the 
 utmost confines of Scythia or Celtica. 17, p. 10: As in 
 their (the Romans') war against the Germans and the 
 Celts, the barbarians took advantage of their position in 
 marshes, woods and inaccessible deserts, deceiving the 
 enemy, who were ignorant of the land, as to the location of 
 different places, concealing the roads and the supplies of 
 food and other necessaries. 2, 27, p. 33 : But, aftei-wards, 
 becoming acquainted with these towards the west, they 
 (the ancient Greeks) called them Celts and Iberians, or 
 by combining the names, Celtiberians and Celtoscy- 
 thians, thus ignorantly uniting under one name various 
 distinct peoples. 28, p. 34: Ephorus, in his treatise on 
 Europe, likewise shows us the opinion of the ancients 
 respecting Ethiopia. He says that if the celestial and 
 terrestrial sphere were divided into four parts, the Indians 
 would possess that towards the east, the Ethiopians that 
 towards the south, the Celts towards the west, and the 
 Scythians towards the north. 4, 3, p. 63: The length of 
 Britain itself is about the same as that of Celtica, which
 
 32 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 extends opposite to it. It is not greater than five thou- 
 sand stadia in length, and its extremities are as far apart 
 as those of the opposite continent . . . Pytheas says 
 that Kent is some days ' sail from Celtica, 5, p. 64 : . . . 
 For all these (headlands and islands) lie to the north and 
 belong to Celtica, not to Iberia; this seems then to be 
 only an invention of Pytheas, II, 1, 12, p. 71-72: Hip- 
 parchus states that the distance from Byzantium and the 
 Dnieper is 3,700 stadia, and that there will be a like dis- 
 tance between Marseilles and the latitude of the Dnieper, 
 which would be the latitude of that part of Celtica next 
 the ocean; for, on proceeding that many stadia, one 
 reaches the ocean. 13, p. 72 : There will remain a distance 
 of 25,200 stadia from the parallel that separates the torrid 
 from the temperate zone to that of the Dnieper and that 
 part of Celtica next the ocean. For, it is said that the 
 farthest voyages now made from Celtica northwards are 
 to lerne (Ireland), which lies beyond Britain and barely 
 sustains life on account of its excessive cold. . . .lerne 
 is supposed to be not more than 5,000 stadia distant from 
 Celtica, so that the whole breadth of the inhabited earth 
 would be estimated at about 30,000 stadia, or a little more. 
 
 16, p. 73: Can one find such fertility as this (in the east) 
 in the lands near the Dnieper, or in that part of Celtica 
 that lies next the ocean, where the vine either does not 
 grow at all, or does not bring its fruit to perfection? P. 
 74: (To compare them with) those parts near the Dnieper 
 and those districts inhabited by the most distant Celts. 
 For, they are not under so low a climate as Amisus, 
 Sinope, Byzantium and Marseilles, which are generally 
 held to be 3,700 stadia south of the Dnieper and Celtica. 
 
 17, p. 74 (from Hipparchus) : Consequently, they (Bactria 
 and Aria) will be removed and placed 8,800 stadia north 
 of the Dnieper and Celtica ; for this is the distance that 
 the equator is south of the parallel of latitude which 
 separates the torrid from the temperate zone, which, we 
 say, is better drawn through the Cinnamon country. We 
 have demonstrated that the regions that are not more than 
 5,000 stadia north of Celtica, that is as far as lerne,
 
 THE WORD CELT. 88 
 
 are scarcely habitable. Their reasoning, however, would 
 represent another habitable circle, even 3,800 stadia north 
 of lerne. P. 75: (That part of Bactriana next the Cau- 
 casus) 8,800 stadia north of Celtica and the Dnieper. 18, 
 p. 75 : Hipparchus says that at the Dnieper and in Celtica 
 there is one continued dim sunlight during the whole of 
 the summer nights from sunset to sunrise, but, at the 
 winter solstice, the most the sun rises above the horizon 
 is nine cubits. It is much more striking in regions distant 
 6,300 stadia from Marseilles (which region he supposes 
 to be peopled by Celts, but I believe they are Britons, and 
 2,500 stadia north of Celtica). 41, p. 93: I shall only re- 
 mark now that both Timosthenes and Eratosthenes, as 
 well as those who preceded them, were quite ignorant of 
 Iberia and Celtica, and knew even a thousand times less 
 about Germany, Britain and the country of the Getae and 
 Bastarnae. II, 2, 1, p. 97: As if he (Polybius) were to 
 arrange the zones according to the different nations in- 
 habiting them, calling one the Ethiopian, another the 
 Scythian and Celtic, and a third the intermediate zone. 
 5, 8, p. 115 : Navigators say that the longest passage by sea 
 from Celtica to Libya is, from the Galatic Gulf, 5,000 
 stadia. 19, p. 122: It (the Mediterranean) is boimded on 
 the right hand by the shores of Libya as far as Carthage, 
 and on the other by the shores of Iberia and Celtica as 
 far as Narbonne and Marseilles, thence by the Ligurian 
 shore, and, finally, by the coast of Italy as far as the 
 Strait of Sicily. 27, p. 127 : The shape of Iberia resembles 
 the hide of an ox, the parts corresponding to the neck pro- 
 jecting towards Celtica which adjoins it. These are the 
 eastern portions and on this side lies the chain of moun- 
 tains called Pyrenees. 28, p. 128: Next this (Iberia) on 
 the east is Celtica, which extends as far as the Rhine. It 
 is washed on its northern side by the whole course of the 
 British channel, for this island (Britain) lies opposite and 
 parallel to it throughout its length, which is as much as 
 5,000 stadia. It is bounded on the east by the river 
 Rhine, whose course is parallel to the Pyrenees; its 
 southern part is bounded by the Alps commencing from
 
 34 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 the Ehine and by that part of our sea (the Mediterranean) 
 where the so-called Galatic Gulf (of Lyons) extends, on 
 which are situated the far-famed cities of Marseilles and 
 Narbonne. Right opposite to this gulf, facing the other 
 way, lies another gulf, likewise called Galatic (Bay of 
 Biscay), looking towards the north and Britain. It is 
 here that the breadth of Celtica is narrowest ; it contracts 
 into an isthmus of less than 3,000 stadia, but more than 
 2,000. Within this region is a mountain-ridge at right 
 angles to the Pyrenees, called Mount Cemmenus 
 (Cevennes) ; it extends as far as the central plains of the 
 Celts. The Alps, which are a very lofty range of moun- 
 tains, form a curved line whose convex side is turned 
 towards the above mentioned plains of Celtica and Mount 
 Cemmenus, and its concave side towards Liguria and 
 Italy. Of the many tribes who inhabit this mountain 
 range, all, with the exception of the Ligurians, are 
 Celtic. 30, p. 128 : After Italy and Celtica, the rest of 
 Europe extends towards the east, and is divided into two 
 parts by the Danube. Ill, 1, 3, p. 137: This range (the 
 Pyrenees) extends in an unbroken line from south to north 
 and divides Celtica from Iberia. The breadth of both 
 Celtica and Iberia is irregular, the narrowest part in both 
 being the strip of land along the Pyrenees from our sea 
 (the Mediterranean) t^ the ocean, especially on either side 
 of the mountain ; this brings it about that there are gulfs 
 both on the ocean side, and also on the side of the Medi- 
 terranean. The greatest of these bays are the Celtic, 
 which are also denominated the Galatic gulfs, and they 
 make that isthmus (of Gaul) narrower than the Iberian. 
 2, 11, p. 148: The idea that the northern parts of Iberia 
 are more accessible to Celtica, than to proceed thither by 
 sea, and other similar statements on the authority of 
 Pytheas. Ill, 3, 7, p. 155: They make use of wooden 
 {^uXbocc: Friedemann; x'f]'A^voc^ 'plaited,' Meineke; r/jpivocQ 
 'waxen,' codices) vessels like the Celts. Ill, 4, 5, p. 158: 
 The Celts, now called Celtibemans and Berones. 8, p. 
 159: This (Emporium) is a colony of the Marseillais, and 
 it is about forty stadia distant from the Pyrenees and the
 
 TEE WORD CELT. 35 
 
 borders of Iberia and Celtica. 10, p. 161 : This consti- 
 tutes the whole coast-line from the Pillars to the dividing 
 line of the Iberians and the Celts. 11, p. 162 : The Celtic 
 (side of the Pyrenees) is bare of trees; in the midst are 
 enclosed valleys admirably fitted for habitation. 12, p. 
 162: The Berones are neighbors of the Conian Canta- 
 brians, and they, too, owe their origin to the Celtic ex- 
 pedition. 16, p. 164 : Unless one thinks that it will add to 
 the pleasure of life to wash themselves and their wives in 
 stale urine kept in tanks, and to rinse their teeth with it, 
 as is said to be the custom with the Cantabrians and their 
 neighbors. This practice and that of sleeping on the 
 ground is common to the Iberians and the Celts. 17, 
 p. 165 . . . These feelings (of recklessness, cruelty) 
 are common to the Celtic tribes, and to the Thracians and 
 Scythians, likewise their ideas of bravery both of their 
 men and of their women. IV, 1, 1, p. 176 : Next in order, 
 comes Celtica beyond the Alps, the general outline of 
 which has already been sketched ; we have now to describe 
 it in greater detail. Some divide it into three parts, calling 
 their inhabitants Aquitanians, Belgians and Celts {i. e., 
 Kihoi, a form built on Caesar's Celtae). The Aquitanians 
 differ completely from the others, not only in their lan- 
 guage, but also in their physical characteristics, and resem- 
 ble the Iberians more than the Galates. The others are 
 Galates in appearance, but they do not all speak the same 
 language, some of them differing slightly in speech. 
 They differ, too, a little in their form of government and 
 mode of life. The dwellers near the Pyrenees, bounded 
 by the Cevennes, are called Aquitanians and Celts. For, 
 it has been remarked that this Celtica is bounded on the 
 west by the range of Pyrenees, which extend to either sea, 
 both the inner and the outer (p. 177) ; on the east the 
 boundary is the Rhine, whose course is parallel to the 
 Pyrenees ; on the north it is enclosed by the ocean, from the 
 northern headlands of the Pyrenees as far as the mouth of 
 the Rhine; on the opposite side it is bounded by the sea 
 of Marseilles and Narbonne and the Alps from Liguria as 
 far as the sources of the Rhine. At right angles to the
 
 36 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 Pyrenees are the Cevennes, traversing the plains and ex- 
 tending over about 2,000 stadia until they terminate in the 
 middle near Lyons. The people who inhabit the northern 
 portions of the Pyrenees and as far as the Cevennes ex- 
 tending towards the ocean and bounded by the river 
 Garonne, they call Aquitanians ; and Celts, the inhabitants 
 of the other parts, also towards the sea of Marseilles and 
 Narbonne and touching a part of the Alpine chain; and 
 Belgians, the rest who dwell along the ocean as far as the 
 mouth of the Rhine, and some who dwell by the Rhine and 
 the Alps. This was the division adopted by the divine 
 Caesar. But Augustus Caesar, when making four grand 
 divisions of the country, assigned the Celts to the province 
 of Narbonne, the Aquitanians he left the same as Julius 
 Caesar, but he added fourteen nations of those who dwell 
 between the Garonne and the Loire. The rest he divided 
 into two parts, assigning the district extending as far as 
 the upper parts of the Rhine to the territory of Lyons, and 
 the other to the Belgians. 2, p. 178 : What we have said 
 applies, in the main, to the whole of farther Celtica. We 
 shall now speak in detail of each of the four divisions, of 
 which we have, thus far, spoken only summarily. 3, p. 
 178 : Some, however, hold that the boundary of Celtica is 
 the spot where the Trophies of Pompey stand. 11, p. 185 : 
 The third (river) is the Sulgas which unites with the 
 Rhone near the city of Vindalum, where Gnaeus Aheno- 
 barbus in a great battle routed many myriads of Celts. 
 ... At the point where the Isere and the Rhone unite 
 near the Cevennes, Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus, 
 with not more than 30,000 men, destroyed 200,000 Celts, 
 and there he erected a white stone as a trophy and two 
 temples, one dedicated to Mars, the other to Hercules. 
 12, p. 186: Their (the Volcae Arecomisci) seaport, which 
 is called Narbonne, may justly be called the seaport of all 
 Celtica. 13, p. 187 : That these nations immigrated from 
 Celtica is shown by their relationship to the Tectosages, 
 but we are not able to say from which district they emi- 
 grated. 14, p. 189: This much we have said concerning 
 the inhabitants of the district of Narbonne, whom earlier 
 
 9CUB
 
 TEE WORD CELT. 37 
 
 writers called Celts. It seem to me that the Greeks then 
 called all the Galates Celts from them, because of their 
 great celebrity ; the nearness of the Marseillais may also 
 have contributed to it. 3, p. 192 : It is from this part of 
 the Alps that the Adda flows in an opposite direction (to 
 the Rhine), towards hither Celtica, and empties into the 
 Lake of Como. 4, p. 193 : The distance from the rivers of 
 Celtica to Britain is 320 stadia. IV, 1, p. 195 : I believe 
 that these Veneti (the Vannetais of Brittany) were the 
 founders of those who live along the Adriatic ; for, ahnost 
 all the other Celts in Italy, just as the Boii and the Seno- 
 nes, have come over from the land beyond the Alps. 6, p. 
 198 : A certain tree, similar to the fig-tree, grows in Celt- 
 ica, and it bears a fruit shaped like a Corinthian capital ; 
 when this fruit is cut, it discharges a deadlyjuice which 
 they smear over their arrows. It has often been remarked 
 that all the Celts are voluptuaries and that pederasty 
 is not considered shameful. Ephorus says that Celtica 
 is exceedingly extensive, so that he assigns to it most of 
 what we now call Iberia, as far as Gades ; he asserts that 
 the people are admirers of the Greeks, and he tells many 
 peculiarities of them that do not appear in the present 
 inhabitants. This is a curious practice of theirs: they 
 mortify themselves so as not to become stout or pot- 
 bellied, and if any young man exceeds the measure of a 
 certain girdle he is punished. So much concerning 
 Celtica beyond the Alps. V, 1, p. 199 : Britain is triangu- 
 lar in form ; its longest side faces Celtica, nor is it greater 
 nor less in length than it; for, each of them is about 4,300 
 or 4,400 stadia, that is, the Celtic side from the mouth of 
 the Rhine as far as the northern end of the Pyrenees 
 towards Aquitania, and the coast of Kent right opposite 
 the mouth of the Rhine, and the most eastern point 
 of Britain, to the western promontory of the island, which 
 lies opposite Aquitania and the Pyrenees. 2, p. 200 : (The 
 Britons) have hounds naturally suited for hunting; the 
 Celts use these hounds, as well as their native dogs, for 
 the purposes of war. The men are taller than the Celts 
 and their hair is less yellow and they are not so thick-
 
 38 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 set . . . Their habits are like those of the Celts, though 
 simpler and more barbarous. ... In battle they make 
 use of war-chariots for the most part, as do most of the 
 Celts. 3 : Because of the insurrections among the Celts, 
 both among his own (Caesar's) soldiers and among the 
 barbarians . . . (the Britons) were required to pay a 
 moderate tax on imports to Celtica and exports thence 
 
 ... 4, p. 201 : And yet, to eat human flesh is said to be 
 a Scythian custom ; and even the Celts and Iberians and 
 many others are said to have done the like during the 
 severities of a siege. IV, 6, 1, p. 201 : After Celtica be- 
 yond the Alps and the people who inhabit that country 
 
 ... 3, p. 203: These (Celtoligurians) were the first 
 transalpine Celts whom the Eomans subdued, after having 
 waged a long drawn out war against them and the Liguri- 
 ans. 5: The Durias mingles with the Po after flowing 
 in an opposite direction to it through the territory of the 
 Salassi into Cisalpine Celtica. 10, p. 207 : The lapodes, 
 a nation now common to the Illyrians and the Celts, dwell 
 near these regions. 11, p. 208: One of the passes from 
 Italy into farther and northern Celtica is through the 
 territory of the Salassi and leads to Lyons. V, 1, 3, 
 p. 211: Cisalpine Celtica is enclosed within these limits 
 and its length along the coast together with the mountains 
 is about 6,300 stadia ; its breadth is rather less than 2,000. 
 4, p. 212 : One division is inhabited by Ligurian and Celtic 
 tribes, of whom the former dwell in the mountainous parts, 
 the latter in the plains ; the other division is inhabited by 
 Celts and Heneti. These Celts are of the same race as 
 the transalpine Celts. There are two views about the 
 Heneti : some say that they are a colony of those Celts of 
 the same name who dwell along the ocean, etc. 6: In 
 ancient times, as we have remarked, the district through 
 which the Po flows was chiefly inhabited by Celts. The 
 greatest nations of the Celts were the Boii and the Insu- 
 bres, and the Senones and the Gaesatae, who once upon a 
 time took the Roman Capitol by assault. 11, p. 217 : Then 
 come the Alps and Celtica. . . . The boundaries of this 
 country, which we call cisalpine Celtica, from the rest of
 
 THE WORD CELT. " 89 
 
 Italy were marked by the Apennine mountains above 
 Tyrrhenia and the river Aesis (Esino), and then by the 
 Kubieon. Both these rivers empty into the Adriatic. 
 12, p. 218 : The mines in that neighborhood are not now 
 worked with so much care, because of the greater profit 
 in the mines in the country of the transalpine Celts and 
 in Iberia ; but, formerly they must have been, since there 
 were gold-diggings even at Vercelli. V, 2, 1, p. 218: In 
 the second place, we shall treat of that part of Liguria 
 which lies in the Apennines themselves, between the 
 establishments of that part of Celtica already described 
 and Tyrrhenia. 9, p. 226. Lake Trasimennus, near 
 which is the army-pass from Celtica into Tyrrhenia. 10, 
 p. 227: For, about these parts are the boundaries of 
 ancient Italy and Celtica, on the side towards the Adri- 
 atic, although the boundary-lines have often been changed 
 by the rulers. 4, 1, p. 240 : We must begin again from the 
 Celtic boundaries. VI, 4, 2, p. 287: It happened that 
 they lost their city (Rome) suddenly to the Celts. . . . 
 Having got rid of these difficulties, the first thing the 
 Romans did was to reduce all the Latins, they then put a 
 check to the frequent and unrestrained violence of the 
 Tyrrheni and the Celts who lived along the Po. . . . 
 The Iberians and Celts and all who yielded to the Romans, 
 shared a similar fate. . . . Likewise, the whole of 
 Celtica, both within and beyond the Alps, together with 
 Liguria, were annexed a part at a time, but, subsequently, 
 the divine Ceesar, and, after him, Augustus subdued them 
 by incessant and general warfare. VII, 1, 1, p. 289 : We 
 have spoken of Iberia and of the Celtic and Italic nations 
 and the islands adjacent. . . . North of the Danube are 
 the countries beyond the Rhine and Celtica. The nations 
 (inhabiting these districts) are the Galatic and the Ger- 
 manic, as far as the lands of the Bastamae, the Turegetae 
 and the river Dnieper; likewise (north of the Danube) is 
 the country between that river, the Don and the mouth of 
 the Sea of Azof which stretches inland as far as the ocean 
 and is washed by the Euxine sea. South (of the Danube) 
 are the people of Illyria and Thrace, and, mingled with
 
 40 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 them, certain tribes of Celts and other races, as far as 
 Greece. 2, p. 290 : Next after the Celts come the Germans 
 who inhabit the country across the Rhine to the east ; they 
 differ but little from the Celtic race, except in their being 
 more savage, of greater stature and with yellower hair; 
 but, in other respects, in appearance, manners and customs 
 they are like them, such as we have related of the Celts. 
 The Romans, therefore, seem to me to have applied this 
 name (Germani) to them, wishing to signify the genuine 
 Galates ; for, in the Latin language, Germani means ' ' the 
 genuine." 3, p. 290: The first division of this country 
 extends along the Rhine from its source to its mouth. The 
 entire river-land extends over almost the whole breadth 
 of the country on the west. The Romans have trans- 
 planted some of the people of that country into Celtica. 
 . . . 5, p. 292 : So that one passing from Celtica (but, 
 Bergk reads 'EXoui^TTix^t:, ''Helvetia, or eastern Switzer- 
 land") to the Hercynian Forest, has first to cross the lake 
 and then the Danube. 2, p. 293 : Nor is it true, what is 
 told of the Cimbri, that they take up arms against the 
 flood-tides, or that the Celts exercise their intrepidity by 
 permitting their houses to be washed away, and after- 
 wards rebuild them, and that more of them perish by floods 
 than by war, as Ephorus relates. VII, 3, 2, p. 296 : There 
 are, besides, the Celtic tribes of the Boii, Scordisci and 
 Taurisci. 8, p. 301 fl: And Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, 
 tells us that in that campaign (of Alexander the Great 
 against th^ Thracians) the Celts who live along the 
 Adriatic joined with Alexander for the purpose of making 
 a treaty of peace and friendship, and that the king received 
 them in a friendly way, and asked them, while drinking, 
 what they feared most ; for, he supposed that they would 
 say it was he ; but they replied that they feared no man, 
 unless perhaps that the heavens would some time fall on 
 them, but that they valued the friendship of such a man 
 (as Alexander) above everything. 11, p. 304: (Boere- 
 bistas, a leader of the Getae) subdued the Celts who lived 
 among the Thracians and Illyrians. 5, 1, p. 313 : Tracian 
 tribes are found as far as the Propontis and Hellespont,
 
 TEE WOED CELT. *1 
 
 and Scythian or Celtic tribes intermixed with them. 2, 
 p. 313: The Daci subdued the Boii and Taurisci, Celtic 
 tribes under Critasiros. ... The Alps, which extend 
 to the lapodes, a mixed Celtic and lUyrian tribe. 4, p. 
 315 : The Celtic style of armor.
 
 Nicolaus of Damascus, fr. 86, p. 49, D. apud Athenmum, 6, 54, 
 p. 249^: But Nicolaus of Damascus, who belonged to the 
 Peripatetic school, says in the one hundredth and eleventh 
 book of his many volumed history, which consisted of one 
 hundred and forty-four books, that Adiatomus, the king of 
 the Celtic tribe of the Sotiani, had about him six hundred 
 picked men, whom the Galates called in their native lan- 
 guage Siloduri (the Soldurii of Caesar, B. G. Ill, 22), 
 which means in Greek ''bound by a vow"— F*^^ Ccesaris, 
 28, p. 127: The Celts who dwell along the upper sea 
 (zz= Gallia Narbonensis )—Morwm mirabilium collectio, 
 fr. 5, p. 146, e Stobcei Florilegio, 7, 40: The Celts who 
 dwell near the ocean consider it a disgrace to escape from 
 a falling wall or building. And when the sea rises in a 
 flood and comes upon them, they put on their armor and go 
 out to meet it and they oppose it until they are drowned, 
 lest it be thought that they had fled in fear of death— fr. 
 15, p. 147 : The Celts wearing their arms carry on all the 
 business of the city. They punish the murder of a for- 
 eigner more severely than of a citizen ; in the former case 
 the penalty is death, in the latter, banishment. They be- 
 stow the highest honors upon those whose victories have 
 added to the public domain. They never lock the doors 
 of their houses. 
 
 Paradoxographus Vatican. Rohdii, 25: Whenever there is a 
 famine or pestilence, the Celts punish their wives as be- 
 ing responsible for their misfortunes. 
 
 Vitruvius, VIII, 2, 6 : The Ehone rises in Gaul, the Rhine in 
 Celtica. 
 
 Livy, V, 34, 1 sq. : In the reign of Tarquinius Prisons at Rome, 
 the control of the Celts, [who comprise the third part of 
 Gaul (according to d'Arbois de Jubainville, Livy is here 
 glossing his Greek authority)], was in the hands of the 
 Bituriges. They gave a king to Celticum (=Ke\Tt«?7 
 
 42
 
 TEE WORD CELT. *3 
 
 which, according to Ephoi-us and Dionysius of Halicar- 
 nassus, included the greater part of Spain, France, Ger- 
 many and Austria ; it is not to be confused with the Celtica 
 of Caesar which was one of the divisions of Gaul). Am- 
 bicatus (this is Stokes' reading for Anibigatus of the 
 codices) was his name. 
 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 1, 10, 3 : For, the Ligures have their 
 homes mostly in Italy, but they also occupy some parts 
 of Celtica. 38, 2: It is said that the ancients offered 
 human sacrifices to Saturn. That was the practice in Car- 
 thage so long as the city stood, and, is found amongst the 
 Celts to this day and certain other western nations. 74, 4 : 
 Almost all agree that the irruption of the Celts, in which 
 the city of Kome was taken, took place in the first year 
 of the ninety-eight Olympiad, in the archonship of 
 Pyrgion. 6: So that the irruption of the Celts, which 
 we have seen took place in the second year after the 
 census, occurred one hundred and twenty years later. 
 VII, 3, 1 (speaking of the Tyrrheni) : who dwelt near the 
 Ionian gulf and, in the course of time, were driven from 
 thence by the Celts. 70, 4: It is especially fear that 
 effects the barbarians; there are many reasons for this 
 which it is not convenient to speak of now. In the whole 
 course of time down to the present it has never been pos- 
 sible to persuade the Egyptians nor the Libyans nor the 
 Celts nor the Scythians nor any other race of barbarians 
 to abandon or to transgress any of their celebrations of 
 the orgies of the gods. XIII, 6, 7 : Soon after that the 
 city, except the Capitol, was captured by the Celts . . . 
 beleaguered by the Celts. ... 8: Suddenly Camillus 
 appeared and turned the Celts in flight and as they were 
 in disorder and confused he slaughtered them like vic- 
 tims. 7, 9: The Romans sent a certain youth from the 
 city of the Veii to those who were cooped up in the Capitol. 
 He escaped the notice of the Celts who were keeping 
 guard in that place and climbed up and told what was 
 wanted. During the night he made his way back un- 
 noticed. But, when day came, one of the Celts saw his 
 tracks and told the king. A council of their bravest
 
 44 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 men was called and the king pointed out the way up to 
 Eome, etc. 10: But the Celts, who by this time were 
 more numerous, made their way further in. 8, 11: 
 Marcus Manlius was first to meet the barbarians and as 
 their leader came up wielding his sword, he struck him 
 a blow from the shoulder and cut off his arm and then, 
 before they could come to close quarters, he hit him in 
 the face with the oblong shield and threw him to the 
 ground and killed him. Thereupon, the rest fell into dis- 
 order and Marcus drove them on, cutting down some and 
 pursuing others down the cliff, and scattered them. 12: 
 The place where the Celt had gone up. ... So that 
 the Celts gave up hopes of taking the city by stratagem 
 or surprise and they discussed the terms of a ransom 
 which the Romans would pay the barbarians and save the 
 city. 9, 13: They swore to a solemn convention and the 
 Romans came with the twenty five talents weight of gold 
 which they had to pay out to the Celts. The beam was 
 set and the very first weight the Celt put down was 
 heavier than it should have been. That angered the 
 Romans but the barbarian was far from acting with 
 justice. He took his sword and sheath and winding them 
 with the belt placed them in the scales. When the 
 quaestor asked him what he meant by that he replied, 
 ' 'Woe to the conquered. ' ' A third part of the weight was 
 still lacking and the Romans were unable to make up the 
 full amount because of the greed of the Celt. They 
 asked permission to seek assistance in procuring the rest 
 and withdrew. 10, 14: This was the occasion of the ar- 
 rival of the Celts into Italy. 15: The young man was 
 only too glad to give his consent to his (Arun's) depar- 
 ture and furnished him with everything he needed for 
 his enterprise, several bags of wine and oil and baskets 
 of figs which he took with him on wagons to Celtioa. 
 11, 16: At that time the Celts were ignorant of grape- 
 wine and such oil as our olives produce, but they used a 
 wine made of barley soaked in water and, for oil, they 
 used stale hog-fat, disgusting in smell and taste. The 
 first time they enjoyed those things which, up to that time,
 
 THE WORD CELT. 45 
 
 they had never tasted, they took such great pleasure in 
 them that they asked the stranger (Arun) how those 
 things were produced and by what people. (The Tyrrhen- 
 ian told them that that land was a very fruitful one and 
 only sparsely inhabited by a weak population. ) 17 : These 
 stories won over the Celts who set out for Italy and laid 
 siege to a place of the Tyrrheni called Clusium, which was 
 the home of the man who had persuaded them. 12, 18: 
 Messengers were sent from Rome to the Celts, and one of 
 them, Quintus Fabius, learning that the barbarians had 
 gone out on a foraging expedition, engaged in battle with 
 them and slew the leader of the Celts. Then the barbari- 
 ans sent ambassadors to Rome who demanded that the man 
 and his brother be handed over to them, to pay the penalty 
 for the murders. 19: The Senate deferred its decision 
 and the Celts were obliged to transfer the war to Rome. 
 . . . Then the Celts having routed them brought all 
 Rome to terms except the Capitol. XIV, 1, 1: Celtioa 
 is situated in that part of Europe that lies towards the 
 west, between the north pole and the equinoctial west. 
 Its shape is like a rectangle and it is bounded on the east 
 by the Alps (Struve reads by the Ripaian mountains), the 
 greatest mountains in Europe ; on the south by the Pyre- 
 nees ; on the west by the ocean that lies beyond the Pillars 
 of Hercules ; by the Scythian and Thracian tribes on the 
 north and along the Ister which is the greatest river in 
 that district; it rises in the Alps and, after a course 
 through all the country in the north, flows into the Black 
 Sea. 2 : So great is the magnitude of this territory that it 
 does not lack much of being a quarter of all Europe. It is 
 well watered, its soil is rich and produces an abundance 
 of fruit and it is excellent for grazing. It is divided in 
 the middle by the Rhine, which is supposed to be the 
 largest river in Europe next to the Ister. The district 
 on this (the eastern) side of the Rhine bordering on 
 Scythia and Thrace is Germany which reaches to the 
 Hercynian forest and the Ripaian mountains. The other 
 district (west of the Rhine) facing the south as far as 
 the Pyrenees which encompass the Galatic Gulf is Galatia
 
 46 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 {= Gallia), named after the sea. 3: The Greeks have 
 but one name for the whole territory, viz. Celtica, which, 
 some say, took its name from a certain giant, Celtos, who 
 ruled there. Others tell as a legend that Hercules and 
 Asterope, daughter of Atlas, had two sons, Iberos and 
 Celtos, who gave their names to the lands over which they 
 ruled. Others say that there is a certain river, the 
 Celtos, (the earlier Celtic name for the Garonne?) which 
 rises in the Pyrenees, and that from this river at first the 
 adjacent and then in the course of time the rest of the 
 district was called Celtica. Still others say that when 
 the Greeks first came to that country their ships were car- 
 ried by strong winds towards the Galatic Gulf and that 
 when the men reached land they called the country 
 Celsica because of the adventure they had had. This 
 word, by a change of a single letter, their descendants 
 made into Celtica. 8, 12 : On their second expedition to 
 Eome the Celts laid waste the land of Alba and gorged 
 themselves with food and drank heavily of unmixed wine. 
 The wine grown in that district is the sweetest next to 
 the Falernian and tastes very much like a mixture of 
 honey and water. An unusually heavy sleep fell upon 
 them and they passed most of their time in the shade. 
 They became so fleshy and flabby and their strength was 
 so weakened that when they attempted to exercise their 
 bodies and to engage in hard labor their breath failed 
 them every little while, their limbs were bathed in sweat 
 and they ceased working before they received the com- 
 mand from their leaders. 9, 13 (Camillus addresses his 
 soldiers) : ''We have had weapons made for us that are 
 superior to those of the barbarians, breastplates and 
 helmets and greaves and stout shields which protect the 
 entire body, two-edged swords and, instead of spears, 
 arrows, a missile that cannot be escaped. Our defensive 
 armor does not yield easily to blows and is so adapted as 
 to afford complete protection. But, the enemies' heads 
 are bare, as are their breasts, sides, thighs and legs down 
 to the feet, and they have no other protection but shields. 
 Their only weapon of attack are spears and very long
 
 THE WORD CELT. 47 
 
 curved swords. 15: What great harm can their long 
 thick hair, their wild eyes and the grim expression of 
 their face do us when we fight them ? And the harsh up- 
 roar, the empty flourish of arms, the frequent clashing of 
 shields and the other threatening things in form and 
 voice that the crazed barbarians indulge in against an 
 enemy advancing in order? What good does it do the 
 fools to advance arrogantly and why should those fear 
 who use their reason in the midst of terrors ? " 16 : ' ' As 
 many of you as were present in the first war with the 
 Celts." 10, 17: The attack of the barbarians was wild 
 and savage and altogether without the skill that is em- 
 ployed in arms. At one time they raised their swords 
 and struck blindly, falling upon the Romans with their 
 entire body just as wood-cutters or diggers; then they 
 would give aimless blows as if they would hew down the 
 enemy, armor and all ; they even turned back the edges of 
 their swords. 18 : On the other side was the courage of the 
 Romans whose manoeuvring against the barbarians was 
 well carried out and had but little that was dangerous to 
 themselves. Whenever the barbarians raised their 
 swords, the Romans would give a lunge in under the arm, 
 and holding their shields high the Romans bent and 
 crouched so that the enemies' blows were over their head 
 and ineffectual. If they carried their swords high they 
 were struck in the groin and pierced in the side and the 
 vitals reached. If there were any who had those parts 
 protected, the Romans cut the tendons of the knees or 
 ankles and lay them on the ground roaring and gnawing 
 their shields and howling like wild beasts. 19 : Strength 
 failed many of the barbarians, since their limbs were 
 enfeebled from fatigue. Their arms were blunted or 
 broken to pieces and of no use to them. Besides, be- 
 cause of the blood running from their wounds and the 
 sweat pouring from all over their body, they were unable 
 to control their swords or to handle the shields, their 
 fingers slipped from the handles and their grip was weak. 
 12, 22: The Celt was a good deal taller, in fact he ex- 
 ceeded the common stature. XV, 1, 1: When the Celts
 
 48 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 were marching on Rome, a certain king challenged any 
 man of the Romans to single combat and Marcus Valerius 
 . . . went out to fight the Celt. When they came to- 
 gether a crow lighted upon the helmet of Valerius and 
 screamed terribly looking at the barbarian and, as often 
 as he was about to strike a blow, flew at him and toriB his 
 cheeks with its claws and struck at his eyes with its 
 beak, so that the Celt lost his wits and did not know how 
 he could strike the man and ward off the crow. 2 : After 
 considerable time had passed in the struggle, the Celt 
 finally attacked Valerius and lowered his sword to pierce 
 him in the side, when the crow flew at him and struck his 
 eyes. As he stretched out his shield to drive away the 
 bird, the Roman followed him up and, as the shield was 
 still raised, drove in his sword from below and slew the 
 Celt. 18, 13 (18), 5: Publius Cornelius, who as consul 
 four years before had slaughtered all that race of Celts 
 including the youth, who are called Senones (substituted 
 for the Boil) and are the bitterest enemies of the Romans 
 (referring to the battle of the Vadimonian Lake). 
 
 Philippos, in Anthologia Palatina, 9, 561, 3 : Or the ever frozen 
 snow-clad Alps of the Celts. 
 
 Mela, III, 2, 20 : All the territory occupied by these people is 
 called Gallia Comata. There are three principal names 
 of their tribes who are separated by large rivers. The 
 Aquitani extend from the Pyrenees to the Garonne, the 
 Celts from thence to the Seine, the Belgians from thence 
 to the Rhine. The most important tribe of the Aquitani 
 are the Ausci, of the Celts the Aedui and of the Belgians 
 the Treveri. The most flourishing city of the Treveri is 
 Augusta (Trier), of the Aedui Autun, and of the Ausci 
 Elimberrum (Auch). 
 
 Dioscorides, 1, c. 7: Celtic nard grows in the Alps near 
 Liguria. In the language of the country it is called 
 saliougca {cf. Pelagonius, 28, 273. 31, 454. A&^—Vegetius, 
 de mulomedicina: Celtic spike— Marcellus empiricws de 
 medicamentis, c. 8, 194, p. 89, 31 H. : Of Celtic nard. c. 
 17, 52, p. 177, 3: Of Celtic spike, c. 20, 149, p. 219, 27: 
 Of Celtic nard (the codex has nardoceltici) . c. 21, 19,
 
 THE WORD CELT. 49 
 
 p. 226, 10 : Of Celtic nard, that is, of the saliiinca or wild 
 nurd— II ermeneumata Monacensia, CGIL, 2, p. 195, 23: 
 bundles of Celtic nard— Glossce Cassinenses, CGIL, 3, 
 p. 537, 53 : The Celtic, that is the spikenard, cf. also ibid., 
 p. 539, 21 and p. 541, 7). 
 
 Lucan, 4, 9 ff. : And the Celts who had migrated from the 
 ancient race of Gauls, combining their name with that 
 of the Iberians.— C/. Usener's note: The people of Gaul 
 were driven by famine to Spain and they are called 
 Celtiberi, which is a combination of the two names. 
 
 Pliny, Natural History, III, 8 : M. Varro wrote that the Iberi, 
 the Persians, the Phoenicians, the Celts and the Carth- 
 aginians came and occupied the whole extent of Spain. 
 IV, 105 : All Gaul, which is comprised under the general 
 name Comata, is divided into three main groups of 
 peoples who are separated chiefly by rivers. Belgica ex- 
 tends from the Scheldt to the Seine, from thence to the 
 Garonne is Celtica also called Lugdunensis ; from thence 
 to the chain of the Pyrenees is Aquitania, formerly called 
 Armorica. VIII, 6 : Mucianus, wlio was three times con- 
 sul, is authority for the story that one of these elephants 
 was taught to write the Greek characters and that he used 
 to write in that language: "I v»^rote this and it is I who 
 have dedicated these Celtic spoils." XIV, 107: With 
 Celtic nard. XXXIII, 39: These bracelets are called 
 viriolae in Celtic and viriae in CELTo-iberian. 
 
 Silius I, 45-^19: Shall not the Trebia flow for me (Juno) 
 through Celtic regions with Eoman blood and roll back 
 choked with heaps of warriors slain, and Thrnsymenus 
 look with horror on his waters turbid with the wide 
 spread gore? Ill, 340-343: Next came the Celts who 
 share tlieir name with the Iberians (=:Celtiberians). 
 They hold that it is an honor to fall in battle and that 
 it is a disgrace for the bodies of the fallen to be burned. 
 For, they believe that the bodies left on the ground for 
 the hungry vultures are taken to heaven to the gods. 417- 
 419: Lofty Pyrene, its summit wrapped in clouds, be- 
 holds the Iberi far divided from the Celts and stands an 
 everlasting bound between those two vast lands. 447-
 
 50 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 448: (The Rhone which) takes its rise in Alpine heights 
 and snow-ciad rock and spreads over Celtic lands. IV, 
 63: (Hannibal) had made his way through Celtic lands. 
 148-156: Before all the rest inished the nimble band of 
 Boii, led on by Crixus and opposed their huge bodies to 
 the Roman van. He, full of pride in his noble forbears, 
 boasted that he was of Brennus' blood and claimed the 
 captured Capitol. Fool that he was, he bore engraved 
 in his shield the Tarpeian rock and the sacred height and 
 the Celts weighing the ransom gold. His milk white 
 neck flashed with resplendent chains, with gold his gar- 
 ments were striped and sleeves stood out and his helmet 
 shone with gold. 189-190: The Celtic fury filled the 
 entire plain. 300: Now that their leader is lost, the 
 Celts take to their feet. V, 142-143 : Then he takes the 
 shield which oft before in slaughter Celtic blood had 
 stained. VI, 23-24: When as victor he (Flaminius) had 
 overwhelmed the Celtic arms, for the gods were more 
 propitious then. VIII, 16-20: The Celts, too, of fickle 
 mind, but fierce at first, a boastful race, inconstant, looked 
 toward their homes. They grieved that war should be 
 waged without slaughter (a thing unknown to them) and 
 their hands dry of blood grew dull as they lay midst the 
 arms of Mars. IX, 235-236: With bands of Celts who 
 oft had been bathed in Eridanus' stream. X, 304: The 
 Numidians, the Garamas, the Celts (Burmann reads the 
 Celt) the Moor and the Asturian. XI, 25-29: But now 
 the proud restless dwellers beside Eridanus, the Celts, 
 increased the misfortunes of the Romans and, moved by 
 their ancient hate, hastened to unite into one band. But, 
 would it be just to lay the blame of this on the Celts, and 
 of those battles on the Boian tribes? XIII, 79-81: She 
 (Pallas) snatched in death the Celts who dared storm 
 the walls of Rome, and not one of the many thousands 
 of so great a race did she allow to return to his ancestral 
 hearth. XV, 715-719: In the first rank stood the tall 
 cohorts, the standard bearers of the Celts, whose lines 
 were broke open by a sudden fierce and wedge-shaped at- 
 tack. Tired as they were from the march and unused
 
 TEE WORD CELT. ^1 
 
 to the scorching sun and breathless from the long contin- 
 ued toil, their native terror put them to flight. 
 
 Josephiis, Antiquities of the Jews, XIX, 15: The knowledge 
 of the death of Gaius reached the Germans first. They 
 were his body-guard; they bore the same name as the 
 race from which they had been enlisted and composed 
 the Celtic division. 
 
 Dio Chrijsostomus, oratio 49 t. 2, p. 249 B. : Whom the Celts 
 call druids. Oratio 79 t. 2, p. 433 R. : And what is to be 
 said about the Celts in whose land we are told is a certain 
 river which bears down amber, and great quantities of 
 it are thrown out and He along the banks, just as pebbles 
 on our sea-shore? Formerly the children playing 
 games threw the amber about, but now it is gathered and 
 saved, for they have learned from us that they are rich. 
 Consider then that all these peoples, I mean the Celts, 
 the Indians, the Iberians, the Arabians and the Babylon- 
 ians take tribute from us, not of our land or cattle, but 
 of our folly. Anonymi CorintMaca oratio, 37, p. 114 R. : 
 (Ordained) for the Celts, lest any of those barbarians, 
 by turning to this, should despair of an Hellenic culture. 
 
 Plutarch, Romulus, 17: And Simulus the poet says that 
 Tarpeia betrayed the Capitol not to the Sabines but to 
 the Celts with whose king she had fallen in love. He 
 talks utter nonsense when he says : ' ' Tarpeia who dwelt 
 near the Capitolian rock became the destroyer of walls, 
 for, in her g-uilty passion for the sceptre bearer of the 
 Celts, she neglected the guard of her fathers' homes," 
 and, a little later, speaking of her death, he sayS: ''Her, 
 the Boii and the numerous nations of the Celts left not 
 within the bed of the Po, but, possessed of warlike frenzy, 
 they threw their arms upon the luckless maid as an 
 adornment and for her death." 22: And this (divining 
 rod) was kept in the Palatium but disappeared when the 
 city was taken by the Celts. 29 : When the Celts who 
 hnd taken Rome were driven back by Camillus.— Camt7- 
 Ins, 15: The Galates are of the Celtic race. 18: On 
 learning of that, the Celts were angry and without delay 
 they advanced with all haste. The people through whose
 
 52 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 country they marched, amazed at their multitude and 
 their elaborate preparation and at their force and spirit, 
 made ready to surrender their country as already lost 
 and abandon their cities. But, contrary to expectations, 
 they did no damage and took nothing from the inhabit- 
 ants. As they passed near the cities they cried out that 
 they were on their way to Rome, that it was the Romans 
 alone they were making war on and that they regarded 
 all others as their friends. . . . There the barbarians 
 suddenly came into view and the Romans, having made 
 a disgraceful show of a fight, turned in disorder. The 
 Celts drove the left wing into the river and destroyed 
 it. The right wing, by avoiding the attack and getting 
 from the plain to the hills, suffered less and many of 
 them escaped from thence to the city. 23; The misfor- 
 tune of the Romans ought not be ascribed to the valor 
 of the Celts. 26 : In the evening he called together the 
 most active bodied Celts and those who had had most 
 experience in mountain climbing. 28: From that time 
 on the position of the Celts became more and more hope- 
 less. . . . After they had sworn to the agreement and 
 the gold had been provided, the Celts acted unfairly in 
 the matter of the weight, at first under cover but they 
 soon openly disturbed the balance and the Romans were 
 annoyed at them. 29: While the dispute about these 
 matters was going on among themselves and among the 
 Celts, Camillus was at the gates at the head of his army. 
 ... he ordered the Celts to take their scales and 
 balance and to depart. . . . Brennns quickly recollected 
 himself and led the Celts away to the camp with the loss 
 of only a few. 36: Marcus Manlius who first drove the 
 Celts back from the citadel when they were making their 
 night assault upon the Capitol. . . . For, the spot where 
 Manlius had stood and fought his night combat with the 
 Celts overlooked the forum from the Capitol and it 
 brought compassion to all who saw him. 40 (anno 367) : 
 The Celts, many thousands in number, are again march- 
 ing from the Adriatic on to Rome. 41 : ^Vhen the Celts 
 were near fit hand in the neighborhood of the river Anio,
 
 THE WORD CELT. 53 
 
 with a hea^T camp and loaded with vast spoil. . . . The 
 first thing to destroy the arrogance of the Celts was that 
 they saw the rvouians take the offensive, which they had 
 not looked for. . . . This fight is said to have taken 
 place thirteen years after the sack of Rome, and hence- 
 forth the Romans had firm courage against the barbarians 
 whom they had feared exceedingly and who, they thought, 
 had been previously defeated by chance owing rather to 
 pestilence than to their own valor.
 
 THE WORD CELT, 
 
 (concluded.) 
 
 Plutarch (continued), Fabius Maximus, 17: As in the mis- 
 fortunes suffered at the hands of the Celts. Marcellus, 
 3 : The Insubrians, a Celtic tribe inhabiting Italy at the 
 foot of the Alps and powerful even by themselves. . . . 
 The Celtic war was not carried on at the same time as 
 the Punic war. 6 : The Celts put but little value on his 
 (Marcellus') cavalry. 7: Marcellus returned to his col- 
 league who was with difficulty holding his own against 
 the Celts below the walls of the largest and most popu- 
 lous city of the Galates. Its name is Mediolanum (Milan), 
 and the Celts on this side of the Alps consider it their 
 metropolis. . . . Mediolanum was taken and the Celts 
 of their own accord turned over everything they had 
 to the Romans. Comparison of Pelopidas and Marcellus, 
 1: Against the Celts. 2: He (Marcellus) routed the 
 Celts without the help of his colleague. Manus, 11 : The 
 Celts possessed the best part of Italy which they had 
 taken away from the Tyrrheni. . . . Others, however, 
 hold that Celtica extends over a wide, extensive tract 
 from the outer sea (the Atlantic) and the north- 
 ern regions to the rising sun near where Lake Maeotis 
 turns to border on Pontic Scythia, and that it is from 
 that region that those races (the Scythian and Celtic) 
 were mingled. 27: Above all, many proclaimed him 
 (Marius) as the third founder of Rome, since they con- 
 sidered that the danger that had been averted was not 
 less than the Celtic danger. Sertorius, 3: Having put 
 on Celtic clothes and having made himself familiar with 
 the ordinary expressions of the language for the pur- 
 pose of conversing with them when occasion might offer, 
 he (Sertorius) mingled with the barbarians. Compari- 
 son of Nicias and Crassus, 4: AYhen Caesar had subdued 
 the West and the Celts and the Germans and Britain. 
 
 54
 
 TUE WORD CELT. 55 
 
 Pompey, 7: When the Celts rode out from the side of 
 the enemy, Pomi)ey was first to strike the leader and 
 strongest of them with a spear and bring him down. 
 The rest turned and threw the infantry into confusion, 
 so that all were put to flight. 8: Sulla immediately sent 
 Pompey into Celtica where Metellus held command and 
 seemed to be doing nothing corresponding to his prep- 
 arations. . . . When he (Pompey) had entered Celtica. 
 ... 51 : During this time the Celtic wars raised Ctesar 
 to distinction. Caesar, 14: Pompey assigned to Ciesar 
 for five years all Celtica, both on this and the other side 
 of the Alps, besides Illyria and four legions. 15: The 
 expeditions by which he (Cirsar) subdued Celtica. 18: 
 His (Caesar's) first war with the Celts was against the 
 Helvetii and the Tigurini. 19: His next contest was 
 fought with the Germans and directly in defence of the 
 Celts. 20: For, the river named Rubicon separates the 
 rest of Italy from Celtica that is below the Alps. . . . 
 When he heard that the Belgians, who were the most 
 powerful of the Celts and in possession of a third of all 
 Celtica, had revolted. 22 : Ctcsar, having returned to his 
 forces in Celtica, found much war in that country. 29 : 
 For the Celtic contests. 32: Ariminum. a large city in 
 Celtica. 34: In the Celtic wars. 58: Having overrun 
 the lands bordering on the Germans and Germany itself, 
 to return through the territory of the Celts to Italy. 
 Cato, 51: Neither the children of the Germans nor of 
 the Celts. Antony, 37: Ten thousand Iberians and 
 Celts. 41 : The Celts formed their horse into a com- 
 pact body and rode upon them and dispersed them. 
 Consolatio ad Apollonium, 22, p. 113 A: For, indeed, grief 
 is effeminate and a sign of weakness and cowardice. For, 
 women indulge in mourning more than men, and the 
 barbarians more than the Greeks and inferior more than 
 superior men. And of the barbarians themselves, grief 
 is not found among the noblest of them, the Celts 
 and Galates and all those that are imbued with a more 
 manly courage. The Virtues of Women, sub Celtic 
 Women, p. 246, B-D : Before the Celts crossed the Alps
 
 56 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 and settled in that part of Italy which they now occupy 
 a serious sedition broke out which went unchecked until 
 it grew to a civil war. But the women went into the 
 midst of the fighting warriors and, when they heard the 
 cause of the strife, settled the dispute so equitably that 
 the warriors separated and, as a result of this interven- 
 tion, a most remarkable friendship sprang up both among 
 the cities and the families. Hence, in deciding matters of 
 war and peace and in disputes with their allies they were 
 advised and directed by their wives. Even in the treaty 
 which they made with Hannibal it was stipulated that 
 if the Celts should bring any charge against the Cartha- 
 ginians, the Carthaginian commanders and generals in 
 Spain should be the judges of the dispute, but if it should 
 be the Carthaginians who lodged the complaint, the wives 
 of the Celts should decide it. (Cf. sub Polynaeus, in- 
 fra.) 
 
 Pseudo-Plutarch, On Rivers, VI, 1: The Arar is a river in 
 Celtica. 
 
 Dionysius, Description of the Earth, 288-293: Next them (the 
 Iberians) are the Pyrenees mountains and the homes of 
 the Celts, near by the spring of the clear flowing 
 Erida0us, by whose waters of yore in the silent night 
 the daughters of the Sun mourned for Phoethon. There 
 the children of the Celts sit under the poplars and press 
 out the tears of gold-gleaming amber. 
 
 Arrianus, On Hunting, 1, 4: Ignorant of the Celtic breed 
 of dogs. 2, 1: The Celtic breed of dogs. 2: One may 
 conclude from this that he (Xenophon) did not know 
 any breed of dogs that equals the Celtic dogs in fleet- 
 ness . . . for if he had known of the Celtic hounds, 
 I think he would have said the same thing about them, 
 that if any hares escape in the chase it is because of 
 some defect in the hound or owing to some particular cir- 
 cumstance. 3, 1 : The Celts that do not live by the chase 
 hunt without using a net, but simply for the sport of 
 hunting; their dogs are no less keen in following the 
 scent than the Carian and Cretan hounds, but their way 
 of pursuing the game is troublesome and savage. 3:
 
 THE WORD CELT. 
 
 57 
 
 These dogs are called Segusii from a tribe of that name, 
 where, I fancy, they were first raised and became popu- 
 lar. 5 : The best bred of these hounds are the most good 
 for nothing, so that there is a popular saying among 
 the Celts which compares them to beggars on the road. 
 6: The swift-footed Celtic hounds are called vertragi 
 in the language of the Celts, not from the name of a 
 people, as is the case with the Cretan, Carian and La- 
 conian hounds, but just as the diaponoi or '* hardy" of 
 the Cretans are so called because of their liking for 
 work, and the itamai or "eager," because of their swift- 
 ness, and those that are crosses of both kinds, so these 
 dogs are called vertragi because of their fleetness. 19, 1- 
 21 : The wealthy Celts that live in ease engage in hunt- 
 ing. 34, 1-3: It is the practice of some of the Celts 
 to sacrifice annually to Artemis, but others appoint a 
 treasure for the goddess. 35, 1 : I, too, with my fellow 
 hmiters follow the custom of the Celts, and I maintain 
 that nothing turns out well for mortals without the as- 
 sistance of the gods. Tactics, 33, 1: For, many (of these 
 military terms) do nov belong to the language of the 
 Romans, but to that of the Iberians or Celts, since the 
 Romans adopted those very tactics that were Celtic be- 
 cause they valued the Celtic cavalry highly in battle. 
 43, 2: That manoeuvre is called toloutegon in Celtic. 37, 
 4 : In riding by, the cast in wheeling to the right is nec- 
 essary, but, in the complete wheeling about the cast that 
 is called petrinos in the language of the Celts is to be 
 employed. 42, 4: The cast that is called xynema in 
 the language of the Celts is not easily employed unless 
 with an iron javelin. 44, 1: The emperor (Hadrian) gave 
 orders that his soldiers should practice the tactics of the 
 barbarians, such as the horse-archers of the Parthians 
 and Armenians use, and the wheeling about and sudden 
 turning back of their horses when running at full speed 
 which the Sarmatian and Celtic pike-bearers practice; 
 besides their various skirmishings and their different na- 
 tive cries, the Celtic horsemen to learn the shouts of 
 the Celts, the Getan those of the GetoB and the Rhaetian
 
 58 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 those of the Rhaetians. Acies contra Alanos, 2 : Then will 
 come the Celtic cavalry in two ranks. It will be under 
 the command of a centurion just as in camp. Ind., 16, 10 : 
 The Indians ' horses are not loaded with packsaddles nor 
 are they checked by bridles such as the Greeks and Celts 
 use. Voyage, 11, 5: We beheld the Caucasus which, in 
 height, resembles most the Celtic Alps. Anabasis, I, 3, 1 : 
 Alexander came to the river Ister, the most considerable 
 of all the streams in Europe, both in respect of the ter- 
 ritory through which it flows, and of the very warlike 
 nations inhabiting it, among whom the Celts, in whose 
 lands it takes its rise, hold first place. The remotest of 
 these are the Kouadi and the Marcomanni. 4, 6: Am- 
 bassadors came . . . from the Celts who inhabit the 
 country near the Ionian Gulf. The Celts are large of 
 body and of an arrogant spirit. They all said that they 
 had come for the sake of Alexander's friendship. 8: 
 Pledges were made and accepted on either side and Alex- 
 ander asked them what they dreaded most of all things 
 in the world, imagining that, as his great name and 
 fame must have reached the Celts and even farther, they 
 would answer that it was that they feared most of 
 all. 8 : But, the answer of the Celts was not w^hat he ex- 
 pected; for, as they lived far removed from Alexander 
 and their country was difficult of access, and they re- 
 garded Alexander's expedition from another point of 
 view, they told him that their only fear was that the 
 skies should fall upon their heads. lie thereupon treated 
 them as friends and enrolled them am.ong the number 
 of his allies and dismissed them, saying that the Celts 
 were a boastful nation. V, 7, 2 : In the same manner 
 as the Romans made their bridge over the Ister and 
 over the Celtic Rhine. VII, 15, 4: The Carthaginians 
 also are said to have sent ambassadors at that time. Am- 
 bassadors came also from the Ethiopians and from the 
 Scythians in Europe, as also from the Celts and Iber- 
 ians, asking his friendship; the names and manner of 
 dress of these last mentioned were then made known for 
 the first time to the Greek Macedonians.
 
 THE WORD CELT. 59 
 
 Cleomedes, On the circular Motion of the celestial Bodies, II, 
 1, 88, p. 160 Z.: It is said that at Meroe, which is in 
 Etliiopia, the summer night lasts eleven hours, at Alex- 
 andria ten, at the Hellespont nine, af Rome less than 
 nine, at Marseilles eight and a half, among the Celts 
 eight, at Lake Maeotis seven, and in Britain six. 
 
 Appianus, Prooenmim, 3: As far as the country of the Celts 
 whom the Romans call Galates, and of the tribes of Celts, 
 some look toward the Mediterranean, others toward the 
 southern ocean, and still others dwell along the river 
 Rhone. 4 : On the other side of these rivers, some of the 
 Celts living beyond the Rhine, and, beyond the Ister, 
 some of the Getv, whom they call Dacians, are subject 
 to the Romans. 14 : The rest (of the work) will be named 
 according to its subject, the Celtic, Sicilian, Iberian, 
 nannil)alic, Carthaginian, Macedonian chapters of Roman 
 history, and so on. ItaL, 8: For, when the Celts took 
 the city, the people fled for protection to Camillus and 
 again chose him Dictator, as has been narrated in the 
 work on Celtic affairs. 9: When Marcus Manlius the 
 patrician saved Rome from destruction at the time that 
 the Celts were invading the city, he was thought worthy 
 of the highest honors. Gall., 1, 1 : The Celts first waged 
 war against the Romans and took Rome, except the capi- 
 tol, and burned it. But, Camillus overcame them and 
 drove them off. After some time, they made a second 
 invasion, but he conquered them again and, in conse- 
 quence, enjoyed a triumph, being then in his eightieth 
 year. A third army of Celts moved into Italy, whom 
 likewise, the Romans, under the leadership of Titus Quin- 
 tius, destroyed. Afterwards the Boii, the most savage 
 of the Celtic tribes, attacked the Romans, and Gains Sul- 
 picius, the dictator, marched with his army against them 
 . . . 2 : Again, another force of Celts was defeated by 
 Popillius, and afterwards Camillus, son of the Camillus 
 just mentioned, defeated the same tribe. Aemilius Pap- 
 pus raised some trophies won from the Celts. Before 
 the consulship of Marius, a very numerous and warlike 
 horde of Celts, and very formidable because of their
 
 60 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 great bodily strength, invaded Italy and Galatia and over- 
 came some of the Eoman consuls and cut their armies to 
 pieces. Marius was sent against them and destroyed them 
 all . . . Before Marius, Fabius Maximus Aemilianus, 
 with a very small army, waged war upon the Celts and 
 killed 120,000 of them in one battle, losing only 15 of his 
 own men. ... c. 2 : In the ninety-seventh Olympiad of 
 the Greeks, since the territory of the Celts did not suffice 
 for their multitude, a considerable number of them who 
 lived along the Rhine moved off in search of new land. 
 They crossed the Alps and fell upon the land of Clusium 
 which is a fertile part of Etruria. . . . The Romans 
 sent along with the ambassadors of Clusium the three 
 Fabii who were to order the Celts to withdraw from the 
 country that was in alliance with Rome, and to threaten 
 them if they did not obey. The Celts replied that they 
 feared no man whether in threat or in war, that they 
 were in need of land and had not yet meddled in the af- 
 fairs of the Romans. The ambassadors, the Fabii, urged 
 the inhabitants of Clusium to attack the Celts while they 
 were off their guard plundering the country. They (the 
 Romans) combined with them and killed a great num- 
 ber of the Celts in the foray. 3: After the Fabii, the 
 Roman envoys, had slain many Celts, Brennus, king of 
 the Celts, ( ==Livy, V, 38, 3 : Brennus, king of the Gauls, 
 and Plutarch, Camillus, 17: Brennus, king of the Galates) 
 although he had not received the Roman ambassadors, 
 nevertheless, for the purpose of frightening them, selected 
 as his envoys to the Romans certain Celts who exceeded 
 their comrades in stature as much as their people ex- 
 ceeded all other peoples ; these he sent to Rome to accuse 
 the Fabii, while serving as ambassadors, of having made 
 war on them contrary to the law of nations. He de- 
 manded that they be delivered up to him for punishment, 
 unless the Romans wished to make the offence their own. 
 The Romans admitted that the Fabii had done wrong, but, 
 because of the respect which they enjoyed at home, they 
 urged the Celts to accept a pecuniary compensation from 
 them. As they did not agree to this, the Romans elected
 
 THE WORD CELT. 61 
 
 the Fabii to office for that year, and told the ambassadors 
 of the Celts that they could not do any tliin.G: to the Fabii 
 now that they are military tribunes. They told them to 
 return the next year if they were still wroth against 
 them. Brennus and the Celts under him took this as an 
 insult and were sorely offended, and they sent around 
 to the other Celts asking them to join with them in the 
 war. A large number collected at the summons and 
 marched on to Rome. 6: When the Celts found that 
 there was no way by which to scale the Capitol they re- 
 mained quiet in their place in order to bring the defend- 
 ers to terms by famine. 7: The Celts took their fill of 
 wine and other luxuries, being intemperate by nature 
 and accustomed to inhabit a land that produced only cere- 
 als and no other fruits. Their huge bodies were weak- 
 ened and became distended and flabby with soft flesh 
 by reason of excessive eating and drinking. They 
 came to be quite incapable of running or toil so that when 
 any exertion was required of them they soon broke down 
 because of perspiration and shortness of breath. 9 : But 
 the Celts, being worn out and coming into contact with 
 fresh opponents, fled in disorder. 10 : The Celt, in a rage 
 and exhausted from loss of blood, pursued Valerius, 
 trying to throw him. But Valerius always escaped just 
 in front of him and the Celt fled headlong. The Romans 
 boasted highly of this second single combat with the 
 Celts. 11: Britomaris the Celt. 15: Two nations, the 
 Tigurini and the Helvetii, made an incursion into the 
 Roman province of Celtica. Sicil., 2, 3 : When this war 
 was over, the Celts demanded of the Carthaginians the 
 pay due to them for their services in Sicily, together with 
 the bounties which Ilamilcar had promised to give them. 
 Hispan.,1 : The Pyrenees extend from the Tyrrhenian sea 
 to the northern ocean. The eastern part is inhabited by 
 the Celts, who are also called Galates and, more recently, 
 Gauls. Toward the west dwell the Iberians and the Cel- 
 TiBERiANS. 2: It is uot very important for me who am 
 writing merely Roman history to enquire who were the 
 first inhabitants of Iberia, and who came after them. It
 
 (32 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 seems, however, that the Celts crossed the Pyrenees at 
 some former time and mingled with the natives, and that 
 the name Celtiberian arose in that way. 4 : When Ham- 
 ilcar, siirnamed Barca, was in command of the Cartha- 
 ginians in Sicily he promised large prizes to the Celts 
 who were at that time in his pay and to the Libyans 
 who were allied with him, which, when he returned to 
 Libya, they demanded, and in this way the Libyan war 
 was kindled. 37 : Mago, the admiral, giving np all hope 
 of success in Iberia, sailed to the country of the Ligurians 
 and the Celts to levy mercenaries. 39: Later, when tlio 
 Romans were at war with the Celts along the Po and with 
 Philip of Macedon, the Iberians took advantage of their 
 occupation and made another attempt at a revolution. 
 Hannibal, 4: Hannibal crossed the Pyrenees into Cel- 
 tica, which is now called Galatia. 5 : He attacked Taur- 
 asia a Celtic city and took it by storm. He put the 
 prisoners to death in order to strike terror into the rest 
 of Celtica. Then, marching to the river Eridanus, now 
 called the Po, where the Romans were engaged in war 
 with the tribe of Celts called Boii, he encamped. 6 : Han- 
 nibal crossed the Po on bridges which he had built, and 
 these exploits, following upon his passage of the Alps, 
 raised his fame among the farther Celts as an invincible 
 general and one most highly favored by fortune . . . and 
 when the Celts saw him passing among their bands, now 
 in the form of a youth, now of an old or middle-aged man, 
 they were astonished and believed that ho possessed a 
 divine nature. 8: A part of the Apennines, near the 
 Ionian promontory, is occupied by Greeks, the rest by 
 Celts who in former times had attacked Rome and burned 
 the city, etc. 10: He gave the booty to the Celts who 
 were in his army to conciliate them by hope of gain, and 
 then marched forward. 12 : He encouraged the Celts who 
 were still friendly. 52: Hasdrubal was received in a 
 friendly way by the Celts. 54 : Nor did Mago, who was 
 levying mercenaries among the Celts, send him any aid. 
 Pun., 5 : But the Libyans who were subject to the Cartha- 
 ginians and had taken part with him in the war in Sicily,
 
 THE WORD CELT. 63 
 
 and the Celts who had served as mercenaries and had 
 certain grievances against the Carthaginians because 
 their pay had been withheld and that promises had not 
 been kept, made war on the Carthaginians in a very for- 
 midable manner. 17 : While Mago was enlisting Ligurians 
 and Celts to attack her (Italy) on the flank. 17 : Some of 
 the Celtic and Ligurian mercenaries arrived. 40: The 
 third part of the army was composed of Celts and 
 Ligurians. 44 : The Celts and Ligurians who were on the 
 enemy's side . . . Hannibal rode away to the assistance 
 of the Ligurians and Celts. 46 : Seeing that the Iberians 
 and Celts had come together. 47 : Hannibal returned ac- 
 companied by the Iberians Jind Celts from the hill. 49: 
 Mago, who w;as still collecting mercenaries among the 
 Celts. 54 : You shall no longer collect mercenaries from 
 the Celts and Ligurians. 59 : Mago, who is leading many 
 other bands of Celts and Ligurians. Ilhjr., 2 : It is said 
 that the Cj^clops Polyphemus and Galatea had three sons, 
 Celtus, Illyrius and Galas all of whom set out from Sicily 
 and that from them the nations called Celts, Illy rians and 
 Galates took their origin. 4: (The Autarienses) joined 
 with Molistomus and with the Celtic peoples called Cim- 
 bri and marched on Delphi, but the greater part of them* 
 were soon destroyed just before the attack . . . The god 
 shook the land of the Celts with an earthquake and de- 
 stroyed their cities, nor did the calamity cease until the 
 inhabitants, abandoning their abodes, made an incursion 
 among the Illyrians who were equally guilty with them- 
 selves and were weakened by pestilence. Their lands 
 were plundered and the invaders, contracting the plague, 
 fled and laid waste all the way to the Pyrenees. As they 
 were turning back towards the east, the Romans, mindful 
 of their former encounters with the Celts, and fearing 
 lest these too should cross the Alps and invadeltaly, set out 
 with both consuls but were defeated with their entire army. 
 This defeat of the Romans brought great fear of the 
 Celts to all Italy until the Romans elected Gains Marius to 
 lead their army. He had just overcame by force the Nu- 
 midians and the Mauritanians of the Libyans, and as I
 
 64 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 have related when speaking of the Celts, had defeated the 
 Cimbri several times with great slaughter. By this time 
 the Celts, being reduced to such weakness that they were 
 excluded from every land, turned back home inflicting 
 and suffering many hardships on the way. 5 : Such was 
 the punishment which the god inflicted upon the Illyrians 
 and the Celts for their impiety. But, again, certain Illy- 
 rian tribes, especially the Scordisci, the Maedi and the 
 Dardani, along with the Celts overran Macedonia and 
 Greece at the same time and pillaged many temples, in- 
 cluding that of Delphi, although they suffered great losses 
 that time also. It was then thirty-two years since the 
 Romans had had their first encounter with the Celts. 
 . . . 8 : The Romans being engaged in a three years ' war 
 with the Celts along the river Po. 12 : While Caesar was 
 in command of the Celts. 15 : It is a wonder to me that so 
 many great Roman armies should have crossed the Alps 
 to descend among the Celts and Iberians and should have 
 overlooked these (Illyrian) tribes, and that even Julius 
 Caesar, who was such a successful general, did not de- 
 stroy them in the ten years he was at war with the Celts 
 and wintering in that very country. It seems, however, 
 that the Romans were intent only on crossing the Alps 
 and accomplishing what they had set out to do, and Gains 
 seems to have deferred putting an end to the Illyrians 
 both because he was busy with the Celtic difficulties and 
 because of his strife with Pompey which stopped the Cel- 
 tic war. It appears that he was appointed ruler of Illyria 
 as well as of the Celts — not of all Illyria, but of as much 
 of it as was then under Roman control. 29 : I think that 
 the Rhaetians and the Noricans were subdued by Gains 
 Caesar when he was at war with the Celts. Mithr., 95 : 
 (He assigned) Marcus Pomponius to the territory around 
 the Ligurian and Celtic seas. 109: He (Mithradates) 
 planned to go to the Celts, whose friendship he had for a 
 long time cultivated for this reason, and with them to 
 invade Italy . . . Having formed this plan, he was eager 
 to hasten to the Celts. Ill : Then, seeing Bituitus a leader
 
 THE WORD CELT. 65 
 
 of the Celts. 112: lie formed alliances with the Sam- 
 nites and the Celts. 119: He established friendly rela- 
 tions with the Celts with a view to the invasion of Italy. 
 Bell. Civ., I, 29: Apiilcins brought forward a law to divide 
 the territory which the Cimbri, a tribe of Celts lately 
 driven out by Marius, had taken possession of in the coun- 
 try which the Romans call Galatia and which was re- 
 garded as no longer belonging to Galates but to the 
 Romans. 109: The Rhone flows through the country of 
 the Transalpine Celts and empties into the Tyrrhenian 
 sea. 117: Wliile Spartacus was endeavoring to hurry 
 across the Apennines to the Alps and thence to the Celts, 
 one of the consuls anticipated him and checked his flight 
 while the other drove him on. 2, 17 : Meanwhile, Caesar, 
 who had accomplished among the Celts and Britons the 
 many brilliant exploits which I have told of when speakmg 
 of the Celts, had come with vast riches to that part of 
 Galatia which borders on Italy about the river Po. 32 : 
 Caesar had just crossed the sea from Britain and, setting 
 out from the country of the Celts who live along the 
 Rhine, he passed the Alps with 5,000 foot and 300 horse 
 and arrived at Ravenna. 41 : Caesar took away some of 
 the money which was said to have been deposited in early 
 times because of the Celts, with a public curse upon who- 
 ever would remove it except in case of a Celtic uprising. 
 He said that by getting complete power over the Celts he 
 had released the city from the curse. 49 : At that time, 
 Caesar had ten infantry legions and 10,000 Celtic horse 
 
 . . . Some Celtic cavalry and others from Galatia in the 
 east. 50 : Our own forefathers abandoned their city when 
 the Celts invaded it, and Camillus hastened from Ardea 
 and saved it. 73 : (Caesar addresses his soldiers) We who 
 have added four hundred nations of the Iberians, the 
 Celts and the Britons to our country. 134: Will they 
 
 (Caesar's soldiers) consider the rewards of their vic- 
 tories over the Celts and the Britons secure when he who 
 gave them is outraged? 140: (Brutus speaks) The peo- 
 ple gave you to Caesar to conquer the Celts and Britons, 
 and you should be honored and rewarded for your brave
 
 QQ CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 deeds . . . but, since neither envy nor time nor the for- 
 getfulness of man can extinguish the fame of your valor 
 against the Celts and Britons, you should have the re- 
 wards due to it. 141: They distributed among you the 
 property of your own people who had enrolled you in 
 Caesar's army and had sent you forth to fight the Celts 
 and given thanks at your festival of victory. 150: He 
 (Caesar) fought thirty pitched battles in the country of 
 the Celts alone, until he had subdued four hundred na- 
 tions which, up to that time, had caused such fear to the 
 Eomans that, in the law which exempted priests and old 
 men from military service, it was written : ' ' except in case 
 of a Celtic invasion" . . . And then they (Caesar's 
 troops) were badly beaten by the Celts, when his great 
 defeat took place under his generals Cotta and Titurius. 
 Ill, 2 : They had gone to their prefectures, Decimus Bru- 
 tus to Celtica which borders on Italy ... 27 : (Anthony 
 asked for) Cisalpine Celtica which was under the com- 
 mand of Decimus Brutus Albinus, remembering that it 
 was from that Celtica that Caesar had set out when he 
 conquered Pompey, and he thought it would seem as if he 
 was calling his own army back to Celtica and not to Italy. 
 But the Senate, considering that part of Celtica as its 
 own stronghold, ... So he planned to ask the people, in- 
 stead of the Senate, for the province of Celtica by a law. 
 29: Now, Antony, needing also the favor of Caesar {i. e. 
 Octavianus) himself to procure through the people the ex- 
 change of Celtica. 30 : The law concerning Celtica was 
 at once proposed. . . . But, there were some who held 
 that that province should be made free in every respect 
 for they had great fear because of the nearness of Cel- 
 tica. 31 : The law concerning Celtica. 37 : As I know that 
 he (Decimus Brutus) was more daring than the rest, I took 
 Celtica from him and, for the appearance of the Senate, 
 I promised to give him Macedonia in exchange when 
 it would lose its army. 38 : What a strife there is to take 
 Celtica from me, which has already been given to me. 
 ... To have a change made in the law concerning Cel- 
 tica. 43 : Antony would lead the army to the province
 
 THE WORD CELT. 67 
 
 assigned him, namely to prosperous Celtica. 45 : Since 
 Decimus had refused to surrender Celtica. 46: Thus 
 he (Antony) was conducted in splendor to Ariminum 
 which is at the frontier of Celtica. . . . Plancus in 
 the rest of Celtica had three legions. 49: Antony or- 
 dered Decimus, who was in Celtica, to pass over to Ma- 
 cedonia. 50: He (Antony) had overpowered Celtica by 
 force of arms contrary to the wishes of the Senate, and 
 made it a stronghold against the country. 57 : They knew 
 that the people had given him (Antony) Celtica. . . . 
 Nevertheless, they voted commending Decimus for not 
 yielding Celtica to Antony. ... He (Antony) marched 
 upon Celtica. ... He turned his course to Celtica. 
 53 : To remain in Celtica. 55 : We did not vote the com- 
 mand of Celtica to Antony. . . . Into Celtica. 59: 
 Whether, as a matter of policy or for the sake of 
 the people, we should permit Antony to hold Celtica. 
 60: Antony accepted Celtica from the people. 61: 
 He (Piso) was not able to secure for him (Antony) 
 the command of Celtica. . . . They voted to order 
 that Antony be given Macedonia instead of Celtica. 
 Antony shall relinquish Celtica to Decimus, 
 and, on a certain day, shall retire to the hither side 
 of the River Rubicon, which forms the boundary of 
 Italy and Celtica, and shall refer himself in all mat- 
 ters* to the judgment of the Senate. 62: He (Cicero) 
 favors a man (Decimus) who took Celtica after C;iesar's 
 death without anyone's permission, and makes war on 
 one (Antony) who took it by the authority of the peo- 
 ple. . . . And if I withdraw from Celtica, then i am 
 neither an enemy nor a monarch. 63: The people gave 
 me (Antony) Celtica according to law. 64: The ap- 
 pointment of Decimus to the province of Celtica had been 
 confirmed ... 70: He (Hirtius) pitched his camp with- 
 out palisades in a village near the plain, called "Celts' 
 Market-place. " 73 : He read aloud the letters of the Sen- 
 ate giving him command of Celtica. 74- Thanksgivmg 
 festivals of fifty davs were decreed for the victory over 
 Antony,— a greater number than th- Romans had ever
 
 68 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 voted, even after the victory over the Celts or any other 
 victory. 88 : Having crossed the river Rubicon from Cel- 
 TiCA into Italy. 97: Except the body-guard of Celtic 
 cavalry . . . He (Decimus) changed his clothing for 
 the Celtic dress, and, as he was acquainted with the lan- 
 guage, escaped with the rest just as any Celt. ... 98: 
 Having been captured by robbers and bound, he enquired 
 who was leader of this tribe of Celts. Learning- uiat 
 it was Camillus, for whom he had done many kindnesses, 
 he asked them to lead him to Camillus . . . Decimus, 
 who had governed Old (" Farther," Schweighauser) Cel- 
 tica under him (Coesar) and had been appointed by him 
 to the consulship for the next year and to the governor- 
 ship of the rest of Celtica. IV, 1 : Trebonius in Asia and 
 Decimus in Celtica. 2 : Antony was to have all Celtica 
 except the borderland of the Pyrenees, which was called 
 Old Celtica; of this, together with Iberia, Lepidus was in 
 command. 9 : The great work which we (Lepidus, Antony 
 and Octavianus) have accomplished and have under con- 
 trol in Iberia and Celtica and at home; .one thing, how- 
 ever, remains for us to do, to go after Cesar's mur- 
 derers beyond the sea. 33 : Let war come then, with the 
 Celts or Parthians. 38: He (Messalla) was in command 
 of a fleet at Actium against Antony, and Octavianus sent 
 him as a general against the Celts who had revolted, and, 
 when he had conquered them, granted him a triumph, 58 : 
 AVhile Antony was besieging (Brutus) in the country of 
 the Celts. 88: Brutus had 4,000 Celtic and Lusitanian 
 horsemen, Thracians and Illyrians, and 2,000 Parthians 
 and Thessalians; Cassius had 2,000 Iberians and Celts 
 . . . The kings and tetrarchs of the Galatians in Asia 
 followed him as allies. 95 : It is said that the city (Rome) 
 was once taken by the Celts, the wildest kind of barbar- 
 ians, but it has never been said of them that they cut off 
 the head of anyone, neither did they insult the dead nor 
 begrudge their enemies to escape. V. 3: It was decreed 
 with the consent of C£esar (Octavianus) and carrying out 
 the intention of the elder Caesar that the Celts on the 
 hither side of the Alps should be independent. 22:
 
 THE WORD CELT. 69 
 
 For Celtica (i. e. Gallia) which had first been given to 
 Antony is now set free because of his great deceit. 31 : 
 Lucius opposed Salvidienus who was returning- to Ctrsar 
 (Octavianus) with a large army from the land of the 
 Celts. 33: Fulvia urged Ventidius, Asinius, Ateius and 
 Calenus to go from Celtica to the aid of Lucius. 51: 
 Ca?sar went and got control of the army and of Celtica 
 and Iberia besides, which were in Antony's command. 
 Fufius, the son of Calenus, was terrified and surrendered 
 himself and everything to him without resistance. 53: 
 AVhen C:T?sar returned to Rome from Celtica. 75 : Ciesar 
 set out for Celtica which was in a state of disorder. 78 : 
 He sent around rajoidly an army and other equipment 
 from Celtica to Brundisium and Puteoli. 92 : "While he 
 (Octavianus) was thus dejected, the news reached him 
 that Antony had agreed to the alliance and that a splendid 
 victory had been gained by the commander Agrippa over 
 the Aquitanians, a tribe of Celts. 117 : Some of his sol- 
 diers held a Celtic shield over his (Octavius') head the 
 whole night. 
 
 Maximus of Tyre, Dissertations, VIII, 8 p. 30: The Celts 
 (meaning the Germans) worship Jupiter, but the Celtic 
 statue of the god is a tall oak. [Likewise, in Dio and 
 Lihanius the Franks are regarded as a Celtic people: 
 
 Libanius, Oratio III: There is a Celtic people beyond the 
 Rhine who extend even to the ocean and they are so well 
 fortified by nature for works of war that they have been 
 given a name from their deeds and are called ^paKToi 
 C hedged in, protected "), but many call them Franci. 
 Compare also, 
 
 Claudian, Praise of Stiliclio, I-, 228-231 : So that, far away 
 through the wilds of the IIerc\Tiian Forest, the hunter 
 roams without fear, and the groves, grim with the ancient 
 superstition, and the oaks which stood for barbarian gods 
 are felled with impunity with our axes.] 
 
 Apuleius, De Mondo, c. 7: The two Britains, Albion and 
 Hibernia, are situated on the boundaries of the Celts. 
 
 Polynaeus, Stratagems of War, VII, 42: The Celts were en- 
 gaged in a long war with the Autariatae and having poi-
 
 70 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 soned their food and wine with noxious herbs the Celts 
 left them behind in the tents and fled during the night. 
 Then the Autariatae, concluding that they had retreated 
 out of fear of them, took possession of the camp and 
 gorged themselves with the wine and food so that pres- 
 ently they fell sick with violent cholics and the Celts com- 
 ing up slew them as they lay there. {Cf. below, sub 
 Athenaeus, Theoponipus, fr. 41, FHG 1 p. 284.) 50: {sicb 
 Celtic Women) An intestine discord broke out among the 
 Celts and the two sides had already armed themselves 
 against each other, when the women taking a place be- 
 tween the two armies judged of the dispute and settled 
 the difficulty so amicably that the men became friends 
 and were reconciled throughout their towns and villages. 
 Ever afterwards, when the Celts held deliberation of war 
 or peace or concerning matters that pertamed to the dif- 
 ferent tribes or their allies, the question was decided by 
 their wives. Even in the treaties which they made with 
 Hannibal it was specified that if the Celts should have 
 any charge to bring against the Carthaginians, the com- 
 manders and generals of the Carthaginians should be the 
 judges, but, if the Carthaginians should urge any charge 
 against the Celts, the dispute should be referred to the 
 wives of the Celts (Cf. above Plutarch, The Virtues of 
 Women, p. 246 B-D). VIII, 7,^2 {anno 3G7) : The Celts 
 under the leadership of their king Brennus took Rome by 
 assault and kept possession of it for seven months. Camil- 
 lus gathered together the Eomans who were .outside the 
 city, drove out the Celts and recovered the city. Thirteen 
 years later, the Celts again mustered up courage to at- 
 tack the city and encamped near the river Anio, a short 
 distance from the city. Camiilus . . . took command of 
 the army and ordered that helmets all iron and smooth 
 be forged to stand the broadswords of the Celts with 
 which they were wont to strike from above and cut down, 
 so that their swords would glide off and be broken; and 
 he ordered that their shields be bound with a thin rim of 
 bronze, since the wood would not stand the strokes. Be- 
 sides, he taught the soldiers how to use the long spear at
 
 THE WORD CELT. 71 
 
 close quarters and to intercept with their swords the 
 blows of the enemy. Thus, the steel of the Celts, being 
 soft and ill-tem})ered, was soon turned and their swords 
 bent double and made useless in the fight, so that they 
 were easily overcome and most of them fell, the rest saved 
 themselves by flight (From Plutarch's Camillus, 40). 25, 
 1 : AVhen the Celts had taken possession of Rome, the 
 Romans concluded a treaty with them by which the 
 Romans bound themselves to paj^ tribute, leave a gate 
 of the city open at all times and give them cultivated land. 
 Thereupon, the Celts pitched their camp and the Romans 
 treated them as friends, sending them a variety of pre- 
 sents and large quantities of wine, in which the bar- 
 barians indulged so freely, as the Celts are by nature 
 immoderately fond of intoxicating drink, that they were 
 overcome by it and the Romans fell upon them and slew 
 them all. 
 Pausanias, I, 4, 1 : Of late, the name Galates has prevailed for 
 them. For formerly they called themselves and were 
 also called by others Celts. 9, 5 : AVith the exception of 
 the country of the Celts, no country is to be compared 
 in population with the whole of Thrace. . . . All 
 Thrace is subject to the rule of the Romans, but, of the 
 land of the Celts, only so much is in their control as they 
 judge worth holding. Those parts they possess, but they 
 have overlooked those that they suppose worthless, either 
 because of the excessive cold or the barrenness of the 
 soil. 30, 3 : Those Ligurians who live beyond the Erida- 
 nus in the Celtic territory. 33, 4: The Iberians and 
 Celts do not dwell near the river of the ocean, but near 
 the most distant sea that men can sail, where lies the 
 island of the Britons. 35, 5: I am not sur])i'ised at the 
 magnitude of the Celts who are the farthest inhabit- 
 ants of those lands that are almost deserts because of 
 the extreme cold. They are called Cavares and they 
 do not differ at all in size from the corpses which one 
 sees in Egypt. VIII, 50, 1 : More oblong shields like the 
 long, large Celtic shields. X, 19, 5: The Celts made 
 their first expedition beyond their own frontiers under
 
 72 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 the leadership of Camhaules. They marched as far 
 as Thrace but did not dare continue their journey be- 
 cause they were aware that they were but few and no 
 match for the forces of the Greeks. 5 fl. : But, when they 
 decided to make war again in foreign lands, they were 
 urged on especially by those who had taken part before 
 with Cambaules and having had a taste of the pleasures 
 of a robber's life, were incited by a desire for plunder and 
 depredation. A large force of foot-soldiers was got to-* 
 gether and an equally numerous body of horse. Then 
 their leaders divided the army into three parts and each 
 division was ordered to march into a different country. 
 7 : But, as the Celts had not then the courage to proceed 
 into Greece, their second army likewise returned home. 
 11: This mode of fighting they call in their native lan- 
 guage trimarcisias, for it is to be remarked that the word 
 for horse in the language of the Celts is markas. 20, 7 : 
 For, the Celts are, besides, far taller than other men. 
 21, 1: He (Brennus) employed no Grecian prophet nor 
 did he perform any of the sacred ceremonies of his own 
 country, if, indeed, there is such a thing as a Celtic form 
 of divination. 4: But, as the Celts were far more ex- 
 hausted than the Greeks and were not making much pro- 
 gress in the confined space, but were suffering twice 
 and four times as much, their commanders gave the sig- 
 nal to return to camp. 
 Aelianus, On the nature of Animals, XII, 33: In the war that 
 the Celts carried on with the Romans they drove away 
 the defenders, entered the city and took possession of 
 Rome with the exception of the Capitolian Hill, etc. 
 . . . But, when the Celts found that there was no ap- 
 proach from any side, they decided to wait until the dead 
 of the night when the defenders would be sound asleep 
 and then attack them, for they hoped to find an un- 
 guarded passage where the Romans least of all expected 
 the Galates to attack them. XIII, 16: I hav<? been toli 
 that the Celts and the Marseillais catch the tunny-fish 
 with hooks that are of iron and very large and thick. 
 XV, 25: I have been told that the Celts likewise feed
 
 THE WORD CELT. 73 
 
 their horses and cattle on fish. They say, too, that their 
 horses running away from the scent of man come to the 
 southern parts of Europe, especially when the south wind 
 blows. Various Histories, II, 31: At all events, no In- 
 dian, Celt or Egyptian ever had such a conception (of 
 the existence of the gods) as Euhemerus of Messina or 
 Diogenes the Phrygian or Hippon or Diagoras or Sosias 
 or Epicurus had. For, these barbarians maintain that 
 the gods exist and that they watch over us and that they 
 announce coming events through birds and portents and 
 entrails and that through various sciences and observa- 
 tions men can learn these things by providence of the 
 gods. And they say that in dreams and by the stars 
 many things are made clear beforehand. And, because 
 they have a firm belief in these things, their worship is 
 sincere and they make it a point of religion to keep them- 
 selves pure; they fulfill the rites and observe the law of 
 their sacrifices and practice other things, from all which 
 it will be granted that they honor and worship the gods. 
 12, 23 : I have heard it said that the Celts are the most 
 adventurous of all men. Even the subject of their songs 
 is the death of warriors who fell bravely in battle. They 
 advance to the fight wearing crowns and they erect troph- 
 ies, by which both to magnify their deeds and, in the 
 manner of the Greeks, to leave a monument to their valor. 
 They consider it such a disgrace to flee that they do not 
 attempt to escape from falling walls or collapsing build- 
 ings; they even permit themselves to be entrapped by 
 the fire in a burning house. Many of them take their 
 stand against the rising sea and some even take their 
 arms and attack the waves and meet their rush with 
 broad-swords, brandishing their spears just as if they 
 could frighten or wound them. 
 
 Pollux, Onomasticon, 1, 149 (10, 13) : A Celtic sword {=ensis 
 Noricus). 5, 37 (5, 1) : Celtic hounds. 
 
 Galen, Cotmnent. 3 in Hippocr., de epid., Ill, 70. K. 17. A, 
 726. Comparing with them infants, Scythians, Celts and 
 Germans who are Imown to be of more humid, but not 
 colder temperament. De Temperamentis, II, 6, K. 1, 627 :
 
 74 CATHOLIC VNivERsrry bulletin. 
 
 The Celts, the Germans and all the race of Thrace and 
 Scythia have cold, damp skin which is consequently soft, 
 white and hairless. For, all the natural heat of the body 
 is discharged with the blood into the inward parts 
 where it is crowded and stirred up and where it boils, 
 and, consequently, the men are passionate, daring and 
 quick to anger. De Sanitate tuenda, 5 p. 339 : The Kearpov 
 which grows in the country of the Celts. 
 
 Irenaeus, Against Heresies, I pr. 3: You are not to expect 
 from me, who am living among the Celts (at Lyons) and 
 accustomed to use most often the barbarous dialect, any 
 skill in diction which I have never learned, nor faculty of 
 composition which I have never practiced, nor ornamen- 
 tation of style and persuasiveness of which I am igno- 
 rant. I, 10, 2 : For, the churches which have been estab- 
 lished in Germany do not believe nor hand down any 
 other teaching, nor do those which have been planted 
 among the Indians, the Celts, in the East, in Egypt, in 
 Libya and in the central parts of the world. 
 
 Lucian, Apology, 15 : Yv'hen, on your way to see the western 
 ocean, you cross Celtica (Gaul), you will come upon us 
 who are reckoned among those sophists who are deserv- 
 ing of receiving high pay. IIoiv to write History, 5: If 
 some day there should be another war, for example of 
 the Celts against the Getae, or of the Indians against the 
 Bactrians. 19 : Such a coldness was there that was colder 
 than Caspian snow or Celtic ice. 31 : The third legion 
 and the Celts and a small division of Moors under Cas- 
 sius had already crossed the Indus. Alexander, or The 
 False Prophet, 27: When, then, the foolish Celt (i. e. 
 Severianus) had allowed himself to be persuaded and had 
 undertaken the expedition, he was destroyed and cut down 
 with his army by Othryades. 51 : (Alexander the prophet) 
 often answered the barbarians in Syriac or Celtic if 
 either happened to be the native language of those con- 
 sulting him, since it was not always easy to find persons 
 staying in the city of the same race as those who might 
 ask him questions. The Eunuch,! : A certain Academician
 
 TEE WORD CELT. 75 
 
 who was a eunuch from the country of the Celts and who 
 flourished in Greece a little before our time. Jupiter the 
 Tragedian, 13: They do not all understand Greek, 
 Jupiter, and I am not such a polyglot as to be able to 
 make myself understood to the Scythians, Persians, 
 Thracians and Celts. Tivice Accused, 27: I journeyed 
 with him even to Celtica and I made him rich. Hercules, 
 1 : The name by which the Celts call Hercules in their 
 native language is Ogmios, but they represent the god 
 in an entirely different and monstrous form. 2 : I really 
 thought that the Celts had given Hercules that form 
 maliciously as an insult to the gods of the Greeks, to 
 punish him in the painting for having once invaded their 
 land and taken booty when, in his search for Geryon's 
 oxen, he raided many of the western peoples. 4: But 
 a certain Celt standing by, not unacquainted with our 
 literature it seemed since he spoke excellent Greek . . . 
 (said) ''We Celts do not represent Eloquence as Mer- 
 cury as you Greeks do, but as Hercules." 7: The Celt 
 told me so much. Pseudologista, II: For, the word did 
 not properly belong to the language of the Greeks, but 
 was brought in through their intercourse with the Celts, 
 the Thracians or the Scythians. 
 
 Clement of Alexandria, The Instructor, II, 2, p. 186 Pott.: 
 the Scythians, the Celts, the Iberians and the Thra- 
 cians, all of them warlike nations, are above all addicted 
 to intoxication which they regard as a good and happy 
 habit to practice. Ill, 3 p. 267 : Of the nations, the Celts 
 and the Scythians wear their hair long, but they do not 
 adorn themselves. The flowing hair of the barbarians 
 has something fearful about it and their reddish hair 
 threatens war since that hue resembles blood. Both 
 these barbarian nations hate luxury, as may be shown 
 clearly from the case of the Germans and the Rhine, and 
 the Scythians and the waggon. 4 p. 269 : There are many 
 Celts who bear aloft women's litters and carry them 
 about. 
 
 Athenaeus IV, 36 p. 15P-152^': Poseidonius . . . says that 
 the Celts spread grass for their guests to sit on and
 
 76 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 place before them food on wooden tables raised a little 
 above the ground. The food consists of a few loaves of 
 bread, and a good deal of meat in water and cooked on 
 the coals or on spits. They eat in a cleanly manner 
 enough, but like lions, taking up whole joints in both 
 hands and biting off pieces, and any part that is not 
 easily torn away, they cut it off with a small Imife which 
 they keep for the purpose in a sheath in a separate box. 
 Those who live near rivers and near the Mediterranean 
 and the ocean eat fish also, roasted with salt and vinegar 
 and cummin seed: they throw cummin seed also into 
 their drink. But they use no oil because of its scarcity, 
 and it is unpleasant to their taste because they are not 
 used to it. AVhen many of them dine together, they sit 
 in a circle, and the most powerful sits in the middle like 
 the leader of a chorus, for he excels the rest either in mili- 
 tary skill, or in birth, or in riches. Next him sits the 
 host and so on in order on each side, according to the 
 prominence of the rank of each guest. The soldiers 
 with their large oblong shields stand behind while the 
 spear-bearers sit opposite in a circle and fare the same 
 as their masters. The drink is served and passed around 
 in vases which look like beakers and are made either of 
 earthenware or of silver. Some have platters of the 
 same material on which the food is served, but others 
 have them of bronze and still others have wooden or 
 plaited baskets for that purpose. Among the rich the 
 drink is wine which comes from Italy or from the environs 
 of Marseilles. This is drunk pure, but sometimes a little 
 water is mixed with it. Among the lower classes the 
 drink is a beer made of wheat prepared with honey, but 
 most drink it unmixed; this is called corma (the Modern- 
 Irish corm, '' beer, ale "). They all drink out of the 
 same cup, in small draughts, not more than a wine glass, 
 at a time. This is repeated rather frequently. A boy 
 carries the liquor around first on the right hand and 
 then on the left. This is the way they are waited on, and 
 this is the way they worship their gods, always turning
 
 THE WORD CELT. 77 
 
 towards the right hand.' 37 p. 152*^ ': Poseidonius con- 
 tinues and describes the riches of Lyernius the father 
 of Bityis, who was subdued by the Romans. He says 
 that he, aiming to curry favor with the populace, used 
 to drive in a chariot over the plains, and scatter gold 
 and silver among the thousands of Celts who followed 
 him; and that he had a space a mile and a half square 
 fenced in, in which he had vats filled with very costly 
 wines and such an abundance of eatables that for many 
 days any one who wished might go in and enjoy what 
 was provided and be supplied without cessation. And 
 once when he had fixed upon a time for a banquet, a cer- 
 tain poet from the barbarians arrived late and, meeting 
 him on the wa)'^, sang a hymn in praise of his excellen- 
 cies, at the same time lamenting that he had come too 
 late : and Lyernius was so pleased that he asked for a bag 
 of gold and threw it to him as he ran by. The poet picked 
 it up and continued his song, saying that the very prints 
 upon the earth over which he passed brought riches 
 and benefits to men. These things have been narrated 
 in the third and in the twentieth books. 40 p. 154^'^: 
 In the third and also in the twentieth books of his his- 
 tories, Poseidonius says that the Celts sometimes have 
 single combats at their banquets. For they come 
 together in arms and spar and wrestle, and sometimes 
 go so far as to wound one another. Then they are roused 
 to fight and, if the bystanders do not restrain them, 
 they will even kill one another. In olden times, he says, 
 the strongest man took as his share the hind quarter 
 when the porker was put before them. If another man 
 laid claim to it, they rose up to fight to the death. Others 
 of them in the theatre will take silver or gold, and 
 some, even for a few earthen jars of wine, will accept 
 a promise that the gifts shall really be given. They 
 will then distribute them among their nearest relatives 
 and will lie on their shields and allow some bystander 
 to cut their throats with a sword. VI, 23 p. 233'^ 
 Since, on the edges of the inhabited earth also are
 
 78 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 streams bearing down gold dust; and the women and 
 the feeble-bodied men scratch among the sands and 
 separate the particles which they wash and bring to 
 the melting-pot, as my authority Poseidonius says is 
 done among the Helvetians and among certain other 
 tribes of Celts. 49 p. 246'^'^ : Poseidonius of Apamea 
 says in the twentieth and in the third book of his 
 histories that the Celts, even when they are going to 
 war, take with them certain companions whom they call 
 "parasites." VIII, 38 p. 347^ (quoting the comic poet 
 Ephippus, fr. 5, 21 vol. 2, 253 K. about the year 332 B. 
 C.) : Put out the fire, Celt, and do not burn them more. 
 X, 60 p. 443''"% quoting Theopompus, The History of 
 Philip— irg. 41 FHG I p. 284 ff) : (Theopompus says) 
 that when the Celts went to war v/ith them (the 
 Ardiaei), Imowing their intemperance, they ordered all 
 the soldiers to prepare as magnificent a feast as they 
 could for them in the tent, and to put in the food certain 
 herbs which had the power to cause severe pains and 
 diarrhoea. When this had been done some of them were 
 taken by the Celts and i:>ut to death, the others threw 
 themselves into the river, being unable to endure the 
 pains in their stomachs. XIT, 79 p. C03^ (From Posei- 
 donius; cf. Diodorus, V, 32, 7) : KeXrol Sk tmv ^ap^dpmv 
 KaiTOi KaWiaTa<; e')(0VTe<i iyvvaLKa<i TraiSLKoU /xaWov ■)(^aipovatv. 
 ft) TToWaKL'i ivLOv^ eVl raU Sopal'i fiera 8vo ipco/Jievoiv avairav- 
 ea\6aL. 
 Dio Cassius, XXXIX, 49, 1 : The Rhine issues from the Cel- 
 tic Alps a short distance beyond Rhaetia, and flowing 
 westward leaves Galatia and its inhabitants on the left; 
 it bounds the Celts on the right and finally empties into 
 the ocean. 2: This boundary which occasioned the dif- 
 ference in names is observed even to this day since, in 
 very ancient times, the nations dwelling on each side of 
 the river were called Celts. XL, 31 {anno 54 B. C), 2: 
 Ambiorix summoned a force of mercenaries from the 
 Celts. 4 : Before the Celts came to their aid. 39 : Ver- 
 cingetorix' defeat was due partly to the Celts that were 
 allied wilh the Romans; for to their attacks with un-
 
 THE WORD CELT. 79 
 
 wearying bodies they added the strength of daring and 
 thus broke throiigli the surrounding ranks. XLVII, 48, 
 2 {a. u. 712) : Some of the Celtic troops deserted from 
 them (Cix?sar and Antony) to Brutus. LI, 20, 5 (29 B. 
 C.) : For, the Treveri who had brought in the Celts 
 (= Germans) were still under arms as were also the 
 Cantabri the Vaccaei and the Astures. These last were 
 subdued by Statilius Taurus, the former by Nonius Gal- 
 lus. 21, 5: On the first day, Cicsar celebrated the vic- 
 tories over the Pannonians and the Dalmatians, the 
 lapudes and their neighbors and some Celts and Gal- 
 ates. For, Gains Carinas had subdued the Morini and 
 some others who had revolted with them and had driven 
 back the Suevi who had crossed the Rhine prepared for 
 war. 22,6: (At the dedication of the Curia Julia) bands 
 of Dacians and Suevi fought with each other. The latter 
 are Celts, the former a kind of Scythian tribe and dwell 
 across the Rhine . . . LIII, 12, 5 {anno 27) : All the 
 Galates, both of Narbo and of Lugdunum, the Aquitani 
 and the Celts, both themselves and the colonists among 
 them. 6 : Some of the Celts, whom we call Germans, had 
 occupied all that part of Celtica which is near the Rhine, 
 and caused it to be called Germania, the upper part ex- 
 tending to the sources of the river and the lower part to 
 the ocean of Britain. 26, 4 {anno 25) : It was about this 
 same time that Marcus Vinicius, who was prosecuting 
 certain Celts because they had seized and put to death 
 some Romans who had gone to their country to have 
 dealings with them, himself gave the title of Emperor 
 to Augustus. LIV, 20, 4 {anno 16) : The greatest of the 
 wars which at that time fell to the Romans to wage, 
 which was also perhaps one of the reasons why Augustus 
 left the city, was with the Celts. 21, 2 {anno 15) : For, 
 much harm had been done by the Celts and much too by 
 a certain Licinius. 32, 1 {anno 12) : Drusus, having ob- 
 served the Celts ( =^ Germans) crossing the Rhine, 
 drove them back. 36, 3 {anno 10 B. C.) : Tiberius was 
 summoned from Galatia, whither he had gone with Au- 
 gustus and quelled the]n (llie Dnlmntinns). Of th^
 
 80 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 nations of the Celts ( — Germans) and other tribes and 
 the Chatti, who had gone over to the Sugambri, having 
 abandoned the land which the Romans had given them 
 to dwell in, some were weakened, others subdued by 
 Drusus. 4: After that they returned with Augustus to 
 Rome, while he himself (the Emperor) delayed in Lyons 
 where he would be near the Celts and could keep close 
 watch on affairs. The victorious soldiers were paid what 
 had been voted them for their successes and they per- 
 formed such other duties as belonged to them. LVI, 
 23, 4 {anno 10 A. D.) : Since there were a great many 
 Galates and Celts in Rome ( KeXroi = Germani, but 
 distinguished from TaXdrai), some of them living there 
 for various purposes, others serving in the guard, 
 Augustus, fearing that they might revolt, sent off some 
 of them to the islands and ordered the unarmed to leave 
 the city. LIX, 21, 2 {anno 39) : Caligula set out for 
 Galatia, (i. e. Gaul) under pretext that he was to open 
 hostilities with the Celts on the ground that they were 
 causing trouble, but in fact to squeeze money from them 
 and from the Iberians, for they were prosperous and 
 rich. LX, 28, 2 {anno 46) : Sabinus, who had been in 
 command of the Celts ( = the German body-guards) in 
 the reign of Gains (Caligula). LXV, 17 2 {anno 69): 
 And, falling in with the Celts (i. e. Germans on the right 
 hand side of the Rhine) who were guarding him (Vitel- 
 lius), they escaped without difficulty. 21, 1: A certain 
 Celt seeing this would not endure it, but taking pity on 
 him (Vitellius) said: "I will help you as well as I can 
 alone." LXXI, 3, 2 {anno 172) : Large numbers of Celts 
 from beyond the Rhine advanced as far as Italy and 
 caused many sufferings to the Romans. LXXVII, 13 
 {anno 213) : The Celtic nations afforded him (Antoni- 
 nus) no pleasure nor any pretence of cleverness or 
 courage but showed him to be nothing more nor less than 
 a trickster, a fool and an arrant coward. 
 Julius Africanus, The Egyptians drink beer, the Paeonians 
 Kdfiov, the Celts cervesia (beer)
 
 THE WORD CELT. gl 
 
 Philostratus, Life of Apollonius, V, 3 : Day follows night and 
 night follows day among the Celts the darkness or the 
 daylight disappearing little by little just as here, but, 
 it is said that in the neighborhood of Gadeira and Stelae 
 light and darkness fall upon the eyes all at once just like 
 flashes of lightning. VIII, 7 : Among the Scythians and 
 Celts who live along the Ister and the Rhine there lies a 
 city of not less magnitude than Ephesus in Ionia. Lives 
 of the Sophists, 1, 25 p. 43 K. : While he himself (Polemo) 
 rode in a chariot adorned with silver-studded reins 
 belonging to a certain Phrygian or Celt. 2, 1 p. 60: He 
 was commonly known as the Hercules of Herodes and 
 was a young man just growing his first beard. He was 
 like some huge Celt and was eight feet tall. 5 p. 82: 
 Some say that Alexander (nicknamed '' Mud-plato") 
 died in the country of the Celts while still secretary; 
 others, that he died in Italy when he had ceased to be 
 secretary. 
 
 Herodianus, I, 10, 2: The country of the Celts and of the 
 Iberians. 
 
 Eusehius, fragm; 2 p. 203 Dind.: At another siege I learned 
 of a contrivance which served as a protection against 
 those fire-bearing missiles, at the time that the Celts 
 remained behind at the city called Tours (?) . . . For, 
 at the time that the Celts beyond the Rhine (i. e. Franks, 
 Germans) were on their march, a small detachment of 
 them remained behind at the city just mentioned, and 
 when a number of them had been struck down they 
 began to plan means of defence behind the engines ; they 
 dug reservoirs which they filled with water, etc. 
 
 Porphyrins, On the Cave of the Nymphs, 28 : In the northern 
 lands the bodies are large, as is evident in the Celts, the 
 Thracians and the Scythians, the country of these peo- 
 ples being humid and abounding in pastures. 
 
 Eumenius, Panegyric on Constantine Augustus 3: Thus, all 
 the peoples of the Celts and of the Belgians were united 
 in one peace and whatever they had taken from the bar- 
 barians they gave to the Romans.
 
 82 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 Anonymi Physio gnom., p. 109, 14 Eose: He is like a Celt, 
 that is, a German. The Celts, however, are indocile, 
 brave and fierce. 
 
 Liber generationis, 1, 60 p. 96 M. : Magog, from whom are the 
 Celts and Galates. 83, 38 p. 97; 197, 60 p. 107: The 
 Gauls, who are also Celts, c/. 88, 39 p. 99. 
 
 Trehellius Pollio, Life of Gallienus, 7, 1: Postumus, having 
 received hea^^ reinforcements of Celts ( = Gauls) and 
 Franks. Claudian, 6, 2: Finally, the various peoples of 
 the Scythians, the Peuci, Grutungi, Austrogoths, Ter- 
 vingi Visi, Gepidi, Celts (cf. Mommsen, Hermes 25, 255) 
 and the Heruli, spurred on by the desire for booty, broke 
 into Roman territory and made great ravage. 9, 6 : And 
 the great number of Celtic mares that are so famous. 
 
 Anthologia Palatina, 9, 125 : The darmg Celts try their chil- 
 dren by suspending them in the jealous Rhine. For, as 
 soon as the child is born it is bathed in the sacred stream. 
 When just brought forth and while yet it sheds its first 
 tears, the pitiless father, for he knows not yet a father's 
 love, lifts the child on his shield and tries in the waters 
 his wife's virtue. She who has just given birth has 
 this torment to suffer together with the pains of travail 
 for, though she knows the real father of her child, she 
 awaits in trembling the decision of the inconstant river. 
 
 Theophylactus Simocatta, Epistola, 10, p. 236: The equal of 
 the Celtic river which is the most unerring judge of the 
 base-born son, of virtue and of vice. 
 
 Georgius Pisida, Persian Expedition, I, 41 fl. : Be thou a 
 judge more powerful than the Celtic Rhine. 
 
 Julian, Oratio I to Constantius, II. p. 12 A Sp. : Your father 
 was disposed to entrust to you the command and the 
 guard of the tribes of Celts, p. 29 CD: It is worth 
 while mentioning that in ancient times Rome had a sim- 
 ilar fate. I refer to the time when the Galates combined 
 with the Celts and bore down upon her like a sudden 
 torrent, p. 34 C (referring to the army af Magnentius; 
 see Mommsen, Hermes 24, 228^ : The Celts and Galates, 
 nations whom even our ancestors considered hard to con- 
 tend with and who, more than once, streamed like an ir-
 
 TEE WORD CELT. 83 
 
 resistible torrent over Italy and Illyria and even fast- 
 ened themselves upon Asia by the strength of their arms, 
 have been finally compelled to submit to us. Thoy have 
 been enrolled on the roster of our armies and have pro- 
 vided us with a considerable income through the taxes 
 laid upon them by your father and your forefathers. 
 After having enjoyed a long |ieace and the benefits which 
 result therefrom, when their country had increased in 
 population and wealth, after having furnished your 
 brothers with excellent soldiers, they were finally con- 
 strained, much against their will, to take part en masse 
 in the expedition of the tyrant (Magnentius). p. 36 B: 
 After their line had been thrown into disorder, the 
 soldiers gathered together in groups and reopened the 
 battle, ashamed to be seen fleeing and that it might be 
 said of them what, up to that time, no mortal believed 
 possible, that a Celt or a soldier from Galatia had ever 
 turned his back to the enemy. Oratio 2 p. 56 B: Numer- 
 ous bands of heavy-armed foot and an equal number 
 of horse followed him (Magnentius), and these the 
 bravest, Celts and Iberians and those Germans who live 
 near the Ehine and the western sea. p. 81 D — 82 A : It is 
 said that the Celts have taken their river (the Rhine) as 
 the inflexible judge of the legitimacy of their children 
 and that neither the tears of the mothers who implore 
 him to conceal their crime nor the fear of the fathers 
 who wait in trembling for the fate of their wives and 
 offspring, are able to affect the sentence of a judge so 
 strict and upright. Oratio 3 p. 124 A: So that Galatia 
 and Celtica became for me, thanks to her (the 
 Empress Eusebia's) giftbof books, a Greek museum. 
 Letter to the Senate and People of Athens, p. 277 D: 
 I was ordered to set out with 360 soldiers for the country 
 of the Celts where disturbances had broken out. p. 278 
 I) — 279 B: Afterwards, Coustantius, thinking that the 
 charge he was about to entrust to me was of only slight 
 importance and not supposing that the situation among 
 the Celts would change much, gave me command of the 
 army at the beginning of spring. The corn was in full
 
 84 CATUOLW UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 bloom when I took the field. Large bands of Germans 
 were encamped unmolested aromid the cities which had 
 been sacked in the country of the Celts. There were 
 perhaps forty-five of those cities whose walls and towers 
 and citadels had been demolished. The amount of land 
 on this side of the Ehine occupied by the barbarians was 
 as great as the territory which extends from the sources 
 of the river to the ocean. Those who lived nearest 
 to us were 300 stadia distant from the banks of the Rhine. 
 There was, besides, a space three times as great which 
 the depredations had left so waste that the Celts could 
 not even pasture their cattle there. Certain other cities 
 near which the barbarians had not yet settled were al- 
 ready abandoned, p. 279 C: And yet, even though I 
 might not enjoy the glory of a triumph, I had it in my 
 power to slay the enemy and there was no one to prevent 
 mo from leading Chnodomarius all over Celtic a and 
 showing him in their cities and making a mock of 
 his misfortunes, p. 282 D: He (Constantius) wrote let- 
 ters full of invectives against me and threatened ruin to 
 the Celts, p. 283 B : In a city near which I lived some one 
 wrote an anonymous paper to the Petulantes and the 
 Celts. Those were the names of the two legions. P. 287 
 A: For the well-being of all and the freedom of the 
 human race, and especially of the Celts whom he (Con- 
 stantius) had already betrayed twice to their enemies. 
 Caesares, p. 320 D: The soldiers of Europe who so often 
 brought war into Asia have been put to flight, I mean the 
 bravest of these, the Italians, Illyrians and Celts. And, 
 since I mention the Celts, are we to place the deeds of 
 Alexander among the Getae on the same level with my 
 conquest of.CELTiCA? Misopogon, p. 340 C: I was pass- 
 ing the winter in the neighborhood of my dear Lutetia 
 which is the name by which the Celts of the Parisians 
 call their little city. P. 342 A: Thus, while I was living 
 among the Celts, like the discontented man in Menander, 
 I imposed sufferings upon myself. But this conduct of 
 mine caused no inconvenience to a rough people like the 
 Celts. P. 348 C: But if they (the Athenians) preserve
 
 TEE WORD CELT. 85 
 
 the memory of the virtues of their forefathers, it seems 
 to me that we ought to expect the same of the Syrians, 
 Arabs, Celts, Thracians, Paeonians and the Mysians 
 who dwell between the Thracians and the Paeonians on 
 the banks of the Danube. P. 349 D : Have you forgotten 
 that we (of Antioch) are neither Celts nor Thracians 
 nor Illyrians? P. 359 B: But, for me just at the begin- 
 ning of manhood, mj' lot fell with the Celts, the Germans 
 and the HercjTiian Forest, and I passed much time with 
 savages like a hunter among wild beasts, and the man- 
 ners I found were not those of men used to flatter nor to 
 adulation, but of men who lived simply and without re- 
 straint and on an equality in their dealings with the 
 world. P. 360 A: The Celts had never seen a mimic 
 actor. C : The Celts loved me because my mode of life 
 was like their own. Epist. 16 p. 383 D— 384 A : The Rhine 
 is not altogether unjust in his judgment of the Celts; 
 for, he keeps hidden in the eddies of his stream the ille- 
 gitimate babes, as though he would avenge in the sight of 
 all the sullied bed, while the child of unpolluted blood he 
 holds on the surface of the water and restores to its 
 trembling mother's arms. Thus, by giving back the child 
 safe, he gives unbought testimony to the purity and 
 blamelessness of her married life. 38 p. 415 A : How I 
 trembled for thee (Maximus) as I returned from the 
 country of the Celts to Illyria. Epigram, On Barley 
 Wi7ie, in Antliologia Palatina, IX, 368, 3-6: That (wine) 
 savors of nectar, but there is the smell of a goat from you. 
 It must be that the Celts for want of grapes made you 
 of ears of corn. Ceres should be your name, not Bacchus, 
 Bromos " of wheat and oats," not Bromios " sparkling." 
 
 Themistius, orat. 3 p. 52, 25 Dindorf : The remnants of the 
 sudden inroad of the Celts. 9 p. 149, 25: Fearful to the 
 Celts and Germans. 22 p. 324, 30 : A Celtic hound. 27 
 p. 404, 21 : Celtic and Laconian puppies. 
 
 Servius, to Vergil, Aeneid, X, 179: Pisus, a king of the Celts. 
 
 Ausonius, Order of Celebrated Cities, 160: Divona, in the 
 language of the Celts, a spring dear to the gods. Gram- 
 viaticomastix, 5 ff : Tell, what is the meaning in Vergil's
 
 86 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 Catalepta of the word al in the language of the Celts and 
 the equally unintelligible word tau which follows? 
 Ammianus XV, 9,3 {a 355) : Some say that the very first 
 natives ever seen in those j^arts (Gaul) were called 
 Celts after the name of a king who was greatly beloved 
 by them, and also Galates after the name of his mother, 
 that being the Greek translation of the Latin Galli. 
 Others hold that they are Dorians who, following a more 
 ancient Hercules, settled in those regions which border 
 on the ocean. 11, 1 (from Csesar) : In former times when 
 the country was still unknown, as being barbarous, it is 
 supposed to have been divided into three parts, occupied 
 by the Celts, who are also called Gauls, the Aquitani 
 and the Belgae, all differing from each other in language, 
 institutions and laws. 2 : The Gauls, who are Celts, are 
 divided from the Aquitanians by the river Garonne. XX, 
 
 4, 2 {a. 360) : The tribune and secretary Decentius was 
 sent to bring away at once the auxiliary troops, the 
 Aeruli and the Batavi with the Petulantes and the Celts, 
 and three hundred picked men from the other divisions. 
 
 5, 9 : And straightway, that no time might be afforded 
 to disturb the plan decided upon, the Petulantes and 
 Celts besought him, on account of their commissaries, 
 to give them the rule of any province he pleased, and 
 when this request was not granted, they retired with- 
 out being either offended or ill-humored. XXI, 3, 2 : He 
 (Julian) sent a certain Count Libino with the Celts and 
 Petulantes who were in winter quarters with him. 
 XXII, 12, 6: {o.. 362): Especially the Petulantes and 
 Celts whose audacity at that time had increased beyond 
 measure. XXXI, 10, 4 {a. 377) : The Celts approaching 
 with the Petulantes. ND occ. 5, 17: Celtae (seniores). 
 161, 7, 12: Celtae seniores. 5, 56. 205. 7, 141: Celtae 
 juniores. 
 
 Nonnus, Poems on the legend of Bacchus: XXIII, 91: The 
 Eridanus did not drown the Galate nor become the 
 grave of the Celt. 298-300: I (Ocean) will bring down 
 from the skies to wander again over the land of the 
 Celts the fiery Eridanus who walks among the stars,
 
 THE WORD CELT. 87 
 
 and I will bring liim to a watery end. XXVII, 201-203: 
 Let her (Astris) go, if she wish, to roam in the land of 
 the Celts that she, too, may become a tree and mourn 
 with the daughters of the Sun, weeping streams of tears. 
 XXXVIII, 93: (Pluuthon) was drowned in the Celtic 
 river (the Eridanus). 97-98: He (Bacchus) wishes still 
 more to hear that 01ym]iian tale (of Phastiion) dear to the 
 Celts of the west. XXXIX, 4-5: He (Bacchus) won- 
 dered at the tale, how Ph;ethon, burnt in the fire, fell 
 with a crash into the western river of the Celts. XLIII, 
 292-294. The Iber follows in swelling waves to the Celtic 
 ocean and the Bosphorus mingles the winding waters of 
 its double sea. XLVI, 54: I call happy the land of the 
 Celts with its rude laws. (Referring to the practice 
 quoted above sub Anthologia Paint ina, 9, 125.) 
 
 Sozomenus, Church History, II, 6, 1: For, already, tribes on 
 both sides of the Rhine professed Christianity, as like- 
 wise the Celts and the Gauls who are the most distant 
 inhabitants near the ocean. VII, 13, 10: In the mean- 
 time Maximus, having raised a large army of Britons 
 and the neighboring Galates and Celts and other nations 
 in those parts, marched into Itah'. 
 
 Stohaeus, Elegant Extracts, I, 29, 2 p. 610: For example, in 
 lands that are snowy and cold and, on the other hand, 
 in such as are burned by the sun, lightning does not 
 strike the ground. If it should happen to, it is regarded 
 as a wonder, as among the Celts and the Egyptians. 
 
 Jlesychius, sub a/3paW? (read a^^dva^) -. The name the Celts 
 give the long tailed apes. Suh 'ASpiavoi-. The Celts who 
 live near the Adriatic. Sub fSapaKUKai (read ^paKKai • 
 aiyeioi hK^Oepat ) : Breeches, the goatskin trews of the 
 Celts. Sub KeXroL Another race of Celts. Suh Kvp- 
 rCa^ (wicker shields) : So the Celts call their shields 
 {cf. sub Kairpeai, "Iberian arms. Others call thorn 
 
 Kvpria<i^^) V(l. also SJlb fxaSdpei^. 
 
 Praxagoras fragm. p. 438 Dindorf : The Celts and the Ger- 
 mans, neighboring and barbarous tribes, he (Valerius 
 Maximianus) subdued.
 
 88 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 Sulincius Severus, Dialogues, I, 27, 4: "Well, said Postum- 
 ianus, talk Celtic, or, if you prefer, Gallic (i. e. Eomance) 
 provided yon tell of Martin. (He distinguishes here 
 between the dialect of Aquitania and that of the center 
 of Gaul.) 
 
 Orosius, Against the Pagans, V, 8, 1: AVhen Scipio had de- 
 stroyed Numantia and had pacified the other peoples of 
 Spain, he consulted with Thyresus a Celtic chief. 
 
 Sidonius Apollinaris, Epist. Ill, 3, 2 (referring to the Ar- 
 verni) : I will pass over this, that it was for your sake 
 vdicn a boy that men of letters flocked here from all 
 quarters, and that it was out of respect for you that 
 our nobility put aside the roughness of their Celtic 
 speech (i. e. the Celtic or Gaulish, not the popular Latin 
 or Romance) and cultivated oratory and poetry. 
 
 Priscian, Geographic Description, 79 fl. : On this side comes 
 the Gallic Gulf which beats upon the Celtic shore. 84 
 fl. : The Island of Corsica is washed by the nearer waters 
 which flow betwen the Sardinian and the Celtic sea. 
 279-285: Then come the Pyrenees, and next, the Celtic 
 land that borders upon the blue stream of Eridanus' 
 fount. There his loving sisters mourned for PhtEthon, 
 and there the Celtic women who drag away the straw 
 and fallen leaves gather the amber that trickles from 
 the alders. This they call sucinum, and it is of the 
 color of honey and wine. 
 
 Stephanus of Byzantium, p. 70, IM. : Another city named 
 Alea belongs to the Carpetani, a Celtic tribe, p. 143, 
 19 : There is another city of the Boii, a Celtic tribe, p. 
 156, 4: Baitarra is also a Celtic city. A citizen is Bait- 
 arrites. p. 183, 8: Bourchanis is an island in Celtica, as 
 Strabo says (VII, 1, 3). p. 213, 2: The Grammita? are 
 also a people near Celtica. p. 270, 15: Emporium, a 
 Celtic city, is a colony of Marseilles, p. 303, 18: Her- 
 acleia, a city of Celtica. p. 322, 9: lapodes, a tribe of 
 Celtica near Illyria, according to Dionysius, XVI, 
 p. 323, 3: The Ibaei and the Ibeni are Celtic peoples, 
 p. 332, 15: The Insobares are a Celtic race near the Po, 
 according to Polybius who calls them Insobres. p. 417,
 
 TEE WORD CELT. 89 
 
 6: Limenotis, the Celtic peninsula, p. 426, 4 (from 
 Ephorus) : Mace, a Celtic; city. Mainace, a Celtic city, 
 is also found. The trihal name is Maccnus. p. 435, 18: 
 Marseilles is a city of Liguria [" near Celtica/' added 
 by Stephanus] and a colony of the Phocreans, according 
 to Iiecata?us' work on Europe, p. 474, 22: Nica^a, the 
 seventh of the name, is a city of Celtica and a colony of 
 Marseilles, p. 479, 5: Nyrax ["a Celtic city," either 
 an addition of Stephanus, or something has fallen out 
 before the name Hecataeus], according to Hecataeus in 
 his work on Europe. The tribal name is Nyracius, as 
 at Narice, Narycius. p. 549, 4: Sabbatia is a Celtic 
 village. The tribal names are Sabbatianus and Sab- 
 batius. p. 555, 5 : Santis, a Celtic city. The tribal name 
 is Santites, as Leptis, Leptites. p. 562, 17 : Sene. a Celtic 
 city. A citizen is Senaeus and Seno. p. 572, 18: Sisig- 
 ylis, a large city near Celtica. The tribal name, Sisigy- 
 iites. p. 631, 5: Transalpini, tribes of Celts beyond the 
 Alps. p. 632, 1 : Trausi, a city of the Celts. The tribe 
 whom the Greeks call Agathyrsi. 
 ZosimMS, I, 15, 1 {a 237) : When Maximinus heard of these 
 things he set out in all haste with the Mauritanian and 
 Celtic troops for Rome. 28, 3 {a. 253) : Aemilianus sent 
 Valerianus to fetch the legions which were among the 
 Celts and Germans. 30, 2 {a. 253) : Gallienus saw that of 
 all the nations the Germans were the most difficult to deal 
 with and dangerous and caused most annoyance to the 
 Celtic tribes that lived near the Rhine. 38, 2 {a. 260) : 
 Postumus, who had been entrusted with the command 
 of the soldiers in the country of the Celts (i. e. command- 
 er of one of the two parts of Germany, or of all Ger-. 
 many). 52, 3: Besides the Norici and Rhipti, which 
 are Celtic legions (i. e. the troops from Noricum 
 and Rhaetia, the latter at that time comprising Vindel- 
 ica). II, 15, 1 (a. 312) : Constantine raised an army out 
 of the barbarians whom he had conquered, both Ger- 
 mans and other Celtic nations, and the troops whom he 
 had collected from Britain. 17 {a. 312) : Constantine 
 set out for the Celts and Galates . . . {a. 313) he
 
 90 CATHOLIC VSUVER^ITY BULLETIN. 
 
 marched on toward the Celts. 33, 2 {a. 332) • The Celts 
 who live beyond the Alps and the Iberians near the is- 
 land of Britain. 42, 4 {a. 350) : Meanwhile, some of the 
 Illyrian horse, who had come to supply the Celtic le- 
 gions, joined with those who had assembled for this busi- 
 ness. 43, 2 : AVhile Magnentius was still busy among the 
 Celts. 50, 2: {a. 351): Where (in the woods) he had 
 concealed four companies of Celts. Ill, 3, 1 {a. 357) : 
 But Julian, finding that the military establishment in 
 the country of the Celts was utterly destroyed. 7, 1 
 {a. 358) : To go over to the Celts who were under the 
 Eomans. 8, 3 {a. 359) : Being stung with the success of 
 what has been done among the Celts and Iberians he 
 devised pretenses ... he urged that two legions of the 
 Celts be despatched to him. 10, 3 {a. 361) : Shortly af- 
 ter, when the army which had followed him (Julian) 
 from the land of the Celts arrived. 11, 1: He (Julian) 
 marched forward with the army which he had recruited 
 among the Celts and another army from Sirmium itself 
 and the legions stationed among the Pa?onians and Mys- 
 ians. IV, 12, 1 («. 369) : The Emperor Valentinian, hav- 
 ing brought matters to a satisfactory conclusion among 
 the Germans, thought to make provision for the future 
 security of the Celtic nations. 17, 1 {a. 374) : Valerian 
 marched out of the country of the Celts into Illyria. 
 19, 2 {a. 375) : The Celtic countries, all Iberia and the 
 island of Britain fell to the share of Cratian. 34, 2 [a. 
 378) : To press upon the Celtic tribes. ... If they 
 would leave the Celts alone. 47, 2 {a. 388) : Theodosius 
 sent Valentinian to attend to affairs in Italy and 
 whatever concerned the Celts and such matters as fell 
 to his share in the Dominion. 51, 1 : Eufinus, a Celt by 
 birth and master of the court guards. 54, 3 {a. 392) : 
 The Emperor (Theodosius) was then passing the time 
 in Vienna a Celtic town. 59, 4 (a. 395) : The Emperor 
 Theodosius left the nations of Italy and the Iberians 
 and Celts besides all Libya to his son Honorius. V, 26, 3 
 {a. 405) : A certain Rhodogaisus, having collected an army 
 of 400,000 men composed of Celtic and German tribes
 
 THE ^yORD CELT. 91 
 
 from across the Danube and the Rhine,made haste to pass 
 over into Italy. 37, 5 {a. 408) : They went on board ship 
 and sailed for the land of the Celts and Galates. VI, 1 
 (a 409) • From Constantine who was ruling with despotic 
 
 power over the Celts To return with the entire 
 
 army mustered among the Celts, in Iberia and m 
 the island of Britain. VI, 2 {a. 407) : Constantine, hav- 
 ing appointed Justinian and Nevigastes commanders of 
 the troops among the Celts, crossed over . . . {n. 408) 
 The three ranges of Alps, which obstruct the roads from 
 the country of the Celts into Italy and on the other side 
 as well, are called the Cottian, the Pennine and the Mar- 
 itime Alps. VI, 5 : The General Gerontius with the sol- 
 diers from Galatia, guarded the pass from the land of 
 
 the Celts to Iberia He incited the barbarians 
 
 among the Celts to rise against Constantine who could 
 not cope with them since the greater part of his army 
 was in Spain. Then the barbarians beyond the Rhine 
 overran the whole country without restraint and brought 
 the inhabitants of the island of Britain and some of the 
 tribes among the Celts to such necessity that they re- 
 volted from^he sway of the Romans and lived m their 
 own way, no longer obedient to the laws of the Empire. 
 VI, 6, 1: This defection of Britain and of the tribes m 
 the' land of the Celts happened when Constantine 
 usurped the government and, because of his neglect of 
 the office, the barbarians gained the ascendancy. 
 Paulus SilenUarms, Description of Saint Sophia, 637-639 
 (920-222) : Marble from the deep icy Celtic crags {i. e. 
 w'hite'and black marble from France) with black shin- 
 ing surface and with milk white veins spreading out here 
 and there and winding in every direction. 
 Laurentius Lydus, De anno et mensihus, 8 p. 104 Roether : 
 In the river Arar, which is in Celtica, is found a fish 
 which the natives call clopias. 
 Jordanus, History of the Goths, 36, 191: And some other 
 
 Celtic or Germanic nations. 
 Procopius, War with the Goths, I, 1: The river Po, which 
 is also called the Eridanus and flows from the Celtic
 
 92 
 
 CATnOLIC UNIVERSITY BULLETIN. 
 
 mountains, and other navigable rivers and lagoons sur- 
 round the city (Eavenna) on every side. IV, 5: The 
 river Ister flows from the Celtic mountains along the 
 Italian frontier and, after a course through the country 
 of the Dacians, the Illyrians and Thrace, empties into 
 the Euxine Gulf. The Edifices of Justinian, IV, 5 : The 
 Ister rises in the mountains of the land of the Celts, 
 who are now known as Gauls, and traverses a vast tract 
 most of which is completely desert, except that here 
 and there some barbarians live a wild kind of life with- 
 out any intercourse with other men. 
 Inscriptions containing the word Celt have been found at 
 Alexandria in Egypt (first century A. D.), at Frascati 
 and at Bonn (dating from the reign of Commodus). 
 
 Joseph Dunn.