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BIBLIOTHEK 
 
 INDOGERMANISCHER GRAMMATIKEN 
 
 
 BEARBEITET VON 
 
 P. BtJOHELEE, H. HUBSOHMANN, A. LESKIEN, G. MEYEE, 
 E. SIEVERS, H. WEBEK, W. D. WHITNEY, E. WINDISOH. 
 
 BAND II. ANHANG II. 
 
 THE KOOTS, VERB-FORMS, AND PRIMARY DERITATIVES OF THE 
 SANSKRIT LANGUAGE. A SirppLEMENT TO HIS SANSKRIT 
 
 grammar; by William D wight Whitney. 
 
 -•m ■ 1 •- 
 
 LEIPZIG, 
 
 DRUCK UND VERLAG VON BREITKOPF UND HARTEL. 
 
 1885. 
 
THE 
 
 EOOTS, VEEB-FOEMS, 
 
 AND 
 
 * » , *- > . 
 
 PRIMARY DERIVATtVES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SANSKRIT LANGUAGE. 
 
 A SUPPLE]\IENT TO HIS SANSKRIT GRAMMAR, 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY, 
 
 PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT AND COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IN YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 THIS WORK IS COPYRIGHT. 
 
 LEIPZIG, 
 
 BREITKOPF AND HARTEL. 
 LONDON, TRUBNER & Co. 57 AND 59, LUDGATE HILL, E. C. 8. 
 
 ENTD STA. HALL. 
 
 1885. 
 
• •• •. • * : ; 
 • • ...... 
 
 ' . • • • • ■ •• 
 
 
 (The Right of Translation and Reproduction is reserved.) 
 
 JO^ /O 
 
 Printers: Lreitkopf it Kartel, Leipzig. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 
 ihis work is intended especially as a Supplement to 
 my Sanskrit Grammar (Leipzig, 1879), giving, with a ful- 
 ness of detail that was not then practicable, nor admissible 
 as part of the grammar itself, all the quotable roots of the 
 language, with the tense and conjugation-systems made from 
 them, and with the noun and adjective (infinitival and par- 
 ticipial) formations that attach themselves most closely to 
 the verb ; and further, with the other derivative noun and 
 adjective-stems usually classed as primary: since these also 
 are needed, if one would have a comprehensive view of 
 the value of a given root in the language. And everything 
 given is dated, with such accuracy as the information thus 
 far in hand allows — whether found in the language 
 throughout its whole history, or limited to a certain period. 
 
 My leading authority has necessarily been that magni- 
 ficent thesaurus of authentic information respecting the 
 Sanskrit language of every period, the great St. Peters- 
 burg Lexicon of Bohtlingk and Roth, i This I have gone 
 carefully over , excerpting all the material needed for my 
 purpose. So far, indeed, as concerns the epic and clas- 
 sical literature, the Lexicon has been almost my sole source, 
 since my own collections , for verification or of additional 
 material , though not wholly wanting , have yet been al- 
 together insignificant as compared with it. But in the older 
 language, of Veda and Brahman a and Upanishad and Sutra, 
 I have done much more independent work. I have, namely, 
 
 1 With its abbreviation and supplement , the minor lexicon of Boht- 
 lingk, so far as this has yet appeared: namely, in the hody of the work, to 
 rajaka; in the Additions and Corrections, to the end of 1. 
 
vi Preface. 
 
 gone over all the texts of the earlier period accessible to 
 me. including- (by the kindness of Professor Weber) the as 
 yet unpublished Kausitaki-Brahmana and Kathaka, and by 
 the kindness of the late Dr. Burnell) the immense Jaiminiya 
 or Talavakara - Brahmana , which has as yet hardly been 
 accessible to any one else ; ^ and from them I have ex- 
 cerpted all the noteworthy verl)al forms and (less completely) 
 the primary derivatives; thus verifying and occasionally 
 correcting the material of the Lexicon, supplying chance 
 omissions, and especially filling in not a few details which 
 it had not lain in the design of that work to present in 
 their entirety. 
 
 As a matter of course , no such work as the present 
 can pretend to completeness, especially at its first appearance. 
 The only important texts of which we have exhaustive 
 verbal indexes are the Kig-Veda and the Atharva-Veda. 
 nor is it known that any other is in preparation: and only 
 where such indexes exist can the inclusion of all that a 
 text contains be assured. But I trust it will be found that 
 the measure of completeness here attained is in general 
 proportioned to the importance of the material: that it is 
 the more indifferent forms and derivatives which, having 
 been passed over by the Lexicon, have escaped my glean- 
 ing also. I expect to continue the work of verification and 
 addition, and to make an eventual future edition perceptibly 
 nearer to perfection in its details, and possessing such im- 
 provements in plan as my own experience and the criticisms 
 of others may suggest. ^ It is unnecessary to add that 
 
 1 The extant texts of which I have most painfully felt the lack are: 
 The (Cashmere) Paippalada Atharva-Veda, which is in Professor PiOth's hands 
 alone; the latter half of the Maitrayaiii-Samhita, as yet -wanting in Schroder's 
 edition, and the Kapisthala-Samhita; and the unpublished Sutras, as the 
 Apastamha (every new number of Garhe's edition of which brings valuable 
 additional items of material) and the Qankhayana. 
 
 2 A conspectus of the work , with specimens , and with invitation of 
 criticisms and suggestions, was published in the Proceedings of the American 
 Oriental Society for May, 1882 (Journ. Am. Or. Soc, vol. xi.. pp. cxvii ff.); 
 and a leaf of specimens, with certain improvements, was sent out somewhat 
 later to many Sanskrit scholars; but nothing was received in return. 
 
Preface. vii 
 
 corrections and aclditious of any kind will be welcomed by 
 me. and dnly acknowledged. 
 
 Of tlie verb-forms wliicli, tlioug-li not yet found — and. 
 for the most part, destined never to be found — in recorded 
 use, are prescribed or authorized by the Hindu grammarians, 
 a liberal presentation is made under the different roots: 
 such material being always distinguished from the other by 
 being put in square brackets. It is in no part given at 
 first hand, but only as reported by Western authorities: the 
 Lexicon , Westergaard's Radices , and the various Euro- 
 pean grammars: all of these supplement rather than con- 
 tradict one another : and an}^ occasional disagreement among 
 them is passed over, as relating to a matter of too little 
 consequence to be worth reporting. 
 
 The periods in the life of the language which are 
 acknowledged and distinguished by appropriate notation are 
 six: the Veda (marked with v.), the Brahmana (with b.), 
 the earlier or more genuine Upanishads (with u.) . the 
 Sutras (with s.) . the epics, Mahabharata and Ramaj^ana 
 (with E.), and the classical or common Sanskrit (with c). 
 This classification, however, is by no means an absolute one, 
 and calls for certain explanations and limitations, as follows. 
 
 Under 'Veda' (v.) are included only the indexed texts 
 of the Rig-Veda. Sama-Veda. and Atharva-Veda. In strict- 
 ness, certain passages of the Atharva-Veda should have been 
 excluded, as being in prose and Brahmana-like ; and, what 
 is of much more importance, the older and better part of 
 the maw^ra-material in the various samliitaB of the Yajur- 
 Veda , in the Brahmanas , and even in the Siitras , is quite 
 as good Veda as most of the Atharvan, some of it even as 
 parts of the Rik. In the present condition of things, how- 
 ever, it did not seem to me practicable to draw the divis- 
 ion-line otherwise than in the partly arbitrary way in 
 wliich I have drawn it. When the mantra-msiterial is col- 
 lected from all places and compared (as it by all means 
 ought soon to be) , it will be possible to use the term 
 •Veda' in a more exact sense, both inclusively and exclus- 
 ively — though between what is genuinely old and what 
 
Vlll 
 
 Preface. 
 
 is in au artificially antique style a definite separation will 
 probably never admit of being made. 
 
 It is further to be stated that in the following lists 
 nothing is intended to be marked with simple v., as 'Vedic', 
 that does not occur in the Rig-Veda; what is not Rig- 
 Vedic, though it may be found in both the other collections, 
 is marked av., or sv., or both, as the case may be. On 
 the other hand, if anything occurring only in the Rik among 
 the three Vedas is found also in later periods, the fact that 
 it does not chance to be met with in the Atharvan or Sa- 
 man is too unimportant to notice, and (save perhaps in 
 exceptional cases) it is marked v.b. or the like. 
 
 Between Brahmana, Aranyaka, and Upanishad, again, 
 the line of division is an evanescent one , and perhaps 
 hardly worth the attempt at drawing. But I have followed 
 the method of distinguishing by a u. the small number 
 of these treatises that have an existence separate from 
 Brahmana or Aranyaka, while not distinguishing the two 
 latter from one another. The sign u. is the one of least 
 importance and least frequency in the system adopted. 
 
 The division of Sutras (s.) is a plainer one , except so 
 far as these treatises contain maw?'ra-material in their quoted 
 verses (as already intimated) — and brahmana -muteYinl 
 also in their quoted formulas. The proper language of the 
 Sutras themselves is a true continuator of that of the 
 Brahmanas. 
 
 As epic (e.) are reckoned only the two great poems, 
 the Mahabharata and Ramayana. And in these it has. of 
 course, been impossible to distinguish between the older and 
 the more recent parts; although, beyond a question, a con- 
 siderable part of both is in no manner distinguishable 
 from the general later literature , except by a degree of 
 archaizing neglect of the strict requirements of the native 
 grammar. 
 
 Everything else that is Sanskrit falls under the head 
 of classical (c.) , or of the language as written under the 
 domination of the native system of grammar. Here the 
 only subdivision which one is tempted to make is to mark 
 
Preface. ix 
 
 separately those forms and words whieli are foimd used 
 only in the commentaries, and which are therefore open to 
 a heightened suspicion of artificiality: but this I have not 
 tried to do. 
 
 A pins -sign (+) indicates that the given formation is 
 found to occur from the specified period onward, even to 
 the latest or classical period. 
 
 Instead of a period, an individual text is sometimes 
 referred to — yet not upon any very definite and consistent 
 plan (except in the case of the Vedas , as explained above). 
 A 'superior' figure (e. g. rv^) indicates the number of times 
 a word or form has been met with — yet this, again, only 
 in exceptional instances , and not in the case of every 
 unique or very rare occurrence. 
 
 So far as the present -system is concerned, only so 
 many specimen-forms are given as suffice to illustrate the 
 mode of formation. It would have been space and time 
 thrown away to instance in each case the various sub-for- 
 mations — modes, participles, imperfect — that occur, since 
 one form implies clearly enough the possible existence of 
 the rest. The form taken as representative specimen is 
 ordinarily the 3d singular, as being often more character- 
 istic than the 1st; and that person is even occasionally 
 given when , in verbs of infrequent use , it is not itself 
 actually quotable. Irregular or exceptional forms, whether 
 of the earlier or of the later language , are then added in 
 parenthesis. Everywhere, an appended ^etc' means that 
 other forms of the same make occur: yet I find on review 
 that I have not used this sign consistently, and its absence 
 must not be taken always as indicating more than that the 
 variety of forms quotable is comparatively small. The various 
 modes of present-formation are intended to be given in the 
 order of their relative regularity or frequency ; to each is 
 prefixed in brackets the number belonging to it in the order 
 of the conjugation-classes as given by the Hindu gramma- 
 rians — since , however meaningless and unworthy of re- 
 tention this may be, it is still widely used, not only in the 
 grammars, but even by general writers on language. 
 
X Preface. 
 
 In the other ten«e-sy stems, while iu the main the same 
 method is followed, the intention nevertheless is to give, 
 on account of their greater infrequency and irregularity, a 
 conspectus of the various tense and mode -formations from 
 the same stem (not, of course , the participles , except for 
 the aorist). Thus, for example, no quotable precative, 
 either active or middle , is designedly omitted under the 
 aorist to which it belongs; nor any quotable conditional 
 under the first future ; nor any pluperfect under the perfect. 
 Moreover, in view of the rarity of the 2d sing, perfect active, 
 and the useless prolixity of the native rules as to its forma- 
 tion, every example of it is given that has been found to 
 occur. The order in which the aorists are presented is the 
 systematic one, without reference to their frequency of use. 
 
 Among the verbal adjectives and nouns are included 
 as belonging to the verbal conjugation only the passive par- 
 ticiple , the infinitives , and the gerunds (along with that in 
 -am, the distinction of which from an ordinary adverbially 
 used accusative is not always easy to draw) ; the gerundives 
 are quite too loosely attached to the conjugation-system to 
 be worth treating as a part of it, and they are accordingly 
 relegated to the list of derivatives. 
 
 Of the secondary or derivative conjugations , only ex- 
 amples enough are given to show the form of the stem — 
 unless, indeed , some unusual or irregular forms are met 
 with, in which case they are duly noted. To cite, for ex- 
 ample, the innumerable futures and verbals of the causative 
 conjugation , or even its perfects , all of them made upon 
 precisely the same pattern, would have been wholly useless. 
 The causative aorists . however, since they are made di- 
 rectly from the root, are of course put along with the other 
 aorists, save in the exceptional cases where they actually 
 come from the causative stem (as atisthipat, hlbh-isas, etc.). 
 All the tertiary conjugations, not omitting even the common 
 causative passives (any others are quite rare) , are noted so 
 far as found. 
 
 In the lists of derivatives are given not only those of 
 genuinely primary character, but also those which have 
 
Preface. xi 
 
 come to assume a primary aspect in the language , even 
 though of incontestably secondary origin: such as the ge- 
 rundives in -tavya and Vedic -tva (from -tu) , and -anrtja 
 (from -ana] , the nomina agentis in -in, and the various for- 
 mations in ya (among vrhich hardly any. if any, are really 
 primary). These are in general placed next after the forms 
 from which they are presumably derived. Apart from this, 
 the order of arrangement intended to be pursued is in the 
 main the alphabetic order of the suffixes, the radical stems 
 or those vrithout suffix standing at the head; but such an 
 arrangement could not be very strictly carried out, nor does 
 any particular importance belong to it. considering how 
 easily the columns may be glanced over to verify the pre- 
 sence or absence of any given formation: and some incon- 
 sistencies will doubtless be found. Reduplicated stems are 
 put after the others, and last of all the ^wasi-primitive for- 
 mations from (secondary, or rarely primary or tertiary) con- 
 jugation-stems. Notation of the period of occurrence is 
 made in the same way as for the verb-forms. A hyphen 
 put before a stem indicates that it has not been found 
 quotable otherwise than as posterior member of a compound ; 
 one following a stem much more rarely) shows it to occur 
 only as prior member of a compound, or in derivative stems 
 or in denominative conjugation. 
 
 Throughout the whole work, accent-signs are applied 
 only where the word is found actually so marked in accen- 
 tuated texts. 
 
 It is, of course, impossible to draw the line everywhere 
 between the derivatives of a root and words that do not 
 belong to it; since etymology is from beginning to end a 
 matter of balancing probabilities, and thick-set with un- 
 certainties and chances of error. It has been my intention 
 to err rather upon the side of liberality of inclusion than the 
 opposite — and certainly I have in not a few cases put under 
 certain roots words as to whose connection with those roots 
 I have great misgivings : but doubtless also there are words 
 omitted . by oversight or by failure of judgment . which 
 ought to have been included. All such errors, it is hoped, 
 
Xll 
 
 Preface. 
 
 will be viewed with a reasonable degree of indnlgeuee, 
 considering the novelty and the extreme laboriousness of 
 the undertaking. Its main intent is to furnish the means 
 of examining in their chronologic entirety the groups of 
 words and forms that cluster about the so-called roots in 
 Sanskrit, that they may be studied, and have their rela- 
 tions determined, with more complete understanding: and 
 that intent will be gained in spite of minor omissions and 
 inaccuracies. Regarding it as primarily an assemblage of 
 materials for study, I have not hastened to anticipate the 
 results of comparison by penetrating behind the aspect of 
 things as shown in the Sanskrit language itself, or to re- 
 duce the materials to an' Indo-European basis and form of 
 statement. A few intimations as to the more obviously 
 probable connections of certain roots are given in brief notes 
 at the end of exposition of forms and derivatives. 
 
 The representative form of the roots is naturally that 
 adopted in the grammar to which this work is a supple- 
 ment. Although loath to differ from the Petersburg lexicon 
 upon such a point, I cannot regret having adopted the r 
 instead of the ar or ra-form (e. g. kr, krp. instead of Z-ar, 
 krap) of the many roots exhibiting both elements in their 
 forms and derivatives. So long as we speak of the Sanskrit 
 root vid, and not ved, so long it seems to follow that we 
 ought to speak of the root vrt, and not vart, whatever may 
 be the Indo-European value of the root in the one case or 
 in the other. The meanings added after the roots by no 
 means claim to be exhaustive ; they are in general intended 
 only to identify the root. 
 
 As a matter of course, not a few matters of doubtful 
 classification present themselves in connection with the verb- 
 forms, of which the scope of the work does not allow a 
 discussion. Such are here and there noted by a question- 
 mark. The classes of forms that contain the most puzzling 
 problems are the reduplicated ones . and the present stems 
 ending in ya: upon these no new light has been thrown 
 since the publication of the author's Grammar, in which the 
 difficulty of their treatment was noticed. 
 
Preface. xiii 
 
 lu the indexes of stems given at the end of the volume, 
 a classification is adopted which is intended to facilitate the 
 historical comprehension of the language, by distinguishing- 
 what belongs respectively to its older and to its later periods 
 from that which forms a part of it throughout its whole 
 history. 
 
 It may be added that the manuscript left the author's 
 hands complete in July, 1884: the delay in its appearance 
 is owing to his distance from the place of printing and 
 publication. 
 
 I . desire to express my obligation to Professor Lanman 
 for kindly aiding the accuracy of the work by giving the 
 proof-sheets an additional revision. 
 
 New Haven, July, 1885. 
 
 W. D. W. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 AA. Aitareya-Araiiyaka. 
 
 AB. Aitareya-Brahmaiia. 
 
 ACS. Afvalayana-^rauta-Sutra. 
 
 AGS. A<;valayana-Grhya-Sutra. 
 
 AV. Atharva-Veda. 
 
 A\T. do. Paippalada-Text. 
 
 B, Brahmanas. 
 
 BAU. Brhad-Aranyaka Upanisad. 
 
 Bo. Bohtlingk's minor Lexicon. 
 
 BR. BotMingk and Roth (Lexicon). 
 
 c. Classical Sanskrit. 
 
 CB. ^atapatha-Brahmana. 
 
 CCS. ^ankhayana-^rauta-Sutra. 
 
 CGS, ^'aiikliayana Grhya-Sutra. 
 
 E. Epic Sanskrit. 
 
 GB. ©opatha-Brahmana. 
 
 GGS. Gobhiliya-Grhya-Sutra. 
 
 JB. Jaiminiya-Brahmana. 
 
 JUB. Jaiminiya-Upanisad-Brahmana. 
 
 K. Kathaka. 
 
 For further explanations, see the 
 
 KB. Kausitaki-Bralimaua. 
 
 Kcs. Katyayana-^rauta-Sutra. 
 
 Lcs. Latyayana-^rauta-Sutra. 
 
 M. Mahahharata. 
 
 MS. Maitrayani-Samhita. 
 
 Mu. Maitri-Upanisad. 
 
 PB. Paiicavii'iga-Brahmana. 
 
 pu. Pra^na-Upanisad. 
 
 R. Ramayana. 
 
 Rv. Rig-Veda. 
 
 s. Sutras. 
 
 SB. Sadvln^a-Brahmaua. 
 
 sv. Sama-Veda. 
 
 SVB. Sama-Vidhana-Brahmana. 
 
 TA. Taittiriya-Aranyaka. 
 
 TB. Taittiriya-Brahmaiia. 
 
 Ts. Taittirlya-Samhita. 
 
 u. Upanishads. 
 
 V. Vedas. 
 
 vs. Vajasaneyi-Samhita. 
 
 Preface. 
 
SANSKRIT ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, AND 
 PRIMARY DERIVATIVES. 
 
 y auh, 'be narrow or distressing'. 
 
 Such a root is inferable from the derivatives : 
 
 anhati rv. anhu v.b. anghri? b. + ahi v.+ 
 
 arLhasv. + anliiyas b.s. aghav.+ ahi rv. 
 
 The verb-form anaha rv'. is of wholly doubtful meaning and connection. 
 
 y 1 aks, 'attain'. 
 
 Present. [1.] aksat rvI., aksasefE'. 
 
 Perfect, [anaksa,] aksana? rvI. 
 
 Aorist. [3. aciksat. — ] 5. aksisus rv*. 
 
 [Future, aksisyati, aksyati; aksita, asta.] 
 
 [Verbal Adjectives and Nouns, asta; aksitva, astva.] 
 
 [Secondary Conjugations: Passive, aksya-. — Intensive. — Desiderative, 
 
 aciksisa-. — Causative, aksaya-.] 
 Derivatives : aksistha jb. 
 
 • • • 
 
 A secondary root-form from y 1 aq, ariij, and occurring in a few isolated 
 forms. Indra and Agni are called aksisthau vahisthau devanam at jb. 
 i. 304. 
 
 ]/ 2 aks, 'mutilate'. 
 
 Pres. [5.] -aksnoti etc. av. cb. 
 Verb, -asta v. b.s. 
 
 Only used with prefix nis ; does not appear to have anything to do with 
 the preceding root. 
 
 y ang, 'move'. 
 Pres. [1.] angatu c'. 
 [Perf. etc. anaiiga etc. etc.] 
 [Sec. Conj.: Caus. angayati.] 
 
 g^A single occurrence, doubtless artificial, in the Nalodaya. 
 
 y ae, ano, 'bend'. 
 Pres. [1.] ancati etc. av.+, -te b. ; acati etc. v.b., -te etc. av.b.s. 
 Perf. [ananea,] aeire jb. 
 [Aor. etc. aneit ; ancisyati, aneita.] 
 Verb, akna b.s., acita e., aneita e.+ [akta] ; -acya v.b. ; -acam b. 
 
 Whitney, Supplement II. 1 
 
ac] 
 
 Roots, Verb-forms, 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, acyate etc. v.+ [aneyate. 
 
 ancayati etc. c. 
 Deriv.: -anc v.+ ankav.+ ancanav. + 
 
 -anein n. ankas ea'. -acana s.+ 
 
 -ancas ev. 
 
 Desid. ancicisa-.] — Cans. 
 
 anku- V.+ 
 aksua b.s. 
 
 y aj, 'drive'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] ajati -te etc. v.+ 
 
 Perf. ajus? rv'. [ajitha etc.] 
 
 Aor. 5. ajisus lcs'. 
 
 [Fut. ajisyati, ajita.] 
 
 Verb, -ajita? cb. ; -ajya s. ; -aje rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, ajyate etc. rv. [ — Desid. ajijisa-.] 
 
 Deriu.: agra? V.+ ajaka c. ajman v. -ajaB.+ 
 
 dj V. ajanav.+ -ajya v.b. aji v.+ 
 
 -aja RV. ajirav. + ajra?Rv. 
 
 aja V.+ ajma rv. ajvin s. 
 
 The form ajus only by very doubtful conjecture to rv. v. 6. 10; ajisus 
 variant to av. avisus; ajita in -prajita, possibly for prajita (or pra-jita, 
 
 y anj, 'anoint'. 
 
 Pres. [7.] anakti ankte etc. v. + — [1.] anjet s'. 
 
 Perf. ananja b. ( anaja anajyat rv.), anaje etc. rv. 
 
 Aor. [1. ajyat; anji. — o. anjijat. — ] 5. anjis ta. 
 
 [Fut. anksyati anjisyati, ankta anjita.] 
 
 Verb, akta v. + ; anktva s., aktva k. [anjitvaj; -ajya b.s. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, ajyate etc. v.+ [ — Desid. anjijisa-.] — Caus. anjayati 
 etc. s. + 
 
 Deriv. : anga c. -ajya c. anjana v. + akta rv. 
 
 angya c. -aja e.+ anjasv. + -akti e.+ 
 
 aiijaka c. ajya v.+ anji v.b. aktu v.b. 
 
 anjya c. 
 
 y at, 'wander. 
 
 Pres. [1.] atati -te etc. e.+ 
 [Perf. etc. ata; atit.] 
 Fut. 1. atisyati e. [ — 2. atita.] 
 Verb, atita c. ; atitva c. 
 [Sec. Conj.: atatya-; atitisa-; ataya-.] 
 Deriv.: -ata c. atavi? c. ata pb.+ 
 
 atana c. atya c. 
 
 Apparently a modern form of the following root; ata in pb. is a proper 
 name. 
 
AND PkIMAKY DERrV'ATITES. 
 
 [ay 
 
 y at, 'wander' 
 
 Pres. [1.] atasi atant atamana b.\*. 
 Verb, -atita c. ; -atya s. 
 
 Deriv. 
 
 atasi Rv. 
 -ati? B.V. 
 
 atithi ? V. + 
 atithin rv.c. 
 
 atya ev.b. 
 
 y ad, 'eat'. 
 
 Prcs. [2.] atti etc. (adat adan) v.+, adana kv. — [1.] adasva e. 
 
 [Perf. ada, aditha.] 
 
 AoT. 1. adyasam jub. [ — 3. adidat.] 
 
 Fut. 1. atsyati b.s. [ — 2. atta.J 
 
 Verl. attvun v. +, -tave v., -tos b.; attvaya b. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, adyate etc. b.+ — Cans, adayati b.+, adayate etc. s. 
 
 Deriv.: -kd\-.+ atti b. attrin kv. -advan v. 
 
 -ada AV.+ attavya c. attrii^atri) v.+ -advara ce. 
 
 -adakaE.+ attrAv.+ anna v. + adana rv. 
 
 -adana b. + attra rv. adman v.b.s. adin v. + 
 
 adaniya c. attra v. -adya v.+ adya av. + 
 
 y an, 'breathe'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] aniti etc. (ananti anyat anit) v.+ — [1.] anati (anet ana anat 
 
 anant) etc. av.b., -te jb. — [6.] anati (3s.) av. 
 Perf. ana v. 
 Aor. 5. anisus av. 
 Fut. 1. anisyati b. [ — 2. anita.] 
 Verb, anita b. ; anitum b.; -anya b.; -anam b.s. 
 Sec. Conj.: [Desid. aninisat-. — ] Cans, anayati etc. av.+, -te e. 
 i)eriu. ; ana b.u. -anana rv. anila b.+ anav. + 
 
 -anatha vs. anana e. + 
 
 y am, 'injure'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] amisi amiti amanti amit amate amisva v.b. — [1.] ame 
 
 etc. V.B. 
 Perf. amire cb. [emana] emusa? rv. (emusa cb.) 
 Aor. 3. amamat etc. v.b. 
 Verb, [anta, amita.] 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, amy ate ms . — Caus. amayati etc. v.b. 
 Deriv. ; ama V.B. -amana 9B. ama?v.+ -amajritnu v. 
 
 amati v.b. amina rv. amana ? av.ms. 
 
 amati v.b. amiva v.+ -araaya v.+ 
 
 amatra rv. amla v e. + -amis v rv. 
 
 y ay, see y 1 i. 
 
arc] 
 
 Roots, Vebb-fokms, 
 
 y arc, re, 'shine, praise'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] arcati etc. v.+, area nvi. — arease (Is.) rvI. 
 
 Perf. anarca e. +, anreiis v., anarcus b.+, anrce rv'. 
 
 [Aor. arcicat, areit.] 
 
 Put. arcisyati c. (arksyant? cb.) 
 
 Verb, arcita e. ; areitum e. ; arcitva e. ; -arcya e. + ; rcase uv. 
 
 Sec. Con). : Pass, rcyate v. [ — Desid. arcicisa-.] — Caus. arcayati -te etc. 
 
 V.+ (arcyate e.) 
 Deriv. : arc ev. arcatra- uv. arei v. + 
 
 arka v. + arcatri ev. arein ev. 
 
 area b. + arcana e. + arcitr e. 
 
 arcaka c. arcaniyaE.+ arcis v.+ 
 
 arcya e. + arcananas v. f c v. + 
 
 -rea av.+ 
 -rcas EV. 
 -rkti? EV. (suv-) 
 rkva EV. 
 fkvan V. 
 
 ]/ arj, see V 1 rj, rnj. 
 y art, see y rt. 
 
 y aril, 'deserve' etc. 
 
 Pres. [1.] arhati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. + 
 Perf. anrhiis tsI., arhire ev'. 
 
 [Aor. etc. arhyasam, arhi, arjihat, arhit; arhisyati, arhita.] 
 Verb, arhase ev'. 
 
 -See. Conj. : [Desid. arjihisa-. — ] Caus. arhayati etc. s. + 
 Deriv. : argha v. + -arha b. + arhana v. + 
 
 -arghya c. arhana c. arhaniya c. 
 
 y av, 'favor'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] avati etc. v.+ 
 
 Perf. Siva avitha etc. v. + 
 
 Aor. 1. avyas -at v.b.s. — 5. avit etc. (aviddhi etc. avisat etc.) v.b.s. 
 
 Fut. 1. avisyati v.b. — 2. avita c. 
 
 Verb, -uta ev. ; avitave v.b. ; -avya ev. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. avayas -at v.b.u. 
 
 Deriv. : ava ev. avitr v.b.s. 
 
 avana c. -avitra b.s. 
 
 avas V.B. avistha ev. 
 
 avis-'? EV. 
 Common in v. ; quite rare in later language. 
 
 avi? V.+ 
 
 oma EV. 
 
 -avi? V. 
 
 Oman v.b. 
 
 uti V.+ 
 
 Oman v. + 
 
 uma V.B.S. 
 
 
 ]/ 1 a9, anc, 'attain'. 
 
 Pres. [5.] aQnoti aqnute etc. v. + — [9?] a9niyat, agnis m. 
 Perf. ananqa ana9us etc. v. +,'!ana9e etc. v.+ (ana9a ana9maj ana9yam 
 ana9amah.ai ev., ana9adhve s.) — a9atus etc. a9athe etc. ev. 
 
5 AND PbIMABY DERIVATTVESf— ^'^'^ [2 aS 
 
 Aor. 1. asta aQata asta v.b., a^yat aqita, etc. v.b., astuB. [a<ji.] — 2. 396- 
 ma Ev., agemahi sv. [ — 3. a9i9at.] — 4. aksi b., aksat rv. (cf. j/aks). 
 [ — 5. a9ista.] 
 Fut. 1. [a9isyate] a9nuvisyamahe cb'. [ — 2. a9ita, asta.] 
 Verb, astiim k. ; astave v.b., astavai jb.s. ; a9itvun e. ; -asta v.b. 
 [Sec. Conj. : ai^aq^a.- ; a9i9isa- ; a9aya-.] 
 
 Dew. ; an9a v. + a9ana b. + -a9nuva ags. -aqa 993. 
 
 asti V. + a9i- vs*. -a9nuvin vs. a9a v. + 
 
 Compare ]/ 1 aks and ]/ 2 na9 (to -which latter the forms||anat etc. are 
 here referred). Derivatives more doubtfully referable to this root are : 
 a9an ev. a9inan v. + a9va v. + 5,911 v. + 
 
 a9ani v. + a9ri v. + astra v. + a9iyas b. 
 
 a9na ev. a9ru v. + a9ina rv. a9istha v.b.u. 
 
 y' 2 aq, 'eat'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] a9nati (a9ana) a9nite etc. v.+ — [1.] a9a e'. 
 
 Perf. a9a v. + (-a9vans b.) 
 
 Aor. [1. a9yat. — 3. a9i9at. — ] 5. a9it etc. v.+ 
 
 Fut. 1. a9isyati etc. b.+ [ — 2. a9ita.] 
 
 Verb. a9ita v. + ; a9ituin v.; a9itva b. + ; -a9ya b. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass. a9yate av. + [ — Int. a9a9ya-.] — Desid. a9i9isati etc. b. + 
 
 — Caus. a9ayati b. + (a9ita ev.) ; a9apaya- mgs. 
 Deriv. : -aq av. a9itavya b. + a9na v. 39! s. 
 
 -a9ana v. + a9itr av. + a9ni ta. a9ya av. ? + 
 
 a9ana B.TJ. a9itraB.+ -a9a e.+ a9istha b. 
 
 -a9aniya s. + a9usa rv. -a9aka b. a9i9isu s. 
 
 -a9m B. + a9ayitavya b. 
 
 Doubtless ultimately the same with y 1 a9. 
 
 y 1 as, 'be'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] asti santi etc. (edhx)v.+ (sva sma smahe asateii., syamahe ci.) 
 
 Perf. asa asitha etc. v. + 
 
 Deriv. : asu v. + asta v. + -asti v. + -asa (itiha-) av. + sti v.b. 
 
 y 2 as, 'throw'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] asyati etc. v. +, asyate etc. rv.b. — [1.] asati etc. evI. (? asan) e. + 
 Perf. asa etc. ev. +, ase ev'. 
 
 Aor. 1. asyat fii. ; asi ci. — 2. asthat etc. av'.kI.c. (? see y stha). [ — 3. 
 asisat. — 5. asista.l 
 
 • • • J 
 
 Fut. ] . asisyati etc. ev. + [ — 2. asita.] 
 
 Verb, asta v.+, asita e^.; astave b., -tavai b. ; asitvun e1. ; asitva s. ; 
 
 -asyav. + ; -asam b.s.u. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, asyate etc. av. + [ — Desid. asisisa-.] — Caus. asayati 
 
 etc. E. + 
 
2 as] 
 
 Roots, Verb-forms, 
 
 Deriv.: -as v. 
 
 asana v.+ 
 asana nv. 
 -asaniya c. 
 asi? V.+ 
 
 asira evI. 
 asistha v. 
 -asti c. 
 -astavya c. 
 astr v.B. 
 
 astra v. + 
 -asya b. + 
 -asya e. + 
 asra tb*. 
 
 -asa Av. + 
 -asin AV. + 
 asya av. 
 -asana c. 
 
 y ah, 'say'. 
 
 Perf. aha ahiis v.+, attha ahatus b.+ 
 Deriv. -aha? pbI. 
 
 If niraha is from this root , then perhaps svaha v. + is also to be re- 
 ferred to it. 
 
 y auch, 'tear'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] anchati c. 
 Deriv. auchana c. 
 
 Found only in the Su^ruta, and doubtless artificial. 
 
 y ap, 'obtain'. 
 
 Pres. [5.] apnoti etc. av. +, apnute e. 
 
 Perf. apa apitha etc. v. +, apire apana rv. 
 
 Aor. 1. api b.+ — 2. apat etc. v.+ (apeyam av.) — 3. apipau cb. (apipi- 
 
 pat BAu.) — 4. apsis e. 
 Put. 1. apsyati b.+, -te b.e. — 2. apta b. 
 Fer&. apta V. + ; aptuniB. + ; aptvaB. + ; -apyaB. + 
 Sec. Con,). : Pass, apyate etc. b. + — Desid. Ipsati etc. av. +, ipsate etc. b.b. 
 
 (aipsit etc. b.) — Cans, apayati etc. b.+, -te etc. e. (apipayiset cb.) 
 Deriv. : -apa b. + -apaniya s. + -aptr c. ipsa e. + 
 
 apaneya u'. apnana? ev.s. -ipsin u. 
 api V. + 
 apti AV. + 
 aptavya u. + 
 
 To a more original form of the root (ap is perhaps a + ap) doubtless 
 belong also : 
 
 apas V. apis v.b. apnas, apna- ev. -apta (? an-) ev. 
 BR. regard apas at ev. iii. 6.7 as a verb-form from this simpler root. 
 
 y ar, 'praise' (?) . 
 Pres. [4.] aryanti ev2. 
 Verb, arita ev. 
 
 Is perhaps a form of a -|- |/r, 'resort to, have recourse to' ; aryauti in 
 both occurrences is accented as if it contained a preposition. 
 
 y as, 'sit'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] aste etc. (asina) v.+ (asand ev2.), asti e. — [1.] asati -te etc. 
 E. + — [4.] asyati -te etc. e. 
 
 -apa B. + 
 -apaka e. + 
 -apin u. + 
 apya av.+ 
 apana v. + 
 
 -apayitavya u.c. ipsu s. + 
 apayitr u. apipayisu e. 
 
7 AND PkIMAEY DERrVATIVES. 
 
 Perf. asam cakre etc. a. +, asam cakara e. 
 
 Aor. 5. asista etc. b.s. 
 
 Fat. 1. asisyate etc. b.+, -yati ts. [ — 2. asita.] 
 
 Fer6. asita b. + ; asitum b.+, astum k.; asitva b.s.; -asya c. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, asyate e. + [ — Desid. asisisa-.] — Cans, asayati b. 
 
 Deriv. : asa v.b. -asya u. + -asaniya c. -asti c. 
 
 -asa u. asya e. + asitavya b. + 
 
 -asaka e. + asana av. + -asitr e. 
 
 [2i 
 
 y 1 i, 1, ay, 'go'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] eti yanti etc. v.+, -ite -iyate etc. e.+ — [1.] ayate etc. v.+, ayati 
 
 etc. Avi.?+ — [4.] iyate etc. v.b.c. — [5.] see ]/ 2 i. — iye Rvi. iyate 
 
 Ev'., imahe v.b., iyana v.+, lyati evI., -iyant cb.m. (imi taI. ; aitat 
 
 Av'.; yariEv'.; iyana sv'.; iyamana cb. ; imalii c.) 
 
 Perf. iyaya iyus etc. v.+ [iyayitha] (iyetha v.b., iyatha v.) — -ay am 
 
 cakre e. + 
 Aor. 1. iyat etc. e. + (iyasam ggs.) [ — 4. (adhy-) aista. — 5. ayista.] 
 Fat. 1. esyati etc. av. +, -te etc. b. + ; ayisyati etc. b.+ — 2. eta etc. b.+ 
 Verb. ita v.+, -ita c. ; etum b. +, etave etavai v.b., etos v.b.s. ; itva b.u. ; 
 -itya V. +, -iya c; -ayya b. ; ayase, ityai, iyadhyai ev. ; 
 -ayam v.b. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, iyate c. — Int. iyayate pu'. — [Desid. ayiyisate, iyisa- 
 ti. — ] Cans, (praty-) ayayati etc. (-ayyate) c. ; (adhy-) apayati -te 
 etc. TA.E. + [apipat.] 
 
 Deriv. .■ aya v. + 
 
 -it B. + 
 
 -etu EV. 
 
 -apaka c. 
 
 ayatha ev.s. 
 
 iti V.+ 
 
 etavya b.+ 
 
 -apya c. 
 
 ayana v. + 
 
 iti v.b. 
 
 etr V. + 
 
 -apana e.+ 
 
 -aya v. + 
 
 -itya b.s. 
 
 ema vs. 
 
 -apayitr c. 
 
 -ayln av. + 
 
 itya v.b. 
 
 eman ev. 
 
 
 -ayana av.u. 
 
 -itvan V. 
 
 -eya e. + 
 
 -ayaka c. 
 
 ayu V. + 
 
 itvara ev.c. 
 
 eva v.b. 
 
 -ayana e. 
 
 ayu V. + 
 
 -itha EV. 
 
 
 -ayitavya c 
 
 ayxis V. + 
 
 iti E. + 
 
 
 
 -ayuka b. 
 
 iya- EV. 
 
 
 
 The last three derivatives only with prati; the four preceding, only 
 with adhi. 
 
 The forms most distinctly calling for the admission of a root-form i are, in 
 the older language, imahe v.b. (common in ev.), iyam and iyata and iyus 
 B.U., iyana sv. (all single occurrences); in the later language, -ita, iti, -iya 
 (all rare or sporadic). The present-stem iya is improperly called intensive. 
 
 y 2 i, inv, in, 'send'. 
 
 Pres. [5.] inoti etc. (invire) ev. — [1.] invati etc. v. — [9.] inimasi ? svi. 
 Verb, -inita cb. 
 
2i] 
 
 Roots, Verb-fokms, 
 
 8 
 
 Deriv. : ina rv.c. -inva v.b. invaka b. + 
 
 Doubtless the same with the preceding root. 
 
 enas v. + 
 
 y ing, 'stir. 
 
 Pres. [1.] ingati -te e.+ 
 Verh. ingita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans, ingayati etc. v. + (ingyate cb.) 
 Denv. ; inga E. + ingana s.+ ingya c. injana c. 
 
 Isolated forms as if from ifig, ink, inj are found in the Brahmanas. 
 
 y ich, see y 1 is. 
 T/it. 
 
 A root it, 'wander', is assumed hy BR. on account of the proper name 
 itant in KB., and the doubtful and obscure itatas atRv.x. 171. 1 — -which latter, 
 however, is shown by its accent to be^^no participle. 
 
 A root id is perhaps to be assumed on account of the nouns id v.+ and 
 Ida V. + 
 
 y idh, indh, 'kindle'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] inddhe indhate cic. v.+ (indhate rv., indhana v.: inksva ab. ; 
 
 inttam ta.) 
 Perf. idhe idhire rv.cb. [ — tndham cakre.] 
 Aor. 1. idhate? rvI. , idhimahi v., idhana v. — 5. aindhista etc. b., 
 
 indhisiya ts., idhisimahi s. 
 Fut. 1. indhisyant s. [ — 2. indhita.] 
 Verb, iddha v. + ; -idhya s. + ; -idham, -idhe rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, idhyate etc. v.+ [ — Desid. indidhisa-.] — Cans, indhita c. 
 Deriv.: -idh y.+ -idhya ts. edhav. + indha v.b. 
 
 -iddhifi. -idhra?v. + edhasAv.+ -indhaka e. 
 
 idhma v. + -eddhr rv. indhana v. + 
 
 y in, inv, see y 2 i. 
 
 y inaks, see y 2 nae. 
 
 y iyaks, see y yaj. 
 
 y irajy, see y rj. 
 
 y iradh, see y radh. 
 
9 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [Iks 
 
 y il, 'be quiet'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] ilati etc. c. 
 
 [Per/", etc. iyela, ailit, elisyati, elita.] 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans, ilayati etc. av.b.s. (^ailaylt av. ; ilita cb.) 
 
 Deriv.: -ilaya b.s. 
 
 In Ts., ilayanti is once read. 
 
 y 1 is, ich, 'seek, desire'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] iehati -te etc. v.+ — [1.] -esati -te etc. e.+ — [6.] -isa -isaut 
 
 E. + — [4.] -isyati e. + 
 Perf. iyesa isus, ise isire etc. b. + 
 Aor. [3. aisisat. — ] 5. aisit aisisus etc. b.v. 
 Fut. 1. esisyati etc. b., -te b. [ — 2. esita, esta.] 
 Fer6. ista v. + ; estum b. + , -tavai cb. , esitum r. ; [isitva, istva;] 
 
 -isya V. + 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, isyate etc. e. +, -ti e. [ — Desid. esisisa-.] — Cans, esaya- 
 
 ti eic, esita c. (ichayami r1.) 
 Deriv. 
 
 -ichaka e. + 
 
 isira v.b. 
 
 -esaka e. 
 
 • 
 
 esana b.+ 
 
 icha e. + 
 
 istl V.B. 
 
 esin AV. + 
 
 esaniya c. 
 
 iehu s. + 
 
 ismin RV. 
 
 -esya ab. 
 
 estavya e.+ 
 
 IS v.b. 
 
 esa V. + 
 
 esya v. + 
 
 esitavya c. 
 
 -isa Rv. 
 
 esa RV. 
 
 •esana v.+ 
 
 -estr E. 
 
 ISl V. 
 
 Compare the roots 2 is and is, es. The present-stems esa, isa, isya only 
 later, unusual, and -with certain prepositions. 
 
 ]/ 2 is, 'send'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] isnati etc. (isana) v.b.s. — [4.] isyati -te etc. v. + — [6.] ise etc. rv. 
 
 Perf. isathus isus rv., isire av. 
 
 Aor. 5. praisit e. + (apraisit m.) 
 
 [Fut. esisyati, esita.] 
 
 Fer&. isita V. + ; [isitva;] -isyaB. + ; -esamn. ; isadhyai rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : [De.Hd. esisisa-. — ] Cans, isayati -te etc. [isayadhyai rv.) — 
 
 -esayati -te etc. e. + (esyate e.) 
 Deriu. ; isani RV. -esav. + -esya b.+ esitavya b.c. 
 
 1SUV.+ -esaka E. -esana e.+ -esayitr e. 
 
 Doubtless the same with ]/ 1 is, with causative meaning. In later language, 
 almost only presaya. The derivatives hardly occur except with pra. 
 
 y 1, see y 1 i. 
 
 y Iks, 'see'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] iksate etc. v.+, -ti etc. b. + 
 
 Perf. iksam eakre etc. b. +, iksam cakrus e. 
 
Iks] Roots, Veeb-forms, 10 
 
 Aor. 1. aiksi c. — [3. aiciksat. — ] 5. aiksisi etc. b. (aiksit c. ?) 
 
 Fut. 1. iksisyate etc. b.+, -yati b. [ — 2. iksita.] 
 
 Fert. iksita B. + ; iksitumE. + ; iksitvaB.; -iksyaB. + ; -iksam b.s. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, iksyate etc. s. + — Desid. iciksisa-(m d.). — Caus. iksa- 
 
 yati etc. v. +, -te av. (iksyate s.) 
 Deriu. : iksa b. + iksinE.+ iksanaKv.? s.+ -iksitavya b. + 
 
 iksaB.+ -iksya E.+ iksaniyaE. + iksitr c 
 
 iksaka b.+ iksenya rv. iciksisu c. 
 
 Only three occurrences in e.v., but growing rapidly common. Active forms 
 sporadic. 
 
 y inkh, 'swing'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] inkhati etc. c, -te aa. 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. inkhayati -te etc. v. + 
 Deriv.: -i&kha v.+ -inkhana c. -inkhaya uv. 
 The form enksva ab. is false. 
 
 y Ij, see y ej. 
 
 y id, 'praise'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] itte idate etc. (idisva) v.b. — [1.] idamahe v., idamana s. 
 Perf. ide ev., idire e.+ [ — idam cakre.] 
 [Aor. etc. aidista; idisyate, idita.] 
 Verb, idita v. + : idituru c. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, idyate c. [ — Desid. ididisa-.] — Caus. aidayan c. 
 Deriv. : id nv. idya v. + iditavya b. idenya v.b. i<Jitf av. 
 Only a few sporadic occurrences in the later language. 
 
 y Ir, 'set in motion'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] irte irate etc. v.b. (irate b.") — [1.] airat etc. kv., irate (3s.) av. 
 Perf. irire v. (erire uv.) [ — iram cakre.] 
 [Aor. etc. airirat, airista; irisyate, irita.] 
 Verb, irna b. + 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. irayati eic. v.+, -te e(c. v.b. (iryate etc. b. + ; irita v. + ; 
 
 iryant m. ; irayadhyai rv.) 
 Deriv. : ira e. + irya b. irin e. + irana e. + -iritr v. 
 
 -iraka c. irya c. -iraniya c. irma v.b. 
 
 The form iryayati, doubtless false, is found once in cb. 
 
 y irsy, 'be jealous'. 
 
 Pres. [I.] irsyati etc. b.s. 
 Verb, irsyita c. 
 
 Deriv. : irsya av. + irsyin c. irsyii av. + irsyitavya c. 
 
 irsyaka c. irsyalu c. 
 
11 AND Primary derivatives. [1 uks 
 
 Evidently a secondary root, but of doubtful origin (BR., from irasy). Not 
 seldom written witbout tbe y in later works. 
 
 y ic, 'be master'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] iste i9ate etc. (2s. ikse rv., iqise rv.s. ; i^e 3s. v.b., i<jite u. ; 
 
 iQidhve Av.) v.+ — [1.] i9ate i9ata v.e.u. 
 Perf. i9ire '? rv. [ — i(jam cakre.] 
 [Aor. alQista.] 
 
 Fut. 1. iQisyati u., -te b. [ — 2. i9ita.] 
 Verb, itjita u. 
 
 Deriv. : Iq b. iqa av. + i9ana u. i9itr u. + i9vara av. + 
 
 193, B. + i9in u. + i9itavya c. -i9u v. + 
 
 y Is, es, 'move'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] isate etc. v.b., -ti etc. v.b.u. — esati etc. av. 
 
 Perf. ise rv. (aiyes plpf. rv'.) [ — isam cakre.] 
 
 [Aor. etc. aisista; isisyate; isita.] 
 
 Verb, -isita v.b. 
 
 Dcriu. ; isa '? RV. esa rv. -esti c. estf b.s. 
 
 • • • • • • • 
 
 Doubtless ultimately one with }/ 1 , 2 is. 
 
 y ih, 'be eager' . 
 
 Pres, [1 .] ihate etc. b. +, -ti e. + 
 
 [Perf. etc. iham cakre; aijihat, aihista; ihisyate, ihita.] 
 
 Fer6. ihita E. + ; ihitum. c. 
 
 [Sec. Conj. : Desid. ijihisa-. — Caus. ihaya-.] 
 
 Deriv.: -iha c. iha e.+ -ihana e. eha av. -ehasv. + 
 
 y u, 'proclaim' . 
 
 Pres. [2.] uve rv*. — [5.] vinoti rv'. [ — 1. avate.] 
 
 [Perf. etc. etc. uve; austa; osyate, ota; usisa-, avaya-.] 
 
 Extremely doubtful root; uve is possibly interjection (Bo.); vyunoti is 
 perhaps for viyujioti; and the pple ota, put here by BR., doubtless belongs to 
 y va, 'weave'. 
 
 y 1 uks, 'sprinkle'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] uksati etc. v. +, -te etc. v.+ 
 
 [Perf. uksam cakara.] 
 
 Aor. 5. auksisam etc. b. 
 
 Fut. 1. uksisyati etc. b.s. [ — 2. uksita.] 
 
 Verb, uksita v. + ; -uksya b. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, uksyate etc. b. + ; Caus. uksayati etc. s.+ ^ 
 
1 uks] Roots, Veeb-forms, 12 
 
 Deriv. : -uks rv. uksana av. + -uksitavya b.c. ustr rvI. 
 
 -uksa B.s. uksaniya jb. ustr b.s. ustra v. + 
 
 Tiksan V.+ 
 Whether uksan and ustr etc. belong here, is very doubtful. 
 
 y 2 uks, vaks, 'grow', see "j/ vaks. 
 
 y uc, 'be pleased'. 
 Pres. [4.] ueyati etc. v.b. 
 Perf. uvoeitha uvoca, ucise rv. 
 [Aor. etc. aucit; ucisyati, ucita.] 
 Verb, ucita v.+ [ocitva.] 
 Deriv. : -oka rv. okya rv. okas v. + okivans rvI. -ocana v. -ocara av. 
 
 y uch, see j/ 1 vas. 
 
 y ujh, 'forsake'. 
 Pres. [6.] ujhati etc. e. + 
 Perf. ujham cakara c. 
 Aor. 5. aujhit c. 
 [Fut. ujhisyati, ujhita.] 
 Tcrfe. ujhita E. + ; ujhiturac. ; -ujhya c. 
 Deriv.: -ujha s.+ ujhana c. ujhiti pb. 
 
 A secondary root, coming from ud + )/ ha (_ujjaliami etc.'). 
 
 y uneh, 'glean'. 
 Pres. [6 '?] unchati etc. s. + 
 
 [Perf. etc. uncham cakara; aunchit; unchisyati, unehita.] 
 Verb, unchitum c. ; -unchya c. 
 [(Sec. Conj. : Desid. uncichisa-. — Cans, unchaya-.] 
 Deriv. : uncha s. + unchana c. 
 
 y ud, und, 'wet'. 
 
 Pres. [7.] unatti undanti etc. v.b.s., undate (Sp.) av. — [6.] undati etc. b.s. 
 
 Perf. iidus av. [ — undam cakara.] 
 
 [.Aor. etc. aundidat, aundit ; undisyati, undita.] 
 
 Verb, utta B., unna s.c. ; -udya b.s. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, udyate rv. [ — Desid. undidisa-. — Caus. undaya-.] 
 
 Denu. .• ud RV. udani- rv. -udrav. + odati rv. 
 
 udaka v. + -uditr c. utsa v. + odana v. + 
 
 udan,udav.+ udman b. undanas. + odman b. 
 
 y ubj, 'force'. 
 Pres. [6.] ubjati etc. v.b.s. 
 jPer/". etc. ubjam cakara; aubjijat, aubjit; ubjisyati, ubjlta.] 
 
13 AND PkIMAKY DERIVAXIVJeS. [2 uh 
 
 Verb, ubjita av.b. ; -ubjya jb. 
 ! [Sec. Conj. : Desid. ubjijisa-. — Caus. ubjaya-.] 
 Der ju. ; -udga '? B. + ubjaRv.?E.+ -ubji- pb. 
 
 y ubh, umbh, 'confine'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] aubhnat ubhnas rv. — [7.] unap rv., aumbhan ts. — [6.] 
 
 umbhata (2p.) av., aumbhat ms.[; ubhati.] 
 [Perf. etc. uvobha, umbham cakara; aubhit, aumbhit; ubhisyati 
 
 umbhisyati, ubhita umbhita.J 
 Verb, ubdha rv.b., umbhita c. ; -ubhya s. 
 Deriv. -umbhana ts. 
 
 y us, 'shine', see y 1 vas. 
 
 y us, 'burn'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] osati etc. v. + — [9.] usnan, usnant Rvi. 
 Perf. uvosa cb. [ — osam cakara.] 
 Aor. 5. ausit etc. b.s. 
 [Fut. 1. osisyati. — 2. osita.] 
 
 Fer&. usta B.s. ; [ositva;] -osya ts. ; -usasK. ; osam cb. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, usyate etc. c. [ — Desid. osisisa-. — Caus. osaya-.] 
 Deriv. : usa ? rv. usna v. + -usya cb. osa, -osa v. + 
 
 usa c. -usni ta. usman v. + -osas rv. 
 
 usman e. + osistha b. 
 
 * • • • 
 
 Apparently a differentiated form o{ y 1 vas, which see. 
 y 1 urnu, see y 1 vr. 
 
 y 1 uh, 'remove'. 
 Pres. [1.] uhati v.+, -te v.+ 
 j [Perf. ubam cakara.] 
 
 Aor. 1. uhyat cb. ; ohi c. [ — 3. aujihat.] — 5. auhit b. 
 Verb, udha b.+, uhita c. ; iihitum e.+, odhum e.+, -ubitavai b. ; -uhya 
 
 B.+, -uhya B. + ; -oham rv., -uham ms. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, uhyate b. +, uhyate c. — Caus. uliayati|c. 
 Deriv. : uha av. + iiliya b. + uhaniya s. + udlii c. 
 
 -uhaka c. uhana s. + uhitavya c. -oha rv. 
 
 -oghas ? RV. 
 Doubtless a differentiated form of }/ vah, from which in some forms and 
 meanings it is hardly to be separated. 
 
 y 2 uh, 'consider'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] ohate etc. v. — [2.] ohate (3p.) ohana Ghana rv. — [1.] uhati c, 
 
 -te E. — ohise (Is.) rv'. 
 Perf. uhe etc. v. [ — uham cakre.] 
 Aor. [3. aujihat. — ] 5. auhista v. 
 
2 tihl 
 
 Roots, Vebb-fokms, 
 
 14 
 
 [Fut. uhisyate, uhita.] 
 Verb, uliituin c. ; -uhya c. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : [Desid. ujihisa-. — ] Caus. uhayati etc. e. 
 Deriv.: vih.a.B.+ uhana c. uhitavya c. 
 
 uhya c. uhaniya a. 6ha- ? rv. 
 
 ohas Ev. 
 ohasana ev. 
 
 Probably 'bear in mind', and so originally identical witb 1 uh and vah. 
 
 y r, feh, 'go, send'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] rehati etc. v.+, -te etc. cb.e. ; archati etc. u.e. — [a.] lyarti etc. 
 (iyarsi) v.b. — [5.] rnoti etc. rnve etc. v. — rnvati etc. rt. — [6.] 
 rante ranta rv. , ranti? sv. — [9. rnati.] — [2.] arti ts. 
 Perf. ara (aritha) arus etc. v. + ; anarchat m'. [ — aram cakara.] 
 Aor. 1. arta arata etc. (aryat ts., arita ev.; arana rv.) v.b. — 2. arat 
 
 etc. V.B. (aranta aramahi v.) [ — 4. arsit.] 
 Fut. 1. arisyati b. [ — 2. arta.] 
 
 Verb, rta v.+, arna c; artos b.; -rtva av.b.; -rtya av.; -aram ev. 
 Sec. Conj. : [Pass, aryate. — ] Intens. alarti etc. ev. [araryate etc. — Desid. 
 aririsa-.] — Caus. arpayati etc. v. +, -te c. (arpipam av.; arpayita 
 E.; arpita arpita v. + ; -arpya v. + ; arpyate c.) 
 Deriv. : 
 
 arna v. + arya v. + 
 
 arnas rv. iras- rv. 
 
 artha v. + irina v. + 
 
 -arman, arma v.+ xrya v. 
 arvan, -arva v.+ -rcha u. + 
 arvant v.b. rti, rti v. + 
 
 arav.+ rtu v. + 
 
 -arin b. -rtha v. 
 
 aruka ta. rna v. + 
 
 ara, ara v. + 
 arya, arya v.b. s. 
 arana v. + 
 arani v. + 
 arati rv. 
 arami v.b. 
 ari V. + 
 aritr rv. 
 aritra, aritra V.+ 
 
 ratha v. + 
 -arpaka c. 
 -arpya c 
 arpana v. + 
 arpaniya c. 
 -arpitr e. + 
 -arpayitr cb. 
 -arpayitavya c. 
 
 y ro, see "j/ arc. 
 
 y rj, rnj, arj, 'direct, stretch, attain'. 
 
 Pres. [7.] rnjate (Sp.) Rv. — [6.] rnjati -ate etc. rv. aa. — [4.] fjyant, 
 
 rjyate ev. — rnjase (Is. ) rnjasana rv. — [1.] arjati b.u.c. 
 Per/", [anai'jus] anrjus avI. ? 
 Aor. [3. arjijat. — 5. arjista.] 
 [Fut. arjisyati, arjita.] 
 Verb, rnjase rvI. 
 Sec. Conj. : [Pass, rjyate. — Desid. arjijisa-. — ] Caus. arjayati -te etc. s.e.+ 
 
 Deriv. 
 
 arjaka c. 
 -arjya c. 
 arj ana e.+ 
 arjaniya c. 
 -arjayitr c. 
 
 rjipya rv. 
 rji9van rv. 
 rjipin rv. 
 rjisa RV. 
 rjCinas rv. 
 -rnga rv. 
 
 rjiyas v. 
 rju V. + 
 raji Hv. 
 rajistha rv.b. 
 rajiyas jb. 
 raji av. + 
 
15 AND Primaky Derivatives. [rdh 
 
 It seems impossible to di-vide these forms (generally distributed to two 
 different roots) from one another. The root has three -well-marked stages of 
 development : rj or rnj in rv., arj in Brah., and arjaya in the later language. 
 Compare also >/raj, probably a deriTative from it. With it is related, further, 
 the anomalously formed stem irajya (irajyati -te etc. RV., and irajyii RV.), 
 'direct, rule'. 
 
 y 2 rj, 'shine'. 
 
 Inferable from the derivatives : 
 
 arjuna v.+ -rjika v. rjiti rv. rjra rv. 
 
 |/ rt, art, 'pursue'. 
 
 Aor. 5. articLhvam pb^ 
 
 Fut. artisye avI. 
 
 Deriv.: artana vs^. -artitr v'. artuka cbI. 
 
 A very doubtful root ; anvartisye and anvartitr apparent contractions 
 for anu-vart-; and Bo. amends artidhvam to arthi- (but??). But artana 
 and artuka seem to show that the thing had assumed the value of a root. 
 
 y yd, ard, 'stir, dissolve'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] rdantu ardan rv. — [1.] ardati etc. av.+ [ — 7. rnatti.] 
 
 [Perf. etc. anarda; ardidat, ardit; ardisyati, ardita.] 
 
 Verb, arnna? cb. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : [Desid. ardidisa-. — ] Cans, ardayati etc. (^[ardayit] ardyate 
 
 ardita) v.+ 
 Deriv.: -ardaka c. -ardin c. ardanaE.+ 
 
 Of perplexing variety of meanings. 
 
 y rdh, 'thrive'. 
 
 Pres. [5.] rdhnoti etc. v.+ — [7.] rnadhat rndhyam rndhant v. — [4.] 
 
 rdhyate -ti v. + (Pass."*). 
 Perf. anrdhus av., anrdhe rv.cb. 
 Aor. 1. ardlima b.s.. rdhathe rv., rdhyam etc. v.b.s., rdhyasam etc. 
 
 Av.E.s. , rdhimahi rv. . rdhant rv. ; ardhi b. — 2. rdhet rdhema 
 
 Av.cB. — [3. ardidhat. — ] 5. [ardhit] ardhista ms. 
 Fut. 1. ardhisyate cb. — 2. ardhita jb. 
 Verb, rddha av.+ [rddhva, ardliitva.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, rdhyate etc. v.+, rdhyant m. — Desid. irtsati etc. (^airt- 
 
 sit etc.) AV.CB. [ardidhisa-.] — Cans, ardhayati etc. av.+ 
 Deriv. : 
 
 ardha ? v. + -ardhi rv. -fdha rv. rdhnuka ags. 
 
 ardha?v.+ ardhuka b.s. rdhat, rdhak? v.b. -irtsa av. 
 ardhya RV. -rdh v.s. rddhiAv.+ -ardhayitr u.s. 
 
 Compare roots vrdh and radh. 
 
r9] Roots, Vebb-fokms, 16 
 
 >/r9(?), 'harm'. 
 
 Perhaps to be inferred from the derivatives : 
 -arqa ev. arQas vs. + rksa v. + rksika av.b. 
 
 -argani rv. ar9asana ev. -rksara v. 
 
 y rs, 'rush, push'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] arsati etc. (arsase av.) v,b. — [6.] rsati etc. v.e.s. 
 
 Perf. anarsat ta. 
 
 [Aor. etc. arsit; arsisyati, arsita.] 
 
 Verb, rsta v.b. [arsitva.] 
 
 {Sec. Con).: arsisisa-; arsaya-.] 
 
 Deriu. .- -arsa B. -arsu ev. rsabha v.+ rsti v. + 
 
 -arsana B. arstr b. rsiv.+ rsva v.b. 
 
 arsani av. rsii ev. 
 
 Hardly calls for the usual division into two roots. Some of the derivatives 
 doubtful. 
 
 y ej, ij, 'stir'. 
 
 Pres, [1.] ijate, ijamana rv. ; ejati etc. v.+ 
 [Per/". etc. ejam cakara; aijijat; ejisyati, ejita.] 
 -Sec. Con).: [^Desid. ejijisa-. — ] Caus. ejayati cb., -te c. 
 Deriv. : ejathu av. -ejaya v. + 
 
 y edh, 'thrive'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] edhate etc. v.+, -ti etc. b.+ 
 
 Perf. edhire c. — edham cakrire cb., edham babhuvire c. 
 Aor. [3. aididhat. — ] 5. edhisiya etc. av.b. 
 [Put. edhisyate, edhita.] 
 Verb, edhita e. + ; edhitum b. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Desid. edidhisa- (in d.). — Caus. edhayati etc. s. + 
 Der jv. : -edha ? B.s. edhatu v.b. -edhana r. edhas s.e. edidhisu-vs. 
 Perhaps related with rdh. 
 
 y katth, 'boast'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] katthate etc. e. +, -ti etc. e. 
 
 [Perf. etc. cakatthe ; akatthista ; katthisyate, katthita.] 
 Verb, katthita e. + ; katthitum e. 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. katthayati e. 
 
 Deriv. : -kattha e. katthaka c. -katthin e.+ katthana e.+ katthitavya c. 
 A secondary prakritized root, but of unclear derivation. 
 
 y kad, 'destroy'. 
 
 Only in the deriv. kadana e.+, and in cakada kadanam r., where 
 eakada is a misreading for eakara. 
 
17 AND Primary Derivatives. [kal 
 
 y kan, ka, 'be pleased, enjoy'. 
 Pres. [4.] kayamana ev'. 
 Perf. eakana cakanas etc. cakanyat cakandhi etc. cakananta cakan 
 
 Rv. ; cake eakana v.b.s. 
 Aor. 5. akanisam kanisas rv. 
 
 Deriv. : kana rv. kanistha v.b. kanlna v. + kanya v. + 
 
 kanaka? E.+ kanistha b.+ kaniyasv.+ -kati rv. 
 
 -kayya rv. 
 Doubtless the same with the following root, kam. The stem cakan, on 
 account of its accent, rather perfect than intensive. 
 
 y kam, 'love'. 
 
 Perf. cakame etc. v.+ 
 
 Aor. 3. [aeakamata] aeikamata etc. b, [ — 5. kamisista.] 
 
 Put. 1. kamisyate etc. b. — 2. kamita b. 
 
 Verb. 'kamta, E. + ; [kamtva, kamitva ;] -karaass. ; -kamam cb. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Intens. cankam-. — Desid. cikamisa-. — ] Caus. kamayate 
 
 etc. V. +, -ti etc. e. 
 Dcriv. ; kam ? V. + kamitr c. kamyav. + kamukaB.+ 
 
 kama- ? v. kamra c. -kamya av. + kamti e. + 
 
 kamana c. kamav.+ -kaman rv'. kamayitavya 
 
 kamaniya c. kamin v. + kamana s. + c. 
 
 Doubtless the same with the preceding. 
 
 y kamp, 'tremble'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] kampate etc. u.+, -ti etc. e. 
 
 Perf. cakampe etc. e. 
 
 [Aor. etc. acakampat, akampista ; kampisyate, kampita.] 
 
 Verb, kampita e. + [kapita] ; kampitum e., -tos b. ; -kampya s. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. cankamp-. — Desid. cikampisa-. — ] Caus. kampayati 
 
 etc. B. +, -te etc. u. + (_kampyate c) 
 Z>eriv. .- kampa E. + kampinE.n- kampanaE.+ kapana? rv. 
 -kampaE. + kampya e.+ -kampaniya c. kapi? v.+ 
 -kampaka e.+ kampana e. + kampra s. + kepi v rv. 
 
 y kal, 'drive, produce', etc. 
 
 [Pres. etc. kalate, cakale, etc.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. kalayati etc. s.+, -te etc. b.+ (kalyate etc. s. +) — ka- 
 
 layati etc. e. +, -te etc. c. 
 Deriu.. ■ kala? E.+ -kalya c. -kalaniya c. -kalaka c. 
 
 -kalika c. kalana s. + -kalayitr c. -kalana s. + 
 
 Divided by BR. and Bo. into two roots : 2 kal [kalay), 'drive' ; and 1 kal 
 (kalay), 'drive etc. etc' 
 Whitney, Supplement II. 
 
kas] Roots, Vekb-forms, 18 
 
 y kas, 'scratch'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] kasati etc. av. +, -te etc. e.+ 
 
 [Perf. etc. cakasa; akasit.] 
 
 Fut. 1. kasisyati ts. [ — 2. kasita.] 
 
 Verb, kasita c. ; -kasam s. + 
 
 Deriv. : kasa e. + kasana c. -kasa b. + -kasin c. 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 y kas, 'open'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] kasati etc. av.c. 
 
 Perf. cakase c. 
 
 Aor. 3. acikasat c. 
 
 [Fut. kasisyati, kasita.] 
 
 Verb, kasta v.b.s., kasita s. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int, canikas-. — Desid. eikasisa-. — ] Caus. kasayati etc. c. 
 
 (kasyate c.) 
 Dew. • kasana? c. -kasti ts. -kasaE. + -kasin s.+ -kasaniya c. 
 -kasuka av.+ -kasvara c. -kasaka c. -kasana c. 
 
 y ka, see y kan. 
 
 y kanks, 'desire'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] kanksati -te etc. b.+ 
 
 Perf. cakanksa e. + 
 
 [Aor. etc. aeakanksat, akanksit; kanksisyati, kanksita.] 
 
 Verb, kanksita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. cakanksya-. — Desid. eikaiiksisa-. — ] Caus. kan- 
 
 ksayate e. 
 Deriv. : -kanksa c. kanksin e. + -kanksana c. 
 
 • • • • 
 
 kanksa e. + -kanksya c. kanisaniya c. 
 
 -kanksitavya c. 
 Perhaps a desiderative formation from y kan or kam. 
 
 y kac, 'appear, make a show'. 
 
 Pres. [].] ka9ate etc. b. +, -ti etc. e. 
 
 Perf. cakaqe etc. e. + [ — ka9aih eakre.] 
 
 [Aor. etc. acakagat, aka9ista; ka9isyate, ka9ita.] 
 
 Verb. kaQita e. ; -kaQya b. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. caka9iti etc. v.b.u.. eaka^yate etc. b.s. [ — Desid. eikasisa-.] 
 
 — Caus. kagayati av. +. -te r. + [kagyate e.") 
 Deriv. : kaqa v. + -ka9in e. + -ka9aniya c. 
 
 -kagaka e. + -kagya c. -canka9a av. 
 
 -ka9ana e»+ -ka9ayitavya c. 
 
19 AND Peimary Debivatives. [kuth 
 
 y kas, 'cough'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] kasate etc. c. -ti c. 
 
 [Perf.etc. kasam cakre; acakasat, akasista; kasisyate, kasita; cakas-, 
 
 cikasisa-, kasaya-.] 
 Deriv. : kas av. kasa av.c. kasa av. kasika av. -kasana c. 
 
 Verb-forms only in the medical literature , and probably denominative, 
 from kas or kasa. 
 
 y ku, see y ku. 
 
 y kuc, kune, 'shrink, curl'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] kuncate etc. c. — [6.] kucati etc. si.c. 
 
 Perf. cukoca c. [cukunea.] 
 
 [Aor. etc. akocit, akuncit ; kocisyati kvmcisyati, kocita kuncita.] 
 
 Verb, kucita e. +, kuncita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, kucyate c. — [Int. cokucya-. — Desid. cukuncisa-. — ] 
 
 Cans, kuncayati etc. e. + ; kocayati etc. e. + 
 Deriv. .■ kuea E. + kuncana c. -kocaka c. 
 
 -kucana c. kunci c. -kocin c. 
 
 -kuncaka c. koca e. + -kocana e. + 
 
 Given by the grammarians as two distinct roots , and not without some 
 justification. 
 
 y kunj, 'rustle'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] kunjati c. 
 
 A single occurrence, in the Harsacarita. If not a false reading, is pro- 
 bably an artificial word. 
 
 y kutt, 'divide, crush'. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. kuttayati etc. c. (kuttita c, -kuttya e. +) 
 Deriv. ; -kutta E.+ -kuttaka c. kuttana c. 
 
 Perhaps a prakritized form of 1 krt. The forms avakutya and prakutya 
 (BR. y 2 kut) are only the usual and permitted abbreviations of -kuttya, 
 
 y kunth, 'dull'. 
 
 Doubtless only a denominative from kuntha e. +, 'dull'. The participle 
 kunthita c, and the derivatives kunthaka e. +. -kunthana e.+, occur. 
 
 y kuth, 'stink'. 
 
 Fcr&. kuthita c. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. kothayati etc. c. 
 
 Deriv.: kotha c. -kothaka b. 
 
 Except the n. pr. nikothaka, found only in Sugruta : no proper root. 
 
 2* 
 
kup] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 20 
 
 y kup, 'be angry'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] kupyati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. 
 
 Perf. CTikopa etc. u^.e. 
 
 Aor. [2. akupat. — 3. acukupat. — ] 5. kopisthas e. 
 
 [Put. kopisyati, kopita.] 
 
 Verb, kupita bvI. e. + (kupta c'. ?) 
 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. cokup-. — Desid. cukupisa-, cukopisa-. — ] Cans, ko- 
 
 payati etc. bv. 9B. e. +, -te e. (cukopayisa- in d.) 
 Deriu. ; kupa B.s. kupayuAv.V kopmE.+ -kopitr e. 
 
 kupana? c. -kupya e. kopya e. kopayisnu b. 
 
 kupaya b,v. kopa e. + kopana e. + cukopayisu e. 
 
 ]/ kus, 'tear'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] kusnati etc. c. — [6.] kusati etc. c. 
 
 [Perf. etc, cukosa; akosit, akukaat; kosisyati koksyati, kosita kosta ; 
 
 cokus-, cukusisa- cukosisa-, kosaya-.] 
 Verb, kusita c. ; -kusya ms. 
 Deriv.: kosa (? n. pr.) cb. -kosana s.c. 
 
 The occurrence in ms. hardly a genuine one. 
 
 y kti, 'design'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] kuvate cb'. 
 
 T'er&. -kuta Av. + ; -kavam ts. 
 
 Deriv. : -kuti v. + kavi v. + kaviyas sv. 
 
 Used only with a, except in niskavam, the helongiug of which is douhtful 
 (as is also that of kavi). rv. has -kava, kavatnii, kavarf , 'stingy', of ques- 
 tionable relationship. The grammarians set up roots 1 ku, 2 ku or kQ, 'shout', 
 giving them a full set of forms ; and Nir. once uses their intens. kokiiyate. 
 
 y kuj, 'hum'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] kujati etc. av.+, -te etc. e. 
 
 Perf. cukiija -je etc. c. 
 
 Aor. 1. akuji c. 
 
 [Put. kiijisyati, kujita.] 
 
 Verb, kujita e. + ; kujitva c. 
 
 [Sec. Conj.: cokiij-, eukiijisa-, kujaya-.] 
 
 Deriv. ; kuj a E.+ kujanaE. + kujitavya e. 
 
 y kud, kul, 'burn'. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, kiidayati etc. rvI. ab^.h-, kulayati etc. s.+ (kiilita c, 
 -kiidya s.c.) 
 
21 
 
 AND PkIMARY DeEIVAXIVES. 
 
 [ikr 
 
 y ktin, 'shrink'. 
 Pres. [1.] kunati c'. 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. kunayati etc. c. 
 
 y ktird, 'leap, exult'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] kurdati -te etc. e.+ 
 Perf. ciikurda etc. c. [-de.] 
 [Aor. etc. akurdista; kurdisyate, kurdita.] 
 Verb, kurdita c. 
 
 Deriv. ; kurda s. kurdana c. -kroda?Ts. -krodin? ms. 
 
 Compare ]/ gurd, which is douhtless the same with this. 
 
 y 1 "kr (skr), 'make'. 
 
 Pres. [5.] krnoti krnute etc. v.e.s. — [8.] karoti kurute etc. b,v3.av.+ — 
 [2.] karsi av'., krthas krtha krse rv. — [1.] karanti etc. kv. — 
 kurmi e. — krse ^Is.) kv'. 
 
 Perf. eakara cakre etc. (cakartha cakrse etc.') v. + (cakriyas aeakrat 
 etc. acakriran rv.) 
 
 Aor. 1. akaram akar akran etc. akri akrta akrata etc. v.e.s. (karati -te 
 etc. V.B.S., kriyama RV., kriyasam -asma v.e.s. , 'krdhietc. v.+, kr- 
 sva etc. RV., krant krana rv. ; kranta rv. ; akat cb.) ; akari v. + — 
 2. akarat etc. av. b.s. — 3. acikarat c. — 4. akarsit etc. e. +, akrsi 
 
 etc. E.G. 
 
 Fut. 1. karisyati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.c. (akarisyat etc. b.+) — 2. karta s. + 
 Verb. krtav. + ; kartumAv. +, -tave v.b., -tavai b.s., -tos v.e.s. ; krtva 
 
 AV. +, -tvi V.B., -tvaya e. ; -krtya v. + ; -karam b.+ 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, kriyate etc. v. + — Int. karikr- carikr- v.e. — Desid. ei- 
 
 kirsati etc. av.+, -te etc. s.+ (acikirsis ce.; eikirsayati c). — Caus. 
 
 karayati -te etc. b. + fkaryate etc. e. + ; cikarayisa- in d.) 
 
 Deriv. : kara v. + 
 
 karana rv. 
 karana v. + 
 karaniyaB.+ 
 -karani? e. 
 karas rv. 
 karistha rv. 
 -karisnu s.+ 
 karuna v.b. . 
 kartva v. 
 kartavya b. + 
 
 kartr rv. 
 kartr v. + 
 kartra av. 
 karman v.+ 
 karvara v. 
 -kara v.+ 
 karaka e. + 
 karin av. + 
 karya av. + 
 karana s. + 
 -karaniya c. 
 karu E. + 
 
 karuka b.+ 
 -kurmi, -in rv. 
 -krt V. + 
 -krtya n. v. + 
 -krtya a. v. + 
 krtya v. + 
 krti v. + 
 krtu (-tvas) v. + 
 krtvya rv. 
 krtnu V. 
 krtrima v. + 
 krtvan v. 
 kf tvari av. 
 
 -krtha bv. 
 -kra RV. 
 kratu V. + 
 kriya kcs. e. + 
 cakri ev. 
 -karikra b. 
 -cikirs c. 
 ciklrsa e. + 
 cikirsu e. + 
 karayitr b.e. 
 karayitavya e.+ 
 eikarayisu c. 
 -ciskarayisu e. 
 
 The root-form skr is found especially after sam and pari; but also the 
 aor. nir askrta rv., and pple upaskrta e. +. In v. occur only samskrta 
 
1 kr] Roots, Veeb-forms, 22 
 
 and pariskrta e.v. av., aud pariskrnvanti and -vant bv. (against sam. 
 akrnvan etc. ev.). But from e. on, forms with sk after sam are frequent, 
 almost to the exclusion of those with simple k; even such as sam askur- 
 vata, sam caskara, sam skarisyanti, samskarayam asa, samciska- 
 rayisu. Of the derivatives, there are found with sam only: skarana s.+, 
 skartavya c, skartr e. +, skaraka e. +, skarya e. +, skrti b. + ; also 
 skriya with sam c. and pari c. ; skara with sam s. +, pari e. +, and upa 
 c. ; and skara with apa c, upa e.+, pari e., and vi (V) e. + -, finally, askra 
 RV., which is doubtful. 
 
 y 2 kr, kir, 'scatter'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] kirati etc. v. +, -te etc. v. + 
 
 Perf. eakara cakre e. [cakarus.] 
 
 Aor. 1. kiryat c. — 4. akirsata pb. — 5. karisat rv. 
 
 Fut. 1. karisyati etc. e. [karisyati. — 2. karita.] 
 
 Verb, kirna b. + -, -kirya s. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, kiryate etc. b. + (kiryet e.) — [Int. cakar-, cekirya-. — 
 
 Desid. cikarisa-. — ] Cans, [karayati,] kirayet e. 
 Deriv. : kara v. ? b. + -kara ? s. + -kira c -kirya c. 
 
 -karaka e. -karaka c. kirana v.+ -kula?E. + 
 
 -karitr b. -kir c. -kiri b. 
 
 • 
 
 One or two late forms occur with prefixed s : apaskiramana, praticas- 
 kare; others are authorized by the grammarians; in derivatives, viskira s. + 
 
 y 3 kr, 'commemorate'. 
 
 Pres. cakrant ? rv. 
 
 Aor. 4. akarsam av. — 5. akarisam akarit rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. carkarmi carkrdhi e<c. carkirama -ran earkrse (3s.) 
 
 RV. av'. 
 Deriv. : kara rv. karu v. kirti v. + earkrti rv. 
 
 karin rv. kiri, -in rv. -keru ev. carkrtya v. 
 
 Cakrant is anomalous and altogether questionable. 
 
 y 1 krt, 'cut'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] krntati etc. v. +, -te etc. b.e. — [1.] kartati etc. e. 
 
 Perf. cakarta etc. (cakartitha, cakartus) v. +, cakartire e. 
 
 Aor. 2. akrtas rv. (krtant- rv.) — 3. acikrtas tb. [acakartat.] — 5. 
 
 kartis b. 
 Fut. 1. kartsyati av. ; kartisyati c. [ — 2. kartita.] 
 Verb, krtta v. + ; -krtya v. + ; -kartam cb. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, krtyate etc. av. + — [Int. carikrt-. — ] Desid. cikartisa- 
 
 (m d.) [cikrtsa-.] — Caus. kartayati etc. s. +, krntayati lcs. 
 
23 AND Primary Derivatives. [krs 
 
 Deriv. : karta v. + -kartin c. kfta ev. krntana s. + 
 
 garta '.' B.+ karttavya e. krti rv. krntatra v.b. 
 
 kartya c. -karttrE. + krtti? v.+ cikartisa c. 
 
 kartana v. + kartari c. -krnta b. cikartisu c. 
 
 Samskrtatra v'. is doubtless not referable to this root. 
 
 y 2 krt, "spin'. 
 
 Pres. [7.] krnatti etc. v.b.s. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. kartita kartya c. 
 
 Deriv. karttr e. 
 
 y krp, 'lament'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] krpate etc. v. 
 
 Perf. cakrpanta rv. 
 
 Aor. 1. akrpran v. — 5. akrapista rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. krpayati etc. ev. (^krpayant ev'.), -te etc. jb. 
 
 Deriv. : krpa e. + krpana v. + krpana av. + 
 
 y kr9, 'be lean'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] krqyati cb. 
 
 Perf. cakarga av. 
 
 [Aor. etc. akrgat; karqisyati, karqita.] 
 
 Verb. kr9ita ab. [kr9itva, karqitva.] 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. karQayati etc. v. + 
 
 Deriv. : kar9ana v. + krqa v. + kra9iyas c. 
 
 y krs, 'drag, plough'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] karsati etc. v.+, -te etc. b.+ — [6.] krsati -te etc. v. + 
 
 Perf. cakarsa etc. (cakarsatus) b. + 
 
 Aor. 3. acikrsam rv. [acakarsat. — 4. akarksit, akraksit.] — 7. akrk- 
 
 sat etc. b. (akrksathas cb.) 
 Fut. 1. kraksyant s., kraksyejB., [karksyati] karsisyant b. [— 2. kars- 
 
 ta,^krasta.] 
 Verft. krsta AV. + : krastumE. + ; krstva b. + : -krsya s. + 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, krsyate etc. b. + — Int. carkrsati etc. v.b. [earikrs-. — 
 
 Desid. cikrksa-.] — Caus. karsayati etc. e. + 
 Deriv. : karsa s. + karsu b. + karsi, -sin b. krsya s. + 
 
 karsaka e. + karsana e. + karsman rv. krsti v. + 
 karsin, -si b. + karsaniya c. krsi v. + krastavya c. 
 
 -krastr c. 
 
 • • • 
 
 It does not seem worth while to divide this root, evidently one, into two 
 nearly related ones, as is often done. 
 
kip] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 24 
 
 y kip, 'be adapted'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] kalpate etc. v. + (kalpant? av.) 
 
 Perf. caklpe etc. v., -pus av. (-pat v.) ; eaklpe c. 
 
 Aor. [2. aklpat. — ] 3. aciklpat etc. v.+ [ — 4. aklpta. — 5. akalpista.] 
 
 Fut. 1. klapsyate ab., kalpisyate c. [kalpsyati. — 2. kalpita, kalpta.] 
 
 Verb, klpta v. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. calklp-, caliklp-. — Desid. eiklpsati, eikalpisate. — ] 
 
 Caus. kalpayati -te etc. \. + (kalpyate b. + ; cikalpayisati ab.) 
 Deriv. : kalpa v. + kalpana v. + . kalpitavya c. -kalpayitr cb. 
 
 kalpaka e. + kalpana e. + kl'pti b. + kalpayitavya 
 
 kalpyaE.H- kalpaniya u.+ b.+ 
 
 "With this root are apparently related krp v.b., krpa v. + 
 
 y knu, 'wet'. 
 
 [Pres. etc. knuyate, eviknuye, aknuyit, knuyisyati, knuyita.] 
 
 Verb, -knuyam 9B. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. [knopayati] (-knopam c.) 
 
 Deriv. -knopana c. 
 
 y kraks, 'crash'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] kraksamana evI. 
 Deriv. : -kraksa evI. -kraksin bxK 
 Apparently an onomatopoetic root. 
 
 y krath, 'be jubilant'. 
 
 [Pres. etc. krathati etc.] 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. krathayati tb^. 
 
 Deriv. : kratha e. + krathana b. + kratha e. -krathin e. krathana c. 
 A very doubtful group of derivatives, in meaning and connection. 
 
 y krand, kland, 'cry out'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] krandati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. — Mandate ci. 
 
 Perf. eakranda c, eakrade rv. (cakradat etc. rv.) 
 
 Aor. 2. kradas rv. — 3. acikradat etc. v.b. — 4. akran v.b. — 5. akran- 
 
 dit c. 
 [Fut. krandisyati, krandita.] 
 Verb, krandita c. ; kranditum c. 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. kanikrand-, kanikrad-, kanikradya- v.b. [cakrand-. — 
 
 Desid. eikrandisa-.] — Caus. krandayati etc. v.+ 
 Deriv. : kranda v. + klanda av. krandanu rv. 
 
 -krandin c. krandana v.+ krandas v. 
 
 krandya v.b. -krandaniya c. kanikrada b. 
 
25 AND Pkimary Dekivatives. [krxQl 
 
 y kram, 'stride'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] kramati etc. kramate etc. v. + (^kramati etc, uv.'i e.+, kramate 
 
 etc. u.E.) [ — 4. kramyati.] 
 Perf. eakrama cakramus etc., cakrame etc. v. + (cakramanta rv.) 
 Aor. 1. akran akramus etc. b,v. — 2. akramat -man av.i!. [ — 3. acikra- 
 
 mat.] — 4. akramsta -sata etc. v.b.s. (kramsate ev.) — 5. akramit 
 
 etc. V.B.U., kramista (3«.) bv. (akramini rv., akramit cb.-) 
 Put. 1. kramsyati -te av.b.e.; kramiisyati -te b.+ (akramisyat r.) [ — 2. 
 
 kramita , kramta.] 
 Fer&. kramta Av. + ; kramitumE, + , -toss., kramtum e. + ; kramitva 
 
 E. +, kramtva b. + [kramtva]; -kramya v. + ; -krame ev.; -kramam 
 
 AV. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, kramyate etc. s.+. — Int. cankram- v. +, eankramyate 
 B.+ — Desid. cikramisati etc. b.u, [cikramsa-.] — Caus, kramayati 
 etc. B. +; kramayati etc. b.+ (kramyate c.) 
 Deriv. : 
 krama v. + -kramaniya e. + -kramya c. -kramtr e. 
 
 -kraminE. + -kramitavya e. -kramana c. cankramaAv. + 
 kramya c. -krama b. -kramuka b. eankramanas.+ 
 
 kramana V.+ -kramin av.b. -kramtiB.+ -kramayitavya c. 
 The aor. akran is by some ret'erred to ykrandt 
 
 y kri, 'buy. 
 
 Pres. [9.] krinati krinite etc. v. + 
 
 Perf. cikraya s. [cikriye.] 
 
 [Aor. akraisit, akresta.] 
 
 Put. 1. kresyati -te etc. b.s. [ — 2. kreta.] 
 
 Verb, krita v. + ; kretum e. + ; kritva av. + ; -kriya b. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, kriyate etc. b.+ [ — Int. cekri-.] — Desid. cikrisate c. 
 
 [ — Caus. krapayati, aeikrapat.] 
 Deriv.: kraya av.+ krayyaB.+ -krayaka e.+ kretavyaE.+ 
 
 -krayaka e. krayanaB.+ -kriAv.+ kretrE. + 
 
 -krayin e. + krayaniya s. -kriti b. kreya e.+ 
 
 V y krid, 'play. 
 
 Pres. [1.] kridati -te etc. \.+ 
 Perf. eikrida -de etc. b. + 
 [Aor. acikridat, akridit.] 
 Put. 1. kridisyati c. [ — 2. kridita.] 
 Verb, kridita e. + ; kriditum c. ; -kridya e. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. eekrid-. — ] Desid. cikridisa- (m d.). — Caus. kridayati 
 etc. s. + (^kridapayati e.") 
 
krid] Roots, Vekb-fobms, 26 
 
 Deriv.: kridav. + kridinv. + kridi ev.b. eikridisa c. 
 
 krida e. + kridana e. + kriditr c. cikridisu c. 
 
 • • • • • • 
 
 kridu Ev. 
 
 y kru, 'be rough or raw' . 
 
 Such a root appears to be assuraalile for the derivatives : 
 kravanauv. kravis, -viv. kravisnuv. kravya v.+ -kru rv. kruraAv.+ 
 
 y krudh, 'be angry'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] krudhyati etc. av. + , -te etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. eukrodha cukrudhus etc b. + 
 
 Aor. 2. krudhat etc. av. + — 3. acukrudhat etc. rv. 
 
 [Fut. krotsyati, kroddha.] 
 
 Verb, kruddha v. + ; kroddlium e. ; kruddhva s. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. cokrudh-. — Desid. cukrutsa-. — ] Cans, ki'odhayati 
 
 etc. AV. + (krodhyate ji.) 
 Deriv. : krudh c. krudhmi rv. kr6dliaAv.+ krodhana e.+ krodhaniyaE. 
 
 \q^ y kru9, 'cry out'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] kr69ati etc. v, +, -te etc. rv.e. 
 
 Perf. CTikroga etc. e. [cukru9e.] 
 
 Aor. 7. akrviksat etc. v.b. 
 
 [Fut, kroksyati, krosta.] 
 
 Verb, krusta b. + ; krostum e. ; -kru9ya e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, krugyate e. — [Int. cokru9-. — Desid. cukruksa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. kro9ya e. + 
 Deriv. : -kro9a v. + -kro9in c. kl69a rv. krostu c. 
 
 -kro9aka b. + -kro9ya s. kro9ana v. + krostr v. + 
 
 -kro9ayitr c. 
 
 y krud, 'thicken' (?). 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. akrudayat, krudyamana, cukrudayati b. 
 
 All in a single passage of the Kathaka. Possible derivative , kroda av. + 
 
 y klath, 'turn' (?) . 
 Pres. [1.] klathan b. 
 
 A single occurrence , in vs. ; no derivatives. 
 
 y kland, see ]/ krand. 
 
 y klam, 'be w^eary'. 
 Pres. [4.] klamyati c. 
 Perf. [caklama,] caklame c. 
 [Aor. etc. aklamit; klamisyati, klamita.] 
 
27 AND Primary Derivatives. [k^ad 
 
 Verb, klamta e. + 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans, klamayati c. 
 Derjw.; klama E. + klamti c. 
 
 Compare y 9ram. 
 
 y klav, 'stammer'. 
 Verb, klavita c. 
 
 Probably artificial and false, inferred from viklava e. + , viklavita c. 
 
 y klid, 'be wet'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] klidyati -te etc. e. + — [1.] klindant ci. 
 
 [Perf. etc. eikleda; aklidat, aciklidat; kledisyati kletsyati, kledita 
 
 kletta.] 
 Verb, klinna s. + [kliditva, klittva.] 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. ceklid-. — Desid. cikledisa-, ciklidisa-, ciklitsa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. kledayati etc. s. + 
 Deriv.: -klmdu av. -kledin c. kledana c. 
 
 kleda e. + -kledya e. -klediyas av. 
 
 y kli9, 'distress'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] kllQnati etc. e. + — [4.] kliqyate etc. e. + , -ti etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. cikle9a etc. c. 
 
 [Aor. etc. kli9yat akle9i, acikli9at, akle9it, akliksat; kle9isyati 
 
 kleksyati, kle9ita klesta.] 
 Verb, klista e.+ [kli9ita]; klestum e.; [kli9itva, klistva;] -kli9ya cb.+ 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. cekli9-. — Desid. cikle9isa-, cikli9isa-, cikliksa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. kle9ayati etc. e. + 
 Deriv. : kle9a u. + -kle9aka c. kle9iii c. kle9ana c. klestr e. 
 
 y kvan, 'sound'. 
 Pres. [1.] kvanati c. 
 
 [Perf. etc. eakvana ; akvanit ; kvanisyati , kvanita.] 
 Verb, kvanita c. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. kvanayati etc. c. 
 Deriv. -kvanana c. 
 
 l/kvath, 'boil'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] kvathati -te etc. b. + 
 
 [Perf. etc. eakvatha ; akvathit ; kvathisyati , kvathita.] 
 
 Fer&. kvathita c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caws. kvathayati etc. s.+ (kvathyate etc. e. +) 
 
 Deriv. : kvatha c. kvathana c. kvatha c. kvathayitavya c. 
 
 y.ksad, 'divide'. 
 Pres. [1.] ksadate etc. v.b. 
 Perf. caksade etc. bv. 
 Deriv. : ksattf v. -ksad rv. ksadman rv. 
 
ksanl 
 
 Roots, Veeb-fobms, 
 
 28 
 
 ^y° y ksan, 'wound'. 
 
 Pres. [S.] ksanoti ksanute etc. b. + 
 
 [Perf. caksana caksane.] 
 
 Aor. [1. aksata, — ] 5. ksanisthas av. [aksanit.] 
 
 [Fut. ksanisyati -te, ksanita.] 
 
 Verb, ksata v. + ; ksanitos cb, 
 
 [Sec. Conj. : canksan- ; ciksanisa- ; ksanaya-.] 
 
 Deriv.: ksanana c. ksati e. + 
 
 y ksap, 'be abstinent'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] ksapati e. + , ksapate v.s. 
 Verb, ksapitum c. 
 Deriv. ksapana e. + 
 
 The -words ksap v., ksapa v. + do not appear to be connected with 
 this root. 
 
 y ksam, 'endure'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] ksamate etc. v. + , -ti etc, e. + (ksamat av. ?). — [4.] ksamyate 
 
 etc. E. + [ksamyati.] 
 Perf. caksame etc. b. + (eaksamithas ev.) 
 [Aor. aksamat, aeiksamat, aksamsta, aksamista.] 
 Fut. 1. ksamsyati etc. e., ksamisyati b.+ [ — 2. ksamta, ksamita.] 
 Verb, ksamta e. +, ksamita e. ; ksamtum e. + 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, ksamyate e. + — [Int. canksam-. — Desid. ciksamsa-, 
 
 ciksamisa-. — ] Cans, ksamayati etc. e.+ (^ksamaye m. . ksama- 
 
 paya- c.} 
 Deriv. : ksam, ksa v. 
 ksama av.+ 
 ksama e. + 
 
 ksamaniya e. 
 ksamtavya e.+ 
 ksamitavya e. 
 
 ksamtr e. 
 
 ksamya e. 
 
 ksaman v. 
 
 ksami sv. 
 
 ksamti e. + 
 ksma V. + 
 eaksma? kv. 
 ksamapanaci. 
 
 y ksar, 'flow'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] ksarati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. 
 
 Perf. caksara c. 
 
 Aor. aksar (3s.") b,v. 
 
 [Fut. ksarisyati, ksarita.] 
 
 Verb, ksarita b. ; ksaradhyai ev. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. eaksar-. — Desid. ciksarisa-. — ] Caus. ksarayati etc. b. + 
 
 Deriv. : ksara v. + ksarana c. ksarana c. ksira v v. + 
 
 I ksal, 'wash'. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. ksalayati etc. b.+ (^ksalapayita s.) 
 Deriv. : ksala e. + -ksalaka e. + -ksalya c 
 
 Doubtless the same with the preceding root. 
 
 -ksalana s. + 
 
29 AND Pbimaky Dekivatives. [ksip 
 
 y ksa, 'burn'. 
 Pres. [4.] ksayati etc. b.s. 
 Verb, ksana? b.s. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. ksapayati etc. av. b.s. 
 Deriv.: -ksana e. ksati rv. ksamaB.+ ksaraE. + 
 
 y 1 ksi, 'possess'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] kseti etc. v.b. (ksyant ts., ksiyant v.). — [6.] ksiyati etc. av. b. — 
 
 [1.] ksayati etc. v. 
 [Perf. ciksaya.] 
 Aor. 4. ksesat rv. 
 Fut. ksesyant rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. ksayaya rv., ksepayat rv. 
 
 Z»eriu. ; ksaya V. ksayana vs. -ksit v.+ -ksetr rv. 
 
 ksa?v. ksatra?v. + ksiti v.+ ksetr a v. + 
 
 • • • • 
 
 -ksas? RV. ksemav. + 
 
 y 2 ksi, ksi, 'destroy'. 
 
 Pres, [9.] ksinati etc. v.b. — [5.] ksinoti etc. av.+ — [1.] ksayati e. — [4.] 
 
 ksiyate etc. v.b. — [2.] ksidhi sv'. 
 [Perf. ciksaya.] 
 
 Aor. 1. [ksiyat;] ksayi b.s. — 4. ksesthas ksesta av.b.s.u. 
 Fut. 1. aksesyata (3s.) cb. ; ksayisyami r. [ — 2. kseta.] 
 Verb, ksita v. +, ksina av. + ; -ksetos b. ; [ksitva;] -ksiya ce. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, ksiyate v. + — [Int. ceksi-. — ] Desid. ciksisati b. — 
 
 Caus. ksayayati etc. e. + ; ksapayati etc. e. + 
 Deriv.: ksayaE.+ -ksayana av. b.s. ksesnii b. -ksapayitr c. 
 
 ksayin e. -h ksayisnu u.c. ksapana e. + ksapayisnu c. 
 ksayya b. + -ksit b. ksapitavya c. ksayayitavya e. 
 
 ksiti AV. + 
 
 y ksip, 'tkrow'. 
 Pres. [6.] ksipati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ 
 Perf. ciksepa etc. e. +, eiksipe e. 
 
 Aor. [1. ksipyat ; aksepi. — ] 3. ciksipat etc. v. [ — 4. aksaipsit, aksipta.] 
 Fut. 1. ksepsyati etc. e.+, -te e. [ — 2. ksepta.] 
 Verb, ksipta v. +, ksipita s. ; kseptum e. +, -tos b. ; ksiptva c. ; -ksipya 
 
 E. + ; -ksepam e. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, ksipyate e. + (-y ant m.) — [Int. ceksip-. — ] Desid. ciksi- 
 
 psa- (m d.). — Caus. ksepayati etc. e. + 
 Deriv. : ksip rv. ksipti c. ksepya c. kseptavya e. + 
 
 -ksipa c. ksipra v. + ksepan b. kseptr e. + 
 
 ksipa RV. ksepa e. + ksepana s. + ksepnu rv. 
 
 ksipani rv. ksepaka e. + ksepistha e. -ciksipsu c. 
 ksipanii rv. -ksepin c. ksepiyas b. + 
 
k§u] Roots, Verb-forms, 30 
 
 y ksu, 'sneeze'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] ksauti ksuvanti etc. b. + 
 
 Perf. euksava etc. b., euksuve c. 
 
 [Aor. etc. aksavit; ksavisyati, ksavita.] 
 
 Verb, ksuta e. + ; ksutva b. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Desid. cuksusati jb. [ — Desid.-Caus. cuksavayisati.] 
 
 Deriu..- ksava Av. ksavathu c. 
 
 y ksud, 'crush'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] ksodati -te rv. [ — 7. ksunatti ksuntte.] 
 
 Perf. cuksudus e. 
 
 [Aor. etc. aksudat, aksautsit aksutta; ksotsyati -te, ksotta.] 
 
 Verb, ksunna e. + ; -ksudya c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, ksodayati etc. ev. c. 
 
 Deriu. ; ksudra V. + ksodaE. + ksodas ev. ksodistha b. 
 
 • • • • ■ ■ 
 
 ksodya e. ksodiyas b.+ 
 
 y ksudh, 'be hungry'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] ksudhyati etc. v. + 
 
 [Perf. ciiksodha.] 
 
 Aor. 2. ksudhat av. 
 
 [Fut. ksotsyati, ksoddha.] 
 
 Verb, ksudhita v. + [ksudhitva.] 
 
 Deriv..- ksudh V.+ ksudha E.+ -ksudhya av. ksudhi c. ksodhuka b.s. 
 
 -|/ksup, 'be startled' (?). 
 
 Pres. [6.] aksupat e1. (^Aor. 2'?). 
 Beriv. : ksupa e. + ksiimpa ev. 
 
 Not a genuine root. The only verbal form in a single punning etymology. 
 
 ]/ ksubh, 'quake'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] ksubhyati -te etc. e.+ — [1.] ksobhate ui. — [5.] ksubhnuyus 
 
 JB. [ — 9. ksubhnati.] 
 Perf. cuksobha c, cuksubhe av.+ 
 [Aor. etc. ksubhyat aksobhi, aksubhat, aeuksubhat, aksobhit -bhista ; 
 
 ksobhisyati -te, ksobhita.] 
 Verb, ksubdha b. +, ksubhita e. + ; -ksobdhos cb. [ksobhitum ; ksub- 
 
 dhva, ksubhitva.] 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. coksubh-. — Desid. cuksubhisa- , cuksobhisa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. ksobhayati -te e. + (ksobhyate e. +, cuksobhayisa- in d.) 
 
 Beriv. : ksubh rv. ksobha b. + -ksobhin c. ksobhana v. + 
 
 ksubha e. + ksobhaka c. ksobhya e. + ksobhayitr c. 
 
 cuksobhayisu e. 
 
31 AND PRIMA.KY DERIVATIVES. [khad 
 
 y ksnu, 'whet'. 
 
 Pres. [2.1 ksnaumi rv., ksnauti s., ksnuvana av. 
 [Perf. etc. cuksnava ; aksnavit; ksnavisyati, ksnavita.] 
 Verb, ksnuta e. ; -ksnutya b. 
 Deriv.: -ksnut e.s. ksnotra rv. 
 
 y ksma, 'tremble'. 
 
 [Pres. etc. ksmayate, caksmaye, etc.] 
 Sec, Conj. : Caus. ksmapayati c. 
 
 No genuine root. The single example In Nirukta. 
 
 y ksvid, 'hum'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] ksvedati etc. e.+ 
 
 Verb, ksvedita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. ksvedayati e. 
 
 Deriv. : ksveda e. + ksvedana e. + 
 
 • • • • 
 
 A later form of the root next following. 
 
 y ksvid, 'hum'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] ksvedati etc. b. 
 Verb, ksvinna c ; -ksvidas b. 
 Apparently onomatopoetic. 
 
 , y ksvel, 'play' . 
 
 Pres. [1.] ksvelati etc. e. 
 
 Verb, ksvelita e. + 
 
 Deriv. : ksvelana c. ksveli c. 
 
 y khac, 'show through'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] khacati etc. c. 
 Verb, khacita e. + 
 
 y khanj, 'limp'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] khanj ati etc. c. 
 [Perf. etc. eakhanja etc. etc.'] 
 Deriv.: khanja c. khanjana c. 
 
 y khad, 'be hard'. 
 
 Pres. -khadant? ce. 
 
 [Perf. etc. cakhada etc. etc.] 
 
 Deriv. : khada s. khadira v. + 
 
 Very doubtful root ; the occurrence in cb. perhaps a false reading. 
 
khan] Roots, Vekb-fobms, 32 
 
 y khan, kha, 'dig'. 
 Pres. [1.] khanati -te etc. v. + 
 Perf. cakhana cakhnus etc. av. + [eakhne.] 
 Aor. [1. khanyat, khayat. — 3. aeikhanat. — ] 4. khans. [ — 5. akhanit, 
 
 akhanista.] 
 Fut. 1. khanisyati etc. b.+ [ — 2. khanita.] 
 Verb, khata v. + ; khanitum b. + ; khanitva c. , khatva b. + , -tvl b.; 
 
 -khaya e. + ; -khanam s. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, khayate etc. b. +, khanyate etc. e. + [ — Int. eankhan-, 
 cakha-. — Desid. cikhanisa-.] — Caus. khanayati etc. s. + (kha- 
 naya- e. ?) 
 DeWv..- kha V. + khanana c. khanitrav. + khanya s. 
 
 kha V. + khananiya c. khara v. + khani c. 
 
 khana av. khani av. + khatr c. -khu v. + 
 
 khanaka e. khanitr v. + khanaka c. -kheya c. 
 
 y kharj, 'creak'. 
 Pres. [I.] kharj ati s. 
 Deriv. : khargala v. + kharjura b. + 
 
 y khall, 'be relaxed'. 
 
 Pres. [1 .] khallate c. 
 Verb, khallita c. 
 Deriv. khalla c. . 
 
 y kha, see ]/ khan. 
 
 y khad, 'chew'. 
 Pres. [1.] khadati etc. v.+ 
 Perf. cakhada etc. v. + 
 [Aor. acakhadat; akhadit.] 
 Fut. 1 . khadisyate e. [-ti. — 2. khadita.] 
 Verb, khadita b. + ; khaditva b.u. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, khadyate c. [ — Int. cakhad-.] — Desid, cikhadisati e. + 
 
 — Caus. khadayati etc. e.+ 
 Derii;. : khada V. + khadyaE.+ khadas- rv. eikhadisu e.+ 
 
 khadaka s. + khadana e. + khaditavya c. 
 
 khadin e. + khadaniya c. khaditr c. 
 
 y khid, 'tear'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] khidati etc. v. +. [ — 7. khintte.] — [4.]? see Pass. 
 [Perf. etc. cikheda; aeikhidat, akhaitsit; khetsyati, khetta.] 
 Fer&. khinna E. + ; -khidyaB.s. ; -khidam av. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, khidyate etc. e. +, -ti etc. e. + — [Int. cekhid-. — Desid. 
 cikhitsa-. — ] Caws, khadayati -te e.+ 
 
33 AND Primary Derivatives. [gad 
 
 Deriv. : -khida is. kMdvans rv. khedin c. kheditavya e. 
 
 khidra rv. kheda v. + khedana c, khedayitavya c, 
 
 ]/ khud, '■futuere'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] khudati etc. v. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. eanikhudat s. (kanikhunat tb.) 
 
 Deriv. khodana av. 
 
 y khel, 'stagger . 
 
 Pres. [1.] khelati etc. e. + 
 
 Verb, khelita c. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans, khelayati etc. c. 
 
 Deriv. : khela v. + khelana c. k!!;^eli c. 
 
 y khya, 'see'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] khyasi khyati khyahi khyata e. + 
 
 Perf. cakhyau cakhyus etc. v. + 
 
 Aor. [1. akhyayi; khyayat, kliyeyat. — ] 2. akhyat etc. v.b.s., akhyata 
 
 etc. v.B. — 4. khyesam b.s. [khyasista.] 
 Fut. 1. khyasyati etc. b.+, -te e. + [ — 2. khyata.] 
 Verb, khyata av. + ; khyatum b. + ; -khyaya v. + ; -khyai v.b.; -khya- 
 
 yam b. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, khyayate etc. b.+ (khyayisyate b.) — [Int. cakhya-. — ] 
 Desid. eikhyasita c. — Cans, khyapayati -te etc. b. + (^[acikhyapat ;] 
 khyapyate etc. c. ; cikhyapayisa- in d. c.) 
 Deriv..- -khya B.+ -khyatrv. + -khyeya av. + khyapana e. + 
 
 -khya v. + khyana b. + khyapaka c. khyapaniya c. 
 
 khyati B.+ -khyayakaE. + khyapin c. -cikhyasu c. 
 -khyatavya E.+ -khy ayin s. + khyapya e. cikhyapayisa c. 
 
 y gach, see y gam. 
 
 y gad, 'say'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] gadati etc. s. + 
 
 Perf. jagada jagade etc. e.+ 
 
 Aor. 1. agadi c. [ — 5. agadit.] 
 
 Fut. 1. gadisyate e. [ — 2. gadita.] 
 
 Verb, gadita e. + ; gaditum c. ; -gadya s. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, gadyate etc. e. + — Int. jagadyate c. — Desid. jigadi- 
 
 sati e. — Caus. gadayati s. 
 Deriv..- gada B.+ gadanaB.+ -gadin c. gadgada c. 
 
 gadya e. + gadi c. -gadya c. 
 
 vi gada in av. (v. 22. 6) is douttless a vocative, vigada. 
 Whitney, Supplement II. 3 
 
gadhj 
 
 Roots, Verb-Forms, 
 
 34 
 
 y gadh, 'attach' (?) . 
 
 Verb, -gadhita b.'v-. 
 Deriv. gadhya ev. 
 
 A root of doubtful meaning and relations. 
 
 y gabh, see y gah. 
 
 y gam, gach, 'go'. 
 -te etc. V. +. — garaanti ev., -ntu v. 
 
 [2.] 
 
 Pres. [1.] gachati etc. v. +, 
 gatha ev'. 
 
 Perf. jagama (jagantha [jagamitha]") jagmus etc, jagme etc. v.+ (ja- 
 gannia ev. ; jaganvans v. +. jagmivans b. + ; jagamyat etc. v.; aja- 
 gan etc. ajagmiran v.) 
 
 Aor. 1. agamam agan agraan etc. agata aganmahi agmata etc. v.b.s, 
 (gamat etc. v.b., gamamahai ev. ; gamyat etc. v.b.s., gmiya b. ; gahi 
 gantu etc. v.b.s.: gmant v.); agami ev., agami c. — 2. agamat 
 etc. B.+ [garnet etc. v.b.s., gamemahi v.s.) — 3. ajigamat etc. v.b. — 
 4. agamsi agamsmahi etc. s.+ (agasmahi etc. v.b.) [gamsista, gasista.] 
 — 5. gamistam ev., gmisiya vs. 
 
 Fut. 1. gamisyati etc. av.+, -te etc. e. (agamisyat u.) — 2. gamta etc. b. + 
 
 Verb, gata v. + ; gamtum e. +, -tave v.b., -tavai v.. -tos v.b. ; gatva av.+, 
 -tvaya v.b., -tvi ev. ; -gatya v. +, -gamya u.s. + ; gamadhyai ev., 
 -dhye ts. ; -gamas ms. 
 
 Sec. ConJ.: Pass, gamyate eic. av. + — Int. ganigara- v.b., jangam- (m d.), 
 jagam- av. ? — Desid. jigamisati -te etc. b. + , jigamsati etc. av.+, 
 -te etc. S. + — Cans, gamayati etc. v.+. -te etc. s. + (gamaya evI.) 
 
 Deriv. : gaeha c. 
 -gama v. + 
 gamaka c. 
 -gamin c. 
 gamya u. + 
 gamana v.+ 
 
 gamisnu e. 
 -gat V. 
 gati V. + 
 -gamtva s. 
 
 -gatvan ev. 
 gatvara c. 
 -gamin e.+ 
 -gamiika e. + 
 
 gamaniya e.+ -gatha v.b. 
 gamistha v.s. gatnu av. 
 
 gamtavya B.+ gma ev. 
 gamtr v. + -gman ev. 
 
 jma EV. 
 
 jman v. 
 
 gamayitr b.+ 
 gamayitavya b.c. 
 jagat V. + 
 jagmi EV. 
 jigatnu V. 
 jangama v. + 
 jangamana c. 
 -jigamisu c. 
 jigamsu c. 
 
 y garj, 'roar. 
 
 Pres. [1.] garjati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. jagarja etc. e. + 
 
 [Aor. etc. agarjit; garjisyati, garjita.] 
 
 Verb, garjita e. + ; garjitva e. : -garjya c. 
 
 Deriv. : gavja c. -garj in c. garjana e.+ 
 
 garji c. 
 
35 AND Primary Dekivaiives. [2 ga 
 
 y gard, 'exult' (?) . 
 
 Pres, [1.] agardat pb. 
 Deriv. garda ts. 
 
 Perhaps the same with ]/ gurd. 
 
 y garh, 'chide'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] garhate etc. ev.s.e. +, -ti etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. jagarha -he etc. e. + 
 
 [Aor. etc. agarhista; garhisyate, garhita.] 
 
 Verb, garhita s. + ; garhitum e. ; -garhya c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, garhyate etc. c. — [Int. jagarh-. — Desid. jigarhisa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. garhayati -te etc. u, + 
 Deriv. ; garha E.+ garhya s.v+ garhana e.+ garhitavya e. 
 
 garhin e. + garhaniya e. + 
 
 y gal, 'drop'. 
 Pres. [1.] galati etc. c. 
 [Perf. c«c. jagala; agalit; etc.] 
 Verb, galita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. galgallti vs., galgalyate c. — Caws, galayati etc. c. 
 Deriv. : galana c. galana c. 
 
 y galbh, 'dare'. 
 Pres. [1.] galbhate etc. c. 
 Perf. jagalbhe c. 
 Deriv. -galbha b. + 
 
 With pra, and doubtless in reality a denominative of pragalbha. 
 
 y 1 ga, 'go'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] jigati etc. v.b. [ — 2. gate.] 
 
 Perf. jagayat rv.i, (adhi-) jage etc. e. + 
 
 Aor. 1. agat agus etc. v.+ (gani gata etc. v.; agan 3j). c.l [agayi.] — 
 
 3. (adhy-) agista agisata etc. b.+ [agasta] ; gesam -sma av.b.s. 
 [Fut. gasyate, (adhy-) agisyata ; gata.] 
 Verb, gatave ev^. 
 See. Conj.: [Pass, giyate. — Int. jegiya-. — ] Desid. jigisati etc. svi.c^. 
 
 [jigasa-. — Caus. gapayati, ajigapat.] 
 Deriv.; -ga V.+ gatrav. + -gaya v. ganga?v. + 
 
 -ga V. + -gana ev. -gu ? b. 
 
 gatu V.B. -gaman ev. gesna? u. 
 
 y 2 ga, 'sing'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] gayati etc. v. +, -te etc. v. + — [1.] gati ke*., ganti m. — gayise 
 (Is.) Evi. 
 
 3* 
 
2 ga] Roots, Verb-forms, 36 
 
 Perf. jagau etc. b.+, jage etc. c. 
 
 Aor. [1. geyat; agayi. — ] 4. gasi (Is.) rv. — 6. agasit -sisus etc. v.b.u, 
 
 (gasisat ev.) 
 Fut. 1. gasyati etc. b.+ (agasyat etc. b.tj.) [ — 2. gata.] 
 Verb, gita v. + ; gatum b. + ; gitva b. + ; -gaya ab., -glya cb.c. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, giyate etc. v.+ (giyant m.) — Int. jegiyate etc. e. + 
 [jaga-.] — Desid. jigasati etc. b. — Cans, gapayati etc. b.+, -te b. 
 [ajigapat] ; gayayeyus jub. 
 Deriv.: -ga\.+ gayatrav. + gatrv.+ gitis. + 
 
 -ga Av. + gayana s. + gatha v. + githa av. + 
 
 -gaya c. -gayas ev. gatha v. + geya b. + 
 
 gayakaE.+ gatu b,v. gana u.s.+ -gesna ab. 
 
 -gayin c. gatavya c. -gaman ev. -jigitha, -ta b.u. 
 
 -gapana s. 
 
 y gah etc., 'plunge'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] gahate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e. 
 
 Perf. jagaha c. (jigahire sK) 
 
 [Aor. ajigahat ; agacLha, agahista.] 
 
 Fut. 1. gahisyate e.+ [ — 2. gacLha, gahita.] 
 
 Verb, gadiia s. +, gahita e. + ; gahitum e. ; -gahya s. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, gahyate etc. e. + — Int. jangahe v. [jagah-. — Desid. 
 
 jigahisa-, jighaksa-.] — Caws, gahayati etc. c. 
 Deriv. : -gaha ev. gaha v. + gambhan b. gabhvara c. 
 
 gahana Ev.E. -gahin c. gambhara ev. gadh.av.+ 
 
 gah-, ganhmanB. -gahya E.+ gambhistha b. gadhana c. 
 gahvara av. + gahana s. + gabhira v. + 
 
 gahaniya c. gambhira v. + 
 The connection of these derivatives is probable, but not beyond question. 
 
 y gir, gil, see y 2 gr. 
 
 y gu, 'sound'. 
 
 [Pres. etc. gavate; juguve; agosta; gosyate, gota; guta.] 
 Sec. Conj.: 7rii. joguve joguvana v.b. 
 Deriv.: -gut? ev. jogu ev. 
 
 y gunj, 'hum'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] gunjati etc. c. 
 
 [Perf. etc. jugunja ; agunjit ; gunjisyati, gunjita.] 
 
 Verb, gunjita c. 
 
 Deriu.; gunj a c. -gunjin c. 
 
37 AND Pbimaky Derivatives. [gulph 
 
 y gunth, 'cover up'. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. gunthayati etc. c. (gunthita e. +, -gunthya s. +) 
 Deriv. gunthana c. 
 
 Probably a denominative formation. ^<^>^ep T 
 
 y gup, 'protect'. V^ -^^ " ^^^-^ ^ ^ 
 
 Pres. [1 .] gopant? c'. ^*^::£^4[£|^^^^^ 
 
 Perf. jugopa jugupus etc. v.+ 
 
 Aor. 3. ajugupat etc. b.s. (ajugupa- b.) [ — 4. agaupsit. — 5. agopit.] 
 
 Fut. 1. gopsyati etc. av.+ [gopisyati. — 2. gopta, gopita.] 
 
 Verb, gupita v., gupta av. +; goptum u., gopitum c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, gupyate etc. b. [ — Int. jogup-.] — Desid. jugupsate etc. 
 
 B. +, -ti etc. E. +, jiigupisa- (m d.) [jugopisa-.] — Caus. gopayati etc. 
 
 E. +, -te etc. E. (gopyate e.) 
 Deriv.; -gup E.+ gopyaE. + goptavya e. jugupsaE.+ 
 
 -gupya B. gopanaAv. + goptr av.+ jugupsus. + 
 
 gupti AV. + -gopaniya c. gopistha b. jugupisu e. 
 
 Perhaps ultimately a denominative from gopa, but assuming the aspect 
 of a root even in the Veda. 
 
 y guph, gumph, 'twine'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] gumphati etc. c. 
 
 Verb, gumphita, guphita c. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. gumphayati etc. c. 
 
 Deriv. : gumpha c. -gumphaka c. gumphana c. 
 
 y gur, 'greet'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] gurate etc. v. +, -ti etc. c. 
 Perf. [jugure] jugurat -ryas -ryat rv. 
 Aor. 1. gurta rv. [ — 5. agurista.] 
 [Fut. gurisyate, gurita.] 
 
 Verb, giirta v.+, gurna s. + ; -gurya v. +, -gurya c. 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. jargurana bv. — Caws, giiraya- (m d.). 
 Deriv. : -gur b.s. gurana c. -gorana c. jugurvani bv. 
 
 -gurana c. giirti rv. -gurayitr c. 
 
 Doubtless a secondary form of y 1 gr. 
 
 y giilph, 'bunch'. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. gulphayeyus s'., gulphita s. 
 Deriv. gulpha av. + 
 
 A very doubtful case. 
 
guh] Roots, Vekb-fobms, 38 
 
 y guh, 'hide'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] guhati -te etc. v. + 
 
 Perf. juguha c, juguhe juguhire e. 
 
 Aor. [1. aguhi. — ] 2. giihias guhant- gvLhamana kv. [ — 3. ajugiihat. — 
 
 4. agudha. — 5. aguhit, aguhista.] — 7. aghuksat etc. v.b. [aghuk- 
 sata.] 
 
 [Fut. guhisyati -te, ghoksyati -te ; guhita, godha.] 
 
 Verb, gudha v. + ; guhituniE. + ; [guhitva, gudhva,] gudhvi kv. ; -guhya 
 
 E. +, -guhya ? E. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, guhyate etc. v. + [ — Int. joguh-.] — Desid. juguksati ev. 
 
 [jughuksa-.] — Cans, guhayati etc. s. + 
 Deriv, : guh rv. ' guhya v. + guhitavya e. goha v.b.s. 
 
 guha E. + -gtiha c. -gtihitr c. -gohana kv. 
 
 guha V. + guhana s. + -gohya kv.s. 
 
 y gurd, 'exult' {?). 
 
 Pres. [1.] agurdan jb. 
 Deriv. gurda b. + 
 
 Compare roots kurd, gard, and gurdh. See J.A.O.S., vol. xi., p. cxlvii. 
 
 y gurdh, 'exalt' (?). 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus, gurdhaya evI. 
 
 Perhaps the same with the preceding. 
 
 ]/ 1 gr, 'sing'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] grnati grnite etc. v.+ (grne 3s. v., grnata 2p. av.) — [6.] (sam-) 
 
 girate etc. c, -ti c. — grnise (Is.) v. 
 Perf. jagara ta. 
 [Aor. giryat ; agarit.] 
 
 Fut. 1. garisyati s. [garisyati. — 2. garita.] 
 Verb, [girna ;] -girya b. ; grnisani ev. 
 
 Deriv..- -gara AV. + -garitr b.s. girv.+ -girya b. 
 
 -garana c. -gira c. 
 
 Compare roots gur and 2 jr. 
 
 j/ 2 gr, gir, gil, 'swallow'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] girati etc. av.+, -te etc. e.+ (girami av^.); gilati etc. b. + — [9.] 
 
 grnati etc. av.s. 
 Perf. jagara v. + 
 Aor. 1. [or 2.) garat -ran v. [giryat.] — 3. ajigar ev^.? [ — 4. agirsta.] — 
 
 5. garit ev. 
 Fut. 1. garisyati b.c. [garisyati. — 2. garita.] 
 
 ^ 
 
39 AND Primary Derivatives. [graht 
 
 Verb, girna v.+. gilita c. : giritum c. ; -glrya av. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, giryate etc. e. — Int. jargurana rv., jalgulas ev. [jagr-, 
 jegilya-. — Desid. jigarisa-.] — Cau,^. girayati c. [garayati.J 
 
 Dcriv.; gara AT. + -garaE. + -gilaAV.+ gargaravv.+ 
 
 galaE. + -garinE.+ -girana c. -jigarta'.'B. + 
 
 -garana c. -gir v.b.s. gilana c. jigarti rv. 
 
 garas"? B.s. -gira av. -gra, -gri rv. 
 
 y 3 gr, jagr, 'wake'. 
 
 Aor. 3. ajigar rv. ; jigrtam -ta rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. jagarti jagrati etc. v.+ (jagarasi etc., jagryat etc., jagrhi 
 etc.; jagrat; ajagar; jagaraetc. ; jagarisyati -te; jagarita; jaga- 
 rayati etc.). Irreg., as y jagr: jagrmi m. : jagrati, -te etc. s.e., jaga- 
 rati M.; jajagara e.+, jagaram asa c: [jagaryat, ajagari, ajagarit.] 
 
 X>eriy. ; jagara B.+ j agar ana b.+ jagaruka rv.c. jagrtavya e. 
 
 jagaraka c. jagarisnu c jagartavya e. jagrviv.+ 
 
 ]/ grdh, 'be greedy'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] grdhyati etc. v. + 
 
 Perf. jagrdhus b.c. (jagrdhus rv.) 
 
 Aor. 2. agrdhat etc. v.b.u. 
 
 Fut. 1. gardhisyati b. [ — 2. gardhita.] 
 
 Verb, grddha e. + ; grddliva c. [grdhitva.] 
 
 [Sec. Conj.: jarigrdh-; jigardhisa-; gardtiayati.] 
 
 Deriu. ; grtsa? v.b. grdhna e. grdhya av. grdhrav.+ 
 
 gardha c. grdlinuv.+ grdhya e. 
 
 gardhin v. + grdhyin e. 
 
 y grath, grantti, 'tie'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] grathnati etc. b.+ — [7.] grnatti? av. [— 1. granthati, gra- 
 
 thati.] 
 [Perf. etc. jagrantha jagranthus grethus; grathyat, ajagranthat, 
 
 agranthit.] 
 Fut. 1. granthisyati e. [ — 2. granthita.] 
 Verb, grathita v. + ; [granthitva, grathitva;] -grathya b. + ; -gran- 
 
 tham B. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, grathyate c. — [Int. jagranth-, jagrathya-. — Desid. 
 
 jigranthisa-. — ] Cans, granthayate e., grathayati c. 
 Deriv. : grathin rv. grathana c. grathna s. granthana s. + 
 
 grathya c. grathaniya c. grantha e. + granthi v. + 
 
 grathitavya c. granthin rv. 
 
grabh] Roois, VEEB-roans, 40 
 
 y grabh, grab, 'seize'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] grbhnati grbhnite etc. v.b.; grhnati grhnite etc. (grhana) 
 V.+ — [1.] grhnati etc. e. , -te u. — grhithas e., -ita ms.c, -isva b,, 
 agrhitam e. 
 Perf. jagrabha jagrbhus jagrbhre etc. v. (jagrbhraa jagrbhyat v., 
 jagrbhrire Ev. ; ajagrabhara e<c. v.b.s.u.); jagraha jagrhus jagrhe 
 etc. V, + (jagrhtna sv. ; jagrahatus m.). 
 Aor. 1. agrabhara v.b., agrbhran ev. ; grabhat ab., grbhana ms. [grhyat; 
 agrahi.] — 2?. grhe [3s.) us., grhate (3p.) grhamahi ev. — 3. aji- 
 grabhat ms. (ajigrbham k.), ajigrahat c. — [4. aghrksata. — ] 
 5. agrabhit agrabhisus etc. agrabhista etc. v.b. (agrabhim ts.); 
 agrahit etc. agrahlsta etc. av.+ (agrahaisam ab.) 
 Fut. 1. grahisyati -te b.+ (agrahisyat etc. b.+ , agrahaisyat b.u. ; grhi- 
 
 syati, grahisyati e.) — 2. grahita e. 
 Verb, grbhita v.b.. grhita av. + ; grahitum b.+. -tavai b., -tosB. -, gr- 
 bhitva AV., grhitva av. + ; -grbhya v., -grhya v. + ; -grabhe ev., 
 grbhe ev., -graham jb.; grhaye k. ; -graham v,.+ 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, grhyate etc. av. + — [Int. jagrah-, jarigrhya-. — ] Desid. 
 jighrksati -te etc. b. + , jigrahisa- kb. (ajagrabhaisan? ab.) — Cans. 
 grbhayant ev. ; grahayati -te b. + (grahyate etc. c.) 
 Deriv. : grabha ev. -grahisnu s. grahya v. + gfbhi v. 
 
 grahav. + grahitavyaB.+ grahi v. grhii ev. 
 
 -grahin E. grabhitr av.b. grahuka b. -grhiti b.+ 
 
 garbha V.+ grahitrAv.+ grbh v.b. jighrksaE. + 
 
 grabhana v.s. grabha v.b.s. -grh c. jighrksu e. + 
 
 grahana av. + graha av. + grbha ev. 
 
 grahaniya e. grahaka e. + grha v. + 
 -grahi b. + grahin e. + grhya av. + 
 
 Compare ]/ glah. There seems to tie no good reason wliy the root should 
 not he given as grbh, grh. 
 
 y gras, 'devour. 
 
 Pres. [1.] grasati etc. e. +, grasate v.b. 
 
 Perf. jagrasana jagrasita ev. 
 
 Aor. 5. agrasit c. 
 
 Fut. 1. grasisyati -te etc. e.+ [ — 2. grasita.] 
 
 Verb, grasita ev., grasta e. + ; grasitva b. ; -grasam c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, grasyate etc. e. — [Int. jagras-. — Desid. jigrasisa-. — j 
 
 Caws, grasayati etc. b.s. 
 Deriv.: grasya e. grasistha v.b. grasti c. grasa s.+ 
 
 grasana c. grasisnu e. grastr c. -grasaka c. 
 
 y grab, see y grabh. 
 
41 AND Primary DERivAirvES. [ghar 
 
 y glap, see y gla. 
 
 y glah, 'gamble'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] glahate etc. e. 
 
 [Perf. etc. jaglahe; aglahista.] 
 
 Fut. 1. aglahisyat e. [ — 2. glaliita, gladha.] 
 
 Der j y. ; glaha AV.+ glaha av. glahana av. 
 
 Doubtless from y grah. 
 
 y gla, 'be weary'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] glayati etc. av. +, -te etc. s.e. — [2.] glati e. 
 
 [Per/", jaglau.] 
 
 Aor. [1. glayat, gleyat. — 4. glaslsta. — ] 6. (or 4.) glasis e. 
 
 [Fut. glasyati, glata.] 
 
 Verb, glana b.+ (glanta m.) 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [/n(. jagla-. — Desid. jiglasa-. — ] Caus. glapayati etc. v. + ; 
 
 glapayati etc. e.+. -te e. [ajiglapat] (glapet m1.) 
 Dent>..- -gla? GB. glavin vs. -glapana b. 
 
 glani E. + glasnu s. + glapana c. 
 
 y ghat, 'strive'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] ghatate etc. e.+, -ti e.+ 
 Perf. jaghate c. 
 [Aor. ajighatat, aghatista.] 
 Fut. 1. ghatisyate c. [ — 2. ghatita.] 
 Verb, ghatita c. ; ghatitum c. 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. jaghatiti c. — [Desid. jighatisa-. — ] Caus. ghatayati etc. 
 
 (ghatyate) e. +, -te c. ; ghatayati etc. (ghatyate) e. + 
 iJeriv . ; ghata E. + ghatana c. -ghatin c. -ghati rv. 
 
 ghataka c. -ghata av. + -ghatana c. ghatayitavya c. 
 
 ghatana c. -ghataka c. -ghataniya e. + 
 
 y ghattj 'rub' etc. 
 
 [Pres. 1. ghattate.] 
 
 Perf. jaghattire r. 
 
 Fut. [1. ghattisyati. — ] 2. ghattita m. 
 
 Verb, ghattita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. ghattayati etc. e. + (ghattyate c.) 
 
 Deriv. : ghatta e. + -ghattin c. ghattana e. + ghattitr e. 
 
 y ghar, see y ghr. 
 
ghas] Roots, Verb-forms, 42 
 
 y ghas, 'eat'. 
 
 [Pres. 1. ghasati.] 
 
 Perf. jaghasa jaksus jaksivans etc. v.b. (jaksiyat ev.) 
 Aor. 1. aghas (_2, 3s.) aksan etc. v.b.s. (aghat 3s. e.s., aghastam 2d., 
 aghasta 2p. b. ; ghasas -sat rv.s. ; ghastam imp?;, b.), gdha? ev^. — 
 2. aghasat? jb. — 3. ajighasat ms. 
 [Fut. ghatsyati, ghasta.] 
 Verb, -gdha- ts. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Desid. jighatsati etc. av. + 
 Deriv. : ksii v. ghasmara e. + ghasa av, + -gdhi b. 
 
 ghasaAv.+ ghasra c. -ghasin vs. jighatsa b.+ 
 
 ghasana c. ghasvara c. -ghasya b. jighatsuAv.+ 
 
 ghasi vs. ghasi ev. 
 
 Compare y 1 jaks. wbieh is a reduplicated form of this. The anonialous 
 participle gdha occurs only in agdhad, and gdhi iu sagdhi, 
 
 y ghut, 'turn' (?1 . 
 
 [Pres. etc. ghutati, ghotate; jughota jughute ; aghutat, aghotista; 
 
 ghotisyati -te, ghutita ghotita.J 
 Verb, ghutita c, ghotita e. ; -ghutya c. 
 Deriv. ghota s. 
 
 No proper root. 
 
 y ghus, 'sound'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] ghosati -te etc. v.+ — [4.] ghusyant cK . 
 
 Perf. jughosa jb. 
 
 Aor. 1. ghosi ev. [ — 2. aghusat. — 3. ajiighusat. — 5. aghosit.] 
 
 [Fut. ghosisyati, ghosita.] 
 
 Verb, ghusta e.+ [ghusita]; -ghiisya ev.c. 
 
 See. Conj. : Pass, ghusyate etc. e. + — [Int. joghus-. — Desid. jughusisa-; 
 
 jughosisa-. — ] Cans, ghosayati etc. v.+ (ghosyate c.) 
 Derir. ; -ghusa AV. ghosav. + ghosanaE. + ghosi ev. 
 
 ghusya e. -ghosaka c. ghosana c. ghostr b. 
 
 ghosin AV. + ghosaniya c. 
 
 One or two ev. forms (^including the anomalously accented ghosayas 
 are referred by BR. to a root 2 ghus, -crush'; but hardly -with sufficient reason 
 
 y ghurn, 'waver'. 
 
 Pres. [6, 1.] ghiirnati -te e.+ 
 
 Perf. jughtirna -ne e. + 
 
 [Aor. etc. aghurnit; ghurnisyati, ghiirnita.] 
 
 Verb, ghiirnita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans, ghiirnayati etc. (ghiirnyate) c. 
 
 Deriv.: ghiirna s.+ ghiirnana c. 
 
43 AND Pbimary Derivatives. [cakas 
 
 y ghr, ghar, 'drip'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] jigharti etc. v.b. [jiliarti s'.) [ — 1. gharati.] ^ 
 
 [Perf. etc. jaghara; agharsit; gharisyati, gharta.j 
 Fer6. ghrta V. + ; -ghar am gk. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, aghriyata ms. — Caws, gharayati etc. av. + (gharyate s.) 
 Dertu. : -ghara B.s. -ghar ana s. gharmav. + ghrna rv. 
 
 -gharin av. jaghri ev. ghrna rv. ghrni v. 
 
 Gharma etc. are referred to a second root ghr, 'be hot' ; but the two are 
 probably ultimately identical. 
 
 y ghrs, 'rub'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] gharsati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. 
 Perf. jagharsa c. 
 
 [Aor. etc. agharsit; gharsisyati, gharsita.] 
 Verb, ghrsta e. + ; ghrstva c. ; -ghrsya s.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, ghrsyate etc. c. (-ti etc. e.+) — Caus. gharsita R. 
 Deriu.; gharsa E.+ gharsana e.+ ghrsu rv. ghrsvi rv. 
 
 -gharsin c. -ghrsti e. -ghrsva ta. 
 
 The relation to this root of the last three derivatives is doubtful. 
 
 y ghra, 'smell'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] jighrati (3p.) av.ms., jighranaE., jighrati c. — [l.]jighrati etc. 
 
 V.+, -te etc. s.E. — [2.] ghrati kb.e. 
 Perf. jaghrau c. 
 
 Aor. 1. [aghrat,] ghrayat s. [ghreyat, aghrayi. — 6. aghrasit.j 
 [Fut. ghrasyati, ghrata.] 
 Verb, ghrata b.+ [ghrana; ghratva,] jighritva c; -ghraya s.+, -jighrya 
 
 S.+; -ghrayam b.s. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, ghrayate c. — [Int. jaghra-, jeghriya-. — Desid. jigh- 
 
 rasa-. — ] Caus. ghrapayati etc. e.+ [ajighrapat -ghripat.] 
 Z>eriy. .- -ghra s. ghrati b.+ ghratrB.+ -jighraAv.+ 
 
 ghrana b.+ ghratavya b.+ ghreya e.+ -jighrana s.+ 
 
 -ghrapana s. 
 
 y eak, 'quake'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] cakanti c'. 
 Verb, eakita c. 
 
 y cakas, 'shine'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] cakasti -sati etc. c. (caka9at c, eaka9ete'? e.) 
 [Perf. etc. cakasam cakara; acacakasam, acicakasam.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. cakasayam asatus c. 
 
oaks] Roots, Verb-fokms, 44 
 
 y caks, 'see'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] caste eaksate etc. v.+, caksi caksus kv. — [1.] caksate -sante 
 
 etc. Rv.E. +. caksati etc. e. 
 Perf. cacakse etc. e.+. cacaksa rv. (aeacaksam ev.) 
 Verb, eastum c. ; -caksya v. + ; -cakse ev., -caksi v.; caksase v. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, caksyate etc. e.+ — Cans, caksayati etc. v.e. 
 Derii;. .• -caks EV. caksya v.b. caksani ev. caksus v. + 
 
 -caksa cb. caksan av. caksas v.b.s. 
 
 -caksin ayt. caksana v. + eaksu v.tr. 
 
 y cane, 'dance'. 
 Pres. [1.] cancati g. 
 
 A late and doubtless derivative root (perhaps from cancala?). 
 
 1/cat, 'go'(?). 
 Pres. [1.] catati etc. c. 
 Perf. cacata c. 
 Verb, catita c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, catayati etc. c. 
 Deriv.: -cata c. -catana c. -cataniya c. 
 
 Also a late root, perhaps a form of cat; cataka e.+, catu c, catu c. 
 probably have nothing to do -with it. 
 
 y cat, 'hide' (?) . 
 Pres. [1.] catant ev. 
 [Per/", cacata cete.] 
 
 Aor. 3. acicatam -te ta. [ — 5. acatit, acatista.] 
 [Fut. catisyati -te ; catita.] 
 Verb, eatta v. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. catayati -te v.b. 
 
 Deriv. .- -eat EV. catm ev. -catana v. -catnuka? ab. 
 
 The -words cataka c, catura c, eattra or cattra c. probably do not 
 belong to this root. 
 
 y can, 'be pleased'. 
 
 Aor. 5. canistam ev., canisthat? ev. 
 
 Derir..- canas V.B. canistha ev. caruv.+ 
 
 Compare y kan. The form canisthat is plainly corrupt. 
 
 y cand, see y 9eand. 
 
 y cam, 'sip'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] camati b. + ; camanti etc. c. [ — 5. camnoti.] 
 
 Perf. eacama cemus e. 
 
 [Aor. etc. acami, acamit; camisyati, camita.] 
 
45 
 
 AND Pkimary Derivatives. 
 
 [cal 
 
 Verb, camta s. + ; -camya b.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. caneam-. — Desid. cicamisa- 
 
 B.+ (-camayya cos'.) 
 Deriv. : eamaka? n. pr. c. camana s.+ 
 
 -cama s.+ camasa v.+ 
 
 Always with prep, a, except in Nirukta. 
 
 — j Caus. camayati etc. 
 
 camti? V.+ 
 -camti c. 
 
 y car, 'move'. 
 Pres. [1.] carati -te etc. v.+ 
 
 Perf. cacara (caeartha c.) cerus etc. ay. +, cere c. 
 Aor. 3. acicarat etc. av.+ — 4. acarsam b.s. • — 5. acarit etc. v.b.u.s. 
 
 (cacarit v u.) 
 
 Fut. 1. carisyati etc. b.+, -te b. (acarisyat m.) [ — 2. carita.] 
 Verb, carita V.+, cirna u. + ; caritum b.+, -tave v., -tavai b., -tos b.s., 
 
 cartum e. + ; caritva b.+, eartva m., cirtva m.; -carya b. + ; carase 
 
 Bv.; caradhyai ev. ; -caram b. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, caryate etc. b.+ — Int. carcariti etc. av.b.; carcurya- 
 
 V.+ — Desid. cicarisati etc. cb. ; cicarsati kb. — Caus. carayati -te 
 
 etc. B.+ (caryate b.+) 
 
 Deriv. 
 
 eara v. + 
 cara by. 
 caraJsa b.+ 
 -carya av. + 
 -carya s. + 
 earatha bv. 
 carana v. + 
 carani bv. 
 Compare ]/ cal. 
 
 -caraniya c. 
 -earenya rv. 
 caritavya ii.+ 
 cartavya e. 
 -caritr u. 
 earitra v.+ 
 carisnu v.+ 
 -carsana? bv. 
 
 carsani v. + 
 cara av. + 
 caraka e. + 
 carin v. + 
 -carya b.+ 
 carana e. + 
 caraniya c. 
 -caruka b. 
 
 ceru BV. 
 cacara bv. 
 carcara bv.c. 
 caracara v.b. 
 -carayitavya c. 
 -carayitr c. 
 cicarisu b. 
 
 y care, 'repeat'. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. carcayati c, carcita e. + 
 Deriu.; carca c. carcaka c. -carci s. 
 
 carcana c. -carci c. 
 
 Probably in reality a denominative of carca, and this a frequentative 
 formation, perhaps from y car. 
 
 y carv, 'chew'. 
 [Pres. etc. carvati etc.'] 
 Verb, carvita c, ciirna s. + ; carvitum c. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, carvyate etc. c. — Caws, carvayati etc. c. 
 Deriv.: carvya c. carvana c. carvana c. cumi c. 
 
 y cal, 'stir. 
 
 Pres. [1.] calati etc. av.+, -te etc. k. 
 Perf. cacala celus etc. e.+ 
 
call 
 
 Roots, Vekb-fobms, 
 
 46 
 
 [Aor. calyasam; acalit.] 
 Fut. 1. calisyati e.+ [ — 2. calita.] 
 Verb, calita e. + ; calitum e.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. ealcaliti ms., cacalat av. — Desid. cicalisa- (in d.'). 
 Caus. calayati etc. c. ; ealayati b.+, -te u. (calyate e., -ti m.) 
 
 Deriv. : cala e.+ 
 -calaka c. 
 -calaka b.+ 
 calana e.+ 
 
 -cali AV.+ 
 -calu B.s. 
 ealitavya e. 
 cala c. 
 
 -calin c. 
 calya e.+ 
 calana e. + 
 -cacala av. 
 
 A later variation of y car. 
 
 -cacali bv. 
 caJQcala e.+ 
 calacala v.e. 
 cicalisu c. 
 
 y cay, 'note, observe'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] cayati etc. b., eayaraana nv. 
 
 Perf. cikyus aa. [eacaya -ye.] -cayam cakrus jb. 
 
 Aor. 5. acayisam av. [acayista.] 
 
 [Fut. cayisyati -te; cayita.] 
 
 Verb, cita b. ; cayitva av. ; -cayya v.b.u. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, eayyate ts. 
 
 Deriv.: eayaniya c. cayitr c. cayu ev. -citi b. 
 
 A form, but an early specialized one, of ]/ 2 ci. The meanings 'reverence, 
 be in awe' are rare and secondary. 
 
 |/ 1 ci, 'gather. 
 
 Pres. [5.] cinoti cinute etc. v.+ — cinvati (_3s.) c. — [2.] ceti kv. — [1.] 
 
 cayat cayema ev. 
 Perf. cikaya etc. cikye -yire etc. v.+ [cicaya cieetha, cieye.] 
 Aor. 1. acet citana ciyantu ev. [ciyat.] — 4. aeaisam etc. b. [acesta.] — 
 
 5. cayistam ev. 
 Fut. 1. cesyati -te etc. b.+ — 2. ceta etc. e. 
 Fcr5. cita V. + ; cetum b.+, -tavai b. ; citva b. + , cayitva e.; -citya c, 
 
 -ciya M. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, clyate etc. b.+ (-ciyant m.) — [Int. ceci-. — ] Desid. ciki- 
 
 sate etc. b. + ; cieisati c. — Caus. eayayate c. [capayati.] 
 
 Deriv.: kaya vs.? e. + 
 caya s.+ 
 cayana av.+ 
 cayaniya c. 
 cayitavya ms. 
 See y 2 ci. 
 
 -eayistha ev. 
 -caya b. 
 -cay in e.+ 
 -cayya b. 
 
 eft B, 
 citya AV.B. 
 -citya B.+ 
 citi B.+ 
 
 citi AV. 
 cetavya b. 
 -cetr B. 
 eeya e. + 
 -cicisa c. 
 
 y 2 ci, 'note, observe' . 
 
 Pres. [3.] cikesi etc. v.b. (cikihi av., ciketu ts.. cikethe ev.. cikitam av., 
 
 cikyat v., acikayus b.) — [5.] cinoti cinute e, + — [1.] cayate etc. v.b, 
 
 Perf. cikaya etc. v.+ 
 
47 
 
 AND PkIMAKY DeKIVATIVES. 
 
 [cint 
 
 Aor. 1. aeet aeidhvam ev. — 4. acesta c. 
 
 Fut. cesyati e. 
 
 Verb, cita v. + ; cetum e. + ; -citya e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, eiyate etc. c. — Desid. eikisati -te etc. v.b.s. 
 
 I)eriv.: -caya V.+ -cayinE. + -cetavyaE. + -ceya b. 
 
 -cayana c. -cit kv. cetr v.u. -cira rv. 
 
 cayaka c. citi b. + 
 
 Compare }/ cay, wliich appears to te an early specialized form of this 
 root; cay (BR. 3 ci) is another. The forms and derivatives of 2 ei are not 
 everywhere well separable from those of 1 ci, and there is reason to suspei^t 
 the two roots of being ultimately one; words with the prefixes nis and vi, es- 
 pecially, are probably best referred to 1 ci, with the meaning 'take apart', and 
 so 'resolve, decide'. 
 
 y cit, 'perceive, know, appear'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] cetati etc. cetante rv. 
 
 Perf. ciketa cikitus etc. cikite -tre etc v.b.s. (ciketa; ciketati etc. cike- 
 
 tat etc. ; cikiddhi ; aciket, acikitat, eikitas ; cikitrire) [ciceta.] 
 Aor. 1. aceti cetiRv., cite?Rv., citanti? rv., citana v.b. (-cetana rv.) — 
 
 [3. acicitat. — ] 4. acait ev. [ — 5. aeetit.] 
 [Fut. cetisyati, cetita.] 
 Verb, citta v. + ; cite ? rv. ; citaye vs. 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. cekite etc. -tat ev.c. — Desid. eikitsati etc. v. + . -te e.+ 
 
 (acikitsis av., cikitsyate etc. e.+) — Caus. citayati etc. -te etc. rv. ; 
 
 cetayati etc. -te etc. v.+ 
 
 Deriv. : keta v.+ 
 
 ketana e. + 
 ketii V. + 
 cit V. + 
 citi c. 
 citti V. + 
 
 Cittl RV. 
 
 citra V.+ 
 
 cetya rv. cetya rv. cikitsa b.+ 
 
 cetana v.+ cikit rv. cikitsaka b.+ 
 
 cetanaE.+ cikiti sv. cikitsyaE.+ 
 
 cetas V. + cikitu v. cikitsana e. + 
 
 cetistha v.b. cikitvan ev. -cikitsaniya c. 
 
 cetu RV. cikitvit rv. cikitsu av. + 
 
 -cetiina rv. -ciketas u. cetayitavya u.+ 
 
 cettr v.b. cikita s. cetayitr b.+ 
 
 Compare roots 2 ci and cint. The grammarians give two separate roots, 
 kit and cit, each with full sets of forms — which are not all reported here. 
 
 y oint, 'think'. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. cintayati etc. -te etc. b.+ (Jacicintat ;] cintyate etc. u.+; 
 
 cintayita c.) 
 Deriw . .■ cinta E. + -cintin c. eintana e.+ -cintitr e. 
 
 cintaka e.+ cintya v.+ cintaniya c. cintayitavya c. 
 
 Perhaps the denominative of a nasalized derivative of }/ cit. 
 
eud] Rooxs, Verb-fobms, 48 
 
 y cud, 'impel', 
 
 Pres. [1.] codati -te etc. v. 
 
 Aor. 3. acucudat e. — 5. codis ev. | 
 
 Verb, cudita m. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. codayati etc. -te etc. v.+ (eodyate etc. s.+} 
 
 Deriv.: coda Rv.c. -codin c. eodanas. + codistha ev. 
 
 coda Rv. codyaE.+ codaniya b. codayitavya c. 
 
 codaka S.+ codanav. + -codas ev. eodayitr ev.c. 
 
 coditr EV, 
 
 ]/ cup, 'stir. 
 Pres. [1,] copati m'. 
 
 [Perf. etc. cucopa; acopit; copisyati, copita.] 
 Verb, cupita c. 
 Deriv. -cumpuna? v.b. 
 
 y eumb, 'kiss'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] cumbati etc. e.+, -te c. 
 
 Perf. cucumba etc. e. + 
 
 [Aor. etc. acumbit; cumbisyati, emnbita.] 
 
 Verb, cumbita c. ; cumbitum c. ; -cumbya c. 
 
 Sec, Conj. : Pass, cumbyate etc. c. — Desid. cueumbisati c. — Caus. cum- 
 
 bayitum c, 
 Deriv. : cumba c. cumbaka c. cumbin c. cumbana c. 
 
 y cur, 'steal', 
 Aor. 3. aeucurat c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: corayati etc. e,+, -te e.+ (eoryate c.) 
 Dew.; cora TA.+ coraka c, corayitavya c. 
 
 y eulump, 'suck in'. 
 
 A single occurrence of a form from this bastard root, with ud, is referred 
 to in Bohtlingk's Lexicon, as found in the Mahaviracarita. 
 
 y cus, 'draw, suck'. 
 
 [Pres. etc. ciisati; cuciisa; aeucusat, actisit; cusisyati, cusita.] 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass. cUsyate c. — Caws, ciisayati c. 
 
 Dew..- eusin c. ciisana c. cosa c, cosana c, 
 
 • • • • • ■ 
 
 etisya e.+ cosya e.+ 
 
 y crt, 'bind'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] crtati etc. v.b.s. [ — 1, cartati.] 
 Perf. cacarta av. 
 
49 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [chad 
 
 [Aor. etc. acicrtat, aeacartat, acartit; cartisyati, cartsyati, cartita.] 
 
 Verb, crtta v.s. ; -crtya is.s. ; -ertam av. 
 
 Sec. Con}.: Pass, crtyate u. [ — Int. caricrt-. — Desid. cicartisa-, ci- 
 
 crtsa-. — Caus. eartayati.J 
 Deriv. : -eartya is. -cartana b. -crt v. + -crtya b. 
 
 y eest, 'stir'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] cestati etc. av.+, -te etc. b.+ 
 Perf. eieesta etc. e. 
 
 [Aor. etc. acieestat aeacestat, acestit; cestisyati, cestita.] 
 Verb, cestita e. + ; cestitmn e. + ; cestitva b. 
 -Sec. Conj.: Caus. eestayati etc. b.+, -te etc. s.+ 
 
 Derjv.; -eistuv B. (a-) cesta c. cestana e.+ cestayitr e. 
 
 casta s. + cestitavya e. 
 
 y eyu, 'move, stir'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] cyavate etc. v.+, -ti etc ev.? e.+ 
 Perf. eucyuve kv. (cicyuse ev.) 
 
 Aor. 1. cyavana? rv. — 3. acucyavat -van -vus v.b. (-vit -vitana cu- 
 cyavat -virata cucyuviraahi ev.) [acicyavat.] — 4. acyosta etc. 
 
 V.B.U. 
 
 Fut. 1. cyosyate b. [ — 2. cyota.] 
 
 Verb, cyuta v. + ; cyavitum e., cyotos cb. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. cocyu-. — Desid. cueytisa-. — ] Caus. cyavayati etc. v.+, 
 
 -te etc. V.+ [cicyavayisa-, cucyavayisa-] ; cyavayati pb'. 
 Denv. .• -cyava V.+ -cyaviyas ev. -cyavnka b. cyautna rv. 
 
 cyavana v.+ cyava e. -cynt v.+ cyavayisnii av. 
 
 -cyavas rv. cyavana e.+ cyuti v.+ cyavayitavya b. 
 
 The EV. forms here grouped under the reduplicated aorist are of difficult 
 and doubtful classification. 
 
 y cyut, 'drip'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] cyotati etc. s.c. 
 
 [Perf. etc. cucyota; acyutat, aeucyutat, acyotit; cyotisyati, cyotita.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. cocynt-. — Desid. cucyotisa-, cucyutisa-. — ] Caws, cyo- 
 
 tayati a. 
 
 Only a blundering varia lectio for y 9cut, which see. 
 
 y chad, 'cover'. 
 
 [Pres. 1. chadati -te.] 
 Verb, channa b.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. chadayati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ (chadyate etc. s.+ [cicha- 
 dayisa-.]) 
 Withney, Supplement II. 4 
 
chad] 
 
 Roots, Vekb-forms, 
 
 50 
 
 Deriv. 
 
 -chad V. + 
 chada s.+ 
 -chadin c. 
 chadana e. + 
 
 chadi B.+ 
 chadis v.+ 
 chattra s.+ 
 chadman s.+ 
 
 chalav e.+ 
 -chada b.+ 
 -chadaka c. 
 -chadin c. 
 
 chadya c. 
 chadana s.+ 
 
 y chand, chad, 'seem, please'. ^j 
 
 Pres. [2.] chantsi -ntti rv.ms. — [1.] chandati b.e. 
 
 Perf. cachanda rv. (eaehadyat rv.) 
 
 Aor. 3. acachadat c. — 4. aehan -ntta -ntsus rv. (chantsat rv.) 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, chadayati etc. v.b. ; chandayati etc. b.+, -te etc. ev. 
 
 (chandyate etc. e.+) 
 Deriv. : -chad rv. chanda rv. chandya rv. chandas v.+ 
 
 chanda V.+ chandakaE.+ chandana c. chandu rv. 
 
 Of very questionable relationship to y chad 'cover', although the two are 
 not separated by the Hindu grammarians. 
 
 y cha, 'cut up'. 
 
 Pres. ehyati etc. av.b. — chayati? tb. — ehayet c. 
 
 [Perf. etc. cachau; achat, achasit; chasyati, chata.] 
 
 Verb, chata s., chita cb.c. ; chayitva c. ; -chaya cb. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. cacha-, cachi-. — Desid. cichasa-. — ] Caus. chayaya- 
 
 ti B.U. 
 
 DerJu..- chavi -vi? B.+ -chana c. 
 
 y chid, 'cut off". 
 
 Pres. [7.] chinatti chindanti etc. v.+ ( — chindeta c. ; achinam m.) 
 Perf. cicheda cichide etc. b.+ : 
 
 Aor. 1. chedma rv. ; [ehidyat;] achedi v.b.s. — 2. achidat etc. av.+ — 
 3. acichidas e. — 4. achaitsit etc. b.+ (chetsit etc. b.+), chitsi etc. 
 AV.+ (chetsi etc. b.u.). 
 Fut. 1. chetsyati -te etc. b.+ (achetsyat m.) [ — 2. chetta.] 
 FerS. chinna V. + ; chettum b.+, -ttavai b.s. ; chittvaE. + ; -chidya av.h 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, chidyate etc. v.+ (chidyati etc. e.) — [Int. cechid-. — 
 Desid. cichitsati -te jb. — Caws, chedayati etc. s.+ 
 
 -chitti B.+ -chedaka c. chedaniya c. 
 
 chidra V.+ -chedin e.+ chettavya e.- 
 
 cheda av.+ chedya e.+ chettr b.+ 
 
 chedana b.+ cichitsu e. 
 
 Deriv. : -chid v. + 
 chida c. 
 chidura c. 
 
 y chut, chud, 'wrench". 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. chedayati etc. c, chotita c. 
 Deriv. chotika c. 
 
 All very late and questionable forms. 
 
51 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [jafij 
 
 y chur, 'scatter. 
 
 [Pres. etc. churati; cuchora; achorit; etc.] 
 
 See. Conj.: Caus. churayati etc. c, churita e. + ; chorayati etc. c. 
 
 Deriv. -churana c. 
 
 y chrd, 'spue, eject'. 
 
 Pres. [7.] ehrnatti etc. b. [chrntte. — 1. chardati.] 
 
 Perf. eacharda c. [-de.] 
 
 [Aor. etc. achrdat, acachardat aciehrdat, achardit, achrtta; chardi- 
 
 syati -te, chartsyati -te, chardita.] 
 Verb, chrnna k. [ charditva, chrttva.] 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. carichrd-. — Desid. ciehardisa-, cichrtsa-. — ] Cans. 
 
 chardayati -te etc. b. + [cichardayisa-.] 
 Deriv.; char dana S.+ chardi s.+ ehardis c. chardayitavya c. 
 
 chardaniya c. 
 
 y 1 jaks, 'eat'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] jaksiti jagdhi c, ajaksus kb., jaksat (jpple') u.c. — [1.] jaksati 
 
 etc. u.c. 
 [Perf. etc. jajaksa; ajajaksat, ajaksit; jaksisyati, jaksita-] 
 Verb, jagdha v. + ; jagdhum c. ; jagdhva av.+, jagdhvaya rv. 
 [Sec. Conj.: jajaks-; jijaksisa-; jaksaya-.] 
 Deriv. jagdhi b.+ 
 
 A reduplicated form of Y ghas. The present forms found later only in 
 the Bhagavata-Purana. 
 
 y 2 jaks, 'laugh'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] jaksat (pple) bv.cb. 
 
 A reduplicated form of Y has. 
 
 ]/ jagh, 'eat, devour. 
 
 Pres. [5.] jaghnuyat? c. 
 
 Found only in Vasistha (i. 23); but Biihler appears to read jahnuyat; 
 he renders it 'offend'. 
 
 y jajh. 
 Pres. jajhati nvK 
 
 This is a a-. Xef. , of doubtful character and meanin 
 
 y janj. 
 Pres. janjati ev'. 
 
 This is of the same character as the preceding. 
 
jan] 
 
 Roots, Vekb-fobms, 
 
 52 
 
 |/ jan, ja, 'give birth, be born'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] janati -te etc. y.e. — [4.] jayate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e. + — [2.] ja- 
 ms va Ev.B. [ — 3. jajanti.] 
 
 Perf. jajana jajniis etc. jajne etc. v.+ (jajaniis rv., jajanat b.) 
 
 Aor. 1. ajan (3s.) s., ajnata (Sp.') e.; ajani jani v.b., jani rv. ; jayat 
 E.+ — 3. ajijanat -nata etc. v. + — 5. ajanista etc. v. +, janistam ev. 
 (janisiya -sista -simahi v.b.s. ; janiseyam -ya k.; janisthat? sv.) 
 
 Fut. 1. janisyati -te etc. v.+ (ajanisyata etcB.}, jasyati etc. e. — 2. 
 janita b.+ 
 
 Verb. jata v. + ; janitos v.b.s. ; janitvi rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : [Pass, janyate. — Int. janjan-, jaja-. — ] Desid. jijanisate 
 cb. — Caus. janayati -te etc. v. + Qijanayiset cb.) 
 
 Deriv. : 
 
 gna V.B.S. 
 
 jani V.+ 
 
 janitr v.+ 
 
 jenya rv. 
 
 -jana c. 
 
 -janUj-nuAv.B. 
 
 janitra v.+ 
 
 januka b. 
 
 jana v.+ 
 
 janiis V.B. 
 
 janman v.+ 
 
 jajni B. 
 
 janaka e.+ 
 
 jantu V.+ 
 
 janiman v. 
 
 janayati b.s. 
 
 janya V.+ 
 
 jantva kv. 
 
 janistha? v.b. 
 
 janayitavya c. 
 
 janana v.+ 
 
 janitva v. 
 
 -janisnu b. 
 
 janayitr b.+ 
 
 janas v.+ 
 
 janitavya av. 
 
 janisya e. 
 
 janayisnu e. 
 -jijanayisitavyacB 
 
 ja V.+ 
 
 jatu? V.+ 
 
 jani V.+ 
 
 jaya v.+ 
 
 -ja V.+ 
 
 jatti RV. 
 
 -jaman v. 
 
 -jayin e.+ 
 
 jati B.+ 
 
 jatr Av.? 
 
 jama e. 
 
 -javan rv. 
 
 
 jana v.b.u. 
 
 jami V.+ 
 
 -javara b. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 yjap, 'whisper'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] japati etc. b.+, -te etc. s. + 
 
 Perf. jajapa jepus etc. e. 
 
 Aor. [3. ajijapat. — ] 5. ajapit gb. [ajapit.] 
 
 Fut. 1. japisyati b. [ — 2. japita.] 
 
 Verb, japita s. +, japta e. + ; japitum e. ; japitva b.+, japtva s.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, japyate e. — Int. janjapyate cb. [ — Desid. jijapisa-. — 
 
 Caus. japayati.] 
 Deriu. .• japa B. + japana e. japaE.+ japyaE.+ 
 
 japin c. japaniya c. japakaE. + -janjapa c. 
 
 japyaB. + japtavyaE. + japin c janjapiika c. 
 
 
 ]/jam. 
 
 [Pres. 1. jamati.] 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. jajamat m. 
 
 Artificially made forms, to frame a derivation for the name jaraadagni. 
 
53 
 
 AND Pkimary Derivatives. 
 
 [Iji 
 
 y jambh, jabh, 'chew up, crush'. 
 
 [Pres. 1. jambhate, jabhate.] 
 
 Aor. 3. ajijabham av. [ajajambhat. — ] 5. jambhisat bv. 
 
 Verb, jabdha av. ; jabhitum c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. janjabhana av.s., -bhat s. ; janjabhyate etc. b.+ — Caus. 
 
 jambhayati etc. v.u. 
 i)eriu.; jambha V.+ jambhaka ii.+ jabhya? av. jambhana av. + 
 jambha av.+ 
 
 y jar, see y jr. 
 
 y jalp, 'murmur, speak'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] jalpati etc. b.+, -te etc. c. 
 Perf. jajalpa etc. e. (jalp ire c.) 
 [Aor. etc. ajalpit; jalpisyati, jalpita.] 
 Verb, jalpita e.+ 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, jalpy ate c. 
 
 Deriv. : jalpa E.+ jalpin e. -jalpana c. 
 
 jalpaka c. jalpya e. jalpi v. 
 
 jalpitr e. 
 -jar jalpa? vs. 
 
 y jas, 'be exhausted'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] jasamana kv. — [4.] jasyata (ip.) bv. 
 
 Perf. jajasa av. 
 
 Aor. 3. ajijasata (3s.) cb. (jajastam bv.) 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cdus. jasayati etc. b.+ (jasyate e.) 
 
 Deriv.; jasu BV. jasuri Ev. -jasra v.+ 
 
 j as van ev. 
 
 y jah, see y ha. 
 y ja, see y Jan. 
 
 y 1 ji, 'conquer'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] jayati -te etc. v. + — [2.] jesi jitam. bv. 
 
 Perf. jigaya etc. (jigetha et. ; jigivans v., jigivans b.+) jigye etc. v.+ — 
 
 -jay am asa c. 
 Aor. 1. [ajayi, jiyat] jajryat jub.m. — 3. ajijayat m. — 4. ajaisit etc. v.+ 
 
 (ajais -ait jesam jes jesma v.e.s., jesat etc. ev.), jjesi tb. (ajaislja 
 
 M.) — 5. ajayit ts.. ajayisata (3p.) c. 
 Fut. jesyati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. ; jayisyati jb.e., -te e. — 2. jeta etc. b.e. 
 Verb, jita v. + ; jetum b.+, -tave b. ; jitva b. + ; -jitya av. + ; jise ev. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, jiyate etc. e.+ (jiyeyam m.) [ — Int. jejiya-.] — Desid. 
 
 jigisati -te etc. v. + — Caws, japayati etc. b.s. (ajijapata -jipata b.) 
 
Iji1 
 
 Roots, Vekb-fokms, 
 
 54 
 
 Deriv. 
 
 jaya v.+ 
 jayin e.+ 
 jayya b. 
 -jay ana e.+ 
 jayus Rv. 
 
 -ji AV, 
 
 -jit V.+ 
 -jitya B. 
 
 jiti V. + 
 -jitvan v.B. 
 -jit vara c. 
 jina c. 
 jisnii V. + 
 jasdsnu u.e. 
 jetva v.B. 
 jetavya e.+ 
 
 jetr V.+ 
 jayitr b.e. 
 jeman rv. 
 jeman b. 
 jeya e.+ 
 jesa v.B.s. 
 -jesin B. 
 jayin b.+ 
 
 jayu RV. 
 jayuka ms. 
 jigyu Bv. 
 jigisa V.+ 
 -jigisin GB.E. 
 jigisu V.+ 
 -japayitr b. 
 
 y 2 ji, jinv, 'quicken'. 
 
 Pres. [5.] jinosi rv.ts., ajinot jb. , jinve rv. — [1.] jinvati etc. v.b.s., 
 
 -te RV. 
 Perf. jijinvathus rv. 
 [Aor. ajinvit.] 
 
 Fut. 1. jinvisyati ab. [ — 2. jinvita.] 
 Verb, jinvita av. 
 Deriv. : jira v.b.s. jiri rv. -jinva rv. 
 
 y jiv, 'live' . 
 
 Pres. [1.] jivati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ 
 
 Perf. jijiva etc. b.+, -ve r. 
 
 Aor. 1. jivyasam -yasma av.b.s. [ — 3. ajijivat, ajijivat.] — 5. ajivit 
 
 etc. AV. + 
 Fut. 1. jivisyati etc, b.+ (ajivisyam u.), -te m. [ — 2. jivita.] 
 Verb, jivita v. + ; jlvitum b.+ , -tavai av. ; jivitva jb. ; -jivya e. + ; 
 
 jivase v.b.mi. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, jivyate etc. b.+ [ — Int. jejivya-.] — Desid. jijivisati 
 B.+, -te c. ; jujyiisati etc. cb. (jijyusita ab.) — Cans, jivayati etc. v. + 
 (jivapayati etc. e. + ; jijivayisa- in d.) 
 Deriu.. • jiva V.+ jivya e.+ jivas v.b.e. 
 
 jivaka S.+ jivanav.+ jivatuv.+ 
 
 jivin B.+ jivaniya av.+ jivatr (in d.) c. 
 
 jivitavya c. 
 
 -jivitr c. 
 jijivisa E. 
 jijivisu E. 
 -jijivayisu e. 
 
 y jur, see y jr. 
 
 1/ jus, 'enjoy'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] jusate etc. v.+, -ti etc. bv.e.+ — [2.] josi v. 
 
 Perf. jujosa etc. v.+, jujuse etc. v.c. (jujosati etc. jujosat etc. rv.; jujo- 
 
 sate RV., jujosate sv.; jujustana v.; ajujosam k.) 
 Aor. 1. ajusran rv. (josati josat josa rv. , josase av. ; jusana v.b.c); 
 
 jusyat c. [ — 3. ajtijusat.] — 5. josisat rv. 
 [Fut. josisyate, josita.] 
 Ferft. justa v., justa V. + ; justvi RV. 
 
55 
 
 AKD PltlMABY DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. jojus-. — Desid. jujusisa-, jujosisa- 
 
 etc. V.+, -ti E. 
 Dmv.; -jus V.+ josav. + -josas v.u. 
 
 -jusa B. josya rv. jostr v.b.s. 
 
 justi V. jo3anaB.+ 
 
 y ju, -be swift'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] junati etc. kv. — [1.] javate etc. rv.b. 
 
 Perf. jujuvus -vat -vans -vana rv. 
 
 [Aor. 3. ajijavat.] 
 
 Verb, juta v., javita e. + ; -javam ts. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, javayati c. [jijavayisa-.J 
 
 [2jr 
 
 — ] Caus. josayate 
 
 josayitavya c. 
 josayitr b. 
 
 Beriv.: Java v.+ 
 javin V.+ 
 
 javana v.+ 
 javas V. 
 
 javistha v. + 
 javiyas rv.b.u. 
 
 juvas RV. 
 
 ju V.B. 
 juti V.B.U. 
 
 Related with ]/ jiv, and perliaps with ]/ ji jinv; javita is more prohahly 
 denominative from Java. 
 
 y jurv, 'consume'. 
 Pres. [1.] jurvati etc. v. 
 Aor. 5. jUrvit rv. 
 
 Doubtless a secondary formation (u- or eiglith class) from ]/ jr jur. 
 
 y 1 jr, jur, 'waste away'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] jarati etc. jaranta rv. (jarant v.+) — [6.] jurati etc. rv. — [4.] 
 
 jiryati etc. av. +, -te etc. e. + ; juryati etc. rv. 
 Perf. jajara av. [jajarus, jerus]; jujurvans rv. 
 Aor. [1. jiryat. — 2. ajarat. — 3. ajijarat. — ] 5. jarisus ev. 
 [Fut. jarisyati, jarita.] 
 Verb, jirna av.+, jurna rv. [jaritva.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, jiryate etc. c. — [Int. jajr-, jejirya-. — Desid. jijarisa-, 
 
 jijirsa-. — ] Caus. jarayati -te etc. v.+ (jarayant rv.) 
 Deriv. 
 
 v.: jara v.+ 
 
 jariitha V rv. 
 
 -jirti c. 
 
 jagTiri RV. 
 
 jara v.+ 
 
 Jara rv. 
 
 jirni B. 
 
 jar jar a b.+ 
 
 jar ana v.+ 
 
 jarana c. 
 
 -jur RV. 
 
 jarayitr c. 
 
 jarani rv. 
 
 jirvi av. 
 
 -jurya v.b. 
 
 -jarayu rv. 
 
 jar as v. + 
 
 jivri? RV. 
 
 juiya RV. 
 
 jarayu? v.+ 
 
 jariman v.b. 
 
 
 jiirni rv. 
 
 
 Compare ]/ jurv 
 
 and jvar. 
 
 
 
 y 2 jr, 'sing'. 
 Pres. [1.] jarate etc. v. 
 Verb, jaradhyai rv. 
 Deriv..- jarana? RV. jara rv. jaritr v.s. jurni? ev. 
 
 A secondary form of }/ 1 gr. BR. ascribe a few of the forms to a third 
 V jr (jar), 'approach'. 
 
jrmbh] 
 
 Roots, Verb-forms, 
 
 56 
 
 y jrmbh, 'gape'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] jfmbhate etc. v.+. -ti etc. b. + 
 Perf. jajrmbhe etc. e. + 
 
 [Aor. etc. ajrmbhista; jrnibhisyate, jrmbhita.] 
 Verb, jrmbhita e. + ; jrmbhitva s. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. jarijrmbhate c. — Caus. jrmbhayati etc. c. 
 Derjv. : jrmbha E. + jrmbhaka e.+ -jrmbhin c. jrinbhanaE.+ 
 jrmbha c. 
 
 y jeh, 'loll, pant'. 
 Pres. [1.] jehamana v. 
 [Perf. etc. jijehe; ajijehat, ajehista; jehisyate, jehita; jehayati.] 
 
 If, as seems probable, jihma v.+ belongs here, the root should be written 
 jih. It is perhaps a secondary reduplicated formation from ]/ ha. 
 
 ]/ jna, 'know'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] janati -nite etc. \.+ (janima janithas m.) — 1. janati -te etc. 
 
 u.E. — jha (2s. impv.) c. 
 Perf. jajhaii jajne etc. v.+ 
 Aor. 1. ajhayi v. + ; jneyas rv. [jhayat.] — 4. ajhasam ajnasthas av.b., 
 
 jnesam av.b. — 6. ajhasisam etc. av. + 
 Fut. 1. jhasyati -te etc. b.+ (ajnasyat m.) — 2. jhata b. 
 Verb, jnata v. + ; jhatum b. +, -tos b. ; jnatva b. + ; -jhaya b. + ; -jnayam b. 
 Sec. Conj. : P<iss. jhayate etc. v.h [Int. jajna-. — ] Desid. jijhasate etc. av.+, 
 
 -ti etc. B.+ (jijhasisi B., jijnasyate etc. e.+) — Caus. jhapayati eic. 
 
 AT. + , -te u. (ajijnipat ts. , ajijhapat etc. c; jhapta b.+ [jnapita], 
 
 jnaptum e. + ; jhapyate cb. [jnipsa-]); jhapayati etc. b. +, -te etc. e.+ 
 
 (jhapyate etc. e. +. ajnapisyat? v.) 
 
 Deriv.: -janaka? e. 
 -jna V. + 
 jha E.+ 
 jhas E.V. 
 jnana v. + 
 jnati V.+ 
 jhatavya u. + 
 
 jhatr V.+ 
 jnatra e. 
 -jhaya v.b. 
 jheya b.+ 
 -jajhi V.B. 
 jijhu E. 
 
 -jnapya c. 
 -jhapana av. 
 jhapti c. 
 jhapaka e. + 
 jhapya e.+ 
 jhapana c. 
 jhapaniya c. 
 
 -jhapayitavya c. 
 jijhasa b.+ 
 jijhasyaB.+ 
 jijhasana c. 
 -jijhasenya b. 
 -jijhasitavya u. 
 jijhasu E. + 
 
 * 
 
 y JyS', ji, 'overpower, injure'. 
 Pres. [9.] jinati etc. v.b.s. — 4. jiyate ev.cb. 
 P^ff- jijyah B. 
 
 Aor. [1. jiyat. — ] 6. ajyasisam etc. b. 
 Fut. 1. jyasyati -te b. [ — 2. jyata.] 
 Verb, jita AV. [jina; jitva; -jyaya.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, jiyate av.ms. — [Int. jajya-, jejiya-. — ] Desid. jijyasati 
 etc. V.B. [ — Caus. jyapayati, ajijyapat.] 
 
 i 
 
57 
 
 AND Primary Derivatiyes. 
 
 [jhat 
 
 IDeriv 
 
 V. : -jlti V.B.S. 
 
 jyana b. 
 
 -jyeya n.u. 
 
 jySyas v.+ 
 
 jya v.B. 
 
 jyani av.b. 
 
 -jyeya n. av. 
 
 jyestlia v.+ 
 
 -jya Av. 
 
 -jyaya ms. 
 
 jyaytika jb. 
 
 jyayistha e. + 
 
 Related with |/ ji. 
 
 
 
 
 y jyut, 'shine' . 
 
 Pres. [1.] jyotati ms., -te m.? 
 Fer6. -jyotya b.s. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, jyotaya av. (jyotyamana cb.) 
 \Deriv : jyuti e. jyota vs. jyotaya? av. 
 
 -jyotana s. 
 A differentiated form of y dyut. 
 
 jyotis V.+ 
 jyotsna b.+ 
 
 l/jri, 'go'. 
 Pres. [1.] jrayati Rvi. 
 [Perf. etc. jijraya; jriyat, ajijrayat, ajraisit; jresyati, jreta; jejri-, 
 
 jijrisa-, jrayaya-.] 
 Deriu. ; -jraya Rv. jrayas Rv. jrayasana rv. -jri rv. 
 
 y jvar, 'be hot'. 
 Pres. [1.] jvarati etc. v.+ 
 [Perf. etc. jajvara; ajijvarat, ajvarit.] 
 Fut. 1. jvarisyati e. [— 2. jvarita.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, jvaryate c. [ — Int. jajvarya-, jajHr-. — Desid. jijva- 
 
 risa-.] — Caus. jvarayati etc. c. 
 Dem..- jvara AV.+ -jvara rv.c. 
 
 Another form of ]/ jval, and apparently related with jr, jur, jurv. 
 
 y jval, 'burn, flame'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] jvalati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ 
 
 Perf. jajvala etc. b.+ 
 
 Aor. [3. ajijvalat. — ] 5. ajvalit b.u., ajyalit c. 
 
 Fut 1. jvalisyati b.+ [ — 2. jvalita.] 
 
 Verb, jvalita b. + ; -jvalya s. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. jajvaliti c. (-lati -lant e.). -lyate e. — [Desid. jijvalisa-. 
 
 — ] Caus. jvalayati etc. b.+, -te gb. ; jvalayati etc. s.+ (jvalyate b.+) 
 Deriv. ; jvala E.+ jvalitr c. jvalaE.+ -jvalana c. 
 
 jvalana b. + jvala s.+ jvalin e. + 
 
 Compare ]/ jvar, of which this is another form. 
 
 y jhat, 'confuse'. 
 
 Only in ujjhatita, in a single doubtful occurrence (c). Given a full set 
 of forms by the grammarians. 
 
jhan] Roots, Verb-forms, 58 
 
 y jhan, 'sound'. 
 A single occurrence, jhanati, in the Harsacarita (Bo.). 
 
 y jhar, 'fair . 
 Pres. [1.] jharant c^. 
 
 Deriv.: jhara e.+ -jharana c. 
 
 A very questionable root. 
 
 y tank, 'cover' (?) . 
 [Pres. etc. tankati, tatanka.] 
 Aor. 1. atanki c. 
 Verb, tankita c. 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans, tankayati c. 
 Deriv. tanka e.+ 
 
 Most probably a denominative of tanka, rather. 
 
 y' tal, 'be confused'. 
 Pres. [1.] talati c. 
 
 A single late occurrence, doubtless artificial. 
 
 y tik, 'trip'. 
 Pres. [1.] tikate c. 
 
 A single late and doubtless artificial occurrence. Bo. gives also uttlkita, ; i 
 
 but without statement of authority. A 
 
 y tup, 'swell'. 
 Bo. suggests such a root as origin of (a-) topa e.+ || 
 
 y dam, 'sound'. 
 A single doubtful (onomatopoetic?) occurrence, damant c. 
 
 y damb, 'mock'. 
 Pres. [1.] dambate? c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. dambayati etc. c. (dambyate c.) 
 
 Deriv.: -damba c. -dambaka c. -dambin c. -dambya c. -dambana c. 
 All forms only with prefix vi. 
 
 y di, 'fly'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] diyate c? — [1.] day ate c? 
 
 [Perf. etc. didye; adidayat, adayista; dayisyate, dayita.] 
 
 Verb, dina e. + ; -diya c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, diyate c. — [Int. dedi-. — Desid. didayisa-. — ] Cans 
 
 dayayati c. 
 Z)mu.; -dayana c. -diyana e. ditara? cb. -diyana c. 
 
 A later form of ]/ di, and rare, except in dina. 
 
59 AND Pkimaby Derivatives. [taks 
 
 y ql^al, 'mix'. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. dvalayati etc. c. 
 iJeriv. -dvalana c. 
 
 Only used by one scholiast; no proper root. 
 
 y dhauk, 'approach'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] dhaukate etc. c. 
 
 Perf. dudhauke c. 
 
 [Aor. etc. adudhaukat, adhaukista; dhaukisyate, dhaukita.] 
 , Verb, dhaukita e.+ 
 
 , Sec. Conj.: [Int. dodhaiik-. — Desid. dudhaukisa-. — ] Caus. dhau- 
 I kayati etc. c. 
 
 [ Deriv. dliavikana c. 
 
 y tans, tas, 'shake'. 
 [Pres. 1. tansati -te.] 
 Perf. tatasre ev. 
 
 Aor. 2. atasat av.b. — 3. atatansatam kv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. tantasaite b.v. [tantasyate.] — Caus. tansayati vs., -te 
 
 Rv. (tansayadhyai ev.) 
 Deriv..- -tansa B.+ tansu'?E.+ tasara v.b. -tantasasrya bv. 
 
 -tansana c. -tasti? b.+ titaii? bv.s. + 
 
 y tak, 'rush' . 
 
 Pres. [2.] takti atakta ev. [ — 1 . takati.] 
 [Perf. etc. tataka ; atakit ; takisyati, takita.] 
 Verb, takta ev. ; -tankam av. 
 
 Deriv. : -takaua c. takavana ev. takva ev. -takvari av. 
 
 taku EV. -takri? ev. takvan v.b. 
 
 Probably not to be separated from y tac , which with prefix a has won a 
 special meaning. 
 
 y taks, 'fashion'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] tasti ab., taksati (3p.) etc. ev. — [5.] taksnuvanti etc. b.s. — 
 
 [1.] taksati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ 
 Perf. tataksa etc. v. + (taksathus taksus v.b.), tatakse etc. v.e. 
 Aor. [3. atataksat. — ] 5. ataksisus ev. (taksisat s.) 
 [Fut. taksisyati, taksyati ; taksita, tasta.] 
 Verb, tasta v. + ; -taksya c. 
 
 [Sec. Conj.: taksya-; tataks-; titaksisa-, titaksa-; taksaya-.] 
 Deriv.: taksa S.+ taksya ev. taksana s.+ tasti c. 
 
 taksaka av. + taksan v. + tastr ev. 
 
tanol 
 
 Roots, Vebb-forms, 
 
 60 
 
 y tane, tac, 'coagulate'. 
 Pres. [7.] tanakti etc. b.s. 
 [Perf. etc. tatanka; atanksit, atancit; tanksyati tancisyati, tankta 
 
 taneita.] 
 Verb, [takta;] [taktva, taneitva;] -tacya b. 
 
 [Sec. Conj. : tatane-, tatacya- ; titanksa-, titancisa- ; tancaya-.] 
 Deriv.: -tanka E.+ -tancana b.s. takman av. takran. + 
 
 -tankya b.s. 
 See ]/ tak. Only used with a. 
 
 y tat, 'clatter. 
 A single fonn, tatati, in Adbh. Brah., doubtless an onomatopoetic formation. 
 
 y tad, 'beat'. 
 Pres. [2.] tadhi? Rvi. 
 Perf. tatada c. 
 [Aor. 3. atitadat.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. tadayati etc. e.+ (tadyate e.+) 
 -Denu.; tadit V.+ tadaka e.+ tadya e.+ 
 
 tada AV.+ -tadin c. tadana e.+ 
 
 tadaniya c. 
 tadayitr c. 
 
 ]/ 1 tan, ta, 'stretch'. 
 
 Pres. [8.] tanoti tanute etc. v.+ 
 
 Perf. tatana etc. v.+ (tatantha v.b. [tenitha]}, tenus etc. e.+ (tatanat 
 
 etc. tatananta tatanyus et.); tene etc. av. + (tatane kv., tatne etc, 
 
 v., tate Rv.) 
 Aor. 1. atan e.v., atata etc. (atathas atnata) v.b.; atayi b. — 2. atanat 
 
 etc. B.V. [ — 3. atitanat.] — 4. atansit b. (atan v.), atasi atansmahi 
 
 B. — 5. atanit ms. [atanit, atanista.] 
 Fut. 1. tansyate b. [tanisyati -te.] — 2. [tanita,] tayita c. 
 Verb, tata v. + ; tantum e.; tatva e., tatvaya b. [tanitvaj; -tatya b.+, 
 
 -taya c. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, tayate etc. v.+, tanyate etc. c. — [Int. tantan-. — Desid. 
 
 titansa-, titanisa-. — ] Caus. taijayati av.c. 
 Deriv. : tan v. taniman b.+ 
 
 tana ev. tanistha b.s. 
 
 tana av. taniyas b. 
 
 tanaya v.+ 
 
 tanas ev. 
 -tani V. + 
 
 Compare y tay. 
 
 tanu V.+ 
 tanu V.+ 
 tanus E. 
 
 tanti V.+ 
 
 -ta EV. 
 
 -tati B.+ 
 
 tana v.+ 
 
 tantu V.+ 
 
 -tanaka c. 
 
 -tanitr c. 
 
 -tannka? c. 
 
 tantra v.+ 
 
 -tayitr c. 
 
 -tatni Av.B. 
 
 tatanusti av 
 
 -tatnu AV. 
 
 tena? c. 
 
61 
 
 AND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 [tark 
 
 ^ y 2 tan, 'roar'. 
 Pres. [4.] tanyati rv. 
 
 Deriv.: tanyata kv. tanyatii v. tanyii kv. tanayitnu av. 
 
 Appears to be au abbreviated form of }/ stan. 
 
 y tand, 'be weary'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] tandate rv'. (tandrat v rv'.) 
 
 Deriv. : tandra v. + tandri e. + tandri av. + 
 
 y tap, 'heat'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] tapati -te etc. v.+ — [4.] tapyati etc. R.+, -te etc. b.+ 
 
 Perf. tatapa tape etc. v. + [tatapate rv.) 
 
 Aor. 1. tapana sv. ; atapi v.is. — 3. atitapat e., -pe rv. (titapasi av.) — 
 
 4. atapsit etc. v.b.s., atapthas? av. 
 Fut. 1 . tapsyati etc. b. + (atapsyat m.), -te etc. e. ; tapisyati etc. e. — 2. 
 
 tapta E. 
 Verb, tapta v. + , tapita c. ; taptum e. + , taptos ck.; taptva b. + ; 
 
 -tapya v. + 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, tapyate etc. v.+ — 
 
 titapsa-.] — Caus. tapayati etc. 
 
 fut. e.) 
 
 Itht. tatapyate etc. e.+ [ — Desid. 
 -te etc. AV.+ (tapyate b.e. ; tapita 
 
 Deriv. 
 
 -tap Rv.s. 
 tapa V.+ 
 tapya e. 
 tapana v.+ 
 tapana,-niv.B. 
 tapas V.+ 
 
 tapu RV. 
 tapus V. 
 tapusi v.B. 
 tapti c. 
 taptavya e. 
 taptr E. 
 
 tapistha v. 
 tapisnu e. 
 tapiyas c. 
 tapyatu v.b. 
 tapa AV.+ 
 -tapaka c. 
 
 -tapin B.+ 
 -tapya b. 
 tapana e. + 
 -tapitr? E. 
 tapayitr c. 
 tapayisnu rv. 
 
 y tarn, 'faint'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] tamyati etc. b.+, -te etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. tatama b. 
 
 Aor. [1. atami. — ] 2. tamat etc. rv.b.s. 
 
 [Fut. taniisyg,ti^ tamita.] 
 
 Verb, tamta b. + ; tamitos b.s. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. tamayati etc. b.s. 
 
 Deriv. : tamaka c. 
 tamana s. 
 tamas v.+ 
 
 tami c. 
 tamisici v. 
 tamisra v. + 
 
 tamti c. 
 -tameru vs. 
 tamra rv. 
 
 tama c. 
 -tamaka c. 
 tami s. 
 tamra av.+ 
 
 y tark, 'think'. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. tarkayati -te etc. e.+ (tarkyate etc. e.+) 
 Deriy. .• tarka S.+ tarkaka e. -tarkyaB.+ tarkaniya e. 
 
 tarka E. tarkin c. tarkana e.+ tarkukav e. 
 
 Probably a denominative formation. 
 
tarj] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 62 
 
 y tarj, 'threaten', 
 
 Pres. [1.] tarjati etc. e.+, -te e. 
 
 [Perf. etc. tatarja; atarjit; tarjisyati, tarjita.] 
 
 Verb, tarjita e. + ; -tarjya e. 
 
 Sec. Con}.: Cans, tarjayati etc. e.+, -te e. (tarjyate etc. e.) 
 
 X)€riu.; tarjaka c. tarj ana e.+ tarjanaE.+ 
 
 y tas, see y tans. 
 
 y ta, see y tan. 
 
 y tay, 'stretch'. 
 [Pres. 1. tayate.] 
 Perf. [tataye] tayam cakre? jb. 
 [Aor. etc. atayi, atayista; tayisyate, tayita.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, tayyamana vs. 
 
 Very questionable forms. The jb. manuscript reads (iii. 177) anusamta- 
 yayam cakre. Belongs probably in some way to y tan, ta. The Bhagavata- 
 Purana has once tayita(periph. fut.), which is given above under y tan. 
 
 y tav. 
 Pres. [1.] tavati av. 
 
 Probably a false reading. 
 
 y ti, 'crush'. 
 Pres. [5.] tinoti c'. 
 
 A single occurrence, and most probably a false reading. 
 
 y tij, 'be sharp'. 
 Pres. [1.] tejate etc. bv.cb. 
 Per/".? titigdhiB.s. 
 Verb, tikta v. + 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. tetikte etc. v.b. — Desid. titiksate etc, v,+, -ti etc. e. + 
 
 (titiksmahe m.) — Caus. tejayati etc. e.+ 
 Deriu.; -tikti B,v. tiksna v.+ tejana v.+ tejiyas rv.c. 
 
 tigita Kv. tega? vs. tejas v.+ titiksaE.+ 
 
 tigmav.H- teja c. tejistha v.b.s. titiksu av.+ 
 
 y tim, 'be quiet', 
 
 Pres. [4.] timyant ci. [timyati.] 
 [Perf. etc. titema etc.:, tetimya-.] 
 Verb, timita k. 
 Deriv.: timi? e.+ timira? e.+ 
 
 Ap parently related with ]/ tam; the participle, with that of y stim. 
 
63 
 
 AND PkIMARY DeRIYATIVES. 
 
 [tur 
 
 y tir, see y tr. 
 
 y til. 
 
 Accepted by BR. in vs. xxiii. 24 pratilami (ts. tb. prasulami); but 
 an unintelligible and probably false reading. 
 
 y tu, 'be strong'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] taviti rv. [tauti.] 
 
 Perf. tUtava Ev. (tutos -ot rv.) 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. tavituat ev. 
 
 Derii'..- tava-? Ev. tavas v. tavyas ev. tuvi- v.vs. 
 
 tavya EV. tavisa v. tivrav.+ tuvis- v.b. 
 
 tavya ts. tavisi ev. tumra? bv. tuya v. 
 
 tavas V.B. s. taviyas v. turav.+ tiituma? ev. 
 
 y tuc, 'impel, generate'. 
 
 A root or root-form (see y tuj) inferable from the following derivatives : 
 tuc EV. -tuka? EV. toka v. + tokman, -ma v. + 
 
 y tuj, 'urge, thrust'. 
 
 Pres. [7.] tunjanti tunjate (3p.} etc. ev. — [1.] tiinjamana ev. — [6.] 
 
 tujant tujete kv. [ — 1. tojati.] 
 Perf. tutujana (and tutujana) tutujyat ev. [tutoja.] 
 [Aor. etc. atojit; tojisyati, tojita.] 
 Verb, tujase ev., -tiije ev., tuj aye? v. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, tujyate etc. ev. — Caus. tujayant etc. v. 
 Deriv. ; tuj v. tuji ev. tugra ev. 
 
 tujya EV. tunja ev. tugvan ev. 
 
 This and the preceding are probably two forms of the same root 
 connection of meaning, compare the roots su, sii. 
 
 tunga '? E. + 
 
 tUtUJi EV. 
 
 For the 
 
 y tud, 'push, thrust'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] tudati etc. v. +, -te e. — [7?] tundana av.. tundate ev. ( — tu- 
 
 dayati av.) 
 Perf. tutoda V. + [tutiide.] 
 
 [Aor. etc. atutudat, atautsit atutta ; totsyati -te, totta.] 
 Verb, tunna v. + ; [tuttva;] -tudya e. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, tudyate etc. e. + — Int. totudyate s. [ — Desid. tututsa-.] 
 
 — Caus. todayati etc. e. + (todyate e. +) 
 Deriv.: -tud s.e. tunda? c. -todinv.+ todana c. 
 
 -tudaAV.+ todav. + todya c. t6ttraB.+ 
 
 y tur, see y tr. 
 
turv] 
 
 Roots, Vebb-fobms, 
 
 64 
 
 y turv, turv, 'overcome'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] turvati etc. ev.b. 
 
 Deriv. : turva bv. turvan bv. turviti ev. turvi bv. 
 
 turvani bv. 
 A specialized form of y tr, tur, to which the derivatives might in part 
 with equal propriety he referred. 
 
 |/tul, 'lift, weigh'. 
 [Pres. 1. tolati.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, tolayati etc. e.+ (tolyate c); tulayati etc. e. +, -te 
 
 etc. E. + 
 Deriv . : tula c. tulya s. + tolaka c. tolana e. + 
 
 tulaB.+ tulana c. tolya c. 
 
 ]/ tu9, 'drip'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] t09ate etc. v. (tOQe bv.) 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans. toQaya bv. 
 
 Deriv. : to9a bv. -toQana bv. togas bv. 
 
 BR. refer two or three of the forms to a root 2 tuq = tus. 
 
 y tus, 'be content'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] tusyati etc. s.+, -te c. 
 
 Perf. tutosa etc. e.+ 
 
 [Aor. etc. atusat, atiitusat; toksyati, testa.] 
 
 Verb, tusta e. + ; tostum e. ; -tusya c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. totus-. — Desid. tutuksa-. — ] Cans, tosayati etc. jb.+ 
 
 (tosyate c.) ; tusayanti bv. 
 Deriv.: tusti E.+ -tosaka c. tosana e*+ tosayitavya e. 
 
 tiisnim? V.+ tosinE,+ tosaniya e.+ tosayitr c. 
 
 tosa E. + tosya e, tostavya c. 
 
 y turv, see y turv. 
 
 y ty, tir, tur, 'pass' . 
 
 Pres. [1.] tarati etc. v.+, -te etc. v.+ — [6.] tirati -te etc. v.b.s. ; turati -te 
 etc. v.B. — [3.] titarti etc. bv.c. [tutorti.] — [8.] tarute bv'. — [2?] 
 turyama bv. — [4.] tiryati? av. ; turya bv^. — tarusema -sante 
 -santa bv. 
 
 Perf. tatara v. + (tatarusas bv.), terus e. +, tatare c. ; titirus titirvans 
 BV. ; tuturyat -yama bv. 
 
 Aor. 1. atari v.B. [tiryat.] — 3. atitaras av. — 4. atarsit etc. s.+ — 
 5. atarit etc. v.b.s. (atarima bv. ; tarisat etc. v.b.s.; tarisimahi bv.) 
 
 Fut. 1 . tarisyati etc. s. +, -te etc. e. + [tarisyati. — 2. tarita.] 
 
65 
 
 AND Primary Derivatiyes. 
 
 [tn> 
 
 Verb, tirna v.+. turta cb.. turna s. + : tartum e.+. taritumE.+, taritum 
 E. + ; tirtva Av.u.; -tirya e.+. -turyaiiv.: -tiram -tire nv.; taradhyai 
 Kv. ; tarisani rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass. tiryate?E. — Int. tartr- rv.. taritr- rv. . tartvir- rv. 
 [tatr-.] — Desid. titirsati etc. e.+, -te etc. e.. tutursati rv. [titarisa-.] 
 — Cans, tarayati etc. av.+, -te etc. s.+ (tairyate etc. e.+); turayant 
 v., -yante rv. 
 
 Deriv. : tara v.+ 
 tarin? av. 
 tarya rv. 
 tari E. + 
 tarana v. + 
 taraniya e. + 
 tarani v.+ 
 -taratha? c. 
 -tira Av.B. 
 
 taras v. + tartavya e. 
 
 taras sv. taritavya s. + 
 
 tariyas kv. -tarituv v.b. 
 
 taruv RV. -taritr v. 
 
 taruna?v.+ tarutr v. 
 
 tarus RV. tarutra rv. 
 
 tarusa v. -taritra? e. 
 
 tarusas rv. -tarman rv. 
 
 tirasv v,+ tira b.+ 
 
 tirtha v.+ 
 tiir RV.B. turas- rv. -turti v.b. 
 
 tura RV. turi rv. turni v.b. 
 
 turana rv. turya ts. -turya v.b.s. 
 
 torana? e.+ 
 Compare roots tur (oftener given as a separate root), turv, tvar, and tra. 
 
 tara av. + 
 taraka e.+ 
 tarin ev.e.+ 
 tarya av.e.+ 
 tarana e. + 
 -taraniya c. 
 -tarayitr n. 
 
 titirsa c. 
 titirsu E.+ 
 taturi V.B.S. 
 -tartura rv. 
 tuturvani rv. 
 
 y trd, 'split, bore'. 
 
 Pres. [".] trnatti etc. v.b.u., trntte cb. (atrnam kbu.) [ — 1. tardati.] 
 
 Perf. tatarda etc. v.c. (tatarditha rv.). tatrdana rv. 
 
 Aor. 1. tardas rv., trdyus s. [ — 3. atatardat, atitrdat. — 5. atardit.] 
 
 [Fut. tardisyati -te, tartsyati -te ; tardita.] 
 
 Verb, trnna b.s.u. ; -trdya b.s. ; -tfdas v. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. taritrd-. — ] Desid. titrtsati etc. v.b. [-te; titardisati 
 
 -te.] — Caus. tardayati s. 
 Deriu. .• tarda AV.+ -tardi"? e. -trd rv. trdila rv. 
 
 trada rv. tardman av.b.s. -trtti b. trtsu? rv. 
 
 tardana v. + tfnman? av. 
 
 y trp, 'be pleased'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] trpyati etc. av. +, -te etc. e.+ — [5.] trpnoti etc. v.b. (trpnoti 
 
 etc. c.) — [6.] trmpati etc. v.b.s. — [1.] tarpanti e. 
 Perf. tatarpa etc. e. (tatrpus -pana v.) 
 Aor. 1. trpyasma ts. — 2. atrpat etc. v.b. (trpant rv.) — 3. atitrpat eic. 
 
 -panta av. + [atatarpat. — 4. atarpsit, atrapsit. — 5. atarpit.] 
 Fut. 1. atrapsyat b. [tarpsyati, tarpisyati. — 2. tarpita, tarpta, 
 
 trapta.] 
 Verb, trpta av.+. 
 
 Whitney, Supplement II. 5 
 
trp] Roots, Verb-forms, 66 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. taritrp-. — ] Desid. titrpsati v. [titarpisa-.] — Cans. 
 
 tarpayati etc. v.+, -te etc. v.+ (tarpyate etc. e. ; titarpayisati b.s.) 
 Derir..- -tarpaka c. tarpana av.+ -trpa rv.c. trpra? v.b.s. 
 -tarpya e. tarpaniya u. trpala rv. -trpsu ta. 
 
 talpa? AV.+ -trp Ev. trpti v.b. tatrpi rv. 
 
 trpti RV. tarpayitavya b. 
 
 Some accept a, y 2 trp 'steal' for asutrp v.c. and paQUtrp rv. 
 
 y trs, 'be thirsty'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] tfsyati etc. v.b. 
 Perf. tatrsus -sana tatrsana rv. 
 
 Aor. 2. trsat etc. av.b., trsana rv. — 3. atitrsama etc. v.b. 
 [Fut. tarsisyati, tarsita.] 
 
 Verb, trsita v. +, trsta? adj. v. [trsitva, tarsitva.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, tarsayati etc. b. [tarsita e.+) 
 Deriu.; tarsa E.+ tarsana c. trsE. + trsu rv. 
 
 tarsya- RV. tarsula e. trsa c. trsnav.+ 
 
 trsya v. trsnaj rv. 
 
 y trh, 'crusli'. 
 
 Pres. [7.] trnedhi trnecLhu trnlianti etc. v.b. [trnehmi. — 6. trhati, 
 
 trnhati.] 
 Perf. tatarha av. 
 Aor. [1. trhyat; atarhi. — ] 2. atrham av. [ — 3. atatarhat, atitrhat. — 
 
 5. atarhit. — 7. atrksat.] 
 [Fut. tarhisyati, tarksyati ; tarhita, tarctha.] 
 Verb, trdha rv. ; trdhva av. [tarhitva]; -tarham av. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, trhyate etc. av. [ — Int. taritrh-. — Desid. titarhisa-, 
 
 titrksa-. — Caus. tarhaya-.J 
 Deriv. tarhana v. 
 
 y tyaj, 'forsake'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] tyajati etc. s.+, -te etc. e.+ 
 
 Perf. tatyaja tatyaje etc. e.+ (tityaja rv., tityagdhi? k.) 
 
 Aor. [1. tyajyat; atyaji. — 3. atityajat. — ] 4. atyaksit etc. e.+ 
 
 Fut. 1. tyaksyati -te etc. e., tyajisyati -te etc. e. + [ — 2. tyakta.] 
 
 Verb, tyakta «.+, tyajita c ; tyaktu- e.; tyaktva e. + ; -tyajya b.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, tyajyate etc. e. + [ — Int. tatyaj-.] — Desid. tityaksa- c. 
 
 — Caus. tyajayati etc. e. + (tyajyate c.) 
 Deriv. ; -tyaj V.+ tyaj ana avp. tyaktavyaE.+ tyajaka c. 
 
 -tyajaE.+ tyaj as rv. tyaktrE.+ tyajya e.+ 
 
 tyajya e.+ tyajas v. tyaga v.+ -tyajana c. 
 
 tyagin e. + 
 
67 AND Primary Derivatives. '^trut 
 
 y trap, 'be abashed'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] trapate etc. e.+, -ti etc. e. 
 
 [Perf. etc. trepe; atrapta, atrapista; trapsyate trapisyate, trapta 
 
 trapita.] 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. tatrap-. — Desid. titrapsa-, titrapisa-. — J Cans, tra- 
 
 payati etc. c. [trapayati.] 
 DeWr. ; trpra? v.B.s. trapaE.+ -trapana c. trapu.'AV.+ 
 
 trapa e.+ -trapaniya c. 
 
 y tras, -be terrified'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] trasati etc. v.+. -te etc. e. • — [4.] trasyati etc. e.+. -te etc. c. 
 
 Perf. tatrasa tatrasvis etc. e.+, tresus e. + (^tresus m^. I, tatrasire e. 
 
 Aor. 3. atitrasan av. — 5. trasis cb. [atrasit.] 
 
 Fut. 1. trasisyati e. [ — 2. trasita.] 
 
 Verb, trasta b. + ; -trasas k. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. tatrasyate jb. [ — Desid. titrasisa-.] — Cans, trasayati 
 
 etc. Av. +, -te etc. e. (trasyate e.) 
 Deriv. : trasa v.+ trasara c. trasa av.+ trasana e. + 
 
 trasana s. trasnu b. + trasaka c. trasaniya c. 
 
 trasin e. -trasiika b. 
 
 ]/ tra, 'rescue'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] trayate etc. v.+ — [2.] trasva tradhvam rv., trati trahi 
 
 etc. E.+ 
 Perf. tatre v.b. 
 
 Aor. 4. atrasmahi 9B. (atrasatam cb., trasate trasathe -sitham rv.) 
 Fut. li trasyate etc. b. +, -ti e. [ — 2. trata.] 
 Verb, trata b.+ [trana]; tratum e. + ; tratva c. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, trayate etc. c. 
 Deriv. 
 
 tra V. + 
 
 trana u. + 
 
 tratf V.+ 
 
 traman v. + 
 
 -tra V. + 
 
 tratavya e. + 
 
 tratra rv.c. 
 
 -trSvan v av. 
 trayayayya rv. 
 
 A secondary root, from y tr. 
 
 y trut, 'come to pieces' . 
 
 Pres. [6.] trutati etc. c. — [4.] trutyati etc. c. (trudyeyus c.) 
 
 Perf. tutrota c. 
 
 Verb, trutita c. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. trotayati etc. c, 
 
 Derir..- truti E. + trotaka c. 
 
 Proljably a denominative formation from truti. 
 
tvaks] Roots, Verb-forms, 68 
 
 y tvaks, 'fashion'. 
 
 ^Pres. [2.] tvaksana rv'. [ — 1. tvaksati.] 
 
 [Perf. etc. tatvaksa; atvaksit; tvaksisyati, tvaksita tvasta.] 
 X>em\ ; -tvaksana Ev. tvaksas ev. tvaksiyas ev. tvasti c. 
 
 tvastr V. + 
 Compare ]/ taks. 
 
 y tvang, 'leap'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] tvangati etc. c. 
 
 Late and probably artificial. 
 
 y tvac, 'cover'. 
 Such a root is assumed by some for tvac v.+ 'skin', and atuc ev. 'dimness'. 
 
 y tvar, 'hasten'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] tvarate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e.+ ' 
 
 Perf. tatvare e. + 
 
 Aor. 3. atitvarat e. [atatvarat. — 5. atvarista.] 
 
 [Fut. tvarisyate, tvarita.] 
 
 Verb, tvarita e.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. tatvarya-, totur-. — Desid. titvarisa-. — ] Cdus. tva- 
 
 rayati etc. av.+, -te etc. e. (tvaryate e.); tvaraya- c. 
 Deriv. : tvara c. tvara s. + tvarana av. tvaraniya e. 
 
 A secondary root-form from y tr, tur, under which are here placed the 
 derivatives with tur- (tHrta, turti, tiirna). 
 
 y tvis, 'be stirred up'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] atvisus ev. — [6.] atvisanta ev. — [4.] tvisyant c*. [ — 1. 
 
 tvesati -te.] 
 Perf. titvise etc. ev. (atitvisanta ev.) [titvisus.] 
 [Aor. etc. atitvisat, atviksat -ksata; tveksyati -te, tvesta.] 
 Verb, tvisita ev. : tvise ev. 
 [Sec. Conj. : tetvis- ; titviksa- ; tvesaya-.] 
 
 Deriv.: tvia Y.+ tvisi v.b.s. tvesin ev. tvesatha ev. 
 
 tvisa c. tvesa v.b. tvesya ev. tvesas ev. 
 
 y tsar, 'approach stealthily'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] tsarati etc. v.b.s. 
 
 Perf. tatsara ev. 
 
 Aor. 4. atsar ev. — 5. atsarisam cb. 
 
 [Fut. tsarisyati, tsarita.] 
 
 Verb, -tsarya cb. 
 
 Derit?. ; tsara c. tsaru v.+ -tsara v.+ tsarin v.b. 
 
69 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [dan 
 
 y thurv •? 
 
 Pres. [1.] thurvant ms! 
 
 Probably a false reading; the edition has turvant, with one of the manu- 
 scripts (and the parallel texts). 
 
 y danc, da9, 'bite'. 
 
 Pres. [l.J da9ati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. + — danQati c'. 
 Perf. dadanqus b. (dadaqvans rv.) 
 [Aor. da9yat, adadariQat, adanksit.] 
 Fut. 1. daQisyati e. [danksyati. — 2. dansta.] 
 Verb, dasta av. + ; danstva js.; -da9ya e. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass. da9yate etc. e. — Int. danda9ana nv. (danda9ayitva c.) 
 [ — Desid. didanksa-.] — Caus. dan9ayati etc. s. + (dan9ita adj. e. +) 
 Dcrii;.; dan9a Av. + dan9anaE.+ danstrS v.+ da9av ii.+ 
 
 dan9aka c. daneuka b. dan9nian av.s. da9ana e.+ 
 
 -dan9in av. danstf av. danksnu b. 
 
 y dans, 'be wondrous'. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. dansayas bv'. 
 
 Deriv. : -dansa ev. dansas v.b. dansu ev. dasma v. 
 
 dansana nv.s. dansistha rv. dasmant rv. dasra v. + 
 
 y daks, 'be able'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] daksate etc. v.b., -ti ev. 
 
 Perf. dadakse e. 
 
 Aor. 3. adadaksat b. f — 5. adaksista.] 
 
 • L • • • J 
 
 Fut. 1. daksisyate b. [— 2. daksita.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. daksayati etc. b. 
 
 Deriv. : daksa v. + daksas v. daksayya ev. daksina v. + 
 
 y dagh, 'reacb to'. 
 Pres. [5.] daghnuyat b. 
 
 Aor. 1. dhak dhaktam daghma daghyas ev. — 2? daghat b. 
 Fut. 1. daghisyante jub. 
 Verb, -daghas b.. -daghos cb. 
 Deriv. : -dagh s. -daghna v. + -daghvan v.b. 
 
 y dad, see y 1 da. 
 
 y dadh, see y 1 dha. 
 
 y dan, 'straighten' {?). 
 Pres. dan danas rv. 
 Very doubtful forms. 
 
dabh] Roots, Vebb-forms, 70 
 
 y dabh, dambh, 'harm'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] dabhati etc. v.b. — [5.] dabhnoti etc. v.b. 
 Perf. dadabha debhus ev. ; dadambha av. (dadabhanta ev.) 
 Aor. ]. dabhiis ev. [ — 3. adadambhat. — 5. adambhit.] 
 [Fut. dambhisyati, dambhita.] 
 
 Verb, dabdha v.; dabdhum b. ; [dambhitva, dabdhva;] -dabhe ev. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, dabhyate ev. [ — Int. dadambh-, dadabh-.] — Desid. 
 dipsati etc. v.b. ; dhipsati jb. [dhipsa-, didambhisa-.] — Cans. 
 dambhayati etc. v.b. 
 Deriv.: dabha v. dabdhi b.s. dabhyav.+ dambhinE. + 
 
 dabhya EV. -dabhna? av. darabhaE.+ -dambhana v. + 
 dabhiti ev. dabhra v. + dambbaka c. dipsu v. 
 
 dabha v.b. 
 
 y dam, 'contror. 
 Pres. [4.] damyati cb. 
 [Aor. adamlt.] 
 
 Verb, damta b. + ; [damtva,] damitva e. ; -damya e.? 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, damayati etc. v. + 
 Deriv. ; dam V. + damakaE. + -damatra s.+ damitr ev. 
 
 damav.+ dam.in e. damanav. + damayitr e. 
 
 dama b. -damya e. 
 
 y day, 'share'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] dayate etc. v.+. dayamasi av. 
 
 Perf. dayam asa c. 
 
 [Aor. etc. adayista; dayisyate, dayita.] 
 
 Verb, dayita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. dandayya-, dadayya-. — ] On(.«. dayayet c. 
 
 Deriv. : daya v. + dayitnu s. 
 
 A secondary form of ]/ 2 da "divide", from which it is hardly worth 
 separating. 
 
 y daridra, see y 1 dra. 
 
 y dal, 'burst'. 
 Pres. [1.] dalati etc. e.+ 
 [Perf. dadala.] 
 Aor. 5. adalit c. [adalit.] 
 Fut. 1 . dalisyati -te etc. c. (^adalisyat c.) 
 Verb, dalita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, dalayati e«c. c. ; dalayati eic. e. + (dalyate c. dalya- 
 te c.) 
 
71 AND Primary Derivatives. [1 d§ 
 
 Deriv. : dala e. + -dala b. + dalana c. dali c. 
 
 dalana c. -dalakaii.+ -dalya c. dalayitr c. 
 
 A secondary root-form from y 1 dr. 
 
 y das, das, 'waste*. 
 
 Pres. [4.] dasyati etc. v.b.s. — [1.] dasati etc. v.u.s. 
 Per/", dadasvans rv. [dadasa.] 
 
 Aor. 2. dasat etc. v.b.s. (dasamana? ev.) — 5. dasit ev. 
 [Fut. dasisyati, dasita; dasisyati, dasita.] 
 Verb, dasta b. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. dasaye ts.. -yanta rv. ; dasayati etc. av.b. 
 Deriv.: dasa Rv. -dasvant ay. dasav.+ dasanu n. 
 
 -dasya v.s. dasyu v.+ -dasins. + -dasvika b. 
 
 Usually classed as two roots, das and das ; dasati etc. only with abhi. 
 
 y dah, 'burn'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] dahati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ — [4.] dahyati e. — [2.] dhaksi rv. 
 
 Perf. dadaha etc. b. +, dehe c. 
 
 Aor. 1. dahyat m.v — 3. adidahat c. — 4. adhaksit etc. v,+ (adhak v.b.s., 
 
 dhaksant daksant ev.) 
 Fut. 1. dhaksyati etc. v.|+, -te etc. s.+ (dhaksyet adhaksyam m.); dahi- 
 syati E. + [ — 2. dagdha.] 
 / Fcrft. dagdha V. + ; dagdhum b. +, -dhosB. ; dagdhvaB. + ; -dahyaB. + ; 
 -dahas b. ; -daham c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, dahyate etc. av. +. -ti etc. s.h Int. dandahiti etc. c, 
 
 dandaliyate etc. c. — Desid. didhaksati etc. e.+, -te etc. e. ; dhiksate 
 CB. — Caus. dahayati etc. e. + [dahyate u.) 
 Derii).: dahy.s. daksi rv. -dagha av. dahana e. 
 
 dahati e. daksu rv. daha av.+ dahuka b.s. 
 
 dahana av. + dhaksu rv. dahaka c. didhaksa e. + 
 
 -dagdhavya e. daksiis rv. dahin s.+ didhaksuE.+ 
 
 dagdhr v.+ dahya e.+ 
 
 y 1 da, dad, 'give'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] dadati datte etc. \.+ (dehi v. + , daddhi v.) — [1.] dadati -te 
 etc. V.+ (dadiyam u., dadayant u.) — [■!.] dayamana m. — [2.J dati 
 datu RV. ; dadmi e. + 
 
 Perf. dadau dade etc. v. + (dadatha dadrire rv. ; dadivans dadavans 
 AV., dadvans rv.) [dadade.] 
 
 Aor. 1. adat etc. v.+, deyam rv.; adi ms., adithas adita adimahi u.. 
 disva B.; dayi v.b. [adadi.] — 2. adat etc. v.b. — [3. adidadat. — J 
 4. adisi adisata av.b.c. (dasat dasathas ev.; desam desma b.s.) 
 [dasista.] — 5. adadista sv. 
 
I dal 
 
 Roots, Vebb-forms, 
 
 72 
 
 Put. 1. dasyati etc. av.+ (adasyat m.), -te etc. b. + ; dadisye k. — 2. data 
 etc. B.E. [dadita.] . 
 
 Verb, -data bv. , datta v. + , -tta v. + , -dita e.+ [dadita]; datum v.+, 
 -tave v., -tavai rv., -tos v.b. ; dattva av. +, -tvaya kv. ; -daya v.+, 
 -dadya a v. ; -dam b., ^dai b,v. ; davane ev, ; -day am b. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, diyate etc. v. + ; dadyamana ev. — [Int. dada-, dediya-, 
 dadad-.] — Desid.- ditaati etc. -v. +, -te etc.c; didasant b.v., dida- 
 sitha B.s. [didadisa-.] — Cans, dapayati etc. av.+ [adidapat.] 
 
 Deriv. : da, -da v. + 
 dati V. 
 
 -tti V.B. 
 
 datavya b.+ 
 datr V. + 
 datra? v.b. 
 dana v. + 
 danav rv. 
 daman ev.e. 
 daman rv. 
 
 daya v. + 
 dayaka e. + 
 dayin av. + 
 -davan v.s. 
 davan rv. 
 danu ■? V. 
 -deya n. v.b. 
 deya gdue. v. + 
 -das? V.+ 
 -das v.b. 
 
 -di JB. + 
 diya rv. 
 destha rv. 
 desna v. + 
 -dad AV. 
 -dada c. 
 datti c. 
 datra '? v. 
 dada m. 
 daditr vs. 
 
 dadi V. 
 ditsa c. 
 ditsu V. + 
 diditsu M. 
 dapin c. 
 -dapya s.c. 
 -dapana s. 
 dapaniya c. 
 dapayitavya c. 
 -dapayitr b. 
 
 y 2 da, 'divide, share'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] dati etc. v.b.s. — [6?] dyati etc. av.b.s. 
 
 Perf. dadire b. 
 
 Aor. 1. [adat, deyat;] adimahi b. (adim- vs.k.). — 4. disiya rv. 
 
 Fut. 1. dasyati s. [ — 2. data.J 
 
 Verb, dina v.b., dita c, [data,] -tta b. + ; -daya e.+, -ditya? c. 
 
 Sec. CoThj.: Pass, diyate etc. av. + — [Int. dada-, dedi-. — Desid. ditsa-, 
 
 didasa-, didansa-. — ] Cans, dapayita s. 
 Deriv.: -tti b. datr rv.c. -dana av.b.s. daya? rv. 
 
 datn RV. datra RV. -daniya b.s. diti? rv. 
 
 -datavya c. dana? rv. danu v. -deya c 
 
 A form of this root is day, given above separately. 
 
 
 y 3 da, di, 'bind'. 
 
 Pres. [6 ?] dyati etc. v.b. — [2 ?] disva vs. 
 Aor. 5. adisi av.'? 
 Verb, dita v. + ; -daya s. + 
 
 Deriv.: -dati* rv.c. daman v. + -daya c. diti? v. + 
 
 -dariav. + daman rv. -di av. dina? v. + 
 
 Not recognized by the native grammarians as separate from the preceding, 
 and of somewhat doubtful character. 
 
 I 
 
 y 4 da, 'clear'. 
 
 Pres. [4 ?] dayamana cK 
 
 [Perf. etc. dadau ; dayat, adasit ; dasyati, data.] 
 
73 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [dih 
 
 Verb, data ta.e. + 
 
 [Sec. Conj.: daya-; dada-; didasa-; dapaya-.] 
 
 Deriv. -dana c. 
 
 Only with ava; certainly no separate root, and probably a specialization 
 of meaning of the participle of }/ 2 da. 
 
 ]/ dae, 'make offering'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] da9ati etc. v. — [2.] dasti ev. — [5.] da9n6ti rv. 
 
 Perf. dada9a etc. v. (dadaqati -Qas -gat rv. ; dada9vans kv.b., da9van8 
 
 v., da9ivans sv.) 
 [Aor. etc. ada9it; da9isyati, da9ita.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. dada9-. — Desid. dida9isa-. — ] Caus. ada9ayat ck'. 
 Deriv. : da9 v. -da9a av. + da9U v. da9uri v. 
 
 y das, see ]/ das. 
 
 y div, 'play', see y 1 div. 
 
 No root y div 'shine' exists as such in the language, except so far as it 
 may be inferable from the noun div or dyii v. +, divit ev., and the (in that 
 case, secondary) root dyut. With all these the root div 'play' has nothing 
 to do. 
 
 y di9, 'point'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] di9ati etc. v. +, -te etc. ev.e. + — [3.] {Perf.'i') dide9ati didestu 
 
 etc. didjsta ev. — [4.] di9yati m'. . 
 Perf. dide9a etc. av. +, didi9e c. 
 
 ^or. [3. adidi9at. — ] 4. adiksi adista rv. — 7. adiksat cb.c. 
 Fut. 1. deksyati etc. s.+, -te c. [ — 2. desta.] 
 Verb, dista v. + ; destum e. + ; -di9ya b. + ; -di9e rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass. di9yate etc. e.+ — Int. dedi9at etc. dediste etc. rv., de- 
 di9yate av.vs. — Besid. didiksati c. — Caus. de9ayati etc. e. +, -te c. 
 Deriv.: di9 v.+ de9aka c. -de9anaB.+ destrv. + 
 
 disti V. + de9in s. + de9ana c. destra ev. 
 
 de9a av. + de9ya av. + destavya e. + -didiksa c. 
 
 -didik^u c. 
 
 y dih, 'smear'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] degdlii dihanti adihan etc. v. + (dehat ev.) [digdhe.] 
 
 Perf. didihe e. [dideha.] 
 
 Aor. [1. adehi. — 3. adidihat. — 4. adigdha. — ] 7. adhiksus jb. [adhi- 
 
 ksat -sata.j 
 [Fut. dheksyati -te ; degdha.] 
 Verb, digdha av. + ; -dihya s.+ 
 
dih] Roois, Verb-foems, 74 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, dihyate etc. c. — [Int. dedih-. — Desid. didhiksa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. dehayati -te e. + 
 DcWv. : -dih v.s. -degha b. dehl rv. -dehya c. 
 
 deha b. + dehika c. dehali s. + 
 
 y 1 dl, 'fly . 
 
 Pres. [4.] diyati etc. ev., diyase sv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. dediyitavai cb. 
 
 Represented later by y di. From it may possibly come didyu v.b. 
 
 y 2 dl, didi, 'shine'. 
 
 Pres. didyati (3p.) etc. adidet etc, didye etc. v.b.s. (didayat ev.. didayat 
 didayante av.. didihi v.b.s., didihi ev. : didyasam b.s.) 
 
 Perf. didaya v.b.s. (didaya cb.s. , didetha didiyus ev. : didivans v.b. ; 
 didayasi etc. didayat etc. v.b. ; dididaya? acs.; dididasi didyasva s. 
 
 Derjy.; -diti EV. -diditi ev. didi- ev. didivi rv. didhitis. + 
 Compare y dip. Some confusion of forms is made between didi and 
 
 didhi. 
 
 y dTks, 'be consecrated'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] diksate etc. b.+ 
 
 Perf. didikse etc. b., -sus pb.c. 
 
 Aor. o. adidiksas b. — 5. adiksista etc. b. 
 
 • • ■ • 
 
 Fut. 1. diksisyate etc. b.+ [ — 2. diksita.] 
 
 Verb, diksita av. + ; diksitva b.u. ; -diksya s. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Desid. didiksisate etc. b. — Caus. diksayati etc. b.+. -te e. 
 
 (diksapaya e.) 
 DeWi'.; diksa AV.+ diksaka c. (n. 2>r.) diksanas.+ diksayitr b. 
 
 BR. suggest a derivation from y daks. 
 
 ly didhi, see \ dhl. 
 
 y dip, 'shine'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] dipyate etc. AV.+. -ti etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. didipe c. 
 
 Aor. [1. adipi. — ] 3. adidipat etc. ev.c. ; adidipat etc. b.e. [ — 5. adipista.] 
 
 [Fut. dipisyate, dipita.] 
 
 Verb, dipta u. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. dedipyate etc. e. + (-yantim e.) — [Desid. didipisa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. dipayati etc. v. +. -te etc. s.e. (^dipyate tb.e.) 
 Derjy. .• dipa U.S. + dipaka e.+ dipana s.+ diptis. + 
 
 dipin c. dipra c. 
 
 Probably related with y 2 di. 
 
75 AND Primary Derivatives. [dul 
 
 y 1 div, 'play'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] divyati etc. v.+, -te etc. b. + (divyati etc. m.?) 
 
 Perf. dideva av. 
 
 Aor. [3. adidivat. — ] 5. adevit etc e, 
 
 Fut. 1. devisyati etc. e.+ '^adevisyat m.) [ — 2. devita.] 
 
 Verb, dyuta av. + [dyuna] ; devitum e. + : f devitva, dyutva ; ] -dlvya hv. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. dediv-. — Desid. didevisa-, dudyusa- ; dudyusaya-. — j 
 
 Caus. devayati etc. c. 
 Deri y. : div, dyu V. divitr? devinAv.+ devitrE.+ 
 
 -divan v. -deva b. devitavya e. -dyutya ev. 
 
 divana c. devana v. + 
 
 Proper form, dm; and it has nothing to do with the so-called root div 
 'shine', which is diu. 
 
 y 2 div (dev), 'lament'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] devati e.+ [-te.] 
 
 [Perf. etc. dideva; adidevat, adevista; devisyate, devita.] 
 
 Verb, dytina b. + ; devitum e. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. devayati etc. e. +, -te e.+ 
 
 Deriv.: -deva B. -devaka c. -devin e. -devana c. 
 
 Only with pari (unless in adyuna) ; hence perhaps a peculiar specializa- 
 tion of meaning of y I div (paridyiina 'played out'?). At any rate, rather 
 div than div, on account of the long ii in dyiina. 
 
 y du, dii, 'burn'. 
 
 Pres. [5.] dunoti etc. av.+ — dunvasva m. 
 
 [Perf. etc. dudava ; diiyat, adausit ; dosyati, dota.] 
 
 Verb. dvLna av.+, duta aa.v c'. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, diiyate etc. v.s. +. -ti etc. e. + — [Int. dodu-. — Desid. 
 
 dudusa-. — ] Caus. davayati c. 
 Deriv.: dava c. davathu c. davaAV. + duyana c. 
 
 -davya b.s. -davya av.b. doman av. 
 
 For the form davisani ev., BR. assume a }/ 2 du = 1 div "play". 
 
 y dudh, 'stir up'. 
 Pres. dodhat v. 
 Verb, dudhita RV. 
 Deriv.: dudhi nv. dudhra rv. dodhaka v c. 
 
 Prohably a reduplicated form of y dhu. 
 
 y dul, 'raise'. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. dolayati etc. c. 
 Deriv. : dula? ts. dola e. + 
 
 Doubtless another form of y tul ; as verb, denominative of dola. 
 
dus] 
 
 Roots, Vebb-fokms, 
 
 76 
 
 y dus, 'spoil'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] dusyati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ (dusyant ci.) 
 
 [Perf. dudosa.] 
 
 Aor. 2. dusat b. — 3. adudusat etc.w. — 5. dosistam cb. 
 
 • • • • • « 
 
 [Fut. doksyati, dosta.] 
 
 Verb, dusta s. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. dodus-. — Desid. duduksa-. — ] Caus. dusayati etc. v. +, 
 
 -te etc. E. + (dusyate etc. e. +) [dosayati.] 
 Beriv.: dus- v.+ dusinE.+ dosa u.s.+ dosya ms. 
 
 diisti Av.c. dusyaE.+ dosa v. + dosas av. 
 
 dusa E.+ ddsana av.+ dosin c. -dusayitr c. 
 
 dusaka e. + dusi av. 
 
 y duh, 'milk, derive'. 
 Pres. [2.] dogdhi dulidnti etc. v.+, dugdhe duhate etc. v. + (diilie 3s. 
 
 V.B., duhate kv., 
 
 duhrate -hre v.b. ; duhana v., duhana diighana 
 
 Ev. ; duham 3s. v.b., duhram duhratam 3j). av., dhungdhvain acs. ; 
 
 dohat dohate eic. ev. -, duhiyat -yan ev. ; duhus ev., aduhan b., 
 
 -hran av.b.) — [6.] duhet etc. e.+, aduhat v.b.e. + — [4.] duhyati etc. 
 
 c, -te M. 
 Perf. dudoha duduhe etc. v. + (dudohitha v. +, duduhre v.b., -hrire v. ; 
 
 duduhus c.) 
 Aor. [1. adohi. — ] 3. adudvihat etc. c. — 4. [advigdha,] adhuksata (_3p.) 
 
 EV., dhuksimahi b. — 7. adhuksat -sata etc. v. + (dhuksasva aduk- 
 
 sat etc. duksata ev.) 
 Fut. 1. dhoksyate c. [ — 2. dogdha.] 
 Verb, dugdha v. + ; dogdhum e., dogdhos b. ; dugdhva b.+; duhadhyai 
 
 Rv. ; dohase ev. ; -doham c. 
 &ec. Conj.: Pass, duhyate etc. v.+ [ — Int. doduh-.] — Desid. dudhuksati 
 
 c. (duduksati ev.) — Caws, dohayati etc. b. +, -te s. (dohyate b.) 
 
 Deriv. : -duh v. + 
 -dugh s. 
 -duha E. 
 diigha V. 
 duhitr V. + 
 
 doha V. + 
 dogha EV. 
 -dohaka c. 
 -dohin E. 
 dohya c. 
 
 dohaua b.+ 
 dohana ev. 
 dohas v.B.s. 
 dohas EV. 
 
 dogdhavya b.e. 
 dogdhr AV. + 
 dogdhra s. 
 dudhuksu e. 
 
 y dti, see y du. 
 
 Another root du seems inferable from the derivatives: • 
 davistha v. daviyaa v.b. duta v. + dura v. + 
 
 dur? CB. 
 
 y 1 dr, 'pierce, split'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] darsi adar dart rv. — [9.] drniyat cb. 
 
 Perf. dadara etc. v. + (dadrvans ev.) [dadaritha dadaratus dadratus], 
 dadre s.+ 
 
77 
 
 AND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 [drbh 
 
 Aor. 1. dityat c. [— 2. adarat.] — 3. adidarat e«c. e.+ [adadarat.J — 
 
 4. darsasi darsat darsate darsista rv. [ — 5. adarit.] 
 [Fut. darisyati, darita.] 
 
 Verb, dirna b.+, drta r. ; -dirya b. + ; -daram c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, diryate etc. b. +. diryati etc. £.+ — Int. dardr- rv.ts. 
 (dardirat adardirus bv.) ; dadrhi ev. [dedirya-. — Besid. didarisa-, 
 didirsa-.] — Cans, darayati etc. b.+, -te etc. c. (daryate etc. f..+); 
 darayati etc. rv.c. 
 
 dartnii rv. 
 darman ev.s. 
 darraa rv. 
 
 Beriv. : dara v. + 
 
 darana s. + 
 -daraniya c. 
 -dari rv.c. 
 dariman bv. 
 dartr rv. 
 Compare y dal. 
 
 dara av. + 
 -daraka e. + 
 darin v. + 
 
 darana e. + 
 -dari e. + 
 daru RV. 
 darvinav b.+ 
 -dir CB. 
 dura.' RV. 
 
 di'ti V. + 
 drvan? vs. 
 dra '.' av. 
 -driya rv. 
 dadru c. 
 -dardira rv. 
 
 y 2 dr, 'heed'. 
 
 [Perf. dadre.] 
 
 Aor. 1. adrthas etc. b. — [3. adidarat. — ] 4. drdhvam b. 
 
 [Fut. darisyate, darta.] 
 
 Verb, drta e. + ; -drtya b.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, driyate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e.+ [ — Int. dardr-, dedriya-. — 
 
 Desid. didarisa-. — Caus. daraya-.] 
 Deriv.: -dara u.'? c. -darana s.+ -dartavya c. -duri rv. 
 -darin c. -daraniya c. -dara v.b.s. -drtya b. 
 
 Only with prefix a, and with passive present-system, suggesting a special- 
 ization from ]/ 1 dr. 
 
 y drp, 'rave'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] drpyati etc. v.+ — [1.] darpati s. 
 
 [Perf. dadarpa.] 
 
 Aor. 2. adrpat b. [ — 4. adrapsit, adarpsit. — 5. adarpit.] 
 
 Fut. 1. drapsyati ce., darpisyati jb. [— 2. drapta, darpta, darpita.] 
 
 Verb, drpta v. +, drpita rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. darpayati etc. e. + 
 
 Deriv.: darpaE.+ darpaka c. darpin c. darpana e.+ -drpti rv. 
 
 y drbh, 'bunch'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] drbhati etc. s. — [1.] drbhmaa? b. 
 
 Verb, drbdha b. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. darbhita c. 
 
 Deriv.: darbhav.H- drbhika? ev. drbdhi? 
 
 darbhana s. ? 
 
dr9] 
 
 Roots, Verb-forms, 
 
 78 
 
 y drc, 'see'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] paqyati etc., see ]/ pa9. 
 
 Per/". d.adar9a dadr9e etc.y. + (dadrqe dadr9re dadr9aiia rv., dadr9ram 
 
 Av. , -9rire tb. , dadr9ivans u. , dar9ivans e. +) [dadar9itha da- 
 
 drastha.] 
 Aor. 1. adar9am e/c. B. + (adar9ma ts., adr9rQa je., adar9usB. ; adar- 
 
 9as -9at b.s. ; dar9ati etc. v., dar9at etc. v.b.), adr9ran v.b. (adr9rarQ 
 
 dr9ana dr9ana rv.), adar9i dar9i v. — 2. dr9an v., adr9an b., 
 
 dr9eyarQ etc. v.b. — 3. adidr9at etc. b.+ [adadar9at.] — 4. adraksit 
 
 etc. B.+ (adrak b.), adrksata rv. (drksase ev.) [draksiran.j — 
 
 7. drksam k. 
 Fut. 1. draksyati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ — 2. drasta etc. b. 
 Verb, drstav. + ; drastumAv. + ; drstva av.+, -tvayaRv. ; -dr9yav. + ; 
 
 dr9e v.b.; dr9aye v. ; -dar9am c. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass. dr9yate etc. v. + , -ti etc. e. + — Int. daridr9yate c. 
 
 [dardr9-.] — Desid. didrksate etc. v.+, -ti e. — Caus. dar9ayati etc. 
 
 AV.+, -te etc. S.+ (didar9ayisa- s.+) 
 
 Deriv.: dar9a v.+ 
 dar9a av. + 
 dar9aka e.+ 
 -dar9in e.+ 
 dar9ya rv. 
 dar9ata v.b. 
 dar9ana v. + 
 
 dar9aniyaB.+ dr9iku b.s. 
 
 df9 V. + 
 -dr9a v. + 
 dr9ya v. + 
 dr9ati rv. 
 dr9i v. + 
 dr9lka v. 
 
 dr9enya rv. 
 drsti V. + 
 -dr9na ts. 
 -dr9van c. 
 -drksa b. + 
 
 drastf AV.+ 
 -dre9ya u. 
 didrksa e. + 
 didrksu v.+ 
 didrkseya rv. 
 didrksenya v.b. 
 
 drastavya b. + dar9ayitr e. + 
 
 y drh, drnh, 'make firm'. 
 
 Pres. [l.J drnhati etc. -te etc. v.b. — [6.] drfLhantam av., drnhethe rv. — 
 
 [4.] drhya drhyasva rv. [ — 1. darhati.] 
 Perf. [dadarha, dadrnhaj dadrhana adadrhanta rv. 
 Aor. [3. adadarhat, adidrhat. — ] 5. adrnhit etc. b. [adarhit.] 
 \Fut. darhisyati, darhita; drnhisyati, drnhita.] 
 Verb, drdha v. + 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. daridrh-, dardrh-; daridrnli-, dardrnh-. — Desid. di- 
 
 darhisa-, didrnhisa-. — ] Caus. [darhaya-;] drnhayati etc. v.s. 
 Deriv. : drh e. + -drnha av. drnhitr v.b. dadrh v. 
 
 drrLhana AV.E.s. drahyat? rv. 
 
 Divided ty the Hindu grammarians into two roots, drnh 'lix', and drh 
 'grow', from the latter of which are then derived dirgha v. + and the related 
 words draghiyas v.b.s., draghistha rv., draghman v.b., draghiman b. 
 (draghuya ts.). 
 
 ]/ dev, see ]/ 2 div. 
 
79 AND Pbimary Derivatives. [2 dra 
 
 y dyu, 'attack'. 
 
 Sayana has once pra dyauti, apparently an artificial formation . on the 
 authority of the occurrence of a root dyu in the Dhatupatha. 
 
 y dyut, 'shine'. 
 
 Pres. [i .] dyotate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e. 
 
 Perf. didyute etc. v. +, didyota av., didyutus ts. 
 
 Aor. 1. dyntant- dyutana v.e.. dyutana rv. — 2. adyutat etc. b. + — 
 
 3. adidyutat etc. v.e. — 4. adyaut dyaut v.b. [ — 5. adyotista.] 
 Put. 1. dyotisyati b. [ — 2. dyotita.] 
 
 Verb, dyutta av.cb. [dyutita; dyutitva, dyotitva;] -dyutya ab. 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. davidyut- v.b. [dedyut-. — Desid. didyutisa-, didyotisa-.J 
 
 — Cans, dyotayati etc. v. + (dyotyate c.) ; dyutayanta rv. 
 Leriv.: dyTitv.+ dyota av.+ dyotanav. + -dyotraan rv. 
 
 -dyuta E. dyotaka c. dyotana rv. didyut v.b. 
 
 dyutiE.H- dyotin c. dyotani v. -dyotayitavya u. 
 
 dyotya c. dyotis u. 
 
 Compare y jyut and j/ div. BR. set off a few of the forms to a ]/ 2 dyut 
 'hreak'. 
 
 ]/ dram, run , 
 
 [^Pres. etc. dramati; dadrama; adramit; dramisyati, dramita.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. dandramyate u. [— Desid. didramisa-. — Caus. dra- 
 
 mayati.] 
 
 Apparently another form of }/ 1 dra. 
 
 y 1 dra, 'run'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] drahi dratu drantu v. 
 
 Perf. dadrus etc. v.c, dadrana rv. 
 
 Aor. [1. drayat, dreyat. — ] 4. drasat rv. [ — 6. adrasit.] 
 
 [Put. drasyati, drata.] 
 
 Verb, drana u. + 
 
 -Sec. Conj. : Int. daridrati etc. ts.c. [dadra-. — Desid. didrasa-.] — Caus. 
 
 drapayati cb. [[adidrapat] didrapayisati cb.) 
 Deriv.: dra? av. drak? c. drapi? b. daridraB.+ 
 
 Compare roots dram and dru. The intensive stem daridra is reckoned 
 hy the Hindu grammarians as a root, and artificially furnished with a set of 
 verb-forms and primary derivatives. 
 
 y 2 dra, 'sleep'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] drati etc. b.+ — [4.] drayate etc. e.+ 
 
 Perf. dadrau c. 
 
 Aor. 4. (or 6.) adrasit b. 
 
2 dral 
 
 Roots, Verb-forms, 
 
 80 
 
 Fut. drasyati b. 
 Verb, drana av.b.+, drita? c. 
 Sec. Conj.: Desid. didrasati c. 
 Beriv. : -dra v. + -didrasu c. 
 
 y drad, 'split'. 
 A single doubtful occurrence, uddradayan c. 
 
 y dru, 'run'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] dravati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ 
 
 Perf. dudrava etc. b.+ [dudrotha, dudruma], dudruve etc. e. 
 
 Aor. [1. druyat; adravi. — ] 3. adudruvat b.+ (adudrot dudravat ev.) 
 
 [adudravat, adidravat.] 
 Fut. 1. drosyati b. [ — 2. drota.] 
 Verb, druta b. + ; drotum c. ; drutva b. ; -drutya b. + 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. dodru- (dodrava xs.) [ — Desid. dudrusa-.] — Cans, dra- 
 
 vayati etc. v. +, -te etc. e. (dravyate e.) ; dravayanta ev. 
 Deriv.: dravav.+ dravi ev. -drava vs. -druv. + 
 
 dravya?u.s. + dravitr ev. -dravin s.+ druti c. 
 
 dravanaB.+ dravitnii v. -dravya e. dravayitnu rv. 
 
 dravara ev. dravina etc.? v.+ dravana e. + 
 
 y druh, 'be hostile'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] druhyati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ 
 
 Perf. dudroha etc. v.b. (dudrohitha av.), dudruhe c. 
 
 Aor. [1. druhyat; adrohi. — ] 2. druhas -ban v.e. [ — 3. adudruhat.] — 
 
 4. drogdhas m. — 7. adrviksas b. 
 Fut. 1. dhroksyati ms. [drohisyati. — 2. drogdh.a, drodha, drohita.] 
 Verb, drugdha v.+ [drudha] ; drogdhavai k. ; [drugdhva, drohitva, 
 
 druhitva;] -druliya ms.e. 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. dodrvih.-. — ] Desid. dudruksat k. [dudrohisa- 
 
 druhisa-, dudhrvLksa-. — Cans, drohaya-.] 
 Deriv. : druh v. + dnihyu ev. drogha v. 
 
 druhya c. druhina c. droha v. + 
 
 driihu Av. druhvan v. drohin e. + 
 
 du- 
 
 drogdhavya b. + 
 drogdhr e.+ 
 dudhrtiksu c. 
 
 y dru, 'hurr(?). 
 
 Pres. [9.] drunati ms., drunana ev. 
 
 Only two occurrences , of which that in ms. does not appear connectible 
 with y dru. 
 
 y dvar ? 
 
 Such a root perhaps to be recognized in dvara ev., dvarin rv.. -dvaras? 
 EV., and in dvar or dur v. + 'door'. 
 
81 AND Primary Derivatives. [dhav 
 
 y dvis, iiate'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] dvesti dvisanti etc. v.+, dviste dvisate etc. av.+ — [G. | dvisati 
 
 etc. M.. -te etc. s.u.+ 
 Perf. didvesa cb. [didvise. | 
 
 Aor. [1. advesi. — 3. adidvisat. —J 7. dviksat dviksata (3s.) av. 
 [Put. dveksyati -te ; dvesta.] 
 Verb, dvista v. + : dvestum e.. dvestos ck. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. dedvis-. — Desid. didviksa-. — | Cms. dvesayati c. 
 />eriy. .- dvis V. + -dviati c. dvesin e.+ dvesaniya c. 
 
 dvisa c. dvesa v. + dvesya av. + dvesas v.b. 
 
 -dvisenya rv. -dvesaka e. dvesana v. + dvestr e. + 
 
 |/ dhan, run'. 
 
 [Pres. '6. dadhanti. — 1 . dhanati. ) 
 Perf. dadhanat dadhanyus dadhanvans rv. 
 -Sec. Conj. : Caus. dhanayan -yante -yanta rv. 
 Leriv. dhanistha rv.' 
 
 Compare roots dhanv, dhav, dhav, dhu. 
 
 y dhanv, 'run'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] dhanvati etc. v.b. (dhaniva sv.") 
 Perf. dadhanve -vire rv. 
 Aor. 5. adhanvisus v.b. 
 Deriv. dhanutr rv. 
 
 Seems to be a secondary root- form, from the preceding. Its v has vahie 
 as u in half the ev. cases (in the present-system). 
 
 ]/ dham, dhma, 'blow'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] dhamati etc v. +, -te etc. u.e. — [2.] dhmant c. 
 
 Perf. dadhmau etc. dadhmire e. 
 
 Aor. [1. dhmayat dhmeyat; adhmayi.] — 6. adhmasit c. 
 
 Fut. 1. dhamisyati etc. e.+ [dhmasyati. — 2. dhmata.J 
 
 Verb, dhamita rv., dhmata v. + ; -dhmaya b.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, dhamyate etc. v.+, -ti e. ; dhmayate etc. b.+. -ti etc. cb.e.+ 
 
 — Int. dadhmayate c [dedhmiya-. — Desid. didhmasa-. — | Caus. 
 
 dhmapayati etc. e.+ (dhmapyate e.1 [adidhmapat.J 
 Deriv. .■ -dhama av. + dhamitra c. -dhmaniya c. dhmapana c. 
 -dhamana c. -dhma 3!.+ dhmatavya c. 
 
 dhamani v. + dhmana av. + dhmatr rv. 
 
 y dhav, 'flow'. 
 Pres. [1.] dhavate etc. rv. 
 Deriv. dhaviyas rv. 
 
 Whitney, Supplement II. • G 
 
■ 
 
 1 dhal 
 
 Roots, Verb-fokms, 
 
 82 
 
 y 1 dha, dadh, 'put. 
 
 Pres. [3.J dadhati dhatte etc. v.+ — [1.] dadhati -te etc. v. + — ["i.J dhati 
 iiv3. — [4.] dhayeta mu., adhayata m. 
 
 Perf^ dadhau dadhe etc. v.+ [dadhatha v.. dadhidhve -isva -idhvam 
 Bv., dadhre rv.) 
 
 Aor. 1. adhat adhus etc v.+ (adhitam iiv. ; dheyam -yus [-yasus] rv. ; 
 dhatu etc. v.; dhetana rv.tk.), adhithas adhita etc v.+ (ahita hita 
 AV.TA.; adhimahi dhimahi dhlmahe v.; dhamahe rv.; dhise dhire 
 dhethe dhaithe rv. ; dhisva rv.); adhayi dhayiv. + — 2. adhat 
 sv., dhat Rv. — 4. dhasus dhasathas -tha rv., adhisi -sata b.+ 
 (dhisiya e.s., dhesiya ms.) — 5 v dhayis rv. 
 
 Fut. 1. dhasyati -te etc. b.+ [adhasyat c.) — 2. dhata etc. b. 
 
 Verb, hita v. +, -dhita v.c. ; dhatum b.+, -tave v.b., -tavai av., -tos v.b., 
 -dhitumc. ; dhitva n. [hitva|; -dhaya av. + ; -dham av. ; dhiya- 
 dhyai rv. ; [-dhayam.J 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, dhiyate etc. v. + — [Int. dedhiyate. — ] Desid. dhitsati 
 etc. V.+, -te etc. v. + (dhitsyate c); didhisati etc. -te etc. rv. (didhi- 
 sana rv.) — Caus. dhapayati etc. v. +, dliapayita s. (dhapyate c.) 
 
 Deriv.: -dha v.+ 
 
 -dhana v. + 
 dhana ? v. + 
 -dhaniya c. 
 dhatu V. + 
 -dhatavya k. 
 dhatr v. + 
 dhaman v.+ 
 
 dhaya s. 
 -dhayaka c. 
 -dhayin c. 
 dhayya e.s. 
 dhayu rv. 
 dhasi RV. 
 -dhas V.+ 
 
 -dhi V. + 
 -dhiti v.B.s. 
 -hiti V. + 
 dheya b.+ 
 -dheya n. v.+ 
 dhestha v.b. 
 -dadha b.s. 
 dadhi v.b. 
 
 -dadhus ms. 
 dadhisu av. 
 didhisu v. + 
 didhisayya rv. 
 -dhitsa E. + 
 -dliitsu s. + 
 -dhapana s. 
 -dhapayitavya c. 
 
 y 2 dha, Slick . 
 Pres. [4 '?] dhayati etc. v. + 
 Perf. dadhus rv. 
 
 Aor. 1. adhat av. [dheyat. — 3. adadhat. — 6. adhasit.J 
 Fut. 1. dhasyati e. | — 2. dhata.] 
 
 Verb, dhita v.b.; dhatave v.; dhitva cb. ; -dhiya cb. [-dhaya.] 
 Sec. Conj.: [Pass, dhiyate. — Int. dadha-, dadhi-, dedhiya-. — Desid. 
 
 dhitsa-. — ] Caus. dhapayate etc. rv., -ti cb. [adidhapat. J 
 Deriv.: -^lia,^'.+ -dhayin c. dharu av. dhena v. 
 
 -dhaya B.+ dhayas v. dhasi rv.s. dhenuv.+ 
 
 dhatu Rv.s. dhayu RV. dhasyu av. dadhan, dadhi v.+ 
 
 Related ^vitli |/ dhi. The connection of sOme of the derivatives by uo 
 means beyond question. 
 
 y I dhav, 'run 
 
 Pres. [1.] dhavati etc -te etc v. + 
 [Perf. dadhava -ve.] 
 
83 AND Primary Derivatives. [dhuk? 
 
 Aor. [1. dhavyasam. —J 3. adadhavat rv. [adidhavat.] — 5. adhavit 
 
 B. [adhavista.] 
 Fut. 1. dhavisyati c. [-te. — 2. dhavita.] 
 Verb, dhavita e. + ; dhavitva c. ; -dhavya c. 
 Sec. Conj. ; [Jnt. dadhavya-. — Desid. didhavisa-. — ] Caws, dhavayati 
 
 etc. V.+ 
 Dmy.: dhavaka K. dhavin c. dhavanaK. + dhavitr e. dhara'.' v.+ 
 
 Compare roots dhan, dhanv, dhav. It is reckoned by the grammarians 
 as filling up the defective con.iugation of y sr. 
 
 y 2 dhav, 'rinse'. 
 
 Pre.'. [1.] dhavati etc. -te etc. v. + 
 Perf. j dadhavaj dadhavire c. 
 Aor. 5. adhavista {^-is.) bv. 
 Verb, dhauta sv. + ; dhautva? c. ; -dhavya s. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, dhavyate c. — Caus. dhavayati etc. -te etc. b. + 
 Dem;. .- dhava c. -dhavin c. dhauti kv. dhara v v. + 
 
 dhavaka e. dhavana b. + 
 Perhaps rather related with y dhu than with y 1 dhav. 
 
 y dhi, dhinv, 'nourish . 
 
 Pres. [5.] dhinoti dhinvanti etc. b. + 
 
 [Perf. didhinva.] 
 
 Aor. 5. adhinvit pb. 
 
 [Fut. dhinvisyati, dhinvita.] 
 
 Perhaps only another form of y 2 dha, with causative value. .Some of the 
 derivatives given under y 2 dha might be put as properly here. 
 
 y dhi, dldhi, 'think'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] dhimahi b.+ — [3?] didhayas didhayan didhyat etc di- 
 dhyat adidhet etc didhye didhyatham didhitham didhyana 
 adidhita etc v.b. 
 
 Perf. didhaya -dhima (-mas sv.) -dhiyus -dhyus didhire v.b. 
 
 Verb, dhita v.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. dedhyat ts. — Desid.'} dhlsamana rv'. 
 
 Berin.: dhi v.+ dhirav.+ dhiyasana rv. -didhayu rv. 
 
 dhiti V.B. dhivanAv. didhitiv.+ 
 
 Compare y dhya. The form dhimahi belongs here only as tlius used 
 
 later, with a false apprehension of its proper meaning. 
 
 y dhuks, 'kindle" . 
 Pres. [1.] dhuksate e'. 
 
 [Perf. etc. dudhukse; adudhuksat, adhuksista; dhuksisyate, dhu- 
 ksita.] 
 
dhuks] Roots, Verb-forms, 84 
 
 Sec. Con}.: \lnt. dodhuks-. — Desid. dudhuksisa-. — ] Caus. dhuksayati 
 
 etc. E. + (dhuksy ate c. ) 
 Deriv. -dhuksana e.+ 
 
 Occurring only with the prefix sam. 
 
 |/ dhti, dhu, shake". 
 
 Pres. [5.J dhunoti dhunute etc. v. + ; dhunoti dhunute etc. je.s. + — [2.] 
 dhuvate (3j).) cb., dhuvana ts. — [6.] dhuvati etc. av.b. (dhuvet k.) 
 — [9.] dhuniyat dhunana dhunana c. — dhimet? m'. 
 Perf. dudhava etc. e.+, dudhuve av. (dudhuvita dudhot kv.) 
 Aor. 4. adhusta -sata kv.s. [adhosta. — 5. adhavit adhuvit, adhavista.] 
 Put. 1. dhavisyati b.s., -te b. [dhosyati -te. — 2. dhavita, dhota.] 
 Verb, dhuta v. + , dhuta e. + [dhuna ; dhavitum ;] dhutva ab. ; 
 
 -dhuya av. + 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, dhuyate etc. av.+ (dhuyant m.) — Int. dodhaviti etc. 
 V.E., dodhtiyate etc. e.+ (dodhuyat pple. e.+1; davidhu- rv. (da- 
 vidhava nv.) — [Desid. dudhusa-. — ] Caus. dhunayati -te etc. e.+ 
 [dhavayati.] 
 Deriv. : -dhu v. -dhava b. dhuvaka jb. -dhuti c. 
 
 -dhava Rv. dhavitavya cb. dhuvana b.s. dhuni'?v.B. 
 -dhavanaB.s. dhavitra b.s. dhuti rv. dhunana e.+ 
 
 Compare \/ 2 dhav. 
 
 y dhtirv, injure'. 
 
 Pres. [l.J dhurvati etc. v.b. 
 
 [Perf. dudhurva.] 
 
 Aor. 5. adhurvit cb. 
 
 [Fut. dhurvisyati, dhurvita.] 
 
 Verb, dhurvitum cb. 
 
 A secondary root-form from y dhvr dhur. 
 
 y dhr, 'hold'. 
 
 Pres. [l.J dhareran acs'. -, adharam r'. 
 
 Perf. dadharaeff. (dadhartha) jb.e. + ; dadhara v.b. (dadhartha rv.ta.); 
 
 dadhre etc. \.+ 
 Aor. 1. dhrthas ay.; adhari c. — 3. adidharat etc. v.b.s. (didhar, didhr- 
 
 tam -ta rv.), -rata (3 s.) cb. [— 4. adharsit.] 
 Fut. 1. dharisyati etc. e.+, -te etc. av.+ — 2. dharta c. 
 Verb, dhrta v. + ; dhartum c. -tavai kb. ; dhrtva b. + ; -dhrtya b.; dhar- 
 
 tari RV. ; -dlaaram s. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, dhriyate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e. + — Int. dardharsi adardhar 
 
 RV.; dadharti dadhrati dadhartu b. (dadhartu? avp.; dadharayati 
 
 JB.) — Desid. didhirsa- [in d.) [didharisate.J — Caus. dharayati -te 
 
 etc. V. + ^^dharyate b. + ; didharayisa- s.c.) 
 
85 
 
 AND Primary DERivATrvES. 
 
 [dhya 
 
 Deriv.: dliara v. + 
 
 dharana av. + 
 -dharaniyac. 
 dharani e. + 
 dharuna v.n. 
 -dhartu ev. 
 -dharitu e,v. 
 dhartr v.ii. 
 dhartra b.s. 
 dharitr p.. + 
 dharnasi v.k. 
 dharni rv. 
 
 dliarman ev. 
 dharman v. + 
 dharma av. + 
 dharinaan c. 
 dhariman rv. 
 dhariyas n.s. 
 -dhara v. + 
 dharaka r.+ 
 dharin u.s. + 
 dharya e. + 
 dharana v. + 
 -dharaniya c. 
 
 -dhari c. 
 dhira e.+ 
 dhur V. + 
 dhura e. + 
 -dhrt V. + 
 -dhrk E. + 
 dhrti V.+ 
 -dhrtvan u. 
 -dhra v.+ 
 -dhri? V. + 
 dhruva v. + 
 
 dhruvas rv. 
 dhruvi v.n. 
 dadhrvi rv. 
 drdlirav rv. 
 didliirsa n. 
 -didhirsu c. 
 -dharaya v. + 
 dharayii rv. 
 dharayitavya u.+ 
 dharayitr n.+ 
 dharayisnu c. 
 -didharayisa c. 
 
 ]/ dhrs, 'dare". 
 
 Pres. [5.] dhrsnoti etc. v.+ — [1.] dharsati etc. vs.r. — [2V] dhrsant rv., 
 
 dhrsana av. 
 Perf. dadharsa etc. v.b. (dadhrsus av. ; dadharsat -sati dadharsit rv. ; 
 
 dadhrsate dadhrsanta av. 
 Aor. 2. adiirsas cb. (_dhrsamanaV rv.) — [3. adidhrsat, adadharsat. — ] 
 
 5. adharsisus ta. 
 [Put. dharsisyati, dharsita.] 
 
 Verb, dhrsta v. +. dhrsita v. ; -dhrsya b. + ; -dhrse v.b., -dhrsas rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: \Jnt. daridhrs-. — Desid. didharsisa-. — ] Cans, dharsayati 
 
 etc. B.+ 
 Deriv.: dharsa v.+ dharsana e.+ dhrstiB.+ dadhrsa rv. 
 
 -dliarsakaE.+ dharsaniya E.+ dhrsnuv.+ dadhrsi v. 
 -dharsin c. -dhrs v. dhrsya v. + dadhrsvani rv. 
 
 -dharsya av. dhrsaj rv. -dharsayitavyac. 
 
 y dhma, see \ dham. 
 
 ■j/ dhya, 'think'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] dhyayati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ (dhyayita u.) — [2.] dhyati etc. 
 E.+ (dhyayat b.s.) 
 " Perf. dadhyau etc. b. + 
 Aor. 4. dhyasus m. — 6. adhyasisam cb. 
 Put. 1. dhyasyati e. — 2. dhyata jub. 
 Verb, dhyata b. + ; dhyatva b. + ; -dhyaya e. + ; dhyayam c. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, dhyayate c. — [in/, dadhya-. — ] Desid. didhyasate ok. 
 
 [ — Caus. dhyapayati.] 
 Deriv.: dhya v. + dhyana u.+ dhyatr c. -didhyasana c. 
 
 -dhyayin b. + dhyatavya c. dhyeya e.+ -didhyasitavyas. 
 
 -didhyasu c 
 Compare y dhi, of which this is a later secondary form. 
 
dhraj] Roots, Verb-forms, 86 
 
 y dhraj, dhraj, sweep'. 
 
 Pres. [l.J dhrajati etc. rv. ; dhrajamana ms. 
 Aor. 5. dhrajisiya ms. 
 
 Deriv.: -dhrajati rv. dhraj as rv. dhraj ms. dhraji v.b. 
 
 dhraji- rv. dhraj a ms. dhraji ms. 
 
 y dhvans, dhvas, 'scatter'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] dhvansati -te etc. b. + 
 
 Perf. dadhvahsus u.. dadhvansire e. ; dadhvase v.b. 
 Aor. 2. dhvasan rv. [ — 3. adadhvahsat. — 5. adhvansista.J 
 [Put. dhvansisyate, dhvansita.] 
 Verb, dhvasta b. + ; -dhvasya e.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, dhvasyate c, -ti gb. [ — Int. danidhvans- -dhvasya-. — 
 Desid. didhvahsisa-.] — Caus. dhvansayati etc. b. + , -te etc. jb. ; 
 dhvasayati etc. rv. 
 Deriv. : 
 -dhvasa e.+ dhvasanti n. pr. rv. dhvasman rv. dhvahsin e. + 
 
 dhvasan n. pr. cb. dhvasira rv. dhvasra rv.b. dhvans ana b.+ 
 
 dhvasani v. dhvasti c. dhvansa av. + dhvansi s. 
 
 -dhvansaka c. 
 
 y dhvan, 'sound'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] dhvanati etc. c. 
 
 Perf. dadhvanus c. 
 
 Aor. [3. adidhvanat adadhvanat. — J 5. adhvanit rv. 
 
 [Put. dhvanisyati, dhvanita.] 
 
 Verb, dhvanita c. dhvanta b.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. dandhvan- [^in d.'). — Cans, dhvanayati u. (dhvanayit 
 
 Bv.l; adhvanayat rv. (dhvanita c.) 
 Deriv.: dhvana ta. dhvani av.c. dhvanas.+ dandhvana e. 
 
 dhvanya RV. dhvanana s.+ dhuni v v.b. 
 
 The RV. forms are set off by BR., perhaps rightly, to a separate y dhvaa 
 
 y dhvr, dhur, dhru, injure'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] dhvarati etc. b. 
 
 YPerf. dadhvara.] ' 
 
 Aor. 4. [adhvarsit,] adhursata (3p.) rv. [dhvrsista. — 5. dhvarisista.] 
 [Put. dhvarisyati, dhvarta.] 
 Verb, dhiirta e. +, dhruta tb. ; dhurvane rv. 
 
 Sec. CoThj.: [Int. dadhvarya-. — ] Desid. dudhursati etc. av.cb. [ — Cans. 
 dhvarayati.] 
 
87 AND Primary Derivatives. [nand 
 
 Derio.: dhur cb.ms. -dhru ? rv. dhvara ms. -dhvartavya ts. 
 
 dhurti RV. -dhrut kv. dhvaras rv. -dhvrt uv. 
 
 -dliorana? c. dhruti rv. 
 Compare y dhtirv, which is a secondary form (u-class) of this root. 
 
 y' nanc, see i 2 na9. 
 
 y naks, attain'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] naksati -te etc. v.k. 
 
 Perf. nanaksus -kse rv. 
 
 [AoT. etc. anaksit; naksisyati, naksita.] 
 
 Deriv.: naksatra? v.+ naksya ev. 
 
 A secondary form of ]/ 2 nacj. Compare also inaks, under y 2 nacj. 
 
 y nat, 'dance, play'. 
 Pres. [l.J natati c. 
 Sec. Conj. : Cmis. natayati etc. c. 
 Z)er i u. ; nata E.,t- natana c. nata c. natin c. 
 
 nataniya c. nataka c. natayitavya c. 
 
 A prakritized formation from y nrt. 
 
 ]/ nad, 'sound'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] nadati etc. av. +, -te etc. b. + 
 
 Perf. nanada nedus e. +, nedire e. 
 
 [Aor. etc. aninadat, anadit; nadisyati, nadita.] 
 
 Verb, nadita c. ; -nadya e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, nadyate e. — Int. nanadati (3j5.) e<c. v.e., nanadyate 
 
 etc. JB.E. — [Desid. ninadisa-. — ] Caus. nadayati -te etc. rv.e. ; 
 
 nadayati -te etc. e. + (nadyate e. +) 
 Deriv. : nada v.+ nadathu u. nada v.+ -nadana e. 
 
 nadi ■? V. + nadanu rv. nadin av. + nanada b.s. 
 
 -nadin e. nadaniman av. nadi s. 
 
 Compare the next root. 
 
 y nand, 'rejoice'. 
 
 Pres. [J. J nandati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ 
 Perf. nanandus etc. e. + 
 [Aor. ananandat, anandit.] 
 Fut. nandisyate e. [-ti. — 2. nandita.] 
 Verb, nandita e.4-; -nandya e.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, nandyate etc.c. — [Int. nanand-. — Desid. ninandisa-. — ] 
 Caus. nandayati -te etc. u. + 
 
nandl 
 
 Roots, Verb-forms, 
 
 88 
 
 Deriv. : 
 nanda v. + 
 nandaka e.+ 
 nandin ay. + 
 -nandya c. 
 
 nandana av. + 
 -nandaniya c. 
 nandi e.+ 
 nanditr e. 
 
 nandathu b.+ 
 nandana sv.u. 
 nandi ev.e. + 
 nanduka c. 
 
 Doubtless the same with the preceding root. 
 
 nauandrV v. 
 -nandayitavya u.+ 
 -nandayitr c. 
 
 y nabh, 'burst'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] nabhate etc. v. [ — 9. nabhnati. — 4. nabhyati.] 
 [Perf. etc. nanabha nebhe, etc.'] 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. anabhayan ab. ; nambhaya ts.s. 
 Deriv. : nabh ev. nabhanya nv. nabhaka nv.u. nabh rv. 
 
 nabhanu, -u E.V. nabhasv.+ nabhya v.b.s. nabhiv.+ 
 
 The connection of part of the derivatives with this root is quite question- 
 ahle. 
 
 y nam, 'bend, bow'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] namati -te etc. v.+ (namana e.) 
 
 Perf. nemus c. (nanama nanamas liv."), neme ev. (^nanamire m.) 
 
 Aor. 3. aninamat etc. ev.c. ■ — 4. anan k., anamsata (3p.) b. (namsai 
 
 namsante ev.) ■ — 6. anamsit c. 
 Put. 1. namsyati e., namisyati c. [ — 2. namta.] 
 Verb, nata v. + -, namtum c. namitum c. ; natva c. ; -natya e., -namya 
 
 E. + -, -namam -name rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, namyate v. + — Int. nannamiti c«e. v.b. (nannamus b.), 
 
 -mana (namnate anamnata rv.) ; nannamyate s. — Deskl. ninamsa- 
 
 (m d.) — Caus. namayati etc. v. + ; namayati etc. u.s.+ (namyate etc. 
 
 E.+, -ti etc. c.) 
 
 Deriv. . -nam av. 
 
 nama rv. ? e. + 
 namana c. 
 namaniya c. 
 namas v.+ 
 namasana v. 
 
 nami? rv. 
 nati AV. + 
 namtva ev. 
 namtr c. 
 namra v. + 
 
 -nama e.+ 
 -namaka c. 
 namin v.+ 
 namya e.+ 
 namana c. 
 -namuka e. 
 
 nemi v. + 
 -nannama rv. 
 -ninamsu c. 
 namayitavya c. 
 -namayitr c. 
 namayisnu ev. 
 
 y nard, 'bellow'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] nardati etc. b.+, -te etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. nanarda e. 
 
 [Act. etc. anardit ; nardisyati, nardita.] 
 
 Verb, nardita e. + ; -nardam e. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. nanardyamana c. — Caus. -nardayati gb. 
 
 Deriv. : -narda s. + -nardin v. nardana c. 
 
89 AND Primary Derivatives. [nSth 
 
 y 1 na9, 'be lost'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] na^yati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. — [1.] na9ati -te etc. v.e. + 
 
 Pcrf. nanaqa v.e.. neQus i5.+ 
 
 Aor. 2. ana9at e.+ — 3. ane9at etc. v.n. ; aninatjat etc. v. + (nina9U8 e.) 
 
 Fut. 1. na9isyati av. + ; nanksyati -te etc e.+ (ananksyata m.) — 2. na9- 
 
 ita E. [nansta.] 
 Verb, nasta v. + [nastum, nanstum; nastva, nanstva.] 
 Sec, Conj.: [Int. nana9-. — Desid. nina9isa-, ninaiiksa-. — ] Caus. na9- 
 
 ayati etc. v.+. -te etc. e.+ (na9ayadliyai iiv. : nina9ayisa- c.) 
 Derir.: -na9 rv.b. nasti b.+ na9ini!.+ nastra av.k. 
 
 -nan9in v.s. na9vara c. na9yaE.+ na9ayitr vs. 
 
 na9ana b. + na9a b. + na9ana av. + 
 
 iian9Xika k. na9aka e. + na9tika ts. 
 
 The forms from the stem na9a are perliaps to be classed as o^ aorist 2. 
 
 y 2 nac, nanc, 'attain . 
 
 Pres. [1.] na9ati -te etc. v. 
 
 Aor. 1. anat v.b. (nat v.; anastam nak naksi impv. nanqi na9i- 
 
 mahi rv.) 
 Verb. -113,96 Rv.vs. 
 Sec. Conj. : Desid, inaksati etc. rv. 
 Deriv.: nan9a rv. -nan9ana rv. -na9a v. -na9a rv.s. 
 
 The form anat is by some referred to |/ 1 a9. Compare y iiaks. 
 
 y nas, 'unite'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] nasate etc. rv. 
 Aor. 1 . nasimahi rv. 
 
 y nah, 'ne' . 
 
 Pres. [4.] nahyati -te etc. v. + (nahyus ae. ) — [I .] nahet m. 
 
 [Per/", etc. nanaha (nanaddha nehithal nehe; aninahat, anatsit 
 
 anaddha ; natsyati -te, naddha.] 
 Verb, naddha v. + ; [naddhva;] -nahya e.+ 
 Sec. Conj.: Pa.$s. nahyate c. [ — Int. nanah-. — Desid. ninatsa-.] — CV;u«. 
 
 nahayati etc. s.+ 
 Derio.: -nah (nadh) v. + nahus v.+ nahaAv. + -nahana c. 
 
 nahanav.+ -naddhi b. -nahya b.s. -nahuka.'AH. 
 
 nahas v c. -naddha vya e. + 
 
 y nath, nadh, 'seek aid' . 
 
 Pres. [1.] nathate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e. + ; nadhamana v. 
 [Per/", etc. nanatha, nanadhe; anathit, anadhista; nathisyati, nadhi- 
 syate ; nathita, nadhita.] 
 
nath] Roots, Verb-forms, 90 
 
 Verb, nathita v.+, nadhita rv. ; nathitum c; -nathya c. 
 
 Sec. Con}.: Pass, nathyate c. 
 
 Z>cr j y. ■ natha V.+ -nadha b. nadhas rv. 
 
 y nins, 'kiss'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] ninsate ninsata ninsana rv. 
 
 [Perf. etc. nininse; aninsista; ninsisyate, ninsita.J 
 
 Beriv. -ninsin c. 
 
 y niks, 'pierce' . 
 Pres. [1.] niksati etc. av. 
 
 [Perf. etc. niniksa; aniksit; niksisyati, niksita.] 
 Verb, -nikse v. 
 Der it). : -niksana c. ntksanav rv. neksana av.s. 
 
 • • • • • > 
 
 Is perhaps a desiderative formation from j/ 1 na9. 
 
 y nij, 'wash'. 
 
 Pres. [2?] nije c, nijana rv. — [3.] ninikta ^2^.) rv. 
 
 [Perf. nineja, ninije.] 
 
 Aor. 2. anijara -jan av.s. [ — 3. aninijat.] — 4. anaiksit niksi av. 
 
 [Put. neksyati -te, nekta.] 
 
 Verb, nikta v. + ; niktva b. + ; -nijya R. + -, -nije rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, nijyate etc. e. + — Int. nenekti nenikte etc. v.+ [ — 
 
 Desid. niniksa-.] — Cans, nejayati etc. b.+ 
 Beriv.: -nij v.s. -neka s.c. -neja c. nejanav.+ 
 
 -nikti c. -nega n.s. nejaka c. -nektr s. 
 
 -nejya pb. 
 
 The intensive is regarded hy the grammarians as the present-stem of 
 this root. 
 
 y nind, nid, 'revile'. 
 
 Pres. [1 .] nindati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. nininda e. + (nindima ninidiis rv.) 
 
 Aor. 1. nindyat u., nidana rv. — 5. anindisus rv.s. (nindisat av.) 
 
 Fut. [1. nindisyati. — ] 2. nindita e. 
 
 Verb, nindita v. + ; -nindya e. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, nidyate rv. ; nindyate c. — Desid. ninitsati rv., -te s. 
 
 Beriv. : nid rv. ninda av. + nmdya v. + ninditr rv. 
 
 nida kv. nindaka e. + nindana c. ninitsu rv. 
 
 -nedya rv. nindin c. nindaniya c. 
 
 y ni, 'lead'. 
 
 Pres. [].] nayati -te etc. v.+ — [3v] ninithas niniyat rv., ninetu ms. — 
 [2.] nesi v.s., netha rv., anitam rv. 
 
91 
 
 AND Pkimary Derivatives. 
 
 iiiud 
 
 Perf. ninaya ninyus etc. v.+ [ninetha kv., ninima ts.). ninye «.+ — 
 
 -nayam asa m., -nayam cakre e. 
 Aor. [1. anayi. — 3. aninayat. — J J. anaisit etc. v.+ [nais anait n.s. ; 
 
 nesati etc. ev., nesat v.u., nesa av.), anesta etc. v.n. — 5. anajrit 
 
 Av., anayista (2^-) s. — anayisata (pa»s.) c. 
 Fut. 1. nesyati etc. av.+, -te etc. b.+ (anesyathaa m.); nayisyati etc. jb.e.+ 
 
 (anayisyat jh.), -te etc. e. — 2. neta e.. nayita e. 
 Verb, nita v. + ; netum «.+, -tavai e.s., -tos b., nayitum «. + -, nitva b.+, 
 
 nayitva e. + ; -niya av. + ; nesani ev. ; -nayam jb. 
 -See. Conj.: Pass, niyate etc. v.+ — Int. neniyate etc. v.+ — Desid. nini- 
 
 sati etc. V. +, -te etc. u.s.+ — Cans, nayayati etc e.+. -te e. 
 
 Deriv.: -ni v. + 
 naya v. + 
 -nayin e. + 
 nayana u.s.+ 
 naya ev.c. 
 nayaka e. + 
 -nayin e. 
 
 -nayya c. 
 -nayana c. 
 niti V. + 
 netavya b. + 
 nayitavya e. + 
 netr v. + 
 -nayitr e. 
 
 netra av.+ 
 nitha v. + 
 nitha V. 
 neman-? ev. 
 -nlya b. 
 neya s. + 
 nayistha ev. 
 
 nesa rv. 
 nestr v. + 
 -neni rv. 
 ninisa e.+ 
 ninisu e. + 
 -ninisenya b. 
 
 y nid, 'nest'. 
 May be mentioned on account of nlda v. + au'l nidi rv. 
 
 y 1 nu, nu, 'praise'. 
 
 Pres. [2.J nauti nuvanti etc. v. + (anavan ev.) — [1.] navate -ti etc. v. 
 
 [— 6. nuvati.] 
 Perf. nunava c. 
 Aor. 0. [anunavat] anunot etc. ev. — 4. [anausit,] anusi etc. v.b. — 
 
 5. [anavit anuvit,] anavista ev. 
 [Fut. navisyati, nuvisyati ; navita, nuvita.J 
 Verb, nuta c. [nuta; navitum, nuvitum;] -nutya s.; -navam b. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pasf. nuyate etc. e.+ — Int. nonaviti nonumas etc. v.. no- 
 
 nuvanta ev. (nonava nonnvus ev.) ; navinot ev. [ — Desid. nvmu- 
 
 sa-. — Caus. navayati (nunavayisa-).] 
 Derif. . -nava B. + navana c. nava ev. nonuva c. 
 
 navya ev. navisti ev. nuti c. 
 
 Pres. [1.] navate etc. ev. 
 
 Verb, ntita? pb. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. navayati etc. b 
 
 y 2 nu, move'. 
 [2.] nauti s. 
 
 ]/ nud, push' 
 Pres. [6.] nudati -te etc. v. + 
 Perf. nunoda c, nunude etc. v.+ 
 
nud] Roots, Verb-forms, 92 
 
 Aor. 1. nudyat e.+ — [3. anunudat. — ] 4. [anautsit,] anutta eic. v.b. — 
 
 5. nudisthas av. 
 Fut. 1. notsyati e., -te b.e. [ — 2. notta.] 
 Verb, nutta v. +, nimna sv.e. +, nudita m. ; -nudya s. + ; -nude rv., -nudas 
 
 K. : -no dam v. 
 Sec. Con).: Int. anonudyanta b. — Desid. nunutsa- [in d.). — (aus. nod- 
 
 ayati etc. v. + (nodyate e. +) 
 Dmv..- -nud V.+ nodav.+ nodya c. -nunutsu c. 
 
 -nudaE. + -nodaka c. nodana c. -nodayitavya c. 
 
 nutti B. + -nodin c. -nottavya b. 
 
 I nr, 'sporf. 
 
 Tci be recognized with probability in the derivatives : 
 naruna ta. narista av.vs. narisyant e. + narma vs. narman e. + 
 also in sunara v.b. and sUnr- (siinfta v.+). Compare also Y nrt. 
 
 y nyt, 'dance'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] nrtyati etc. v. +, -te etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. nanarta nanrtus e. + 
 
 Aor. 1. nrtus e,v. {^perf.i) — 2. nrtamana? rv. [ — 3. aninrtat, ananar- 
 
 tat.] — 5. anartisus v. 
 Fut. 1 . nartisyati c [nartsyati. — 2. nartita.] 
 
 Verb, nrtta av. + ; nartituni~c.. narttum c. ; nartitva c. ; -nartam b. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, nrtyate c. — Int. narinartti etc. c. , narinrtyate c. 
 -ti? c. — Desid. ninartisa- ( in rf.) [ninrtsa-]. — Caus. nartayati etc. 
 V.+, -te etc. E. + 
 Deriv. : nrt a v. -nartin vs. nrtii rv. nartayitr e. 
 
 nrtyau.H- nartanas.+ nrtu rv. ninartisa c. 
 
 -narta e.+ nrtiv av. -nrtti b. 
 
 nartaka e. + nrti v. nartitavya c. 
 
 Compare roots nat and nr. 
 
 ]/ ned, 'flow". 
 
 Pres. [1.] nedati etc. b., -te u. 
 
 [Perf. etc. nineda, ninede ninide; anedit, -dista; nedisyati, -te; 
 
 nedita.] 
 Deriv. -neda ms. 
 
 y pae, 'cook'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] pacati -te etc. v.+ (pacana m.) — [4.] pacyate etc. rv.cb. 
 
 Perf. papaea pecus etc. v.b. [papaktha, pecitha], peee pecire etc. v.+ 
 
 [apeciran av.) 
 Aor. [1. paeyat; apaci. — 3. apipacat.] — 4. [apaksit, apakta] 
 
 paksat RV. 
 
93 
 
 AND Pkimary Derivatives. 
 
 [pan 
 
 Fut. 1. paksyati -te etc. b. + (apaksyat c.)— 2. pakta u. 
 
 Verb, (^pakva;! paktave av.b.; paktva av.e. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, pacyate etc. v. +, -ti m. — Int. papacyate etc. c. 
 
 [De«jrf. pipaksa-. — ] Caas. pacayati -te etc. n.+ (pacyate iz.) 
 . _ -li' ...» 
 
 Deriv.: pac? c. 
 
 -paca B.+ 
 -pacya ay. 
 pacana v. + 
 pacata v.b. 
 pacatya rv 
 
 pakti uv. 
 pakti vs. + 
 paktavya e. 
 paktr Av. + 
 paktrima c. 
 paktha rv.b. 
 
 pakthin uv. 
 pakva V. + 
 pacelima c 
 paka V. + 
 pakin c. 
 pakya u.s. + 
 
 pacaka e.+ 
 -pacin c. 
 pacya u. 
 pacana e. 
 -pacayitr c. 
 
 y' paj, 'start' (•?). 
 Perf. papaje kvI. 
 Z>erjt!. .■ pajra v.s. pajas v.b. 
 
 The connection of form and meaning among these words is altogether 
 questionable. 
 
 y pat, tear'. 
 Pres. [1.] patati c'. 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. patayati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. (^patyate c.) 
 
 Deriv. : pata e. + 
 
 pataka b.+ 
 
 -patin c. 
 patya c. 
 
 patana e.+ 
 pataniya c. 
 
 ]/ path, 'read'. 
 
 Pres. [I.] pathati etc. ta.+, -te etc. e.+ 
 
 Perf. papatha c. 
 
 {Aor. etc. apipathat, apathit ; pathisyati, pathita.] 
 
 Verb, pathita s. + ; pathitva c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, pathyate etc. e.+ — Int. papathiti etc. c, papathyate 
 
 c. — [^Desid. pipathisa-. — ] Caus. pathayati etc. c. (pathyate c.) 
 I>erjv..- pathaka E. pathitavya c patha s.+ pathyaE. + 
 
 pathana c pathiti c. pathaka e. + pathana c. 
 
 pathaniya c. pathin e. + 
 
 y pan, 'bargain'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] panate etc. b. +, -ti etc. e. + 
 
 [Perf. etc. pene ; apipanat, apanista ; panisyate, panita.J 
 
 Verb, panita e. ; panitva s. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, panyate etc. e. [ — Int. pampan-. — Desid. pipanisa-. 
 
 Caus. panayati etc. c. [panayati.] 
 Deriv.: pana av. + pananaB.+ panayya b. -pana av. 
 
 -panm c. 
 panya b. + 
 
 pani v. + 
 
 vanij ? V. + 
 panitr c. 
 
 pani .' v. + 
 panajritr c. 
 
1 pat] 
 
 Roots, Verb-forms, 
 
 94 
 
 y 1 pat, 'fly, fair. 
 
 Pres. [1. J patati etc. v. +, -te etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. papata petus etc. v. + (paptima paptiis paptivans rv.; papat- 
 
 yat Av.) 
 Aor. 1. apati b. — 3. apaptat etc. v.b.s. ; apipatat etc. v. 
 Fat. 1. patisyati etc. av. +, -te e. (apatisyat h. +) — 2. patita m. 
 Verb, patita aa-. + : patitum b. ; patitva av.b. ; -patya b. + : -patam b. + 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. papatiti etc. rt. [panipat-.] — Desid. pipatisati etc. av. 
 
 CB.; pitsa- (in d.). — Caus. patayati etc. v. +, -te etc. e. + (patyate 
 
 etc. E. + ); patayati etc. v.b.s., -te rv. 
 
 Deriv. : -pat rv. 
 pata- v. + 
 patana v.+ 
 
 -ptuV MS. 
 
 pataka s.+ 
 -patitavya c. 
 pattra v.+ 
 patatra v.c. 
 
 patman v.b. 
 -patya b. 
 patvan v.b.s. 
 patara rv. 
 pataru rv. 
 patistha v.b. 
 -patisnu b. + 
 patiyas b. 
 
 pata AV. + 
 pataka s. + 
 patin AV. + 
 patya e. + 
 patana s. + 
 pataniya c. 
 patuka B.E. 
 
 -paptani rv. 
 patapata .s. 
 pipatisu E. + 
 -pitsu c. 
 patayalii av. 
 patayisnu v. 
 patayitr c. 
 
 y 2 pat, 'rule'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] patyate etc. v.b. 
 
 Doubtless only a denominative of pati. 
 
 |/ path, 'go' (?) . 
 
 Pres. [1.] pathati etc. s. 
 
 \^Perf. etc. papatha, apathit; pathisyati, pathita.] 
 Sec. Conj. : < cms. pathayati b.s. 
 
 Deriv. : path pathi panthan v.+ pantha v. pathan- b. pathas v. + 
 
 pathis B. 
 No real root ; the present forms doubtless bad readings for patati etc. ; the 
 causative a denominative of the stem path. 
 
 y pad, 'go". 
 
 Pres. [4.] padyate etc. v.+, -ti etc. ab.e. — [2v] padyam r1., patsva m1. 
 
 Perf. papada pedus etc. v.+, pede etc. b.+ 
 
 Aor. 1. apadraahi vs. -dran rv. (padati -dat v.; padista v.l; apadi 
 
 padi V. + — 3. apipadat av.b. — 4. apatsi etc. v.b.u. (patthas av.) 
 Fut. 1. patsyati etc. b.+ (patsyantu c), -te etc. v.+ [— 2. patta.] 
 Fer6. panna AV. + ; pattuinB.+, -tave rv., -tosB. ; -padyav. + : -padas 
 
 V.B.; -padam b.+ 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. panipadyate c. — Desid. pitsati b.. -te c. — Caus. pad- 
 
 ayati etc. v. +, -te etc. av.+ (padyate etc. b. + ; pipadayisati v..+] 
 
95 AND Primary Derivatives. [1 pS 
 
 Deriv.: -pad v.+ patti av.+ -padin c. -pitsa c. 
 
 pad Y.+ -pattavya K. + -padya n.+ -pitsu c. 
 
 pada V. + -pattr c. -padana e.+ -patsu c. 
 
 -padanaB.r.s. -padva? c. -padaniya c. -padayitavya c. 
 
 padanlya K.+ -padaB.+ padii .' rv.ms. -padayitr ( . 
 
 -padi Rv'. -padaka e. + paduka b. -pipadayisa c. 
 
 -pipadayisu v. 
 
 y pan, 'admire". 
 Pres. [1.] pananta rv. 
 Perf. papana papne rv. 
 Aor. 5. panista (^3s.) rv. 
 Verb, panita rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, panyate rv. — Int. panipnat v.u. — Caus. panayati -te 
 
 etc. RV. 
 X>ew..- pana- RV. panas- rv. panistama sv. panyas uv. 
 
 panya rv.k. panu rv. panisti sv. -panya sv. 
 
 panayya rv.ab. panitr rv. panistha v.n. -panyu rv. 
 
 paniyas v. panayayyasv. 
 
 The words panya s., panayya cb. seem to belong in meaning to this root. 
 
 y pard, 'pedere . 
 
 Not quotable either in verb -forms or derivatives [parda, pardin, 
 pardana]. 
 
 y 1 pac, spac, 'see". 
 
 Pres. [4.] paQyati -te etc. v.+ 
 
 Perf. paspa^e etc. v. 
 
 Aor. 1. aspasta (pres.?) rv. [ — 3. apaspaqat.] 
 
 Verb, spasta v.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. spaqayate etc. v.e., -ti s. 
 
 Deriv. : pa9 •? RV. paQyin c. -paqyana c. spaija k.+ 
 
 pa^yav.H- pa9yata av. spaQ a.b. -spa9ana av. 
 
 paspaQa c. 
 The stem pa9ya is regarded as supplying the deficient present of ) dr9. 
 
 y 2 pae, 'bind'. 
 Regarded as inferable from pa9U v. +, pa9a v. + 
 
 y 1 pa, 'drink'. 
 Pres. [1.] pibati -te etc. v. + — [2.] panti kv>.. pathas av'. — [3.] pipatu 
 
 K., pipite pipate pipiya apipita v... pipana rv.. pipana av. 
 Perf. papau etc. v.+ (papatha rv., papiyat rv.), papa etc. v. 
 Aor. 1. apat etc. v.+ (pahi patam pata pant v.): peyas (3s ) rv. : apayi 
 
 RV. — [3. apipyat. — ] 4. pasta av. 
 
1 pa] 
 
 Roots, Verb-forms, 
 
 96 
 
 Fut. 1 . pasyati -te etc. b. + [ — 2. pata.] 
 
 Verb, pita v. + ; patum c, patave v.b., -tavai b., -tos kb.; pitva v.b.s., 
 
 -tvi Kv. ; -paya av. s. , -piya e. + ; -pai ? rv. ; pibadhyai nv, 
 
 [payam.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, piyate etc. av.+ — Int. pepiyate etc. r.c. [papa-.] — 
 
 Desid. pipasati etc. v. + ; pipisati etc. rv. (j/ pi'.') — Cans, payayati 
 
 etc. V.+, -te c. (payyate s. ; pipayayiset k.) 
 
 Deriv. : -pa v. + 
 pana v. + 
 paniya e. + 
 patavya b. + 
 patr V.+ 
 patra v.+ 
 Compare j/ 3 pa. 
 
 panta rv. 
 -payaka e. 
 -payin b. + 
 -payya rv.c. 
 payana v. + 
 -pavan v.b. 
 
 pitii? V.B. 
 
 pitl V.B.S. 
 
 -pitha V. + 
 -peya v. + 
 
 -piba Av.c. 
 papi RV. 
 pipasa B. + 
 pipasu E. + 
 pipisu RV. 
 payayitavya ms. 
 
 \ 2 pa, 'protect' 
 
 Pres. [2.] pati etc. v. + (_pana rv'.) 
 
 [Perf. papavi.] 
 
 Aor. 4. pasati etc. rv. — 6. apasit c. 
 
 [Fut. pasyati, pata.] 
 
 Verb, [pata;] patum e. 
 
 [/Sec. Conj.: payate; papa-; pipasa- 
 
 Deriv. : -pa v.+ patr v.c. 
 
 -panaAv.+ patra? rv'. 
 
 patavya c. payu v. 
 
 -payya rv. 
 
 palayati.] 
 pala V. + 
 -pavan v.b. 
 pati V V. + 
 
 pitf ? V.+ 
 -piti RV. 
 -pitha V. 
 -pithy a rv. 
 
 y 3 pa, 'rise against'. 
 
 BK. refer to such a root certain forms from the reduplicated middle stem 
 pipi with prefix ud. Since, however, such forms occur with the unquestion- 
 able meaning 'drink', and, on the other hand, forms from ut-piba (9B.) with 
 the meaning given to 3 pa, it seems probahle that we have here only a curiously 
 specialized use of y' 1 pa + ud. 
 
 y PS'Yj 'cacare . 
 Pres. [1.] payate? u. 
 Deriv. payu b.+ 
 
 A single very doubtful occurrence (see BR.). 
 
 y pi, pi, 'swell, fatten'. 
 
 Pres. [l.J payate rv. — [2?] piyana rv. — [SV] pipihi v.b., pipyatam etc. 
 pipayat etc. pipaya apipet etc. (-payat -pema -pyan ) pipayanta 
 pipyana rv. — [5.] pinvant -vati av., pinvire pinvana rv., pin- 
 vate apinvatam jb. 
 
97 AND Primary Derivatives. [pi^ 
 
 Perf. pipaya etc. (_pipetha pipyathus -yus pipivans pipyua- 1 pipye ? 
 
 (pipyana) rv. 
 Verb, pina av. + 
 
 Derit).; -payav RV. -pit rv. piva ab. pivaraE.+ 
 
 payas v. + pitii v.b. pivan v. + pivas v.b. 
 
 -pyasa?AV. piyusav.+ pivans m. pivistha cjj. 
 
 The roots pinv and pya (_giveu for convenience separatelyj are extensions 
 of this. The classification of the reduplicated forms is difflcult and questionable. 
 
 y pinv, 'fatten'. 
 
 Prea. [1.] pinvati -te etc. v.b.s. 
 
 Perf. pipinvathus rv. 
 
 [Aor. etc. apinvit; pinvisyati, pinvita.] 
 
 Verb, pinvita cb. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans, pinvayati cb. 
 
 Deriv. : -pinva rv. pinvana b.s. 
 
 A secondary root-form, from stem [5.] pinu of |/ pi, from which stem a 
 few regular forms are also made in the older language. 
 
 y pibd, 'be firm';?). 
 
 Pres. [1.] pibdamana v.b. 
 Deriv. pibdana v, 
 
 y pi9, 'adorn'. 
 
 Pres. [H.J pincjati -te etc. v.b. 
 
 Perf. pipega pipi9us pipi^e -9re v. 
 
 Aor. 1. pi9ana rv. [ — 3. apipiQat. — 5. apeqit.] 
 
 [Fut. pegisyati, pe9ita.] 
 
 Verb, pista v.b., pi9ita av. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass. pi9yate av. — Int. pepi9at -9ana v.b. [ — Desid. pipi- 
 
 9i8a- pipe9isa-. — Cans. pe9aya-.] 
 Deriv.: pi 9 v. pi9acav. + pe9av.+ pe9as v.+ 
 
 pi9a V. pi9aci RV. pe9iB.+ pe9itr vs. 
 
 pi9angav. + pi9una?v. + pe9ana v. 
 
 y pis, 'crush'. 
 
 Pres. [7.] pinasti pinsanti etc. v.+ (pinak rv.), pinse m. — [6.] pinsa 
 AV. ?, apinsat m. ; piseyam pisanti apisan e , apisan av. 
 
 Perf. pipesa pipise etc. v. + 
 
 Aor. r? apistam (3d.) c'. — 3. apipisat e. — 7. apiksan cb. [apiksatam.J 
 
 Fut. 1. peksyati u. [ — 2. pesta.] 
 
 Verb, pista v. + ; pestum b. + , -tavai b. ; pistva b.; -pisya s. +; 
 -pesam b. + 
 Whitney, Supplement II. 7 
 
pis] Roots, Veeb-fokms. 98 
 
 Sec. Con). : Pass, pisyate etc. a. + [ — Int. pepis-. — Desid. pipiksa-.] — 
 
 Caus. pesayati etc. s. + 
 Beriv.: pesaE. + pesya c. pesanas. + pestra'?Av. 
 
 pesaka c. pesi rv. pestr c. pipisvanf ? ev. 
 
 Doubtless we are to read apinstam for apistam (Bhag. Pur.). 
 
 |/ pis, 'stretcli' (? . 
 Pres. [4.] pisyati cb. 
 Perf. pipisus cb. 
 Deriv. pesuka cb. 
 
 y 1 pi, see y pi. 
 
 y 2 pi, see y ply. 
 
 y pid, 'press'. 
 Perf. pipide rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. pidayati etc. aa'.+, -te e. (pidyate etc. b. + ; -pidam c.) 
 Deriv.: -pida E.+ -pidaka c. pidaniya e. -pilana c. 
 
 pidas. + -pidin c. pidayitavyaE. pipilaVAv.+ 
 
 pidana u. + 
 
 y ply, 'abuse'. 
 Pres. [1.] piyati etc. v.b. 
 Deriv. : piyaru v. piyaka av. piyatnu ev. piyii v.b. 
 
 y put, 'scale' etc. 
 Pres. [6.] putati c. 
 
 [Perf. etc. pupota; apotit; potisyati, potita.] 
 Verb, putita? c. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, putyate c. [ — Caus. putayati, potayati.] 
 Deriv.: puta b.+ putana c. -pota c. -potana c. 
 
 -putaka c. -potaka c. 
 
 A late and bastard root, probably denominative of puta. 
 
 y puth, 'crush'. 
 
 [Pres. etc. puthyati; pupotha; apothit; pothisyati, pothita.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. pothayati etc. e.+, -te e.+ 
 Deriv. : potha e. pothaka e. 
 
 y pus, 'thrive'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] pusyati e<c. v.+. -te etc. t..+ — [9.] pusnati etc. e.+ — [1.] 
 posati ci. 
 
^9 
 
 AND Primary Derivatives, 
 
 [pGy 
 
 Perf. puposa etc. v.+ (pupusyas kv.) 
 
 Aor. 1. pusyasam -sma b., -yat c. [aposi.] — 2. [apusatj (puseyam 
 
 -ema v.is.s., pusa s.) [ — \\. apupusat. — 5. apoBit.J 
 \Ful. posisyati, poksyati; posita, posta.] 
 Verb, pusta v. + ; pusyase rv. 
 Sec. Con). : Pass, pusyate etc. c. — [Int. popus-. — Desid. puposisa-, pu- 
 
 pusisa-, pupviksa-. — ] Cans, posayati etc. v. + 
 
 Deriv. 
 
 -pus RV.C. 
 
 pusya V. + 
 puska- V. + 
 puspa V. + 
 pusti V. 
 
 pUSti AV. + 
 
 pusa c. 
 pusan V.+ 
 pusana rv.e. 
 pusarya rv. 
 
 posa V. + 
 posaka e.+ 
 posin RV.C. 
 posya V. + 
 posana e. + 
 posaniya o. 
 
 -poaas RV. 
 posuka II. 
 postr R. + 
 positr c. 
 posayitnii av. 
 posayisnu av. 
 
 y pu, 'cleanse'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] punati punite etc. v. + (punahi sv., punate rv.) — [1.] pavate 
 
 etc. V.B..S. (pavamana v.+), pava rv'., pavant c'. — punise [Is.) av'. 
 Perf. pupuvus b.s., -ve etc. b. fapupot rv.ms.) 
 Aor. [3. apipavat. — ] 5. apavisus rv.. apavista etc. rv.ms, 
 [Fut. pavisyati -te ; pavita.] 
 Verb, ptita v. + [pavita, puna;] pavitum jb. ; [pavitva,] putva av., 
 
 putvi RV.; -puya B.s. ; -pavam s. 
 Sec.Conj.: Pass, puyate etc. v. + [ — Int. popu-. — Desid. pupusa-, pi- 
 
 pavisa-.] — Caus. pavayati etc. b.s., -te aa. ; pavayati etc. b.+, -te e. 
 
 (pavyate etc. c.) 
 
 Deriv. : -pu v.b. 
 -pu av. 
 -pva? V. 
 pava c. 
 pava RV. 
 
 pavya rv. 
 pavana v. + 
 puti B. + 
 puti'ima AV. 
 
 potr V.+ 
 potra V. + 
 pavitr RV. 
 pavitr AV. + 
 pavitra v. + 
 
 -pava V.+ 
 pavaka v. + 
 pavana e. + 
 -puna E.+ 
 pavayitr b. 
 
 y puj, 'reverence . 
 Pres. [1.] apujan? m'. 
 Perf. pupujire m'. 
 [Aor. apupujat.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. pujayati etc. s. +, -te etc. e. (pujyate etc. e.+) 
 Deny. ; puj a s.+ pujya e. + pujanaRv.E.+ pujayitr e. 
 
 ptijaka E.+ pujaniyaE.+ pujayitavyac. 
 
 y ptiy, 'stink'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] puyati etc. b.s. [-te.] 
 
 [Perf. etc. pupuye; apupuyat, apuyista; puyisyate, puyita.] 
 
 Verb, [puta,] puyita (caws,?) cb. 
 
 [Sec. Conj. : popuy-, popu- ; pupuyisa- ; puyaya-.] 
 
 Deriv.; puya B.+ puti av.+ 
 
pur] Roots, Verb-forms, 100 
 
 y pur, see y 1 pr. 
 
 y I pr, prn, pur, 'fill'. 
 
 Pre*. [3.] piparti piprati etc. v.c. (apiprata 3s. ev. ; pipiprhi c'.) — [9.] 
 prnati etc. v.b.s. — [6.] prnati -te etc. v.b. — [5.] prnuyat s'. — [4.] 
 puryamana rvI. 
 Perf. pupure -rire c. (pupuryas rv.J; [papara, paparus paprus] 
 
 paprvans ? ms. 
 Aor. 1 . purdhi rv. ; apuri c. ; priyasam av. [puryat.] — 3, apupuram 
 
 CB. fpupurantu ev.) ; piparat rv*. — 5. [aparit,] puristhas ta. 
 [Fut. parisyati, parita.] 
 F€r6. purna V. + , purtav. + , prta s'. [purita]; puritum r. ; [purtva;] 
 
 -purya e. + ; -puras k. ; prnadhyai rv. ; -puram s. 
 See. Conj.: Pass, puryate etc. e.+, -ti etc. e. (orpres. 4.) — [Int. papr-, po- 
 pur-. — Desid. piparisa-, pupursa-. • — ] Cans, [parayati ;] purayati 
 etc. AV. +, -te etc. e. + (puryate etc. e. +) 
 Beriv. : pur v. parinas rv. puraka e. + papri rv. 
 
 -parana c. pariman rv. -purin e. papuri rv. 
 
 parus v. + pareman sv. -purya b.e. pupuri sv. 
 
 parvanv. + purisa?v. + puranaB.+ piiraya? rv. 
 
 puru V. + purti v. + puraniya a purayitr e. 
 
 puraE.+ -prna V.B.S. purayitavya c. 
 
 See also y pra, which is a secondary form of this root. 
 
 y 2 pr, 'pass'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] piparti piprati etc. v.b.s.c. (piprhi s'.c'.) — [1.] para vsi. ? — 
 
 [2.] parsi rv. 
 Aor. 3. apiparat etc. v.b. (piparat v.b., piparat rv'.) — 4. parsati etc. 
 
 RV., parsat v.b., parsa v. — 5. parisat rv. 
 Verb, parsani rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. parayati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ (paryate c.) 
 Deriv.: -parana v. parsani rv. parana v. + pipru? v. 
 
 partf RV. parsistha rv. paraniya e. + -paraya bv. 
 
 parsa? RV. para v. + perii v. parayitr b. 
 
 -parsin? CB. -parin ab. papri v. parayisnuv. + 
 
 The aorist stem pars has almost won the value of a secondary root. 
 
 y .3 pr, 'be busy'. 
 
 Pres. [5.] prnoti c'.. prnvana c'. 
 
 Verb, prta e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, priyate e. + — Cans, parayati etc. c. 
 
 Deriv. : -pra ? Rv. -para e. + 
 
101 AND Primary Derivatives. [py5 
 
 Only with a and (especially) vya ; hence in all probability a specialized 
 use of 1 or 2 pr (1 pr 'be tilled up or occupied', or 2 pr with vi-a, 'made to 
 pass to and fro, kept in motion'). 
 
 y pre, 'mix'. 
 
 Pres. [7.] prnakti prneanti etc. v.b., priikte etc. v.b. — [1.] prnca pfn- 
 
 cati Av. — [3.] piprgdhi v.b., piprkta rv. 
 Perf. paprcus b. ( paprcasi rv., -cyat etc. \.). paprcana rv. 
 Aor. 1. parcas rv., prciya etc. bv.s., preana rv. — 4. aprak av., aprksi 
 
 -kta etc. v.B.s. [ — 5. aparcit, aparcista.J 
 [Fut. parcisyati -te, pareita.] 
 
 Verb, prkta v. +, -prgna? rv'.; -prce rv., -prcas v.b.s. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, prcyate etc. v.+ [ — Int. pariprc-. — Desid. piparciaa-. 
 
 — Caus. parcaya-.] 
 Deriv.: -pre v.b. parka av.+ prka ? rv. praksaVv. 
 
 -parcana v. prksa' rv. 
 
 y prn, see y 1 pr. 
 
 y prt, 'fight'. 
 Inferable from the derivatives pft rv., prtana v. + 
 
 y pv9> pv? (?) . 
 
 Under this heading may be grouped a number of words of doubtful rela- 
 tions, in part perhaps connected with y spr9 : 
 
 pf Qana rv. pr9niv.+ prsta v.b. par(juv.+ 
 
 prQani rv. prsant v. + Pysti ^'-b- parqana v. 
 
 prsataB.+ prstha v.+ 
 
 y pya, 'fill up'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] pyayate etc. v. + 
 Perf. pipye? Rv. [papye.] 
 Aor. [1. apyayi. — ] 4. apyasam aa. — 5. pyayisimahi s. — 6. pyasi- 
 
 simahi av.b.s. 
 [Fut. pyasyate, pyayisyate ; pyata, pyayita.] 
 Verb, pyata ts. [pyana.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. pyayayati etc. av.+, -te etc. c. (pyayayisthas r. ; pyay- 
 
 ydte etc. b.+) 
 Dmi;.; -pyaya c. -pyayya e. -pyayana b.+ -pyayayitr b. 
 
 -pyayin c. 
 
 Is a secondary root-form from y pi. 
 
prach] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 102 
 
 y prach, 'ask'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] prchati -te etc. v.+ 
 
 Perf. papracha paprachu3 b. + 
 
 Aor. [3. apaprachat. — ] 4. apraksit etc. v. + (aprat ev.), aprasta c. 
 
 (prksase? bv.) 
 Fut. 1. praksyati etc. b.+ (apraksyat b.u.) [ — 2. praata.] 
 Verb, prsta v. +; prastum v. + -, pratva e.+ ; -prchya e. + ; -prcham 
 
 -che Rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, prchyate etc. v.+ — [Int. paripreh-. — ] Desid. pipr- 
 
 chisa- (in d.). — [Caus. praehaya-.] 
 Deriv. : -prch rv. prchaka b.+ prastr u.+ piprchisu c. 
 
 prach- E.+ prchya rv.c. pra9na v.+ paprksenya ev. 
 
 prcha c. prastavya e. + -praqnya b. 
 
 The BV. form paprkse is also referred hither by BR. 
 
 y prath, 'spread'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] prathate etc. v.+, -ti etc. v. + 
 
 Perf. paprathe etc. v. +, -thatus c. 
 
 Aor. 1. prathana ev. — 3. (j>erf. ?) paprathat etc. -thanta rv. — 5. aprath- 
 
 ista etc. EV. 
 [Fut. prathisyate, prathita.] 
 Verb, prathita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Qaus. prathayati etc. v. +, -te etc. v. (prathayi tb.s.) 
 Deriv. : 
 
 -prth? RV. prthi v.B. prathana b.+ prathistha v.b. 
 
 prtha B.+ prthuv.+ prathas v.b. prathiyas b.s. 
 
 prthakv.+ prthiviv. + prathuE. + prathasnu? tb. 
 
 prthavana rv. pratha c. prathiman rv.c. prathayitr c. 
 
 |/ pra, 'fill'. 
 Pres. [2.] prasi rv. 
 
 Perf. paprau etc. v. (papratha rv. ; papra rv.), papre etc. v. 
 Aor. 1. aprat etc. v.b. ; aprayi av, — 4. apras (3^.) rv.b. 
 Verb, prata rv. 
 
 I>eny.; -pra RV. -pra av. b.s. -prana (api-) ev, -pravan ev. 
 
 A secondary root-form, from y 1 pr. 
 
 y pri, 'please'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] prinati -nite etc. \.+ — [4. (or pass.')] priyate etc. u.+, -ti etc. e.+ 
 
 (priyanti r'.) 
 Perf. pipriye -yana rv. ; apipres etc. b.s. (piprayat etc. -ayasva pi- 
 
 prihi RV.) 
 Aor. 1. priyat c. — 4. apraisit etc. b. (presat rv.) [apresta.J 
 
103 AND Primary Derivatives. [plu 
 
 iFut. presyati -te, preta.] 
 
 Verb, prita v. + ; pritva cb. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. pepri-. — ] Desid. piprisati rv. — Cans, prinayati etc. s.+ 
 
 Dcriw. ; -pri v.B.s. priti s.+ preman v.+ piprisa e. + 
 
 priya V.+ pretr rv.s. preyas v.+ pipri8UE.+ 
 
 prayas v.b. preni v. prestha v. + prinana e.+ 
 
 The so-called causative is, of course, a deuominative, apparently of a pple 
 
 prina, not occurring independently. 
 
 y pru, flow'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] pravate etc. rv.b.s. 
 Perf. pupruve etc. b. 
 Aor. 4. prosthas s. 
 Verb, pruta bv. 
 
 Deriw. : prava RV. pravana '.' v. + -prut v.b. 
 A side-form to the much more common y plu. 
 
 y pruth, 'snort'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] prothati etc. v.b., -amana rv. 
 
 [Perf. etc. puprotha, -othe; aprothit, -thista; prothisyati -te, pro- 
 
 thita.] 
 Verb, -pruthya rv., pro thy a s. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. popruthat rv. — Cans, prothayitva s. 
 Deriv. : protha b. + prothatha rv. 
 
 y prus, 'sprinkle'. 
 
 Pres. [5.] prusnuvanti -navat -nute rv. — [9.] prusnant b. — [d.] prusa 
 
 RV., -sant? Av. — [4.] aprusyat cb. 
 [Perf. etc. puprosa ; aprosit.J 
 Fut. 1. prosisyant ts. [ — 2. prosita.] 
 Verb, prusita rv. 
 Dcrjy..- -prus V.+ -prus ts. prusva av.b. prsvaV ts. 
 
 Compare y plus. 
 
 y pii (?). 
 
 The isolated form vi pliyante occurs qt svb. iii. 9. 1. 
 
 y plu, 'float'. 
 
 Pres. [L] plavate etc. v.+, -ti etc. b. + — [2?] pluvita s., apluvan e. 
 
 Perf. pupluve b.+, -vus e.+ 
 
 Aor. 3. [apuplavatj apiplavam cb. — 4. aplosta etc. b. 
 
 Fut. 1. plosyati -te etc. b. 
 
 Verb, pluta av. + ; -plutya s. +, -pluya cb.k. 
 
pluj Roots, Veeb-fokms, 104 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. popluyate etc. b. + [ — Desid. puplusa-.] — Caus. pla- 
 
 vayati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ (plavyate c); plavayati c'. 
 DeWv. .- plava V.+ plavanas. + plavaB.+ plavyaE. + 
 
 plavaka E. plavitr e. -plavaka c. plavana b.+ 
 
 -plavin c. pluti s. + plavin b. + plavayitr e. 
 
 Compare ]/ pru. 
 
 y plus, 'burn". 
 
 Pres. [1.] plosati c*. [plusyati, plusnati.] 
 [Per/", etc. puplosa; aplosit; plosisyati, plosita.] 
 Verb, plusta e.+ 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, plusyate c. 
 
 Derji'. .- pliisi v.b. plosa o. plosin c. plosana c. 
 
 Compare y prus. 
 
 y psa, 'devour". 
 
 Pres. [2.J psati etc. av.b. 
 
 [Per/", etc. papsau ; psayat, pseyat, apsasit ; psasyati, psata.] 
 
 Verb, psata b. ; -psaya b. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, apsiyata jb. [ — Int. papsa*. — Desid. pipsasa-. — 
 
 Cans, psapaya-.] 
 Deriv. psaniya c. 
 
 Doubtless a secondary root-form, from y bhas. ^ 
 
 ! 
 
 y phakk, 'swell' (?) . 
 
 Pres. [l.J phakkant c'. 
 
 [Perf. etc. paphakka; apaphakkat, aphakkit; phakkisy ati, phakkita ; 
 
 phakkyate, paphakk-, piphakkisa-, phakkaya-.] 
 
 The single occurrence doubtless artificial. 
 
 y phan, 'spring'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] phanati c. 
 
 [Perf. etc. paphana paphanus phenus ; aphanit aphanit ; phanisyati, 
 
 phanita.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. paniphanat rv., pamphanat s. — [Desid. piphanisa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. phanayati etc. bv.lcs. [phanayati.J 
 Der ju. ; phana b. + phaiitaB.+ phena?v. + 
 
 y phar, 'scatter' (?;. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. parpharat rvI. 
 
 Deriv. : -pharvi v.b. pharvara b,v. phariva rv. parpharika rv. 
 All the derivatives of doubtful meaning and connection. 
 
105 AND Peimary Derivatives. [bandh 
 
 y 1 phal, 'burst'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] phalati etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. paphala e. [phelus.] 
 
 [Aor. etc. apiphalat, aphalit ; phalisyati, phalita.J 
 
 Verb, phalita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. pamphul-. — Desid. piphalisa-. — ] Cam. phalayati etc. p.- 
 
 Deriv.: phalaka b.+ phalin c. phala v.+ phulla e.+ 
 
 See y 2 phal. Tlie pple phullant m1. is doubtless a denominative for- 
 mation from phulla. 
 
 y 2 phal, 'fruit'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] phalati etc. e. +, -te e. 
 
 Perf. phelire c. 
 
 Fut. phalisyati etc. e. + 
 
 Verb, phalita e. + 
 
 Deriv. : phala v. + phalitavya e. 
 
 Doubtless in reality a denominative of phala, which from y 1 phal. 
 
 y banh, 'make firm'. 
 
 [Pres. etc. banhate; babanhe; abanhista; banhisyate, banhita.J 
 Verb, badha v. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans, banhayate etc. b. 
 
 Dcriu. .• bahala c. bahuv.+ banhistha v. + bahu'' v.+ 
 
 banhiyas ms. 
 
 y bandh, 'bind'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] badhnati etc. v. + (badhana av. +. bandhana e., badhnihi c), 
 
 -nite etc. a'.b.s. — [1.] abandhat c, -dhata (3s.) e.. abadhnanta e. 
 
 Perf. babandha av.+. bedhus av.. babandhus e. + ; bedhe -dhire etc. 
 
 AV. [babandhe.] 
 [Aor. badhyat, ababandhat, abhantsit.] 
 
 Fut. 1. bhantsyati etc. b.s., bandhisyati -te e.+ [ — 2. banddha.] 
 Verb, baddha v. + : banddhum e. +, baddhum? e., bandhitum e. : bad- 
 
 dhva av. +, -dhvaya b. : -badhya b. + ; -badhe av. : -bandham c. 
 JSec. Conj. : Pass, badhyate etc. v. +. -ti c. — [Int. babandh-, babadhya-. 
 
 — Desid. bibhaiitsa-. — ] Cans, bandhayati etc. b.+ 
 Deriv. : 
 
 bandha v. + bandhana v. + -baddhavya c. badhira v. + 
 
 bandhaka e.+ bandhaniya e. +- -banddhr c. bandhayitr c 
 
 bandhin e. + bandhu v. + banddhra av. 
 
 bandhya e. + -bandhuka b. 
 
bal] Roots, Verb-forms, 106 
 
 y bal, 'whirl'!?). 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. balbaliti cbI. 
 
 It is not probable that this solitary verb-form has anything to do with the 
 common derivatives (from a y bal 'be strong) bala v. +. baliyas av. +, bal- 
 istha B.+. baliman u., bala? s.+ 
 
 y badh, 'oppress'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] badhate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e.+ 
 Perf. babadhe v.+. -dha? m. 
 
 Aor. [3. ababadhat. — ] 5. badhista v. (badhithas ta.); badhistam ta. 
 Fut. 1. badhisyati c, -te e. [ — 2. badhita.] 
 Verb, badhita a. + ; badhitum e. ; -badhya rv. ; badlie hv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, badhyate etc. e.+ — Int. babadhe babadhana, 
 badbadhe -dhana ev.b. — Desid. bibhatsate etc. \. + ; bibadhisate 
 cB. — Cans, badhayati etc. av. + 
 Dem'.: badh Rv. -badhin b.c. badhaniya c. bibhatsas. + 
 
 badha, -a v.+ badhya b. + -badhas rv. bibhatsa b. 
 
 badhaka e. + badhana e. + badhitavya e. + bibhatsu v. + 
 
 badhitr e.+ 
 Compare y' vadh, badh. The reference of bibhatsa- to this root is not 
 beyond question. 
 
 y budh, 'know, wake'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] budhyate etc. \.+, -ti etc. e. + — [l.Jbodhati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ 
 Perf. bubudhe etc. v.+, bubodha e. (bubodhati etc. bubodhas rv.) 
 Aor. 1. bodhi (impr.) rv. ; abudhran -ram rv., budhana rv. ; abodhi 
 V.+ — 2. budhanta rv., budhemaAv. ? — 3. abiibudhat v. — 
 4. abhutsi etc. v.b., abuddha c. [bhutsista.] — 5. bodhisat rv., 
 abodhisata c. 
 Fut. 1. bhotsyati b., -te e. [ — "i-boddha.] 
 Ver^. buddha v. + ; boddhum e. + ; buddhva c. ; -budhyas. + ; -budhe 
 
 b., budhi RV. 
 Sec. Conj. .- Pass, budhyate c. — Int. bobudhiti etc. b.c. — Desid. bubhut- 
 sati -te etc. c. [bubodhisa-.j — Caws, bodhayati etc. v.+, -te b. (bodh- 
 yate e., bubodhayisa- in d.) 
 Deri'-.: 
 
 -budh V.B. bodhin e. + buddhi s. + bodhayitavya c. 
 
 budha B.+ bodhya e.+ boddhavya l . + bodhayitr rv.c. 
 
 -budhya rv. bodhana v. + bodhitavya c. bodhayisnu e. 
 budhan- tb. bodhaniya e.+ boddhr e. + bubodhayisu e. + 
 
 bodhav. + bodhiE. + bubhutsa c. bibodhayisu r'. 
 
 bodhaka E.+ bodhit- rv. bubhutsu e.+ 
 
107 AND Primary Derivatives. [bhak? 
 
 y bul, 'submerge'. 
 
 -Sec. Conj. : Caus. bolayati c. 
 
 The single occurrence in a commentary is doubtless artificial. 
 
 ]/ brnh, vrnh, 'roar', see y vrnh. 
 
 y 1 brh, 'make big or strong'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] brnhati -te etc. cb. — [6.] brhati etc. av.d. 
 
 Perf. babarha av., babrhana rv. 
 
 Verb, brdha ob., vrdha cii.c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. barbrhat barbrhi ev. — Caus. barhaya v.; brnhayati 
 
 etc. {or vrnh.-) e.+, -te e. 
 Deriv. : brh- v. + brhant v. + brahman v. + brnhana k. + 
 
 • • • • 
 
 -barha s. + -barhas v.b. brahman v. + brnhaniya c. 
 
 -barhana v. + barhistha v.+ -brhhin c. brnhayitavya c. 
 
 barhana ev. barhis ? v. + 
 Compare the following root. 
 
 y 2 brh, vrh, 'tear, see y vrh. 
 
 The relations of the two roots brh, and the connection of some of their 
 derivatives, are not wholly clear. 
 
 y bru, say'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] braviti bruvanti etc. briite bruvate etc. v. + (brumi e.. bra- 
 vihiE.+, abriivan u., abravat? m.) — [6.] abruvam u.e., bruva- 
 dhvam m., bruvamana c. 
 
 Aor. 1. bruyasta m1. 
 
 Deriv. : -brava v. -bruva av. + 
 
 y bli, see y vli. 
 
 y bhaks, 'partake of, eat'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] bhaksati -te etc. e. + 
 
 Aor. 1. abhaksi c. — 3. ababhaksat cb. 
 
 * * * • 
 
 Verb, bhaksitum e. + ; -bhaksam s. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Desid. bibhaksisati e.? — Caus. bhaksayati etc. v.+, -te etc. 
 B.+ (bhaksyate etc. b. + ; bibhaksayisati e.+) 
 
 Deriv. : 
 bhaksav.+ bhaksya e. + bhaksitavya c. bhaksayitr e.+ 
 bhaksaka c. bhaksana v. + bhaksitr e. bhaksayitavya b.+ 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 bhaksin s. + bhaksaniya b.c. bhaksivan b.s. bibhaksayisa c. 
 
 bibhaksayisu k. + 
 Secondary root-form, from y bhaj (as denominative of bhaksa); the non- 
 'causative' forms only sporadic. 
 
bhaj] Roots, Verb-fokms, 108 
 
 y bhaj, 'divide, share'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] bhajati -te etc. v.+ — 2. bhaksi ev. 
 
 Perf. babhaja bhejus etc. v.+ (babhaktha fn. [bhejitha]), bheje -jire 
 
 etc. V. + 
 Aor. 3. abibhajus ce. — 4. abhaksit etc. v. + (abhak v.b., bhaksat e,v.), 
 
 abhaksi -kta etc. v. + (bhaksista etc. v.b.s., -sita sv.) 
 Put. 1. bhaksyati -te etc. n. (abhaksyan m.); bhajisyati -te etc. e. + [ — 
 
 2. bhakta.] 
 Yerb. bhakta v. + ; bhaktum b.+, bhajitum e. ; bhaktva av. +, -tvaya 
 
 Rv. ; -bhajya b. + ; -bhajam (m/".) b. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhajyate etc. av.+ — [hit. babhaj-. — ] Desid. [bibhak- 
 sa-;] bhiksa- (see y bhiksj. — Cans, bhajayati etc. v. +, -te c. 
 (bhajyate etc. av.b.) 
 Deriv.: bhaj v. + bhajaniya e. + bhagav. + bhajaka c. 
 
 bhaga v. + bhajenya c. bhagin b. + bhaj in v. + 
 
 bhaj in c. bhaktiv. + -bhagya s. bhajya c. 
 
 -bhajya c. bhajitavya e. bhagiyas c. bhajanaB.+ 
 
 bhajana c. bhaktr rv. -bhaja s. bhajayu ev. 
 
 Compare the derivative root -forms bhaks and bhiks ; compare also 
 y bhahj. 
 
 y bhanj, 'break', 
 
 Pres. [7.] bhanakti etc. v.+ (abhanas av.) 
 
 Perf. babhanja etc. v. +, -jire c. 
 
 Aor. 1. abhajic. [abhahji; bhajyat. — o. ababhahjat.] — 4. abhahksit 
 
 etc. e. + 
 Put. 1. bhanksyati e. — 2. bhankta m. 
 
 Verb, bhagfia s.+ ; bhaiiktva e.+, bhaktva e. ; -bhajya e.+ ; -bhahjam c. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhajyate etc. av.+, -ti etc. b. + [ — Jnt. bambhahj-, bam- 
 
 bhajya-. ■ — Desid. bibhanksa-. — Caus. bhanjaya-.] 
 Beriv. : bhanga v. + bhangi c. bhanjana av.+ bhanktr c. 
 
 bhanginEv.c. bhanj aka c. -bhahj anu ev. bhaiigurav.+ 
 
 y bhat, 'hire'. 
 
 This so-called root (bhatayati etc. c.) is 07ily a denominative of bhata 
 E. +. doubtless a prakritized form of bhrta. 
 
 y bhau, 'speak'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] bhanati etc. jb.c. 
 
 Perf. babhana c. [babhanitha.] 
 
 Aor. I. abhani c [ — 3. abibhanat, ababhanat. — 5. abhanit.] 
 
 [Put. bhanisyati, bhanita.] 
 
 Verb, bhanita c. : bhanitva c. 
 
109 AND Primary Derivatives. [bhas 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, bhanyate c. — Desid. bibhanisa- (in d.) [— Caug. bhan- 
 
 ayati.] 
 Deriv. : -bbana c. bhanana c. bhaniti c. bhanaka c. 
 
 bhananiya c. bhana c. bibhanisu c. 
 
 A later form of y bhan. 
 
 y bhan, 'speak'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] bhanati etc. -nanta rv. 
 
 Probably related with ]/ bha. Compare y bhan, the later form. 
 
 y bhand, 'be bright'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] bhandate etc. rv. 
 [Sec. Conj.: Caus. bhandayati.] 
 ij Denu. .- bhand^na v.B. bhandistha v.s. bhadrav.+ 
 
 y bharts, 'revile'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] bhartsati etc. av. .'kb.e. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. bhartsayati etc. e. +, -te c'. (bhartsyate etc. E.+) 
 
 Deriv. bhartsana b.+ 
 
 Tlie form bhartsyami av. is certainly a false reading. 
 
 y bharv, 'devour'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] bharvati etc. rv. 
 
 Deriv.: -bharva? rv. bharvara? rv. 
 
 y bhal, 'perceive'. 
 [Pres. etc. bhalate etc.] < 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. bhalayati -te etc. u.c. 
 
 y bhas, 'bark'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] bhasati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. 
 
 [Perf. etc. babhasa ; abhasit ; bhasisyati, bhasita.] 
 
 Verb, bhasitum e. 
 
 Dcr Jxj. ; bhasa vs. bhasaka c. bhasana c -bhas?AB. 
 
 m • • • • 
 
 y bhas, 'devour'. 
 Pres. [3.] babhasti bapsati etc. v.b. Cbabhasat rv., babdham c'.) — 
 
 [1 ?] bhasat bhasathas rv. 
 Verb, bhasita c. 
 
 i>eriv. ; bhas c. bhastra?B. + -psu rv. babhaea u. 
 
 -bhasa ? e. bhasman v. + 
 Compare the derived root psa. The nouns bhasad v.b.s., bhdnsas v. 
 hardly belong here. 
 
bha] Roois, Verb-forms, 110 
 
 y bha, 'shine'. 
 Pres. [2.] bliati etc. v. + 
 Perf. babhau etc. e. + 
 [ylor. bhayat, abhasit.] 
 Fut. 1. bhasyati b.+ [ — 2. bhata.] 
 Verb, bhata u. + 
 [Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhayate. — Int. babha-. — Desid. bibhasa-. — Caus. 
 
 bhapaya-, abibhapat.] 
 Deriv. : bha v, + bhaua e. + bhanu v. + -bha van -vari v. + 
 
 bha s. + bhati c. bhama v. bhas v. + 
 
 Compare roots bhan and bhas. 
 
 y bham, 'be angry'. 
 
 [Pres. etc. bhamate; babhame; abhamista; bhamisyate, bhamita.] 
 
 Yerh. bhamita rv.ts. 
 
 [Sec. Conj.: Int. babhamya-. — Caus. bhamaya-.] 
 
 Deriv. bhama v.b. 
 
 In reality, the solitary form bhamita is doubtless gwusi-pple from 
 bhama {y bha). 
 
 y bhas, 'speak'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] bhasate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. babhase etc. b. + 
 
 Aor. [1. abhasi. — 3. ababhasat, abibhasat. — ] 5. abhasisi c. 
 
 Fut. 1. bhasisyate c. [ — 2. bhasita.] 
 
 Verb, bhasita e. + ; bhasitumu.+, bhastum e. ; bhasitvaE. ; -bhasyaE.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, bhasyate etc. e.+ — [Int. babhas-. — Desid, bibhasisa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. bhasayati etc e.+. -te etc. b.e. 
 -Deri u. ; -bhas AB. bhasaka c. bhasanaE.+ bhasita vy a e. 
 
 -bhasaE.H- bhasin e. -bhasaniya c. bhasitrB.+ 
 
 bhasa s. + bhasya s. + 
 
 Related with roots bha, bhas, bhan. 
 
 y bhas, 'shine". 
 
 Pres. [1.] bhasati etc. av. +, -te etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. babhase etc. e. + 
 
 [Aor. etc. ababhasat abibhasat, abhasista ; bhasisyate, bhasita.] 
 
 Verb, bhasita c. 
 
 See. Conj. : [Int. babhas-. — Desid. bibhasisa-. — ] Caus. bhasayati etc. 
 
 V. +, -te E. (bhasyate c) 
 X)erji;.; bhas B.+ bhasaka c. -bhasanaE. + bhasura e. 
 
 bhasa b. + bhasin e. + bhasas rv. bhasvara b. + 
 
 bhasya c. 
 
 Doubtless a secondary root-form from y bha, perhaps through the noun 
 bhas. Compare also y bhas. 
 
Ill 
 
 A.ND PkIMARY DeKIVATIVES. 
 
 [bhi 
 
 y bhik?, 'beg'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] bhiksate etc. \.+, -ti etc, e. 
 
 Perf. bibhikse b.u. 
 
 [Aor. abhiksista.] 
 
 Fut. 1. bbiisisye e. [ — 2. bhiksita.] 
 
 Terb. bhiksita e. + : bhiksittim e. : bhiksitva c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, bhiksayati c. 
 
 Beriv. : bhiksa v. + bhiksana s. + bhiksitavya on. bhiksu c. 
 
 bhiksin e. bhiksuka s. + 
 
 A desiderative formation from y bhaj. 
 
 y bhid, 'split'. 
 
 Pres. [".] bhinatti bhindanti etc. v.+. bhintte c. bhindana ev. 
 
 Perf. bibheda bibhidus v. +, bibhide c. 
 
 Aor. 1. abhedam -et etc. bv. (^bhet bhedati bhidant ev.. bhidyusv ms.); 
 
 abhedi b.e. — 2. [abhidat] bhideyam av. [ — 3. abibidhat.] — 4. 
 
 [abhaitsit,] bhitthas ts. [bhitsista.J 
 Fut. 1 . bhetsyati etc. s. +, -ate etc. k. + (_abhetsyat u.) [ — 2. bhetta.] 
 Verb, bhinnav. + ; bhettuinE. + , bhettavai b.s. -, bh.ittvav. + : -bhid- 
 
 ya V. + 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, bhidyate etc. b. +, -ti etc. e. [ — Int. bebhid-.] — Desid. 
 
 bibhitsati etc. rv.e. — Caus. bhedayati etc. e.+, -te e. (^bibhedayisa- 
 
 in cL). bhidapaya- [in d.). 
 
 Derh 
 
 bhid V.+ 
 -bhida e. + 
 bhida c. 
 bhidya v. + 
 bheda v.+ 
 
 bhedaka s. + 
 bhedin b.+ 
 bhedya e.+ 
 bhedana s. + 
 bhedaniya e. 
 
 bhindii v.b. 
 bhidura c 
 bhitta? c. 
 bhitti B. + 
 bhettavya e. 
 
 bhettr v. + 
 bibhitsa e. + 
 bibhitsu e. + 
 bibhedayisu e. 
 bhidapana c. 
 
 y bhisaj, 'heal'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] bhisakti ev. — [7 ?] abhisnak ev. 
 Beriv.: bhisaj v.+ bhesaja v.+ 
 
 The use of bhisaj as a verbal root in rv. is very abnormal. The denomi- 
 native bhisajyati etc. v.b., from the noun bhisaj, is qnite common. 
 
 y bhi, bhis, 'fear'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] bibheti bibhyati etc. v.+ ([bibhitas etc.] bibhiyat c") — 
 
 [1.] bibhyati -yanti etc. e.+ — bhayate etc. v. 
 Perf. bibhaya bibhyus etc. v. + (^bibhaya ^b.aa.), bibhye e. — bibhayam 
 
 eakara b. 
 Aor. 1. bhes b.s.. bhemaRv., bhiyana rv. [abhayi.] — '-i- bibhayat 
 
 abibhayanta ev. — 4. abhaisit etc. v. + (bhais v.. + ) 
 Fut. 1 . abhesyat cb. [ — 2. bheta.] 
 
bhi] 
 
 Roots, Verb-fokms, 
 
 112 
 
 Verb, bhita v. + ; bhetum e. ; -bhiya c. ; bbiyase rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: [Pass, bhiyate. — Int. bebhi-. — Desid. bibhisa-. — ] Caus. 
 bhayayati etc. c. (-bhayya b.); bhisayate etc. b. + , -ti etc. e. + 
 (bibhisas ts. , -sathas rv. ; bhisayant c) 
 Deri V. : bhi V.+ bhiyasana av. bheya e. bhisaE. + 
 
 bhaya v. + bhiti c. bhiru v. + bhisaka e. + 
 
 bhayya B. bhetavyaE.+ -bhila e. bhisanav.+ 
 
 bhiyas V. bliiinav.+ bhls v.b.u. bhisma b.+ 
 
 The 'causative' stem is, of course, a denominative from a derivative noun. 
 Compare ]/ bhyas. 
 
 y 1 bhuj, bend'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] bhujati etc. v.+ 
 
 Perf. [bubhoja] abubhojis rv. 
 
 [AoT. etc. abhaviksit ; bhoksyati, bhokta.] 
 
 Verb, bhugna s. + ; -bhujya s.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, bhvijyate c. 
 
 Deriv.: -bhuj av. bhoga v.+ bhuji rv. 
 
 bhuj a E. + bhujman ? rv. 
 
 bhujyu v.b. 
 
 y 2 bhuj, 'enjoy'. 
 
 Pres. [7.] bhunkte bhunjate etc. v.+ (-jate rv.), bhunakti bhunjanti 
 etc. V.+ [bhunjiyat etc. s.+, bhunjitam e.)' — [1 ?] bhunjati etc. u.+, 
 -te etc. E. 
 Per/", bubhuje etc. v. + (-jmahe -jrire bv.), bubhujus e. + 
 Aor. 1. bhojam, bhojate rv. [bhujyat; abhoji.] — 2. bhujema rv. — 
 [3. abiibhujat, -jata. — 4. abhauksit, abhukta. — ] 6v bhuksi- 
 siya B.s. 
 Put. 1. bhoksyate etc. s. +, -ti etc. e. + • — 2. bhokta r. 
 Fer&. bhukta e. + ; bhoktumE. + ; bhuktvas. +, bhunktvac. ; bhojase 
 
 BV. ; bhiijam bhuje rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhujyate etc. b. +, -ti m.v — Int. bobhujiti c, -jyate 
 c. — Desid. bubhuksate etc. e. +, -ti e. — Caus. bhojayati etc. av.+, 
 -te c. ; bhunjapayati c 
 Deriv. : 
 bhuj V.+ 
 -bhoj- RV. 
 bhoja V. + 
 bhojaka e.+ 
 bhojin S.+ 
 bhojya v. + 
 
 bhoga V.+ 
 bhogin B. + 
 bhogya av. + 
 bhojana v. + 
 bhojaniya b. + 
 bhojas V. 
 
 bhuji RV. 
 -bhogi RV. 
 -bhogaya ev. 
 bhukti S.+ 
 bhoktavya s.+ 
 bhoktr U.+ 
 
 bhujisya av.+ 
 -bhujistha? av. 
 bubhuksa e. + 
 bubhuksu c. 
 bhojayitavya e.+ 
 bhojayitr c. 
 
 The word bhuaksita R^ is perhaps an irregular formation from this root. 
 
113 
 
 AKD Primary Derivatives. 
 
 [bhu? 
 
 y bhur, 'quiver'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] bhurantu -ranta -ramana rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. jarbhuriti -rat -rana ev. 
 
 Deriv. : bhurana v. bhurvani rv. bhurni v. bhurij .' v. + 
 
 Doubtless a specialized root-form from ]/ bhr ; all the forms and deriva- 
 tives such as might come from y bhr : cf. y tr. 
 
 y bhuraj. 
 
 The single form bhurajanta rv'. is regarded as coming from y bhrjj 
 'roast'. 
 
 y bhu, 'be'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] bhavati etc, v.+, -te etc. b.+ 
 
 Perf. babhuva etc. v.+ (babhdtlia -uvitha v.b. ; babhuyas -yat ba- 
 
 bhiitu RV.) 
 Aor. 1. abhut -uvan etc. v.+ (bhtiyasara -sma etc. v.+, -yama v.b.u. ; 
 
 bodbi V.B., bhutu etc. v.); abhavi c. — 2? abhuvat etc. v. (bhiivat 
 
 etc. V.B., bhuvani rv.) — 3. abiibhuvas av. [abibhavat.] — 5. bha- 
 
 visat? AB. [abha vista, bhavisista.] 
 Put. 1. bhavisyati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ (abhavisyat etc. v.+, bhavisya- 
 
 dhvam e.) — 2. bhavita b.u.e. 
 Verb, bhiita v. + ; bhavitum b.+, -tosB. ; bhutvav.+, -tvi rv. ; -bhdya v.+ ; 
 
 bhuve -bhuve v., -bhve rv. ; bhusaniRv. ; -bhuyamB., -bhavamcB. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhuyate etc. e.+, -ti u. — Jnt. bobhaviti etc. v. + — 
 
 Desid. bubhiisati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ — Caus. bhavayati etc. av. +, 
 
 -te c. (bhavitum a. ; bhavyate etc. e. +, bibhavayisati b.) 
 Deriv. : 
 
 bhu v.+ 
 -bhu V. + 
 -bhva V. 
 bhiiva B. + 
 bhava v. + 
 bhava av.+ 
 bhavaka c. 
 -bhavin c. 
 bhavya v. + 
 -bhvan v. 
 bhavana e. + 
 bhavaniya c. 
 
 bhiivana v.+ 
 -bhavas b. 
 bhuvas B. + 
 bhiiti V. + 
 bhuti RV. 
 bhavitva rv. 
 bhavitavya b.+ 
 bhavitr e. + 
 bhavitra V. 
 bhuman v.s. 
 bhuman v. + 
 bhumi V. + 
 
 bhuyas v. + 
 bhaviyas rv. 
 bhuyistha v. + 
 -bhavistha rv. 
 bhtiri V. + 
 -bhtivari v.b. 
 bhusnu B. + 
 bhavisnu b.+ 
 -bhuya av. + 
 bhava u.s. + 
 bhavaka e. + 
 bhavin e. + 
 
 bhavya v. + 
 bhavana e. + 
 bhavaniya e.+ 
 bhavuka b.+ 
 bubhiisa b.+ 
 bubhtisaka e. 
 bubhiisitavya jb. 
 bubhusu s. + 
 bhavayitavya b.+ 
 bhavayitr b. + 
 bhavajni rv. 
 
 ]/ bhus, 'attend upon, adorn'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] bhusati etc. v.bI. 
 
 [Per/-, etc. bubhusa; abubhusat, abhusit; bhiisisyati, bhusita.] 
 
 Whitney, Supplement II. 8 
 
bhu?] 
 
 Roots, VERB-roRMS, 
 
 114 
 
 See. Conj. : Caua. bhusayati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. + 
 
 JDcTO. ; bhusa E.+ bhusanaE. + -bhusenya uv. bhusayitavya e. + 
 bhusya c. bhusitavya jb. 
 
 A secondary root-form, from y bhu. The Vedic forms are divided \)y BR. 
 between two roots : 1 bhtis, 'te, move' etc., 2 bhus, 'attend upon' etc. 
 
 y bhr, 'bear . 
 
 Pres. [3.] bibharti bibhrati etc. v.b.. bibharti etc. ev'.+, bibhrsva bi- 
 bhrana c. — [1.] bibhramana rv'. — bharati -te etc. v.+ — [2.] 
 bharti ev-. 
 Perf. babhara etc. b. + (babhrima c), babhre -rana rv. ; jabhara etc. 
 V.B., -bhre etc. v. (jabhartha -bharat ajabhartana nv.) — bibharam 
 babhuva c. 
 Aor. 1. bhartam bhrtara b., abhrta c. ; bhriyasam -yat b. ; abhari 
 V.B. — 3. bibharas e. — 4. abhai'sit etc. v.b. (abhar v.b. ; abharisam 
 Av. ; bharsat b,v.} 
 Fat. 1. bharisyati etc. v.+ (abharisyat rv.) — 2. bharta ce. 
 Verb, bhrta v. + ; bhartum v. +, -tave v., -tavai v.; -bhrtya v, + ; bhara- 
 
 dhyai rt. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhriyate etc. v. +, -ti e. — Int. jarbhrtas rv., bhari- 
 bhrati etc. rv., baribharti c. — Desid. bubhursati etc. b.+ [bibhar- 
 isa-.j — Caus. bharayati e. 
 Deriv. : -bhra ? v. + bhartr v. + 
 bhara v. + bhratr '.•' v. + 
 
 -bhalav av.s. bharitra ev. 
 bharana v. + -bharnas ev. 
 bharaniya e.+ bharman rv.c. 
 bharas v.b. bhariman rv. 
 -bhari rv.c. bharman rv. 
 bharu c. bharisa ? rv. 
 
 bharata v. + bhrtina v. + 
 bhartavya v. + 
 
 bhara v.+ 
 bharin b.+ 
 bharya av. + 
 -bhrt v.+ 
 bhrti V. + 
 bhrti cb'. 
 
 -bhrtra ev. 
 -bhrtvan v. 
 bhrtha v. + 
 -babhra b. 
 babhri v. 
 jar bhari rv. 
 
 bhrtya gdve. b. + bambhari? b. 
 bhrtya n. av. bubhiirsa s. 
 bhrtya v. bubhursu c. 
 
 bhrtenya? av. 
 
 y bhrjj, 'roast'. 
 
 Pres. [0.] bhrjjati etc. v. + [-te.J — [4.] bhrjyeyus? b. 
 
 [Perf. etc. babharjja -je, babhrajja -je; ababharjjat ababhrajjat, 
 
 abhraksit abharksit, abhrasta abharsta ; bhraksyati -te, bhark- 
 
 syati -te, bhrasta bharsta.J 
 Verb, bhrsta s. + ; bhrstva c. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhrjjyate c, -ti e. — [Jnt. baribhrjjya-. — Desid. bi- 
 
 bhraksa- bibharksa, bibhrajjisa- bibharjjisa-. — ] Caws, [bhrajja- 
 
 yati;] bharjjayati etc. c. 
 Derjv. .• bharjjana S.+ bhrjj ana b. bhrastra b. bhrastra c. 
 
115 AND Primary Derivatives. [bhraj 
 
 y bhyas, 'fear' . 
 Pres. [1.] abhyasetam rv., bhyasat sv. 
 [Perf. etc. babhyase; abibhyasat, abhyasiata; bhyasisyati, bhyasita; 
 
 babhyas-, bibhyasisa-, bhyasaya-.J 
 Deriv. -bhyasa av. 
 
 A derivative root-form, from y bhl (througli bhiyas?). 
 
 y bhran9, bhrae, 'fall'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] bhran9ate etc. b.+, -ti avI.? — [4. J bhra9yate etc. s.+. -ti etc. e.+ 
 
 [Perf. babhran9a -a9us, babhran9e.] 
 
 Aor. 2. bhra9at v.b. [ — 3. ababhrari9at. — 5. abhran9ista.J 
 
 [Fut. bhran9isyati -te, bhran9ita.] 
 
 Verb, bhrasta av. +, -bhrsta v. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. babh.ra9ya-, banibhra9ya-, banibhrari9-. — De^id. bi- 
 
 bhrafi9i3a-. — ] Caus. bbran9ayati etc. e.+ (^bliran9yate etc. s. +); 
 
 bhra9ayan ev. 
 Der ju. ; bhran9a B. + bhran9ana av.+ -bhran9uka b. bhra9ya av. 
 bhrah9in b. + bhran9ath.u c 
 
 y bhram, 'wander'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] bhramati etc, cb'. ? e. +, -te etc. e. + — [4.] bhramyati etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. babhrama babhramvis etc. e. +, bhrematus -nius c 
 
 Aor. 1. bhramyat s. ; abhrami e. — .3. abibhraraat e. [ — 5. abhramit.] 
 
 Fut. 1. bhramisyati c. [ — 2. bhramita.] 
 
 Verb, bhramta e.+ ; bhramitum c bhram turn c. : bhramitvaE., bbram- 
 
 tva c. ; -bhramya c, -bhramya c. ; -bhramam c. 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. bambhramiti e(c. c, -myate etc. c. [ — Desid. bibhram- 
 isa-.] — Caus. bhramayati etc. e.+, -te c. (bhramyate v.+); bhram- 
 ayati etc. s.+ (bhramyate c.) 
 Deriv. : bhrma v. bhrama v. + bhrami c. bhramaka c. 
 
 bhrmi bv. -bhramin c. bhramti c. bhramin c. 
 
 bhrmi rv. bhramana e.+ bhrama c. bhramana c. 
 
 bhrnga? av.+ bhramanlya c. 
 
 y bhraj, 'shine', 
 
 Pres. [1.] bhrajate etc. v.+, -ti etc. v. + 
 
 Perf. babhraja -ajatus e.+ [babhraje, bhreje.jj 
 
 Aor. 1. abhrat bv. ; bhrajyasam av. ; abhraji bv. — [3. ababhrajat, 
 
 abibhrajat. — 5. abhrajista.] 
 Fut. 1. bhrajisyate e. [ — 2. bhrajita.] 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. babhraj-. — Desid. bibhrajisa-. — ] Caus. bhrajayati 
 
 etc. E. + 
 
 8* 
 
bhraj] 
 
 Roots, Vekb-fokms, 
 
 116 
 
 Deriv. : bhraj v. + 
 -bhraj ? v. 
 bharga b. + 
 bhraja v. + 
 
 bhraj aka c. 
 bhraj in c. 
 bhraj ana c. 
 bhraj as v.b.s. 
 
 bhrajas? av.b. 
 bhargas v. + 
 bhraji ms. 
 bhrajis- b.e. 
 bhrgu? V.+ 
 
 -bhrasti rv. 
 bhrsti? V.B.S. 
 bhrajistha is.c. 
 bhraj isnu e. + 
 
 y bhri, consume'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] bhrinanti rv'. 
 
 [Per/', etc. bibhraya; abhraisit; bhresyati, bhreta; bebhri-, bibhrisa-, 
 bhrayaya-.] 
 
 y bhres, 'totter'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] bhresati b., -te rv. 
 [Perf. etc. bibhresa -se etc. etc.] 
 Deriv. bhresa b. + 
 
 Doubtless related with y bhranij. 
 
 y manh, mah, 'be great, be liberal, bestow'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] manhate etc. v.b. — mahe rv.m., -heta -hema rv. 
 
 Perf. mamahe -hana v.b. (mamahanta etc. mamahas rv.) [mamaha, 
 
 mamanhe.] 
 [Aor. etc. amanhista, amahit; manhisyate mahisyati, manhita 
 
 mahita.] 
 Verb, mahita b. + ; mahitva e. ; mahe v.b. ; mahaye rv. 
 Sec. Con). : Caus. manhayam etc. rv. ; mahayati etc. v. +, -te etc. v.b. 
 Deriv. : 
 
 magha v.+ 
 manhana rv. 
 manhaniya c. 
 manhiyas rv. 
 manhistha v.b.s. 
 maksu V rv. 
 mahksu? c. 
 manhayu rv. 
 
 makha? v.+ 
 ma j man? v. 
 mah V.+ 
 maha n. e. + 
 maha v. + 
 maha v. + 
 mahya? e. 
 mahan v. 
 
 mahana c. 
 mahaniya e. 
 mahant v. + 
 mahas v. + 
 mahas v. + 
 mahi v. + 
 mahin rv. 
 mahiman v.+ 
 
 mahman av. 
 mahis- rv. 
 mahisa v. + 
 mahistha c. 
 mahiyas b. + 
 mahayya u. 
 mahayya rv. 
 mahayayya rv. 
 
 Generally divided into two (related) roots, but the forms and meanings are 
 not separable with distinctness. 
 
 y majj, 'sink'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] majjati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ (majjana c.) 
 
 Per/", mamajj a E.+ 
 
 Aor. 1. majjyatcB.; amajji c. [ — 3. amamajjat. — 4. amanksit.] 
 
 5. majjis M. 
 Put. 1. mahksyati etc. b.+, -te b. ; majjisyati e. [ — 2. mankta.] 
 
117 AND Prim AKY Derivatives. [math 
 
 Verb, magna u.s. + ; majjitum e.+ [manktum; manktva, maktva;) 
 
 -majjya av.+ 
 8ec. Conj. : [Jnt. mamankti, mamajjyate. — ] Desid. mimanksa- (^in dX — 
 
 Cans, majjayati etc. e. +. -te etc. e. + 
 Deriv. : majjan? v.+ majjuka c. madgu? b.+ mimanksu c. 
 
 majjana S.+ manktavya c. -majra?Rv. majjayitf >!. 
 
 y mane, 'purify" (?) . 
 
 [Pres. etc. mancate; mamance; amancista; mancisyate, mancita.] 
 Verb, -mancya ci. 
 
 Deriv. : manca? e. + -mancana c. 
 Doubtless artificial. 
 
 y man, 'sound'. 
 
 Assumed for the juosi -pple manita, occurring once or twice in late 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 y mant, ? 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans, mant&yet tbI. 
 Probably a false reading. 
 
 y man4, 'deck*. 
 
 [Pres. etc. mandati -te etc. etc.] 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans, mandayati etc. e. +, -te e. 
 
 Z>eritJ.; manda u. + mandanas. + manditr c. 
 
 • • I • • • • 
 
 y math, manth, 'shake'. 
 
 Pre*. [9.] mathnati etc. v. +, -nite etc. b. (mathnadhvam m.") — [1.] manth- 
 
 ati etc. V.+, -te v.b. ; mathati etc. av.e.+, -te etc. e. + 
 Perf. mamatha av. +, mamathus c, methus methireB.; mamantha 
 
 -nthus E. + 
 Aor. [3. amimathat, amamanthat. — ] 5. mathit etc. v., amathisata jb. ; 
 
 amanthistam rv. 
 Fut. 1. mathisyati -te etc. b. + ; manthisyati b.s. — 2. mathita e. 
 Verb, mathita v. + ; mathitvim e. + , -tos b. , mtothitavai ms. ; math- 
 
 itva B.+ [manthitva]; -mathya b.+, -manthya e.?; -matham c. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, mathyate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e. + — [Int. mamath-, mam- 
 math-, mamanth-. — Desid. mimathisa-, mimanthisa-. — J Cam. 
 mathayati etc. e. ; manthayati etc. s. + ; mathayati c. 
 Deriv. : math v. + mathi ev. -mathin e. + -manthani b.s. 
 
 -matha E.+ -mathi v. mantha v. + manthitavyaMs.s. 
 
 -mathya b. -mathitr s. mantha v. manthitr av.b. 
 
 mathya b.+ mathna ev. manthaka c. manthuv c. 
 mathan c. mathra ev. manthya b.s. manthanaE. + 
 mathana u. + matha b.+ -manthanav.+ manmathaB.+ 
 
raadl 
 
 Roois, Vekb-fokms, 
 
 118 
 
 y mad, mand, 'be exhilarated, exhilarate'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] madati etc. v.b.s.cI., -te etc. av.b. ; mandati -te etc. v.b. — [3.] 
 
 raamatsi etc. (mamattu etc., mamadat etc., amamadus) v. — [4.] 
 
 madyati etc. b.+, -te e. — 2. matsi -sva v. 
 Perf. mamada v.b. (mamadant ? s.); mamanda etc. b,v. (mamandat 
 
 amamandus e,v.) 
 Aor. 1. mandus -dana rv. — 3. amimadat etc. -danta v.b.u. — 4. amat- 
 
 sus RT. , amatta etc. v.b.s. (matsati etc. matsat rv.) — 5. ama- 
 
 disus etc. V. + [madithas m.); araandit etc. raandista etc. (man- 
 
 disimahi) v.b. 
 [Fut. madisyati, mandisyate ; madita, mandita.] 
 Verb, matta av. +, madita (caus.'i) v. + ; maditos b. ; mandadhyai rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, madyamana rv. — [/nf . mamad-. — Desid. mimadisa-. — ] 
 
 Cans, madayati etc. av. +, -te c. ; madayati -te etc. v. + ; mandayati 
 
 etc. RV. (madayadhyai mandayadhyai rv.) 
 
 Deriv. : -mad v.b. 
 mada v.+ 
 madin v.b. 
 madya v. + 
 madana v. + 
 -miaditavya u. 
 madira rv. 
 madra? b. + 
 madvan rv. 
 
 -madvara e. + 
 madistha v.b. 
 m.adisnu b. + 
 matsara v. + 
 matsya ? v. + 
 maderu? rv. 
 -mada v. + 
 madaka c. 
 -miadin e.+ 
 
 -madya v. 
 madana v. + 
 -maduka e. 
 medin? v. + 
 madamada u. 
 madayitr c. 
 m.adayitr c. 
 
 -manda s. 
 mandin rv. 
 mandana v.b. 
 mandi rv. 
 mandara v. + 
 mandii rv. 
 mandra v. + 
 
 madayitnuRv. mandisthaRv. 
 madayisnu v. mandasana v. 
 mandayii rv. 
 Might well enough he divided into two different though related roots, of 
 kindred meaning. BR. refer a few of the forms to a root 2 mad 'delay'. 
 
 y man, 'think', 
 
 Pres. [4.] manyate etc. v.+, -ti etc. v.+ (manyasai? cb.) — [8.] manute 
 etc. V. + (manvate 3:p. rv.) — [3.] mamandhi -nyat amaman rv. 
 
 Perf. mene etc. b. + (mamnathe -ate rv.) 
 
 Aor. 1. amata rv., amanmahi v.b. (manamahe etc. mananta manana 
 RV.) [ — 3. amimanat.] — 4, amansta etc. v. + (mansate etc. v.b.; 
 mansista etc. -sirata v. ; masiya rv. ; mansta av.ta. , -stam ta., 
 mandhvam kb.) [ — 5. amanista.] 
 
 Fut. 1 . mansyate etc. b. + (_-syeran m.), -ti e. ; manisye v.b. [ — 2. manta, 
 manita.] 
 
 Verb, mata v.+ [manita]; mantum e. +, mantave rv., -tavai v.b., -tos 
 B.; matva u.+ [manitvaj; -matya b.+, -manya e.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, manyate c. [ — Int. manman-.] — Desid. mimansate 
 etc. AV. +, -ti etc. b.u. (amimansisthas cb. ; mimansyate av.+) [mi- 
 mansa, mimanisa-.] — Caus. manayati etc. av. +, -te etc. e. + (man- 
 yate E. + ; mimanayisa- in d.) 
 
119 
 
 AND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 [3 mfi 
 
 Deriv.: -mana? ts. 
 mana rv. 
 manas v.+ 
 manisa v. + 
 manu v.^+ 
 manu v. 
 manus v.b. 
 manana rv. 
 manana rv. 
 Compare y mna. 
 
 cated present forms to 
 
 ]/ 2 man Gr.). 
 
 mati V.+ -taati v.b. 
 
 mantu v. mana v. + 
 
 mantavya n.+ -manaka c. 
 manotr uv. manin i . + 
 mantr b. + manya e. + 
 
 mantra v. + manana e. + 
 manman v.b.s. mananiya e. + 
 manyu v. + -manuka b. 
 
 muni? V.+ 
 BR. and Gr. refer, perhaps with 
 another root, meaning 'delay' (y 
 
 y mah, see y manh. 
 
 -manya v.+ 
 -manyaka c. 
 mimansa ii. + 
 mimansaka c. 
 mimansya u.s. + 
 -mimanayisu e. 
 manayitr i;.+ 
 manayitavya e. + 
 
 reason, the redupli- 
 2 mad, mand HIi. ; 
 
 y 1 ma, "'measure'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] mimite mimate etc. v. +, mimimas e., mimiyat elc. mimatu 
 
 mimihi etc. v.(^mimet kb.) — [2.] mati etc. v.+, maava rv.. mimahe 
 
 c. [ — 4. mayate.] 
 Perf. mame mamire etc. v.+, mamau etc. rv.c. 
 Aor. 1. [meyat;] amayi v. + — 4. amasi av. (masatai av.) [masista. — 
 
 .6. amasit.] 
 [Put. masyati -te ; mata.] 
 Verb, mita v. + ; matum b. +, mitum c. ; mitva v. +, mitva s. ; -maya 
 
 V. + ; -me -mai rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, miyate etc. e.+ — [Int. mama-, memiya-. — J Desid. 
 
 mitsati c. — Caus. mapayati -te etc. v.s.+ [amimapat.] 
 Deric. .■ ma V.+ -matavya c. maya v. + -mitsa c. 
 
 mana V.+ matrv. + mayu v. mapaka c. 
 
 mana ? rv. matr ? v. + mas , -mas v. + -mapy a c. 
 
 miti u. + matra v. + meya av. + -mapana e. 
 
 y 2 ma, 'exchange'. 
 
 Pres. mayet >i., may ante rv. 
 
 [Perf. etc. mame; amasta; masyate, mata.] 
 
 Verb, -mitya av. ? [-maya.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, miyate c. [Int. etc. as y 1 ma.] 
 
 Deriv. : -maya s. + -matavya c. 
 
 Doubtless a specialization of ]/lmain connection with certain preposition*. 
 
 y 3 ma, 'bellow'. 
 Pres. [3.] mimati v. (mimeti sv., mimanti rv. ; mimiyat k.) 
 Perf. mimaya v.b. 
 Aor. 3'! amimet v. (mimayat ev.) 
 
3 maj Roots, Vekb-foems, 1^ 
 
 Verb, matavai v. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. memyat rv. 
 
 Deriv. : mayu v.+ mayii? b. ma3nira?v.+ 
 
 Apparently an onomatopoetic root. 
 
 y marg, 'chase'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] margati -te e<c. E.+ 
 [Perf. etc. mamarga ; amargit.] 
 Fut. 1. margisyati e. [ — 2. margita.] 
 Verb, margita e. + ; margitum e. ; margitva e. 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. margayati etc. e. + 
 
 Deriv.: margaE. + margin e. margana e.+ margitavya b. + 
 
 Really a denominative formation from marga 'track'. 
 
 y mi, 'fix'. 
 
 Pres. [5.] minoti etc. v. +, minute s. 
 Per/", mimaya mimyiis ey. [mimye.] 
 [Aor. meyat; amayi; amasit, amasta; masista.] 
 Fut. 1. mesyant? ab. [masyati -te. — 2. mata.] 
 Verb, mita v.b.s.u. ; -mitya av.?ab. [-maya.] 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, miyate etc. v. [ — memi- ; mitsati -te ; mapayati.] 
 Denv.; maya? e. + mit v. -meka?v.B. metr rv. 
 
 -may ana b. miti v. 
 
 Doubtless a form of }/ 1 ma, with which it agrees also in meaning in 
 later Sanskrit. 
 
 y mi, 'damage', see ]/ ml. 
 
 y miks (mi9), 'mix'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] mimiksva rv. — [1.] mfmiksati etc. v.b.s. 
 Perf. mimiksathus etc. -se -sire ev. 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. meksayati b.s. 
 
 Deriv. : mi9ra v. + -miqla v.b. -miksa v.b.s. meksana b.s. 
 
 mimiksu rv. 
 Seems a desiderative formation to a simpler ]/ mi^ ; referred hy the gram- 
 marians (and Gr.) to y mih. 
 
 y migh, see y mih. 
 
 y mith, 'alternate, altercate' . 
 
 Pres. [1.] methati etc. v.b.s., methete rv. — [6?] mithati rv. 
 Perf. mimetha rv. 
 Verb, mithita rv. ; mithitva c. 
 
 Deriv. : mithati rv. mithu v.b. mithus b. -methaka 9B. 
 
 mithas v. + mithuna v. + mithya b. + -methana s. 
 
121 
 
 AND Pbimaky Derivatives. 
 
 [ml 
 
 y mid, mind, see y med. 
 
 y mil, 'combine'. 
 Pre*. [6.] milati etc. c. 
 Perf. mimiluB c. 
 [Aor. amelit, amelista.] 
 Fut. 1. milisyati b.+ 
 Verb. milita c. ; militva c. ; -milya c. 
 See. Con). : Cans, melayati etc. c. ; melapaya- (m d.). 
 Deriv. : milana c. mela c. melana c. 
 
 melaka c. 
 
 melapaka c. 
 melapana? c 
 
 y mis, 'wink" . 
 
 Pres. [6.] misati etc. v.+, -te e. 
 Perf. mimesa c. 
 
 Aor. 3. amimisat u. [ — 5. amesit.] 
 Fut. 1. [mesisyati] (misyanti? e.) [ — 2. mesita.] 
 Verb, misita c. ; -misya c. ; -misas ev. ; -mesam e. 
 Deriv. ; -mis v. + -mesa v. + -mesana c. 
 
 misa V.+ 
 
 -memisa b. 
 
 y mih, ^mingere' , 
 
 Pres. [1.] mehati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ — meghamana ev2. 
 
 [Perf. mimeha.] 
 
 Aor. [3. amimihat. — ] 7. amiksat cb. 
 
 Fut. 1. meksyati etc. av.b.s. [ — 2. medha.] 
 
 Verb, midha v. + ; mihe ev. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. memihat cb. — [Desid. mimiksa-, see y miks. — ] Caus. 
 
 mehayati etc. ev.c. 
 Deriv. : mih ev. meha b. + 
 
 -mihya cb. -mehin c. 
 
 megha v.+ mehana ev. 
 
 mehana v.+ 
 -mehaniya s. 
 mehatnu ev. 
 
 medhra av. + 
 mendhra? c. 
 midha": 
 
 V. + 
 
 midhvanavv.+ 
 
 Compare y miks. 
 
 y mi, mi, 'damage'. 
 Pres. [9.] minati etc. v.b., aminanta minana ev. (minat -nan ev., minit 
 
 AV.) ; minati cb. [minite.] — [5.] minoti etc. ev'.cI. — [3.] mimitas? 
 
 Rv., -iyat? V.B. — [4.] miyate etc. ev.b.+ 
 Perf. mimaya etc. ev., mimye c. (mimaya av.) [mamau, mame.] 
 Aor. 1. [miyat;] amajdB. — 4. [amasta, masista;] mesta etc. av.b.s. [— 
 
 6. amasit.] 
 Fut. 1 . mesyase pb. [masyati, -te. — 2. mata.] 
 Verb, mita v. + ; metos b.; [mitva; -miya, -maya;] -miyam -miye bv. 
 
ml] 
 
 Roots, Verb-forms, 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, miyate etc, cb.ms. — Int. memyana ev. [- 
 — Cans, mapayati etc. e. + [amimapat.] 
 
 Deriv. : -mi- ? ev. 
 -mi Rv. 
 -may a b. + 
 
 -miya b. 
 -mayu av. 
 
 -mayu b. 
 mayuka av.b. 
 -miti c. 
 
 122 
 
 - Desid. mitsa-.] 
 
 -matavya e. 
 -mapana e. + 
 -mapayitr c. 
 
 y mil, "wink". 
 
 Pres. [1.] milati etc. b.+. -te s. 
 
 Perf. mim.ila c. 
 
 Aor. 3. amimilat c. [amimilat. — 5. amilit.] 
 
 [Fut. m.ilisyati, milita.] 
 
 Verb, milita b. + ; -milya v.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, milyate c. — [Int. memil-. — Desid. mimilisa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. milayati b.+. -te e. 
 Deriv. : -mila s. + milaka c. -milinlAv.c. milana e. + 
 
 y miv, m.u, 'push'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] mivati etc. av.b. 
 
 Verb, mivita b.. -muta v.s, ; -mivya b. 
 
 Deriv.: -muv c'. mura ev'. -mavisnu"? ev'. 
 
 -mota? Av'. 
 
 ]/ mue, racks, 'release'. 
 Pres. [6.] muncati etc. v. +. -te etc. v.+ ; m.ucanti etc. mucasva etc. (aor. 2?) 
 
 KV.TA. 
 
 Perf. mumoca mumuce etc. v. + (mumoktu etc. v.b., miunocat etc. mu- 
 
 mocati mumucas amum.uktam. ev.) 
 Aor. 1. amok av. (^mogdhi ta.); mucista ev. ; amoei v.+ — 2. araucat 
 
 etc. V. — 3. amiumueat c. — 4. amatik etc. b. (moksis c), amuksi 
 
 etc. V. ; muksiya v.b. 
 Fut. i. m.oksyati -te etc. p.+ [ — 2. mokta.] 
 
 Verb, mukta av. + ; moktum, b. + ; m.Tiktva b. + ; -m^ucya v. + ; mokam b. 
 -Sec. Conj.: Pass, mueyate etc. av. +, miicyase etc. v., -ti etc. u.e. + — [Int. 
 
 momuc-. — 1 Desid. raumuksati -te e^c. v. + ; moksate e^c. b. + — 
 
 Caus. moeayati -te etc. e.+ [moeyate c. ; mum.ocayisa- c.) 
 
 Deriv. . 
 
 -muc V.+ 
 -muci AV. 
 -muca E. + 
 
 moeya e.+ 
 mocana v.+ 
 mocaniya b. + 
 
 mumucu e. + 
 mumuksa e.+ 
 mumuksu v. + 
 raocayitr c. 
 mocayitavya c. 
 mumoeayisu e. 
 moksayitavya c. 
 moksaniya e. moksayitr e. 
 
 munioksayisu e. 
 The desiderative formation moks has nearly the same right to be treated 
 as a separate root that y bhaks has. 
 
 moka, -ki v. + -m.iici b. 
 -mokya av. -mucu e. + 
 mukti AV. + 
 
 moca E.+ 
 raoeaka c. 
 -m.oein c. 
 
 mucyu GB. 
 -muksa ms. 
 moksa b. + 
 m.oksaka e. + 
 moksin e.+ 
 moksya c. 
 
 moktavya e. + moksana e. + 
 moktr B.+ 
 
 I 
 
 
123 
 
 AND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 (mtl 
 
 y mut, 'break'. 
 Pres. [1.] motate c'. 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. motayati c'. 
 Deriv. : motaka c. -motin c. motana c. 
 
 y mud, 'be merry'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] modate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ 
 
 Perf. mumoda v.+, mumude etc. e.+ 
 
 Aor. 1. mudimahi rv. — [3. amumudat. — ] 5. modisisthas av. 
 
 Put. 1. raodisye e. [ — 2. modita.] 
 
 Verb, mudita e. + ; -modam c. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. momud-. — Desid. mumudisa-, mumodisa-. — J ( 'aus. 
 
 modayati -te etc. k.+ (mumodayisati 91$.) 
 Deriv.: mud v.+ modav. + modanaE. + mudra v. 
 
 -mudaAV. + raodakaE. + modaniya u. + mudirav c. 
 
 mudaE.+ raodinAv.+ -niudvinv c. 
 
 y mus, 'steal'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] musnati etc. v. + (musana c.) — [1.] mosatha rvI. — [6.] mus- 
 
 ati etc. E. 
 Perf. mumosa c. 
 
 Aor. 1. amosi c. — [3. amumusat. — ] 5. mosis amosisus v.u. 
 \Fut. mosisyati, mosita.] 
 
 Verb, musita v.+, musta c. ; musitva 0. ; -musya v. + ; muse kv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, musyate etc. c. -yant e. [ — Int. momus-. — Desid. mu- 
 
 musisa-.] — Caus. [mosaya- ;] musayant ? c. 
 
 Deriv. : -raus v. + 
 mus Rv. 
 rausa e. + 
 
 musaka c. 
 -musi B. 
 musivan rv. 
 
 musti '? V. + 
 mosa 13. + 
 -mosaka e. 
 
 -mosm B. + 
 mosya c. 
 mosana s.c. 
 
 ] muh, 'be crazed'. 
 
 < Pres. [4.] miihyati etc. v.+, -te etc. u.+ 
 Perf. mumoha etc. b. +, mumuhe e. 
 Aor. 2. amuhat etc. b. — 3. amumuhat etc. av.b. 
 Fut. 1. mohisyati b. [moksyati. — 2. mohita, mogdha, modha.] 
 Verb, mugdha v.+, mudha av.s.u. + ; muhe rv. ; -moham i;. 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. momuhat s. , momuhyate v. — [Desid. mumohisa-, 
 mumuhisa-, mumuksa-. — 1 Caus. mohayati etc.v. + . -te etc. e.+ 
 
 • ' • -J 
 
 (mohyate c.) 
 
 Deriv. .• -muh AV.B. mudha? e.+ -mohaka e. mohuka h. 
 
 miihu v.b. mogha v.b. mohinE.+ momugha n. 
 
 muhus V.+ m6haAV.+ mohana e.+ mohayitr e. 
 
 y mu, see y miv. 
 
 V' OF THF '^ ^ 
 
 UNIVERSITY J 
 
murch] 
 
 Roots, Vebb-forms, 
 
 'thicken' . 
 
 124 
 
 y murch, mur, 
 
 Pres. [1.] murchati etc. ay. + 
 Perf. mumurcha e. + 
 
 [Aor. etc. amtirchit ; murchisyati, murchita.] 
 Verb, murchita e.+, murta b.+ [murtva.] 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. murchayati b. +, -te e. 
 Derjv.; mura? v.B. murkhaB.+ inurchaE.+ 
 
 murti B.+ 
 
 1^ 
 
 murchana b.+ 
 
 B.C. 
 
 [— 4. mr- 
 
 y 1 mp, 'die'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] maranti etc. marate etc. rv. (mara c'.) 
 Perf. mamara mamrus etc. v.+, mamre etc. c. 
 Aor. 1. amrta etc. T.B.s. ; muriya v. — 3. amimarat etc. 
 sista.] 
 
 • • • J 
 
 Fut. 1. marisyati etc. av.+, -te e. [— 2. marta.] 
 
 Verb, mrta v. + ; martum e. +, -tave avp. ; mrtva b. + ; -maram e. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, mriyate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ — Int. marimarti c. [mar- 
 mr-, memriya-.] — Desid. mumursati etc. s.+ — Caus. marayati 
 etc. AV.+, -te E. (maryate etc. e. + ; mimarajdsa- in d.) 
 
 Deriv. : 
 
 mara v. + 
 maraka c. 
 marana b.+ 
 maru? b.+ 
 -m.ura? a v. 
 
 marayu v.b. 
 marta, -tya v. + 
 mrti c. 
 
 martavya e. + 
 mrtyu v. + 
 
 marman? v.+ 
 mara v.+ 
 maraka c. 
 marin b. + 
 marana b.+ 
 
 maruka b.s. 
 -mamri ay. 
 murmur a? b.+ 
 mumursa e.+ 
 m.umursu b.+ 
 mimarayisu c. 
 
 The following root is doubtless the same with this. 
 
 y 2 mr, mrn, 'crush'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] mrnihi etc. v. — [6.] mrnati etc. v.b. 
 Perf. mumurat? ey. 
 
 Aor. 1. mrnyus k. — 3. amimrnan ay. [ — 5. amarit.] 
 Verb, miirna ay.b. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, muryate cb. 
 
 Deriv.: mur ry. mura? e.+ -miaritr rv. 
 
 -muri Ev. -mrna y.b. 
 
 Hardly to be separated from the preceding. 
 
 mallmluv b. 
 
 y mrks, 'stroke'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] mrksa ry. — [1.] mraksanti c. 
 Perf. mimrksus ry. 
 
 Sec, Conj.: Caus. mraksaya- c, mrksayati e. 
 Deriv. : mrksa ry. mrksin rv. -mraksa ev. 
 
 Doubtless a secondary root-form from y m.rj. 
 
 mraksana c. 
 
125 AND Primary Derivatives. [niy^ 
 
 ]/ mrc, 'injure'. 
 Pres. [4.] mreyati? jb. 
 Aor. 4. mrksista by. 
 Verb, mrkta rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. marcayati etc. v.b.s. 
 Deriv.: mfc Rv. marka rv. marka b.s. mrcaya ab. 
 
 y mrch, 'perish'. 
 Pres. mrchante u. 
 
 Very likely a false reading; if not, a secondary root-from \/ 1 mr. 
 
 y mrj, 'wipe'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] marsti mrjanti [marjanti] etc. v.+ , mrste mrjate etc. v.+ 
 
 (marjita s.) — [7.] mrnjata (3p.) rv., mrnajani gb., mrnjyat cb. — 
 
 [1.] marjati -te etc. e.+ — [6.] mrjati -te etc. av'.s.c. 
 Perf. mamarja mamrjus etc. v. + (mamarjusE., mamrjus rv.), mamrje 
 
 Av. (^mamrje -jita rv.) 
 Aor. [1. ainarji. — ] '6. amimrjanta b. [amamarjat.] — 4. amarksit etc. 
 
 B. — 5. amarjit etc. b. — 7. amrksat etc. v.-b.s., amrksata etc. rv.e. 
 Fut. 1. mraksyate b. , marksyate b.s. [marjisyati.] — 2. mrasta jb. 
 
 [marsta, raarjita.] 
 Verb, mrsta v.+, mrjita c, marjita (caus.'i) s. + ; marstum c, marstum 
 
 c, marjitum e. + ; mrstva av., marjitva b. ; -mrjya av. +, -marjya 
 
 c. ; -mrj as b. 
 Sec. Covj.: Pass, mrjyate etc. v. + — Int. marmrjma -janta etc. rv., 
 
 -jyate etc. v.b.s. (^marmrjana rv.), marlmrjyate b. [ — Desid. mi- 
 
 marjisa-, mimrksa-.] — Caus. marjayati -te etc. v. ; marjayati -te 
 
 etc. B.+ (marjyate c). 
 Deriv. : 
 -rarja c. -marjakaE.+ marjara e.+ marstavya c. 
 
 mrjaE.+ marjana v.+ marjalya rv. -mrgra rv. 
 
 marjya RV. -marjaniya k. mfstiB.+ -mrgvan av. 
 
 -margaAv. + -marguka b. marsti c. marmrjenya rv. 
 
 Compare y mrks. 
 
 y mrd, 'be gracious'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] mrdati etc. v.b.s., -ase b. [ — 9. mrdnati.J 
 
 Perf. [mamarda] (mamrdyus rv.) 
 
 [Aor. etc. amimrdat amamardat, amardit; mardisyati, mardita.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. marimrd-. — DesW. mimardisa-. — ] Caus. mrdayati 
 
 etc. v.b.c, -te c. 
 Deriv. : mrda b. + mrdika v. + marditr rv. -mrdaya b. 
 
 • * • • • • , 
 
 mrdana c, mrditr av. mrdayaku rv. 
 
mrn; Roots, Veeb-forms, 126 
 
 i 
 
 y mrn, see y 2 mr. M i 
 
 y mrd, mrad, 'rub, crush'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] mrdnati etc. s. + , mrdnita s. — [1.] mardati -te etc. e. + — 
 
 mrada nv., -date us. 
 Perf. manaarda mamrdus e. + (mamardus m.), mamrde e. 
 Aor. 1. mrdyasam b.s. — 3. amimrdat e. [amamardat. — 5. amardit.j 
 Fut. 1 . mradisyati mardisyate jb. 
 Verb, mrdita av. ; marditum e. +, -tosB. ; mrditva t, ; -mfdya b. + : 
 
 -mrade b. ; -mardam. c. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, mrdyate etc. b.+ — Int. marmarttu rv. [marimrd-.] — 
 Desid. mimardisati e. — Caws, mardayati etc. e.+, -te e. (mardyate 
 c. ; raimardayisa- in d.) ; mradayati ts. 
 Deriv. : 
 mrd V.+ mardinE.+ mrttikaB.+ mrdu av.+ 
 
 -mrda s. mardanaB.+ marditavya e. mrtsna b.+ 
 
 marda e. -t- mardaniya c. -marditr e. mimardisu e. 
 
 mardaka c. -mradas v.b.s. mradiyas b. mimardayisu e. 
 
 y mrdh, 'neglect'. 
 
 Pres. [I.] mardhati etc. ev. — [6.] mrdhati rv.s., -asva s. 
 
 Aor. 1. rardhyas rv. — 2. mrdhas s. — 5. mardhis etc. rv.b. (mardhi- 
 
 sat RV.) 
 Verb, mrddha ms. 
 
 Deny. : mrdh v.B. mrdhav.+ mrdhas rv. mrdhra rv. 
 
 mardhuka jb. 
 
 y mr9, 'touch, feel'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] mrQati etc. v.+, -te etc. v. + 
 
 Perf. mamarcja mamrdus e. + (mamrqus rv.), mamr9e b.+ 
 
 Aor. 4. [amarksit amraksit] mrksista? rv. — 7. amrksat etc. v.e. 
 
 [Fut. marksyati mraksyati, marsta mrasta.] 
 
 Verb, mrsta v.+, mr9ita c. ; marstum e. + ; -mf^ya v. + ; -mf^ev.B.; 
 
 -mar9am b.s. 
 Sec, Covj.: Pass, mrdyate etc. e.h Int. marmr^at etc. v.b., m.arimr9ya- 
 
 B. — Caus. mar9ayati etc. b.+ 
 Deriv.: -mr9aB.+ mar9aB.+ -mar9inTJ.+ inarimr9a av. 
 
 -m.r9yaB.+ -mar9aka e. mar9ana v.+ 
 
 y mrs, 'not heed'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] mrsyate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ [ — 1. marsati -te.] 
 Perf. mamarsa rv.e., mamrse e. 
 
127 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [mrit 
 
 Aor. 1. mrsthas rv. — 2. amrsan m.. mrsat s. (-sant? c), -santa nv. — 
 3. mimrsas v. [amamarsat.] — 5. [amarsit,] marsisthas rv. 
 
 [Fut. raarsisyati -te, marsita. ] 
 
 Verb, [nirsita; mrsitva, niarsitva;] -mrsya k. ; -mrse rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, mrsyate e. — Int. mararsat s. — Caws, marsayati etc. 
 E. +, -te etc. E.+ 
 
 Derjy.; mrsa V. + -inarsav.+ marsanar,. + -marsi e. 
 
 , -mrsya rv. marsin e. + marsaniya e.+ 
 
 y med [mid], 'be fat'. 
 Pres. [4.] medyati etc. v.b. — [6.] medatam rv. 
 [Perf. etc. mimeda, mimide; amidat, amedista; medisyati-te, medita; 
 
 rainna, miditva meditva.] 
 Sec. Conj. : [Pass, midyate. — ] Caus. [mindayati ;] medayati etc. v. + 
 Deriu. ; medana RT. medinv. + medasv. + meduraR.+ 
 
 medya c. 
 
 y moks, see y muc. 
 
 y mna, 'note'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] manati etc. s.+, -te s. — [2.] ranayus ci. 
 
 [Per/", mamnau.] 
 
 Aor. [1. mnayat, mneyat. — ] (3. amnasisus c. 
 
 [Fut. mnasyati, mnata.] 
 
 Verb, mnata s. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, mnayate c. [ — Int. mamna-. — Desid. mimnasa-. — 
 
 Caus. mnapaya-, amimnapat.] 
 Dew..- -mnana S.+ -mnatavya c. -mnaya s.+ 
 
 Only vpith prefix a: a secondary root-form from y man — to which, 
 indeed, the forms from stem mana- more properly belong. 
 
 y myaks, 'be situated' ('?). 
 
 Pres. [L] myaksa ev. 
 
 Perf. mimyaksa mimiksus -ksire rv. 
 
 Aor. 1. amyak rv.-, amyaksi rv. 
 
 ]/ mrad, see y mrd. 
 
 y mrit, mlit, 'dissolve'. 
 
 Pres. [4?] mrityet -yeyU3 ob. 
 Verb, -mletya s. 
 Deriv. -mretuka pb. 
 
 Perhaps related with y mrd. 
 
mruc 
 
 Roots, Verb-forms, 
 
 128 
 
 y mruc, mluc, mlup, 'set'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] mrocati etc. av.b. ; mlocati etc. b. + 
 
 Perf. mumloca cb.u. 
 
 Aor. 2. amrueat jb. [ — 5. amrocit, amlocit.] 
 
 [Fut. mrocisyati, mrocita; ralocisyati, mlocita.] 
 
 Verb, mrukta b.+, mlukta bv., mlupta b.s. ; -mrueas ev. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. malimlucaraahe s. 
 
 Deriv.: -raruc v.b. -mrocana c. -mrukti b. malimluca av.+ 
 
 mroka av. -mlocana c. -mlukti c. malimluc s. 
 
 -raloea e. + -mloci c. 
 
 y mred, 'gratify' (?) . 
 Pres. [1.] mrederan vK 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans, mredayati etc. e. + (mrelayati s.) 
 Deriv. -mreda c. 
 
 y mla, 'relax'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] mlayati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ — [2.] mlanti e. 
 
 Perf. mamlau etc. e. + 
 
 Aor. [1. mlayat, mleyat. — ] 6'? mlasis e. 
 
 Fut. 1. amlasyatam b., -yetam u. [ — 2. ralata.] 
 
 Verb, xalata rv., mlana b.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans, mlapayati av. + ; mlapayati c. 
 
 Deriv. : -mlani c. -mlayin c. -mlapana c. mlapin c. 
 
 y mluc, see y mruc. 
 
 y mlup, see y mruc. 
 
 y mlech., 'speak barbarously'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] mleehati etc. b.+ 
 
 [Perf. etc. mimlecha; amlechit; mlechisyati , mleehita; mlechita, 
 
 mlista.] 
 Deriv. inlechaB.+ 
 
 y yaks, 'press on' (?) . 
 
 Pres. [1.] yaksati etc. bv^.b,*., -te evI. 
 Verb, -yakse ev'^. 
 
 Deriv. : yaksa v. + yaksya ev. yaksu ev. yaksma v. + 
 
 yaksin bv. yaksman e. + 
 
 The character of the root and the connection of its derivatives are very 
 doubtful. 
 
 y yach, see y yam. 
 
129 
 
 AND Primary Dekivativbs. 
 
 [yabh 
 
 y yaj, 'oflFer'. 
 Pres. [1.] yajati -te etc. v.+ — [2.] yaksi v.u.s., yaksva ev. — yajase 
 
 (Is.) RV'. 
 
 Perf. iyaja etc. e. +, ije etc. v. +, yeje av.? 
 
 Aor. [J. ijyat. — ] 3. ayiyajat etc. b. — 4. ayaksit etc. v.u.s. (ayas rv., 
 
 ayat v.B.s. ; yaksat v.b.s. , yaksatas -satam rv.), ayasta etc. v.b.s. 
 
 (yaksate etc. v.b. ; yaksiya ms.) — 7. ayaksata (Ss.) ags. 
 Fut. 1. yaksyati etc. b.+, -ate etc. v. + — 2. yasta b. 
 Verft. ista V. + ; yastum b.+, -tave v.b., ijitum m. ; istva av. + ; [-ijya;] 
 
 yajadhyai v., yajadhyai ts. ; -yajam av. 
 Sec. Conj. .- Pass, ijyate etc. e. +, -yant e. — Int. yayaj- (in d.). — Desid. 
 
 3dyaksati -te e. ; lyaksati etc. v., -te etc. v.b. — Cans, yajayati etc. 
 
 B. +, -te E. 
 Deriv. : -ij v. + 
 yaj V. + 
 yaja B. 
 yaj a s. 
 yajinB.+ 
 -yajya rv. 
 -yajya v.b.s. 
 ijya c. 
 ijya S.+ 
 yajana av.+ 
 
 yajas rv. 
 -yaji rv. 
 yaj us V. + 
 yajata v. 
 isti V. + 
 yajati s. + 
 yastavya b. 
 yastr v. + 
 yajatra v.b. 
 yajatha v. 
 
 yajna v. + 
 yajyu v. 
 yajiyas v. 
 yajistha v. 
 yaj van v.+ 
 yajvin e.+ 
 yajisnu e. 
 -yaga e. + 
 -yaja v.+ 
 yajaka e.+ 
 
 -yajm b.+ 
 yajya b.+ 
 yajya b. + 
 yaj ana s.+ 
 yajaniya c. 
 -yajvika b. 
 yayaj uka b.+ 
 yiyaksu e.+ 
 yajayitavyaB. 
 yajayitr c. 
 
 Appears to be related "with roots yam and yach and yat, and to niean 
 originally 'reach out, extend'. 
 
 y yat, 'stretch'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] yatate etc. v. +, -ti etc. v. + 
 
 Perf. yete etc. v.b.u. 
 
 Aor. 1. yatana, yatana rv. — [3. ayiyatat. — ] 5. ayatista b. 
 
 Fut. ] . yatisyate etc. e. +, -ti etc. e. + 
 
 Verb, yatta v.+, yatita e. ; yatitum b. ; -yatya b. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, yatyate c. — [Int. yayat-. — Desid. jriyatisa-. — ] Caus. 
 
 yatayati -te etc. v.+ (yatyate etc. b.+) 
 Deriv. : 
 
 -yat V. + 
 -yatana av.+ 
 yataniya c. 
 yati V.+ 
 
 yatti MS. 
 -yattavya e. 
 yatitavya e.+ 
 yatna e. + 
 
 -yataka e. + 
 -yatya s. + 
 yatana e. + 
 
 yatiina rv. 
 yayati '? v. + 
 
 y yabh, 'futuere, 
 
 Pres. [1.] yabhati etc. av.b. 
 I [Perf. etc. yayabha ; ayapsit.] 
 Whitney, STipplement II. 
 
yabh] Roots, Verb-forms, 130 
 
 Fut. 1. yapsyati etc. b.s. 
 Verb, yabdhum c. yabhitum c. 
 Sec. Conj.: Desid. yiyapsate etc. s. 
 Deriv.: -yabhya av. yabha c. 
 
 y yam, yach, 'reach'. 
 
 Prei. [1.] yachati -te etc. y.+ • — yaraati -te etc. e. h [2.] yamsi rv. : 
 
 yamiti? jb. 
 Perf. yayama yemiis etc. v.b. (yayamtha rv. ; yamatus -mus rv.\ 
 
 yeme etc. v. + 
 Aor. 1. ayamus etc. rv. (yamati yamat etc. v., yamate etc. v.; yamyas 
 3s. yamimahi rv. ; yamdhi etc. rv. ) ; ayami v.b. — [3. ayiyamat. — ] 
 4. ayamsam etc. v.b. (ayan rv. : yamsat etc. v.b.s. . yamsatas rv.), 
 ayamsta etc. v.b. (ayamsi ab.. yamsate rv.) — 5. yamista [3s.) rv. 
 [ — 6. ayamsisam.J 
 Fut. 1. yamsyati b.. yamisyati c. [ — 2. yamta.] 
 Verb, yata v. + : yamtum b.+ , -tave rv. . yamitum c. , yamitavai rv. ; 
 
 yatva s., yamitva c. ; -yatya av.b.. -yamya s. + ; -yamam v.b. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, yamyate etc. v.+ — Int. yanyamiti rv. — Desid. yiyam- 
 
 sati B. — Caus. yamayati etc. v.e. +; yamayati etc. b.+. -te e. 
 Dcrjy..- yama V.+ yati v.+ yamuna v.+ -yamin B.H- 
 
 yama.'v. + -yamtu RV. -yamiyas rv. -yaraana c. 
 
 -yamaka c. yamtavya b. + yamistha rv. -yamsenya rv. 
 yamin b. + yamtur rv. yamasana rv. -yachana e. 
 
 -yamya E.+ yamtrv. + yama v.+ yastiv b.+ 
 
 yamana b. + yamtra v. + yamaka b. + 
 
 Compare y yaj and j/ yat. 
 
 y yas, yes, 'be heated'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] yasyati etc. av. -h — [3.] yayastu rv. — [1.] yesati etc. v.b. 
 
 [yasati.] 
 [Perf. yayasa.] 
 
 Aor. 2. ayasat c. [ — 3. ayiyasat. — 5. ayasit.] 
 [Fut. yasisyati, yasita.] 
 
 Verb, yasta v.+, yasita b.c. [yasitva, yastva.j 
 -Sec. Conj.: [Int. yayas-. — Desid. yiyasisa-. — ] Caws, yasayati etc. e.+ 
 
 [-te.] (yasyate e.) 
 Deriv.: yas v.b.s. -yasaka c -yasya v. + yaska?B.+ 
 
 -yasa b. + -yasin c. -yasana c. 
 
 y yah. 
 
 Such a root, of questionable meaning, is assumable for the derivatives : 
 yahii rv. yahva v. yabvant rv. 
 
131 
 
 AND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 yu 
 
 1 ya, 'go". 
 
 Pres. [2.] yati etc. v.+ (ayus i!.+ [ayan] : yamaki = yami kb.), yamahe r.K 
 
 Perf. yayaii etc. \.+ (yayatha v.), yaye v. 
 
 Aor. 4. ayasam etc. v. (yasat v.b. ; yesam nv.) — 6. ayasisam etc. v.+ 
 
 (yasisat rv.; yasisisthas v.b.) 
 Fat. yasyati etc. av.+. -te etc. e. + — 2. yata e.+ 
 Verb. yata v. + ; yatum e. + . yatave v.. -vai h. : yatva n.s. : -yaya n. +; 
 
 -yai V.B.; -yayam s. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, yayate e. — Int. iyayate? v.. yaya- (in d.). — Desid. yi- 
 
 yasati etc. e.+ — Caws, yapayati etc. b. + [ayiyapat.] 
 Deriv. . 
 
 -ya V.B. 
 
 yatr v.+ 
 
 yayin b. + 
 
 yayavara n.+ 
 
 yana v.+ 
 
 -y atra e. + 
 
 yavan v.b. 
 
 yiyasa c 
 
 yii? V.B. 
 
 yatra e. + 
 
 yestha rv. 
 
 yiyasu e. + 
 
 -yati V. + 
 
 -yatha rv. 
 
 yajri, -i rv. 
 
 -yapa c. 
 
 yatu? V. + 
 
 yaraa v. + 
 
 -yayin rv. 
 
 yapaka c. 
 
 yatavya e.+ 
 
 yaman v.b.s. 
 
 -yiyu RV. 
 
 yapya h. + 
 
 
 
 yayu v.b. 
 
 yap ana s.+ 
 
 Doubtless a secondary form of y i. 
 
 y yac, 'ask'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] yacati -te etc. \.+ 
 
 Perf. [yayaca] yayace b. + 
 
 Aor. [1. yacyat. — 3. ayayacat. — ] 5. ayacit etc. v.e. (yacisat rv.). 
 
 ayacista e. (^yacisamahe rv.) 
 Fut. 1. yacisyati b.s., -te e. [ — 2. yacita.] 
 Verb, yacita av. +; yacitum av. + ; yacitva b. + ; -yacya b.+ 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, yacyate etc. e. + [ — Int. yayac-. — Desid. yiyacisa-.J — 
 
 Cans, yacayati -te av.+ 
 Deriv. .- yacaka E.+ yaeana e.+ yacitavya e.+ yacnaK. + 
 
 yacin c. yaeana e.+ yacitrE.+ yacnya av.b. 
 
 yacya E.+ yacaniya e.+ yacisnuE. + 
 
 y yad, 'unite' (?) . 
 
 Pres. [1.] yadamana rv. 
 
 Deriv. : yadas b. + yadura rv. 
 
 ]/ 1 yu, 'unite'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] yaiiti yuvati etc. av.e.s.. yute ynvate etc. v.b. — [6.] yuvati 
 
 -te etc. V.E. [ — 9. yunati -nite.] 
 Perf. [yuyava] yuyuve rv. 
 
 Aor. [1. jruyat; ayavi. — 3. ayiyavat. — ] 5. yavistam? rv. [ayavista.] 
 Fut. [1. yavisyati -te. — ] 2. yuvita ce. [yavita.J 
 
 9* 
 
1 yu] Roots, Verb-Forms, 132 
 
 Verl. yuta v. + ; -yuya v.+, -yutya s. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Pass, yuyate. — ] Int. yoyavat av.. yoyuve etc. rv. — Desid* 
 
 yuyusati rv. [yiyavisa-. — Caus. yavayati, yiyavayisati.] 
 Dcriv. .•yuB.+ yuti c. yuna s. y6s:'v.+ 
 
 -yava RV. -yuti? v. + y6ni?v.+ yosana e<c.? v. + 
 
 yavana av. + yotra e. yrivan ? v. + -y ava e. + 
 
 -yiivana S.+ yut]ia?v. + yavisthav. + -yavana c. 
 -yut v.B. yaviyas s. + yavayitr c. 
 
 Compare y ynj and ]/ 2 yu ; from the latter, in combination with pre- 
 fixes, the forms and derivatives of this root are not always separable with cer- 
 tainty. 
 
 y 2 yu, yuch, 'separate'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] yuyoti etc. v.b., yuyudhvam etc. v.b. — [6.] ayuvanta etc. v.b.s. 
 
 — [1.] yuchati etc. v. 
 Aor. 1. yuyat B., ytiyatam (3d.) b. (sruyas 3s. v.), yavanta rv. ; ayavi 
 
 B. — 3. yuyot rv. — 4. ayausit etc. v.b. (yaus rv., yosati etc. v., 
 
 yosat RV. ; yosam etc. b.s., yQsam. av.), yosthas b.s. — 5. yavis rv. 
 Verb, yuta rv. ; yotave -tavai -tos rv. ; -yavam av.b. 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. yoyuvat etc. v.b. (yoyava ms.) — Caus. yavayati etc. v. ; 
 
 yavayati etc. v.b. 
 Deriv. : yava av.c. -yuti rv.c. -yutvan rv. -yavana av. 
 
 -yavana ms. -yotr rv. -yavan av. yuyuvi rv. 
 
 -yut v.b. 
 
 Compare |/ 1 ya. 
 
 y yuj, 'join'. 
 
 Pres. [".] yunakti ytinkte etc. v.+ (yunaiiksi? c, yunjiyat r.) — [6?] 
 
 yvinjati -te etc. u.e.+ — [2.] 3mje v., yujmahe yujata (3p.) rv,, 
 
 yuksva v. 
 Perf. yuyoja yuyuje etc. v.+ (yuyujma -jre v.; niniyoja ae. ; yuyo- 
 
 jate RV.) 
 Aor. 1. ayuji etc. v.b. (yojate yujana rv.), (yojam yoja yujyatam etc. 
 
 Kv.); ayoji v.c. — 2.? yujanta rv., ayujat -janta c. — o. ayiiynjat 
 
 etc. E.+ — 4, ayoksit s. , [ayauksit] aynksi etc. v.+ (ayunk- 
 
 smahi c.) 
 Fut. 1. yoksyati etc. b.+, -te etc. av.+ — 2. yokta b. 
 Verl. yukta v. + ; yoktum b. + ; 3ruktva v. + , -tvaya v.b.; -yujya e. + ; 
 
 yuje RV. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, yujyate etc. v. + , -ti etc. e.+ — [Int. yoyuj-. — ] Desid. 
 
 3ru3ruksati e<c. e. + — Caus. yojayati etc. e. + , -te etc. e. + (yojyate 
 
 etc. c.) 
 
133 
 
 AND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 iranh 
 
 Beriv . 
 
 yuj V.+ 
 -yuja v.s. 
 yujya y.b. 
 yuga V. + 
 yugya e. + 
 -yunga b. 
 yunjaka e.+ 
 
 yoga V. + 
 yogya av. + 
 yogya rv. 
 yogin s. + 
 yojaka e.+ 
 yojya e.+ 
 
 yojana v.+ 
 yojaniya c. 
 yukti V.+ 
 yoktavya n. 
 yoktr B.+ 
 yoktra v.+ 
 yojitr c. 
 
 yugma s.+ 
 yugman u. 
 -yugvan v.ii.s. 
 yuyuksu c. 
 yojayitavya c. 
 yojayitf s.c. 
 
 V yudh, 'fight:,. 
 
 .Pres. [4.] yudhyate etc. v. + , -ti etc. \.+ — [1.] yodhati etc. av.pb. — 
 
 [2.] yotsi Ev. 
 Perf. yuyodha jruyudhe etc. \.+ 
 
 Aor. 1. yodhi, yodhat, yodhana rv., yudhana? c. — 3. yuyudhas m. — 
 4. yotsis E., ayuddha v., yutsmahi av. — 5. ayodhit etr. v. 
 (yodhisat rv.) 
 Ful. 1. yotsyati -te etc. ii.+ — 2. yoddha e. 
 Verb, yuddha v. + ; yoddhum e. ; -y uddhvi rv. ; -yudhya e. ; yudham 
 
 JE., yudhe rv. ; yudhaye rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, yudhyate c. — Int. [yoyudh-] yaviyudh- (in d.l — 
 Desid. yuyutsati -te etc. v.+ — Caus. yodhayati etc. v. + , -te etc. e. 
 (yodhyate e.) 
 Beriv. : yudh v. + 
 -yudha v.+ 
 yudhi- AV. 
 -yudhya rv. 
 yudhenya v. 
 
 yudhma rv. 
 yiidhvan rv. 
 yodha v.+ 
 yodhaka e. 
 yodhin e.+ 
 yodhya v.+ 
 
 yodhana e. + 
 
 yodhanlya c. 
 
 yodhuka jb. 
 
 yodhlyas rv. 
 
 yoddhavyaE.+ 
 
 yoddhr v. + 
 
 yuyudhi rv. 
 yuyudhi rv. 
 yaviyudh ev. 
 yuyutaa e. 
 -yutsav c. 
 yuyutsu e. + 
 
 y yup, 'obstruct'. 
 [Pres. 4. yupyati.] 
 Perf. yuyopa yuyopima v. 
 Aor. [2. ayupat. — ] 3. ayuyupan etc. b. 
 [Fut. yopisyati, yopita.] 
 Verb, yupita av.b.s. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. yoyupyate etc. b.s. — Caus. yopayati etc. v.b.s. 
 I>eriw.. • yupa V.+ -yopana v. yoyupana c'. 
 
 y yes, see ]/ yas. 
 
 I ranh, 'hasten'. 
 
 Pres, [i.] ranhate etc. rv., -ti rv. 
 
 Perf. rarahana rv.b. [raranha.] 
 
 [Aor. etc. araranhat, aranhit ; rahhisyati, ranhita.] 
 
 Verb, ranhita s. 
 
raixh] Roots, Verb-forms, 134 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. ranhayati -te etc. rv. 
 
 Deriv. : -ranha e. ranghas c. rhant? ev. raghiyas b. 
 
 ranhya Kv. rahas? c. raghuY.+ laghiyas av.+ 
 
 ranhas V.+ ranhi v.b. laghuAv.+ laghistha jb. 
 
 Compare }/ rah. 
 
 ]/ raks, 'protect'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] raksati -te etc. v.+ 
 
 Perf. raraksa etc. v. + (raraksana ev.) 
 
 Aor. [1. raksyat. — 3. araraksat. — ] 4. araksit etc. av. + (raksisat etc. 
 
 RV.)? araksit etc. b.s. (arat? ms.) 
 Fut. 1. araksisyas m., raksye? ii'. — 2. raksita e.c. 
 Verb, raksita v. + ; raksitum e. + •, -raksya c. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, raksyate etc. v.+ — [Int. raraks-. — ] Desid. riraksisati 
 
 etc. E. — Caus. raksayati etc. c, -te b. 
 Dcriv. : raksa B. + raksya e.+ raksas v.+ riraksa c. 
 
 raksaE.H- raksanav.+ raksas v.b. riraksu c. 
 
 raksaka c. raksana c. -raksi vs. riraksisa c. 
 
 raksin s. + raksaniya e. + raksitavya e.+ riraksisu e. + 
 
 raksitr v. + 
 The relation of raksas -demon' to tliis root is questionable. But raksis 
 Av'. is too weak evidence on which to accept & y 2 raks 'harm'. 
 
 ]/ rang, 'rock'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] rangant c'. 
 Doubtless artificial. 
 
 y rac, 'produce'. 
 
 Aor. 1. araci e. — 3. ariracat c. 
 Fut. 1. racisyati c. ? 
 
 Sec. Covj. : Caus. racayati etc. e. + (^racyate c.) 
 
 Deriv. : racana e. + -ranca c. -ranei c. racayitr c. 
 
 -racana c -rancya c. 
 
 y 1 raj, 'direct', see y yj. 
 
 y 2 raj, ranj, 'color'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] rajyati -te etc. av1.e.+ — [1.] ranjati etc. ? e.+ [rajati -te.] 
 [Perf. etc. raranja raranje; rajyat; arirajat araraujat, arauksit 
 
 araukta, raflksista ; ranksyati -te, rankta.] 
 Verb, rakta b. + ; [raktva, ranktva ;] -rajya c. 
 Sec. Conj. ; Pass, rajyate c. — Int. rarajiti v. — [Desid. riranksa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. rajayati av. ; ranjayati etc. e.+, -te e. 
 
135 AND Primary Derivatives. [I ran 
 
 Deriv; ranga E.+ ranjanaE. + rajaniya e. rakti c 
 
 ranjaka E.4- ranjaniya c. raj as v v. + raga t.+ 
 
 -ranjya c. rajanaAv.+ rajiVav. -ragin b.+ 
 
 rajakaE.+ raj am e. rajatav.+ rajayitp vs. 
 
 The forms with nasal belong to the later language. 
 
 y ranch, mark'. 
 Only in (ni-) -ranehana c. : compare y lanch. 
 
 I rat, 'howl'. 
 Pres. [1.] ratati etc. c. 
 
 [Perf. etc. rarata retus ; ariratat, aratit ; ratisyati, ratita.] 
 Verb, ratita c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. raratiti etc. e.+ 
 Deriv. : ratana c. -rati c. 
 
 y ranv, 'delight'. 
 Pres. [1.] ranva etc. ts. 
 Verb, ran vita rv. 
 
 A secondary formation from \/ ran, apparently through ranva. 
 
 y rad, 'dig'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] radati etc. v.b., -te av, — [2.] ratsi rv. 
 
 Perf. rarada rv. [redus.] 
 
 [Aor. etc. aradit ; radisyati, radita.] 
 
 Verb, radita av.b. 
 
 Deriv. : rada rv.c. radana c. 
 
 y radh, randh, 'be or make subject'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] radhyati etc. av.b. — [2.] randdhi rv'. 
 
 Perf. [rarandha rarandhima redhma] raradhiis rv. 
 
 Aor. 2. radham etc. v. — 3. riradhas etc. rv. (^riradha Is. rv.) [ara- 
 
 randhat.] '— 5. randhis rv. 
 [Put. radhisyati, ratsyati ; radhita, raddha. j 
 Verb, raddha rv. [radhitum.J 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. raranddhiv rv. [raradh-.] — [Desid. riradhisa-, rirat- 
 
 sa-. — ] Caus. randhayati etc. v. + 
 Deriu. .• randhana RV.C. randdhi rv. randhra '^ bv. + radhrav rv. 
 
 ]/ 1 ran, 'take pleasure'. 
 Pres. [1.] ranati etc. rv., -anta rv. — [4.] ranyati etc. rv. i ranyathas rv'.) 
 Perf. rarana rv. (raranas etc. raran rarandhi etc. araranus rv.b.j 
 Aor. [3. ariranat, araranat. — ] 5. aranisus hv. (ranistana rv.) 
 
I ran] Roots, Verb-forms, 136 
 
 [Ful. ranisyati, ranita.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. ranran-. — Desid. riranisa-. — ] Cans, ranayati etc. v., 
 
 -anta ev. [ranayati.] 
 
 Deriv.: ran ev. ranya v. ranti? v. ranitr rv. 
 
 rana v. + ranya av. rantya v. ranva v. 
 
 ran van rv. 
 Compare ]/ ram. 
 
 y 2 ran, 'ring'. 
 Pres. [1.] ranati etc. c. 
 Verb, ranita c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. ranayati c. 
 Deriv. -ranana c. 
 
 A late and probably artificial formation. 
 
 y rap, 'chatter'. 
 Pres. [1.] rapati etc. v.b. 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. rarapiti etc. v. 
 Deriv. : -rap rv. -rapin av. 
 
 A variant of y lap, which compare. 
 
 y rape, 'be full'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] rap9ate etc. v., rapqant- rv. 
 
 Per/". rarap9e rv. 
 
 Deriv. : -rapQa rv. -rap9in v.b. 
 
 y raph. 
 
 Perhaps to be seen in raphita rv'. 'miserable' (?) : compare y riph. 
 
 ] rabh, rambh, 'take hold". 
 
 Pre«. [1.] rabhate etc. v.+, -ti etc. s. + ; rambhati -te e.+ 
 
 Perf. rebhe etc. v.+ (rarabhe rv.), rarabhma rv. 
 
 Aor. 1. arambhi c. — ['6. ararambhat. — ] 4. arabdha rv. 
 
 Fut. 1. rapsyate etc. e.+, -ti e. [ — 2. rabdha.J 
 
 Verb, rabdha v. + ; rabdhum e. ; -rabhya v. + ; -rabham ev., -rabhe v.b. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, rabhyate etc. e. + — [Int. rarabh-, rarambh-. — ] Desid. 
 
 ripsate etc. b.c. — Caus. rambhayati etc. b.+, -te e. 
 Deriv. : 
 
 rabha E. rabliiv.+ rabhistha v.b. rambhin v.+ 
 
 -rabhya b.+ -rabhin v.s. rabhiyas b.s. -rambhana v. + 
 
 rabhas V.+ -rabdhi c. rabhyas rv. -rambhaniya b.s. 
 
 rabhasana RV. -rabdhavya e. rambhav. + -ripsu c. 
 rabdhir c. rambhaka c. 
 
 Compare y labh, -which is the same in another phonetic form. 
 
137 AND Primary Deeitatives. [ras 
 
 y ram, 'be or make content". 
 
 Pres. [1.] ramate -ti eic. v.+ — [9.] ramnati etc. v.b. 
 
 Perf. rarama remus etc. e. +. reme etc. u. + 
 
 Aor. 1. ranti? sv. — 3. ariramat etc. rv. — 4. aramsit C, aramsta etc. 
 
 V. [ramsisthas.] — 6. ramsisam sv. 
 Fut. 1. ramsyate etc. b.+, -ti b. [ — 2. ramta.] 
 Verb, rata b. + ; ramtum e.+. -tos n., ramitum e. ; ratva )!.. ramtva c. ; 
 
 -ramya s.+ [-ratya]; -ramam s. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, ramyate etc. e.+ — [Int. ranram-. — J iJesht. riramsa- 
 (in d.) — Caus. ramayati etc. v. + , -te etc. e. + ; ramayati etc. v. + 
 (riramayisa- in d.) 
 Deriu.. • rama E.+ rati b.+ ramtavya c. ramana e. 
 
 ramya B.+ ramtiAv.+ ramtr rv. ramsu-v rv. 
 
 ramana B.+ ramati av.b. ratri.'v.+ riramsa e.+ 
 
 ramaniyau.+ ramati av.b. rama v. + riramsu o. 
 
 -ramin rv. rirama3ri8u c. 
 
 Compare y 1 ran , from which one or two of the derivatives here given 
 may perhaps come, at least in part. Compare also y lam. 
 
 y ramb, 'hang down'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] rambate etc. rv. 
 Deriv. -rambana b.u. 
 
 Compare ]/ lamb, from which the verh-forms and derivatives mostly come. 
 
 y raxnbh, .'roar'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] rambhati -te etc. c. 
 
 The isolated occurrences probably artificial. 
 
 y rac. 
 
 Such a root inferable from the derivatives : 
 ra9anav.+ raqman rv. ra9mi v.+ ra9i v.+ 
 
 )/ ras, 'roar . 
 
 Pres. [1.] rasati -te etc. b. + 
 
 Perf. rarasa resus etc. e. + 
 
 [ylor. etc. arirasat, arasit ; rasisyati, rasita.] 
 
 Verb, rasita c. 
 
 [Sec. Conj. raras- ; rirasisa- ; rasaya-.] 
 
 Deriv. : rasana c. rasitr c. 
 
 Compare y 1 ras. 
 
 The root 2 ras 'taste' is only a denominative of rasa. 
 
rah] Roots, Verb-fobms, 138 
 
 ]/ rah, 'desert'. 
 
 [Pres. etc. rahati ; raraha rehus ; arirahat, arahit ; rahisyati, rahita.] 
 Verb, rahita e. + ; rahitum e. 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. rahayati etc. s. + 
 
 Deriv. ; raha Ev. + rahana c. rahas e.+ rahu-v bv. 
 
 -rahin c. rahasya, -yu b.+ 
 
 y 1 ra, ras, give'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] ririhi b,v., rarasva av., raridhvam etc. (rarate '3s., rarana) 
 V. — [2.] rasi ev., rati c, rate b., rasva v.b.s. — [1.] rasate etc. v.b.s. 
 
 Perf. rarima -ivans ev., rare etc. rv. 
 
 Aor. 4. arasma etc. v.b. (rasat etc. v.b.) ; rasatham rasiya ev. 
 
 Fut. [1. rasyati. — ] 2. rata c. 
 
 Verb, rata v. + ; ratave c. 
 
 Deriv.: -T& c. rayi? v.+ raka?v. + raravan ev. 
 
 rai or ra?v.+ rayistha b. rati v. + -raruv v.b. 
 
 -raya v. ratna v v. + ravan v.b. 
 
 The present-stem rasa is plainly an extension of the aorist-stem ras. 
 
 y 2 ra, 'bark'. 
 Pres. [4.] rayati etc. v.b. 
 [Perf. etc. rarau; arasit; rasyati, rata.] 
 Deriv. -ravan ? vs. 
 
 y raj, 'be kingly'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] rajati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ — [2.] rasti rat rv. 
 
 Perf. raraja rejus etc. e.+, rarajatus m., reje etc. e.+ [raraje.] 
 
 Aor. 1. rajyasam s. [ — 3. ararajat.j — 5. arajisus ev. [arajista.] 
 
 [Fut. rajisyati, rajita.] 
 
 Verb, rajase ev. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. raraj-. — Desid. rirajisa-. — ] Caus. rajayati etc. b. +, -te 
 
 etc. av.e. 
 Dcrtv. .• raj v.+ rajanv. + rajana b.+ rastri v.b.s. 
 
 -rajav. + rajan ev. -rajin ev.e. rastrav.+ 
 
 Is most probably an old denominative of raj 'ruler', from }/rj, raj, which 
 see. The anomalous stem irajya- (see ib.) is related with it. 
 
 y radh, 'succeed'. 
 
 Pres. [5.] radhnoti etc. b.+ — [4.] radhyate etc. av. +. -ti etc. s.+ 
 
 Perf. raradha etc. v.b. 
 
 Aor. 1. aradham b. (radhati -dhat etc. rv. , -dhas 9B."); radhyasam 
 
 -sma av.b.s. ; aradhi v.b.u. — 3. ariradhat etc. b.c. — 4. aratsit etc. 
 
 Av.B.s. — 5. radhisi etc. av.b.u. 
 
139 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [ric 
 
 Fut. 1. ratsyati etc. av.b.s. [ — 2. raddha.] 
 Verb, raddlia av. + ; raddhva is. ; -radhya u. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, radhyate c. — \Int. raradh-. — Desid. riratsa-, 
 ritsa-. — ] Caus. radhayati etc. av. + (radhyate k. ; riradhayisati u. j 
 Deriv. : radha v. + radhana av. + -radhi av. -radhayitr c. 
 
 -radhin e. -radhaniya c. raddhi av.b.s. -radhayisnu b. 
 
 radhya v. + radhas v. + -raddhr c. 
 
 The form iradJianta kvI., with the inlln. iradhyai (tor iradhadhyai) 
 Ev'., appears to belong to this root. 
 
 ]/' 1 ras, 'roar . 
 Pres. [1.] rasati -te etc. e. + 
 Perf. rarase c. 
 
 [Aor. etc. arasista; rasisyate, rasita.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. rarasyate e. 
 Deriv.: rasa? c. rasabha? b.+ 
 
 Compare y ras and y 2 ra. 
 
 y 2 ras, see y 1 ra, 
 
 y ri, ri, 'flow'. 
 Pres. [9.] rinati rinite etc. v.b.s. — [5.] arinvan ms. — [4.] riyate v.b. [ — 
 
 6. riyati.] 
 [Perf. etc. riraya; arirayat, araisit; resyati, reta; reri-, ririsa-, ra- 
 
 yaya-, repaya- ariripat,] 
 Deriv. ; -raya E. rit kv. ritiv.+ retas v.+ renu v.+ 
 
 Compare y li. 
 
 y rikh, 'scratch'. 
 Pre«. [6.] rikha rv'. 
 Deriv. rekha e. 
 
 The usual form of this root is likh, which see. 
 
 y rinkh, ring, 'creep'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] rinkhati etc. c; ringati -te etc. c. 
 
 [Perf. etc. ririnkha, riringa etc. etc.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. ringayati c. 
 
 Deriv. ; rinkhana c. ringin c. ringi c. 
 
 y rie, 'leave'. 
 Pres. [7.] rinakti etc. v.b. [rinkte.] — [4?] ricyate e<c. ts., -ti e. 
 Perf. rireca ririce etc. v.b. (riricyat etc. v., ririkvans ev.. arirecit ev.) 
 Aor. 1. riktam? ev.; areei v.b.s. — 2. aricat c. — 3. ariricat etc m.s. — 
 
 4. araik ev., ariksi etc. v.b. 
 Fut. 1. reksyate b. [— 2. rekta.] 
 
ric] Rooi's, Vekb-forms, 140 
 
 Verb, rikta v. + [rikta.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, ricyate etc. v.+ — [Int. reric-. — Desid. ririkaa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. recayati etc. b. + 
 
 Deriv.; -reka V.+ -reeya c. -rincaE. + -rikti jb. 
 
 -rekin c. recana v. + -rincya c. riktha v. + 
 
 reeaB.+ -recaniya c. -rmciE.+ reknas bt. 
 
 recaka e. + reku bv. -rikvan bv. 
 
 The accent ricyate is quotable only fram ts., and ricyate only from cb. 
 
 y rip, 'smear . 
 Perf. riripus by. 
 Verb, ripta rv. 
 Deriv. : rip v. repas v. ripu v. + ripra v. 
 
 Compare the other form of the root, lip, to which most of the formation 
 belongs. 
 
 y riph, 'snarl'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] riphant -ati av.b. — [1.] rephant b. 
 
 [Perf. etc. rirepha etc. etc.] 
 
 Verb, riphita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, riphyate s. 
 
 Deriv. repha s. + 
 
 y ribh, 'sing'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] rebhati etc. v.b.c'.? 
 
 Perf. rirebha bv. 
 
 [Aor. etc. arebhit ; rebhisyati, rebhita.] 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, ribhyate bv. 
 Deriv. rebha v.+ 
 
 y ri9, 'tear'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] riQant ricjate etc. bv. 
 Verb, rista v.u. 
 Deriv. ri(ja av. 
 
 See the other form, licj, from which the forms mostly come. 
 
 y ris, 'be hurt'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] risyati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ — [).] resat resat v. 
 
 [Perf. riresa.] 
 
 Aor. 1. ridbvam ta. — 2. arisan etc. v.b.s. (risatha etc. rv., risant 
 
 risant? by.) — 3. ririsat etc. v. + (ririalsta bv.c, ririsista ririses 
 
 BY.) [ — 5. aresit.] 
 [Fui. resisyati ; resita, reata.] 
 Verb, rista v. + ; rise risas by. 
 
141 
 
 AND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 mo 
 
 See. Conj.: [Int. reris-. — ] D€.nd. ririksati etc. rv. [ririsisa-, riresisa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. resayati etc. v. + (risayadhyai uw) 
 Deriv.: Asv. resa c. resana v. resman av.b. 
 
 res? B. -resins. risti v.u.s. ririksu rv. 
 
 -risa Av. risana- rv. risika? c. 
 
 y Tih, 'lick'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] redhi rihanti etc. v.b., rihate rv., rihana v., rihana vs. 
 
 Perf. ririhvans rv. 
 
 Verb, ridha rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. reriliat -hana etc. v.b., rerihyate etc. v.b. 
 
 Deriv. : -rehana av. reriha av. 
 
 The other verb-forms and derivatives made from ]/ lih, which see. 
 
 y rl, see y ri. 
 
 y 1 ru, 'cry'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] rauti [raviti] ruvanti etc. b.+ (riiyat s., ravanav s.) — [6.] 
 
 ruvati etc. v.+ — [1.] ravati -te etc. jb.+ 
 Perf. rurava e., ruruvire b. 
 
 Aor. [1. riiyat. — j 3. artiruvat c. [ariravat.] — 5. aravit etc. rv. 
 \Fut. ravisyati, ravita rota.] 
 Verb, ruta av. + ; rotum c. 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. roraviti etc. v. +, roruvana b.; roruyate etc. e. +. -ti e. — 
 
 [Desid. ruriisa-. — ] Caus. ravayati etc. s. + 
 Deriv. .• rava v. + -ravas v.+ ruvatha b. rava r.+ 
 
 ravana c. ravitr b. ruma? rv. ravin e.+ 
 
 ruvana- RV. ravatha v.b.s. ravanaE.+ 
 
 y 2 ru, 'break' . 
 
 Pres. [2.] rudhi av.? — [1.] ravat b. 
 
 Aor. 5. ravisam etc. v.b. 
 
 Verb, ruta v.b. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. roruvat rv. 
 
 Deriv. : ravitr b. -ravin b. 
 
 A very few sporadic occurrences, and not unquestionable. 
 
 y rue, 'shine'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] rocate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. rviroca ruruce etc. v.+ (rurukvans rurucyas rurucanta rv.) 
 
 Aor. 1. ruciya ta., rucana bv.; aroci rv. — 2. arueat c. — 3. arurucat 
 
 Ev., -cata (3s.) etc. b. — 4. arukta ta. — 5. arocista etc. b.+ (rocisiya 
 
 b., rucisiya av.) 
 
rue 
 
 Roots, Vekb-forms, 
 
 142 
 
 Fut. 1. rocisyate e. [ — 2. rocita.] 
 Verb, rucita e. + ; rocitum e. ; ruce rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. rorueana rv. — Desid. rurueisate? aa. [rurocisa-.] 
 Caus. rocayati etc. v.+, -te etc. b.+ (rocyate e.); rucayanta rv. 
 
 Deriv.: nic v.+ 
 ruea b. 
 ruca E. 
 rucaka e.+ 
 rucya c. 
 roca Av. + 
 
 rocaka e. + 
 -roein. c. 
 roka V. + 
 roka Ev. 
 -rokin v.b. 
 roeana v.+ 
 -rocaa b. 
 
 ruci AV. + 
 roci f . 
 rocis V. + 
 roeuka >is. 
 mkma v. + 
 rukmant v.b. 
 
 rucira e.+ 
 ruksa rv. 
 rueisya c. 
 rocisnu b.+ 
 -ru9a? RV. 
 ru9ant? v. 
 
 y ruj, 'break'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] rujati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ — [2?] rukte b. 
 Terf. ruroja rurujus etc. v.+ (rurojitha rv.) 
 Aor. 1. rok vs., ruk ms. — 3. arurujat c. [— 4. arauksit.] 
 ]^Fut. roksyati, rokta.] 
 
 Verb, rugna v. + ; ruktva b. ; -rujya b. + ; -ruje rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, rujyate e. — [Int. roruj-. — ] Lesid. ruruksa- (in d.) — 
 
 [Caus. rojayati.] 
 Deriv.: TX>j 'V.+ rogav. + -ruj ana c. -rujatnu rv. 
 
 ruja V.+ loga? V.B. -rogana av. ruruksani rv. 
 
 ruj a E. + ruj ana rv. 
 
 y ruth, 'torment' 
 
 Pres. [1.] rothamana r^. 
 Compare y luth. 
 
 y rud, 'weep'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] roditi rudanti etc. v.+ (rudimas rudihi c. arodit b.+) — [6.] 
 
 rudati -te etc. s.+ — [1.] rodati -te etc. s.+ 
 Perf. ruroda rurudus etc. e., rurude e. 
 Aor. 2. arudat etc. av.u. — [3. arurudat. — ] 5? araudisit c. 
 Fut. 1. rodisyati c. [ — 2. rodita.] 
 
 Verb, rudita e. +; roditum c. ; ruditva e.+, roditva e. ; -rudya c. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, rudyate c. — Int. rorudat e., rorudyate etc. e.+ — 
 
 Desid. rurudisa- (^in d.) — Caus. rodayati etc. v. + 
 Deriv. : -TVid AX. rodana e.+ rodas etc.? v.+ -roruda av. 
 
 -ruda? c. rudana c. roditavyaE. + rurudisu c. 
 
 roda AV.U. rudra v v. + 
 
 y 1 rudh, 'grow'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] rodhati rodhat rv. — [6.] rudhant? rv'. 
 Derir..- -rudh V.+ -rodhaAv.+ -rodhana v.b. 
 
 Appeals to be another form of y ruh. 
 
143 AND Primary Derivatives. [nih 
 
 y 2 rudh, 'obstruct'. 
 
 Pres. [7. J runaddtii rundhanti rtinddhe rundhate elc v.+ — [2. | rudh- 
 mas Av. — [1.] rodhati e. — [6'.'J rundhati -te etc. )i. + 
 
 Perf. rurodha rurudhe etc. v.+ (rurodhitha ev., rurundhatue e.) 
 
 Aor. 1. arodham rv.. arudhma ms. (rudhant? rv.); rudhyatc. |arodhi.| 
 — 2. arudhat etc. v.+ — [3. arurudhat. — ] 4. arautsit etc. n.+ 
 (araut av., rotsis v.), arutsi aruddha etc. b.u. (arautsi ah.) 
 
 Fut. 1. rotsyati -te etc. b.+ [ — 2. roddha. | 
 
 Verb, ruddha v. + ; roddhum e. + , -dhos d.. rodhitum e. ; ruddhva b. + ; 
 -rudhya v.+, -nindhya e. ; -rudham av.k.. -rundham h. ; -rodham h. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, rudhyate etc. v. + . -ti etc. e.+ — Int. rorudhas r. — 
 Desid. rurutsate etc. b., -ti e. (-syamana? b.s.) — Caus. rodhayati 
 -te etc. E.+ (rodhyate e.); rundhayati e. 
 
 Deriv.: -rudh. v. + rodhaka e.+ rodhanav. + -ruddhi b. 
 
 -rudha rv. rodliin s. + rodhana rv. roddhavya e.+ 
 
 rodha V.+ rodhya e.+ r6dhasv.+ roddhj b.+ 
 
 -rodliuka b. 
 
 I' rup, 'break, ])am' . 
 
 Pres. [4.] riipyati etc. b. 
 
 [Per/", ruropa.] 
 
 Aor. [2. arupat. — ] 3. arurupat etc. av.b. 
 
 [Fut. ropisyati, ropita.] 
 
 Verb, rupita rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. ropayati b. 
 
 Deriv. : ropana av. ropi av. ropusi rv. 
 
 Probably the same with y lup, though differentiated from it in meaning. 
 
 y rus, 'be vexed'. 
 Pres. [1.] rosati rv.b. — [4.] rusyati -te etc. e.+ — [0.| rusati etc. 8.+ 
 [Perf. etc. rurosa; arusat, artirusat, arosit; rosisyati, rosita rosta.] 
 Verb, rusita e.+. rusta e. + ; rusya e. 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. rorus-. — Desid. rurusisa-, rurosisa-. — ] Caus. rosayati 
 
 -te etc. E.+ (rosyate e.+") 
 Deriv. : rus e. + rosa e. + rosana e. + 
 
 Occasionally written ru9 ; and part of the av. forms of ru(;ant are referred 
 here by BR. 
 
 y ruh, 'ascend'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] rohati -te etc. v.+ — [6.] ruhati -te etc. R.+ 
 Perf. ruroha ruruhus etc. v.+ (rurohitha av.^, rurxihe etc. c. 
 Aor. 2. aruhat etc. v.+ [ruheyam etc. ruha riihana v.b.s.) — 7. anikaat 
 etc. v.b.s. 
 
ruhj Roots, Verb-fokms, 144 
 
 Fut. ]. roksyati b.+, -te e., rohisye e. [ — 2. rodha.] 
 
 Verb, rudha v. + ; rodhum b. + , rohitum e. ; rudhva av. ; -riihya av. +, 
 
 -ruhya ab.; -ruham ev. ; rohisyai ts. ; -roham b. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, ruhyate b. — [Int. roruh-. — ] Desid. ruruksati etr. v.+ 
 — Cans, rohayati etc. v. + , -te etc. B. + -, ropayati etc. b. + , -te e. 
 (ropyate e.+, aropi c.) 
 Deriv. : ruh v. + rohana v. + -rodhavya e. + ropin e. + 
 
 -ruha B.+ rohaniya S.+ -rodhr c. ropya e.+ 
 
 rohaAv. + rohas rv.s. -ruruksuE. + ropanaE. + 
 
 roliakaE.+ -rohuka k. ropa e.+ ropaniya c. 
 
 rohin B.+ rudhi b.+ ropaka e.+ ropayitrE. + 
 
 -rohya b. 
 
 y rus, 'strew'. 
 
 [Pres. etc. rusati etc. etc.] 
 
 Verb, rusita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, [rusayati;] rosayati etc. c. 
 
 Deriv. .- rtisana c. ruksaVv. + 
 
 y rej, 'tremble'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] rejati -te etc. v.b. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cnus. rejayati etc. rv. 
 
 y red, 'deceive' (?). 
 
 Pres. [1.] -redant b.s. 
 
 Only in the phrase aredata manasa. Of wholly douhtful character. 
 
 y rebh, see y ribh. 
 
 y laks, 'mark'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] laksate c, -ti e. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. laksayati -te etc. e.+ (-laksita b. +, -laksya s. + ; laks- 
 
 yate e.+) 
 Deriv. ; laksa V.+ laksya u.+ laksaniya c. laksmiv.+ 
 
 laksaka c. laksana b.+ laksmanv.+ -laksayitavya e. 
 
 Eeally a denominative formation from laksa, but having attained the 
 position and value of a secondary root. 
 
 y lag, 'attach' . 
 
 Pres. [1.] lagati efc. e.+ 
 
 [Perf. etc. lalaga; alagit.] 
 
 Put. 1. lagisyati etc. c. [ — 2. lagita.] 
 
 Verb, lagna b'.v e. + ; lagitva c; -lagya c. 
 
145 AND Primary Derivatives. [labh 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caui<. lagayati c. 
 
 Deriv.: -lagana c. laganiya c. linga? u.+ 
 
 The lateness of this root is strongly opposed to the derivation from it of 
 laksa etc. 
 
 ]/ langh, 'leap'. 
 Pre*. [1.] langhati -te c. 
 [Perf. etc. lalangha -ghe; alanghit, alanghista; langhisyati -te, 
 
 langhita.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, langhayati etc. e.+ (langhita s. + ; langhyate c.) 
 Derir. . laiigliaka c. -langhin c. langhyaE.+ langhana s.+ 
 
 langhaniya c. 
 Doubtless related with y ranh. 
 
 y lajj, 'be ashamed'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] lajjate etc. eI.e. +, -ti etc. e.+ 
 
 Perf. lalajjire c. 
 
 [Aor. etc. alajjista; lajjisyate, lajjita.] 
 
 Verb, lajjita c. ; lajjitum e. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. lalajj-. — Desid. lilajjisa-. — ] Caus. lajjayati etc. c. 
 
 Deriv. lajj a e.+ 
 
 y lap//prate'. 
 
 Prss. [1.] lapati etc. av.e.+, -te etc. e. — [4.] lapyant m. 
 
 Perf. lalapa lepus e.+ 
 
 [Aor. alilapat, alalapat; alapit.] 
 
 Fut. 1. lapisyati etc. e,+ [ — 2. lapita.] 
 
 Verb, lapita av.+, lapta e. ; lapitum c. laptum e. ; -lapya e.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, lapyate c. — Int. lalapiti etc. av.e.; lalapyate etc. e.+, 
 
 -ti E. — [Desid. lilapisa-. — ] Caus. lapayati etc. av.+. -te etc. b.u. 
 Deriv. : -lap av. lapana c. -lapitavya c. -lapin e. + 
 
 -lapya c. lapaniya c, -lapaAv.+ -lapya c. 
 
 -lapti c. -lapaka e. + -lapana e. + 
 
 Compare the other root-form, rap. 
 
 y labh, 'take'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] labhate etc. av.+, -ti etc. av.? e. + ; lambhate etc. e. 
 
 Perf. lalabha c, lebhe etc. v.+ 
 
 Aor. [1. alambhi. — 3. alalambhat. — ] 4. alabdha alapsata b.; 
 
 lapsiya s. 
 Fut. 1. lapsyate etc. b.+, -ti etc. b. + ; labhisyati c: — 2. labdha e. 
 Verb, labdba v. + : labdbva av. + ; -labhya b. + ; -lambham k.s. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, labhyate etc. b.+. -ti c. [— Int. lalabh-, lalambh-.] — 
 
 .Desid. lipsate etc. av.+, -ti etc. e. + ; lipsate etc. b.s. (lipsyate cb.) — 
 Caus. lambhayati etc. b.+, -te b. 
 
 Whitney, Supplement II. !•• 
 
labh] Roots, Vebb-foems, 146 
 
 Deriv.: -labha s.+ labhana c. lambha b.+ lambhuka b.u. 
 
 labhya B.+ -labhaniya c. lambhaka b.+ lipsa avp.e.+ 
 
 labha B.+ labdhiE. + -lambhin e.+ lipsuE.+ 
 
 -labhaka rv. labdhavya u.+ -lambhya b.s. lipsitavya e. 
 
 labhin c. labdhr b.+ larabhanas.+ lipsitavya b. 
 
 lambhaniyau.+ 
 Compare the other root-form, rabh. 
 
 y lam, 'take pleasure'. 
 
 Pres. lalama ci. 
 Deriv. lamaka? s. 
 
 Sporadic variation of y ram. 
 
 y lamb, 'hang down'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] lambate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e.+ 
 
 Perf. lalambe etc. e. + 
 
 [Aor. alalambat, alambista.] 
 
 Fut. 1. lambisyati e., alambisyata c. — [2. lambita.] 
 
 Verb, lambita e. + ; lambitum e. + : -lambya e.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, lambyate etc. e.+ — Caus. lam.bayati etc. e. + . -te c, 
 
 (lambyate etc. e.+) 
 Deriv.: lamba B.+ lambinB. + lam.banaE.+ -lambitavya c. 
 lambaka c. -lambya c. -lambuka b. 
 
 Compare the other root-form, ramb. 
 
 y lal, 'sport'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] lalati -te etc. e.+ 
 Verb. lalita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. lalayati etc. e.+, -te c. (lalyate c); lalayati etc. c. 
 Deriv. : lalana e. + lalaka c. lalana c. lalayitavya e. + 
 
 -lala c. -lalya c. lalaniya e. + 
 
 y las, 'desire' . 
 
 Pres. [!.] lasati -te etc. e.+ [ — 4. lasyati -te.] 
 Perf. lalasa lesus c. [lese.] 
 [Aor. alilasat; alaslt, alasista.] 
 Fut. 1. lasisyati c. [-te. — 2. lasita.] 
 Verb, lasita e. + 
 
 [Sec. Conj.: lalas-; lilasisa-; lasaya-.] 
 
 Deriv.: -lasya c. -lasaniya c. -lasa c. -lasin c. 
 
 -lasaka e. + -lasvika c. 
 Hardly occurs, in verb-forms or derivatives, except with abhi. 
 
147 AND Primary Derivatives. [lip 
 
 y las, 'be lively' . 
 
 Pre.<. [1.] lasati etc. e.+. -te etc. c. 
 Perf. lalasa c. 
 
 [Aor. etc. alilasat, alasit; lasisyati, lasita.J 
 Verb, lasita e.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. lasayati etc. e. + (laayate c.) 
 
 Deriv.: -las c. -lasana c. lasaE. + -lasin e.+ 
 
 -lasa B.+ lasana e. + lasaka e.+ lasya e. + 
 
 lalasa e.+ 
 In meaning . lalasa belongs distinctly to y las , and the two roots are 
 very possibly one in origin; alasa is the only pre-epic form. 
 
 y la, 'grasp'. 
 Pres. [2.] lati c. 
 
 [Perf. etc. lalau; alasit; lasyati, lata.] 
 Verb, latva c. 
 
 A few sporadic occurrences, probably artificial. 
 
 y lanch, 'mark' . 
 Only in lanchita c. and lanehana c. ; perhaps connected with y laks. 
 
 y likh, 'scratch'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] likhati etc. av.+. -te b.s. 
 
 Perf. lilekha etc. b.+ 
 
 Aor. [1. alekhi. — ] 3. alilikhat jb. — 5. lekhis b.s. 
 
 Fut. 1. likhisyati c. [lekhisyati. — 2. lekhita.] 
 
 Verb, likhita av. + [lekhitum, likhitum; lekhitva,] likhitva c. ; -li- 
 
 khya b. + ■ 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, likhyate etc. s.+ — [Desid. lilikhisa-, lilekhisa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. lekhayati etc. s. + : likhapayati c. 
 i)erii'. .• likhya c. lekha s.+ lekhakaE.+ lekhana s. + 
 
 likhana c. lekha b.+ lekhinE.+ lekhaniya c 
 
 lekhya e. + 
 
 Compare the other root-form, rikh. 
 
 y lip, limp, 'smear'. ' 
 
 Pres. [6.] limpati etc. av,+, -te etc. s.+ 
 
 Perf. lilepa lilipus b. + 
 
 Aor. 1. alepi c. — 2. alipat c. lalipata. — 3. alilipat.] — 4. alipta c, 
 
 alipsata ev. 
 [Fut. lepsyati -te ; lepta.] 
 Verb, lipta av. + ; -lipya b.+ 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, lipyate etc. b.+, -ti e. — [Int. lelip-. — Desid. lilipsa-. — ] 
 
 Caus^ lepayati etc. e. + ; limpayati s. 
 
 10* 
 
lip] Roots, Verb-fokms, 14S 
 
 Deriv.: lepa r.s.+ lepinE.+ lepana s.+ -limpa av.b. 
 
 -lepaka c. lepya c. lipiE.+ limpi c'. 
 
 Compare tlie other root-form, rip. 
 
 y lie, 'tear. 
 
 Pres. [6.] liqate etc. e. {^licjana jb.) [ — 4. ligyate.] 
 
 Perf. Iili9ire b. 
 
 Aor. [3. alili^at. — ] 5. ale9isi b. [ — 7. aliksata.] 
 
 [Fut. leksyate, lesta.] 
 
 Verb, lista b.s. 
 
 [Sec. Conj.: lelig-; liliksa-; legaya-.] 
 
 Derir.; (ku-)li9a? V.+ le9aB.+ lestu e.+ 
 
 Compare the other root-form, ri9. 
 
 yiih, 'lick'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] ledhi etc. b.+, lidhe etc. b.+ — [6.] lihati etc. e.+ 
 
 [Perf. etc. lileha, lilihe.] 
 
 Aor. [1. alehi. — 3. alilihat. — 4. alidha. — ] 7. aliksat s. [-ksata.] 
 
 [Fut. leksyati -te, ledha.] 
 
 Verb, lidha e. + ; -lihya s. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, lihyate e. — Int. lelihat etc. e.+, lelihana e. +. -hita jb., 
 
 lelihyate etc. e. +, -hyant c. — [Desid. liliksa-. — ] Cans, lehayati 
 
 etc. B.+ 
 Deriv. : -lih c. leha c. -lehin e.+ lehana s.+ 
 
 -liha c. -lehaka e. lehyaE. + lelihaE.+ 
 
 Compare the other root-form, rih. 
 
 y 1 11, 'cling". 
 
 Pres. [4.] liyate av. '? b.+, -ti etc. v.c. — [1.] layate etc. v.b. — (ni-")layata 
 
 E. [— 9. linati.] 
 Perf. lilye etc. b.+, lilyus b.+ — (ni-)layam cakre cb. [lalau.] 
 Aor. 4. alesta cb. [alaisit. — 6. alasit.] 
 [Fut. lesyati, lasyati; leta, lata.] 
 Verb, llna AV. + ; -liya e.+, -laya s. ; -lay am av.b. 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. leli-. — Desid. lilisa-. — ] Caus. lapayati etc. b. + (lap- 
 
 yate c.) ; layayati etc. c. 
 Deriv.: layaB.+ -liyana c. -layya? ev. -lapya c. 
 
 layanaAv.+ layav ev. -layana c. -lapana b.+ 
 
 layu? MS. -layaka vs. -leya v c. -lapayitavya c. 
 
 Compare ]/ ri, ri. 
 
149 AND Primary DERtvATivES. flup 
 
 y 2 II, 'be unsteady'. 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. lelayati E.r.s.. alelayat v.. alelet n.. lelayanti lelayatas 
 
 B.; lelayate etc. v., aleliyata b. ; lelaya - cb.. lelaya ms.. lelayat jh. 
 Deriv. lelacB.?jB. 
 
 Perhaps iutensive of the preceding. The variety of form and accent is 
 quite anomalous. 
 
 y lunc, 'tear'. 
 [Pres. Ivincati.] 
 
 Perf. luluncus e., -nee c. 
 
 [Aor. etc. aluncit; luncisyati, luncita.] 
 
 Verb, luneita c. ; luncitva c . [lucitva] ; -luneya e. 
 
 Deriv.: lvLk.1 c. -lunca vs. -luncaka c. -luncanaE.+ 
 
 y 1 luth, roll'. 
 Pres. [6.] luthati -te etc. c. 
 Perf. lulotha c. 
 
 [Aor. etc. aluluthat alulothat, alothit alothista; lothisyati, lothita.] 
 Verb, luthita c. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. loluthiti c. — Caus. lothayati c. 
 Deriv. lothana? c. 
 
 )/ 2 luth, lunth, 'rob'. 
 Pres. [l.Jlunthati e'. 
 Fut. lunthisyati c. 
 Verb, lunthitum c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. lothayati etc. c. ; lunthayati etc. c. (lunthyate c.l 
 Deriv. : -luntha c. lunthaka c. lunthana e'.c. Ivinthi c. 
 
 y lud, 'stir up". 
 l^Pres. etc. lodati etc. etc.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. lodayati etc. e. + ; lodita -lodya s.+ (lodyate etc. e.+) 
 Deriv. ; -lodana E. + -lodayitr c. 
 
 Compare }' lul. A form or two from y lunth appear to have the mean- 
 ing of }/ Ivid. 
 
 y lup, 'break'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] lumpati etc. av.+. -te etc. s.+ 
 
 Perf. lulopa etc. b.+, lulupe e. 
 
 Aor. 1. lopi s. — [2. alupat. — ] o. alulupat e. [alulopat.] — 4. [alupta;] 
 
 lopsiya u. 
 [Fut. lopsyati -te, lopta.] 
 Verb. luptaAV. + ; loptumc. ; luptva s. + ; -lupya \y. + : -lumpam ms., 
 
 -lop am s. 
 
lup] Roots, VERB-roKMS, 150 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, lupyate etc. av.+ (lupyate ts.), -ti s. — Inf. lolupat 
 -pyate etc. v.-i- — [Desid. lulupsa-, lulopisa-. — ] Cans, lopayati -te 
 etc. JB.E.+ (lopyate c.) 
 Deriv.: lup c lopaka E.+ lopanaE. + -lumpakaE. + 
 
 -lupya c. lopin e.+ -lupti b. -lumpana e. 
 
 lopaE. + lopya c. loptr e. lolupa e.+ 
 
 loptra E. + 
 Compare the other root-form, rup. Xiolupa belongs in meaning to )/lubh. 
 
 y lubh, 'be lustful' . 
 
 Pres. [4.] lubhyati etc. av. + [ — 6. lubhati.] — [1.] lobhase ci. 
 
 Perf. lulubhe s. + [lulobha.] 
 
 Aor. [2. alubhat. — ] 3. alulubhat jb. [ — 5. alobhit.] 
 
 {Put. lobhisyati ; lobdha, lobhita.] 
 
 Verb, lubdha e. + ; lobdhum e. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. lolubhyate c. — [Desid. lulubhisa-, lulobhisa-. — ] Caus. 
 
 lobhayati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ (lobby ate e. + -, lulobhayisati ab.") 
 Deriv.: lobhaE. + lobhin e.+ lobhana s. + lobhaniya e.+ 
 
 -lobhaka c. -lobhya c. 
 
 y ltd, 'be lively'. 
 Pres. [1.] lolati etc. c. 
 Verb, lulita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. lolayati etc. e.+ 
 Deriv. : lola e. + lolana c. 
 
 The same with ]/ lud. 
 
 y lu, 'cut'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] lunati etc. b.+ — [5.] Ivmoti etc. b.s. 
 
 Perf. lulava c. 
 
 [Aor. etc. alavi, alilavat -vata, alavlt alavista; lavisyati -te, lavita.] 
 
 Verb, liina b. + ; -lavam c 
 
 [Sec. Conj. : lolii- ; lulusa- ; lavaya-.] 
 
 Derio.: lavaB.+ -lavya c. lavanas. + lava c. lavaka c^ 
 
 y lok, 'look' . 
 Pres. [1.] lokate etc. b'.c. 
 Perf. luloke c. 
 
 Aor. 1. aloki c. [ — 3. alulokat. — 5. alokista.] 
 [Fut. lokisyate, lokita.] 
 Verb, lokitvim c. 
 
 .Sec. Conj.: Caus. lokayati etc. e.+, -te etc. e.+ (lokyate etc. c.) 
 Deriv. : -loka e. + -lokin s. + -lokana c. -lokayitr c. 
 
 -lokaka e. + -lokya e. + -lokaniya e. + -lokajritavya c. 
 Doubtless from y ruc, through a noun loka: compare also y loc. 
 
151 
 
 AND PkiMARY DeRIYATIVES. 
 
 y loc, "see, consider'. 
 
 [vao 
 
 [Pres. locate.] 
 Perf. luloce c'. 
 
 [AoT. etc. alulocat, alocista; locisyate, locita.] 
 
 Sec. Con}.: [Int. loloc-. — Desid. lulocisa-. — ) Cuu<. locayati -te etc. e.+ 
 Deriv. : -loca c. -locya c. locana e.+ -locaniya c. 
 
 -iocaka c. 
 The same root with the preceding. 
 
 y vak, see y vafic. 
 
 y vaks, uks, 'increase'. 
 
 Pres. [1, 6.] uksant xiksamana auksat rv. 
 
 Perf. vavaksa vavakse etc. (vavaksitha) v. 
 
 Aor. 3? vavaksat sv. — 5. auksis ev. 
 
 [Put. vaksisyati, vaksita.] 
 
 Verb, uksita RV. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. viksayanta rv. ; vaksayam rv. 
 
 Deriv. : vaksana uv. vaksana? v. vaksani rv. vaksatha ry. vaksas .' v.+ 
 
 y vac, 'speak'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] vivakti etc. v. — [2.] vacmi vaksi vakti e. + 
 
 Perf. uvaca ucus etc. v.+ (uvaktha av.), iice etc. v.+ (vavaea vivakvans 
 
 RV., vavakse rv.) 
 Acr. 1. ucyasamE. ; avaci v.b. — 2. avocat -cata etc. v.+ (vocati -te 
 etc. V. + ; vocati etc. v.b.s. , vocet -ceta etc. v.b., vocatu etc. v.; 
 vocant c. ; avoci c.) [ — 3. avivacat.] 
 Fut. 1. vaksyati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ (avaksyat etc. b.u.) — 2. vakta b.+ 
 Verb. ixkta v. + ; vaktum b.+, -tave rv., -tos b. ; uktva b. + ; -ucya b.+ 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, ucyate etc. v.+ — Int. avavaeit rv. — Desid. vivaksati 
 -te etc. B.+ (vivaksyate c.) — Caus. vacayati etc. b. + , -te etc. s. 
 (vaeyate c.) 
 
 vacana v.+ 
 vacana rv. 
 vacaniya s. + 
 vacana v. + 
 
 Deriv. 
 
 vac V.+ 
 -vaca E. + 
 -ucya B.s. 
 vaka V. + 
 -vakin u'. 
 vakya v. + 
 vacaka e. + 
 vacin c. 
 vacya v. + 
 
 -vacaniya c. 
 vacas V.+ 
 -vaeas v. 
 -vaku AV.+ 
 
 ukti V. + 
 vakti ui. 
 vaktva rv. 
 vaktavya b. + 
 vaktr V. + 
 vaktra e.+ 
 uktha V. + 
 ucatha rv. 
 
 vagnu V.B. 
 vakman'.' rv. 
 vakmya? rv. 
 vagvana rv. 
 vagvanu rv. 
 vivaksa b.+ 
 vivaksu av. + 
 vacayitr c. 
 vacayitavyas. 
 
 The aorist-stem voca is treated quite as a secondary root-form. 
 
vaj] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 152 
 
 y vaj, 'be strong'. 
 
 [Pres. etr. vajati etc. etc.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cms. vajayati etc. v.b.s. (vajayant ev. ; vajayadhyai rv.) 
 Deriv.: vajav. + ojas v.+ ojiyas v.b. ugrav.+ 
 
 -vajana s. oja- rv. ojman v. vajrav.+ 
 
 ojistha V.B. 
 The verbal forms are really denominative, from vaja. 
 
 y vane, 'move crookedly'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] vaneati v.b.s., -te c'. 
 
 Perf. [vavanca] vavakre rv. 
 
 [Aor. etc. vaeyat. avavancat, avancit; vaneisyati, vancita; vancitva 
 
 vacitva vaktva.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, vacyate etc. v. + — Int. [vanivanc-] avavacltv ev. — 
 
 [Desid. vivancisa-. — ] Cans, vancayati etc. v.+. -te etc. e.+ (vanc- 
 
 yate e. +) 
 Deriv. : vaneaka e. + vanku rv. vakra av. + vancayitr c. 
 
 vancana v. + vankri v. + vakva rv. vancayitavya e.+ 
 vancaniya e.+ vakvan rv. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to assume a different root-form vak for a part of 
 these forms , since they are all such as sometimes show a guttural in place of a 
 palatal of the root. 
 
 y vant, 'divide'. 
 
 [Pres. etc. vantati etc. etc.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, vantyate c. 
 
 The single occurrence is doubtless artificial. 
 
 '6^ 
 
 y vat, 'apprehend'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] vatema vatantas av. 
 Aor. 3. avivatan v. 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans, vatayati etc. ev. 
 Deriv. -vata? rv. 
 Only with api. 
 
 y vad, 'speak'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] vadati -te etc. v.+ (vadata -deyus e. ; udeyam av.) 
 
 Perf. udima udus v.b.. ude etc. b.u. 
 
 Aor. 1. udyasam etc. b.s. : avadi c. — [3. avivadat. — ] 5. avadit etc. v.+ 
 
 (vadisas av.. vadisma ab.). vadisthas b. (avadiran av.) 
 Fut. 1. vadisyati etc. .■s.v. +. -te b. 
 Verb, udita v. + , vadita e. + ; vaditum b. + , vaditos e.s. ; uditva s. ; 
 
 -udya B. + ; -ude? av. 
 
153 
 
 AXD Primary Derivatives. 
 
 vand 
 
 Sec. Con).: Pass, udyate etc. v. + 
 Desid. vivadisati etc. b.s. 
 
 B.+. -ti E.) 
 
 Deriv. : -vada v. + 
 -vadya v. + 
 -udya Av. + 
 vada V.+ 
 vadaka e. + 
 vadin v. + 
 Compare y vand. 
 
 Int. vavaditi etc. v.n., -dyate etc. n. — 
 Caus. vadayati -te etc. n.+ (vadyate 
 
 vadya av.+ 
 vadana e.+ 
 vadana s. + 
 -vadaniya s.+ 
 vaditavya ii.+ 
 vaditavya e. 
 
 vaditr ii.+ 
 vaditra r.s. + 
 -vadisu s. 
 -vadisnu s. 
 vadistha u. 
 vaduka a. 
 
 vadman nv. 
 -vadavada n. 
 vadavadin s. 
 -vadayitr h. + 
 
 y vadh, badh, 'slay. 
 
 Pres. [1?] vadha? vadheyam av., vadhet vs. 
 
 Aor. 1. badhyasam -stis av.b.s.. vadhyat l. ; avadhi c. — 5. avadhit 
 etc. V. + (avadhim vadhim v.b. ; vadhisas ev.. badhis ta.) [vadhi- 
 sthas ; vadhisista.1 
 Fut. 1. vadhisyati -te etc. e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, vadliyate etc. e.+, -ti etc. e.+ — Caus. vadhayati etc. b. 
 Derii\ : 
 
 vadha, ba-v.+ vadhana rv. -vadhyaE. + vadhasna rv. 
 
 vadhaka av. + vadhatra rv. -vadhra rv. vadhasnii v. 
 
 vadhya, ba- av. + vadhar rv. vadhriv v.+ 
 
 y van, va, Svin'. 
 
 Pres. [8.] vanoti vanute etc. v.b.s. — [1.] vanati -te etc. v. — [(3.] vanati 
 
 vanema v.b. 
 Perf. vavana vavanma etc. vavne (vavantha vavanas vavandhi) rv. 
 Aor. 1. vanta? rv., vansva rv. — 4. vansat etc. rv.. vansi (Is.) vansate 
 
 V.B. , vansimahi vasimahi rv. — 5. vanisat av. , vanisanta ts. 
 
 (vanusanta rv.). vanisista rv. — 6. vansisiya ? av. 
 Fut. 1. vanisyate s. [ — 2. vanita.] 
 Verb, -vata v.b., vanita e. + ; -vantave rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. vanivan- [m d.). — Desid. vivasati -te etc. v. — Ciw-. 
 
 vanayantu av. 
 Deriv. : 
 
 -van? B.s. 
 
 -vanana v. 
 
 vanus RV. 
 
 -vanya u.s. 
 
 vana v.u. 
 
 vanana rv. 
 
 vantr rv. 
 
 vama.* v.+ 
 
 vanin rv. 
 
 vananiya c 
 
 vanitr rv. 
 
 vanivan rv. 
 
 -vanya b. 
 
 vanas rv. 
 
 vanistha rv. 
 
 vavSta V.+ 
 
 vanad? rv. 
 
 vani V.B. 
 
 vaniyas rv. 
 
 vavatr rv. 
 
 
 vanii RV. 
 
 
 vanayitr ( . 
 
 y vand, 'greet' . 
 
 Pires. [1.] vandate etc. v.+, -ti e. 
 Perf. vavanda etc. v.b., -de etc. v.+ 
 
vandl 
 
 Roots, Vekb-fobms, 
 
 154 
 
 Aor, 1. vandi rv. — 5. vandisimahi kv. 
 
 [Fut. vandisyate, vandita.] 
 
 Verb, vandita av. + ; vanditum e. + ; vanditva e. + ; -vandya e. + ; vand- 
 
 adhyai bv. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, vandyate etc. e. + — Desid. vivandisa- (in d.). — Caus. 
 
 vandayati etc. e. 
 Deriv. : -vanda v. vandin c. vandaniya e.+ vanditavya e. + 
 
 vandya v. + vandana v. + vandaru v. + vanditr v.b. 
 
 vivandisu c. 
 
 Doubtless the same with ]/ vad. 
 
 y 1 vap, 'strew'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] vapati -te etc. v. + (upet s.) 
 Perf. uvapa iipus etc. v. + (vavapa e.), upe etc. rv. 
 Aor. 1. [upyat;] vapi n. — [3. avivapat. — ] 4. avapsit etc. b.+ [avapta.] 
 Fut. 1. vapsyati etc. b.s. ; vapisyati etc. e. + [ — 2. vapta.] 
 Verb, upta V. +, upita e'., vapta e1. ; uptva e. + ; -upya v.+ 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, upyate etc. v. + — [Int. vavap-. — Desid, vivapsa-. — ] 
 Caus. vapayati etc. b. + 
 
 Deriv. . 
 
 vapa B. 
 vapa v.B.s. 
 -upya B. 
 vapa B.+ 
 
 -vapaka e. 
 -vapin c. 
 vapya b. + 
 vapana av. + 
 
 vapaniya c. 
 vapana c. 
 vapi E. + 
 upti c. 
 
 Compare the following root. 
 
 vaptavya c. 
 vaptr E. + 
 vapra s.+ 
 -vapistha b. 
 -vapayitr b. 
 
 y 2 vap, 'shear'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] vapati -te etc. v.b.s. 
 Verb, upta s. ; uptva s. ; -upya s. 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. vapayati etc. s., -yita s. 
 
 Deriv. .- vapana B. + vapa c. vapana s,+ vaptr v.b.s. 
 
 Doubtless the same with the preceding root: 'scatter off from one'. 
 
 y vara, 'vomit'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] vamiti vamanti etc. v.+ (avamit v.b., avamat b.+) — [1.] 
 
 vamati etc. e. + 
 Perf. vavama e. +, vemus c. [vavamus] (uvama cb.) 
 Aor. [1. avami. — 3. avivamat. — ] 4. avan kb. [ — 5. avamit.] 
 [Fut. vamisyati, vamita.] 
 Verb, vamta b. + -, vamitva c. 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. vanvam-. — Desid. vivamisa-. — ] Caus. vamayati etc. 
 
 c. ; vamayati etc. c. 
 Derjv.; vami c. vamana c. vamitavya c. vamra? v.b, 
 
 vamin b. + vamaniya c. vamathu c. 
 
155 AND Primary Derivatives. '1 vas 
 
 y val, turn'. 
 Pres. [1.] valati -te etc. c. 
 Perf. vavale c. 
 
 [Aor. etc. avivalat, avalista; valisyati, valita.] 
 Verb, valita c. ; valitva c. 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. valayati c. 
 Dcr «■('.; valana c. vali ■.'£.+ valayaE.+ 
 
 Evidently a secondary root- form, probably from y 1 vr, through some 
 derivative. 
 
 y valg, 'spring'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] valgati etc. av. +, -te etc. e.+ 
 
 Perf. vavalga etc. e. 
 
 [Aor. etc. avalgit ; valgisyati, valgita.] 
 
 Verb, valgita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. valgayati s. 
 
 Deriv.: valga E.+ -valgin c. valgana c. valguv.+ 
 
 y valh, 'challenge'. 
 
 Pres. [I.] valhati -te etc, b.s. 
 Verb, valhita c. ; -valhya b. 
 Deriv. : -valha b.s. -valhaka b.s. 
 
 ]/ vac, 'be eager'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] vasti u^anti etc. v.+ (Qmasi rv. , vasta sv.") — [1.] vacjanti 
 ava9at ev., vaqa -qet at.? — [3.] vavaksi vivasti rv., vivastu sv. 
 — [6.] U9amana rv'. 
 
 Perf. vavacjus -qe -9ana rv. [uva9a Uijus.] 
 
 Aor. [1. UQyat. — 3. avivaQat. — j 5. va9is e. [avacjit.] 
 
 [Fut. etc. vaqisyati, vaqita; uqita.] 
 
 .Sec. Conj.: [Pass. u(;yate. — Int. vava9-. — Desid. vivaqisa-. — ] Caus. 
 vaqayati c. ; vaqita? av. + 
 
 Dcrii'. ; vaqa V.+ uqana, -nas v. + v&qi b. vaBti rv. 
 
 u(ja-'? RV. UQenya RV. UQi-vv. + va9itr c. 
 
 uqij v.B.e. vaqiyas .' av. 
 
 y 1 vas, us, uch, 'shine'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] uchati etc. v.b.s. — [2.] vastev cb'. 
 
 Perf. uvasa usiis etc. v.b. 
 
 Aor. ]. avasran ev. — 4. avatv av. 
 
 Fut. 1. avatsyat cb. 
 
 Verb, usta v.+, usita s.e. ; vastave rv, ; -usi v.b. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. vasayati etc. v.b. 
 
1 vas 
 
 RooTS, Verb- 
 
 -FORMS, 
 
 156 
 
 Deriv. : us v.b. 
 
 -usti V. + 
 
 vasiyas b.s. 
 
 -vasa Av.s. 
 
 usa Rv. 
 
 vastu V.B. 
 
 vasyas v.b.u. 
 
 -vasana c. 
 
 -usa E.+ 
 
 vastr RV. 
 
 usra V.+ 
 
 vasara rv. 
 
 usar-, usf rv. 
 
 vasu V. + 
 
 usri RV. 
 
 vivas van rv. 
 
 usas V.+ 
 
 vasistha v. + 
 
 
 vivasvant v. + 
 
 y 2 vas, 'clothe'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] vaste vasate vasana etc. v. + (vasisva rv., usana rv'., vad- 
 
 dhvam s.) — [6.] usamana rv'. 
 Perf. vavase c, vavase -sana rv. 
 Aor. [3. avxvasat. — ] 5. avasista etc. rv. 
 Fut. 1. [vasisyate;] vatsyati c'. [— 2. vasita.] 
 Verb, vasita e. ; vasitum e. + ; vasitva c. ; -vasya e. 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. vavas-. — Desid. vivasisa-. — ] Caus. vasayati etc. v.+, 
 
 -te RV. (vasyate e.) 
 Deriv,: -vas c. vasins. + vasanta? v.+ vastrav. + 
 
 vasa- RV. vasana v. + vasitavya e. vasman rv. 
 
 vasya e.s. vasana av. + vasitr c. 
 
 -vasav.+ vasas V. + vastr s. 
 
 y 3 vas, 'dweir. 
 
 Pres. [1.] vasati etc. v. +, -te etc. b.+ 
 
 Perf. uvasa usus etc. v. + ; -vasam cakre u. 
 
 Aor. 1. vasana? v.b.s. [usyat; avasi.] — 3. avivasat ms. — 4. avatsit 
 
 etc. AV. + (avaksam ab., avastam u.) 
 Fut. 1. vatsyati etc. b. +, -te etc. e. + ; vasisyati etc. e. [ — 2. vasta.] 
 Feri. usita s. +, usta e., vasita c; vastumE. +. -tavai s.. vasitum c. ; 
 
 usitva B.+, ustva e. +; -usya b. + ; -vasam c. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, usyate c. — [Int. vavas-. — J Desid. vivatsati cb. — 
 
 Caus. vasayati etc. v.+ . -te etc. av.+ (vasyate etc. b. + . -yant e. ; 
 
 -vasas TA.) 
 
 Deriv. 
 
 vas RV. 
 -vasa E. + 
 -usaka c. 
 -usya V. + 
 vasa V. + 
 -vasaka e. + 
 
 vasin AV.+ 
 vasya e.+ 
 vasana v. + 
 -usana c. 
 vasana s.+ 
 -vasaniya e. + 
 
 vasas u. 
 -vasu ? V. 
 vasati V. + 
 vastu E. + 
 vastavya b.+ 
 usitavya c. 
 
 vastu V. + 
 vastr b . 
 -vasatha v.b.s. 
 vasman rv. 
 vasayitavya e. 
 vasayitr e. + 
 
 A few vas-forms , occurring in rv. in questionable connection, are refer- 
 red in BR. to a root 4 vas 'aim'. The causative forms ascribed by BR. to a 
 root 5 vas 'cut off' are also doubtless peculiar technical specializations from 
 3 vas. 
 
157 
 
 AND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 [2 va 
 
 y vah, 'carry'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] vahati -te etc. v. + — [2.] vaksi vodham -dham vihita vaksva 
 
 vodhvam udhvam lihana v.r. 
 Perf. uvaha tihus etc. v.+, uhe etc. v. (vavaha vavahatus e.+) 
 Aor. I. avahi c. : ixhyat s. — [3. avivahat. — ] 4. avaksit etc. v.u.s. {kva^ 
 
 vat V.E.S.. vaksat etc. v.u.s., vaksati etc. v.) [avaksi,] 
 Fut. I. vaksyati etc. av.+, -te e. ; vahisyati etc. e.+ — 2. vodha v. 
 Verb, udhav. + . vodha? k'.; vodhumv. + , -dhave v.b.s., -dhavalB. • 
 
 udhva E.; -uhya av. + ; vahe rv. ; vahadhyai kv. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pa^s. uhyate etc. v.+, -yant e.+ — Int. vavahiti c, vanlvah- 
 
 yate etc. b.s. — [Desid. vivaksa-. — ] Cans, vahayati etc. ii.+, -te etc. 
 
 E. + (vahyate etc. e. +) 
 
 Deriv . 
 
 -vah V. + 
 vaha AV.+ 
 vahin B.s. 
 vahya v.s. 
 ogha V. + 
 augha B. 
 vaha V. + 
 vahaka e. - 
 vahin av. + 
 
 vahya s.+ 
 vahana s.+ 
 vahana v. + 
 vahaniya c. 
 vahat Ev. 
 vaghat? EV. 
 vahas v.b.s. 
 udhi E. + 
 vahatii v.b. 
 
 vodhavya e. + 
 -vahitavya e. 
 vodhr V. + 
 vahitr e. 
 -vahitr u. 
 vahitra c. 
 vahistha v. 
 vahistha v.b. 
 
 Compare roots 1 , 2 uh. 
 
 vahiyas v.b. 
 vahni v.+ 
 -vahman ev. 
 vaksas v v. 
 vaksana.' v. 
 vaksi .' EV. 
 vavahi rv. 
 vivadhav b.+ 
 -vahayitr c. 
 
 -vapayitr c. 
 -vapayitavya c. 
 
 ]/ 1 va, 'blow'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] vati etc. v. + — [4.] vayati etc. v. +, -te etc. e. 
 Perf. vavau etc. b, + 
 Aor. 6? avasit b. 
 Fut. 1. vasyati etc. c. 
 Verb, vata s., vana c. ; vatum c. 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. vapayati etc. v. + 
 Deriv.: -va av.e. vata v. + -vapaka c. 
 
 -vana e. + vayu v. + -vapana c. 
 
 -vayya av. 
 The forms from pres.-stem vaya have mostly the sense 'be blown or ex- 
 hausted', and are generally referred to a different root, 2 va. The two, however, 
 seem evidently only two sides of the same original root , nor are the forms 
 capable of being clearly divided between them. 
 
 ]/ 2 va, vi, u, 'weave'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] vayati etc. v. +, -te etc. b.+ 
 
 Perf. livus RV. [vavau etc., uvaya uyus etc.] 
 
 [Aor. 1. tiyat. — 4. avasta, vasista. — 6. avasit.] 
 
 Fut. 1. vayisyati ev. [-te; vasyati. — 2. vata.] 
 
 Verb, uta v. +. uta s. ; otum rv., otave sv.. otavai v.. vatave av. 
 
2 val Roots, Verb-forms, 15S 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, uyate etc. b.s. [ — In', vava-. — Desid. vivasa-. — Caus. 
 vayaya-.] 
 
 Derjy. ; -vaya Rv.c. vanas. + otu v.b. vem?s.+ 
 
 vayaka c. vayuna?v. + -vatavya c. vema e. | 
 
 -vayana b.s. uti ? c. vayitr b. veman b. + 
 
 y 3 va (m vivasa-), see y van. 
 
 y vanch, 'desire'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] vanchati etc. \.+ 
 
 [Perf. etc. vavancha; avanchit; vanehisyati, vanchita.] 
 
 Verb, vanchita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, vanchyate etc. c. — Caus. vanchayati e. 
 
 Deriv. vancha c. 
 
 y vac, 'bellow'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] vaqyate etc. av. +. -ti e. — [1.] va9ati etc. ev.e.+, -te etc. e.+ 
 
 Perf. vava9e etc. v.+ (vavaQre -qana avavaqitam avava9anta etc. rv.) 
 
 Aor. 3. avivaqat etc. avivaqanta ev. [avava^at.] — 5. ava9isthas b. 
 
 [Fut. va9isyate, va9ita.] 
 
 Verb. va9ita e. + ; va9itva c. ; -va9ya c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass. va9yate c. — Int. vava9at rv. ; vava9yate e. — [Desid. 
 
 viva9isa-. — ] Caus. va9ayati etc. v.s. 
 X»eni;..- va9a? V.+ va9aka c. -va9ya s. va9rav. + 
 
 va9a v.s. va9inE. + va9ana c. 
 
 y vah, 'press'. 
 Pres. [1.] vallate etc. c. 
 
 [Perf. etc. vavahe; avahista; vahisyate, vahita.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. vahayati c. 
 
 y 1 vie, 'sift'. 
 
 Pres. ['.] vinakti etc. v. + — [,3.] viveksi rv'. 
 
 Perf. viveca? av. (vivikvans rv.^ 
 
 [Aor. avivicat, avaiksit.] 
 
 Fut. 1. veksyati c. [ — 2. vekta.] 
 
 Verb, vikta b. + ; vektum e. ; -vicya s. + ; -vecam s. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, vicyate etc. av. + — Int. vevekti s. — Caus. vecayati 
 
 etc. c. 
 Deri';..- -veka U.+ -vecaka c. -viktiB.+ -vektr c. 
 
 -vekin c. -vecana e. + -vektavya c. vivici v.b.s. 
 
 -vekya c. 
 
159 
 
 A.ND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 [2 vid 
 
 y 2 Vic, see |/ vyac. ^ ^, ^^ ^. 
 
 UNIV ■ I'Y 
 
 V vij, 'tremble". 
 
 Pres. [G.] vijate etc. v.+, -ti etc. k.+ — [1.] vejate e. 
 
 Perf. vivije etc. v. + 
 
 Aor. 1 (4?). vikthas v.b., vikta ev. — ;}. vivijas rv. [ 
 
 Fut. 1. vijisyati e., vejisyati c. [ — 2. vijita.J 
 
 Verb, vikta ev., vigna e. + [vijitum.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. vevijyate nv., vevijanaRv. — [Desid. vivijiaa-. — ] Caus. 
 
 vejayati etc. b.+, -te e. 
 Deriv.: vij u\. -vejaka c. -vejana c. vevija rv. 
 
 vegav.+ -vejin c. vigra.'Rv. 
 
 5. avijista.J 
 
 y 1 vid, 'know'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] vetti vidanti etc. v. +, vidmahe b. + (avidus b., -dan c. ; vidam 
 karotu c(c. c.) — [1.] vedaE., vedate u. — [6.] vidati-teetc. av.v.k. + ; 
 vindati -te etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. veda vidiis etc. v.+, vidre rv. ; viveda etc. c. — vidam cakara etc. 
 
 B.U.S. 
 
 Aor. [1. avedi. — 3. avividat. —J 4. avaitv c. — 5. avedit etc. b.+ — 
 
 vidam akran b. 
 Fut. 1. vedisyati -te etc. b.u. (avedisyat u.); vetsyati -te etc. e. + — 
 
 2. vedita cb., vetta e. 
 Verb, vidita av. + ; veditum b. +, -tos b., vettum e. ; viditva b.+ 
 See. Conj. : Pass, vidyate c. — [Int. vevid-. — ] Desid. vividisati etc. b. +. 
 
 vivitsati etc. c. — Caus. vedayate -ti etc. v.+ (vedyate etc. e. + ; 
 
 vivedayisa- in d.) 
 
 Deriv.: vid v. + 
 
 -vida B.+ 
 veda V.+ 
 vedaka e. + 
 vedin b. + 
 vedya v.+ 
 vedya ev.c. 
 See y 2 vid. 
 
 vedana b. + 
 vedaniya e. + 
 -vedi B. 
 vidu(^sO RV. 
 vitti c. 
 vettr U.+ 
 veditr v. + 
 
 veditavya b. + 
 vidatha v.b. 
 vidya v. + 
 vidmian v. 
 vidura e. + 
 vidvan av. 
 vidvala v. 
 
 vivitsa B. + 
 vivitsu E. + 
 vividisa c. 
 vividisu c. 
 vedayitr c. 
 vivedayisu k. 
 
 y 2 vid, 'find'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] vindati -te etc. v.+ — [2.] vitte etc. v.b. (vide 3s. v.b., vidre v.b., 
 vidam 3s. av.b., vidanav.B., vidanav.); vindate (3p.) e.. vindyatv c. 
 
 Perf. viveda vividus etc. v. + [viveditha rv. , vividat rv.) , vivide 
 etc. v.B.s. 
 
 Aor. 1. avedi vedi rv. — 2. avidat -data etc. v.b.s. (vidasi etc. vidat etc. 
 videt -deta etc. v.b.s., videsta av.) — [3. avividat. — ] 4. avitsi v.b. 
 
2 vid] Roots, Verb-forms, 160 
 
 FuL 1. vetsyati -te etc. b. + [vedisyati. — 2. vetta.] 
 
 Verb. vittaA. +, vinnaAv. + ; vettum e., vettave av., -tavai'.'TB., -tos 
 
 jB. ; vittva Av.B. ; -vidya b. + ; vide rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, vidyate etc. v. + , -ti etc. e. — Int. vevidat -dana etc. 
 
 Rv. — Desid. vivitsati etc. b. + — Caw.*, vedayati etc. e. 
 Deriv. : -vid v.+ vedyas. + vittiAv.+ vidayya kv. 
 
 -vidya V. vedanav.+ -vettavya c. -vindaB. + 
 
 -veda V.+ -vedanlya c. -vettrE.+ -vindu t.b. 
 
 -vedaka c. vedas v.+ vedistha kv. -vindaka c. 
 
 -vedin c. veduka b. vediyas rv. -vivitsu? e. 
 
 Doubtless originally the same ■with the preceding root. In some of their 
 meanings, the two are so close together as hardly to he separable; and there are 
 instances, from the Veda down, of exchanges of form between them. 
 
 y 1 vidh, 'worship'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] vidhati etc. v.b.u.c, -te etc. rv. 
 Deriv. vedhas v. + 
 
 y 2 vidh, see y vyadh. 
 
 y vindh, 'lack'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] vindhate etc. rv. 
 
 Derfy.; vidhu V.+ vidliavav.+ vidliviraE.+ 
 
 A body of forms of not unquestionable connection. 
 
 ]/ vip, vep, 'tremble'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] vepate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. vivipre rv., vepus .' c. [vivepe.] 
 
 Aor. 1. vipana rv. — 3. avivipat etc. rv. — 5. avepista etc. b.s. 
 
 [Fut. vepisyate, vepita.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, vepayati etc. v. + ; vipayanti rv. 
 
 Deriv. : vip v. vepa v. + vepana v. + vepathu av.+ 
 
 vipana- ? rv. -vepin c. vepas rv. vepistha rv. 
 
 vipas- V. + vipra v. + 
 
 y vi9, 'enter'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] vi^ati -te etc. v.+ 
 
 Perf. vive9a vivi9e etc. v.+ (vive9itha rv.. vivecjus rv.. vive9atus c, 
 
 -vi9ivans av., vivi9yas v.. avive9is rv.) 
 Aor. 1. avi9ranRv. ; [vi9yat;] ave9i c. — 3. avivl9at c. — 4. aviks- 
 
 mahi etc. rv. — 5. ve9it rv. — 7. aviksat -san b.c. [aviksata.] 
 Fut. 1. veksyati etc. b.+, -te etc. e. — 2. vesta m. 
 Verb, vista v. + ; vettum e. +. -tavai b. ; -vi9ya av. + ; vi9am rv. 
 
161 AND Primary Derivatives. [vT 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass. vi9yate etc. c. — [Int. veviq-. — ] Desid. viviksati etc. 
 
 E.+ — Cans. ve9ayati etc. v,+, -te etc av.+ (ve^yate etc s. + ) 
 i>er<(;.: V19 V.+ -vegaka c. ve(janav.+ vestavyaK.+ 
 
 -vi9aB.+ ve9ins.+ -ve9aniya c. -vestr c 
 
 ve9av.+ ve9yav.+ ve9anta v.k. ve9manv.+ 
 
 ve9i Rv. vi9anaE.+ ve9a8 av. viviksuE. + 
 
 -visti s. -ve9ayitavya c. 
 
 y vis, 'be active'. 
 
 Pres. [3. J vivesti etc ev. (vives vivesas etc. rv.) — [1.] vesati etc. rv.e. 
 Perf. vivesa vivisus rv. (avivesis rv.) 
 
 Aor. 1? viddhi av.b.s. — [2. avisat. — ] ;>. vesisas rv. [— 7. avikaat.J 
 Fut. 1. veksyati -te etc. e. + [ — 2. vesta.] 
 Verb, vista v. + ; vistvi rv. ; -visya av.b. ; -vise rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, visyate b. + — Int. vevesti etc. v.n., vevisana rv., 
 vevisyate jub. — Desid. viviksa- {in d.). — Caus. veaayati etc b.+ 
 Deriv. : -vis? Rv. vesaAV. + vesanav.+ -vestavya c. 
 
 visav.H- -vesaka B.+ vesana rv. -ves^rAv. + 
 
 visa ? V. + -vesin c. visay a ? e. + visnu '? v. + 
 
 -vesya av.b.s. visti v. + -viviksu e. 
 
 Divided by Grassmann into two roots. 
 
 y vist, vest, 'wrap'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] vestate etc. av. + 
 
 [Perf. etc. viveste ; avivestat avavestat, avestista ; vestisyate, vest- 
 
 ita.] 
 Verb, vistita v.b. 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. vevest-. — Desid. vivestisa-. — ] Caus. vestayati etc. 
 
 AV. +, -te etc B. + (vestyate etc. b. +) 
 Deriv. : vesta s. + vestana s. + -vestitr u. 
 
 vestaka s. + -vestaniya c. 
 
 y VI, 'enjoy' etc. 
 
 Pres. [2.] veti vyanti etc. v.b. (vihi rv. , viyantu ts. , vema vs.), 
 
 vyana rv. 
 Perf. vivaya vivye rv. 
 [Aor. etc. avivayat, avaisit; vesyati, veta.] 
 Verb, vita v.b. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, viyate etc. av.b. — Int. veveti rv., veviran ts.. vevi- 
 
 yate rv. [ — Desid. vivisa-. — Caus. vayayati, vapayati.] 
 Deriv.: VI y.+ vaya rv. vayu? v.b. vetrav k.+ 
 
 -viya RV. vayya?RV. vayuna v.+ viravv.+ 
 
 -vaya av. vayas v. + viti v.b. 
 
 Whitney, Supplement 11. 11 
 
VI] 
 
 Roots, Verb-fokms, 
 
 162 
 
 A very perplexing root in its varieties of meaning ; divided into two or 
 three roots (on different lines) by BR. and Grassmann. It is treated by the 
 grammarians as filling up the conjugation of }/ aj. 
 
 V vlj, vyaj, 'fan'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] vijati etc. e. +, -te e. — vyajate? c. 
 Perf. vivyajus e. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, vijayati etc. e.+ (vijyate e. +) 
 Derju.; vijana c. vyaj ana e.+ 
 
 Perhaps from >/ aj + vi. 
 
 ]/ vid, 'make strong. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans, vidayati -te etc. v.b.s. 
 Deriv. vidu v.b. 
 
 y 1 vr, 'cover', 
 
 Pres. [5.] vrnoti vrnute etc. \.+ (vrnvate rv.); iirnoti (urnvanti urnu- 
 vanti) iirnute (urnvita urnuvital etc. v.+ (lirnauti cb.s.) — [9.] 
 avrnldhvam av. — [l.J varati -te etc. (aor. 1?) rv.c'. 
 
 Perf. vavara vavrus vavre etc. v. + [vavartha rv. [vavaritha, vavrma 
 etc.]. vavrivans vavavrusas rv.) [iirnunava.] 
 
 Aor. 1. avar avran etc. (vara? vartam rv., vrdhi rv.) [vriyat], avrta v. 
 (vrana rv.); avari rv. — 3. avivarat av., avavaritv rv. — 4. var- 
 sathas rv. — 5. avarit etc. b. [avarista ; aurnavit.] 
 
 [Fut. varisyati, varita.] 
 
 Verb, vrta v. + ; vartum e., vartave uv., varitum c. varitum c. ; vrtva 
 V.B., -tvi RV., -tvaya b. ; -vrtya av.+, urnutya c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, vriyate e. — Int. avarivar rv., varivrta ta. [varvr-, 
 vovur-, vevri-. — Desid. vivarisa-.] — Cans, varayati -te etc. v. + 
 (varyate etc. e. + ; vivarayisate b.) 
 
 Deriv. 
 
 varv RV. 
 vara v. + 
 -varaka e. + 
 v.ala "? V. + 
 ura? RV. 
 vrav V. 
 varana v. + 
 varana av.+ 
 varaniya c. 
 urana v. + 
 varas rv. 
 uras V.+ 
 
 uru V.+ 
 
 Vft V.B. 
 
 vrti V. + 
 -vartu RV. 
 vartr rv. 
 -varltr c. 
 variitr v.b. 
 vartra v.b.s. 
 vrtra v. + 
 varatra v.+ 
 variitha v. + 
 
 varna v.+ 
 varuna v. + 
 urna v.+ 
 varman v. + 
 variman v.b.s. 
 iirmi? v.+ 
 variyas v.b. 
 varivas v.+ 
 varistha v.+ 
 ulba ? V, + 
 Qrva V.B. 
 
 vara v. + 
 varaka e. + 
 -varin c. 
 varya v, + 
 varana v. + 
 -varanlya e. + 
 -ixrnavana c'. 
 vavra v. 
 vavri v. 
 -varayisnu t,. 
 vivarayisu e. 
 varayitavyaE. 
 
 See the following root. The present-stem urnu is by the grammarians 
 artificially provided with a complete set of forms, as if a root or conjugation- 
 stem. As to varsman etc., see under y vrs. 
 
163 
 
 AND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 [vrj 
 
 y 2 vr, 'choose'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] vrnite etc. v.+. vrnati etc. e. + — | o. | vrnoti vrnute etc. u.k. + 
 
 Perf. vavre etc. v.+ (vavrae vavrmahe rv. ) 
 
 Aor. 1. avri avrta etc. v. + (vurita v.n., urana rv.), varas etc. varanta 
 
 RV. — 4. avrsi -sata etc. av.k.u. [avrdhvam u.) [ — 5. avaris^a.J 
 Fut. 1. varisyate b. [varisyate. — 2. varita.] 
 
 Verb, vrta v. + ; varltum c. [varitum; varitva,] varitva .s.. vrtva 8. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, vriyate s.c. — [Int. vevr-, varvr-, vovur-. — Desid. 
 
 vivarisa-, vovursa-. — ] Cans, varayati -te etc k. + (varyate h.); 
 
 varayati e. 
 
 Deriv . 
 
 vara v. + 
 vara v. + 
 varaka s. 
 varya e. + 
 
 -varya n. b. 
 -vurya v.s. 
 varana s.+ 
 varaniya u.c. 
 
 varya v. + 
 -varana e. + 
 varistha v. + 
 variyas u.+ 
 varayitavya b. 
 Doubtless ultimately the same with the preceding; and the forms a little 
 mixed up. 
 
 varenya v. + 
 varas- rv. 
 vrtha, -thak v. 
 vara v. + 
 
 y vrnh, brnh, 'roar'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] vrnliati etc. e. + 
 Perf. vavrnhire c. 
 Verb, vrnhita e. + 
 
 y vrj, 'twist'. 
 
 Pres. [".] vrnakti vrnkte etc. (vrktamv m1.) 
 
 Perf. vavrjus etc. rv. (vavrjyiis vavrktam rv.. -varjusi av.1. vavrje ev. 
 
 Aor. 1. vark etc. kv. (varktam avrjan varjati vrjyam etc. rv.. avrk .\v.), 
 
 avrkta rv, (varjate rv.) — [3. avavarjat. — ] -J. avarksis r., 
 
 avrksmahi etc. v.b. — 7. avrksat etc. v.u. 
 Fut. 1. varksyati -te b. [varjisyati. — 2. varjita.] 
 yer6. vrkta V. + ; vrktviRv. ; -vfjyaB.s.; -vrje vrnjase vrjadhyai rv. ; 
 
 -vargam v.s. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, vrjyate etc. v.b.s. — Int. varivrjat rv. [varvrj-.J — 
 
 Desid. vivrksate e. — Caws, varjayati etc. av.+, -te etc. E. + (varjyate 
 
 etc. E. + ; varivarjayant av.) 
 
 Deriv. : -vrj v. 
 
 tirj etc.? V.+ 
 varga v. + 
 -vargya av. + 
 -varja s.+ 
 
 varjaka e. 
 varjin e.+ 
 varjya e.+ 
 vraja v. + 
 vraja v. 
 -vfjya v.E.s. 
 
 vrj ana v. 
 vrj ana rv. 
 vrjani v. 
 varjana b.+ 
 varjaniya b.+ 
 
 vrnjana s.+ 
 vrjina v. + 
 -vrkti v.K. 
 varjayitavya c. 
 varjayitr e. + 
 
 11» 
 
vrt] 
 
 Roots, Vebb-forms, 
 
 164 
 
 y vrt, 'turn'. 
 
 Pres. [l.J vartate etc v.+. -ti etc. u. + — [3.] vavartti vavrtyam etc. 
 
 -tiya etc. -tsva etc. avavrtran -ranta vavartat -tati vavrtat v.b. — 
 
 [2.] vartti rv'. 
 Perf. vavarta vavrtus etc. v. + (vavarta -vrtus v.), vavrte etc. u.+ 
 
 (vavrte v.) 
 Aor. 1. avart etc. (^vartat vartta) ev. , avrtran v.b. — 2. avrtat etc. 
 
 Av.B.c. — 3. avivrtat etc. v. [avavartat.] — 4. avrtsan c'., avrtsata 
 
 v.B.s. — 5. vartithas m. 
 Fut. 1. vartsyati etc. av.+ [avartsyat b.), -te etc. e. +: vartisyati -te etc. 
 
 E.+ — 2. vartita b. 
 Fer6. vrtta V. + ; vartitumE. + ; -vrtya v. + : -vfteRv. , -vrtasB.; -var- 
 
 tam B.+ 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. varvartti etc. varvrtana v. ; varivartti etc. v.b. (avarivur 
 
 Kv.}, varivrtyate b. — Desid. vivrtsati etc. v., -tes. [vivartisa-.] — 
 
 Cans, vartayati -te etc. v. + (vartayadhyai rv. ; vartyate etc. b. +) 
 
 Deriv. : vrt v. + 
 vrta RV. 
 -varta v. + 
 vartaka v. + 
 vartin v. + 
 -vartya e. + 
 
 vrata v. + varti e.+ 
 
 vrata av. vartis rv. 
 
 vartana v. + vrtti b. + 
 vartaniya e. + varttu v. + 
 vartani v.b.u. -varttavya e. 
 vartas vs. vartitavya e.+ 
 
 -vartitr v. + 
 Contracted in one or two forms with anu to anvart : see y rt 
 
 vratati v. + 
 vartman v. + 
 varivrta av. 
 -vivrtsu c. 
 -vartayitavya e.+ 
 -vartayitr c. 
 
 y vrdh, 'grow'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] vardhati -te etc. v. + 
 
 Perf. vavardha vavrdhe etc. v.+ (vavrdhus etc. vavrdhe etc. v.; va- 
 
 vrdhati -dhithas -dhasva etc. rv., -dhete av., vavrdhant v.) 
 Aor. 2. avrdhat etc. v.b.s. (vrdhatas vrdhatu b., vrdhant v., vrdhana 
 RV.) — 3. avivrdhat etc. v.+, -dhata etc. v.b.s. — 5. avardhista etc. 
 E.+ (vardhisimahi b.s.) 
 Fut. 1. vartsyati c. [vardhisyate. — 2. vardhita.] 
 Fcr6. vrddha v. + ; vardhitum c. ; [vardhitva, vrddhva;] vrdhe v., 
 
 vrdhase rv., vavrdhadhyai rv. 
 Sec. Conj. : [^Int. varivrdh-. — Desid. vivrtsa- , vivardhisa-. — ] Caus. 
 
 vardhayati -te etc. v.+ (vivardhayisa in d.); vardhapayati c. 
 Derio, : 
 
 vardhitr rv. 
 vardhman c. 
 varddhra? av.b. 
 iirdhva v. + 
 vrdhasana rv. 
 
 vf dh V. + 
 vrdha v. + 
 vardha v. + 
 -vardhaka c. 
 vardhin e.+ 
 
 vardhana v. + 
 vardhaniya e. + 
 vrdhas rv. 
 vrdhika rv. 
 vrddhi v. + 
 
 vardhisnu c. 
 vavrdhenya rv. 
 vardhayitr c. 
 vivardhayisu e. + 
 vardhapana c. 
 
165 AND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 \QU. 
 
 Compare ]/ rdh. The asserted y 2 vrdh 'cut' (used only of the navel- 
 string) rests on a too narrow foundation to be admitted ; it is probably a spe- 
 ■cialized application of this root. 
 
 y vrs, 'rain. 
 
 Pres. [1.] varsati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ — [6.j vraate etc. rv.s.. vrsant- av. 
 Perf. vavarsa vavrsus etc. e.+ (vavarsus e.. vavarsvans ms.), vavrse 
 
 etc. E. (vavrsana -sasva rv.) 
 Aor. 2. avrsat? ts. — 3. avivrsat etc. e. [avavarsat.] — 5. avarsit etc. v.h. 
 Fut. 1. varsisyati etc. b.u., -te e. — 2. vrasta ms. 
 Vcr6. vrsta V. + ; varsitum c, -varstos n. ; [varsitva,] vrstva h., -tvl 
 
 Rv. ; -vrsya c. 
 JSec. Conj.: [Int. varivrs-. — ] Desid. vivarsisa- (_m d.). — Ca«.«. varsa- 
 
 yati etc. v. + 
 Deriv.: -vrs v. + varsya v.b.s. varstr b. vrsan v. + 
 
 vrsa- v.B.s. varsanas. + varsitr c. vrsni v. + 
 
 varsav. + varsvika b. vivarsisu e. vrsabha v.+ 
 
 varsins.+ vrstiv. + 
 
 The connection of vrsan etc. with this root is questionable ; and yet more 
 that of varsman v. +, varsiman vs., varsiyas v.+, varsistha v. +. all of 
 •which may come from an aoristically extended form of }/ 1 vr (like parsistha 
 etc. from ]/ 2 pr). 
 
 y vrh, brh, 'tear. 
 
 Pres. [6.] vrhati brhati etc. v.b.u.s. 
 
 Perf. vavarha babarha vavrhus v. + 
 
 Aor, 1. varhi bv. — [3. avivrhat, avavarhat. — ] 5. barhis -it rv. — 7. 
 
 avrksat etc. b. 
 [Fut. varksyati, varhisyati; vardha, varhita.] 
 7er&. vrdha brdha B.s. ; [vrdhva, varhitva;] -vrhya b.u.s. : -vrhasK. ; 
 
 -varham -barham b. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, vrhyate etc. b. — [/nL varivrh-. — Desid. vivrksa-, 
 
 vivarhisa-. — ] Caus. barhayati etc. rv. (varhita c.) 
 Deriv. : -vrha s. + barhin, va- e. barhana, va- av. + barhis .' v.+ 
 
 barha, va- av.+ 
 
 Compare ]/ brh. The confusion of b and v goes back to the oldest time. 
 
 y ven, 'long'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] venati etc. v.b. 
 
 [Perf. etc. vivena -ne; avivenat, avenit -nista; venisyati -te, venita; 
 
 veven-, vivenisa-, venaya-.] 
 Deriv. : vena v.b. venya rv. 
 
veil] Roots, Vekb-forms, 166 
 
 y veil, 'stagger. 
 Pres. [l.J vellati etc. c. 
 Verb, vellita e. + 
 Beriv. vellana c. 
 
 y vest, see y vist. 
 
 y vyae, vie, 'extend'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] viviktas vivyacat avivyak aviviktam avivyacus etc. vi- 
 
 vyacanta rv. [ — 6. vicati.] 
 Perf. vivyaca v.b., vivyaktha kv. ; viveca? av. [vivicus.] 
 [Aor. etc. vicyat avyaci, avivyacat, avyacit; vyacisyati, vyacita 
 
 vicita; vicita, vicitva; vevic- vavyae-, vivyacisa-, vyacaya-.] 
 Deriv.: vyacas v.b.s. vyacistha v.b. vici? v. 
 
 Has a very suspicious likeness to y anc, ac + vi. 
 
 y vyaj, see y' vlj. 
 
 y vyath, 'waver'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] vyathate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ 
 
 Perf. vivyathe e. +, -thus e. 
 
 Aor. [1. avyathi. — ] 3. vivyathas b. — 5. vyathisi etc. av.+, vyathi- 
 
 sat B. 
 [Fut. vyathisyate, vyathita.] 
 Verb, vyathita av. + ; vyathisyai b.s. 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. vavyath-. — Desid. vivyathisa-. — ] Cans, vyathayati 
 
 etc. V. + (vyathayis av. ; vyathyate c.) 
 Deriv..- vyatha b.+ vyathanaE.+ vyathis ev. vyathayitr c. 
 
 vyathaka c. vyathi v. -vyatha b. 
 
 -vyathya V.B. vyathi ?av. vithura v.b.s. 
 
 y vyadh, vidh, 'pierce'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] vidhyati etc. v,+, -te e. 
 
 Per/", vivyadha B. + , vivyadhus e., vividhus u., vividhvans rv. ; vi- 
 
 vyadhe e. 
 Aor. [1. vidhyat. — ] 3. avividhat e. [avivyadhat.] — 4. vyatsis b. 
 Fut. 1. vetsyati -te e. [vyatsyati.] — 2. veddha e. [vyaddha.] 
 Verb, viddha v. + ; veddhum e. ; viddhva e. ; -vidhya e. + -, -vidhe rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, vidhyate e. — [Int. vavyadh-, vevidh-. — ] Desid. 
 
 vivyatsati B. — Caus. vyadhayati b. ; vyadhayati c. ; vedhayati 
 
 etc. e. 
 
167 A.ND Primary Derivatives. ivran 
 
 Deriv. . -vidh v. + vedhin k. + vyadha av. + veddhavya v. + 
 
 -vidhya E. vedhya c. vyadhin av.h. veddhrE. + 
 
 vedha e. + vyadha c. -vyadhya av. -vedhima c-. 
 
 vedhaka t..+ vyadhya c. vedhana e. + vyadhvara.' av. 
 
 vyadhana av.c. 
 
 y vyay, 'expend'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] vyayati -te etc. c. 
 
 [Perf. etc. vavyaya vavyaye etc. etc.] 
 
 Verb, vyayita c. 
 
 Is only a conjugation of }/ i -f- vi, or denominative of vyaya. 
 
 y vya, VI, 'envelop'. 
 
 Pres. [4?] vyayati -te etc. v. + 
 
 Perf. vivyathus ev., vivye etc. rv. [vivyaya vivyayitha etc.\; -vyayam 
 
 cakara cb. 
 Aor. [1. viyat. — ] 2. avyat etc. rv., avyata etc. v. [ — 4. avyasta, vya- 
 
 sista. — 6. avyasit.] 
 Fut. 1. [vyasyati -te;] vyayisye s. [ — 2. vyata.] 
 Verb, vita V. +; -viya e.s.c. [-vyaya.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, viyate b. [ — Int. vavya-, vevi-. — Desid. vivyasa-. — 
 
 Cans, vyayaya-.] 
 Deriv.: -vi y.+ -vyaya b.s. -vyana c. -vyayana b.s. 
 
 ' y vraj, 'proceed'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] vrajati etc. v.+, -te c. 
 
 Perf. vavraja etc. v. + 
 
 Aor. 5. avrajit etc. b.u. 
 
 Fut. 1. vrajisyati etc. b. + [ — 2. vrajita.] 
 
 Verb, vrajita b. + ; vrajitum e. ; vrajitva s. + ; -vrajya b. + ; -vrajam s. 
 
 Sec. Corhj.: Pass, vrajyate c. — [Int. vavraj-. — ] Desid. vivrajisa- (in 
 
 d.). — Caus. vrajayati etc. b.+ (vrajyate e.) 
 Deriv.: -vraj E.+ vrajya e.+ -vrajaka e.+ vrajana v.+ 
 
 -vrajya E.+ -vrajav. + -vrajinB.+ -vrajana e. 
 
 -vivrajisu c. 
 
 y vrad, vrand, 'weaken'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] avradanta rv'. 
 Deriv, vrandin ev. 
 
 y vran, "sound' (?). 
 Pres. [1.] vranati c. 
 Deriv. vrana e. + 
 
 No real root; the single occurrence artificial. 
 
vra9c] Roots, Verb-fokms, 168 
 
 ]/ vra9e, 'cut up'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] vrijcati etc. v.b.s.c. — [1.] vra9cati? c. 
 
 Perf. [vavragca vavraQCUs] vavrktam? ev. 
 
 Aor. [3. avivra9cat. — ] 4. [avraksit] vrksi b.s. [ — 5. avraqcit.] 
 
 Fut. 1. vraksyant cb.? [vraqcisyati. — 2. vraqcita, vrasta.] 
 
 Verb, vrkna v. + ; [vraQcitva,] vrstva av., vrktvi rv. ; -vrcjcya s.c; 
 
 -vra9cain b.s. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, vrqcy ate etc. v.b. (vrqcate av.) [ — Int. varivrQC-. — 
 
 Desid. vivraqcisa-, vivraksa-. — Caus. vra^caya-.] 
 Derjy.; vfka? V.+ -vraqca b. -vraskya s. vra9canav.+ 
 
 vrqcikav. + -vraska v.b.s. vrksavv. + 
 
 y vradh, 'stir up'. 
 Pres. [1.] vradhanta vradhant ev. 
 
 y vrld, 'be abashed'. 
 
 Pre.'. [1.] vridate etc. e.+ — [4. vridyati.] 
 
 [Perf. etc. vivrida; avridit; vridisyati, vridita.J 
 
 Verb, vridita e.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. vridayati c. 
 
 Deriv. : vrida e. + vridana c. 
 
 y vrud, sink'. 
 
 [Pres. etc. vrudati etc. etc.] 
 Verb, vrudita c. 
 
 The occurrence or two are doubtless artificial. 
 
 y vlag, vlang, 'pursue' (?) . 
 
 Verb, -vlagya kv-. 
 Deriv. -vlanga ev. 
 
 Only with abhi. Perhaps related with ]/ valg. 
 
 y vli, bli, 'crush'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] vlinati etc. b. ; vlinati etc. cb. 
 
 [Perf. vivlaya.J 
 
 Aor. 4. vlesis s. 
 
 Fut. 1. vlesyati b. [ — 2. vleta.j 
 
 Fer6. vlina b., blina av. ; -vliya b. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, vliyate etc. b.u. (bliya- k.. vliyeran ab.) — Int. ave- 
 
 vliyanta b. [ — Desid. vivlisa-. — Caus. vlepayati, avivlipat.] 
 Deriv.: -vlaya b.s. vlayana b. vrayas? ev. 
 
 1 
 
169 
 
 AND Primaky Derivatives. 
 
 9ak 
 
 y 9ans, 'praise'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] Qansati -te etc. v.+ (9ansiyat c'.) 
 Perf. 9a9ansa -se etc. a. + (gansus -sire e.1 
 Aor. 1. gasta (2;).) rv.. gastat a«. ; [gasyat;] gaiisi iiv, 
 
 sat. — ] 5. agansit etc. v.+ (^gansisat etc. v.b.) 
 Fut. 1. gansisyati is.s. [ — 2. gansita.] 
 Ver&. gasta v. + , gansita e. + ; gansitum k. ; gastva 
 
 -gansya e. ; -gase rv. ; -gansam n.s. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, gasyate etc. v.+ — [Int. gagas-, gagans-. 
 
 sisa-. — ] Cans, gansayati etc. v.+, -te c. 
 
 Deriv. : -gas v.b, gansa v. + 
 
 gansa b. + 
 -gansaka e. 
 gansin v.+ 
 gansya v.+ 
 gansana e. + 
 Compare the related y 1 gas. 
 
 -gas V.B. 
 -gas V. 
 -gasa b. 
 gasa rv. 
 gasya v. + 
 
 gansaniya c. 
 -gansu s. 
 -gansuka b. 
 gasti V. + 
 -gastenya n. 
 ganstavya k.e. 
 
 — \'-i. agagafi- 
 
 B. ; -gasya s. +, 
 
 — Detfid. gigan- 
 
 -gastavya e. 
 gansitr e. + 
 gafistr v.b. 
 gastra b. + 
 gansatha s. 
 gasman rv. 
 
 y 9ak, 'be able'. 
 
 Pres. [5.] gaknoti -nuvanti etc. v.+ 
 
 Perf. gagaka gekus etc. v. + 
 
 Aor. 1. gagdhi gaktam gakat etc. gakyam v. — 2. agakat etc. v.+ (gake- 
 
 yam etc. v.b.s., gakemahi u.) [ — 3. aglgakat.] 
 Fut. 1. gaksyati -te etc. b.+ [ — 2. gakta.] 
 Verb, gakta e. +, gakita e. + ; -gaktave rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, gakyate etc. e.+, -ti etc. e. — [Int. gagak-. — ] Desid. 
 
 giksati -te etc. v. + (giksana e. ; gigiksa c. ; giksyate etc. c. ; giksa- 
 
 yati -te etc e.+) [— Caus. gakayati. ) 
 
 Deriv. . 
 
 -gaka rv. 
 gakya u.s.+ 
 gaka v. 
 gaka rv. 
 gaki? RV. 
 gaci V. + 
 gaei? rv. 
 
 gikva av. 
 gakvan v.b.s. 
 gikvan v.b. 
 gikvas rv. 
 gacistha v.b.s. 
 giksa v.+ 
 giksa B.+ 
 
 giksaka e. 
 -giksin c. 
 giksana c. 
 giksaniya c. 
 giksenya s. 
 giksu rv. 
 giksuka gb. 
 
 gakti v. + 
 
 gakti rv. 
 
 gakman rv. 
 
 gakman rv. 
 
 -gikman ms. 
 
 gagma v.b.s. 
 
 gakra v. + 
 
 The desiderative giks has won a so independent use and value that it 
 might well enough have been treated (like bhaks etc.) as a separate root. BR. 
 divide gak (and giks) into two roots, the second meaning 'help', but favor 
 their nltimate identity. 
 
 There are other groups of words, not connectable with this or any other 
 verbal root: thus, gakvma, gakuni, gakunta, gakunti v. + ; gaka, gakan, 
 gakrt v. + ; ganku v.+, gakti (spear') e.+ 
 
^ank] Roots, Verb-forms, 170 
 
 y 9ank, 'doubt'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] 9ankate etc. n. +, -ti etc. b. 
 [Perf. 9a9anke.] 
 
 Aor.-6. Qankis gankisthas e.+ (qankithas e.) 
 [Fut. qankisyate, 9ankita.] 
 Verb, qankita e. + ; (jankitum e. + ; -qaiikya c. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, (jankyate etc. c. — Cans. 9ankayati c. 
 Deriv. : (jankaB.+ -Qankyas.+ QankanaE.? 9ankitavya e. + 
 9ankin e. + 9ankaniya e. + 
 
 y cat, 'cut in pieces'. 
 
 Sec. Conj, ; Caus. 9atayati etc. av. +, -te b. 
 
 Deriv.: 9ata c. 9atin c. 9atana e. + 9atayitr c. 
 
 Called by the grammarians the causative of }/ 2 9ad. 
 
 y 1 cad, 'prevail'. 
 
 Perf. 9a9adus uv. ; 9a9admahe etc. (9a9adana) v. 
 Derio. 9atru'.' v.+ 
 
 y 2 9ad, 'fair. 
 
 Perf. 9a9ada 9edus e. 
 
 [Aor. 2. a9adat.] 
 
 Fut. 1. 9atsyati av. [ — 2. 9atta.] 
 
 Verb. 9anna s. 
 
 [Sec. Conj.: Int. 9a9ad-. — Desid. 9i9atsa-. — Caus. 9adaya-.J 
 
 Deriv. : 9ada av.b.s. 9ada v.b. 9adana c. 
 
 Compare ]/ 9at, assigned by the grammarians to this root as another cau- 
 sative, and y 1 91, regarded by them as its present-system. 
 
 y 9ap, 'curse'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] 9apati etc. v.+, -te etc. b.+ [ — 4. 9apyati -te.] 
 
 Perf. 9a9apa 9epus av.+, 9epe etc. v.+ 
 
 Aor. [3. a9i9apat. — ] 4. 9apta (2p.) b.s. [a9apta.] 
 
 Fut. 1. 9apisye e. [9apsyati -te. — 2. 9apta.] 
 
 Verb. 9apta b.+, 9apita e. ; 9apituinE., 9aptuinE. ; [9aptva,] 9apitvaE. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass. 9apyate c. — [Int. 9a9ap-, 9an9ap-. — Desid. 9i9apsa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. 9apayati etc. av.+ 
 Deriv. : 9apa e. + 9apana av. 9aptr av. 9apatha v. + 
 
 9apana cb. 
 
171 AND Primaky Derivatives. [qa.<f 
 
 |/ 1 cam, 9im, 'labor'. 
 Pres. [1.] gamant sv. — [2.] 9ami8va 9amisva 9amidhvam h.s. — [9.J 
 
 qamniae -isva -ithas b.; qcaninan iiv.? — [4. J (jamyati etc. b., 
 
 (jimyati etc. b. 
 Perf. 9a9ame -mana v.b. (9a9amate rv.) 
 Aor. 5. a9amisthas rv. 
 Verb. 9amita e. 
 
 Deriv. : qkinsi rv. 9ima b. 9ainitr v.b. 9amistha s. 
 
 9ami V.B. 9iini b. 
 
 Compare the two following roots. 
 
 y 2 9am, 'be quiet'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] 9amyati etc. b.+, -te etc. b.+ — [1.] 9ainet e. 
 
 Perf. 9a9ama 9emus b. + 
 
 Aor. [1. 9amyat; a9ami. — ] 2. a9amat b. — 3. a9i9amat etc. av.+ [ — 
 
 5. a9ainit.] 
 [Fut. 9amisyati; 9aiaita.] 
 Verb. 9amta av. + [9amitva, 9aihtva.] 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. 9an9ain-. — Desid. 9i9aniisa-. — ] Caus. 9ainayati av.+, 
 
 -te etc. B. + ; 9aniayati etc. e. + (9aniyate e.+} 
 Deriv.: 9ani?v.+ -9amaka c. 9amti- av. 9ainatha c. 
 
 9ainaB.+ 9amyaE.+ 9airiti av.+ 9amayitavya s. 
 
 9amin c. 9amana av. + 9amitr e. + 9amayitr s. + 
 
 9amaniya s. + 
 Protatly ultimately the same with the preceding. 
 
 y 3 earn, 'note'. 
 Perf. 9emuBiv c. 
 Verb. -9aihta s. ; -9amya e.+ 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass. -9arQyate etc. e. + — Caus. -9ainayati etc. e.+ (-9am- 
 
 yate e.) 
 Deriv. : -9ainana s. -9amaya c. -9amayitavya c. 
 
 Only with prefix ni-, except in the strange 9emu8l; hence obviously a 
 specialization from the preceding root, meaning 'settle in one's mind', or 
 the like. 
 
 y 9al, 'leap'. 
 
 Pres. [l.J -9alant c. 
 
 [Perf. etc. qele, a9alista, 9alisyate 9alita.J 
 
 Verb. -9alita c. 
 
 Only with prefix ud, and prohably from y qri, qr. 
 
 y 9a9, 'leap'. 
 Pres. [1.] 9a9ati etc. c. 
 [Perf. etc. 9a9a9a 9a9a9us, a9a9it, 9a9iByati 9a9ita.] 
 
9a9] Roots, Verb-forms, 172 
 
 Verb. ga9ita c. 
 Deriv. qaqa v.+ 
 
 Doubtless a denominative formation from qaqk. Only two or three occur- 
 rences. 
 
 y eas, eas, 'cut'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] Qasta (2p.) rv. ; gasti e.s., qasati -atu (3f>.) b., agat (3s.) b. — 
 
 [].] gasatha s., gasanti b., agasat c. 
 Perf. gaqasa [gagasus] e. 
 Fut. 1. gasisyati b. [— 2. cjasita.] 
 Verb, gasta e. ; -gasya e. ; -gasas b. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, gasyate etc. b. + — Desid. gigasisant s. 
 Deriv. : -gas b. qasana v. + gastr v. + -gastr b.s. 
 
 9asa Av.B.s. 9asitrB.+ gastraB. + -giqasisu b. 
 
 y ea, ci, 'sharpen'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] gigati giQimasi gigite etc. v.+ (Qiganti -ntu s.) — [6?] gyati 
 
 etc. V.B.S., qyana b.s. 
 Perf. [qaqaxL] -gagana av. 
 Aor. 1. agita? rv. [aqat; gayat. — 6. agasit.] 
 [Fm«. gasyati, gata.J 
 Verb, qita v. +, gata e. + ; -qaya v. 
 [Sec. Conj.: Pass. gaya-. — Int. gaga-. — Desid. giqasa-, qlqanaa-. — 
 
 Cans, gayaya-.] 
 Deriv. : -gana b.s. Qana? c. -giti v.b. qiqaya, rv. 
 
 Divided by BR. into two separate roots, with identical forms. 
 
 y 1 eas, cis, 'order'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] gasti gasati etc. ([gistas etc.] gastana bv., gisyat etc. u.s. + ; aqsLt 
 
 B.+) V.+, gaste gasita gasana etc. v. + — [1.] gasati etc. e.+, -te e. 
 Perf. qaqasa qaqasua etc. v.+ (gagadhi qaqaa rv.) 
 Aor. 2. aQisat e<c. v.b.u. (Qisant rv.), (jisamahi rv. (-he sv.av.) [ — 3. 
 
 aqaqasat.] 
 Fut. 1. qasisyati -te etc. b.+ [ — 2. gasita.] 
 Verb. 9istav.+, gasta s.+, 9asitaE. + ; 9astuni s.+, 9asituinE. + ; [9istva,] 
 
 9asitva c. ; -gisya b.u., -9asya e.+ 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass. 9asyate etc. e. + ; 9isyate etc. c. — [Int. 93.93.8-, 9e9is-. — 
 
 Desid. 9i9asisa-. — Caws. 9asaya-.] 
 Deriv.: 933 rv. 9393 rv. gasanav. + -9isti v.b.s. 
 
 -9is V. + -9asaJi3 c. 93S3niya c. 9asitr e. + 
 
 9asa V. 9asin c. 9asus rv. gastrv. + 
 
 9asa RV. 9asya v.+ 9asti c. 9astra v. + 
 
 9isy3 K. + 
 Compare the apparently related root 9ans. 
 
173 ANB Primary DERivATiviis. [1 ni 
 
 y 2 9as, 'cut', see y 938. 
 y eiks, see y 9ak. 
 
 y 9ingh, 'snuflF'. 
 
 The occurrences ot ucehinghana and upaQinhana in «uvr. are doubt- 
 less artificial. 
 
 y 9inj, 'twang, 
 Pres. [2.] 9ifikte qinjate etc. v. +, Qinjant c. 
 [Perf. etc. 9i9mje; a9mjista; 9injisyate, 9injita.| 
 Verb. 9injita e.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. 9mjayati etc. b.s. 
 Deriv.: 9injin c. 9mjara'.' nv. (n. pr.) 
 Probably an imitative root. 
 
 y 9ip, 'be smooth' (?). 
 Such a root may possibly be inferred from 9ipi v.+, 9ipra av., 9ipita cb. 
 
 y cim, see y 1 9am. 
 
 y 9is, 'leave'. 
 
 Pres. [7.] 9inasti etc. b.+ — [6?] 9ifisati etc. b.s. — [1.] 9esant c'. 
 
 Perf. 9i9ise etc. b. [9i9esa.] 
 
 Aor. 1. 9esi av.b.s. [9isyat.] — 2. a9isat etc. v.b. (-qisat ev.). 9isatai av. 
 
 [ — 3. a9i9isat.] 
 Fut. 1. 9eksyati -te b. [ — 2. 9esta.] 
 Verb. 9ista v. + ; -9istva s. ; -9isya b. + ; -9esain s. + 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass. 9isyate etc. av.+ — [Int. 96918-. — DesUl. 9i9iksa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. 9esayati etc. e. +, -te e. (9esyate c.) 
 Deriv.: -9isa c. 9esaB.+ -9esiii c. 9esanaAv. + 
 
 -9esakaE. + 9esya c. (jesas v. 
 
 y 1 91, 'fair. 
 
 Pres. [4?] 9iyate etc. av.b.u.s. (9iyante? cb'.) 
 Deriv. -9ayana c. 
 
 Reckoned by the grammarians as present-system to ^ 2 9ad ; and this is 
 curiously supported by jb., which has (ii. 81) upa9iyate tasmad upa9adam, 
 and (ii. 82) ava9iyante tasmac chadah. So far as the meaning is concerned, 
 it might well be a specialization of y 2 91. 
 
2 91] 
 
 Roots, Verb-foems, 
 
 174 
 
 y 2 91, 'lie'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] qete qerate etc. v. + (9aye 3s. v.b.. 9ere 3j). av.b.. 9ayire c. ; 
 9ayam 3s. av., a9eran v.b.) — [1.] 9ayate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ (a9a- 
 yat V.B.") — a9ayatam -yata (3s.) rv. 
 Perf. qi(}ye -yire b. + ; 9a9ayana v. 
 
 Aor. [1. a9ayi. — ] 3. a9i9ayat e. — 4. 9esan kv'. — 5. a9ayista etc. \.+ 
 Fut. 1. 9ayisyate -ti b. + ; 9esyate -ti e. — 2. 9ayita u.c. (-tase cb.) 
 Verb. 9ayita e. + ; 9ayitum e. ; 9ayitva u. + ; -9ayya c. ; 9ayadhyai rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass. [9ayyate;J 9iyant m'. — [Int. 9691-, 9a9ay-. — ] Desid. 
 
 9i9ayisate c. — Cans. 9ayayati etc. s.+. -te e. 
 Deriv.: -91 v.b. 9ayya b.+ -9ayana c. -9ima v.b.s. 
 
 -9aVB.+ -9ayaka c. 9ayu v. -9eyya v. 
 
 -9ayav. + -9ayins. + 9ayitavya c. 9ayalu c. 
 
 9aya rv. 9ayana av. + 9ayath.a rv. -9ivan v.b. 
 
 9ayin c. -9ayaniya c. -9itha e. + 9i9ayisu c. 
 
 ^ )/ 9UC, 'gleam'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] 96cati etc. v.+, -te etc. v.+ — [4.] 9ucyati b'. — [2.] 90cimi e'. 
 Perf. 9U96ca etc. v. + (9U9ukvans rv.. 9U9ugdhi v.). 9U9ueana rv. 
 
 (-eita RV.) 
 Aor. 1. [9ucyasara;] a90ci rv. — 2. a9ucat etc. v. + (9ucant v.. 9uca- 
 
 raana rv.) — 3. 9U9ucat etc. av.b. — 5. 90013 b. 
 Fut. 1. 90cisyati etc. e.+, -te e. [ — 2. 90cita.] 
 Verl. 9ukta? {adj.') b. + ; 9ocitum e. +, 9oktum m. : 9ocitva e. [9ucitvaj; 
 
 9ucadliyai rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. 969ucan etc. 969ucana etc. v.b. — Desid. [9U9UCisa-, 
 9U90cisa- ;] 9U9uksa- (m d.) — Caus. 90cayati etc. v.+ (9ocyate c); 
 9ueayant rv. 
 Deriv. : 9UC v. + 
 
 9uea Rv.c. 
 9uka? V.+ 
 -9oea AV. 
 -90ciii c. 
 90cya e. + 
 
 96ka V. + 
 9oka AV. 
 -96eana av.+ 
 90caniya c. 
 -9okas RV. 
 9uci V. + 
 
 90CI V. 
 
 9ucis- RV.C. 
 
 90CIS V. + 
 
 9ukti s. + 
 9oeitavya e. + 
 9ukra v.+ 
 
 9ukla AV.+ 
 
 -9ukvan rv. 
 96cistha rv. 
 9U9ukvaiia rv. 
 9U9ukvani rv. 
 -9U9uksani kv. 
 -9oeayisnu av. 
 
 y 9uj, 'swell' (?). 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. 9U9ujana rv. 
 
 y 9udh, 9undh, 'purify'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] 9undliati -te etc. v.b.s. — [4.] 9udhyati etc. b.+. -te etc. e.+ 
 [2.] 9und(ihi ags. 
 
175 AND Primary Derivatives. [^H 
 
 [Perf. etc. 9U9odha, 9U9undha; a9udhat, a9U9udhat, a9undhit; 901- 
 
 syati 9undhisyati, 9od(iha 9undhita.] 
 Verb. 9uddha v.+ 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. 909udh-. — ] DesUl. 9U9Utsat s. — Cans. 9odhayati etc. 
 
 B. + (9odhyate e. +) ; 9undliayati v.ii. 
 DeWv. ; -9odlia c. 9odliya c. 9odhanas.+ 9undhyu v.b. 
 
 9odhakaE.+ 9undhana b. 9odhaniya c. 9odhayitavya c. 
 9odhin c. 9uddlii b. + 
 
 y 9Ubh, cumtoh, 'beautify'. 
 Pres. [1.] 96bhate etc. v.+ [96bhe 3s. rv.), -ti etc. e. + ; 9umbhase etc. v., 
 
 9uinbhati etc. av, — [6.] 9umbhati etc. v.c, -amana rv.c. 
 Perf. 9U9obha 9U9ubhe e.+ [9U9umbha.] 
 Aor. ]. a9obhi c -, 9urabhana 9ubhana rv. — [2. a9ubhat. — | 3. a9u- 
 
 9ubhan rv., -bhanta b. [ — 5. a9obhista, a9umbhit.] 
 Fut. 1. 9obhisyati e. [9unibhisyati. — 2. 9obhita, 9umbhita. | 
 Verb. 9ubhita b., 9umbhita av. ; 9ubhe rv., 9obhase rv. 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. 909ubhyate e. — Desid. 9U9obhisate c. [9U9ubhisa-. \ — 
 
 Caus. 9obhayati etc. av. + ; 9ubhayati -te etc. v.e. 
 Deriv. : 9ubh v.b. 9umbha e.+ 9umbhu b. 9ubhvan rv. 
 
 9ubha E.+ -9unibhaka e. 9obhatha sv. 96bhistha rv. 
 
 9obha c. 96bhana v. + 9ubhra v. + 90bhayitr c. 
 
 9obh.a B. + 9obhana b. + 9ubhri rv. 
 
 -9obhin e. + 9umbhana av.+ 
 This root is, with considerable plausibility, divided by BR, into two: 
 y 1 9ubh 'glide along', and y 2 9ubh 'beautify'; the former only in v.e. 
 
 y 1 cus, 'dry'. 
 Pres. [4.] 9usyati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ 
 [Perf. etc. 9U90sa; a9usat, a9U9usat; 9oksyati, 90sta.] 
 Verb. -9USya b. 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. 909US-. — Desid. 9U9uksa-. — ] Caus. 90sayati etc. av.+, 
 
 -te e. (9osyate c.) 
 Dew..- 9usa.' V. 9osmE.+ 9osana e.+ 9uskav.+ 
 
 90saE.+ -9osyaE.+ 9osaniya c. 9usna? v.n.s. 
 
 90saka c. 96suka b. 9osayitr 0. 
 
 y 2 9US, 'blow', see y cvas. 
 
 y ou, cva, 9vi, 'swell'. 
 Pres. [1?] 9vayati etc. V.B. 
 Perf. [9U9ava, 9i9vaya] quqnvusetc (9U9uvat 9U9avama 9U9uyama) 
 
 9ti9uve 9ii9uvana rv. 
 Aor. [1. 9uyat. — ] 2. a9vat b. [— 3. a9i9viyat, a9U9uvat, a9i9vayat. — 
 
 5. a9vayit.] 
 
qiva V. + 
 
 9vayathu c. 
 
 9eva V.+ 
 
 9vatra v.b. 
 
 -9evas a v. 
 
 9vanta ev. 
 
 -Qvayin u. 
 
 91 9u V. + 
 
 9vayana c. 
 
 -9i9van ev. 
 
 9vayatha e. 
 
 -9i9vi EV. 
 
 9u] Roots, Vekb-foems, 176 
 
 [Fut 9vayisyati, 9vayita.] 
 
 Verb. 9una c. ; 9vayituin b. ; 9usani ev. 
 
 [Sec. Conj.: 9uyate; 909U-, 9e9vi-; 9i9vayisa-; 9vayaya-.] 
 
 Derjv. .• -9U? EV. 9avisth.a v.b. 
 
 9ava E.+ 9otha c. 
 
 9ava E. + 9uiia v.e.s. 
 
 -9van V. + 9una, -nya v.+ 
 
 9avas v. + 9ura v. + 
 
 9avasana ev. 9avira ev. 
 The perfect forms in ev. are ascribed by BR. (perhaps with better reason) 
 to a separate root qu 'prevail'. The connection of a part of the derivatives 
 given here with one another and with any assignable root is open to much 
 question. 
 
 y 1 er, 'crush'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] 9rnati etc. v.b.c'., 9rnana rvI. — [6.] 9rna av. — [4.] 9iryate cb. 
 
 Perf. [9a9ara 9a9aritha 9a9arus 9a9rus] 9a9re av. 
 
 Aor. 1. a9ari v.b. [9iryat. — 3. a9i9arat.] — 5. a9arit etc. av.b. (-rait av.) 
 
 Fut. 1. 9arisyate b. [9arisyati. — 2. 9arita.] 
 
 Verb, girna av. + . -9irta ms. , 9urta? rvI. ; 9aritos ev., 9aritos aa.; 
 -9irya b. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass. 9iryate etc. v. +, -ti etc. u.e.+ [ — Int. qaqr-, qeqlrya,-. — ] 
 Desid. 9i9arisa- (in d.), [9i9arisa-, 9i9irsa-. — Cans. 9araya-.] 
 
 Deriv. : -qir c. 9irya b.s. 9arira v,+ 9irti e. 
 
 -gar ab. 9ula v. + 9araru ev. 9aluna av. 
 
 -9ara v. + 9arana c. 9ari ev. 9arabha v. + 
 
 9arav. + 9arani v. 9aru v.+ 9alala, -li b. + 
 
 qala av.b. 9urana ev. 9arvaAv. + 9alakaB.+ 
 
 9alyav. + .9arika av. -9arvika b.c. -9i9arisu c. 
 
 Part of the derivatives are of very questionable belongings. 
 
 y 2 91*, see y era. 
 y 3 cr, see y cri. 
 
 y 9rdh, 'be defiant'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] 9ardliati etc. v., -te etc. b.c. 
 
 [Perf. etc. qaqrdhe; a9rdliat, a9i9rdliat, a9ardhista; 9artsyati 9ardli- 
 
 isyate, 9ardliita.] 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. 9ari9rdh-. — Desid. 9i9ardliisa-, 9i9rtsa-. — ] Cans, qar- 
 
 dhayati etc. ev.c. 
 Beriv. : 9ardlia ev. 9ardhya ev. 9ardhana c. -9ardhayitr c. 
 -9ardhin v. 9rdhya ev. 9ardhas v.b. 
 
 Not worth dividing into two roots. 
 
177 ANB Pkimaky Derivatives. [qrath 
 
 y 9oand, cand, 'shine'. 
 [Pres. etc. candati, caceinda etc. etc.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. cani^cadat rv'. 
 Deriv.. • candana? E.+ 9candrav.+ candrav. + 
 
 The fuller form qcandra survives after v. only in the n. pr. hari9candra. 
 
 y 9cam. 
 The single doubtful form 9camnan rv. was entered above under y 1 9am. 
 
 y 9cut, 'drip'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] 9c6tati etc. v.+ 
 
 Perf. cu9Cota b.s. 
 
 Aor. [2. a9cutat. — ] 3. acu9cutat s, [ — 5. a9eotit.] 
 
 [Fut. 9cotisyati; 9cotita.] 
 
 Verb. 9cutita B.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. C09eut-. — Desid. eu9eotisa-, cu9cuti8a-. — ] Caut. 
 
 9COtayati etc. b.s. (-9cotayitavai 9B.) 
 Deriv.: -9cut v. + -9cotana c. 
 
 The forms are often , especially later, vrritten with 9cyu , and sometimes 
 ■with cyu. 
 
 y 9nath, 'pierce'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] 9nath.ilii 9nathat ev. [ — 1. 9nathati.] 
 
 [Perf. 9a9natha.] 
 
 Aor. 3. a9i9nat 9i9nathat etc. rv. — 5. 9nathistam -tana rv. 
 
 [Fut. 9nathisyati; 9natliita.] 
 
 Verb. 9nathita rv. ; -9nathas rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: 9nathayati -te etc. rv. 
 
 Deriv. : 9nathana rv. 9natliitr rv. 9i9natha rv. 
 
 y 9ya, 91, 'coagulate'. 
 
 Pres. [4?] 9yayati b., -te c. 
 
 [Perf. etc. qsi(^ye; a9yasta; 9yasyate, 9yata.] 
 
 Verb. 9ita v. +, 9ina vs., 9yana c. [9yata.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, qlykte etc. b. — [Int. qaqya-. — Desid. 9i9ya3a-. — ] 
 
 Cans. [9yapaya-;] 9yayayati gb. 
 Deriv.; 9ya Ts.c. -9yayaE.+ 9i9ira'?Av.+ 
 
 y 9rath, 9lath, 'slacken'. 
 Pres. [9.] a9rathnan 9rathnas rv., 9ratlmite etc. v. — [6 .'] 9rnthati ts'. 
 
 — [1.] [9rathati 9ranthate;] 9lathati -te etc. c. 
 Perf. 9a9rathe rv. [9a9rantha 9a9ranthus 9rethus.] 
 
 Whitney, Supplement II. 12 
 
9rath] Roots, Verb-forms, 178 
 
 Aor. 3. 9i9rathat etc. v.e. [qiqrathantu ev.) [ — 5. a^ranthit -thista.] 
 [Fut. (jranthisyati, 9ranthita.] 
 
 Verb. 9rthita rv., 9lathita c; [9rathitva, 9ranthitva ;] -9ratliya c. 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans. 9rathayati etc. v.ii., -te rv. ; 9lathayati c. (9lathyate 
 
 c) [9rathayati, 9ranthayati.] 
 Deriv.: 9ratha- r. 9rathar- rv. 9latha e.+ 
 
 y 9ran, 'give'. 
 
 [Pres. etc. 9ranati etc. etc.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans. 9rariayati etc. s.+ [a9i9ranat, a9a9rariat; 9ranayati.] 
 Deriv. : -9ranana c. -9ranika c. 
 
 Only ■with prefix vi. 
 
 y 9ram, 'be weary'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] 9rarayati etc. v.+ — [1.] 9ramati -te etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. 9a9raina 9a9ranius v.+ (9remus ke.), 9a9ramana rv. 
 
 Aor. [1. a9rami. — ] 2. a9ramat etc. v. — 5. 9ramisnia rv.b. 
 
 Fut. [1. 9raniisyati. — ] 2. 9ramita m. 
 
 Verb. 9ramta v. + ; -9ramya b.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.; Pass. 9ramyate e.+ — Desid. 9i9rainisa- (m d.). — Caus. 
 
 9rainayati etc. s. + ; 9raraayati etc. e. + (^9r amy ate e.+) 
 Deriv. : 9rama v. + 9raniana r. + 9ramti e. + -9i9raniisu c. 
 
 -9rama e. + -9ramana v.+ -9raniistha rv. 
 
 y 9rambh, 'trust'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] 9rainbhate etc. e. + 
 
 [Perf. etc. 9a9rambhe ; a9rabhat, a9rambhista; 9rambhisyate,9rambh- 
 
 ita.] 
 Verb. 9rabdha e. +; -9rabhya c. 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. 9rambhayati etc. s. + 
 
 Deriv. : -9rmbha rv. -9rainbha e. + -9rambhana c. -9rabdhi c. 
 
 -91'ambhin c. -9rambhaniya c. 
 
 y 9ra, 2 9ri, 2 9r, 'boil'. 
 
 Pre*. [4?] 9rayati etc. v.b. — [9.] 9rmati etc. v.b. [ — 2. 9rati.] 
 
 [Perf. etc. 9a9rau ; 9rayat 9reyat, a9rasit ; 9rasyati, 9rata.] 
 
 Verb. 9rata v.b.s. ; 9rta v.+ [9rana.] 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Jnt. 9a9ra-. — Desid. 9i9rasa-. — ] Caus. 9rapayati etc. av. +, 
 
 -te etc. E. (a9i9rapat etc. b. ; 9rapyate etc. b. +) 
 Deriv. : 9ira? rv. 9aras'? e. -9rapa b. 91'apana b. + 
 
 9rapin s. 91'apayitr b. 
 
179 AND Primary Derivatives. [pru 
 
 y cri, 3 9y, 'resort'. 
 
 Pre«. [l.J 9rayati etc. av.+, -te etc. v.+ 
 
 Per/". 9i9raya Qicjriye e<c. v. + 
 
 i4or. 1. a9ret -riyan etc. kv.; [qriyat;] a<jrayi rv. — .'{. acjiqriyat etc. .\v.+ 
 
 (aqiqret y.b., -Qrema s., -^rayus rv. ; -qriyus e., -9riyan c. ; 9i9rita? 
 
 RV.) — 4. a9rait av. [ — 5. a9rayista. | 
 Fut. 1. 9rayisyati -te etc. b.+ [ — 2. 9rayita.] 
 Verb. 9rita v. + ; 9rayitum e, , -tavai b.s. ; 9rayitva e.+ |9ritvaJ; 
 
 -9ritya b. + 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass. 9riyate etc. b.+ (9riyate etc. b.s.) — [Int. 9e9ri-. — Desid. 
 
 9i9rayisa-, 9i9risa-. — J Cans. 9rapayati vs'. [9rayayati, a9i9ra- 
 
 yat.] 
 Deriv.: -9ri B.u. -9ara av. 9aranav.+ 9retr e. 
 
 -9rayaAV. + 9alaAv. + -9ritv.+ 9reniv. + 
 
 -9rayin c. 9rayana b.+ 9riti rv.c. 9arman v. + 
 
 9rayav. + 9rayaniya c. -9rayitavya c. 9arira.'v.+ 
 
 The derivatives from the root-form 9r are probably best referred to a sepa- 
 rate root 9r or 9ar, 9al, meaning 'cover' or the like. 
 
 y 9ris, see y ^lis. 
 
 y 1 cri, cr, 'mix'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] 9rinati 9rirLite etc. v.b. 
 
 Per/". 9i9riye v. 
 
 Aor. 3. a9i9rayu8 rv. 
 
 Verb. 9rita rv., 9irta rv. 
 
 Deriv. : -qir y.B.s. -9ira s. + -9riv. 9rayana s. 
 
 Is probably only a form of y 9ri , from which it is at some points hardly 
 separable. The interrelations of the roots 9r, 9ra, 9ri, 9ri are intricate , and 
 not yet fully worked out. Especially doubtful is it what is the connection with 
 them of the noun qrl v.+ 'fortune', and the related 9riyas rv., 9reyas v. +, 
 9restha v. +, 9reinan b. 
 
 y 2 cri, see y 913.. 
 
 y 9ru, 'hear'. 
 
 Pres. [5.] 9rn6ti etc. v. + , 9rnute etc. v.+ (9rnvise -vire hv.) — [2.] 
 
 9r6si RV. 
 Perf. 9U9rava 9U9ruve etc. v,+ {9U9ninias u. + ; 9U9ravat 9U9ruya3 
 
 -yatam a9U9ravi rv.) 
 Aor. 1. a9ravain -rot -ravan v.b. (9ravat -vathas etc. v.b.s. ; 9ruya8am 
 
 etc. v.c. ; 9rudhi 9r6tu etc. v.b.) ; a9ravi 9ravi v.c. — 2 ? 9ruvam ta. 
 
 — 3. a9U9ruvat b., -ravus rv. [a9i9ravat.] — 4. a9rau8it etc. k. + 
 
 12' 
 
9ru] 
 
 Roots, Verb-forms, 
 
 180 
 
 Fat. 1. Qrosyati etc. b.+. -te e. — 2. qrota m. 
 
 Verb, qruta v. + ; qrotum e. + ; ^rutva v. + ; -Qrutya av. + : -Qravam s.c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass. Qruyate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e. — [Int. Qocjru-. — ] Desul. qu- 
 ^rusate etc. \.+, -ti etc. e.+ (9U9rusyate etc. e. +) — Caus. (jravayati 
 cfc. V. +, -te etc. E. + (qravyate etc. e. +) ; 9ravayati etc. rv. 
 
 Deriv. : 
 
 -Qru B. 
 (jrava b. + 
 gravya e. + 
 gravayya rv. 
 qrava v.+ 
 ^ravaka c 
 9ravin c. 
 gravya e.+ 
 Qravana v. + 
 9ravaniya b.+ 
 
 -9ravana b.s. 
 9ravaniya e. + 
 9ravas v. + 
 9l6ka V. + 
 -9rut V. + 
 9ruti V. + 
 9rutya v.+ 
 -9r6tu Rv. 
 9rotavya b. + 
 9rotr V.+ 
 
 9r6tra v. + 
 9ravitr e. 
 9rudh.i- kv. 
 -9ruria rv. 
 9r6mata rv. 
 9ravistha av.+ 
 9rausat v.b. 
 -9U9ruka'? e. 
 9U9i^s E. 
 9U9rusa s.+ 
 
 9U9rusaka e.+ 
 9U9rusiii e. 
 9U9rusya e. + 
 9U9rusana e. + 
 9U9rusenya b.s. 
 9u9ru.su B.+ 
 9U9rusitr e. 
 9U9ruaitavya e. 
 -9ravayitr u. 
 9ravayitavya c. 
 
 Compare y 9ru3 ; for y 2 9ru, see ]/ sru. 
 
 y crus, 'hear . 
 
 Pres. [1.] 9rosan bv,, 9roaantu v., 9r6sainana rv. 
 Deriv. : 9rusti rv. 9rusti av. 9rausti v.b. 
 
 A secondary root, growing out of the s-aorist-stem of |/ 9ru. 
 
 y 9lath, see y" crath. 
 
 y cla, 'dissolve' (?). 
 Pres. [4.] 9layati jb. 
 
 Only in the passage taamat . . . vi 'va 9layanti tarunam iva hi tarhi 
 reto bhavati jb. ii. 23. Probably a variant to y 9ra. 
 
 y clagh, 'extol'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] 9lagh.ate etc. cb1.e.+, -ti e. 
 Perf. 9a9laghire c. 
 
 [Aor. etc. a9a9laghat, a9laghista; 9laghisyate, 9laghita.] 
 Verb. 9lagh.ita c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass. 9laghyate etc. e.+ — Caws. 9laghayati etc. e. + 
 Deriv. : 9lagh.a b. + 9laghiii e. + 9laghana e. + 9laghistha b. 
 
 9laghya e. + 9laghanlya e. + 
 
 y clis, 9ris, 'clasp'. 
 
 Pre*. [4.] 9l{syati etc. b.+, -te u. — [1.] 9resama rv. (y qri'l) 
 
 Perf. 9i9lesa b.+ 
 
 Aor. 2. a9lisat e.+, 9risat rv. [ — 3. a9i9lisat. — 7. a9liksat.] 
 
181 AND Primary Derivatives. [stl^iv 
 
 [Fut. 9leksyati, 9lesta.j 
 
 Verb. 9lista b. + ; Qlestum c; qlistva c. ; -qlisya e. + ; -Qrisas v. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, ^lisyate etc. c. — [Int. 969168-. — ] Deaid. 9i9lik8a- 
 {^in d.yi — Cans. 9lesayati etc. b.+, -te c. 
 
 Deriv. : -9ris av. -9r6sina av. 9le8in b.c. -9re8man av. 
 
 -9liSB.c. 9lesaAv.+ -9le8anaB.+ 9l68man b,+ 
 
 -9resa av.b. 9lesaka c. -9i9lik8u'' av. 
 
 y 9 vane, 'spread'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] 9vancate etc. v. (9mane- ta.) 
 Aor. 3? 9a9vacai b,v. 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. 9vancayas b,v. 
 Derii\ -9vanka b. 
 
 y cvas, 9US, 'blow'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] 9vasiti etc. v.+ (9vasihi av. + ; a9vasit b.+, a9va8at e. +j; 9U8- 
 
 antam 9use 9usana kv. — [1.] 9vasati -t6 etc. av.+ 
 Perf. 9a9vasa etc. e. + 
 
 Aor. [3. a9i9vasat. — ] 5 (or pres.'). 9vasis c. 
 Fut. 1. 9vasisyati e. [ — 2. 9vasita.] 
 
 Verb. 9vasita b.+, 9vasta e. + ; 9vasituin e. ; -9va8ya s. + ; -9vaBas rv. 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. 9a9vasat rv. — [Desid. 9i9vasisa-. — ] Caus. 9vasayati 
 
 etc. V.+ (9vasayati ci.?) 
 Deriv.: -9vasa av. 9usa v.b.s. -9vasanaE. + 9va8atha v.b. 
 
 9vasa V.+ 96sa?vs. -9vasaniya c. 9usraa v.b. 
 
 9vasinB.+ 9vasanav.+ 9vasi- ev. 9usinaiL c. 
 
 -9vasya e. + -9vasaniya c. -9vasitavya b.+ 
 
 y cva, cvi, see y qu. 
 
 y 9vit, 'be bright'. 
 
 [Pres. etc. 9vetate ; 9i9vite.] 
 
 Aor. 1. a9vitan 9vitana rv. — 3. a9i9vitat rv. — 4. a9vait rv. [ — 5. 
 
 a9V6tista.] 
 [Fut. etc. 9vetisyate, 9vetita; 9vitta.] 
 
 Deriv.: -9vit v.c. 9V6tav. + 9viti- Rv. 9vitna rv. 
 
 9vetana rv. 9vitra v. + 
 
 y sthiv, 'spew'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] sthivati etc. av. + [ — 4. sthivyati.] 
 Perf. tisth6va b. [tisth.6va.] 
 Aor. 5. asthavisam? gb.s. [aBth6Vit.] 
 [Fut. sthevisyati, sthevita.] 
 
sthiv] 
 
 Roots, Vekb-fokms, 
 
 182 
 
 Verb, sthyuta b. +. sthivita c; sthutva? s. : -sthivya c. 
 [Sec. Conj.: Int. testhiv-, testhiv-. — Desid. tisthivisa- tis-, tusthjrusa- 
 tus-. — Caus. sthevayati.] 
 
 ]/ saks. 
 For the participle saksant, see y sah. 
 
 y sagh, 'be equal to', 
 Pres. [5.] asaghnos rv. 
 [Perf. sasagha.] 
 
 Aor. 1. saghat rv. ; saghyasam b.s. [ — 3. asisaghat. — 5. asagh.it.] 
 [Fut. etc. saghisyati, saghita ; sasagh-, sisaghisa-, saghaya-.] 
 Deriv. saghan b. 
 
 Doubtless another form of ]/ sah. 
 
 y sac, 'accompany'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] sacate etc. v.b.. -ti rv'. — [3.] sisakti etc. rv. ; sa9eati(3p.) rv., 
 
 saQcata (3p.) rv. — [1.] sagcasi etc. sa9ee rv. 
 Perf. seeire av. ; sa9cinia v.b., saeeus etc. rv., sa^cire rv. 
 Aor. J. saeana rv. — 4. asaksata etc. (saksat -simahil rv. [— 5. 
 
 asaeista.l 
 
 [Fut. sacisyate, sacita.] 
 
 Verb, sacadhyai rv. ; saksani? kv. 
 
 Deriv.: -sac v.s. sacya Rv. 
 
 -saca V.B. saeana rv. 
 
 saca Kv.B. saeas- rv. 
 
 -sacin b. + saci v. + 
 
 saei? V.B. 
 sakhi? V.+ 
 sacatha rv. 
 sakman, -mya rv. 
 
 -sakra rv. 
 saksani rv. 
 saqcat v. 
 sacaya cb. 
 
 y saj, sanj, 'hang'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] sajati etc. v.+, -te s. 
 
 Perf. sasanja b.+ ([sasajus] sasanjus c, sasajjatusv m., sejus cb.") 
 
 Aor. 1. asanji b. [sajyat. — 3. asasanjat.] — 4. sanksit etc. v.+. asak- 
 
 thas -ta V.B. 
 [Fut. sanksyati, sankta.J 
 
 Verb, sakta v. + ; saktvim e., sanktos b. ; -sajya b. + ; -sangam b.s. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, sajyate etc. b.+, -ti e.; sajjate etc. t..+, -ti etc. e.+ — 
 [Int. sasaj-, sasanj-. — J Desid. sisanksati cb. [sisaiiksa-.] — Caus. 
 sanjayati etc. e. + ; sajjayati etc. e. +, -te e. 
 Deriv.: -saj V. saiigav.+ -sanjanaB. + 
 
 -saja Bv. saiigin AV.+ -saiijaniya c. 
 
 -sajya c. -saiigya b.s. sajjana c. 
 
 -sanj a c. , 
 
 sakti V. + 
 saktu V V. + 
 -saktavya c. 
 -sanktavya o. 
 
183 
 
 AND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 san 
 
 y sad, 'sit'. 
 Pres. [l.J sidati etc. v.+, -te etc rv1.k.+ — [2.j satsi v. 
 Perf. sasada sedus etc.\.+ (sasattha uv. ; sasadyat av. ; sidatus k.), 
 
 sedire rv. 
 AoT. 1. asadi sadi kv. — 2. asadat etc. v. + i sadathas uv.. aadas etc. v. +, 
 
 sadeyam e<c.v.B.s., sadatue^e. sadatamv.K.s., sadantuv., aadantam 
 
 AV., sadat- rv.) — 3. asisadat etc. a. — 4. satsat uv. — ."). asadit ta. 
 Fut. 1. satsyati etc. b.s.; sidisyati c. [ — 2. satta. | 
 Verb, sanna av.+, satta v.; sattvim b., siditum e. ; -sadya v. + : -sadam 
 
 Bv., -sade v.b. ; -sadam i?. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, sadyate b. — [Int. sasad-. — Desid. sisatsa-. — ] t'(iu>. 
 
 sadayati etc. v. +. -te etc. v.+ (sadyate etc. b. + ; sisadayisa- in d.) 
 
 Deriv. : sad v.+ 
 sada B.+ 
 -sadya v.b.s 
 
 sadin av. + sadi e. 
 
 -sadya e.+ sedi av.b.s. 
 
 sadanav. + -sandi? av.b.s. 
 
 -sadya n. V.B. sadanav. + sediika e. 
 
 -sadya CB. -sadaniyaE.+ sattiv.+ 
 
 sada V.+ sadas v. + sattr v.b.u. 
 
 -sadakaE.+ -sadi av. sattra v. + 
 
 sanni c. 
 sadman v. + 
 sadman rv. 
 -sadvan v.s. 
 -sadvara b.s. 
 -satsnu Rv. 
 sadayitavya e. -i- 
 
 -sisadayisu e. 
 The stem sada, so far as accented sada, is perhaps rather a present-stem. 
 
 y san, 2 sa, 'gain'. 
 
 Pres. [8.] sanoti etc. v.b.s. — [Ivj sanat etc. sanema sana sanant rv. 
 
 Perf. sasana rv. (sasavans v., sasanusi b.s.) [sene.] 
 
 Aor. [1. asata; sanyat, sayat. — ] 2. asanam etc. v.b. (saneyam etc b.s. •, 
 
 sanem b.s.) — [3. asisanat. — ] 4v sesam set b. — 5. asanisam rv. 
 
 (sanisat etc v., sanisantu sv.), [asanistaj (sanisamahe sanisan- 
 
 ta RV.) 
 Fut. 1. sanisyati v.b. [ — 2. sanita.] 
 Verb, sata v.b. 
 Sec. Conj. : [Pass, sanyate, sayate. — ] Int. [sansan-, sasa-,] sanisnata 
 
 E,v. — Desid. sisasati etc. v.b. [sisanisa-. — Cans, sanayati.j 
 Deriv 
 
 . : -san RV. 
 
 sani V.B. 
 
 sanitr v.b. 
 
 saneru? rv. 
 
 -sana rv. 
 
 -sani V. + 
 
 sanitra rv. 
 
 saniyas n. 
 
 sina ? RV. 
 
 sanuka rv. 
 
 sanutr rv. 
 
 sanistha rv. 
 
 -sanin c. 
 
 saniti rv. 
 
 sanitvan rv. 
 
 sanasi rv. 
 
 -sanana rv. 
 
 sanitva rv. 
 
 satv&n V v. + 
 
 sasni v.b. 
 sisnu rv. 
 
 -sa v.b. 
 
 -seya v. 
 
 satu v RV. 
 
 sisasatu av. 
 
 -sa RV. 
 
 sati V. 
 
 saman •.' v. + 
 
 sisasani rv. 
 siaasu v.b. 
 
 Different from this 
 
 is the root seen in sana 'old' v.+ and the related words 
 
sap] Roots, Vekb-forms, 184 
 
 y sap, 'serve'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] sapati -te etc. v.b. 
 Perf. sepus Ev. 
 Aor. 3. sisapanta ev. 
 [Fut. sapisyati, sapita.] 
 Sec. Conj.: Cam. sapayant? e. 
 
 DeWv. ; -sap EV. sapa b.s. sapar- v.+ saptiv. + 
 
 -sapin EV. 
 The relations of part of these forms are very donbtfol. 
 
 y sarj, 'creak'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] sarjati etc. v.b. 
 
 Does not appear to admit of connection with y srj. 
 
 y sa9e, see y sac. 
 
 y sas, 'sleep'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] sasti etc. (sastas sasant etc.) v. — [3.] sasasti ts., sasasti vs., 
 
 sasat ci. 
 [Perf. etc. sasasa; asisasat, asasit; sasisyati, sasita; sasas-, sisasisa-, 
 
 sasaya-.] 
 Deriv. sasa ? ev. 
 
 The single later occurrence is doubtless artificial. 
 
 y sah, 'prevail'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] sahate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ (sahant ev.); sahati etc. ev'.e'. — 
 
 [4.] sahyami m1. — [2.] saksi saksva saksva ev. 
 Perf. [sehe] (sehana ev. ; sasahe av. ; sasahe etc. v. ; sasahana v., sa- 
 
 sahisthas ev.), sehima -bus e. (sasaha v.; sasahat etc v., sa- 
 
 sahyama etc. ev., sasalivans ev,, sasahvans ta., sahvans ev.) 
 Aor. 1. sahana ev. ; sahyama v., sahyas etc. ev. — [3. asisahat. — ] 
 
 4. asaksi saksi ev. , asaksmalii b. (saksate ev. ; saksiya etc. av.b.), 
 
 saksit GB. (saksati av., saksat ev., saksama ev., saksat pple. ev.) 
 
 — 5. asahista ev., sahisimahi etc. v. 
 Fut. 1. saksyati etc. e., -te b., saksye? av. ; sahisyati -te etc. e.+ (asah- 
 
 isyat E.) — 2. sodha e.+ [sahita.] 
 Verb, sadlia v.+, sodha c. ; sodhum e.+, sahitvun e. ; [sadhva, sahitva;] 
 
 -sahya v. + ; -saham b. ; sahadhyai ev.k. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, sahyate etc. c. — [Int. sasah.-. — ] Desid. siksati -te etc. 
 
 Bv.Ts. [sisahisa-.] — Caus. sahayati etc. e. + 
 
185 
 
 AND Pkimaby Derivatives. 
 
 sadh 
 
 Deriv. : -sah v.+ 
 saha v.B. 
 saha V. + 
 sahaka c. 
 -sahya sv,+ 
 -sahya n. ev. 
 saha V. + 
 -saha Rv, 
 -sahin c. 
 -sahya v, + 
 
 -sabha? e.+ 
 sinha? v. + 
 sahanv uv. 
 sahana c. 
 sahaniya e. + 
 -sahana e.+ 
 sahantya v.n. 
 sahas v. + 
 sahasana rv. 
 -sahi c. 
 
 sehuv Av.K. 
 sadhi MS. 
 sodhavya c. 
 sahitavya e. 
 sadhr rv. 
 sodhr E. 
 sahuri v. 
 sahiyas v. + 
 sahyas rv. 
 sahistha v.d. 
 
 sahyu uv, 
 sahianu R.+ 
 sahvan h.s. 
 saksa h. 
 -saksin nv. 
 saksana rv, 
 saksani v. 
 sasahi v. 
 
 y 1 sa, si, 'bind'. 
 
 Pres. [6?] syati etc. v.+, -te etc v. + — [9.] sinati etc. v.b.u. — [5,] asinot 
 
 JR., -sinvant rv. ? — [Iv] sami santi seyam set m, 
 Perf. sasau c. ; sisaya rv. (siset v rv.) [sisye.J 
 Aor. 1. asat etc. v.b. (sahi sitam rv., simahi rv.ts.?) [seyat. — 3. asi- 
 
 sayat. — 4. asaisit, asesta. — 6. asasit.] 
 Fut. 1. [sasyati] sisyati m. [sesyati -te. — 2. sata, seta.] 
 Verb, sita v. + ; satum jr., setave av., -situm c. ; sitvas. ; •8ayav.+, 
 
 -sya E. + ; -sai ev. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, siyate etc. e.+ — [Int. sasa-, sesi-. — Desid. sisasa-, 
 
 sisisa-. — ] Caus. sayayati etc. b.+ 
 Deriv.: -sa'?Rv.+ -seya c. -sya e. setavya c. 
 
 -saya E.+ -sanav. + -sitiv. ?c. setr ev. 
 
 -sayin b.+ -satr rv.c. setu v.+ -sinva".' ev. 
 
 ■ It is not practicable to separate the two forms of this root. Its prevailing 
 use with ava has led to its reduction to mere s in some of the forms made 
 from it. 
 
 y 2 sa, see y san. 
 
 y sadh, sadh, 'succeed'. 
 Pres. [1.] sadhati -te etc. ev. — [5.] sadhnoti etc. jb. ; [sadhnoti. — 4. 
 
 sadhyati.] 
 [Perf. sasadha.] 
 
 Aor. 3. sisadhati -dhas etc. -dhema -dhatu v.b. [ — 4. asatsit.] 
 [Fut. satsyati, saddha.] 
 Verb, sadhitum (cans. '?) c. 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. sasadh-. — Desid. sisatsa-. — ] Caus. sadhayati etc. v,+, 
 
 -te etc. E. + (sadhyate etc. e. + ; sisadhayisati etc. sisadh- c.) 
 Deriv. .■ -sadh rv. sadhyav.+ sadhuv.+ sadhayitavya c. 
 
 sadha rv. sadhana v. + sadhu rv. sadhayitr c. 
 
 sadhaka e.+ sadhaniya e.+ saddhi jb. sisadhayisa c 
 
 sadhin c. sadhas v. sadhiyas i;.+ sisadhayisu s.+ 
 
 sadhistha rv.u. 
 
si] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 186 
 
 y si, 'bind', see y 1 sa. 
 From a root or roots si or si appear to come sundry doubtful derivatives, 
 
 as 
 
 sayaka e. +, sena v. +, sita v. +. siman -mant -ma av. +. sira v. + 
 
 y sic, 'pour out". 
 
 Fres. [6.] sificati etc. v.+, -te etc. v.+ — [1.] seeate evI. 
 
 Perf. siseca sisiee etc. v.+ (sisicus nv., sisice ev.c.) 
 
 Aor. 1. sieyat b. (sincyat? acs.); aseei r..s. — 2. asicat etc. v.+, -cata 
 
 etc. v.B. (sicamahe v.b.) — [3. asisicat, asisieat. — 4. asikta.] 
 Fut. 1. seksyati -te etc. b.e. 
 Terft. sikta V. + ; sektum e., -tavai b.; siktvaB.+, sincitvac. ; -sicya 
 
 AV. + ; -secam s., -sekam s. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, sicyate etc. v.+, -ti e. — [Int. sesic-. — Desid. sisiksa-, 
 
 sisiksa-. — ] Caus. secayati etc s.+, -te s. + ; sineayati e'. 
 Z)eriu. ; sic v.B.s. -sekin c. secanav.+ sektrY.+ 
 
 -sicya B. -sekya B.+ -secaniya b. -secitr e. 
 
 -sicya n. b. -secaka e. sikti v.b. siktha c. 
 
 sekav.+ -secya e. sektavya c. 
 
 y 1 sidh, 'repel'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] sedhati etc. v. +, -te etc. s.+ 
 
 Perf. sisedha etc. v.+, sisidhe k. 
 
 Aor. 1 . asedlii c. — [3. asisidhat. — 4. asaitsit. — ] 5. asedhis etc. ev.k. 
 
 Fut. 1. setsyati e., sedhisyati c. [ — 2. seddha, sedhita.] 
 
 Verb, siddha b. + ; seddhum b.+; -sidhya av.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, sidhyate etc. e.+ — Jnt. sesidhat rv. — [Desid. sisedh- 
 isa-, sisidhisa-, sisitsa-. — ] Caus. sedhayati etc. s.+ 
 
 Deriv. : 
 sedhaAv.+ -sedhya c. -siddhi c. -seddhra b. 
 
 -sedliakaE.+ -sedhanaE.+ -seddhavya e.+ sidhma, -man? b.+ 
 -sedhin c. -sedhaniya c. -seddhr b.+ -sedhayitr c. 
 
 See the following root. 
 
 y 2 sidh, 'succeed'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] sidhyati etc. rv1.u.s.+, -te etc. b,+ 
 
 Perf. sisedha uvi? 
 
 Aor. [1. sidhyasam; asedhi. — 2. asidhat. — 3. asisidhat. — ] 4. sait- 
 
 sit c'. 
 Fut. 1. setsyati -te etc e.+ [— 2. seddha.] 
 Verb, siddha b^.e. + [sedhitva, sidhitva, siddhva.j 
 [See. Conj.: sesidh-; sisitsa-; sedhaya-.J 
 
1 87 AND Primary Derivatives. [sul 
 
 Z>mv. ; -sidh Rv. siddhi u.+ sidlima rv. -sidhvan nv. 
 
 sidhra rv. 
 Appears to be a weakened form of >/ sadli. Grassmami, however, con- 
 siders 1 sidh and 2 sidh as one root, and there are iti fact some difficulties In 
 their separation. 
 
 y SI, see y si. 
 
 y siv, syu, 'sew'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] sivyati etc. v. +. -te v. 
 
 [Per/", etc. siseva; asisivat, asevit; sevisyati, sevita.J 
 
 Ver6. syuta v, + ; syutva s. ; -sivya av. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. sesiv-, — Desid. sisevisa-, susyusa-. — ] Caus. \ sevayati;] 
 
 sivayati c. 
 Derlv.: syu b. seva b. sevitavya c. syilman v.b. 
 
 sivaka c. sevanaB.+ sutra .\.v.+ syona'.' v.b.s. 
 
 sivya c. sivana b.+ sfina v.b.s. 
 
 The noun sucl (of which sucay 'point out' is a denominative) can hardly 
 be connected with this root. 
 
 y su, 'press out'. 
 
 Pres. [5.J svmoti etc. \.+. sunute etc. v.+ [sunvire rv.) — [.'i.] susvati 
 
 (3p.) RV. 
 Perf. susava susuma etc. v.e., susvana rv. 
 AoT. 1. sotu sutam etc. rv., suvana svana v. ; asavi rv. — 3. asusavus 
 
 AB. [asusavat. — 4. asausit, asosta. — 5. asavit, asavista.] 
 Put. 1. sosyati kcs., savisyati cb. — 2. sota ab. 
 Verb, suta V. + ; sotave rv., -tos v.b. ; -sutya b. + ; -suya e. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, suyate etc. v.+ — [Int. sosu-. — Desid. sususa-. — j Caus. 
 
 savayati s. 
 Leriv.: -siw a h. savana v. + sotu rv. soman rv. 
 
 sava V.B.S. -sut V.+ sotva rv. suya k. 
 
 sava RV. -suti v. sotr rv. sura.v. + 
 
 -savin rv. sutya s.+ sutvan v. -sunva ev. 
 
 -savyas.+ sutya b.s. soma v. + susvi rv. 
 
 Doubtless the same with ]/ an, and the forms and uses of the two not al- 
 ways clearly distinguishable. 
 
 >/sul(?). 
 
 Only in the single form pra svdami ts.tb., for which vs. has pra 
 tilami: see y til. 
 
subh] 
 
 Roots, Verb-fokms, 
 
 188 
 
 y subh, sumbh, 'smother' (?). 
 
 Pres. [9.] asubhnan ts. — [6?] sumbhan k. 
 Verb, subdha ts. 
 Deriv. sobhari? v. 
 
 y su, su, 'generate, enliven, impel'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] sute suvate etc. v. + (suvana svana? kv.), sauti b. +, sQhi s. — 
 
 [6.] suvati etc. v.b.u. (sva av.ta.), suvate etc. b. — [4.] suyate 
 
 etc. b1. +, -ti etc. e. + — [1.] savati etc. e.+ 
 Perf. susava etc, e. +, susuve etc. a\.+ (sasuva v.) 
 Aor. [1. asavi.] — 3. [asusavat,] asusot ms., -savus tb. — 4. [asausit,] 
 
 asosta U.+ — 5. asavit etc. y.b. (savisat v.b.) [asavista.] 
 Put. 1. sosyati -te etc. b.+ (susyant rv^.c'.), savisyati -te etc. e.+ [ — 
 
 2. seta, savita.] 
 Verb. sutav.H-, suta b. + [suna] ; [sotum,] sutave v. , -tavai .w., savi- 
 
 tave Av.; siitva b. + ; -suya e. + ; -sutya cb. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, suyate etc. v.+ — Int. sosaviti rv. — [Desid. sususa-. — 
 
 Cans, savaya-.] 
 
 -savas b.s. 
 suti V. + 
 
 -SUti RV. 
 SUtU AV. 
 
 savitr v. + 
 -savitr rv. 
 
 Deriv. 
 
 -suya AV.+ 
 
 sura? V. 
 
 surf? V.+ 
 
 saviman v.b.s. 
 
 -suvan V. 
 
 susa AV. 
 
 stisana? av. 
 Usually divided into two roots , 1 su 'impel', and 2 su 'give birth' (the 
 verb-forms of the former, with three or four sporadic exceptions, limited to the 
 older language); but their forms and meanings are mixed beyond the possibility 
 of successful separation. 
 
 su V.+ 
 
 sava V. + 
 savy a ? n. pr. rv. 
 -savin c 
 savana v.+ 
 - suvana av. 
 
 sutri AV. 
 stri? V.+ 
 savatha ? c. 
 -suna S.+ 
 sunu V. + 
 -suma V. 
 
 y stid, 'put in order'. 
 
 [Pres. siidate.] 
 
 Perf. [susude,] susiidima rv. (susudati etc. susudat etc. rv., susiid- 
 
 ata AV.) 
 Aor. 3. asusudanta ts. 
 [Fut. siidisyati, siidita.] 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. sosud-. — Desid. susHdisa-. — ] Cans, sudayati etc. v.+, 
 
 -te etc. E. + 
 Z>eriy. ; -sud RV, -sudakaE.H- sudanav. + sudayitnu rv. 
 
 suda V. + sudin b. 
 
189 
 
 AND Primary Deuivatives. 
 
 [bW 
 
 y surk?, 'heed'. 
 Pres. [1.] surksati etc. b.s. 
 
 [Perf. etc. susurksa; asurksit; surksisyati, surksita-J 
 Deriv. surksya b. 
 
 y sr, 'flow'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] sisarti sisrat etc. rv., sisrate (3p.) etc. v. fsisratus ev'.) — [1.] 
 
 sarati etc. s'.e.+, -te etc. e. + 
 Perf. sasara sasre etc. v. + ( sasrva cb., sasrvans v. +, sasrana uv. ; sasr- 
 
 mana bv.) 
 Aor. 1. asari b. [sriyat.] — 2. asarat etc. v.b. (sarat etc. sira rv.) — 4. 
 
 [asarsit,] sarsat av. 
 Fut. 1. sarisyati etc. v.+ [ — 2. sarta.] 
 Ferft. srtd, B. + ; sartum c, sartave bv.. -tavai rv. ; srtvan. + : -srtya 
 
 B. + ; -saram b. 
 Sec. Con}.: Int. sarsre etc. bv. (sarsrana v.) — Desid. sisirsati etc. b. — 
 Caus. sarayati -te etc. v.+ (^saryate etc. b. + ; sisarayiaa- in d.); 
 sardyante rv. 
 
 sarana v. + 
 sarani c. 
 sarana b.+ 
 -saraniya c. 
 saras v.+ 
 
 Deriv. : sara v. + 
 
 saraka e. + 
 sarin? bv. 
 sara v. + 
 saraka e. + 
 sarin b. + 
 -sarya c. 
 sira V. + 
 sira BV. 
 
 sant V. + 
 saru ? AV. 
 -srt V. + 
 srti AV. + 
 
 -sf tya AV. 
 -srtya jb. 
 -sartu RV. 
 -sartavya b.c. 
 sartr b. 
 srtvan v.b. 
 -srtvara c. 
 sarma bv. 
 -sarman bv. 
 sariman bv. 
 
 saramav v.+ 
 srmara b. + 
 sarayu v. + 
 sarira b. 
 salila V. + 
 sarala? e. + 
 sasra bv. 
 sasri bv. 
 -sisarayiau c. 
 
 y srk, 'be pointed' (?', . 
 
 A root srk or arc inferable with plausibility from the derivatives : 
 srka v.b. srakt{ v.b.s. srkva c. 8rkvanv.+ 
 
 srakva rv. srkvi e. + 
 
 y syj, 'send forth'. 
 Pres. [6.] srjati -te etc. v.+ — [1.] sarjatas av.. -anti c. [aarajant bvI?) 
 Perf. sasarja sasrje etc. v. + (sasarktha c. [sasarjitha sasrasthaj. sasrj- 
 
 mahe -jrire rv., sasrgmahe sv.; sasrjyat asasrgram av.) 
 Aor. 1. asrgran -ram bv.; asarji v.b. ; srjana rv. — [3. asisrjat, asa- 
 
 sarjat. — ] 4. asraksit etc. v.+ (asrak v.b.c'. , asrat b.. sras av. ; 
 
 sraksat b.), asrksi asrsta etc. v.b. 
 Fut. 1. sraksyati -te etc. b.+ — 2. srasta? pb. 
 
syj 
 
 Roots, Verb-forms, 
 
 190 
 
 Verb, srsta v. + ; srastum e. + ; srstva b.u. ; -sfjya b. + ; -sargam b., 
 
 -sarjam. b. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, srjyate etc. v.+ — [Int. sarisrj-. — ] Desid. sisrksati etc. 
 
 B.+ (sisrkamas ci.), -te gb. — Cans, sarjayati -te etc. b.+ 
 Deriv. ; -srj V. + -sargin s.+ srstiv.+ srjaya -ya b. 
 
 sraj V.+ sarjaB.+ srsti cbI. sisrksa c. 
 
 srjyaB.+ -sarjya e. srastavya c. sisrksuE. + 
 
 sargav.H- sarjana v.+ srastrv.+ sarjayitavya u.+ 
 
 y srp, 'creep'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] sarpati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ 
 
 Perf. sasarpa etc. b.+ 
 
 AoT. 2. asrpat etc. av.b. — 3. asisrpat b. [asasarpat.] — 4. [asarpsit, 
 
 asrapsit ;] asrpta b.s. 
 Put. 1. srapsyati etc. b.+, sarpsyati b. [ — 2. sarpta, srapta.] 
 Verb, srpta b. + ; sarpitum e. + ; srptva b. ; -srpya av.b.s. ; -srpas b. ; 
 
 -sarpam b.s. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, srpyate etc. b. + — Int. sarisrpant c, -pyate b. — 
 
 Desid. sisrpsati etc. v.+ — Cans, sarpayati etc. s.+ 
 Dcriv..- -srp b.s. -sarpaka s. sarpi b. srpra rv. 
 
 -srpya c. -sarpin b. + sarpis v. + sasarpari rv. 
 
 sarpav.+ sarpanav.+ -srpti c. sarisrpav.+ 
 
 y sev, 'attend upon'. 
 
 Pre?. [1.] sevate etc. v.+, -ti etc. ev'.e. + 
 
 Perf. siseve etc. e. +, -va c. 
 
 [Aor. asisevat, asevista.] 
 
 Fut. 1. sevisyati e. [-te. — 2. sevita.] 
 
 Verb, sevita e. + ; sevitum c. ; sevitva e. ; -sevya c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, sevyate etc. e. + — [Int. sesev-. — Desid. sisevisa-. — ] 
 
 Cans, sevayati c. [sisevayisa- in d.) 
 Deriv.: sevaE. + sevinE.+ sevanaE.+ sevitavya b. + 
 
 sevaka E.+ sevya e.+ sevaniya c. sevitr e.+ 
 
 sisevayisu c, 
 
 y skand, 'leap'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] skandati etc. v. +, -te c. 
 
 Perf. caskanda v. +, -de e. + 
 
 Acr. 1. askan skan v.b. [skadyat.] — [2. askadat. — 3. acaskandat. — ] 
 
 4. askantsit b. (^askan skan b.s.) 
 Fut. 1. skantsyati b. [ — 2. skantta.] 
 Verb, skanna v. + ; [skanditum ; skanttva;] -skandya b.+, -skadya b. ; 
 
 -skade -skadas rv. ; -skandam av.b. 
 
191 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [stan 
 
 Sec. Ccnj.: [Pass, skadyate. — ] Int. kaniskan caniskadat rv. — {Defid. 
 
 ciskantsa-. — J Cans, skandayati etc h. + 
 /)eri(>.; skanda V.+ -skandya h. -skadvari h. skandha av.+ 
 
 skandinB.+ skandana n.+ skandhas? t.h. 
 
 y skambh, skabh, 'prop'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] skabhnati etc. v.b. (skabhana n.) — [5.] skabhnuvant «. [— 
 
 1. skambhate.] 
 Perf. easkambha c'. (caskambha skambhathus -bhus rv.). [caskam- 
 
 bhe] caskabhana av. 
 [Aor. etc. acaskambhat, askambhit; skambhisyati, skambhita. | 
 Verb, skabhita v. ; [skambhitum ;J skabhitvi rv. ; -skabhe rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, [skambhayati ) (skambhita c") 
 
 Lervi. : skabha- v.n. -skambhaka c. skambhana v.r. skabhiyas rv. 
 skambha v. + -skambhin e. + 
 
 y sku, 'tear'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] skauti cr. — [5.] sk\inoti av. [skunute. — !). skunati, 
 
 skunite.] 
 [Perf. etc. cuskava euskuve ; acuskavat, askausit askosta ; skosyati 
 
 -te, skota.] 
 Verb, skuta rv. ; -skavam e. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, skuyate ms. — Int. coskuyate etc. rv. [ — Desid. cu- 
 
 skusa-. — Caus. skavayati.] 
 Derli\: -skava av. -skavana s. 
 
 The doubtful form skuptva in Ap. Dh. S. (i. 31. 24) perhaps belongs 
 here ; compare dantaskavana ib. ii. 5. 9. 
 
 y skr, see y 1 kr. 
 
 y skhal, 'stumble'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] skhalati etc. e. +, -te ab. 
 
 Perf. caskhala caskhalus e. + 
 
 [Aor. etc. askhalit; skhalisyati, skhalita.] 
 
 Verb, skhalita b. + 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. skhalayati etc. c. [skhalayati.] 
 
 Deriv. : skhala b. + skhalana e. + 
 
 y Stan, 'thunder'. 
 Pres. [2.] stanihi stan rv. — [1.] stanati etc. av.e.h-, -se c'. 
 [Perf. tastana tastanus.] 
 Aor. [2. atistanat. — ] 5. astanit av 
 [Fut. stanisyati, stanita. j 
 
Stan] Roots, Vebb-fobms, 192 
 
 Verb, stanita s. + ; stanitva c. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. tanstanihi ay. [ — Desid. tistanisa-. — ] Cans, stanayati 
 
 etc. V, + 
 Deriv.: -stana v.e. stanana c. stanatha kv. istani? rv. 
 
 -stanaka? c. stanauv av. stanathu av. stanayitnu v.+ 
 
 Compare y 2 tan. 
 
 y stambh, stabh, 'prop'. 
 
 Prea. [9.] stabhnati etc. v. + (stabhana v.b.) — [5.] stabhnoti etc. b. — 
 
 [1.] stambhant c, stambhate etc. c. ; stabhamana aa. 
 Perf. tastambha tastabhus etc. v. (tastambhat rv.), tastambhe etc. b.+ 
 
 (tastabhana v.b.) 
 Aor. 1 . [stabhyat ;] astambhi c. — [2. astabhat. — 3. atastambhat. — ] 
 
 4. astarapsit tb. — 5. astambhit stambhit ev. 
 [Fut. stambhisyati, stambhita.] 
 Veri. stabhitav., stabdhan. + ; stabdhum c. ; stabdhva av.e., stambh- 
 
 itva E. ; -stabhya b. + ; -stambham b. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, stabhyate c. — [Int. tastabh-. — Desid. tistambhisa-. — ] 
 
 Caus. stambhayati -te etc. e.+ (stambhayisa? in d.) 
 Deriv, : 
 
 stanabha v. + stabha- bv. stambhana b. + -stambhayitr c. 
 stambhaka E.+ -stabhya c stambhaniya e. + -stambhayisu e. 
 stambhin e. + stabhu- ev. -stabdhi b. + 
 
 Compare tte parallel and equivalent root skambh. 
 
 ]/ sta, 'be stealthy'. 
 
 Is inferable from the derivatives: 
 stay at av.gb. stayu vs. steya v. + staman? av. 
 
 stayat jb. tayii? v. stenav. + 
 
 GB. reads stayan; jb. has na stayad bhavati ii. 24 (ter). 
 
 y stigh, 'mount'. 
 
 Pres. [5.] stighnoti -nuyat ms. [stighnute.] 
 
 [Perf. etc. tistighe; atistighat, asteghista; steghisyate, steghita.] 
 
 Verb, -stigham ms. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. testigh.-. — ] Desid. tistighisati ms. [tistighisa-, tiste- 
 
 ghisa-. — Cans, steghayati.] 
 
 These forms are somewhat amended from the MSS. (which have stinnoti 
 etc.} : see Schroder in ZDMG. xxxiii. 195. 
 
 ]/ stim, stim, '^be stiff'. 
 
 [Pres. etc. stimyati; tistema, tistima; etc. etc.] 
 Verb, stimita e. + 
 Compare ]/ sty a. 
 
193 AND Pbimahy Derivativks. [six 
 
 y 1 stu, 'praise'. 
 
 Pres. [2. J stauti stuvanti etc v. +, stute stuvate etc. v.+ (stavimi c'.. 
 stosi Rv., stuvana v., stavana v., stavana iiv.) — [l.J stavate etc. 
 (stave 3s.) rv. — [6?] astuvat e., stuvate etc. av.b. — [J.j stun- 
 vanti etc. u.c, stunvana u. — stuse (!,3«.) v. 
 Perf. tustava tustuvus etc. v. + [tustuva -ma], tustuve etc. v. + 
 Aor. 1. [stuyat;J astavi rv. — 3. atustavam rv., -tuvam .ik. (tustavat 
 Bv.) — 4. astausit etc. b.+ (stosat etc. stosani bv.), astos^a etc. v.n. 
 — 5. astavit etc. b.s. 
 Ful. 1. stosyati etc. b.+ (astosyat etc. b.u.), -te etc. b. + ; stavisyati -te 
 
 etc. V. [ — 2. stota.] 
 Verb, stuta v. + ; stotum b.+, stotave rv. ; stutva av. + ; -stiitya b. +. 
 -stuya E. + ; stavadhyai rv. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, stuyate etc. v. h [Int. tostu-. — ] Desid. tustusita c. — 
 
 Cans, stavayati etc. b.+, -te c. ; stavayati c'. 
 Derjv. .• -stu BV. -stavya s, stut v.s. stotrav. + 
 
 stavav. + stavana S.+ stuti v. + stavatha rv. 
 
 stavya e. -stavaniya s. stutya v. + stoma v. + 
 
 stava b. + -stavana E.+ stotavyaB.+ stavan'.' rv. 
 
 stavaka c stotr v. t- stuseyya ev. 
 
 ■j/ 2 stu, 'drip'. 
 
 Such a root is with probability inferable from the derivatives : 
 
 -stu RV. -stava av. stuka v.b..s. stupa av.b. 
 
 stoka V. + stupa v. + 
 
 |/ stubh, 'praise'. 
 
 Pres. [1 .] stobhati v.b.s. [-te]. — [2.] stobdhi (3s.) jb., stubhana rv. 
 [Perf. etc. tustubhe; atustubhat, astobhista; stobhisyate, stobhita.] 
 Veri. stubdha b.s. 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, stobhayati n\.cK 
 
 Deriu. .• stiibh V.+ -stobha b.+ stobhana c. stubhvan rv. 
 
 stubha E. stobdhavya jb. 
 
 Seems related with y 1 stu. 
 
 y str, 'strew'. 
 Pres. [9.] strnati strnite etc. v.+ — [5.] strnoti strnute etc. v.+ — [l.J 
 
 starati etc. e. + 
 Perf. tastara tastarus b. + , tastare -rire c. (tastrire av. . tistire 3». 
 
 -rana bv.) 
 Aor. 1. astar star rv., astrta ab. (starate staramahe rv.); [staryat;] 
 
 astari rv. — [3. atastarat. — ] 4. [astarsit] astrsi b.; strsiya w. — 
 
 5. astaris av. [astarista, starisista.] 
 
 Whitney, Supplement II. 13 
 
sty] Roots, Vekb-forms, 194 
 
 Fut. 1. starisyati -te b.c. [ — 2. starta.] 
 
 Verl. strta v. +, stirna v. + ; startave e., -tavai b., staritavai b., stari- 
 tave AV.B., -staritavai b. ; strtva b.s., stirtva b.s. ; -strtya e., 
 -stirya b. + ; -stire rv. ; strnisani by. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, stiryate etc. s.+, -ti m.?; striyate en. [staryate. — Int. 
 testirya-, tastarya-. — ] Desid. tistirsate jb. ; tustursate b.u.s. — 
 Caus. starayati etc. e. + 
 DcWu.; stf ? ET. starya B. -starin av.+ -staritu rv. 
 
 -stir E.V. -starya b. starana v. + -staritr c. 
 
 -stur Ev. -starav.+ strtiB.+ stariman ev. 
 
 -stara v.+ -staraka c. strtya b. -strna c. 
 
 y strh, 'crush'. 
 Pres. [6.] strhant s'. 
 [Perf. etc. tastarha etc. etc.] 
 
 Seems to be a variant of ]/ trh. 
 
 y stya, sti, 'stiffen'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] styayate etc. b.c. 
 
 [Perf. etc. tastyau ; sty ay at styey at, astyasit ; styasyati, styata.] 
 
 Verb, styana c. [stita, stima] ; -styaya e. 
 
 Derju..- stiy a RV. -styaya c, -styayana c. stima av. 
 
 -stimin av.b. 
 The last two derivatives perhaps rather from ]/ stim (or this from them). 
 
 y sthag, 'cover'. 
 
 [Pres. etc. sthagati ; tasthaga ; asthagit ; sthagisyati, sthagita.] 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. sthagayati etc. c. 
 Deriv.: sthagaka c. sthagana c. 
 
 y stha, 'stand'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] tisthati etc. v. +, -te etc. v. + (tisthasam ? ggs.) 
 
 Perf. tasthau tasthe etc. v. + 
 
 Aor. 1. asthat etc. \.+ (sthati sthathas stheyama sthant rv. ), asthithas 
 
 -ita V. +, asthiran v.b. ; [stheyasam;] asthayi c. — 2? asthat av.k. 
 
 — 4. [sthasista:! sthesam e., -sus? av. — 5. asthisi -sata b.+ 
 Fut. 1. sthasyati -te etc. e.+ — 2. sthata etc. e. + 
 Verb, sthita v. + ; sthatum e.+, -tos e.s., -sthitum r. ; sthitva e. + ; 
 
 -sthaya v. + ; -sthayam v.b. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, sthiyate etc. b.+ (asthayisi c'.) — [Int. tastha-, testhi- 
 
 ya-. — ] Desid. tisthasati etc. b. + (tisthaset .' ce.) — Caus. sthapayati 
 
 etc. V.+, -te etc. v.+ (atisthipat etc. v.b.-, -sthapam e. : sthapyate 
 
 etc. B. + ; -sthapayisati r,.^ 
 
 f 
 
195 
 
 AND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 [snu 
 
 Deriv. : 
 stha V. + 
 -stha V. + 
 -sthin Av. + 
 -sthaya e. 
 -sthayaka c. 
 St hay in «.+ 
 sthana V. + 
 -sthi Ev. 
 stheya b. + 
 -stheya n. b. 
 A number of 
 
 he only a form of 
 sthura v.b. 
 sthula AV.+ 
 
 -sthu V. + 
 
 -sthr B. 
 
 sthayuka i.. 
 
 sthiti B.+ 
 
 sthiti cb'. 
 
 sthatavya e.+ 
 
 sthatur rv. 
 
 sthatr V. + 
 
 sthatra v. 
 
 stlianu V. + 
 derivatives are also 
 stha. They are 
 
 sthavira v. + 
 
 sthavira rv. 
 
 -sthava b. 
 
 sthaman v.c. tisthasa c. 
 
 stheman b.+ 
 stheyas v. + 
 sthira v. + 
 sthala, -li? V.+ 
 -sthavan v.b. 
 sthavara b.+ 
 sthasnu s. + 
 tasthu c. 
 
 tisthasu c. 
 sthapaka k. + 
 sthapin c. 
 sthapya b. + 
 sthapana k. + 
 sthapaniya ii.+ 
 sthapitr c. 
 sthapayitavya e. + 
 sthapayitr e, + 
 made from a root sthu, which appears to 
 
 sthuna v. + 
 sthdri .■' v.b. 
 
 sthaviman «. 
 sthaviyas b. + 
 sthavistha k. + 
 
 y sna, 'bathe'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] snati etc. v. +, snayita e. — [4.] snayate etc. e. 
 
 Perf. sasnus c. 
 
 Aor. 1. [snayat, sneyat;] asnayi c. [ — 6. asnasit.] 
 
 Fat. 1 . snasyati -te etc. e. + [ — 2. snata.] 
 
 Verb, snata av. + ; snatum b. + ; snatva av. + ; -snaya v.b. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. sasna-. — ] Desid. sisnasa- iin d.). — Caus. snapayati 
 
 etc. Rv.s. +, -te gb. ; snapayati etc. av. + 
 Deriv.: -sna v.c. sneya e.+ snatva v.b. snapaka e. + 
 
 -snaE.+ snanaAv. + snatavyaE.+ snapanaE. + 
 
 sna3rinE.+ -snatr v.c. sisnasu e. snapana av.+ 
 
 y snih, 'be sticky'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] snihyati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. + 
 
 [Perf. etc. sisneha; asnihat, asisnihat; snehisyati, snekayati, sneh- 
 
 ita snegdha snedha.J 
 Verb, snigdha e. + [snidha; snehitva, snihitva, snigdhva, snidhva.J 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. sesnih-. — Desid. sisnehisa-, sisnihisa-, sisniksa-. —J 
 
 Caus. snehayati etc. rv.c. 
 Deriv. : snih ta. snehin c. snihan b. snihiti v. 
 
 snehaB.+ snehya c. snehanaE. + snehiti rv. 
 
 snehaka c. snehayitavya c. 
 
 y snu, 'distil'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] snauti etc. b. + [snute.] 
 
 [Perf. etc. susnava susnuve; asnavi, asnosta, asnavit; snavisyati 
 snosyate, snavita snota.] 
 
 13* 
 
snu] Roots, VERB-rouMS, 196 
 
 Verb, snuta s.? e. + 
 
 [Sec. Conj.: sosnu-; susntisa-; snavaya-.] 
 
 Deriv. : -snu Rv. -snava e. + -snavin c. 
 
 y spand, 'quiver' . 
 
 Pres. [1.] spandate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e. + 
 
 [Perf. etc. paspande; aspandista; spandisyate, spandita.] 
 
 Verb, spandita c. ; spanditum c. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. panispad- (m d.). — [Desid. pispandisa-. — ] Caus. spand- 
 
 ayati -te etc. b.+ 
 Deriv.: spanda e. + spandin c. spandana av.+ panispada av. 
 
 ]/ spac, see y pac. 
 
 y spurdh, see ]/ sprdh. 
 
 y spr, win'. 
 Pres. [5.] sprnoti sprnute etc. v.b.u.s. (sprnvate ev. ) — [9.] sprnati jub. 
 Perf. paspara b. 
 
 Aor. 1. aspar etc. v. (sparat v., sprdhi etc. rv.) — 4. asparsam rv. 
 [Fut. sparisyati, sparta.] 
 Verb, sprta v.b. ; sprtva b. ; sparase rv. 
 
 Deriv. ; spara B. sparana av.b. spft v.b. -spartr rv. 
 
 sprti b.s. 
 
 y sprdh, spurdh, 'contend'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] spardhate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ — [6.] spurdhan rvI. 
 Perf. pasprdhe etc. v.b. (apasprdhetham v.), paspardha e.+ 
 Aor. 1. asprdhran sprdhana rv. [ — 5. aspardhista.] 
 [Fut. spardhisyate, spardhita.] 
 
 Verb, spardhita e. + ; spardhitum av.b. ; -spfdhya rv. ; spurdhase rv. 
 [Sec. Conj. : pasprdh- ; pispardhisa- ; spardhaya-.] 
 Deriu. ; sprdh RV. spardhinE.+ spardhaniya c. -spardhasv. + 
 spardha B.+ spardhya e. 
 
 y spr^, 'touch'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] sprqati etc. v.+, -te etc. av.+ (sprqana e.~) — [!.] asparQat c'. 
 
 Perf. paspr9us -96 etc. e. + (paspar9us'? u.; paspar9at rv.) 
 
 Aor. 1. spr9yat e. — .3. pispr9as -9ati rv. — 4. aspraksam etc. b.e. 
 
 [asparksit.] — '. asprksat etc. av.b. 
 Fut. 1. spraksyati etc. e. [sparksyati. — 2. sprasta, sparsta.] 
 
197 AND Primary Derivatives. [sphut 
 
 Verb, sprsta av. + : sprastum e. + ; sprstva n.+ ; -spr9yaK. + ; -spyge iiv.. 
 
 -sprqas b. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass. spr9yate etc. e.+ — [Int. parispr9-. — ] Desid. pisprksa- 
 
 (m d.). — Cans. spar9ayati etc. b. +, -te kv. 
 Deriv. : 
 
 -spr9 V. + spar9a av. + spr9i c. 8par9itr e. 
 
 -spr9aE.+ spar9in S.+ spratiB. + pisprksuE. + 
 
 spr9ya E. + spar9ana u.s.+ sprastavya b.+ spar9ayitavya u. 
 spar9aniya e. + sprastr b. + 
 Compare y Tpvq, prs; a part of the words there given may ■with consider- 
 able plausibility be connected with this root. 
 
 y sprh, 'be eager'. 
 Pres. [6.] sprhanti s. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans, sprhayati etc. v. +, -te etc. e. + 
 
 Deriv.: -sprh v. sparha v. + sprhana e. sprhayalu e + 
 
 sprha E. + sprhaniya e. + sprhayayya rv. 
 
 The non-causative form only in Ap. Dh. S. i. 31. 9 (^perhaps an error?). 
 
 y sphat, 'split'. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, sphatita c. 
 Deriv. sphatika r.+ 
 
 No proper root; the participle probably a denominative formation. 
 
 y sphar, see y sphr. 
 
 y sphal, 'strike'. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Cans, sphalayati etc. ta.c. 
 Deriv. sphalana e. + 
 
 y spha, 'fatten'. 
 [Pres. etc. sphayate ; pasphaye ; apisphavat, asphayista ; sphayisyate, 
 
 sphayita.] 
 Verb, sphita e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, sphiyate e. — Caus. sphavaya- ^in d.). 
 Deriv. : -sphaka av. sphati v.b.s. sphira rv. sphavayitr ab. 
 -sphana v.c. sphiti c. 
 
 y sphut, 'burst'. 
 
 Pres. [6.] sphutati etc. b. + — [1.] sphotati e.e. 
 
 Perf. pusphota c. 
 
 [Aor. apusphutat, asphotit.] 
 
• 
 
 aphut] Roots, Veeb-forms, 198 
 
 Fut. 1. sphutisyati etc. e. [ — 2. sphutita.] 
 
 Verb, sphutita e. + ; sphutitva c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. sphotayati etc. e.+ 
 
 Deriv. : sphuta e. + sphota e. + sphutana c. sphotana e. + 
 
 y sphur, sphul, see sphr. 
 
 y sphurj, 'rumble'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] sphurj ati etc. av. + 
 
 [Per/", etc. pusphurja; apusphurjat, asphurjit; sphurjisyati, sphurj- 
 
 ita.] 
 Verb, sphurjita e. + ; -sphurjya e.? 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. posphurj-. — Desid. pusphurjisa-. — ] Caw. sphurja- 
 
 yati etc. v. + 
 Deriv. : sphurja c. -sphurjana c. -sphurjathu c. -sphurji c. 
 sphurj aka b.+ 
 
 y sphr, sphar, sphur, sphul, 'jerk' etc. 
 
 Pres. [6.] sphurati etc. v. +, -te etc. b.+ 
 
 [Perf. pusphora pusphure.] 
 
 Aor. [1. sphuryat. — 3. apusphurat. — ] 5. spharis rv. [asphorit.] 
 
 [Fut. sphurisyati, sphurita.] 
 
 Verb, sphurita e. +. sphulita c'. ; spharitva c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. posphur-. — Desid. pusphurisa-. — ] Caus. spharayati 
 
 etc. E. + ; sphurayati c. [sphorayati.] 
 Der jr.; -sphur RV. -spharaE. + sphuranas. + -sphulmga v.+ 
 -sphura v. + - sphur ti c. 
 
 Does not seem worth the attempt to divide into different roots, as the 
 whole considerahle range of meanings appears in the forms of sphur. 
 
 y smi, 'smile'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] smayate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. sismiye etc. v.b.-, sismiye etc. e. + , sismaya etc. e. + ; -smayam 
 
 asa E 
 Aor. [1. asraayi. — 3. asismayam. — • 4. asmesta. — ] 5. asmayisthas e. 
 [Fut. smesyate, smeta.] 
 
 Verb, smita e. + ; smitva c. -smayitva e. ; -smitya e. 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. sesmi-. — Desid. sismayisa-. — J Caus. smapayati etc. 
 
 E.+ (sismapayisa- in d.); smayayati c. 
 Deriv. : 
 
 smayaE. + smayana s. + smera rv.c. -smapaniya c. 
 
 smayaka ta. -smayaniya e. + -sraapaka c. -smapayaniya e. 
 
 smaya c. smetavya ta. -sm^apanas. + -sisruapayisu e. 
 
199 AND Primary DERivAin-ES. 
 
 [srans 
 
 y smr, 'remember. 
 
 Pres. [1.] smarati etc. v.+, -te etc. v. + 
 
 Perf. sasmara sasmarus e. 
 
 Aor. [1. smaryat, asmari. — ;i. asasmarat. — j 4. asmarsus m. 
 
 Fut. 1 . smarisyati e. — 2. smarta e. 
 
 Verb, smrta v. + ; smartum e. ; smrtva s.+. smaritva 3:.: -smrtya s. + ; 
 
 smaram c. 
 f^ec. Conj. : Pass, smaryate etc. b. + — [Int. sasmr-. — Desid. susmursa-. 
 
 — ] Cans, smarayati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. + (smaryate etc. e. +) ; smara- 
 
 yati etc. c. 
 Deriv.: smara Av. + smaraka c. smararLaE.+ smrtiAv. + 
 
 smarya c. smarin c. smaraniya e + smartavya b.+ 
 
 smara B.+ smaranaE.+ -smrt c. smartr c 
 
 ]/ syand, syad, 'move on'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] syandate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. sisyanda sisyadus -de av.b. ; sasyande c. [-dimahe -dmahe.] 
 
 Aor. 1. syandi cb. — [2. asyadat. — ] 3. asisyadat -danta v. — 4. asyan 
 
 Rv. [ — 5. asyandista.] 
 Fut. 1. syantsyati b. [syandisyate. — 2. syantta, syandita.J 
 Verb, syanna v. + ; syanttvim b. ; syanttva b.. syattva b. ; -syadya a. ; 
 
 -syade rv. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, syandyate c. — Int. sanisyadat v.b. — iBesid. sisyan- 
 
 disa-, sisyantsa-. — ] Cans, syandayati etc. b. + (syandayadhyai rv.) 
 Deriv. : -syad X. syandakaE. + syandanav. + syandra rv. 
 
 syada b. syandin s. + syedu av. sasyad rv. 
 
 syandaB.+ syandya b.s. syanttr rv. sanisyada av. 
 
 y sraixs, sras, 'fall'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] sransate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e. + 
 
 Perf. sasransus b., sransire ? c. 
 
 Aor. 1. asrat b. — 2. asrasat etc. v.+ (srasema rv.) — 3. asisrasat etc. 
 
 AV.B. — 5. asransisata e. 
 [Fut. sransisyate, sransita.] 
 Verb, srasta av. + ; [sransitva, srastva;] -sransya b.s., -sx'asya s. : 
 
 -srasas v.b.u. 
 Sec. Conj.: [Pass, srasyate. — ] Int. sanisras- (in d.). — [Desid. sisran- 
 
 sisa-. — ] Caws, sransayati etc. av.+ (sransyate e.") 
 Z)erii;. .■ -sras V.B. -srasya b. -sransaka b. sransana e.+ 
 
 -srasa B.s. sransa av.+ sransin c. sanisrasa av. 
 
sridh 
 
 Roots, Vekb-forms, 
 
 200 
 
 
 y sridh, 'blunder (?) . 
 
 Pres. [1.] sredhati etc. rv. 
 Aor. 2. sridhat sridhana rv. 
 Deriv. sridh v. 
 
 y sriv, 'fair. 
 
 Pres. [4.] srivyanti b1. 
 
 [Perf. etc. sisreva; asrevit; srevisyati, srevita; sruta, srevitva 
 
 srutva.] 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. sesriv-. — Desid. sisrevisa-, svisrusa-. — ] Cans, sreva- 
 
 yant rv., (jrivayati av. 
 Deriv.: -srivi? b. -sremanVRv. 
 
 Sometimes found written witli (j for s. 
 
 y sru, 'flow'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] sravati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. + ; gruvat rv. 
 
 Perf. susrava susruvus av.+ [susruma], susruve etc. e. + 
 
 Aor. 3. asusrot etc. v.b. [asusruvat ; asusravat asisravat.] — 5. asra- 
 
 vis JB. 
 Fut. 1. sravisyati etc. e. [srosyati. — 2. srota.] 
 Verb, sruta av.+, 9ruta av. ; sravitave rv., -tavai rv. 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. sosru-. — Desid. susrusa-. — ] Cans, sravayati etc. av. +, 
 
 -te etc. B. ; sravayati c. 
 
 Deriv. 
 
 sru RV. 
 sruva V.+ 
 srava v.+ 
 -sravin c. 
 -srava av. + 
 
 sravm b.+ 
 sravya e. + 
 sravana v.+ 
 sravana av. + 
 -sravas e. 
 
 sravat v. 
 srue ? V. + 
 -srut V. + 
 srutya b. 
 sruti V.+ 
 
 srotas V. + 
 srotya v.b. 
 sravatha rv. 
 sravayitavya ms. 
 
 Apparent forms and derivatives of this root are occasionally found with 
 initial q, even in v. ; and BR. recognize a root 2 9ru, equivalent in meaning 
 with sru. 
 
 y svaj, svanj, 'embrace'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] svajate etc. v. +, -ti etc. rv1.e.+ (svajana e.) 
 JPerf. sasvaje etc. v.+, -jus c. [sasvanje.] 
 Aor. 3. asasvajat (plpf.'i') rv. [ — 4. asvaiiksi.] 
 Fut. 1. svajisyate e. [svafiksyate. — 2. svankta.] 
 Verb, svakta b. + ; svaktura e. ; svajitva e. ; -svajya e. + ; -svdje v. 
 [Sec. Conj.: svajya-; sasvahj-, sasvajya-; sisvaiiksa-; svanjaya-.] 
 Deriv. : svaja av.b. -svanga e. + -svajana c. -svahjalya av. 
 
 -svajya e. -svahgin c. -svajiyas av. 
 
201 AND Primary Dkrivatives. [svar 
 
 y svad, svad, 'sweeten'. 
 Pres. [1.] svadati -te etc. v. + ; svadate kvI. 
 Perf. sasvade c. [sasvade.] 
 Aor. 3. asisvadat etc. v.b. 
 [Fut. svadisyate, svadita.] 
 Verh. svatta v.b. ; -Slide rv. ; -svadam s. 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. sasvad-. — Desid. sisvadisa-. — ] Cans, svadayati -te 
 
 etc. V.B. , svadayati etc. e. + (svadyate c. ) 
 
 Deriw. ; svada-? RV. -svadya k. + svaduv.+ svadman iiv. 
 
 svada c. svadana rv.c. svadiya8v.+ svadman ev. 
 
 -svadaka c. svadaniya e. svadisthav.+ svadiman c. 
 
 svadin c. -svadas rv. svadayitr h. 
 
 Compare y" sud, which is perhaps related. 
 
 y svan, 'sound'. 
 Pres. [1.] svanati -te etc. e. — [2'.'] asvanit rv. 
 Perf. sasvana sasvanus e.+ [svenus.] 
 Aor. 1. svaniv rv. — [3. asisvanat. — ] 5. svanit rv. 
 [Fut. svanisyati, svanita.] 
 Verb, svanita rv. 
 Sec. Conj. : Int. sanisvanat rv. [sansvan-. — Desid. sisvanisa-.] — Caus. 
 
 svanayati etc. rv.c. 
 Deriv. : -svan Rv. svana v. + -svanas rv. svanaya rv. 
 
 svana v. + svanin rv. svani rv. 
 
 y svap, "sleep'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] svapiti -panti etc. v. + (svapihi c, svaptu av.), svapita e. — 
 
 [1.] svapati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. + 
 Perf. susvapa susupus etc. v.+, susupana rv. (susupthas ^s.s. i 
 Aor. 1. supyat s. ; asvapi c. — 3. sisvapas sisvap rv. [asusupat.J — 
 
 4. asvapsam etc. s.+ 
 Fut. 1. svapsyati etc. «. + , -te etc. e. +; svapisyati av. . -te u. — 2. 
 
 svapta M. 
 Verb, supta AV. + ; svaptum b. + ; sviptva av. + ; -svapam rv. 
 Sec, Conj. : Pass, supyate etc. e. + [ — Int. sasvap-, sosup-.] — Desid. 
 
 susupsa- (in d.). — Caus. svapayati etc. v. +; svapayati c'. 
 Deriv. : -sup rv. svapana b.c. svaptavya b.+ susupsa e. 
 
 svapa E.+ svapana S.+ svapitr c. susupsu n.+ 
 
 -svapin c. supti c. svapna v.+ 
 
 y svar, 'sound'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] svarati etc. v.B.u.fe. 
 
 Perf. [sasvara sasvarus] ( sasvar ? rv.) 
 
svar] Roots, Vebb-forms, 202 
 
 Aor. [3. asisvarat. — ] 4. asvar asvarstam rv. — 5. asvaris jb. 
 
 \Fui. svarisyati, svarta svarita.] 
 
 Ytrh. svaritos jb. ; -svaram s. 
 
 8tc. Conj. : [Int. sasvar-. — Desid. sisvarisa-, susvursa-. — ] Cans, svar- 
 
 ayati av. + (svaryate c") [svarayati. J 
 Deriv. : -svar b,v. svarya rv. svarana bv. svaritr rv. 
 
 svara Av.E. svarav.+ -svaras rv. -svartr rv. 
 
 svara v. + -svarya c s vari ? av. svariyas c. 
 
 svaru? v.B.s. svarayitavya c. 
 Hardly to be separated from this root are the derivatives showing the ra- 
 dical sense of 'brightness': namely, 
 
 svarv.+ sura v.B. 3uryav.+ surta? v. 
 
 -svara u.c. suri .' v. + 
 
 ]/ svad, see y svad. 
 
 I svid, 'sweat'. 
 
 Fres. [1.] svedate b.u. — [4.J svidyati etc. e. +, -te etc. c. 
 
 Ferf. sisvide e. -dana rv. [sisveda.] 
 
 AoT. 1. svidyat s. [ — 2. asvidat. — 3. asisvidat.] 
 
 [/ut. svetsyati, svetta.] 
 
 Verb, svinna av. + ; -svedam b. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : [Int. sesvid-. — Desid. sisvitsa-. — ] Caus. svedayati etc. b. + 
 
 Deriv.: sveda v.+ svedinE.+ svedya c. svedana c. svedu- v kv . 
 
 y had, 'cacare'. 
 Fres. [1.] hadati c. [-te.] 
 [Ferf. etc. jahade; ahatta; hatsyate, hatta.] 
 Verb, hanna c. 
 
 [Sec. Conj.: jahad-; jihatsa-; hadaya-.] 
 Deriv. : -hada e. + -hadana c. 
 
 y han, 'smite'. 
 
 Fres. [2.] hanti hatas ghnanti etc. v. +, hate ghnate etc. v. + (hanma e. : 
 
 ghniya -ita b.c'., hanita etc. b. ; jaha v.+, handhi ta. ; ahata '6p. 
 
 AB.) — [1 .] hanami ta., ahanat -nan b. + — [6''] aghnam e., ghnata 
 
 (2p.) E. + , aghnanta ghnamana e. — [8.] hanomi pgs. — [1.] ji- 
 
 ghnate etc. rv.b.. -ti etc. b. ; jaghnant e. 
 Ferf. jaghana jaghnus etc. v.+ (jaghantha v. ; jaghanvans v.b., jaghni- 
 
 vans B.+; jaghanat rv.), jaghne etc. b.+ 
 Aor. [1. aghani.] — 3. ajighanat etc. e.+ — 4. ghan? s. [ahasta.] — 
 
 5. ahanit jb. 
 Fat. 1. hanisyati etc.v.+, -te etc. b. + (ahanisyat e. +) ; hansyati e. — 
 
 2. hanta e. 
 
203 
 
 AND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 I has 
 
 Verb, hata v. + , ghata a. ; hantum v. 
 V.B., hanitum c'.; hatva v. + , . 
 -hanya e. + ; -ghatam b.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, hanyate etc. v.+, -ti e, 
 jaiiglianyate u. ; ghanighnat rv 
 jighansati etc. v. + (ajighansis cb 
 etc. B. +, -te etc. e. + (aghatayithas 
 
 + . -tave v.ii.. -tavai v.i;.s.. -tos 
 -tvi uv. , -tvaya v.; -hatya v. +, 
 
 — Jnt. janghanti etc. -ananta v.n.. 
 ; jijahiVE. [jeghniya-.J — Deitid. 
 0, -te etc. E.+ — Caus. ghatayati 
 E.) [ajighatat.] 
 
 Derk 
 
 -han V. + 
 -ha V. + 
 -hana v. + 
 -gha V. + 
 ghana v, + 
 -ghna V. + 
 -ghnya v.+ 
 -ghni Av, 
 -ghni v.B. 
 hanana av.+ 
 
 -hanasV v.b. 
 hanu ■? V. + 
 -hat RV. 
 hati V.+ 
 -hatya n. v. + 
 hatya v. + 
 -hanti b. 
 -hantu V. + 
 hantva v.b. 
 hantavya e. + 
 
 hantr v. + 
 hatha rv. 
 hatnii v. 
 hanman v.b. 
 haniyas ];. 
 hanistha rv. 
 jaghanav v. + 
 ghanaghana v.+ 
 jaghni v.s. 
 jangha v.+ 
 
 jighatnii uv. 
 jighanaa e.+ 
 jighansu b.+ 
 -hata c. 
 ghata B. + 
 ghataka e.+ 
 ghatin av. + 
 ghatya c. 
 ghataua e. + 
 ghatiika av.b. 
 
 y har, 'be gratified'. 
 
 Pres. [4.] haryati -te etc v.b. 
 
 {Perf. etc. jaharya; ajaharyat, aharyit; haryisyati, haryita; jaharya-, 
 
 jiharyisa-, haryaya-.J 
 JDeriv. haryata v.b. 
 
 Perhaps a derivative from y hr. 
 
 A conspicuous group of words show an inferable root har or hir -be 
 yellow' : thus, 
 
 hariv.+ haritav.+ hariman v. hiranya v.+ 
 
 haritv.+ harinav. + hiri- rv. 
 
 y has, 'laugh'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] hasati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ 
 Perf. jahasa jahasus e.+, jahase c. 
 Aor. 1. ahasi c. [ — 3. ajihasat. — 5. ahasit. j 
 Flit. I . hasisyati e. + [ — 2. hasita.] 
 Verb, hasita E. + ; hasitum e. : hasitva e. + : -hasya e.+ 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, hasyate etc. c. — Int. jahasyate r.. — [Desid. jihas- 
 isa-. — ] Cans, hasayati etc. c. 
 
 Deriv.: has- rv. 
 hasa V.+ 
 hasa AV. 
 -hasya av. 
 
 hasa B.+ 
 hasaka e. 
 hasin av. + 
 hasya e. + 
 
 hasana rv. 
 hasana e.+ 
 hasaniya c. 
 
 hasana c. 
 hasra uv 
 -hasvan rv. 
 
 Compare the derivative root 2 jaks. 
 
1 ha] Roots, Verb-fokms, 204 
 
 y 1 ha, 'leave'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] jahati jahati etc. v.+ (jahitam -ita -itat av., jahihi c. [jahilii, 
 jahahi], jahimas etc. jahitam ajahitam at.b., jahyat etc. av.+) — 
 [1.] jahat AB.. -hati etc. e. + 
 Perf. jahau jahus etc. v.+ (jaha Rv.?), jahe e. 
 
 Aor. 1. ahat b.c. ; ahayi av.b. [heyat.] — 3. ajijahat c. — 4. ahas ! 3s.") rv., 
 ahasma hasus etc. v.e., ahasi -sthas etc. av.b. — 6. hasisam etc. v.+ 
 Fut. 1. hasyati etc. av.+, -te etc. n. + ; jahisyati etc. e. + [ — 2. hata.] 
 Teri. hlna V. +, hata c, hana ab., jahita v. + ; hatum b.+ ; hitva v. +, 
 
 -tvi RV., -tvaya rv. [hitva]; -haya b. + ; -hlyam ts. 
 Sec. Conj. : Pass, hiyate etc. v. + (hiyate etc. ts.cb.) , hiyanti e. — [Int. 
 jaha-, jehiya-. — ] Desid. jihasati etc. c. — Caus. hapayati etc. e. +, 
 -te c. (jihipas rv. [ajihapat.]) 
 Deriv.: -ha v.b. -hayya b. -hi? c. jihasa c. 
 
 -haE. + hanaB.+ heya c. jihasu c. 
 
 hayaka e. -hayas v. + -havari ms. jahaka b. 
 
 hayin jb. hatavya e. + hapana c. jahana c. 
 
 hani u.s. + -hapaniya c. 
 
 Compare the next root. Two or three of the forms given ahove show the 
 establishment of a secondary root-form jah. 
 
 y 2 ha, 'go forth'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] jihite jihate etc. v.+ (jihitham cb.) 
 
 Perf. jahire av. 
 
 Aor. 4. ahasta etc. v. + 
 
 Fut. 1. hasyate etc. b.e. [ — 2. hata.] 
 
 Verb, hana b. ; hatum b.e. ; [hatva;] -haya v.+ 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Pass, hayate. — Int. jaha-. — ] Desid. jihisate av. ? — Caus. 
 
 hapayati etc. av.b. [ajihapat. J 
 
 This is only the middle conjugation of 1 ha, with the signification slightly 
 weakened or generalized. The forms of the two cannot everywhere he distinctly 
 separated , and one or two of the derivatives given under 1 ha have an equal or 
 better claim to be placed here. Compare also y has, which is a secondary form 
 of ha (doubtless through the aorist-stem). 
 
 y has, 'go emulously'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] hasate etc. v. 
 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. hasayanti rv. 
 
 A secondary form of ]/ 1, 2 ha (hasante av. iv. 36. 5 is omitted in the 
 Atharva-Veda Index). 
 
205 AND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 [hi?4 
 
 y hi, 'impel'. 
 Fres. [5.] hinoti hinvanti etc. v. + . hinve etc. v. (hinvire av.) — [l.| 
 hinvati etc. v.+ — jighyati -tu ab. — hayant rv.ts. — hi^e 
 
 (Is.) RV. 
 
 Perf. jighaya jighyus b.+ 
 
 Aor. 1. ahema ahetana ahyan heta rv. . hiyana rv.s. [hiyat.J — 2. 
 ahyamv av. — [3. ajihayat. —J 1. ahaisit n. (_ahait av.). ahesata rv. 
 Fat. 1. hesyati etc. e.+ [ — 2. heta.] 
 Verb, hita v. + ; -hye rv. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, hiyate c. [— /n<. jeghlya-. — Desid. jighisa-. — Cau.^. 
 
 hayaya-.] 
 Deriv. : ha,yav.+ hetiv. + hetr rv. hinvd rv. 
 
 -heya Av.B. hetiiv. + -heman v.i;. hesasv rv. 
 
 -hit B. hetva rv. heman rv. -hayya w. 
 
 -hiti RV. hetavya c. hitvan rv. 
 
 Probably another form of y ha, with causative value. Some of its uses are 
 equivalent with those of }/ ha; and the stem jighya perhaps belongs direi^tly 
 to the latter. 
 
 y bins, 'injure'. 
 
 Pres. [7.] hinasti hinsanti etc. v.+ (hinsyat etc. b. + ; ahinat 3s. b. : hinsi 
 
 2s. E.), hmste etc. v.b. — [1.] hinsati -te etc. b.+ 
 Perf. jihinsa -sima av.b.s. (jihinsis av. ) 
 Aor. [3. ajihinsat. — ] 5. ahiiisit etc. v.+ 
 Fut. 1. hinsisyati -te etc. b.+ [ — 2. hinsita.] 
 ]'erb. hinsita AV. + ; hinsitum b. + , hihsitos b. : hinsitva av.b. : -hins- 
 
 ya E. 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, hinsyate v.+ — [Int. jehins-. — ] Desid. jihinsisati cu. 
 
 — Cans, hinsayati e. 
 Deriv. : hinsa b. + hinsaka e. + hinsana i:. + hinsitavya av. 
 
 hinsya s.+ hinsaniya t..+ hinsra v. + 
 
 Probably an abbreviated desiderative of y han. 
 
 y hikk, 'sob' . 
 
 Pres. [1.] hikkati -te etc. c. 
 
 [Perf. etc. jihikka -ke; ajihikkat, ahikkit ahikkista; hikkisyati -te, 
 
 hikkita.] 
 See. Conj.: [Int. jehikk-. — Desid. jihikkisa-. —J Cans, hikkayati c 
 Leriv. : hikka e. + hikkin c. ^-C^"^ TTTT 
 
 V" OF TIJJ- 
 
 y hind, 'be empty' (?). 11 UNIVERSIT 
 
 Pres. [1.] ahindanta ci. ^^^^il I FO RN^^ 
 
 [Perf. etc. jihinde ; ahindista ; hindisyate, hindita.] 
 
hugi4] Roots, Verb-fokms, 206 
 
 Deriv. ; -hindaka E.+ -hindukaE. + 
 
 • • • • 
 
 The single occurrence is probably artificial. 
 
 y hid, hel, 'be hostile'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] hedant rv., hedamana rv., helamana e., hidamana b. ; 
 
 ahidat? ge. 
 Perf. jihida rv. (jihida av.), jihide etc. v.b. 
 Aor. 3. ajihidat av. [ajihedat.] — 5. hidisatam ta. 
 [Put. hedisyate, hedita.l 
 Verb, hidita v.b. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Cans, hedayant rv. (helayam asa c.}, helayate e. 
 Derjy.: hida? RV. hela e.+ helanaE. + hedas v.b. 
 
 heda v. -hedana v. helaniya c. helitavya e. 
 
 y hu, 'sacrifice'. 
 
 Pres. [3.] juhoti juhvati etc. v. + , juhute juhvate etc. v.+ (^jvihudhl b.s., 
 
 juhvant E. + , ajuhavus v.b., -huvus cb.?) — [2.] hosi rv'. 
 Perf. juhava jiihuvus e., jvihuve e.. juhvire b. (juhve juhure rv.); 
 
 juhavam cakara etc. b.u. 
 Aor. 1. ahavi rv. [huyat. — 3. ajuhavat.] — 4. ahausit etc. b.+ 
 Fut. 1. hosyati etc. av. +. -te e. (ahosyat b.) [ — 2. hota.] 
 \'erb. huta v. + ; hotum b.s., -tavai b.s., -tos b.s. ; hutva b.+ 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, huyate etc. v. + — Int. johaviti c. — Desid. juhtisati etc. 
 
 S.+ (juhuset? GGs.) — Caus. havayati etc. s. + 
 X>erii?.; -hava E.+ havisv.+ h6tr?v.+ homan rv. 
 
 havya v. + -hut v.b.s. hotra v. + -hosa rv. 
 
 -hava RV. -huti v.b. hotra v. + juhuv. + 
 
 havana V.B.S. hotavyaB.+ homaAv. + juhusu c. 
 
 Y hur, see y hvr. 
 
 y hu, hva, •call'. 
 
 Pres. [4?] hvayati -te etc. v. + (hvayana e.) — [l.J havate etc. v.b. — [6?J 
 
 huve etc. v.b. (huveya etc. ahuve etc. huvana v.b. ; hve av., hva- 
 
 mahe vs.), huvat -vema -vant rv. — [2.] homa rv., -hvati kcs., 
 
 hiite K., humahe rv. — [3.] jiihumasi rv. 
 Ptrf. juhava juhuvus v.+, juhve juhure rv., juhuve -vire b. ; hvayam 
 
 asa E., hvayam cakre e. 
 Aor. 1. ahvi av., ahiimahi rv. [huyat; ahvayi.] — 2. ahvat etc. v.b., 
 
 ahvata etc. v.b. — [3. ajiihavat. — ] 4. ahusata kv. [ahvasta.] — 
 
 6V ahvasit ge. 
 Fut. 1. hvayisyati -te e., hvasyate s. [ — 2. hvata.] 
 Verb, huta v. + ; havitave rv.. hvayitum b., -tavai b.s., hvatum c. ; 
 
 hutva c. ; -huya b. + ; huvadhyai rv. ; -havam v.s. 
 
207 
 
 AND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 [2hr 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, huyate etc. v.+ — Int. johaviti elc. v.c, johuvanta 
 johuvana v.b. — Desid. juhusati n. — Caus. hvayaya- (in d.). 
 
 Deriv. 
 
 -hu V. + 
 -huya V.B. 
 hava V. + 
 havin av.b. 
 havya v. + 
 havya rv. 
 -hava B. + 
 
 huvana- rv. 
 havana v. + 
 havas rv. 
 huti V.+ 
 -havitu RV. 
 -hutavya c'. 
 hotr V. + 
 
 hotra V. + 
 homan rv. 
 haviman rv. 
 havistha V c. 
 -hva c. 
 -hva Av.c. 
 -hvaya b. + 
 -hvayaka c. 
 
 -hvayana k. 
 hvana i;.+ 
 hvatavya c. 
 -hvayitavya k. 
 hvatr E. + 
 jihvav V. + 
 johutra uv. 
 -hvayayitavya c. 
 
 y hurch, 'fall away'. 
 
 Fres. [1.] hurchati etc. b.u. 
 
 [Perf. etc. juhurcha; ahurehit; hurchisyati, hurchita; 
 
 hurna.] 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. hurchayati b. 
 
 Probatly related with (/ hvr. 
 
 hurchita 
 
 y 1 hr, 'take'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] harati etc. v.+, -te etc. v. + — [2.] harmi rvI. — [3.J jiharti s". 
 Per/", jahara jahrus etc. av.+ (jahartha b. + : jaharus? av.), jahre etc. u.+ 
 Aor. 1. ahrthas jb. ; ahari c. [hriyat. — .i. ajlharat.j — 4. aharslt elc. 
 
 v.B.u.s.E. (ahar av.b.; harisit s'.), ahrsata rv. [hrsista.] 
 Fut. 1. harisyati -te etc. b.+ [aharisyat etc. b.u.j — 2. harta h.e. 
 Verb, hrta v. + ; hartum b.+, -tave c'.. -tavai b.s., -tos k s.. haritum r'. : 
 
 hrtva B.s. ; -hrtya av. + ; -harara ii.+ 
 Sec. Conj.: Pass, hriyate etc. \v.+. -ti etc. e. + — Int. jariharti c. |jarhr-, 
 
 jehriya-.] — Desid. jihirsati etc. av.+ (-syate c.) — Caus. harayati 
 
 etc. B.+, -te etc. b.s. (haryate etc. e.+); harayanta rv'. 
 
 Deriv. : -hara u.s. + 
 hara v. + 
 -haraka e. 
 harin e. + 
 harya av. + 
 
 -hrt V. + 
 hrti K.+ 
 -hrtya u. 
 harta vy a e. + 
 hartr b.+ 
 
 jihirsa e.+ 
 jihirsu e. + 
 -harayitavya c. 
 
 harana av. + 
 -haraniya e. 
 -harana c. 
 haras v. + 
 haruka b. 
 
 Apparently a variant to y bhr; making a very small figure in the oMcBt 
 language, it gains rapidly in use, and becomes extremely common. 
 
 y 2 hr, be angry'. 
 
 Pres. [9.] hrnite etc. v. (ahrnat kb. ?) 
 Deriv. : hrnay- hrniy- v. 
 
 Compare the y bhur beside y bhr. 
 
hrs] Roots, VEKB-roRMS, 208 
 
 y hrs, "be excited'. 
 
 Pres. [4.J hrsyati etc. v'.b. +, -te etc. e. + — [1.] harsate etc. v.c'., harsant ev'. 
 
 Perf. jaharsa jahrsus e. +, jahrse -sire e.+ (jahraana rv.) 
 
 Aor. 2. ahrsat e. [ — 3. ajihrsat, ajaharsat.] 
 
 [Fut. harsisyati, harsita.] 
 
 Verb, hrsita v. +, hrsta e. + ; -hrsya e. + 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. jarhrsanta rv.. jarhrsana v.b. [jarihrs-. — Desid. jihars- 
 
 isa-.] — Cans, harsayati etc. v. +, -te v.e. 
 Z)€nv..- harsa B.+ harsana av. + harsii- rv.e.+ ghrsu rv. 
 
 harsakaE. + hrsi- rv.e.+ hrsti c. ghf svi rv. 
 
 harsin v. + harsi rv. 
 
 I heth. 
 
 The apparent derivative vi-hethaka (or -taka) m>. is probably oi ly a 
 misreading for -daka; and vi-hetha c-i. a like case or artificial. 
 
 y bed, hel, see y hid. 
 
 y hes, 'whinney'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] hesati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ 
 
 Perf. jihesire c. 
 
 [Aor. etc. ahesista ; hesisyate, hesita.] 
 
 Verb, hesita e. + 
 
 Deriv.; hesa-? EV. hesa t. hesas?Rv. 
 
 y hnu, 'hide'. 
 
 Pres. [2.] hnute etc. v.+, hnauti (hnoti?) e., hnutas rv.. hnuyat c. — 
 
 [1.] hnave b.s., hnavanti e'. 
 [Perf. etc. juhnuve ; ahnosta; hnosyate, hnota.] 
 Verb, hnuta av. + ; hnotum c. : -hnutya c. 
 [Sec. Conj.: johnu-; juhnusa-; hnavaya-.] 
 
 Deriv.: -hnava B.+ -hnavana s.+ -hnuti c. -hnavayya rv. 
 
 -hnuvana s. -hnotr c. 
 
 y hras, 'shorten'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] hrasati -te etc. s.+ 
 
 [Perf. etc. jahrasa; ajihrasat, ahrasit; hrasisyati, hrasita.] 
 Verb, hrasta s., hrasita c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: [Int. jahras-. — Desid. jihrasisa-. — ] Caus. hrasayati etc. s.+ 
 Deriv. : hrasa s. + hrasana c. hrasistha b. hrasva b. + 
 
 hrasaniya c. hrasiyas b. + 
 
209 AND Primary Derivatives. 
 
 hval 
 
 y hrad, 'make a noise'. 
 
 Pres. [1.] hradate etc. s.+ 
 
 [Perf. etc. jahrade; ahradista ; hradisyate, hradita.J 
 
 Verb, hradita c. 
 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. hradayati etc. B.+ 
 
 Derio. ; hrada B. + liradmE.+ -hradanaB.+ -hradi i.n. 
 
 I hri, 'be ashamed'. 
 Pres. [3.] jihreti etc. b.+ (jihriyat ms.) 
 Perf. jihraya c. [jihrayam asa.J 
 Aor. 1. -hrayana? rv. [hriyat. — 4. ahraisit.j 
 [Fut. hresyati, hreta.] 
 Verb, hrita e. +, hrina e. 
 Sec. Conj.: Int. jehriyate c. — [Desid. jihrisa-. — ] Cans, hrepayati etc. c. 
 
 [ajihripat.] 
 Deriv.: hvin.-i- -hraya Rv. hriti e. hrepana c. 
 
 -hi'i RV. 
 
 }/ hru, see y hvr. 
 
 y hres, 'neigh'. 
 Pres. [1.] hresati -te etc. e.+ 
 
 [Perf. etc. jihrese; ahresista; hresisyate, hresita.J 
 Verb, hresita e. + 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. hresayati etc. e. 
 Deriv.: hresin e. hresuka e. 
 
 y Mad, 'refresh'. 
 Pres. [1.] hladate etc. c. 
 
 [Perf. eic. jahlade; ajihladat, ahladista; hladisyate, hladita ; hlanua.J 
 Sec. Conj.: Caus. hladayati -te etc. ta1.e.+ (ahladayisata v.) 
 J^eriv. : hradkv.+ hladaka v.c. hladiika ta. -hladayitr c. 
 
 hlada U.+ hladinE. + hladiini c. 
 
 hladanaE. + hraduni v.b.u. 
 Only one or two late sporadic forms outside tlic causative conjugation ; and 
 the proper form of the root seems to be hlad (or hrad). 
 
 y hval, 'go wrong'. 
 
 Pres. [J.] hvalati etc. cb.e.+, -te e. 
 
 [Perf. etc. jahvala: ajihvalat, ahvalit; hvalisyati, hvalita.J 
 Verb. hvalitaE. + ; hvalitos ob. : -hvalam cb.s. 
 Sec. Conj. : Caus. hvalayati cb. [hvalayati. J 
 
 T)erh\: -hvala e.+ hvala cb. -hvalin c. hvala s. 
 
 Is only a specialized form of the fojlowing root . 
 Whitney, Supplement II. 14 
 
I 
 
 hvrj Roots, Vekb-forms, and Primary Derivatives. 210 
 
 y hvr, hru, hur, 'be or make crooked'. 
 
 Pres. [l.J -hvarant hvarate rv. — [!).] hrvinati rv. [hvrnati.J — [3v] 
 
 juhuras rv., jiihurthas juhuranta -rana ev. 
 \VtTf. jahvara jahvartha jahvarus.] 
 AoT. [1. hvaryat; ahvari. ■ — ] 3. jihvaras v.. -ratam vs. (jihv- ts.ta.J — 
 
 4. hvarsit etc. b. (hvar b.. hvarisus k.") 
 Fut. 1. hvadisyati '? ta. [— 2. hvarta.] 
 Ytrh. hvrta rv., [hvarita,] hruta v.+ 
 -See. Con^.: \Paii. hvaryate. — /n^ jahvr-, jarihvr-. — Desid. juhvur- 
 
 sa-. — ] Caus. hvarayati etc. b. 
 Deriv . : -hurya rv. hvara v. -hvrt rv. -hvrti v. + 
 
 -livara v.+ huras rv. hrut v.b. -hruti v.c.'? 
 
 hvaraka c. hvaras v.b. 
 
INDEXES 
 
 OF 
 
 TENSE- AND CONJUGATION-STEMS. 
 
 The foUo-wing lists give the stems of the various tense- and conjuga- 
 tion-systems, each mode of formation by itself. Mode-stems are not added, 
 except in the case of the aorist-optatives, among which the so-called prcc- 
 atives are included. For the sake of illustrating more clearly the ,histor}- 
 of the language, the stems of each formation are presented in three 
 divisions. 
 
 A. Stems found only in the earlier language (of Veda , Brahmana, 
 Upanishad, Sutra) ; 
 
 B. Stems found in both the earlier and the later language ; 
 
 C. Stems found in the later (epic and classical) language only. 
 
 In these divisions the stems follow one another not alphabetically, 
 but in the order of the roots as presented above. The references to periods 
 are in an abbreviated form : only the five principal periods are noted — 
 namely , Veda , Brahmana , Sutra , epos , classics (the Vedas are not separ- 
 ated, and Upanishad is included in Brahmana); and, in each division, all 
 references are omitted if the stem is found through the whole division 
 (that is, in A. is omitted the specification of V.B.S. ; in B., that of v.+ : in 
 C, that of E. +1. Also, all accents, question-marks, variety of stem-forms, 
 and the like, are left out; for such details, when desired, the body of the 
 work may be consulted. 
 
 Further particulars as to some of the lists are given under the diffe- 
 rent heads below. 
 
 I. PRESENT- STEMS, [use.] 
 Root-class ad-class, second class' . [143.] 
 
 am v.B. kr v. chand v.n. taks v.b. 
 
 id v.B. 1 ksi v.B. 2 jaks v.b. tad v. 
 
 ir v.B. 2 ksi v. jan v.b. tu v. 
 
 u V. ksnu ji V. tur v. 
 
 uh V. gam v. jus v. tvaks v. 
 
 r B. ei V. tak v. tvis v. 
 
 14* 
 
212 
 
 dan V. 
 dah V. 
 
 1 da V. 
 
 2 da 
 di B. 
 da9 V. 
 dr V. 
 drbh B. 
 1 dra V. 
 dha V. 
 dhu B. 
 dhrs V. 
 nins V. 
 ni v.s. 
 
 ad 
 
 
 an 
 
 
 as 
 
 
 as 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 ksu B. 
 
 + 
 
 ga B.E. 
 
 
 ghi'a B 
 
 .E. 
 
 caka 
 
 
 1 jaks 
 
 B.+ 
 
 tra 
 
 
 ku c. 
 
 
 ktiya 
 
 gla B. 
 
 
 cakaa 
 
 C. 
 
 
 Indexes. 
 
 
 2 nu s. 
 
 yudh V. 
 
 qundh s. 
 
 1 pa V. 
 
 rad V. 
 
 Qnath V. 
 
 pi V. 
 
 randh v. 
 
 9ru V. 
 
 prv. 
 
 raj V. 
 
 (JUS V. 
 
 pra V. 
 
 rih v.B. 
 
 sad V. 
 
 psa v.B. 
 
 2 ru V. 
 
 sas V. 
 
 bhaj V. 
 
 ruj B. 
 
 sah V. 
 
 bhisaj V. 
 
 rndh v. 
 
 sku B. 
 
 bhr V. 
 
 1 vas B. 
 
 Stan V. 
 
 mad V. 
 
 vah v.B. 
 
 stubh v.B 
 
 yaj 
 
 vi v.B. 
 
 svan V. 
 
 yam v.b. 
 
 vrt V. 
 
 hu V. 
 
 yu 
 
 9am B.S. 
 
 hu 
 
 yuj V. 
 
 1 Qas 
 
 hr V. 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [49.] 
 
 dih 
 
 ma 
 
 2 vid 
 
 dnli 
 
 mrj 
 
 2 (jas 
 
 2 dra b. + 
 
 ya 
 
 9i^J 
 
 dvis 
 
 • 
 
 ra 
 
 9i 
 
 dhi B.+ 
 
 1 ru B. + 
 
 9vas 
 
 dhya b. + 
 
 rud 
 
 su 
 
 nij v.c. 
 
 lih B. + 
 
 stu 
 
 1 nu 
 
 vam 
 
 sna 
 
 2 pa 
 
 vaq 
 
 snu B.+ 
 
 plu S.E. 
 
 2 vas 
 
 svap 
 
 bru 
 
 va 
 
 han 
 
 bha 
 
 1 vid 
 
 hnu 
 
 C. Later Language. [14.] 
 
 dad mna c. vac 
 
 dyu c. mla e. vind 
 
 dhma c. la c. quo e. 
 pad E. 
 
 Reduplicating-class (hu-class, third class) . . [49.] 
 
 A. Earlier Language. [33.] 
 
 lyar v.b. 
 cakr V. 
 jiga V.B. 
 jighr V.B. 
 ciki v.B, 
 didiq v. 
 
 didi 
 
 didhi v.B. 
 ninij v. 
 nini v.B. 
 pipa v.B. 
 pipi v.B. 
 
 piprc v.B. 
 mamad v. 
 maman v. 
 2 mima v.b. 
 mimiks v. 
 mimi v.B. 
 
 yayas v. 
 yuyu v.B. 
 rara v. 
 vivac V. 
 vavaij, viva9 v. 
 vivic V. 
 
I. Present-Stems. 
 
 213 
 
 VIVIS V. 
 
 vavrt v.B. 
 vivyac v. 
 
 sisae V. 
 
 SUSU V. 
 
 sisr V. 
 juhu V. 
 
 jihr s. 
 juhur V. 
 
 jighra 
 titr v.c. 
 dada 
 dadlia 
 
 B. Earlier aiul Later Language. [16. 
 
 1 pipr v.c. 
 
 2 pipr 
 
 babhas v.b.c. 
 bibhi 
 
 bibhr 
 
 jaha 
 
 1 mima 
 
 jihi 
 
 9iQa 
 
 juhu 
 
 sasas B.C. 
 
 jihri u 
 
 3. Nasal-class (rudh-class. seventh class). [29.] 
 
 A. Earlier Language. [16.] 
 
 unad 
 
 krnat 
 
 tunj V. 
 
 prnac v.i;. 
 
 unabh v.b. 
 
 grnath v. 
 
 tvind V. 
 
 bhisnaj v. 
 
 rnj V. 
 
 chrnad b. 
 
 trnad v.b. 
 
 mrnaj v.b. 
 
 rnadh v. 
 
 tanac b.s. 
 
 triiah v.B. 
 
 rinac v.b. 
 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [13.] 
 
 anaj 
 
 bhanaj 
 
 yunaj 
 
 vrnaj 
 
 inadh 
 
 bhinad 
 
 runadh 
 
 Qinas B.+ 
 
 chinad 
 
 bhunaj 
 
 vinae 
 
 hinas 
 
 pinas 
 
 
 
 
 nu-class (su-class, fifth class) . [so.] 
 A. Earlier Language. [24.] 
 
 aksnu v.b. 
 
 jinu V.B. 
 
 1 prnu s. 
 
 sadhnu j;. 
 
 inu V. 
 
 taksnu b.s. 
 
 prusnu V. 
 
 skabhnu u 
 
 unu V. 
 
 daghnu b. 
 
 riiiu K. 
 
 skunu v. 
 
 rnu V. 
 
 dabhnu v.b. 
 
 lunu B.s. 
 
 stabhnu b. 
 
 krnu. 
 
 da9nu. v. 
 
 saghnu v. 
 
 stighnu B. 
 
 ksubhnu b. 
 
 pinvi v.b. 
 
 sinu V.B. 
 
 sprnu 
 
 a9nu 
 apnu 
 rdhnu 
 ksinu 
 1 cinu 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [22.] 
 
 dunvi radhnuB.+ 9Friu 
 
 dhinu B. + 1 vrnvi sunu 
 
 dhtmu urnu stunu b.c. 
 
 dhrsnu 2 vrnu b. + strnu 
 
 1 minu (jaknu hinu 
 
 trpnu, -nu v.b.c. 2 minu v.c. 
 
 2 einu 
 
 C. Later Language. [4. J 
 jaghnu c. tinu c. 
 
 2 prnu c. 
 
214 
 
 Indexes. 
 
 5. u-class (tan-class, eighth class). [%.] 
 The stems of this olass are too few to he worth dividing hy periods. 
 
 kuru V.+ 
 ksanu e. + 
 
 tanu V. + 
 taru V. 
 
 manu v. + 
 vanu v.B.s. 
 
 sanu v.B.s. 
 hanu s. 
 
 6. na-class (kri-class, ninth class). [53.] 
 
 A. Earlier Language. [31.] 
 
 ini V. jina ramna v.b. 2 (jrina v.b. 
 
 isna drni e rina sina v.b. 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 iibhna v. driina v.b. 1 vrni v. subhna b. 
 
 • • • 
 
 usna V. prna vlina b. skabhna v.b. 
 
 ksina v.b. prusna b. ^amnl b. sprna b. 
 
 2 grna v.s. bhrina v. (jcamni v. hrna v.b. 
 
 grbhna v.b. mma v.b. qrathna v. hruna v. 
 
 juna V. mrna v. 1 orina v.b. 
 
 2 acjna 
 krina 
 1 grna 
 grathna b. + 
 grhna 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [I7.j 
 
 jana mathna 2 vrna 
 
 puna musna 9V^^ 
 
 prina mrdna s. + stabhna 
 
 badhna lunaK.+ strna 
 
 C. Later Language. [5.] 
 
 1 aQni E. 
 
 kusna c. 
 
 kli(jna 
 
 dbuni c. 
 pusna 
 
 7. 
 
 a-(unaccented)-class 
 
 bhti-class, first class). [529. 
 
 
 A. Earlier 
 
 Language. [17 5.] 
 
 
 aksa V.B. 
 
 arQa b. 
 
 garda b. 
 
 jeha V. 
 
 aca 
 
 arsa v.b. 
 
 • 
 
 gurda B. 
 
 jraya v. 
 
 anja s. 
 
 ija v. 
 
 cata v. 
 
 tata B. 
 
 ata V. 
 
 kara v. 
 
 cay a v.b. 
 
 tanda v. 
 
 ana v.b. 
 
 krpa V. 
 
 1 cay a v. 
 
 tava V. 
 
 ama v.b. 
 
 kraksa v. 
 
 2 caya v.b. 
 
 teja V.B. 
 
 inva V. 
 
 klatha b. 
 
 ceta V. 
 
 tunja V. 
 
 ida v.s. 
 
 ksada v.b. 
 
 coda V. 
 
 tunda V. 
 
 ira v. 
 
 1 ksaya v. 
 
 jana v.b. 
 
 turva V.B 
 
 Irsya b.s. 
 
 ksoda V. 
 
 jasa V. 
 
 to9a V. 
 
 iqa V.B. 
 
 ksobha u. 
 
 jinva 
 
 tsara 
 
 isa V.B. 
 
 ksveda b. 
 
 Java V.B. 
 
 thiirva b. 
 
 2 esa V. 
 
 kharja s. 
 
 jiirva V. 
 
 daksa v.b. 
 
 oha V. 
 
 gama v. 
 
 2 jara v. 
 
 dablia v.b. 
 
I. Present-Stems. 
 
 21 : 
 
 dasa 
 
 protha V.B. 
 
 ranva b. 
 
 (jvaya v.h. 
 
 da^a V. 
 
 brnha b. 
 
 rada v.b. 
 
 (jrosa V. 
 
 dodha V. 
 
 bhana v. 
 
 1 rana v. 
 
 (jresa v. 
 
 darpa s. 
 
 bhanda v. 
 
 rapa v.b. 
 
 9 vanca v. 
 
 drnha v.b. 
 
 bharva v. 
 
 rap9a v. 
 
 9manca b. 
 
 dhanva v.b. 
 
 bhasa v. 
 
 ramba v. 
 
 saca V.B. 
 
 dhava v. 
 
 bhaya v. 
 
 1 rasa 
 
 sa9ca v. 
 
 dhurva v.b. 
 
 bhusa V.B. 
 
 repha b. 
 
 Sana v. 
 
 dliraja v.b. 
 
 bibhra v. 
 
 resa v. 
 
 sapa V.H. 
 
 dhvai'a b. 
 
 bhyasa v. 
 
 2 rava «. 
 
 1 sarja v.b. 
 
 naksa v.b. 
 
 bhresa v.b. 
 
 1 rodha v. 
 
 sadha v. 
 
 nabha v. 
 
 manha v.b. 
 
 rosa V.B. 
 
 seca V. 
 
 2 na^a v. 
 
 manda v.b. 
 
 reja v.b. 
 
 surksa b.s. 
 
 nasa v. 
 
 metha 
 
 reda b..s. 
 
 stabha b. 
 
 iiadha v. 
 
 megha v. 
 
 laya v.b. 
 
 stava V. 
 
 niksa v. 
 
 • 
 
 miva V.B. 
 
 uksa V. 
 
 stobha 
 
 1 nava v. 
 
 mosa V. 
 
 vanca 
 
 sredha v. 
 
 2 nava v. 
 
 mara v. 
 
 vata v. 
 
 svada v. 
 
 neda b. 
 
 mrcha b. 
 
 vadha v.b. 
 
 svara 
 
 patha s. 
 
 mrada v.b. 
 
 vana v. 
 
 sveda b. 
 
 pana v. 
 
 mardha v. 
 
 2 vapa 
 
 jighna v.h. 
 
 paya b. 
 
 myaksa rv. 
 
 valha B.s. 
 
 hasa V. 
 
 paya v. 
 
 mi-oca V.B. 
 
 vaga v. 
 
 jighya b. 
 
 pinva 
 
 mreda e. 
 
 vena v.b. 
 
 haya v.b. 
 
 pibda V.B. 
 
 yabha v.b. 
 
 vrada v. 
 
 heda v. 
 
 piya V.B. 
 
 yesa v.b. 
 
 vradha v. 
 
 hida B. 
 
 puya B.s. 
 
 yada v. 
 
 1 Qama v. 
 
 hava V.B. 
 
 para e. 
 
 yuelia v. 
 
 (jaya v. 
 
 hurcha b. 
 
 prnca v. 
 
 yodha v.b. 
 
 9undha 
 
 hvara v. 
 
 prava 
 
 ranha v. 
 
 9unibha v. 
 
 
 
 B. Earlier an 
 
 1 Later Language. [212. ] 
 
 
 a lie a 
 
 arda 
 
 krida 
 
 grhna b . + 
 
 aja 
 
 eja 
 
 kro^a 
 
 grasa 
 
 ai'ca 
 
 edba 
 
 kvatha b. + 
 
 ghosa 
 
 arlia 
 
 kampa b.+ 
 
 ksapa 
 
 jighra 
 
 ava 
 
 kasa 
 
 ksama 
 
 caksa 
 
 asa 
 
 kasa v.c. 
 
 ksara 
 
 cama b. + 
 
 aya 
 
 kanksa e. + 
 
 khana 
 
 cara 
 
 iksa 
 
 ka9a b. + 
 
 kliada 
 
 cala 
 
 inkha b.+ 
 
 kuja 
 
 gada .S.+ 
 
 cesta 
 
 iha B. + 
 
 karsa 
 
 gacha 
 
 cyava 
 
 osa 
 
 kalpa 
 
 garha 
 
 cyota S.+ 
 
 1 uha 
 
 kranda 
 
 gaha 
 
 chanda b.e 
 
 arja b.+ 
 
 krama 
 
 guha 
 
 jaksa H.+ 
 
216 
 
 
 Indexes. 
 
 
 japa ii.+ 
 
 pana b. + 
 
 rama 
 
 9lagha b.+ 
 
 jalpa B.+ 
 
 pata 
 
 rasa r.+ 
 
 9vasa 
 
 jaya 
 
 piba 
 
 raja 
 
 sthiva 
 
 jiva 
 
 pava 
 
 rebha 
 
 saja 
 
 1 jara 
 
 pratha 
 
 1 rava b.+ 
 
 sida 
 
 jrmbha 
 
 plava 
 
 roca 
 
 saha 
 
 jana k.e. 
 
 badha 
 
 roda S.+ 
 
 saha V.E. 
 
 jyota B.E. 
 
 bodha 
 
 rolia 
 
 sedha 
 
 j vara b. + 
 
 bhaja 
 
 lap a 
 
 sara s. + 
 
 jvala E. + 
 
 bhana b. + 
 
 labha 
 
 2 sarja v.e. 
 
 taksa 
 
 bhartsa 
 
 lamba b.+ 
 
 sarpa 
 
 tapa 
 
 bhasa b.+ 
 
 loka B.C. 
 
 seva 
 
 tara 
 
 bhasa 
 
 vada 
 
 skanda 
 
 tyaja s.+ 
 
 bhiksa 
 
 • 
 
 vanda 
 
 skhala b.+ 
 
 trasa 
 
 bhunja b.+ 
 
 1 vapa 
 
 stana 
 
 tvara b.+ 
 
 bliava 
 
 valga 
 
 tistha 
 
 da9a 
 
 bhara 
 
 vasa 
 
 span da 
 
 daya 
 
 bhrantja 
 
 vaha 
 
 spardha 
 
 daha 
 
 bhrama b. + 
 
 vancha 
 
 sphota B.E. 
 
 dada 
 
 bhraja 
 
 va9a 
 
 sphurja 
 
 diksa K. + 
 
 maha v.e. 
 
 veda B.E. 
 
 smaya 
 
 dyota 
 
 majja 
 
 vepa 
 
 smara 
 
 drava 
 
 mantha 
 
 vesa V.E. 
 
 syanda 
 
 dhama 
 
 laatha 
 
 vesta 
 
 sransa b.+ 
 
 dadha 
 
 mada 
 
 vara v.e. 
 
 srava 
 
 1 dliava 
 
 may a v.e. 
 
 varta 
 
 svaja 
 
 2 dliava 
 
 meha 
 
 vardha 
 
 svada 
 
 dhara s.e. 
 
 mila B . + 
 
 varsa 
 
 svapa 
 
 dharsa b.e. 
 
 moda 
 
 vyatha 
 
 liana e. + 
 
 dhvansa e.+ 
 
 mureha 
 
 vraja 
 
 hasa B.+ 
 
 nada 
 
 mana s. + 
 
 9ansa 
 
 jaha B. + 
 
 nanda 
 
 mloca B.+ 
 
 Qanka b.+ 
 
 hinva 
 
 nama 
 
 mlecha b.+ 
 
 Qapa 
 
 bins a e. + 
 
 narda b. + 
 
 yaksa v.e. 
 
 9asa B.+ 
 
 hara 
 
 1 na^a 
 
 yaja 
 
 9 ay a 
 
 harsa v.e. 
 
 natha b. + 
 
 yata 
 
 9oea 
 
 hesa 
 
 ninda 
 
 yacha 
 
 9obha 
 
 hnava b . + 
 
 naya 
 
 yaca 
 
 9ardha 
 
 hrasa s. + 
 
 paca 
 
 raksa 
 
 9cota 
 
 hrada s. -r 
 
 patha B. + 
 
 rabha 
 
 9raya 
 
 hvala B. + 
 
 
 C. Later Language. [14 2.] 
 
 
 anga c. 
 
 ada E. 
 
 asa 
 
 2 uha 
 
 ata 
 
 acja E. 
 
 inga 
 
 kattha 
 
 antha c. 
 
 aficha c. 
 
 1 esa 
 
 kasa c. 
 
I. Presknt-Stkms. 
 
 21 
 
 kunca c. 
 
 chinda c. 
 
 bhasa 
 
 vala I . 
 
 kunja c. 
 
 jhana c. 
 
 bibhya 
 
 vaha V. 
 
 kuna c. 
 
 jhara c. 
 
 mathna k. 
 
 veja 1.. 
 
 kurda 
 
 tala c. 
 
 marga 
 
 vija 
 
 karta e. 
 
 tika c. 
 
 mota c. 
 
 vyaja c 
 
 klanda c. 
 
 dama c. 
 
 mraksa c. 
 
 vrnha 
 
 klinda c. 
 
 damba c. 
 
 marja 
 
 vella t. 
 
 kvana c. 
 
 day a c. 
 
 marda 
 
 1 vyaya c 
 
 2 ksaya 
 
 dhauka c. 
 
 yama 
 
 vrana c. 
 
 ksveda 
 
 tarja 
 
 ranga c. 
 
 vratjca c. 
 
 ksvela e. 
 
 tarpa n. 
 
 ranja 
 
 vrida 
 
 khaca c. 
 
 trap a 
 
 rata c 
 
 2 Qama e. 
 
 khaiija c. 
 
 tvanga c. 
 
 2 rana c. 
 
 (jala c. 
 
 khalla c. 
 
 dan9a c. 
 
 1 rambha 
 
 9a9a c. 
 
 kliela 
 
 dala 
 
 2 rambha c. 
 
 9asa 
 
 garja 
 
 deva 
 
 2 rasa 
 
 9esa c. 
 
 gala c. 
 
 dunva e. 
 
 rinkha c. 
 
 9latha c. 
 
 galbha c. 
 
 dhuksa e. 
 
 rihga c. 
 
 9rama 
 
 gunja c. 
 
 dhvana c. 
 
 rotha E. 
 
 9 rambha 
 
 gopa c. 
 
 nata c. 
 
 2 rodha k. 
 
 sa E. 
 
 gumpha c. 
 
 naha e. 
 
 laksa 
 
 sava 
 
 glaha E. 
 
 pata c. 
 
 laga 
 
 stambha c 
 
 ghata 
 
 parda c. 
 
 langha c. 
 
 stara 
 
 ghurna 
 
 posa c. 
 
 lada c. 
 
 spar9a c. 
 
 gharsa 
 
 puja E. 
 
 lambha e. 
 
 svana e. 
 
 caka c. 
 
 plosa c. 
 
 lala 
 
 hada c. 
 
 eakaga 
 
 phakka c. 
 
 lasa 
 
 • 
 
 jaghna e. 
 
 canea c. 
 
 phana c. 
 
 lasa 
 
 hikka c. 
 
 cata c. 
 
 1 phala 
 
 luntha E. 
 
 hinda c. 
 
 cinva c. 
 
 2 phala 
 
 lobha c. 
 
 hela E. 
 
 copa E. 
 
 bandha 
 
 lola c. 
 
 hresa 
 
 cumba 
 
 badlina e. 
 
 vama 
 
 hlada c. 
 
 chaya o. 
 
 bhaksa 
 
 
 
 8. a -(accented) -class (tud-class, sixth class . [i42.1 
 A. Earlier Language. [72.] 
 
 ana v. 
 
 rsa 
 
 tuja V. 
 
 pin9a v.)i 
 
 ita v.B. 
 
 kuva B. 
 
 tira 
 
 pisa V. 
 
 2 isa V. 
 
 ksiya v.b. 
 
 tura V.B. 
 
 prna v.b. 
 
 nnda b.s. 
 
 khada b. 
 
 trmpa 
 
 prusa V. 
 
 ubja 
 
 khuda V. 
 
 tvisa V. 
 
 brha v.ji. 
 
 umbha v.b. 
 
 grna v. 
 
 1 dya 
 
 bhura v. 
 
 rnva v. 
 
 crta 
 
 2 dya v.b. 
 
 mima n. 
 
 ra V. 
 
 chya V.B. 
 
 drbha b. 
 
 mitha v. 
 
 rnja v.b. 
 
 jura V. 
 
 drnha v. 
 
 mina v. 
 
 rda V. 
 
 tila B. 
 
 dhuva V.B. 
 
 muca v.ii 
 
218 
 
 
 Indexes. 
 
 
 mrna v.e. 
 
 ripha 
 
 usa V. 
 
 • 
 
 9rntha b. 
 
 mrksa v. 
 
 riqa v. 
 
 vindha v. 
 
 sumbha b. 
 
 mrda 
 
 rudha v. 
 
 vrsa v.s. 
 
 sula B. 
 
 mrdha v.s. 
 
 licja B. 
 
 vrha 
 
 Suva, sva v.b. 
 
 meda v. 
 
 uksa V. 
 
 • 
 
 9i9a s. 
 
 strha s. 
 
 1 yuva v.B. 
 
 vana v.b. 
 
 <?ya 
 
 spurdha v. 
 
 2 yuva 
 
 uga V. 
 
 9insa b.s. 
 
 sprha s. 
 
 rikha v. 
 
 ucha 
 
 9rna v. 
 
 huva, hva v.n 
 
 
 B. Earlier 
 
 and Later Language. [53.] 
 
 
 icha 
 
 jusa 
 
 mrja 
 
 vida 
 
 uksa 
 
 tuda 
 
 mr9a 
 
 2 vinda 
 
 nfieha s. + 
 
 di9a 
 
 yunja b.+ 
 
 vidha 
 
 rcha 
 
 duha 
 
 ruva 
 
 vi9a 
 
 areha b.e. 
 
 dvisa B. + 
 
 ruja 
 
 vr9ca 
 
 kuca s.c. 
 
 nuda 
 
 ruda S.+ 
 
 9umbha v.c. 
 
 kira 
 
 pinsa V.E. 
 
 rnndha b.+ 
 
 sya 
 
 krnta 
 
 preha 
 
 rusa s. + 
 
 sine a 
 
 krsa 
 
 bruva b.+ 
 
 lajja B. + 
 
 srja 
 
 ksipa 
 
 bhuja 
 
 likha 
 
 stuva V.E. 
 
 khida 
 
 bhrjja 
 
 limpa 
 
 spr9a 
 
 gura 
 
 misa 
 
 lumpa 
 
 sphuta B.+ 
 
 2 gira 
 
 muiica 
 
 vija 
 
 sphura 
 
 gila B.+ 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. Later Language. [17.] 
 
 
 ila c. 
 
 1 gira c. 
 
 puta c. 
 
 liha 
 
 1 isa 
 
 ghurna 
 
 mila c. 
 
 lutha c. 
 
 ujha 
 
 truta c. 
 
 musa K. 
 
 1 vinda 
 
 kusa c. 
 
 pisa E. 
 
 ruha 
 
 ghna 
 
 ksupa E. 
 
 
 
 
 9. 
 
 ya-class (div-class, fourth class). 
 A. Earlier Language. [4 1.] 
 
 133. 
 
 arya v. 
 
 tirya v. 
 
 purya v. 
 
 rupya b. 
 
 ucya v.B. 
 
 turya v. 
 
 prusya b. 
 
 9 amy a b. 
 
 rjya v. 
 
 trsya v.b. 
 
 bhrjjya b. 
 
 9imya b. 
 
 kaya v. 
 
 damya b. 
 
 mrcya b. 
 
 9iya 
 
 krqya b. 
 
 dasya 
 
 medya v.b. 
 
 9ucya b. 
 
 ksaya b.s. 
 
 dlya v. 
 
 mritya b. 
 
 9irya b. 
 
 ksiya v.B. 
 
 drhya v. 
 
 radhya v.b. 
 
 9raya v.b. 
 
 jasya v. 
 
 pacya v.b. 
 
 ranya v. 
 
 9laya b. 
 
 jury a v. 
 
 patya v.b. 
 
 raya v.b. 
 
 srivya b. 
 
 jiya v.B. 
 
 pisya b. 
 
 riya v.b. 
 
 harya v.b. 
 
 tanya v. 
 
 
 
 
II. Perfect-Stems. 
 
 •21'.> 
 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [04.] 
 
 
 asya 
 
 dipya 
 
 bhra9ya s. + 
 
 vaya 
 
 iya 
 
 divya 
 
 madya n. + 
 
 va9ya v.k. 
 
 2 isya 
 
 dusya n.+ 
 
 inanya 
 
 vidhya 
 
 rdliya 
 
 drpya 
 
 miya 
 
 2 vyaya 
 
 krudhya 
 
 driihya n.+ 
 
 muhya 
 
 9amya n. + 
 
 ksudhya 
 
 dhaya 
 
 mrsya 
 
 9udhya n.+ 
 
 gay a 
 
 dhyaya ii.+ 
 
 mlaya n.+ 
 
 9U8ya 
 
 grdhya 
 
 iiaqya 
 
 yasya 
 
 9yaya n.c. 
 
 glaya 
 
 nahya 
 
 yudhya 
 
 9ramya 
 
 jay a 
 
 nrtya 
 
 rajya 
 
 9lisya ». + 
 
 jirya 
 
 padya 
 
 radhya 
 
 sidhya 
 
 tapya b.+ 
 
 paqya 
 
 ricya b.k. 
 
 sivya 
 
 tamya «.+ 
 
 pusya 
 
 risya 
 
 aiiya u.+ 
 
 tusya S.+ 
 
 pyaya 
 
 liya 
 
 styaya b.c. 
 
 trpya 
 
 priya b. + 
 
 lubhya 
 
 hvaya 
 
 traya 
 
 budhya 
 
 vaya 
 
 hrsya 
 
 
 C. Later 
 
 Language. [28.] 
 
 
 asya e. 
 
 ksubhya 
 
 dahya e. 
 
 bhramya 
 
 1 isya 
 
 ghusya c. 
 
 1 daya e. 
 
 rusya 
 
 kupya 
 
 diya c. 
 
 2 daya c. 
 
 lapya e. 
 
 klamya c. 
 
 timya c. 
 
 diQya e. 
 
 sahya e. 
 
 klidya 
 
 trasya 
 
 duhya 
 
 snaya e. 
 
 kli9ya 
 
 trutya, -dya 
 
 c. dray a 
 
 snihya 
 
 ksamya 
 
 tvisya c 
 
 dhaya e. 
 
 svidya 
 
 II. PERFECT-STEMS. [173.] 
 
 The variety of stem-forms is not given, except in the case of medial e from a. 
 The rare intensive and desiderative simple perfects are included in the list. 
 
 A. Earlier Language. [169.] 
 3 IS V. cikri s. 
 
 aks V. 
 ac e, 
 aj V. 
 
 anaj v.e. 
 an V. 
 
 am, em v.b 
 anrh v.e. 
 
 1 a9 v. 
 idh V.B. 
 
 2 is V. 
 ir V. 
 19 V. 
 
 uc V. 
 ud V. 
 uvos B. 
 till V. 
 anrj v. 
 anrdh v.b. 
 anrs b. 
 cakan ev. 
 caka 
 cakrp V. 
 cakr9 v. 
 
 caksad v. 
 jugur V. 
 1 jagr B. 
 jagrbh 
 jagr as v. 
 jaghas V.K. 
 jughus B. 
 1 ciki B. 
 cikit 
 cacrt V. 
 cucyu V. 
 
 cicyu V. 
 cachand v. 
 jajas V. 
 jijinv V. 
 jiiju V. 
 jajr V. 
 jujur V. 
 jijya B. 
 tatas Rv. 
 tatam v. 
 titij B.s. 
 tutu V. 
 
220 
 
 Ind 
 
 EXES. 
 
 
 tutuj V. 
 
 paspa^ v. 
 
 yuyu V. 
 
 vavrj V. 
 
 titir, tutur v. 
 
 pipi v. 
 
 yoyu int. e. 
 
 vivyac v.b. 
 
 tatrs V. 
 
 pipinv V. 
 
 yuyup V. 
 
 vividh v.b. 
 
 tatrh V. 
 
 pipi? V. 
 
 rarah v.b. 
 
 vivya v. 
 
 tityaj V. 
 
 pipis B. 
 
 rarad v. 
 
 vavr9c v. 
 
 tatra v.b. 
 
 pipid V. 
 
 raradh v. 
 
 9a9ad v. 
 
 titvis V. 
 
 pupu B.S. 
 
 raran v.b. 
 
 9a9ad, 9ed b 
 
 tatsar v. 
 
 papr B. 
 
 rarap9 v. 
 
 1 9a9am v.b. 
 
 dadaks b. 
 
 paprc V.B. 
 
 rara v. 
 
 9a9a v. 
 
 dadabh, debh v. 
 
 pipya V. 
 
 rararlh v.b. 
 
 9i9is B. 
 
 dadambh v. 
 
 papra v. 
 
 ririe v.b 
 
 9a9ay v. 
 
 dadas v. 
 
 piprl 
 
 ririp v. 
 
 911911 V. 
 
 2 dada b. 
 
 pupru B. 
 
 riribh v. 
 
 9a9r v. 
 
 didas desid. b. 
 
 babrh v. 
 
 ririh v. 
 
 CU9CUt B.S. 
 
 dada? v.b. 
 
 bibhiks b. 
 
 lili? B. 
 
 9a9rath. v. 
 
 didi 
 
 1 bubhuj v. 
 
 leli int. b. 
 
 9i9ri v. 
 
 didiv V. 
 
 jabhr v.b. 
 
 vavaks v. 
 
 • 
 
 tisthiv B, 
 
 dadrh v. 
 
 mamah v.b. 
 
 vavac V. 
 
 sa9e, sec v.b. 
 
 dodru int. b. 
 
 mamad v.b. 
 
 vivae v. 
 
 sasan 
 
 didvis B. 
 
 mamand v. 
 
 vavae v. 
 
 Sep v. 
 
 dadhan v. 
 
 1 inimi V.B. 
 
 Ud V.B. 
 
 sisi V. 
 
 dadhanv v. 
 
 mimi v. 
 
 vavan v. 
 
 2 sisidh 
 
 2 dadha v. 
 
 mimiks v. 
 
 uvam B. 
 
 sasu V. 
 
 didhi V.B. 
 
 mimith v. 
 
 1 vavag rv. 
 
 susiid V. 
 
 davidhu int. v. 
 
 mumur v. 
 
 1 uvas V.B. 
 
 tistir V. 
 
 dadlirs v.b. 
 
 mimrks v. 
 
 iiv V. 
 
 paspr E. 
 
 nanaks v. 
 
 • 
 
 mamrd v. 
 
 vivie V. 
 
 sisyand v.b. 
 
 nonu int. v. 
 
 mimiks v. 
 
 vivip V. 
 
 2 jaha v. 
 
 papaj v. 
 
 raumlue b. 
 
 vivis V. 
 
 jihins 
 
 papan v. 
 
 yet V.B. 
 
 vivi V. 
 
 jihid V.B. 
 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [191.] 
 
 
 anrc 
 
 CXlkup B.E. 
 
 eakhan 
 
 2 ciki 
 
 av 
 
 1 cakr 
 
 cakhad 
 
 3 ciki 
 
 ana9 
 
 cakrt 
 
 cakhya 
 
 ciehid b.+ 
 
 2 a(? 
 
 eakrs b.+ 
 
 jagam 
 
 jajan 
 
 1 as 
 
 eaklp v.c. 
 
 1 jaga 
 
 jigi 
 
 2 as 
 
 cakrand v.c. 
 
 2 jaga B.+ 
 
 jijiv B.+ 
 
 ah 
 
 cakram 
 
 jugup 
 
 jujiis 
 
 ap 
 
 eikrid b. + 
 
 2 jagr 
 
 jajna 
 
 ly 
 
 cukrudh b.+ 
 
 jagr int. 
 
 jajval B.+ 
 
 1 is B. + 
 
 caksam 
 
 jagrdh 
 
 tataks 
 
 id' 
 
 eiksip B. + 
 
 jagrh 
 
 tatan, ten 
 
 ar 
 
 cuksu B.+ 
 
 caeaks 
 
 tatap, tep 
 
 cakam 
 
 cuksubh 
 
 eacar, cer 
 
 tutud 
 
II. Perfect-Stems. 
 
 221 
 
 tatr, ter 
 
 babadh 
 
 lalabh, lebh 
 
 9i9ii 
 
 tatrd v.c. 
 
 bubudli 
 
 lilikb u. + 
 
 9U9ru 
 
 tatrp v.E. 
 
 babhaj, bhej 
 
 lilip B.+ 
 
 9i9lis 11. + 
 
 dada9 v.e. 
 
 babhanj 
 
 lili B. + 
 
 sasanj, eej m. + 
 
 dadali, deh b.+ 
 
 babhas b.+ 
 
 lulup B.+ 
 
 sasad, sad 
 
 1 dada 
 
 bibhid 
 
 lulubh s. + 
 
 saaah, seh 
 
 didicj 
 
 bibhi 
 
 uvac 
 
 sisic 
 
 didiks B.C. 
 
 2 bvibhuj 
 
 vavand 
 
 1 sisidh 
 
 duduli 
 
 babhu 
 
 uvap 
 
 SU8U 
 
 dadr 
 
 babhr 
 
 vavam,vemK.+ 
 
 susu 
 
 dadr9 
 
 mamath, meth 
 
 v&vas v.c. 
 
 sasr 
 
 didyut 
 
 maman, men 
 
 2 tivas 
 
 sasrj 
 
 1 dadra v.c. 
 
 1 mama 
 
 uvah 
 
 sasrp B.+ 
 
 dudru B.C. 
 
 2 mimi v.c. 
 
 vava B.+ 
 
 caskand 
 
 dudruh 
 
 miimue 
 
 2 vava9 
 
 caskambh v.c. 
 
 1 dariha 
 
 mumud 
 
 vivij 
 
 tastambh 
 
 dudhu 
 
 mumuh b.+ 
 
 vid 
 
 tustu 
 
 dadhr 
 
 mamr 
 
 2 vivid 
 
 tastr 
 
 dadhya b.+ 
 
 mamrj 
 
 vivi9 
 
 tastha 
 
 dadhvas 
 
 mamr9 
 
 1 vavr 
 
 pasprdh 
 
 nanam, nem 
 
 mamrs v.e. 
 
 2 vavr 
 
 paspr9 
 
 nana^, ne^ 
 
 ij. yej 
 
 vavrt 
 
 sismi 
 
 ninind 
 
 yayam, yem 
 
 vavrdh 
 
 sasrans b.c. 
 
 nini 
 
 yaya 
 
 vavrs 
 
 susru 
 
 nunud 
 
 yayae b.+ 
 
 vavrh 
 
 sasvaj 
 
 papae, pec 
 
 yuyuj 
 
 vivyadh ]i.+ 
 
 susvap 
 
 papat, pet 
 
 yuyudh 
 
 vavraj 
 
 sisvid v.E. 
 
 papad, ped 
 
 raraks 
 
 9a9ans b.+ 
 
 jaghan 
 
 papa 
 
 rarabh, rebb 
 
 9a9ak, 9ek 
 
 1 jaha 
 
 pipis 
 
 raram , rem b. + 
 
 9a9ap, 9ep 
 
 jighi B.+ 
 
 pupus 
 
 ruru B.E. 
 
 29acam,9emB.+ 
 
 juhu 
 
 paprach b. + 
 
 rurtic 
 
 9a9as 
 
 juhu 
 
 paprath 
 
 ruruj 
 
 9191 B. + 
 
 jahr 
 
 puplu B. + 
 
 rurudh 
 
 9U9UC 
 
 jahrs 
 
 babandh , bedh 
 
 ruruh. 
 
 9a9ram, 9rem 
 
 
 
 C. Later Language. [113.] 
 
 
 anarch e. 
 
 cukurd c. 
 
 jagarj 
 
 jughiirn 
 
 edh c. 
 
 2 cakr e. 
 
 jagarh 
 
 jaghrs r. 
 
 cakamp e. 
 
 eukru9 c. 
 
 jagalbh c. 
 
 jaghra <■. 
 
 cakas c. 
 
 caklam c. 
 
 jagali c. 
 
 cacat c. 
 
 eakanks 
 
 cikli9 c. 
 
 juguh 
 
 cacam, cem f. 
 
 eakaq 
 
 caksar c. 
 
 jajagr 
 
 cacal, eel 
 
 ciikuc c. 
 
 cuksud E. 
 
 jaghat c. 
 
 cucumb 
 
 cvikuj c. 
 
 jagad 
 
 jaghatt E. 
 
 cicest K. 
 
222 
 
 Indexes. 
 
 cachrd c. 
 jajap, jep e. 
 jajalp E. 
 jajrmbh 
 dudhauk c 
 tatad c. 
 tutus 
 tatyaj 
 tatras, tres 
 tutrut c. 
 tatvar 
 didih E. 
 didip c. 
 2 dadra c. 
 dadhma e. 
 dadhav c. 
 dadhvan c. 
 nanad, ned 
 nanand 
 nanard e. 
 nunu c. 
 
 nanrt 
 papath c. 
 pupuj E. 
 pupur c. 
 paphal E. 
 phel c. 
 babhan c. 
 babha 
 babhas 
 
 babhram, bhrem 
 babhraj 
 mamajj 
 mamanth 
 mimil c. 
 mimis c. 
 mimil c. 
 miumus c. 
 m^umurch 
 mamrd 
 mamla 
 raras, res 
 
 raraj, rej 
 raras c. 
 rurud e. 
 lalajj c. 
 lalap, lep 
 lalam c. 
 lalamb 
 lalas, les c. 
 lalas c. 
 lulunc 
 luluth c. 
 lulu c. 
 lulok c. 
 luloc c. 
 vavap E. 
 vaval c. 
 vavalg E. 
 vavah 
 1 vivid c. 
 vivyaj e. 
 
 vavrnh c. 
 vivyath 
 (ji^iks desid. c. 
 a qeva. c. 
 QaQas e. 
 9U9ubli 
 9a9lagli c. 
 qaQvas 
 sasa s. 
 sisev 
 caskhal 
 sasna c. 
 pusphut c. 
 sasmr e. 
 sasyand c. 
 sasvad c. 
 sasvaii 
 jahas 
 jihes c. 
 jihri c. 
 
 III. AORIST-STEMS. [737.] 
 
 From stems with p. added, only optative or «precative» forms occur. 
 
 1. Root-aorist. [140.] 
 Simply the root is given. The passive-aorist third persons will be found 
 
 further on, under VII. 
 
 A. Earlier Language. [112.] 
 
 ad p. B. 
 
 1 ei V. 
 
 dyut V.B. 
 
 bhi 
 
 av p. 
 
 2 ei v. 
 
 2 dha V. 
 
 bhuj V. 
 
 aq 
 
 cit v.b. 
 
 dhr V. 
 
 bhram p . s 
 
 ap p. B. 
 
 eyu V. 
 
 na9 V.B. 
 
 bhraj v. 
 
 idhv. 
 
 chid V. 
 
 nas p. V. 
 
 majj p. a. 
 
 uh V. B. 
 
 jan B.s. 
 
 nid V.B. 
 
 mand v. 
 
 r V B. 
 
 jivp. 
 
 nrt V. 
 
 man v.b. 
 
 rdh 
 
 jnap. V. 
 
 pad V. 
 
 mue V.B. 
 
 krp V. 
 
 tan V.B. 
 
 spa? V. 
 
 mud p. V. 
 
 kram v. 
 
 tap V. 
 
 Pi<? V. 
 
 mr 
 
 gam 
 
 trd v.s. 
 
 prv. 
 
 mrn p. b. 
 
 gur v. 
 
 trp p. B. 
 
 pre v.s. 
 
 mrd p. B.s. 
 
 g? V. 
 
 dagh V. 
 
 prath V. 
 
 mrdh p. v. 
 
 grabh v.b. 
 
 dabh V. 
 
 pra V.B. 
 
 mrs v. 
 
 ghas 
 
 di B. 
 
 budh. V. 
 
 myaks v. 
 
 ghra p. s. 
 
 2 dTB. 
 
 bhid V.B. 
 
 yat V. 
 
III. AORIST-SXKMS. 
 
 22H 
 
 yam v. 
 
 vadli p. 
 
 
 (jas V.l:. 
 
 srj V- 
 
 yu v.B. 
 
 van V. 
 
 
 9ak V. 
 
 skand v.b 
 
 yuj v.B. 
 
 1 vas V. 
 
 
 qa. V. 
 
 sty v.B. 
 
 ram. v. 
 
 2 vas 
 
 
 9ubh V. 
 
 spr V. 
 
 raj p. s. 
 
 vah p. s. 
 
 
 (jri V. 
 
 sprdh v. 
 
 radh 
 
 vij v.B. 
 
 
 9vit V. 
 
 sras h. 
 
 rie V. 
 
 vip V. 
 
 
 sagh V. 
 
 svap p. 8. 
 
 ris li. 
 
 vis V. 
 
 
 sac V. 
 
 svid p. s. 
 
 rue v.B. 
 
 vi9 V. 
 
 
 sah V. 
 
 hi vs. 
 
 ruj B. 
 
 1 vr V. 
 
 
 sa, si v.B. 
 
 hu V. 
 
 vac p. a. 
 
 vrj V. 
 
 
 sic p. B.S. 
 
 hr B. 
 
 vad p. U.S. 
 
 vrt v.B. 
 
 • 
 
 
 SU V. 
 
 hri v. 
 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [18.] 
 
 
 i p. B.+ 
 
 da 
 
 
 bhu 
 
 2 vr 
 
 kr 
 
 drq 
 
 
 bhr B.C. 
 
 9ru 
 
 ga 
 
 1 dha, dhi. 
 
 hi 
 
 yudh v.c. 
 
 stha 
 
 ji p. B.E. 
 
 pa 
 
 
 rudh v.B.c. 
 
 ha B.C. 
 
 jus 
 
 pus p. B.C. 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. Later Language. [lO.] 
 
 
 as p. E. 
 
 dah p. E. 
 
 
 pise. 
 
 bru p. E. 
 
 kir p. c. 
 
 1 dr p. c. 
 
 
 pri p. c. 
 
 8pr9 p. E. 
 
 jap. 
 
 nudp. 
 
 
 
 
 a9a V. 
 ara v.b. 
 rdha v.b. 
 kara 
 krta v. 
 krada v. 
 krama v.b. 
 ksudha v. 
 khya 
 guha V. 
 grdha v.b. 
 grha v.B. 
 ghasa B. 
 tasa v.B. 
 tana v. 
 tama 
 
 2. a-aorist. [>»n.] 
 
 A. Earlier Language. [61,] 
 trpa v.s. budha v. 
 
 trsa v.B. 
 trha V. 
 dagha b. 
 dasa 
 da v.B. 
 dusa B. 
 drpa B. 
 dr9a v.b. 
 dha V. 
 dhrsa v.b. 
 dhvasa v. 
 nija v.s. 
 nrta v. 
 pusa 
 
 bhida v. 
 bhuja V. 
 bhuva v.B. 
 bhra9a v.b. 
 muca V. 
 muha B. 
 mrdha s. 
 mruca b. 
 radha v. 
 risa 
 
 ruda v.B. 
 vida 
 vrdha 
 vi'sa B. 
 
 vya v. 
 9ama n. 
 
 1 9isa v.B. 
 
 2 9isa v.B. 
 9va B. 
 9rama v. 
 9ruva a. 
 9risa v. 
 sana 
 sara v.b. 
 srpa v.b. 
 stha v.B. 
 sridha v. 
 hya V. 
 hva V.B. 
 
224 
 
 Indexes. 
 
 astha 
 
 apa 
 
 krudha 
 
 gama 
 
 chida 
 
 na9a 
 
 yasa c. 
 
 amama v.b. 
 apipa B. 
 cikama b. 
 cikrta B. 
 cikrsa v. 
 cikrada v.b. 
 eukrudha v. 
 ciksipa v. 
 jigama v.b. 
 jugupa B.s. 
 1 jigr V. 
 - jigr V. 
 jigrabha b. 
 jighasa B. 
 cicata b. 
 cucyava v.b. 
 eueyu v. 
 jijabha v. 
 jijasa B. 
 jajas V. 
 tatansa v. 
 titara v. 
 titrsa V.B. 
 titrasa v. 
 dadaksa b. 
 didiksa b. 
 
 ciklpa 
 cicara 
 jijana 
 titapa v.E. 
 titrpa 
 
 B. Pearlier and Later Language. [IS.] 
 
 dyutaB.+ ruha 
 
 druha v.e. voca 
 
 mrsa vrta 
 
 yuja v.c. 9aka 
 
 rudha 
 
 C. Later Language. [7.] 
 rica c. lipa c. 
 
 ruea c. qlisa 
 
 3. Reduplicated Aorist. [154.] 
 
 A. Earlier Language. 'lOl.] 
 
 dudusa V. 
 didyuta v.b. 
 dudrii V. 
 dadhav v. 
 didhara 
 didlir V. 
 neq v.b. 
 nuim V. 
 pipata V. 
 papta 
 pipada v.b. 
 pupura V.B. 
 
 1 pipara v. 
 
 2 pipara v.b. 
 papratha v. 
 piplava b. 
 bubudha v. 
 babhaksa b. 
 bibhaj b. 
 bibhaya v. 
 bibhisa v.e. 
 bubhuva v. 
 mimada v.b. 
 mimi v. 
 mimisa b. 
 
 mumuha v.b. 
 mimrna v. 
 mimrja b. 
 mimrsa v. 
 yiyaja b. 
 yuyu V. 
 yuyupa b. 
 1 i-iradha v. 
 rirama v. 
 ririca b.s. 
 ruruca v.b. 
 rurupa v.b. 
 lilikha b. 
 lulvibha E. 
 vavaksa v. 
 vivata V. 
 vivas a B. 
 viva^a V. 
 vivija V. 
 vivipa V. 
 vivara v. 
 vavr V. 
 vivrta v. 
 vivyatha b. 
 9u.(juca V.B. 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [17.] 
 didipa v.c. ninama v.c. 
 
 didipa b.e. ninaQa 
 
 didrQa b. + mimara b.c. 
 
 dudruva k.+ 2 riradha b.c. 
 
 9uca 
 sada 
 sica 
 srasa 
 
 hrsa E. 
 
 9U9ubha v.b. 
 cu9cuta s. 
 9i9nath v. 
 9i9ratha v.b. 
 9191-1 V. 
 9U9rviva v.b. 
 9a9vaca v. 
 9i9vita v. 
 sisada e. 
 sisapa v. 
 sisadha v.b. 
 
 SllSU B. 
 
 susu B. 
 susuda B. 
 sisrpa B. 
 tustava V.B. 
 pispr9a v. 
 sisyada v. 
 sisrasa v.b. 
 susru V.B. 
 sasvaja v. 
 sisvada v.b. 
 sisvap V. 
 jihida v. 
 jihvara v.b. 
 
 ririsa 
 vivrdha 
 9i9ama 
 9i9riya 
 
in. Aorisx-Stems. 
 
 225 
 
 cikasa c. 
 cikara c. 
 jigraha c. 
 cucuda E. 
 cucura c. 
 cachada c. 
 cichida e. 
 jijaya e. 
 
 Here appended 
 arpipa v. 
 jijapa, jijipa e. 
 
 C. Later Language. ^:\0.] 
 titvara e. 
 didaha c. 
 
 mumuca c. 
 mimrda e. 
 yuyuja 
 yujrudha e. 
 riraca c. 
 ruruva c. 
 ruruja c. 
 
 duduha c. 
 didara 
 pipisa E. 
 bibhara e. 
 bibhrama e. 
 mimila c. 
 
 are the reduplicated aorists from causative stems in p. 
 jijnapa, jijnipa 9i9rapa b. jihipa v. 
 
 B.C. tisthipa v.b. 
 
 lulupa K. 
 vivicja c". 
 vivysa R. 
 vividha e. 
 9i9aya k. 
 jighana 
 jijaha c. 
 
 
 4. s- 
 
 -aorist. [us. 
 
 
 
 A. Earlier Language. [99.] 
 
 
 aks V.B. 
 
 dars V. 
 
 mas p. V. 
 
 varks v.u. 
 
 kirs B. 
 
 • 
 
 drs B. 
 
 mas v. 
 
 vyats n. 
 
 2 kars v. 
 
 dyauts v.b. 
 
 mes 
 
 vrks B.s. 
 
 krants v.b. 
 
 1 dras V. 
 
 mrks p. \. 
 
 vies s. 
 
 krams 
 
 2 dras b. 
 
 marks b. 
 
 • 
 
 9ap3 B.s. 
 
 ksars v. 
 
 dhas V. 
 
 yaks 
 
 968 v. 
 
 1 kses V. 
 
 • • 
 
 dhiis v.s. 
 
 yams 
 
 9rai8 v. 
 
 2 kses 
 
 dhurs V. 
 
 yas V. 
 
 9vaits V. 
 
 khans b. 
 
 nams v.b. 
 
 yaus 
 
 1 saks V. 
 
 gas V.B. 
 
 naiks v. 
 
 raps V. 
 
 2 saks v.H. 
 
 gas V. 
 
 nils V.B. 
 
 ras V.B. 
 
 sats V. 
 
 cars b.s. 
 
 nuts V.B. 
 
 rats 
 
 saks V.B. 
 
 cais B. 
 
 • 
 
 paks V. 
 
 raiks v.b. 
 
 sars V. 
 
 caits V. 
 
 pats V.B. 
 
 ruks b. 
 
 srps U.S. 
 
 cyos V.B. 
 
 1 pas V. 
 
 laps B.s. 
 
 skants n.s 
 
 chants v. 
 
 2 pas V. 
 
 les B. 
 
 stamps B. 
 
 jnas V.B. 
 
 pars V.B. 
 
 lops p. B. 
 
 strs V.H. 
 
 tans, tas v.b. 
 
 1 praks 
 
 vans, vasy. v.b. 
 
 spars V. 
 
 taps 
 
 pras V.B. 
 
 vams b. 
 
 syants v. 
 
 tras V.B. 
 
 prais V.B. 
 
 1 vats v. 
 
 svars V. 
 
 tsars V. 
 
 • 
 
 pros s. 
 
 vaks 
 
 ghans s. 
 
 2 dis p. V. 
 
 plos B. 
 
 vitS V.B. 
 
 hais V.B. 
 
 3 dis V. 
 
 bhits B. 
 
 viks V. 
 
 hiis V. 
 
 diks V. 
 
 bhars v.b. 
 
 vars V. 
 
 hvars n. 
 
 dhuks V.B. 
 
 mats 
 
 vrs V.B. 
 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [37.] 
 lkarsB.+ gisB.+ jais dhaks 
 
 gamss.H- chaits tar8s.+ das, dis 
 
 Whitney, Supplement U. 15 
 
226 
 
 Indexes. 
 
 
 draks 
 
 manks 
 
 2 vats 
 
 sthis B. + 
 
 dhis B.+ 
 
 yoks 
 
 vrts 
 
 spraks b.e. 
 
 nais 
 
 yots 
 
 ^raus B. + 
 
 svaps S.+ 
 
 2 praks 
 
 rams v.c. 
 
 sanks b . + 
 
 • 
 
 1 has v.B.E. 
 
 bhuts 
 
 rauts 
 
 SOS B. + 
 
 2 has 
 
 bhaks 
 
 lips v.c. 
 
 sraks 
 
 haus B.+ 
 
 bhais 
 
 vaps B.+ 
 
 staus 
 
 hars 
 
 • 
 
 mans 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. Later Language. [9.] 
 
 
 aps E. 
 
 droks E. 
 
 bhauks 
 
 salts c. 
 
 ces c. 
 
 dhyas e. 
 
 vaits c. 
 
 smars e. 
 
 tyaks 
 
 
 
 
 
 5. is 
 
 -aorist. [174. 
 
 
 
 A. Earlier 
 
 Language. [123.] 
 
 
 aksis V. 
 
 codis V. 
 
 pavis V.B. 
 
 vasis V. 
 
 ajis s. 
 
 japis B. 
 
 puris B. 
 
 va9is B. 
 
 anjis B. 
 
 jambhis v. 
 
 paris V. 
 
 vepis B.s. 
 
 anis V. 
 
 josis V. 
 
 pyayis p. s. 
 
 vegis v. 
 
 avis 
 
 jiirvis v. 
 
 prathis v. 
 
 vesis V. 
 
 asis B.s. 
 
 • 
 
 jaris V. 
 
 badhis v.b. 
 
 varis b. 
 
 indhis b. 
 
 taksis v.s. 
 
 bhavis b. 
 
 varsis v.b. 
 
 idhis s. 
 
 tanis B. 
 
 mathis v.b. 
 
 barhis v. 
 
 1 isis B. 
 
 • • 
 
 taris 
 
 • 
 
 man this v. 
 
 vrajis b. 
 
 Iksis B. 
 
 trasis b. 
 
 mandis v.b. 
 
 9 amis V. 
 
 viksis B. 
 
 tsaris b. 
 
 modis p. V. 
 
 90cis B. 
 
 usis B.s. 
 
 dambhis 
 
 mosis V.B. 
 
 9aris v.b. 
 
 1 uhis B. 
 
 • 
 
 dasis V. 
 
 mar j is b. 
 
 9nathis v. 
 
 2 uhis V. 
 
 dadis V. 
 
 mardhis v.b. 
 
 9ramis v.b. 
 
 artis B. 
 
 • 
 
 diksis B. 
 
 mar sis v. 
 
 sthavis i!.s 
 
 ardhis b. 
 
 dosis B. 
 
 yatis B. 
 
 sadis B. 
 
 edhis p. v.B. 
 
 drnhis b. 
 
 yamis v. 
 
 sanis v. 
 
 kanis v. 
 
 dhanvis v.b. 
 
 1 yavis v. 
 
 sahis V. 
 
 1 karis v. 
 
 dhayis v. 
 
 2 yavis v. 
 
 savis V.B. 
 
 2 karis v. 
 
 1 dhavis b. 
 
 yodhis v. 
 
 stanis v. 
 
 kartis b. 
 
 2 dhavis v. 
 
 ran dhis v. 
 
 stambhis v 
 
 krapis v. 
 
 dhinvis b. 
 
 ranis v. 
 
 • • 
 
 stavis B.s. 
 
 kramis v.b. 
 
 • 
 
 dhurvis b. 
 
 raj is V. 
 
 staris v. 
 
 ksanis v. 
 
 • • • 
 
 dh arsis b. 
 
 • • 
 
 radhis v.b. 
 
 spharis v. 
 
 gamis v.B. 
 
 dhrajis p. b. 
 
 1 ravis v. 
 
 sransis b. 
 
 garis V. 
 
 dhvanis v. 
 
 2 ravis v.b. 
 
 sravis b. 
 
 grabhis v.b. 
 
 nindis v.s. 
 
 lekhis B.s. 
 
 svanis v. 
 
 eanis v. 
 
 navis v. 
 
 lecjis B. 
 
 svaris b. 
 
 caris 
 
 nudis V. 
 
 auksis V. 
 
 hanis b. 
 
 cayis v. 
 
 nartis v. 
 
 vanis v.b. 
 
 hidis b. 
 
 cay is v. 
 
 panis V. 
 
 vandis p. v. 
 
 
III. Aorist-Stems. 
 
 227 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [21. 
 
 a(jis 
 
 nayis v.s.c. 
 
 rocis n. + 
 
 vyathis 
 
 grahis 
 
 bodhis T.c. 
 
 vadi's 
 
 (;ari8i§ 
 
 janis 
 
 madis 
 
 vadhis 
 
 9ayi§ 
 
 jayis B.C. 
 
 yacis 
 
 vedis 11.+ 
 
 sedhi? v.E 
 
 jivis 
 
 raksis 
 
 vardhis h. + 
 
 hiftsis 
 
 jvalis U.+ 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. Later 
 
 Laugnage, [16.] 
 
 
 2 isis 
 
 grasis c. 
 
 majjis E. 
 
 Qankis 
 
 ujhis c. 
 
 dalis c. 
 
 raudis c. 
 
 • 
 
 9va8iB ( . 
 
 kopis E. 
 
 devis E. 
 
 vaqiB E. 
 
 sthayis c. 
 
 krandis c. 
 
 bhasis c. 
 
 vartis e. 
 
 smayis p.. 
 
 Here are added , without classification by periods , the is-aorists from desld- 
 erative and causative conjugation-stems. [14.] 
 
 cikirsis b. jijnasis b. mimansis b. 
 
 ipsis b. 
 irtsis V. 
 
 ilayis v. 
 dhvanayis v. 
 
 cikitsis V. 
 
 pyayayis b. 
 vyathayis v. 
 
 dhitsis K. 
 
 ghatayis v. 
 
 jighansis b. 
 
 hladayis c. 
 
 6. sis-aorist, [i9.] 
 
 In this aorist and the one following, the numbers being so small, the 
 headings of the divisions are omitted. From those of the sis-stems that are 
 followed by a question, no forms have been met with that might not belong to 
 
 the B-aorist (2d and 3d singular), 
 gasis v.B. dhyasis B. bhuksis p. b.s. vansis ;>. v. 
 
 jyasis b. pyasis p. v.b.s. ramsis v. vasis'.'B. 
 
 drasis? B. hvasis'.' b. [lo.] 
 
 jnasis B.+ 
 glasis? E. 
 
 yasis V. + 
 dhmasis? c. 
 
 hasis V. + 
 
 namsis ? c. 
 pasisv c. 
 
 [3.] 
 
 mnasis c. [c] 
 mlasis ? b. 
 
 krksa b. 
 kruksa v.b. 
 ghviksa v.B. 
 dhiksa b. 
 
 diksa B.C. 
 
 7. sa-aorist. [lo.] 
 
 drksa b. 
 druksa b. 
 dviksa v. 
 
 piksa B. 
 miksa b. 
 ruksa v.b.s. 
 
 dhiiksa, du- v. + 1 mrksa v. + 
 2 mrksa v.e. 
 
 liksa s. 
 
 1 vrksa v.b. 
 
 2 vrksa b. 
 sprksa v.n. n.j 
 
 viksa B.C. 
 
 lo- 
 
 ts. 
 
22S 
 
 Indexes. 
 
 IV. FUTURE STEMS. [347.] 
 
 La. Sibilant Future without i. [131.] 
 
 If from any root 
 
 there are made botl 
 
 1 a future-stem withou 
 
 t and one with i. 
 
 
 each of the stems has a + prefixed to it. 
 
 
 
 A. Earlier 
 
 Language. [46.] 
 
 
 atsya b.s. 
 
 2 dasya s. 
 
 meksya 
 
 varksya b. 
 
 + arksya b. 
 
 + dr apsya b. 
 
 2 mesya b. 
 
 vraksya b. 
 
 + kartsya v. 
 
 drasya b. 
 
 mraksya b. 
 
 vlesya b. 
 
 + kraksya b.s. 
 
 drosya e. 
 
 marksya b.s. 
 
 9atsya v. 
 
 + klapsya b. 
 
 dhroksya b. 
 
 mlasya b. 
 
 9eksya b. 
 
 kresya b.s. 
 
 + namsya b. 
 
 yapsya b.s. 
 
 + satsya b.s. 
 
 1 ksesya v. 
 
 peksya b. 
 
 + yamsya b. 
 
 + 1 sosya s. 
 
 + 2 ksesya b. 
 
 plosya b. 
 
 ratsya 
 
 sarpsya b. 
 
 cyosya b. 
 
 + bhantsya b.s. 
 
 reksya b. 
 
 skantsya b. 
 
 jyasya b. 
 
 + bhaksya b. 
 
 + vapsya b.s. 
 
 syantsya b. 
 
 tansya b. 
 
 bhesya b. 
 
 1 vatsya b. 
 
 + h vasya s. 
 
 trapsya b. 
 
 1 mesya b. 
 
 
 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [5'J.] 
 
 
 apsya b. + 
 
 draksya b.+ 
 
 yaksya 
 
 9aksya b.+ 
 
 + esya 
 
 1 dhasya b.+ 
 
 yasya 
 
 9rosya b.+ 
 
 + kramsya 
 
 + nesya 
 
 yoksya 
 
 + saksya 
 
 khyasya b.+ 
 
 notsya b.e. 
 
 yotsya b.+ 
 
 seksya b.b. 
 
 gasya b. + 
 
 paksya b. + 
 
 ramsya b.+ 
 
 + 2 sosya b.+ 
 
 gopsya 
 
 patsya b.+ 
 
 rotsya b. + 
 
 siisya v.c. 
 
 1 eesya b. + 
 
 pasya b.+ 
 
 + roksya b. + 
 
 sraksya b. + 
 
 chetsya b.+ 
 
 praksya b.+ 
 
 + lapsya b. + 
 
 srapsya b.+ 
 
 + jesya 
 
 bhotsya b.e. 
 
 1 vaksya 
 
 + stosya B.+ 
 
 jnasya b. + 
 
 bhasya b. + 
 
 + 3 vatsya b. + 
 
 sthasya b. + 
 
 + tapsya b. + 
 
 bhetsya b. + 
 
 + 2 vaksya 
 
 + svapsya b. + 
 
 trasya b.+ 
 
 bhoksya s. + 
 
 2 vetsya b. + 
 
 1 hasya 
 
 + dhaksya 
 
 + manksya b. + 
 
 2 veksya b. + 
 
 2 hasya b.e. 
 
 1 dasya 
 
 + mansya b.+ 
 
 3 veksya b. + 
 
 hosya 
 
 deksya s. + 
 
 moksya b.+ 
 
 + 1 vartsya 
 
 
 
 C. Later Language. [26.1 
 
 
 + ksamsya e. 
 
 dhyasya e. 
 
 1 veksya c. 
 
 + 1 setsya e. 
 
 ksepsya 
 
 + nafiksya e.+ 
 
 + 1 vetsya 
 
 2 setsya 
 
 2 cesya e. 
 
 bhanksya e. 
 
 2 vartsya c. 
 
 snasya 
 
 jasya e. 
 
 + raksya e. 
 
 3 vetsya e. 
 
 spraksya e. 
 
 + tyaksya e. 
 
 rapsya 
 
 + (jesya e. 
 
 + hansya e. 
 
 dhoksya c. 
 
 2 vatsya c. 
 
 sisya e. 
 
 hesya e .+ 
 
 2 dhasya e. 
 
 vasya c. 
 
 
 
IV. Future Stems. 
 
 229 
 
 lb. Sibilant Future with i. [isft.] 
 
 The prefixed sign + shows that from the same root is also made a futurc-ct/^ra 
 
 without i. 
 
 A. Earlier Language. [^4.] 
 
 anisya b. 
 avisya v.b. 
 a9nuvisya b. 
 indhisya s. 
 esisya b. 
 i9isya b. 
 uksisya b.s. 
 arisya b. 
 artisya v. 
 ardhisya b. 
 kamisya b. 
 
 aqisya b. + 
 asisya 
 asisya b.+ 
 + ayisya b.+ 
 iksisya b. + 
 
 1 karisya 
 
 + kramisya b. + 
 + ksamisya b. + 
 
 khanisya b.+ 
 
 gamisya 
 
 2 garisya b.c. 
 
 atisya e. 
 + arcisya c. 
 
 2 karisya e. 
 + kartisya c. 
 + kalpisya c. 
 
 kridisya c. 
 + ksayisya e. 
 
 khadisya e. 
 
 gadisya e. 
 
 gahisya 
 
 grasisya 
 
 glahisya e. 
 
 ghatisya c. 
 
 calisya 
 
 kasisya b. 
 + karsisya ». 
 + khy ayisya n. 
 
 1 garisya s. 
 
 gardhisya b. 
 
 granthisya b. 
 
 japisya b. 
 
 jinvisya b. 
 
 daksisya b. 
 
 daghisya b. 
 
 dadisya b. 
 
 + darpisya b. 
 
 dyotisya b. 
 
 dhavisya h.s. 
 
 prosisya b. 
 
 manthisyaB.s. 
 + manisya v.b. 
 
 mohisya b. 
 
 mardisya b. 
 
 mradisya b. 
 
 vanisya s. 
 
 vayisya v. 
 
 B. Earlier and Later 
 
 grahisya b. + 
 
 carisya n.+ 
 
 j anisya 
 + jayisya b.e. 
 
 jivisya b. + 
 
 jvalisya b. + 
 
 tarisya s.+ 
 
 diksisya b. + 
 
 dharisya 
 + na9isya 
 + nayisya b. + 
 
 Language 
 patisya 
 bhavisya 
 bharisya 
 mathisya b. 
 milisya b. + 
 marisya 
 yatisya b.+ 
 yacisya b.+ 
 lapisya b. + 
 vadisya 
 varsisya b.e 
 
 43.] 
 
 C. Later 
 
 jvarisya e. 
 + tapisya e. 
 + tyajisya 
 
 trasisya e. 
 
 dadisya e. 
 
 dalisya c. 
 + dahisya 
 
 devisya 
 
 dhamisya 
 
 dhavisya c. 
 
 nandisya e. 
 + namisya c. 
 
 nartisya c. 
 
 phalisya 
 
 Language. [71.] 
 + bandhisya 
 
 badhisya 
 + bhajisya e. + 
 
 bhasisya o. 
 
 bhiksisya e. 
 
 bhramisya c. 
 
 bhrajisya e. 
 + majjisya e. 
 
 margisya e. 
 
 modisya e. 
 + yamisya c. 
 + raksisya b. 
 
 racisya c. 
 
 rocisya e. 
 
 + vedisya b. 
 
 varisya «. 
 
 vyayisya s. 
 
 (jansisya b.h. 
 
 9a8i8ya h. 
 
 (jarisya h. 
 
 sanisya v.b. 
 + 1 savisya n. 
 + stavisya v. 
 + hvayisya b. 
 
 hvadisya b. 
 
 vrajisya ». + 
 
 9a8i8ya h. + 
 + (jayisya b.+ 
 
 qrayisya b. + 
 
 sarisya 
 
 starisya h.c. 
 + svapisya v.b. 
 + hanisya 
 
 hinsisya b.+ 
 
 harisya b. + 
 
 rodisya c. 
 + rohisya e. 
 
 lagisya c. 
 + labhisya c. 
 
 lambisya 
 
 lasisya c. 
 
 likhisya c. 
 
 lunthisya c. 
 
 vadhisya 
 + vapisya 
 + vasisya k. 
 + vahisya 
 
 vijisya, vej- 
 + varti^ya 
 
230 
 
 Indexes. 
 
 9apisya b. 
 (jocisya 
 gobhisya b. 
 9vasisya b. 
 
 + sidisya c. 
 + sahisya 
 + sedhisya c. 
 + 2 savisya 
 
 sevisya e. 
 sphutisya e. 
 smarisya e. 
 sravisya e. 
 
 avajisya e. 
 
 hasisya 
 
 jahisya 
 
 apta B. 
 ardhita b. 
 kamita b. 
 jnata b. 
 dhata b. 
 
 eta B.+ 
 karta s. + 
 gamta b.+ 
 
 avita c. 
 grahita e. 
 ghattita e. 
 ceta e. 
 tayita c. 
 tapta E. 
 drasta e. 
 
 • « 
 
 dharta c. 
 
 2. Periphrastic Future, [ss.] 
 
 A. Earlier Language. [18.] 
 
 dhyata b. yuvita b. 
 
 pakta B. yokta b. 
 
 bharta b. vodha b. 
 
 mrasta v. vedita b. 
 yasta i . 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [10. 
 janitaB. + bhavita b.e. 
 
 jeta k.e. vaktaB. + 
 
 data b.e. 
 
 C. Later Language. [30.] 
 
 na9ita e. 
 nindita e. 
 neta, nayita e. 
 patita E. 
 bhankta e. 
 bhokta E. 
 mathita e. 
 yata 
 
 yoddha e. 
 raksita 
 rata c. 
 labdha b. 
 vetta E. 
 vesta E. 
 veddha e. 
 
 vartita b. 
 vrasta b. 
 sota B. 
 srasta b. 
 
 Qayita b.c. 
 harta b.e. 
 
 9ramita e. 
 9rota E. 
 sodha 
 sthata 
 smarta e. 
 svapta E. 
 hanta e. 
 
 V. SECONDA.RY CONJUGATION-STEMS. [115.3.I 
 
 1. Passive Stems. [259.] 
 
 For causative passives etc., see under VI. 
 
 A. Earlier Language. [37.] 
 
 1 ajya v. 
 
 tayya p. 
 
 madya v. 
 
 vrhya b. 
 
 amy a b. 
 
 tujya V. 
 
 3 miya v. 
 
 2 viya b. 
 
 rcya v. 
 
 trhya v. 
 
 4 miya b. 
 
 vr9eya v.b 
 
 udya V. 
 
 dabhya v. 
 
 mui-ya b. 
 
 vliya B. 
 
 kriidya b. 
 
 dadya v. 
 
 riphya s. 
 
 2 9iya b. 
 
 gupya B. 
 
 nidya v. 
 
 ribliya v. 
 
 sadya b. 
 
 ghriya b. 
 
 panya v. 
 
 uya B.s. 
 
 skuya i^. 
 
 cayya b. 
 
 pi9ya v. 
 
 1 viya V.B. 
 
 striya b. 
 
 crtya b. 
 
 psiya B. 
 
 vrjya 
 
 sphiya r. 
 
 2 jiya v.b. 
 
 
 
 
V. Secokdary Conjugation-Stems. 
 
 231 
 
 
 B. Earlier and Lat( 
 
 ;r Language. [t05.] 
 
 
 acya 
 
 jivya B. + 
 
 prchya 
 
 uhya 
 
 2 ajya 
 
 jnaya 
 
 badhya 
 
 vicya 
 
 adya h. + 
 
 taya 
 
 1 bhajya 
 
 2 vidya 
 
 aqya 
 
 tapya 
 
 2 bhajya 
 
 visya it.+ 
 
 asya 
 
 dahya 
 
 bhidya a. + 
 
 2 vriya s.r. 
 
 apya b. + 
 
 1 diya 
 
 2 bhujya b. + 
 
 1 qaaya 
 
 idhya 
 
 2 diya 
 
 bhuya b.+ 
 
 2 q&Bya. ii.+ 
 
 iksya s.+ 
 
 duya B. + 
 
 bhriya 
 
 2 Qisya 
 
 nksya b.+ 
 
 duhya 
 
 mathya 
 
 Qirya 
 
 tihya B. + 
 
 dirya b. + 
 
 mucya 
 
 9rtya k. + 
 
 rdhya 
 
 driya b.+ 
 
 mriya 
 
 (jruya 
 
 kriya 
 
 drQya 
 
 mrjya 
 
 sajya u. + 
 
 kirya b. + 
 
 dhamya 
 
 mrdya b.+ 
 
 sicya 
 
 krtya 
 
 dhmaya b. + 
 
 yamya 
 
 1 suya 
 
 krsya b. + 
 
 dhiya 
 
 yujya 
 
 2 suya 
 
 kramya s.+ 
 
 dtiuya 
 
 raksya k.+ 
 
 srjya 
 
 kriya b. + 
 
 dhriya 
 
 ricya 
 
 stuya 
 
 ksiya 
 
 dhvasya b.c. 
 
 rudhya 
 
 stirya s. + 
 
 kh ay a b. + 
 
 namya b.+ 
 
 labhya b.+ 
 
 sthiya i!.+ 
 
 khyaya b. + 
 
 niya 
 
 likhya s.+ 
 
 smarya b. 
 
 gamya 
 
 pacya 
 
 lipya B.+ 
 
 hanya 
 
 giya 
 
 piya 
 
 lupya 
 
 1 hiya 
 
 guhya 
 
 pisya B. + 
 
 ucya 
 
 hinsya 
 
 grhya 
 
 puya 
 
 vaeya 
 
 1 huya 
 
 carya b. + 
 
 purya b. + 
 
 udya 
 
 2 huya 
 
 1 ciya b. + 
 
 prcya 
 
 upya 
 
 hriya 
 
 chidya 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. Later Language. [117.] 
 
 
 asya 
 
 girya e. 
 
 j vary a c. 
 
 nathya c. 
 
 iya c. 
 
 grathya c. 
 
 diya c. 
 
 nijya 
 
 isya 
 
 grasya e. 
 
 tanya c. 
 
 nindya c. 
 
 Idya c. 
 
 ghusya 
 
 tudya 
 
 nuya 
 
 usya c. 
 
 ghrsya 
 
 tirya e. 
 
 nrtya c. 
 
 kucya c. 
 
 ghraya c. 
 
 tyajya 
 
 pathya 
 
 krugya e. 
 
 caksya 
 
 traya c. 
 
 panya e. 
 
 ksamya 
 
 carvya c. 
 
 dacjya e. 
 
 putya c. 
 
 ksipya 
 
 2 eiya c. 
 
 dlQya 
 
 pusya c. 
 
 khanya 
 
 eumbya c. 
 
 dihya c 
 
 priya 
 
 khadya c. 
 
 cusya c. 
 
 dhavya c. 
 
 plusya c. 
 
 khidya 
 
 japya e. 
 
 dhyaya c. 
 
 badhya 
 
 gadya 
 
 jalpya c. 
 
 nadya e. 
 
 budhya c 
 
 garhya c. 
 
 1 jiya 
 
 nandya c. 
 
 bhanya c. 
 
 gahya 
 
 jirya c. 
 
 nahya c. 
 
 bhasya 
 
232 
 
 Indexes. 
 
 1 bhujya c. 
 bhrjjya 
 manya c. 
 
 1 miya 
 
 2 miya c. 
 milya c. 
 musya 
 inr9ya 
 mrsya e. 
 xtinaya c. 
 ijya 
 yatya c. 
 yaya e. 
 yacya 
 yudhya 
 
 rajya c. 
 rabhya 
 ramya 
 radhya c. 
 rujya e. 
 rudya c. 
 ruhya e. 
 lapya c. 
 lambya 
 lihya e. 
 vantya c. 
 vadhya 
 vandya 
 usya 
 
 vanchya c 
 vaqya c. 
 1 vidya c. 
 vi9ya c. 
 1 vriya e. 
 vidhya e. 
 vrajya c. 
 9akya 
 9ankya c. 
 9apya c. 
 (jamya 
 9asya 
 1 9isya c. 
 1 9iya e. 
 
 9ramya 
 9laghya 
 9liBya c. 
 sahya c. 
 siya 
 sidhya 
 srpya 
 sevya 
 stabhya c. 
 spr9ya 
 syandya c. 
 supya 
 hasya c. 
 2 hiya c. 
 
 2, Intensive Stems. [i67.] 
 A + prefixed shows that there is another stem from the same root in another 
 
 division. 
 
 A. Earlier Language 
 totudya s. 
 
 lyay b. 
 alar v. 
 caka9, -9ya 
 karikr, carikr 
 
 V.B. 
 
 carkr v. 
 carkrs v.b. 
 kanikrand, 
 
 -kradya v.b. 
 canikhud s. 
 kanikhun b. 
 + ganigam v.b. 
 + jagam v. 
 + galgal B. 
 jangah v, 
 
 jOgU V.B. 
 
 1 jargur v. 
 
 2 jargur, jal- 
 gul V. 
 
 + earcar v.b. 
 ealcal, cacalv.B. 
 janjapya b. 
 + janjabh v.s. 
 tantas v. 
 tetij V.B. 
 tavitu V. 
 
 tartr , tartur, 
 
 taritr v. 
 tatrasya b. 
 danda9 v. 
 dedi9, -9ya v.b. 
 dedi B. 
 
 dardr, dadr v.b. 
 davidyut v.b. 
 dandramya b. 
 dodru B. 
 dedhi B. 
 + davidhu v. 
 dardlir, dadhr 
 
 V.B. 
 
 nannam, -mya 
 navinu, nonu v. 
 nonudya b. 
 papat V. 
 panipan v.b. 
 pepi9 V.B. 
 popruth V. 
 paniphan, para- 
 
 phan v.s. 
 parphar v. 
 balbal b. 
 
 [105.] 
 
 babadh , bad- 
 
 badli V.B. 
 barbrh v. 
 jarbhiu' v. 
 + jarbhr, bhari- 
 
 bhr V. 
 
 1 memi v. 
 memih b. 
 
 2 memi v. 
 
 + momiih s. 
 marmrj, -jya, 
 
 marimrjya 
 marmrd v. 
 marmr9, mari- 
 
 mr9ya v.b. 
 mamrs s. 
 
 • • 
 
 malimlue s. 
 yanyam. v. 
 
 1 yoyu v. 
 
 2 yoyu v.b. 
 yaviyTidh v. 
 yoyupya b.s. 
 raraj v. 
 rarandh v. 
 rarap v. 
 rerih, -hya v.b. 
 
 2 roru v. 
 roruc V. 
 + lalap V.B. 
 leli B.s. 
 vavae v. 
 vavad, -dya v.b. 
 v£inivan v. 
 + vanivahya b.s. 
 + vava9 v. 
 vevic s. 
 vevij, -jya v. 
 vevid v. 
 vevis, -sya v.b. 
 vevi, -iya v.b. 
 varivr v.b. 
 varivrj v, 
 varvrt, varivrt, 
 
 -tya V.B. 
 vevliya b. 
 
 9O9UC V.B. 
 
 9U9UJ V. 
 cani9cad v. 
 9a9vas v. 
 sanisan v. 
 sesidh v. 
 
 SOSU V. 
 
V. Secondary CoNjrGATiox-STEMS. 
 
 •2;n 
 
 sarsr v. coskuya v. 
 
 + sarisrpya b. tanstan v. 
 
 kaniskand, ea- panispad v. 
 
 niskad v. sanisyad v.u. 
 
 sanisras v. 
 sanisvan v. 
 janghan , 
 v.u. 
 
 •nya 
 
 ghanighan v. 
 jarhya v.n. 
 
 cankram, -mya 
 
 + jaugam b. + 
 
 jagr 
 
 + carcurya 
 
 cekit v.c. 
 
 + janjabhya b.+ 
 
 jagadya c. 
 + galgalya c 
 jegiya 
 jaghat c. 
 jajam e. 
 jarijrmbh c. 
 jajval, -lya 
 tatapya 
 dandah, -hya c. 
 dedipya 
 daridr9ya c. 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [21.] 
 daridra n.c. pepiya m.c. 
 
 + dodhu v.E. popluya b. + 
 
 nanad, -dya bobudh u.c. 
 
 nenij bobhu 
 
 neniya yayaj b.+ 
 
 C. Later Language. [41.] 
 
 dadhmaya c. 
 + dodhuya 
 dandhvan e. 
 nanardya c. 
 narinrt, -tya c. 
 papacya c. 
 papath, -thya c. 
 panipadya c. 
 bobhuj, -jya c. 
 + baribhr c. 
 
 bambhram, 
 
 -mya c. 
 + momuhya b. 
 marlmr c. 
 
 • 
 
 rarat 
 rarasya e. 
 + roruya 
 rorud, -dya 
 rorudh e. 
 + lalapya 
 + lelihya 
 
 y&yS H.+ 
 + 1 roru 
 + lelih II. + 
 lolup, -pya B. + 
 johu 
 
 loluth c. 
 lolubhya c. 
 + vavah c. 
 + vavaqya k. 
 90(jubhya e. 
 + sarisrp c. 
 jahasya e. 
 johu c. 
 jarihr c. 
 jehriya c. 
 
 3. Desiderative Stems. [i62.] 
 
 A prefixed + in either class indicates that from the same root is made also a 
 
 stem of the other class. 
 
 a. Stems without i. [122.] 
 
 A. Pearlier Language. [4S.] 
 
 titrpsa V. 
 dip-, dhipsa v.b. 
 dhlksa b. 
 didasa 
 didhisa v. 
 dhisa V. 
 didhyasa b. 
 dudhiirsa v.b. 
 
 irtsa V.B. 
 cuksusa B. 
 jigasa B. 
 juguksa V. 
 + clear sa b. 
 
 • 
 
 2 cikisa 
 ciksisa B. 
 cichitsa b. 
 +jujyusa,jijy-B. 
 jijyasa v.b. 
 tutursa v. 
 titrtsa V.B. 
 
 inaksa v. 
 ninitsa v.s. 
 pipisa V. 
 piprisa V. 
 
 mimiksa 
 iyaksa v.b. 
 yiyapsa s. 
 yiyamsa h. 
 yuyiisa v, 
 ririkaa v. 
 1 ruruksa v. 
 vivasa v. 
 vivatsa b. 
 vivrksa b, 
 vivrtsa v.h. 
 vivyatsa b. 
 
 (juquksa v. 
 (ju9ut8a s. 
 (ji9lik8a v. 
 sisafiksa b. 
 sisasa v.b. 
 siksa V.B. 
 sisirsa b. 
 tistirsa b. 
 tustur^a U.S. 
 jihisa V. 
 
 1 jvihiiBa s. 
 
 2 juhusa H. 
 
234 
 
 Indexes. 
 
 Ipsa 
 cikirsa 
 + jigamsa 
 1 jigisa v.c. 
 + jugupsa B.+ 
 + jighrksa b.+ 
 jighatsa 
 
 1 cikisa b. + 
 cikitsa 
 
 2 jigisa 
 jijnasa 
 titiksa 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [4 4.] 
 
 titirsa B.+ bibhitsa v.e. 
 
 ditsa bubhiisa 
 
 duduksa , du- bubhursa b. + 
 
 dhu- v.c. mimansa 
 
 didrksa mumuksa 
 
 • • • 
 
 dudruksa , du- moksa b. + 
 
 dh.ru- B.C. mumxirsa s.+ 
 
 dhitsa yuyutsa 
 
 ninisa ripsa b.c. 
 
 2 pitsa B.C. rurutsa b. + 
 
 pipasa 2 ruruksa 
 + bibhatsa 
 
 lipsa 
 
 vivaksa b. + 
 2 vivitsa B. + 
 (jiksa 
 9U9inisa 
 sisrksa b. + 
 sisrpsa 
 tisthasa b. + 
 susupsa B.+ 
 jighansa 
 jihirsa 
 
 C. Later Language. [30.] 
 
 cikrisa c. 
 ciksipsa c. 
 cikhyasa c. 
 cieisa c. 
 titansa c. 
 tityaksa c. 
 didhaksa 
 didiksa c. 
 
 didrasa c. 
 didhirsa c. 
 ninamsa c. 
 nunutsa c. 
 + 1 pitsa c. 
 pupiisa c. 
 + piprksa c. 
 bubhutsa c. 
 
 bubhuksa 
 mimanksa c. 
 mitsa c. 
 yiyaksa e. 
 yiyasa 
 yuyuksa 
 riramsa 
 
 + 1 vivitsa c. 
 
 1 viviksa 
 
 2 viviksa e. 
 tustusa c. 
 sisnasa e. 
 pisprksa 
 jihasa c. 
 
 edidhisa b. 
 eikramisa e. 
 + jigrahisa b. 
 
 b. Stems with i. [40.] 
 
 A. Earlier Language. [12.] 
 
 + pipatisa v.b. 
 
 + cicarisa b. 
 jijanisa b. 
 didiksisa b. 
 
 rurucisa b. 
 vivadisa b.s. 
 
 9i9asisa s. 
 tistighisa b. 
 jihinsisa b. 
 
 a9i9isa b.+ 
 + jigaraisa b.+ 
 
 esisisa c. 
 iciksisa c. 
 cikartisa c. 
 cikridisa c. 
 cikhadisa 
 jigadisa b. 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [5.] 
 + jijivisa b.+ + bibadhisa b.c. + vividisa b. 
 
 C. Later Language. [23. 
 
 + jugupisa e. 
 cicalisa c. 
 eucurabisa c. 
 ninartisa c. 
 + piprchisa c. 
 bibhaksisa e. 
 
 For desideratives from causatives, 
 
 bibhanisa c. 
 mimardisa e. 
 riraksisa b. 
 rurudisa c. 
 vivandisa c. 
 vivarsisa e. 
 
 see telow, under VI. 
 
 vivrajisa c. 
 9i9ayisa c. 
 9U9obh.isa c. 
 9i9arisa c. 
 9i9raniisa c. 
 
V. Secondary CoyjvGh/rvj^r&^uk. 
 
 ry 
 
 •23:) 
 
 X-. -7^ 
 
 amaya v.b. 
 avaya v.b. 
 2 asaya b. 
 ilaya v.b.s. 
 isaya rv. 
 krntaya s. 
 krpaya v.b. 
 krathaya b. 
 krudaya b. 
 
 1 ksayaya v. 
 gadaya s. 
 gayaya b. 
 gulphaya s. 
 gurdhaya v. 
 grbhaya v. 
 grasaya b.s. 
 eaksaya v.b. 
 
 2 cataya v.b. 
 citaya v. 
 chadaya v.b. 
 chayaya b. 
 jambhaya v.b. 
 jyotaya v. 
 tansaya v.b. 
 tamaya b.s. 
 
 anjaya s.+ 
 adaya b. + 
 anaya 
 arc ay a 
 arhaya s. + 
 a9aya e.+ 
 1 apaya b. + 
 ingaya 
 iksaya 
 inkhaya 
 iraya 
 uksaya s.+ 
 arjaya s.+ 
 ardaya 
 ardhaya 
 
 4. Causative Stems. ^Ifs^^- 
 A. Earlier Laugaage. fioo.] 
 
 tujaya v. 
 to9aya v. 
 tusaya v. 
 turaya v. 
 tardaya s. 
 dans ay a v. 
 daksaya b. 
 dambhaya v.b. 
 dasaya v.b. 
 da9aya b. 
 drnhaya 
 dyutaya v. 
 dhanaya v. 
 dhvasaya v. 
 dhvanaya v.b. 
 nabhaya b. 
 nambhaya b.s. 
 nardaya b. 
 navaya b. 
 pathaya b.s. 
 panaya v. 
 spaqaya 
 pinvaya b. 
 prothaya s. 
 phanaya 
 
 banhaya n. 
 barhaya v. 
 bhra9aya v. 
 manhaya v. 
 mantaya b. 
 mandaya v. 
 meksaya b.s. 
 mai'caya 
 mradaya b. 
 y&vaya v.b. 
 yopaya 
 ranhaya v. 
 raj ay a v. 
 1 ranaya v. 
 risaya v. 
 rucaya v. 
 
 1 ropaya b. 
 rejaya v. 
 limp ay a s. 
 uksaya v. 
 vaksaya v. 
 vajaya 
 vataya v. 
 vanaya v. 
 
 2 vapaya s. 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [231. 
 
 ejaya b.c. 
 edhaya s.+ 
 kamaya 
 kampaya b.+ 
 kalaya b.+ 
 ka9aya 
 kopaya 
 kudaya 
 kiilaya s. + 
 karaya b.+ 
 1 kartaya s. + 
 kar9aya 
 kalpaya 
 krandaya 
 kramay a b. + 
 
 kridaya s. + 
 krodhaya 
 kledaya s. + 
 kvathaya s.+ 
 ksaraya b. + 
 ksalaya )i.+ 
 ksodaya v.c. 
 khanaya s. + 
 gamaya 
 garhaya b. + 
 guhaya 3.+ 
 grahaya b.+ 
 ghosaya 
 gharaya 
 camaya n. + 
 
 valgaya s. 
 
 1 vasaya v.u. 
 va9aya v.s. 
 vipaya v. 
 vidaya 
 barhaya v. 
 9injaya b.h. 
 9ucaya v. 
 9iindhaya v.u. 
 9ubhaya v.u. 
 9C0taya n.s. 
 9nathaya v. 
 9yayaya u. 
 9rathaya v.u. 
 9vancaya v. 
 sapaya b. 
 savaya s. 
 sphavaya u. 
 srevaya v. 
 9rivaya v. 
 
 2 hasaya v. 
 hedaya v. 
 hiirchaya n. 
 hvalaya n. 
 hvaraya n. 
 
 car ay a b. + 
 
 cetaya 
 
 cintaya n. + 
 
 codaya 
 
 cestaya h. + 
 
 cyavaya 
 
 chadaya 
 
 chandaya 
 
 chedaya s. + 
 
 chardaya >;. + 
 
 j anaya 
 
 jasaya b. + 
 
 jivaya 
 
 josaya 
 
 jaraya 
 
236 
 
 Indexes. 
 
 jvalaya b.+ 
 
 tanaya v.c. 
 
 tapaya 
 
 tosaya b. + 
 
 taraya 
 
 tarpaya 
 
 tarsaya b.+ 
 
 trasaya 
 
 tvSraya 
 
 dan9aya s.+ 
 
 damaya 
 
 diksaya b. + 
 
 dip ay a 
 
 dusaya 
 
 dohaya b.+ 
 
 daraya 
 
 dar9aya 
 
 dyotaya 
 
 dravaya 
 
 1 dhavaya 
 
 2 dhavaya b.+ 
 dharaya 
 dharsaya b.+ 
 dhvansaya b. + 
 dhvanaya v.c. 
 nadaya v.e. 
 nandaya e.+ 
 namaya 
 na9aya 
 nahaya s. + 
 nejaya b.+ 
 nodaya b.+ 
 nartaya 
 pacaya b. + 
 pataya b.+ 
 pataya 
 padaya 
 payaya 
 pesaya s. + 
 pidaya 
 posaya 
 pavaya b.+ 
 pujaya s. + 
 
 puraya 
 1 par ay a 
 pyayaya 
 prathaya 
 prinaya s.+ 
 plSvaya b. + 
 bandhaya b.+ 
 badhaya 
 bodhaya 
 bhaksaya 
 bhajaya 
 bhalaya b.c. 
 bhasaya b.+ 
 bhasaya b. + 
 bhayaya b.c. 
 bhisaya b.+ 
 bhojaya 
 bhavaya 
 bhramaya s.+ 
 mahaya 
 majjaya b. + 
 manthaya s. + 
 madaya 
 manaya 
 mehaya v.c. 
 milaya b.+ 
 modaya b.+ 
 mohaya v.+ 
 murchaya b.+ 
 maraya 
 marjaya 
 mrdaya 
 inar9aya b. 
 medaya 
 yajaya b. 
 yataya 
 yamaya 
 yacaya 
 yodhaya 
 raksaya b.c. 
 randhaya v. + 
 ramaya 
 rahaya s.+ 
 
 rajaya 
 radhaya 
 reeaya b. + 
 resaya 
 ravaya s. + 
 rocaya 
 rodaya 
 rohaya 
 2 ropaya b. + 
 1 lapaya 
 lambhaya b. + 
 lekhaya s.+ 
 lehaya b. + 
 lopaya b. + 
 lobhaya 
 vacaya b.+ 
 vaneaya b. + 
 vadaya b. + 
 
 1 vapaya b. + 
 
 2 vasaya 
 
 3 vasaya 
 
 1 vahaya b.+ 
 
 vejaya b.+ 
 
 1 vedaya 
 
 vepaya 
 
 ve9aya 
 
 vestaya 
 
 1 varaya 
 
 varjaya 
 
 vartaya 
 
 vardhaya 
 
 varsaya 
 
 vyathaya 
 
 vyadhaya b.c. 
 
 vrajaya b.+ 
 
 9ansaya 
 
 9ataya 
 
 9apaya 
 
 1 9amaya 
 
 9ayaya s.+ 
 
 90caya 
 
 9odhaya b. + 
 
 9obhaya 
 
 908aya 
 9ardhaya v.c. 
 9ranaya s. + 
 9ramaya s. + 
 9rambhaya s. + 
 9ravaya 
 9lesaya b. + 
 9vasaya 
 sadaya 
 sayaya b.+ 
 sadhaya v. + 
 secaya s.+ 
 sedhaya s. + 
 sudaya 
 saraya 
 sarjaya 
 sarpaya s. + 
 skandaya b. + 
 stanaya 
 stavaya b. + 
 stobhaya v.c. 
 snehaya v.c. 
 spandaya b. + 
 spar9aya 
 sprhaya 
 sphalaya b.c 
 sphurjaya 
 syandaya 
 aransaya 
 sravaya 
 svadaya 
 svanaya v.c. 
 s vapaya 
 svaraya 
 s vedaya b. + 
 ghataya b. + 
 havaya s. + 
 haraya 
 harsaya 
 hrasaya s. + 
 hradaya b. + 
 hladaya b. + 
 
V. Secondary Conjugation-Stems. 
 
 237 
 
 ancaya c. 
 1 asaya e. + 
 ay ay a c. 
 indhaya c. 
 
 1 esaya c. 
 ichaya e. 
 
 2 esaya e. + 
 idaya c. 
 
 1 uhaya c. 
 
 2 uhaya e. 
 katthaya e. 
 kalaya e. + 
 kasaya c. 
 kanksaya e. 
 kuncaya e.+ 
 kocaya e.+ 
 kuttaya c. 
 kothaya c. 
 kunaya c. 
 kiraya e. 
 
 2 kartaya c. 
 karsaya e. + 
 kro9aya 
 klamaya c. 
 kle9aya e.+ 
 kvanaya c. 
 ksamaya e. + 
 2 ksayaya e. + 
 ksepaya e.+ 
 ksobhaya e. + 
 ksvedaya e. 
 khadaya e. + 
 khedaya e. + 
 khelaya c. 
 galaya c. 
 gahaya c. 
 gunthaya c. 
 gopaya e.+ 
 gumphaya c. 
 guraya c. 
 giraya c. 
 granthaya e. 
 grathaya c. 
 ghataya e. + 
 
 C. Later 
 
 ghattaya e. + 
 ghurnaya c. 
 gharsaya e. 
 cakasaya c. 
 cataya c. 
 carcaya e. + 
 carvaya c. 
 calaya e. + 
 cay ay a c. 
 cumbaya c. 
 coraya e. + 
 cusaya c. 
 cyotaya c. 
 chodaya c. 
 churaya e.+ 
 choraya c. 
 javaya c. 
 jrmbhaya c. 
 jvaraya c. 
 taflkaya c. 
 dambaya c. 
 dayaya c. 
 dvalaya c. 
 dhaukaya c. 
 tadaya e. + 
 tarkaya e. + 
 tarjaya e.+ 
 tejaya e.+ 
 todaya e. + 
 tolaya e.+ 
 tulaya e. + 
 tyajaya e.+ 
 trapaya c. 
 trotaya c. 
 dayaya c. 
 dalaya 
 dahaya 
 de9aya 
 dehaya 
 
 1 devaya c. 
 
 2 devaya 
 davaya c. 
 dolaya c. 
 darpaya 
 
 Language. fl'jO.] 
 
 darbhaya c. 
 
 dvesaya c. 
 
 dhuksaya 
 
 dhunaya 
 
 nataya c. 
 
 nadaya 
 
 nayaya 
 
 pathaya c. 
 
 panaya c. 
 
 pothaya 
 
 2 par ay a c. 
 
 phalaya e. 
 
 bolaya c. 
 
 brnhaya 
 
 bhartsaya 
 
 bhiksaya c. 
 
 bhedaya 
 
 bhusaya 
 
 bharaya e. 
 
 bhai'jjaya c. 
 
 bhran9aya 
 
 bhrajaya 
 
 mandaya 
 
 mathaya 
 
 margaya 
 
 melaya c. 
 
 mocaya 
 
 motaya c. 
 
 musaya c. 
 
 mraksaya c. 
 
 mrksaya e. 
 
 mardaya 
 
 marsaya 
 
 mredaya 
 
 yasaya 
 
 yojaya 
 
 racaya 
 
 ranjaya 
 
 2 ranaya c. 
 
 ringaya c. 
 
 rodhaya 
 
 rundhaya e. 
 
 1 rosaya 
 
 2 rosaya c. 
 
 laksaya 
 l&gaya c. 
 langhaya 
 lajjaya c 
 lambaya 
 l&laya 
 lasaya 
 lepaya 
 layaya c. 
 
 1 lothaya c. 
 
 2 lothaya c. 
 lunthaya c. 
 lodaya 
 lolaya 
 lokaya 
 locaya 
 vadhaya e. 
 vandaya e. 
 vamaya c. 
 valaya c. 
 va9aya c. 
 vanchaya e. 
 2 vahaya c. 
 vecaya c 
 
 2 vedaya e. 
 vesaya 
 vijaya 
 2 varaya 
 vedhaya e. 
 vridaya c. 
 9ankaya c. 
 2 9 am ay a 
 9esaya 
 9lathaya c. 
 9laghaya 
 sanjaya 
 sajjaya 
 sahaya 
 sincaya e. 
 sivaya c. 
 sevaya c 
 skambhaya c. 
 skhalaya c 
 stambhaya 
 
238 
 
 Indexes. 
 
 staraya 
 sthagaya c. 
 sphataya c. 
 sphotaya 
 
 spharaya 
 sphuraya c. 
 smayaya c. 
 smaraya 
 
 1 hasaya c. 
 hinsaya e. 
 hikkaya c. 
 
 helaya 
 hvayaya c. 
 hresaya e. 
 
 The causative stems showing a p added to a final vowel may be given by 
 themselves, as follows (with headings of divisions omitted): [33.] 
 
 ksapaya 
 ksepaya v. 
 gapaya b. + 
 
 2 apaya b.+ 
 arpaya 
 khyapaya b. + 
 glapaya 
 
 knopaya c. 
 ksapaya 
 
 J apaya b.s. 
 2 dapaya s. 
 
 ghrapaya b.+ 
 jnapaya 
 1 dapaya 
 1 dhapaya 
 
 ksmapaya c. 
 dhmapaya 
 
 drapaya b. 
 2 dhapaya v.b. 
 
 1 mapaya b.+ 
 mlapaya 
 yapaya b,+ 
 
 2 lapaya b. + 
 
 2 mapaya 
 smapaya 
 
 qrapaya b. 
 2 hapaya v.b. 
 
 vapaya 
 qrapaya 
 sthapaya 
 snapaya 
 
 1 hapaya 
 hrepaya c. 
 
 Finally, the bastard stems with ap added (as in Prakrit) to a final 
 
 consonant: [11.] 
 ksalapaya s. 
 
 bhunj apaya c. 
 melapaya c. 
 
 a9apaya s. 
 
 kridapaya e. 
 ksamapaya c 
 jivapaya 
 
 diksapaya e. 
 bhidapaya c. 
 
 likhapaya c. 
 vardhapaya c. 
 
 VI. TERTIARY (derivative from secondary) CONJU- 
 GATION-STEMS. [202.] 
 
 la. Passives from Desideratives. [ii.] 
 
 cikitsyaE.+ dhitsya c. lipsya b. <ju9rusya e.+ 
 
 jijnasyaE. + mimansya v. + vivaksya c. jiliirsya c. 
 jnipsya c. rurutsya b.s. 9ik8ya c. 
 
 lb. Passives from Causatives. [u?.] 
 A. Earlier Language. [9.] 
 
 iiigya b. 
 
 jyotya e. 
 
 dohya b . 
 
 bhajya v.b. 
 
 iksya s. 
 
 dahya b. 
 
 payya s. 
 
 varya b. 
 
 gharya s. 
 
 
 
 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [28.] 
 
 
 arcya h.b. 
 
 jnapya b. + 
 
 pyayya b.+ 
 
 veqya s. + 
 
 irya b. + 
 
 jvalya b. + 
 
 bhaksya b. + 
 
 vestya e.+ 
 
 kalya s.+ 
 
 tapya b.e. 
 
 bhranQya s. + 
 
 vartya b. + 
 
 kalpya b.+ 
 
 dipya b.e. 
 
 bhramya b.+ 
 
 grapya b.+ 
 
 cintya e. + 
 
 dharya b.+ 
 
 yatya e.+ 
 
 sadya b.+ 
 
 codya s.+ 
 
 padya b.+ 
 
 vadya b. + 
 
 sarya b.+ 
 
 ehadya s.+ 
 
 pidya E.+ 
 
 2 vasya b.+ 
 
 sthapya b. + 
 
VI. Tkrtiaky Conjugation-Stkms. 
 
 239 
 
 
 C. Later L 
 
 anguage. fito.] 
 
 
 esya e. 
 
 tolya c. 
 
 bhartsya 
 
 lobhya 
 
 arpya c. 
 
 tosya c. 
 
 bhasya c. 
 
 lokya c. 
 
 ardya 
 
 tarya 
 
 bhavya 
 
 vacya v. 
 
 kampya c. 
 
 tarpya e. 
 
 many a 
 
 vancya 
 
 kasya c. 
 
 tyajya c. 
 
 mocya c. 
 
 1 vasya k. 
 
 ka9ya e. 
 
 trasya e. 
 
 mohya c. 
 
 vahya 
 
 karya 
 
 tvarya e. 
 
 marya 
 
 vedya 
 
 kramya c. 
 
 dalya c 
 
 marjya c. 
 
 vijya 
 
 krodhya e. 
 
 dusya 
 
 mardya c. 
 
 varya 
 
 kvathya 
 
 darya 
 
 yasya e. 
 
 varjya 
 
 ksobhya 
 
 dyotya c. 
 
 yojya c. 
 
 vyathya c 
 
 khyapya c. 
 
 dravya e. 
 
 yodhya e. 
 
 vrajya k. 
 
 gopya E. 
 
 dhmapya e. 
 
 racya c. 
 
 1 {jamya 
 
 grahya c. 
 
 dhapya c. 
 
 radhya e. 
 
 2 9amya e 
 
 ghatya 
 
 dhiiksya c. 
 
 rocya e. 
 
 (jesya c. 
 
 ghattya c. 
 
 nadya 
 
 rodhya e. 
 
 90cya c. 
 
 ghosya c. 
 
 namya 
 
 rosy a 
 
 (jodhya 
 
 ghurnya c. 
 
 nodya 
 
 ropya 
 
 (josya c. 
 
 carya 
 
 pacya e. 
 
 laksya 
 
 Qlathya c. 
 
 calya e. 
 
 patya c. 
 
 langhya c. 
 
 9ramya 
 
 corya c. 
 
 pathya c. 
 
 lam by a 
 
 9ravya 
 
 chandya 
 
 patya 
 
 lalya c. 
 
 sadhya 
 
 jasya e. 
 
 pavya c. 
 
 lasya c. 
 
 smarya 
 
 dambya c. 
 
 Piijya 
 
 lapya c. 
 
 sransya e. 
 
 tadya 
 
 purya 
 
 lunthya c. 
 
 svadya c. 
 
 tarkya 
 
 parya c. 
 
 lodya 
 
 svarya c. 
 
 tarjya e. 
 
 plavya c. 
 
 lopya c. 
 
 harya 
 
 todya 
 
 bodhya e. 
 
 
 
 Desideratives from Causatives. 
 
 A. Earlier Language. [12.] 
 titarpayisa b.s. bibhavayisa b. 
 didrapayisa b. mumodayisa b. 
 pipayayisa b. riradhayisa b. 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [5.] 
 didar9ayisa s.+ didharayisa s.c. pipadayisa b. + 
 
 apipayisa b. 
 cikalpayisa b. 
 jijanayisa b. 
 
 C. Later Language. [21.1 
 
 cukopayisa e. 
 cikarasdsa 
 ciiksobhayisa e. 
 eikhyapayisa c. 
 jijivayisa e. 
 nma9ayisa c. 
 
 bubodhayisa 
 bibhedayisa e. 
 mimanayisa e. 
 mumocayisa 
 mumoksayisa e. 
 
 mimarayisa c 
 mimardayisa e. 
 riramayisa c. 
 vivedayisa b. 
 vivardhayisa 
 
 [3S.] 
 
 lulobhasrisa b. 
 vivarayisa n. 
 sthapayisa h. 
 
 bibhaksayi8as.+ 
 sisadhayisa s.+ 
 
 sisadayisa e. 
 sisarayiaa c. 
 sisevayisa c. 
 stambhayisa e. 
 sismapayisa e. 
 
240 
 
 Indexes. 
 
 3a. Causatives from Intensives. 
 jagaraya b. + danda(jaya c. dadharaya b. varivarjaya v. 
 
 3b. Causatives from Desideratives. 
 cikirsaya c. qiksaya e.+ 
 
 VII. SUNDRIES. 
 
 1 . Passive Aorists (third persons singular) . [92.] 
 The unaugmented form is given, if the augmented does not occur. 
 
 ardhi b. 
 ksayi b.s. 
 ghosi V. 
 aceti V. 
 achedi 
 ajani v.b. 
 atayi b. 
 atapi V.B. 
 atari v.b. 
 dayi v.b. 
 adarQl v. 
 apati B. 
 
 api B.+ 
 akari 
 agami v.c. 
 
 asi c. 
 aiksi c. 
 ohi c. 
 akiiji c. 
 agadi c, 
 ataiiki c. 
 adhari c. 
 apuri c, 
 abhaksi c. 
 
 A. Earlier L 
 
 anguage. [47.] 
 
 
 apayi v. 
 
 avaci v.b. 
 
 asadi v. 
 
 aprayi v. 
 
 vandi v. 
 
 aseci b.s. 
 
 abtiari v.b. 
 
 vapi b. 
 
 asavi v. 
 
 abhraji v. 
 
 avedi v. 
 
 asari b. 
 
 2 amayi b. 
 
 avari v. 
 
 asarji 
 
 amyaksi v. 
 
 varhi v. 
 
 astavi v. 
 
 ayami v.b. 
 
 qansi v. 
 
 astari v. 
 
 ayavi b. 
 
 9esi 
 
 syandi b. 
 
 aradhi v.b. 
 
 acjoci V. 
 
 svani v. 
 
 areci 
 
 a9ari v.b. 
 
 ahayi v.b. 
 
 aroci v. 
 
 aQrayi v. 
 
 ahavi v. 
 
 lopi s. 
 
 asanji b. 
 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [12.] 
 
 
 ajnayi 
 
 abodhi 
 
 amoci 
 
 adhayi 
 
 abhedi b.e. 
 
 ayoji v.c. 
 
 apadi 
 
 1 amayi 
 
 a9ravi v.c. 
 
 C. Later Language. [33.] 
 
 
 abhaji c. 
 
 aropi c. 
 
 a^obhi c. 
 
 abhani c. 
 
 alepi c. 
 
 asedhi c. 
 
 abhavi c. 
 
 aloki c. 
 
 astambhi c 
 
 abhrami e. 
 
 avoci c. 
 
 asthayi c. 
 
 amajji c. 
 
 avadi c. 
 
 asnayi c. 
 
 amosi c. 
 
 avadhi c. 
 
 asvapi c. 
 
 araci c. 
 
 avahi c. 
 
 ahasi c. 
 
 arambhi c. 
 
 aveQi c. 
 
 ahari c. 
 
VTT. SirNDRTES. 
 
 211 
 
 2. Aorist Optatives (includius Precatives) . [iis."| 
 Those stems from wliich acitual pre(;ativ(: forms (with sihilaiit between mode- 
 sign and ending) are made arc to be recognized by their lliial sibilant. The 
 optatives of the a-aorist (2d form) are not included (excepting videsta). The 
 aorist-stems here instanced have all been given above in the aorist-lists, whether 
 other than optative-forms are made from them or not. 
 
 a. Active Stems, [i,.!.] 
 A. Earlier Language. [ls.| 
 
 adyas b. 
 
 jneya v. 
 
 bhriya, -yas h. 
 
 ucyas n. 
 
 avya, -yas 
 
 trdya s. 
 
 bhramya s. 
 
 udya, -yas us. 
 
 aQya, -yas 
 
 trpyas k. 
 
 bhrajyas v. 
 
 badhya, -yas 
 
 apyas n. 
 
 daghyas v. 
 
 majjya b. 
 
 uhya s. 
 
 iyas s. 
 
 dahya e. 
 
 mrnya n. 
 
 vrjya, -yas v. 
 
 uhya u. 
 
 deya v. 
 
 mrdyas n.s. 
 
 (jakya v. 
 
 arya b. 
 
 didyas b.s. 
 
 mrdhya v. 
 
 saghyas u.s. 
 
 rdhya, -yas 
 
 dheya v. 
 
 yamyas v. 
 
 sahya, -yas v. 
 
 kriya, -yas 
 
 nindya n. 
 
 ytiya, -yas v.n. 
 
 sicya b.s. 
 
 gamya, -yas 
 
 peyas v. 
 
 yujya v. 
 
 stheya v. 
 
 ghraya s. 
 
 priyas v. 
 
 rajyas s. 
 
 supya s. 
 
 jivyas 
 
 bhidya h. 
 
 radbyas 
 
 svidya s. 
 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. (5.) 
 
 
 iya B. + 
 
 pusya, -yas b.c. 
 
 bhuya, -yas 
 
 9ruya, -yas v.c 
 
 jayya b.e. 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. Later Language. [lo.| 
 
 
 asy a e . 
 
 jusya c. 
 
 priya c. 
 
 rudhya c. 
 
 kirya c. 
 
 dirya c. 
 
 brayas e. 
 
 sprijya e. 
 
 jay a 
 
 nudya 
 
 
 
 idhi V. 
 
 indh- , idhisi 
 
 B.s. 
 
 ari v. 
 rdhi V. 
 edhisi v.b. 
 gmi B. 
 gmisi B. 
 cucyuvi v. 
 janisi, -is 
 
 b. Middle Stems, [hb.] 
 
 A. Earlier Language. [54.] 
 
 tarisi v. 
 trasi v. 
 disi v. 
 dhuksi B. 
 darsis v. 
 dhisi, dhesi b.s. 
 dbrajisi b. 
 naqi v. 
 nasi v. 
 padis v. 
 prci v.s. 
 
 pyayisi s. 
 pyasisi 
 bhaksi, -is 
 bhuksisi n.s. 
 mandisi v.b. 
 mansi, -is v. 
 masi V. 
 mucis V. 
 muksi V.B. 
 mudi V. 
 modisis v. 
 
 Wliitney, Supplement IL 
 
 muri V. 
 
 mrksis v 
 
 • • « 
 
 yaksi n. 
 yami v. 
 yasisis v.n. 
 rasi V. 
 ruci B. 
 
 roc-, rucisi v.b. 
 lapsi s. 
 lopsi B. 
 vansi, vasi v. 
 
 IC 
 
242 Indexes. 
 
 vanisis v. vides v. saksi v. sasahis v. 
 
 vansisi v. vuri v.b. saksi v.b. strsi v. 
 
 • • • • 
 
 vandisi V. vardhisi b.s. sahisi v. 
 
 B. Earlier and Later Language. [1.] 
 ririsis v.c. 
 
 Here may be added the problematical optatives in es from roots in a: 
 namely, khyes b.s., ges v.n.s., jnes v.b., des b.s., yes v., ses n., sthes v.b.; 
 and jes v.B.s. (}/ji). 
 
 3. Periphrastic Perfects (primary conjugation) . 
 
 The periphrastic perfects of secondary conjugation (very numerous for the cau- 
 sative, quite rare for the desiderative, unknown for the intensive, except y jagr) 
 are not given. With vidam are made also a periphrastic aorist (b.) and 
 present (c.). The headings of the divisions are omitted. 
 
 vasam kr b. vyayam kr b. 
 vidam kr b.s. juhavam kr b. 
 
 edham kr, bhu b.c. 
 
 nayam as, kr e. smayam as e. 
 
 bibharam bhu c. hvay am as, kr e. 
 
 grnise stuse 
 
 punise hise 
 
 yajase 
 
 cayam kr b. 
 
 bibhayam kr b. 
 
 tayam kr b. 
 
 layam kr b. 
 
 asam kr b.+ 
 
 Iksam kr B.+ 
 
 ayam kr 
 
 jayam as c 
 
 ujham kr c. 
 
 dayam as c. 
 
 jagaram as c. 
 
 
 4. Vedic Sibilant Presei 
 
 arcase 
 
 krse 
 
 ohise 
 
 gayise 
 
 rnjase 
 
 
 There are certain odd or questionable forms given here and there under the 
 roots above, of which no account is made in the Indexes. Those most worthy 
 of note are as follows : 
 
 Pres. aitat, inksva, inttam, kurmi, ksamat, grhi-, glapet, jiharti, 
 chayati, achinam atrnam abhanas, jajhati, janjati, jna, tandrat, ta- 
 rusa- vanusa-, dadiyam, dadayant, diisya-, dughana, dhungdhvam, 
 duhiya-, dart, dhunet, participles like namana,nahyus, piprhi pipiprhi, 
 apiprata, prksase, bhunjiyat yunjiyat (jansiyat, bhuraja saraja, 
 EQinit, risant, layata (y i + nir v), vada, ude- upe- usa-, 9masi, avak- 
 sam, avastam, vema, tisthasam, Qruvat, jihitham, hinsi. 
 
 Perf. erire, jigahire, jaksiyat, dididaya, dudiihus, vavavrusas, 
 mamada- vavrdha- vavrsa- susuda-, sidatus, siset. 
 
 Aor. apipipat, apraisit, akat, ajigrbham, eacarit, nesa pusa 
 parsa, abharisara harisit hvarisus, ririses, vam, avarivur. 
 
 Fut. grhisyati, grahisyati. 
 
 Sec. Conj. ajagrabhaisan, titiksm.ahe sisrksmas, prathayi, jijahi. 
 
 Sunds. evikrudayati. 
 
INDEX OF ROOTS. 
 
 Arranged in reversed iilphiil)eUcHl order. 
 
 The designation of periods is according to the verb-forms only. Uoots liavinp 
 no such forms are left undesignated. It seemed better not to classify by ]ieriods; 
 but it may be added that of the more than 80(( roots here recorded as niakinir 
 forms of conjugation, nearly 2(10 occur only in the earlier language, nearly 5lMi 
 in both earlier and later, and less tliau 150 only in tiic later language. 
 
 ka v.D.s. 
 kha (khan ) 
 
 1 ga V. + 
 
 2 ga V.+ 
 cha V. + 
 ja V.+ 
 jna V.+ 
 ta ( I tan) 
 sta 
 stha V. + 
 
 1 da V. + 
 
 2 da V.+ 
 ■i da V.+ 
 4 da B.+ 
 
 1 dha V. + 
 
 2 dha V. + 
 mna s. + 
 sna V.+ 
 
 1 pa V. + 
 
 2 pa V. + 
 spha B . + 
 bha V. + 
 
 1 ma V. + 
 
 2 ma V. + 
 .5 ma v.ii. 
 dhma(dham) 
 ksma c. 
 
 ya V.+ 
 khya v. + 
 
 jya v.n.s. 
 sty a H.c. 
 dhya «. + 
 pya V. + 
 vya V. + 
 9ya V.+ 
 
 1 ra V. + 
 
 2 ra v.B. 
 ghra V. + 
 tra V. + 
 
 1 dra V. + 
 
 2 dra v. + 
 daridra 
 
 (1 dra) 
 pra v.B. 
 9ra V.+ 
 la c. 
 gla V. + 
 mla V. + 
 9la B. 
 
 1 va V.+ 
 
 2 va V. + 
 
 3 va (van) 
 9va (9u) 
 hva (hu) 
 
 9a V.+ 
 
 ksa v.B.s. 
 
 1 sa V.+ 
 
 2 sa (san) 
 
 psa v.B. 
 
 1 ha V.+ 
 
 2 ha V. + 
 
 1 1 V.+ 
 
 2 i v.L. 
 
 1 ci V. + 
 
 2 ci V.+ 
 
 1 ji V.+ 
 
 2 ji v.B. 
 ti c. 
 
 di (;5 da) 
 dhi B.+ 
 pi V.+ 
 
 1 mi V. + 
 
 2 mi (mi) 
 smi V. + 
 ri v.B.s. 
 jri V. 
 
 9ri V. + 
 vi (2 va) 
 9vi ( 9U) 
 9i (9a) 
 
 1 ksi v.B. 
 
 2 ksi V.+ 
 si (1 sa) 
 hi V. + 
 
 ji (jya) 
 di E.+ 
 
 sti (stya) 
 
 1 di v.B. 
 
 2 di V.B.s. 
 didi (2 di) 
 dhi V. + 
 didhi (dhi) 
 ni V.+ 
 
 1 pi (pi) 
 
 2 pi (piy) 
 bhi V. + 
 mi V. + 
 
 ri (ri) 
 kri V.+ 
 pri V. + 
 bhri V. 
 
 1 9ri v.B. 
 
 2 9ri (9ra) 
 hri V. + 
 
 1 li V. + 
 
 2 li B.s. 
 pli B. 
 bli (vli) 
 vli v.B.s. 
 
 1 vi v.B. 
 
 2 vi (vya) 
 
 1 91 V.li.S. 
 
 2 91 V.+ 
 
 3 9i (9ya) 
 ksi (2 kai) 
 
 si 
 
 1 u V. 
 
 2 u ( 2 va I 
 ku (ku) 
 sku V li. 
 gu v.B. 
 iirnu ( 1 vr) 
 ksnu v.B.s. 
 tu V. 
 
 1 stu V. + 
 
 2 stu 
 du V.+ 
 dhu (dhu) 
 
 1 nu V. + 
 
 2 nu v.B.s. 
 snu u. + 
 hnu v.+ 
 
 1 yu v. + 
 
 2 yu v.B.s. 
 cyu v. + 
 dyu c. 
 
 1 ru v. + 
 
 2 ru v. 11. 
 kmi 
 dru V. + 
 dhru (dhvr ) 
 pru v.B.s. 
 
 1 9ru V. + 
 
 2 9ru (aru) 
 
 16' 
 
244 
 
 Index of Roots. 
 
 sru V.+ 
 
 sphr V. + 
 
 sagh v.B.s. 
 
 gach (gam) 
 
 kuj V.+ 11 
 
 hru (hvr) 
 
 bhr V.+ 
 
 9lagh B.+ 
 
 yach (yam) 
 
 puj S.+ 
 
 plu V. + 
 
 1 mr V.+ 
 
 stigh B. 
 
 prach V. + 
 
 1 rj V. + 
 
 ksu u. + 
 
 • 
 
 2 mr v.B. 
 
 migh (mih) 
 
 ieh (1 is) 
 
 2rj 
 
 SU V.+ 
 
 smr V. + 
 
 langh s. + 
 
 ueh (1 vas) 
 
 mrj V. + 
 
 hu V.+ 
 
 1 vr V. + 
 
 9ihgh 
 
 yuch (2 yu) 
 
 vrj V. + 
 
 ku V.+ 
 
 2 vr V.+ 
 
 • 
 
 ac V.+ 
 
 reh (r) 
 
 srj V.+ 
 
 ju V. + 
 
 dhvr V. + 
 
 khac E. + 
 
 mreh b. 
 
 ej V. + 
 
 1 du (du) 
 
 hvr V. + 
 
 tac (tahc) 
 
 mlech B. + 
 
 rej V.B. ^ 
 
 2du 
 
 1 9r V. + 
 
 pac V.+ 
 
 rafich 
 
 majj V.+ ^ 
 lajJB.+ 1 
 
 dhu V.+ 
 
 2 9r (9ra) 
 
 vyac v.B. 
 
 anch c. 
 
 nu (1 nu) 
 
 3 9r t9ri) 
 
 rac B.+ 
 
 lanch c. 
 
 bhrjj V. + 
 
 knu B.C. 
 
 sr V.+ 
 
 vae V.+ 
 
 vanch v. + 
 
 anj V. + a 
 
 pu V.+ 
 
 1 hr V. + 
 
 tvac 
 
 Tifich S.+ 
 
 khanj c. 11 
 
 bhu V. + 
 
 2 hr v.B. 
 
 sac v.B. 
 
 murch v. + 
 
 janj V. 1 
 
 mu (miv) 
 
 cak c. 
 
 yae v.+ 
 
 hurch B. 
 
 bhanj v.+ 
 
 syu (slv) 
 
 tak V. 
 
 ric v. + 
 
 aj V. + 
 
 ranj (raj) 
 
 dru v.B. 
 
 vak (vane) 
 
 1 vie V. + 
 
 paj V. 
 
 svanj (svaj) 
 
 bru V. + 
 
 9ak V. + 
 
 2 vie (vyac) 
 
 bhaj V. + 
 
 sanj (saj) 
 
 lu B. + 
 
 tik c. 
 
 sie V.+ 
 
 yaj V.+ 
 
 9inj V.+ i 
 
 9U V.+ 
 
 srk 
 
 ue V. + 
 
 tyaj V.+ 
 
 kufij c. i 
 
 SU V.+ 
 
 lok B.+ 
 
 kue s. + 
 
 vyaj (vij) 
 
 gunj c. 1 
 
 hu V.+ 
 
 dhauk E. + 
 
 tuc 
 
 1 raj (rj) 
 
 ynj (rj) 1 
 
 r V.+ 
 
 phakk c. 
 
 mue V. + 
 
 2 raj V. + 
 
 ubj v.B.s. 
 
 1 kr V.+ 
 
 hikk c. 
 
 rue V. + 
 
 bhuraj v. 
 
 arj (rj) i 
 
 2krv.+ 
 
 tank c. 
 
 mrue v. + 
 
 dhraj v.b. 
 
 kharj s. i 
 
 3 kr V. 
 
 • 
 
 9ahk B. + 
 
 mluc (mrue) 
 
 vraj V.+ 
 
 garj E.+ H 
 
 skr(l, 2kr) 
 
 tark E. + 
 
 9UC V. + 
 
 vaj v.B.s. 
 
 tarj E.+ II 
 
 1 gr V.+ 
 
 rikh V. 
 
 re (arc) 
 
 svaj V. + 
 
 sarj v.B. 1 
 
 2 gr V.+ 
 
 likh V. + 
 
 pre V. + 
 
 bhisaj V. 
 
 sphurj V. + 
 
 3 gr V. + 
 
 rifiJth c. 
 
 mrc v.B.s. 
 
 saj V.+ 
 
 jajh V. 
 
 jagr (3 gr) 
 
 ihkh V. + 
 
 loc E.+ 
 
 raj V.+ 
 
 ujh E. + 
 
 ghr V. + 
 
 sthag c. 
 
 ane (ac) 
 
 dhraj (dhraj; 
 
 at E. + 
 ghat E. + 
 
 1 jr V.+ 
 
 lag B. + 
 
 cane c. 
 
 bhraj v.+ 
 
 2 jr V. 
 
 vlag V. 
 
 tane b.s. 
 
 tij V. + 
 
 eat c. 
 
 tr V.+ 
 
 ang c. 
 
 mane c. 
 
 nij V.+ 
 
 jhat c. j 
 
 str V. + 
 
 rang c. 
 
 9manc b. 
 
 vij V.+ 
 
 tat B. 
 
 1 dr v.+ 
 
 vlang (vlag) 
 
 vane v. + 
 
 ij (ej) 
 
 nat c. , 
 
 2 dr B. + 
 
 tvang c. 
 
 9 vane v. 
 
 Vlj E.+ 
 
 pat B.+ 
 
 dhr V. + 
 
 ihg V. + 
 
 kunc (kue J 
 
 tuj V. 
 
 sphat c. 
 
 nr 
 
 ring c. 
 
 lufic E.+ 
 
 1 bhuj V.+ 
 
 bhat c. 
 
 1 pr V. + 
 
 marg e.+ 
 
 are v. + 
 
 2 bhuj V. + 
 
 ratE.H- ; 
 
 2 pr V, + 
 
 valg V. + 
 
 care e.+ 
 
 yuj V.+ 
 
 it v.B. 1 
 
 3 pr E. + 
 
 jagh c. 
 
 vra9C v. + 
 
 ruj V.+ 
 
 ghut E. + ' 
 
 spr v.B.s. 
 
 dagh v.B. 
 
 3a9e (sac) 
 
 9uj V. 
 
 chut c. 1 
 
Inpex of Roots, 
 
 245 
 
 put c. 
 sphut ii.+ 
 mut c. 
 trut c. 
 ghatt E. + 
 kutt E. + 
 mant u. 
 vant u. 
 vist V. + 
 cest V. + 
 
 • • 
 
 vest (vist) 
 path B. + 
 ruth E. 
 
 1 luth c. 
 
 2 luth E. + 
 heth 
 anth c. 
 kunth c. 
 gunth S.+ 
 lunth (luth ) 
 tad V.+ 
 
 lad c. 
 drad c. 
 
 id 
 ksvid E. + 
 
 • • 
 
 id V. + 
 nid 
 
 pid V. + 
 krid V. + 
 vrid E. + 
 vid v.B.s. 
 hid V. + 
 chud c. 
 vrud c. 
 lud s. + 
 kud V. + 
 krud B. 
 mrd V.+ 
 red B.s. 
 mred b. + 
 mand e. + 
 hind c. 
 jhan c. 
 pan B.+ 
 phan V. + 
 
 bhan b.c. 
 man c. 
 kvan c. 
 kun c. 
 prn (1 pr) 
 mrn (2 mr) 
 ghiirn e. + 
 at V.+ 
 cat v.B. 
 
 1 pat V. + 
 
 2 pat v.B. 
 yat V. + 
 vat V. 
 (jat V. + 
 cit V. + 
 mrit B.s. 
 mlit (mritl 
 9vit V. 
 
 9 cut V. + 
 cyut s.c. 
 jyut B. + 
 dyut V.+ 
 rt v.B. 
 
 1 krt V. + 
 
 2 krt V. + 
 ert v.B.s. 
 nrt V. + 
 prt 
 
 vrt V.+ 
 cint B. + 
 art (rt) 
 qnath v. 
 path B.s. 
 math V. + 
 vyath V. + 
 krath b. 
 grath V. + 
 prath V. + 
 9rath v.+ 
 klath b. 
 qlath c. 
 kvath B.+ 
 nath v. + 
 mith V.+ 
 kuth c. 
 
 puth K. + 
 pruth v.ii.s. 
 katth E. + 
 manth 
 
 (math) 
 granth 
 
 (grath) 
 ad V.+ 
 kad E. 
 khad n. 
 gad s. + 
 
 1 chad V.+ 
 
 2 chad 
 (chandl 
 
 dad ( 1 da) 
 nad V. + 
 pad V.+ 
 mad V. + 
 syad (sy and 1 
 rad V B. 
 mrad (mrd i 
 vrad V. 
 vad V. + 
 svad V. + 
 
 1 qad V. 
 
 2 q&d v.B.s. 
 ksad v.B. 
 sad V. + 
 had c. 
 khad v,+ 
 yad v. 
 hrad b. + 
 hlad B.+ 
 svad (svad) 
 khid V. + 
 chid V.+ 
 nid (nind) 
 bhid V. + 
 mid (med) 
 klid s.+ 
 
 1 vid V. + 
 
 2 vid V. + 
 ksvid B.C. 
 svid V.+ 
 ud V.+ 
 
 khud V.I1..S. 
 cud V.+ 
 tud V. + 
 nud V. + 
 mud V. + 
 rud V. + 
 ksud V. + 
 sud V.+ 
 rd V. + 
 chrd B. + 
 trd V. + 
 mrd V.+ 
 ned B. 
 med V. + 
 skand v. + 
 cand(9candl 
 9cand v. 
 chand v. + 
 tand V. 
 nand v. + 
 spand V.+ 
 bhand v. 
 mand v.ji. 
 syand v. + 
 krand v. + 
 kland v. 
 vand V.+ 
 nind v. + 
 vmd (ud) 
 pibd v.B. 
 ard (rd) 
 gard B. 
 nard b.+ 
 pard c. 
 kurd E. + 
 gurd B. 
 gadh V. 
 dadh (1 dha) 
 badh (vadh) 
 vyadh v. + 
 radh v. + 
 vadh V.+ 
 sadh (sadh) 
 nadh (nath) 
 badh V. + 
 
 radii V.+ 
 vrudh V. 
 sadh V. + 
 idli V.+ 
 sridh V. 
 
 1 vidh V. + 
 
 2 vidh 
 (vyadh) 
 
 1 sidh V. + 
 
 2 sidh V.+ 
 dudh V. 
 budh V.+ 
 yudh V. + 
 
 1 rudh V. 
 
 2 rudh V. +, 
 krudh V. + 
 9udh V.+ 
 ksudh V. + 
 rdh V.+ 
 grdh V. + 
 sprdh V. + 
 mrdh v.n.s. 
 vrdh V. + 
 9rdh V. + 
 edh V.+ 
 bandh v. + 
 randh ( radii I 
 indh ( idh) 
 vindh V. 
 9undh 9udh 
 gurdh v. 
 spurdh 
 
 (sprdh) 
 an V.+ 
 kan V. 
 khan v. + 
 can V. 
 jan V. + 
 
 1 tan V.+ 
 
 2 tan V. 
 Stan V. + 
 dan V. 
 dhan v. 
 pan v.B. 
 bhan v. 
 
246 
 
 Index of Roots. 
 
 man v.+ 
 
 1 ran v.u. 
 
 2 ran c. 
 vran c. 
 qran s.+ 
 van V. + 
 dhvan v.+ 
 svan V.+ 
 ksan V. + 
 san v.B.s. 
 han V.+ 
 in(2i) 
 ven v.B. 
 jap ]i.+ 
 tap V. + 
 rap v.B. 
 trap E. + 
 lap V.+ 
 
 1 vap V.+ 
 
 2 vap v.u.s. 
 svap V.+ 
 9ap V. + 
 ksap V. + 
 sap v.B. 
 ap V. + 
 
 rip V. 
 lip V. + 
 vip V. + 
 9ip 
 
 ksip V.+ 
 dip V. + 
 kup V. + 
 gup V. + 
 cup E.+ 
 tup 
 
 yup v.B.s. 
 rup v.B. 
 lup V.+ 
 
 mlup Cinluc) 
 ksup E. 
 krp v.B. 
 trp V. + 
 drp V. + 
 srp V. + 
 kip V.+ 
 
 vep (vip) 
 kamp B.+ 
 limp (lip) 
 culump c. 
 jalp B. + 
 raph V. 
 riph V. + 
 guph c. 
 gumph 
 
 (guph) 
 gulph s. 
 dam.b c. 
 ramb v. 
 lamb B. + 
 cumb E. + 
 skabh 
 
 (skambh) 
 gabh (gah) 
 jabli(jambh) 
 stabh 
 
 (stambh) 
 dabh v.B. 
 nabh v.b.s. 
 yabh v. + 
 rabh v. + 
 grabh v.b.s. 
 labh V. + 
 ribh V. + 
 ubh V. + 
 stubh V. + 
 lubh V. + 
 9ubh V. + 
 ksubh V.+ 
 subh B. 
 drbh B. + 
 rebh (ribh) 
 skambh v. + 
 jambh v. + 
 stambh v. + 
 dambh 
 
 (dabh) 
 
 1 rambh 
 (rabh) 
 
 2 rambh c. 
 grambh s. + 
 
 umbh (ubh) 
 9umbh 
 
 (9ubh) 
 sumbh 
 
 (subh) 
 jrmbh v. + 
 galbh c. 
 am v.B. 
 kam V.+ 
 gam V. + 
 cam B. + 
 9cam V. 
 jam E. 
 dam c. 
 tam V.+ 
 dam B.+ 
 dham v. + 
 nam v. + 
 yam v. + 
 ram v. + 
 kram v. + 
 dram it. 
 bhram b.+ 
 9ram v. + 
 lam c. 
 klam E.+ 
 vam V.+ 
 
 1 9am v.B.s. 
 
 2 9am V.+ 
 
 3 9am S.+ 
 ksam V. + 
 bham v.b. 
 tim E.+ 
 stim E.+ 
 9im (1 9am) 
 ay (i) 
 
 cay (2 ei) 
 day V. + 
 vyay c. 
 cay V.B. 
 tay B. 
 pay B. 
 piy v.B. 
 puy B.s. 
 irsy B.+ 
 
 ghar (ghr) 
 car V. + 
 jhar c. 
 phar V. 
 sphar (sphr) 
 jvar B. + 
 tvar V. + 
 dvar 
 svar V.+ 
 ksar V. + 
 tsar v.B.s. 
 
 1 har v.B. 
 
 2 har, hir 
 ar V. 
 
 kir (2 kr ! 
 gir (2 gr) 
 tir (tr) 
 ir V. + 
 gur V. + 
 cur E. + 
 chur E.+ 
 jur (1 jr) 
 tvir ( tr) 
 dhur (dhvr) 
 sphur (sphr) 
 bhur V. 
 hur (hvr) 
 pur (1 pr) 
 miir(miirch) 
 kal B.+ 
 skhal B. + 
 gal B.+ 
 cal V. + 
 tal c. 
 dal E. + 
 
 1 phal E. + 
 
 2 phal E. + 
 sphal B.C. 
 bal B. 
 bhal B.C. 
 lal E. + 
 val c. 
 jval B. + 
 dval c. 
 hval B.+ 
 
 9al c. 
 ksal B. + 
 il V.+ 
 gil (2 gr) 
 til B. 
 mil B.+ 
 mil V.+ 
 
 tul E. + 
 
 dul c. 
 
 sphul (sphr) 
 bul c. 
 lul E. + 
 
 SUl B. 
 
 kul S.+ 
 khel E. + 
 ksvel E. + 
 hel (hid) 
 khall c. 
 veil E. + 
 av V. + 
 dhav V. 
 klav c. 
 tav V. 
 
 1 dhav V. + 
 
 2 dhav V. + 
 div 
 
 jiv V. + 
 sthiv V.+ 
 
 1 div V. + 
 
 2 div B.+ 
 miv v.B.s. 
 9riv (sriv) 
 sriv v.B. 
 siv V. + 
 dev (2 div) 
 sev V. + 
 ranv v.b. 
 dhanv v.b. 
 inv (2 i) 
 jinv v.B.s. 
 dhinv (dhi) 
 pinv v.B.s. 
 carv s.+ 
 bharv v. 
 jurv V. 
 
 I 
 
Index of Roots. 
 
 247 
 
 turv v.R. 
 thurv B. 
 dhurv v.ii. 
 
 1 a(j V. + 
 
 2 aq V. + 
 datj (danQ) 
 
 1 na9 V. + 
 
 2 nacj v.B. 
 
 1 pa9 V.+ 
 
 2 pa9 
 spa9 (pa9) 
 ra9 
 bhra9 
 
 (bhran9) 
 va9 V. + 
 9a9 c. 
 kag V. + 
 da9 v.B. 
 va9 V. + 
 di9 V. + 
 pi9 V. + 
 nii9 (miks) 
 ri9 v.B. 
 Ii9 B.s. 
 kli9 B. + 
 vi9 V. + 
 19 V. + 
 
 tu9 V. 
 ru9 (rus) 
 kru9 V.+ 
 F§ B. 
 
 kr9 V.+ 
 dr9 V. + 
 
 spr9 V.+ 
 nir9 V.+ 
 an9 (] a9) 
 dari9 v.+ 
 nan9 (2 na9) 
 bhran9 v. + 
 rap9 V. 
 kas V.+ 
 
 bhas K. + 
 las E. + 
 bhas B. + 
 
 1 is V. + 
 
 2 is V.+ 
 pis V. + 
 mis V.+ 
 ris V.+ 
 9ris ( 9lis) 
 clis V. + 
 vis V. + 
 tvis v.c. 
 dvis V.+ 
 
 1 9is V. + 
 
 2 9is (9as) 
 
 is v.B. 
 
 bhis (hhi) 
 
 1 us V. + 
 
 2 us (1 vas) 
 
 kuS B.C. 
 
 ghus V. + 
 jus V. + 
 tus V. + 
 dus V.+ 
 pus V.+ 
 mus V. + 
 rus V. + 
 prus v.B. 
 9rus V. 
 plus E. + 
 
 1 9US V. + 
 
 2 9US (9vas) 
 eiis c. 
 bhiis V. + 
 rus E.+ 
 
 rs v.B.s. 
 krs V.+ 
 ghrs .s. + 
 trs V.+ 
 dhrs V. + 
 Prs tpr9 ) 
 mrs V. + 
 
 vrs V.+ 
 hrs V. + 
 es (is) 
 yes(ya8) 
 bhres v.b. 
 hres E.+ 
 hes V. + 
 
 1 aks v.E. 
 
 2 aks v.B.s. 
 caks V.+ 
 
 1 jaks V. + 
 
 2 jaks V.B. 
 taks V, + 
 daks v.B. 
 naks v.B. 
 bhaks v. + 
 yaks v.E. 
 my aks v. 
 raks V.+ 
 kraks v. 
 laks B. + 
 vaks V. 
 tvaks V. 
 saks (sah) 
 niks V. 
 bhiks V. + 
 miks v.B.s. 
 9iks (9ak) 
 iks V.+ 
 diks V. + 
 
 1 uks V.+ 
 
 2 uks (vaks) 
 dhuks E.+ 
 mrks V.+ 
 m.oks (muc) 
 kanks );. + 
 surks B.s. 
 
 1 as V. + 
 
 2 as V. + 
 kas V.+ 
 ghas V. + 
 jas V.+ 
 
 tas ( tans ) 
 das V. + 
 nas V. 
 bhas V. + 
 yas V.+ 
 bhyas v. 
 ras I!. + 
 gras V. + 
 tras V. + 
 sras (srans ) 
 hras ,s.+ 
 las E. + 
 
 1 vas V. + 
 
 2 vas V. + 
 
 3 vas V. + 
 dhvas 
 
 (dhvans) 
 9vas V. + 
 9as V. + 
 sas V. + 
 has B.+ 
 asiv.+ 
 kas c. 
 eakas e. + 
 das (das ) 
 bhas V.+ 
 
 1 ras E. + 
 
 2 ras (ra) 
 
 1 9as V. + 
 
 2 9as (9as) 
 has V. 
 
 pis B. 
 tans v.B. 
 dans V. 
 srahs v. + 
 dhvans v.+ 
 9ans V. + 
 nins V. 
 hins V.+ 
 bharts v. + 
 ah V.+ 
 jah (ha) 
 
 dah V. + 
 nah V. + 
 mah (manh) 
 yah 
 rail .S.+ 
 grah ( grabh) 
 glah K. 
 vah V.+ 
 sah V. + 
 gah V. + 
 vah (.. 
 dih V. + 
 snih V. + 
 mih V. + 
 rih V.B.8. 
 lih )t. + 
 ih B.+ 
 guh V. + 
 duh V. + 
 muh V. + 
 ruh V.+ 
 druh V. + 
 
 1 uh V.+ 
 
 2 uh V.+ 
 trh v.jt. 
 strh s. 
 drh V.+ 
 sprh V. + 
 
 1 brh V. + 
 
 2 brh (vTh ) 
 vrh V. + 
 jeh V. 
 
 anh 
 
 banh v.+ 
 manh v. + 
 ranh v.n.s. 
 driili (drh) 
 bmh (vrnh) 
 vrnh E. + 
 arh V. + 
 garh V. + 
 valh II. + 
 
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 
 
 Of the following emendanda, some are corrections of discovered oversights, 
 some are the results of continued collection , and a large part are gleanings 
 from the last-issued portion (to end of 1) of Bohtlingk's minor dictionary. A 
 few obvious misprints are passed unnoticed. The modifications and new mate- 
 rial here given are included in the Indexes. 
 
 p. 1, }/ ac, 1. 1 — read ancati etc. av.k. 
 
 - 2, 1. 1 — read aeyate etc. v.b. 
 
 - 2, }/ aj, 1. 1 — read etc. v.b. 
 
 - 2, y at — to deriv. add atatya c. 
 
 - 2, bottom — add y anth, 'visit' : pres. anthati c. ; verb, anthita 
 c. (Bo.) 
 
 - 4, y are, 1. 7 — read (areyate u.e."). 
 
 - 5, 1. 1 — read aQita etc. v.b.s. 
 
 - 6, y ap, 1. 3 — read 1. apyasam aa. , api; 1. 12. col. 3 — read 
 apayitr u.c. 
 
 - 7, }/ 1 i, 1. 6 — read iyat etc. b. + ; to deriv. add -apin c. 
 
 - 9, ]/ 1 is — to deriv. add -esisisu c. 
 
 - 9, }/ 2 is — to deriv. add -esitr c. 
 
 - 14, y r, 1. 8 — read rtva av.b.u. 
 
 - 16, ]/ 1*9, — perhaps arQat vs. (xl. 4) belongs here. 
 
 - 20, y ku, 1. 1 — add [2.] kauti c. 
 
 - 26, y krudh, 1. 8 — read krudhmi rv. 
 
 - 29, y ksip, 1. 2 — read ciksepa etc. u.e. + 
 
 - 34, |/gam, 1. 4 — add jagmyatam rv. ; — to deriv. add -jigamisa c. 
 
 - 38, y 1 gr, 1. 6 — read -glrya b.s.. and add grnadhyai aa. 
 
 - 40, y grabh, 1. 10 — for agrabhista etc. read agrabhisata; — to 
 deriv. add grahayitavya c. 
 
 - 45, 1. 1 — read -camya b. + 
 
 - 46, 1. 5 — read ealayati s.+ 
 
 - 47, 1. 5, col. 4 — read ceya s.e. 
 
 - 47, y eit, 1. 7 — add acite rv. 
 
 - 50, y chand, 1. 1 — dele ms. (Bo.) 
 
 - 50, y chut — to deriv. add ehotana c. 
 
 - 54, y jus, 1. 2 — add jujusan rv. 
 
 - 55, y I jr, 1. 2 — read -te etc. b. + ; — to deriv. add -jarisnu c. 
 
 - 56, y jna, 1. 1 1 — add jnipsyate c. ; 1. 14, col. 3 — read jnapana av.b. 
 
Additions and Corrections. 249 
 
 p. 56, }/ jya, 1. 1 — read jiyate. 
 
 - 60, }/ tan, 1. 16 — read tanitr c. ; — add -titansu c. 
 
 - 61, ]/ tap, last 1. — read tapaka c. 
 
 - 63, y tuj, 1. 7 — read tuj v.c. 
 
 - 63, y tud, 1.8 — read -tud s.e.c. 
 
 - 65, 1. 19, col. 1 — read tura v. + 
 
 - 70, y dabh, 1. 3 — adil dambhisak s. 
 
 - 72, 1. IT, col. 3 — read dada k.+ 
 
 - 82, y dha, 1. 7 — read dhiraahe v.h. ; 1. 16 — add adhitsisam a a. 
 
 - 84, y dhu, 1. 7 — read dhutva b.u. 
 
 - 87, 1. 2 — read dhurti ev. ms. 
 
 - 88, nam, 1. 10 — read namayati etc. v. +, -te c. 
 
 - 91, 1. 8 — read -tavai n.. -tos u.s. 
 
 - 92, y ned, 1. 1 — read nedati. 
 
 - 94. 1 pat, 1. 14, col. 4 — read patayalu av.c. ; 1. 16, col. 3 — read 
 patuka B. + 
 
 - 94, y pad, 1. 3 — read Aor. 1 . apadi cb. (3s. pass, ?), apadmahi etc. 
 
 - 95, 1. 6, col. 3 — read paduka b.c. 
 
 - 95, y pard — pardate c'. is now quotable (Bo.). 
 
 - 96, 1, 2 — read -tavai k.s. 
 
 - 99, y pu, 1. S — pupusati c'. is now quotable (Bo.). 
 
 - 101, y pre, 1. 10, col. 4 — read praksa? v.aa. 
 
 - 101, y pya, 1. 3 — dele 4. apyasam aa. — 
 
 - 102, y prach — to deriv. add praq av. (see J.A.O.S., vol. xiii., p. xlii.), 
 piprksu c. 
 
 - 103, 1. 6 — add prinayitr c. 
 
 - 103, y plu, 1. 5 — read -plutya u.s.+ 
 
 - 106, y badh, 1. 8 — read bibadhisate cb.c. -, — to deriv. add badh- 
 ayitr c. 
 
 - 107, y bru, 1. 2 — add bravithas -ita u. 
 
 - 107, y bhaks, 1. 5 — read bibhaksayisati s. + 
 
 - Ill, y bhiks, 1. 5 — read bhiksitva u.c. 
 
 - 112, y 2 bhuj, 1. 9 — read bhuktva k. + 
 
 - 118, y mad — to deriv. add mandayitr c. 
 
 - 119, 1. 9 — add m.ananiya c. 
 
 - 125, y mrc, 1. 3 — read mrkta rv.aa. 
 
 - 125, y mrj, 1. 11 — read mrstva av.s. 
 
 - 126, y mrd — to deriv. add -mrdya c. 
 
 - 129, y yaj, 1. 6 — dele — 7. ayaksata (Zs.) ags. 
 
 - 135, y rat. 1. 1 — read ratati. 
 
 - 137, y ram, 1. 2 — read remus etc. b. + 
 
 - 140, y riph, 1. 1 — read -ati av.b.s. 
 
 - 140, y ribh — to deriv. add rebhin c. 
 
 - 141, 1. 3, col. 2 — read resa b.c. 
 
 - 141, y rih, 1. 1 — add rehana s. 
 
250 Additions and Correctioxs. 
 
 p. 141, |/ 1 ru — to deriv. add ravan b. 
 
 - 142, 1. 2 — read ruce v. ; 1. 5 — add ruei ms. 
 
 - 142, }/ rud — to deriv. add rurudisa c. 
 
 - 143, y 2 rudh — to deriv. add rurutsu c. 
 
 - 143, y rus — to deric. add rosin c. 
 
 - 144, }/ rus, 1. 2 — add runsita c. 
 
 - 145, 1.2 — read linga CB.r.+ 
 
 - 145, after y lajj — add y lad 'move about' : pres. ladati c'. (Bo.) 
 
 - 145, y lap, 1. 10, col. 4 — read lapana e.+ 
 
 - 14G, y lal — to deriv. add lalin c. 
 
 - 147, y likh — to deriv. add likhitr c. 
 
 - 148, 1. 2 — read lepaka c, and add lipti c. 
 
 - 148, y lih, 1. 5 — add leham s. 
 
 - 148, }/ 1 li, 1. 6 — add letum c. and read -laya b.s. 
 
 - 149, y lup, 1. 7 — read lopam s.c. 
 
 - 150, y lubh, 1. 5 — add lubhita s. 
 
 - 150, y lul, 1. 1 — read lolati -te etc. 
 
 - 150, y lu, 1. 4 — add lutva s. ; to deriv. add lavitavya c. 
 
 - 151, y loC; 1. 6, col. 1 — read locaka c. 
 
 - 151, y vac, 1. 8 — add -vace rv. 
 
 - 153, 1. 8 — add -vivadisu c. 
 
 - 156, y 3 vas, 1. 12, col. 2 — read vasya b. + 
 
 - 159, y vij, — to deriv. add vijitavya c. 
 
 - 163, y vrj, 1. 1 — add (at end) v.+ 
 
 - 166, y vyath — to deriv. add -vyathin c. 
 
 - 168, y vli, 1. 1 — read cb.s. 
 
 - 169, y gans, 1. 11, col. 4 — read cjansitr b.+ 
 
 - 173, y Qis, 1, 1 — read 9inasti. 
 
 - 179, y 1 9ri, 1. 4 — add 9ritva s. 
 
 - 183, y sad; 1. 3 — read sedire rv. 
 
 - 185, 1. 6, col. 3 — read sodhr e. + 
 
 - 187, y su, 1. 1 — read sunute. 
 
 - 189, y srj, 1. 4 — read asarji v. b.s. 
 
 - 190, 1, 7, col. 1 — read srjya b.+ 
 
 - 193, y stu, 1. 4 — read stuse (Is.), and add in 1. 12 stuse rv. 
 
 - 194, y stha, 1. 5 — dele — 5. 
 
 - 200, y sru, 1. 12, col. 4 — read sravayitavya ms.s. 
 
 - 207, 1. 9, col. 4 — read johiatra rv.aa. 
 
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