mttmmtmmm^aaamwKjmHtmni ■ri;ii>iMiMirnii'(tiiiii'i«ifciiii>ia V ■mtSk\M Lfuraynwiunriff »(FW n <^■> ^w M#i^^ i ^ H l J i lM ■w9w>^f— www ■ffm—w^rww^f ij yiwt i ugytmwri m tr w a TO .£% 3 RANKING. FO0RTH EDITIOH, A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. First Edition ... 1S89 Second Edition ... 1S92 Third Edition ... 1895 Fourtli Edition ... 1S9T ^^'Sooc GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI IN PERSIAN AND ROMAN CHARACTER SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR THE USE OF OFFICERS AND MEN SERVING IN INDIA, INCLUDING COLLOQUIAL PHRASES A COLLECTION OF ARZIS, WITH TRANSLITERATION AND ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS. BY G. S. A. RANKING, M.A., M.D., Cantab., SuRG..LiEUT.-CoL., Indian Medical Service, Secy, to the Board of Examiners, Fort William, Member of the Royal Asiatic Society, Meinher of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Author of " Elements of Arabic and Persian Prosody, " Urdu Prose Composition, " " Colloquial Urdu.'''' Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged, CALCUTTA : THACKER, SPINKANDCO., London : W. Thacker and Co., 2, Creed Lane, 1897. {All Bights Reserved.) PRINTED BY THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS, CALCUTTA. PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION. The present Edition has been carefully revised and some additions made to the text and notes. The system of transliteration finally adopted by tha Asiatic Society of Bengal has been substituted for that given in the last edition. I am glad to know that the book has been helpful to students of Urdu. G. R. Calcutta : "^ March, 1897. j PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. In this Edition I have endeavoured to increase th© utility of the book by the addition of much that I had omitted for the sake of brevity in former editions, and it is hoped that the book will now offer far greater facilities for acquiring a knowledge of Urdu than have hitherto been available within the compass of a single volume. G. R. Calcutta : June, CUTTA : '\ ?, 1895. 3 1 077144 CONTENTS. A Concise Geammae op Urdu Gender of Nouns Formation of Feminine Formation of Plural Declension of Nouns Adjectives Numerals Pronouns Use of a/pnCi Yerbs Agent Case Derived and Compound Verbs Concord op THE Verb Adverbs^ &c. ... Colloquial Phrases Military Phrases Court Martial, &c. Medical Phrases Physical Examination of Recruits Marches Medical Questions Exercises in Manuscript Reading Translation of Manuscript Exercises Passages for Translation into Urdu with accompanying Translations Page 1 19 26 27 29 34 37 46 49 54 64 68 73 74 82 96 105 123 127 130 132 137 179 213 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. I> ^ K, T I. A CONCISE GRAMMAU OF URDU. The Hindustani alphabet is the Arabic alphabet with modi- fications, including as it does certain letters to represent sounds which do not occur in Hindi words, while on the other hand certain letters are exclusively confined to words of Hindi origin. This composite character of the alphabet is a necessity of the language, composed as it is of three vocabularies — Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian. Urdu is written in the Persian character, fropa right to left, while the Nagri (or Hindi character) is written from left to right. I The following table gives the letters in the Peiisian character ; it should be remembered that the dots are the essential part of the letters — many letters being exactly similar in form, and indistinguishable except by their dots — as will be seen from a glance at the subjoined alphabet. A GUIDE TO HINDIISTANI. Alphabet in the Persian Character. Name. alif be pe to te se jini die he khe dal dal zal re re ze zhe Form. c t > J y J English Transliteration. a b P t t s J ch* h kb d d Combined Form. Final. Medial Initial V zh See pHge 4, ALPHABET IN THE PKRSIAN CHARACTER. Name. Form. English Transliteration. Combined Form. Final. Medial luitial. sin lT S cr •Uk *u shin sh LT MA A sad U" s , Lf aA *e zad kJ z i> .^ *c toe ^ t ^. k J. zoe j; z la Ji 1; 'ain t ( t X e ghain t ^ t X £ fe ^ f L_ft k 9 qaf d q •> A ii leaf • ^ k cs; r s gaf ^ g (as w g-a^e) ^ ^ r lam J 1 J i J mim r m r "«• /O nun (J n tj >\ V hamza 9 , or -* 9 i wao J or w y ^ J he s h ji ■^v Ji ye Lf e or J Sf A i See page 10, 4 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. The foregoing Table gives in tlie third column the English letters by which in transliteration the several letters of the Urdu Alphabet is to be represented. These forms are with one exception (ch= ^) those agreed upon by the Asiatic Society of Bengal and used in all pub- lications of that Society: There ^ is represented by "c" in deference to Continental usage, but as the object of translitera- tion is to represent sound, " ch " seems the proper form for use in English. As a necessary consequence of the connection of letters in writing, only the essential part of the letter is written, that is to say, the general form of the letter is indicated, and is distin- guished from its fellows by the dots. The letters may be thus divided into classes. Certain of tlie letters are never joined to the letter following them. These letters are : ^ J J J ; cS 3 J I It is evident that any attempt to join these letters to the left would render them unrecognizable. jtfote. — In manuscripts this rule is not always observed, and it should be remembered, that ddl and re are not infrequently found in manuscripts joined to the letter following. Vowels. The vowels in Urdu are either short vowels or long vowels. The former are represented by certain marks placed above or below the consonants with which they are pronounced, while the latter are written by means of the letters | AUf j xmo or ^^ ye, with one or other of the marks used to represent the shoi't vowel sounds, which are as follows : — The short u sound of the English language (as in the word VOWL'LS. O *' butter") is represented in Urdu by a sbort diagonal stroke from right to left, and from above downwards, written above the consonant with which it is to be pronounced, and csdlcd falha. For example. — The syllable " sun " is written in Urdu letters ,»MM san, and has the meaning of hemp. The short i sound is represented in Urdu by a short diagonal stroke similar to the above, but written below the consonant with which it is to be pronounced, and called kasra. For example. — The syllable " Dikk " is written in Urdu thus, /St> diqq, and has the meaning of trouble, annoyance. The u sound which in English is heard in the words bull, pull, full, is represented in Urdu by a short diagonal stroke with a loop at its upper end, written above the letter with which it is pronounced, and called zamma. For example. — The syllable " pull " is written in Ux'du, thus ^ \h pul, and has the meaning of " a bridge.^' The long vowels are as follows : — The long a sound is represented in Urdu by the letter Alif. At the commencement of a word, this Alif has a second Alif written horizontally over it, while in the middle of a word, the Alif is simply accompanied by the vowel mark /a^Aa, written or understood. For example. — The word " ardour " is represented in Urdu letters, thus jj j — adar, and has the meaning of respect or honour. The word " farm " is represented in Urdu letters, thus ^li fatn, which word means having-the-colouT'of. The long ic sound is represented in Urdu by the letter ivao J together with the vowel mark called " zam7na." 6 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. For example. — The sound " boot " is written in Urdu thus, CL;*> hut., and is a -word meaning strength, poiuer. The long i sound is represented in Urdu by the letter Ye 1^ together with the vowel mark " Icasra." For example. — The sound " beer " is written in Urdu thus, ^ h'lr, and is a word meaning " a hero " " ivarrior." These sounds are called l»JJj^JW> ma'ruf or " known." ' The sound a, as in the English word rope is represented by the letter ^ wao without any vowel mark. For example. — The syllable " rope " is written in Urdu thus, L, <« t rop and means a stalk nf grass or corn. The a sound, represented by the English words fate, mate, &c., is represented in Urdu by the letter ^ ye, without any ' vowel mark. For example. — The syllable "pate " is written in Urdu thus, ^'^ ^.\ pet and means " stomach,'" " belly." These two latter sounds are called (Ja4s^ majhul, or " un- known." Diphthongs. — The above are the simple short and long vowel sounds ; there remain certain diphthongs which are as follows: — The sound ai, as in the English word " aisle," is represented in Urdu by the letter << combined with the vowel "fatha," thus the word " aisle " would be written in Urdu letters iL)| ail. The word for a bullock is |J,<0 = hail pronounced to rhyme with aisle as above. The sound ow, as in the English word " coav," is represented in Urdu by tbe letter j u'dy, with Fatha, PRONUNCIATION OP CONSONANTS. 7 For example. — The word " now" would be in Urdu letters y ^nau and is a Persian word meaning " new." The above give all the sounds of the vowels and diphthongs. The following words are given as further examples, and as an exercise in reading. Pankha - Pangto - PaitJma - Kheivat - Luijia - Minshar - Matlab. Fan - Cripple - To enter - A rower - To rob - A saw - Object. Kunjl - Slna - Send - Baithnd - Rauld • Rond - Ropnd. ' A key - To sew - Army - To sit - N^oise - To weep - To plant. Prondnciation of Consonants. It is necessary to say a few woi'ds upon the pronunciation of certain letters which are not represented in their trans- litei^ation by exactly equivalent English letters. These are To take these iu order. CL5 This letter is softer in pronunciation than our English " t " and has a sound somewhat more nearly approaching to " th." Practice will alone suifice for its due pronuncia- tion. CIj This letter (which may be also written vij, e.g., in manu- scripts), answers more nearly to our English " t." \^ This letter only occurs in words of Arabic oi^igin, and has a sound exactly answering to the English " s " pro- nounced with a " lisp." In Hindustani however this A. O A GUJDE TO HINDUSTANI. accurate distinction is very rarely made, and the letter is pronounced as " s " Thus ci^cb hdHs. «- This letter has the sound of "cli"in "chin" or "cheese." ^ This l«tter has no exact equivalent in English. The " ch " of the Scottish " loch," represents it exactly. Also the " ch " of German, as in the words " durch " " nicht " very closely approaches the sound. v> The soft ddl t> bears the same relation to " d " and " dh ' that the soft CSU does to " t " and " th." 3 This letter may also be written O, and its sound is that of an English " d " before another consonant, as in "mad man," i.e., more accentuated than when preceding a vowel. j This letter is pronounced in Urdu as the English " z," though its true Arabic value is between " z " and " dh." J This letter is of very infrequent occurrence, and is only found in Persian words. Its sound has no English letter answering to it, though the " z," as pronounced in the word " azure," approaches very near it. The French " 3 " in the words " jour " - " joli " is exactly equivalent to it, this last word might be written ^^ J. i This letter is equivalent to our English " sh," for example, iXi L* = sh abash = Bt&yo. For ordinary purposes it is suflBcient, if this letter be pro- nounced as " s." But in the mouth of a native it has a trace of the " w " sound, as in our word " suavity." Its pronunciation is facilitated by approximating the inner surface of the cheeks to the side teeth, and slightly protruding the lips while pronouncing the " s " sound, U* PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS. 9 the sides of the tongue falling against the inner surface of the teeth. ijo This is even more difficult to pronounce accurately than the foregoing letter, but if the " z " sound be aimed at with cheeks and tongue in the abovementioned position, a very close approximation to the proper pronunciation will result. is In pronuncing this " t " sound, the rule given for . ^ should also be followed. ^ Is strongly guttural, but is usually pronounced like Alif- hamza at the commencement of a word, and like an abbreviated Alif in the middle of a word. At the end of a word it has a faint " e " sound, but is practically unheard. In words beginning with © the tongue must be depressed and the throat well open, the sound emitted will then be fairly representative. c The pronunciation of this letter is a matter of considerable difficulty. It is a back-guttural, and there is no sound in English coi-responding with it. It bears the same relationship to the " g " sound that «. does to the " k " sound. Thus — if in the word " loch " we substitute "g" for the " k " sound and pronounce the word thus formed in accordance with the substituted letter, we shall get an approximation to the'sound of c, e.g.,i^ ta gh ma, medal. /• This letter has a sound very like the " q " in " quoit." It is enunciated by uttering a " k " sound with the cheeks applied to the sides of the teeth and the lips slightly protruded, e.Q'.j^U jafci'Z, able, ii^is qa^ida, a rule. 10 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI, Platts' Hindustani Grammar gives a good example by- saying it closely resembles the sound uttered by a crow in its " caw." The letter j (r) is generally so carelessly pronounced in English that great care must be taken to pronounce this letter fully in Hindustani ; even with a slight " roll." The letters j and ^ have a double value, either as conso- nants or vowels, as the case may be. If followed by a vowel sound they are consonants, as in the words i^_^U 7vajib and jjO^J yunan. If followed by a consonant they are vowels, as in the words ^^^^fc.'O mauMb, /^lywo m'lzan. Alif Hamza. — Alif, at the commencement of a word has no sound value, but is merely a graphic sign, a prop for the hamza 9 which is pronounced. It has therefore only an exponential value, and the sound will differ according as the hamza 9 is to be pronounced with one or other of the three vowels before mentioned. : Thus \ = a \ = i \ = n f Hamza is, as will be seen from its form, simply an ab- breviated c. Hamza when unaccompanied by | is merely a breathing as in the words u»??lt td-ils a peacock, where it is neces- sary to separate the two vowel sounds li and it. In this position it is to be represented in transliteration by a hyphen, as above shewn. At the beginning of words it is I'epresented in ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS. 11 transliteration simply by the vowel which it represents in sound, that is by a, i, or w (see pages 20-21). Alif, with a horizontal Alif written above it at the beginning of a word, forms the long syllable a. E.g., m)Ua«1 asmdn, the sky. The Alif written above is called madda, or prolonga- tion, and the two together are called Alif niamdilda, the prolonged Alif. Care should be taken in pronouncing this long Alif to avoid a too common European vulgarism by which the sound a is per- verted to aw : Thus the word cJ|k> meaning " post " is to be .pronounced DaJc not Dawh : thus A b | cJ|3 = ddh dya hai. When two wa'os occur together the first is pronounced almost like a " V " thus iJLijyS power, is pronounced quv-wat ; ^Jjj^l first, is pronounced av-wal. Orthographical Signs. TashdId. — When any letter is required to be doubled the sign *> is written above it. This sign is called 4>J(>mJ tashd'id, or strengthening, and represents the letter ^t. For example, in the words : — .^'^ C— 3*^ musharraf, honoured, exalted. ^^' ^ takallum, conversation. *^^ , ^)yc murahbi, a teacher, tutor. Tanwin. — When a vowel mark Fatha, Kasra or Zamma is required to be doubled it is written double and then acquires an additional sound of "n." Thus, ^ an ^ in $ xm. 12 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. For this reason it is 'called j yj tanwin, " giving the sound of n." In Urdu the Fatha is the only vowel mark that undergoes this change : as for example — \j^ fauran, at once. [SifJ | ittifdqan, by chance. But in phrases of Arabic which will be met with in reading, both Tanivin zamma and Tanwin kasra will also be found to occur. Jazm. — When it is intended that any consonant is to be silent, that is to say, not accompanied by any vowel sound, this fact o * must be signified in writing by inserting a mark called ^Isk. jazm, or ^^C** sulcun above the consonant. This sign is either a small circle *, or an incomplete cir- cular mark ^ placed above the quiescent consonant. o Example. — tO^j hohia, to speak. Here, if it were not for the "jazm,'^ we might read this word as bolana, as unless there is some indication to the contrary the vowel mark fatha is to be understood in all syllables. A consonant thus made quiescent is called S L») sdkin, i.e., resting; while a consonant pronounced with a vowel is called mutaharriTc, moving. <*)js^ There is another mark called jjL^^ waslah which is used only in phrases from the Arabic. It has this form '• and is placed over the initial Alif of a word in construction with another, to shew that the Alif is elided in pronunciation: Thus aDl Jv^, '■Abdti'llah, not 'Abdu Allah, which is the full value of the letters. NUMERALS. 13 Numerals. . Every letter in the alphabet has a special numerical value attached to it, but the following figui-es are those which are ordinarily used to denote the date, year, page of a book, &c., &c. : they are as follows : — I r r t* 1 V A 9 ♦ 1234567890 they are compounded in exactly the same way as our numerals ; e.g., I ♦ =10, I AW = 1877. Hindi Numerals. 12 3 456789 10 The figures are compounded just as in English. Thus 1891 = ^c:«t\. TJie Abjad. The values of the letters are shewn in the following line : — xJs/i ^^s^ vi*.w;i ijaftiuo (^j*iS j_5la^ )j^ «>sr'| Where the first tea letters represent the nnmerals from 1 to 10 the eleventh letter represents 20, the twelfth 30 and so on up to 100, the next after 100 is 20O and so on up to 1,000. Thus (ysi\ afejW =1 + 2 + 3 + 4=10 and SO on. These values are assigned to the letters for the purpose of enabling dates to be expressed in words, forming Chi-onograms. For example : The date of the death of the author of the Urdu-i-Mu'alla in 1285 Hijri, is thus expressed : To-day his speech is ended La ^Uo .j^s*" %>i^\ ^| The sum of these letters will be found to give the date 1285. u A GUIDE TO HINDtJSTANI. Alphabet in the Hindi Character. In writing Hindi the Nagii or Devanagri character is employed. It is written from left to right. The following gives the forms of the letters with their equi- yalent sounds in the Roman character. The written character will be found to differ from the print- ed forms far less than in Urdu. Examples of it will be found at the end of MSS. exercises — Votoels. Character. Sound. Note. ^ a (short) • Medial form T • ^T a (long) T i (short) ?> » , f t 1 (long) 51 5 , "^ ^ u 1> ) ' \* ^ u J» -V ^5 e »' , "^ above the letter. t ■ ai JJ „ above the letter. ^ >» „ t ■ ^^ au )> „ > ^ anusvara u nasal »> „ ' above the letter. ^: visarga )> ,, •• NAGRI ALPHABET. 15 Consonants. Character. Sound. Character. Sound. ^ k 3[ d so/^ ^ kh ^ dh soft V g ? P ^ gb ^ ph W °g ^ b jH ch H bh W chh K m ^ j ^ y ^ or^ jh T r so/^ « t /ia7-(Z ^ 1 5 th luird ^ w ^ d 7zan^ S3r initial form Sh S- dh hard ^ medial form Sh TJJ or "T n ^ s rT t so/« ^ h ^ th soft 16 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. Thnble letters in most common use. Character. Sound. Example. ^ KsU qfrft?ff Parikshit 9 gy ^TWF A^ i*li!^ Larhlydn thin — The girls were. But if the singular of a feminine noun ends in a consonant or I alif, or * tvao the plural subjective will end in j en. E.g.f C^Iaj kitOfh, book, »Ajbl3 kitdhen, books. ^) hald, calamity, .,f<^^ bald-en, calamities. \ u •O nao, a boat, At^i^ ndiven, boats. ■ N.B. — From the above examples we see that the verbs are similarly inflected, with the exception that the termination iijU iydn has bec^hne obsolete in Urdu in the feminine plural of verbs, and is contracted to J m. It is still persistent in Punjabi. The formative* cases of nouns both masculine and feminine alike, in the plural add the postpositions to the root form with the affix ^^ on, thus o -ji«t>yo mardon kd, oi men, S ^^ ^^ larklyon ko, to girls, ^S diy^J^ * anraton ki, of women, J^ ^tt\[i "sA. chiriydon ke, of birds. • See page 30. gender of nouns. 19 Gender of Urdu Nouns. The gender of nouns iu Urdu is a matter of some difficulty to the student, and it is most important to acquire -a thorough mastery of the rules which govern the gender of nouns. Nouns ?ire masculine or feminine hij form, the termination beino- in most cases, the indication of the gender. A. The following are Masculine terminations : — (a) Hindi nouns ending in long a. as lj| ata flour. The exceptions to this are few, being chiefly nouns imply, ing an abstx^act quality, as \jS kirpa, kindness, ^xij or T^TJfJ. {&) Nouns ending in », u and j| ao. The exceptions are — Jb hoXu, sand, 5j|t> daru^ liquor, medicine. 9 ' 9 5)1 J tarazU, a pair of scales, ^j rohu, a kind of fish. 9 9 9 *.>| a&rw, eyebrow, •j) I afcr?^, honour, ^nj ar2?7, wish. *s^ /ifly'w, satire, *> hu, smell, ^ tauha, repentance, alkli fakhta, a dove. AtJj cZa/'a, time, jji>i lasha, 4JJ ^o^/t. V a corpse. 20 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. N.B. — Arabic femiuines in s (for I ) must also be excepted, e. ff-i »oJ]^ walidah mother (fern, of jJl^ ). Such nouns are feminine hy signification. Gender of Auabic nouns used in Urdu. The gender of nouns imported into Urdu from the Arabic does not conform to the gender of the noun in its own language. Without going into the question of the formation of words in Arabic, it must be understood that a number of words will occur which will be seen to be similar in form, with a meaning -which bears, in all cases, the same relation to the idea to be expressed; this idea differing with the different roots from which the words are derived. For simplicity's sake the three letters L-? , 9 and ^j are used to represent the Jst, '2nd and 3rd letters of the tri-literal root; these three letters are constant in all derivatives, changes being made in their meaning by the interpolation of other letters, which always occupy the same position for the same shade of meaning. The following are some of these derived forms ; we will first take those that are masculine when used in Urdu. N.B. — The student is urged to carefully study the remaYhs on, gender, as this is one of the chief difficulties in Urdu. The following Arabic derivatives are masculine : — i\\yi\-if^ dl — That is, words in which the root form (^jtj is aug- mented by an Alif between the second and third letters, and further augmented by having Alifhamza {vide page 3, ) pronounced with the vowel kasra, prefixed to the first letter. GENDER OF NOUNS. 21 Excejptions : jw^^l 'ijlas, a session. }i\S\ ikrdh, aversion. f^t^] isldh, correction. 9'[sr\ ^7^o/i, persistence, lilj^*! imcZacZ, assistance. t^lyjl trad, citing. -^^^ ■ Jjtft) tafa^'ul. — Foi'med by prefixing Clj and doubling the second letter of the tri-literal root. Exceptions : between the first and second letters, and inserting Alif between the second and third letters of the root. Exceptions : pU:fiw f ihtiyaj, necessity. 9^ I ittila', report. isUa. I ihtiyat, caution. I<>:^J ibtidd, beginning. 9'^^ I istUdh, usage. OU:^ I Utifot, attention. U" [^ I iltimas, request. Uli | iniiha, ending. fjelJcl iHiraz, objection (this is also used as masculine.) jjUilw ) istifdl. — Formed by prefixing the syllable I St and inserting Alif between the second and third letters of the root. Words of this form have the significa- tion of desiring or considerinc/. ISxceptiovs : 0\(^^j istimdad, asking ior aid. [^y^\ w^iV^?, conciliating. 5L5^| isH'hrdh^ aversion. ti!ojCU»»| idHddd, aWity. (aO^ I istid^d, request. J.jdU wo/*aZ.— Prefixing the letter ^ ?)z79)i— vocalized with- either Icasra or fatha as the case may be. lu the former case the word is an instrumental noun, •■ ^., wk*«,,< mt's/ar, a ruler (for ruling lines) ^IjAo miqrdz GENDER OP NOUNS. 23 shears (for cutting) ^llfio miftdh, a key (for opening) ; in the latter it is a noun of place, e.g., . Jis^ majlis place of sitting Exceptions : lls^ majdl, power. Mis* mahfil, an assembly. . |*fcls* majlis, place of sitting — assembly. 4>s*«»* inasjid, place of worship — temple. (Jylo manzil, place of alighting — stage. ts^ mankhar, place of breathing — nostril. The ahove includes all the masculine forms with the most usual exceptions. The following are the principal feminine terminations : — (a) I (Alif) Arabic nouns ending in J.Zif. Examples : [si baqa, duration. jb bala, evil, calamity. N.B. — Exceptions to this rule are Arabic words of the form ^aU) tnfa'ul, ending in ), as l^la) taqaza, dunning, which are masculine. {See page 21). (6) Ij Hindi dimiuutives such as \j Ta^, chiriya a bird. Except : U^j pahiyd. a wheel. (r) CLi> Arabic U'-uus ending in CU. 24 A WUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. Except : CL;»a^ ?nhut, firmness. o^tLk MiiVat, a robe of honour. d^y^ sharhaf, a draught. CU^iib ySqut, a ruby. o ^^ ji^ ?(;a(/^, time. *-^^.^^ i^a?>ttf, a bier. ((Z) Nouns ending in k^ib /ta/, cL«ifc| a/m?, CL>^I «/m^, all of ^ -which are of Hindi origin, as \JL/^\>*>y' 5'^*"^''^^^^' constellation. (e) i^ Verbal nouns (Persian) as iji>^S gardish, revolu- tion ; . p,t \ rmvish, mannei-, custom. N.B. — ,p)li hdlish, a pillow, is not a verbal noun and is masculine. ' (/) L? Nouns ending in ^^ as: j^^a.U*^' s?/?-a^?, a goblet. Except : 'iii pani, water. ^^ ghJ, ghee. £»» i'. «o"l life, ( <^^* wo/e, ijcarl. JIO (Za/iZ, sour milk. ^ [lb Tidllil, elephant, and words which are obviously mascuh'ne such as ^ui| cidml^ a man. ,Jt[^,^ sipalil^ a soldier. ' In addition to the above, it should be borne in mind that nearly all abstract nouns, formed by dropping the infinitive termination, are feminine. The exceptions to this rule are : — «- *3 nocli, scratching from U^ •} to scratch. >^ nacli, dancing „ ^^^ ^° dance. i^M rang, colouring „ UIj; to colour. GENDEll 01? NOUNS. 25 ^Ja43 khel, playing from U1a4J to plaj^ )^s^ nichor, squeezing „ ^D^?^ ^^ squeeze. ^J.A$^3 dhakel, shoving „ ULS^Ak> to shove, all of which are masculine. The following Arabic derivatives are feminine : — ,JvK««I taf'd. — Formed by prefixing CLi and inserting ^^ between the second and third letters of the root. This form has always an active signification. Except : j>j ^9ti ta'wiz, an amulet (that which protects). jJUa* mifdl. — Formed by prefixing ^ mlm, and inserting Alif between the second and third letters of the root, as : — ji'Ako oninqar, a bird's beak. ijffLa'O miqrdz, a pair of scissors. Except : JjiJvo minshar, a saw. jl»«w»o mismdr, a nail. jIa** mi'yar, a touchstone. ( )UaJ tafal. — Formed by prefixing CL> and inserting Alif, as above, as : — j|>5o tahrar, a quarrel, /Ju^ timsdl, an eflfigy, portrait. N.B. — It will he found loell worth while to study these rule& thoroughly, as, otherwise, the question of gender will he found a very ■puzzling one, and xoill depend solely on the memory for individual words. 26 a guide to hindustani. The Formation op the Feminine from the Masculine. Feminines are formed in Urdu in various ways. 1 . By adding certain aflBxes : — (a) i^ — When tlie word ends in a consonant, the letter ^ is simply added, thus, »y>*l>J masculine, Brahman^ jJUaI J feminine, Brahmanl. If the last letter is | , or h mute, it is elided, and the affix ^ substituted for it, thus : 6jJ Icir^o., boy, iSj^ larici, girl, 8i>11ibl^ shahzada, prince, i^JltAUt shahzddl, princess. (6) j»i an, or ^ in — This affix is used for rational beings, thus : - jjfcc> dhoh't, & washerman, feminine .»j>»A<^ dJiohin, or J*Ai> dhoban. ^^s^ J<^9^ ^ mendicant, jogin. (c) jj nl, or J| anl — This is used both for rational and irrational beings, thus : ^^U» hath'i, an elephant, •j" 'I '' feminine Js<3' aA hathni ; yj tattu, a pony, i<*N^ tattuanl a pony-mare ; JLf>o inehtar, a sweeper, feminine .J|y[^ mehtrani. 2. By using distinct words : — e.g., t-jli hap, father, feminine ukiO man, mother. * 53U» ndnd, bull, feminine ^^ g^-^^ cow. * It must be borne in mind that the feminine of this word, namely ijiS^tiM sdndnl, does not mean a cow, but a riding camel. FORMATION OF THE PLURAL. 27 3. By adding the Persian words o nar, or »jLa mada, thus : — OwJt sJier-i-nar, a tiger, »t>Uywi sher-i-mdda, a tigress. The words J nar and »jU ma^id are used alone to denote male and female. In Urdu, female is usually .V^to madln* Formation of the Ploral. Pure Urdu words form their plurals thus : — 1. Form unchanged. — Masculines ending in a consonant, or in u, o, or i, as also proper names or degrees of relationship, or // titles of profession ending in a, remain unchanged in the nomina^ / Hue plural. *'-9-> yS g1iO''>', a house. *4s^ hichhu, a scorpion. i^^ mot'i, a pearl. la:^ chacha, an uncle. La.N raja, a king. ^<^S kodu, a kind of grain. 2. Masculines ending in a (except the above classes), or in hi j mute, form the plural nominative by changing this termination into V e. e.g., I^Tj larka, boy, pi. j yj larhe, boys. 8 Jo parda, curtain, pi. y OO parde, curtains. N.B. — The word IjIJ daiia, though a title of relationship, is- inflected : this is the sole exception to Rule 1. 3. Feminines ending in m^ i, form ^Aj lyan in the nomi- native plural. e.g., tu) dihiyaen {as at 4:). 4. All other feminines form their nominative plurals by adding j en, thus : — C-jbo kitdh, a book, ^jajIaT kitahen, books ; Jj ndo, a boat, ^J jb ndwen, boats ; -^J lalir a wave, lahren waves. The formative plural is formed by adding the syllable ^^ on, in cases where the nominatives, singular and plural, are the same. e.g., ^^ ^/"""j house — Nominative plural *^ — Formative plural mIJwJ fjharon, houses. In all other cases the feminine termination of the nominative plural is changed into -^5 on. ^•.9' jJjl.J-^L5>)— Formative plural fjy^) larlayon, girls. C_;15- ^j^jbi^ Formative plural ^yi[S kitdJion, books. Arabic and Persian Plurals. Certain of these will be met with in reading. Persian plurals are formed by adding the syllable -jl, a>i, for animate , and [it Id for inanimate objects, as a general rule. e.g., tl^ gul, rose, LIS gulhci, roses ; AoU nama, letter, L^li ncimahd, letters ; but d^oot) dirakht, tree, forms Llli»^i3 dlrakht-ha, and jjUa.J»^ dirakhtan, trees; and ,_^*o1 a-«p, a horse, forms /jUa«! aspan, and La^| aspha. CASES OF NOUNS. 29' Some also (nouns of multitude) add CL;|* at, in the plural. e.g., d)^ deh, a village. CLsLjJ deJiSt, the villages around. 3*c(^ Icaghaz, paper. CILj|(>co kaghazat, documents. di*(i nmna, a letter. djlsr^U namaj'at, despatches. Notice the euphonic interpolation of «j- after the silent h — in the last example. Arabic broken plurals f must be learnt by practice ; they follow the gender of the singular in Urdu, whereas in Arabic all broken plui-als are feminine. Declension of Nouns. There are but two declensions : — I. That in which the formative singular is the same as the nominative. II. That in which the formative singular is inflected. In the first are included all feminines, and all masculines except those ending in s {h mute) and long a (not being pro- fessional titles or degrees of relationship) which, with the exception of jtij^ dada, are uninflected. {See page 27.) * This is the regular form of the feminine plural in Arabic— ., 5J;>Ju wdlida, mother o|iiJ|j ivdliddt, mothers. t By broken plurals are meant plurals formed by a change in the form of the word, not simply by the addition of a plural termination — e.g., ^\ aid (people) forms (i!>i*f ahlilna (regular plural) and (y«M ahdll (broken plural). ■'SO A GITIDE TO HINDUSTANI. In the second ax'e classed all masculines excepted from the "first declension, as above, including |j|j, as above stated. (For examples of declensions I and II see page 32.) Case of Nouns. The various cases are formed by certain postpositions, which are added to the formative singular and plural, as the case may be. N.B. — The ^^ fortnative ^' is the condition of the noun in another case than the nominative, or " subjective " case. 1st Declension. — It has already been stated that in the first declension the formative singular is identical in form with the nominative. Accordingly in the first declension the singular number of the noun is declined by adding to the uninflected nominative form one or other of the postpositions which indicate the case in which the noun is used. The plural number is declined in the same way, with this change, that to the nomina- tive singular form is added the syllable "o«" {n nasal), pro- nounced as in the French " bon," "ton," and to the word thus formed the postposition is added. Postpositions. The following are the postpositions : — masc. fern. Genitive singular ... . .. ir ka Jr jci „ plural • :. ^ he l/' ^' Dative (sing, and plural) •• .. ^ ko S ho Accusative (sing, and plural) ., .. jT ko S ko Agent (sing, and plural) .. . J ne J ne CASES OP NOUNS, 31 masc. fern. Ablative (sing, and plural) ... ^t se ^ se* Locative (sing, and plural) ... ^^ men ^ rnen It will thus be seen that the Genitive postposition is the only one which is inflected to agree with the noun which it qualifies, e.g., the man's horse would be admi Tea ghora ; here kd agrees with the masculine ghora, which it qualifies. Again the man's mare, is ddml hi ghorl. Ghori being feminine, requires the feminine postposition kl. The use of Ci*^t^l Izafat. The genitive may also be ex- pressed by the use of the Persian construction termed izafat. This form of genitive is usually an adjectival qualification of a noun of Persian origin, for example : — ^^JUmo CUaSt' Takht-i-muharak. The auspicious throne. ^Jj\> y4V •■• gl^(^i'-Tio {ov ghar) ... a house. Agent j Yt-S ••• ghar-ne ... by a liouse. A-ui € 1 „ ( ■with, from, out Abl. .M> viP ••• ghar-se ... ■: c i <-^JT { of, a house. ^°''- cr-^>^ CASES OP NODNS. 33 f glmr-men (or) f in a house. ^ j glmr-men (or) f in a house, y yyT '" ' .9^"""-i'«'- * t ■■• ( * to a Louse. Voc. J«^C5?I ••• (li-glmr ... O house ! ■ Phiral. '^om. ^ ... gr/jar ... ... houses. Gen. ^ <:))y\^ •■• O^i-aron-kd {ov k'<) of houses. Dat. y i^^^Y ••• gli'ti'Ton-'ko ... to houses. Ace. y i^^y^ ■•• gliaron-lio ... houses. ^^^'^*^ ,j <^>^r ■■* d^^^^on-ne ... by houses. AM. ^M. ^♦J^yt.-J ••• gharon-se ... from houses. ^^^- ^i?* (J^^Y "■' S^'^^™?^'"^^^' (°^' -?"''■) i". or to, houses. ^oc. J>Y ^' ■•■ ^^■9^^<^^'o ... houses! 5/«'' Larkon-ne * Par often signifies fo, taking the place of fto. Thus "' gr/iar jsar jao," " go to the house," or more idiomatically " ghar jdo." + Two of these postpositions may be nsed together : tlius ^ iif^^fr gJiar wen se, from within the house, ^J^J^ mez par se, fx-om upon the table. C Nom Gen. 34 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. Abl. >>*» /^ >] Larke-se ^ (JtO^ J^f^V^on-^^ Loc. ^^^ ^r , ^^ ^r-l I o /_yj Larke-par o ,» y J-" Larkon-par Voc. 1^3^ t^l ai-larka Sy (^! ai-larko Adjectives. The adjective may either precede or follow the noun it qualifies, geoerally the former, unless it is wished to lay stress upon the quality indicated by the adjective. Adjectives ending in consonants undergo no change of form to suit the gender of the noun. Those ending in long a are changed, as are also some ending in h mute, and are inflected thus : — Masculine Singtdar. Nom, ^-«c>| (.4^1 acJicha adml, a good man. , ^ -" ''I ^^1 achche adml ka, ko, se, Sfc, 8fc. Plural. Nom. Lj^^^^l y/4^^ achche adm'i, goodi Tcieu. Inflected cases *J\^ S^ "^lO^*^ ' £^^ achche admlyon ka, ko, ^c. Feminine Singular. Nom. CLm •£ L<^^' achchl 'aurat, a good woman * ^1 These three letters are an abbreviation for an Arabic phrase signifying " and so on for the rest " — It is nsed in Urdu as the equivalent of our " &c." ADJECTIVES. 35 Inflected cases Jl^ ^5"^ l^CLiuc ,^4fa-l achchl 'auraf ka, ■ ko, ^c, Sj'c. Plural. Nora. ^\ *c 4-4^ nchclii ^auraten, good women. Inflected cases ^)l^ \^ ^yjyi l^^T**' achchl 'auraton ka, ^'c, Sfc. <0^i fitluna and |<>j^ judd are also declined, the latter generally in the language of women. The following adjectives are inflected : — * dcwana 8t>j(3i3 nad'ula Hi^mJ!) sharminda. ^Si\) ''"'if^^^ ii.s^. bechdra d^\^. * kanilmu ij^lj nakani bUj * tUza i(^Js5 * ganda. Swtyck^ haramzada 5;>il* vianda. Comparison of Adjectives. Adjectives are compared in the following way : — 1. By putting the noun with which the comparison of another noun is made in the ablative case, the adjective agreeing with the noun it qualifies and following it, thus :— the seotence, " My horse is bigger than this " is expressed as follows : — Merd gkord is-se hard hai. My horse (compared) with this is big. * Declined only by women. 36 A ODIPE TO HINDUSTANI. " This box is heavier than that " Yife sandilq ns-se bhdri hai. This box (compared) with that ia heavy. 2. By using the word ha-nishat (in comparison with) the genitive, thus : — " My horse is bigger than this" might be expressed — Herd ghord banisbat is-ke bard hai. My horse in-comparison-with this is big. The former, however, is more usual in ordinary colloquial Urdu. Adjectives are used to express variety or plurality in Urdu by simply repeating the adjective. E.g., ^4_>^. ,i_3' ^^Jl ^^ tfljJ ^j\ Us larai men bare bare blr mare gd'e. In that battle very many brave heroes fell. i^ ^}^ L^t' t-^^^' O^ j^[^^^j.\ Is kitdb khdne men achchl achchl kitdben hain. In this library are all sorts of excellent books. This repetition of the adjective may also express intensity, thus: ^ J^r" Ji^ J^j^ cT^ j^" lt' Is taldo men chhoti chhofl machhliydn hain. There are (only) very small fish in this tank. NUMERALS. Numerals. 37 FIGURES. NAMES. FIGURES. NAMES. 1 1 •• 16 If aUm) solah. '' 2 r ^J cZo. 1 17 IV »wiM» satrah. 3 r ^ tin. 18 lA ij[^\ atharah. ,.Hav 4 1* »(^ c^^^- 19 M iy**^\ unts. * 5 Q it) panch. [•20 r* -»iu.-0 his. 6 7 1 V o 1 iffarah. \ 24 rf ja.A)*ak chauhls. c*ll.C/iv*( 11 (1 \ i\{S gyarah. 25 ro Cf ftf» /jac/ifs. 12 ir 5)0 barah. 26 n jii»^ pandrah. 28 fA ^>Ajl4J| athd-is. 38 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. FIGDRES. NAMES. PIGURES. NAMES. 29 n , *w.^( untis. 43 t*r ^)B^Ju<^ tetalls. UU'H^ 30 r* - *h»aJ t'tS. 44 ff j4iu,jLai. c7iau,Qlts. tkn* 31 n ,j^\ i^i^S' 45 fo . jmJuajJ paintaUs '"^' 32 rr , *u.*ikJ battls. 46 t**i ^*»»JU4^ chJdalls. :tZ 33 rr -jwvjilUO tent'is. 47 f\f itwJll^AMi saint alls. \ro 34 rf £juuaaJ*2w cJiicmntis. 48 hA ^tu^Ju^jl athtalls. 35 ro -iuMjX^j paint IS. 49 l*'^ joj's^ 1 nnclws. it> 36 rM ^j*>-^^4^ chhattis. 60 ♦ ^(sJ pachas. iZ 37 rv f^j*>^^^*u sai^tls. 51 o\ ^*^^\ iJcaivan. 1 38 39 fjM^J] atht'is. {j»*i^^\ nntdJls. 52 53 54 or ,.i«b hav.-an. j,i^ik. cJianwan. 40 f* . *ik* sathattar. n y>4j\ athhattar. 65 66 MO MM <*«A„»J^ painsath. <*4Am.L42^ chh?,dsafh. v80 81 A* A| 67 MV A4A*ov«tf sarsath. 82 Af ^AuljJ 6e,tfs«. 68 MA ( <*«A«.^ 1 af/imf 7i. 83, ^r ^mjL.) tirasl. ( <<4x*oj| arsath. 84 At* /<-*o!i«.^ chaurdst. 69 M<^ v'^3 1 nnhattar. 85 AO ^-*ol3E^ pacha Si. ^70 71 V ! xl^Sf ikhattar. 86 87 AM AV ^.MiU^^ chhidsl. ^^M \^ satasl. 72 vr v'^ hahaftar. 88 AA i^*^^j\ at has I. •• 40 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. FIGURES. NAMES. 1 FIGURES. FIGURES. 89 A^ *o|^ nau,asi. 96 SI , v'^-d^^ c^hi.rtHflice. 90 9* V y navioe. 97 SV y *Jb«-» satauaioe. 91 <^l V Ailr 1 ikanaive. 98 SA , ^il^J 1 athciHatve. 92 U y ^l) hdnawe. 93 9r ^ ^j^ tiranawe. 99 ss J\^ nindnaice. 94 SI* J y Ij *A.c/i aurdnaive. 100 !♦♦ f ^ sau. or 1 1>Xm»» saikrn. 95 So «^Ik pcLchanaive. Ordinal Numbers. MascttUne. pahld ^Lj Second dusrd ly-^tJ Third ^ ^?sra ]y^ Fourth chauthd ^^ pdncluodn ^^\j First Fifth Feminine. 1 ^t -^ %m*i* V to T C Ai^ chauthl J ^TP^u panchwhi (inflected panchwen) and so on adding? ^jl^ (or ^^ wZu for feminine) to the cardinals, except in the following, Sixth chhetha 1^4^ «^^^ chheihi NUMERALS. -il DiSTiMBUTivE Numerals. Each may be expressed by the use of the word plchhe ^4fH thus :— Give the coolies two annas each, QuU pichhe do ana dena; or thus Ek eh ^>j| ^^1 one each, do do, J43 jt> two each, and so on. Multiplicative Numerals. These are formed, (1). By adding. to (feminine ,^S) to the cardinals, as, Uvj dogu7ia = 1>J iJi^tia two fold, (fern.) « vwjO dogunl or <^43 cZmwL •• •♦ 2. By adding |jfc as )j^fc> doJiara, double. \y^ tihard threefold. The number of times a thing occurs is expressed as in English ; thus they use the words jb har, jMti dafii, or jjj yo martaba, each of which means " time," in combination with the numeral adjective; thus, twice >ljjt> dobar, three times 4x9 J ^ja) or jj,) y nhf (Arabic), or ^ nlm (Persian). A quarter more Lm., e.gr., Ij rupees «l/J^^ \jm sawa rupaya. A quarter less ^j^, e.g., 12 annas Aojj; ^j^ ??aMre rupaya. A half more ^^jU * sdrhe, e.^f., 350 jm> j»^ ^ jU sarhe tin sail. One-and-a-half Hjid derh. e.g., ISOjm, »}jt5 defh sau. Two-and-a-half rJjb^ dhdt or ^^j\ o.rhai. Three-and-a-half ^y ^ jU sar/ie ^m. Oae-eighth •(; sJJ a(^/i pau (jxi). Three-quarters ^b ,j^ tin pau (^x3). Five-eighths jl) j^UjI arhal pau (2|xi). Collective numbers. The following terms are used to denote : — A collection of two —A pair \jjif' Jord. or f^j^ Jor'i. • Only used of numbers above three. MONEY TABLE. 43v A collection of fear 6SiS Ganda. five I ^° Gdlii. twelve ♦T^J'^ Varjan. (corruption of "dozen") twenty y^'jS Kor't. 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 -a score — a hundred )}^^ Saikra. Money Table. iCjl ") C ^^ mxiliar '\ Ji ^y ' ) C One Mohur or ashrafi = ^5j-i| imSi}) (eJc ashrafi) a^ • J dJ«l Ek ana One anna = 1^ jO (Zo fafca two talca^. 1^ \t*^i\ Ek taka One taka = LwO lt> -Do paisS two paisas (pice). Li-0 v_v l ^fc ^aisa One paii«a (pice) = ^UitJ) ji> Do adJiela Two half puisa. 44 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. ^Lfiiiil yC^i Ek adhela One half-paisa = i»lt)>4aw jO Do chhadam, Two pieces of six dams each. ^lt>^^ ^>j| Ek chhadam One chhadam = ^^ J ^0 Do damrj^ Two damris. ^ycii ^^jbt Ek damf't One damri = j^A j! J J Do addhl Two addhis. ^AJI c^^l -^^ adti/iZ One addhi = ^^j •SjIa, char kauri Four cowries. i^Jt^ V_y> l -EA: A;a?<./v One cowrie. The shell of Cyprma moneta is used as the lowest unit of money hy the very poor. (^-.qyu' v_^<| Ek paserl A weight of five sers (panch ser). Bazar weight Table (for liquids and solids). »f* ^^1 -^^ man one maund = wu» >^tah, Ghalis ser Forty sers. v^A v>>l Ek ser one ser (seer) = jb jIa, C^ar 25ao Four paos. ^U ^N->l Ek pdo one pao = t^Cii^^^ ^la^ CAar chhitank Four chittacks , ^U 9J| Adh pdo half a pao = CiJGUs^^ J J Do chhitank Two chittacks. «^^ wj jj Do paisa bhar two pice weight = t^_NJl!^^^ (jbJl ac2/ji JiWi ( Ek haras ) t^to il -^^-^ ^^^^ «ia/i7 Three months, as we saj^, ^ "a quarter." '^ or f-A (lunar) month. lLXjI (Eh din') ^ - 3 or [ A clay. ]3)^\ lEkroz) })) ^\ I Ek roz v^ (^j| Ek pahar An eighth of a day, a " watch." iAA^j i^ S ^i I -Efc ghanta An hour. i<'l4^ lL^^ Ek ghart A space of 22-5 minutes, or the ■Jyth part of a day. jjb c3s>l Ekpal eV of a ghari. Pronouns. There are only two personal pronouns, ^jkc main, " I," and / ^ tit "thou," in the singular, and ^A liam "we" and ^ f ztm " you " in the plural. The n in main is nasal, and this must be carefully remembered ; a good practical rule is that final n is nearly always nasal.* The place of the third personal pronoun is supplied by the demonstrative pronoun g* n-oh he, it or they. The personal pronouns are thus declined : — \st Person Singular. Nom. ujb main I. Gen. !r mera of me, mine. Feminine ; ^ v** iner'i. Dat. ( ^^o -y^s-o ') C to me. Ace. (. mujh-ko ov mujhe • Nasal n, is represented iu transliteration by a dotted n, — tlius n. PRONOUNS. Agent J .,0 main-ne Abl. *J <*««■* 7nvjh par Plural, am y^ ^«> ham par. Gen Dat. 47 ^A'O main-ne by me. C*^^"* iJii^y/i-be by, from me. r J [1^ <*4?'° miijh-men 9 > m, on me. we. Nora. ^^ ]i .Qen. ' i'^'** hamara of us, our. ( Fem. (__^U-^ liamart. ■Dat. ^j;^ r haviko /'tons. 1 or -A-CC. i2-^^*^ V. hamen us. PZitraZ. Agent j ^i Jiam-ne by ^g^ Abl. ^ -♦il) Jiam-se ' from T \ i.T~'° z*^ ham-men hoc. < ^ \ us. Ill, on us. 2n(i Person Singular. ^'''^' y i^ thou. Lfy:^ 'jl:^ iera, teri (fem.) thy. J^ tujhko to thee. Ace. ^^s^ i^jj^^ ^^^^^ Agent ^^- ,^.^, ^^^^^^^ Abl. ^^^^^^^ ^^y-^.,^ from thee. 48 Loc. ^i;*^^' A GDIDE TO HINDIISTANI. JAj 44^)1 ^J^\ Apnl (not tumhdri) anlch hand karo. Ap is also used for purposes of introduction, thus : — Ap Behll se dya^ — This gentleman has come from Dehli, 50 A GUIDE TO ITlJJDUSTAJfl. Ap is also used to denote the word " self " as main Up, I my- self or aj) ayd hun, I have come myself. The woi'd Jj^ Ic^ud* self, may be used instead of C^) op in this sense. Demons'] UATivE Pronocns, These are two, yeh ' this,' woh ' that,' and are declined thus : — Singular. Kom, *4i yeh this, he, she, it. Gen. ^1 is-kci or hi of this. Dat. ^^i is ko to this. •'^Acc. ^j isejS^^j^ is ko, ise this. Agent L^ ^J is ne by this. Abl. *>\ - l^«» ( uska, uskl of him — liis Dat. •J^l tcsl| tin ho to those. Ace. .t^4'l ~ j'*^! w?iA-o, unlien those. Tlural. Agent ') (Jtv'l unlion ne by those. -» Abl. ^^ ^jl «n se from those. Loc. o - .;rf j^l «?i men, ;?ar in or on those. The plural number is used respectfully. The form hihon^ unlion is generally used in speaking of a number more than two. Relative Pronoun, yo ^^ {or j ami) ^jyx who, which. Gen. sing. ^i$ha Gen. plural jM»A;a. • The author of the Urdu-i-Mu'alla lays down the rule that j. should bp nsed both for Singular and Plural. 52 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. Correlative Pkonol'n, so ^ (or taun) he, &e Gen. Sing, tiskd Gen. plural tmka. Interrogative Pronoun,* harm ? who ? Gen. Sing, khkd Gen. plural kinka. The remainder of the cases are formed as usual with post- positions. "Which? is expressed by U jj^ ^'a«« »« (fern, si) as ye^ iazm si gliori hai — "Which mare is this ? Interrogative Pronoun, of tilings only, kyd ? what ? Gen. sing. 1^ ^ b kahe kd. Xo plural. Dat. sing. S ^ o kahe ko ^ J^ ^ kdlie kd is used to signify of what material, e.g., >^ 1^ -fl) o fJ^^i^X/fi iy) yeh sanduq kdhe kd hai ? Of what is this box made. S J^ hahe-ko, is used colloquially to signify why ? for what reason ? hid should be avoided as a rule ; k!/u7i ? being used instead. In addition we sometimes hear IJ J^ jb ^ kahe ke liye ? why ? Indefinite Pronoun, Ico-l t^S ' some one,' some. jm - ki - ^ ^uS sing, hisi kd, ko, se. No plural. kuchh <4^s* ' something ' (indeclinable). This interrogative c)j^ kami is used both for peraona and things. PRONOUNS. 53 Compound Pronouns — Indefinite — ^jAyi A^s^ kuchh naJiin ^^3^riy»u*0 dusrdko-l ^4?^^ u- Present Perfect ... ... / ^«^."^f^ ^.l^" ^"'^ ^V Past Perfect ... ... T ciple either used alone - Future Perfeot ... ... ) or with auxiliary verbs. Past Conditional ... C ^°™^,'? . ^,^^"^ Imperfect T> i. T f «<- ) Faiticiple as m the ten- Present Imperfect ... -> /-^jr j^, r, , T„ £ L J ses lorraed irom tlie rase Impertecb ... ... / n i- • i ^ V. Participle. Of these tenses the Aori$t, Imperfect, Simple Future, Past Absolute, and Past Conditional are simple tenses, the others are compound tenses forpied by tlie aid of the Auxiliary Verb U4.4 hona to be. , . .. ° • Formation ok Tenses. , ]. Tenses formel from the Root — , The Aorist is formed from the root by adding certain inflec- tional terminations. This will be best understood by x'eference to the following : — Yerb. — Uiy bolnd to speak. Root ^1 »j bol. Aorist — / ^ . ^♦'*i llT^ ''^^^''^ 6oZ«« I speak. J y 4J ta hole thou speakest, J »i Jj wuh bole he speaks. 66 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. ^•J aA ham holen "we speak. Jy ^ turn holo you speak. ^ ^*J Jj uyiih holen they speak. The first persons singular and plural of this tense are often used in the sense of Let me, or Let us, speak. With the coo- junction S] agar, this tense becomes a conditional present, e.g.. Agar main boh'm=-li I should speak. The Simple Future is formed from the root as in tlie case of the aorist, with the addition of the termination B to the singular, and p t o the plural. Hxam'ple : — Root jj^ bol. Aorist j^J^ holiin. Sinjple Future — i|jJ^ yA4 main holunga I shall speak. JsvJy yt ham holenge ■we shall speak. Tlie other persons are formed similarly ; see Aorist, above. The Tmper.^tive * is formed simply from tlie root, the singular being identical with the mot, and the plural haying the Same form as the 2nd person plural of the Aorist. Examfle : — Ia^ jvI lihhnd to write. Root a^ ?itA. * Note. The Infinitive may be used as an ImperatiTe, see Colloquial Sentences page 87, last line. VERBS. 57 Imperative — j^J likh *write thou, ^^^ lilcho write ye. 2. Tenses formed from the Imperfect Participle — The past Conditional is formed from the Imperfect Participle, ■which in all verbs consists of the root with the syllable [) ta aflBxed, or for the feminine ^^J f^- Example : — I5j»fc> daurna to run. Root j^d daur. Imperfect Participle— iJjO daurta, ( fem.) ^^{j;^ daurfi. Past Conditional or Habitual from IXLs^ jitnd to win. [Zj.,^ .^ main j'itta I used to win. l-^Ajk ^) tuj'dla thou usedst to win. ['Z^A, 5j rvvhjltta he used to win. X.^,:^ Ji> Tiamj'itte we used to win. I^Ia^ ^ tuvijUle you used to win. JrliLa* SJ rvulijltte they used to win. 'Example : — (see page 221.) U'U^ J'*'^ Zl c^-^ d. )^ ^^ ^**«^ ^^ Jab Jit I a tub mare khushl ke gkdfil ho jutd. Whenever he won (when he used to win) fi-om joy he used to jiet careless. As a Conditional the conjunction O | agar, if, is used with this tense, thus : — * Note. There is also in nse a respectful Imperative formed by adding ^ , iye for the singular and^j iyo for the plural, to the root : thns— ^jIa. Ljf Ap jaiye, Be pleased to go, Sir. See page 84, line 5. The plaral form is little used. 68 A GUIDE TO HTNPUSTANI. '^ 0*3 O ^jA* y I agar main duurta. If I had run.* As an Optative, it is used thus : — Kash ki mainvsko dekhta. Would that I had seen him ! • 3. Tenses for iped from the Past Participle. The Past Absolute is formed from the Past Participle, which is simply the root with the addition of the syllable a. Exavifle : — UJ*J holna to speak. Root ^1^ hoi. " Past Participle — X *j hold, spake, (Jem. ) J^ holi. Past Absolute — (^J^) V*i .»A.o main bold (f. ) boll T spake. ^ ,.- .. '^/aJ ♦! t a bold thou spakest. »•) 5* wuh bold, he spake. J «j ^ Jiam bole we spake. J mi (♦) turn hole you spake. (^J*)) J *) 5j wuh bole (f.) bolln they spake. * If I bad rmi X should b^ye C&ught liim. VERBS. ^^ Compound tenses. The componnd tenses are as follows : — Present Imiierfect, iovmed ivom the Imperfect Participle of the verb, with the present of the Auxiliary Verb G^ hona to be, which is thus conjugated : . , H** »!{/* main hun lam. ±, ^ tu hai thou art. yA^ij wuh hai he is. ^4 ^A Tiamhain we are. , ^A ^ turn ho you are. I .#Jb »«» icuh hain they are. Present Imperfect of ULj 6oZna to speak— . 7 ^^^ l:J*j .jA* wa*> (6oiio) Awn I (speaking) am. ^ l:J*J y ^i« (holta) hai thou (speaking) art. ^ U)») »j w^w^i (fcoZia) Tiai he (speaking) is. ^^ -J y. /^ Ziaw (fcoZ^e) /iain we (speaking) are. y^ ^ y. /^ ^""* (fcoZ^e) ;io you (speaking) are. ^^ ^J y^ 5 . wuh (bolte) hain they ( speaking) are. The Iwpep/eci; is. formed from the Imperfect Participle with the past tense of the Auxiliary Verb Ijjb hona to be, which is conjugated thus : LJ ,KC fnain tha I was. -^ L4J »? tu tha thou wast.- ...... ■ f ' . L^J »5 wuA tha he was. 60 A GUIDE TO HINDCSTANI. ham the tuni the we were, you were. _4J 5j ivtih the they were. Hence the Imperfect comes to have a habitual or continuous sense, though l^ thd is more idiomatically omitted. Imperfect of the verb OjO daurna — l^ U j»t> yKA main danrtd thd I was running, or used to run. L4J 0*3^ J ^ ^M daurtd thd thou wast l^J b J 'l) 85 ^fo7i d'inrfd thd he was ^^J J jij ^ ham danrte the we were were &c. &c. &c. &c. &c. u^ ^ "j^ J >J ium davrte the you ^ J jkJ s* u'lJi dnvrte the they were The Past Tense of the Auxiliary Verb ILa l^nd, has also a feminine form, thus : — L^e;- viain thi >^i yi tu thl 71' uh thl ham thin turn thin ,*i^i ij wuh thin I (a woman) was. thou „ wast. she was. we (women) were. you ,, were, they „ wore. VERBS. 61 Thus the Imperfect feminine will be — . ^3 j^ J jA;0 viain daurti thl I was runninnf, •J^^ jjly 85 wtih roll th'in they were weeping. The Present Perfect is formed from the Past Participle by the addition of the present tense of the Auxiliary Verb I3*ifc liona to be : Thus — i%)ji> 4»J .j/O main hold hun I hare spoken. ^ft XV y ^w bold hill thou hast spoken. Ji> i*J ?^^ ivith hola hat he has spoken. ^^ J y ^4 ham hole haln we have spoken." *ft J •; ^J turn hole ho you have spoken. ^jaA J *J ij wnh hole haln they liave spoken. In the feminine the terminations of the participle must be changed to i, e.g., ^^yA J*> .a-o main holt hiin. The construction of tbe past participle in Active Transi- tive Verbs is different to the above, as the particle j we of tlie Agent Case must always be used with it : Thus — I struck l\Lo j ^yfi •main ne mara. I have struck ^A KLo ) .,.^ main ne mard hai. This will be expliiined in its proper place, see page 63. The Past Perfect {Pluperfect) is formed from the Past Parti- ciple together with the past tense of the Auxiliary Verb G*ft hona to be. 62 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. Example : — - p^\ ^'^ Jji ^ wot?» hola th5 tu gayd tha wuk aya thS. havi legaye the turn hcifise the tvuh ro-ye the Feminine, rri'iin hoU thl wuh (i-l thi I had spoken, - . j thou hadst gone. he had come. we had gone away with. you had hiuglied. they had cried. I liad spoken, she had come. - .. tliey had cried. tvuh ro-ln thin The Fiditre rerfect is formed fiom tliH Past Participle to- gether with the future of the Auxiliary Verb t3*A ho7i^. Example : — B^A Lj ^»kc main gayd hogd I shall have gone. o^i) iS *3 tu gayd hogd thou shalt have gone. ^^ [S »5 wuh gayd hogd he shall have gone.* S-J ^ pS ^A> ham ga-ye honge we shall have gone. Jk).jl ^ ^i turn ga-ye honge yon shall have gone. S>.'\^ /^ 8j icuh ga-ye honge they shall have gone. * Tills teiiSe has nn idiomatic use signifyiilg probability, c. g., o^>* ^ Ij ■■ 1 fcxptjct he hue gone, he bus probably gone. VERBS. 63 In addition to these there are certain other forms wlijcli are rather to be called phrases thau true tenses. These are called by grammarians — Future Imperfect, expressing futui-e continuous action. Present Potential, expressing contingent action. Past Continuous Potential, | expressing past cuntingeat Past Perfect Potential. | action. Tliey need only be indicated briefly, thus— Future Ivi^'erfect — l&J^ UJL^ ,^ main chalid hungd I shall be going. Fresent Fotentud — 1^^ LI453 .^ vinin liklita lion I may be writing. Faat Contitiuoiis Potential — G*A blsh. .v* main chalid hota 1 might have been going, with o I agar if, this becomes a conditional = If I had been going. Pant Perfect Potential — b^A ^Uk, .»»*-o main chald hotd I might have gone. . Exaviple : — If you had been going I might have gone with you. Agar turn chalte hate to main hhl tumhare sdth chald hotd. Conjugation of Active Transitive Verbs. An Active Transitive Verb is conjugated exactly in the same way, except that in the perfect and pluperfect tenses, tlie object of the action is put in the accusative case with the postposition Jfco, and the verb in the past absolute, the person acting being indicated by the pronoun in the agent case with ) ne thus— 64 A GUIDE TO niNDUSTAXI. I killed the ti<'er.* IjLo /^ -;_ w^ Main ne sher ko viard. There is another form in which it may be expressed — thus, by putting the object in the nominative, and tlie verb in the past absolute form, agi'eeing in gender -with the noun to which it refers, thus — I killed a tigress. Main ne shernl murl.\ I saw a horse. Main ne ghord deklici. The grammatical difference is merely that in the 1st case the verb is impersonal ; in the 2nd, it is personal ; the two con- structions are closely represented by the Latin forms, vi::. — 1. Delendum est Carthaginem. 2. Delenda est Carthago. Analysis of the Agent Case. Whenever it is desired to express that an action has been completed, and this action is one which requires an object either expressed or understood, and this object is governed by an active transitive verb, there is but one way in which this idea can • This construction puts the object of the action in a more definite form, and implies a previous mention or knowledge of the object in most cases. t This construction is used where the connection between the verb and its object is very close and is to be emphasised, viz., It was a tigress I killed ; or where the object is indefinite, or has not been prerioaely men* tioned. THE AGENT CASE. 65 be expressed in Urdu, and that is by using the past tense in the tliird person. The subject is put first with the postposition J ne, and the object is either put (a) in the formative with the postposition S ko, or (6) in the subjective, thus — (a). The king dismissed the wazir. Raja ne wazlr ho ma^zul kiyd. (h). The Maulavi wrote a letter. Maulavi §ahih ne chitthi likhl. (c). The thief drove the horses. Chor ne ghoroii ko lianhd. It will thus be seen that where the object is put in the for- mative with ko, whether it be masculine or feminine, singular or plural, the verb is used in the 3rd person masculine singular ; but where the object is put in the nominative (subjective) case, the verb must agree with it in gender and numoer. Example : — Masc. S. — He sang a song. uo Cli^^jJ dSol ^AMJjl nsne ek gU aaya. Masc. PI. — He shot five tigers. V jLo Y^ Jo xA*"*! usne fcLnch sher md,re, Fein. 8. — He caught a fisli. icT^ i^^^ Cii^l ^^j\ usne ek machhl'i jjakr'i. 66 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. Fern. P7.— He killed all the flies. ^jJ jLo H'>A^5^ L, ^M^ ^^5^ ^**'^^ ^^^ makkhiydn marin. The reason of this seems to be as follows : — In the first case the predominant idea is the action expressed bj the verb used, thus in example (a) the idea is Ba/a ne ma^zul kiya. The king dismissed. This is obviously incomplete, and the mind asks " Whom ? " The answer is given, Wazir ho = the wazlr. The wazir is a "Well-known officer, and. consequently is defined, and is there- fore put in the objective case with ko. In the second case the object of the action is the predominant idea: thus in {h) chittlil likhi — A letter was written.* This is not complete in itself, as from the construction it is seen that it is not a passive, so that the writer must be men- tioned, and this is supplied by the words Manlavl Sahib ne. This construction with the particle J ne is one of the greatest sources of stumbling to beginners in Urdu — owing to there being certain verbs which are at first sight transitive ( such for instance as uUe^t lejdnd to take away,) but are really intran- sitive grammatically speaking, and mistakes will never be possible if it is remembered that certain verbs are transitive in English but intransitive in Urdu. For instance — The verbs to bring and to take away are in English active ti'ansitive verbs, but in Urdu are intransitive. Why is this ? • Another instance of this construction is : — Tlyi i_ jjUi^b \^ ji}) (J^/* 'f' ^^^^ '^''? '"'02?>" Vi padshdh ne nuni The king listened to this representation of his vrazTr. Here the representation is the predominant idea. THE PASSIVE VERB. '67 Simply because they are translated by woi'ds whose meaning is respectively having taken to come and having taken to go. . , Here the first part of the verb, J le is merely a participle, iind it is the latter part 15L^ jand of the really compound verb which determines the construction. Hence we translate — The servant took away the book. Naukar kitab le gaya. i.e., the servant (having taken the book) went. L5 o*) -Naukar gaga is the actual statement, Jj-^W Idtab Je is simply a parenthesis. The same applies to Idna which is really /'e-mia = having taken to come. The verbs UaL,^««» sochnd to think, Ia^s*^ samajhna to understand, are in Urdu active transitive verbs with the object understood ; thus for example — [^^«-«*» ^ j .^ main ne nahln samjha. I did not understand (his meaning). ^***' lO^-* a \.y^^ ^^ "^ y^^^ socha. He thought thus. The Passive Verb.* The passive in Urdu is formed by combining the past participle of transitive or intransitive verb with the verb * 27^. B. The passive construction is not allowable in Urdu in cases •where the agent is known. Thus, He was killed, will be ^ ^iSy^ tj wuh mar ddla gayd, but, H® was killed by a tiger, will be translated ^\^j^j^j\ Lj*A Sher ?ie us ko mar ddld. 68 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. tMjk j'dnd to go ; as from UJ lena to take, IjU^ LJ liya jana to be taken ; Uiy holna to speak, 15 (a. »^ hold jana to be spoken. The verb is then conjugated like the ordinary verb, with such changes in the termination of the past participle as may b& necessitated by the person and number. A few examples will illustrate the use of the passive verb. U^^JJ Jefe/ina to see, uUfc. L^Joii dekha jdnd to be seen : i^JjUw l^5L).> ^Yi^ main dekha jdunga I shall be seen. ^^oUfc, , ^4^«^ Jh w"'i dekhij'degi She will be seen. [S l^Joi^ ^.{j« main dekha gaya I was seen. Aist bat nahin boll jdtl. Such a word is not spoken. This will serve as a guide to the formation of the rest of the tenses of the passive verb, the verb IJLw Jana being conju- gated regularly throughout.* Derived Verbs. Causal Verbs. — («) A neuter verb is converted into a transi- tive verb by adding alif to the root, shortening a preceding long vowel. Thus UIa) bolnd to speak, 15^ buldna to call, the wao * being shortened to zamma. Also by lengthening the short vowel in the root supplying its place by the corresponding weak consonant thus Ua) katna to be cut, becomes Cuk' kdfna to cut. • Note. — The studeut is advised to practise tho formation of the8& tonsos with various verbs# COMPOUND VERBS. 69 U^fj> c7i7a7na to be peeled, becomes UUdflt chhUnd to -peel, 13Lo niurna to be turned, becomes Ujy* '^nornd to turn. (6) A transitive verb treated in the same way as at (a) be- comes Causal thus Uajj parhnd to read, OUjj pa>7iO«a to teach. Double causals are formed by inserting the syllable jj between the root and infinitive ending thus : ULaTj parhwand to cause to teach, to get taught. UjIT katnd to cut (anything). IJIaT kdtdnd to get (a thing) cut. li l»xS katicdnd to some one else to get (a thing) cut. Example of Catisals and Double Causals : — go*l5> jjl) jj.| aj bdl katdungd 1 will have my haircut to-day. jl*A4aw oli> «*.» y^h kit ah chhapwdo Get this book printed. *tU» , •*** L<^' a^ni saftagr sundo Make me hear (i.e repeat) your lesson. «]aa5 >^J 5 J 4) y^h rupa-e ginwdo Get these rupees counted. Compound Verbs. The most important of these are the following : — Intensives. — Formed by adding an infinitive form to the root form of another verb. Example : — I3v^ i^ pi j'dnd to drink off. UyJ I iJaJ holuthnd to speak (unexpectedly ) , 70' A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. Ujj S girparna to fall down. UJ |i^ CLil^ Mt ddlna to cut to pieces. Potentials. — Formed by adding the verb U3i«i*» sakna (to b© able) to either the root form or inflected infinite of another verb. [jSm jjy lolne sakna or UC» jJ*J bol saknd to be able to speak, e.g., wuh bolne nahln saktn. He cannot speak. Completives. — By adding the verb IaXsw clmkna (to finish) to the root form of another verb. ^■g-, \iS»s^ aJJ likli chnknd to finish writing. N.B. — It must be remembered that the verb [jSs^ chukna is V intransitive ^^j^ l^ux J*J holne lagna to begin to speak. Imminents. — By adding the verb uifclak. chahna (to wish) to an inflected infinitive, e.g., ^Jb uaUw j | 8j wuh dne chdhta hat he is just coming. A''.B. — This verb UaLx constructed with the past participle forms a desiderative, e.g., UAvak U I aya chahna to wish to come.* The construction of a sentence in Urdu differs considerably from the English as the order to be observed is either. Subject Object Verb. For example — \ji^ S y^ j La»K ^djd ne sher ko mard. or Agent Subject Verb. i ^ ^J^ _/on Tim as soon as. '^^<>w ^■^4^ 9 ^hat instantly. CjJ turt quickly, soon. /^ age ^'^-^ 7 befoi-e (of time.) ii age in front, before (of place. V ^4^U» samhne in front, before (of plac^.) ltI^ pas neai', at the side of. JiJ' ilpar over, above, upon. V .f^ niche below, under. > >i par beyond. •/ . J^Jb ivar par through and through. M shayad possibly, perhaps. xJl alhatta . 9 certainly. «3^ j_ • he shakk undoubtedly. ^ jj*^ dhire gently. \- C1.JJJ zor se violently. 1 , ' LT^ has enough. ■ • ijbj ziyada vulgo jastl > moi^e. ; e^yc)^^ jon ton tlie best way he could» /, 76 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. O O P a ^ ^ W^ -i^ •♦;» ■*< -ibi, ^1 '1 ^!3 3'^ ?J P3 y-i-l 4 > - (D e :i near, ^ niche beneath. wk pas near, in the possession of. ^^xjU samhne before (of place only). » sath with. lJ^ sang with. yj fcpar above. ^1; leasts for the sake of. e;U Jy^ yahan, han with, at the home of. c*i;^ * zari^e by means of. ^J * ivas'de by means of. t, ^Ai>*> * sahab by reason of. Conjunctions. Ol agar followed by ^ to if — then, in that case.f * These are compounded with ha, and precede the nonn, or with the ablative preposition se and follow it, e.g. : — Mohan he zari'ese \ by Mohan's aid. or Bazari'e Mohan kc. ' i Ba sahah-mufiisl he ] ^ ^^^^^^^ ^f poverty, or Mtijlisi ke sahab se. ) •' r j i Example : — Agar uuA atd to mam khiish hotd. If he had come I should have been pleased. INTERJECTIONS. AskX) agarchi followed by ^»XJ lekin, or by . ^^ yi to hhl or ^ l) ta ham j^\ aur followed by jj| atir bill dj<}^^. chunki i\^ khwah t>Ar^>^ harchand or ^J ^jtt\ Is llye „ ^^J Ci.^ ^0^^ ^«^ while. 79 although — still both — and. both — and. iS chahe since — therefore „ y to if — then, „ SIaa^ khwah either — or. ' *^ lekin "^ ," > although — yet or ^-4J y to 6AL 3 5j ^ M ^^^^^ whether — or.f Interjections. jl^wuw khaharddr, take care ! (jtbUt shabash. bravo — well done, gj^ 8|^ w«A wah. dear me ! bravo. ^j»»«*J| a/505, or ^o;^^ ^at/. alas ! * Jah tak sans tab tak as. While there is life there is hope. + Chdke fiun chahe mariln. Whether I live or die. Harchand (see page 248, Urdu line 13). 80 A GUIDE Names of Months* TO HINDUSTANI. Hindu and Muhammedan. English. Hindu. Muhammedan. 1 Remarks. January. Pus. Muharram,. *The correspond* ence of these months with the English months is only approxi- mate owing to the different systems ©f reck- oning le 9 CO It I i ^ 1 o ^ — CO - o s g O o cs a> . _? a ^ 2 [Z! '«• a s 1 1 ^ ^ February. Mdgh. Safdr. March. Phagun. BahVul-awwal. April. Chait. RahVns-sdni. May. Baisakh. Jarnddlti" l-awwal. June. Jeth. Javiadlu-s-sdnl. July. Asafh. Baj'ab. August. Satcan. Sha^bltti. September. Bhadon. Bamazdn. Shaioivdl. Z'd Qa'dah. October. Knar. November. Katik. December. Annhnn. ZjI TTiria.h. NAMES OF THE MONTHS. Bays of the iveeJc. 81 English. Urdu. Hindi. Pronunciation. Sunday. ;'yi «.«IK Itwar. Monday. JH-A^y*" ^')4^«ll< Ptr or S(y>nwar. Tuesday. jn^ *?t^ Mangdl. Wednesday. «fcXj 1^ Budh. Thursday. cyL»«.a. JtcmaWatov Biphai. Friday. &j(A&. Wi Jum^ah or Silk. Saturday. ^^MK San'ichar or Hafta. The following formula is given for converting the Christian into the corresponding Muhatnmedan year, and vice versa : — Hx-97 + 621-54 = C ' C- 621-54 •97 H where H is the Muhammedan year — year of the Hegira (A.H.) Hijri ^ys^ (A) C. is the Christian year. (A.D.) ^_^*«>jjC *Isaic2 ( c ). Eor example, 1894! A.D. by this formula will be found to correspond to 1312 A.H. If from the Muhammedan year thus found we deduct eleven we get the Hindu year (Sambat), 1312 — 11 = 1301 (Sambat). ^ I>A.K,T II. COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES. a.B. — The student is advised to study this portion of the hook very carefully — jjaying especial attention to those sentences to which an asterisk* is prefixed, as they contain examples of specially im- portant idioms or constructions. General Phrases. Guft-o-gu. Bat chit. v:J»*jJ^ '^^ ~ ^J (JL^ Who are you ? ,Jb ^*)y ^ Tu kaun Mi^? (^^ - Who is that man ? ^^ U^^**' ii}T*J Wuh kaun shakhs hoi ? What is your name ? ^^ J^ ^ ]jyt^ Tumhara kyd nam hai ? Where do you come from ? Jt> J\ ^ ^LT Jf Tum kahan se ate ho ? What do you want ? y^ ^xil c Lj 7 Kyci mangte ho ? Where do you live ? ♦A ^J ^(4^^ tjS *) Tum kisjagah rahte ho ? GENERAL PHRASES. 83 What is your trade ? ^^ ^, ^ \jLJ Tumhdm kija pesha hai ? . ^ ' *^ Where are you going ? y, J\^ ^^ Kidhar jdte ho ? ^"^ -^ Where is my servant ? .^' f ^^S f^ \)\^ Call my syce (groom). j^ ^ fjj[^ ^ ,[^ Hamare sa-is ko hitlao. " In a week's time. ^k haftei^e ^arse)\nen. In a few days. ^*5 Jj^ y ")^^ Thore roz ha^d. Do you know my house ? j6ls^ •S' IxAj v vjs* Jf Tmiji «ie)*e bangle ko palichdnte (J** ^ )^ «^ z-'-^ CiJbl ho? 'f^-^cl-^f ' J^ It is near the Fort. ^Jt> < jjwIj /^ ^jJif Qt7'e A;e pas hai. On the bank of the river. ^ . j^ /^ '•■' Jfci Darya ke kinare par. Not far from the Church. j^O ^J^^I ^**» wX^la»*5^ Girja^har se thoTti.dur» You go on in front. jts^ T j Jf Turn agejao. ' 84 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. T will follow after. ^^ I ^ ^«f<^ ^ Ham 'p'lchhe se Hivenge. ^-i^^i-j-IU.^^^^ How far is the Post Office ? l^ J^^ l^yC^Tjlil^L C-Tl s> Dali-Mkana kitni dur hai ? * About a mile from here. ^^ J^o Ci^l (^^^ ^ (J^ Yahan se ho-l ek mil hai. Send for a carriage. ^Ii^a* L^J ° <*>il ^fc grfffi mangdo. ^ * I want a closed carriage. ^A If^ {^J » (>aJ £a?J(^ ^fl/'i chdhiye, Now I am ready. (J^ jUb ^^^ C->1 ^6 ?nazn taiyar hun. Your horse is lame. ^^ b IJpsJ lj^^4^ i) '-^<^ TtimhUrd gJiofd langrata hai. He goes very slowly. ^^ U l^ "-^^ *'^^^« *-^ TFw/i hahid mlthdjata hai. * I shall be late. ^i^ ,^jS^ j>^^ ^ ^i^ Ham ko der lagtl hai. Look sharp — whip up. ^^U L^^ "^>^L^oi^ JaJdl karo — chabuk maro. Open the windows. ^ti i}^ Jr DanvSze ko hand karna. * Observe the construction. GENERAL PHRASES. 85 Drive to the Telegraph Office. Jjs^ y ^)U O j4> JS Tdr-ghar par hank har le jao. Afterwards to the railway sta- ^j,^UXm»I /^ \^ ) ~ ^*>?' *^ tion. ** I Ba^d tis ke, rel he isteshan ^ar J'ji Jao. Ask if there is a letter for me. i^^f^i<^y ^y y >»c y4^^i Pilchho, mere liye ko-l chittJii " " « I *> Jiai yd naTi'in ? * CP\ » L^ Where is the Pay Office ? JiJ ^<^,^^U t-r^. f Bakhslii §ahih ka daftar kidhar * " e^ hair i^y>t^ On the other side of this street. C^jJa j^.*o^j S^ ';^ \ ^1 Js ras^e kl dusrl taraf, > •♦ > .. v^ Opposite the Staff Office. ^a^Uo /^ ^3 J /^ vs!^ t>3 J Birgid Mej'ar ke daftar ke samne. -^ ' '^* Beyond the Cavalry Mess. L^'^tl J**^* /^ J^J Risdle ke Messkot kl parll taraf. This side of the European In- 0*i 0*^^ J^ "^S iS^ fantry Mess. ^ " ^ Ldl Kuril ke Messkot kl ivarll ^"^ L^>-^ L> taraf. On the right of the road. o ^^Ja . -aA!(3 iS i»^ Im* SafaJc kl dahnl taraf par. " To the left of the shops. tm^Js ^^vjl) /<^(4)yK> Dukdnon ki hdln taraf. " f ailai. j^Ai^ BoMs^^M^wa, Pay Office. 86 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. This is the Native Infantry s2^S ^»*^ '^lO^ L^ *'v1 Mess. Yeh Kail Palfan Tea MessTcot hai. ^^ The Lieutenant-Governor's house. Lat i^dhib kl TcotTil. Is Mr. at home ? ,^,tJt) ^4J^ (^C-^a.!^ OM ■$ahib ghar men hain ? iiJi^ ^^' ^^ y^ t— ^^V^ Kot at home, Sir. , ^ o^) ^jb)^ Jy^^ Huzur, darwdza hand liai. Very well, take my cards. J J iJLSj \,4a.) Achchhd, tilcat le lo. Put this box into the gari. a^^J ^c ^^'J ^ ^^y^afc ^haharclar, usko mat toTo. Sir, a gentleman has called. {„^^^fC & ^b ^^AjyAs^ Huzur, eh hdliar ha Sahib dyd ^ i 'T ■kai. ^^-' Very well, admit him. jii ^j^ l^swl Cl^ Bahut achchhd, saldm do. What o'clock is it ? ^»^ ^ ^XS Kitne haje hain ? Twenty minutes past eighth jjb lT.^A^o i^*?>, j A ^ I Ath baj he h'ls minat hain. ^ A quarter to six. ^s^ ^s** Mujhe kal suhh he sat haje jagao. C Order my horse. jki JSia^ ^u« U /^ ~s % ^ GJiore he waste hukm do. Which saddle — the parade ,^J>J " (^^^sJ^ J J U h*^ saddle ? .. "-^ * ** Kaim set zln §ahib, paretl zin ? lOd^ No — a plain saddle and the uJU) ^ »l - CLjU*", d6 new girths. Na, safat, aur na-e tang. This bridle is dirty. ^^A jJ^ /•»•' <*V* Ye^ lagam maill hai. " My stirrup is too long. ^Jb /^aJ <^M Bikdb lamhl hai. ** Shorten it two holes. ^ >j I.J%.4^ vi/^ "^i ^-'w^! Z7se c7o ghar chhotd karo. jy ^^j^x > Bring the chestnut pony. J^ c. ^^ ^-*^ Surang tattfc le do. y Take the gray to the Polo aXa» iS *J*J S yi) ^ w« ground. ^ * •• ' . J * Sabze tattu ko Polo kl jagah le > • <1 jdo. *Wait there for me. ^^^ <*'***0 Ij U^ LiJ^5 TFa7ia» hamdrd rasta dekho. *Take the new sticks with you. IjUk. Ja^jUj /jl5l5^J ^J^ Na-i lakriydn sat A le jdnd. * Observe the construction. 88 A GUIDE TO UINDUSTANI. Change the pony marc's bridle. ^d j)t>; a^ ^S ^Iv^ Tatuanl M lagam badal do. *You must get the dun pony ^Al A. G|ybt>AJ ^^jc BjaJ (^X^a^* shod. Sdinand tattu kd na^l handhwdna chahiye. How did his back get rubbed. a5 vJ^J ^ Jo ^iS iX*J Pith kis tarah lag ga-l ? " Mind and rub him down well. j S /jiJLo ^-*^^ > ''^T?^ Khahardar, Ichuh malishkaro. Put bandages on his legs. Jfc«>5b jO >J iJ^^ 45 k^^LSJ^iJ^J* ^' J^ wisely. * A -U $.har haje thtk Kalah gJiar hazir J J^ ho. What clothes will you wear, ^^^H^ ^ Jif ^ dyjj"^^ Sir. Husur kaunse hapre pahnenge ? Uniform. Khaki uniform. L^^ {^ ^ J>»^ ^f ^-^-^ Wardi kapra. Khaki wardl. Give me the warm suit I wore jj.> ya^ U)>^ jj?^ fr }) yesterday. ^ Woh garmjoradenajokalpahna l^J U^ tha. * Observe the doubly causal verb. GENERAL PHRASES. 89' Where are my gloves ? j [X^d ^Aib ^*L^ Kahan Jiain clastdne ? Give me my helmet aud sword ^t3 ^ r i3^ )^ L^ ^ i^'^J and sash. " ** Wardl topi av,r jdl hirich do. Is my horse at the door ? ^Jb y . \\i)'^ '3 J^^ Ghord darwdze par Jiai ? Parade is at half-past seven. ^^ ^b ^, l1ILjU» JbjL*j \T\'^ ji Paret sdrJie sat baje hogi. " There's plenty of time yet. ^Ji iJL^Sj C^^ L.^} Ahhi hahut waqt hai. I want breakfast at ten. ^ibUw ^>^Ia. ^s^ it"'^ Das baje hdzirl chdhiye. *What is there for lunch ? ^Jb lf\jr^M,\j ^ jj Tifin ke ivdste hyd kyd hai ? Show me the bill of fare. ^^^ «J^ J^ Bilfel dekhldo. Give me whatever is ready. ^ \ J i<^ Jr*)^ A. i_Ay^^ V clothes from the wash ? " Kyd dhohi jugdn Idyd hai yd cJ^ h nahln ? What is this delay ? ^ Cif^i^ ^ ^ Yeh kyd derl hai ? * Observe the construction : the repetition of kyd implies an expectatioa that there will be several things to choose from. 90 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. This shirt is badly washed. l•f^^^ ^^a^Js i_^^\ (r^^** <*■* YeJi qam'is achchM tarah se nahin " ^ dhoyd gayd. ^ ^^^^ Tell him he must do better. J^[^3>.\ ^ ^a»l (O ^i3 <*4J Kali do hi is se achchhd kdm >a ,. ^ Tcarnd hogd. ^ J^ Discharge him — he is of no use. j}b i^^sr -j<-> *"->ly^ ^5^ Use jaiOdb do, kuchh ham led . ^ nahin hai. \^ \i)^ Engage another from to-day. S y >**'}'^ l<*^ ^ ^' Ai se kisi dusre ko hhartl karo. ^ *Pay him his due. ^Jb <^aJc> ^.•IJs d^^ y^ Jo kuchh talab denl hai so de ** , dend. " ^J^^^^y- * Are there any arrears due ? L^J^ L^J^ "^^V C^^J^' Us k't kuchh charhl hm talab hai ? " " *> [U *He has a few days' pay due. V^JX L> ''"^^^ **^v Kuchh chlilt kl kauri bdql hai. " ^ h\ Is there a good Muushi here ? ^Jb tJ^ Uf^l L^^ LrVt Yahdn ko-i achchhd ilunshi hai ? * Look out 'for one and send for /"^ S iP>y^ ^ l<^**^ l<^ Kisi Munshi ko taldsh kar he Jir^' ^ buld bhejo. * Observe the constmctiou. GENERAL PHRASES. 91 *I want to learn HindustaBi. ^^ IXiblaw Laa»* \J^) J^Jf {i)jJt la,. UAmj^J i^U (^^ C^ Faille meri baton ko sunnd chahiye. *Tlien try to speak yourself. ^*aS ^ ^ j»j C-J I ^^)\ 6*J Ba''d us ke dp bolne hd qasd ^ p^v ktjiyegd.f ^ - •^'* I caunot understand you. <*^*^ liJ^^ • L^' U^"* Ifai'ra op fce 6ai ko nahin samajh " i ,^ saktd hun. Cy^ Please to speak more slowly. , milirhdnl kar ke, sara dhista " ^ . boliye. C^^j' Will you kindly repeat that ? *) diU iy>\\ ^ iJ^.y^'^ 'Milirbdnl se us bat ko pliir J' kahiye, ^^^ J^ I said it is a fine day. z**^** 2? ^ *^ W^ U^ ^ ^»tM> 3Iam ne fca^a i^a ki dj onausim sdf hai. L^ ^^-'^ *I will say every thing twice. ^^ J^ 5^ ^^'j v> >l vib ^jao Miam ^ar efc iai A;o (Zo 6ar bold a, ^ kariingd. ^^T * Observe the construction. •(• The (future) precative imperative used respectfully. 92 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. *If you paid attention yo" j^ J^ J i i^i-^ J t^l /l would soon learn to speak. « * -^ ^^J / ^ Agar dp tatvaj'juh Jcarte to jaldl - J*^*^ \iS ^<^^ ^^ se guft-gtl karnd s'lkhte. *I would write if I had leisure. W^^*^^ L^^^ ^"^^^OV* ) Agar fursat hot'i to main likhta. *l used to write a little every Ui} j.j yt c>^. \j^ ^^ day. I > Main thord bahut Jiar roz likhta. I was waiting for you. I43 ^^*^ JJali] ^ I ^* Main dp he intizdr men thd. I will ask for a pen and ink. ^^ylb bghA-o CLi\^^ AS ^A-fi Main qalam daiodt mangdtd hun. He had brought me a pen 1- ^^ ^ yJUi ij already. ^^■^' ' , /, ^ ' Woh peshtar se eh qalam mere "^ ^^ <°^ '.? wdste Idyd thd. How much did you give for ^lc> UxT ^ ^1 ) ^ I this ? \j^ Ap ne is he liye hitm ddm diyd. I bought it from my Munshi. ^ j,.^**^ J^ ^ } {^)i^ Main ne apne Mim^l se kharldd. " v I saw your books on the table. y Ia-o j^'W ^^^^ | j ^a« Main ne dp hi kitdben mez par " ^ dekhln. liT^^ * Observe the construction, noting the conditional and habitual use of the imperfect. GENERAL PHRASES. 93 He heard a sound. L UJ ^Jl^a*. jj*3 ^*^ report of a gun. < ^ . Z7s 7ie ?/«w lihiyal kiya lei albatta \,^j]) ' L^ "v!^ iop ^2 aw;ar hai. *He wrote and said he was ill. ^a* <<) ^■Sj)\ W^ >U»jj Z7s «e likhd aur halid hi main , hhndr hiin. tiy > ». *He said he could not perform J^ i^ I^^a«.« oal,^ juif of this sentence. " ' ^ ^ \ y r Is jumle hd ma^na dp mihrhdnl ^^"^ ^ "• <-— i/ har he haydn hljiye. I am much obliged to you. ^yt ^^a.^^ ^""W^ St^ ^ lii** ilfaiw op Jta hahut mammm hiin. This is not right. ^jO Cl.^*.^ «»^ Yeh durust nahln. I am very thankful to you. ^*)^ Jl^ y^ '■^^Vi '^^' {^i!* Miiw op kd hahiit shihr-guzdr hun. * Observe tlie construction. Oratio recta used in Urdu. 94 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. It seems as if it would rain. Ojl* <0 ,^ ^j^ fjr^^ ~' Aisa ma'lum hota hai ki shay ad J/ -t pant barsega. " J' 4f • r You are right. It is raining ^^yi JJ^ i^,^} tO^ • ^ Ap baja hain. Ahhl menh harasta L^ hai. It -will soon clear. ^^ k— ?Ltf O'J^ Jald saf hoga. *The clouds are breaking. ^^*Jt ^l^ ^S jJJu Badal khulejate hain. The sun is shining again. ^^ ^\ ^J«^^-^^ S^^"^ Dhup phir nikal al hai. ** It is thundering and lightning. \s^. j^\ ^^ ^^y J-^ Badal garaj'ta hai aur bijli chamah rahl hai. L;^»^J<^^ *I fear it will hail. <0 J ^1 pLo ^^Jt \^jd ^^ Main darta hfin, mabada ole na paren. ii/^y. It will do much harm to the ^i S /jUiSi Cl-^. S \\^ crops. Fasl ko bahut nuqsan karega. Grain will become very dear. JUjUx ^ ^^*^* '*—^V ff^^ Anaj bahut viahange ho jnenge. * Observe the construct'on. GENERAL PHRASES. 95 What is the bazar rate for rice ? T S^ ^ ^ i]i^^ ♦f^ jLi^ Bazar men chanwal ha kya nirkh hai ? L^^ * Flour is cheaper than it was. Jb [S tiji 7" i> ^ /^\ Ate ha nirkh harh gaya hai. *It will soon become dearer. 1^1:^ >-«*^^ ^\ ^ ... j^^jji-^ Nirhhj'aldl se ghat jaega. olja. C^S ^ (^t^JLa. ^ J I mast go now. jt \j[^ X^. .^ Ab mujh ho jana hai. ^ r^T^ I will return to-morrow as /^ >l>oc^ tJf usual, Deo volente. .^^ Kal dastur he muwajiq, inska o^l v^ {*tt^ 'Allah main phir aunga. I hope you will not get wet. L-Cj^a. j!i ^ Ot^\ XJmld hai ki huzUr hhig na jaen. ^ Can you lend me an umbrella ? J^ v ^ h jU ULa. i—jf Ap chhata ^ariyatan de sakte ho? ** i v t y There is only this old one. A (JLa^ li|o ^j| JLj kSi Faqat ye eh purana chhata hai. •• I** That will do very well. ^U ^Jsi ^ ^^ ^\ La.| Achchhn, is se ham ba-khubi " ' '^ chalegd. * This is a very important idiom ^> J^iV^, means the amount of any given commodity sold for a given sum. Hence ^J* ^> mVM iarhna, means that yon get more for your money, hence to be cheaper. A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI, *I will return it immediately. vlls^v*^ , ujjU |)*j V*"j' »1*^ Main us ko fatirmi wapas bhejtd Imn. (jy* If I had kuown I would have o S\ seut for a tikka gari. i- ^ _/^ Agar main jantd to zaricr thika ^i]^>*M ^jo * garz mangwata. It does not matter. ^y^ 3m[*&o d^s^ JKuclih muzayaqa nalnn. Do not distress yourself, Sir. J | w-|.3 dl) (»_> | ^2^ na ghahraiye. Military Phrases. He drew his bayonet from the ^ ^^Uo ^$U«o ^m^'J^ (>^' ^Am> ^| sword. Us «e opwi talwdr se mere iipar ^ ji? J»-?' %odr hiyd. I warded it off and killed him, b J i^'-^ J^J ^'*'>1 ^ i»j5* Jlfaw ne us kd todr khdli diyd " ^ _ . aur use mar ddld. ^ 1^' J^'' C!! > ' ;^' The edge of his sword was {^S Jji>^ <^ J^ J i^j/J i^ ration. Tin roz kl rasad sdth liye hue /4^ ^ ^^ tie. We had no water for 24 hours. ^Lo <0 /^b 0l Ek shahana-roz tah pani na mila. Many horses, mules and camels ^^1 ^s'^ ^ l^^''^-Y^>^ plpld-ddr hai. The cavalry sword is curved. ^Jb jlcy^i*. >Wb ^^ C^Jt) j^ Sawdron kl talwdr Jchamddr hai. I galloped after him. D^^ <^f^ ^*^ "^ ^ ^^;tJ* Main ne us ke jpichhe ghofd ^ sarpat phenkd (daurayd), ( ^'j;^ ) ^'^^ ^^ij^ His horse stumbled and fell. ^ y r^ ^JY^ D^ ^J^ Us kd, ghord thokar khd kar gir gayd. My horse crushed his head with ^ ) ^ J *^ y Wvc his hoof . y, - .^ . Mere ghofe ne sum se us kd sar ^1^ ui^ J*** "^^l ^ kuchal ddld. As he fell he fired a shot at > > »o ^a*-;! A ^ o me. r , Gir^e Tii ms ne mere ti^jar apiz L^^ c3>'^'^. l^'S' Jf>?' banduq chaldi. The bullet passed through my J^ ^**|_ j^^' L^vj* j*^^ helmet. ** " ^ j* Qoll raeri fopi se war pdr hut. Lf!^> , * Observe the construction. MILITARY PHRASES. 99 The enemy fled in all direc- ^S uJ U S^ >aJ JJ q^^ tions. Bushman tittar hittar ho Tear hhag ga-e. We learned their strength from j^^l ^ i^^J***^^ ciff* spies. ** C I » - Ham ne jasuson se tin Til quwwat ^ /^/*^ ^ md'lum hi. *Their infantry were armed j1l> i^^ *T^ ^ ward. ** - Wtihpurah hi taraf khlma-zan ^^ the. How did you attack the stock- ^^^J° (J**^ ji y*^ ^^ ^^^' . . LTaU Turn ne sangar par kis tarah se hamla Jciyd ? They fought very bravely. ^ ^^>* (jj^ *-^^^^ ^ TFb 6o7iui jaivdn-mardi se larte - ^1 ra7.e. ^^ ^ ^J^ Many were killed and wounded. F'^f^'^J^^ L^^^ ^ *- -^VJ Bahut se maqtid aur majruh hue. ^^y * Observe the construction. 100 A. GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. They gave way vciy reluctantly. ^4^ ^m^^jS^ *'--^X ^ ^uh nihayai lio hat ga-e. Wuh nihayat mushkil se pichhe 9^ -t ^ f On what sort of ground was ^ej ^Jjt^ J^^ L^]>^ (J^^ the battle fought ? " Z ^ Jahan larai hui tcahan zamin L^ Sf kaisl thi ? Was there much cover for the j] O^, ^) ^ dj^})^ men ? A b J Jaivanon he llye hahut ar tU ya l*;^- « (^^ There were some sugarcane ^ ( A^l ) ^ U>il ^>^ fields. - ,^«^^ Kitne ek ganne {ikh) he khet the. fc — *In which we hid as we advanced. y^^^ ch^^ (^ \*)^ Cl/^ Jin men ham chhipte chhipte age ^^ ^^ barhte ga-e. it C^Ji dl *They did not see us till we J| ai ^—^'^3^ /♦* «*^ u-XiLa. were close. . ^ . . • 1 "* Jah tak hi ham nazdih na a-e the ^i^ ^i:^ I C!^-^' C^ unhon ne nahln dehha. *Then we fired volleys and jjl ^\j\ ^J^i ^^ J^i charged. ^^ IPher ham i\e haren tiraln aur - '^ halla hiya. The hills were very steep and ^^ J^^i ^j[ 5jUj c>y> jU rough. Vahar hahut fharh aur hehaf the. * Observe the construction. MILITARY PHRASES. lOl *The battle lasted till nightfall. \^J^ ji^ji L^JP ^ C^^ Sham tak larai harabar liotl rahi, " Many deserters came over to us. ^^U^ ^ ^1 1*'^ ^ ""^^^^ Bahut se hJiagore Tiamari fauj " - < 7ne« d mile. ^- iiJ- c^-^ Immediately at daybreak we b^t> ^a^ ^^ft ^■'^ -^t^ crossed the river. *,* ^ S $uhh hote hi ham ne darya ho ^P JJ^J' ^ubur kiya. We found a ford a little way off. C->bU i^J ji Jj^ L^Jj^ ThoTl diir par eh payab ham ne paya. 1)1^ Over which our cavalry crossed. j\ym y _y >o^ ^ (J*^ ^ Kijis sehamare sawar utar ga-e. *f^ "f Some of our heavy guns stuck ^^*S ^m ^^^ .^ *^:l^9^ (J^H^'^ go on guard ? . > QaicZi A;is tcagi |)a^re -par gaya ? ^i' ji When did you notice he was i^ d5 IS fy*^ w— »•' ^^ drunk ? . Turn ne kah maHiim My a hi woh (^* ii\J^ matwala hai ? To whom did you report the 9*^]s\ ^ CLii: ^\ ^a»> fact? •• \ r <^ Turn ne is hat hi ittild'- his ko dl ? (^■^ y>^ Had he all his proper accoutre- c:^vw)4> IXils ^^3 c_^*" l>**^^ ments ? XJs ka sab Ml hantd durust thd. '-4^ You say he was asleep near his i<^\ ^ JtS"^^ ^4i d^^ /»> sentry box. " _ ^ Tarn yell halite ho hi tvtch apil ^ ^^ y*> ^_^b j ^■'^ gumti he pas so rahd thd. Yes sir, and his rifle was lying iji)^^ l<^>'>1?' S-' '^^ ^ir^ on the ground. ** „ _ Han Jandh, aur us hi handuq t^^^^ <^J^ J^ [J"V zamin par pari till, * Observe the const»action. MILITARY PHRASES. 103 When you awoke him was he jJ U6«^ T^^ C^ ^— ^^ drunk ? - » ._. Jw6 turn ne us ko jagayd to naske ^ [^^ ^T onen tha ? *Can you [ repeat his exact ^^^^ cS<-^-^ l<^^1 f^ ^ word8 ? >< ^ \ C < "[ Eya turn us U tMk tink baton ko _^ ^ J 8tiU:lj3 ^j^lJ i'acZa kar sakte ho ? *Where was his pouch belt ^ l^JV {jlc^-Ay In«j' found ? I Z7s yfca tosh-dan kahan se ham- 7* ^'*y. This is a crime punishable with ^^M»A ^ AiS Iwl c^l ^^ death, transportation, corpo- •' . . i..- i i. ral punishment, imprison- ^ L^J ^ ^d J^ 4 T' ment or dismissal. ^ ^ ^* I . ^^ ^ J [j (ji/jU Yeh ek aisa gunah hai jis kt sazd .^ >• - " - i ^a ga!^?, yd jald-ivatam, yd mdr ^Jt U*4 khdnd, yd qaid, yd bar tar af hond hai. The articles of war — {^S^ ^1 Aln-i-laslikarl. — It is thus written in the articles l^W ^jy ^a^ ^_^vX^ ^^ of war — Ain-i-lashkari men yon likhd hai ki — *s ^ * Observe the construction. 104 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. A sentry who in time of wai^ or / l^U' j'^^ L^ » ^^ alarm shall sleep upon his post. '\ ^," Jo sipahl pahre-dar lardi ke ivaqt ^ ^ ^ y>' J^** „ ^-^^ > ya kisi aur khatre ke waqt ^ j^\ . "^ jX apni chauki pahre ki jagah ^ ^^ •* '/ ^ par so jaioe. ^ j W'»*** y''*^*^L^ y Y^j Shall on conviction suffer death ^J^^>^^ OjUj sUS lSa.| jJI or transportation for life. . L nI ^'* I jd^rar tis ka gunah sabit ho, to \^*^)'^ ^"^ )\' J qatl yd '■umr hhar tak Jala- f\ |^ jCo'l watanl us kl sazd Jiogi. » ^ •• Or other punishment as by a ^>m^ IU* (^y^<^ ^jr « General Court-Martial shall "^ , _** ^^ bea.varded. ^ JW'^^^ UTt Yd kol ilusri sazd, jaisi Janral j ,ax) v) •s^ Kort Mdrshidl ki tajiolz men -^^ ^'' ^"^ ' thahre. Wlieuever any Officer or Soldier jl J Ji J>^c {^y \^^* ""T*^ shall commit a crime deserv- y ^ ^ ing punishment by Court- y >3 8U3 >.*»0I ;^^'>**** 4 Martial, he shall, by his Com- _ ^ x- ** ^ manding Officer, be put under J>J j ^^-z^ * arrest, if an officer : or, if a K(- y ^^^ ih**' J^ soldier, be confined. * • Jah kahlil koi ^uhda-ddr yd sipdhi y^jlO 5(Vc X; ^y:^ ^^^ aisd gundli kare ki jis ki sazd I (^ i/ i Kort Mdrshidl ke htckm ke ^^^ J'^' ij^^^ ^^* qdUlhaiJoivuh'uhda.ddrho, | ^(^^-^ ^ C.J to tis kd Kaman Afsar Sdhih.y^'^^ v *> > us ko nazr-hand karegd, aur jo \^i{c^{^ i^jS y ^^^L***^ wiili sipdhi ho, to quid kiyd jdegd. MILITARY PHKASES. 105 Courts Martial — C Cl^lli^c L<:a*y Faujl ^Adcdat \ "^ (or) Jangt 'AcMat — v l:i^J|<>c j^Xaa. Proceedings of a General Court- {J^L^jio ^Jy lJy*^ ^S*^' Martial, by order of the _ ^^ _ ^ ^ General Officer Commanding t^J^-^**)^ L?)^)) i^ the District, dated held ^ •( ^ :i t • ^ at on Wednes- -C ^ ^^^ T*" J;^ il day, the of 1889. ^^J3 Wj ^^ ^^ S:^ Ek Janral Kort Marshidl hi ru- C* •• ^ ha-karl Distrikt he Janral j^^' - ]y^ J^^^ y Afsar Kamdnlr Jce hihn se jo ^. i,. J4I .^ fulani tartkh ko sadir Jmd, ^"^ f-^ • ^ hj ^ ^'^i President. (_/*%"* Jft* Mir -i- Majlis. Members. iJ**^ lj^=^^ §dhihdn-i-Majlis. Ateleven o'clock the Court opens. \jt *^ ^^Jy c?'' V^ Gydrah baje Kort jam'a hud. The prisoner , is, OuTJ^ii C^i>iJ' eJ-^» ^^*^;**' brought before the court. „. 1 (^ . ** .1 !x appears as prosecutor ^% ^ lTH ^^f'^^ jt, ^ ^Umi Ice nam Uimhdre rii-ba-ru sunde ^ f^ . . i c gae hairif nn men se kisi par ^ y \jfi\y^^ ^ i,j?^ ^ ' iHirdz karte ho yd naMn ? \ I . a. The CJiarge Sheet, ' ^J}'l ^^ Fard-i-llzdm. The prisoner is arraigned on the L> ^ji>^ ^ ^^^ ^' ^f^ ^ following charge, mz. :— aS^ Jot) > L/ Qaidl is j'urm par pesk klyd gayd Sf" ^ Are you guilty or not guilty of ^ ^> CI-^^y' L^ f*^ L/*^ the charcce made against » ** -l ^a« you? ur;i r' ^^t^^^^^ Jis jnrm ki tuhmat turn par lagal \ [i ^ib )^i/S /^ t^'f!^ Jdti hai, turn us jurm ke gtmah- ^'^ -^ I gar ho yd nahln ? t or ^J^i mujrim. MILITARY PHRASES. 107 The Court find the prisoner to {y^i^J ^^Jjv' (J?d i.^ ^J^ be guilty of the charge ? ** 6 f Kort ne yi'm thahraya Jce qaidi ^ J*'V^^ gunah-gar liai. The Court consider the charge jif' ^ Ij ^s^ Jl^j ^ C^j^^ is not proved. , p Kort hi yeh tajwlz Jiai hi jurvi >j^ ^^pi^ OJW ^j^ sabit naliln hua. The sentence of the Court is that dd ^ ij^y^ ^V^ ^ ^^J^ the prisoner be imprisoned ^ ^ with hard labour for two ^k^o \^ U^ji^^ Lf^** years. ^ ^ I ^ C" Kort ka yeh fatwa hai hi qaidl ^ CL-ai^-* U 6^s OO do haras hi ml^dd tak qaid ha- l£j »l) 1 1**» mashaqqat hi saza pdivega. " ^ * ^ The finding of the Court-Martial ^) ^ Jd^?^ L^ ^J^ is confirmed by the Comman- »-, " .» x" •• der-in-Chief. L^ V c;*^ O'^ ^ ^^V itor? fcf ^fljzof^ jo MS ^atfZf ^-e J^^ .| J^^ *^ ^ajg iue» thahrdz gal Kama- **'' ^" -^^ mr-in-Chzf ^dhih hahudtir 7ie f j^^m J j^-^U ^—^gwt^ manziir hi. " On the assembly of a Court- /^ j[^_^ »[^ ^^^5^ '-^^'^ Martial, the Judge Advocate shall administer to the Inter- C-^J^ f -^J** (_/"^^' preter the following solemn _ ^ ^ _ t^ _ i rfflrmation- -^j// '^^^^^.J;! ^^ Jab ETor/ Mdrshicd he ijlds ha ^ \^\ ^ a£*'\*"° /^ skuriV ho, tah Jaj Aidvolcet ho » ** ' Kort he Mutarjim se zmanhl yvJfclai. UJjlvit' X* •! Marshidl ke huzur awe, us ki " . . zaban-handi us Ice din dharrani |**^ j^. ^ «^ /**^ ^"^-^d J A;i rii rasm ke mutabiq qasam ^ ^ I "1 Ij C hi ru se, ya iqrdr ki ru se li ^-^ ^ ^> » ^_>> <^ jaegi. ^^}^ \^ <^L- Hindoos and Musalmans shall j«b) j1*3 | ^m* Miyljug^ *4>i^ make affirmation as follows — A \ \ \ — Hindu Musalmdnon se iqrdr is "^i . " J» (^.^w dhab par liydjdegd. I solemnly affirm in the presence ^ ^ ^^ (/*Y*t^ ) c''"*i' (»rt* of Almighty God, that what I - <^ i . II " «• shall state shall be the truth, y^^ J^ '^^^ {^^^ ^=^ the whole truth, and nothing , * ^^ "1 ^ Sl^ Jjlj .J but the truth. ^T^y? J J ♦ >r >> .Mazw zmn?i (dharam) fci ru se {] ^ito (j*^ ^' C']^^*^^ Haqq Ta^dld Khudd ko hdzir . ^ (- (^ I "1 auroidzirjdyikar {Fa,YraeshwaT ^^. ^ *^ CJ/ J -^j Bhagwan ko jan man ke), ^ ^ ^^yx. iqrdr kartd hUn ki louh hat jo ^*' -^ / / *• viain kahicn so sacJichi kahungd, ^ 'SW j^ *^ Jj^ ^Tr aur hind lagdo there bahut ke sab sack kahungd, aur siicd sach ^^ ^ ke kuchh aur na kahungd. i x^^ /^ ^*o I ^ i^l (V * A'ofe. — Tlie words witliin brackets are for Hindus. MILITARY PHRASES. 10& The effects of deserters are to \j>sii ^j-o^^l*) ^_^lU ^^JyjS^ be publicly sold, and tbe pro- ^ ^ ceeds, after payment of regf- J^ ^1. ^fJ .J^' ^^T mental debts, remitted to the , ^ i ^^ ^ V' Treasury. ^^^ "^^ -7 UT" ^*-- Bhagofon Tea mal nllam men ^_S \'^\ ^x"^ /^ '^" -^o ^ i hechnd chahiye, aur hihri sejo liuclih hasil ho us se Bijmint he ^J j' Cv' L^* • ^^ dain add kar ke JO bdqz hache, ic" l* |a ^** • !♦♦ Sa7-kdn khazdne meti ddkhil ** *^ 11^ •— ^T^ kiydj'da. [s^ List of Crimes, o^y^ ^^S^ Jka. Jardim hi Filirist. " « ' Disobeying lawful command, UiU a) ^ /Sa. / v^.^N TFoyifei huhm kd na mdnnd. » Sleeping upon his post. i^ia. i^J y y^ ^^^ ^;;jj .4pif cJiauM pahre hi jagahpar " . " ' so J and. ^^J^J^ Leaving his post before regular- J^j^clS) *axJ ^ y ^^,j Jj\ ly relieved. |,. ~'i ^ \ Apie pahre se la-ghair ha-qdHda ^^ ^^ ' i_ L^^ fcacZZz /ce nth jdnd. To shamefully abandon. U^i^ J^^f^ <^ L<^5t^ L^ Be-ghairati se chhof dend. Treacberously making known ^ y^i L^^ ^ t^'jlUt^ watcbAvord. *!• |« I ** C^ Baghd-ldzi se chauhz pahre hi hat ^y ^ t^^V L^ 110 A GUIDE TO niNDUSTANI. Being drunk when on or for {^yy ^ ^^J^Ji <-^)^ Naukari par ho Ice, ya naukarl ki ^J^'^ ^^^ ji ifj^ ^ taiyari par ho ke mattvald q^ hona. To be iusubordinate or insolent To behave in a manner un- StWs^^ l^aJ!^) ,JU. j^^*»JI becoming tbe character of an . r^ " ^ " Officer. ^Ji^y^ ^>l/j'^ Aisi chdl nikdlnl jo ^uhda-ddr ki . ' izzat dhric par na phahe. « * i* To malinger, feign or intention- jl^jf ^:\ ^ ) Li b >M ally produce disease or infir- ^ ^^ mity. ^yji^^^^jick'^^^^, Makr ya hahane se apne ko himdr ,,1^ handnd,jdn hujh ke apne par ^ 't^ \JLAc- b i^UjJ A;oi himdrl yd Hllat paiddkarnd. Illegally and against the will of. i jA ^ jJis <<^t_Jy« Ghair-wdjibi taur se aur be-marzi ^ "' ^ logon ki. L^^Ci^^ i^J* To exact carriage, porterage or 01^ Ij f^ ^^JjJ^ iSJ^^^iJ^ provisions. " - " ^ J' ' Bdr-barddri yd mofyd qidi yd *^ ^ i^'^'^jij ^i^^ khdnd sidhd zabardasti se lend. MILITARY PHRASES. IH Wantonly and intentionally to (,^-<^ ^^Cl^l Jt ^^4jk*J ^^U, insult religious prejudices. **• - ^ * Jan biij'h ke shararat se Jcisi Jco f^ C^^L^ (*J^^ilji'^^ din dharam hi baton he sabah " (•— chherna. -J''^^ ^T^ Designedly or through neglect. ^ ci^Uc b ^^^^i jjU. Jan hujh ke ya ghaflat se. " ''^' To sell, pawn, lose or injure bis Ij jU^^A b u 1^.4^ J^l horse, arms, cloths, accoutre- ** ** *"• ments or regimental neces- 4^ ^jv,cU) jl*« u uJ UUj saries. ^ ^ ^ _ Apneghore,ydhathydr,yaposhak, ^-^^y^ ^**^ ^ Is^ ^^ wa^ se &e-ja kharch harnd. To connive at or be concerned in. b li*A ^^j yt ^.^^ ^ .^ tTttrm mensharik hond yd ana-kdni ** ' ''^ * dend. Uo (^1^131 Disgraceful conduct. ^Ja, jIUw , J^s^^ Fazlhatl chdl'chalan. Wilfully maiming or injuring \J^ ^ 1:] S^s^ji ^U. himself. . Jan bujh ke apne ko langrd lUld ^j^ ^^ harnd. 112 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. Purloining or selling Govern- (^jy=^ yi t_.>U-»| /^ )^y*» nient Stores. ** !♦ aJ I /' I* ^ l\ C' Sarkarhe dshah ko cliorl karna v"' t ^ y° ' f (miisna) ya, bechna. Stealing money or goods. x y ^^^^ Ij C-jLm.1 b yAs^s*^ j L^^^b^ 5^^ Baghair parimnagl he ghair-hazir Jiona. To allow ammunition to be j ^ ^^^ y ClJjjb ij^ wasted. i . ** Goll tar lit ho barbad hone denn. Using, menacing or disrespect- j^\ L) ^-^HJJ^^I ^ />" tOV^ ful words, signs or gestures. (.(•(/.. ..f i , oaton se, ya xsharon se, ya aur - ^m.— vy j he-jd harahaton se dhamhdnd ^^r L^J^.^*-*! l <^ 2/a be-imthjdzl harnd. Causing disorder or riot. L^i'*^)* Acl^A or j^U (Jj Bahod-urdl (or) hangdma-par- ddzi. Disturbing the proceedings. (JU*^^^ ^JiL .*-e {^j4-i^\ Ru-bahdri men Jchalal loahun- chdnd. f ~ * Purposely giving false evidence, ^^i^ L^V L^i?^^^ '^^^ *Amadanjhuthz gawdhi deni. « - Conductto the prejudice of good j^l s^^cU ^S^jsx. Iz^ Jl^ order and military discipline. ^ ij..,., . ^ ' . * 07ia? chalan jo neh qd'ida mir <- — i "^ ' ^ v ^--- ^^ /aty fee achchhe intizdm he bar- ^^ '^mjy^ y khildf hai. A grave crime — trivial crime. L-i^^^ ^w^ ^JyA**» a %^ Jurm-i-sangin—jurm-i-hhaflf. 114 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. Civil Offences. Arson. ^^) jj^^ Atash-zani. Perjury. (j^^iU ^^j^ ) ^^jO cJiU. Halaf daroghi (or) Barogk-i- halafi. Assault and battery. L^J^^ ♦« [ji^ Qatl-i'^amad. Homicide, t l>*Jl fj*^"^^ i/*^ ^^ Qatl-i-nafs-i-mustalzimu-s-saza. Manslaughter. t>«* *^^ ^^ Qatl shibh-i-'amad. Hurt. i^^JjJ^ Zarar-rasani. Grievous hurt. ^^ S^y* Zarh-i-shadid. Forcible attainment. Yfrh jj^"^***^! Istihsdl hil-jabr. t Literally— killing bo ae to be deserviog of panisbment. MILITARY PHRASES. 115 Unlawful appropriation. [sJt^ /jL&x^l Istihsal-i-heja. Unlawful imprisonment. \si^ 1^"*^^ Hahs-i-beja. Criminal breacli of trust. iJlokS** ci^iL^ Khiyanat-i-mujrim ana . Sedition. Uw Balwa. Rioting. ^J'^yi ioo^ nangama-parddzi. Rape. Tjr ^ ^li Zind hil-jabr. Defamation of character. L*')* ^"■''^*;'> ^'\\\ Izdla-i-haisiyat-i-'iirft. " Coining. ^jKm/^ - ^jLJxa, Ja'l-sdzi, qalh-sdzt. JPunisliment, \y» Saza. Death— To be hanged. lib ^^-31^ - J.:i* Qatl — phdnsi pdnd. Transportation for life. ^^is^iU. iiJ^ j4> y^ *TJmr hhar takjald-watani {des- " . ^.^^ nikdld.) V ^^^^^^ ) Transportation. \^^^^ 'Jj^ L^^J*^-i^ 'UbuT'i'daryd-shor — Kaldpdni. •* 116 A tiOIDE TO HINDUSTANI. Dismissal from service. liyb '^Jo ji ^ L^ >^y Naukari se har-taraf hona. Imprisonment with hard labour. m jjl ^ y ^vx allowances. ' , * ^ .- *Uhde se aur sah talah tankhtcdh <*" V,, ^ -^ *]^ he pane se mu^attal hona. (r ^ 1 1 He shall be fined to the extent ^^^'a^sLs^ l,_AL i^^ jj| of his arrears of pay. " i ^ '— Apii sab talah tankhioah jitnl if Jy^ ^S.i>^ ^ ^^ nikaltz ho dand ke taur se hhar ^ dega. - J^ He shall make good such loss (^Ijx U ^ ^*I dis^Jt l^J or damage. ". ^^ ^ * Us kd harja us se liydjdegdjis ^^ JD' (J^-"^'Jt>* i^J**^ gadar nuqsdn aur tofd pahun- , j^a, chd ho. -J '* • # ■ ■ — -■ — — -^— ^_^_ * ^ bed — a cane. MILITARY PHRASES. 117 Reduction to the ranks. \J3^\ ^4* ^ J<^ ^ L^^ Si;pahz ke darje men utarajana. ..7 Amenable to the Articles of j\(^*^}^ ^ Lf)^^ ^^\ War. Ain-i-lashkari Ted tdW-ddr. To be placed lower on the list of l^^l ^^<> t>j> ^ i^)^ ^ \ his rank, '* ^ ..* A'pne darje hi fard men us kd ^ . i)v' **^? [*^^ nam kuchh utdrdjdnd. * To put under stoppages of pay. l^^Sj l)i> y sli^ L^Ak Talab tankhwdh ko dahd rakhnd. The sentence will take effect. 1>>mI »)a*o iJ««c /Si9^ d^oi Yeh hukm ^amal men dwegd. * The prisoner will be put under Sl^i*^ k^^^lk ,3 {^{^ stoppages not exceeding half . *■ , " r** of his pay and allowances un- ij^^ »^^dj ^ (^^1 ) til the amount of such loss or ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^ damage be made good. • 1 ^■^^'^ * ^ Q,(iidl ki talab tankhwdh (ddhi ^ Jj ♦J I) i*r^^ &fi^i se ziydda na ho) dahd rakki .a , . 1 ,/ jdivegi jab tdk ki nuqsdn yd ^ ♦ '^ «"^^ j''^** tote kd miqddr chukdyd na jdwegd. The prisoner is to be released |^ta. Q^v?^ ^±J^1^ iS^^ and to return to his duty. ** *** ^, " Qaidi gaid se chhord jdegd aur ij^ ji ^JZ^ L^^'>J^' apni naukari par bahdl kiyd ^\ i f' jdegd. - * " * Observe the idiom. 118 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. To commute a sentence. Kisi huhni ho hadal dena. To mitigate a sentence. Kisi hukm ko gliatdna. To remit a sentence. Kisi hukm ho mu^af karna. To confirm a sentence. Kisi hukm ko manzur karna. To revise a sentence. Kisi hukm ko nazar-i-sani karna. To quash a sentence. Kisi hukm ko hatil karna. Speciinen Court- 3Iarftal. At a general Court-Martial as- jl^A;lo <^Jf cJ^^ '^J sembled at Sealkote, on Tues- ^ \ \ ^ day, the 29th April 1869, l^ _ Jf^J ^^ "^^ >?J * charge : — Ek Jartial Kort-Marshiyal ke ril- J»L;^ J^CL>»iJl/Jt ba-ru, jo Aprail ki 2i7ittswin C • Sf-' i'** S: -^ tarikh, san afharah sau un- »jj i)'^ cLXa**' /•!) ~ I** hattar, Mangal ke roz Shalkot ki chhdoni jam'a hUa, Bam Li L) ^ji^jJ >J #* V^ ,j^l /Sfjjjg/i Haval-ddr is jurm 'par pesh kiya gayd, ya'ne. ^ MILITARY PHRASES. 119 Charge, \J^i ^ c")^ Ilzam kl tafsil. " ' Conduct to the prejudice of good «•] if^lS t^Cj ».> JL^ tl^ order and military discipline, ^ ♦ v ¥ in having, on or about the j <»'-*^' ^4^" J ^J^ 15th February when on duty . . ^ 'nI • with a detachment of the Re- ^- — ' L^ ^^ giment, wilfully neglected to jytj^yAJ -^f C^JJ>» »U obey the written orders of his *^"^ ' .. « > superior officer Captain Smith Lm^i \* ^X*» j) b •) iJ >IJ of the same Regiment, to see ^ ... ^ that the Government trans- ^ \J*'H l^' *-^ *Tr^*^ port mules returning from j^| ^ y' Jj[i^ ^j| Sealkote to Jhelum were not > Sf " " overloaded, whereby, and in y ">; Jij| - L43 y L^r^ consequence of his wilful neg- \, ^ y ^ji 11** lect as aforesaid, twenty of e^V wCci^'^LfT^lj''^^*^* the said mules or thereabouts ^ a \ C1i-»a*«»I were overloaded with the ^~"^ T • ^ ^ baggage of the men of the j^U*. a) ^Xi^ v *jb ^fl detachment, and eight of the ^ . . said mules were injured on '^^ *? ~ ^^ j^/J^ ^"^^^ the march to Jhelum, by ,. ^ , . ^ \ » ^ reason or their being so over- J V^> Jv -n p loaded. ^ C^jl'^y. p. {^j^y»> ^ C^aZ chalan jo nek qaHda aur ^ **_,,*** . fauj ke achchhe intizam ke har- {^ t— ^xJ U* >^ ^^ khilaf hai, ki us tie mah Fer- ' ^ \ • 1 wari kl pandrahivln tarlTch ko L^ C V* ^ '^T? "^ 2/tt «s A;e garffc, jab louh apni ^^Jj j|^ t^i .. iv ra/i wattfcarz par tha, apne \ ^) ^ a^A.») Sjlj J y*Jj| hare^uhda-dar, tisz Paltan ke Kaptan Ismit §ahib Bahadur ^^^^ ^ ) ^<>c ^K*' ~ /» T^ 120 A GDIDE TO HINDUSTANI. Ice likhe hu-e huhnko jcm bujh xA*»»^I^1 ^ ^_^*« j ke nahin mana — wohkyahulcm \ \ \ tha hi khabcvr-dari karna ki ( ^^ji v v wji khachcharon onen se dth ^\ ^ . .-^ --' J^^n JLjI ^'*» ''adad basabab isl ziydda bojh - * ^«rne ke zakhml ho ga-e. J^ J >J ^"^ji ^^kj The Court find the prisoner is ^S^ li ^ ^jo ) CLjiy guilty of the charge against " him, omitting from it the "^f*J^ l/*' ft^ ^ L^^ word " wilful." ^ , ,iLjl5^ Xo»\^ ne yun tajwtz ki hai ki iL ^ * ^ y V-^ ^"Tf^ mujrim is jurni kd gunahgdr ...Lx m» Ovi ^ iJs^^ hai, siiL'de is ke da'wa ki fard ^ - se^jdnbiijh ke" ke lafz bar- ^J^ji ^ <£l J^^J^- taraf karnd chdhiye. p^ i m ^ And sentence the prisoner to be «0 J^ fS^ dyi iT C-JHJ suspended from rank, pay, and MILITARY PHRASES. 121 allowances for a period of »l*i^^ C-J^ k*-.*^ L^<^ three months. ^ " • ( /<^ ^or< ifca ^eZi hiikm hai ki qaidi Cj^'^Y' C^ ^ ^— ♦ ^— sab talab tankhwah he ]pane se i r i ^^^ ^i J oLjt* ^ ^?» 7no7iiwo» ^f mi'^ad tak " « mu^attal rakha jawega. - (i^> 4;^ The prisoner is to be released - l&jUk. O^y^ ^ 4>!^ L^i^ft* from arrest. The sentence C^ *\J C ^ ■will take effect from the 29th Lf L^Z^ r^ Hfi Jiiiy. iiTj^ J*« c;:^ >dJ^" '"' Qaidi qaid se chJiord j'aega. Yeh C** hukm Julai kl untis tdrlkk se " oO 5 1 ''amal men aitega. Indian Army Regulations, Vol. II, Part II, Discipline, para. 2214, Every recruit, prior to his being enrolled in his regiment and sworn in according to the Indian Articles of War, is to have the accompanying declaration made to him by the Commanding Officer in front of the regiment or corps, and in presence of the officers and soldiers : — " In time of peace, after having served for 3 years, on mak- ing application for your discbarge through the Commanding Officer of your Company (troop or battery), it will be granted to you in two months from the date of application, provided it docs not cause the vacancies in the Company (troop or battery) to exceed ten, in which case you must remain until that objec- tion be removed, or waived by competent authority ; but in time of war you have no claim to a discharge, and you must i-emain and do your duty until the necessity of retaining you in the service shall cease. In the event of your re-enlisting you have no claim to reckon your previous service to discharge." 122 A GUIDE TO UINDUSTANI. (^Lf>^ L^ (j-jj ^t^ ^aJ ^r ^1 ^ 1^ c:^ Translation. Ba-waqt'i-sulh, ha'd is held turn ne tin haras tak naukarl hi hai, apnt Kampani he Kamdnir Sahib kt ma^rifat jo nam katne hi darhhivast haroge, to usl darkhicdst hi tarlhh se le har do maJilne Ice ha'd vianzicr hogl, nazar har-in-hi ns Kampani men khali asdml das se ziydda na ho, aur jo ziydda ho to chdhiye hi turn rahoge jah tah hi ivoh iHirdz har-taraf nahln ho, yd hi Sarhdr he qdHda yd huhm se nmi'df ho jdoge : lehin jang he aiydm men turn ho mutlaqan ndm hatdne ha haqq nahln, aur zarur hai hi turn rahoge aur apnl nauharl ho purd haroge, jis waqt tah hi turn ho fauj men rahhne hi zariirat ho chnhegl ; aur agar turn dusrl dafa hhartl ho jdoge, to nauharl-i-sdbiq ho apne ta-ln hisdh harne hd, nam kaidne he icdste hil hnll haqq nahln hai. MEDICAL PHRASES. 123 Medical Phrases. Are there any new cases to-day ? L^ J^\ » L^l^ ^' AJ hoi naya bimar hai ? After seeing the new cases I (>«J j /^4^J^ v CAJ *'*^. ^ will examine the recruits. (i nI C ** C^* * Na-e htmaron ho dekhne he ha^d J^ ^J^Jj^J p liam rangkruton ho mtdahiza S»X>y harenge. How is the man who fell from his ^^jf ^g^ ijt Li.a> j^iU^ ^) horse yesterday evening ? ^ t^ i ■ WuJi jawan haisd hai jo kal sham >J y , 1»4^ ^ Ji f ho apne ghofe par se gir para ? ._ ^ He is still unconscious, Sir. ^ \^y^\ '*^^ f„,^V Jy^^" Huzur, abhi tah hehosh hai. How many men are there in jUjO i^^ ' J^ j^^ (_J*-'*^««** Hospital? * " ^ Haspatdl men kitne ddmi hlmdr ^y hain ? Take care that the hospital is ^J> j L-iU* jJuaam^* j|l>^acw clean. Khahar-dar, Haspatdl sdf rahe. Open all the windows. 7^)? Y ll^» jV '■-^**' Safe hhirhiyon ho kholo. Keep the heds one foot from the ^S^)\ ^ ^i^ ♦J C^ t '^ v Chdr-pdiyon ho diivdr se eh fut he ,^^) Ji C Cm fdsile par rahho. That man's bedding is insuffi- Ji S >L^i o /-cti| /p^l cient. Us ddmi hd histar ham hai. 124 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. In future give him clean sheets, bii j^^jJUw L-jI/^^j HJa^I *Ayinda ko saf chadaren diyd ^ karo. >j This matter must be reported ^\ j^b j c-*,*'^ Ij;^^^?*' to the Adjutant. ;^ I I /u • ( m \ Apian ^ahib ke pas is hat U <^T ^^'^^ Lf ^^ • khabar hliejna chahtye. Are all poisons kept under lock tXiJ This is a strict Government ^Jt ^$C^ CL*^s^ ^J>y*> i^ order. Ye^ Sarlcar ka sakht htikm hai. *You alone are responsible for ^^l<* y jlv»^ «i_^J l^**>^ ^^iiV** Jir^_^««j ^U Tyaw Chhurian sab kund aur maili hain. * Observe the construction, noting the force of i^ hi, in the second sentence. MEDICAL PHRASES. 125 That saw is useless from rust. ^» ^,_^a*« j ^)Y' D' ^3 Woh ara morche he sahah se • O (> C^ liiiclili Team Tea nahln lidi. C^ li/^ f *^? The latrine is dirty, it must be Ci*^ ^1 . >* lJ^ l <^ kept much cleaner. ^^ •* •• Tatti vmill Jiai, isse hahut saf ^J^ ^^J '*-'^ rakhna Jioga. *1 will never pass over this jd^i^ *S^ ^ CLsb <*.! ,»•** matter. ^ ^ Jfaz'n IS hat se hargiz darguzar ^ r i*)^ Why did you not obey my order? liU i5 ^^S S^ \j^ib ^J y?w?i we Jiamara huhni hyun na mana ? There is a very bad smell here. /^ yjy) ^JJ ^-^ b| Isjagah men hafi had-bii hai. See that dry earth is more freely ySobJ l^^ i^^y** j\iiy>i^ used. - ^"( . * Khahar-ddr, sukhl miUl ziydda- C^^'^ ^'*' ^ar ddll jdegl. Where is the mortuary ? -Jl> V^Js ^4»*> yyS TDwlo dartoaza ke hain muldhiza ^ karen. ii^jT Now show me the bath-rooms. j^Lfii ij^ Yahan liar waqt tdza panl hhara -/^> rakho. *Fill this water-pot with water, ^'^j^ ^^b .*^ /» T^^.j**! Is g/iare »»en patii 6^ar tZo. *Have the walls freshly plas- kJ ^ j^**> ^ jf Clt'i^i'^ tered. i . Blivaron ko nae sar se lipwa dena. Have sulphur burnt in this ^^(y^di4^ ^a* ^ J^L*"^ room. , Js kamare men kuchh gandhaJc P'^J^ jalwd-do. Has this recruit been vaccinat- \j^ )^ i^^^^^jOb'^' U"^ ed? " " " Lf 7s umldwar ko kahhl tika lagaya ^ gaya ? I was vaccinated in childhood. Li IJ^j »** i^J^iJ^ 11^ Ifai'w larakpan men goda gaya. *Well, show me your arm and J^^^ iJ^ J^^ JJ^. ^^ ^-4^\ the marks. Achchha apna hazu aur nishan dekhlao. He must be re- vaccinated. bo Jj U6J IxjJ >o) Pher tika lagand parega. Give me the vaccinating lancet. UjJ ^ c> wj^ 5 j eU Is^J Tifea lagdne kd 7iasktar de dena. * Observe the construction. MEDICAL PHRASES. 127 Call in both those recruits. ^^.J^C^^J^^ dy^^^ tlJ^' Un donon rangkruton ho buldo. *N'ot both at once — one at a j^ l» ^^ J^^ltS)\ aS^/,)^«J time. * r V ^ Lonon ko eh sath mat buldo — ek ^L_r ^^^' ^^1 eh kar ke. Takeoff your clothes. ^)^*\ ^mJ^T*^ Kapron ko utdro. * He seems rather short. b*A i* J*« 0'*^ 8) j t>3 ^•l 17s kd qadd zara chJiotd ma'lum hotd hai. Bring the standard and mea- ajQ ^y* |^«| »»! ^^ L^Aj sure him. Nap Ido aur us kd qadd ndpo. ♦Examine his eyesight with the ^^U^i ^^S^^l ^ HOc^aJ dots. ** - . " Bindiyon se us hi bindi janchna. ^v ^ * His chest must be measured. Xitisk, bl5 , jLa. , Jun*! iTs «i chhati napa chahiye. - - The tape is on the small table. /^ U >»> S^amore men c^aZo phiro. Turn round and come back. ^ | »^ J y*^ /•♦v^ Ghum ke laut do. * Observe the construction. 128 A GDIDE TO HINDUSTANI. *Hop first on the right foot. - JU. (^_JXa) y^^^ v>^t E k panw par lungrl chalo — paJde " u . dahne pamv par. ji yi ^ 4t» Theu back on the left foot. j| oJ o Jb ^Jb vO P/ie>- fcne« ^onzy par lant ao. Stretch your arms over your ^^| ^^^-^ ♦J ^»^U J^J head. i Donon hdthon ko sar ke iipar >J ♦ pasdro. Let me see your fingers. ^t> ^>Yt^ Jr ^J^^^ TJnglhjon ko dekhne do. Stand -with your heels together.^ y 'yS S '^•t^ S i>\yi "wl Eriyon ko jor kar khare ho. Stand on one foot, put the *A ^ "^4^ >J ^^b v>J ^aa^ v y»jt> (-^1 .46 di7sre ghtitne par. * Observe the construction. MEDICAL PHRASI2S. 129 * Down on botli knees and spring j^I ^^j ^ ^y,lS ^^y^^^i up with both legs together. l • >♦ > i y Bonon ghutnon par baitho aur eh A j^ Ut^ C^ ^-^^I dam, clilial nicir he jalcli se " , , utho. -?^>' <^ »^^ Turn round — separate your legB. ^VrLiJ^^ "^^ ^*rS Ghumjao — panon hholo. * * I I Bend doAvn and touch the ground ^i^voj *r jo*4^La /^ U^i*^ with the hands. ^ ' Jhuh he hatJion ho zamln par ^'^J ji rakho. * Stretch out your arms, like this. /^ S L*tj\ - •^l^o ♦J /.i? ^i^i Bazuon ko pasaro, aisa harke. Bend the fingers. ^Jj^J^ (JJ1^j\ TJngliyon ho moro. Bend your thumbs thus. S jj^ *S| ^^ | ^ ^L ^ | Istarah apne angufhon ho more. v *Bend your wrists. (;^t) J^* J^ U^«^ Pahunchon ho mor denH, Now bend your elbows. ^Jr*^^(J^^V^S-*' -4.6 huhniyon ho moro. Have you ever had a blow on j^A JO O^a*. .J w« ,^^ the head? « ^vJ^J^Vf. Kabhl sar par cliot lagl Tiai ? Are you ever giddy ? j!! - ^^ U^.*« ^^ Kahhi sar ghumtd hai? — Chah- "^ •• ' fcar ata hai ? ^^H U | * Observe the construction. 130 A GUIDE '10 HINDUSTANI. Say liow many dots are there ? ^^A ^^ij L,^^*^ ~>5 . Batao, kitni hindiydn hain ? Now come to the oflBce. JLah, ^>^ »13J C^t Ah daftar men chalo. *Copy this letter and post it to- ^\ /^ y lJ^^ '^l.^^^ lJ*^ Is chitthi kl naql kar ke aj dak )y ^o^^ ^':^ «*i \^ unen dakhil karo. Fill in all these columns. \jS \\ji S \*^^'^ <—^*»>^Jl In sab khanon ko piira karnci. Show me all the books. j>^j ^ (jV.*^ ^ Sab kitahon ko JekhlOo. * I hear the regiment marches .a)o a) ^Jfc U | j»^ ^Aa**» L»>| to-morrow. t ^ ( K Aisa sunne men aya hai ki ^ ^J '^J ^ Paltan kal kilch karegi. Is all the carriage, &c., ready? ,^jl/jb ^.^w>w ij*!^ L^J^JriJ^ Bar-hardari ivaghaira sab taiynr hai ? *Any man who is too ill to j i^J^di u!^ ^J ^^ march must be left behind in ^ ^^ , ^ hospital. ^^f cJ^^r ^TL^r Jo kol jatcan himari ke sabah se ~t^^^ ^c jl ;v^^ ft> ^ kuch nahin kar sakta ho, has- -^ '•' A i i patal men chhor diyd jaegd. "''d . Z, * Observe the conBtruction. MEDICAL PHRASES. 131 Are all preparations for the y 3^ ^Ualol i- ^ ^ j ^ ^ march complete ? KUch ke sab intizdm ^ure liain ? \*}^ Two doolies and two country tO^J J"* jj-ji 5^^ jjl (0^5^ iO carts will be required. ^^ Do doliydn aur do bail-gariySn \*)r^*^ j\)'^ darkar hongm. Pitch the liospital tent under a t , ^ ^Aj lN ^^J^ \ ^ Si^S^ ^\ ^^\ Zam'iu is jagah kl bahut gill hai. " ^ Let the men have some straw jll^J v^U >JI*r Master. ' * Qudtar Mdstar §ahib ke pds /** /^^ likhne se. * ObBerve the construction. 182 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. *For every six men one Cart of ^J j (JJl)^*. *^^ <*4?^ two bullocks can be had. ^ y ' y Chile chhe btmaron he liye ek ek ^ U^ J^ <^l **^' do bail kl qari mil sakti hai. " . ,.(■ i -1/ Where is the original of this jjl4> ^J.-^'I ^^ i<^^ L/*^ letter? Is chifthl kl asl kahan hai ? ^ ♦This is only a duplicate copy. ^Jt UjU> JaSJ *) A^ Yeh tofaqat musanna hai. ♦Call up the new cases one by \mS^i\ SmS'A Y ^.y^"^^^ ^^ one. ^ ^ ^ Na-e admiyon ko ek ek kar he > . ^ ^^^' Apni char-pdi par let jdo. Draw up your knees. ^W-'l jr c^"**^ Qhutnon ho uthao. Turn over on your right side. J d^^'S ji w- Kb j^^^^aAIJ Dalinl taraf ko karwat lo. Now turn on your left side. J C^^S y L-JJs ^io C-?! ^6 tain taraf ko karwat lo. Lie on your back — on your face. ^aJ cL^J " ^^i?' i-l^^ C'^if Zefo — ^^ai leto. Show me your gums. Ji^X^J^ \jy**^ Mastira dekhldo. At what time does the fever ^Ib \:^js^ jisi <:lJj ^i attack you ? Kis ivaqt hukhar charhta hai ? About seven in the evening. CjU C-— ^ji" d^ <^ |«^^ iS/iam A;e ivaqt, qarlb sdt baje. , * Observe the conatruction. 134 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. And when does it leave you ? j^i> bl^ y | ^ bjS \jSi> j[si jMi ^*^ fering ? Kab se turn ko hiikhar hiid kartfi' hai ? ^1 I am very thirsty and perspire \^\ ^JS^ ^-^^W if^^ A'^ profusel3% " ' Mujhe phjas halmt lagtl aur Lf^ ^^^ *-^^ ^'^^ ]paslna bahut nikalta liai. I am very constipated. ^Jb ^ C L?tyw cl^^^•^ aX^s* Mvjh ko qabziat shiddat se hai, *Give him five grains every <>») j ^^4^ .,rt^ ,»j*^ three hours. . ^ •! M Tfn iffM ^^awfe A;e ba'd panch ^J ^i^ \i)iy ^H Huzur, char roz hue main pahre ^ - ''-**^. Ji (^ J^f par hhjri gayd tha. t X. B.— Observe this use of u^j^ signifying " abonl." * Observe this idiom. MEDICAL PHRASKS. 135 Have you laad any shivering ? ^4^ ^d I D • ^^ v « JCya kuchhjard aya tha ? Put his bed in a corner, out of ^^a^ (^y y L^"*^ J^f^ L^^**i5' the draught. , " ^ "^ Vs hi char.pai ko goshe men rahh ^ Y )i lT^' ^^ ^^ ^> do, ki us par hatva na lagne jj .^ - /*' > t ^ pawe. ^^ He will require a sick attend- xL ^^a^^i.^^-'I ^amI* Xw jl ant. •• * p , Us ke waste eh chhuttl ivala did- <^ y * Please write a requisition for ^^^ U*" > ^ J^ cation between this case of . _. ^ ^ i. small-pox and the regiment. "^ ^^*H <^Jr dL- L^b Khahar-dar ho hi is chechak wale A^ ^ ^J^ ,asi^ se koi P alt an ha shakhs milne ' . na pae. A report must be sent at once. ^/>itl a>. Isi^^ ]U5 C1.'*J j ^^' .27jfe ri^JO? faiiran bhejd cJidhiye. He is complaining of griping. c:^^W» ^il^^. ^^^ ^:)^JjJ^ ^ "PF^t/j maroron ki hahut shikayat " •» ^ kartd liai. L> y . Is this man delirious at night ? ^ ^Jj «>ii •> CUl^ ^^^'^ I **vi Ye/i acimf raf ko hasydn ki hdlat " . " H ft* * Observe the construction. 136 A GCIDE TO HINDUSTANI. At present he is quite insensi- i^y^ J ji^^llj iSj C^»J .jwl ble. • * Is waqt woh hilkull he-hosh hat. (_^ * Give him iced milk to drink 5Jil> ^h— 5»j *.C*'^| ^a*S ,aS occasionally. Kahlil kabhi usko haraf dildh ^J Im. |^ L^^U-o JuJ stroke. Yeh bimari tamka simd'lumhoti »^^ L^-^ Call the bhisti and tell him to iS jti <<^3 5»| ^!ib *J J'^-*l^ bring his 7nussucfc full of cold _ ^ - water. /^ ^j^ ^ ^a^J 0»-i^ Bhisti ko hulao aur Jcah do hi ^" . ^ mashk thande pant se bhar ke^ 5 ^^^f • ^ — J^ jaldi se I awe. _ ^ ♦Wrap him at once in iced sheets -^-o ^^^oIa. ^S-^J^^*^! |^*i and give him a hypodermic \ ^ ** 1 1 •' I injection of Quinine. C*" ^— iim-^J^ >s^ -v Faurau usko thandi chadaron |jj j ^» - c^^^*^ t*^ *^ men lipetna aur chamre ke » w .. * C*'" -v/ niche Quinine pechkari se dena Observe the construction. PART III. EXERCISES m READING MSS Y^ X J ^^6^^"=^^ 138 $> 139 3 :^r^ / IW y '^Jy ^(J^yj-^f^ ^^j \^^^My c/y^-^-^^^^jr^ji '.r^ l^J^^U^lj 140 ^ / /- 141 /- / '^/^-^ ^ -'^r-^^ ^^^^-^i- V^/^/^ /- ;^>' -^^^^ 142 ^ ^ . c/^C}/^^. " / 143 / . — — *■ ' \u ^. ^ 144 (/ T ; ,vx^-'- /. i^u/^^^'j^A / 1. 145 ^^^j ^ iy^jt^-.,^ ■ ' '' . y 146 147 /O 148 // ^J*^*yyJ ^^<5/^'x^ I y. "^X ^^-^^ 149 J^ J / ^y y ^ a/' ' 150 /%. J -^. ., .^ ^ 152 J <^.^ /^, 153 J 'l/^> f^. ^ "y ^ 9 c^ 154 7 -" ■ \ ^ ^_^ * *• C ^ — • y > •*• • 155 / ^■■ r U ^.^^J ^ . 156 /f ,i^J/'^ 137 J T-f 158 ; ^'fo^c^^>i^oUi^/^^^J^^<^ 159 7^- ' J' J z. 'J'-^^J^X^ iMr-^y-' 160 J "^ ^^ ^. 161 "f^if^^if^/^Aft^* •^ *t.»««i««^^«^ ■'^:^y'^"'^('^'-^^-^C^;.^ 162 y 163 ^^i%/«//^^ 'Si u ^'^rr'-^ 164 J fjf 1^'-£^> / . ^' ' "." ' ^ y' — 165 * •i"> vA ^ ^ x- 5> N ^: \" % \ ^ >i J^§ i'l \ i^, ^<>- ^.tll- 5i S;- =S ;V r~^ '1 ^. i :^% § ■i ^^ -I t \ ^ \ '^^ 166 1- r? 167 •V \ V •^r^' i 't -t ^ ^^ ^ X 168 ■^1 -^ ^ . -^; t ^i t I V V 169 r \ \^-^^ -^ V a' t^*-- '4* 4i * m^ V V- 170 1. t ^ N^ X^: ■-i=' i 171 .■!i\ ^V •4- -^^ I ■5 \ V- ^ t S ■i 172 v I -N > ^ 173 \ v^' B ^ A3> ^ \ ' V ^^ HI A 174 N 175 ^^ V^ js ^■/^^'io^ 176 I C ^^^ W?ia^a = (Arabic) particle li = on account of, and t<>* hdza = this. -{ ^JJ toarwa— short for wa-agar-na = and if not. 180 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. *^** faqat. This word is not translateable in its present position. It simply indicates tho end of the petition. Literally it means only. N.B. — The alif written at the head of this petition is the initial letter of Allah, the name of the Deity, with which all Mahommedans begin all documentary writings. 2. — Transliteration. — Gharih pancar saldmat. Hasb-ul-hi'.km huziir ke fiJvl ne zilla Kanpur jakar ek sau das admi qaum-i-Hajput se'hhartl kvje hain, aur ek ek rupaya fijcas 'x'-'Z khiirak ke waste, Jo hashi dastur aur hukm huzur ke de diya.' Ghunanchi untis tarlkh isi mahlne hi fidvi ma' sah admiyon ke ^ clihaoni men hazir hogci. Lekin Agre ke rciste nahin dwega JBareli hi rah se dwegd sund hai ki ivahdn bimari bahut hai aur ddml fnarte hain. Tttila'an ^arz kvja faqat. ''Arzl fidvi Ram Parshdd Hawdldar kampani chhdrum.~"SifrJ^.Tf^ Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. According to the order of your Honour, your devoted one having gone to the Kanpur district, has enlisted one hundred and ten men of the Rajput tribe, and has given each man one rupee for sustenance, in accordance with custom and your Honour's orders. Accordingly, on the 29th instant, your devoted one, with all the men will present himself in the cantonment, but will not come by the Agra route ; he will come by way of Bareli. He has heard that there is much sickness there, and men are dying. This petition is sent by way of report. The petition of your devoted Ram Pershad, Hawaldar of the fourth company. translatjON of manuscript exercises. 181 Notes. — Notice the construction of the Agent case in the first sentence. O"^ (^ fi fcas = each man. This may also be translated by ddml pichhe. ^ «!a' = -with — followed by the genitive. LS)^^ BZh!(777 = Illness — often used instead of cholera euphemis- tically. LffJlJsl J//;(Zai'a« = Arabic adverbial form from Itjild' — a report. 3. — Transliteration — Gharlb panvar saldmat. Aj fidvi ki tabi'at baliut biinav liai, atw taqat-i-amad o raft nah'in lilioza umedivdr Jinn M ruTchsat do roz Ici viiljawe aur jo huzur rvTchsat na den to ''eioazl apnade dun. Wajih thd 'arz kiya faqat. ''Arzi fidvl Harndni, dirzJ, inidazim i htizur. Translation. — Hail, cJierishei- of the poor. To-day your devoted servant's health is very bad, and he has not strength to walk. I therefore hope that two days' leave may be granted, and if your Honour will not grant me leave, then I will give a substitute to take my place. The request made is a reasonable one. Enough. The petition of the devoted Harnam, tailor, servant to your Honour. Notes. — Fidvl hi tabi'at hahut himdr hai. — This idiom is one in very common use, but it is not strictly accurate, as the •word himdr jl*Ai means ill, and the word <— ^*AAi3 means state of health. It should strictly be " tabi'at khardb hai my state of health is bad ; i.e., 7nain hhndr hUn I am ill. imiiyf 'Eivazi = a. substitute, more commonly ^_s^<^. hadli (the men whose profession it is to write petitions for the commoner and less educated class of native servants are very 182 A GUIDE TO niNDUSTANI. fond of displaying their erndition by using high-flown words in place of the simpler words of tlio bazar vernacular.) 4. — Transliteration. — Gharlh panvar saldmat. Knljidvl waste lene sliakkar ke bazar ko jatd tha jab kotwali ke pas pahunchd to I^drayan kanfitBhal ne vivjhko gdli di aur Idt ghunse se bahut mdrd tamdm hdzdr ke log gawdh hain lihdza umedwdr liun hi huzur iiamburde ko 'adalat men talab farmakar sazd den, nahm to sab raiyafc sarkdr kl tabah bo jaegl. Wajib thd '■arz kliid faqat. 'Arzijidvl Hira Singh, baqqal. Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. Yesterday your devoted servant was going to tbe bazar for the purpose of buying sugar. When I had arrived near the kotwali, Narayan constable abused me, and witli kicks and blows severely assaulted me. All the bazar people are wit- nesses. I therefore hope that your Honour having summoned the above-mentioned to the Court will punish him, otherwise all the subjects of the Government will be ruined. The peti- tion is reasonable, therefore it is made. The petition of Hira Singh, greengrocer. Note. — Shnhknr — Sugar. The other words are misrl, chlin. KoticdU — Police-station, where the kotwtil or chief police ofiBcer is. Kanstabal — Simply our English word transliterated. Ohunsd — A blow with the clenched fist; for example, " Us ne ek ghun$a murd.'' He struck him a blow with the fist. Ndmhurda — Literally he whose name {nam) has been takeu {hurdn), the aforesaid {Nardyan). 'Adalat — Court. Fniijddri 'adalat — Criminal Court. JJhcdni Uiddlat — Civil Court. ^dr 'adalat — High Court, TRANSLATION OP MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 183 Talab farmdna — To snmmOn. Ba'iyat. This is the word which the English equivalent " ryot " is intended to represent. The Hindi word is parjd. Tabdh hojdnd — To be ruined, destroyed, wrecked. Baqqdl — Properly a " greengrocer," bat used for the " iunniah.' 0. — Transliteration.— Gharlb panvar saldmat. Baliut 'arsa hua hi huzur ne zaban-i-mubarak se farmaya tha Tti parwarish tumhare bete hi kisi jagah tviiqt khall lione asami he liogi ; ah eh chupras ^adaldt-i-faujddrl men khall 7ml hai Uhaza umedwar hnn hi pancaWs^-i-bandazada us asdml par hojdwe ; munasih tha 'arz kiya, faqat. ^Arzl fidtl Jawdhir La'l mnharriv -i-^addlaf. Muwarrakha siyum May. Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. It is a long time ago that your Honour was graciously pleased to say " Your son's preferment shall take place to some post at the time of some vacancy occurring," so, now, a chupras has fallen vacant in the Criminal Court. Therefore, I hope that the preferment of your slave's son to that post may be brought about. The request is reasonable, therefore it is made. The petition of your devoted Jawahir La'l, writer of the Court. Dated the third of May. Notes. — 'Arm — a space of time ; another word is mi'dd. Zabun-i-muhdrak — literally " Your auspicious mouth," &c. The equivalent English idiom is given. Parwarish — Verbal noun from Persian parwardan to cherish. Parwarda = protege. Asdm't. — Arabic plural of plural, from tsm a name; hence a list of names either of tenants of an estate or candidates for preferment. Hence used for the vacancy itself. 184 A GUIDE TO niNOUSTANI. Chnprag. — A belt worn by certain servants as the insignia of tlmir office. Such servants are called chaprdsi. Bandazdda — Persian compound = slave's son. Mnharrir — Arabic word denotinjjf a writer. The title of certain writers to the Cotirts of justice. M^iwarrakha — dated — passive participle. Compare f«nM = date. Shjum — Persian ordinal. It is customary for the better class of natives to use the Persian ordinal numerals. 6. — Transliteration. — Gharlb panoar saldmat. '•Arsa ek hafte ka guzra ho^ra ki musammd Ram Dydl chaprdsi mulazim-i-hnzur sat man ddna fidvl kl dfikdn se huzur ke waste legdyd hai aur qlmat nnhln de gaijd. Aj Jhlvi ne dcirn ndmlurde , se talab klijd to gdliydn dene lagd aur mdrne ko mnsta'idd hua. Ghuldm ne dp ke khauf se kuchh na kahd lihdzd timedwdr Mm ki huzur qlmat-i-ddna fidvi ko chaprdsl-i-mazkur se dilwaden. Wd- jib thd ^arz kzyd faqat. 'Arzi-i-Nmid Bdm baqqdl. Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. About the space of one -week has passed since one Ram Dyal, chuprdsi, a servant of your Honour, took seven maunds of gram from the shop of your humble servant, for your Honour's use, and did not pay the price. To-day your devoted one, demanded the price from the aforesaid (IJam Dyal) but he began to abuse me and made preparations to beat mo. Tour slave, through fear of your Honour, said nothing, therefore I hope that your Honour vfill canse the price of the gram to be paid to your devoted one by the above-mentioned chuprdsi. The request is reasonable, therefore it has been made. The petition of Nand Ram baqqal. Notes. — 'Arm gvzrd hogd. — The futnre is used here to denote approxi- mation iq the fact stated. Ho is not ftyaotlj certain that it ia a week. TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. isa Miista'idd.— Another example of a high-flown word. Taiydr would be the more simple word to use. Dihoddena.— DouUy causal verb,— wde page 70, note. 7. — Transliteration. — Gharih panvar salamat. Kal se fidvl ko tap o larza a gaya liai aur tamain badan men dard hai aur damhadam qai hoti hai harchand hi Babu-i-shnfO^ hhdna ne dawae di far knchh fdida na Ima, lihazd umedwdr hun Til ruJchsat eJc hafte ki Hnayat ho jatve, agar rttJchsat na milegi to fidvl zarur marjaegd aur yeh bhi yfaiZ\h. ho M fidvi ne jis roz se naukar hud hai kabhl rukhsat nahln It aur kol bahdna ya hila naukarl ke waqt nahtn klyd hamesha huhn-i-sarkdr baja laya. Wdjib thd ^arz ktydfaqat. ^Arzl Ldl Chuprdsi. Translation. — Hdil, cherisher of the poor. Since yesterday, fever and ague have attacked your servant, and there is pain in all my body, and from time to time vomit- ing occurs. In spite of all tlie medicine tliat the Babu of the dispensary has given me, no benefit has resulted ; therefore I hope that a week's leave may be granted me. If leave is not obtained, then your slave will certainly die ; and let this too be known, that your slave from the day on which he entered your service has never taken leave, and has never made any excuse or pretext at the time of duty, and has always carried out his master's orders. The request was reasonable, therefore it was made. The petition of Lai Chuprasi. Tap larza. — Hindustani equivalent is jard hukkdr. Qai. — Also radd, ulti. Qai is more elegant. Wdzih. — Clear, evident. A usual way of commencing notifications. " Wdzih ho ki" &c., &c. Hila. — Stratagem. Plural hJyal, halatdiful hiyal — artfully. Bajd land. — To perform. 186 A GDIDE TO HINDUSTANI. 8. — Transliteration. — Gl.arih parwar saldmat. Jandb-i-^ali parson se fidvi bamujib hukm huzur Tee ''adalat men hazir hai, aur gaivdh bhi sab maujud hain lekin muqaddama faisal nahln hota, aur khgrch Jidvl ha bahut hota hai, gaivahon ko Jchurak deta hai, lihaza umedwar hun kl muqaddama aj pesh hojawe. Wajib tha ^arz k'uja faqat. ^Arzifidvl Kandan mudda'i. Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. My Lord — Since the day before yesterday your humble servant lias been present at the Court in accordance with your Honour's order, and all witnesses too are present, but the case is not being decided, and your servant's expenses are very heavy, as the witnesses' sustenance has to be provided. Therefore I hope that the case may be called on to-day. The request is reasonable, therefore it is made. Enough. The petition of your humble Kandan, plaintiff. Notes. — Muqqaddama. This is the technical word used in the Courts, for a case. Pefh honu. — To " be heard " to " come on " (a case). Mvdda'i. — t^<^ This is the word used to denote the plaintiff who makes the ij^^ plaint ; the defendant is called AjJxI* lijo mudda'd 'alaihi, or he against whom the plaint is made. 9. — Transliteration. — Ghnrib pancar salamat. *Arsa do sal ka guzra ki jidvl kl betl kl shadl Kandan snudr he ghar hul thi, aur sab nisilvi shadl ke bhl Uiindm hogaye the so ab namburde ne az rah daghdbazl ke shadl dusrl jagah knrdl, aur kahtd hai ki turn apnl betl ki shadl am- jagah kar lo, khuddwandd joe ineaf hai, ki fidvi ne do sau rupaya khaich kurke, to shadl ki TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 187 hai ah kalian se phir Una rupaya laiven jo shddi diisrl kare Uhaza umedwar hun ki huzur inudda'a alaihi ho 'adalat men talab karke tahqiqat farmdwen aur gawah ghuldm ke bahut hain. Wdjib thd ^arz kiyd faqat. ''Arff fidvl Behdri Sunar sdkin Barell. Muwarrakha doyum Mai san athdrah sau undsl Isawi. Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. The space of two years lias elapsed since your devoted one's daughter's marriage took place at the house of Kandan, gold- smith, and all the customary observances of the marriage were duly completed, but now the aforesaid, out of craftiness, has contracted a marriage elsewhere, and says to me, " You marry your daughter in some other place." My Lord, this calls for justice, because your slave has already expended two hundred rupees in contracting this marriage. Now whence can he again obtain so large a sum as to enable him to carry out a second marriage. Therefore I hope that your Honour will summon the defendant to Court, and investigate the matter. Your slave's witnesses are many. The request, &G. The petition of your devoted Behari, goldsmith, living at Bareli, dated the 2nd of May, 1879 A.D. Notes. — InmJ ol«fl->l Literally equally dividing, hence justice — sequitas. Tahqiqat — Arriving at the trnth {haq'iqat). Isawi. — Anno Domini — opposed to (Sj^ the year of the Eegira. 10. — Transliteration. — Ghar'ib fanvar salamat. Kal fidvi ke ghar se khatt dya hai us se daryoft hUa ki fidvl ke wdlid ne is jahdn se intiqal kiya aur ab ghar par kol sarparast jo 188 A nUIDE TO HINDT'STANI. sah handohast ganw ivaghaira ha kare koi haql naliin raha. Is halat men fidvi kisltarah naukari nahfn karsaktd lihaza umedicdr hun ki nam fidvi kd nauharl-i-sdrkdr se kdtd jdwe loarna sab kdr hdr merd abtar hojderjd. Wdjib thd ^arz kiydfaqdt. ^Arzi fidvi Ydr ''Alt Hawdladar number two Kompany. Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. Yesterday a lettei' arrived from my home ; from it I learned that your servant's father has departed from this -world, and now there is no responsible person who can arrange all the affairs of the village, etc., remaining. In this circumstance, your devoted servant is not able in any way to carry on his duty, therefore I hope that your slave's name may be removed from the Government service : otherwise all my business will be ruined. The request is reasonable, therefore it is made. Enough. The petition of your devoted Yar Ali, Havildar of No. 2 Company. G%) ji'^A^JI Intiqdl karnd — To die ; literally to move from one place to another. yj\ Abtar — Topsy-turvy. 11. — TRiNSLiTERATiON. — Ghartb pavioar saldmat. ^Arsa ek sal kd hud ki musammi Saj-ddr Khdn dirzi ne mahlagh eh sau das nlpaya fidvi se qarz luje the aur tamassuk iqrari sdt mahine kd likhdiyd thd. Chundnchi ab dasmahine guzr ga-e lekin ndmburda rilpaya add nahin kartd — Jo dj fidvi ne rupaya talab kiydto kahd hamdre ndm nalish karo, agar hamse taqaza karoge to ham tuinko khiib mdrenge. Lihdza umedicdr hun ki ndmhurde ko huzur talab karke rtipaya dilwdden. Wdjib thd 'arz kiyd. ^Arzi fidvi Jawdhir baqqdl. TRANSLATION OF MAKaSCHIPT EXERCISES. 389 Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. A year ago Sardar Khan, dirzi, borrowed the sum of one hundred and ten rupees from your humble servant, and wrote and gave a promissory note at six months. Accordingly tea months liave now passed, but the aforesaid does not pay up the money. When to-day your humble servant demanded the money from him he said, Go and lodge a complaint against me ; if you dun me I will beat you sbundly. Therefore I hope that your Honour having summoned the aforesaid would make him pay the money. The request was reasonable, therefore it was made. The petition of your devoted Jawahir, grocer. i.^ Tamassuk iqran — A promissory note. Ijvi i.J(3 Nalish harna — To lodge a complaint. [^Vi> Taqaza — Dunning. 12. — Transliteration. — Gharlb panvar salamaf. '■Arsa char mah'ine kd hud ki jidvi ne mablagh tis riipaya naqd Itdm Tjdl hawdldar kampanl do ko uske ghar jane ke loaqt d'tye the aur yeh kah d'lyd thd ki turn yeh riipaya hamdre hhdl Badrt Das ko de dena our rasid lekar hamdre pds rawdnd karnd, so kal fidvl ke makdnse khafj: dyd hai, us se daryaft hud ki hatvdldar-i-va2bzku.r ne lotih rupayp, nnh'in diye, Widzd umedwdr hun ki riipaya ahuldm kd hawdldar ki talab se dilay a. jdwe. Faqat. 'Arzl fidvl Diydl SipdhJ. Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. It is four months ago that your petitioner gave the sum of thirty (30) cash to Ram Lai, Havildar of jSo. 2 Company, at the time of his going to his home, and said this : " Tou give these rupees to my brother Badri Das, and after taking the 190 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. receipt send it off to me." So yesterday a letter arrived from your servant's home, and from it he learned that the Havildar mentioned has not given these rupees. Therefore I hope that your slave's money may be restored to him ^rom the pay of the Havildar. Enough. The petition of your humble Diyal Sepoy. «1a V O de dend. — Infinitive used as an imperative. t>A.»uj rasld. — Receipt. Verbal noun from rasulan to arrive. This is not a corruption of the English word as might be thought Jy<^ Passive participle from So mentioned, 13L^ U xi3 Passive causal. Vide page 70, and note. 13. — Transliteration. — Gharlb panvar salamat. Kal Qazai-ilabi se shanhar fidv'ia ka faut hogayd aur h'jt shakhs dusrd rishtadar yd waris fidvta kd vahinjo khabrgiri khdne pine kl kare aur koi jaedad hhl [ids fidvla ke nahin hi jis se guzrdn apni karun. Lihd:d umedwar hiin ki huzur do rupaya mahwari mere khdwind kl talah se mnqarrar karden ki us se guzara fidvia kd bakhuhl hojdegd aur huzur ko du'd karungi. ^Arzijidvia musaramat Bddsu zauja Hira Chuprdsl mutawaffi. TRANSLATION OP MANUSCRTPT EXERCISES. 191 Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. Yesterday by the decree of God the husband of your devoted one died, and there is no other person, either relation or heir of your slave, who can look after the provision of meat and drink, and there is no property belonging to your humble one by means of Avhich I can gain my living. Therefore I hope that your Honour would appoint to me two rupees a month from my husband's pay, because from that (sum) your servant's liveli- hood will be comfortable enough, and I will bless your Honour. The petition of your servant Bilasii, wife of Hira Chuprasi deceased. .^)\ (^Lsj qazd-i-Ildhi se. By the decree of God. ^j\j ivaris — heir. ^l'>j'-=>- jueddd property. guzrun fem. ") guzard niasc. J livelihood. ^i^iiUj mahivdr't monthly pay. 2(U~»« musammdt feminine of (^ff*-""^ musammi named. ^^jj zaiija ■wife. ^5^J»« mufaioaffi deceased. Also expressed by the words ^y^J^ marJium and Jj^^^ magh^ur. 14. — Transliteration. — Ghartb parivar saldmat. Jah se fidvl palt an men hharil hild hai kabhl Jcol qusur nahin kiyd aur naulcarl se Ic'isl waqt gh air hazir nahln hud aur apne hare uhdadar hd hameshd hiikm mdnd lekin leal suhaddr sdiib ne fidvi ho bura bhala kaha^aft^dlvi ne hahd hi mujhe hijun gall dete ho to bole hi ham tumko fauj se nikdl denge. Khuddwandd fidvi ho 192 A GUIDE TO niNDUSTANI. ah naukarl marirur nahln. Lihazd umedivur hun ki isti'fa jidvi ka mnnzur ho. Faqat. ^Arzi fidvl Hira Lai Sipalil liompanl avwal. Notes.— lS^J^ Bharti — enlisted. ^^^^H^^ Ghair h'lzir — absent. jlii 55i>^ Vhdaddr — OSBce-holder — OfEcer. '^ ^%? [^ Burd hhaUi Icahnd — Literally to say bad and good tilings, to abuse. j^Jivx Manzur — agreed to — acceptable, Lft*Ju«j| Jsti'fd — Literally asking for pardon or dis- cbarge; bence resignation. Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. Since your liiimble sei'vant -was enlisted iu tlie regiment he has never committed any fault, and never at any time has he been absent from duty, and of his own free will and accord has always obeyed the orders of his superior oflBcer, but yes- terday the Subadar Sahib abused your humble servant. When your servant said " Why do you abuse me ? " he said " I will turn you out of the regiment." My Lord, now no longer is service agreeable to your slave. Therefore 1 hope that your slave's resignation may be accepted. Enough. The petition of your slave Hira Lai Sepoy, 1st Company. 15. — Transliteration. — Gharlh panvar salamat. Jab sefidvt ghar par aya hai hamexha btmar hai agarchi bahut 'ilnj shafd khnna wa^aira kd klyd Itkin dram nahfn hotd, tamdm badan men bdi ka dard hai aur kahhi pasU men dard hojdtd hai aiir adha sisl ka dard hhi hold hai tamdm hadan sard hai aur hdtli pdon par %carm dgayd hamcsha qabz pet men rahtd hai dartd TRAITSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 193 liun lei kaliin sarsam nahojaive lihaza mnethvar hun ki rukh^nt do viahine ki mil jaive ivajib thd ''arz kiya. Faqat. ^Arzl Jidvi Nabi Bukhsh Jam^adar. Translation. — Hail, cherisher of tJw poor. Ever since your devoted servant arrived at his home he has been ill, he has undergone much treatment at the dispensary and elsewhere, but gets no relief, he has rheumatic pain in his whole body, and occasionally ]5ain comes in his ribs, and he also suffers from migraine. His whole body is yellow, and his hands and feet have swollen. He is always constipated, and I fear that in some way or other delirium will arise, therefore I hope that I may get two months' leave. The request is reasonable, therefore it is made. Enough. The petition of your humble N^abi Bukhsli, Jemadar. Notes. — Adhd sisl kd dard. Hemicrania — lligraine. Dartd hun Tci . . . nahojuwe. Observe the construction, com- parable to vereor ne = I fear lest, &c. 16. — Transliteration. — Gharih panvar salamat. Zar-i-chaukidarl qadhn se fidvi ke nam par char atia mdhwarl muqarrar liai aur fidvl mdli bamdh add kartd hai lekin kal balchshi ne fidvi se kaJtd ki tuvi se ham is mahitie tnen dth ana lenge lihaza umedicdr hun ki hrizur bakhshi-i-ma zkiir se darydft farmd kar hukm-i-vmndsib den, ki main is zuliii se bachjdun tvdjib thd ''arz kiyd. Faqat. ''Arzi fidvi Nardyan darzi. Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. From long time the cliaukiddri money lias been agreed upon at the rate of four annas a month to the name of your servant, and he has month by mouth paid it, but yestei'day the pay- 194 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. master said to me " I will take from you in this month eight annas ; " therefore I hope that your Honour Avill enquire from the aforesaid paymaster, and pass a suitable order, so that I may escape from this oppression. The petition was reasonable, therefore it was made. Enough. The petition of your devoted servant Narayan dirzi. i^. Bakhshi — paymaster. 17. — Transliteration. — Gharih parwar saldmat. Parson das haje rat ko fidvl ke makan men chori hogai aur dshab maliyat sau rtipika chori gayd, jah kotwal sahib se ittild'- M to unhon ne jawdb diyd ki turn fareb karte ho khtiddwandd jd-i ghaur hai ki fidvl kd dsbdb chori gayd aur fidvl fareb kartd. Huzur mauqa' par ta.^rif lawen aur ga^odhon se darydft karen tab fidvl kd hdl huzur ko khuljdwe. Faqat. ^Arzl fidvl Malik Chand rtiudda'i. Translation. — Rail, cherisher of the poor. The day before yesterday at ten o'clock at night a robbery took place in your servant's house, and property to the amount of a • hundred rupees was stolen. When I reported the matter to the Kotwal sahib he replied, you are cheating. My Lord, here is room for delibeiation, because your humble one's pro- perty is stolen, and he himself is accused of deceit. If your Honour would visit the place and enquire of the witnesses, then your humble one's state would become known to your Honour. Enough. The petition of Malik Chand, plaintiff. Notes.— 5^^ Mauq' — Adverb of place, from ^^J, cf. **J|j event. \j)l \ju!M> Tashr'tf Idna — To lioiiour by coming. Another form of expression is ^"^^f* ^^J C^ qadam ranja farmdnd. TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 195 18. — Transliteration. — Gharlh parwar salcunat. Aj hhai ndvi ka ghar se aya hai aur irada uska yeh Jiai lei nauknri i sarkar knre anr 'umr nskl qarlh hia haras ki hai aur likLa parlia hai lihaza umedwdr hun ki ba'd mulcihiza ddktar mhib ke wuli is paJtan men bhart'i kiya jdwe kisicdste ki jidvi ke lap ddda qadim se fanj men naukar ralie liain aur fauj In ko pasand karte haia u-ajih jdnkar 'arz k'njd. Faqat. 'Arzifidvl Kail Gharan, sij^dltl. Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. To-day your devoted servant's brother came from home, and it is his wish to serve tlie Government. His age is about twenty years, and he can read and write. Therefore I hope that after the examination by the Doctor, he niny be enlisted in this regi- ment, for the reason that your humble servant's ancestors for ages have served in the Army, and like no other profession. Haviug considered the request reasonable I have made it. Enough. The petition of your servant Kali Charan, sepoy. Notes. — Likha parhd hai. This is a very idiomatic expression. Nuulcai- ralie hain H.ive always served. This -word rahnd ^to remaiu) is very useful in expressing habitual action, or aa action still going on. Fanj 111 ko 'pasand hirte hain. It is the Army which they like (and no other profession). AH this idea is conveyed by the emphatic particle hi. It should be noticed that this particle may often be used in the middle of a word : for instance, in answer to the question. Turn Lakhvau men rahte ho ? We might answer, Han Lakh hl-nau men. Yes in Lucknow itself. il96 A GCFDE TO niNDUSTANI. ]9. — TransliteuatiON. — Ghnrih parwar salamat. Janab 'ciU hasbnl hnlnn huzur he fiJvl ne do hathi Naivab §ahib Bahadur se lekar Koahlpur men pahuncha dlije char ghore sarkaii ya'ne huzur ke maqam shafdkhdne par rakhe hain Jis waqt ap ko darkdr hon taiyar hain aur Uajn Kdshlpur bhl kahte hain lei char fil atir skikdri ko tumko eJc mahlne ke liye de sakte hain agar huzur farmdwen to Bajd §dhib se hathl lekar jangal men taiyar rnkhUn ittila'an 'arz klyd. Fag^at. 'Arzlfidvi Inayat Khan, jama'' dar. Translation. — Eail, cherisher of the poor. Most noble Sir, in accordance Avith your Honour's order, yonr humble servant having taken two elephants fiora the Nawab .Sahib Bahadur, has sent them to Kashlpur, and four horses be- lonoino- to Government, that is to say of your Honour's, are halt- ed at the dispensary. Whenever they may be required by your Honour they are ready, and the Raja of Kashlpiir too says, " I can give you four more hunting elephants for a month." If your Honour should instruct me, then I will take the elephants from the Raja Sahib and keep tliem in readiness in the jungle. The petition of your humble servant Inayat Khan, jamadar. KoTES. — Sarhh-l. This is a very common word in use to express pro- perty belonging to one's master. For instance. A master asks — Yeh his lei topi hai ' The bearer might answer " Sarkur ki hai." It is yours, Sir. It is also used to express the Supreme Government as " Yeh Sarkdr ka hnlim hai." This is a Government order. It is literally " head of affairs." 20. — Transliteration. — Ghartb parivar salamat. Fidvl ne iqbal-i-huzur se dj Haryd quidi ko sat baras kd mi'adi thd giriftdr kar I'lyd uiir dusre logon ki girifldrl men shab TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 197 mz kn^I^ hirid hitn ithWan ''arz kiya. Mukhhiron ve khabr di hal kl tin i.shtihari zilla Bijnor men liain so fidvi ne ek luhnl mu'tabai' npna raivdna khja hai ivaqt milne smdgk ka faurau raicdiia Bijiior hungd aur fidri ko parson se tap o larza lagd bahut kamzori hai aftab daulat kii taban rahe. Faqat. *Arzl fidvi Narciijan Dass, Inspect or. Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. Your bumble servant yesterday by your Honour's good fortune arrested Harja. the prisoner who was in for a term of six years, and is nigljt and day striving to arrest the other men. This petition is sent by way of report. The informers have sent in ■word that three of the proclaimed men are in the Bijnor dis- trict, so your humble servant has sent there a trustworthy man of his own. As soon as a clue is obtained I will start for Bijnor without delay. Your humble servant has had fever and ague since the day before yesterday ; there is great weakness. May the sun of wealth remain shining brightly. Enough. The petition of N"arayan Dass, Inspector. Notes. — Iqbdl-i-huzur se — Ap ke iqbal se. This phrase is very com- mon, attributing any success to the good fortune of the superior. Mi'adl — Technical term. MI'dd means a period of time. Itlitiht'n-i. Proclaimed — mentioned in an Ishtihar. Mu'tahar. This word is vulgarly pronounced mdtahar. Fauran — Immediately. Hindi equivalent — turnnt. jha(. Aftdb, &c — Very common form of ending to a petition. 21. — Transliteration. — Gharib parwar saldmat. Fidvi arsa-id)is sal se pin^han pdtd hai aur pahle risdla soivdrdn Hindiistdni vien nankar thd aur ab fidvi ko driza falij kd hogaya hai, chal nahl.n baktd — lihdzd umedwdr hun ki pinshan fidvi k% 108 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. ficlvl he hete he nam par muqnrrar ho jdwe tvuk sarknr se liya karega — munasihjdnhar ^ arz klyd afldb daulat kd tdbdn rahe ^ Faqat. ' ' Arzi fidvl Karam Khan Sowar , pinshanddr muwarrakka dnyam Jttn. Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. Your petitioaer from the space of twenty years has drawn a pension and also sei'ved in the first Bengal Cavalry, and now paralysis has attacked your humble one, and he cannot walk ; therefore I hope that your jaetitioner's pension may be allotted to the petitioner's son's name. He will always draw it from Government. Having considered it fitting he has made his request. May the sun of wealth remain shining. Enough. The petition of your devoted Karam Khan Sowar, pensioner, dated the second of June. Notes. — Fdlij — Hemiplegia, often associated with laqwa = facial palsy. Liyd karegd — Vide page 70 frequentative verb, 22. — Transliteration. — Gharlh partcar saldmat. Huzur ne farmdyd thd ki ham rupaya tumhdrd dns tarikh ko (fenge, so dj das tdrlkh ko fidvl hdzir hud hai lihdzd wiedwdr hun hi rupaya fidvl k'l dj mil jdwe kis waste hi fidvl a6 ghar jata liai m,undsih thd ^arz kiyd. Faqat. ' Arzi fidvl Kishan saudagar. Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. Tour Honour said " I will pay you your money on the tenth," BO to-day on the tenth, 3-our servant has piesenteil himself. I therefore hope tliat your servant's money may be given him to- day, because your servant is now going to his home. TRANSLATION OF MANDSCRTPT EXERCISES. 199 It was fitting — the petition was made. Enough. The petition of your humble Kishan, merchant. Notes. — Das fdrikh ko — On the 10th. Notice this use of pai-ticle ko. Qhar jdtd — Notice this idiom — ^not ghar ko jdtd. Snuddgar — Another word Baipdrl, 23. — Transliteration. — Gharlh parwar salamat. Parson ivaqi' harahvtn indh hazd Tco musammi Kandan Singh hrddar fidvi hdhn. 'illat mdrplt he qaid Jiogayd Jiai atir pas ndni h7i7-de ke lota, nahin is bais se bahnt taklif/iai lihazd umedivdr hun hi hnhni-i-huzUr ivdste dildne Iota mazhur he handm darngha sahih he ^aAiv ho jciwe hi ivuh lota qaidl ho dilwdden. Wajih thd ^arz hiyd. Faqat. 'Arzifidvl Jawdhir Singh, harddar-i-Kandan Singh, qaidi. Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor. The day before yesterday, the twelfth of this month, one Kan- dan Singh, the petitioner's brother, was arrested on a charge of assault, and the aforesaid (Kandan Singh) has no Zofa. For this reason he is greatly inconvenienced, therefore I hope that an order of your Honour's for the giving of the lotd mentioned, mny issue ia the name of the daro gh a sahib, so that he may cause to be given to tlie prisoner a lotd. The request is reasonable, tlierefore it was made. Enougli. The petition of the devoted Jawahir Singh, the brother of Kandan Singh, prisoner. NoTK-s — 'Illat — A cause; also used to signify illness. Jiuis — Syn. wdste, Uye, kdran, sahub se. TakUj — Notice the gender of words of this measure {taf'il is feminine [vide puge 25). 200 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. Ddrogha — This word is always niisprouoanced darogha. The long alif should be carefully remembered, to avoid confusion with the Persian word f^))^ darogh — a lie. Sadlr hona — To issue. 'J'ill further orders is expressed by ^Ij t ^-r j«<>/*G ta sndiir i hukmi sdni. N. B. — Lota should be spelt 15^ 24. — Transliteration.— ^arf?^ par war salamat. Janah ''cdlfidvi dast hasta mu'riz hai ki ojkal raaraz-i checliak ka az bas zor hai anr mere chand tiflak uiae liain kl jink) tlka nahin dlya gaya anr vieri tamanna yeh hai ki yeh kaia huziir ke dast-z-muharak se anjam patve to 'ain khawindi o bandauawazi Jiogl jiskd shukriya tamam '■umr add na kar sakungd. '■Arzlfidvl Indyat Ehdn Bals tisivin Janiiarl san Atlidrah sau undsi Isawi. Translation. — Hail, cherislicr of the poor. Eminent sir, your liumble servant with joined hands repre- sents that now-a-dayp the small-pox is very prevalent, and there are several children of mine, who have not been vaccinated, and my desire is this, that this operation should be carried out by your Honour's auspicious hand, then it will be the height of kindness and a consideration AvliicU I shall never be able to repay during my whole life. The petition of your devoted Inayat Klian Riiis, the 30th of January, 2879 A.D. Notes. — Mu'riz — one who makes an arz. Jl/arrtf— Disease. Tijlak. — Little children — diminutive of tljl. Ttkd denil or T/kd Imjiinil — To nioculale — vaccinate — T'ikd karnd to mark the forehead with the tjkd. TRANSLATION OF MANDSCIUPT EXERCISES. 201' Tomannu =■■ Khivahish— desire (notice tlie ^render, vide page 21).. Khdw'mdl. — Kindness — Kh'mnnd, a lord or husband. Bandanawazl. — Slare-cherishing, from Persian naiudMitaa = parwardan. {ghar'ih parwari). Shukrhja. — A thankoffering. 25. — Transliteration. — Gharlh parwar 'ddil-i-zaman llatim-i- waqt, Naushlrwdii Jandh Lankin Sdhih Bahadur ddma iqhdlalLu. Janab 'all hot yeh Jiai hi do qita' parivana az rdhi gharlh ■parivart o banda nawdzi hi Sarhdr faiz asdr se bazarie dak bar makdn lodlid fi.dvi he marahmat fanudya thd pahunchd anr hdl parwarishfidvlhl ma'lum hud Khudd huzur ho aur hdbd sahib ho saldmat rahhe. Hal yeh hai hi jabse huzur rawdna wildyat ho hue fidvi ue naiiharl Gheren sahib bahddur jo hi Faizdbdd men Ashishtant Kamishnar the tvahdn par muldzim rahd 'arsa chand roz kd hud hi wuh marga-elihdzd fidvl huchh fadblr rail he hirdya hi karke bahut jald khidmat men hdzir hogd. Wdjib thd 'arz hlyd. Aftdb i daulat o iqbdl hd chimaktd luljlyo. ^ Arzi fidvl khdiiazdd Ghdsi khdii khansdmdn muioarrakha cha- hdrum mdh Ahtohar san atharah sau ikdsl Isawl. Translation. — Cherisher of the poor, just one of the time, Hatim of the age, Natishlricdu of this era, S)'c., ^'C. May his prosperity continue. Sir, tliis is the state of affairs : That the two kind letters which your honour sent to the house of your servant's father, by way of favour and kindness, arrived, and the degree of favour shewn by you to your servant became known ; may God preserve your honour and the young master in safety. This is the state of affairs : Since your honour set out for England, your servant entered the service of Mr. Greeu, Assistant Com- missioner of Faizabad, and remained in his service; he died' 202 A GUIDE TO niNDUSTANT. a few days ngo, therefore your servant having made some arrangement for his rail-fare will very quickly present himself in your honour's service. The request was reasonable, there- fore it was made. May the sun of fortune and prosperity remain shining. The petition of your house-born Ghasi Khan Miansainan, dated the 4th of October 1881, A,D, 26, — TRANSLlTEnATION. — Gharih parirar saldmat. F'uhl Hnsan 'All Sfibatlar hi 'arzi yeh liai, hi fidvl aur fidv'i he hap (lade saikron baras se Maharaja Gwctliar ka ra''vjat hai, anr das liazar blghd saviin lukhiraj fidvl ka maiirusi viilk hai, jis par kahhi ken kiraya mnqarrcir iiahin tlia, aur kisi ivaqt men kisl Mahdrajd sahih ne kol kkirdj talab nahJn kujci thd, anr na is waqi ke Mahdrajd sahib ne kahhi kuchh kirdya na llyd. Mafjar in dinon Mahdrajd sdhib ke bhd/ynn ne nahaqq Mahdrajd sahib he bind hukm kul zamln ko ~nbt kar liyd hai, anr fidvl ki kol 'arz Mahdrdjd sahib tak pahunchnl nnhln dele. Is llyc fidvl Mahdrajd sahib ke nam kl ek 'arzi is'arzl ke sath hiiziir men hhejld hiin, anr umedwdr hiin ki hnzur in '■arzl ko Gicnlidr ke A'jent $ahib bahddur he huzur men hhfj dijiye, id ki ivnh Mahdrajd ^dhib ke huzHr vien pesh kar dewen. Ahnarqum tlsrl Jamcari san athara san satdsi Isaivi, Translation. — Cherisher of the poor. Hail. This is the petition of your devoted Hasan Ali Snbadar : That your servant and his ancestors have been for years sub- ject of the Maharaja of Gwalior, and ten thousand bighas of land, freehold, is the hereditary property of your petitioner. There has never been any rent assessed upon tin's property, nor has any Maharaja at any time demanded any rent, nor did the former Maharaja ever take any rent. However, nowadays the TRANSLATION OP MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 203 Maharaja's brothers, unlawfully and without the Maharaja's orders, has confiscated the whole of the land, and do not per- mit my petition from your devoted servant to reach the Maha- raja. Accordingly your servants sends herewith to your honour a petition to the Maharaja, and hopes that your honour will be good enough to send this petition to the Agent of the Gwalior State, that he may present it to the Maharaja. Dated the 3rd of January 1887. 27. — Transliteration. — Gharib paricar khuddwand na^mat fdiyyazi zanidn dama Alldliu iqbalahu. Jandh '■dli siirat yehliai lei j ah huzur cJihdovz Sltdpur se taraf wildyat Tie tashrlf lechale yeh khanazdd hhi huzur Tee Jiamrdh chalet shahr Kalkatte tah gayd jab hi huzur jahdz par sazcdr hokar rawdna sivit-i-ivildyat hue, ba'd do roz keyeh fidvl makdn raiodna hud, lekni shah o roz yeh d'ud mdngta thd ki khuddjeld huzur ko Hindustan vien Idwe jo huzur apiie risdle men rannaq afroz howen hande ko bahut khushi hdsil hoive hi Haqq tadla dpko hadarja 'dla he pahunchdde roz baroz taragql dpki hmir dardji baha kl kare. Ah fidvl umedwdr hai ki kah tvdste is khanazad ke hukm ho ki fidvl khidmat guzdrl dur tdbi''ddri men hazir ho. Wdjih thd 'arz klyd, Alldhl aftdh iqhdl datilat kd chamaktd hujlyo. Aur yeh khanazdd shahr-i-Lakhnau viahalla Qutabpur muttasil-i-pid-i- dha7il lab-i-Gumtl makdn Mimshi Yusuf Khan rahtd hun. Khanazdd Ghds'i Khdn Khansdindn muwarrakha tdrlkh nau mdh Juldl san athdrah sau ikdal. Translation. — Cherisher of the poor, lord of favours, most generous of the age, vtay God prolong his fortune. Sir, this is the state of affairs: When your honour left the station of Sitapur for England, this Louseborn slave too went 204 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. ■\vitli your honoiir, as far as the city of Calcutta. When your honour haviiifr embarked started for England, after two days your servant set out for his home, but day and nifjht he "vvas praying that God would quickly bring your honour back to Hindustan. If your honour should again return to your own regiment, your servant will greatly rejoice. jMay God promote you to gi'eat honour, and day by day increase your promotion and grant your sou a long life. ]^u\v your slave is hoping aud wondering when he will be summoned to serve your honour. It was reasonable the request was made. Oh, God ! may the sun of prosperity and good fortune remain shining, and this houseborii one is living in the city of Lucknow innhalla Qutab- pur, near the iron bridge on the banks of the Guniti, at the house of Munshl Yusuf Khan. Tour servant Ghasi Khan Khansaman. Dated the ninth of July 1881. 28. — Transliteration. — Janab-i-mukarram i-mu^azzam faiyyaz -i-zaman §dhib Bahaditr. Bn''d tadlin viultamis Jinn — kl clianda shafukhane men dend ek kdr-i- khair hai yeh chanda htkasdn vuirlzdn o muhtdjdn he knm awegd aw harek zlshdn o mnazzaz jaise dp o mz dlyar sdhibdn hain ilnpar ek farz hai ki bechdrdn o mdndagdn ko dawd hakhshfii (iiir hasbulhiikm Government-i-aliyajo sahib das rupaya sdl se ziyddd chanda deivenge uvkd nam fakhfa-i-hnnrd par Jo shafd Tthdne mtn znrrln harfon se munaqqash hokar latkdya jdivegd md sited iske hasbi tnanshd-i- Government jo nnfar uur ahl-i-dmcal chande men shartk honge unse qhnnt-i-daivde nahin l/jdwegi ivarna qimat-i-adivlya jo leivenge dene paregl. Chuiikl jdndb bhi ahl-i- duwal aur zlshdn hain is Ihje um'^d-i-qawwi hai kl chanda shajd khdne men dend ma^' zur karenge. Aur takhfa'i-board ab taiyar ho rahd hai, aur Uahut se nam likkc yoye hacn. TRANSLATIOX OF MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. ^05' Translation. — Hnnnvred and respected, Sir most genero'iLS of the age. Affer respects I beg to represent tliat to give a subscription to a Hospital is a good work, this subscription will be of service to unfortunate, invalid and poor people, and it is incumbent upon every honourable and noble man as you yourself and other gentlemen are, to bestow medicine upon the poor and needy, and in accordance with the orders of the Supreme Government, whatever gentleman shall contribute ten rupees a year or more, their names shall be elegantly written in letters of gold upon a board to be hung up in the Hospital. Besides this, according to the will of Government whatever persons or wealthy men shall join the fund will not be charged for medicines, otherwise the cost of any medicines they may take will have to be paid. Inasmuch as your honour too is wealthy and honoured, therefore there is great hope that you will consent to give a subscription to the Hospital. And the board is now being prepared, and many names have been inscribed on it. 29. — Transliteration. — Bahnzur jaimh Brigade Major-Sohih CJihaom-i-S'itapur dam-iqbaluhu. ; Gharih parwar SaJamaf. Janab ^ali fidvl Chand Khan umedxocir-i-rozgar nihayat muddat se Sdiyyid Mahomed Scidiq Sahib ivakil ^adalat Tee yahan rupayd icikalat kn njratana lousul hlya Tcartci thd ab ki amadani wikalat kl hahut kaui hai is ivajh se merl guzara nahin hott aur taklif men liiln, jo ki hiizur kl qadrdani aur faizrasani ka 'am shuhra hai is U ye main bJti nmedtoar Mm ki agar huzur ke sarishte men koi jagah khali ho yd 'ewazi ho yd dyanda honekl nmed ho to huzur mnjhko muqarrar farvid^en main apie kar-i-muta'ullaqa ho 206 A GDI OR TO niNDUSTANI. Tmn^taHddi aur Jwshyarl o diyCuiat se anjani diinrfu. Meri dn/nnat anr mustaHddi he hare men Saiyytd Mahomed, Sadiq Sahih Tcah sakfe hdin tcap'b jnnkar ^arz IcJya — Ziyada hndd i adah. Fidvi Choiid Khan, Umedtvari rozgar ma'ri/za pachls tarikh Agnst san atharah sau satatthar Isaivt. Translation. — To the Bngade-Mnjnr of the Station of Sitapur. May his fortune last. Cherisher of the poor, hail. Sir, your servant Cliand Khan, in hope of a livelihood, for a verv loner time in the service of Sfiiyyid ^Mahomed Sadiq, pleader of the Court, used to receive the commission money by way of wages ; now that the income of the commission is very small, for tliis reason I cannot exist and am in difficulties. Since your honour has a world-wide reputation for acknowledg- ment of wortli and beneficence, I therefore also hope that, if any vacancy should occur in your honour's office, eilber as substitute, or if there is hope of any futui-e vacancy, then your honour would appoint me. I will pei-form my allotted task with I'eadiness, cleverness and honesty. Saiyyid ^Inhanied Sadiq Sahib can speak to my honesty and energy ; thinking it reason- able T made tlie reqnest. ^lore than tliis exceeds the bonnds of respect. Your servant Chand Khan, candidate for employment, written the 2.=>th of Angust 1877, A. D. 30. — TRANSLiTKKATrON. — Byhuzur fniz hakh^h o ftiz-rnsnn Janab Daktar G. Banking Snhih Bahadur dama iqhaluhu. Gharih paricar snlamaf. fhfinki fidvi ^arsa chand mah s" khana ni^in hai aur kar-i' tahrir hakhuhl saranjam de sakta hai. Husn-i-ittifaq^ se huzur ke TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 207 daftar vien eh dsami J±]inli hni, agar hnzur harah-i-khfiti'iiidi dmmi i wa^kur par hauda ko inumur jannaicen to 'ain i glinrahd parioarl hat toki fidvi apiii onvrad-i-dili ko paiiunchkar huzur kijdn o mal ko diid detd rahe. Allnhl affdb danlat kd Jiamesha daraJckshdn hiifiyo ^Arzi fidvz Avilr Klidii nmedwar — muwarrakha lis January sail athdrah sau nawdsl Isaivi. Translation. — To the heneficent and bountiful Doctor G. Ranking l^ahih haJiddnr. May his prusptrity continue. Cherisher of the poor, hail. Inasmuch as your humble servant for some montlis past lias been sitting at home (unemployed) and is capable of perform- ing all kinds of writing very well, by a fortunate coincidence there is a vacant post in your honour's office. If your honour will appoint your servant to the post mentioned by way of kindness, it will be the height of consideration ; and yoar ser^^ant having attained his heart's desire will contiuue to bless your honour's name and property. Oh God ! May the sun of wealth always remain shinino-. The petition of your devoted Amir Khan, candidate. Dated the 30th of January 1889, A.D. 31. — Transliteration. — Ba huzur faiz ganjur jatidh Daktar 8dhib bahddur ddma iqhdluhu. Gharih parwar saldmat. Jandb %li — ^Arz fidvi hi yeh hai ki banda hnfta 'askra se ba driza-i-tap-i-natibnti mubtald hai ba bdis shiddat-i ganni bnkhdr se az bas majbur hun oksar slutb ko baioajh hardrat ke is darja wahshat liotl hai ki jisse khwdb o khurisJi mutjaq nahln hold aur dauran-i-sar har dam rahtdhai Jisse ihtividl i amrdz i dinidgjf 20S A GUIDE TO HINDOSTANI. hhi hota hai. 'Iloira az in fidvi ko takllf ziyada yeh hhi hni ki is jaguh koi apna haiujins nahin jo km turn h madad pahuncha de Lihaza '^arzl hazd gnzranknr umedicar Men kidgar rnkhsat ek mah hi hnzur se 'ata farmai jawe to ^aiii khaivlndl hai ta ki apni watan jakar 'aldiva 'aldj mualaja ke tahdil i dh o liaiod hhi karUn ziyada hadd i dddb. "Arzi -fidvi Fnth Khan Muharrir i sard. TJnti.-i turikh Janicari san naiodsi Isawi. Translatiox. — To the storehouse of benevolence Doctor May Ills fortune continue. Cherisher of the ]iOor, hail. Sir, your petitioner's request is this, that your servant for the last week or ten days has been down with remittent fever. On account of the severity of the fever he is very much overcijme. Most nights, by reason of feverisbncss, this degree of distraction occurs that sleep and food are altogether banished, and giddiness is constantly present, from wliich it is probable tiiat there is disease of the brain. Besides this, there is this additional distress to your servant, that in this place there is no relation who can give him any assistance. Therefore, having presented this petition, I hope that your honour will perliaps grant me leave for one month, then it will be the height of kindness, so that I may visit my own country, and in addition to medical treatment may get a change of air. !More is forbidden by respect. The petition of Fateh Khan, writer of the Saiai. 29th January, 1889, A.D. 32, — Transliteratiox. — Gharih partrar saldmat. Fidvi Has'san Bazn Khan Kotvfd ki ^arzi yeh hai ki dj jo palfan Meerath se is chhdoni men pahunchi hai tcs ke chand sipdhl TRANSLATION OP MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 209 ne milkar alse ek gh arlh lakarlidre ko mcira hai aur uski Jakriydn chhin li hain louh bechara koticdll vienndlishi hont-ko dyd. Fidvi is lakafhdre ko hamrdh lekar silhadar bahddur ke pas gcvjd kijin sipdhiijon ne is bechdre kl lakfiydn clihln li hain unki shindkht kare. Magar subaddr sahib ne shindkht karne ke Jiye kUi sipdhi ke khlvia men jane nah'in dlyd. Isliye umediodr hun ki sUbaddr sdhib ke nam hukm ho ki fidvl ko hamrdh lekar tahqlqdt men sharik karen — foqut. ''Arzl Hassan Razd Khdn Kotwdl. Translation. — Hail, protector of the pour. This is the petition of Hassan Raza Khan Kotwal that the regiment which has arrived to-daj ia this cantonment from Meerut, some of its sepoys having joined together, have so beaten a poor wood-cutter, and have stolen his faggots, tliat the unfortunate man came to complain to the kotwal i. Your servant having taken the woodman with liim went to the subadar, to ask that he might identify the sepoy by whom the wood was stolen, but the subadar would not allow him to enter any sepoy's tent for the purposes of identification. According- ly. I hope that an order may be be issued to the subadar to take your servant with him and make him assist him in tlie investi- gation. Enough. The petition of Hassan Razii Kban Kotwal. .33. — Transliteration. — Hindi 'arzl. Sri yut Malidrdja Lhiidj Sri Ghltattar Bltdrl Singh Bahddur he siim,ip men Senddhihdrl BJiopal Singh kl ram rdm pahunche. Binti yeh hai ki dpkl dyyd anusdr main ne yuddh blmml men apni send ki itnl sankhyd parmdti bhejl hai ki tin hazdr (3,000) paidal sipdhi shastardhdri aur (2,000) do hazdr sowdr aur bare bare yoddhdon ke sahit topeii aur gold bdrud ddl sab' yuddh kd 210 A GUIDE TO niXDUSTAXr. saman hln ^Jipj chnka Jmn, Lekiu ck j^^tr aur samar IJiumi se aija lull likhd hua Rakhardjig Singh ka, kl yahan shatrudal ha hard j or hoi. Isse turn log anSdj (5,000) panch hazdr sawdr aur do topkhdna aur bhejo, to shatru kl fanj ko hatde sakte liain nahln to shatruon kl send hanidri simd m,en dye jdegi, is se yeh hinti kar kahtd hun II jo sarkdr hi dyyd howe to Uklie mdjik send aur bhej dur} ucliit jdnke arj kiijd. Tdrlkli afJiarah, mas I'hdijim, Sttdt. Translatiox. — Petition. To the Possessor of Fortune, King of Kings, Sri Cliattar- dhari Singh, General Bhopal Singh sends greeting. This is my petition, that in accoi dance witli your honour's order, I sent the following number from my own army to the battle field, namely, three tliousand infantry fully equipped and two thousand cavahy and Avith the noble heroes, guns and ammu- nition, etcetera. I have also sent all the equipment for battle. But another despatch has arrived from the battle field ■wi'itten by Eakharang Singh, saying: "Here the enemy is in great force. Therefore do yon send about five thousand cavalry and two more batteries of artilleiy, then vre shall be able to defeat the enemy's army, otherwise the enemy's arniy will invade our territory." Therefore I make this re- presentation that, if your honour orders, then I will send rein^ forceraents in accordance with the despatch. Having considered it reasonable, the petition is made. Dated 18th of month Phagun, light half. 34. — Traxsliteratiox. — Hindi Ar::i. Sn ynt Mnlidrdj lidjd Mdnsing Bahadur ke samlp m/>n parjd janon kl rdni ram pahunche. Binti yeh hdi hi is sdl men harsha TRANSLATION OP MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 211 katn liul hai isse ham logon Ice kJieton men ann hi upaj aur sal se adhi hhi naliin hut. Ham log haliut tang hogaye hain, larke bale sab dukhz Iw rahe hain kisl bhant se nibah khane pine kd nahin ho saktd hai, aur aisd koi mahdjan bhl havi logon ko naliin milta, ki jisse karj leke sarkarl mdl gujdrt patd den. Is liye ''arz karte hain ki aisi koi sUrat sarkdr se hojde ki jisse ham logon kd nibds dpke rdjya men band rahe. TJchit jdn ke ''arz klya tdrikk, 2 January, san athdrah sau bedsi Isawi. Translation . — Petit ion. Possessor of fortune, Mabaraja Mansingli Bahadur. — May this salutation of his subjects reach his august presence. This is the petition that ia tliis year there has been very little rain, on this account there has not been even half the produce of grain in our fields compared with other years. We are in great straits, all our children are in distress, in no way can we supply our wants for food and drink, and moreover we can find no banker from whom we may borrow and pay the Government assessment. For this reason we pray that the Government will be pleased to make some arrangement, by which we may be enabled to live in your honour's kingdom. Having considered it right this petition is made, dated the 2ud of January, 1882, of the Christian era. 35. — Transliteration. — Hindi Arzi. Sri yut Mdhdrdjd Dhirdj Rdjd Daulat Singh Bahadur ke samip men Debt Singh Jamadar ki ram rdm pahiinche. Binti yeh hai ki sarkdri risdle ke sipdhiyon 7ie kal ke roj merd lis (20) bighd khet ghovon se charwde liya aur sard khet ghoron ke 212 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. fapon Ice pafne se vd kam Jiognya. Ab us kliet men kachh bhi nnn naJdn paida hoga is sal men sarkarl malgujari kaise dunga, aur jnere larke halB kyd khdenge, is liije arj kartd hicn ki aisa hukm Sarkar se hojae ki jisse pher kabhi aisl anlt'i kd kdvi sipcthl log nahln karen. Aur mere Hye bhi kuchh sahdyetd hoe ki jisse main upne bed bachon ko pdlan karsakim. Uchit jan ke ''arz kiyd tdrikh unls Jim san athdrah sau ikdnawe Isawl. Translation. — Petition. Lord of fortune Maharaja Dliiraj. — Raja Daulat Siiigb Baliadnr. May the salutation of Debi Singh, landowner, reach his presence. The petition is this, that yesterday the soldiers of the Sarkar's cavalry used a plot of land of mine of 20 bighas to graze their horses, and the whole field has become useless from the trampling by the horses' hoofs. Now no corn will e^row in that field this year. How shall I pay the Govern- ment tax, and what will my children do for food ? Therefore I beg that some such order may be issued by the Sarkar, which will prevent the repetition of any such oppressive action on the part of the sepoys, and also that some assistance may be granted me by which I may be enabled to provide for my family. Having judged it reasonable I have made this request, this 19th of June, 1891, Christian era. PASSAGES POR THANSLATION, Colloquial Style. 1. There vras a certain Mulla in a village of Pathans. What- ever prayers for tlie dead they required to be performed, they used to send for him and used to get their business done. When the Shab-i-Barat came round, from every house there was a demand for him. So one of his acquaintance asked him, saying, " Tell me, friend, how will you manage to-day all aloiie and in what way will yea offer prayers in every house ? " He said, " My brother, what have I to do with offering prayers for the dead ? Whether the dead man goes to hell or to heaven I have only to look after my daily bread." f Naql. Patkdncm hi kisi bastt men eh Mulla tha. Jo huchh Fatiha (larud ka un ko ham hota, is ko hula lete aur apnd ham harwd lefe. Js men Shah-i-Bardt jo dl to har eh ke ghar se ise buldhat 1m i. Tab is he hisi dshnd ne piichha hi, '"'' kalio, dost, dj twin iheJe hyd karoge, aur kistarak ghar ghar Fatiha parhoge ? Bold, " Bhdi miijhe Fatiha parhne se hyd ham ? Murda dozakh men jde yd hihisht men, mujhe apne hahoe mdnde se kdm hai^ * The Author's Introductory Exercises in U»du Prose Composition published by Messrs. Thacker, Spink & Co., will be found very useful. t Literally, sweetmeats and cakes. 214 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. ^ I c^y^ jL ^} fy L^f ^^ ^b* V^ c;-*^' ?SJj^ - ^1^1/' ^m: ^Aijj <4S^[j ^S^ ^l^) V^J - ^>^J Colloquial Style. 2. A number of young nobles having driven in a peg in a cer- tain place, and having placed a rupee upon it, were engaged in archery, and this was the condition that whoever knocked off the rupee, should take it. By chance a devotee going to that spot asked alms of them, saying, " Sirs, make some bargain in the name of the Master." I One of them laughing said, " Shah S^hib, hit the mark and take the rupee." The faqlr instantly taking the bow and arrow from his hand having said, " Ya, Ma'bud ! " (Oh! thou tbat art worshipped) shot an arrow at random, when the rupee flew off the peg. They cried Bravo ! He ran and picked up the rupee, and said, '■■'■ How is it, Sirs, the faqlr has got nothing." One of them said, " Holy man, you have got the rupee, now what do you say?" He said, " Sire, this indeed I got for hit- ting the peg, the faqlr's alms are still to come." passages for translation. 215 Naql. Kal ek amlr-zade kisl jagah eh meJch gar us par rupya rakh iir-andazi karte the, aur shart yeli tin ki jo is rupae ho vra de so le. Ittifaqan hist azad 7ie ja ivahan suivdl hiya ki, ^^ Bdha, kuchh Mauld nam kd saudd karo." Un wen se eh ne Jians har halid hi " Shdh b'dhib, nishdna mdro aur mpya lo?^ Faqir ne jhat us ke lidth se tir kamdn le 'yd Ma'bud T kar ke tlr atkal-pachchil mdrd, ki wuh rupya ur gaya. We hole, " W^h wdh ! " Un ne dauT kar rupya to nthd Uyd, aur kahd, '^ Kyun hdhd, faqir ko kuchh na mild?" Un men se ek ne hahd, '' Sain rtipya to Uyd, ah kyd kahte ho?'' Bold, •' Bdhd, yeh to mekh mar ke Uyd hai, abhi faqir kd suwdl hdgl hai." ^A**i| j(^ i^ C-$ol a>La. oS ^ ^|j>^*l C->^1 1^^ c^J # ^ ^j^\ -jv^ld^ ^JJ V^ a^s^ bl) A^ Ui JJ^*^ • Note this idiom. 2IG A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANT. {j'j-" ^ji'^i ^4^\ - (^ y zlj'* ;^y "^d ^'v ^.' ~y^ Colloquial Style. 3. A man was a great opium-eater. lu his house there was a khidmatgar lately engaged. He asked of him, saying, " My friend, you don't take any intoxicant, I suppose ? " He said,. '^ My Spiritual Guide ! your slave, except opium, knows no other intoxicant." Hearing this speech, being very pleased, he took out the opinm box, and himself having eaten some, gave it to him, and said, " My friend, to-day my heart desires you should cook me some sweetened rice, tlien we will eat. The khidmatgar said, "Very well," and began to cook it. In the meantime drowsiness came on hira, and it was past twelve o'clock. The master calling out said, " Ho, my brother, is the rice cooked or not ? " He said, " My Lord it is done cooking, but it wants drying now." He said, " Bring it quickly." To make a long story short, with the utmost difficulty, cooking away from early morning, he got it ready and brought it by the evening. Seeing it, his master said, " Well done ! how quickly you cooked and served it?" Hearing just this much, immediately he joined his hands and said, " ]\ly Lord, your devoted one will not bo able to serve your honour." He said, " How so ? " He replied, " Having to hurry so will be the death of me one of these days ; " and off he went. Naql. Ek skahhs hara nftml thd. Us ke yahan koi khidmatgnr naya naukar hua. Tin nc its se ptlchha ki, '' Miyan, tu kuchh nasha to PASSAGES FOU TRANSLATION. 217 naJnn pUci?" Bold, ^^ Plr Murskid, ghulam shvai afim, aur kisi Ha?he se ashnd nahlii" Yeh hat sun bahut Tchush hud ; ajini kl dihyd nikdl, un ne dp kJidke de har kahd ki, " Miyan, of hamdrd ji chdJitd hat, mlthe cJidmval jaldi se pakd do^ khden." Khidmatgdr, " Bahut achchhd," kali ke pakdne lagd. Us men pinak jo higl, do pnhar giizar gae. Aqd nepukdrhe kahd ki " Ai hhdl, chdnioal pake yd naliln ? " Bold ki, " Khudd wand, pak chuke hain, par dam dend bdql liai." Kahd, " Jaldl do.'' Qissa kotdh, ha-hazdr khardhi fajr se pakdte pakdte, sham ko taiydr kar ke gay a, Bjkh kar dqd ne kahd, " Shdbdsh ! kyd jaldi pakd Idyd hai!" Itiil hdt ke sunte hi, looh hdtli jor ke bold ki, "" Fidvl se dp ki naukan na ho sakegl.'" Kahd, '^Kyuni"' Jaiodb diyd, ''■ Aisi shitdbl men ehroz meri jdn jdti rahegl" aur chald gayd. * Note— /*^*l Corrupt form of Ui^^l opium. 218 A GUIDE TO IIINDCSTINI. * t^^^*!^ sf-^ '^^'' c-d>'^ ^^ "iy ^ j?^ '^'"^'^ ^^ Colloquial Style. 4. Tn a certain house five or six sepoys were sitting, bragging among themselves. One was saying " I have got four wounds." Another would say " five." In short one of them related the history of his fighting and getting wounded. An old wag was sitting near them, and said " My friend, in my youth I too fought hundreds of battles, and I too got thousands of wounds to such an extent that on my whole body there was not left room to put a grain of til. Compared with me who now Avill fight and who will get wounded ? " Immediately on healing this speech a young soldier among them grew angry and said, " My good Sir, take off your clothes then, let us see whei-e you were wounded so often." He laughed and said, *' My good youth that time is now no more, nor are those days now, nor does that youth remain, nor is that strength remaining, nor is even that body itself left. Now what will you see ? " Saying this, he made off. • Note this idiom. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 219 Naql. Kisl malcan lie htch punch sat sipdhi haiilie apas men ding mdrte the. Kol kahtd, ''main ne char glido Mae" aur hoi hihta thd, " Pdnch." Gharaz har eh ne apne apne larne aur zakhm khdne kd ahwdl baydn kiijd. Ek hurhd thathol «n ke pdf haithd thd. Bold ki, " Miydn,jaivd7il i7ien ham hhl aaikfon lardlydn lore, atir ham ne hhi hazdron zakhm khde, aise ki kahln hadanpar til dharne kt jagah bdqi nahzn rahi. Eamdre dge ah hoi kyd larega, aur kyd koi zakhm khdegd ? " Itni bat ke sunte hi un men se ehjaivdn khafd ho har bold, " Bare miydn, hapre to ntdro; dekhen, turn ne kahdn kahdn ghdo khde hain" Woh hans ke bold, " Miydn gabrii, na with zamdna rahd, na we din rahe, na wuh jatcdni rahi, na ivoh taiydri rahi, na ivuhjism hi rahd. Ab kyd dekhoge ? " Itnd kah, bhag gay a. Sa ._>* - vf'^J ^y^ J^i ^f^ ^'2^f^ J^y^. ^ ci;b ^Jl - U^ f-}J/^S^^\ t^J^ ^'^J^/^\ * Note this idiom. 220 A OriPE TO HINDUSTANI. Colloquial Style. 5. A Sipahi was a great gambler ; when he use to win, from joy he used to get so careless that, if anyone had even stripped off him the clothes he wore, he would not have known it. In expectation of this ten or a dozen * blackguards used always to stay close beside him, and when they got a chance, used to make his money fly. One day he went to gamble in some strange assembly, and began to shove the money he won from in front of him, behind him, and the rips who were with him began to make it fly. In the meantime, some one seeing this said to some one else, " Look ! one fellow spends another man's money ! " The other answered him, '' Haven't you heard this proverb, that you are Avondering at this ? — " The blind woman grinds (the corn) the dog eats (the flour.) The sinner's wealth goes to nought." Naql. Ek slpuJu hara jnarl tha. Jab jitfa, tnh marc khnshi he aisa ghafil ho jata, hi kol us he palwne ke kapre bhi utar leta * {Lit. teo, five). PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION'. • 221 tn hill use ma''hi,m na liota. Isl umld se das punch shuJide har waqt us he sath lage rahte, aur jab qahii pate to us ha wdl urate. Ek ros wuh kisi ghair viahjil tnen yna khelne Iw gaya, aur lagSi jit jii rtipae apne age se pichhe khiskdne ; aiir uske sdth ke luqandre lage urdne. Us men kis^ ne dekh kar ek se kahd hi, ^'' Dekko, kist ki kauri, koi iirdive ! " Diisre ne jatvdb diyd ''^ KyS yeh masal turn ne naMn sunt jo ta'ajjuh karte ho ? ki, " Andhi pise, kuttd khde; Tdpl kd mdl akdrath jde.^^ A J. ^D) <*:^if^ <^t=>- ^ X^ ^if y^ ^^^^^ j^^ ^^^ ij-fts* ^^ 4) fy <^*^ cS'jJ >^45^.'^ ^^ij-«-^ ..ti?*'*'' ) ^~)\ ^ y \t>AftJ J ^ ^>-?^ - * 4i_^0' (^y ^1^^ lJ^^ Ji^i"^ * Note this idiom. 222 A GCIDE TO HINDUSTANI. Colloquial Style. 6. A certain gentleman was very fond of horses. One day lie bouglit an Arab : upon this Munshi Badrud Din, by way of well- wishing, said : — " If a Panjabi syce is put on this horse, then it will be well cared for." Hearing this, the gentleman called the jamadar of the syces from the stable, and ordered him to get a Panjabi syce for him, but the jamadar forgot. Twenty or five-and-twenty days afterwards, one day the gentleman recollected that matter, he had him sent for, and asked if he had got the syce or not. He said, " My Lord, your slave is searching, up to now he has not found one." Hearing this answer, the Munshi said, " What a rascal he is ! He keeps putting you off from a month past, and does not bring you a syce." The syce said : — " My lord and master, I don't mind your calling me a rascal, you are my master, whatever you feel inclined, be pleased to say — but in the presence of one's master there is no harm in speaking the truth. If I may be pardoned for saying so, this is no Maulavi or Munshi, that when you call one, a hundred should present themselves. This, Sir, is a syce, after months of searching you may possibly find one or two, or perhaps you can't even • Note tbis idiom. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 22S find one." Hearing this the gentleman laughed, and the can- didates, Maulavis and Munshis, who were then present, were abashed, and Munshi Badrud Din held his tongue for shame. Naql. Kisl sahib Jco ghoron Jed bahut shauk tha. Ek roz eh A'rahl ghoTO, mol liyd. Is men Munshi Badr-Uddin ne az rah-i-khair- Jchwdhl kaJid ki, " Is ghore par Pavjdbl Sais raJie to is kl khidmdt ba-khubi ho." Yeh bat sunke sahib ne istabal se sdlson kejama'- ddr ko buld kar jarmdyd ki, " Hamen ek Panjdbi sals Id de." Lekin jama''ddr bhal gayd. Bis pachts din ke bd^d ek roz sdhib ko ivoh bat ydd di. Use bulwd ke pilchhd ki, " Sdis mild yd nahiri ?" Woh bold, " Khuddu'and, ghuldTn dhiindhld hai, abhi tak nalrin pdyd." Yeh bat sun he Munshi ne kahd " Kyd bad-zdt hai ! Eh viahine se tdl matdl kartd hai, aiir sdls nahln Id defd hai." Bold, " Plr murshid, bad-zdt ke kahne kd main burd nahln mduld. Ap khuddwand hain, jo mizdj men awe so kahiye. Par khudd- wand ke ru-ba-rit sach bat kahne men kitckh ^aib nahln. Taqsir mu''df ho, yeh Maulavl, Mtmshl nahln, jo ek ke buldne se sau an hdzir hoen. Yeh to sdls hai; mdhlnon ki taldsh men ek ddh miljde to mil jde, nahln to mihid mukdl.'' Yeh sun kar §dhib hanse, aur umldiodr jo Maulavl, Mnnshi 7is waqt hdzir the, sharminda hue, aur Munshi Badr-^ud-Eln pashlmdn ho dam hhd raha. 224 A GUIPi; TO HINDUSTANI. ^^tj^ zi y^ ^ -^^'^'i ^'4 ^'^^ *>y v^^is^ ^j '^*. U - l^S" j ^'^'^ ^ ^"=*' ^^'^^ V - ^i^i ^^ *->^ 'y. ^^ '^ >iX /^ CjI^oj ;>^j>o J ><^^ '^. l/ ^."-' "^ el;^^ - crn^ ^^ '^ V i:;^ cV ^^ ^ ^J^>> ^^ >'^>^ ->; <:::^''^' ^ *^J j^ c;^^ l^-^^-^ ^f.^^ "^^iy^ uJix^^>A-AAJ Y„ J^^ 1-^ y ^^ ^ "->=" ^ • Note this idiom. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 227 Historical. 2. After the death of Ishaq, with the exception of Subuktigin, there -was no one capable of ascending the throne. Subuktigin by birth was a prince of the Persian dynasty, who by the vicissitudes of fortune had been sent in poverty into the service of Alaptigin the former king of Ghazni. Alaptigln, seeing that he was a likely youth, had bought him, and, advancing him by degrees, had raised him to the dignity of commander-in-chief of his army. Now, having wedded the daughter of Alaptigin, and having become the king's son-in- law, he ascended the throne, and in the very first year of his reign, that is to say, in A.D. 977, he invaded Hindustan, at that time Raja Jaipal was Raja of Lahore. He took Lahore and Multan, and after reducing numerous fortresses, and obtaining much plunder, he returned to his own capital, Ghazni. Ba'd viarne Ishaq he siwde Stihtiktigin he Jcoishakhs laiq-i-tahht- nishlni na ralia tha, Subuktigin asl men eh Shah-zada Mulk-i- Ivdn kd thd, jo ittifdq-i-samdne se hdlat-i-iflds men Alaptigin, hddshdh-i-sabiq-i-Ghaznl hi khidmat men hdzir kiyd gayd thd. Atir Alaptigin ne us ko Jionhdr dehh har kharid liyd thd, aur darja ba-darj'a taraqql de kar sipah-sdldri ke rutbe tak us ko pahunchd diyd thd. Ab us ne bddshdh Alaptigin ki larki se apnd 7iikdh kar he ddmdd bddshdh kd ban kar takht par julus farmdyd. Aur apne juliis ke awwal hi sdl men, ya'ne san nau sail satattliar ' Isawi men, us ne Sindustdn par chafhdi ki. Is waqt men Bdjd Jdipdl Ldhor hd Bdj'd thd. Ldhor aur MtcUan lis ne fath kiye ; aur ha^i qiVa fath har he, bahut sd mdl lut kar phir apne ddr-ul-khildfa Ghazni ho murdja^at farmdi. p 228 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. ^* c>-c>iw ^ j^^ j)U jUjb ^'^\ ^i* ^j-:ii»i ^^ jlJ; ^ (^J^/u <«***» j^d j^5^ ^^<>i. -^^^ jj\ - U^ u ^ ^^SIM i^ ^^ ^^ JU ^ J;l ^ ^_^U ^l;;l Note. — f is the initial letter of the word (.g>«»i* '/sou-* or the year of oar Lord, i.e., the Christian Era ; the Mohammedan era is denoted by the initial letter of the word i^^^ Hijri or je&r ot the fj^^ hijra, or flight from Mecca (see page 81). * Note this idiom. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 229 Historical. 3. With Sevajee there was a large tribal gathering of tlie hillraeu who inhabit the southern hill-couutry. These people used to plunder the cities and amass wealth, so that the ruler of Beejapoor, by way of subduing them, despatched a large army, tinder command of Afzal Khan, to attack Sevajee. Sevajee sent word that he was willing to surrender, but that he wished for a private interview. He (Afzal Khan) agreed to this. Sevajee concealed his army in ambush, and gave orders that, on hearing the sound of the bugle, they should instantly fall upon the enemy's army. Afzal Khan, having put aside the 15,000 men whom he had brought with him, went alone to the ren- dezvous. Sevajee, with fear in his heart, looking cautiously on all sides, turning round at every step and looking behind him, reached the appointed place. At the instant of meeting, he embraced Afzal Khan, and instantly stabbed him in the belly with a dagger. Afzal Khan, drawing his sword, struck Sevajee a blow on the head with it, but as he had a helmet beneath his turban, he escaped unhurt, and the blow went for nothing. Sevajee struck him a second blow Avith a dagger and the Khan fell dead. Sivaji he hamrdh pahari qaum hahut thijo jicnubi koldstdn •men rahti hain. Yeh log shahron ho lutte aur rupTjajam'a karte the, ki Bijdpur he hakim ne tm ke mutV harne he waste eh lashkar- i-j'arrdr Afzal Khan ho de kar, Slivdji par charJidi harne ho rawdna hiya. Siwdj'i ne kahld bhejd, ki, " Mujhe itd'at manzur hai, lekin eh muldqdt dp se tanhd karni chdhtd hun." Us ne manzur hiyd. Siivdji ne apni sipdh ghat men chhtpd dl, aur kah ■diyd, ki, "/xs waqt bugal ki dwdz suno, fauran dushman hi fattj 230 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. par a paryn. Afzal Khan, pandrah hazar ddnnyon ho jin ho v:uh apne sath laya thd, alarj har he tanhd maqam-i-muta^aiyan par gayd. Siwoji bhi, dil vien dartd hud, char taraf se hoshydr ho liar, eh eh qadam par plchhe mur mur har dehhtd hud, US viaqdm-i-mu^aiyan par pahunchd. Jdte hi haghal-glr ho har mild, anr wahln Afzal Khan he pet men hhanjar mdrd. Afzal Khan ne talu'dr hhincht, aur Siwdji he sar par mart ; magar chunhi us hi pagri he niche khod thd, is waste ^voh bach gayd, aur war khdli gayd. Us ne dilsrd hhanjar mdrd, Khdn-i-mazhur hd hdm tamdm ho gayd. iUja. jj \^^]y:!f*' -' ;^J^ ^{J^ [J^^^ J^y^ J^^ ^>Si\ ^'^^J iy y^jb^ ^^' ^^'T^ ^ k^)J^ (^^^^^ ^ ^^cJT^^' j|i^ t'^^ ^ J^^ *jdJJ ^ ^y Lf o''^'^ j^ote. <-^ This word is very frequently nsetl. It is onr English ■word l.nirlc. The Hindustani equivalent would be t^yi (m) or ^y (/). * Note this coustrnctioii. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 231 l*^^ Historical. 4. When the news of this revolt reached General Nott, who was then in Kandahar, he despatched Colonel IMaclaren to punish the mutineers. Had this force reached Kabul, it is certain that the English army would not have suffered such hardships, nor would they have lost so many soldiei's. When this force arrived near Ghazni, it was obliged to return to Kandahar, by reason of the very heavy snow which was falling. The Afghans, after taking Kabul and Ghazni, pro- ceeded to assault Kandahar, but General Nott defeated them ; the Afghans were defeated in the majoi'ity of the engagements, but many distinguished English officers fell in battle. Jah kits balwe kl khabar Janrail Not $ahih ko,jo Qandhar men the, pahtmcln, to unhon ne Karnail Maklaren ko vmfsidon ki * Note this constructiou. 232 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. lanbih atir tad'ih he vmste rawana hiya. Agar yeh fauj K&bul men pahunch j'ati, to yaqin thd ki fauj-i-Angrezi ko is qadr taklif na hoti, aur iia is qadr sipahi tabdh hote. Yeh fauj jab Ghazni ke qarib pahiinchi, to ba-sabab kasrat bdrish-i-barf ke pher Qandhdr ko muraja'at kar di. Afghanon ne ba'd fath karne Kabul aur Ghazni ke pher Qandhdr par hamla kiyd, lekin Janrail Ndt Sdhib ne un ko shikast di ; aksar lafdiyon men Afghanon ne shikast khdl ; par kai ndmivar Angrezi 'uhda-dar lardiyon men ham o'e. <^ji ^j[i CL>jX^ V^-^" L^f^ S^y ^ ud^ ^"^ <*' OJ«J j^ (jy^*5l - v^N^ d^xa.U'O yJjti^AS j^ / * Note tliia idiom. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 233 Historical 5. Sher Singli himself was a great libertine, but his Wazip used to perform all the duties of the State. One day the Maharaja Sher Singh was engaged in mustering his cavalry when Jeet Singh, under pretence of showing him a rifle, cam© close to Sher Singh, and killed him with the rifle. On that very day too Sher Singh's eldest son was killed. In this way great disorder again arose in the State. The Wazir, Dhiyan Singh, also fell by the hands of murderers on the same day. Accordingly his son Heera Singh went to the camp and report- ed the murder of Sher Singh and his own father and said to the soldiers that, if they would join him, he would increase their pay. The army, who numbered about fifty thousand men, at the verj^ instant of hearing this suggestion, gladly and readily placed their lives at his disposal. Accordingly Heera Singh took the army and attacked the fort of Lahore, and, after a mild engagement, took possession of the city, and having put to the sword the enemies who had murdered his father, Dhiyan Singh (the Wazir), and the Maharaja Sher Singh, had their corpses dragged through the streets. Sher Singh khud to bard 'aiydsh thd, par tamdm Jcdrohdr saltanat ke us kd ivazir kartd rahtd thd. Ek roz Maharaja Sher Singh saivdron ki maujuddt lerahd thd ki Jait Singh, ha hahdna dekhldne ek bandiiq ke, Kunwar Sher Singh ke pas dyd, aur us ko us bandiiq se haldk kiyd. Atcr usi roz bard beta Sher Singh kd bhi mdrd gayd. Is taur par us Saltanat men pher be-intizdmi barpd hut. Wazir Bhydn Singh bhi usi roz qdtilon ke hath se maqtal hud chimdnchi isi waste us ke larke Hird Singh ne kampH menjd har Mahdrdjd Sher Singh aur apne bap ke qatl kd ha 234 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. zdhir kiyd ; aur sipahiyon se kahd, hi " Agar turn mere sharik hog e, to main tumhdrl tankhiodh men izdfa karunga." Faiij,jo ki takhminan pachas hazdr ki thi, ba-mujarrad stcnne is bat ke khush huj, aur us ke sdth sar dene par musta'idd ho ga'i. Chundnchi Hlrd Singh ne fauj hamrdh lekar QiVa-i-Ldhor par hamld kiyd, aur ba'd ek khafif lardi ke, shahr par qdbis ho gayd, aur tin vuikhdlifon ko,jinhoti ne us ke bdp, Dhydn Singh Wazir ko, aur Mahdrdjd Sher Singh ko qatl kiyd thd, tah-i-tegh kar ke un ki Id^on ko kucha ba-ki'ccha ghasiticdyd. ^^4i ^ 3><^ yJi> IXaJ JJo j^j e^'^>' ^ uJ ^U ^ 0)<^, J^ ^ ^ ^^ / ^^"^ )^J ^ Sj^ ^^^ jl)) ^•o •A^r 3 i*o \yjb f y X«>| ^k^lj ^-"l ^s^lUk. - Lib y>Ui jU 1^ J.::* ^ ^b ^^lj)l kij^ yji> UJ;Lojru y ^j^ *»Sij^ ^ jt< ^ f\ i^ Y ^ Lijy^^ Jjl ^ • Note this idiom. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 235 ^y> ji^i. /^ cijl) ^ j * ^ ^yf'^i ^ ^^^y ^^ i^Uit aJU^ ^^^i> 0'*:i«*-« jj * L^i^^**" '^^^^^ <^ I ))^ yS^ftJi^ ^1 jjl LSy (j^^» ^^"^ "^ "-^^5^ LJiifft^ jx^ i«^J;l^jjl ^$^y.J; *^«^^ ^^^^ ^k ^^ i— (J^V*^ Historical. 6. Oa the ]sfc of July of the year A.D. 1848, another battle iook place under the walls of Multan. In this battle Mull Raj himself took part, but a chance ball having struck his elephant's howdah, from the force of the blow he fell from the elephant to the ground, and, mounting a horse, fled to Multan. This battle lasted six hours, and, although the Multanis fought with the utmost bravery, they could no longer withstand the English army. On the 8th of August of the above year, the English force attacked the Diwan Mulraj, and drove him from a village in which his army was encamped. The English army took possession of that village, and the enemy's force, having fled to a garden which was near the village, encamped and spent the whole * Note this idiom. 236 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. day in bombai'ding the enem^^'s position ; the English army being harassed, attacked the garden, the battle raged there for an hour and-a-half. English Officers, who had taken part in the former battles of the Punjab, declare that they had never seen the Sikhs fight with so great bravery, nor had their guns ever been so well served. In this battle several English Officers were killed and wounded. Yakum Juldi San 184:8 '' Isatvi ko, QiVa-i-Multan kl fasti ke niche ek aur lardi hut. Zh laral men Mid Raj ba-zdt-i-khtid lavta raha ; lekin ittifdq se ek gola us ke hdthi ke haude far jo lagd, to sadme se wuh hdthi par se niche gir payd aur ghore par saivdr ho kar Multdn ko bhdg gayd. Yeh lardi chhe ghante tak rahi. Agarchi Multdni kamdl shuj'd^at se lare, par Angrezi-fauj ke sdmne ziydda na thahar sake. Athwin Agast san sadr koj fatij'-i-Angrezi ne Diwdn Mul Rdj par hamla kiyd, aur ek gdnw se jahdn us kd Ioshkar khivia-zan thd, us ko mar kar hatd diyd ; aur us gdnio par fauj-i-Angrezi qdhiz ho gal. Bushman ki fauj ek hdgh men, jo ki us gdnio ke qarih thd, bhdg kar muqtm, hu^i aur wahdn se din bhar gola-andazl kartl rahi. Is Ihje fauj-i' Angrezi ne mutahaiyir ho kar us bdgh par hamla kiya. Derh ghante tak wahdn lardi jdri rahi. ^Uhdaddrdn-i-Angrez. jo janghd-i-sdhik-i-Panjdb men sharik the, yeh baydn karte hain ki " Sam ne sabhon ko aisi jawdn-mardi se larte hue kabhi nahin dekhd, aur na kabhl un ki topen aisi jaldl jaldi chalti thin." Us larai men kaH afsardn-i- Angrezi viajrHh o maqti'cl hue. t Ek bazar ath sau atbtaba Isawi. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 237 * Note this idiom. 238 A GUIDE TO HINDUSfANI. Narrative Style. 1. We are very pleased to hear that the rates for registration are either to be reduced from four aiinas to two annas or have already been reduced, but it is a matter for regret that tho fares of the Punjab Northern State Railway are daily rising, and no attention is paid to the arrangements. A friend of ours says that since the officers of the railway, who, in addition to being experienced, were also energetic, have been changed, great falling off has occurred in the management of this line. He said that he was also of opinion, that in the time of Mr. Keene the line was in an excellent state, and that gentle- man used to perform his duties with great energy and zeal. The Government arrangements for transport during the Afghan war were much facilitated by that gentleman's excellent ar- rangements. Under his regime, too, travellers experienced less trouble. The complaints against this line do not need explaining. Our correspondents from time to time have not been backward in bringing them to notice. So that to repeat them will be like always harping upon the same string.* But this demands consideration. Why does not Government direct the attention of its new officers to the arrangements ? Is bat ke sun7ie se ki rusuni-i-Rej'istiri hajae char one ke do ana muqarrar hone wall hat, ya ho gal ham hahut khnsh hue ; lekin i."? men Fnnj'ab Nardarn Isfef Relive ha kiraya to din par din harhaya jatd hdi, aur intizam ki iaraf vuitlaq tawajjuh nahin ki jati. Ek ha mare karam-farma farmdte hain, ki afsardn-i-Relwe, jo tajriha ke 'aldiva jafa-kash bhi the, chunki tahdll kiye J {^^ y ^i un (jy ^^Y^^"^'^' <^ii;d'^ cT ^ ^yi ^ ^^ ^^^ ^ ^^ d^«j1 Lf^ l^Ui* ^ ^1 ijUy ^ e^l ^l^<*^U ^ ^^'^fy j;l CI^As-o ci^^lJ c-^^U A^_ j;l 240 A OUIDE 10 HINnUS'l'ANI. ^' ^^ <*'^ <— ft^j (j'^^ ^^ ^ 4£[ L^y^c)-^/^* jio cy" sOUl ^1 ^M ^ ^ ^^/ ^ }^^\ ^ J^U cJJaJ ^ ^^^"^1 MM L^*-^ <^ ^ 4^ ^1 Narrative Style. 2. The Indian Daily News writes that in a few days' time a case will come on in the Police Courts in which a husband has been ill-treating his wife. The age of the Avife was eleven years. The husband took her to his house ; as the girl would not obey tbe orders of her father-in-law and mother-in-law, and would not do the work of the house he shut her up in a room, put chains on her feet and handcuffs on her hands, and for two days gave her no food ; and in addition to this, she was re- gularly beaten. The girl's parents informed the police ; the Inspector came And saw the girl in that condition, and had the irons struck off her by a blacksmith. Now a case is pending against the husband for unlawful imprisonment. * Note this phrase. + Lit. Like that strain the repeated sinking of which is not a sonrce of pleasure. l*jil| Aliipnd is to tune an instrument ; to " catcli " a tune. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 241 Indiyan Deli Niuz Jcahta hai, ki chand roz he ha'd PuUs Kort men muqaddama pesh Tioga, hi eh shauhar ne apni zavj'a par kaisd zulm hiya. Zauja hi ' umr gyarah haras hi thi. Shauhar apne ghar le gaya. Chunhi larhi ne sas susre ha hahna na mana, aur ghar ha ham na harti thi, is liye us ho eh kamare men hand hiya, hath men hath-hari, pdnw tnen zanj'ir ddl di, do roz dana pant na diya, aur ' aldwa is he, hardbar us par mar pari. Larhi he wdlidain ne Palis ho ittild^ di, Inspehtar dyd, to larhi ho usl hdlat men dehhd, aur lohdr se hefiydn katwdin. Ah shatihar par muhaddama-i-kahs-i-hejd qdim hud hai. ijl Kk^ \i>S ^ # y >*>*^ * i^'*> ) ^Jr ^y^ ^5^ y^ * L^ j^ ^^ t ls<^ * Note this idiom, t See page 115 242 A GUIDE TO niNDUSTANI. Narrative Style. 3. The Story of the Envious and the Envied, f Two men lived in a great city, and the door of the house of one of them Avas close to the door of the other. One of those two used to envy the other. The one who was envied, by reason of the envy and annoy- ance of the other, wished to leave that city and remove far off, so that that envy, which he bore agaiust him by reason of his nearness, might be removed. Although the envied one always treated the envier well, still he did not refrain himself from his envy. To such a point did this go that the envied one sold that house of his and its furniture, went to another city, and bought a suitable house at the distance of five miles from the city, in which there was a nice garden and a blind well. That good man, after buying the house, assumed the garb of a faqir and became a dervish. QissA Hasid aur Mahsud ka. Ek bare shalir men do shakhs raJite the, aur darwdza ek ke qhar ka dtisre ke darwaze se inuttasil tha. Ek shakhs %m vien se dusre shakhs 'par hasad kiya karta. Mahsud ne lis ke hasad aur azur dene se, chahd ki us ghar ko chhor ke bahiit dur jd rahe, td ki yeh hasad, jo hasahab nazdik rahne ke icuh mujh se rakhtd hai, dur hojne. Bd-icajud ki mahsicd ha'nieska hdsid ke sdth suluk kiijd kartd, lekiii woh hasad se buz na did. Yuhdn tak ki tnahsud ne woh ghar aur asbdb bech kar, dmre t^hahr men jd, derh kos ke fdsile par us shahr se, eh makdn-i-ma' ([ul mol liyd, ki jis men ek bdgli-i-nafls au,r andhd ku'd thd. Wuh nek mard, ba^d Ttiol lene ghar ke, libas faqiri ka pahn kar dancesh hogagd. t This and the three succeeding passages are from the Arabian Nights ■which •will be found very useful to the student of Urdu. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 243 Narrative Style. 4. Ill olden times a tailor of Kashgar, which is near the country of Tatai', used to sit in his shop and sew. He was thus sitting one day towards evening, sewing away, when suddenly a hunchbacked man with a drum came along, and sitting down Note this idiom. 244 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. under his shop window began to sing. The tailor was much pleased to hear his singing, and, when it was near the time for him to go home, he said to the hunchback, " If yon feel disposed come to my house which is near this, and sing and play." The hunchback agreeing, went to his house. When the tailor, having washed his hands and face, sat down, he began to say to his wife, who was pretty, and of whom he was very fond, " To-day I have brought this man, who sings and plays very well, so as to give you a chance of hearing some singing. If the dinner is ready, bring it." His wife laid the cloth and brought the dinner and placed it before him, and the lady of the house herself sat down with him, and they set to eating, and they made the hunchback too share the repast. By chance, that day, some fish had been cooked in the tailor's house, and, as he was sharing their dinner, they gave the hunchback some fish. As it was very nice the hunchback eat it so carelessly, without taking out the bones, that a bone stuck in his throat. Agle zamane men eh darzi Kashghar ka, jo muttasil Mulk-i- Tatdr Tee hai, apnl dukdn par haith kar kapre siya kartd. CJiunanchi ek roz louh baithd hud qarib sham ke si rahd thu, ki na-gahdni ek shakhs kuza-pnsht tabla le kar dyd, aur us ki dukdn ke tale haith kar gdne lagd. Varzi us kd gdnd sun kar bahut khush hud. Jab ivaqt uske gharjdne kd qarib pahnnchd, xis ne kubfe se kahd, " Agar tumhdrd ji chdhe, mere ghar, jo yahdn se qarib hai chal kar gdo bajdo." Kubrd rdzi ho kar us ke ghar gayd. Jab darzi miinh hdth dho kar baithd, apni b'lbi se, ki khub-surat thi, aur us ko nih&yat piydr kartd thd, kahne lagd, *' Aj main tumhdre gdnd sundne ke waste, is shakhs ko, ki khub gdtd bajdtd hai, Idyd hUn. Ehdnd, agar taiydr ho, to Ido.'* Us ki bibi ne dastar khivdn bichhd, khdnd age Id kar rakhd, aur PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 245 miyan hihi haham haitJi kar hhaae lage, aur us kiihre ko hhi sharlk khd.ne ka kiya. Ittifaqan us roz darzi ke ghar machhli paki till, aur kliane ke shumul men machlili hlil kubre ko di. Jo woh bahut laziz thi, kuhre ne, hidun nikalne kanton ke, is he ihtiyatl se khdyd ki ek kiinta, us ke halq men cliuhh gayd. «JU^ # IJ^r U .^^^J^^Y't^Ji J^^ ^^^! ^ ^ jb"G ^iylj # 'y Uj ^M. ^ ^li t_^jy y l^A) hjjjj ^ij aS^ ^ ^ j^ j^ajI U^ J^"^ ^^^^^ ^i^"* Lsd)^ j_ (^. Lf^ l/*-j^ 3^/yy juyf Gur^i^ b^/ ^^ bv * Note this idiom. Note the construction of the word^/6* <7'w, wherever it occurs in this story the postposition is omitted, see page 31. Note.-^y^ ^ LSJ))^ inflected because governed by^ understood. 246 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. LJ^jj^ Lf^" (^^ Lf^f^ jf^ Lfh^Jv lt;^ ^"^"' lt^ Z- u;^"^ * c^^^ (J-?'>^. i^ -^^ Jt^ Lf«^ '^i'^^ Narrative Style. 5. The description of the Fourth Voyage of Sinbad the Sailoe* My Friends, — In the abundance of merrymaking all the fear and danger of all three journeys Avas effaced from my heart, so, having forgotten all my calamities and mishaps, the desire came upon me of amassing wealth and property and of seeing •wonders. Then having made preparations for the fourth voyage, and having bought those ai'ticles of merchandise which were valued and in demand in those foreign countries to which I intended to travel, I set off for Persia. In the middle of my journey, passing by several cities, I arrived at a port, whence I again embarked ; and from thence our ship sailed bound for the islands of Furrna and other eastern ports. One day sudden- ly such a gale of Avind beat upoit the ship, that the captain of necessity lowered the sails of the ship and said to the sailors, " This is a hurricane, be on your guard and look out." In • Note this idiom. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 247 spite of all their care, it was of no avail ; tlie sails of the ship being torn by the wind went to ribbons, and the ship became unmanageable (literally, got ont of the power of the captain) to such an extent that running on the sand by reason of its weight, it was dashed to pieces. All the crew together with the freight were lost, but 1 and a few merchants, by the aid of planks floating along, alighted on an island which was near there. From the shore we went into the island, and by dint of living on wild fruits some degree of strength came to us. Batan Sindbad JahazI ke Chauthe Safae, ka. Slahibo, hasrat-i-'aish oHshrat se woh sab khauf o Tchatar tlnon safar ke mere dil se jdte rahe. Pher sah afaten aiir musihaten hhill ke ishtiynq jama^ karne mdl o dshdb aur sair karne 'ajdihdt kd dyd, aur taiydri chauthe safar ki kar Tee ivoh asbdb-i-tijdrat jis kl khiodhish aur qadr dur di'cr mulkon men thz, aur unhon kl tarafjdne kd irdda kiyd thd, kharid kar ke Fdras ki taraf rawdna hud. Asnd-i-rdh men kitne ek shahr tai kartd hud ek bandar men pahunchd, jahdn se pher jahdz par sawdr hud, aur ivahdn se jahdz hamdrd jazdir-i-Farma waghaira banddir-i-sharqi ki taraf jd nikld. Ek din dafatan aisd jhonkd hatvd kd jahdz ko lagd, ki Kaptdn ne majhur ho jahdz he bddbdn niche kar diye^ atir khaldsiyon se kahd, " Yeh tiifdn hai ; khabarddr aur hoshydr raho.'" Harchand ki unhon ne kamdl hoshydrl ki, lekin kuchh mufid na hui. Jahdz ki pdlen bilkull tiifdn se tukre tukre ho ^ain, aur jahdz qdbu se nd-khudd ke jdtd rahd yahdn tak ki bdlu jpar charh kar, basabab bojh ke pdsh pdsh ho gayd sab jahdz ke log ma'' mdl o asbdb bilkull dub ga'e ; magar main aur chand sauddgar takhton ke sahdre se bahte htie, ekjazire men, jo loahdn se qarib thd, jd lage. Eindre se uth kar us jazire men ga'e, aur basabab khdne jangl'i phalon kefil-jumla ham men tdqat d'l. 248 A GUIDE TO niXDD.STANI. «• ^y ucO***" <;£-^ L^J^t^j;' ^.f 1^^^^ ,j_ y ^^^ ^^)^Sio jyCi j^C> jCyi J)\ (J^U^ i^"*^ CL>;ls^ t-jtAM.\ (^ Y^'A ^^] i^ >^ ^'^ <0 LlJ^L,.' # U) (Ji^ ^/^ lt>iu li * Xote idiom. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 249 >5;i ^c;t* d^jt}^ urij^jl ^ ^i_;Ur» ^Lj. Narrative Style. 6. lu short, in the midst of these arrangements, King Badar's father fell sick, and his weakness increased day by day. At last, when he despaired of living, he summoned the councillors of his kingdom, and exacted from them a fresh promise of obedience to King Badar, and then departed from this transi- tory world. The King Badar and his Queen Gulnar were much distressed at this occurrence, and buried him with great cere- mony. Badar, in accordance with the custom, remained in seclusion for a month, and held intercourse with no one ; and, in sorrow for his father, wept continually. In the meantime, his mother, and Malik Salih, the bi^other of Gulnar, having arrived there with their relations, joined in the general mourn- ing. When they had all finished the mourning ceremonies, Malik Salih, one day said to his sister Gulnar, " I wonder that you give no thought to the marriage of Badar ; if you wish it I will seek for a princess in my dominions who shall be as beautiful as and worthy of Badar." The Queen Gulnar * Note idiom. 250 A fiDIDE TO HINDUSTANI. answered, " Hitherto I had not given a thought to this matter, for this reason that I had not seen any wish nor inclination on the part of Badar in this direction, and I shall be very- pleased, if some lovely princess is in your mind,, inform me of her, so that I may, after enquiry, give you permission to set the matter on foot ; I have great confidence, from j-our affection and kindness that you Avill seek for some such princess for him." Alqissa, isl intizam men, bap Badshah Badr ha hlviar hua, aur roz-ha-roz us hi 'aldlat barhti ga'l. ATchir jab apnl zindagdni se mayus hua, ivazlr aur amir mamlakat ke javia^ kzye, aur pher un se ivaste itd'at Badshah Badr ke mujaddadan 'ahd o paimdn Uye, aur is ^alain-i-fanl se rihlat farmal. Is hadise se Sultan Badr aur Malika Gulnar ne bahut jaza'' o faza'' kar Are, us ko hare iajammul se dafu kiya. Badr ne, hasb-i-dastur, ek mahine tak gosha-nashin ho A'e, kisl mutanaffls se mulaqdt na ki ; aur ajone bdp ke gham •men din rdt royd kiyd. Is^arse meii, man aur Malik Sdlih, bhd'i Gulndr kd, apne aqribd ke sdth wahdn jpahunch kar, sharik tis mdtam ke hue. Jab rusum-i-matam-ddri se un sab ne fardghat pal, Malik Sdllh ne ek roz apnl hamshira Gulndr se kahd, " Ta'ojjuh hai ki tum ko abtak kuchh fikr Badr hi kat-khuddi kd nahin. Agar tumhdrl marzi ho, to main hoi shdh-zddl apne mulkon men, jo ham jamal aur qdbil Badr ke ho, taldsh karHn." Malika Gulndr ne jawdb diyd ki, '' Ab tak mujhe is bat kd kuchh khaydl na thd, isi wajh se ki main ne huchh raghbat aur khwdhish Badr kl is taraf nahin pal thi ; aur main bahut khush hiingi, agar kol shah-zadl sdhib-i-jamdl tumhdre Tihaydl men ho, to mujhe ns se dgdhl karnd, td main darydft kar he tumhen us kl silsila-jumbdnl ke tvdste ijdzat dUn : aur mujh Lo tumhdri mahabbat o shafaqat se yaqln hai, ki turn kol aisi khah-zddl us ke tvaste dhiindhoge. PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 251 jjjjj\ _y> jU>0 ^jCyi ^\j^di c-jb ^^-0 A^\ ^*^\ i^'^\ ^S^ d*^ ^^J u)^o Ci,^*«.a» ^ j(>j '■^^ ^ii^ ^ \J^ J"^ ^ (±f u^i * ^^\)) *^!; e)^ c;^ f*^ ^ V^ (il5^ ^;**»_ j^l^^^Lo ^^.i*; ^^ ^3^A ^ JU ^1 c^^^ Ji'':^^ ^j(H J^}^J>^^ JW (^j^ ^i'^ dj^'o ^l j;l ci^^j rf^f^ i_ ^i* ^'i ^ ^^ i^^ U^ Jtj;^ <««f^ 1^ M * Note idiom. 252 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI. ^^ ^)i^ ^^^ L^'^ mJ^ ^J^* l/j*^ U^y^ ^»,^J cujUl ^1; ^ ;^Ia;^ t <*i*^ ^^-tJl ^-^^^ il^ * Note idiom. t t5^^^ *i««»L«» Sliakiug the chaia — A very common Persian idiom for starting an enterprise. ©tf)er TOorks bv t\}z same ^utfjor Croiviz 8vo. Cloth Rs. 5. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES URDU PROSE COMPOSITION WITH NOTES AND TRANSLATIONS. Sdrgeon-Lieut. -Colonel G. RANKING, m.a., m.d., m.r.a.s., Secretary to the Board of Examiners, Fort William ; Fellow of the Calcutta University. AND MAULAVI' MUHAMMAD YU'SUF JATARI, Chief Maulavi to the Board of Examiners. PRESS NOTICES. " One of the best works on the Urdu language that Ave have yet seen the student will find in Dr. Ranking's work a really valuable aid The work is a thoroughly practical one, and exjilains all the various phrases and intricacies of a language, the acquirement of which is too often neglected by Anglo-Indians from mere prejudice. — Indian Daily News. " A handy little volume of 150 pages with a few introductory remarks on construction and idiom, and a number of well selected exercises ex- tracted for the most part from the daily papers, with the English on one page and the Urdu rendering of it on the page facing it." — British Medical Journal. " This little book should prove of great service to officers and others who, from necessity or choice, study Hindustani in the Urdu character." — Admiralty and Horse Guards Gazette. " Up to the present there has been no book from which a student could learn to translate from English into Urdu. 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The collection of phrases and vocabulary will be useful, as Dr. Ranking hopes, not only to those who are preparing for the Lower Standard, of which reconnaissance and other military duties are in future to form an important part, but also to those who may be engaged in actual duty before they have acquired a suflBcient knowledge of the language. In reality the book has a wider range of usefulness, and will be found of special value by sportsmen and others who have to make their way about the country. The arrangement of phrases under Buch general headings as "Intelligence," "Supplies," "Time," etc., is decidedly felicitous, and the hints regarding the use of the table of useful verbs will quickly enable students to frame sentences for them- selves. Above all the book can easily be slipped into the pocket, so as to be ever at the disposal of the learner." — T/ie Englishman. 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