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RANKING.
FO0RTH EDITIOH,
A GUIDE
TO
HINDUSTANI.
First Edition
... 1S89
Second Edition
... 1S92
Third Edition
... 1895
Fourtli Edition
... 1S9T
^^'Sooc
GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI
IN PERSIAN AND ROMAN CHARACTER
SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR
THE USE OF
OFFICERS AND MEN SERVING IN INDIA,
INCLUDING COLLOQUIAL PHRASES
A COLLECTION OF ARZIS, WITH TRANSLITERATION
AND ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS.
BY
G. S. A. RANKING, M.A., M.D., Cantab.,
SuRG..LiEUT.-CoL., Indian Medical Service,
Secy, to the Board of Examiners, Fort William, Member of the Royal Asiatic
Society, Meinher of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Author of " Elements
of Arabic and Persian Prosody, " Urdu Prose Composition, "
" Colloquial Urdu.''''
Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged,
CALCUTTA :
THACKER, SPINKANDCO.,
London : W. Thacker and Co., 2, Creed Lane,
1897.
{All Bights Reserved.)
PRINTED BY THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS, CALCUTTA.
PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION.
The present Edition has been carefully revised and
some additions made to the text and notes.
The system of transliteration finally adopted by tha
Asiatic Society of Bengal has been substituted for that
given in the last edition.
I am glad to know that the book has been helpful to
students of Urdu.
G. R.
Calcutta : "^
March, 1897. j
PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION.
In this Edition I have endeavoured to increase th©
utility of the book by the addition of much that I had
omitted for the sake of brevity in former editions, and it
is hoped that the book will now offer far greater facilities
for acquiring a knowledge of Urdu than have hitherto
been available within the compass of a single volume.
G. R.
Calcutta :
June,
CUTTA : '\
?, 1895. 3
1 077144
CONTENTS.
A Concise Geammae op Urdu
Gender of Nouns
Formation of Feminine
Formation of Plural
Declension of Nouns
Adjectives
Numerals
Pronouns
Use of a/pnCi
Yerbs
Agent Case
Derived and Compound Verbs
Concord op THE Verb
Adverbs^ &c. ...
Colloquial Phrases
Military Phrases
Court Martial, &c.
Medical Phrases
Physical Examination of Recruits
Marches
Medical Questions
Exercises in Manuscript Reading
Translation of Manuscript Exercises
Passages for Translation into Urdu with
accompanying Translations
Page
1
19
26
27
29
34
37
46
49
54
64
68
73
74
82
96
105
123
127
130
132
137
179
213
A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
I> ^ K, T I.
A CONCISE GRAMMAU OF URDU.
The Hindustani alphabet is the Arabic alphabet with modi-
fications, including as it does certain letters to represent sounds
which do not occur in Hindi words, while on the other hand
certain letters are exclusively confined to words of Hindi origin.
This composite character of the alphabet is a necessity of the
language, composed as it is of three vocabularies — Sanskrit,
Arabic and Persian.
Urdu is written in the Persian character, fropa right to left,
while the Nagri (or Hindi character) is written from left to
right. I
The following table gives the letters in the Peiisian character ;
it should be remembered that the dots are the essential part
of the letters — many letters being exactly similar in form, and
indistinguishable except by their dots — as will be seen from a
glance at the subjoined alphabet.
A GUIDE TO HINDIISTANI.
Alphabet in the Persian Character.
Name.
alif
be
pe
to
te
se
jini
die
he
khe
dal
dal
zal
re
re
ze
zhe
Form.
c
t
>
J
y
J
English
Transliteration.
a
b
P
t
t
s
J
ch*
h
kb
d
d
Combined Form.
Final. Medial Initial
V
zh
See pHge 4,
ALPHABET IN THE PKRSIAN CHARACTER.
Name.
Form.
English
Transliteration.
Combined Form.
Final.
Medial
luitial.
sin
lT
S
cr
•Uk
*u
shin
sh
LT
MA
A
sad
U"
s ,
Lf
aA
*e
zad
kJ
z
i>
.^
*c
toe
^
t
^.
k
J.
zoe
j;
z
la
Ji
1;
'ain
t
(
t
X
e
ghain
t
^
t
X
£
fe
^
f
L_ft
k
9
qaf
d
q
•>
A
ii
leaf •
^
k
cs;
r
s
gaf
^
g (as w g-a^e)
^
^
r
lam
J
1
J
i
J
mim
r
m
r
"«•
/O
nun
(J
n
tj
>\
V
hamza
9
, or -*
9
i
wao
J
or w
y
^
J
he
s
h
ji
■^v
Ji
ye
Lf
e or J
Sf
A
i
See page 10,
4 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
The foregoing Table gives in tlie third column the English
letters by which in transliteration the several letters of the
Urdu Alphabet is to be represented.
These forms are with one exception (ch= ^) those agreed
upon by the Asiatic Society of Bengal and used in all pub-
lications of that Society: There ^ is represented by "c" in
deference to Continental usage, but as the object of translitera-
tion is to represent sound, " ch " seems the proper form for
use in English.
As a necessary consequence of the connection of letters in
writing, only the essential part of the letter is written, that is to
say, the general form of the letter is indicated, and is distin-
guished from its fellows by the dots. The letters may be thus
divided into classes. Certain of tlie letters are never joined to
the letter following them. These letters are :
^ J J J ; cS 3 J I
It is evident that any attempt to join these letters to the left
would render them unrecognizable.
jtfote. — In manuscripts this rule is not always observed, and
it should be remembered, that ddl and re are not infrequently
found in manuscripts joined to the letter following.
Vowels.
The vowels in Urdu are either short vowels or long vowels.
The former are represented by certain marks placed above or
below the consonants with which they are pronounced, while
the latter are written by means of the letters | AUf j xmo or
^^ ye, with one or other of the marks used to represent the
shoi't vowel sounds, which are as follows : —
The short u sound of the English language (as in the word
VOWL'LS. O
*' butter") is represented in Urdu by a sbort diagonal stroke
from right to left, and from above downwards, written above the
consonant with which it is to be pronounced, and csdlcd falha.
For example. — The syllable " sun " is written in Urdu letters
,»MM san, and has the meaning of hemp.
The short i sound is represented in Urdu by a short diagonal
stroke similar to the above, but written below the consonant
with which it is to be pronounced, and called kasra.
For example. — The syllable " Dikk " is written in Urdu thus,
/St> diqq, and has the meaning of trouble, annoyance.
The u sound which in English is heard in the words bull,
pull, full, is represented in Urdu by a short diagonal stroke
with a loop at its upper end, written above the letter with which
it is pronounced, and called zamma.
For example. — The syllable " pull " is written in Ux'du, thus
^ \h pul, and has the meaning of " a bridge.^'
The long vowels are as follows : —
The long a sound is represented in Urdu by the letter Alif.
At the commencement of a word, this Alif has a second Alif
written horizontally over it, while in the middle of a word, the
Alif is simply accompanied by the vowel mark /a^Aa, written or
understood.
For example. — The word " ardour " is represented in Urdu
letters, thus jj j — adar, and has the meaning of respect or honour.
The word " farm " is represented in Urdu letters, thus
^li fatn, which word means having-the-colouT'of.
The long ic sound is represented in Urdu by the letter ivao
J together with the vowel mark called " zam7na."
6 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
For example. — The sound " boot " is written in Urdu thus,
CL;*> hut., and is a -word meaning strength, poiuer.
The long i sound is represented in Urdu by the letter Ye
1^ together with the vowel mark " Icasra."
For example. — The sound " beer " is written in Urdu thus,
^ h'lr, and is a word meaning " a hero " " ivarrior."
These sounds are called l»JJj^JW> ma'ruf or " known."
' The sound a, as in the English word rope is represented by
the letter ^ wao without any vowel mark.
For example. — The syllable " rope " is written in Urdu thus,
L, <« t rop and means a stalk nf grass or corn.
The a sound, represented by the English words fate, mate,
&c., is represented in Urdu by the letter ^ ye, without any
' vowel mark.
For example. — The syllable "pate " is written in Urdu thus,
^'^ ^.\ pet and means " stomach,'" " belly."
These two latter sounds are called (Ja4s^ majhul, or " un-
known."
Diphthongs. — The above are the simple short and long vowel
sounds ; there remain certain diphthongs which are as follows: —
The sound ai, as in the English word " aisle," is represented in
Urdu by the letter << combined with the vowel "fatha," thus
the word " aisle " would be written in Urdu letters iL)| ail.
The word for a bullock is |J,<0 = hail pronounced to rhyme
with aisle as above.
The sound ow, as in the English word " coav," is represented
in Urdu by tbe letter j u'dy, with Fatha,
PRONUNCIATION OP CONSONANTS. 7
For example. — The word " now" would be in Urdu letters y
^nau and is a Persian word meaning " new."
The above give all the sounds of the vowels and diphthongs.
The following words are given as further examples, and as an
exercise in reading.
Pankha - Pangto - PaitJma - Kheivat - Luijia - Minshar - Matlab.
Fan - Cripple - To enter - A rower - To rob - A saw - Object.
Kunjl - Slna - Send - Baithnd - Rauld • Rond - Ropnd.
' A key - To sew - Army - To sit - N^oise - To weep - To plant.
Prondnciation of Consonants.
It is necessary to say a few woi'ds upon the pronunciation
of certain letters which are not represented in their trans-
litei^ation by exactly equivalent English letters. These are
To take these iu order.
CL5 This letter is softer in pronunciation than our English " t "
and has a sound somewhat more nearly approaching to
" th." Practice will alone suifice for its due pronuncia-
tion.
CIj This letter (which may be also written vij, e.g., in manu-
scripts), answers more nearly to our English " t."
\^ This letter only occurs in words of Arabic oi^igin, and has
a sound exactly answering to the English " s " pro-
nounced with a " lisp." In Hindustani however this
A.
O A GUJDE TO HINDUSTANI.
accurate distinction is very rarely made, and the letter
is pronounced as " s " Thus ci^cb hdHs.
«- This letter has the sound of "cli"in "chin" or "cheese."
^ This l«tter has no exact equivalent in English.
The " ch " of the Scottish " loch," represents it exactly.
Also the " ch " of German, as in the words " durch "
" nicht " very closely approaches the sound.
v> The soft ddl t> bears the same relation to " d " and " dh '
that the soft CSU does to " t " and " th."
3 This letter may also be written O, and its sound is that of an
English " d " before another consonant, as in "mad man,"
i.e., more accentuated than when preceding a vowel.
j This letter is pronounced in Urdu as the English " z,"
though its true Arabic value is between " z " and " dh."
J This letter is of very infrequent occurrence, and is only found
in Persian words. Its sound has no English letter
answering to it, though the " z," as pronounced in the
word " azure," approaches very near it. The French
" 3 " in the words " jour " - " joli " is exactly equivalent
to it, this last word might be written ^^ J.
i This letter is equivalent to our English " sh," for example,
iXi L* = sh abash = Bt&yo.
For ordinary purposes it is suflBcient, if this letter be pro-
nounced as " s." But in the mouth of a native it has a
trace of the " w " sound, as in our word " suavity."
Its pronunciation is facilitated by approximating the
inner surface of the cheeks to the side teeth, and slightly
protruding the lips while pronouncing the " s " sound,
U*
PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS. 9
the sides of the tongue falling against the inner surface
of the teeth.
ijo This is even more difficult to pronounce accurately than the
foregoing letter, but if the " z " sound be aimed at with
cheeks and tongue in the abovementioned position, a
very close approximation to the proper pronunciation
will result.
is In pronuncing this " t " sound, the rule given for . ^ should
also be followed.
^ Is strongly guttural, but is usually pronounced like Alif-
hamza at the commencement of a word, and like an
abbreviated Alif in the middle of a word. At the end
of a word it has a faint " e " sound, but is practically
unheard.
In words beginning with © the tongue must be depressed
and the throat well open, the sound emitted will then be
fairly representative.
c The pronunciation of this letter is a matter of considerable
difficulty. It is a back-guttural, and there is no sound
in English coi-responding with it. It bears the same
relationship to the " g " sound that «. does to the " k "
sound.
Thus — if in the word " loch " we substitute "g" for the
" k " sound and pronounce the word thus formed in
accordance with the substituted letter, we shall get an
approximation to the'sound of c, e.g.,i^ ta gh ma, medal.
/• This letter has a sound very like the " q " in " quoit." It
is enunciated by uttering a " k " sound with the cheeks
applied to the sides of the teeth and the lips slightly
protruded, e.Q'.j^U jafci'Z, able, ii^is qa^ida, a rule.
10 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI,
Platts' Hindustani Grammar gives a good example by-
saying it closely resembles the sound uttered by a crow
in its " caw."
The letter j (r) is generally so carelessly pronounced in
English that great care must be taken to pronounce this letter
fully in Hindustani ; even with a slight " roll."
The letters j and ^ have a double value, either as conso-
nants or vowels, as the case may be.
If followed by a vowel sound they are consonants, as in the
words i^_^U 7vajib and jjO^J yunan.
If followed by a consonant they are vowels, as in the words
^^^^fc.'O mauMb, /^lywo m'lzan.
Alif Hamza. — Alif, at the commencement of a word has no
sound value, but is merely a graphic sign, a prop for the hamza 9
which is pronounced. It has therefore only an exponential
value, and the sound will differ according as the hamza 9 is
to be pronounced with one or other of the three vowels before
mentioned.
:
Thus \ = a \ = i \ = n
f
Hamza is, as will be seen from its form, simply an ab-
breviated c.
Hamza when unaccompanied by | is merely a breathing
as in the words u»??lt td-ils a peacock, where it is neces-
sary to separate the two vowel sounds li and it. In this position
it is to be represented in transliteration by a hyphen, as above
shewn. At the beginning of words it is I'epresented in
ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS. 11
transliteration simply by the vowel which it represents in
sound, that is by a, i, or w (see pages 20-21).
Alif, with a horizontal Alif written above it at the beginning
of a word, forms the long syllable a. E.g., m)Ua«1 asmdn,
the sky. The Alif written above is called madda, or prolonga-
tion, and the two together are called Alif niamdilda, the
prolonged Alif.
Care should be taken in pronouncing this long Alif to avoid
a too common European vulgarism by which the sound a is per-
verted to aw : Thus the word cJ|k> meaning " post " is to be
.pronounced DaJc not Dawh : thus A b | cJ|3 = ddh dya hai.
When two wa'os occur together the first is pronounced almost
like a " V " thus iJLijyS power, is pronounced quv-wat ; ^Jjj^l
first, is pronounced av-wal.
Orthographical Signs.
TashdId. — When any letter is required to be doubled the sign
*> is written above it. This sign is called 4>J(>mJ tashd'id, or
strengthening, and represents the letter ^t.
For example, in the words : —
.^'^
C— 3*^ musharraf, honoured, exalted.
^^'
^
takallum, conversation.
*^^
, ^)yc murahbi, a teacher, tutor.
Tanwin. — When a vowel mark Fatha, Kasra or Zamma is
required to be doubled it is written double and then acquires an
additional sound of "n." Thus, ^ an ^ in $ xm.
12
A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
For this reason it is 'called j yj tanwin, " giving the sound
of n." In Urdu the Fatha is the only vowel mark that undergoes
this change : as for example —
\j^ fauran, at once. [SifJ | ittifdqan, by chance.
But in phrases of Arabic which will be met with in reading,
both Tanivin zamma and Tanwin kasra will also be found to
occur.
Jazm. — When it is intended that any consonant is to be silent,
that is to say, not accompanied by any vowel sound, this fact
o *
must be signified in writing by inserting a mark called ^Isk.
jazm, or ^^C** sulcun above the consonant.
This sign is either a small circle *, or an incomplete cir-
cular mark ^ placed above the quiescent consonant.
o
Example. — tO^j hohia, to speak.
Here, if it were not for the "jazm,'^ we might read this word
as bolana, as unless there is some indication to the contrary
the vowel mark fatha is to be understood in all syllables.
A consonant thus made quiescent is called S L») sdkin, i.e.,
resting; while a consonant pronounced with a vowel is called
mutaharriTc, moving.
<*)js^
There is another mark called jjL^^ waslah which is used only
in phrases from the Arabic. It has this form '• and is placed
over the initial Alif of a word in construction with another, to
shew that the Alif is elided in pronunciation: Thus aDl Jv^,
'■Abdti'llah, not 'Abdu Allah, which is the full value of the letters.
NUMERALS. 13
Numerals.
. Every letter in the alphabet has a special numerical value
attached to it, but the following figui-es are those which are
ordinarily used to denote the date, year, page of a book, &c., &c. :
they are as follows : —
I r r t* 1 V A 9 ♦
1234567890
they are compounded in exactly the same way as our numerals ;
e.g., I ♦ =10, I AW = 1877.
Hindi Numerals.
12 3 456789 10
The figures are compounded just as in English.
Thus 1891 = ^c:«t\.
TJie Abjad.
The values of the letters are shewn in the following line : —
xJs/i ^^s^ vi*.w;i ijaftiuo (^j*iS j_5la^ )j^ «>sr'|
Where the first tea letters represent the nnmerals from 1 to 10 the
eleventh letter represents 20, the twelfth 30 and so on up to 100, the next
after 100 is 20O and so on up to 1,000.
Thus (ysi\ afejW =1 + 2 + 3 + 4=10 and SO on.
These values are assigned to the letters for the purpose of
enabling dates to be expressed in words, forming Chi-onograms.
For example : The date of the death of the author of the
Urdu-i-Mu'alla in 1285 Hijri, is thus expressed :
To-day his speech is ended La ^Uo .j^s*" %>i^\ ^|
The sum of these letters will be found to give the date 1285.
u
A GUIDE TO HINDtJSTANI.
Alphabet in the Hindi Character.
In writing Hindi the Nagii or Devanagri character is
employed.
It is written from left to right.
The following gives the forms of the letters with their equi-
yalent sounds in the Roman character.
The written character will be found to differ from the print-
ed forms far less than in Urdu. Examples of it will be found
at the end of MSS. exercises —
Votoels.
Character.
Sound.
Note.
^
a (short) •
Medial form T •
^T
a (long)
T
i (short)
?> »
, f
t
1 (long)
51 5
, "^
^
u
1> )
' \*
^
u
J»
-V
^5
e
»'
, "^ above the letter.
t ■
ai
JJ
„ above the letter.
^
>»
„ t ■
^^
au
)>
„ >
^ anusvara
u nasal
»>
„ ' above the letter.
^: visarga
)>
,, ••
NAGRI ALPHABET.
15
Consonants.
Character.
Sound.
Character.
Sound.
^
k
3[
d so/^
^
kh
^
dh soft
V
g
?
P
^
gb
^
ph
W
°g
^
b
jH
ch
H
bh
W
chh
K
m
^
j
^
y
^ or^
jh
T
r so/^
«
t /ia7-(Z
^
1
5
th luird
^
w
^
d 7zan^
S3r initial form
Sh
S-
dh hard
^ medial form
Sh
TJJ or "T
n
^
s
rT
t so/«
^
h
^
th soft
16
A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
Thnble letters in most common use.
Character.
Sound.
Example.
^
KsU
qfrft?ff Parikshit
9
gy
^TWF A<rja
^
tr
5^ Pntr
•tI
tt
^fTT Uttar
7
ddh
f5 Buddh
m
(initial form) ")
ri
< vs^ Ritu
7
medial form )
1 »Jlft Bhringi
^
Slir
^ Sliri
«
bhr
acft Bhringi
IP
ng
Tjp^ Mangal
9
hu j
ii^l hiia
^
dw
H^ dwip
VI
diiy
^•eg badhja
^
1
dy
f^^ vidiya
GENDER OF NOUNS. 17
The Article.
There is no regular article in Hindustani, the noun Avheii
standing alone being either definite or indefinite according to
the context. The numeral adjective %^\ " eyfc " = " one " is
frequently used in the place of our indefinite article " a " or
" an : " while the demonstrative pronoun J$* " woh " supplies
the place of the definite article " the."
Accidence.
Some of the words composing a sentence are subject to cer-
tain changes or modifications according as the writer or speaker
wishes to convey different ideas as to cii'curastances of person,
gender, number, time and place.
Thus the crude form of the following words :
^^ I - U4^)^ to see - 1^ boy -
conveys no definite idea, but Avhen thus modified
UJoj^r^j^sj) ^j 2^ ^^
Main ne tin larkon Too deJcJid — an idea is complete, viz., I
saw three boys.
The Accidental circumstances affecting words are expressed
by the various changes included in the term " Accidence."
The vowels used to exj^ress these accidental circumstances in
nouns, are as follow : —
I a denotes a masculine singular in the subjective case.
^ t denotes a feminine singular in the subjective case.
^ e denotes a masculine plural.
^^U hjan or j en denote a feminine plural.
18 ' A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
Thus if a Hindi noun ends in a, we know it is masculine —
Example : — ^b Ul^biT' Kutta kdttd hai — The dog bites.
If a Hindi noun ends in ^ ?, Ave know it is feminine.
Example:— ^^ lA^X iJy Larhl kheltl hai— The girl
plays.
The masculine plural ends in ^ e short.
Example: — j»4J J*^ Chhote ghore — Small horses.
The feminine plural ends in ^\j iyan when the singular
! ends in ^ I,
Example : — ,*>^ i*li!^ Larhlydn thin — The girls were.
But if the singular of a feminine noun ends in a consonant
or I alif, or * tvao the plural subjective will end in j en.
E.g.f C^Iaj kitOfh, book, »Ajbl3 kitdhen, books.
^) hald, calamity, .,f<^^ bald-en, calamities.
\ u •O nao, a boat, At^i^ ndiven, boats.
■ N.B. — From the above examples we see that the verbs
are similarly inflected, with the exception that the termination
iijU iydn has bec^hne obsolete in Urdu in the feminine plural of
verbs, and is contracted to J m. It is still persistent in
Punjabi.
The formative* cases of nouns both masculine and feminine
alike, in the plural add the postpositions to the root form with
the affix ^^ on, thus o -ji«t>yo mardon kd, oi men, S ^^ ^^
larklyon ko, to girls, ^S diy^J^ * anraton ki, of women,
J^ ^tt\[i "sA. chiriydon ke, of birds.
• See page 30.
gender of nouns. 19
Gender of Urdu Nouns.
The gender of nouns iu Urdu is a matter of some difficulty to
the student, and it is most important to acquire -a thorough
mastery of the rules which govern the gender of nouns. Nouns
?ire masculine or feminine hij form, the termination beino- in
most cases, the indication of the gender.
A. The following are Masculine terminations : —
(a) Hindi nouns ending in long a.
as lj| ata flour.
The exceptions to this are few, being chiefly nouns imply,
ing an abstx^act quality, as \jS kirpa, kindness, ^xij
or T^TJfJ.
{&) Nouns ending in », u and j| ao.
The exceptions are —
Jb hoXu, sand, 5j|t> daru^ liquor, medicine.
9 ' 9
5)1 J tarazU, a pair of scales, ^j rohu, a kind of fish.
9 9 9
*.>| a&rw, eyebrow, •j) I afcr?^, honour, ^nj ar2?7, wish.
*s^ /ifly'w, satire, *> hu, smell, ^<L Mw, habit.
Adh. ^'i^, a river, jlj nao^ a boat.
(c) Nouns ending in % {h 7nute).
Except : d^SJuJ banafsha, a violet, Zt5y# sar/a, expenditure.
SiJ> tauha, repentance, alkli fakhta, a dove.
AtJj cZa/'a, time, jji>i lasha,
4JJ ^o^/t.
V a corpse.
20 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
N.B. — Arabic femiuines in s (for I ) must also be excepted,
e. ff-i »oJ]^ walidah mother (fern, of jJl^ ).
Such nouns are feminine hy signification.
Gender of Auabic nouns used in Urdu.
The gender of nouns imported into Urdu from the Arabic
does not conform to the gender of the noun in its own
language.
Without going into the question of the formation of words
in Arabic, it must be understood that a number of words will
occur which will be seen to be similar in form, with a meaning
-which bears, in all cases, the same relation to the idea to be
expressed; this idea differing with the different roots from
which the words are derived.
For simplicity's sake the three letters L-? , 9 and ^j are used
to represent the Jst, '2nd and 3rd letters of the tri-literal root;
these three letters are constant in all derivatives, changes being
made in their meaning by the interpolation of other letters,
which always occupy the same position for the same shade of
meaning.
The following are some of these derived forms ; we will first
take those that are masculine when used in Urdu.
N.B. — The student is urged to carefully study the remaYhs on,
gender, as this is one of the chief difficulties in Urdu.
The following Arabic derivatives are masculine : —
i\\yi\-if^ dl — That is, words in which the root form (^jtj is aug-
mented by an Alif between the second and third letters,
and further augmented by having Alifhamza {vide
page 3, ) pronounced with the vowel kasra, prefixed to
the first letter.
GENDER OF NOUNS. 21
Excejptions : jw^^l 'ijlas, a session.
}i\S\ ikrdh, aversion. f^t^] isldh, correction.
9'[sr\ ^7^o/i, persistence, lilj^*! imcZacZ, assistance.
t^lyjl trad, citing.
-^^^
■ Jjtft) tafa^'ul. — Foi'med by prefixing Clj and doubling the
second letter of the tri-literal root.
Exceptions : <l^*^ tawajjuh, turning one's attention to.
»^a) tawazzil, performing one's ablutions.
«5^ taivaqqti^ hope.
IjO tamanna, desire — longing.
, Jym) tasalU, consoling.
«^ -
^Ji%) taraqql, promotion.
jj ••
is^ tajalll, brightness.
(JlcUI tafd'ul. — Formed by prefixing (_ij, and inserting Alif
between the first and second letters of the root.
Except : %'<^\yi taivazu\ humility,
and all of this form which end in ig.
22 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
^Ua5| tnfi'al. — Formed by prefixing the syllable ^^\ in, and
inserting Alif between the second and third letters, as
9\hSo\ Inqita'- being cut off. Words of this form all
have a passive sense.
A\jCi\ ifti'Sl— Formed by prefixing Alif, and inserting CL>
between the first and second letters, and inserting Alif
between the second and third letters of the root.
Exceptions :
pU:fiw f ihtiyaj, necessity. 9^ I ittila', report.
isUa. I ihtiyat, caution. I<>:^J ibtidd, beginning.
9'^^ I istUdh, usage. OU:^ I Utifot, attention.
U"
[^ I iltimas, request. Uli | iniiha, ending.
fjelJcl iHiraz, objection (this is also used as masculine.)
jjUilw ) istifdl. — Formed by prefixing the syllable
I St
and inserting Alif between the second and third letters
of the root. Words of this form have the significa-
tion of desiring or considerinc/.
ISxceptiovs :
0\(^^j istimdad, asking ior aid. [^y^\ w^iV^?, conciliating.
5L5^| isH'hrdh^ aversion. ti!ojCU»»| idHddd, aWity.
(aO^ I istid^d, request.
J.jdU wo/*aZ.— Prefixing the letter ^ ?)z79)i— vocalized with-
either Icasra or fatha as the case may be.
lu the former case the word is an instrumental noun,
•■ ^., wk*«,,< mt's/ar, a ruler (for ruling lines) ^IjAo miqrdz
GENDER OP NOUNS. 23
shears (for cutting) ^llfio miftdh, a key (for opening) ; in the
latter it is a noun of place, e.g., . Jis^ majlis place of sitting
Exceptions :
lls^ majdl, power.
Mis* mahfil, an assembly.
. |*fcls* majlis, place of sitting — assembly.
4>s*«»* inasjid, place of worship — temple.
(Jylo manzil, place of alighting — stage.
ts^ mankhar, place of breathing — nostril.
The ahove includes all the masculine forms with the most
usual exceptions.
The following are the principal feminine terminations : —
(a) I (Alif) Arabic nouns ending in J.Zif.
Examples : [si baqa, duration.
jb bala, evil, calamity.
N.B. — Exceptions to this rule are Arabic words of the form
^aU) tnfa'ul, ending in ), as l^la) taqaza, dunning, which
are masculine. {See page 21).
(6) Ij Hindi dimiuutives such as \j Ta^, chiriya a bird.
Except : U^j pahiyd. a wheel.
(r) CLi> Arabic U'-uus ending in CU.
24 A WUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
Except :
CL;»a^ ?nhut, firmness. o^tLk MiiVat, a robe of honour.
d^y^ sharhaf, a draught. CU^iib ySqut, a ruby.
o
^^ ji^ ?(;a(/^, time. *-^^.^^ i^a?>ttf, a bier.
((Z) Nouns ending in k^ib /ta/, cL«ifc| a/m?, CL>^I «/m^, all of
^
-which are of Hindi origin, as \JL/^\>*>y' 5'^*"^''^^^^'
constellation.
(e) i^ Verbal nouns (Persian) as iji>^S gardish, revolu-
tion ; . p,t \ rmvish, mannei-, custom.
N.B. — ,p)li hdlish, a pillow, is not a verbal noun and is
masculine.
' (/) L? Nouns ending in ^^ as: j^^a.U*^' s?/?-a^?, a goblet.
Except : 'iii pani, water. ^^ ghJ, ghee.
£»» i'. «o"l life, ( <^^* wo/e, ijcarl.
JIO (Za/iZ, sour milk. ^ [lb Tidllil, elephant, and
words which are obviously mascuh'ne such as
^ui| cidml^ a man. ,Jt[^,^ sipalil^ a soldier.
' In addition to the above, it should be borne in mind that
nearly all abstract nouns, formed by dropping the infinitive
termination, are feminine. The exceptions to this rule are : —
«- *3 nocli, scratching from U^ •} to scratch.
>^ nacli, dancing „ ^^^ ^° dance.
i^M rang, colouring „ UIj; to colour.
GENDEll 01? NOUNS. 25
^Ja43 khel, playing from U1a4J to plaj^
)^s^ nichor, squeezing „ ^D^?^ ^^ squeeze.
^J.A$^3 dhakel, shoving „ ULS^Ak> to shove,
all of which are masculine.
The following Arabic derivatives are feminine : —
,JvK««I taf'd. — Formed by prefixing CLi and inserting ^^
between the second and third letters of the root. This
form has always an active signification.
Except : j>j ^9ti ta'wiz, an amulet (that which protects).
jJUa* mifdl. — Formed by prefixing ^ mlm, and inserting
Alif between the second and third letters of the root, as : —
ji'Ako oninqar, a bird's beak.
ijffLa'O miqrdz, a pair of scissors.
Except : JjiJvo minshar, a saw.
jl»«w»o mismdr, a nail.
jIa** mi'yar, a touchstone.
( )UaJ tafal. — Formed by prefixing CL> and inserting Alif,
as above, as : —
j|>5o tahrar, a quarrel,
/Ju^ timsdl, an eflfigy, portrait.
N.B. — It will he found loell worth while to study these rule&
thoroughly, as, otherwise, the question of gender will he found a very
■puzzling one, and xoill depend solely on the memory for individual
words.
26 a guide to hindustani.
The Formation op the Feminine from the Masculine.
Feminines are formed in Urdu in various ways.
1 . By adding certain aflBxes : —
(a) i^ — When tlie word ends in a consonant, the letter ^ is
simply added, thus, »y>*l>J masculine, Brahman^
jJUaI J feminine, Brahmanl. If the last letter is | ,
or h mute, it is elided, and the affix ^ substituted
for it, thus : 6jJ Icir^o., boy, iSj^ larici, girl, 8i>11ibl^
shahzada, prince, i^JltAUt shahzddl, princess.
(6) j»i an, or ^ in — This affix is used for rational beings, thus :
- jjfcc> dhoh't, & washerman, feminine .»j>»A<^ dJiohin,
or J*Ai> dhoban. ^^s^ J<^9^ ^ mendicant, jogin.
(c) jj nl, or J| anl — This is used both for rational and
irrational beings, thus : ^^U» hath'i, an elephant,
•j" 'I ''
feminine Js<3' aA hathni ; yj tattu, a pony, i<*N^
tattuanl a pony-mare ; JLf>o inehtar, a sweeper,
feminine .J|y[^ mehtrani.
2. By using distinct words : —
e.g., t-jli hap, father, feminine ukiO man, mother.
* 53U» ndnd, bull, feminine ^^ g^-^^ cow.
* It must be borne in mind that the feminine of this word, namely
ijiS^tiM sdndnl, does not mean a cow, but a riding camel.
FORMATION OF THE PLURAL. 27
3. By adding the Persian words o nar, or »jLa mada, thus : —
OwJt sJier-i-nar, a tiger, »t>Uywi sher-i-mdda, a tigress. The
words J nar and »jU ma^id are used alone to denote male and
female. In Urdu, female is usually .V^to madln*
Formation of the Ploral.
Pure Urdu words form their plurals thus : —
1. Form unchanged. — Masculines ending in a consonant, or
in u, o, or i, as also proper names or degrees of relationship, or //
titles of profession ending in a, remain unchanged in the nomina^ /
Hue plural.
*'-9-> yS g1iO''>', a house. *4s^ hichhu, a scorpion.
i^^ mot'i, a pearl. la:^ chacha, an uncle.
La.N raja, a king. ^<^S kodu, a kind of grain.
2. Masculines ending in a (except the above classes), or in hi j
mute, form the plural nominative by changing this termination
into V e.
e.g., I^Tj larka, boy, pi. j yj larhe, boys.
8 Jo parda, curtain, pi. y OO parde, curtains.
N.B. — The word IjIJ daiia, though a title of relationship, is-
inflected : this is the sole exception to Rule 1.
3. Feminines ending in m^ i, form ^Aj lyan in the nomi-
native plural.
e.g., t<rTj larhl, girl, pi. ^jiUSjJ larklyan, girls.
* e.g , Is that rabbit male or female ?
Wuh khaigosh nar hai ki mddm.
28 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
N.B. — This form is used for the nominative phoral of dimi-
nutives in (j m-lot) dihid, a little box — plural ij^^ dihiydn.
These form also plurals ^.jL>u) dihiyaen {as at 4:).
4. All other feminines form their nominative plurals by
adding j en, thus : —
C-jbo kitdh, a book, ^jajIaT kitahen, books ; Jj ndo, a boat,
^J jb ndwen, boats ; -^J lalir a wave, lahren waves.
The formative plural is formed by adding the syllable ^^
on, in cases where the nominatives, singular and plural, are
the same.
e.g., ^^ ^/"""j house — Nominative plural *^ — Formative
plural mIJwJ fjharon, houses.
In all other cases the feminine termination of the nominative
plural is changed into -^5 on.
^•.9' jJjl.J-^L5>)— Formative plural fjy^) larlayon, girls.
C_;15- ^j^jbi^ Formative plural ^yi[S kitdJion, books.
Arabic and Persian Plurals.
Certain of these will be met with in reading.
Persian plurals are formed by adding the syllable -jl, a>i, for
animate , and [it Id for inanimate objects, as a general rule.
e.g., tl^ gul, rose, LIS gulhci, roses ; AoU nama, letter,
L^li ncimahd, letters ; but d^oot) dirakht, tree, forms Llli»^i3
dlrakht-ha, and jjUa.J»^ dirakhtan, trees; and ,_^*o1 a-«p, a
horse, forms /jUa«! aspan, and La^| aspha.
CASES OF NOUNS. 29'
Some also (nouns of multitude) add CL;|* at, in the plural.
e.g., d)^ deh, a village. CLsLjJ deJiSt, the villages around.
3*c(^ Icaghaz, paper. CILj|(>co kaghazat, documents.
di*(i nmna, a letter. djlsr^U namaj'at, despatches.
Notice the euphonic interpolation of «j- after the silent h — in
the last example.
Arabic broken plurals f must be learnt by practice ; they
follow the gender of the singular in Urdu, whereas in Arabic
all broken plui-als are feminine.
Declension of Nouns.
There are but two declensions : —
I. That in which the formative singular is the same as
the nominative.
II. That in which the formative singular is inflected.
In the first are included all feminines, and all masculines
except those ending in s {h mute) and long a (not being pro-
fessional titles or degrees of relationship) which, with the
exception of jtij^ dada, are uninflected. {See page 27.)
* This is the regular form of the feminine plural in Arabic—
., 5J;>Ju wdlida, mother o|iiJ|j ivdliddt, mothers.
t By broken plurals are meant plurals formed by a change in the form
of the word, not simply by the addition of a plural termination —
e.g., ^\ aid (people) forms (i!>i*f ahlilna (regular plural) and (y«M
ahdll (broken plural).
■'SO A GITIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
In the second ax'e classed all masculines excepted from the
"first declension, as above, including |j|j, as above stated.
(For examples of declensions I and II see page 32.)
Case of Nouns.
The various cases are formed by certain postpositions, which
are added to the formative singular and plural, as the case
may be.
N.B. — The ^^ fortnative ^' is the condition of the noun in
another case than the nominative, or " subjective " case.
1st Declension. — It has already been stated that in the first
declension the formative singular is identical in form with the
nominative. Accordingly in the first declension the singular
number of the noun is declined by adding to the uninflected
nominative form one or other of the postpositions which indicate
the case in which the noun is used. The plural number is
declined in the same way, with this change, that to the nomina-
tive singular form is added the syllable "o«" {n nasal), pro-
nounced as in the French " bon," "ton," and to the word thus
formed the postposition is added.
Postpositions.
The following are the
postpositions : —
masc.
fern.
Genitive singular ...
.
.. ir ka
Jr jci
„ plural
•
:. ^ he
l/' ^'
Dative (sing, and plural)
••
.. ^ ko
S ho
Accusative (sing, and plural) .,
.. jT ko
S ko
Agent (sing, and plural)
..
. J ne
J ne
CASES OP NOUNS, 31
masc. fern.
Ablative (sing, and plural) ... ^t se ^ se*
Locative (sing, and plural) ... ^^ men ^ rnen
It will thus be seen that the Genitive postposition is the
only one which is inflected to agree with the noun which it
qualifies, e.g., the man's horse would be admi Tea ghora ; here kd
agrees with the masculine ghora, which it qualifies. Again the
man's mare, is ddml hi ghorl. Ghori being feminine, requires the
feminine postposition kl.
The use of Ci*^t^l Izafat. The genitive may also be ex-
pressed by the use of the Persian construction termed izafat.
This form of genitive is usually an adjectival qualification
of a noun of Persian origin, for example : —
^^JUmo CUaSt' Takht-i-muharak.
The auspicious throne.
^Jj\> y4<w Shahr-i-huzurg.
The large city.
This Izafat has three forms, (a) After a consonant it is
written as a kasra as iu the above examples. (6) After a long
alif or wao it is written ^ : thus JU5 ^L^ ja-e-namaz, a
prayer carpet C-J%s'® iS)J^*^ ddru-i-mujarrab, a medicine of
proved efficacy .f (c) After 8 mute it is written in an abbrevia-
* This postposition has also an idiomatic use, meaning " as soon as "
e.g., As soon as he arrives, may be expressed uske'dne se.
In this sense it is used with the inflected infinitive.
•{■ Note. In many Manuscripts this Izafat will be found written as men-
tioned at (c), but the above is the general rule in printed works.
32 A GUIDE TO HINDDSTANI.
ted <^ form so as to closely resemble Jiamzu, thus ^'c AjtU
qiVah-i-^dli a lofty fort.
2nd Declension. — Nouus of this class are declined by changing
the final letter of the nominative singular into e short, and
addiiio" the postposition to this in the inflected cases of the
singular. E.g., kjj larka, a boy, S J y) larke ho, to the boy.
The nominative plural is formed by changing the final letter
of the singular nominative into e short ; the inflected cases of
the plural are formed by adding the postpositions to the root
form augmented by the syllable "oh," as in the first declension.
Example —
\~\tfS gJiora, a horse. y ~)^^ O^iore, horses.
o ,«i;"}*yS rjhoron 'par, on horses.
Examples of Declensions.
1st Beclension. — yij ghar, a hous
Singula
Nom. y|.5 ... ghar ... ... a house.
Gen, ,S~ ^ \iP ••• ghar-hd (or lit) ... of a house.
Dat. T yC '" 5'^""'-^'^^) ... to a house.
Ace. V Tir~>V •■• gl^(^i'-Tio {ov ghar) ... a house.
Agent j Yt-S ••• ghar-ne ... by a liouse.
A-ui € 1 „ ( ■with, from, out
Abl. .M> viP ••• ghar-se ... ■: c i
<-^JT { of, a house.
^°''- cr-^>^
CASES OP NODNS. 33
f glmr-men (or) f in a house.
^ j glmr-men (or) f in a house,
y yyT '" ' .9^"""-i'«'- * t ■■• ( * to a Louse.
Voc. J«^C5?I ••• (li-glmr ... O house !
■ Phiral.
'^om. ^ ... gr/jar ... ... houses.
Gen. ^ <:))y\^ •■• O^i-aron-kd {ov k'<) of houses.
Dat. y i^^^Y ••• gli'ti'Ton-'ko ... to houses.
Ace. y i^^y^ ■•• gliaron-lio ... houses.
^^^'^*^ ,j <^>^r ■■* d^^^^on-ne ... by houses.
AM. ^M. ^♦J^yt.-J ••• gharon-se ... from houses.
^^^- ^i?* (J^^Y "■' S^'^^™?^'"^^^' (°^' -?"''■) i". or to, houses.
^oc. J>Y ^' ■•■ ^^■9^^<^^'o ... houses!
5/«<i Declension. — l^jj Larkd, a boy.
Singular. FhiraJ.
^J] Larka a boy ^ yj ia.r/ce boys.
^ ^J") Larke-ka '^ClJ^O^ Larkon-ka
Dat. ^ ^_j) ^arke-ko S fj^yp Larkon-ko
Ace. y ^^ ^ Larke-ko S jj*^ Larkon-ko
Agent j ^ "yj Larke-ne j fJ»^>'' Larkon-ne
* Par often signifies fo, taking the place of fto. Thus "' gr/iar jsar jao,"
" go to the house," or more idiomatically " ghar jdo."
+ Two of these postpositions may be nsed together : tlius ^ iif^^fr
gJiar wen se, from within the house, ^J^J^ mez par se, fx-om upon the
table.
C
Nom
Gen.
34 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
Abl. >>*» /^ >] Larke-se ^ (JtO^ J^f^V^on-^^
Loc. ^^^ ^r , ^^ ^r-l
I o /_yj Larke-par o ,» y J-" Larkon-par
Voc. 1^3^ t^l ai-larka Sy (^! ai-larko
Adjectives.
The adjective may either precede or follow the noun it
qualifies, geoerally the former, unless it is wished to lay stress
upon the quality indicated by the adjective.
Adjectives ending in consonants undergo no change of form
to suit the gender of the noun. Those ending in long a are
changed, as are also some ending in h mute, and are inflected
thus : —
Masculine Singtdar.
Nom, ^-«c>| (.4^1 acJicha adml, a good man.
, ^ -" ''I ^^1 achche adml ka,
ko, se, Sfc, 8fc.
Plural.
Nom. Lj^^^^l y/4^^ achche adm'i, goodi Tcieu.
Inflected cases *J\^ S^ "^lO^*^ ' £^^ achche admlyon ka,
ko, ^c.
Feminine Singular.
Nom. CLm •£ L<^^' achchl 'aurat, a good woman
* ^1 These three letters are an abbreviation for an Arabic phrase
signifying " and so on for the rest " — It is nsed in Urdu as the equivalent
of our " &c."
ADJECTIVES. 35
Inflected cases Jl^ ^5"^ l^CLiuc ,^4fa-l achchl 'auraf ka,
■ ko, ^c, Sj'c.
Plural.
Nora. ^\ *c 4-4^ nchclii ^auraten, good women.
Inflected cases ^)l^ \^ ^yjyi l^^T**' achchl 'auraton ka, ^'c, Sfc.
<0^i fitluna and |<>j^ judd are also declined, the latter
generally in the language of women.
The following adjectives are inflected : —
<Ai|*jL> * dcwana 8t>j(3i3 nad'ula Hi^mJ!) sharminda.
^Si\) ''"'if^^^ ii.s^. bechdra d^\^. * kanilmu
ij^lj nakani bUj * tUza i(^Js5 * ganda.
Swtyck^ haramzada 5;>il* vianda.
Comparison of Adjectives.
Adjectives are compared in the following way : —
1. By putting the noun with which the comparison of
another noun is made in the ablative case, the adjective
agreeing with the noun it qualifies and following it, thus :—
the seotence,
" My horse is bigger than this " is expressed as follows : —
Merd gkord is-se hard hai.
My horse (compared) with this is big.
* Declined only by women.
36 A ODIPE TO HINDUSTANI.
" This box is heavier than that "
Yife sandilq ns-se bhdri hai.
This box (compared) with that ia heavy.
2. By using the word ha-nishat (in comparison with) the
genitive, thus : —
" My horse is bigger than this" might be expressed —
Herd ghord banisbat is-ke bard hai.
My horse in-comparison-with this is big.
The former, however, is more usual in ordinary colloquial
Urdu.
Adjectives are used to express variety or plurality in Urdu
by simply repeating the adjective.
E.g., ^4_>^. ,i_3' ^^Jl ^^ tfljJ ^j\
Us larai men bare bare blr mare gd'e.
In that battle very many brave heroes fell.
i^ ^}^ L^t' t-^^^' O^ j^[^^^j.\
Is kitdb khdne men achchl achchl kitdben hain.
In this library are all sorts of excellent books.
This repetition of the adjective may also express intensity,
thus:
^ J^r" Ji^ J^j^ cT^ j^" lt'
Is taldo men chhoti chhofl machhliydn hain.
There are (only) very small fish in this tank.
NUMERALS.
Numerals.
37
FIGURES.
NAMES.
FIGURES.
NAMES.
1
1
••
16
If
aUm) solah. ''
2
r
^J cZo. 1
17
IV
»wiM» satrah.
3
r
^ tin.
18
lA
ij[^\ atharah.
,.Hav
4
1*
»(^ c^^^-
19
M
iy**^\ unts.
*
5
Q
it) panch.
[•20
r*
-»iu.-0 his.
6
7
1
V
<jU4aw c/i/ia.
21
n
. f*.^\ ikkis.
8
A
22
rr
j»iu.js5b hd-ts.
4-1. £S
9
^
*3 ?ia2t.
23
tr
ji»»*A{j ^e-«5.
ta_is
41
!♦
( 8>o 1 iffarah. \
24
rf
ja.A)*ak chauhls.
c*ll.C/iv*(
11
(1
\ i\{S gyarah.
25
ro
Cf ftf» /jac/ifs.
12
ir
5)0 barah.
26
n
jii»<srA.4ab. chhahbis.
dtiA-()
13
\r
8vJ terah.
27
rv
^^^IXm» sata-ls
5^1 ^5
14
15
If
10
Sk^ASw chaudah.
^t>^ pandrah.
28
fA
^>Ajl4J| athd-is.
38
A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
FIGDRES.
NAMES.
PIGURES.
NAMES.
29
n
, *w.^( untis.
43
t*r
^)B^Ju<^ tetalls.
UU'H^
30
r*
- *h»aJ t'tS.
44
ff
j4iu,jLai. c7iau,Qlts.
tkn*
31
n
,j^\ i^i^S'
45
fo
. jmJuajJ paintaUs
'"^'
32
rr
, *u.*ikJ battls.
46
t**i
^*»»JU4^ chJdalls.
:tZ
33
rr
-jwvjilUO tent'is.
47
f\f
itwJll^AMi saint alls.
\ro
34
rf
£juuaaJ*2w cJiicmntis.
48
hA
^tu^Ju^jl athtalls.
35
ro
-iuMjX^j paint IS.
49
l*'^
joj's^ 1 nnclws.
it>
36
rM
^j*>-^^4^ chhattis.
60
♦
^(sJ pachas.
iZ
37
rv
f^j*>^^^*u sai^tls.
51
o\
^*^^\ iJcaivan.
1
38
39
fjM^J] atht'is.
{j»*i^^\ nntdJls.
52
53
54
or
,.i«b hav.-an.
j,i^ik. cJianwan.
40
f*
. *ik*<sHafc chdl'is.
55
Oi)
,as.^ pachpan.
41
1*1
ft*^^^ \ iktalls.
56
01
.^y-4^ chhappan.
-Us
42
fX
-«»aK{0 he, alls.
57
ov
^*lXa» sattaican.
NUJIERALS.
39
FIGURES.
NAMES.
FIGURES.
NAMES.
58
OA
i^J,'4j\ athawan.
73
vr
y'JL^J tihattar.
59
09
it^X^j/ unsath.
74-
Vf*
^!^A^ chauh attar.
^60
f
d^jla sath.
75
VO
y-4^ pachhattar.
61
62
63
64
11
Mr
ir
It*
i^A*-.)/ iJcsath.
£^am»'.j hdsath.
•s ''-
<t4x*oO tirsafh.
ii^AMJ^a. chausath.
76
77
78
79
VM
VV
VA
v<)
%X^ax, chhihattar.
J '^v
J^4iU*> sathattar.
n
y>4j\ athhattar.
65
66
MO
MM
<*«A„»J^ painsath.
<*4Am.L42^ chh?,dsafh.
v80
81
A*
A|
67
MV
A4A*ov«tf sarsath.
82
Af
^AuljJ 6e,tfs«.
68
MA
( <*«A«.^ 1 af/imf 7i.
83,
^r
^mjL.) tirasl.
( <<4x*oj| arsath.
84
At*
/<-*o!i«.^ chaurdst.
69
M<^
v'^3 1 nnhattar.
85
AO
^-*ol3E^ pacha Si.
^70
71
V !
xl^Sf ikhattar.
86
87
AM
AV
^.MiU^^ chhidsl.
^^M \^ satasl.
72
vr
v'^ hahaftar.
88
AA
i^*^^j\ at has I.
••
40
A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
FIGURES.
NAMES.
1
FIGURES.
FIGURES.
89
A^
*o|^ nau,asi.
96
SI
, v'^-d^^ c^hi.rtHflice.
90
9*
V y navioe.
97
SV
y *Jb«-» satauaioe.
91
<^l
V Ailr 1 ikanaive.
98
SA
, ^il^J 1 athciHatve.
92
U
y ^l) hdnawe.
93
9r
^ ^j^ tiranawe.
99
ss
J\^ nindnaice.
94
SI*
J y Ij *A.c/i aurdnaive.
100
!♦♦
f ^ sau. or
1 1>Xm»» saikrn.
95
So
«^Ik pcLchanaive.
Ordinal Numbers.
MascttUne.
pahld ^Lj
Second dusrd ly-^tJ
Third ^ ^?sra ]y^
Fourth chauthd ^^
pdncluodn ^^\j
First
Fifth
Feminine.
1 ^t -^ %m*i* V to T C
Ai^ chauthl
J ^TP^u panchwhi
(inflected panchwen) and so on adding? ^jl^ (or ^^ wZu for
feminine) to the cardinals, except in the following,
Sixth chhetha 1^4^ «^^^ chheihi
NUMERALS. -il
DiSTiMBUTivE Numerals.
Each may be expressed by the use of the word plchhe
^4fH thus :—
Give the coolies two annas each,
QuU pichhe do ana dena; or thus Ek eh ^>j| ^^1 one each,
do do, J43 jt> two each, and so on.
Multiplicative Numerals.
These are formed, (1). By adding.
to (feminine ,^S) to the cardinals, as, Uvj dogu7ia = 1>J
iJi^tia two fold, (fern.) « vwjO dogunl or <^43 cZmwL
•• •♦
2. By adding |jfc as )j^fc> doJiara, double. \y^ tihard
threefold.
The number of times a thing occurs is expressed as in
English ; thus they use the words jb har, jMti dafii, or
jjj yo martaba, each of which means " time," in combination
with the numeral adjective; thus, twice >ljjt> dobar, three
times 4x9 J ^ja) or jj,) y<o j<o tin daf^a or tin martaba.
Collective Numerals.
These are expressed by putting the numeral in the inflected
formative plural thus : —
Hundreds of rupees ^^Jjj i*)^J^*^ Sailcron rupa-e.
Lakhs of rupees ^'*'"'5 J tiltlr * Lakhon rupa-e.
Thousands of men l<«o<^ I H*)l y* Sazaron admii.
42 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
This form also is used to express collective results —
The whole twenty died ^«5»« ^Jy^ Bison marga-e.
The whole five arinved ^S\ ^jys^^ panchon aga-e.
Bring all three ^l ^y ^y^ Tlnon ko le ao.
Fractions are expressed ns follows : —
One-quarter ^Ij c^l «'i L^^V^^ ^i^ ^^ ^"''^^ ^^ ^^
chauthal.
One-third ^^[^ 0-j| elc tihd'u
One-half Uki| adlia, or C-iui> nhf (Arabic), or ^ nlm
(Persian).
A quarter more Lm., e.gr., Ij rupees «l/J^^ \jm sawa rupaya.
A quarter less ^j^, e.g., 12 annas Aojj; ^j^ ??aMre rupaya.
A half more ^^jU * sdrhe, e.^f., 350 jm> j»^ ^ jU
sarhe tin sail.
One-and-a-half Hjid derh. e.g., ISOjm, »}jt5 defh sau.
Two-and-a-half rJjb^ dhdt or ^^j\ o.rhai.
Three-and-a-half ^y ^ jU sar/ie ^m.
Oae-eighth •(; sJJ a(^/i pau (jxi).
Three-quarters ^b ,j^ tin pau (^x3).
Five-eighths jl) j^UjI arhal pau (2|xi).
Collective numbers.
The following terms are used to denote : —
A collection of two —A pair \jjif' Jord.
or f^j^ Jor'i.
• Only used of numbers above three.
MONEY TABLE. 43v
A collection of fear 6SiS Ganda.
five I ^° Gdlii.
twelve ♦T^J'^ Varjan.
(corruption of "dozen")
twenty y^'jS Kor't.
11 11
11 11
11 11
11 11
-a score —
a hundred )}^^ Saikra.
Money Table.
iCjl ") C ^^ mxiliar '\
Ji ^y ' ) C One Mohur or ashrafi =
^5j-i| imSi}) (eJc ashrafi)
a^ • J dJ«<c» Solah rfipai/a Sixteen rupees ,
"^jJ 5 j v_v^l ^A; rfipaya One rupee = ijl a)^ *9o/a7i flna
Sixteen annas.
A4J! ^^i\ Ek atJiannl One eight-anna piece — Half
a rupee or eight annas.
Jl^a^ t^Cjl iJ^- chauannl One four-anna piece = four
annas.
JlO tiJ^Jl -^^ duannl One t\vo-anna piece = two annas.^
<*j| CiJl>l Ek ana One anna = 1^ jO (Zo fafca two
talca^.
1^ \t*^i\ Ek taka One taka = LwO lt> -Do paisS
two paisas (pice).
Li-0 v_v l ^fc ^aisa One paii«a (pice) = ^UitJ) ji>
Do adJiela Two half puisa.
44 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
^Lfiiiil yC^i Ek adhela One half-paisa =
i»lt)>4aw jO Do chhadam, Two pieces of
six dams each.
^lt>^^ ^>j| Ek chhadam One chhadam =
^^ J ^0 Do damrj^ Two damris.
^ycii ^^jbt Ek damf't One damri =
j^A j! J J Do addhl Two addhis.
^AJI c^^l -^^ adti/iZ One addhi =
^^j •SjIa, char kauri Four cowries.
i^Jt^ V_y> l -EA: A;a?<./v One cowrie.
The shell of Cyprma moneta is used as the
lowest unit of money hy the very poor.
(^-.qyu' v_^<| Ek paserl A weight of five sers (panch ser).
Bazar weight Table (for liquids and solids).
»f* ^^1 -^^ man one maund =
wu» >^tah, Ghalis ser Forty sers.
v^A v>>l Ek ser one ser (seer) =
jb jIa, C^ar 25ao Four paos.
^U ^N->l Ek pdo one pao =
t^Cii^^^ ^la^ CAar chhitank Four chittacks ,
^U 9J| Adh pdo half a pao =
CiJGUs^^ J J Do chhitank Two chittacks.
«^^ wj jj Do paisa bhar two pice weight =
t^_NJl!^^^ (jbJl ac2/<a chhitank Half a chittack.
DIVISIONS OF TIME. 45
w^j UfcO Paisd bhar A pice weight =
^5^iuv42h. j\j Pao chhitaitlc Quarter of a chittack*
Table of tvetghts for Gold, Silver, Jewels and Drugs.
dJ*) ^,S^\ -E/A; tola One tola (The weight of a rupee
is roughly taken as a tola).
(CutLo 8)lj Bdrali ondsha Twelve mashas.
A«tl'0 t^xjl Ek mdsha one masha =
^^j ^U^ Char ratti Four rattis.
T^he weight of the seed of Abrus precatoriiis (scarlet variety)
^JB^»^ ghungchi, is taken as the standard for the rattl weight.
Measurement of L.\nd.
l^Xo ^^1 EkblgJia one bigha = 1,600 square yards.
= l^XS* /^ ^'^s kattJia Twenty katthas (cottas).
Divisions of Time.
^Om^ ^mS^\ -^^ f"'^' -^ century.
•• **
i-Xsi. t^' ^^j"'g A period of twelve years.
.", \ or [• A year of twelve months.
^J>ji JiWi ( Ek haras )
t^to <Lai c5>il -^^-^ ^^^^ «ia/i7 Three months, as we saj^,
^ "a quarter."
'^
or f-A (lunar) month.
<Si \^i\ Ek pakli A fortnight.
iy^a CiSo I Ek 'ashra A ten days' period.
46 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
sCJtJt ciJ^J Ek hafta A week — " sen'niglit."
i.|t> lLXjI (Eh din')
^ - 3 or [ A clay.
]3)^\ lEkroz)
})) ^\ I Ek roz
v^ (^j| Ek pahar An eighth of a day, a " watch."
iAA^j i^ S ^i I -Efc ghanta An hour.
i<'l4^ lL^^ Ek ghart A space of 22-5 minutes, or the
■Jyth part of a day.
jjb c3s>l Ekpal eV of a ghari.
Pronouns.
There are only two personal pronouns, ^jkc main, " I," and
/
^ tit "thou," in the singular, and ^A liam "we" and ^
f ztm " you " in the plural. The n in main is nasal, and this
must be carefully remembered ; a good practical rule is that
final n is nearly always nasal.*
The place of the third personal pronoun is supplied by the
demonstrative pronoun g* n-oh he, it or they.
The personal pronouns are thus declined : —
\st Person Singular.
Nom. ujb main I.
Gen. !r
mera of me, mine.
Feminine ; ^ v** iner'i.
Dat. ( ^^o -y^s-o ') C to me.
Ace. (. mujh-ko ov mujhe
• Nasal n, is represented iu transliteration by a dotted n, — tlius n.
PRONOUNS.
Agent J .,0 main-ne
Abl.
*J <*««■* 7nvjh par
Plural,
am
y^ ^«> ham par.
Gen
Dat.
47
^A'O main-ne by me.
C*^^"* iJii^y/i-be by, from me.
r J [1^ <*4?'° miijh-men
9 > m, on me.
we.
Nora. ^^ ]i
.Qen. ' i'^'** hamara of us, our.
( Fem. (__^U-^ liamart.
■Dat. ^j;^ r haviko /'tons.
1 or
-A-CC. i2-^^*^ V. hamen
us.
PZitraZ.
Agent j ^i Jiam-ne by ^g^
Abl. ^ -♦il) Jiam-se ' from
T \ i.T~'° z*^ ham-men
hoc. < ^ \
us.
Ill, on us.
2n(i Person Singular.
^'''^' y i^ thou.
Lfy:^ 'jl:^ iera, teri (fem.) thy.
J^ tujhko to thee.
Ace. ^^s^ i^jj^^ ^^^^^
Agent ^^- ,^.^, ^^^^^^^
Abl. ^^^^^^^ ^^y-^.,^ from thee.
48
Loc.
^i;*^^'
A GDIDE TO HINDIISTANI.
J<i^
tujh-men 7
in, on
thee.
Nom.
r'
Gen. 5
((fern.)
1 **
LfV
Dat.
jS.J
Ace.
c^^r"
Agent
^
Abl.
^
Loc. s
u^r"
y<f'
vou.
your.
to yon.
you.
by you.
from you.
in, on you.
Uijh-par
Plural,
tuvi
himhara
tumhdri (fern.)
tumJco
tumhen
tum-ne
tuni-se
turn-men
turn par
X.13. — Colloquially the singular is rarely used except by an
inferior addressing a superior, when he speaks of liimself in the
singular.
The second person singular is larely used and generally as a
mark of contempt or displeasure — or, on the other hand, of
great submission, as in prayer to the Deity.
The pronoun ap is used by inferiors addressing superiors
or by people of the same rank 07i formal terms and by a
European conversing with a Native gentleman. It is declined
thus : —
Nom. (^^1 dp your honour.
Cieii. iTv— j| ap-kd of your honour.
&.C. ttc. &c. &c.
The form does not change in the plural.*
* With Ap thus, tlie vcx-b must be in the 3rd person plaral.
PRONOUNS. 49-
This honorific pronoun i^-s | a^, must not be confounded
with the emphatic possessive pronoun \Jj\ apnd ^^ajI apn'i^
which is used as follows : —
This is my own horse.
Yeh niera apnd ghord hat.
He gave me his own book.
TJsne mujhe apiii kitah dl.
I will sell my house.
Main npna ghar hechfinga.
Apvd if repeated means each his oivn :
Example : —
Apnl apnl kitdb leJce Ichare hain.
They have each brought their own book and are present.
N.B. — It will be seen from these examples that apna is used as
a possessive pronoun with special relation to the person indicated
by the foregoing substantive or pronoun in the sentence, ac-
cordingly it must always be used instead of the direct posses-
sive pronoun when an imperative is used, thus : —
Shut your eye ^y (>Aj 44^)1 ^J^\
Apnl (not tumhdri) anlch hand karo.
Ap is also used for purposes of introduction, thus : —
Ap Behll se dya^ — This gentleman has come from Dehli,
50 A GUIDE TO ITlJJDUSTAJfl.
Ap is also used to denote the word " self " as main Up, I my-
self or aj) ayd hun, I have come myself. The woi'd Jj^ Ic^ud*
self, may be used instead of C^) op in this sense.
Demons'] UATivE Pronocns,
These are two, yeh ' this,' woh ' that,' and are declined thus : —
Singular.
Kom,
*4i
yeh
this, he, she, it.
Gen.
^1
is-kci or hi
of this.
Dat.
^^i
is ko
to this.
•'^Acc.
^j isejS^^j^
is ko, ise
this.
Agent
L^ ^J
is ne
by this.
Abl.
<r crl
is se
from this.
Loc. 1
is men
is par
in iliis.
on this.
ph
•11 al.
Nora.
A4i
yeh
these, they.
Gen.
'J'^Jl
in-kd or kl
of these.
Uat.
^\
in-ko
to these. i
Ace.
P^ - ^'\
in-ko or inltSn these.
Agent
L^ ^j^\
inhon-ne
by these.
Abl.
CL c)'
in-se
from these.
Loc.
J\-^ li)i
in-vien, par in or on these.
» l^ofc— In this word and some others the j wao is not sounded ^^^
thvuud pronounced hhud k-il^ Mw-ib pionounced t&ab.
PRONOUNS. ' '51
Singular.
N"r»m. ij took that, lie, she, it.
Gen. iS>*>\ - l^«» ( uska, uskl of him — liis
Dat. •J^l tcsl<o to him.
Agc. /*i\ S^\ nsko, use him.
Arrent J^\ us-ne by liim.
Abl. ^ . ju I iis-se from him.
Loc. O - ^jA« ,jn\ us- men, par in or on him.
Plnral.
Nom. w ^ - 84 U'o/i, or ivB* those, they.
Gen. ^^ - o (j;l un ka, U7i hi of those.
Dat. J^>| tin ho to those.
Ace. .t^4'l ~ j'*^! w?iA-o, unlien those.
Tlural.
Agent ') (Jtv'l unlion ne by those.
-»
Abl. ^^ ^jl «n se from those.
Loc. o - .;rf j^l «?i men, ;?ar in or on those.
The plural number is used respectfully. The form hihon^
unlion is generally used in speaking of a number more than two.
Relative Pronoun, yo ^^ {or j ami) ^jyx who, which.
Gen. sing. ^i$ha Gen. plural jM»A;a.
• The author of the Urdu-i-Mu'alla lays down the rule that j. should bp
nsed both for Singular and Plural.
52 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
Correlative Pkonol'n, so ^ (or taun) he, &e
Gen. Sing, tiskd Gen. plural tmka.
Interrogative Pronoun,* harm ? who ?
Gen. Sing, khkd Gen. plural kinka.
The remainder of the cases are formed as usual with post-
positions.
"Which? is expressed by U jj^ ^'a«« »« (fern, si) as
ye^ iazm si gliori hai — "Which mare is this ?
Interrogative Pronoun, of tilings only, kyd ? what ?
Gen. sing. 1^ ^ b kahe kd. Xo plural.
Dat. sing. S ^ o kahe ko
^ J^ ^ kdlie kd is used to signify of what material,
e.g., >^ 1^ -fl) o fJ^^i^X/fi iy) yeh sanduq kdhe kd hai ?
Of what is this box made.
S J^ hahe-ko, is used colloquially to signify why ? for what
reason ? hid should be avoided as a rule ; k!/u7i ? being
used instead. In addition we sometimes hear
IJ J^ jb ^ kahe ke liye ? why ?
Indefinite Pronoun, Ico-l t^S ' some one,' some.
jm - ki - ^ ^uS sing, hisi kd, ko, se. No plural.
kuchh <4^s* ' something ' (indeclinable).
This interrogative c)j^ kami is used both for peraona and things.
PRONOUNS.
53
Compound Pronouns —
Indefinite —
^jAyi A^s^ kuchh naJiin
^^3^riy»u*0 dusrdko-l
^4?^<U *4:
no one.
nothing,
some one else,
some one else.
some one or other.
^ kuchh na kuchh somethiuo' or other.
LS^T *^ ^T ^^'^ "^ ^'^'^
A^s^ \^ <L^^ Jeuchh ka kuchh something quite different.
tjS ^^ j<^ ^'o-l whoever.
Vj«-
jo kuchh
whatever.
J/^-
sab ko-l
every one.
^««^v-^
sab kuchh
every thing.
Interrogative —
lit/jj'
aur kaun
who else ?
1.0^1
aur kya
what else ?
used in answer to a question,
means of course*
Definite— %j\ ^^Jbj
ek aur
one more.
* A syce, for example, asks ^u^ CSJIj** rt V^'-* *^^^^ ^i sawafi
karenge. Will the master ride to-day. The answer Ij/y) aur kyd^(ot
coarse he will.)
54 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
aur sab all the rest,
aur ktichh something else.
aur ho-i someone else.
Verbs. '
The Urdu Verbs are of two kinds : —
Transitive, those which need an object expressed or nnder-
stood, as l5jU mama, to beat. U^Tj rakhna to place.
Intransitive, those which have no need of an object, as iJJ*)
holnd to speak. U jO datiryia, to run.
There is but one Conjugation in Urdu.
Transitive Verbs have two voices, the Active and Passive.
Parts of the Verb.
All Infinitives end in the syllable Ij nS, and are formed by
the addition of this syllable to the root of the verb.
E.g., U i-N cTiaUnd to go, Ij) d-na to come, ULj bol-na to
speak, (j^Lc vidr-nd to strike, [X)\^Iidt-nd to cut,'<fec., &c.
There are two genders, two numbers, three persons.
There are three snoods, as follow : —
Indicative;. Imperative; Conditional (or Subjunctive.)
The Participles are two : —
Imperfect as W^J boltd speaking.
Past as ^ji bold spoken.
There are also Compound Participles : —
Progressive La 'iJUw challd hud moving, in a state of
motion*
VERBS. ', 55
COMPODND TE'NSESi
Past Conjuncti\re. This has three forms,
M,^ — Sis^ - SXs^ chal, chalkar, chalke having moved.
Ticks ES.
Tlie Tenses are nine in number : —
Aorist ... ... ") Formed from Root by
' Simple Future ... ... j means of terminations.
Past Absolute ... ... "\ ^ , , vt t t>^ u-
Present Perfect ... ... / ^«^."^f^ ^.l^" ^"'^ ^V
Past Perfect ... ... T ciple either used alone
- Future Perfeot ... ... ) or with auxiliary verbs.
Past Conditional ... C ^°™^,'? . ^,^^"^ Imperfect
T> i. T f «<- ) Faiticiple as m the ten-
Present Imperfect ... -> /-^jr j^, r, ,
T„ £ L J ses lorraed irom tlie rase
Impertecb ... ... / n i- • i
^ V. Participle.
Of these tenses the Aori$t, Imperfect, Simple Future, Past
Absolute, and Past Conditional are simple tenses, the others are
compound tenses forpied by tlie aid of the Auxiliary Verb U4.4
hona to be. , . .. °
• Formation ok Tenses. ,
]. Tenses formel from the Root — ,
The Aorist is formed from the root by adding certain inflec-
tional terminations. This will be best understood by x'eference
to the following : —
Yerb. — Uiy bolnd to speak. Root ^1 »j bol.
Aorist — / ^ .
^♦'*i llT^ ''^^^''^ 6oZ«« I speak.
J y 4J ta hole thou speakest,
J »i Jj wuh bole he speaks.
66 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
^•J aA ham holen "we speak.
Jy ^ turn holo you speak.
^ ^*J Jj uyiih holen they speak.
The first persons singular and plural of this tense are often
used in the sense of Let me, or Let us, speak. With the coo-
junction S] agar, this tense becomes a conditional present,
e.g.. Agar main boh'm=-li I should speak.
The Simple Future is formed from the root as in tlie case of
the aorist, with the addition of the termination B to the singular,
and p t o the plural.
Hxam'ple : —
Root jj^ bol. Aorist j^J^ holiin.
Sinjple Future —
i|jJ^ yA4 main holunga I shall speak.
JsvJy yt ham holenge ■we shall speak.
Tlie other persons are formed similarly ; see Aorist, above.
The Tmper.^tive * is formed simply from tlie root, the singular
being identical with the mot, and the plural haying the Same
form as the 2nd person plural of the Aorist.
Examfle : —
Ia^ jvI lihhnd to write. Root a^ ?itA.
* Note. The Infinitive may be used as an ImperatiTe, see Colloquial
Sentences page 87, last line.
VERBS.
57
Imperative —
j^J likh *write thou, ^^^ lilcho write ye.
2. Tenses formed from the Imperfect Participle —
The past Conditional is formed from the Imperfect Participle,
■which in all verbs consists of the root with the syllable [)
ta aflBxed, or for the feminine ^^J f^-
Example : — I5j»fc> daurna to run. Root j^d daur.
Imperfect Participle— iJjO daurta, ( fem.) ^^{j;^ daurfi.
Past Conditional or Habitual from IXLs^ jitnd to win.
[Zj.,^ .^ main j'itta I used to win.
l-^Ajk ^) tuj'dla thou usedst to win.
['Z^A, 5j rvvhjltta he used to win.
X.^,:^ Ji> Tiamj'itte we used to win.
I^Ia^ ^ tuvijUle you used to win.
JrliLa* SJ rvulijltte they used to win.
'Example : — (see page 221.)
U'U^ J'*'^ Zl c^-^ d. )^ ^^ ^**«^ ^^
Jab Jit I a tub mare khushl ke gkdfil ho jutd.
Whenever he won (when he used to win) fi-om joy he used
to jiet careless.
As a Conditional the conjunction O | agar, if, is used with
this tense, thus : —
* Note. There is also in nse a respectful Imperative formed by
adding ^ , iye for the singular and^j iyo for the plural, to the root :
thns— ^jIa. Ljf Ap jaiye, Be pleased to go, Sir. See page 84, line 5.
The plaral form is little used.
68 A GUIDE TO HTNPUSTANI. '^
0*3 O ^jA* y I agar main duurta.
If I had run.*
As an Optative, it is used thus : —
Kash ki mainvsko dekhta.
Would that I had seen him !
• 3. Tenses for iped from the Past Participle.
The Past Absolute is formed from the Past Participle, which
is simply the root with the addition of the syllable a.
Exavifle : —
UJ*J holna to speak. Root ^1^ hoi. "
Past Participle —
X *j hold, spake, (Jem. ) J^ holi.
Past Absolute —
(^J^) V*i .»A.o main bold (f. ) boll T spake. ^
,.- .. '^/aJ ♦! t a bold thou spakest.
»•) 5* wuh bold, he spake.
J «j ^ Jiam bole we spake.
J mi (♦) turn hole you spake.
(^J*)) J *) 5j wuh bole (f.) bolln they spake.
* If I bad rmi X should b^ye C&ught liim.
VERBS. ^^
Compound tenses.
The componnd tenses are as follows : —
Present Imiierfect, iovmed ivom the Imperfect Participle of
the verb, with the present of the Auxiliary Verb G^ hona to
be, which is thus conjugated : . ,
H** »!{/* main hun lam.
±, ^ tu hai thou art.
yA^ij wuh hai he is.
^4 ^A Tiamhain we are. ,
^A ^ turn ho you are. I
.#Jb »«» icuh hain they are.
Present Imperfect of ULj 6oZna to speak— . 7
^^^ l:J*j .jA* wa*> (6oiio) Awn I (speaking) am.
^ l:J*J y ^i« (holta) hai thou (speaking) art.
^ U)») »j w^w^i (fcoZia) Tiai he (speaking) is.
^^ -J y. /^ Ziaw (fcoZ^e) /iain we (speaking) are.
y^ ^ y. /^ ^""* (fcoZ^e) ;io you (speaking) are.
^^ ^J y^ 5 . wuh (bolte) hain they ( speaking) are.
The Iwpep/eci; is. formed from the Imperfect Participle with
the past tense of the Auxiliary Verb Ijjb hona to be, which
is conjugated thus :
LJ ,KC fnain tha I was. -^
L4J »? tu tha thou wast.-
...... ■ f ' .
L^J »5 wuA tha he was.
60
A GUIDE TO HINDCSTANI.
ham the
tuni the
we were,
you were.
_4J 5j ivtih the they were.
Hence the Imperfect comes to have a habitual or continuous
sense, though l^ thd is more idiomatically omitted.
Imperfect of the verb OjO daurna —
l^ U j»t> yKA main danrtd thd I was running, or used to run.
L4J 0*3^ J ^ ^M daurtd thd thou wast
l^J b J 'l) 85 ^fo7i d'inrfd thd he was
^^J J jij ^ ham danrte the we were
were
&c.
&c.
&c.
&c.
&c.
u^ ^ "j^ J >J ium davrte the you
^ J jkJ s* u'lJi dnvrte the they were
The Past Tense of the Auxiliary Verb ILa l^nd, has also
a feminine form, thus : —
L^e;-
viain thi
>^i yi tu thl
71' uh thl
ham thin
turn thin
,*i^i ij wuh thin
I (a woman) was.
thou „ wast.
she was.
we (women) were.
you ,, were,
they „ wore.
VERBS. 61
Thus the Imperfect feminine will be —
. ^3 j^ J <t> jA;0 viain daurti thl I was runninnf,
•J^^ jjly 85 wtih roll th'in they were weeping.
The Present Perfect is formed from the Past Participle by
the addition of the present tense of the Auxiliary Verb I3*ifc
liona to be : Thus —
i%)ji> 4»J .j/O main hold hun I hare spoken.
^ft XV y ^w bold hill thou hast spoken.
Ji> i*J ?^^ ivith hola hat he has spoken.
^^ J y ^4 ham hole haln we have spoken."
*ft J •; ^J turn hole ho you have spoken.
^jaA J *J ij wnh hole haln they liave spoken.
In the feminine the terminations of the participle must be
changed to i, e.g., ^^yA J*> .a-o main holt hiin.
The construction of tbe past participle in Active Transi-
tive Verbs is different to the above, as the particle j
we of tlie Agent Case must always be used with it : Thus —
I struck l\Lo j ^yfi •main ne mara.
I have struck ^A KLo ) .,.^ main ne mard hai.
This will be expliiined in its proper place, see page 63.
The Past Perfect {Pluperfect) is formed from the Past Parti-
ciple together with the past tense of the Auxiliary Verb G*ft
hona to be.
62
A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
Example : —
- p^\
^'^ Jji ^
wot?» hola th5
tu gayd tha
wuk aya thS.
havi legaye the
turn hcifise the
tvuh ro-ye the
Feminine,
rri'iin hoU thl
wuh (i-l thi
I had spoken, - . j
thou hadst gone.
he had come.
we had gone away with.
you had hiuglied.
they had cried.
I liad spoken,
she had come. - ..
tliey had cried.
tvuh ro-ln thin
The Fiditre rerfect is formed fiom tliH Past Participle to-
gether with the future of the Auxiliary Verb t3*A ho7i^.
Example : —
B^A Lj ^»kc main gayd hogd I shall have gone.
o^i) iS *3 tu gayd hogd thou shalt have gone.
^^ [S »5 wuh gayd hogd he shall have gone.*
S-J ^ pS ^A> ham ga-ye honge we shall have gone.
Jk).jl ^ ^i turn ga-ye honge yon shall have gone.
S>.'\^ /^ 8j icuh ga-ye honge they shall have gone.
* Tills teiiSe has nn idiomatic use signifyiilg probability, c. g., o^>* ^ Ij
■■ 1 fcxptjct he hue gone, he bus probably gone.
VERBS. 63
In addition to these there are certain other forms wlijcli are
rather to be called phrases thau true tenses. These are called
by grammarians —
Future Imperfect, expressing futui-e continuous action.
Present Potential, expressing contingent action.
Past Continuous Potential, | expressing past cuntingeat
Past Perfect Potential. | action.
Tliey need only be indicated briefly, thus—
Future Ivi^'erfect —
l&J^ UJL^ ,^ main chalid hungd I shall be going.
Fresent Fotentud —
1^^ LI453 .^ vinin liklita lion I may be writing.
Faat Contitiuoiis Potential —
G*A blsh. .v* main chalid hota 1 might have been going,
with o I agar if, this becomes a conditional = If I had been going.
Pant Perfect Potential —
b^A ^Uk, .»»*-o main chald hotd I might have gone.
. Exaviple : —
If you had been going I might have gone with you.
Agar turn chalte hate to main hhl tumhare sdth chald hotd.
Conjugation of Active Transitive Verbs.
An Active Transitive Verb is conjugated exactly in the same
way, except that in the perfect and pluperfect tenses, tlie object
of the action is put in the accusative case with the postposition
Jfco, and the verb in the past absolute, the person acting being
indicated by the pronoun in the agent case with ) ne thus—
64 A GUIDE TO niNDUSTAXI.
I killed the ti<'er.*
IjLo
/^ -;_ w^
Main ne sher ko viard.
There is another form in which it may be expressed — thus,
by putting the object in the nominative, and tlie verb in the
past absolute form, agi'eeing in gender -with the noun to which
it refers, thus —
I killed a tigress.
Main ne shernl murl.\
I saw a horse.
Main ne ghord deklici.
The grammatical difference is merely that in the 1st case
the verb is impersonal ; in the 2nd, it is personal ; the two con-
structions are closely represented by the Latin forms, vi::. —
1. Delendum est Carthaginem.
2. Delenda est Carthago.
Analysis of the Agent Case.
Whenever it is desired to express that an action has been
completed, and this action is one which requires an object either
expressed or understood, and this object is governed by an
active transitive verb, there is but one way in which this idea can
• This construction puts the object of the action in a more definite
form, and implies a previous mention or knowledge of the object in most
cases.
t This construction is used where the connection between the verb and
its object is very close and is to be emphasised, viz., It was a tigress I
killed ; or where the object is indefinite, or has not been prerioaely men*
tioned.
THE AGENT CASE. 65
be expressed in Urdu, and that is by using the past tense in the
tliird person. The subject is put first with the postposition
J ne, and the object is either put (a) in the formative with
the postposition S ko, or (6) in the subjective, thus —
(a). The king dismissed the wazir.
Raja ne wazlr ho ma^zul kiyd.
(h). The Maulavi wrote a letter.
Maulavi §ahih ne chitthi likhl.
(c). The thief drove the horses.
Chor ne ghoroii ko lianhd.
It will thus be seen that where the object is put in the for-
mative with ko, whether it be masculine or feminine, singular
or plural, the verb is used in the 3rd person masculine singular ;
but where the object is put in the nominative (subjective) case,
the verb must agree with it in gender and numoer.
Example : —
Masc. S. — He sang a song.
uo Cli^^jJ dSol ^AMJjl nsne ek gU aaya.
Masc. PI. — He shot five tigers.
V jLo Y^ Jo xA*"*! usne fcLnch sher md,re,
Fein. 8. — He caught a fisli.
icT^ i^^^ Cii^l ^^j\ usne ek machhl'i jjakr'i.
66 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
Fern. P7.— He killed all the flies.
^jJ jLo H'>A^5^ L, ^M^ ^^5^ ^**'^^ ^^^ makkhiydn marin.
The reason of this seems to be as follows : —
In the first case the predominant idea is the action expressed
bj the verb used, thus in example (a) the idea is
Ba/a ne ma^zul kiya.
The king dismissed.
This is obviously incomplete, and the mind asks " Whom ? "
The answer is given, Wazir ho = the wazlr. The wazir is a
"Well-known officer, and. consequently is defined, and is there-
fore put in the objective case with ko.
In the second case the object of the action is the predominant
idea: thus in {h) chittlil likhi — A letter was written.*
This is not complete in itself, as from the construction it is
seen that it is not a passive, so that the writer must be men-
tioned, and this is supplied by the words Manlavl Sahib ne.
This construction with the particle J ne is one of the
greatest sources of stumbling to beginners in Urdu — owing to
there being certain verbs which are at first sight transitive ( such
for instance as uUe^t lejdnd to take away,) but are really intran-
sitive grammatically speaking, and mistakes will never be
possible if it is remembered that certain verbs are transitive in
English but intransitive in Urdu. For instance —
The verbs to bring and to take away are in English active
ti'ansitive verbs, but in Urdu are intransitive. Why is this ?
• Another instance of this construction is : —
Tlyi i_ jjUi^b \^ ji}) (J^/* 'f' ^^^^ '^''? '"'02?>" Vi padshdh ne nuni
The king listened to this representation of his vrazTr.
Here the representation is the predominant idea.
THE PASSIVE VERB. '67
Simply because they are translated by woi'ds whose meaning is
respectively having taken to come and having taken to go. . ,
Here the first part of the verb, J le is merely a participle,
iind it is the latter part 15L^ jand of the really compound verb
which determines the construction.
Hence we translate —
The servant took away the book.
Naukar kitab le gaya.
i.e., the servant (having taken the book) went. L5 o*)
-Naukar gaga is the actual statement, Jj-^W Idtab Je is
simply a parenthesis.
The same applies to Idna which is really /'e-mia = having taken
to come.
The verbs UaL,^««» sochnd to think, Ia^s*^ samajhna to
understand, are in Urdu active transitive verbs with the object
understood ; thus for example —
[^^«-«*» ^ j .^ main ne nahln samjha. I did not
understand (his meaning).
^***' lO^-* a \.y^^ ^^ "^ y^^^ socha. He thought thus.
The Passive Verb.*
The passive in Urdu is formed by combining the past
participle of transitive or intransitive verb with the verb
* 27^. B. The passive construction is not allowable in Urdu in cases
•where the agent is known.
Thus, He was killed, will be ^ ^iSy^ tj wuh mar ddla gayd, but, H®
was killed by a tiger, will be translated ^\^j^j^j\ Lj*A Sher ?ie
us ko mar ddld.
68 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
tMjk j'dnd to go ; as from UJ lena to take, IjU^ LJ liya jana
to be taken ; Uiy holna to speak, 15 (a. »^ hold jana to be spoken.
The verb is then conjugated like the ordinary verb, with such
changes in the termination of the past participle as may b&
necessitated by the person and number. A few examples will
illustrate the use of the passive verb. U^^JJ Jefe/ina to see,
uUfc. L^Joii dekha jdnd to be seen :
i^JjUw l^5L).> ^Yi^ main dekha jdunga I shall be seen.
^^oUfc, , ^4^«^ Jh w"'i dekhij'degi She will be seen.
[S l^Joi^ ^.{j« main dekha gaya I was seen.
Aist bat nahin boll jdtl.
Such a word is not spoken.
This will serve as a guide to the formation of the rest of the
tenses of the passive verb, the verb IJLw Jana being conju-
gated regularly throughout.*
Derived Verbs.
Causal Verbs. — («) A neuter verb is converted into a transi-
tive verb by adding alif to the root, shortening a preceding long
vowel.
Thus UIa) bolnd to speak, 15^ buldna to call, the wao
* being shortened to zamma.
Also by lengthening the short vowel in the root supplying
its place by the corresponding weak consonant thus
Ua) katna to be cut, becomes Cuk' kdfna to cut.
• Note. — The studeut is advised to practise tho formation of the8&
tonsos with various verbs#
COMPOUND VERBS. 69
U^fj> c7i7a7na to be peeled, becomes UUdflt chhUnd to -peel,
13Lo niurna to be turned, becomes Ujy* '^nornd to turn.
(6) A transitive verb treated in the same way as at (a) be-
comes Causal thus Uajj parhnd to read, OUjj pa>7iO«a to teach.
Double causals are formed by inserting the syllable jj
between the root and infinitive ending thus : ULaTj parhwand
to cause to teach, to get taught.
UjIT katnd to cut (anything).
IJIaT kdtdnd to get (a thing) cut.
li l»xS katicdnd to some one else to get (a thing) cut.
Example of Catisals and Double Causals : —
go*l5> jjl) jj.| aj bdl katdungd 1 will have my haircut
to-day.
jl*A4aw oli> «*.» y^h kit ah chhapwdo Get this book printed.
*tU» , •*** L<^' a^ni saftagr sundo Make me hear (i.e
repeat) your lesson.
«]aa5 >^J 5 J 4) y^h rupa-e ginwdo Get these rupees counted.
Compound Verbs.
The most important of these are the following : —
Intensives. — Formed by adding an infinitive form to the root
form of another verb.
Example : — I3v^ i^ pi j'dnd to drink off.
UyJ I iJaJ holuthnd to speak (unexpectedly ) ,
70' A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
Ujj S girparna to fall down.
UJ |i^ CLil^ Mt ddlna to cut to pieces.
Potentials. — Formed by adding the verb U3i«i*» sakna (to b©
able) to either the root form or inflected infinite of another
verb. [jSm jjy lolne sakna or UC» jJ*J bol saknd to be able
to speak, e.g., wuh bolne nahln saktn. He cannot speak.
Completives. — By adding the verb IaXsw clmkna (to finish)
to the root form of another verb.
^■g-, \iS»s^ aJJ likli chnknd to finish writing.
N.B. — It must be remembered that the verb [jSs^ chukna is
V
intransitive ^^j^ l^ux <t|XJ .»»^ main Ukh chuka hiin I have
finished writing.
Contimiatives. — By adding one of the verbs Ijls^ jana, or (aAj
rahnd to an inflected present participle.
«.s', Olak. ^i bakte jand to go on talking.
Uaj ^^"y parhfe rahiia to keep on reading.*
Frequentatives or Hahituals. — By adding tlie verb \^S karnd
to a past participle uninflected, e.g., Uv) b m royd karnd to re-
peatedly weep, b%rU Y" '^"^^ karnd to be in the habit of
sleeping.
• See also page 221 Urdu line 4. Closely connected with this is the
statical form of the past participle of the verb ralmu combined with the
root of the verb : thas
^b\^\ytH ju ^Lnili .so raJid Jiai, he is asleep.
Examples of all these verbs will be found in the passages for transla-
tion, pp. 213 to 252.
THE USE OP THE INFINITIVE. 71
Incentives. — By adding the verb UxJ lagna to an inflected
infinitive, e.g., (joJ >J*J holne lagna to begin to speak.
Imminents. — By adding the verb uifclak. chahna (to wish) to
an inflected infinitive, e.g., ^Jb uaUw j | 8j wuh dne chdhta
hat he is just coming.
A''.B. — This verb UaLx constructed with the past participle
forms a desiderative, e.g., UAvak U I aya chahna to wish to come.*
The construction of a sentence in Urdu differs considerably
from the English as the order to be observed is either.
Subject Object Verb. For example —
\ji^ S y^ j La»K ^djd ne sher ko mard.
or Agent Subject Verb.
i<jLo i^yt^ J ^1) 1" Jidjd ne sheryit mdri.
The use op the Infinitive.
The Infinitive is used in Urdu as a verbal noun, to express
abstract ideas.
For example :
Ij I lib [XaS o y) j^ Ji 8l^ lib PSlshdh ke vazlr kd kahnd ydd
dijd The king remembered the saying of the wazlr.
^Jb jl«J U Cl^s:^ ij»* (^ t) te . ^mS Kisl ^aziz kd mama sakht
nd guwdr hai.
The death of any beloved one is very hard to bear.
u^Imo o ^^£^ Jl kd matldnd. Feeling sick.
• This rule is however not invariably observed, vide p. 230 Urdu line 7,
■}• Vide pages 63 to 66 for the explanation of these several conatrnctions.
72 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
When thus used it is naturally subject to inflection for the
various cases : thus
J J »,\ J lyM Siivae ro7ie ke. Except weeping.
It also takes the feminine termination when compounded
with substantives of feminine gender : e.g.
JojU Uo du^a mangnl Asking a blessing.
jj|j| uJ^i V" Surang urmil Springing mines.
Constructed with the verb (j*A liond to be, the uninflected
infinitive gives the idea of necessity, e.g.
.Jk Uy'O \^\ ^S^\ Ek roz mama hai. Death is necessary
some day or other.
o*Jli U^ UmjI Aisd kahna Tioga. We must say.
|aA L)l^ 1)1*^ Hamara Jana hud. I had to go.
Concord of the Verb.
It must be remembered, (a) that the verb must always
agree in gender and number with its subject if that subject be
not more than one. See Examples (a)(fc)(c), pp. 73 and 74.
(6.) If the subjects be more than one and are rational beings,
the verb is plural, the natural order of persons being preserved,
and if they are of different genders the masculine is preferred.
(c.) If the subjects are numerous, impersonal, and of varying
genders, the verb should always agree with the nearest subject,
though a singular verb is permissible after a number of imper-
Bonal subjects each of which is in the singular.
CONCORD OP THE VERBS. 73
If these few rules be borne in mind and those relating to the
concord of the adjective and the qualified noun, there "will be
found no difficulty in constructing a thoroughly grammatical
sentence in Hindustani.
Examples : —
(a.) Subject, Masculine Singular.
Yeh pant (m.) bahut j'ald bahtd hat.
This water flows very fast.
(a.) Subject, Feminine Singular.
Alerl ghort tezl kartl hai.
My mare is impetuous.
(6.) Subjects, Rational of the same genders.
Merd chachd aur uskd befd d ga-e hain.
My uncle and his son have arrived.
(b.) Subjects, Rational of different genders.
M-erd bhdl (m.) aur bahin (f.) Dihll ke rahne wale hain.
My brother and sister are inhabitants of Dihli.
74
A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
(c.) Subjects numerous, impersonal, of varying gender.
^ ^ <^^ *^^. d^)^y
Is hdgh Tee phul (m.) phal (m.) rawishen (f.) k'lyartyan (f.) aur
faivware (m.) hahut achche lagte hain.
The flowers, fruit, paths, beds and fountains of this garden
are very pleasant.
(c) Subjects numerous, each in the singular and impersonal.
JJski bandfiq, hallaw, talivar aur khanjar chorl gaya hai,
His gun, spear, swoid and dagger have been stolen.
Adverbs.
Adverbs are particles used to qualify any word or sentence ia
connection with which they occur, and have reference either to
time, place, or manner.
The/followinc is a list of those of most ordinary occurrence.
kul
to-day.
yesterday, (or in future) to-morrow.
ojkal
parson
nowadays.
day before yesterday (or in future)
the day after to-morrow.*
\ ciri
tarson
three days hence.
hamesha
nit
always,
always.
'iThe day before," is to be translated Oi5 <ii ga'e din, that is the
ty-gon^ day. Similarly " the night before " is ^^J (J** gal rat.
ADVERBS.
VJ>
^ ^J^
_/on Tim
as soon as. '^^<>w
^■^4^
9
^hat
instantly.
CjJ
turt
quickly, soon.
/^
age ^'^-^ 7
befoi-e (of time.)
ii
age
in front, before (of place. V
^4^U»
samhne
in front, before (of plac^.)
ltI^
pas
neai', at the side of.
JiJ'
ilpar
over, above, upon. V
.f^
niche
below, under. >
>i
par
beyond. •/
. J^Jb
ivar par
through and through.
M
shayad
possibly, perhaps.
xJl
alhatta
. 9
certainly.
«3^ j_
•
he shakk
undoubtedly.
^ jj*^
dhire
gently. \-
C1.JJJ
zor se
violently. 1 , '
LT^
has
enough.
■ •
ijbj
ziyada
vulgo jastl
> moi^e.
;
e^yc)^^
jon ton
tlie best way he could»
/,
76
A GUIDE
TO HINDUSTANI.
O
O
P
a
^ ^
W^ -i^ •♦;» ■*< -ibi,
^1 '1 ^!3 3'^ ?J
P3
y-i-l 4
>
- (D
e
:i <B^^4
p5
"^ i»
a.
^1
-?'
S «•
CO
?
X
POSTPOSITIONS
77
Postpositions.
These parts of speech follow the noun, which is put in the geni-^
tive inflected form. Most of them take the masculine form.
J he, but a few take ^S hi. These latter are —
i,«^b hahat on account of. C^ Js tflraf in direction of.
Jal^ khatir for the sake of, ^ ^]s tarah after manner of.
C:«Jyto ma'-rfat by means of. .
c:.«sa4mJ iiishat in comparison with.
(^ajLo manind like.
These four : jjijlo manind, i^*;^^..\ nishat, CLi^Juto ina'rfat,
Ci^u babat, sometimes precede the noun, in which case ther
take /"^ he like the others ; a few of the most common of
which are here given —
/
Us
age
before (both of time and place. )^
^
badle
instead of.
y\j^.
barabar
equal to, level with.
A)
bahar
outside.
Oje
ba'd
after (of time.)
^f^:
p'lchhe
after (of time or place.)
J^^
la^iq
worthy.
/^
Wye
for the sake.
&!r
muwdjiq
like.
^\ko
mtitahiq
in accordance with, . a
78
A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
jj(£k O bar khildf in opposition to.
^i^y
nazdlk vulgo
iiagich
> near,
^
niche
beneath.
wk
pas
near, in the possession of.
^^xjU
samhne
before (of place only).
»
sath
with.
lJ^
sang
with.
yj
fcpar
above.
^1;
leasts
for the sake of.
e;U Jy^
yahan, han
with, at the home of.
c*i;^
* zari^e
by means of.
^J
* ivas'de
by means of.
t, ^Ai>*>
* sahab
by reason of.
Conjunctions.
Ol agar followed by ^ to if — then, in that case.f
* These are compounded with ha, and precede the nonn, or with the
ablative preposition se and follow it, e.g. : —
Mohan he zari'ese \ by Mohan's aid.
or Bazari'e Mohan kc. ' i
Ba sahah-mufiisl he ] ^ ^^^^^^^ ^f poverty,
or Mtijlisi ke sahab se. ) •' r j
i Example : —
Agar uuA atd to mam khiish hotd. If he had come I should have been
pleased.
INTERJECTIONS.
AskX) agarchi followed by ^»XJ lekin,
or by . ^^ yi to hhl or ^ l) ta ham
j^\ aur followed by jj| atir
bill
dj<}^^. chunki
i\^ khwah
t>Ar^>^ harchand
or ^J ^jtt\ Is llye
„ ^^J Ci.^ ^0^^ ^«^ while.
79
although — still
both — and.
both — and.
iS
chahe
since — therefore
„ y to if — then,
„ SIaa^ khwah either — or.
' *^ lekin "^
," > although — yet
or ^-4J y to 6AL 3
5j ^ M ^^^^^ whether — or.f
Interjections.
jl^wuw khaharddr, take care !
(jtbUt shabash. bravo — well done,
gj^ 8|^ w«A wah. dear me ! bravo.
^j»»«*J| a/505, or ^o;^^ ^at/. alas !
* Jah tak sans tab tak as. While there is life there is hope.
+ Chdke fiun chahe mariln. Whether I live or die.
Harchand (see page 248, Urdu line 13).
80 A GUIDE
Names of Months*
TO HINDUSTANI.
Hindu and Muhammedan.
English.
Hindu.
Muhammedan. 1
Remarks.
January.
Pus.
Muharram,.
*The correspond*
ence of these
months with the
English months
is only approxi-
mate owing to
the different
systems ©f reck-
oning
le 9
CO It
I i
^ 1
o ^
— CO
- o
s g
O o
cs a> .
_? a ^
2 [Z! '«•
a s 1
1 ^ ^
February.
Mdgh.
Safdr.
March.
Phagun.
BahVul-awwal.
April.
Chait.
RahVns-sdni.
May.
Baisakh.
Jarnddlti" l-awwal.
June.
Jeth.
Javiadlu-s-sdnl.
July.
Asafh.
Baj'ab.
August.
Satcan.
Sha^bltti.
September.
Bhadon.
Bamazdn.
Shaioivdl.
Z'd Qa'dah.
October.
Knar.
November.
Katik.
December.
Annhnn.
ZjI TTiria.h.
NAMES OF THE MONTHS.
Bays of the iveeJc.
81
English.
Urdu.
Hindi. Pronunciation.
Sunday.
;'yi
«.«IK
Itwar.
Monday.
JH-A^y*"
^')4^«ll<
Ptr or S(y>nwar.
Tuesday.
jn^
*?t^
Mangdl.
Wednesday.
«fcXj
1^
Budh.
Thursday.
cyL»«.a.
JtcmaWatov Biphai.
Friday.
&j(A&.
Wi
Jum^ah or Silk.
Saturday.
^^MK San'ichar or Hafta.
The following formula is given for converting the Christian
into the corresponding Muhatnmedan year, and vice versa : —
Hx-97 + 621-54 = C
' C- 621-54
•97
H
where H is the Muhammedan year — year of the Hegira
(A.H.) Hijri ^ys^ (A)
C. is the Christian year. (A.D.) ^_^*«>jjC *Isaic2 ( c ).
Eor example, 1894! A.D. by this formula will be found to
correspond to 1312 A.H.
If from the Muhammedan year thus found we deduct eleven
we get the Hindu year (Sambat), 1312 — 11 = 1301 (Sambat).
^
I>A.K,T II.
COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.
a.B. — The student is advised to study this portion of the hook
very carefully — jjaying especial attention to those sentences to which
an asterisk* is prefixed, as they contain examples of specially im-
portant idioms or constructions.
General Phrases.
Guft-o-gu. Bat chit. v:J»*jJ^ '^^ ~ ^J (JL^
Who are you ? ,Jb ^*)y ^
Tu kaun Mi^? (^^ -
Who is that man ? ^^ U^^**' ii}T*J
Wuh kaun shakhs hoi ?
What is your name ? ^^ J^ ^ ]jyt^
Tumhara kyd nam hai ?
Where do you come from ? Jt> J\ ^ ^LT Jf
Tum kahan se ate ho ?
What do you want ? y^ ^xil c Lj
7 Kyci mangte ho ?
Where do you live ? ♦A ^J ^(4^^ tjS *)
Tum kisjagah rahte ho ?
GENERAL PHRASES. 83
What is your trade ? ^^ ^, ^ \jLJ
Tumhdm kija pesha hai ? . ^ ' *^
Where are you going ? y, J\^ ^^
Kidhar jdte ho ? ^"^ -^
Where is my servant ? .^' f ^^S f^ \)\^
Call my syce (groom). j^ ^ fjj[^ ^ ,[^
Hamare sa-is ko hitlao. "
In a week's time.
^k haftei^e ^arse)\nen.
In a few days. ^*5 Jj^ y ")^^
Thore roz ha^d.
Do you know my house ? j6ls^ •S' IxAj v vjs* Jf
Tmiji «ie)*e bangle ko palichdnte
(J** ^ )^ «^ z-'-^ CiJbl
ho? 'f^-^cl-^f ' J^
It is near the Fort. ^Jt> < jjwIj /^ ^jJif
Qt7'e A;e pas hai.
On the bank of the river. ^ . j^ /^ '•■' Jfci
Darya ke kinare par.
Not far from the Church. j^O ^J^^I ^**» wX^la»*5^
Girja^har se thoTti.dur»
You go on in front. jts^ T j Jf
Turn agejao. '
84 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
T will follow after. ^^ I ^ ^«f<^ ^
Ham 'p'lchhe se Hivenge. ^-i^^i-j-IU.^^^^
How far is the Post Office ? l^ J^^ l^yC^Tjlil^L C-Tl s>
Dali-Mkana kitni dur hai ?
* About a mile from here. ^^ J^o Ci^l (^^^ ^ (J^
Yahan se ho-l ek mil hai.
Send for a carriage. ^Ii^a* L^J ° <*>il
^fc grfffi mangdo. ^ *
I want a closed carriage. ^A If^ {^J » (>aJ
£a?J(^ ^fl/'i chdhiye,
Now I am ready. (J^ jUb ^^^ C->1
^6 ?nazn taiyar hun.
Your horse is lame. ^^ b IJpsJ lj^^4^ i) '-^<^
TtimhUrd gJiofd langrata hai.
He goes very slowly. ^^ U l^ "-^^ *'^^^« *-^
TFw/i hahid mlthdjata hai.
* I shall be late. ^i^ ,^jS^ j>^^ ^ ^i^
Ham ko der lagtl hai.
Look sharp — whip up. ^^U L^^ "^>^L^oi^
JaJdl karo — chabuk maro.
Open the windows. ^ti i}^ Jr <J^3^
Khirkiyon ko khol do.
* Shut the door. Xi^ ^^ ^ ^ j l^ ^t>
DanvSze ko hand karna.
* Observe the construction.
GENERAL PHRASES. 85
Drive to the Telegraph Office. Jjs^ y ^)U O j4> JS
Tdr-ghar par hank har le jao.
Afterwards to the railway sta- ^j,^UXm»I /^ \^ ) ~ ^*>?' *^
tion. ** I
Ba^d tis ke, rel he isteshan ^ar J'ji
Jao.
Ask if there is a letter for me. i^^f^i<^y ^y y >»c y4^^i
Pilchho, mere liye ko-l chittJii " " « I *>
Jiai yd naTi'in ? * CP\ » L^
Where is the Pay Office ? JiJ ^<^,^^U t-r^. f
Bakhslii §ahih ka daftar kidhar * " e^
hair i^y>t^
On the other side of this street. C^jJa j^.*o^j S^ ';^ \ ^1
Js ras^e kl dusrl taraf, > •♦ > .. v^
Opposite the Staff Office. ^a^Uo /^ ^3 J /^ vs!^ t>3 J
Birgid Mej'ar ke daftar ke samne. -^ ' '^*
Beyond the Cavalry Mess. L^'^tl J**^* /^ J^J
Risdle ke Messkot kl parll taraf.
This side of the European In- 0*i 0*^^ J^ "^S iS^
fantry Mess. ^ " ^
Ldl Kuril ke Messkot kl ivarll ^"^ L^>-^ L>
taraf.
On the right of the road. o ^^Ja . -aA!(3 iS i»^ Im*
SafaJc kl dahnl taraf par. "
To the left of the shops. tm^Js ^^vjl) /<^(4)yK>
Dukdnon ki hdln taraf. "
f ailai. j^Ai^ BoMs^^M^wa, Pay Office.
86 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
This is the Native Infantry s2^S ^»*^ '^lO^ L^ *'v1
Mess.
Yeh Kail Palfan Tea MessTcot hai. ^^
The Lieutenant-Governor's
house.
Lat i^dhib kl TcotTil.
Is Mr. at home ? ,^,tJt)
^4J^ (^C-^a.!^ OM
■$ahib ghar men hain ?
iiJi^ ^^'
^^ y^ t— ^^V^
Kot at home, Sir. , ^ o^) ^jb)^ Jy^^
Huzur, darwdza hand liai.
Very well, take my cards. J J iJLSj \,4a.)
Achchhd, tilcat le lo.
Put this box into the gari. a^^J ^c ^^'J ^ ^^<y^ <W*,
Yeh sanduq garl men rakJio.
*Be careful not to break it. juJ Cl.^* ^V*«^l^lt>y^afc
^haharclar, usko mat toTo.
Sir, a gentleman has called. {„^^^fC & ^b ^^AjyAs^
Huzur, eh hdliar ha Sahib dyd ^ i 'T
■kai. ^^-'
Very well, admit him. jii ^j^ l^swl Cl^
Bahut achchhd, saldm do.
What o'clock is it ? ^»^ ^ ^XS
Kitne haje hain ?
Twenty minutes past eighth jjb lT.^A^o i^*?>, j A ^ I
Ath baj he h'ls minat hain. ^
A quarter to six. ^s^ <i^f^ J j^
Taune clihe haje.
* Observe the constrnction. We may also say Uj^ t£*x mat torud.
This use of the infinitive in the negative gives increased emphasis to th»
command.
GENERAL PHRASES. 87
Call me at seven to-morrow. ^s^ CLjU» /^ ^^ il> ^s**
Mujhe kal suhh he sat haje jagao. C
Order my horse. jki JSia^ ^u« U /^ ~s % ^
GJiore he waste hukm do.
Which saddle — the parade ,^J>J " (^^^sJ^ J J U h*^
saddle ? .. "-^ * **
Kaim set zln §ahib, paretl zin ? lOd^
No — a plain saddle and the uJU) ^ »l - CLjU*", d6
new girths.
Na, safat, aur na-e tang.
This bridle is dirty. ^^A jJ^ /•»•' <*V*
Ye^ lagam maill hai. "
My stirrup is too long. ^Jb /^aJ <^M
Bikdb lamhl hai. **
Shorten it two holes. ^ >j I.J%.4^ vi/^ "^i ^-'w^!
Z7se c7o ghar chhotd karo.
jy ^^j^x >
Bring the chestnut pony. J^ c. ^^ ^-*^
Surang tattfc le do.
y
Take the gray to the Polo aXa» iS *J*J S yi) ^ w«
ground. ^ * •• ' . J *
Sabze tattu ko Polo kl jagah le > • <1
jdo.
*Wait there for me. ^^^ <*'***0 Ij U^ LiJ^5
TFa7ia» hamdrd rasta dekho.
*Take the new sticks with you. IjUk. Ja^jUj /jl5l5^J ^J^
Na-i lakriydn sat A le jdnd.
* Observe the construction.
88 A GUIDE TO UINDUSTANI.
Change the pony marc's bridle. ^d j)t>; a^ ^S ^Iv^
Tatuanl M lagam badal do.
*You must get the dun pony ^Al A. G|ybt>AJ ^^jc BjaJ (^X^a^*
shod.
Sdinand tattu kd na^l handhwdna
chahiye.
How did his back get rubbed. a5 vJ^J ^ Jo ^iS iX*J
Pith kis tarah lag ga-l ? "
Mind and rub him down well. j S /jiJLo ^-*^^ > ''^T?^
Khahardar, Ichuh malishkaro.
Put bandages on his legs. Jfc«>5b jO >J iJ^^ <l)^J^^
Charon panon par patti hdndho.
*Have one or two mouthfuls ^J| J J ^b <]L^^^ ^^ tiJ^i
of water given him. ' "
Ek do ghont pant dilwd do.
Be at the Club at four pre- >45 k^^LSJ^iJ^J* ^' J^
wisely. * A -U
$.har haje thtk Kalah gJiar hazir J J^
ho.
What clothes will you wear, ^^^H^ ^ Jif ^ dyjj"^^
Sir.
Husur kaunse hapre pahnenge ?
Uniform. Khaki uniform. L^^ {^ ^ J>»^ ^f ^-^-^
Wardi kapra. Khaki wardl.
Give me the warm suit I wore jj.> ya^ U)>^ jj?^ fr })
yesterday. ^
Woh garmjoradenajokalpahna l^J U^
tha.
* Observe the doubly causal verb.
GENERAL PHRASES. 89'
Where are my gloves ? j [X^d ^Aib ^*L^
Kahan Jiain clastdne ?
Give me my helmet aud sword ^t3 ^ r i3^ )^ L^ ^ i^'^J
and sash. " **
Wardl topi av,r jdl hirich do.
Is my horse at the door ? ^Jb y . \\i)'^ '3 J^^
Ghord darwdze par Jiai ?
Parade is at half-past seven. ^^ ^b ^, l1ILjU» JbjL*j \T\'^ ji
Paret sdrJie sat baje hogi. "
There's plenty of time yet. ^Ji iJL^Sj C^^ L.^}
Ahhi hahut waqt hai.
I want breakfast at ten. ^ibUw ^>^Ia. ^s^ it"'^
Das baje hdzirl chdhiye.
*What is there for lunch ? ^Jb lf\jr^M,\j ^ jj
Tifin ke ivdste hyd kyd hai ?
Show me the bill of fare. ^^^ «J^ J^
Bilfel dekhldo.
Give me whatever is ready. ^ \ J i<^ Jr*)^ <M?^ ^
Jo kuchh taiydr hai le So,
Has the dhobi brought my ^Jb b 5 ^*)^>A. i_Ay^^ V
clothes from the wash ? "
Kyd dhohi jugdn Idyd hai yd cJ^ h
nahln ?
What is this delay ? ^ Cif^i^ ^ ^
Yeh kyd derl hai ?
* Observe the construction : the repetition of kyd implies an expectatioa
that there will be several things to choose from.
90 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
This shirt is badly washed. l•f^^^ ^^a^Js i_^^\ (r^^** <*■*
YeJi qam'is achchM tarah se nahin " ^
dhoyd gayd. ^ ^^^^
Tell him he must do better. J^[^3>.\ ^ ^a»l (O ^i3 <*4J
Kali do hi is se achchhd kdm >a ,. ^
Tcarnd hogd. ^ J^
Discharge him — he is of no use. j}b i^^sr -j<-> *"->ly^ ^5^
Use jaiOdb do, kuchh ham led . ^
nahin hai. \^ \i)^
Engage another from to-day. S y >**'}'^ l<*^ ^ ^'
Ai se kisi dusre ko hhartl karo. ^
*Pay him his due. ^Jb <^aJc> ^.•IJs d^^ y^
Jo kuchh talab denl hai so de ** ,
dend. " ^J^^^^y-
* Are there any arrears due ? L^J^ L^J^ "^^V C^^J^'
Us k't kuchh charhl hm talab hai ? " " *> [U
*He has a few days' pay due. V^JX L> ''"^^^ **^v
Kuchh chlilt kl kauri bdql hai. " ^ h\
Is there a good Muushi here ? ^Jb tJ^ Uf^l L^^ LrVt
Yahdn ko-i achchhd ilunshi hai ?
* Look out 'for one and send for /"^ S iP>y^ ^ l<^**^ l<^
Kisi Munshi ko taldsh kar he Jir^' ^
buld bhejo.
* Observe the constmctiou.
GENERAL PHRASES. 91
*I want to learn HindustaBi. ^^ IXiblaw Laa»* \J^) J^Jf {i)<!^
Main Urdu zdban slklia chSlhid
Mn.
Sir, I will teach you. ^J^ U^*»^ I ^ V^
Jandb, main dp ho sikhd ditngd.
You must first listen to me. ^>jJt la,. UAmj^J i^U (^^ C^
Faille meri baton ko sunnd
chahiye.
*Tlien try to speak yourself. ^*aS ^ ^ j»j C-J I ^^)\ 6*J
Ba''d us ke dp bolne hd qasd ^ p^v
ktjiyegd.f ^ - •^'*
I caunot understand you. <*^*^ liJ^^ • L^' U^"*
Ifai'ra op fce 6ai ko nahin samajh " i ,^
saktd hun. Cy^
Please to speak more slowly. <C»mA| |)0 j y (^v)y*'^'
.4j>, milirhdnl kar ke, sara dhista " ^ .
boliye. C^^j'
Will you kindly repeat that ? *) diU iy>\\ ^ iJ^.y^'^
'Milirbdnl se us bat ko pliir J'
kahiye, ^^^ J^
I said it is a fine day. z**^** 2? ^ *^ W^ U^ ^ ^»tM>
3Iam ne fca^a i^a ki dj onausim
sdf hai. L^ ^^-'^
*I will say every thing twice. ^^ J^ 5^ ^^'j v> >l vib ^jao
Miam ^ar efc iai A;o (Zo 6ar bold a, ^
kariingd. ^^T
* Observe the construction.
•(• The (future) precative imperative used respectfully.
92 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
*If you paid attention yo" j^ J^ J i i^i-^ J t^l /l
would soon learn to speak. « * -^ ^^J / ^
Agar dp tatvaj'juh Jcarte to jaldl - J*^*^ \iS ^<^^ ^^
se guft-gtl karnd s'lkhte.
*I would write if I had leisure. W^^*^^ L^^^ ^"^^^OV* )
Agar fursat hot'i to main likhta.
*l used to write a little every Ui} j.j yt c>^. \j^ ^^
day. I >
Main thord bahut Jiar roz likhta.
I was waiting for you. I43 ^^*^ JJali] ^ I ^*
Main dp he intizdr men thd.
I will ask for a pen and ink. ^^ylb bghA-o CLi\^^ AS ^A-fi
Main qalam daiodt mangdtd hun.
He had brought me a pen 1- ^^ ^ yJUi ij
already. ^^■^' ' , /, ^ '
Woh peshtar se eh qalam mere "^ ^^ <°^ '.?
wdste Idyd thd.
How much did you give for ^lc> UxT ^ ^1 ) ^ I
this ? \j^
Ap ne is he liye hitm ddm diyd.
I bought it from my Munshi. ^ j,.^**^ J^ ^ } {^)i^
Main ne apne Mim^l se kharldd. " v
I saw your books on the table. y Ia-o j^'W ^^^^ | j ^a«
Main ne dp hi kitdben mez par " ^
dekhln. liT^^
* Observe the construction, noting the conditional and habitual use of
the imperfect.
GENERAL PHRASES. 93
He heard a sound. L<f*^ j\j\ C^^l ^^
Us lie eJc awdz sum.
*He thought it must be the <Cj,J| <*> UJ ^Jl^a*. jj*3 ^*^
report of a gun. < ^ .
Z7s 7ie ?/«w lihiyal kiya lei albatta \,^j]) ' L^ "v!^
iop ^2 aw;ar hai.
*He wrote and said he was ill. ^a* <<) ^■Sj)\ W^ >U»jj
Z7s «e likhd aur halid hi main ,
hhndr hiin. tiy > ».
*He said he could not perform J^ i^ <S Lf {j^j^ J^Ji\
that duty. i..^ •
Us ne *arz kiyd hi woh ham mujh ^ (i^X ^^ *
se naliin ho sahtd.
I do not understand this word. u^s**** i^yx^ *t^ '^^ i^l ..jt*
Main is lafz ho naTiln samajhtd
Ma. " ' (41^
Kindly explain the meaning /Jbj^-o ^-> I^^a«.« oal,^ juif
of this sentence. " ' ^ ^ \ y r
Is jumle hd ma^na dp mihrhdnl ^^"^ ^ "• <-— i/
har he haydn hljiye.
I am much obliged to you. ^yt ^^a.^^ ^""W^ St^ ^ lii**
ilfaiw op Jta hahut mammm hiin.
This is not right. ^jO Cl.^*.^ «»^
Yeh durust nahln.
I am very thankful to you. ^*)^ Jl^ y^ '■^^Vi '^^' {^i!*
Miiw op kd hahiit shihr-guzdr
hun.
* Observe tlie construction. Oratio recta used in Urdu.
94 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
It seems as if it would rain. Ojl* <0 ,^ ^j^ fjr^^ ~'
Aisa ma'lum hota hai ki shay ad J/ -t
pant barsega. " J' 4f •
r
You are right. It is raining ^^yi JJ^ i^,^} tO^ • ^
Ap baja hain. Ahhl menh harasta L^
hai.
It -will soon clear. ^^ k— ?Ltf O'J^
Jald saf hoga.
*The clouds are breaking. ^^*Jt ^l^ ^S jJJu
Badal khulejate hain.
The sun is shining again. ^^ ^\ ^J«^^-^^ S^^"^
Dhup phir nikal al hai. **
It is thundering and lightning. \s^. j^\ ^^ ^^y J-^
Badal garaj'ta hai aur bijli
chamah rahl hai.
L;^»^J<^^
*I fear it will hail. <0 J ^1 pLo ^^Jt \^jd ^^
Main darta hfin, mabada ole na
paren.
ii/^y.
It will do much harm to the ^i S /jUiSi Cl-^. S \\^
crops.
Fasl ko bahut nuqsan karega.
Grain will become very dear. JUjUx ^ ^^*^* '*—^V ff^^
Anaj bahut viahange ho jnenge.
* Observe the construct'on.
GENERAL PHRASES. 95
What is the bazar rate for rice ? T S^ ^ ^ i]i^^ ♦f^ jLi^
Bazar men chanwal ha kya nirkh
hai ? L^^
* Flour is cheaper than it was. Jb [S tiji 7" i> ^ /^\
Ate ha nirkh harh gaya hai.
*It will soon become dearer. 1^1:^ >-«*^^ ^\ ^ ... j^^jji-^
Nirhhj'aldl se ghat jaega.
olja. C^S ^ (^t^JLa. ^ J
I mast go now. jt \j[^ X^.
.^
Ab mujh ho jana hai.
^ r^T^
I will return to-morrow as <liJUUj| ,VI»x> /^ >l>oc^ tJf
usual, Deo volente. .^^
Kal dastur he muwajiq, inska o^l v^ {*tt^
'Allah main phir aunga.
I hope you will not get wet. L-Cj^a. j!i ^ Ot^\
XJmld hai ki huzUr hhig na jaen. ^
Can you lend me an umbrella ? J^ v ^ h jU ULa. i—jf
Ap chhata ^ariyatan de sakte ho? ** i v t
y
There is only this old one. A (JLa^ li|o ^j| JLj kSi
Faqat ye eh purana chhata hai. •• I**
That will do very well. ^U ^Jsi ^ ^^ ^\ La.|
Achchhn, is se ham ba-khubi " ' '^
chalegd.
* This is a very important idiom ^> J^iV^, means the amount of any
given commodity sold for a given sum.
Hence ^J* ^> mVM iarhna, means that yon get more for your money,
hence to be cheaper.
A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI,
*I will return it immediately. vlls^v*^ , ujjU |)*j V*"j' »1*^
Main us ko fatirmi wapas bhejtd
Imn. (jy*
If I had kuown I would have <l5w,ji j^^^ y tlilix ^a>o S\
seut for a tikka gari. i- ^ _/^
Agar main jantd to zaricr thika ^i]^>*M ^jo *
garz mangwata.
It does not matter. ^y^ 3m[*&o d^s^
JKuclih muzayaqa nalnn.
Do not distress yourself, Sir. J | w-|.3 dl) (»_> |
^2^ na ghahraiye.
Military Phrases.
He drew his bayonet from the ^ ^^Uo ^$U«o ^<aj! ^JU» j|
scahbard. . ^•*
CTs «e apm sangln mtydn se \ ^^^^ ^^ ) i^^
nikali (khenchi).
He made a blow at me with his ^ ^a< v>m^'J^ (>^' ^Am> ^|
sword.
Us «e opwi talwdr se mere iipar ^ ji? J»-?'
%odr hiyd.
I warded it off and killed him, b J i^'-^ J^J ^'*'>1 ^ i»j5*
Jlfaw ne us kd todr khdli diyd " ^ _ .
aur use mar ddld. ^ 1^' J^'' C!! > ' ;^'
The edge of his sword was {^S Jji>^ <^ J^ <j^^!^
notched. * T !!*
TJs k% talivdr kl dhdr hirl hid thl. \^ ^y
* Observe the use of the present tense in Urdu, to express an action in
the imrncdiate future.
MILITARY PHRASES. 97
Fortunately the blade broke. 1*3 0*J jJ,^J ^ (J^l ^■«*^
Husn-i-ittifaq^ se phal tut gciy^'
* Otherwise he would have cer- IxjIJ* jU jj^^^Jk^s* «*^J5
tainly killed me.
Warna mvjh ko zarilr mar dalta.
Many of our men fell in action. ^ ^■^^•^^ J 7! ^' y^J"^
1 ^b' ..J
*
Eamarl fauj he hahut se jaiuan
kam ae. ^^ ' f^ d])'
*They had taken three days' ^J A4i^ 0-*>J i^j/J i^
ration.
Tin roz kl rasad sdth liye hue /4^ ^ ^^
tie.
We had no water for 24 hours. ^Lo <0 /^b 0<J j))^^ c5^>l
Ek shahana-roz tah pani na
mila.
Many horses, mules and camels ^^1 ^s'^ ^ l^<i5 a^ d^<.J
died. ^f \^ r, ' \
Bahut se gJiore, Tchachchar, aur 4 J *** ^~^l5'
lint saqat ho ga-e.
*The -wounded man died of his ^ j U y^ lir^'»*^i L<'*^J 55
•wounds.
TFtJi zakhml zakhinon ke mare ]^^ tH^'
/azii hiia.
The Pioneers carry spade and j*| is^iJ^ ^^^b ^ i*)^)\6^i
pickaxe. ^
Bel-darori ke pas helcha aur {,^ L?^ ^*^
gcnnti rahtl hai.
* Observe the constmction.
98 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
* The lance is a very useful c^^^ hj^ ^ ^^ (JJl)^**
weapon. t^^ ^
Eathydron men se neza haJmt {^ ^ ^
ham kd hai.
The English sword is straight ^^ ^^^(^t*^ ^ y L^^dj^'
and pointed. " i nI i
Angrezi kirich sldlil hai aur ^^>^''^-Y^>^
plpld-ddr hai.
The cavalry sword is curved. ^Jb jlcy^i*. >Wb ^^ C^Jt) j^
Sawdron kl talwdr Jchamddr hai.
I galloped after him. D^^ <^f^ ^*^ "^ ^ ^^;tJ*
Main ne us ke jpichhe ghofd ^
sarpat phenkd (daurayd), ( ^'j;^ ) ^'^^ ^^ij^
His horse stumbled and fell. ^ y r^ ^JY^ D^ ^J^
Us kd, ghord thokar khd kar gir
gayd.
My horse crushed his head with ^ ) ^ J *^ y Wvc
his hoof . y, - .^ .
Mere ghofe ne sum se us kd sar ^1^ ui^ J*** "^^l ^
kuchal ddld.
As he fell he fired a shot at > > »o ^a*-;! A ^ o
me. r ,
Gir^e Tii ms ne mere ti^jar apiz L^^ c3>'^'^. l^'S' Jf>?'
banduq chaldi.
The bullet passed through my J^ ^**|_ j^^' L^vj* j*^^
helmet. ** " ^ j*
Qoll raeri fopi se war pdr hut. Lf!^> ,
* Observe the construction.
MILITARY PHRASES. 99
The enemy fled in all direc- ^S uJ U S^ >aJ JJ q^^
tions.
Bushman tittar hittar ho Tear
hhag ga-e.
We learned their strength from j^^l ^ i^^J***^^ ciff*
spies. ** C I » -
Ham ne jasuson se tin Til quwwat ^ /^/*^ ^
md'lum hi.
*Their infantry were armed j1l> i^^ <zji ^^^t^^ L^b'
with breech-loaders. " - . V r
Tin U piydda fauj kothi-dar ^^ C^JjT (4^?^^
banduqon korakhte the.
Their guns were of cast-iron. y j ^^ ^"^ i*)H^ L^^-5'
Un hi topen dhole hue lohe hi » ^ " ,
thin. ' e;^«^ Lf^ ^y
They were encamped to the east- ^J^ Jii,^ L^yo ^> *T^ ^
ward. ** -
Wtihpurah hi taraf khlma-zan ^^
the.
How did you attack the stock- ^^^J° (J**^ ji y*^ ^^
^^^' . . LTaU
Turn ne sangar par kis tarah se
hamla Jciyd ?
They fought very bravely. ^ ^^>* (jj^ *-^^^^ ^
TFb 6o7iui jaivdn-mardi se larte - ^1
ra7.e. ^^ ^ ^J^
Many were killed and wounded. F'^f^'^J^^ L^^^ ^ *- -^VJ
Bahut se maqtid aur majruh hue.
^^y
* Observe the construction.
100 A. GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
They gave way vciy reluctantly. ^4^ ^m^^jS^ *'--^X ^
^uh nihayai
lio hat ga-e.
Wuh nihayat mushkil se pichhe 9^ -t ^ f
On what sort of ground was ^ej ^Jjt^ J^^ L^]>^ (J^^
the battle fought ? " Z ^
Jahan larai hui tcahan zamin L^ Sf
kaisl thi ?
Was there much cover for the j] O^, ^) ^ dj^})^
men ? A b J
Jaivanon he llye hahut ar tU ya l*;^- « (^^
There were some sugarcane ^ ( A^l ) ^ U>il ^>^
fields. - ,^«^^
Kitne ek ganne {ikh) he khet the. fc —
*In which we hid as we advanced. y^^^ ch^^ (^ \*)^ Cl/^
Jin men ham chhipte chhipte age ^^ ^^
barhte ga-e. it C^Ji dl
*They did not see us till we J| ai ^—^'^3^ /♦* «*^ u-XiLa.
were close. . ^ . . • 1 "*
Jah tak hi ham nazdih na a-e the ^i^ ^i:^ I C!^-^' C^
unhon ne nahln dehha.
*Then we fired volleys and jjl ^\j\ ^J^i ^^ J^i
charged. ^^
IPher ham i\e haren tiraln aur - '^
halla hiya.
The hills were very steep and ^^ J^^i ^j[ 5jUj c>y> jU
rough.
Vahar hahut fharh aur hehaf the.
* Observe the construction.
MILITARY PHRASES. lOl
*The battle lasted till nightfall. \^J^ ji^ji L^JP ^ C^^
Sham tak larai harabar liotl rahi, "
Many deserters came over to us. ^^U^ ^ ^1 1*'^ ^ ""^^^^
Bahut se hJiagore Tiamari fauj " - <
7ne« d mile. ^- iiJ- c^-^
Immediately at daybreak we b^t> ^a^ ^^ft ^■'^ -^t^
crossed the river. *,* ^ S
$uhh hote hi ham ne darya ho ^P JJ^J'
^ubur kiya.
We found a ford a little way off. C->bU i^J ji Jj^ L^Jj^
ThoTl diir par eh payab ham ne
paya.
1)1^
Over which our cavalry crossed. j\ym y _y >o^ ^ (J*^ ^
Kijis sehamare sawar utar ga-e. *f^ "f
Some of our heavy guns stuck ^^*S ^m ^^^ <l)ji)^ iJir^i
in the mud. " ^ _ C^ / •
Bharz topon men se kal eh hlchar ^t^ U"^ (iJ-* J^" ^^.
men phans ga-in.
* The whole force had crossed by Jj\ ^ *» J^ ^Sjj^j'i
midday. ^ ^^
Lopahar tak tamam fauj utar \^^^ L^^
** "
ga-l thl.
*By forced marches we reached ci^s^ y U /«ib ^ jp jUl)
the capital. ^ ^
Yalghar kar he ham pae-takht ko ^ "* Jr
pahunche.
* 01)30^6 the construction.
102 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
We left all camp-followers be- jf^^, )^*-\(, ^'^ ^
hind. I _ ^
Bam we sab hahlr o h^mgah ho ^J^ Jj^^ ^v"»
pichhe chhor diya.
* The garrison capitulated with- J^f cibU/o ^ji) ) <*xJi ^J.AI
out opposition. ^ . »
Ahl-i-qiV-ah ne haghair muqabala ^ ^i^ •
hlye iasllm M.
At what time did the prisoner x >.^ *^:l^9^ (J^H^'^
go on guard ? . >
QaicZi A;is tcagi |)a^re -par gaya ? ^i' ji
When did you notice he was i^ d5 IS fy*^ w— »•' ^^
drunk ? .
Turn ne kah maHiim My a hi woh (^* ii\J^
matwala hai ?
To whom did you report the 9*^]s\ ^ CLii: ^\ ^a»>
fact? •• \ r <^
Turn ne is hat hi ittild'- his ko dl ? (^■^ y>^
Had he all his proper accoutre- c:^vw)4> IXils ^^3 c_^*" l>**^^
ments ?
XJs ka sab Ml hantd durust thd. '-4^
You say he was asleep near his i<^\ ^ JtS"^^ ^4i d^^ /»>
sentry box. " _ ^
Tarn yell halite ho hi tvtch apil ^ ^^ y*> ^_^b j ^■'^
gumti he pas so rahd thd.
Yes sir, and his rifle was lying iji)^^ l<^>'>1?' S-' '^^ ^ir^
on the ground. ** „ _
Han Jandh, aur us hi handuq t^^^^ <^J^ J^ [J"V
zamin par pari till,
* Observe the const»action.
MILITARY PHRASES. 103
When you awoke him was he jJ U6«^ T^^ C^ ^— ^^
drunk ? - » ._.
Jw6 turn ne us ko jagayd to naske ^ [^^ ^T
onen tha ?
*Can you [ repeat his exact ^^^^ cS<-^-^ l<^^1 f^ ^
word8 ? >< ^ \ C < "[
Eya turn us U tMk tink baton ko _^ ^ J 8tiU:lj3 ^j^lJ
i'acZa kar sakte ho ?
*Where was his pouch belt ^ l^JV {jlc^-Ay In«j'
found ? I
Z7s yfca tosh-dan kahan se ham- 7* ^'*y.
This is a crime punishable with ^^M»A ^ AiS Iwl c^l ^^
death, transportation, corpo- •' . . i..- i i.
ral punishment, imprison- ^ L^J ^ ^d J^ 4 T'
ment or dismissal. ^ ^ ^* I . ^^ ^ J [j (ji/jU
Yeh ek aisa gunah hai jis kt sazd .^ >• - " - i
^a ga!^?, yd jald-ivatam, yd mdr ^Jt U*4
khdnd, yd qaid, yd bar tar af
hond hai.
The articles of war — {^S^ ^1
Aln-i-laslikarl. —
It is thus written in the articles l^W ^jy ^a^ ^_^vX^ ^^
of war —
Ain-i-lashkari men yon likhd hai
ki —
*s ^
* Observe the construction.
104 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
A sentry who in time of wai^ or / l^U' j'^^ L^ » ^^
alarm shall sleep upon his post. '\ ^,"
Jo sipahl pahre-dar lardi ke ivaqt ^ ^ ^ y>' J^** „ ^-^^ >
ya kisi aur khatre ke waqt ^ j^\ . "^ jX
apni chauki pahre ki jagah ^ ^^ •* '/ ^
par so jaioe. ^ j W'»*** y''*^*^L^ y Y^j
Shall on conviction suffer death ^J^^>^^ OjUj sUS lSa.| jJI
or transportation for life. . L nI ^'* I
jd^rar tis ka gunah sabit ho, to \^*^)'^ ^"^ )\' J
qatl yd '■umr hhar tak Jala- f\ |^ jCo'l
watanl us kl sazd Jiogi. » ^ ••
Or other punishment as by a ^>m^ IU* (^y^<^ ^jr «
General Court-Martial shall "^ , _** ^^
bea.varded. ^ JW'^^^ UTt
Yd kol ilusri sazd, jaisi Janral j ,ax) v) •s^
Kort Mdrshidl ki tajiolz men -^^ ^'' ^"^ '
thahre.
Wlieuever any Officer or Soldier jl J Ji J>^c {^y \^^* ""T*^
shall commit a crime deserv- y ^ ^
ing punishment by Court- y >3 8U3 >.*»0I ;^^'>**** 4
Martial, he shall, by his Com- _ ^ x- ** ^
manding Officer, be put under J>J j ^^-z^ *
arrest, if an officer : or, if a K(- y ^^^ ih**' J^
soldier, be confined. * •
Jah kahlil koi ^uhda-ddr yd sipdhi y^jlO 5(Vc X; ^y:^ ^^^
aisd gundli kare ki jis ki sazd I (^ i/ i
Kort Mdrshidl ke htckm ke ^^^ J'^' ij^^^ ^^*
qdUlhaiJoivuh'uhda.ddrho, | ^(^^-^ ^ C.J
to tis kd Kaman Afsar Sdhih.y^'^^ v *> >
us ko nazr-hand karegd, aur jo \^i{c^{^ i^jS y ^^^L***^
wiili sipdhi ho, to quid kiyd
jdegd.
MILITARY PHKASES. 105
Courts Martial — C Cl^lli^c L<:a*y
Faujl ^Adcdat \ "^
(or) Jangt 'AcMat — v l:i^J|<>c j^Xaa.
Proceedings of a General Court- {J^L^jio ^Jy lJy*^ ^S*^'
Martial, by order of the _ ^^ _ ^ ^
General Officer Commanding t^J^-^**)^ L?)^)) i^
the District, dated held ^ •( ^ :i t • ^
at on Wednes- -C ^ ^^^ T*" J;^ il
day, the of 1889. ^^J3 Wj ^^ ^^ S:^
Ek Janral Kort Marshidl hi ru- C* •• ^
ha-karl Distrikt he Janral j^^' - ]y^ J^^^ y
Afsar Kamdnlr Jce hihn se jo ^. i,. J4I .^
fulani tartkh ko sadir Jmd, ^"^ f-^ • <l}^ ^f^ VT
fuldni clihdonl men, ha-tdrikh « | A A ^ JiX**) 1*)^ sl-o
fuldn, mdJi fuldn, San 1889 ^
'Isaioz,Budhkerozjam'ahua. _y> ^ hj ^ ^'^i
President. (_/*%"* Jft*
Mir -i- Majlis.
Members. iJ**^ lj^=^^
§dhihdn-i-Majlis.
Ateleven o'clock the Court opens. \jt *^ ^^Jy c?'' V^
Gydrah baje Kort jam'a hud.
The prisoner , is, OuTJ^ii C^i>iJ' eJ-^» ^^*^;**'
brought before the court. „. 1 (^ . ** .1 !x
appears as prosecutor ^% ^ lTH ^^f'^^ <L«
and takes his place. ^ e^^U ^ij!^ ^^
SipdM fuldn qaidl ho kar Kort ^z^ '
ke sdmhne pesh kiyd jdtd hai; A^*:^ i^^ J)^ ]^ W*-^
fuldn §ahih ",midda^i hdzir hud " . -
aur apnl jagah par haithtd ^
hai.
Jtil^Lij^
106 A GUIDE TO HIXDUSTAXr.
The order for convening thej^l JSka. l^^A ju»^ ^ Csj^i
Court and Appointment of ^ « ^
President is read. l^J^ )f^ i_. ij^^ X'"^
Kort ke jam^a hone kd hulcm aur ». T( »l • vl ^
M'lr-i-Majlis ke muqarrar hone ^*^ ^ • ^^ S^
hi sanad sundl jdtl hai.
Have you any objection to be j^| ^j^i) ^^juis'* ys* ♦^ ^4^
tried by me as President, or I I I ^
by any of tlie J^Iembers whose ^_yi^ {J^ \J^^^ yt"^
names you have heard read ? i " \\ y^
Main jo Mir-i-Majlis hun, aur-^J--^^ ^-~ ^V L,
digar ^nhibdn-i-Majlis jin hon ^ ^^\ ^y>jt, ^ ^Umi
Ice nam Uimhdre rii-ba-ru sunde ^ f^ . . i c
gae hairif nn men se kisi par ^ y \jfi\y^^ ^ i,j?^ ^
' iHirdz karte ho yd naMn ? \ I . a.
The CJiarge Sheet, ' ^J}'l ^^
Fard-i-llzdm.
The prisoner is arraigned on the L> ^ji>^ ^ ^^^ ^' ^f^ ^
following charge, mz. :— aS^ Jot) > L/
Qaidl is j'urm par pesk klyd gayd Sf" ^
Are you guilty or not guilty of ^ ^> CI-^^y' L^ f*^ L/*^
the charcce made against » ** -l ^a«
you? ur;i r' ^^t^^^^^
Jis jnrm ki tuhmat turn par lagal \ [i ^ib )^i/S /^ t^'f!^
Jdti hai, turn us jurm ke gtmah- ^'^ -^ I
gar ho yd nahln ?
t or ^J^i mujrim.
MILITARY PHRASES. 107
The Court find the prisoner to {y^i^J ^^Jjv' (J?d i.^ ^J^
be guilty of the charge ? ** 6 f
Kort ne yi'm thahraya Jce qaidi ^ J*'V^^
gunah-gar liai.
The Court consider the charge jif' ^ Ij ^s^ Jl^j ^ C^j^^
is not proved. , p
Kort hi yeh tajwlz Jiai hi jurvi >j^ ^^pi^ OJW ^j^
sabit naliln hua.
The sentence of the Court is that dd ^ ij^y^ ^V^ ^ ^^J^
the prisoner be imprisoned ^ ^
with hard labour for two ^k^o \^ U^ji^^ Lf^**
years. ^ ^ I ^ C"
Kort ka yeh fatwa hai hi qaidl ^ CL-ai^-* U 6^s OO
do haras hi ml^dd tak qaid ha- l£j »l) 1 1**»
mashaqqat hi saza pdivega. " ^ * ^
The finding of the Court-Martial ^) ^ Jd^?^ L^ ^J^
is confirmed by the Comman- »-, " .» x" ••
der-in-Chief. L^ V c;*^ O'^ ^ ^^V
itor? fcf ^fljzof^ jo MS ^atfZf ^-e J^^ .| J^^ *^
^ajg iue» thahrdz gal Kama- **'' ^" -^^
mr-in-Chzf ^dhih hahudtir 7ie f j^^m J j^-^U ^—^gwt^
manziir hi. "
On the assembly of a Court- /^ j[^_^ »[^ ^^^5^ '-^^'^
Martial, the Judge Advocate
shall administer to the Inter- C-^J^ f -^J** (_/"^^'
preter the following solemn _ ^ ^ _ t^ _ i
rfflrmation- -^j// '^^^^^.J;! ^^
Jab ETor/ Mdrshicd he ijlds ha ^ \^\ ^ a£*'\*"° /^
skuriV ho, tah Jaj Aidvolcet ho » ** '
Kort he Mutarjim se zmanhl yvJfclai. UJjlvit' <t^ ^ ^j
Tu se yeh iqrdr lend chdhiye.
108 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
All persons, who give evidence iJ^ /^ l^^v "^^t ^
at a Court-Martial, are to be •* ^ ^ ." . _ ^
examined on oath according J)X^^ ^ (J "*" J '""t^
to the forms of their respec- ^.. ( • C" \ 'T
tive rengions, or amrmation. - • w •• w» y *.— ^-x
Jo gaivah gatvnhi Tee liye Kort ^ ^ Jfcti jl> X* •!
Marshidl ke huzur awe, us ki " . .
zaban-handi us Ice din dharrani |**^ j^. ^ «^ /**^ ^"^-^d J
A;i rii rasm ke mutabiq qasam ^ ^ I "1 Ij C
hi ru se, ya iqrdr ki ru se li ^-^ ^ ^> » ^_>> <^
jaegi. ^^}^ \^ <^L-
Hindoos and Musalmans shall j«b) j1*3 | ^m* Miyljug^ *4>i^
make affirmation as follows — A \ \ \ —
Hindu Musalmdnon se iqrdr is "^i . " J» (^.^w
dhab par liydjdegd.
I solemnly affirm in the presence ^ ^ ^^ (/*Y*t^ ) c''"*i' (»rt*
of Almighty God, that what I - <^ i . II " «•
shall state shall be the truth, y^^ J^ '^^^ {^^^ ^=^
the whole truth, and nothing , * ^^ "1 ^ Sl^ Jjlj .J
but the truth. ^T^y? J J ♦ >r >>
.Mazw zmn?i (dharam) fci ru se {] ^ito (j*^ ^' C']^^*^^
Haqq Ta^dld Khudd ko hdzir . ^ (- (^ I "1
auroidzirjdyikar {Fa,YraeshwaT ^^. ^ *^ CJ/ J -^j
Bhagwan ko jan man ke), ^ ^ ^^yx.
iqrdr kartd hUn ki louh hat jo ^*' -^ / / *•
viain kahicn so sacJichi kahungd, ^ 'SW j^ *^ Jj^ ^Tr
aur hind lagdo there bahut ke
sab sack kahungd, aur siicd sach ^^ ^
ke kuchh aur na kahungd. i x^^ /^ ^*o I ^ i^l
(V
* A'ofe. — Tlie words witliin brackets are for Hindus.
MILITARY PHRASES. 10&
The effects of deserters are to \j>sii ^j-o^^l*) ^_^lU ^^JyjS^
be publicly sold, and tbe pro- ^ ^
ceeds, after payment of regf- J^ ^1. ^fJ .J^' ^^T
mental debts, remitted to the , ^ i ^^ ^ V'
Treasury. ^^^ "^^ -7 UT" ^*--
Bhagofon Tea mal nllam men ^_S \'^\ ^x"^ /^ '^" -^o ^ i
hechnd chahiye, aur hihri sejo
liuclih hasil ho us se Bijmint he ^J j' Cv' L^* • ^^
dain add kar ke JO bdqz hache, ic" l* |a ^** • !♦♦
Sa7-kdn khazdne meti ddkhil ** *^ 11^ •— ^T^
kiydj'da. [s^
List of Crimes, o^y^ ^^S^ Jka.
Jardim hi Filirist. " « '
Disobeying lawful command, UiU a) ^ /Sa. / v^.^N
TFoyifei huhm kd na mdnnd. »
Sleeping upon his post. i^ia. i^J y y^ ^^^ ^;;jj
.4pif cJiauM pahre hi jagahpar " . " '
so J and. ^^J^J^
Leaving his post before regular- J^j^clS) *axJ ^ y ^^,j Jj\
ly relieved. |,. ~'i ^ \
Apie pahre se la-ghair ha-qdHda ^^ ^^ ' i_ L^^
fcacZZz /ce nth jdnd.
To shamefully abandon. U^i^ J^^f^ <^ L<^5t^ L^
Be-ghairati se chhof dend.
Treacberously making known ^ y^i L^^ ^ t^'jlUt^
watcbAvord. *!• |« I ** C^
Baghd-ldzi se chauhz pahre hi hat ^y ^ t^^V L^
110 A GUIDE TO niNDUSTANI.
Being drunk when on or for {^yy ^ ^^J^Ji <-^)^
Naukari par ho Ice, ya naukarl ki ^J^'^ ^^^ ji ifj^ ^
taiyari par ho ke mattvald q^
hona.
To be iusubordinate or insolent <kuw3 ^^j^ ^j^ cJutf
in tlie ranks. " I I M • C
§aff men ho ke gustakhz se ^.'^^ ^i ^^ ^^ ^ (^^ ^
kukm na manna ya he-adahz liw5^
karnd. >
To behave in a manner un- StWs^^ l^aJ!^) ,JU. j^^*»JI
becoming tbe character of an . r^ " ^ "
Officer. ^Ji^y^ ^>l/j'^
Aisi chdl nikdlnl jo ^uhda-ddr ki .
' izzat dhric par na phahe. « * i*
To malinger, feign or intention- jl^jf ^:\ ^ ) Li b >M
ally produce disease or infir- ^ ^^
mity. ^yji^^^^jick'^^^^,
Makr ya hahane se apne ko himdr ,,1^
handnd,jdn hujh ke apne par ^ 't^ \JLAc- b i^UjJ
A;oi himdrl yd Hllat paiddkarnd.
Illegally and against the will of. i jA ^ jJis <<^t_Jy«
Ghair-wdjibi taur se aur be-marzi ^ "' ^
logon ki. L^^Ci^^ i^J*
To exact carriage, porterage or 01^ Ij f^ ^^JjJ^ iSJ^^^iJ^
provisions. " - " ^ J' '
Bdr-barddri yd mofyd qidi yd *^ ^ i^'^'^jij ^i^^
khdnd sidhd zabardasti se lend.
MILITARY PHRASES. IH
Wantonly and intentionally to (,^-<^ ^^Cl^l Jt ^^4jk*J ^^U,
insult religious prejudices. **• - ^ *
Jan biij'h ke shararat se Jcisi Jco f^ C^^L^ (*J^^ilji'^^
din dharam hi baton he sabah " (•—
chherna. -J''^^ ^T^
Designedly or through neglect. ^ ci^Uc b ^^^^i jjU.
Jan hujh ke ya ghaflat se. " ''^'
To sell, pawn, lose or injure bis Ij jU^^A b u 1^.4^ J^l
horse, arms, cloths, accoutre- ** ** *"•
ments or regimental neces- 4^ ^jv,cU) jl*« u uJ UUj
saries. ^ ^ ^ _
Apneghore,ydhathydr,yaposhak, ^-^^y^ ^**^ <L— ''"'*'**'**^
t/a saz-samian ko, ya Rijmint • ^ b Us^' S^ t si I
fee fewf zaruri dsbdb ko bechnd -^ « ^ v ^ . ♦
yd giro rakhnd, ya oiuqsdii bls*^^ ^*)\^aA) b \X4Sj
pahunchdnd.
To embezzle or fraudulently c:^Uk b l^Uk- L^^jj L^jklw
misapply public money. ^ ' - -^
Sarkdri rupaya khdjand yd khiyd- ^y ^ >^ Is^ ^^
wa^ se &e-ja kharch harnd.
To connive at or be concerned in. b li*A ^^j yt ^.^^ ^ .^
tTttrm mensharik hond yd ana-kdni ** ' ''^ *
dend. Uo (^1^131
Disgraceful conduct. ^Ja, jIUw , J^s^^
Fazlhatl chdl'chalan.
Wilfully maiming or injuring \J^ ^ 1:] S^s^ji ^U.
himself. .
Jan bujh ke apne ko langrd lUld ^j^ ^^
harnd.
112 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
Purloining or selling Govern- (^jy=^ yi t_.>U-»| /^ )^y*»
nient Stores. ** !♦ aJ I /' I* ^ l\ C'
Sarkarhe dshah ko cliorl karna v"' t ^ y° ' f
(miisna) ya, bechna.
Stealing money or goods. x y ^^^^ Ij C-jLm.1 b <i^)j)j ^
'~:iqd rupaya ya dsbc'
mal kl chorl karnd.
Naqd rupaya yd dshah yd ditsre ., ^ ^ .
Dii-ectly or indirectly. ^ ^j ^ LS^^J)^ ^ ^ '
Ap yd aiir Jcisl ke wasile se.
Accepting bribe, present or gra- b «Ji^aa^) jc!^ b ^"^y^J
tification. , , i,,.^ y, ,
Bishtvat yd nazr bhent yd ma- ^^ kXh^^lL] Ai U
bihil-ihtizdz lend.
Beating or illtreating any per- lij| b i'iS '"^^^J^y ^^_^
son. , _ _ . _ UjJ
Kisl ko mar pit karna ya iza
dend.
Witliout being regularly reliev- ^U» ^^ \^^. ^i^^^. y^
ed in time of peace. C " '^ /^
Baghair ha-qd^ida hadli ke sulk ^ ^jT ^—
^•e dinon men.
In camp, Garrison or Canton- ^^ L^'^^^ - ***^ ^J^
ments.
Lashkar yd qiPah yd chhdoni men.
Intentionally raising false b^/J I^J ^^^ (J^a^
alarms.
Jan bujh ke dhold dildnd.
MILITARY PHRASES. 113
To absent himself without leave. Iiyi> yAs^s*^ j L^^^b^ 5^^
Baghair parimnagl he ghair-hazir
Jiona.
To allow ammunition to be j ^ ^^^ y ClJjjb ij^
wasted. i . **
Goll tar lit ho barbad hone denn.
Using, menacing or disrespect- j^\ L) ^-^HJJ^^I ^ />" tOV^
ful words, signs or gestures. (.(•(/.. ..f i ,
oaton se, ya xsharon se, ya aur - ^m.— vy j
he-jd harahaton se dhamhdnd ^^r L^J^.^*-*! l <^
2/a be-imthjdzl harnd.
Causing disorder or riot. L^i'*^)* Acl^A or j^U (Jj
Bahod-urdl (or) hangdma-par-
ddzi.
Disturbing the proceedings. (JU*^^^ ^JiL .*-e {^j4-i^\
Ru-bahdri men Jchalal loahun-
chdnd.
f ~ *
Purposely giving false evidence, ^^i^ L^V L^i?^^^ '^^^
*Amadanjhuthz gawdhi deni. « -
Conductto the prejudice of good j^l s^^cU ^S^jsx. Iz^ Jl^
order and military discipline. ^ ij..,., . ^ ' . *
07ia? chalan jo neh qd'ida mir <- — i "^ ' ^ v ^--- ^^
/aty fee achchhe intizdm he bar- ^^ '^mjy^ y
khildf hai.
A grave crime — trivial crime. L-i^^^ ^w^ ^JyA**» a %^
Jurm-i-sangin—jurm-i-hhaflf.
114 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
Civil Offences.
Arson. ^^) jj^^
Atash-zani.
Perjury. (j^^iU ^^j^ ) ^^jO cJiU.
Halaf daroghi (or) Barogk-i-
halafi.
Assault and battery. L^J^^ <iU-a. - <^tiJ^
Mar pit — hanila'Ciwari.
Burglary. ^J V.-^
Naqh-zani. *
Inciting. 0<J«**^l
Ishti^alak.
Wilful murder. *>♦« [ji^
Qatl-i'^amad.
Homicide, t l>*Jl fj*^"^^ i/*^ ^^
Qatl-i-nafs-i-mustalzimu-s-saza.
Manslaughter. t>«* *^^ ^^
Qatl shibh-i-'amad.
Hurt. i^^JjJ^
Zarar-rasani.
Grievous hurt. ^^ S^y*
Zarh-i-shadid.
Forcible attainment. Yfrh jj^"^***^!
Istihsdl hil-jabr.
t Literally— killing bo ae to be deserviog of panisbment.
MILITARY PHRASES. 115
Unlawful appropriation. [sJt^ /jL&x^l
Istihsal-i-heja.
Unlawful imprisonment. \si^ 1^"*^^
Hahs-i-beja.
Criminal breacli of trust. iJlokS** ci^iL^
Khiyanat-i-mujrim ana .
Sedition. Uw
Balwa.
Rioting. ^J'^yi ioo^
nangama-parddzi.
Rape. Tjr ^ ^li
Zind hil-jabr.
Defamation of character. L*')* ^"■''^*;'> ^'\\\
Izdla-i-haisiyat-i-'iirft. "
Coining. ^jKm/^ - ^jLJxa,
Ja'l-sdzi, qalh-sdzt.
JPunisliment, \y»
Saza.
Death— To be hanged. lib ^^-31^ - J.:i*
Qatl — phdnsi pdnd.
Transportation for life. ^^is^iU. iiJ^ j4> y^
*TJmr hhar takjald-watani {des- " . ^.^^
nikdld.) V ^^^^^^ )
Transportation. \^^^^ 'Jj^ L^^J*^-i^
'UbuT'i'daryd-shor — Kaldpdni. •*
116 A tiOIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
Dismissal from service. liyb '^Jo ji ^ L^ >^y
Naukari se har-taraf hona.
Imprisonment with hard labour. <t4jl* /^ tci.Jcs^ Os*^ O-j?
Qaid sakht mihndt he sath {ha- / - ( \
mashaqqat). ' V C1.aJ^ U )
Imprisonment -without hard la- j v21««as'^ fJL-^sf^ CU'^ *^
hour. / „ -A
Qarc? hidiin sakht mihnat ke (he- \ ^'*'"*''"'' ^^ ^
inashaqqat).
For a term of five years. ^^ '^^^* l^ W)^ 3^
Vanch haras hi mVad tak. - ^
Solitary confinement. A^JL J^ t^^V^ t3«*
QauZ tanhdi ke sath.
Corporal punishment. (^ ^y^ - l^^ L^It**'
Baza-i-hadanl — Saza-i-hed.* " .. «
Suspension from rank, pay and v,_JUtj c-./v>m jjl ^ y ^vx
allowances. ' , * ^ .-
*Uhde se aur sah talah tankhtcdh <*" V,, ^ -^ *]^
he pane se mu^attal hona. (r ^ 1 1
He shall be fined to the extent ^^^'a^sLs^ l,_AL i^^ jj|
of his arrears of pay. " i ^ '—
Apii sab talah tankhioah jitnl if Jy^ ^S.i>^ ^ ^^
nikaltz ho dand ke taur se hhar ^
dega. - J^
He shall make good such loss (^Ijx U ^ ^*I dis^Jt l^J
or damage. ". ^^ ^ *
Us kd harja us se liydjdegdjis ^^ JD' (J^-"^'Jt>* i^J**^
gadar nuqsdn aur tofd pahun- , j^a,
chd ho. -J '* •
# ■ ■ — -■ — — -^— ^_^_
* ^ bed — a cane.
MILITARY PHRASES.
117
Reduction to the ranks. \J3^\ ^4* ^ J<^ ^ L^^
Si;pahz ke darje men utarajana. ..7
Amenable to the Articles of j\(^*^}^ ^ Lf)^^ ^^\
War.
Ain-i-lashkari Ted tdW-ddr.
To be placed lower on the list of l^^l ^^<> t>j> ^ i^)^ ^ \
his rank, '* ^ ..*
A'pne darje hi fard men us kd ^ . i)v' **^? [*^^
nam kuchh utdrdjdnd.
* To put under stoppages of pay. l^^Sj l)i> y sli^ L^Ak
Talab tankhwdh ko dahd rakhnd.
The sentence will take effect. 1>>mI »)a*o iJ««c /Si9^ d^oi
Yeh hukm ^amal men dwegd.
* The prisoner will be put under Sl^i*^ k^^^lk ,3 {^{^
stoppages not exceeding half . *■ , " r**
of his pay and allowances un- ij^^ »^^dj ^ (^^1 )
til the amount of such loss or ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^
damage be made good. • 1 ^■^^'^ * ^
Q,(iidl ki talab tankhwdh (ddhi ^ Jj ♦J I) i*r^^ &fi^i
se ziydda na ho) dahd rakki .a , . 1 ,/
jdivegi jab tdk ki nuqsdn yd ^ ♦ '^ «"^^ j''^**
tote kd miqddr chukdyd na
jdwegd.
The prisoner is to be released |^ta. Q^v?^ ^±J^1^ iS^^
and to return to his duty. ** *** ^, "
Qaidi gaid se chhord jdegd aur ij^ ji ^JZ^ L^^'>J^'
apni naukari par bahdl kiyd ^\ i f'
jdegd. - * "
* Observe the idiom.
118
A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
To commute a sentence.
Kisi huhni ho hadal dena.
To mitigate a sentence.
Kisi hukm ko gliatdna.
To remit a sentence.
Kisi hukm ho mu^af karna.
To confirm a sentence.
Kisi hukm ko manzur karna.
To revise a sentence.
Kisi hukm ko nazar-i-sani karna.
To quash a sentence.
Kisi hukm ko hatil karna.
Speciinen Court- 3Iarftal.
At a general Court-Martial as- jl^A;lo <^Jf cJ^^ '^J
sembled at Sealkote, on Tues- ^ \ \ ^
day, the 29th April 1869, l^ _ Jf^J ^^ "^^ >?J <L-
Havildar Ram Singh was ^j[^\ ^^^ ^ Jj j y*i^\
arraisrned on the following . C*>*
charge : —
Ek Jartial Kort-Marshiyal ke ril- J»L;^ J^CL>»iJl/Jt
ba-ru, jo Aprail ki 2i7ittswin C • Sf-' i'** S: -^
tarikh, san afharah sau un- »jj i)'^ cLXa**' /•!) ~ I**
hattar, Mangal ke roz Shalkot
ki chhdoni jam'a hUa, Bam Li L) ^ji^jJ >J #* V^ ,j^l
/Sfjjjg/i Haval-ddr is jurm 'par
pesh kiya gayd, ya'ne.
^
MILITARY PHRASES. 119
Charge, \J^i ^ c")^
Ilzam kl tafsil. " '
Conduct to the prejudice of good «•] if^lS t^Cj ».> JL^ tl^
order and military discipline, ^ ♦ v ¥
in having, on or about the j <»'-*^' ^4^" J ^J^
15th February when on duty . . ^ 'nI •
with a detachment of the Re- ^- — ' L^ ^^
giment, wilfully neglected to jytj^yAJ -^f C^JJ>» »U
obey the written orders of his *^"^ ' .. « >
superior officer Captain Smith Lm^i \* ^X*» j) b •) iJ >IJ
of the same Regiment, to see ^ ... ^
that the Government trans- ^ \J*'H l^' *-^ *Tr^*^
port mules returning from j^| ^ y' Jj[i^ ^j|
Sealkote to Jhelum were not > Sf " "
overloaded, whereby, and in y ">; Jij| - L43 y L^r^
consequence of his wilful neg- \, ^ y ^ji 11**
lect as aforesaid, twenty of e^V wCci^'^LfT^lj''^^*^*
the said mules or thereabouts ^ a \ C1i-»a*«»I
were overloaded with the ^~"^ T • ^ ^
baggage of the men of the j^U*. a) ^Xi^ v *jb ^fl
detachment, and eight of the ^ . .
said mules were injured on '^^ *? ~ ^^ j^/J^ ^"^^^
the march to Jhelum, by ,. ^ , . ^ \ » ^
reason or their being so over- J V^> Jv -n p
loaded. ^ C^jl'^y. p. {^j^y»> ^
C^aZ chalan jo nek qaHda aur ^ **_,,*** .
fauj ke achchhe intizam ke har- {^ t— ^xJ U* >^ ^^
khilaf hai, ki us tie mah Fer- ' ^ \ • 1
wari kl pandrahivln tarlTch ko L^ C V* ^ '^T? "^
2/tt «s A;e garffc, jab louh apni ^^Jj j|^ t^i<bW
paltan Tci ek ta'inatt ke ham- *-^'* ^^ <-/ • > .. iv
ra/i wattfcarz par tha, apne \ ^) ^ a^A.») Sjlj J y*Jj|
hare^uhda-dar, tisz Paltan ke
Kaptan Ismit §ahib Bahadur ^^^^ ^ ) ^<>c ^K*' ~ /» T^
120 A GDIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
Ice likhe hu-e huhnko jcm bujh xA*»»^I^1 ^ ^_^*« j
ke nahin mana — wohkyahulcm \ \ \
tha hi khabcvr-dari karna ki ( ^^ji <J^ ) '^^^ )^
Sarkdri har-hanlarl ke jo !, ^f ^^ C cJii^
Mkuchchar Shnlkot ki clihaonl CX^ GT^rr v^
se Jhelam kt clihaonl ko ivapas ^,)^\sP^ mIjI ^J^ W^ Jy^d^
ate hain un far ziyada hojh na
ladne pawe—is 'tidid-huhni ^i' ^^ ^^^jJ ^ ^
he sahab se, aur its ne jo ^ama- t y T( • T ^ r
dan (jdn biljh ke) ghajlat kl ^J" » ^— -**c' " * "^
jaise ke pahle mazkur hud hai, ^^.^ ^^ «^_;Lm*»N ilU ^/^
un khachcharon men se bts to, ^
yd ns ke qarib, ta'indti ke sipa- ~ ^^^ ^ ^^ *'^«^ ^
hiyon ke mdl o asbdb se hadd __i i \\ .
se ziyada Idie ga-e, chimdnchi ^IJ^ w/v w> v v
wji khachcharon onen se dth ^\ ^ . .-^ --' J^^n JLjI ^'*»
''adad basabab isl ziydda bojh - *
^«rne ke zakhml ho ga-e. J^ J >J ^"^ji ^^kj
The Court find the prisoner is ^S^ li ^ ^jo ) CLjiy
guilty of the charge against "
him, omitting from it the "^f*J^ l/*' ft^ ^ L^^
word " wilful." ^ , ,iLjl5^
Xo»\^ ne yun tajwtz ki hai ki iL ^ * ^ y V-^ ^"Tf^
mujrim is jurni kd gunahgdr ...Lx m» Ovi ^ iJs^^
hai, siiL'de is ke da'wa ki fard ^ -
se^jdnbiijh ke" ke lafz bar- ^J^ji ^ <£l J^^J^-
taraf karnd chdhiye. p^ i m ^
And sentence the prisoner to be «0 J^ fS^ dyi iT C-JHJ
suspended from rank, pay, and
MILITARY PHRASES.
121
allowances for a period of »l*i^^ C-J^ k*-.*^ L^<^
three months. ^ " • ( /<^
^or< ifca ^eZi hiikm hai ki qaidi Cj^'^Y' C^ ^ ^— ♦ ^—
sab talab tankhwah he ]pane se i r i ^^^ ^i J oLjt* ^
^?» 7no7iiwo» ^f mi'^ad tak " «
mu^attal rakha jawega. - (i^> 4;^
The prisoner is to be released - l&jUk. O^y^ ^ 4>!^ L^i^ft*
from arrest. The sentence C^ *\J C ^
■will take effect from the 29th Lf L^Z^ r^ Hfi
Jiiiy. iiTj^ J*« c;:^ >dJ^" '"'
Qaidi qaid se chJiord j'aega. Yeh C**
hukm Julai kl untis tdrlkk se " oO 5 1
''amal men aitega.
Indian Army Regulations, Vol. II, Part II, Discipline, para. 2214,
Every recruit, prior to his being enrolled in his regiment and
sworn in according to the Indian Articles of War, is to have
the accompanying declaration made to him by the Commanding
Officer in front of the regiment or corps, and in presence of the
officers and soldiers : —
" In time of peace, after having served for 3 years, on mak-
ing application for your discbarge through the Commanding
Officer of your Company (troop or battery), it will be granted
to you in two months from the date of application, provided it
docs not cause the vacancies in the Company (troop or battery)
to exceed ten, in which case you must remain until that objec-
tion be removed, or waived by competent authority ; but in time
of war you have no claim to a discharge, and you must i-emain
and do your duty until the necessity of retaining you in the
service shall cease. In the event of your re-enlisting you have
no claim to reckon your previous service to discharge."
122 A GUIDE TO UINDUSTANI.
(^Lf>^ L^ (j-jj ^t^ ^aJ ^r ^1 ^ 1^ c:^
Translation.
Ba-waqt'i-sulh, ha'd is held turn ne tin haras tak naukarl hi hai,
apnt Kampani he Kamdnir Sahib kt ma^rifat jo nam katne hi
darhhivast haroge, to usl darkhicdst hi tarlhh se le har do maJilne
Ice ha'd vianzicr hogl, nazar har-in-hi ns Kampani men khali
asdml das se ziydda na ho, aur jo ziydda ho to chdhiye hi turn
rahoge jah tah hi ivoh iHirdz har-taraf nahln ho, yd hi Sarhdr
he qdHda yd huhm se nmi'df ho jdoge : lehin jang he aiydm men
turn ho mutlaqan ndm hatdne ha haqq nahln, aur zarur hai hi
turn rahoge aur apnl nauharl ho purd haroge, jis waqt tah hi
turn ho fauj men rahhne hi zariirat ho chnhegl ; aur agar turn
dusrl dafa hhartl ho jdoge, to nauharl-i-sdbiq ho apne ta-ln hisdh
harne hd, nam kaidne he icdste hil hnll haqq nahln hai.
MEDICAL PHRASES.
123
Medical Phrases.
Are there any new cases to-day ? L^ J^\ » L^l^ ^'
AJ hoi naya bimar hai ?
After seeing the new cases I (>«J j /^4^J^ v CAJ *'*^. ^
will examine the recruits. (i nI C ** C^* *
Na-e htmaron ho dekhne he ha^d J^ ^J^Jj^J p
liam rangkruton ho mtdahiza S»X>y
harenge.
How is the man who fell from his ^^jf ^g^ ijt Li.a> j^iU^ ^)
horse yesterday evening ? ^ t^ i ■
WuJi jawan haisd hai jo kal sham >J y , 1»4^ ^ Ji f
ho apne ghofe par se gir para ? ._ ^
He is still unconscious, Sir. ^ \^y^\ '*^^ f„,^V Jy^^"
Huzur, abhi tah hehosh hai.
How many men are there in jUjO i^^ ' J^ j^^ (_J*-'*^««**
Hospital? * " ^
Haspatdl men kitne ddmi hlmdr ^y
hain ?
Take care that the hospital is ^J> j L-iU* jJuaam^* j|l>^acw
clean.
Khahar-dar, Haspatdl sdf rahe.
Open all the windows. 7^)? Y ll^» jV '■-^**'
Safe hhirhiyon ho kholo.
Keep the heds one foot from the ^S^)\ ^ ^i^ ♦J C^ t '^ v
Chdr-pdiyon ho diivdr se eh fut he ,^^) Ji C Cm
fdsile par rahho.
That man's bedding is insuffi- Ji S >L^i o /-cti| /p^l
cient.
Us ddmi hd histar ham hai.
124 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
In future give him clean sheets, bii j^^jJUw L-jI/^^j HJa^I
*Ayinda ko saf chadaren diyd ^
karo. >j
This matter must be reported ^\ j^b j c-*,*'^ Ij;^^^?*'
to the Adjutant. ;^ I I /u • ( m \
Apian ^ahib ke pas is hat U <^T ^^'^^ Lf ^^ •
khabar hliejna chahtye.
Are all poisons kept under lock tXiJ <a* jJ^ JfcJ ^_^s*«» Lj
and key ?
JTi/a sa& co/ir qiijl men hand rahte C^ C >
This is a strict Government ^Jt ^$C^ CL*^s^ ^J>y*> i^
order.
Ye^ Sarlcar ka sakht htikm hai.
*You alone are responsible for ^^l<* y jlv»^ «i_^<i«»^Ua4
the instruments. "
Hathyar sab tumliare hi zimme li^ ^
par hain.
These instruments are not in ^jaA .,ifrJ >J l^**>^ ^^iiV** <V
good order.
Yeh hathyar durustz par nahln
hain.
The scalpels are blunt and dirty. .^j^^iJ^J)^ t>Jir^_^««j ^U Tyaw
Chhurian sab kund aur maili
hain.
* Observe the construction, noting the force of i^ hi, in the second
sentence.
MEDICAL PHRASES. 125
That saw is useless from rust. ^» ^,_^a*« j ^)Y' D' ^3
Woh ara morche he sahah se • O (> C^
liiiclili Team Tea nahln lidi. C^ li/^ f *^?
The latrine is dirty, it must be Ci*^ ^1 . >* lJ^ l <^
kept much cleaner. ^^ •* ••
Tatti vmill Jiai, isse hahut saf ^J^ ^^J '*-'^
rakhna Jioga.
*1 will never pass over this jd^i^ *S^ ^ CLsb <*.! ,»•**
matter. ^ ^
Jfaz'n IS hat se hargiz darguzar ^ r i*)^
Why did you not obey my order? liU i5 ^^S S^ \j^ib ^J
y?w?i we Jiamara huhni hyun na
mana ?
There is a very bad smell here. /^ yjy) ^JJ ^-^ <iX£^ »>b|
Isjagah men hafi had-bii hai.
See that dry earth is more freely ySobJ l^^ i^^y** j\iiy>i^
used. - ^"( . *
Khahar-ddr, sukhl miUl ziydda- C^^'^ ^'*'
^ar ddll jdegl.
Where is the mortuary ? -Jl> V^Js ^4»*> <ol^ lJ**^
Lash-khana kis taraf hai ?
Open the door and let me see it. dla^.^^ ^A <0 ^*h)t> yyS
TDwlo dartoaza ke hain muldhiza ^
karen. ii^jT
Now show me the bath-rooms. j^Lfii <u[L. ijL»c immi]
Ah ghush-khana dikhldo.
* Observe the construction. Main nahhi karne ha. I am not one to.
126 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
*
Have fresh water always kept L^j ^^b »jG CI-J; y> ij^
Yahan liar waqt tdza panl hhara -/^>
rakho.
*Fill this water-pot with water, ^'^j^ ^^b .*^ /» T^^.j**!
Is g/iare »»en patii 6^ar tZo.
*Have the walls freshly plas- kJ ^ j^**> ^ jf Clt'i^i'^
tered. i .
Blivaron ko nae sar se lipwa dena.
Have sulphur burnt in this ^^(y^di4^ ^a* ^ J^L*"^
room. ,
Js kamare men kuchh gandhaJc P'^J^
jalwd-do.
Has this recruit been vaccinat- \j^ )^ i^^^^^jOb'^' U"^
ed? " " " Lf
7s umldwar ko kahhl tika lagaya ^
gaya ?
I was vaccinated in childhood. Li IJ^j »** i^J^iJ^ 11^
Ifai'w larakpan men goda gaya.
*Well, show me your arm and J^^^ iJ^ J^^ JJ^. ^^ ^-4^\
the marks.
Achchha apna hazu aur nishan
dekhlao.
He must be re- vaccinated. bo Jj U6J IxjJ >o)
Pher tika lagand parega.
Give me the vaccinating lancet. UjJ ^ c> wj^ 5 j eU Is^J
Tifea lagdne kd 7iasktar de dena.
* Observe the construction.
MEDICAL PHRASES. 127
Call in both those recruits. ^^.J^C^^J^^ dy^^^ tlJ^'
Un donon rangkruton ho buldo.
*N'ot both at once — one at a j^ l» ^^ J^^ltS)\ aS^/,)^«J
time. * r V ^
Lonon ko eh sath mat buldo — ek ^L_r ^^^' ^^1
eh kar ke.
Takeoff your clothes. ^)^*\ ^mJ^T*^
Kapron ko utdro.
* He seems rather short. b*A i* J*« 0'*^ 8) j t>3 ^•l
17s kd qadd zara chJiotd ma'lum
hotd hai.
Bring the standard and mea- ajQ ^y* |^«| »»! ^^ L^Aj
sure him.
Nap Ido aur us kd qadd ndpo.
♦Examine his eyesight with the ^^U^i ^^S^^l ^ HOc^aJ
dots. ** - . "
Bindiyon se us hi bindi janchna. ^v ^
* His chest must be measured. Xitisk, bl5 , jLa. , Jun*!
iTs «i chhati napa chahiye. - -
The tape is on the small table. /^ U<o <<J«ya». l^ 1^ ijlj
Ndpne kd fitd chhoti mez ke upar ** i
Walk up and down the room. jvO JU^ ^a^ > >»>
S^amore men c^aZo phiro.
Turn round and come back. ^ | »^ J y*^ /•♦v^
Ghum ke laut do.
* Observe the construction.
128 A GDIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
*Hop first on the right foot. - JU. (^_JXa) y^^^ v>^t
E k panw par lungrl chalo — paJde " u .
dahne pamv par. ji yi ^ 4t»
Theu back on the left foot. j| oJ o Jb ^Jb vO
P/ie>- fcne« ^onzy par lant ao.
Stretch your arms over your ^^| ^^^-^ ♦J ^»^U J^J
head. i
Donon hdthon ko sar ke iipar >J ♦
pasdro.
Let me see your fingers. ^t> ^>Yt^ Jr ^J^^^
TJnglhjon ko dekhne do.
Stand -with your heels together.^ y 'yS S '^•t^ S i>\yi "wl
Eriyon ko jor kar khare ho.
Stand on one foot, put the *A ^ "^4^ >J ^^b v><t
other forwai'd. ^ *^< ,
Ek panic par khare ho, dusre ko J^Jc^Jr d. ^^'^
age rakho.
Bend your ankle joint and toes. Jijj^ ^ ijy*^ ♦j' ^Jr° **?^-
I'avja moTo, atir takh^ion ko
mora.
* Kneel on one knee. ~^V^^. ^' <^ ^f^ ^-^'
i?fc ghutne ke hal baifho.
Up again. ^-U' ^^
Kow on the other knee. >J ^aa^ v y»jt> (-^1
.46 di7sre ghtitne par.
* Observe the construction.
MEDICAL PHRASI2S. 129
* Down on botli knees and spring j^I ^^j ^ ^y,lS ^^y^^^i
up with both legs together. l • >♦ > i y
Bonon ghutnon par baitho aur eh A j^ Ut^ C^ ^-^^I
dam, clilial nicir he jalcli se " , ,
utho. -?^>' <^ »^^
Turn round — separate your legB. ^VrLiJ^^ "^^ ^*rS
Ghumjao — panon hholo. * * I I
Bend doAvn and touch the ground ^i^voj *r jo*4^La /^ U^i*^
with the hands. ^ '
Jhuh he hatJion ho zamln par ^'^J ji
rakho.
* Stretch out your arms, like this. /^ S L*tj\ - •^l^o ♦J /.i? ^i^i
Bazuon ko pasaro, aisa harke.
Bend the fingers. ^Jj^J^ (JJ1^j\
TJngliyon ho moro.
Bend your thumbs thus. S jj^ *S| ^^ | ^ ^L ^ |
Istarah apne angufhon ho more. v
*Bend your wrists. (;^t) J^* J^ U^«^
Pahunchon ho mor denH,
Now bend your elbows. ^Jr*^^(J^^V^S-*'
-4.6 huhniyon ho moro.
Have you ever had a blow on j^A JO O^a*. .J w« ,^^
the head? « ^vJ^J^Vf.
Kabhl sar par cliot lagl Tiai ?
Are you ever giddy ? j!! - ^^ U^.*« ^^
Kahhi sar ghumtd hai? — Chah- "^ •• '
fcar ata hai ? ^^H U |
* Observe the construction.
130 A GUIDE '10 HINDUSTANI.
Say liow many dots are there ? ^^A ^^ij L,^^*^ ~>5 .
Batao, kitni hindiydn hain ?
Now come to the oflBce. JLah, ^>^ »13J C^t
Ah daftar men chalo.
*Copy this letter and post it to- ^\ /^ y lJ^^ '^l.^^^ lJ*^
Is chitthi kl naql kar ke aj dak )y ^o^^ ^':^ «*i \^
unen dakhil karo.
Fill in all these columns. \jS \\ji S \*^^'^ <—^*»>^Jl
In sab khanon ko piira karnci.
Show me all the books. j>^j ^ (jV.*^ ^
Sab kitahon ko JekhlOo.
* I hear the regiment marches .a)o a) ^Jfc U | j»^ ^Aa**» L»>|
to-morrow. t ^ ( K
Aisa sunne men aya hai ki ^ ^J '^J ^
Paltan kal kilch karegi.
Is all the carriage, &c., ready? ,^jl/jb ^.^w>w ij*!^ L^J^JriJ^
Bar-hardari ivaghaira sab taiynr
hai ?
*Any man who is too ill to j i^J^di u!^ ^J ^^
march must be left behind in ^ ^^ , ^
hospital. ^^f cJ^^r ^TL^r
Jo kol jatcan himari ke sabah se ~t^^^ ^c jl ;v^^ ft> ^
kuch nahin kar sakta ho, has- -^ '•' A i i
patal men chhor diyd jaegd. "''d . Z,
* Observe the conBtruction.
MEDICAL PHRASES. 131
Are all preparations for the y 3^ ^Ualol i- ^ ^ j ^ ^
march complete ?
KUch ke sab intizdm ^ure liain ? \*}^
Two doolies and two country tO^J J"* jj-ji 5^^ jjl (0^5^ iO
carts will be required. ^^
Do doliydn aur do bail-gariySn \*)r^*^ j\)'^
darkar hongm.
Pitch the liospital tent under a t , ^ ^Aj lN ^^J^ \ ^<i ^ jJI*a.*A
tree. "(^« ^
Haspatdl ka derd kisl dirakht ke JJ) ]y4? ^*» j
niche khard karo.
* The ground is very damp here. d*0 <<> Si^S^ ^\ ^^\
Zam'iu is jagah kl bahut gill hai. " ^
Let the men have some straw jll^J <t4s^ ^J ^/^ /j A^JtU***
spread.
Si;pdJmjon ke llye kuchh podl ^^^ }^^
bichhwd dend.
Extra carriage is required, Sir. i<~j° ♦^Jii U^o I ^^JS )^*at^
Huziir, ka-l ek fdltu gdri darkar " ** .
' hain. ^JV"^
How are gdris to be had ? .JCaJLc ^^sis ij^ ^jj^
Qariydn kis tar ah se milengin ?
By application to the Quarter- J^ j^ t,_^/^L> v^U >JI*r
Master. ' *
Qudtar Mdstar §ahib ke pds /** /^^
likhne se.
* ObBerve the construction.
182 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
*For every six men one Cart of ^J j (JJl)^*. *^^ <*4?^
two bullocks can be had. ^ y ' y
Chile chhe btmaron he liye ek ek ^ U^ J^ <^l **^'
do bail kl qari mil sakti hai. " . ,.(■ i -1/
Where is the original of this jjl4> ^J.-^'I ^^ i<^^ L/*^
letter?
Is chifthl kl asl kahan hai ? ^
♦This is only a duplicate copy. ^Jt UjU> JaSJ *) A^
Yeh tofaqat musanna hai.
♦Call up the new cases one by \mS^i\ SmS'A Y ^.y^"^^^ ^^
one. ^ ^ ^
Na-e admiyon ko ek ek kar he > . <i — j
hnlao.
♦What is the matter with you ? jW j^A iS
Kya hua turn ko ?
tShow your tongue. ^^-dJ"^ *J5^
Jihh dekhldo.
Have you pain anywhere ? ^__j,A 0)J *^*^ i^;^
Kahln kuchh dard hai ?
How is your appetite ? j^* \j^ ^y^.
Bhi'ikh kaisl hai ?
Do you digest your food ? ^Jb ( Us.^ ) b^A ^^ ^U^ V
Kya khand hazm hot a (pachtS)
hai ?
* Oliserve tho construftion.
I y. B. — The word ly^ 3 zaban is often ased instead of *J-!t^ iib/i by
•aneilucated natives.
MEDICAL PHRASES. 133
Do you ever have fever ? ^^ b I jli^ \^'^J^
Turn ho kdbhi buJchar ata hai ?
Draw a loog breath. J^^^ ^jfi-i^ L^t*^
Lambz sans khencho.
*Tell me your name. J^ ^^ Uj|
Apna nam hatao.
Cough, cough once more. ^^*»jLS jyJ -^^-.oL^i
Khdnso, pher klidnso.
* Lie down on your bed. ^la. (Jl*»J j^ (^^J >^ ^^^'
Apni char-pdi par let jdo.
Draw up your knees. ^W-'l jr c^"**^
Qhutnon ho uthao.
Turn over on your right side. J d^^'S ji w- Kb j^^^^aAIJ
Dalinl taraf ko karwat lo.
Now turn on your left side. J C^^S y L-JJs ^io C-?!
^6 tain taraf ko karwat lo.
Lie on your back — on your face. ^aJ cL^J " ^^i?' i-l^^
C'^if Zefo — ^^ai leto.
Show me your gums. Ji^X^J^ \jy**^
Mastira dekhldo.
At what time does the fever ^Ib \:^js^ jisi <:lJj ^i
attack you ?
Kis ivaqt hukhar charhta hai ?
About seven in the evening. CjU C-— ^ji" d^ <^ |«^^
iS/iam A;e ivaqt, qarlb sdt baje. ,
* Observe the conatruction.
134 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
And when does it leave you ? j^i> bl^ y | <w^j )y\
Aur hah utar jdta liai ?
t Generally about 4 a.m. T f^ ^ >^ <J^ J
AJcsar kol char hajefajr ko.
*How long have you been suf- ^Jt> bjS \jSi> j[si jMi ^*^
fering ?
Kab se turn ko hiikhar hiid kartfi'
hai ?
^1
I am very thirsty and perspire \^\ ^JS^ ^-^^W if^^ A'^
profusel3% " '
Mujhe phjas halmt lagtl aur Lf^ ^^^ *-^^ ^'^^
]paslna bahut nikalta liai.
I am very constipated. ^Jb ^ C L?tyw cl^^^•^ aX^s*
Mvjh ko qabziat shiddat se hai,
*Give him five grains every <>») j ^^4^ .,rt^ ,»j*^
three hours. . ^ •! M
Tfn iffM ^^awfe A;e ba'd panch ^J ^i^ \i)iy ^H <i
panch grain diyd karo.
He is better now than he was. ^^A l^^l ^ ^^ '^\
Ab pahle se achchha hai.
How did you catch cold ? yS uJJ L^'^j**' r )^ if^
Kistarah se sardi lag gat ?
Four days ago, Sir, I got wet ^^ j »^ j * ) j^ Jy^^
on guard. . « . ^ >
Huzur, char roz hue main pahre ^ - ''-**^. Ji (^ J^f
par hhjri gayd tha.
t X. B.— Observe this use of u^j^ signifying " abonl."
* Observe this idiom.
MEDICAL PHRASKS. 135
Have you laad any shivering ? ^4^ ^d I D • ^^ v «
JCya kuchhjard aya tha ?
Put his bed in a corner, out of ^^a^ (^y y L^"*^ J^f^ L^^**i5'
the draught. , " ^ "^
Vs hi char.pai ko goshe men rahh ^ Y )i lT^' ^^ ^^ ^>
do, ki us par hatva na lagne jj .^
- /*' > t ^
pawe. ^^
He will require a sick attend- xL ^^a^^i.^^-'I ^amI* Xw jl
ant. •• * p ,
Us ke waste eh chhuttl ivala did- <^ y
* Please write a requisition for ^<?) /^ ^ [j C^*^^ *^"'
JS;fc o/(/«f«f ^i'a/e fee Uye dar- ^ h^"^ c:^!;^;^
khtvast likhiyega.
Take care there is no communi- ^>^^ U*" > ^ J^
cation between this case of . _. ^ ^ i.
small-pox and the regiment. "^ ^^*H <^Jr dL- L^b
Khahar-dar ho hi is chechak wale A^ ^ ^J^ ,asi^
se koi P alt an ha shakhs milne '
. na pae.
A report must be sent at once. ^/>itl a>. Isi^^ ]U5 C1.'*J j ^^'
.27jfe ri^JO? faiiran bhejd cJidhiye.
He is complaining of griping. c:^^W» ^il^^. ^^^ ^:)^JjJ^ ^
"PF^t/j maroron ki hahut shikayat " •» ^
kartd liai. L> y .
Is this man delirious at night ? ^ ^Jj «>ii •> CUl^ ^^^'^ I **vi
Ye/i acimf raf ko hasydn ki hdlat " . " H
ft*
* Observe the construction.
136 A GCIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
At present he is quite insensi- i^y^ J ji^^llj iSj C^»J .jwl
ble. • *
Is waqt woh hilkull he-hosh hat. (_^
* Give him iced milk to drink 5Jil> ^h— 5»j *.C*'^| ^a*S ,aS
occasionally.
Kahlil kabhi usko haraf dildh ^J <L__^»
pildte raho.
His pulse is very small and ir- jj\ \tS^ h t^^.j ^Jw)| .jLi
regular.
JT'ab? «s fci hahut barik aur be- ^^ i-^i » J
qdHda Tiai.
Stop this medicine from to-day. ^S \^^^<o |«J <V ^ ?r^
JL; se yeh dawa mauqilf karo.
Isolate the case of Scabies. ^$\ s^^sr"* y^ Jb lJ'^^
Khujli wale ho ^alahida rakho.
That looks like a case of sun- a^Iju> Im. |^ L^^U-o JuJ
stroke.
Yeh bimari tamka simd'lumhoti »^^ L^-^
Call the bhisti and tell him to iS jti <<^3 5»| ^!ib *J J'^-*l^
bring his 7nussucfc full of cold _ ^ -
water. /^ ^j^ ^ ^a^J 0»-i^
Bhisti ko hulao aur Jcah do hi ^" . ^
mashk thande pant se bhar ke^ 5 ^^^f • ^ — J^
jaldi se I awe. _ ^
♦Wrap him at once in iced sheets -^-o ^^^oIa. ^S-^J^^*^! |^*i
and give him a hypodermic \ ^ ** 1 1 •' I
injection of Quinine. C*" ^— iim-^J^ >s^ -v
Faurau usko thandi chadaron |jj j ^» - c^^^*^ t*^ *^
men lipetna aur chamre ke » w .. * C*'" -v/
niche Quinine pechkari se dena
Observe the construction.
PART III.
EXERCISES m READING MSS
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TRANSLATION OP MANUSCRIPT
EXERCISES.
-^ /
1. — Transliteration. — Gharib parwar salamat.
Jab se fidvi yalicln dya 7iai, hamesha hhnar rahfd hai aur hoi
hakim is jag ah nahin, aur dawd hhl kuchh dastyab naliin hoil,
lihaza umediodr hun hi tabd'il. ghuldin hi his'i dusri jagah ho j awe
,"warna ghulam is jagah zarHr viarj'dwegd, waj'ib thd ^arz hlyd faqat
''Arzl fidvl Karam Khan, jama''dar.
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
Ever since your devoted one came here, he has been conti-
nually ill, and in this place there is no physician, nor is any
medicine obtainable. I therefore hope that your slave's transfer
to some other place may be brought about, otherwise, your slave
vrill undoubtedly die in this place. The request is reasonable,
therefore it was made.
The petition of your devoted Karam Khan, jemadar,
NOTBS. — V^!^'^ Dastyah — from dast (hand) and ydftan (root ydb\
to attain — (Persian.)
I>^ W?ia^a = (Arabic) particle li = on account of, and
t<>* hdza = this. -{
^JJ toarwa— short for wa-agar-na = and if not.
180 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
*^** faqat. This word is not translateable in its present
position. It simply indicates tho end of the
petition. Literally it means only.
N.B. — The alif written at the head of this petition is the
initial letter of Allah, the name of the Deity, with which all
Mahommedans begin all documentary writings.
2. — Transliteration. — Gharih pancar saldmat.
Hasb-ul-hi'.km huziir ke fiJvl ne zilla Kanpur jakar ek sau das
admi qaum-i-Hajput se'hhartl kvje hain, aur ek ek rupaya fijcas 'x'-'Z
khiirak ke waste, Jo hashi dastur aur hukm huzur ke de diya.'
Ghunanchi untis tarlkh isi mahlne hi fidvi ma' sah admiyon ke ^
clihaoni men hazir hogci. Lekin Agre ke rciste nahin dwega JBareli
hi rah se dwegd sund hai ki ivahdn bimari bahut hai aur ddml
fnarte hain. Tttila'an ^arz kvja faqat. ''Arzl fidvi Ram Parshdd
Hawdldar kampani chhdrum.~"SifrJ^.Tf^
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
According to the order of your Honour, your devoted one
having gone to the Kanpur district, has enlisted one hundred
and ten men of the Rajput tribe, and has given each man one
rupee for sustenance, in accordance with custom and your
Honour's orders. Accordingly, on the 29th instant, your devoted
one, with all the men will present himself in the cantonment,
but will not come by the Agra route ; he will come by way of
Bareli. He has heard that there is much sickness there, and
men are dying.
This petition is sent by way of report.
The petition of your devoted Ram Pershad, Hawaldar of the
fourth company.
translatjON of manuscript exercises. 181
Notes. — Notice the construction of the Agent case in the first sentence.
O"^ (^ fi fcas = each man. This may also be translated by ddml
pichhe.
^ «!a' = -with — followed by the genitive.
LS)^^ BZh!(777 = Illness — often used instead of cholera euphemis-
tically.
LffJlJsl J//;(Zai'a« = Arabic adverbial form from Itjild' — a report.
3. — Transliteration — Gharlb panvar saldmat.
Aj fidvi ki tabi'at baliut biinav liai, atw taqat-i-amad o raft
nah'in lilioza umedivdr Jinn M ruTchsat do roz Ici viiljawe aur jo
huzur rvTchsat na den to ''eioazl apnade dun. Wajih thd 'arz kiya
faqat.
''Arzi fidvl Harndni, dirzJ, inidazim i htizur.
Translation. — Hail, cJierishei- of the poor.
To-day your devoted servant's health is very bad, and he has
not strength to walk. I therefore hope that two days' leave
may be granted, and if your Honour will not grant me leave,
then I will give a substitute to take my place. The request
made is a reasonable one. Enough.
The petition of the devoted Harnam, tailor, servant to your
Honour.
Notes. — Fidvl hi tabi'at hahut himdr hai. — This idiom is one in very
common use, but it is not strictly accurate, as the •word himdr
jl*Ai means ill, and the word <— ^*AAi3 means state of
health. It should strictly be " tabi'at khardb hai my state of
health is bad ; i.e., 7nain hhndr hUn I am ill.
imiiyf 'Eivazi = a. substitute, more commonly ^_s^<^. hadli
(the men whose profession it is to write petitions for the
commoner and less educated class of native servants are very
182 A GUIDE TO niNDUSTANI.
fond of displaying their erndition by using high-flown words
in place of the simpler words of tlio bazar vernacular.)
4. — Transliteration. — Gharlh panvar saldmat.
Knljidvl waste lene sliakkar ke bazar ko jatd tha jab kotwali ke
pas pahunchd to I^drayan kanfitBhal ne vivjhko gdli di aur Idt
ghunse se bahut mdrd tamdm hdzdr ke log gawdh hain lihdza
umedwdr liun hi huzur iiamburde ko 'adalat men talab farmakar
sazd den, nahm to sab raiyafc sarkdr kl tabah bo jaegl.
Wajib thd '■arz kliid faqat.
'Arzijidvl Hira Singh, baqqal.
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
Yesterday your devoted servant was going to tbe bazar for
the purpose of buying sugar. When I had arrived near the
kotwali, Narayan constable abused me, and witli kicks and
blows severely assaulted me. All the bazar people are wit-
nesses. I therefore hope that your Honour having summoned
the above-mentioned to the Court will punish him, otherwise
all the subjects of the Government will be ruined. The peti-
tion is reasonable, therefore it is made. The petition of Hira
Singh, greengrocer.
Note. — Shnhknr — Sugar. The other words are misrl, chlin.
KoticdU — Police-station, where the kotwtil or chief police
ofiBcer is.
Kanstabal — Simply our English word transliterated.
Ohunsd — A blow with the clenched fist; for example, " Us ne
ek ghun$a murd.'' He struck him a blow with the fist.
Ndmhurda — Literally he whose name {nam) has been takeu
{hurdn), the aforesaid {Nardyan).
'Adalat — Court. Fniijddri 'adalat — Criminal Court.
JJhcdni Uiddlat — Civil Court.
^dr 'adalat — High Court,
TRANSLATION OP MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 183
Talab farmdna — To snmmOn.
Ba'iyat. This is the word which the English equivalent " ryot "
is intended to represent. The Hindi word is parjd.
Tabdh hojdnd — To be ruined, destroyed, wrecked.
Baqqdl — Properly a " greengrocer," bat used for the " iunniah.'
0. — Transliteration.— Gharlb panvar saldmat.
Baliut 'arsa hua hi huzur ne zaban-i-mubarak se farmaya tha
Tti parwarish tumhare bete hi kisi jagah tviiqt khall lione asami
he liogi ; ah eh chupras ^adaldt-i-faujddrl men khall 7ml hai
Uhaza umedwar hnn hi pancaWs^-i-bandazada us asdml par
hojdwe ; munasih tha 'arz kiya, faqat.
^Arzl fidtl Jawdhir La'l mnharriv -i-^addlaf.
Muwarrakha siyum May.
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
It is a long time ago that your Honour was graciously pleased
to say " Your son's preferment shall take place to some post
at the time of some vacancy occurring," so, now, a chupras has
fallen vacant in the Criminal Court. Therefore, I hope that
the preferment of your slave's son to that post may be brought
about. The request is reasonable, therefore it is made. The
petition of your devoted Jawahir La'l, writer of the Court.
Dated the third of May.
Notes. — 'Arm — a space of time ; another word is mi'dd.
Zabun-i-muhdrak — literally " Your auspicious mouth," &c. The
equivalent English idiom is given.
Parwarish — Verbal noun from Persian parwardan to cherish.
Parwarda = protege.
Asdm't. — Arabic plural of plural, from tsm a name; hence a
list of names either of tenants of an estate or candidates
for preferment. Hence used for the vacancy itself.
184 A GUIDE TO niNOUSTANI.
Chnprag. — A belt worn by certain servants as the insignia of
tlmir office. Such servants are called chaprdsi.
Bandazdda — Persian compound = slave's son.
Mnharrir — Arabic word denotinjjf a writer. The title of certain
writers to the Cotirts of justice.
M^iwarrakha — dated — passive participle. Compare f«nM = date.
Shjum — Persian ordinal. It is customary for the better class
of natives to use the Persian ordinal numerals.
6. — Transliteration. — Gharlb panoar saldmat.
'•Arsa ek hafte ka guzra ho^ra ki musammd Ram Dydl chaprdsi
mulazim-i-hnzur sat man ddna fidvl kl dfikdn se huzur ke waste
legdyd hai aur qlmat nnhln de gaijd. Aj Jhlvi ne dcirn ndmlurde ,
se talab klijd to gdliydn dene lagd aur mdrne ko mnsta'idd hua.
Ghuldm ne dp ke khauf se kuchh na kahd lihdzd timedwdr Mm
ki huzur qlmat-i-ddna fidvi ko chaprdsl-i-mazkur se dilwaden. Wd-
jib thd ^arz kzyd faqat. 'Arzi-i-Nmid Bdm baqqdl.
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
About the space of one -week has passed since one Ram Dyal,
chuprdsi, a servant of your Honour, took seven maunds of gram
from the shop of your humble servant, for your Honour's use,
and did not pay the price. To-day your devoted one, demanded
the price from the aforesaid (IJam Dyal) but he began to abuse
me and made preparations to beat mo. Tour slave, through fear
of your Honour, said nothing, therefore I hope that your Honour
vfill canse the price of the gram to be paid to your devoted one
by the above-mentioned chuprdsi. The request is reasonable,
therefore it has been made. The petition of Nand Ram baqqal.
Notes. — 'Arm gvzrd hogd. — The futnre is used here to denote approxi-
mation iq the fact stated. Ho is not ftyaotlj certain that it
ia a week.
TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES.
isa
Miista'idd.— Another example of a high-flown word. Taiydr
would be the more simple word to use.
Dihoddena.— DouUy causal verb,— wde page 70, note.
7. — Transliteration. — Gharih panvar salamat.
Kal se fidvl ko tap o larza a gaya liai aur tamain badan men
dard hai aur damhadam qai hoti hai harchand hi Babu-i-shnfO^
hhdna ne dawae di far knchh fdida na Ima, lihazd umedwdr hun
Til ruJchsat eJc hafte ki Hnayat ho jatve, agar rttJchsat na milegi to
fidvl zarur marjaegd aur yeh bhi yfaiZ\h. ho M fidvi ne jis roz se
naukar hud hai kabhl rukhsat nahln It aur kol bahdna ya hila
naukarl ke waqt nahtn klyd hamesha huhn-i-sarkdr baja laya.
Wdjib thd ^arz ktydfaqat. ^Arzl Ldl Chuprdsi.
Translation. — Hdil, cherisher of the poor.
Since yesterday, fever and ague have attacked your servant,
and there is pain in all my body, and from time to time vomit-
ing occurs. In spite of all tlie medicine tliat the Babu of the
dispensary has given me, no benefit has resulted ; therefore I
hope that a week's leave may be granted me. If leave is not
obtained, then your slave will certainly die ; and let this too be
known, that your slave from the day on which he entered your
service has never taken leave, and has never made any excuse
or pretext at the time of duty, and has always carried out his
master's orders.
The request was reasonable, therefore it was made.
The petition of Lai Chuprasi.
Tap larza. — Hindustani equivalent is jard hukkdr.
Qai. — Also radd, ulti. Qai is more elegant.
Wdzih. — Clear, evident. A usual way of commencing notifications.
" Wdzih ho ki" &c., &c.
Hila. — Stratagem. Plural hJyal, halatdiful hiyal — artfully.
Bajd land. — To perform.
186 A GDIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
8. — Transliteration. — Gl.arih parwar saldmat.
Jandb-i-^ali parson se fidvi bamujib hukm huzur Tee ''adalat men
hazir hai, aur gaivdh bhi sab maujud hain lekin muqaddama
faisal nahln hota, aur khgrch Jidvl ha bahut hota hai, gaivahon ko
Jchurak deta hai, lihaza umedwar hun kl muqaddama aj pesh
hojawe. Wajib tha ^arz k'uja faqat.
^Arzifidvl Kandan mudda'i.
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
My Lord — Since the day before yesterday your humble
servant lias been present at the Court in accordance with your
Honour's order, and all witnesses too are present, but the case is
not being decided, and your servant's expenses are very heavy,
as the witnesses' sustenance has to be provided. Therefore I
hope that the case may be called on to-day. The request is
reasonable, therefore it is made. Enough.
The petition of your humble Kandan, plaintiff.
Notes. — Muqqaddama. This is the technical word used in the Courts,
for a case.
Pefh honu. — To " be heard " to " come on " (a case).
Mvdda'i. — t^<^ This is the word used to denote the plaintiff
who makes the ij^^ plaint ; the defendant is called
AjJxI* lijo mudda'd 'alaihi, or he against whom the plaint is
made.
9. — Transliteration. — Ghnrib pancar salamat.
*Arsa do sal ka guzra ki jidvl kl betl kl shadl Kandan snudr he
ghar hul thi, aur sab nisilvi shadl ke bhl Uiindm hogaye the so ab
namburde ne az rah daghdbazl ke shadl dusrl jagah knrdl, aur
kahtd hai ki turn apnl betl ki shadl am- jagah kar lo, khuddwandd
joe ineaf hai, ki fidvi ne do sau rupaya khaich kurke, to shadl ki
TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 187
hai ah kalian se phir Una rupaya laiven jo shddi diisrl kare Uhaza
umedwar hun ki huzur inudda'a alaihi ho 'adalat men talab karke
tahqiqat farmdwen aur gawah ghuldm ke bahut hain. Wdjib thd
^arz kiyd faqat.
''Arff fidvl Behdri Sunar sdkin Barell.
Muwarrakha doyum Mai san athdrah sau undsl Isawi.
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
The space of two years lias elapsed since your devoted one's
daughter's marriage took place at the house of Kandan, gold-
smith, and all the customary observances of the marriage were
duly completed, but now the aforesaid, out of craftiness, has
contracted a marriage elsewhere, and says to me, " You marry
your daughter in some other place." My Lord, this calls for
justice, because your slave has already expended two hundred
rupees in contracting this marriage. Now whence can he
again obtain so large a sum as to enable him to carry out a
second marriage. Therefore I hope that your Honour will
summon the defendant to Court, and investigate the matter.
Your slave's witnesses are many. The request, &G.
The petition of your devoted Behari, goldsmith, living at
Bareli, dated the 2nd of May, 1879 A.D.
Notes. — InmJ ol«fl->l Literally equally dividing, hence justice —
sequitas.
Tahqiqat — Arriving at the trnth {haq'iqat).
Isawi. — Anno Domini — opposed to (Sj^ the year of the
Eegira.
10. — Transliteration. — Ghar'ib fanvar salamat.
Kal fidvi ke ghar se khatt dya hai us se daryoft hUa ki fidvl ke
wdlid ne is jahdn se intiqal kiya aur ab ghar par kol sarparast jo
188 A nUIDE TO HINDT'STANI.
sah handohast ganw ivaghaira ha kare koi haql naliin raha. Is
halat men fidvi kisltarah naukari nahfn karsaktd lihaza umedicdr
hun ki nam fidvi kd nauharl-i-sdrkdr se kdtd jdwe loarna sab kdr
hdr merd abtar hojderjd. Wdjib thd ^arz kiydfaqdt. ^Arzi fidvi
Ydr ''Alt Hawdladar number two Kompany.
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
Yesterday a lettei' arrived from my home ; from it I learned
that your servant's father has departed from this -world, and
now there is no responsible person who can arrange all the
affairs of the village, etc., remaining. In this circumstance,
your devoted servant is not able in any way to carry on his
duty, therefore I hope that your slave's name may be removed
from the Government service : otherwise all my business will
be ruined. The request is reasonable, therefore it is made.
Enough.
The petition of your devoted Yar Ali, Havildar of No. 2
Company.
G%) ji'^A^JI Intiqdl karnd — To die ; literally to move from one
place to another.
yj\ Abtar — Topsy-turvy.
11. — TRiNSLiTERATiON. — Ghartb pavioar saldmat.
^Arsa ek sal kd hud ki musammi Saj-ddr Khdn dirzi ne mahlagh
eh sau das nlpaya fidvi se qarz luje the aur tamassuk iqrari sdt
mahine kd likhdiyd thd. Chundnchi ab dasmahine guzr ga-e lekin
ndmburda rilpaya add nahin kartd — Jo dj fidvi ne rupaya talab
kiydto kahd hamdre ndm nalish karo, agar hamse taqaza karoge to
ham tuinko khiib mdrenge. Lihdza umedicdr hun ki ndmhurde ko
huzur talab karke rtipaya dilwdden. Wdjib thd 'arz kiyd.
^Arzi fidvi Jawdhir baqqdl.
TRANSLATION OF MAKaSCHIPT EXERCISES. 389
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
A year ago Sardar Khan, dirzi, borrowed the sum of one
hundred and ten rupees from your humble servant, and wrote
and gave a promissory note at six months. Accordingly tea
months liave now passed, but the aforesaid does not pay up the
money. When to-day your humble servant demanded the money
from him he said, Go and lodge a complaint against me ; if you
dun me I will beat you sbundly. Therefore I hope that your
Honour having summoned the aforesaid would make him pay
the money. The request was reasonable, therefore it was made.
The petition of your devoted Jawahir, grocer.
i<jiv3l v>.^ Tamassuk iqran — A promissory note.
Ijvi i.J(3 Nalish harna — To lodge a complaint.
[^Vi> Taqaza — Dunning.
12. — Transliteration. — Gharlb panvar salamaf.
'■Arsa char mah'ine kd hud ki jidvi ne mablagh tis riipaya naqd
Itdm Tjdl hawdldar kampanl do ko uske ghar jane ke loaqt d'tye the
aur yeh kah d'lyd thd ki turn yeh riipaya hamdre hhdl Badrt Das
ko de dena our rasid lekar hamdre pds rawdnd karnd, so kal fidvl
ke makdnse khafj: dyd hai, us se daryaft hud ki hatvdldar-i-va2bzku.r
ne lotih rupayp, nnh'in diye, Widzd umedwdr hun ki riipaya ahuldm
kd hawdldar ki talab se dilay a. jdwe. Faqat. 'Arzl fidvl Diydl
SipdhJ.
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
It is four months ago that your petitioner gave the sum of
thirty (30) cash to Ram Lai, Havildar of jSo. 2 Company, at
the time of his going to his home, and said this : " Tou give
these rupees to my brother Badri Das, and after taking the
190 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
receipt send it off to me." So yesterday a letter arrived from
your servant's home, and from it he learned that the Havildar
mentioned has not given these rupees. Therefore I hope that
your slave's money may be restored to him ^rom the pay of
the Havildar. Enough.
The petition of your humble Diyal Sepoy.
«1a<o mdblagh — a sum of money.
^ tis — 30. — Th e character -vvrilten above the word (tis) is
the character representing 30 in the notation called Raqam.
(^ naqd — hard cash — as opposed to Aj*J nisiya, credit.
jC*iA uske. — At the time of the Havildar's going, &c. — had
the writer meant at the time of his own going he would have
written J!j| apne. (FitZe page 48.)
jli hi. — Used to introduce the very words of the speaker cited.
Ujt> V O de dend. — Infinitive used as an imperative.
t>A.»uj rasld. — Receipt. Verbal noun from rasulan to arrive.
This is not a corruption of the English word as might be thought
Jy<^ Passive participle from So mentioned,
13L^ U xi3 Passive causal. Vide page 70, and note.
13. — Transliteration. — Gharlb panvar salamat.
Kal Qazai-ilabi se shanhar fidv'ia ka faut hogayd aur h'jt
shakhs dusrd rishtadar yd waris fidvta kd vahinjo khabrgiri
khdne pine kl kare aur koi jaedad hhl [ids fidvla ke nahin hi jis
se guzrdn apni karun. Lihd:d umedwar hiin ki huzur do rupaya
mahwari mere khdwind kl talah se mnqarrar karden ki us se
guzara fidvia kd bakhuhl hojdegd aur huzur ko du'd karungi.
^Arzijidvia musaramat Bddsu zauja Hira Chuprdsl mutawaffi.
TRANSLATION OP MANUSCRTPT EXERCISES. 191
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
Yesterday by the decree of God the husband of your devoted
one died, and there is no other person, either relation or heir of
your slave, who can look after the provision of meat and drink,
and there is no property belonging to your humble one by
means of Avhich I can gain my living. Therefore I hope that
your Honour would appoint to me two rupees a month from my
husband's pay, because from that (sum) your servant's liveli-
hood will be comfortable enough, and I will bless your Honour.
The petition of your servant Bilasii, wife of Hira Chuprasi
deceased.
.^)\ (^Lsj
qazd-i-Ildhi se.
By the decree of God.
^j\j
ivaris —
heir.
^l'>j'-=>-
jueddd
property.
guzrun fem. ")
guzard niasc. J
livelihood.
^i^iiUj
mahivdr't
monthly pay.
2(U~»« musammdt feminine of (^ff*-""^ musammi named.
^^jj zaiija ■wife.
^5^J»« mufaioaffi deceased. Also expressed by the
words ^y^J^ marJium and Jj^^^ magh^ur.
14. — Transliteration. — Ghartb parivar saldmat.
Jah se fidvl palt an men hharil hild hai kabhl Jcol qusur nahin
kiyd aur naulcarl se Ic'isl waqt gh air hazir nahln hud aur apne hare
uhdadar hd hameshd hiikm mdnd lekin leal suhaddr sdiib ne fidvi
ho bura bhala kaha^aft^dlvi ne hahd hi mujhe hijun gall dete ho
to bole hi ham tumko fauj se nikdl denge. Khuddwandd fidvi ho
192 A GUIDE TO niNDUSTANI.
ah naukarl marirur nahln. Lihazd umedivur hun ki isti'fa jidvi
ka mnnzur ho. Faqat.
^Arzi fidvl Hira Lai Sipalil liompanl avwal.
Notes.— lS^J^ Bharti — enlisted.
^^^^H^^ Ghair h'lzir — absent.
jlii 55i>^ Vhdaddr — OSBce-holder — OfEcer.
'^ ^%? [^ Burd hhaUi Icahnd — Literally to say bad and
good tilings, to abuse.
j^Jivx Manzur — agreed to — acceptable,
Lft*Ju«j| Jsti'fd — Literally asking for pardon or dis-
cbarge; bence resignation.
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
Since your liiimble sei'vant -was enlisted iu tlie regiment he
has never committed any fault, and never at any time has he
been absent from duty, and of his own free will and accord
has always obeyed the orders of his superior oflBcer, but yes-
terday the Subadar Sahib abused your humble servant. When
your servant said " Why do you abuse me ? " he said " I will
turn you out of the regiment." My Lord, now no longer is
service agreeable to your slave. Therefore 1 hope that your
slave's resignation may be accepted. Enough.
The petition of your slave Hira Lai Sepoy, 1st Company.
15. — Transliteration. — Gharlh panvar salamat.
Jab sefidvt ghar par aya hai hamexha btmar hai agarchi bahut
'ilnj shafd khnna wa^aira kd klyd Itkin dram nahfn hotd, tamdm
badan men bdi ka dard hai aur kahhi pasU men dard hojdtd hai
aiir adha sisl ka dard hhi hold hai tamdm hadan sard hai aur
hdtli pdon par %carm dgayd hamcsha qabz pet men rahtd hai dartd
TRAITSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 193
liun lei kaliin sarsam nahojaive lihaza mnethvar hun ki rukh^nt do
viahine ki mil jaive ivajib thd ''arz kiya. Faqat. ^Arzl Jidvi Nabi
Bukhsh Jam^adar.
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of tJw poor.
Ever since your devoted servant arrived at his home he has
been ill, he has undergone much treatment at the dispensary
and elsewhere, but gets no relief, he has rheumatic pain in his
whole body, and occasionally ]5ain comes in his ribs, and he
also suffers from migraine. His whole body is yellow, and his
hands and feet have swollen. He is always constipated, and
I fear that in some way or other delirium will arise, therefore
I hope that I may get two months' leave. The request is
reasonable, therefore it is made. Enough.
The petition of your humble N^abi Bukhsli, Jemadar.
Notes. — Adhd sisl kd dard. Hemicrania — lligraine.
Dartd hun Tci . . . nahojuwe. Observe the construction, com-
parable to vereor ne = I fear lest, &c.
16. — Transliteration. — Gharih panvar salamat.
Zar-i-chaukidarl qadhn se fidvi ke nam par char atia mdhwarl
muqarrar liai aur fidvl mdli bamdh add kartd hai lekin kal balchshi
ne fidvi se kaJtd ki tuvi se ham is mahitie tnen dth ana lenge
lihaza umedicdr hun ki hrizur bakhshi-i-ma zkiir se darydft farmd
kar hukm-i-vmndsib den, ki main is zuliii se bachjdun tvdjib thd
''arz kiyd. Faqat.
''Arzi fidvi Nardyan darzi.
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
From long time the cliaukiddri money lias been agreed upon
at the rate of four annas a month to the name of your servant,
and he has month by mouth paid it, but yestei'day the pay-
194 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
master said to me " I will take from you in this month eight
annas ; " therefore I hope that your Honour Avill enquire from
the aforesaid paymaster, and pass a suitable order, so that I
may escape from this oppression. The petition was reasonable,
therefore it was made. Enough. The petition of your devoted
servant Narayan dirzi.
i^. Bakhshi — paymaster.
17. — Transliteration. — Gharih parwar saldmat.
Parson das haje rat ko fidvl ke makan men chori hogai aur
dshab maliyat sau rtipika chori gayd, jah kotwal sahib se ittild'-
M to unhon ne jawdb diyd ki turn fareb karte ho khtiddwandd jd-i
ghaur hai ki fidvl kd dsbdb chori gayd aur fidvl fareb kartd.
Huzur mauqa' par ta.^rif lawen aur ga^odhon se darydft karen
tab fidvl kd hdl huzur ko khuljdwe. Faqat.
^Arzl fidvl Malik Chand rtiudda'i.
Translation. — Rail, cherisher of the poor.
The day before yesterday at ten o'clock at night a robbery
took place in your servant's house, and property to the amount
of a • hundred rupees was stolen. When I reported the matter
to the Kotwal sahib he replied, you are cheating. My Lord,
here is room for delibeiation, because your humble one's pro-
perty is stolen, and he himself is accused of deceit. If your
Honour would visit the place and enquire of the witnesses, then
your humble one's state would become known to your Honour.
Enough. The petition of Malik Chand, plaintiff.
Notes.— 5^^ Mauq' — Adverb of place, from ^^J, cf. **J|j event.
\j)l \ju!M> Tashr'tf Idna — To lioiiour by coming. Another form of
expression is ^"^^f* ^^J C^ qadam ranja farmdnd.
TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 195
18. — Transliteration. — Gharlh parwar salcunat.
Aj hhai ndvi ka ghar se aya hai aur irada uska yeh Jiai lei
nauknri i sarkar knre anr 'umr nskl qarlh hia haras ki hai aur
likLa parlia hai lihaza umedwdr hun ki ba'd mulcihiza ddktar
mhib ke wuli is paJtan men bhart'i kiya jdwe kisicdste ki jidvi
ke lap ddda qadim se fanj men naukar ralie liain aur fauj In ko
pasand karte haia u-ajih jdnkar 'arz k'njd. Faqat. 'Arzifidvl
Kail Gharan, sij^dltl.
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
To-day your devoted servant's brother came from home, and
it is his wish to serve tlie Government. His age is about twenty
years, and he can read and write. Therefore I hope that after
the examination by the Doctor, he niny be enlisted in this regi-
ment, for the reason that your humble servant's ancestors for
ages have served in the Army, and like no other profession.
Haviug considered the request reasonable I have made it.
Enough.
The petition of your servant Kali Charan, sepoy.
Notes. — Likha parhd hai. This is a very idiomatic expression.
Nuulcai- ralie hain H.ive always served. This -word rahnd ^to
remaiu) is very useful in expressing habitual action, or aa
action still going on.
Fanj 111 ko 'pasand hirte hain. It is the Army which they like
(and no other profession). AH this idea is conveyed by the
emphatic particle hi.
It should be noticed that this particle may often be used
in the middle of a word : for instance, in answer to
the question.
Turn Lakhvau men rahte ho ? We might answer, Han
Lakh hl-nau men. Yes in Lucknow itself.
il96 A GCFDE TO niNDUSTANI.
]9. — TransliteuatiON. — Ghnrih parwar salamat.
Janab 'ciU hasbnl hnlnn huzur he fiJvl ne do hathi Naivab
§ahib Bahadur se lekar Koahlpur men pahuncha dlije char ghore
sarkaii ya'ne huzur ke maqam shafdkhdne par rakhe hain Jis
waqt ap ko darkdr hon taiyar hain aur Uajn Kdshlpur bhl kahte
hain lei char fil atir skikdri ko tumko eJc mahlne ke liye de sakte
hain agar huzur farmdwen to Bajd §dhib se hathl lekar jangal
men taiyar rnkhUn ittila'an 'arz klyd. Fag^at. 'Arzlfidvi Inayat
Khan, jama'' dar.
Translation. — Eail, cherisher of the poor.
Most noble Sir, in accordance Avith your Honour's order, yonr
humble servant having taken two elephants fiora the Nawab
.Sahib Bahadur, has sent them to Kashlpur, and four horses be-
lonoino- to Government, that is to say of your Honour's, are halt-
ed at the dispensary. Whenever they may be required by your
Honour they are ready, and the Raja of Kashlpiir too says, " I
can give you four more hunting elephants for a month." If
your Honour should instruct me, then I will take the elephants
from the Raja Sahib and keep tliem in readiness in the jungle.
The petition of your humble servant Inayat Khan, jamadar.
KoTES. — Sarhh-l. This is a very common word in use to express pro-
perty belonging to one's master.
For instance. A master asks — Yeh his lei topi hai ' The
bearer might answer " Sarkur ki hai." It is yours, Sir.
It is also used to express the Supreme Government as " Yeh
Sarkdr ka hnlim hai." This is a Government order.
It is literally " head of affairs."
20. — Transliteration. — Ghartb parivar salamat.
Fidvl ne iqbal-i-huzur se dj Haryd quidi ko sat baras kd
mi'adi thd giriftdr kar I'lyd uiir dusre logon ki girifldrl men shab
TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 197
mz kn^I^ hirid hitn ithWan ''arz kiya. Mukhhiron ve khabr
di hal kl tin i.shtihari zilla Bijnor men liain so fidvi ne ek luhnl
mu'tabai' npna raivdna khja hai ivaqt milne smdgk ka faurau
raicdiia Bijiior hungd aur fidri ko parson se tap o larza lagd bahut
kamzori hai aftab daulat kii taban rahe. Faqat.
*Arzl fidvi Narciijan Dass, Inspect or.
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
Your bumble servant yesterday by your Honour's good fortune
arrested Harja. the prisoner who was in for a term of six years,
and is nigljt and day striving to arrest the other men. This
petition is sent by way of report. The informers have sent in
■word that three of the proclaimed men are in the Bijnor dis-
trict, so your humble servant has sent there a trustworthy man
of his own. As soon as a clue is obtained I will start for Bijnor
without delay. Your humble servant has had fever and ague
since the day before yesterday ; there is great weakness. May
the sun of wealth remain shining brightly. Enough.
The petition of N"arayan Dass, Inspector.
Notes. — Iqbdl-i-huzur se — Ap ke iqbal se. This phrase is very com-
mon, attributing any success to the good fortune of the
superior.
Mi'adl — Technical term. MI'dd means a period of time.
Itlitiht'n-i. Proclaimed — mentioned in an Ishtihar.
Mu'tahar. This word is vulgarly pronounced mdtahar.
Fauran — Immediately. Hindi equivalent — turnnt. jha(.
Aftdb, &c — Very common form of ending to a petition.
21. — Transliteration. — Gharib parwar saldmat.
Fidvi arsa-id)is sal se pin^han pdtd hai aur pahle risdla soivdrdn
Hindiistdni vien nankar thd aur ab fidvi ko driza falij kd hogaya
hai, chal nahl.n baktd — lihdzd umedwdr hun ki pinshan fidvi k%
108 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
ficlvl he hete he nam par muqnrrar ho jdwe tvuk sarknr se liya
karega — munasihjdnhar ^ arz klyd afldb daulat kd tdbdn rahe ^
Faqat. '
' Arzi fidvl Karam Khan Sowar , pinshanddr muwarrakka dnyam
Jttn.
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
Your petitioaer from the space of twenty years has drawn a
pension and also sei'ved in the first Bengal Cavalry, and now
paralysis has attacked your humble one, and he cannot walk ;
therefore I hope that your jaetitioner's pension may be allotted to
the petitioner's son's name. He will always draw it from
Government. Having considered it fitting he has made his
request. May the sun of wealth remain shining. Enough.
The petition of your devoted Karam Khan Sowar, pensioner,
dated the second of June.
Notes. — Fdlij — Hemiplegia, often associated with laqwa =
facial palsy.
Liyd karegd — Vide page 70 frequentative verb,
22. — Transliteration. — Gharlh partcar saldmat.
Huzur ne farmdyd thd ki ham rupaya tumhdrd dns tarikh ko
(fenge, so dj das tdrlkh ko fidvl hdzir hud hai lihdzd wiedwdr hun
hi rupaya fidvl k'l dj mil jdwe kis waste hi fidvl a6 ghar jata
liai m,undsih thd ^arz kiyd. Faqat.
' Arzi fidvl Kishan saudagar.
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
Tour Honour said " I will pay you your money on the tenth,"
BO to-day on the tenth, 3-our servant has piesenteil himself. I
therefore hope tliat your servant's money may be given him to-
day, because your servant is now going to his home.
TRANSLATION OF MANDSCRTPT EXERCISES. 199
It was fitting — the petition was made. Enough.
The petition of your humble Kishan, merchant.
Notes. — Das fdrikh ko — On the 10th. Notice this use of pai-ticle ko.
Qhar jdtd — Notice this idiom — ^not ghar ko jdtd.
Snuddgar — Another word Baipdrl,
23. — Transliteration. — Gharlh parwar salamat.
Parson ivaqi' harahvtn indh hazd Tco musammi Kandan Singh
hrddar fidvi hdhn. 'illat mdrplt he qaid Jiogayd Jiai atir pas ndni
h7i7-de ke lota, nahin is bais se bahnt taklif/iai lihazd umedivdr
hun hi hnhni-i-huzUr ivdste dildne Iota mazhur he handm darngha
sahih he ^aAiv ho jciwe hi ivuh lota qaidl ho dilwdden. Wajih
thd ^arz hiyd. Faqat.
'Arzifidvl Jawdhir Singh, harddar-i-Kandan Singh, qaidi.
Translation. — Hail, cherisher of the poor.
The day before yesterday, the twelfth of this month, one Kan-
dan Singh, the petitioner's brother, was arrested on a charge of
assault, and the aforesaid (Kandan Singh) has no Zofa. For
this reason he is greatly inconvenienced, therefore I hope that
an order of your Honour's for the giving of the lotd mentioned,
mny issue ia the name of the daro gh a sahib, so that he may
cause to be given to tlie prisoner a lotd. The request is
reasonable, tlierefore it was made. Enougli.
The petition of the devoted Jawahir Singh, the brother of
Kandan Singh, prisoner.
NoTK-s — 'Illat — A cause; also used to signify illness.
Jiuis — Syn. wdste, Uye, kdran, sahub se.
TakUj — Notice the gender of words of this measure {taf'il
is feminine [vide puge 25).
200 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
Ddrogha — This word is always niisprouoanced darogha. The
long alif should be carefully remembered, to avoid confusion
with the Persian word f^))^ darogh — a lie.
Sadlr hona — To issue. 'J'ill further orders is expressed by
^Ij t ^-r j«<>/*G ta sndiir i hukmi sdni.
N. B. — Lota should be spelt 15^
24. — Transliteration.— ^arf?^ par war salamat.
Janah ''cdlfidvi dast hasta mu'riz hai ki ojkal raaraz-i checliak
ka az bas zor hai anr mere chand tiflak uiae liain kl jink) tlka
nahin dlya gaya anr vieri tamanna yeh hai ki yeh kaia huziir ke
dast-z-muharak se anjam patve to 'ain khawindi o bandauawazi
Jiogl jiskd shukriya tamam '■umr add na kar sakungd.
'■Arzlfidvl Indyat Ehdn Bals tisivin Janiiarl san Atlidrah sau
undsi Isawi.
Translation. — Hail, cherislicr of the poor.
Eminent sir, your liumble servant with joined hands repre-
sents that now-a-dayp the small-pox is very prevalent, and there
are several children of mine, who have not been vaccinated, and
my desire is this, that this operation should be carried out by
your Honour's auspicious hand, then it will be the height of
kindness and a consideration AvliicU I shall never be able to
repay during my whole life.
The petition of your devoted Inayat Klian Riiis, the 30th of
January, 2879 A.D.
Notes. — Mu'riz — one who makes an arz.
Jl/arrtf— Disease.
Tijlak. — Little children — diminutive of tljl.
Ttkd denil or T/kd Imjiinil — To nioculale — vaccinate — T'ikd
karnd to mark the forehead with the tjkd.
TRANSLATION OF MANDSCIUPT EXERCISES. 201'
Tomannu =■■ Khivahish— desire (notice tlie ^render, vide page 21)..
Khdw'mdl. — Kindness — Kh'mnnd, a lord or husband.
Bandanawazl. — Slare-cherishing, from Persian naiudMitaa =
parwardan. {ghar'ih parwari).
Shukrhja. — A thankoffering.
25. — Transliteration. — Gharlh parwar 'ddil-i-zaman llatim-i-
waqt, Naushlrwdii Jandh Lankin Sdhih Bahadur ddma iqhdlalLu.
Janab 'all hot yeh Jiai hi do qita' parivana az rdhi gharlh
■parivart o banda nawdzi hi Sarhdr faiz asdr se bazarie dak bar
makdn lodlid fi.dvi he marahmat fanudya thd pahunchd anr hdl
parwarishfidvlhl ma'lum hud Khudd huzur ho aur hdbd sahib ho
saldmat rahhe. Hal yeh hai hi jabse huzur rawdna wildyat ho
hue fidvi ue naiiharl Gheren sahib bahddur jo hi Faizdbdd men
Ashishtant Kamishnar the tvahdn par muldzim rahd 'arsa chand
roz kd hud hi wuh marga-elihdzd fidvl huchh fadblr rail he hirdya
hi karke bahut jald khidmat men hdzir hogd. Wdjib thd 'arz
hlyd. Aftdb i daulat o iqbdl hd chimaktd luljlyo.
^ Arzi fidvl khdiiazdd Ghdsi khdii khansdmdn muioarrakha cha-
hdrum mdh Ahtohar san atharah sau ikdsl Isawl.
Translation. — Cherisher of the poor, just one of the time, Hatim
of the age, Natishlricdu of this era, S)'c., ^'C.
May his prosperity continue.
Sir, tliis is the state of affairs : That the two kind letters
which your honour sent to the house of your servant's father,
by way of favour and kindness, arrived, and the degree of
favour shewn by you to your servant became known ; may God
preserve your honour and the young master in safety. This
is the state of affairs : Since your honour set out for England,
your servant entered the service of Mr. Greeu, Assistant Com-
missioner of Faizabad, and remained in his service; he died'
202 A GUIDE TO niNDUSTANT.
a few days ngo, therefore your servant having made some
arrangement for his rail-fare will very quickly present himself
in your honour's service. The request was reasonable, there-
fore it was made. May the sun of fortune and prosperity
remain shining. The petition of your house-born Ghasi Khan
Miansainan, dated the 4th of October 1881, A,D,
26, — TRANSLlTEnATION. — Gharih parirar saldmat.
F'uhl Hnsan 'All Sfibatlar hi 'arzi yeh liai, hi fidvl aur fidv'i he
hap (lade saikron baras se Maharaja Gwctliar ka ra''vjat hai, anr
das liazar blghd saviin lukhiraj fidvl ka maiirusi viilk hai, jis
par kahhi ken kiraya mnqarrcir iiahin tlia, aur kisi ivaqt men kisl
Mahdrajd sahih ne kol kkirdj talab nahJn kujci thd, anr na is
waqi ke Mahdrajd sahib ne kahhi kuchh kirdya na llyd. Mafjar
in dinon Mahdrajd sdhib ke bhd/ynn ne nahaqq Mahdrajd sahib
he bind hukm kul zamln ko ~nbt kar liyd hai, anr fidvl ki kol 'arz
Mahdrdjd sahib tak pahunchnl nnhln dele. Is llyc fidvl Mahdrajd
sahib ke nam kl ek 'arzi is'arzl ke sath hiiziir men hhejld hiin, anr
umedwdr hiin ki hnzur in '■arzl ko Gicnlidr ke A'jent $ahib bahddur
he huzur men hhfj dijiye, id ki ivnh Mahdrajd ^dhib ke huzHr vien
pesh kar dewen.
Ahnarqum tlsrl Jamcari san athara san satdsi Isaivi,
Translation. — Cherisher of the poor. Hail.
This is the petition of your devoted Hasan Ali Snbadar :
That your servant and his ancestors have been for years sub-
ject of the Maharaja of Gwalior, and ten thousand bighas of
land, freehold, is the hereditary property of your petitioner.
There has never been any rent assessed upon tin's property, nor
has any Maharaja at any time demanded any rent, nor did the
former Maharaja ever take any rent. However, nowadays the
TRANSLATION OP MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES.
203
Maharaja's brothers, unlawfully and without the Maharaja's
orders, has confiscated the whole of the land, and do not per-
mit my petition from your devoted servant to reach the Maha-
raja. Accordingly your servants sends herewith to your honour
a petition to the Maharaja, and hopes that your honour will be
good enough to send this petition to the Agent of the Gwalior
State, that he may present it to the Maharaja. Dated the 3rd
of January 1887.
27. — Transliteration. — Gharib paricar khuddwand na^mat
fdiyyazi zanidn dama Alldliu iqbalahu.
Jandh '■dli siirat yehliai lei j ah huzur cJihdovz Sltdpur se taraf
wildyat Tie tashrlf lechale yeh khanazdd hhi huzur Tee Jiamrdh
chalet shahr Kalkatte tah gayd jab hi huzur jahdz par sazcdr hokar
rawdna sivit-i-ivildyat hue, ba'd do roz keyeh fidvl makdn raiodna
hud, lekni shah o roz yeh d'ud mdngta thd ki khuddjeld huzur ko
Hindustan vien Idwe jo huzur apiie risdle men rannaq afroz howen
hande ko bahut khushi hdsil hoive hi Haqq tadla dpko hadarja 'dla
he pahunchdde roz baroz taragql dpki hmir dardji baha kl kare.
Ah fidvl umedwdr hai ki kah tvdste is khanazad ke hukm ho ki
fidvl khidmat guzdrl dur tdbi''ddri men hazir ho. Wdjih thd 'arz
klyd, Alldhl aftdh iqhdl datilat kd chamaktd hujlyo. Aur yeh
khanazdd shahr-i-Lakhnau viahalla Qutabpur muttasil-i-pid-i-
dha7il lab-i-Gumtl makdn Mimshi Yusuf Khan rahtd hun.
Khanazdd Ghds'i Khdn Khansdindn muwarrakha tdrlkh nau
mdh Juldl san athdrah sau ikdal.
Translation. — Cherisher of the poor, lord of favours, most
generous of the age, vtay God prolong his fortune.
Sir, this is the state of affairs: When your honour left the
station of Sitapur for England, this Louseborn slave too went
204 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
■\vitli your honoiir, as far as the city of Calcutta. When your
honour haviiifr embarked started for England, after two days
your servant set out for his home, but day and nifjht he "vvas
praying that God would quickly bring your honour back to
Hindustan. If your honour should again return to your own
regiment, your servant will greatly rejoice. jMay God promote
you to gi'eat honour, and day by day increase your promotion
and grant your sou a long life. ]^u\v your slave is hoping aud
wondering when he will be summoned to serve your honour.
It was reasonable the request was made. Oh, God ! may the
sun of prosperity and good fortune remain shining, and this
houseborii one is living in the city of Lucknow innhalla Qutab-
pur, near the iron bridge on the banks of the Guniti, at the
house of Munshl Yusuf Khan. Tour servant Ghasi Khan
Khansaman. Dated the ninth of July 1881.
28. — Transliteration. — Janab-i-mukarram i-mu^azzam faiyyaz
-i-zaman §dhib Bahaditr.
Bn''d tadlin viultamis Jinn — kl clianda shafukhane men dend
ek kdr-i- khair hai yeh chanda htkasdn vuirlzdn o muhtdjdn
he knm awegd aw harek zlshdn o mnazzaz jaise dp o mz dlyar
sdhibdn hain ilnpar ek farz hai ki bechdrdn o mdndagdn ko dawd
hakhshfii (iiir hasbulhiikm Government-i-aliyajo sahib das rupaya
sdl se ziyddd chanda deivenge uvkd nam fakhfa-i-hnnrd par Jo shafd
Tthdne mtn znrrln harfon se munaqqash hokar latkdya jdivegd md
sited iske hasbi tnanshd-i- Government jo nnfar uur ahl-i-dmcal
chande men shartk honge unse qhnnt-i-daivde nahin l/jdwegi ivarna
qimat-i-adivlya jo leivenge dene paregl. Chuiikl jdndb bhi ahl-i-
duwal aur zlshdn hain is Ihje um'^d-i-qawwi hai kl chanda shajd
khdne men dend ma^' zur karenge. Aur takhfa'i-board ab taiyar ho
rahd hai, aur Uahut se nam likkc yoye hacn.
TRANSLATIOX OF MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES.
^05'
Translation. — Hnnnvred and respected, Sir most
genero'iLS of the age.
Affer respects I beg to represent tliat to give a subscription
to a Hospital is a good work, this subscription will be of service
to unfortunate, invalid and poor people, and it is incumbent
upon every honourable and noble man as you yourself and
other gentlemen are, to bestow medicine upon the poor and
needy, and in accordance with the orders of the Supreme
Government, whatever gentleman shall contribute ten rupees a
year or more, their names shall be elegantly written in letters
of gold upon a board to be hung up in the Hospital.
Besides this, according to the will of Government whatever
persons or wealthy men shall join the fund will not be charged
for medicines, otherwise the cost of any medicines they may
take will have to be paid. Inasmuch as your honour too is
wealthy and honoured, therefore there is great hope that you
will consent to give a subscription to the Hospital.
And the board is now being prepared, and many names have
been inscribed on it.
29. — Transliteration. — Bahnzur jaimh Brigade Major-Sohih
CJihaom-i-S'itapur dam-iqbaluhu. ;
Gharih parwar SaJamaf.
Janab ^ali fidvl Chand Khan umedxocir-i-rozgar nihayat muddat
se Sdiyyid Mahomed Scidiq Sahib ivakil ^adalat Tee yahan rupayd
icikalat kn njratana lousul hlya Tcartci thd ab ki amadani wikalat
kl hahut kaui hai is ivajh se merl guzara nahin hott aur taklif
men liiln, jo ki hiizur kl qadrdani aur faizrasani ka 'am shuhra
hai is U ye main bJti nmedtoar Mm ki agar huzur ke sarishte men
koi jagah khali ho yd 'ewazi ho yd dyanda honekl nmed ho to
huzur mnjhko muqarrar farvid^en main apie kar-i-muta'ullaqa ho
206 A GDI OR TO niNDUSTANI.
Tmn^taHddi aur Jwshyarl o diyCuiat se anjani diinrfu. Meri dn/nnat
anr mustaHddi he hare men Saiyytd Mahomed, Sadiq Sahih Tcah
sakfe hdin tcap'b jnnkar ^arz IcJya — Ziyada hndd i adah.
Fidvi Choiid Khan, Umedtvari rozgar ma'ri/za pachls tarikh
Agnst san atharah sau satatthar Isaivt.
Translation. — To the Bngade-Mnjnr of the Station of Sitapur.
May his fortune last.
Cherisher of the poor, hail.
Sir, your servant Cliand Khan, in hope of a livelihood, for a
verv loner time in the service of Sfiiyyid ^Mahomed Sadiq,
pleader of the Court, used to receive the commission money by
way of wages ; now that the income of the commission is very
small, for tliis reason I cannot exist and am in difficulties.
Since your honour has a world-wide reputation for acknowledg-
ment of wortli and beneficence, I therefore also hope that, if
any vacancy should occur in your honour's office, eilber as
substitute, or if there is hope of any futui-e vacancy, then your
honour would appoint me. I will pei-form my allotted task
with I'eadiness, cleverness and honesty. Saiyyid ^Inhanied Sadiq
Sahib can speak to my honesty and energy ; thinking it reason-
able T made tlie reqnest.
^lore than tliis exceeds the bonnds of respect.
Your servant Chand Khan, candidate for employment, written
the 2.=>th of Angust 1877, A. D.
30. — TRANSLiTKKATrON. — Byhuzur fniz hakh^h o ftiz-rnsnn Janab
Daktar G. Banking Snhih Bahadur dama iqhaluhu.
Gharih paricar snlamaf.
fhfinki fidvi ^arsa chand mah s" khana ni^in hai aur kar-i'
tahrir hakhuhl saranjam de sakta hai. Husn-i-ittifaq^ se huzur ke
TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 207
daftar vien eh dsami J±]inli hni, agar hnzur harah-i-khfiti'iiidi dmmi
i wa^kur par hauda ko inumur jannaicen to 'ain i glinrahd parioarl
hat toki fidvi apiii onvrad-i-dili ko paiiunchkar huzur kijdn o mal
ko diid detd rahe.
Allnhl affdb danlat kd Jiamesha daraJckshdn hiifiyo ^Arzi fidvz
Avilr Klidii nmedwar — muwarrakha lis January sail athdrah sau
nawdsl Isaivi.
Translation. — To the heneficent and bountiful Doctor G. Ranking
l^ahih haJiddnr. May his prusptrity continue.
Cherisher of the poor, hail.
Inasmuch as your humble servant for some montlis past lias
been sitting at home (unemployed) and is capable of perform-
ing all kinds of writing very well, by a fortunate coincidence
there is a vacant post in your honour's office. If your honour
will appoint your servant to the post mentioned by way of
kindness, it will be the height of consideration ; and yoar ser^^ant
having attained his heart's desire will contiuue to bless your
honour's name and property.
Oh God ! May the sun of wealth always remain shinino-.
The petition of your devoted Amir Khan, candidate. Dated
the 30th of January 1889, A.D.
31. — Transliteration. — Ba huzur faiz ganjur jatidh Daktar
8dhib bahddur ddma iqhdluhu.
Gharih parwar saldmat.
Jandb %li — ^Arz fidvi hi yeh hai ki banda hnfta 'askra se ba
driza-i-tap-i-natibnti mubtald hai ba bdis shiddat-i ganni bnkhdr
se az bas majbur hun oksar slutb ko baioajh hardrat ke is darja
wahshat liotl hai ki jisse khwdb o khurisJi mutjaq nahln hold
aur dauran-i-sar har dam rahtdhai Jisse ihtividl i amrdz i dinidgjf
20S A GUIDE TO HINDOSTANI.
hhi hota hai. 'Iloira az in fidvi ko takllf ziyada yeh hhi hni ki is
jaguh koi apna haiujins nahin jo km turn h madad pahuncha de
Lihaza '^arzl hazd gnzranknr umedicar Men kidgar rnkhsat ek mah
hi hnzur se 'ata farmai jawe to ^aiii khaivlndl hai ta ki apni watan
jakar 'aldiva 'aldj mualaja ke tahdil i dh o liaiod hhi karUn ziyada
hadd i dddb.
"Arzi -fidvi Fnth Khan Muharrir i sard.
TJnti.-i turikh Janicari san naiodsi Isawi.
Translatiox. — To the storehouse of benevolence Doctor
May Ills fortune continue.
Cherisher of the ]iOor, hail.
Sir, your petitioner's request is this, that your servant for
the last week or ten days has been down with remittent
fever. On account of the severity of the fever he is very
much overcijme. Most nights, by reason of feverisbncss, this
degree of distraction occurs that sleep and food are altogether
banished, and giddiness is constantly present, from wliich
it is probable tiiat there is disease of the brain. Besides this,
there is this additional distress to your servant, that in this
place there is no relation who can give him any assistance.
Therefore, having presented this petition, I hope that your
honour will perliaps grant me leave for one month, then it will
be the height of kindness, so that I may visit my own country,
and in addition to medical treatment may get a change of air.
!More is forbidden by respect. The petition of Fateh Khan,
writer of the Saiai. 29th January, 1889, A.D.
32, — Transliteratiox. — Gharih partrar saldmat.
Fidvi Has'san Bazn Khan Kotvfd ki ^arzi yeh hai ki dj jo
palfan Meerath se is chhdoni men pahunchi hai tcs ke chand sipdhl
TRANSLATION OP MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 209
ne milkar alse ek gh arlh lakarlidre ko mcira hai aur uski Jakriydn
chhin li hain louh bechara koticdll vienndlishi hont-ko dyd. Fidvi
is lakafhdre ko hamrdh lekar silhadar bahddur ke pas gcvjd kijin
sipdhiijon ne is bechdre kl lakfiydn clihln li hain unki shindkht
kare. Magar subaddr sahib ne shindkht karne ke Jiye kUi sipdhi
ke khlvia men jane nah'in dlyd. Isliye umediodr hun ki sUbaddr
sdhib ke nam hukm ho ki fidvl ko hamrdh lekar tahqlqdt men
sharik karen — foqut.
''Arzl Hassan Razd Khdn Kotwdl.
Translation. — Hail, protector of the pour.
This is the petition of Hassan Raza Khan Kotwal that the
regiment which has arrived to-daj ia this cantonment from
Meerut, some of its sepoys having joined together, have so
beaten a poor wood-cutter, and have stolen his faggots, tliat
the unfortunate man came to complain to the kotwal i. Your
servant having taken the woodman with liim went to the
subadar, to ask that he might identify the sepoy by whom the
wood was stolen, but the subadar would not allow him to enter
any sepoy's tent for the purposes of identification. According-
ly. I hope that an order may be be issued to the subadar to take
your servant with him and make him assist him in tlie investi-
gation. Enough. The petition of Hassan Razii Kban Kotwal.
.33. — Transliteration. — Hindi 'arzl.
Sri yut Malidrdja Lhiidj Sri Ghltattar Bltdrl Singh Bahddur
he siim,ip men Senddhihdrl BJiopal Singh kl ram rdm pahunche.
Binti yeh hai ki dpkl dyyd anusdr main ne yuddh blmml men
apni send ki itnl sankhyd parmdti bhejl hai ki tin hazdr (3,000)
paidal sipdhi shastardhdri aur (2,000) do hazdr sowdr aur bare
bare yoddhdon ke sahit topeii aur gold bdrud ddl sab' yuddh kd
210 A GUIDE TO niXDUSTAXr.
saman hln ^Jipj chnka Jmn, Lekiu ck j^^tr aur samar IJiumi se
aija lull likhd hua Rakhardjig Singh ka, kl yahan shatrudal ha
hard j or hoi. Isse turn log anSdj (5,000) panch hazdr sawdr
aur do topkhdna aur bhejo, to shatru kl fanj ko hatde sakte liain
nahln to shatruon kl send hanidri simd m,en dye jdegi, is se yeh
hinti kar kahtd hun II jo sarkdr hi dyyd howe to Uklie mdjik send
aur bhej dur} ucliit jdnke arj kiijd. Tdrlkli afJiarah, mas I'hdijim,
Sttdt.
Translatiox. — Petition.
To the Possessor of Fortune, King of Kings, Sri Cliattar-
dhari Singh, General Bhopal Singh sends greeting. This is
my petition, that in accoi dance witli your honour's order, I
sent the following number from my own army to the battle
field, namely, three tliousand infantry fully equipped and two
thousand cavahy and Avith the noble heroes, guns and ammu-
nition, etcetera. I have also sent all the equipment for
battle. But another despatch has arrived from the battle
field ■wi'itten by Eakharang Singh, saying: "Here the enemy is
in great force. Therefore do yon send about five thousand
cavalry and two more batteries of artilleiy, then vre shall
be able to defeat the enemy's army, otherwise the enemy's
arniy will invade our territory." Therefore I make this re-
presentation that, if your honour orders, then I will send rein^
forceraents in accordance with the despatch. Having considered
it reasonable, the petition is made. Dated 18th of month
Phagun, light half.
34. — Traxsliteratiox. — Hindi Ar::i.
Sn ynt Mnlidrdj lidjd Mdnsing Bahadur ke samlp m/>n parjd
janon kl rdni ram pahunche. Binti yeh hdi hi is sdl men harsha
TRANSLATION OP MANUSCRIPT EXERCISES. 211
katn liul hai isse ham logon Ice kJieton men ann hi upaj aur sal se
adhi hhi naliin hut. Ham log haliut tang hogaye hain, larke bale
sab dukhz Iw rahe hain kisl bhant se nibah khane pine kd nahin ho
saktd hai, aur aisd koi mahdjan bhl havi logon ko naliin milta, ki
jisse karj leke sarkarl mdl gujdrt patd den. Is liye ''arz karte hain
ki aisi koi sUrat sarkdr se hojde ki jisse ham logon kd nibds dpke
rdjya men band rahe.
TJchit jdn ke ''arz klya tdrikk, 2 January, san athdrah sau bedsi
Isawi.
Translation . — Petit ion.
Possessor of fortune, Mabaraja Mansingli Bahadur. — May
this salutation of his subjects reach his august presence. This
is the petition that ia tliis year there has been very little rain,
on this account there has not been even half the produce of
grain in our fields compared with other years. We are in great
straits, all our children are in distress, in no way can we supply
our wants for food and drink, and moreover we can find no
banker from whom we may borrow and pay the Government
assessment. For this reason we pray that the Government will
be pleased to make some arrangement, by which we may be
enabled to live in your honour's kingdom.
Having considered it right this petition is made, dated the
2ud of January, 1882, of the Christian era.
35. — Transliteration. — Hindi Arzi.
Sri yut Mdhdrdjd Dhirdj Rdjd Daulat Singh Bahadur ke samip
men Debt Singh Jamadar ki ram rdm pahiinche.
Binti yeh hai ki sarkdri risdle ke sipdhiyon 7ie kal ke roj merd
lis (20) bighd khet ghovon se charwde liya aur sard khet ghoron ke
212 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
fapon Ice pafne se vd kam Jiognya. Ab us kliet men kachh bhi nnn
naJdn paida hoga is sal men sarkarl malgujari kaise dunga, aur
jnere larke halB kyd khdenge, is liije arj kartd hicn ki aisa hukm
Sarkar se hojae ki jisse pher kabhi aisl anlt'i kd kdvi sipcthl log
nahln karen. Aur mere Hye bhi kuchh sahdyetd hoe ki jisse main
upne bed bachon ko pdlan karsakim.
Uchit jan ke ''arz kiyd tdrikh unls Jim san athdrah sau ikdnawe
Isawl.
Translation. — Petition.
Lord of fortune Maharaja Dliiraj. — Raja Daulat Siiigb
Baliadnr. May the salutation of Debi Singh, landowner, reach
his presence. The petition is this, that yesterday the soldiers
of the Sarkar's cavalry used a plot of land of mine of 20
bighas to graze their horses, and the whole field has become
useless from the trampling by the horses' hoofs. Now no corn
will e^row in that field this year. How shall I pay the Govern-
ment tax, and what will my children do for food ? Therefore
I beg that some such order may be issued by the Sarkar, which
will prevent the repetition of any such oppressive action on
the part of the sepoys, and also that some assistance may be
granted me by which I may be enabled to provide for my
family.
Having judged it reasonable I have made this request, this
19th of June, 1891, Christian era.
PASSAGES POR THANSLATION,
Colloquial Style. 1.
There vras a certain Mulla in a village of Pathans. What-
ever prayers for tlie dead they required to be performed, they
used to send for him and used to get their business done.
When the Shab-i-Barat came round, from every house there
was a demand for him. So one of his acquaintance asked him,
saying, " Tell me, friend, how will you manage to-day all aloiie
and in what way will yea offer prayers in every house ? " He
said, " My brother, what have I to do with offering prayers for
the dead ? Whether the dead man goes to hell or to heaven I
have only to look after my daily bread." f
Naql.
Patkdncm hi kisi bastt men eh Mulla tha. Jo huchh Fatiha
(larud ka un ko ham hota, is ko hula lete aur apnd ham harwd lefe.
Js men Shah-i-Bardt jo dl to har eh ke ghar se ise buldhat 1m i.
Tab is he hisi dshnd ne piichha hi, '"'' kalio, dost, dj twin iheJe hyd
karoge, aur kistarak ghar ghar Fatiha parhoge ? Bold, " Bhdi
miijhe Fatiha parhne se hyd ham ? Murda dozakh men jde yd
hihisht men, mujhe apne hahoe mdnde se kdm hai^
* The Author's Introductory Exercises in U»du Prose Composition
published by Messrs. Thacker, Spink & Co., will be found very useful.
t Literally, sweetmeats and cakes.
214 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
^ I c^y^ jL ^} fy L^f ^^ ^b* V^ c;-*^'
?SJj^ - ^1^1/' ^m: ^Aijj <4S^[j ^S^ ^l^) V^J - ^>^J
Colloquial Style. 2.
A number of young nobles having driven in a peg in a cer-
tain place, and having placed a rupee upon it, were engaged in
archery, and this was the condition that whoever knocked off
the rupee, should take it.
By chance a devotee going to that spot asked alms of them,
saying, " Sirs, make some bargain in the name of the Master."
I One of them laughing said, " Shah S^hib, hit the mark and
take the rupee."
The faqlr instantly taking the bow and arrow from his hand
having said, " Ya, Ma'bud ! " (Oh! thou tbat art worshipped)
shot an arrow at random, when the rupee flew off the peg.
They cried Bravo ! He ran and picked up the rupee, and said,
'■■'■ How is it, Sirs, the faqlr has got nothing."
One of them said, " Holy man, you have got the rupee, now
what do you say?" He said, " Sire, this indeed I got for hit-
ting the peg, the faqlr's alms are still to come."
passages for translation. 215
Naql.
Kal ek amlr-zade kisl jagah eh meJch gar us par rupya rakh
iir-andazi karte the, aur shart yeli tin ki jo is rupae ho vra de so
le. Ittifaqan hist azad 7ie ja ivahan suivdl hiya ki, ^^ Bdha, kuchh
Mauld nam kd saudd karo." Un wen se eh ne Jians har halid hi
" Shdh b'dhib, nishdna mdro aur mpya lo?^ Faqir ne jhat us ke
lidth se tir kamdn le 'yd Ma'bud T kar ke tlr atkal-pachchil mdrd,
ki wuh rupya ur gaya. We hole, " W^h wdh ! " Un ne dauT kar
rupya to nthd Uyd, aur kahd, '^ Kyun hdhd, faqir ko kuchh na
mild?" Un men se ek ne hahd, '' Sain rtipya to Uyd, ah kyd
kahte ho?'' Bold, •' Bdhd, yeh to mekh mar ke Uyd hai, abhi
faqir kd suwdl hdgl hai."
^A**i| j(^ i^ C-$ol a>La. oS ^ ^|j>^*l C->^1 1^^
c^J # ^ ^j^\ -jv^ld^ ^JJ V^ a^s^ bl) A^ Ui JJ^*^
• Note this idiom.
2IG
A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANT.
{j'j-" ^ji'^i ^4^\ - (^ y zlj'* ;^y "^d ^'v ^.' ~y^
Colloquial Style. 3.
A man was a great opium-eater. lu his house there was a
khidmatgar lately engaged. He asked of him, saying, " My
friend, you don't take any intoxicant, I suppose ? " He said,.
'^ My Spiritual Guide ! your slave, except opium, knows no
other intoxicant." Hearing this speech, being very pleased,
he took out the opinm box, and himself having eaten some, gave
it to him, and said, " My friend, to-day my heart desires you
should cook me some sweetened rice, tlien we will eat. The
khidmatgar said, "Very well," and began to cook it. In
the meantime drowsiness came on hira, and it was past twelve
o'clock. The master calling out said, " Ho, my brother, is the
rice cooked or not ? " He said, " My Lord it is done cooking,
but it wants drying now." He said, " Bring it quickly." To
make a long story short, with the utmost difficulty, cooking
away from early morning, he got it ready and brought it by
the evening. Seeing it, his master said, " Well done ! how
quickly you cooked and served it?" Hearing just this much,
immediately he joined his hands and said, " ]\ly Lord, your
devoted one will not bo able to serve your honour." He said,
" How so ? " He replied, " Having to hurry so will be the
death of me one of these days ; " and off he went.
Naql.
Ek skahhs hara nftml thd. Us ke yahan koi khidmatgnr naya
naukar hua. Tin nc its se ptlchha ki, '' Miyan, tu kuchh nasha to
PASSAGES FOU TRANSLATION. 217
naJnn pUci?" Bold, ^^ Plr Murskid, ghulam shvai afim, aur
kisi Ha?he se ashnd nahlii" Yeh hat sun bahut Tchush hud ; ajini
kl dihyd nikdl, un ne dp kJidke de har kahd ki, " Miyan, of
hamdrd ji chdJitd hat, mlthe cJidmval jaldi se pakd do^
khden." Khidmatgdr, " Bahut achchhd," kali ke pakdne lagd.
Us men pinak jo higl, do pnhar giizar gae. Aqd nepukdrhe
kahd ki " Ai hhdl, chdnioal pake yd naliln ? " Bold ki, " Khudd
wand, pak chuke hain, par dam dend bdql liai." Kahd, " Jaldl do.''
Qissa kotdh, ha-hazdr khardhi fajr se pakdte pakdte, sham ko taiydr
kar ke gay a, Bjkh kar dqd ne kahd, " Shdbdsh ! kyd jaldi pakd
Idyd hai!" Itiil hdt ke sunte hi, looh hdtli jor ke bold ki,
"" Fidvl se dp ki naukan na ho sakegl.'" Kahd, '^Kyuni"'
Jaiodb diyd, ''■ Aisi shitdbl men ehroz meri jdn jdti rahegl" aur
chald gayd.
* Note— /*^*l Corrupt form of Ui^^l opium.
218 A GUIDE TO IIINDCSTINI.
* t^^^*!^ sf-^ '^^'' c-d>'^ ^^ "iy ^ j?^ '^'"^'^ ^^
Colloquial Style. 4.
Tn a certain house five or six sepoys were sitting, bragging
among themselves. One was saying " I have got four wounds."
Another would say " five." In short one of them related the
history of his fighting and getting wounded. An old wag
was sitting near them, and said " My friend, in my youth I
too fought hundreds of battles, and I too got thousands of
wounds to such an extent that on my whole body there was
not left room to put a grain of til. Compared with me who
now Avill fight and who will get wounded ? " Immediately on
healing this speech a young soldier among them grew angry
and said, " My good Sir, take off your clothes then, let us see
whei-e you were wounded so often." He laughed and said,
*' My good youth that time is now no more, nor are those days
now, nor does that youth remain, nor is that strength remaining,
nor is even that body itself left. Now what will you see ? "
Saying this, he made off.
• Note this idiom.
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION.
219
Naql.
Kisl malcan lie htch punch sat sipdhi haiilie apas men ding
mdrte the. Kol kahtd, ''main ne char glido Mae" aur hoi
hihta thd, " Pdnch." Gharaz har eh ne apne apne larne aur
zakhm khdne kd ahwdl baydn kiijd. Ek hurhd thathol «n ke
pdf haithd thd. Bold ki, " Miydn,jaivd7il i7ien ham hhl aaikfon
lardlydn lore, atir ham ne hhi hazdron zakhm khde, aise ki kahln
hadanpar til dharne kt jagah bdqi nahzn rahi. Eamdre dge ah
hoi kyd larega, aur kyd koi zakhm khdegd ? " Itni bat ke sunte
hi un men se ehjaivdn khafd ho har bold, " Bare miydn, hapre to
ntdro; dekhen, turn ne kahdn kahdn ghdo khde hain" Woh
hans ke bold, " Miydn gabrii, na with zamdna rahd, na we din
rahe, na wuh jatcdni rahi, na ivoh taiydri rahi, na ivuhjism hi
rahd. Ab kyd dekhoge ? " Itnd kah, bhag gay a.
Sa ._>* - vf'^J ^y^ J^i ^f^ ^'2^f^ J^y^.
^ ci;b ^Jl - U^ f-}J/^S^^\ t^J^ ^'^J^/^\
* Note this idiom.
220
A OriPE TO HINDUSTANI.
Colloquial Style. 5.
A Sipahi was a great gambler ; when he use to win, from
joy he used to get so careless that, if anyone had even stripped
off him the clothes he wore, he would not have known it.
In expectation of this ten or a dozen * blackguards used
always to stay close beside him, and when they got a chance,
used to make his money fly.
One day he went to gamble in some strange assembly, and
began to shove the money he won from in front of him, behind
him, and the rips who were with him began to make it fly.
In the meantime, some one seeing this said to some one else,
" Look ! one fellow spends another man's money ! " The other
answered him, '' Haven't you heard this proverb, that you are
Avondering at this ? —
" The blind woman grinds (the corn) the dog eats (the flour.)
The sinner's wealth goes to nought."
Naql.
Ek slpuJu hara jnarl tha. Jab jitfa, tnh marc khnshi
he aisa ghafil ho jata, hi kol us he palwne ke kapre bhi utar leta
* {Lit. teo, five).
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION'. • 221
tn hill use ma''hi,m na liota. Isl umld se das punch shuJide har
waqt us he sath lage rahte, aur jab qahii pate to us ha wdl urate.
Ek ros wuh kisi ghair viahjil tnen yna khelne Iw gaya, aur lagSi
jit jii rtipae apne age se pichhe khiskdne ; aiir uske sdth ke
luqandre lage urdne. Us men kis^ ne dekh kar ek se kahd hi,
^'' Dekko, kist ki kauri, koi iirdive ! " Diisre ne jatvdb diyd ''^ KyS
yeh masal turn ne naMn sunt jo ta'ajjuh karte ho ? ki,
" Andhi pise, kuttd khde;
Tdpl kd mdl akdrath jde.^^
A J.
^D) <*:^if^ <^t=>- ^ X^ ^if y^ ^^^^^ j^^ ^^^ ij-fts* ^^
4) fy <^*^ cS'jJ >^45^.'^ ^^ij-«-^ ..ti?*'*'' ) ^~)\ ^ y \t>AftJ
J ^ ^>-?^ - * 4i_^0' (^y ^1^^ lJ^^ Ji^i"^
* Note this idiom.
222 A GCIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
Colloquial Style. 6.
A certain gentleman was very fond of horses. One day lie
bouglit an Arab : upon this Munshi Badrud Din, by way of
well- wishing, said : — " If a Panjabi syce is put on this horse,
then it will be well cared for."
Hearing this, the gentleman called the jamadar of the syces
from the stable, and ordered him to get a Panjabi syce for
him, but the jamadar forgot. Twenty or five-and-twenty days
afterwards, one day the gentleman recollected that matter,
he had him sent for, and asked if he had got the syce or not.
He said, " My Lord, your slave is searching, up to now he has
not found one." Hearing this answer, the Munshi said, " What
a rascal he is ! He keeps putting you off from a month past,
and does not bring you a syce." The syce said : — " My lord
and master, I don't mind your calling me a rascal, you are my
master, whatever you feel inclined, be pleased to say — but in
the presence of one's master there is no harm in speaking the
truth. If I may be pardoned for saying so, this is no Maulavi
or Munshi, that when you call one, a hundred should present
themselves. This, Sir, is a syce, after months of searching
you may possibly find one or two, or perhaps you can't even
• Note tbis idiom.
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 22S
find one." Hearing this the gentleman laughed, and the can-
didates, Maulavis and Munshis, who were then present, were
abashed, and Munshi Badrud Din held his tongue for shame.
Naql.
Kisl sahib Jco ghoron Jed bahut shauk tha. Ek roz eh A'rahl
ghoTO, mol liyd. Is men Munshi Badr-Uddin ne az rah-i-khair-
Jchwdhl kaJid ki, " Is ghore par Pavjdbl Sais raJie to is kl khidmdt
ba-khubi ho." Yeh bat sunke sahib ne istabal se sdlson kejama'-
ddr ko buld kar jarmdyd ki, " Hamen ek Panjdbi sals Id de."
Lekin jama''ddr bhal gayd. Bis pachts din ke bd^d ek roz sdhib ko
ivoh bat ydd di. Use bulwd ke pilchhd ki, " Sdis mild yd nahiri ?"
Woh bold, " Khuddu'and, ghuldTn dhiindhld hai, abhi tak nalrin
pdyd." Yeh bat sun he Munshi ne kahd " Kyd bad-zdt hai ! Eh
viahine se tdl matdl kartd hai, aiir sdls nahln Id defd hai." Bold,
" Plr murshid, bad-zdt ke kahne kd main burd nahln mduld.
Ap khuddwand hain, jo mizdj men awe so kahiye. Par khudd-
wand ke ru-ba-rit sach bat kahne men kitckh ^aib nahln. Taqsir
mu''df ho, yeh Maulavl, Mtmshl nahln, jo ek ke buldne se sau an
hdzir hoen. Yeh to sdls hai; mdhlnon ki taldsh men ek ddh
miljde to mil jde, nahln to mihid mukdl.'' Yeh sun kar §dhib
hanse, aur umldiodr jo Maulavl, Mnnshi 7is waqt hdzir the,
sharminda hue, aur Munshi Badr-^ud-Eln pashlmdn ho dam hhd
raha.
224 A GUIPi; TO HINDUSTANI.
^^tj^ zi y^ ^ -^^'^'i ^'4 ^'^^ *>y v^^is^ ^j '^*.
U - l^S" j ^'^'^ ^ ^"=*' ^^'^^ V - ^i^i ^^ *->^
'y. ^^ '^ >iX /^ CjI^oj ;>^j>o J ><^^ '^. l/ ^."-' "^ el;^^
- crn^ ^^ '^ V i:;^ cV ^^ ^ ^J^>> ^^ >'^>^ ->;
<:::^''^' ^ *^J j^ c;^^ l^-^^-^ ^f.^^ "^^iy^ uJix^^>A-AAJ
Y„ J^^ 1-^ y ^^ <d!:f ^y c^ * '^"''' **^J e;^
* Note this idiom.
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 225
Historical. 1.
Alexander learned from his spies that there was an island in
the river at a distance of twenty miles; nccordingly when the
darkness of night came on- — and when, by reason of the i-oar-
ing of the wind and the violence of tlie rain and the thunder,
it was not possible for any noise of his ai'my to be heard —
seizing his opportunity, he took with him 11,000 veterans, and
in the dead of night crossed the river.
The Hindus fancied that, perhaps a small force might have
ciossed over ; accordingly King Porus gave his son command
of a few men and sent him to repel the enemy.
At the very outset King Porus's son was killed, and the
army defeated ; then indeed King Porus became alarmed, and
became aware that Alexander himself had crossed. Without
delay he took 4,000 cavalry and 30,000 infantry, with a large
immber of chariots and elephants, and drew up in battle
array to oppose Alexander. King Porus's army evinced great
bravery, but could not stand against Alexander's cavalry.
Sikandar ne apne jdsuson se daryaft kar liya ki das hos ke
fasile par is darya men ekjazira hai: is Uyejah hi rat andheri
hui, aur hatvd kd sanndtd aur menh ke zor aur hddal kl garaj
men sipdh kd kuchh shor o ghul sundt na de saktd thd, mauqa' pd
kar gydrah hazdr purdne sipdhi hamrdh lekar rdton rat daryd pdr
ho gayd. MindHon ne yeh khgydl klyd ki thore se sipalil shay ad
d nihle Jionge, is liye Rdjd Pur ne apne bete ko thore se ddmi de
kar un ke hatdne ke I'lye rawdnd kiyd. Rdjd Pur kd larlcd to jdte
hi kdm dyd, aur fauj ne shikast pat. Tab to Pur ke kd7i khare
hue, aur savijhd ki khrid Sikandar ' ubicr kar dyd hai Fauran
char hazdr saivdr aur tis hazdr piydde aur bahitt se rath aur hathi
hamrdh lekar Sikandar ke muqdbale par saff-drd hud. Rdjd Pur
226 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
ke sipah ne harl bahaduri dekhlai, par Sikandar Ice Sowaron ke
age pesh-raft na gai.
j;i jy )\'f if by - ^ ^\} f )rf )^>^ "->=" ^
• Note this idiom.
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 227
Historical. 2.
After the death of Ishaq, with the exception of Subuktigin,
there -was no one capable of ascending the throne.
Subuktigin by birth was a prince of the Persian dynasty,
who by the vicissitudes of fortune had been sent in poverty into
the service of Alaptigin the former king of Ghazni. Alaptigln,
seeing that he was a likely youth, had bought him, and,
advancing him by degrees, had raised him to the dignity of
commander-in-chief of his army. Now, having wedded the
daughter of Alaptigin, and having become the king's son-in-
law, he ascended the throne, and in the very first year of his
reign, that is to say, in A.D. 977, he invaded Hindustan, at
that time Raja Jaipal was Raja of Lahore.
He took Lahore and Multan, and after reducing numerous
fortresses, and obtaining much plunder, he returned to his own
capital, Ghazni.
Ba'd viarne Ishaq he siwde Stihtiktigin he Jcoishakhs laiq-i-tahht-
nishlni na ralia tha, Subuktigin asl men eh Shah-zada Mulk-i-
Ivdn kd thd, jo ittifdq-i-samdne se hdlat-i-iflds men Alaptigin,
hddshdh-i-sabiq-i-Ghaznl hi khidmat men hdzir kiyd gayd thd.
Atir Alaptigin ne us ko Jionhdr dehh har kharid liyd thd, aur
darja ba-darj'a taraqql de kar sipah-sdldri ke rutbe tak us ko
pahunchd diyd thd. Ab us ne bddshdh Alaptigin ki larki se
apnd 7iikdh kar he ddmdd bddshdh kd ban kar takht par julus
farmdyd. Aur apne juliis ke awwal hi sdl men, ya'ne san nau
sail satattliar ' Isawi men, us ne Sindustdn par chafhdi ki. Is
waqt men Bdjd Jdipdl Ldhor hd Bdj'd thd. Ldhor aur MtcUan
lis ne fath kiye ; aur ha^i qiVa fath har he, bahut sd mdl lut kar
phir apne ddr-ul-khildfa Ghazni ho murdja^at farmdi.
p
228 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
^* c>-c>iw ^ j^^ j)U jUjb ^'^\ ^i* ^j-:ii»i
^^ jlJ; ^ (^J^/u <«***» j^d j^5^ ^^<>i. -^^^ jj\ - U^ u
^ ^^SIM i^ ^^ ^^ JU ^ J;l ^ ^_^U ^l;;l
Note. — f is the initial letter of the word (.g>«»i* '/sou-* or the year
of oar Lord, i.e., the Christian Era ; the Mohammedan era is denoted by
the initial letter of the word i^^^ Hijri or je&r ot the fj^^ hijra, or
flight from Mecca (see page 81).
* Note this idiom.
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 229
Historical. 3.
With Sevajee there was a large tribal gathering of tlie hillraeu
who inhabit the southern hill-couutry. These people used to
plunder the cities and amass wealth, so that the ruler of
Beejapoor, by way of subduing them, despatched a large army,
tinder command of Afzal Khan, to attack Sevajee. Sevajee
sent word that he was willing to surrender, but that he wished
for a private interview. He (Afzal Khan) agreed to this.
Sevajee concealed his army in ambush, and gave orders that, on
hearing the sound of the bugle, they should instantly fall upon
the enemy's army. Afzal Khan, having put aside the 15,000
men whom he had brought with him, went alone to the ren-
dezvous. Sevajee, with fear in his heart, looking cautiously
on all sides, turning round at every step and looking behind
him, reached the appointed place. At the instant of meeting,
he embraced Afzal Khan, and instantly stabbed him in the
belly with a dagger. Afzal Khan, drawing his sword, struck
Sevajee a blow on the head with it, but as he had a helmet
beneath his turban, he escaped unhurt, and the blow went for
nothing. Sevajee struck him a second blow Avith a dagger
and the Khan fell dead.
Sivaji he hamrdh pahari qaum hahut thijo jicnubi koldstdn
•men rahti hain. Yeh log shahron ho lutte aur rupTjajam'a karte
the, ki Bijdpur he hakim ne tm ke mutV harne he waste eh lashkar-
i-j'arrdr Afzal Khan ho de kar, Slivdji par charJidi harne ho
rawdna hiya. Siwdj'i ne kahld bhejd, ki, " Mujhe itd'at manzur
hai, lekin eh muldqdt dp se tanhd karni chdhtd hun." Us ne
manzur hiyd. Siivdji ne apni sipdh ghat men chhtpd dl, aur kah
■diyd, ki, "/xs waqt bugal ki dwdz suno, fauran dushman hi fattj
230 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
par a paryn. Afzal Khan, pandrah hazar ddnnyon ho jin ho v:uh
apne sath laya thd, alarj har he tanhd maqam-i-muta^aiyan par
gayd. Siwoji bhi, dil vien dartd hud, char taraf se hoshydr
ho liar, eh eh qadam par plchhe mur mur har dehhtd hud,
US viaqdm-i-mu^aiyan par pahunchd. Jdte hi haghal-glr ho har
mild, anr wahln Afzal Khan he pet men hhanjar mdrd. Afzal
Khan ne talu'dr hhincht, aur Siwdji he sar par mart ; magar
chunhi us hi pagri he niche khod thd, is waste ^voh bach gayd, aur
war khdli gayd. Us ne dilsrd hhanjar mdrd, Khdn-i-mazhur hd
hdm tamdm ho gayd.
iUja. jj \^^]y:!f*' -' ;^J^ ^{J^ [J^^^ J^y^ J^^ ^>Si\ ^'^^J
iy y^jb^ ^^' ^^'T^ ^ k^)J^ (^^^^^ ^
^^cJT^^' j|i^ t'^^ ^ J^^ *jdJJ ^ ^y Lf o''^'^
j^ote. <-^ This word is very frequently nsetl. It is onr English
■word l.nirlc. The Hindustani equivalent would be t^yi (m) or ^y (/).
* Note this coustrnctioii.
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 231
l*^^
Historical. 4.
When the news of this revolt reached General Nott, who was
then in Kandahar, he despatched Colonel IMaclaren to punish
the mutineers. Had this force reached Kabul, it is certain
that the English army would not have suffered such hardships,
nor would they have lost so many soldiei's.
When this force arrived near Ghazni, it was obliged to return
to Kandahar, by reason of the very heavy snow which was
falling. The Afghans, after taking Kabul and Ghazni, pro-
ceeded to assault Kandahar, but General Nott defeated them ;
the Afghans were defeated in the majoi'ity of the engagements,
but many distinguished English officers fell in battle.
Jah kits balwe kl khabar Janrail Not $ahih ko,jo Qandhar
men the, pahtmcln, to unhon ne Karnail Maklaren ko vmfsidon ki
* Note this constructiou.
232 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
lanbih atir tad'ih he vmste rawana hiya. Agar yeh fauj K&bul
men pahunch j'ati, to yaqin thd ki fauj-i-Angrezi ko is qadr taklif
na hoti, aur iia is qadr sipahi tabdh hote. Yeh fauj jab Ghazni
ke qarib pahiinchi, to ba-sabab kasrat bdrish-i-barf ke pher
Qandhdr ko muraja'at kar di. Afghanon ne ba'd fath karne
Kabul aur Ghazni ke pher Qandhdr par hamla kiyd, lekin Janrail
Ndt Sdhib ne un ko shikast di ; aksar lafdiyon men Afghanon
ne shikast khdl ; par kai ndmivar Angrezi 'uhda-dar lardiyon men
ham o'e.
<^ji ^j[i CL>jX^ V^-^" L^f^ S^y ^ ud^ ^"^
<*' OJ«J j^ (jy^*5l - v^N^ d^xa.U'O yJjti^AS j^ /
* Note tliia idiom.
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 233
Historical 5.
Sher Singli himself was a great libertine, but his Wazip
used to perform all the duties of the State. One day the
Maharaja Sher Singh was engaged in mustering his cavalry
when Jeet Singh, under pretence of showing him a rifle, cam©
close to Sher Singh, and killed him with the rifle. On that
very day too Sher Singh's eldest son was killed. In this way
great disorder again arose in the State. The Wazir, Dhiyan
Singh, also fell by the hands of murderers on the same day.
Accordingly his son Heera Singh went to the camp and report-
ed the murder of Sher Singh and his own father and said to
the soldiers that, if they would join him, he would increase
their pay. The army, who numbered about fifty thousand
men, at the verj^ instant of hearing this suggestion, gladly and
readily placed their lives at his disposal.
Accordingly Heera Singh took the army and attacked the
fort of Lahore, and, after a mild engagement, took possession
of the city, and having put to the sword the enemies who had
murdered his father, Dhiyan Singh (the Wazir), and the
Maharaja Sher Singh, had their corpses dragged through the
streets.
Sher Singh khud to bard 'aiydsh thd, par tamdm Jcdrohdr
saltanat ke us kd ivazir kartd rahtd thd. Ek roz Maharaja Sher
Singh saivdron ki maujuddt lerahd thd ki Jait Singh, ha hahdna
dekhldne ek bandiiq ke, Kunwar Sher Singh ke pas dyd, aur us
ko us bandiiq se haldk kiyd. Atcr usi roz bard beta Sher Singh
kd bhi mdrd gayd. Is taur par us Saltanat men pher be-intizdmi
barpd hut. Wazir Bhydn Singh bhi usi roz qdtilon ke hath se
maqtal hud chimdnchi isi waste us ke larke Hird Singh ne kampH
menjd har Mahdrdjd Sher Singh aur apne bap ke qatl kd ha
234 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
zdhir kiyd ; aur sipahiyon se kahd, hi " Agar turn mere sharik
hog e, to main tumhdrl tankhiodh men izdfa karunga." Faiij,jo
ki takhminan pachas hazdr ki thi, ba-mujarrad stcnne is bat ke
khush huj, aur us ke sdth sar dene par musta'idd ho ga'i.
Chundnchi Hlrd Singh ne fauj hamrdh lekar QiVa-i-Ldhor par
hamld kiyd, aur ba'd ek khafif lardi ke, shahr par qdbis ho
gayd, aur tin vuikhdlifon ko,jinhoti ne us ke bdp, Dhydn Singh
Wazir ko, aur Mahdrdjd Sher Singh ko qatl kiyd thd, tah-i-tegh
kar ke un ki Id^on ko kucha ba-ki'ccha ghasiticdyd.
^^4i ^ 3><^ yJi> IXaJ JJo j^j e^'^>' ^ uJ ^U ^ 0)<^,
J^ ^ ^ ^^ / ^^"^ )^J ^<f^\ j^> Sj^ ^^^ jl))
^•o •A^r 3 <i>i*o \yjb f y X«>| ^k^lj ^-"l ^s^lUk. - Lib
y>Ui jU 1^ J.::* ^ ^b ^^lj)l kij^ yji> UJ;Lojru
y ^j^ *»Sij^ ^ jt< ^ f\ i^ Y ^ Lijy^^ Jjl ^
• Note this idiom.
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION.
235
^y> ji^i. /^ cijl) ^ j * ^ ^yf'^i ^ ^^^y ^^
i^Uit aJU^ ^^^i> 0'*:i«*-« jj * L^i^^**" '^^^^^ <^ I ))^
yS^ftJi^ ^1 jjl LSy (j^^» ^^"^ "^ "-^^5^ LJiifft^
jx^ i«^J;l^jjl ^$^y.J; *^«^^ ^^^^ ^k ^^ i— (J^V*^
Historical. 6.
Oa the ]sfc of July of the year A.D. 1848, another battle
iook place under the walls of Multan.
In this battle Mull Raj himself took part, but a chance ball
having struck his elephant's howdah, from the force of the
blow he fell from the elephant to the ground, and, mounting
a horse, fled to Multan. This battle lasted six hours, and,
although the Multanis fought with the utmost bravery, they
could no longer withstand the English army. On the 8th of
August of the above year, the English force attacked the
Diwan Mulraj, and drove him from a village in which his
army was encamped. The English army took possession of
that village, and the enemy's force, having fled to a garden
which was near the village, encamped and spent the whole
* Note this idiom.
236
A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
day in bombai'ding the enem^^'s position ; the English army
being harassed, attacked the garden, the battle raged there for
an hour and-a-half. English Officers, who had taken part in
the former battles of the Punjab, declare that they had never
seen the Sikhs fight with so great bravery, nor had their guns
ever been so well served. In this battle several English
Officers were killed and wounded.
Yakum Juldi San 184:8 '' Isatvi ko, QiVa-i-Multan kl fasti ke
niche ek aur lardi hut. Zh laral men Mid Raj ba-zdt-i-khtid
lavta raha ; lekin ittifdq se ek gola us ke hdthi ke haude far jo
lagd, to sadme se wuh hdthi par se niche gir payd aur ghore par
saivdr ho kar Multdn ko bhdg gayd. Yeh lardi chhe ghante tak
rahi. Agarchi Multdni kamdl shuj'd^at se lare, par Angrezi-fauj
ke sdmne ziydda na thahar sake. Athwin Agast san sadr koj
fatij'-i-Angrezi ne Diwdn Mul Rdj par hamla kiyd, aur ek gdnw se
jahdn us kd Ioshkar khivia-zan thd, us ko mar kar hatd diyd ;
aur us gdnio par fauj-i-Angrezi qdhiz ho gal. Bushman ki fauj
ek hdgh men, jo ki us gdnio ke qarih thd, bhdg kar muqtm, hu^i
aur wahdn se din bhar gola-andazl kartl rahi. Is Ihje fauj-i'
Angrezi ne mutahaiyir ho kar us bdgh par hamla kiya. Derh
ghante tak wahdn lardi jdri rahi. ^Uhdaddrdn-i-Angrez. jo
janghd-i-sdhik-i-Panjdb men sharik the, yeh baydn karte hain
ki " Sam ne sabhon ko aisi jawdn-mardi se larte hue kabhi nahin
dekhd, aur na kabhl un ki topen aisi jaldl jaldi chalti thin." Us
larai men kaH afsardn-i- Angrezi viajrHh o maqti'cl hue.
t Ek bazar ath sau atbtaba Isawi.
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 237
* Note this idiom.
238 A GUIDE TO HINDUSfANI.
Narrative Style. 1.
We are very pleased to hear that the rates for registration
are either to be reduced from four aiinas to two annas or have
already been reduced, but it is a matter for regret that tho
fares of the Punjab Northern State Railway are daily rising,
and no attention is paid to the arrangements. A friend of ours
says that since the officers of the railway, who, in addition to
being experienced, were also energetic, have been changed,
great falling off has occurred in the management of this line.
He said that he was also of opinion, that in the time of
Mr. Keene the line was in an excellent state, and that gentle-
man used to perform his duties with great energy and zeal.
The Government arrangements for transport during the Afghan
war were much facilitated by that gentleman's excellent ar-
rangements. Under his regime, too, travellers experienced
less trouble. The complaints against this line do not need
explaining. Our correspondents from time to time have not
been backward in bringing them to notice. So that to repeat
them will be like always harping upon the same string.* But
this demands consideration. Why does not Government direct
the attention of its new officers to the arrangements ?
Is bat ke sun7ie se ki rusuni-i-Rej'istiri hajae char one ke do ana
muqarrar hone wall hat, ya ho gal ham hahut khnsh hue ; lekin i."?
men Fnnj'ab Nardarn Isfef Relive ha kiraya to din par din harhaya
jatd hdi, aur intizam ki iaraf vuitlaq tawajjuh nahin ki jati.
Ek ha mare karam-farma farmdte hain, ki afsardn-i-Relwe, jo
tajriha ke 'aldiva jafa-kash bhi the, chunki tahdll kiye <jae hain,
is waste us lain ke intizam men farq a gaya hai. Unhon ne
farmayd, " Is se hamdrd bhi ittifdn hai ki. Kin Sahib Bahadur
• Note this phrase.
PASSAGES FOK TRANSLATION. 239'
Tee waqt men lain ^umda halat men thi, aur yeli Sahib nihayat
mihnat aur sar-garvii he sath kam Tcarte the. Government ho
jang-i-Afglianistdn men saman-i-har-barddrz men §ahih-i-mam-
duh hi^khiish-intizdmt se suhulat liiii. Musdjiron ho bin tin
he '•alid men chandan tahlif na thl. Is lain hi shihdyaten mtihtdj-
i-baydn nalnn. Ndma-yiigdron ne ivaktan fa-tvaktan un he izhdr
se hotdlii naJnn hi. Is liye un hd i^dda harnd misl ms naghvie he
hogd jis hebdr bdr aldpne se lutf hasil naMn hotd. Ab ghanr-talab
yeh amr hai, hi Government nae ofsaron ho intizdm hi taraf
hynn tawajjuh nahin diluti.
*^}f ^ ^ _^J c^aX*-! (j^iijii V^*** e^*" u"' e/^ ^y^
4A.y ^lia* ^^ i^iiiuJt J^l - ^ il ia. UUjj jj<^ >J {^^ y
^i un (jy ^^Y^^"^'^' <^ii;d'^ cT ^ ^yi ^ ^^
^^^ ^ ^^ d^«j1 Lf^ l^Ui* ^ ^1 ijUy ^ e^l
^l^<*^U ^ ^^'^fy j;l CI^As-o ci^^lJ c-^^U A^_ j;l
240 A OUIDE 10 HINnUS'l'ANI.
^' ^^ <*'^ <— ft^j (j'^^ ^^ ^ 4£[ L^y^c)-^/^*
jio cy" sOUl ^1 ^M ^ ^ ^^/ ^ }^^\ ^
J^U cJJaJ ^ ^^^"^1 MM L^*-^ <^ ^ 4^ ^1
Narrative Style. 2.
The Indian Daily News writes that in a few days' time a case
will come on in the Police Courts in which a husband has been
ill-treating his wife. The age of the Avife was eleven years.
The husband took her to his house ; as the girl would not obey
tbe orders of her father-in-law and mother-in-law, and would
not do the work of the house he shut her up in a room, put
chains on her feet and handcuffs on her hands, and for two
days gave her no food ; and in addition to this, she was re-
gularly beaten.
The girl's parents informed the police ; the Inspector came
And saw the girl in that condition, and had the irons struck off
her by a blacksmith.
Now a case is pending against the husband for unlawful
imprisonment.
* Note this phrase.
+ Lit. Like that strain the repeated sinking of which is not a sonrce
of pleasure.
l*jil| Aliipnd is to tune an instrument ; to " catcli " a tune.
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 241
Indiyan Deli Niuz Jcahta hai, ki chand roz he ha'd PuUs Kort
men muqaddama pesh Tioga, hi eh shauhar ne apni zavj'a par
kaisd zulm hiya. Zauja hi ' umr gyarah haras hi thi. Shauhar
apne ghar le gaya. Chunhi larhi ne sas susre ha hahna na mana,
aur ghar ha ham na harti thi, is liye us ho eh kamare men hand
hiya, hath men hath-hari, pdnw tnen zanj'ir ddl di, do roz dana
pant na diya, aur ' aldwa is he, hardbar us par mar pari. Larhi
he wdlidain ne Palis ho ittild^ di, Inspehtar dyd, to larhi ho
usl hdlat men dehhd, aur lohdr se hefiydn katwdin. Ah shatihar
par muhaddama-i-kahs-i-hejd qdim hud hai.
ijl Kk^ \i>S ^ # y >*>*^ * i^'*> ) ^Jr ^y^ ^5^ y^
* L^ j^ ^^ t ls<^
* Note this idiom,
t See page 115
242 A GUIDE TO niNDUSTANI.
Narrative Style. 3.
The Story of the Envious and the Envied, f
Two men lived in a great city, and the door of the house of
one of them Avas close to the door of the other. One of those
two used to envy the other.
The one who was envied, by reason of the envy and annoy-
ance of the other, wished to leave that city and remove far off,
so that that envy, which he bore agaiust him by reason of his
nearness, might be removed. Although the envied one always
treated the envier well, still he did not refrain himself from
his envy. To such a point did this go that the envied one sold
that house of his and its furniture, went to another city, and
bought a suitable house at the distance of five miles from the
city, in which there was a nice garden and a blind well.
That good man, after buying the house, assumed the garb of
a faqir and became a dervish.
QissA Hasid aur Mahsud ka.
Ek bare shalir men do shakhs raJite the, aur darwdza ek ke
qhar ka dtisre ke darwaze se inuttasil tha. Ek shakhs %m vien se
dusre shakhs 'par hasad kiya karta. Mahsud ne lis ke hasad aur
azur dene se, chahd ki us ghar ko chhor ke bahiit dur jd rahe, td
ki yeh hasad, jo hasahab nazdik rahne ke icuh mujh se rakhtd
hai, dur hojne. Bd-icajud ki mahsicd ha'nieska hdsid ke sdth
suluk kiijd kartd, lekiii woh hasad se buz na did. Yuhdn tak ki
tnahsud ne woh ghar aur asbdb bech kar, dmre t^hahr men jd, derh
kos ke fdsile par us shahr se, eh makdn-i-ma' ([ul mol liyd, ki jis
men ek bdgli-i-nafls au,r andhd ku'd thd. Wuh nek mard, ba^d
Ttiol lene ghar ke, libas faqiri ka pahn kar dancesh hogagd.
t This and the three succeeding passages are from the Arabian Nights
■which •will be found very useful to the student of Urdu.
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 243
Narrative Style. 4.
Ill olden times a tailor of Kashgar, which is near the country
of Tatai', used to sit in his shop and sew. He was thus sitting
one day towards evening, sewing away, when suddenly a
hunchbacked man with a drum came along, and sitting down
Note this idiom.
244 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
under his shop window began to sing. The tailor was much
pleased to hear his singing, and, when it was near the time
for him to go home, he said to the hunchback, " If yon feel
disposed come to my house which is near this, and sing and
play." The hunchback agreeing, went to his house. When
the tailor, having washed his hands and face, sat down, he
began to say to his wife, who was pretty, and of whom he was
very fond, " To-day I have brought this man, who sings and
plays very well, so as to give you a chance of hearing some
singing. If the dinner is ready, bring it." His wife laid the
cloth and brought the dinner and placed it before him, and the
lady of the house herself sat down with him, and they set to
eating, and they made the hunchback too share the repast.
By chance, that day, some fish had been cooked in the tailor's
house, and, as he was sharing their dinner, they gave the
hunchback some fish. As it was very nice the hunchback eat
it so carelessly, without taking out the bones, that a bone stuck
in his throat.
Agle zamane men eh darzi Kashghar ka, jo muttasil Mulk-i-
Tatdr Tee hai, apnl dukdn par haith kar kapre siya kartd.
CJiunanchi ek roz louh baithd hud qarib sham ke si rahd thu,
ki na-gahdni ek shakhs kuza-pnsht tabla le kar dyd, aur us ki
dukdn ke tale haith kar gdne lagd. Varzi us kd gdnd sun kar
bahut khush hud. Jab ivaqt uske gharjdne kd qarib pahnnchd, xis ne
kubfe se kahd, " Agar tumhdrd ji chdhe, mere ghar, jo yahdn se
qarib hai chal kar gdo bajdo." Kubrd rdzi ho kar us ke ghar
gayd. Jab darzi miinh hdth dho kar baithd, apni b'lbi se, ki
khub-surat thi, aur us ko nih&yat piydr kartd thd, kahne lagd,
*' Aj main tumhdre gdnd sundne ke waste, is shakhs ko, ki khub
gdtd bajdtd hai, Idyd hUn. Ehdnd, agar taiydr ho, to Ido.'* Us
ki bibi ne dastar khivdn bichhd, khdnd age Id kar rakhd, aur
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 245
miyan hihi haham haitJi kar hhaae lage, aur us kiihre ko hhi
sharlk khd.ne ka kiya. Ittifaqan us roz darzi ke ghar machhli
paki till, aur kliane ke shumul men machlili hlil kubre ko di. Jo
woh bahut laziz thi, kuhre ne, hidun nikalne kanton ke, is he
ihtiyatl se khdyd ki ek kiinta, us ke halq men cliuhh gayd.
«JU^ # IJ^r U .^^^J^^Y't^Ji J^^ ^^^! ^ ^ jb"G
^iylj # 'y Uj ^M. ^ ^li t_^jy y l^A) hjjjj ^ij
aS^ ^ ^ j^ j^ajI U^ J^"^ ^^^^^ ^i^"* Lsd)^
j_ (^. Lf^ l/*-j^ 3^/yy juyf Gur^i^ b^/ ^^ bv
* Note this idiom.
Note the construction of the word^/6* <7'w, wherever it occurs in this
story the postposition is omitted, see page 31.
Note.-^y^ ^ LSJ))^ inflected because governed by^ understood.
246 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
LJ^jj^ Lf^" (^^ Lf^f^ jf^ Lfh^Jv lt;^ ^"^"'
lt^ Z- u;^"^ * c^^^ (J-?'>^. i^ -^^ Jt^ Lf«^ '^i'^^
Narrative Style. 5.
The description of the Fourth Voyage of Sinbad the Sailoe*
My Friends, — In the abundance of merrymaking all the fear
and danger of all three journeys Avas effaced from my heart, so,
having forgotten all my calamities and mishaps, the desire
came upon me of amassing wealth and property and of seeing
•wonders. Then having made preparations for the fourth voyage,
and having bought those ai'ticles of merchandise which were
valued and in demand in those foreign countries to which I
intended to travel, I set off for Persia. In the middle of my
journey, passing by several cities, I arrived at a port, whence
I again embarked ; and from thence our ship sailed bound for
the islands of Furrna and other eastern ports. One day sudden-
ly such a gale of Avind beat upoit the ship, that the captain of
necessity lowered the sails of the ship and said to the sailors,
" This is a hurricane, be on your guard and look out." In
• Note this idiom.
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION.
247
spite of all their care, it was of no avail ; tlie sails of the ship
being torn by the wind went to ribbons, and the ship became
unmanageable (literally, got ont of the power of the captain)
to such an extent that running on the sand by reason of its
weight, it was dashed to pieces. All the crew together with the
freight were lost, but 1 and a few merchants, by the aid of
planks floating along, alighted on an island which was near
there. From the shore we went into the island, and by dint of
living on wild fruits some degree of strength came to us.
Batan Sindbad JahazI ke Chauthe Safae, ka.
Slahibo, hasrat-i-'aish oHshrat se woh sab khauf o Tchatar tlnon
safar ke mere dil se jdte rahe. Pher sah afaten aiir musihaten
hhill ke ishtiynq jama^ karne mdl o dshdb aur sair karne 'ajdihdt
kd dyd, aur taiydri chauthe safar ki kar Tee ivoh asbdb-i-tijdrat
jis kl khiodhish aur qadr dur di'cr mulkon men thz, aur unhon kl
tarafjdne kd irdda kiyd thd, kharid kar ke Fdras ki taraf rawdna
hud. Asnd-i-rdh men kitne ek shahr tai kartd hud ek bandar
men pahunchd, jahdn se pher jahdz par sawdr hud, aur ivahdn
se jahdz hamdrd jazdir-i-Farma waghaira banddir-i-sharqi ki
taraf jd nikld. Ek din dafatan aisd jhonkd hatvd kd jahdz ko
lagd, ki Kaptdn ne majhur ho jahdz he bddbdn niche kar diye^
atir khaldsiyon se kahd, " Yeh tiifdn hai ; khabarddr aur hoshydr
raho.'" Harchand ki unhon ne kamdl hoshydrl ki, lekin kuchh
mufid na hui. Jahdz ki pdlen bilkull tiifdn se tukre tukre ho
^ain, aur jahdz qdbu se nd-khudd ke jdtd rahd yahdn tak ki bdlu
jpar charh kar, basabab bojh ke pdsh pdsh ho gayd sab jahdz ke log
ma'' mdl o asbdb bilkull dub ga'e ; magar main aur chand sauddgar
takhton ke sahdre se bahte htie, ekjazire men, jo loahdn se qarib
thd, jd lage. Eindre se uth kar us jazire men ga'e, aur basabab
khdne jangl'i phalon kefil-jumla ham men tdqat d'l.
248 A GUIDE TO niXDD.STANI.
«• ^y ucO***" <;£-^ L^J^t^j;' ^.f 1^^^^ ,j_ y
^^^ ^^)^Sio jyCi j^C> jCyi J)\ (J^U^ i^"*^ CL>;ls^ t-jtAM.\
(^ Y^'A ^^] <iiL ij** *!^ ^! ^^ J^* "^^l^^ *.— ?^ (^y ctJ^
t:;^^^/^'-'^'^ Lf^n^ ^^*^ '^^r e;^^ <J^ ^h^_f J""^ L^
a^ai^) c-^t*"^ yl>i^ >^ ^'^ <0 LlJ^L,.' # U) (Ji^ ^/^ lt>iu li
* Xote idiom.
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION. 249
>5;i ^c;t* d^jt}^ urij^jl ^ ^i_;Ur» ^Lj.
Narrative Style. 6.
lu short, in the midst of these arrangements, King Badar's
father fell sick, and his weakness increased day by day. At
last, when he despaired of living, he summoned the councillors
of his kingdom, and exacted from them a fresh promise of
obedience to King Badar, and then departed from this transi-
tory world. The King Badar and his Queen Gulnar were much
distressed at this occurrence, and buried him with great cere-
mony. Badar, in accordance with the custom, remained in
seclusion for a month, and held intercourse with no one ; and,
in sorrow for his father, wept continually. In the meantime,
his mother, and Malik Salih, the bi^other of Gulnar, having
arrived there with their relations, joined in the general mourn-
ing. When they had all finished the mourning ceremonies,
Malik Salih, one day said to his sister Gulnar, " I wonder that
you give no thought to the marriage of Badar ; if you wish it
I will seek for a princess in my dominions who shall be as
beautiful as and worthy of Badar." The Queen Gulnar
* Note idiom.
250 A fiDIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
answered, " Hitherto I had not given a thought to this matter,
for this reason that I had not seen any wish nor inclination
on the part of Badar in this direction, and I shall be very-
pleased, if some lovely princess is in your mind,, inform me of
her, so that I may, after enquiry, give you permission to set
the matter on foot ; I have great confidence, from j-our affection
and kindness that you Avill seek for some such princess for him."
Alqissa, isl intizam men, bap Badshah Badr ha hlviar hua,
aur roz-ha-roz us hi 'aldlat barhti ga'l. ATchir jab apnl zindagdni
se mayus hua, ivazlr aur amir mamlakat ke javia^ kzye, aur pher
un se ivaste itd'at Badshah Badr ke mujaddadan 'ahd o paimdn
Uye, aur is ^alain-i-fanl se rihlat farmal. Is hadise se Sultan
Badr aur Malika Gulnar ne bahut jaza'' o faza'' kar Are, us ko
hare iajammul se dafu kiya. Badr ne, hasb-i-dastur, ek mahine
tak gosha-nashin ho A'e, kisl mutanaffls se mulaqdt na ki ; aur
ajone bdp ke gham •men din rdt royd kiyd. Is^arse meii, man
aur Malik Sdlih, bhd'i Gulndr kd, apne aqribd ke sdth wahdn
jpahunch kar, sharik tis mdtam ke hue. Jab rusum-i-matam-ddri
se un sab ne fardghat pal, Malik Sdllh ne ek roz apnl hamshira
Gulndr se kahd, " Ta'ojjuh hai ki tum ko abtak kuchh fikr Badr
hi kat-khuddi kd nahin. Agar tumhdrl marzi ho, to main hoi
shdh-zddl apne mulkon men, jo ham jamal aur qdbil Badr ke ho,
taldsh karHn." Malika Gulndr ne jawdb diyd ki, '' Ab tak
mujhe is bat kd kuchh khaydl na thd, isi wajh se ki main ne
huchh raghbat aur khwdhish Badr kl is taraf nahin pal thi ; aur
main bahut khush hiingi, agar kol shah-zadl sdhib-i-jamdl tumhdre
Tihaydl men ho, to mujhe ns se dgdhl karnd, td main darydft kar
he tumhen us kl silsila-jumbdnl ke tvdste ijdzat dUn : aur mujh
Lo tumhdri mahabbat o shafaqat se yaqln hai, ki turn kol aisi
khah-zddl us ke tvaste dhiindhoge.
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION.
251
jjjjj\ _y> jU>0 ^jCyi ^\j^di c-jb ^^-0 A^\ ^*^\ i^'^\
^S^ d*^ ^^J u)^o Ci,^*«.a» ^ j(>j '■^^ ^ii^ ^ \J^
J"^ ^ (±f u^i * ^^\)) *^!; e)^ c;^ f*^ ^ V^
(il5^ ^;**»_ j^l^^^Lo ^^.i*; ^^ ^3^A ^ JU ^1 c^^^
Ji'':^^ ^j(H J^}^J>^^ JW (^j^ ^i'^ dj^'o ^l
j;l ci^^j rf^f^ i_ ^i* ^'i ^ ^^ i^^ U^ Jtj;^ <««f^ 1^
M
* Note idiom.
252 A GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI.
^^ ^)i^ ^^^ L^'^ mJ^ ^J^* l/j*^ U^y^
^»,^J cujUl ^1; ^ ;^Ia;^ t <*i*^ ^^-tJl ^-^^^ il^
* Note idiom.
t t5^^^ *i««»L«» Sliakiug the chaia — A very common Persian idiom for
starting an enterprise.
©tf)er TOorks bv t\}z same ^utfjor
Croiviz 8vo. Cloth Rs. 5.
INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES
URDU PROSE COMPOSITION
WITH
NOTES AND TRANSLATIONS.
Sdrgeon-Lieut. -Colonel G. RANKING, m.a., m.d., m.r.a.s.,
Secretary to the Board of Examiners, Fort William ;
Fellow of the Calcutta University.
AND
MAULAVI' MUHAMMAD YU'SUF JATARI,
Chief Maulavi to the Board of Examiners.
PRESS NOTICES.
" One of the best works on the Urdu language that Ave have yet seen
the student will find in Dr. Ranking's work a
really valuable aid The work is a thoroughly practical
one, and exjilains all the various phrases and intricacies of a language, the
acquirement of which is too often neglected by Anglo-Indians from mere
prejudice. — Indian Daily News.
" A handy little volume of 150 pages with a few introductory remarks
on construction and idiom, and a number of well selected exercises ex-
tracted for the most part from the daily papers, with the English on one
page and the Urdu rendering of it on the page facing it." — British
Medical Journal.
" This little book should prove of great service to officers and others
who, from necessity or choice, study Hindustani in the Urdu character." —
Admiralty and Horse Guards Gazette.
" Up to the present there has been no book from which a student
could learn to translate from English into Urdu. To meet this pressing
want is the aim of the little book before us by the
aid of the work under notice the task of translating colloquial English
into original Urdu is simplified to a considerable degree." — Home Netos.
Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta.
Bg tfje same ^ut^or
In 12mo. Cloth, for t/te pochet. Bs. 2.
A POCKET-BOOK
OF
COLLOQUIAL URDU
FOR MILITARY RECONNAISSANCE, FOR REFERENCE
&. USE ON SERVICE.
BT
G. S. A. RANKING, m.a., m.d.
Stirgeon Lieut.-Col.^ Indian Medical Service ,
Secretary to the Board of Examiners^
Fort Willi avi.
PRESS NOTICES.
"An exceedingly nseful and handy Pocket-Book It is ex-
pressly designed for beginners, and with a view to requirements of
military reconnaissance. The collection of phrases and vocabulary will
be useful, as Dr. Ranking hopes, not only to those who are preparing for
the Lower Standard, of which reconnaissance and other military duties
are in future to form an important part, but also to those who may be
engaged in actual duty before they have acquired a suflBcient knowledge
of the language. In reality the book has a wider range of usefulness,
and will be found of special value by sportsmen and others who have to
make their way about the country. The arrangement of phrases under
Buch general headings as "Intelligence," "Supplies," "Time," etc., is
decidedly felicitous, and the hints regarding the use of the table of
useful verbs will quickly enable students to frame sentences for them-
selves. Above all the book can easily be slipped into the pocket, so as to
be ever at the disposal of the learner." — T/ie Englishman.
" This is a most nseful little book, and supplies a want felt by every
Subaltern on joining the Staff Corps, and by many who have served in it
for a considerable time. It contains practically all the words and a good
many of the phrases which occur in one's every day life, in cantonments
and on the line of march." — Pioneer.
Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta.
Bg tJ)e same ^utljar
12ino. Seived. Us, 4,
THE ELEMENTS
OF
ARABIC AND PERSIAN PROSODY,
COMPRISING A
TRANSLATION OF THE ^ARUZ I SAIFI
AND
EXTRACTS FROM OTHER STANDARD WORKS ON
PROSODY.
BY
Surgeon- LiEUT.-CoL. G. S. A. RANKING, m.a., m.d.
Thaeker, Spink aud Co., Calcutta.
EXAMINATIONS
TN
ORIENTAL LANGUAGES
FOR
MILITARY OFFICERS.
URDU-HIGHER AND LOWER STANDARDS.
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Selections from the Bagh-o-Bahar, Official Edition. Rs. 2-4.
Forbes — The Bagh-o-Bahar, Complete Text, with Voca-
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Selections from the Bagh-o-Batiar, Official Edition. Re. 1.
FoKBEs — The Bagh-o-Bahar, Complete Text, -with Voca-
bulary. 6s.
TBANSLA T ions-
Selections, translated by Adalut Khan, with Notes. Rs. 3-8.
Forbes — The Bagh-o-Bahar, Complete translation. 8s.
URDU-HIGH PROFICIENCY.
TEXTS— Persian Character.
Ikhwan-us-safa. Rs. 3-12.
Nasr-i-bb-nazir. ,, 3-12.
Akaish-i-mahfil. „ 6.
Masnavitat-i-sauda. Re. 1.
TRANSLATIONS—
Ikhwan-us-safa. By J. Platts. 10s. 6d.
Ditto By Prof. Dowson. 7s. 6d.
Nasr-i-be-nazir. By Lt.-Col. Court. Rs. 4-8.
Ditto By Capt. Bowdler Bell. Rs. 4-8.
Araish-i-mahfil. By Lt.-Col. M. H. Court. Rs. 10.
Masnaviyat-i-sauda. By Lt.-Col. M. H. Court. Rs. 3.
URDU-HONOURS.
TEXTS— Persian Character.
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Thacker, Spink and Co , Calcutta.
DlWAN-I-ATASH. Rs. 2,
Kdllitat-i-sauda. Rs. 6.
Urdu-i-mualla op ghalib, Rs. 3.
HINDI-HIGH PROFICIENCY.
TEXTS— Nagri Character.
Rajniti. Official EditioB. Rs. 4.
Rajniti. Bazar Copy. As. 12.
Prem Sagar. Edited, with Vocabulary, by Eastwick, quarto,
second-hand, about Rs. 30.
Ditto Bazar edition. Rs. 2.
Ramayan, Book II. Bazar edition. Re. 1-8.
TRANSLATIONS—
Rajniti. Translated by Capt. Dowdier Bell. Rs. 6.
Ramayan, Book II. Translated with Notes by Adalut Khan.
Rs. 4-8.
Ditto Translated by F. S. Growse. Rs. 3.
PERSIAN— LOWER STANDARD.
TEXT—
Iqd-i-gul. Selections from the Gdlistan, (Chapters I to
IV.) Official Edition. Rs. 8-12.
TRANSLATION—
Selections from the Gulistan. Translated by Adalut Khan.
Rs. 3-8.
PERSIAN-HIGHER STANDARD.
TEXTS—
Iqd-i-gul ; being Selections from the Gulistan and the
Anwar-i-Suhaili. Official Edition. Rs. 3-12.
Iqd-i-manzum : a Selection from the Bostan. Official Edition.
Re. 1-12.
TRANSLATIONS—
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Iqd-i-manzum. Translated with Notes. ByAoALUTKnAN. Rs,5-8.
PERSIAN-HIGH PROFICIENCY AND HONOURS.
TEXTS—
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Ditto Edited with complete Vocabulary. By J. T.
Platts. 12s. 6d,
Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta.
UosTAN. Offici'fil Edition. Re. 1-8.
Ditto With Commentary in Porsiau. Edited by
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Ditto Pliotographed from a MS. Edited by Platts
and RoGKRS. 18s.
MiRZA Hairat's Persian translation of Malcolm's History.
of Persia. Vol. 11. Rs. 10.
TRANSLATIONS—
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Ditto Translated by E. B. Eastwick. 10s. 6d.
Ditto Translated by James Ross. Is. 6d.
BosTAN. Translated into Prose. By Lt.-Col. H.W. Clark.
Malcolm's History of Persia (Modern). Edited *ud
adapted to the Persian translation of Mirza Hairat.
With Notes and Dissertations. By Lt.-Col. M. H. Court.
Rs. 25.
ARABIC-HIGHER STANDARD.
TEXTS—
Selections from the Alif Laila. Official Edition. Re. I-IO.
Nafhat-ul-yaman. 1st Part. Official Edition. Rs. 2-8.
ARABIC-HIGH PROFICIENCY.
TEXTS—
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TEXTS—
Ganj-i-Pukhto. Edited with a Glossary. By Rev. T. P.
Hughes. 10s. 6d.
TRANSLATION-
Ganj-i-Pcktu. Translated. Rs. .5.
PASHTU-HIGHER STANDARD.
TEXT—
Kalid-i- Afghani. Edited by Rev. T. P. Hughes. Second
Edition, lis. 12-8.
TRANSLATION—
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Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta.
Calcutta, February I90t.
Ui^backer, Spink d (Lo.'s
iPublications.
CONTENTS :
Patje. I
Spokt and Vktekinauy Works 'J
HisTORT, Customs, Travrls, ktc. 7
DoMKSTic Books ... ... 1^
(jriiiDK Books
PoETKY, Fiction, ktc.
ilKDICINK, HyGIBNK. ktc.
Thackkk's Indian Dikkctokiks.
Maps, ktc.
SCIICNTIKIC WonKS
Pago.
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. 27 I
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S^^m published by our London firm and are subject to the
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THACKER, SPINK & CO., CALCLTI'A.
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THE ROD IN INDIA; Being Hints how to Obtain Sport, with
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THACKEll, SIMNK & C(J., CALCUTTA.
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THE SPORTSMAN'S MANUAL. In Quest of Game in Kullu,
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INDIAN WILD DUCK, AND HOW TO KNOW THEM. By F. Finn,
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DENIZENS OF THE JUNGLES. A Series of Sketches of Wild
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INDEX
Agnew.
Ahmed.
Aitken.
Page.
Aberigh-Mackay. Central Indian
Chiefs 14
Adair. Summer in High Asia . . S
Adams. Principal Events in Indian
and British History . . . . . . 38
Indian Penal Code . . 47
N.-W. P. Land Revenue .. 40
Tribes on My Frontier .. 20
Behind the Bungalow .. 19
Naturalist on the Prowl . . 20
Alexander. Indian Case -Law on
Torts 42
Ali, Cheragh. Exposition of the
popular " Jihad "
Ali, Ameer. Ethics of Islam
Law of Evidence
Mohamedan Law, 2 vols
Student's Handbook
Aliph Cheem. Lays of Ind . .
Allen. Transport
Amateur Gardener in the Hills
Anderson's Indian Letter- Writer . .
Arbuthnot. A Trip to Kashmir . .
Azizuddin Ahmed. The N.-W. P.
Land Revenue Act
Baker. Simplex Calculator
Banerjee. Devanagari Alphabet . .
-^—^ Elements of Arithmetic . .
Lilavati
Marriage and Stridhana . .
Speeches of Lai Mohun
Ghose
Barker.
Barlow.
Barrow.
Tea Planter's Life . .
Indian Melodies
Sepoy Officer's Manual . .
Battersby. Practical Hygiene
Beddome. Handbook to Ferns and
Suppt.
Bell. Laws of Wealth
Government of India
, in Bengali
Bellew. Races of Afghanistan
Bengal Code Regulations
Bernard. Indian Military Law
Beveridge. Nand Kumar
Beverley. Land Acquisition Act . .
Bhartrihari. Tawney
Bhftttacharya. Hindu Castes
Bhattacharjee. Hindu Liw
Zamindaree Manual
Bignold. Leviora
Birch. Management of Children
Page,
.. 50
29, 54
.. 21
16, 22
Bonarjee. Fighting Races of India 12,33
Bonavia. The Date Palm . - , . 28
Bose. Hindus as they are .. ..11
Boulger. The Congo State . . . . 9
Historj' of China .. .. 9
Broughton. Code of Civil Procedure 40
Bninn. Cave Dwellers of Southern
Tunisia
Burke. Every-day Menus . .
Busteed. Echoes from Old Calcutta
C — Major. Horse Notes
Dog Notes
9
15
8
4
. 5
6, 55
. 6
. 38
. 17
. 17
6
, 54
, 18
. 44
43
Calcutta Racing Calendar
Racing Calendar, Volumes . .
University Calendar
Guide
Illustrated
Turf Club Rules
Carnegy. Kachari Technicalities . .
Cashmir en famille
Caspersz. Law of Estoppel
Chalmers. Negotiable Instruments
Chatterjee. Manual of Deductive
Logic .. ..37
Chaudhuri. The Coolie Act . . 43
Clarke. Compositas IndicHj . . . . 28
Clowe's Naval Pocket Book . . 33
Colebrooke. Lilavau . . . . 30
Collett. Specific Relief Act . . . . 43
Collier. Local Self -Government . . 46
Bengal Municipal Manual. . 47
CoweU. Hindu Law . . . . 49
Constitution of the Courts 52
Cunningham. Indian Eras .. ..13
Currie. Law Examination Manual 53
Curzon. Indian Speeches, 1S9S— 1900 7
De Bourbel. Routes in Kashmir . . IS
Dey. Indigenous Drugs of India . . 23
Donogh. Stamp Law . . . . 53
Duke. Banting in India . . 25
Kashmir ^ .. ..17
Dupemex. People's Banks . . . . 29
58
INDEX.
Page.
Edwards. Notes on JI ill's Hamilton 3'.<
Short History of English
Language 39
Eha. Sec Aitken.
Empress . . . ■ . . . . .00
English Selections for the Calcutta
Entrance Coiu-sc . . . . 3S
Ewing. Handbook of Photography 30
Exposure Tables . . . . 80
Fencing Review . . . . 33
Field. Landholding .. .. 41
Introduction to Bengal Reg-
ulations .. .. ..41
Message Book . . . . 32
Fink. Analysis of Reid's Inquiry
into the Huni.an Mind .. 30
— ^— — Analysis of Hamilton on
Metaphysics .. .. 3'.i
Finn. Indian Wild Uuck and how
to know them 3
Kirrpinger. Manual of Gardening . . 1.5
Forsyth. Revenue Sale-Law . . 40
Probate and Administration 4."j
Four -anna Railway Gviide . . . . Id
George. Guide to Book-keeping . . 3i;
Ghose. Law of Mortg.ase in India . . 43
Giles. Antiseptic Surgery . . . . 24
Godfrey. The Captain's Daughter. . 22
Goodc. \Vith Sampson through the
War
Goodeve on Children. By Birch . . Hi
Gordon-Forbes. SimLa to Shipki IS
Gore. Tour to Pindari Glacier ., 18
Gour. The Transfer of Property in
British India . . . . 44
Gowan. Kashgaria .. .. 13
Grant. Rural Life in Bengal . . 12
Gray. Dhammapada .. .. 10
Gregg. Text-book of Indian Botany 28, 39
Gribble and Hehir. Medical Juris-
prudence 40
Grierson. Kayathi Character . . 85
Grimley. Revenue Sale-Law . . 41
.^—— Sea Customs Law .. ..53
Hall. Principles of Heat .. .. 3S
Hamilton. Indian Penal Code .. 47
Handbook of Indian Law . . . . 52
Hardless. Clerk's Manual .. .. .37
- Government Office Manual 37
H.awkins. The Arms Act . . fi, 45
Hayes and Shaw. Dogs for Hot
Climates 5
Heaton. Medical Hints .. 16,23
Henderson Testamentary Devise .. 45
Page.
Henderson. Intestate and Testamen-
tary Succession . . . . 45
Hendley. Hygiene . . . . 16, 24
Hints to ■young Shikaris . . 3
Holmwood. Registration Act . . 42
Hoseason. The Practice of Trigono-
metry 30
House. N.-W. P. Rent Act .. .. 42
Humfrey. Horse Breeding . . .. 4
Hume. Criminal Digest . . 47
Hutchinson. Medico-Legal Terms 35
Hyde. Parish of Bengal, Hi78— 178S .S
India in 1983 21
Indian Articles of War .. ..32
Horse Notes . . . . 4
Notes about Dogs . . . . 5
Church Quarterly Review . . 56
— ^^ Medical Gazette . . 25, 55
Cookery Book . . 14
.and Eastern Engineer . . 50
Indo- Anglian Literature . . . . 21
Inland Emigration Act
Insolvency Act
44
Jackson. A Jaunt in Japan . .
James. Cows in India and Poultry 15
Jane. The Imperial Russian Navy 33
The Torpedo in Peace and
War 33
Jones. Permanent- Way Pocket Book 20
Julian. A Bobbery Pack in India . . 5
Kalidasa. Malavikagnimitra . . 3rt
Keene. Handbook to Ag^ .. .. 17
Handbook to Delhi . . . . 17
Handbook to Allahabad .. 17
Servant of John Company 7
Kelleher. Specific Performance .. 43
Mortgage in Civil Law .. 44
Possession . . . . 44
Kelly. Practical Surveying for India 30
Kentish Rag. Regimental Rhymes 22
King and Pope. Gold and Copper 29
Guide to Royal Botanic
Gardens .. .. ..19
King-Harman. Reconnoitrer's Guide 33
Kinloch. Large Game Shooting . . 2
Russian Grammar .. 36
Kipling. Departmental Ditties . . 20
Plain Tales from the Hills 20
Kuropatkin. Kashgaria .. .. 13
Lalmohun Ghose. Speeches .. 14
Lamb. Tales from Shakespeare . . 39
Lays of Ind 20
Lee. On Indigo Manufacture .. 27
Legislative Acts. Annual Volumes 53
INDEX.
59
Page.
Le Messurier. The Game, Shore and
Water Birds of India . . . . 3
Lethbridge. Moral Reading Book . . 39
Lloyd. Notes on the Garrison Course 32
Loth. English People and their
Language 39
Lovell. On Postal and Public Service 21
Lj'oa. Medical Jurisprudence 24, 49
MacEwen. Small Cause Court Act
Mackay. Twenty-One Days in India
Malcolm. Central India
Management of Dogs in India
Jlap of Calcutta
Map of the Civil Divisions of India
Markby. Lectures on Indian Law
Maxwell. Duties of Magistrates ..
Miizumdar's Life of K. C. Sen
McCrindle. Megasthenes
Ery thrasan Sea . .
Ktesias
Medical and Sanitary Reform
Mem Sahib's Book of Cakes . .
Mem Sahib's Cookery Book
Mitchell. Guide to Calcutta
Mitra. Cholera in Kashmir
Bubonic Plague
Privy Council Digest
Law of Joint Property
Land Law of Bengal
Mookerjee, Onoocool Chunder
The Perpetuities in British
40
India
Moore. Guide to Examination
Horses
Morison. Advocacy . .
Indian Arbitration Act
Moses. The Baby
of
Mr. Dutt and Land Assessments . .
Murray -Aynsley. HiUs beyond Simla
Myam-Ma. By Powell (Tsaya)
Newland. The Image of War
Norman. Calcutta to Liverpool . .
Northam. Guide to Masuri . .
Nunn. Stable Management
O'ConneU. Ague, or Intermittent
Fever
O'Donoghue. Riding for Ladies . .
Onoocool Chunder Mookerjee
Paper Sights S3
Peacock. Law relating to Easements 43
Pease. Hunting Reminiscences , . 4
Peter. Routes to Cachar and Sylliet 19
Philatelic Journal of India . . . 7
Page.
Philips. Land Tenures of Lower
Bengal 41
Our Administration of India 41
Comparative Criminal Juris-
prudence . . . . . . 4S
Philipps. Issue of Orders in the Field 31
Pisani. Pathology of Relapsing Fever 24
Pocket Code of Civil Law .. .. 40
■ Penal Laws . . . , . . 47
Pogson. Manual of Agriculture .. ^S
Pollock on Fraud ^4
Polo Rules (J
Calendar . . . . t;
Ponder. Indian Materia Medica . . 23
Pooshkin. The Captain's Daugliter 22
Pope. Gold, Copper, and Lead in
Chota Nagpore 20
Powell. Myam-Ma . .. ..10
Poynder. Indian Articles of War . . 32
Racing Calendar . . . . G, 50
Ramsay. Anthropometry . .
Ranking. Urdu Prose . . . . 34
Guide to Hindustani . . 34
• Specimen Papers . . 34
Pocket Book of Colloquial
Urdu 34
Regimental Rhymes 22
Regulations of the Bengal Code . . 41
Reidl Inquiry into Human Mind.. 3'.i
Chin-Lushai Land .. .. 10
Culture and Manufactvn-e
of Indigo . . . . . . 27
Reminiscences of Behar . . . . 12
Reynolds. N.-\V. P. Rent Act .. 40
Richards. Snake-Poison Literature 24
Ridge. Indian Stamp Act . . . . 53
Rivaz. Limitation Act . . . . 45
Romance of Thakote . . . . 22
Rowe and Webb. Companion Reader 37
Roxburgh. Flora Indica . . 2S
Roy. Law of Rent and Revenue . . 40
Rubbee. Origin of the Mohame-
dans in Bengal 12
Rumsey. Al-.Sirajiyyah . . . . 51
Russell. Malaria 25
Bullet and Shot in Indian
Forest, Plain and Hill . . . . 2
Saraswati. Hindu Law of Endowment 50
Sarvadhikari. Hindu Law of Inheri-
tance . . . . . . . . . . 50
Sen, Keshub Chunder 11
Guru Pershad. Hinduism . . 11
Shadwell. Ijockhart's Advance
through Tirah . . , . 10, 31
Shaw & Hayes. Dogs for Hot Climates 5
60
INDEX.
Page.
Shaw. How to Choose a Dog .. 5
Sherring. Light and Shade . . . . 21
Sherston and Shadwell. Tactics . . 31
Shinghaw. Phonography in Bengali 37
Simla, Guide to 18
Map of . . . . IS
Sinclair. Projection of Maps 29, 3S
Sircar. Mahomedan Law . . . . 51
Small. Urdu Grammar . . . . 36
Anglo-Urdu Medical Hand-
book • • ■ • . . 35
Snaffle Papers 3
Spencer. Record of Indian Fevers 2n
Spens. Indian Ready Reckoner . . 37
Sportsman's Manual . . ■ . 3
Stapley. Primer Catechism of Sani-
tation ^'^
Station Polo , „ •.• ""
Stephen. Principles, Judicial Evi-
Sterndale. Mammalia of India . . 2'.i
Municipal Work . . . . 40
— — Seonee . . . . ■ • 3
Denizens of the Jungles . . 3
Stewart. Station Polo . . . . 5
Stow. Lectures on Telegraphy . . 30
Swinhoe. Case-Noted Penal Code . . 4S
Case-Noted Criminal Proce-
dure Code ^^
T.igore. Our Indian Horse .. 4
Talbot. Translations into Persiaa . . 36
Tawncy. MalavikagTiimitra . . .. 3i'
. Bhartrihari . . . . 3ii
English Pe )ple and their
Language •'■'
Taylor. Guide to Darjeeling.. .. 1;^
Guide to India .. •• 17
Temple- Wright. Flowers and Gardens 1.0
Baker and Cook .. ..14
Thacker. Guide to Calcutta . . . . 17
Guide to Darjeeling .. 17
Guide to Simla . . 18
Directory of (^hief Indus-
tries in India . . . . 27
Indian Directory .. • • 26
Tea Directory . . . . 27
Map of India .. ..26
Thomas. Hod in India . . . . 2
Toynbee. Chaukidari Manual . . 48
Page.
51
15
15
15
SJ
3, 19
Trevelyan. Law of Minors
Tweed. Cow-keeping in India
Poultry-keeping in India
Ducks, Geese, &c.
Tweedie. Hindu.stani, and Key
Tyacke. Sportsman's Manual
Underwood. Indian English
Upton. Handbook on Law of Inter
est on Debts ..
Useful Hints to Young Shikaris
Yaughan. Pushto Grammar
Walker. Angling
Ward. Sportsman's Guide to Kash
mir . . . . 3,
Watson. Railway Curves ..
Webb. Indian Lyrics
Indian Medical Service
English Etiquette . .
Entrance Test Examination
Questions
Wheeler. Tales from Indian His
tory .. 12
Early Records of British
India
Whish. Decadent Ditties
District Office in N.
India
White. Horse, Harness and Trap ..
Wilkins. Hindu Mythology
Modern Hinduism . .
Wilson. Anglo-Mahomedan law —
Introduction
Anglo - Mahomedan
Digest
Early Annals of the English
in Bengal
Our Indian Servants
Wood. Fifty Graduated Papers in
Arithmetic, &c.
Woodman. Digest, Indian Law
Reports
Woodroffe. Law of Injunctions and
Receivers
Law of Evidence
Young. Carlsbad Treatment
21
53
3
3ti
2
IS
30
21
24
16
37
39
22
41
11
11
51
51
10
38
49
43
4S
22
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