"II HOI\T THE LIBRARY OF THE OF LOS UNIVERSITY CALIFORNIA ANGELES I I UK DIAGRAM SHOWING THE ALPHABET OF THE ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND, DERIVED FROM THE INCLINED ELLIPSE, THE SWIFTEST AND MOST EASILY EXECUTED OF ALL OUTLINES. S**/\ / z \ / 1 -^~K\ / / ~m 9 I * /w \ FACILE LINES. RAPID MOVEMENT INTERDEPENDENT. CROSS'S ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND: A NEW SYSTEM, ADAPTED BOTH TO GENERAL USE AND TO VERBATIM REPORTING. COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME. BY J. GEO. CROSS, A.M. WHITING IS THE CONSERVATOR OF THOUGHT. SECOND EDITION. CHICAGO: S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY, 1879. COPYRIGHT. 1878. BY S. C. GKIGGS AND COMPANY. DONOHUE & HENNEBERRY. BINDERS. CONTENTS. PAGE ILLUSTRATIVE DIAGRAM (Frontispiece). INTRODUCTION Need of a Popularized System; History of the Art; Phonography; Outline of this System, - 9-23 CORRESPONDING STYLE. CHAPTER I. 0. POSITION, MOVEMENT, MATERIAL, ETC. 25-30 i CHAPTER II. >. DESCRIPTION OF THE LITERARY STYLES OP SHORT-HAND, 31-33 ALPHABET, 32-33 ""* LESSON I. STRAIGHT LINES, 33-36 II. CURVED LINES, - 36-37 cr> " III. HOOKS, LOOP AND ClRCLE, M AND N, u DOUBLE LETTERS, - 38-42 *i " IV. SHADING FOR r, - 42-43 Ac AND THE t, d AND I CONTRACTIONS, 43-49 " V. EQUIVALENTS AND CONTRACTIONS, - 49-51 w THE ing DOT, 51-52 VI. WORD SIGNS, 53-55 f2 ILLUSTRATIVE READING AND WRITING LESSON, 56-57 ABBREVIATED STYLE. CHAPTER I. LESSON I. POSITION WORD SIGNS, 58-59 " II. PHRASE SIGNS, 60 6 449459 O CONTENTS. CHAPTER II. READING AND WHITING LESSONS. LESSON I. JOHN i, 1-20, - - 62-63 II. MATT, xi, 28-30, - - 64 MATT, vi, 27-34, - 64 " III. ECCLES. iii, . 65-67 MAN BOUN TO DIE, - 67 " IV. PSALM OF LIFE (Longfellow), 68-69 TIME (Herrick), 70 V. DISAPPOINTMENT THE LOT OF ALL, (Blair), 71 NATIONAL ANTHEM (Aldrich), 72 " VI. SPUING (Tennyson), - 73 - THE RAINBOW (Wordsworth), 74 THE Moss ROSE (Krummacher), - 75 " VII. THE LOVE OF GAIN (Blair), - - 75-76 THOU ART, GOD (Burns), 76 " VIII. FRAGMENT (Michael Angelo), - 77-79 REPORTING STYLE. CHAPTER I. POSITION DUAL VOWEL AND CONSONANT SCHEME, 80-84 POSITION OF THE THREE CLASSES OF LETTERS ILLUSTRATED, 85-88 CHAPTER II. CONTRACTIONS Mp, mb, - 90-91 Mpl, rabl, 91 Mpt, mbd; r added, 91-92 Con, com, cog, 92-94 Comp, compa, compe, compi, compo, compu, I and r added, 94 Tion, sion, etc. ... 94 Tious, scious, etc. - - - - - 94-95 CONTENTS. 7 Rious, rior, ried, etc. - 95-96 Ns, nc, nts, etc. (retracing), - 96 Ns, nc (semicircle); nk, rtck, kn, ckn, - 97 Ex, - 98 Sw and sp dot sc, sfc, sq, - - 99-100 Shading for n and ic, - - - 100-101 Pl,ly !/ stick, - - 101-102 Intj ill ch, sh, - - 103 K, ch; c Intnl. lengthened letters, - - 104 A, q ai; ra ir/iroi tlve dis is of, - 105-106 Dionysius and Damocles, . 107 CHAPTER III. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES, - - 108 TABLES OF PREFIXES, - - 109-12 TABLE OF SUFFIXES, - 113-14 CHAPTER IV. VOWELS AND CONSONANTS, - - 115 WRITING AND OMISSION OF VOWELS, - - 115-16 WRITING AND OMISSION OF CONSONANTS, - 116 CHAPTER V. ABBREVIATIONS, - 117-18 TAIJLE OF COMMON ABBREVIATIONS WITH SHORT-HAND SIGNS, 119-49 CHAPTER VI. POSITIONED WORD SIGNS, - 150-51 TAHLE, - - - . . . 152-81 CHAPTER VII. OUTLINE WORD SIGNS, TAUI.I., 182 183-222 CONTENTS. CHAPTER VIII. PHRASES AND PHRASE WRITING, MINIATURE SIGNS, - 223 TABLE OF MINIATURE PHRASE WORD SIGNS, SHADING, 224 SUCH, - . oo.-) LIST OF PHRASES AND SIGNS, - 226-51 CHAPTER IX. OMISSION OF WORDS, - - 252 PUNCTUATION, - - 252 SHORT-HAND NOTATION, - - 253-4 MATERIALS FOR REPORTING, 254 PREPARING COPY, - - 255 PROOF READING, - ... 255-7 METHOD OF PRACTICE, - - 257-9 VERBATIM REPORTING, - - 259 LEGAL REPORTING, WITH FORMS, - - 259-66 CHAPTER X. EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE, - - 268 THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY (Milbum), ILLUSTRATED, 268 MILITARY INSUBORDINATION (Clay), ILLUSTRATED, - 278 REPLY TO HAYNE (Webster), - - 288 MOTION OF THE HEAVENLY BODIES (Dick), - 290 WE CHERISH THE MEMORY OF OUR HONORED DEAD (Everett), - - - 292 COMPLETE EDUCATION (Cross), ... g97 INTRODUCTION. THE following system is so radical a departure from the art of Short-hand, as embodied in the modern systems, that a full introduction seems necessary to a clear compre- hension of the principles on which are based its claims to the attention of an intelligent public. Writing is an art of such importance, so universally practiced, and involving so much time and labor, both of the brain and of the hand, that ease and rapidity of execu- tion become not only desirable, but imperative. The past fifty years have, with their bewilderment of improvements in science and art, increased the facilities for the transmission of thought, until the material means em- ployed seem to be dematerialized, and thought flies with the rapidity of its conception. In the midst of this inter- esting era, this glittering succession of triumphal advances, the art of writing alone remains unchanged. The hand of the writer plods as wearily to-day as it did a century ago; and thought waiting for embodiment is cramped, its beauty tarnished, its ardor cooled, its flame extinguished, and its majesty clouded. Is it not time that this pen-burden were lil'lfd, and thought disenthralled? So surely as all progress depends on mind, must perma- nent thought be borne on the wings of the pen; and any medium which shall render its recording fluent, like speech, 10 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. must prove, next to speech, the richest endowment of hu- manity. The history of swift writing shows the art to have engaged the attention of the best intelligences of the race ; that great minds have repeatedly grappled with and striven to perfect it; while the universally deplored vast labor, im- posed by our present method of writing, with the very lim- ited use of the existing systems of short-hand, show how little has been done toward solving the problem, and pro- viding facile, rapid writing for the masses. Short-hand, or Swift Writing, may, under various names and forms, be traced to the most remote civilized nations of the earth. The Egyptians at an early day rep- resented objects, words and ideas by a species of hiero- glyphics. The Jews also used this species of writing, add- ing a number of arbitrary characters for important solemn and awful terms, such as God, Jehovah, etc. The Greeks practiced a similar method, which is said to have been introduced at Nicolai by Xenophon, and by which he took down the sayings of Socrates. The Latins claimed for themselves the invention of the Roman notes. About 150 B.C., Enneus invented a new system, by which the notarii recorded the language of celebrated orators. These notes consisted of 11,000 marks of his own invention, abbreviated from the Roman alphabet, in the use of which very few words were written in full, called " common marks," because intended for common use. His plan, im- proved by Tyro, was held in high esteem by the Romans. Plutarch rejects Enneus' claim to the invention in favor of Cicero. Eusebius credits it to Tyro, a freedman of Cicero's ; while Seneca attributes the invention and cultivation of INTRODUCTION. 11 swift writing to freedmen and slaves, as Tyro, Persennius, Aquilla; whose performances were, according to the usages of the times, attributed to their patrons. Titus Vespasian was remarkably fond of short-hand, declaring its practice among his most interesting amusements. I This principle of a brief alphabet and abbreviated spelling has obtained in all systems of short-hand. All that the moderns have gained over the ancients has been effected by the adoption of a simpler alphabet. As the Roman notes were simply an abridgment of the Roman alphabet, some of them were necessarily complex. In the modern systems, alphabets have been adopted of the simplest geometrical signs, such as a right line and a curve, in various positions, with a small circle, a hook and a loop, which have supplied a sufficient variety of signs for the letters of the alphabet. Plutarch, in his life of Cato, the younger, tells us: " This, it is said, is the only oration of Gate's that is ex- tant. Cicero had selected a number of the swiftest writers, whom he had taught the art of abbreviating words by characters, and had placed them in different parts of the senate house ; before his consulate they had no short-hand writer." Short-hand now soon came into general repute among the Romans, and was patronized and practiced by the emperors themselves. The first publication upon the subject, of which we have any correct information, was about the year 1500, from a Latin manuscript dated 1412. In the reign of Eli/:il'tli, in l- r NH, Bright introduced a system of arbitrary signs for words, which, so far as is known, was the first treatise on the art in modern times. Many advances were made in the art in England during 12 ECLECTIC SHORT-HANI). the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Since the re- vival of learning in the fifteenth century, its dissemination may be divided into four principal periods. Period I, from the publication of the first alphabetic system by John Willis, in 1612, to that of the matured system of Mason, in 1682. During this period the system most used was that invented by Rich, which was afterward practiced, amended and republished by Dr. Dodridge. Period II extends from 1682 to the introduction of Taylor's, in 1786, during which time Mason's system en- joyed the greatest share of the public favor. It was re- published by Gurny in 1751, and is practiced by his de- scendants, as reporters to the British government, to the present time. Period III reaches from 1786 to 1837, at which time was published " Pitman's Phonography." During this period Taylor's was more used than any other, but public favor was bestowed, on it with Byron's, of 1767, Mayor's, of 1789, and Lewis', of 1815. In the year of 1831, in the United States, appeared "Gould's System of Short-hand," which was compiled from late European publications, with improvements. It had the merit of simplicity, and was extensively patronized, but was destined to give place to the incoming systems of phonography. Period IV, beginning at 1837, reaches to the present, during which time the practice of phonetic short-hand has been widely extended in Great Britain and the United States. Of phonography, Ben Pitman, in his preface to the "Manual of Phonography," published in 1860, says: "In 1837 Mr. Isaac Pitman, of Bath, England, published a INTRODUCTION. 13 system of short-hand under the title of ' Stenographic Sound-hand.' This publication quietly sold, but excited no general interest. Three years later the Penny Post Law was passed in England, and that same year beheld the publication, by Mr. Pitman, of a small sheet entitled * Phonography.' Either event was alike significant of the needs of the age. An entire system of writing was elabo- rated on this sheet; a system so simple and philosophic in its principles, tending so certainly to that combination of celerity and legibility, which are the great requisites of a system of writing for the masses, that it attracted great attention in England. Suggestions for its improvement were forwarded to its ingenious inventor from many quarters. Men willing to spread the knowledge of the art, which promised to be so useful to civilized man, traveled over England, Scotland ?,nd Ireland, pioneered by some of the inventor's own brothers. Ever improving with its spread, the art assumed consistency and importance, till it finally became recognized by many eminent men as one of the most useful inventions of the age. Its legibility and ease of acquisition soon caused it to drive away the arbitrary stenographies, out of which it had itself insensi- l)ly grown. But this was not all, for phonography not only supplied the place of all the systems that had pre- ceded it, but it also met requirements which the steno- graphic systems had never attempted to satisfy. It offered to the merchant, the lawyer, the editor, the author, the divine, and the student, a means of correspondence, and of recording thought and events, with a velocity five-fold ^reiiter than they ever could attain by the use of common script; and upon the reporter it lias at last bestowed the 14 ECLECTIC SHORT-HANI). means of secure and legible verbatim reporting, a power unknown before its advent; for the old stenographers were forced, almost invariably, to memorize much of their re- ports, and that portion of them which they did indite was illegible to all save the writer, and often even unto him. But now, by the aid of phonography, the stirring and impor- tant words of the statesman, the sacred oratory of the pul- pit, and the instructive lessons of the lecturer, are being daily transferred to the note-book of the phonographer with a vivid distinctness and accuracy which, to the writer of long-hand, and even to the stenographer, must appear little less than miraculous. He who has stood beside a phonographic reporter, and beheld his steady pen paint the flying words of a rapid speaker, cannot forget the feelings of wonder and admiration which the sight never fails to call forth. And when we inform the reader that, even when written at verbatim speed, phonographic writing has frequently been handed to the compositor and used by him as copy from which to set type, he cannot but be ready to acknowledge that great indeed and wonderful is the boon which Mr. Isaac Pitman has bestowed upon the Anglo- Saxon race." Interesting, indeed, is the foregoing enthusiastic tribute by his brother to the ingenuity and value of the beautiful system of phonography, as invented by Mr. Isaac Pitman. In the year 1847 phonography was introduced into the United States. In 1843 a phonetic society, consisting of persons who had learned to write it, was established in Great Britain; the object being to promote its general adoption. A similar society was established in the United States in 1849. In 1850 a phonetic council of one hun- INTRODUCTION. 15 dred persons, from both Great Britain and America, was elected by a popular vote of the phonographers of each country, for the purpose of effecting further improvements in the, art. This council had the system under revision for two years, and, it is reasonable to suppose, brought it as near perfection as is possible with its alphabetic basis. Since this revision there have appeared several works on the art, all adopting the same alphabet, and differ- ing chiefly in their presentation of the subject. Chief among these are Ben Pitman's, Langley's, Webster's, Munson's, Graham's, Lindsley's and Burns'. Lindsley's, called "Takigrafy," is a phonography differing from all others in its vowel system, and in a slightly differing consonant alphabet arrangement. The vowels of phonog- raphy do not admit of being written in connection with the consonants, but after the consonant outline of a word is written, the vowels, represented by dots and short dashes, are written by the side of the consonants, each by a separate movement of the pen, greatly retarding the rapidity of the writer. This style of writing constitutes what is called the corresponding style of phonography, which is at best but a slow and disconnected method of recording thought, and of little practical utility. Why most works on the art insist on the thorough mastery of the corresponding style, which must be finally laid aside for the more rapid reporting style, is, to most persons, in- explicable. The more recent systems proceed at once to the unfolding of the more rapid method. The vowels of Lindsley's Tachygraphy consist of small semicircles and short dashes, so arranged as to be written in their place as in the writing of long-hand. This arrangement of 16 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. vowels, which is an improvement on Pitman's correspond- ing style, however, proves too slow and difficult of execu- tion for the purposes of reporting, and hence only an occasional vowel is used in its more rapid style. This system presents three different styles, called the Corre- sponding, the Note Taker's, and the Reporting Style. None of the existing systems of phonography are pure- ly phonetic, but all introduce more or less of arbitrary word, prefix, suffix and phrase signs, and are to this ex- tent stenographic. A comparison of Pitman's Phonog- raphy with the stenographies of his day will show that he adopted, but in a more definite and expanded system, the stenographic method of writing vowels. The stenog- raphies employed a single dot for the five vowels, which, when the consonant outline of a word had been written, was placed near it to show that a vowel belonged there, leaving the reader to determine, from the context, which vowel was intended by the dot. Pitman's change consisted in a representation of each vowel element, by a distinct dot, or dash, each of which is used precisely as the stenographer used the single dot, viz, first writing the consonant outline of the word and then placing dots for vowels. In regard to the con- sonants, most systems of stenography are phonic, Pitman's change consisting in a clearer phonic analysis, and a dif- ferent arrangement of lines, but used in the same way. When we consider the origin of the lines used by the stenographer and by Pitman, we find that both derived their alphabetic lines from the circle with its various radii. The following presentation of Gould's Stenography, INTRODUCTION. 17 which appeared in 1831, by the side of Pitman's Pho- nography of 1837, and Tachygraphy of 1871, will show how closely they are allied. ALPHABETIC STENOGRAPHY AND PHONOGRAPHY AND TACHYGRAPHY COMPARED. a 6 3 Vy * \ a < ^ P \ i \ fti j> \ 6- \l K-Q, \ oh w lr \ t I clc 00 - / 1 d Ositf tc 4 / cJh ' / o -| w ~) on / Ch. C f-9- ) 9 / on - ># p/ C c O7 Our I ^ /I \ ' N 0* ^ e M. Y S, X. 1r tti ( * - 1hc ^ Cb CO w > ah ( f/t ( oof ith -^ ^ \ I ^ * ) * " etn r / / z ) <" * ('?? ^, / m * 5/^ y^ 01^ /i in 9 w ew n T.g ^-^ /. /Lr _ C. 1.0. u ' ' ? is a ^v ^/J - ^ ~^ j I 43 () ^ VX^s //.. WRITING EXERCISE. Read, road, rod, ruddy, rust, rear, roar, rumor, rivalry, robbery, render, wander, warden, word, wordy, wren, wrest, rend, rent, rift, rash, greet, green, grapery, graphic, grope, agree, argue, augur, german, grief, grain, grand, fresh, freer, fry, french, frill, from, freckle, three, thrift, thrill, thrall, thrust, thrum, throw, shrine, shrink, shrimp, shrill, express, expire, exercises, exco- riate, excrescence, drive, dry, drum, try, tree, trip, trum- pet, strive, stretch, stranger, story, stir, tear. AC. Tin- fullmvnig contraction might be delayed until a 44 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. later part of the work, and placed among other contrac- tions, were it not for its relation to the next succeeding contraction. As we have two lines to represent a, and either can be written with equal facility, both upward and down- ward, it is quite practicable to dispense with one of them: hence, hereafter the right a will be used to represent ac, the left a being used for a. (See Dual Letters, p. 33.) In accordance with the principle of the following paragraph, ac made half length becomes act, and shaded it expresses actor. HALVING FOR T AND D. These letters are of such frequent occurrence, that some contraction which shall render their expression more brief is desirable; and they are so similar in their power that in most systems of short-hand the same con- traction answers for both; but it is considered desirable to discriminate between them, and in this system, although the mode of contraction for t and d is similar to that of other systems, still it is generally so applied as to distinguish them. Tlie short-line letters, except t and r/, are halved to add t or d. To distinguish which is added, the d attaches to the halved obliques when written at their greater slope, while the t attaches to the halved obliques written at their least slope ; that is, the expression of t or d by the halved obliques depends on the slope at which they are written attaching to slight and d to intense slopes. Only t attaches to halved a, d being added by writing the character d almost as easily as to make a alone. 45 At the beginning of a word, to halve an oblique or vertical letter, and write it downward prefixes, while to write upward affixes the t or d. The beginning of a word is the only case in which it is important to repre-' sent them prefixed; hence, in the midst of a word, halv- ing always affixes them, the halved oblique being written up or down as may secure the better word form. HALVED OBLIQUES. (. \ ' S"' t ^ / ^ / -^ Exceptions. g and b are not immediately preceded by either t or d- hence, when halved, they may be written upward or downward at discretion, always, however, affixing the t or d by halving them. These contractions may seem to the writer to require very short lines and nice distinctions, but he will soon become familiar with and find them not only easy of application, but of great importance to brevity. No difficulty will arise to the reader in determining whether a letter has been written upward or downward, its connection with the letter following always indicating the direction in which it was written. The r is added to the halved, as it is to the full length lines, by shading them. Words frequently begin with tr or dr, followed by a vowel, as in trust, dream, etc. In such cases the vowel is begun with a shade and written down- ward half length, the r reading between the t or d and the vowel. To place the r so that it will read last, terminate the letter to which it is attached by a shade. 46 ECLECTIC SHOKT-HAND. ILLUSTRATIONS. T OR D ADDED TO LONG LETTERS. The longer letters cannot be simply halved to add t or d, because they would conflict with the short obliques; hence, to add t or d to c, wj, k, x, z or m, write them half length, and finish with a light vertical tick, making the tick heavy to add r. If r occurs between the long oblique and the t or d, it is indicated by shading the halved line, if it follows the t or d shade, the tick. The t or d are neither halved to add the other, because they are both short lines and unite easily. Tord beginning a word is always followed by a vowel, except in cases of the combinations tic, dir, tr, dr and th, which are provided for; hence no rule is necessary for cases of t or d initial followed by a consonant. Initial tw and dw are represented by the / or d tick written downward; this combination is always followed by a vowel. FULL CORRESPONDING STYLE. 47 If the tick for t or d is to be followed by I or y, omit the tick, and write the / or y vertically to indicate the vertical tick, thus suggesting the t or d. Shade either of them to add r. The last line of the following illustration shows the addition of I to y by making the y minute. See pi, yl, hi, etc., page 48. ILLUSTRATIONS. mf-a To arfrf t or d to s and f, they may be made half length and the tick added, or they may be made minute, half the length of t or they tha feint fant eigh J L ne f h each ech either ethr feel fel : [ f e ff - fef tetna etna f- [belief belef h i high hi y convenient . . convenynt l - e onion onyn L y<> . rebellious ....rebelyus bean *" tok [book bok om Plough ,,f enough enuf f beauty buty V ou I Pious pms a- extra --xtra rfcs .r wicks vvix - r { m comb com mention.... mnshn coercion.... corshn 6VaSi0n eV ^ lm ocean oshn musician.... musislm FULL CORRESPONDING STYLE. 51 Combination. dent tious dons sious scions sent cent cence sense less mur ousness ghteous com con ongue per pur pose phth ph ph Equivalent. Illustration. shnt transient transhnt f cautious caushs shs I precious preshs I pretentious pretnshs ^ conscious conshs snt consent cnsnt cnt accent accnt cn s munificence . . . munficns sns nonsense nonsns Is endless endls mr murmur mrmr sns mysteriousness . mysterisns chs righteous richs cm comment cmnt en content cntnt ung tongue tung pr perform prfrm P*' \ purpose prps ps ( t phthisic tisic s psalm sam / phlegm flem v phial vial In addition to the above contractions, the writer can omit all silent letters, and generally one of double let- ters. For ng, or ing, a dot is made at the end of the pre- ceding letter; for nging or inging, two dots; if ng or ing is followed by other letters, no dot is made, but the pen is lifted and the letter following ing is begun at the place of the dot, the break suggesting the ing. If the ing is followed by r the dot is made heavy. 52 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. ILLUSTRATIONS. si fry ^if^9^>t^ s?'?7pt>/~ singers 3*719 t/zro??9 CX' C/ E may be omitted after 6, as the pronunciation of 6 suggests an e. Write the word being, bing; begin, bgin; belong, blong, etc. WRITING LESSON. Ail, aid, aim, air, bail, claim; say, lay, may, pay, hay, gray, pray, stay; obey, convey, survey, purvey, they; neigh, sleigh, eight, freight, weight; said, laid, paid, staid, raid; each, teach, reach, preach; either; feel, reel, peel, keel, steel; ^Etna, Caesar; belief, believe, retrieve, achieve; con- venient, lenient; onion, bunion, reunion, pinion, opinion; sigh, high, nigh; light, right, fright, plight, sight, tight, wright; sow, below, row, flow, glow, hollow, fellow; pour, four; though, borough, borrow, morrow, sorrow, furrow, furlough; through, slough; plough; enough, tough, cough, trough, laugh; extra, exert, exist, excite, extend; wicks, tricks, bricks; comment, cement, demented, compliment, supplement, implement; fullness, sameness, tameness, calm- ness, fastness; gnat, sign, malign, condign, gnaw, gneiss: comb, tomb; action, nation, rational, mention, intention, vocation, coercion, ascension, evasion, ocean, ancient; cau- tious, precious, vivacious, conscious; consent, present, re- sent, accent, descend, descent, munificence, magnificence, nonsense, insensible; endless, careless, fearless, childless; FULL CORRESPONDING STYLE. 53 nmrniurer, murder, mural, mysteriousness, comment, com- mend, complain, comprise, compress, compose; confuse, con- tend, concern, connect, consist; perform, permit, per cent; purpose, pursue, purchase; phthisic; psalm. LESSON VI. WORD SIGNS. A word sign is a brief representation of a word, consist- ing of some prominent letter, or combination of letters, which enter into the formation of the word. The fol- lowing list is made up, first, of the letters of the alpha- bet, which are each used to suggest some word in com- mon use; next, the shaded letters are used, making a class of r word signs, and the halved letters are used, making a class of t and d signs. Last, a few signs are used which consist of combinations of letters. These signs should always be written on the line, that they may not conflict with signs which are written in posi- tion, some above, others across, and still others below, the line of writing. Those word signs which consist of a single letter, rep- resenting as they do but a single element of the word, are the least suggestive of the several classes, while the combination signs, in some cases quite spell, and in all cases clearly suggest, the words which they represent. The use of word signs, by the most rapid stenograph- ers, is carried to a great extent, and in Part III of this work due attention is given to this important feature of the art. 54 ECLECTIC SHOUT-HAND. any account foot food 4 freight \ forward V v^ V. V gone, give giver get God V. great V. urged o how that he will however O there J I am / I may J ^ inner I do i it _s~ , I did y ^ judge ' judgment JU!T ^ ' juror ~*^ just ^ , justifier \ knew \_ ^ ' , . -.er kmd lier ff all, will already FULL COKRESPOXULNG STYLE. 55 many saia .r take Mr. ^, might it, made it ^ take care mightier "^ you now. in ^> your, you are never | have, view / one j ever 1 viewed ^ own / with / to which -* do x<* . / were / or / s which are S over ^x^ ^ wait, what x? Up ^ s* upper / would x-7 apt ^\ expect /> appear ^\ exercise ^ appeal -^ expect it ^ apparel ^x, exert _ tiian whoever -ct; , then, thine -4 is, in , if 23~.. fall > fell, fill full ....,,, into, in the may, me, my mar, mere, mire, more -^ sail, sell, soul , mill was " mail / we, --^j- sir . -^ . nay, nigh, no, new . near, nor - made, on, of ^ - say, see, so ... us, on the ^ \ a , the, I, o, up are ' thcir > infer ' over, upper arc a by be a __ m)t 60 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. LESSO PHKASE ..S. all, will ^ be well all ../I..... can all well N II. SIGNS. some will take well you will have all with all which will expect all are all bear all all are . all can all come all be, will be all shall all our I ~ do all ..^fz _. you will -*> do all I have all --*'*- do well ..../_.._. with all if O f a n ? which will CHAPTER II. READING AND WRITING LESSONS. IN the six lessons of the preceding chapter are pre- sented instructions which, thoroughly familiarized, will enable the writer to express his thoughts with from one- fifth to one-eighth as many lines as would be necessary to their expression by means of long-hand. So much depends on perfect familiarity with the letters and their combinations, and with the various contractions and signs, that the writer should review and re-review; con- stantly writing them, until as ready in their use as in the characters of long-hand, Iris pen can render them like a flowing stream. The writing lessons which follow should be repeatedly written, with a thoughtful effort to secure the best word forms, and invariably read. When these lessons have been passed through thus thoroughly, the writer will find his practice greatly accelerated by the use of the " Reporters' Classical Practice Books," which are prepared to accom- pany this manual of short-hand. If he is practicing for purposes of reporting, he should immediately take up, Mini as rapidly as possible master, the reporting style, not dwelling long on the literary style. 62 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. LESSON I. ST. JOHN i, 1-20. ( c / / / ABBREVIATED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 63 / / / o / ( 64 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. LESSON II. MATT, ii, 28-30. / -2 J/ o^ / v_ ;_^ c^ / ^-c & L, ABBREVIATED CORRESPONDING STYLE. LESSON ITT. ECCLESIASTES ill. , c ,$ , 8* 66 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. o o X J -7 /7 O V ABBREVIATED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 67 e * t o> (^ o o 68 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. LESSON IV. A PSALM OF LIFE. Tell me not, in mournful numbers, Life is but an empty dream! For the soul is dead that slumbers, And things are not what they seem. / ( ^ C _ a -- Life is real! Life is earnest! And the grave is not its goal; Dust thou art, to dust returnest, Was not spoken of the soul. Not enjoyment, and not sorrow, Is our destined end or way; ABBREVIATED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 69 But to act that each to-morrow Find us farther than to-day. Art is long and Time is fleeting, And our hearts, though stout and brave, Still, like muffled drums, are beating Funeral marches to the grave. In the world's broad field of battle, In the bivouac of life, Be not like dumb, driven cattle! Be a hero in the strife! Trust no Future, howe'er pleasant! Let the dead Past bury its dead! Act act in the living Present! Heart within, and God overhead ! Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us Footprints on the sands of time; Footprints that perhaps another, Sailing o'er life's solemn main, A forlorn and shipwrecked brother, Seeing, shall take heart again. Let us, then, be up and doing, With a heart for any fate, Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn to labor and to wait. HENKY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW 70 ECLECTIC SHORT-HANI). TIME. Gather ye rosebuds as ye may, Old Time is still a flying; And this same hour that smiles to-day, To-morrow will be dying. / The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun, The higher he's a getting, The sooner will his race be run, And nearer he's to setting. The age is best which is the first, When youth and blood are warmer; But being spent, the worse or worst Time still succeeds the former. Then be not coy, but use your time, And while ye may, go marry; For having lost but once your prime, You may forever tarry. ROBERT UEJIRICK. ABBREVIATED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 71 LESSON V. DISAPPOINTMENT THE LOT OF ALL. Uneasiness and disappointment are inseparable, in some degree, from every state on earth. Were it in the power of the world to render those who attach themselves to it satisfied and happy, you might then, I admit, have some title to complain if you found your- selves placed upon worse terms in the service of God. But this is so far from being the case that, among the multi- tude who devote themselves to earthly pleasure, you will not find a single person who has completely attained his aim. Inquire into the condition of the high and the low, of the gay and the serious, of the men of business and the men of pleasure, and you shall behold them all occupied in supplying some want, or in removing some distress. No man is pleased with being precisely what he is. Everywhere there is a void, generally; even in the most prosperous life, there is some corner possessed by sorrow. He who is engaged in business, pines for leisure. He who enjoys leisure, languishes for want of employment. In a single state, we envy the comforts of a family. In conjugal life, we are chagrined by domestic cares. In a safe station, we regret the want of objects for enterprise. In an enterprising life, we lament the want of safety. It is the doom of man that his sky should never be free from all clouds. He is at present in an exile and fallen state. The objects which surround him are beneath his native dignity. God has tinged them all with vanity on purpose tu nuke him t'cel that this is not his rest; that here he is mil in his proper place nor arrived at his true honor. 72 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. NATIONAL ANTHEM. The little brown squirrel hops in the corn, The cricket quaintly sings; The emerald pigeon nods his head, And the shad in the river springs; The dainty sunflower hangs its head On the shore of the summer sea; And better far that I were dead, If Maud did not love me. I love the squirrel that hops in the corn, And the cricket that quaintly sings; And the emerald pigeon that nods his head, And the shad that gaily springs; I love the dainty sunflower, too, And Maud with her snowy breast; I love them all but I love I love I love my country best. THOMAS BAfLET ALDKICH. LESSON VI. SPRING. Dip down upon the northern shore, sweet new year, delaying long; Thou doest expectant nature wrong; Delaying long, delay no more. What stays thee from the clouded noons, Thy sweetness from its proper place? Can trouble live with April days, Or sadness in the summer moons? ABBREVIATED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 73 Bring orchis, bring the foxglove spire, The little speedwell's darling blue, Deep tulips dashed with fiery dew, Laburnums, dropping- wells of fire. thou new year, delaying long, Delayest the sorrow in my blood That longs to burst from a frozen bud, And flood a fresher throat with song. Now fades the last long streak of snow; Now bourgeons every maze of quick About the flowering squares, and thick By ashen roots the violets blow. Now rings the woodland loud and long, The distance takes a lovelier hue, And drowned in yonder living blue, The lark becomes a sightless song. Now dance the lights on lawn and lea, The flocks are whiter down the vale, And milkier every milky sail On widening stream or distant sea. Where now the seamew pipes or dives, In yonder greening gleam, and fly The happy birds, that change their sky To build and brood, that live their lives. Prom land to land, and in my breast, Spring wakens too; and my regi'et Becomes an April violet, And buds and blossoms like the rest. ALFRED TENNYSON. 4 74 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. THE RAINBOW. My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky; So was it when my life began. So is it now I am a man, So be it when I shall grow old, Or let me die! The child is father to the man; And I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety. WILLIAM WORDSWORTH . ^ s? / ABBREVIATED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 75 THE MOSS ROSE. The angel of the flowers, one day, Beneath a rose tree sleeping lay, That spirit to whose charge 'tis given To bathe young buds in dews of heaven Awakening from his light repose, The angel whispered to the rose. "0 fondest object of ray care, Still fairest found, where all are fair; For the sweet shade thou givest to me Ask what thou wilt, 'tis granted thee." "Then," said the rose, with deepened glow, "On me another grace bestow." The spirit paused in silent thought, What grace was there that flower had not? 'Twas but a moment o'er the rose A veil of moss the angel throws, And, robed in nature's simplest weed, Could there a flower that rose exceed? KRDMMACHEB. LESSON VII. THE LOVE OF GAIN. It is much to be regretted that, in the present state of things, there is no period of man's age in which his virtue is not exposed to perils. Pleasure lays its snares for youth ; and after the season of youthful follies is past, other temptations, no less formidable to virtue, presently arise. The love of pleasure is succeeded by the passion for interest. In this passion the whole mind is too often 76 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. absorbed, and the change thereby induced on the charac- ter is of no amiable kind. Amidst the excesses of youth virtuous affections often remain. The attachments of friendship, the love of honor, and the warmth of sensibility give a degree of luster to the character and cover many a failing. But interest, when it is become the ruling principle, both debases the mind and hardens the heart. It deadens the feelings of every- thing that is sublime or refined. It contracts the affec- tions within a narrow circle, and extinguishes all those sparks of generosity and tenderness which once glowed in the breast. BLAJB. THOU ART, O GOD. Thou art, God, the life and light Of all this wondrous world we see; Its glow by day, its smile by night, Are but reflections caught from Thee. Where'er we turn Thy glories shine, And all things fair and bright are thine! When day, with farewell beam, delays Among the opening clouds of even, And we can almost think we gaze Through golden vistas into heaven, Those hues that make the sun's decline So soft, so radiant, Lord, are thine. When night with wings of starry gloom O'ershadows all the earth and skies Like some dark, beauteous bird, whose plume Is sparkling with unnumbered eyes, ABBREVIATED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 77 That sacred gloom, those fires divine, So grand, so countless, Lord, are thine. When youthful spring around us breathes, Thy Spirit warms her fragrant sigh; And every flower the summer wreathes Is born beneath that kindling eye. Where'er we turn thy glories shine, And all things fair and bright are thine. MOOBB. LESSON VIII. FRAGMENT. And sweet it is to see, in summer time, The daring goats upon a rocky hill, Climb here and there, still browsing as they climb; While far below, on rugged pipe and shrill, The master vents his pain; or homely rhyme He chants; now changing place, now standing still. While his beloved, cold of heart, and stern, Looks from the shade in sober unconcern. Nor less another sight do I admire The rural family round their hut of clay; Some spread the table, and some light the fire, Beneath the household rock in open day; The ass's colt with panniers some attire; Some tend the bristly hogs with fondling play. This with delighted heart the old man sees, Sits out of doors and suns himself with ease. 78 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. The outward image speaks the inner mind Peace without hatred, which no care can fret; Entire contentment in their plow they find, Nor home return until the sun be set; No bolts they have, their houses are resigned To Fortune let her take what she can get. A hearty meal then crowns the happy day, And sound sleep follows on a bed of hay. In that condition Envy is unknown, And haughtiness was never there a guest; They only crave some meadow overgrown With herbage that is greener than the rest. The plow's a sovereign treasure of their own, The glittering share the gem they deem the best; A pair of panniers serves them for buffette, Trenchers and porringers for golden plate. Avarice blind, mean and base desires Of those who pass the gifts of Nature by! For gold alone your wretched pride aspires, Restless for gold from land to land ye fly. And what shall quench your never sated fires, Ye slaves of Envy, Sloth, and Luxury, Who think not, while ye plot another's wrong, " Man wants but little, nor that little long? " They in old time who drank the streamlet clear, And fed upon the fruits which nature sent. They should be your example, should appear Beacons on which your eyes should still be bent. ABBREVIATED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 79 listen to my voice with willing ear! The peasant with his herds enjoys content; While he who rules the world, himself unblest, Still wants and wishes, and is not at rest. Wealth, sad at heart the while, and full of dread, Goes all adorned with gems, and gay with gold : And every cloud which passeth overhead, As ominous of change doth she behold. But Poverty her happy days hath led, Vexed with no hope to have, nor fear to hold: Amid the woods in homely weeds bedight, She knows no cares, no quarrels, no affright. Milk, herbs and water always at command, The peasant recks not of superfluous stores; He counts his gains upon his callous hand, No other book is needed for his scores; Troubled with no account of ships or land, No usurer's guiles he suffers and deplores; He knows not in the world that such things be, Nor vainly strives with fortune no, not he. If the cow calved, and if the yearling grew. Enough for all his wishes fortune yields; He honors God, and fears and loves him too; His prayers are for his flocks, and herds, and fields; The doubt the how, the why, that fearful crew. Disturb not him, whom his low station shields: And favored for his simple truth by Heaven, The little that he humbly asks is given. MICHAEL ANOEI.O. REPORTING STYLE. CHAPTER I. POSITION. IN the various systems of phonography several vowels are represented by writing the consonant outline in differ- ent positions with reference to the line of writing, but as the vowels are numerous it is impossible thus to represent all of them, hence each position is used to represent either of several vowels, leaving to the context to determine which; thus materially impairing the legibility of the writing. In this system the vowels are each represented by a distinct line, instead of a mere dot or dash, as in other systems; and as these vowel lines can be written in their proper place, in connection with the consonants, there is no necessity for the representation of vowels by position; still, as there are but five vowels to represent, and five positions with reference to the line of writing are easily determined, and their use will in- many cases add to the brevity without detracting from the legibility of the writ- ing; therefore five positions are determined, each of which represents both a vowel and a consonant. The five positions represent, respectively, the vowels o, e, i and y, o, , and the consonants 6, s and z, , /, g. 80 REPORTING STYLE. 8l The location of each of the five positions is indicated in the following cut. It will be seen that the position of n, i or y is on or across the line on which the writing stands; the position for e, s or z is just above the line; that of a, b still farther above it; that of o, / is just below the line, and that of u, g is still lower. The idea of position is not that these different letters must be written each in its position, but that any letter written in either of these five positions adds to itself the letter of the position. As each position represents both a vowel and a conso- nant, therefore any vowel written on a position takes the consonant of the position after it, or any consonant written on a position takes the vowel of the position after it; thus, a written across the line takes n after it, reading an; o written across the line reads on; * across the line reads in; s written across the line takes the vowel after it and reads si; m written in the various positions reads ma, me, mi or my, mo, mu; e written in the various positions reads eb, es or ez, en, ef, eg. The positions are used to express only the second letter of a word, and are employed in writing words beginning with a vowel, followed by b, s, n, f or g, and words which begin with any consonant followed by one of the vowels; thus, for the word man, m is written on the a position and the n attached to it. In reading, as in writing, the m is 82 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. first read, then the vowel on whose position the m is writ- ten, and last the n. In writing agent, the a is written on g position and followed by nt; the e may be omitted, because it is nearly or quite silent. These two cases serve to illus- trate the writing of all words whose second letter is a vowel or b, s, z, n, f or g. In the case of words beginning with consonantal combina- tions such as fl, pi, si. sh, sn, sm, sp, sc, sk, sq, st, pr, th, ch, etc., or shr, chr, scr, str, spr, etc., the combination is written in position for the vowel which follows it; as fly is repre- sented by fl on y place ; thy by th on y place ; pray by pr on a place; glow by gl on o place; chrome by chrm on o place; blame by blm on a place ; screw by scr on u place. The use of the position to indicate in some cases the second, and in other cases the third or fourth, letter of a word, may give rise to ambiguity in reading such similar words as slo, sole, glu, gull, flay, fail, play, pale, pray, pair, etc. In these cases it is obvious the consonantal combina- tions are the same, and if it is to be written in position for either the second or third letter of a word, then si on o place may be either sole or slo; gl on u place may be gull or glue, etc. If words were to be written separately, so that the context could not assist to determine their or- thography, then would this ambiguity seem to be formid- able, but the context in such cases so plainly indicating the correct orthography and pronunciation, renders the ambigu- ity of these outlines of slight importance. From these cases it will plainly appear that when a digraph, as pr, fr. or a trigraph, as shl, chr, etc., is written in position, it is to take the letter of the position which is most readily suggested by the combination and context REPORTING STYLE. 83 In case of pr, it may be a vowel between the p and r, making per, par, pir, por or pur, or it may be a vowel after the r, making pra, pre, pri, pro or pru. In case of shl, it is evident the vowel will occur between the h and /, making shal, shel, shil, shol or shul. It frequently occurs that the position letter is fol- lowed by r, t or d. In such cases the letter written in position is halved or shaded, as the case may be, the con- traction being used to add the >, t or d to the position letter instead of to the letter which is halved or shaded, as in the word fate, the / halved, and with the tick added, is written on a place, the halving to indicate the t following the position letter; for under, u halved and shaded at the end, is written on n place. The pupil must clearly distinguish the difference be- tween halving obliques written in position and those which are written without reference to position, as a halved vowel beginning a word, and written without ref- erence to position, is written downwai'd to prefix, or up- ward to affix, the t or d; while the halved vowel written in position, and beginning a word, whether written up- ward or downward, indicates a, t or d following the posi- tion letter. ILLUSTRATION. R beginning a word is followed by a vowel, except h, in such words as rheum, rhomb, etc. If the second let- ter is a vowel, write the third letter, which is usually a 84 ECLECTIC SHOUT-HAND. consonant, on the vowel place, beginning it with the shade, thus placing the r on the vowel place; as in the word rose, write the s begun with a shade on the o place, and read ros. If the third letter is a vowel, as in the word road, it is likely to be silent and need not be writ- ten. The dot prefixes siv and sp, with the angles sn sm, etc., are written in position for a following vowel, as, sweet is represented by sw on e place followed by t; snore is represented by sn on o place, followed by re. Any prefix may be written in position for a follow- ing vowel or position consonant. The / and s written in position to indicate a t or d following the position letter, should be halved and the tick added, instead of writing them very minute, as they are written when not in position, that they may not be confounded with the miniature word signs if, of, and is, as, which are always written in position except in phrases. The t tick, used for initial tw or dw, may be written in position for the following vowel, and shaded to ex- press an r following the vowel, as in dwarf, the tick shaded is written on a place and / attached. There are three general classes of lines, each of which requires special manipulation in writing them in posi- tion, viz: I, Long obliques; II, Short obliques and the loop; III, Horizontals with the hooks and the circle. REPORTING STYLE. 85 CLASS I. ca. ce ci CO /Co. *x,o car urtr jfcr quor fur CLASS II. Q (/ as an of ay Q ctrlr acit acf acy tilsr as I- l-ct fo bi l-o l-u bra Ire 86 ECLECTIC SHOUT-HAND. O ok os 0'z. of og if ^rnf>-lr fntnip trettnp I / ^ & /I > /*. J Mpl, mbl. To add the I to mp or mb, the loop may be quite small instead of its usual length, which is half the length of the short letter. ILLUSTRATIONS. ample slmp'c mH. qavnbl. 1/uuiHW. /VtnH avKill, sintM. ....(...._. __________ ^ ______ .-- Mpt, mbd. To add the t or d to the combination mb, mp, enlarge the loop to nearly the full length of the let- ter on which it is turned. To add r to either of the preceding combinations, the loop is shaded, which is easily done if the loop is made 92 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. by a downward stroke, but should it be struck upward, it will be necessary to retrace the line to add the shade. This loop contraction is one of the most valuable of the system, enabling the writer, as it does, to form from two to four letters by a single distinct line; besides often involving an intervening vowel, which is easily understood without writing it, or is clearly indicated by position. ILLUSTRATIONS. tumbler, ,ji?7ip?rr gccn-ilfler, fiurnfrter, ttnptr ^ /* -1 ' WRITIXG EXERCISE. Compress, comprise, complain, competition, impute, im- port, impress, improve, implore, impugn, employs, em- blem, embryo, empty, emptings, empower, sampler, sim- pler, semblance, simplicity, numbers, timbers, scamper, flambeau, embrace, embargo, examples, nimbly, humbly, assembly, assemble, tremble, tramp, trumpet, crimp, cramp, impress, imprint, impudent, impede, umber, umbrage, um- pire, lamp, lamb, lump, limp, samp, sample, symbol, sim- ple, nimble, nimbler, ample, ampler, impute, empty. Con, com, cog. As the mp or mb never begins a word, the same sign which represents these combinations in or at the end of a word may be used to express some other combination occurring at the beginning of words. Hence it is used to represent con, com or cog. It is always written on the side of a letter opposite to that of the /. REPORTING STYLE. ^3 viz: on the convex side of curves, on the right of the vertical and oblique straight lines, and on the under side of the horizontal straight lines. Thus written, this loop is used for con, com or cog only at the beginning of words. In all previous use of the loop in the midst of a word, it has invariably been looped on the preceding letter; hence, to represent con, com or cog, as occurring in the midst of a word, the loop is so written as to turn on the following letter, making a form quite distinct from any previous writing of the loop, and easily understood from the following exercises: ILLUSTRATIONS. WHITING EXERCISE. Commence, comment, commissary, commode, common, company, competent, compeer, community, compart, com- pass, communist, compend, confirm, conform, confess, con- found, condor, condole, condemn, condense, condign, con- coct, concert, concrete, concur, conduce, conjure, confute, congeal, conjoint, conserve, consign, consume, conscience, 94 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. consols, convince, convict, converse, incommode, incom- plete, inconstant, reconfer, recons, deacons, disconcert. Comp. This combination is expressed by p, so written as to unite in an angle with the following letter. Writing the p thus, in the various positions, gives compa, compe, compi, compo, compu. It is shaded to add r, enlarged to add t or d, and di- minished to add I, and may be both enlarged and shaded or diminished and shaded; thus we have compa, compe, compi, compo, compu, compla, comple, compli-y, complo, compul, compar, compre, compri, compro, compur, compat, compet, compot, comput, compart, comport, compute. The following exercises contain the preceding pi'efix combinations, as they are combined in words, which the student is advised to both read and write, also selecting and writing other words. ILLUSTRATIONS. Tion, don, sion, dan, cean. These syllables, pro- nounced as if spelled shun, are expressed by a slight backward tick curved upward. Tious, cioiiSf sious, scious, tuous, ceoits. These syl- lables are also expressed by a slight backward tick, curved in the opposite direction from the shun tick, the shun tick curving upward, the shus tick curving downward; both are written to the left. L is added to either of the REPORTING STYLE. 95 above ticks by turning a loop on it; r is added by shad- ing. Any letter following the tick is united with it in the easiest way. ILLUSTRATIONS. ?t.otiort. ocean. -mr'jiknri/, proirsh-nrt/. jKniisti* ' X //'^ ntfiris^ts. -, l WRITING EXERCISE. Question, motion, nation, suction, conviction, contrac- tion, prohibition, action, attraction, extraction, relation, relaxation, persuasion, permission, dissension, unction, sanction, ocean, oceanic, function, induction, reduction, protection, subtraction, distraction, eviction, suspicion, con- dition, conditional, conditioned, mention, mentions, men- tioned, pensioner, revolution, revolutionary, passion, pas- sionate, passional, passions. Propitious, fallacious, precious, contentious, judicious, ambitious, nutritious, meretricious, anxious, obnoxious, precocious, flagitious, captious, fructuous, officious, marla- cious, sericeous, superstitious, surreptitious, cineritious, corolaceous, delicious. IMous, riot-, rier, ried, riet. These syllables are each represented by the alphabetic r, made full length for rious or rior, and halved for ried. The words terminat- in" with rious and rior are otherwise so distinctive that % ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. no confusion arises from the use of this character for either suffix. ILLUSTRATIONS. various. WRITING EXERCISE. Furious, curious, usurious, malarious, vicarious, va- rious, precarious, hilarious, imperious, serious, deleterious, mysterious; warrior, exterior, inferior, interior, carrier, furrier, superior; carried, married, parried, tarried, hur- ried, flurried, buried. Ns, nc and nts. Throughout the illustrative exercises these combinations are represented by a slight retracing, as shown in the following illustrations. These retracings correspond so nearly to the method of writing sc, sk and sq, that the semicircle is substituted in its stead, as shown in the following paragraph. The student needs to know the following illustrations for purposes of reading the exercises, but for his own writing is advised to use the semicircle, as illustrated in the following paragraph: ILLUSTRATIONS. si?iee n.A /__:i_/l f ends. REPORTING STYLE. 97 THE N SEMICIRCLE. * Ns, nc, nk, ncJc, kn, ckn. These combinations are represented by the semicircle written vertically. In all cases it must be united with preceding and succeeding letters in an angle, thus clearly distinguishing it from p and ?/, which, when written vertically, always unite directly with a following letter. Ns, nc are represented by the semicircle curved to the left, and written either upward or downward. JB is added by shading; I by diminishing; t or d by enlarging; making nr&, nls, nts, nrls, nrts, etc.; h is written in the ns for the syllable nish as in the word furnish. Nk, nek are represented by the semicircle curved to the right and written downward. L, t and r are added as above, making nkl, nkt, nkr, nklr, nktr, etc. Kn, ckn, are represented by the semicircle curved to the right and written upward. L, t or d, and r are added as in the above cases, making knl, knt, knr, knlr, kiitr, etc. Either of the above are written in position for the included vowel, as nst on e place for nest. These, with a few of the following contractions, were not introduced into the system until after the plates for the work were engraved, and hence do not appear in the reading lessons, but the student will, from practice, be able to employ them, finding them very valuable additions. The contractions recently introduced are marked with the star. 5 98 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. ILLUSTRATIONS. C/ffl. sense. WRITING EXERCISE. Tense, pence, commence, sense, offense, suspense, indi- gence, diligence, emergency, divergence, convergence, since, wince, once, dunce, mince, prince, alliance, dance, prance, conveyance, annoyance, Abundance, endurance, contents, intends, pretends, subtends, distends, extends, resents, dissents, accidents, decadence, cadence, defends, defenders, pretends, pretenders, suspends, suspenders, fur- nish, furnished, sense, sensed, pencil, prehensile, con- dense, condensed, condensing, condenser, thicken, sicken, awaken, darken, chicken, beacon, reckon, think, thinker, rank, ranker, blank, blanker. EX. To express this combination only the x need be writ- ten as it clearly indicates the pronunciation. ILLUSTRATION. WRITING EXERCISE. Exert, exist, exalt, excuse, exercise, exclude, examine, exude, exhort, extra, extend, exterior, exertion, example, expression, excursion, expensive, expulsion, exporting. - E X AS REPORTING STYLE. 99 ' * THE S DOT. S combines with several other consonants without an intervening vowel, as sk, sc, sh, si, sm, sn, sp, sq and siv. The combination of s with h, I and t are sufficiently brief and facile for all requirements. The other com- binations, except sw, comprising two full length letters, it becomes desirable to abbreviate them. For this pur- pose the dot and angle are employed. S dot. The dot is used to represent both sp and siv. For sw, initial, it is placed just before the beginning of the following letter. For sp, initial, it is placed just at the left or above the beginning of the following letter. Sp occurring in the midst of a word is represented by lifting the pen and beginning the following letter at the point where the dot would be placed. Both sp and sw dot, when initial, are written in position to express the vowel after it. Either dot is made heavy to add r. ILLUSTRATIONS. .^ . gmy m - a y - fs/>, yaips. f<**f*inft i.nsjyii*??iy , i v, w 100 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. SC, SK, SQ. These combinations are represented by a retracing. If the combination begins a word, a small tick is made at right angles to the following letter, then the pen is moved in a direction opposite to that of the letter and again back, forming the letter. If the combination occurs in the midst of a word, the pen is retraced a short distance on the preceding letter, from which point the letter following the sc is made, the retracing expressing so, sk or sq, according to the context. If the combination occurs at the end of a word it is represented by a slight retracing on the pre- ceding letter, terminating in a slight tick turned away from it. R is added by shading. ILLUSTRATIONS. 3K(>m. SHADING FOR U OR W. In the business style the diphthongs au, aw, on, on- and oi, oy were represented by a, o and i shaded equally from top to bottom. These combinations suggest the shading of any letter equally from end to end to add u or iv. This applies to the entire alphabet except i, u, r, n and m, h, /, p and y; the shaded i representing oi or oy; the shaded u representing ng; n and m cannot be thus REPORTING STYLE. 101 shaded, because they will conflict with r. This shading, if properly done, will not be confounded with the shading for r, which is always increased or diminished, while this is evenly distributed. Any halved short line may be shaded to add i/, making ant, out, eut, iut, or and, and, end, hid; any halved long line takes u by shading, adding the tick for t or d. The shading to add u or w should not be beavy but uniform. If the writer acquires the habit of delicate uniform shading to add u or iv. it becomes possible by a heavier shade to add / to the same line. ILLUSTRATIONS. WRITING EXERCISE. Our, out, outer, about, aloud, around, amount, avoid ? annoyed, anoint, loyal, royal, vowel, but, butter, mute, flute, around, arouse, suggest, gust, guest, guns, awkward, owl, annoy, alloy, decoy, sour, four, pour, faust, proud, crowd, ground, around. PI and ly. These combinations are secured through- out the book by writing the p and y minute. There are some cases in which they are easily written in full alpha- betical form. ILLUSTRATIONS. The minute p or y may seem to some to require too great care in execution; to such the following will be more 102 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. easy, viz : When p or y only are intended, connect with the following letter by an angle, or write it on the outside of curves. ILLUSTRATIONS. If pi or ly is intended, write it on the inside of curves, and in all cases connecting it without an angle as the /. When attached to horizontals and obliques, keep the pi on the upper side and the ly on the lower. ILLUSTRATIONS. nn?^ o^/ ^>s^> ^ , _ -o _ ^_ Y Final y may frequently be omitted, as after t, c or z, in such words as duty, beauty, fancy, frenzy, the word sug- gesting by its incompleteness the final letter. TJie s tick. S after b, g, k and u, especially if these letters are halved, when rapidly written, is likely to degen- erate into an indefinite line, hence an upward vertical tick is used for s, which is lengthened to add / or d. It may follow any other letter. It may be united to the t tick, making ts or st. ILLUSTRATIONS. REPORTING STYLE. 103 . This combination may be suggested at the end of a word by writing the first letter of the following word in place of the ing dot, as in the words going west. write g on the o place and begin w close to it, its proxim- ity to suggest the ing. In the illustrative final plates the ing dot is placed indefinitely near the end of a line, but the use of the dot for the sp contractions makes it necessary to place the dot for ing, or the following letter suggesting ing, al- ways opposite the end of the preceding line. ILLUSTRATIONS. Th. _ The enlarged h is used throughout the book for th, but it seems desirable to shorten it if possible; hence, instead of writing v in a vertical direction, let it slope in the direction of 6, but much less. This will leave the verti- cal line to be used for th, writing it invariably downward. It is halved for that, and used at the end of words for the 01 that, and shaded for there. ILLUSTRATIONS. Ch, sh. Enlarged h being dispensed with for th, is well employed for ch or ah. It may be shaded for r, and written in position for a following vowel when initial. 104 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. ILLUSTRATIONS. K, ck and c hard. The contraction for these com- binations, as given on p. 100, is used throughout the book; but the student, in writing, will find greater facility in the use of the following, viz: Intensify the curve of any curved letter to add k, ch or c hard. Exception. Q is intensified to make sq. ILLUSTRATIONS. Lengthened letters. The long letters with v and the vertical th may be lengthened without confusion, while it adds to facility in writing. They are lengthened to add m or n. Thus lengthened they are written in position for a following or intervening vowel. The shading for r may begin or terminate the line, while the skillful hand will be able to represent an intermediate r by shading the middle of the line. The t and s ticks may be added without confusion. ILLUSTRATIONS. Super-lengthened lines. There are many words in which consecutive syllables contain an m or n; as common, summon, woman, examine, etc. In the first three of these REPORTING STYLE. 105 words the first letter is written of extended length; for the last, lengthened x is written. ILLUSTRATIONS. A and q. The student will confine himself to the use of the right q, dispensing with the left q. This will allow of lengthening the left a to add m, making am. Av and va. Retracing for sk having been superseded by intensifying the curve of s, the retracing may be used for some other purpose; hence, retrace a slight distance on any letter, except on v itself, to express v. V is retraced to add a, making va. V being a word sign for have, the retracing may be fre- quently used as a word sign, as after I, u, w and th; making I have, You have, We have, They have. ILLUSTRATIONS. Wli. W being a long straight line, the addition of the circle in rapid writing tends to curve the w, causing it to resemble c; hence, a straight tick in the direction of the w is used for wh. Care must be used not to make it long enoucrh to be mistaken for to or do. ILLUSTRATIONS. 106 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. ILLUSTRATIONS. Voi. In this combination the v may be usually omit- ted, the oi sufficiently suggesting the preceding v, as in voice, oice; void, oid; voyage, oyage. ILLUSTRATIONS. vo rcf, (rot/ ay e, iro id, Cot? vv z/, it tso y, a iro id, * Tive. When final, live is represented by writing the v half length, making tv, which will be readily recognized for tive. * Z)is. This combination, when initial, is expressed by di on s place. It is also written disconnected on s place for it is, and it is the. Is- A minute z is used for is as follows. It is especially valuable in phrasing. ILLUSTRATIONS. Qf. A minute b is used for of. It must be so short as not to be confounded with bl. It is valuable in phrasing, being attached to the end of other words. ILLUSTRATIONS. The following page illustrates the reporting style, as developed from the preceding contractions. DIONYSIUS AND DAMOCLES. -^--vr-*2S *--<- T> . i - -^ ( - - -a- < TS~ -^ -**S- '- ^ t-*-f -^-l~ Z_c_./^. v- Circum, c, " circumstance "f~ ' Circumfer, " circumference ~-/^~ Circu, " circuitous Counter, " countermand ,/_ f comfort j contend Com, con, co/?, CMW, a loop < CO(Tna t e (^ cumulate Compa, comba, etc. (See Contractions, p. 94.) Corre, " correct Elect, e, " elector Form, /, " forming Former, " formerly Fore, " forerun Govern, g, " governor ^ewer, gr, " general f handsome Hand, here, how, h, herein [ however Inter ) t \ interfere Intro ^ ntro^ntr] introduce Irre, irrecon, ir, " irreconciled Justify j, " justified 110 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. JEM, Sign. Illustrative Word. Juris, jr. as jurisdiction Charac, A-/-, " character Knight, k. " knighthood Long. 7 " long-hand Magna, magni, m, " magnify Mem. mum. mm, " member M< mot; mint; " memory Reinein, nnm, " remembering oct October, octennial, octave Oct, } Phil, pW- diminished Philosophy, philanthropy Para, pr - Paragraph, paradise Per, pr 6 Perform, perennial, permit Poly, p diminished Polygon, polyp, polygamy Retro retro Retrospect, retrograde Subter, su b tr Subterraneous, subterfuge Super, supr Superscribe, superintend Supra, supr 01 Supramundane, supranatural Sys, ssy System Under, u n halved, shaded Understand, underpin Ver, V s shaded Verbal, vernal, very Vol, vl Voluble, volume, volatile Vul, vl u Vulture, vulnerable SUFFIXES. Brevity in the expression of frequently recurring suf- fixes is of great importance. Many of the following list will suggest their own representation. Some are arbitra- rily written, while most are represented by lines growing out of their orthographical combinations. The suffix signs are attached to the word of which REPORTING STYLE. 113 they form a part, except in the cases marked (d) for de- tached. When marked (d), the sign is written close by the side or across the preceding letter. List. Sign. Illustrative Word. Written. Ate, at, mate Ble, able, bl tenable ^-v^ Bility, bit, ability ^ Cation, csJtn, indication ^<1 . 1 17 7 i *& Cle, cal, ckle, cl, vocal w Ever, vr, never ^ Fttl, full, .ft, careful ^^ Fulness, fin, carefulness /^=r- Fully, fly, carefully ^-, Age, ay, enrage ../& Gage, get, engage ~^ Hood, hd, manhood . o Ion, yn, pinion --o_ ll _- - ft'./, ity, pity ...x^.- lety, iet, piety .. ? .. Ish, sh, roguish C_-f Shed, shd, rushed, ^ Q Ing, a dot, seeing . s- Ingly, " gushingly ^_j>- Ings, " sings v , x Inging, it bringing x.. Inger, u singer ,* Ology, o(d) theology 0/ Lock, k(a) wedlock /\ Rick, k(a) hayrick - - A__ . Less, lass, Is, windlass ^^ Lessness, fat, endlessness ' " -^~ -*f . , jyLeni , inni, Mental, ml, ornamental - -/L-.J. - 114 ECLECTIC SHOUT-HAND. List. Sign. Illustrative Word. Written. Mentality, mt, instrumentality '~ r! - Ness, n(d) fondness " ^<^. ' Nt, nt, sent Ns, nc, nse, nee, hence Nts, pints, hands Ow, ough, o, borrow, though Out, ought, out, throughout **> Over, or, moreover -^-^ Pie, pi, suple Self, s(d) himself <^ Selves, ss(d) ourselves ^ - Ship, sh(d) penmanship <-^r r ~ Tial, cial, sial, shl, partial _ _TT^ Ty, y hook enlra'd duty v- Some, srn, handsome _!^T Someness, smn, winsomeness ^^~ Sotver, svr, whosoever " M ir. Omit the vowel or vowels from a word if legibility be not impaired thereby. 115 116 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Words containing a single consonant, both beginning and ending with a vowel, should have both vowels writ- ten, as assay, obey, etc. Vowels may usually be omitted with safety when un- accented. Initial vowels may often be omitted. Diphthongs should usually be written the learner will find them provided for under the head of Shading, page 101. Experience in writing and reading is the only guide on which the stenographer can rely for rules in the omission of vowels. Careful daily practice will finally give an intuitive ability better than rigid laws. Writing and Omission of Consonants. Omit all silent and one of doubled consonants, and, in general, any consonant the writing of which would necessitate a diffi- cult outline, and the omission of which will not endanger the legibility as c, from instruction, obstruction, destruction, protraction, etc.; d, from under, render, etc.; I, from intelli- gence, falsely, etc. ; n, from transpose, merchandise, identify, etc.; p, from capable, inapt, etc.; r, from describe, surprise, transcript, manuscript, subscribe, etc. ; tg, from investigation, etc. In contracting a word, seize on and write those main elements of it which will on sight suggest it. OMISSION OF SYLLABLES. Frequently an entire syllable may be omitted from the beginning, middle or end of a word: as, They have con- spired against rne; In the ministerial capacity his action was unaccountable, may be written, Tha hv spird gnst me; In the steril pacty his acshn was unacbl. CHAPTER. V. ABBREVIATIONS. THE abbreviations used in most systems of short-hand are arbitrary. It is desirable that short-hand abbreviations should correspond with those in common use, that the writer may have the advantage of using those already acquired, and that there may be a common bond between short and long-hand. The following represent most of the abbreviations commonly used in the English language of the present day, and is for all classes a valuable list for daily refer- ence. Few writers will be able to memorize and use all of them, but frequent reviews will render many of them ready; and each writer of short-hand will find many of these abbreviations apply to the particular class of writ- ing which he is doing. The short-hand writer will soon appreciate the brevity resulting from their use. The abbreviation is given in both rornan letter and short-hand character. Most abbreviations begin with a capital. Some con- sist of several capitals with a period after each. The capitalization in this system is so easy that any short- hand writer who chooses can conform to long-hand usage in the use of capitals. 117 118 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. There is an advantage in beginning each abbrevi- ation with a capital and placing the period after it, thus clearly marking the character or combination of charac- ters. But as in short-hand so few capitals are used, the capital may be used as a sign 0f abbreviation, and the period may be omitted. Rule. Begin each abbreviation with a capital. If the abbreviation consists of several separate letters only the first need be capitalized. Short-hand usage should conform to the long-hand in the form of writing the abbreviations connecting those which consist of several letters of which only the first one is a capital, and disconnecting those which consist of several capitals. There are some cases in which an abbreviation makes a short-hand word, but there will arise no confusion if the abbreviation is begun with a capital ; as Al stands for Aluminum, while al is the short-hand all. In case an abbreviation combines several letters of which the second or third is a position letter, the first may be written in position to express the second or third: as agt, for agent (p. 119), may be written capitalized halved a on g position. REPORTING STYLE. 119 Answer, adjective, afternoon, acre, Amalgamation [accepted Assistant adjutant-general American Association for the Pro- motion of Science Fellow of the American Academy Member of the American Antiqua- Bachelor of Arts [rian Society Abbreviated American Board of Commissioners Ablative t for Fore ig n Missions Archbishop Abridged American Bible Society Arch Chancellor Accusative Account, active American Colonization Society In the year of our Lord Adverb Adjutant At pleasure Admiral, admiralty Admiralty Court Administrator Administratrix Advocate, advent Of age, aged American and Foreign Bible So- Firkin of Ale [ciety Adjutant general, accountant gen- Silver [eral Agriculture American Geographical and Statis- Agent [tical Society 120 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. A H Co ARMS Al Co- 5 Ala r Alban Aid Alex 6 Alf Alg Alt A M f Am c_ Am As Sci UL Amer c^ A MG Ami An Anal c, L Anat 5 Anc u Anon Ls Ansr C R Crim Con X*" C P R Crystal Cs /__ 2 1 C S f^ C S A /^ ( CS N Ct /^ Cts ^ Cu /^ Cur /^ C V X^i CW /*/ Cwt 9 ' /r Cyc ^ D ^_ Dan L. Dai L-. DC -/ DC L ^_^ /\ DD ^ Dea f Corrupted, corruption Corresponding Secretary Cosine Consuls Cotgrave [of the Peace, Court of Probate Common Pleas, Chief Patriarch, Clerk Clerk of the Privy Council Keeper of the Privy Seal Credit, creditor, chromium King Charles, Queen Caroline, A Ro- man citizen, Keeper of the Rolls Criminal conversation, or adultery Calendar of the Patent Rolls Crystallography Cassium [Keeper of the Seal Court of Sessions, Clerk to the Signet, Confederate States of America, Confed- erate States Army Confederate States Navy Connecticut, county court, cent, a hun- Cents [dred Copper Current (this month) Common version Canada West A hundredweight Cyclopedia Penny, pence, day, died, dime, Dutch Daniel, Danish Dative District of Columbia Doctor of Civil Law Doctor of Divinity Deacon 126 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Dec Dols Dom econ December Degree or degrees Delaware, delegate He drew it Democrat Denmark Department, deputy Deponent Derivative Deuteronomy Defender of the Faith, Dean of the Fac- Draft, defendant [ulty By the Grace of God Didmium Diameter Dictionary Diminutive Discount, distant, distance Dissertation District District attorney Divided, division Doctor of Music Dead letter office The same, as aforesaid Dollars Domestic economy Dozen Doctor of Philosophy Distributing Post Office Deponent Doctor, debtor, dram, dear God willing Dakotah Territory REPORTING STYLE. 127 Dwt Dyn Pennyweight Dynamics E S Erbium, east, earl, eagle Each Ecclesiastical Ecclesiastical history Ecclesiasticus Edition, editor Edmund Editors Edward Errors excepted, English ells Ells Flemish Ells French For example East Indies, or India East India Company East India Company Service Electricity Elizabeth East longitude Emperor, Empress Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Britannica Encyclopedia Americana East northeast England, English Entomology Envoy extraordinary Epistle Ephesians Klls Scotch 128 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Esd (_^ Esdras E S E ^ /" East southeast Esq // ^~t Esquire Esth CP Esther E T C- ^ English translation Et al f ^ And others, and elsewhere Etc And others, and so forth Et seq f ^A And what follows Eth Ethiopic Ex /\^ Example, exodus Exc /\yf Excellency, exception, exchange Exq /\4 Exchequer Exec \^ Executor Ez X~~N Ezra Ezekiel .F 7 ^ N Fluorine, franc, florin, feminine Fahr ^ ^ Fahrenheit Far - 7 Farthing, farriery FAS ^ - / ^ Fellow of the Society of Arts F D . s _ Defender of the Faith F E **~ Flemish ells Fe ^ -^ Iron Feb ^ x"X February FES /- -x /">^_- Fellow of the Entomological Society F G S - ^ ^ Fellow of the Geological Society F H S ," N o - s Fellow of the Horticultural Society Fiff , ^V_ Figure, figurative Fin ^ ~^y Finland Finn ^ ^~S Finnish Fir ~y Firkin Fl ^-^> Florida, Flemish, flourished Fl E ^-^ S Flemish ell REPORTING STYLE. 129 F L S ^ - a - __ ' Fellow of the Linnaean So- Fo - Folio t ciet J F Field officer For "^~? Foreign Fort '"""? Fortification Fr f * France, French, Francis F R A S **. _ ( __ , Fellow of the Royal Astro- Fr E '^~^ ^ French Ell [nomical Society Fred ^^^ Frederic Freq -^^7 Frequentation F R G S .-,__ V, _. Fellow of the Royal Geo- Fri '"~7> Friday [graphical Society F R S . ___ , _ - ^ Fellow of the Royal Society p o . Fellow of the Royal Society, Edinburgh [of Literature F R S L <- - x ^ Fellow of the Royal Society F S A ' ( Fellow of the Society of Arts Ft ^~ , Foot or feet, fort //// ' ^-o Fathom Frt ^ Freight Fur *>- ^ Furlong Fut ^-^ Future F Z S , ^ ^_. Fellow of the Zoological So- ciety G \^ Glucinum, genitive, guide, Ga vj Georgia [guinea, gulf Gael V .- Gaelic Gal Y Galatians G B ^ ^ Great Britain G C B ^ /^~^ Grand Cross of the Bath G C II {_ /"^ Grand Cross of Hanover fi'i'it \^s General, Genesis, genitive Gent V /^~ Gentleman 130 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Gentleman's Magazine George, Georgia Geology Geography Geometry German, Germany Gothic Governor Governor General King George Grammar Guinea Hydrogen, hour Habakkuk Haggai Hampshire Hudson's Bay Company His or Her Britannic Majesty Handkerchief That, or this, is Hebrews, Hebrew Heraldry Herpetology Half bound Mercury Hogshead Fellow of the Historical Society Hilary Hindoo, Hindostan, Hindostanee Hist History REPORTING STYLE. 131 H El C HJS HM H M P JI M S lion Ilond llort Hos HP HR II K E HER 1 1 RIP II S Hum Hun Hund Hyd I Honorable East India Company Here lies buried His or Her Majesty Erected this monument His or Her Majesty's Ship or Service Honorable Honored Horticulture, horticultural Hosea Half pay House of Representatives Holy Roman Empire His or Her Royal Highness Here rests in peace Here lies Humble Hungary, Hungarian Hundred Hydrostatics Incog Iodine, island Indiana In the same place Iceland, Icelandic Ichthyology The same That is Jesus the Savior of Men Illinois Imperial Inch, inches Incorporated Unknown 132 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. India, Indian, Indiana Indicative Indian Territory Infinitive At the outset In its place -^ Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews Instant, or, of the present month Interest Interjection On the passage Introduction Iowa Independent Order of Odd Fellows Independent Order of the Sons of Ipecacuanha [Malta Ireland, Irish, Iridium Internal Revenue Office Isaiah Inside Sentinel, Irish Society Indian Territory Italy, Italian, Italic Itinerary J ) Judge J A 1 ^ Judge Advocate Jas ^X_y James Jac _-X/ x ~ Jacob Jam ^xY Jamaica Jan ^^ January J C L ^/ (0 Doctor of Civil Law L D J^ Doctor of Laws Jer sf Jeremiah REPORTING STYLE. 133 Jesus the Savior of Men John Joel Jonah Jonathan Joseph Joshua Journal Justice of the Peace Judge of Probate King James Junior Doctor of Both Laws, i. e., the canon Judith [and the civil law Judges July Julian Period June, Junius Justice of the Peace Justice King Knight of St. Andrew, in Russia Knight of St. Alexander Nevskoj, in Kansas [Russia Knight of the Bath, King's Bench Knight of St. Bento d'Avis Knight of the Black Eagle, in Russia K ing's Council, Knight of the Crescent, in Turkey Knight Commander of the B;illi Knight Commander of Hanover Knight of Charles TTT, in Spain Knight, of the Elephant, in hrmnark 134 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Kentucky Knight of Ferdinand, in Spain [Merit, in Sicily Knight of St. Ferdinand and Knight of the Garter Knight of the Grand Cross Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath [in Spain Knight of the Golden Fleece Knight of the Guelphs of Hanover [Sweden Knight of Gustavus Vasa, in Knight of Hanover Kings Kilderkin Kingdom Knight of St. Joachim Knight of Leopold, of Austria Knight of the Legion of Knight of Malta [Honor Knight of Merit, in Holstein Knight of Maximilian Joseph, in Bavaria [in Austria Knight of St. Maria Theresa, Knight of the Royal North Knight [Star, in Sweden Knight of St. Patrick Knight of the Red Eagle, in Russia [Sweden Knight of the Sword, in Knight of St. Anne, in Russia Knight of St. Esprit [Spain Knight of St. Fernando, of Knight of St. Ferdinand Knight of St. George Knight of St. Hubert, Bava- Knight of St. Januarius [ Yia Knight of the Sun and Lion Knight of St. Michael and St. George, of the Ionian Islands REPORTING STYLE. 135 A' .s' P V_ v x - Knight of St. Stanislaus, in Poland K ,s' S V^ Knight of the Sword, in Sweden K S W ^^l^/ Knight of St. Waldemir, in Russia K T \_ ^ ' Knight of the Thistle A' TS V_ JT^^ Knight of the Tower and Sword, K W V / * n Frugal [lands , / Knight of William, in the Nether- Knight of the White Eagle, in Poland Lord, lady, Latin, lithium, pound v Lanthanum, Louisiana Ladp , Ladyship "* m Lamentations La * - Latitude, Latin ^" V Pound in weight (? /^ Lord Chancellor, Lower Canada L c J d/^J Lord Chief Justice tf ^, Lady Day Lordship Lea /7 League Le 9 A- Legislature Le ^1 Leviticus L I ^X Long Island *'& ^A Librarian \ Bachelor of Laws ^ D J . Norman French Norw ~~Z^^ Norway, Norwegian Nos *-^7 Numbers Nov /I November N P i ^> Notary Public N P D . ^ ,_ North Polar distance N S v - New style Nu . ~^ Name unknown Num \ Numbers N VM . | Nativity of the Virgin Marv N W */ o . ^^ Northwest / N W T . ^^ Northwest Territory N Y t^ New York N Y HS is c , New York Historical Society N Zeal . "~^v x '3 -^ ew Zealand / Ohio, oxygen Ob ^^- He or she died Obad -^\ Obadiah Obj ^/\_^/ Objection, objective Obs ^V_x Observation, observatory, obso- Obt Oct ^/^ Obedient [lete OF Odd-Fellows 140 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Olympiad Old Testament Optics Oregon Ordinary ? Ornithology ^ Old style Osmium s Ounce or ounces P or p Pa " Page, participle, phosphorus, pole, pint, C Pennsylvania [pip e > a P u gil Pa (_ Participle adjective Pal Paleontology Parl Part C Parliament f Participle Payt Pb C Payment *\ Lead PC ^ /^~~ Conscript Fathers, Privy Councillor Pd <^ Paid Palladium P E f> S Protestant Episcopal, Presiding Elder P E I ^7 /~S Pi'ince Edward's Island Penn 2^ Pennsylvania Pent 2 Pentecost Per f Persia, Persian, by the Per an ^ (__ By the year Per cent Perf //^ By the hundred . Perfect Peri / Perigee Persp Pet ^_n Perspective ? Peter Phar PI) As much as you please Qr C Quarter, quarters, farthings Q S ( Quarter section, a sufficient quanti- Qt ( Quart, quantity [ty Qu C^ Qtu-rv REPORTING STYLE. 143 Ques - Question Q V (_ j Which see, as much as you please R RA Reid RE Rec Reed Recpt Rec Sec Rect Ref Ref Ch Reg Prof 2-^ Regr / Regt { Rel Pro / 2- j Rem Rep Rev Rhet R I Richd RI H S RM R M S R N RN Ro RoU Bom Hnin Cdlli Rhodium, king, queen, river Royal Academy, Royal Arch Radical Royal Engineers Recipe Received Receipt Recording Secretary Rector Reform, reformer, reference Reformed Church Regius Professor Register, registrar Regiment Relative Pronoun Remark, remarks Reporter, representative, republic Reverend, Revelation, review Rhetoric Rhode Island Richard Rhode Island Historical Society Royal Marines Royal Mail Steamer Royal Navy Knight of the Order of the Polar Right-hand page [Star Robert Roman Roman Catholic 144 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAXD. Railroad Right side Fellow of the Royal Society Answer if you please Right Honorable Right Reverend Right Worshipful Rutherium Rus x. Russia, Russian R w . / Right Worthy South, second, Sunday South America, according to art Samuel, Samaritan Sanscrit Fellow of the Society of Antiqua- Saturday [ries Saxon, Saxony Antimony South Carolina, a decree of the Sen- He or she engraved it [ate Small capitals Schooner To wit Student of the civil law Sclavonic Scotland, Scotch or Scottish Scruple Sculpture, he, or she, engraved it Southeast Selenium Secretary, section, second Secretary of the Legation REPORTING STYLE. 145 ^" Section ^~f Senior, senate, senator v__x September, septuagint ^ /v Sergeant Servt v_-^ . Servant Sh or S v o Shilling Shak v f Shakespeare S H S v o ^ ^ Fellow of the Historical Society Si ^ y Silicium Sing Singular 7 V^ j ^ O S J C ^ ^^/^ Supreme Judicial Court Sid ^^ Sailed S Lat v ? South latitude Slav ^^ Slavonic S L ^_L- Solicitor-at-law S N % ^ . According to nature Sn ^^- Tin Sol s -f Solomon, solution S of Sol v_^__^ v_^ Song of Solomon Sol Gen v ^ V/ Solicitor-general Sp v __^ } Spain, Spanish S P v ^ ^ Without issue [sophical Society SPAS - - ^ ( Member of the American Philo- g p Q Society for the Propagation of * ' ' ^ ^ the Gospel S P Q R ^ -, ( m Senate and People of Rome Sq v ^ Square Sq ft v _^, ^^ Square feet Sq in v ^ ^ Square inches Sq m v >. _ Square mile Sq r v ^ Square rod Sq yd ^ L ^ Square yard Sr ^ ;; Sir, strontium SRI v ^/ Holy Roman Empire S If S ^_^ _ Fellow of the Royal Society 146 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAXD. S S S S E S S W St S T D Stg S TP Snbj Snbst Sn Goth Sund Sup Surg Sitry Gen Sun- Surv Gen S W Sw Sicitz Syn Syr Saint Simplicius South-southeast South-southwest Saint, street, stone, strait Doctor of Divinity Sterling ' Professor of Theology Subjunctive Substantive Suio-Gothic or Norse Sunday Supplement Surgeon, surgery Surgeon-general Surveyor Surveyor-general Southwest Sweden, Swedish Switzerland Synonyme Syria, Syriac T To, Tb TE Te Tenn Term Tex Text Rec Theol Theo ( \ r Town or township Tantalum Terbium Topographical Engineers Tellurium Tennessee Termination Texas Received Text Theology Theodore REPORTING STYLE. 147 TJieoph P Theor 6 Thess C Thos Thur* ^ s Ti ; Tier >- Tim Z. Tit ^ TO r-^ Tr ^ Tratu C, Trin Tues -V Turk "V Typ V. {_/) U uc U E I C UJD N *^ ^\ X UK Ult Univ ^ ^ X US ^ USA us ^f rs.v us s UT ^ \ "N > *N US S Usu S *-v Theophilus Theorem Thessalonian Thomas Thursday Titanium Tierce Timothy Titus Turn over [urer, trustee Translator, translation, treas- Translation, translator, trans- Trinity [lated Tuesday Turkey, Turkish Typographer Uranium Upper Canada Upper East India Company Doctor of both Laws United Kingdom Last or of the last month University As above, United States U. S. Army. U. S. America U. S. Mail, U. S. Marine United States Navy United States Ship Utah Territory U-her of the Scarlet Rod Usually 148 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. V Vanadium, verb, see, against, Fa Virginia [verse V A I (. Verb active V C I / Vice-Chancellor V DM / ^ Minister of God's Word Ven Venerable For example Viscount TO wit, namely Verb neuter Left hand page Volume Volumes \ Vice-President ] , Queen Victoria [ ; Against / , Verb transitive l^ Vermont l^ Vulgate ftv Vulgar, vulgarly Welsh, West, Wednesday, week Wednesday Wharf West Indies West Longitude William Wesleyan Missionary Society West-northwest Worship Worshipful Writer to the Signet REPORTING STYLE. 149 W S W ~/i^~ */ West southwest W T Washington Territory Wt Weight Xms x^ Christmas Xn *^^_ Christian Xnty ^_, Christianity Xper ^-*~? Christopher Xt , Christ Y t, Yttrium Yr & Year Y B i, v. Year hook Yd is Yard Yds is Yards Fro ,_ Them Zirconium Zech *~^" Zechariah Zeph '~~^S 9 Zephaniah Zn ^_ Zinc Zool '~^>f Zoology CHAPTER VI. POSITIONED WORD SIGNS. THE best word signs are those which so fully suggest the words which they represent as to tax the memory but slightly such signs as grow out of the words, and such as when seen, immediately suggest their word. Many words are almost wholly spelled by a single line with the contractions of which it is capable, while others require almost as many lines as they have letters. In many long words, syllables may be omitted either from their begin- ning, middle or end, and still leave the word clearly sug- gested; as, ac may be omitted from such words as accord- ing, accident, account; con from such words as contention, construction, confusion; com from such words as commer- cial, commandment, complainant; dis from dissension, dis- cussion, dispersion; pro from profuse, protect, propose; per from perspire, persuade, perplex; inter from interfere, in- terpret, interest; in from instill, inside, incur, increase, inform; un from unfold, unfulfill, under. In all cases in which a beginning syllable is omitted from a word, the word should be written a greater dis- tance from the preceding word, to indicate the omission; the space, the written part of the word and the context will serve to make the clipped word plain. In the fol- lowing list, the sign, consisting of -a single line, or con- 150 REPORTING STYLE. 151 tracted line, or hook and line, is given in each case at the left of the word for which it stands; the sign rep- resents several words, each dependent on the position in which the sign is written. The words expressed by the signs are arranged in six columns corresponding with the six positions, viz: the five vowel or consonant positions and the position on the line in which words are naturally written. The columns are arranged three on a page, two opposite pages being re- quired to display all the words represented by each sign. For convenience, the signs are repeated on the second page. At the top of each column is placed the letter which the position should express, and which is the second or third letter of the words beneath it. This position letter forms a part of and is to be read in the sign which stands at the left of the column. In writing, the word-signs are often used with suffixes attached to form other words. In such cases the sign should be in position and the affix made without lifting the pen. It will be excellent prac- tice, in learning the signs, to form words with sign and suffixes. It will undoubtedly be clear to the learner that in this list each sign stands for the several words at its right, and that for each word the sign must be written in the position indicated by the letter at the top of the column in which the word stands. All the signs that a writer uses, he should thoroughly memorize and practice writing until he can form them perfectly and rapidly. It is good practice to form and write short sentences con- taining the words represented by signs. 152 ECLECTIC SHOUT-HAND. a b ( above 8 as on the line any ar / abroad ^ aboard assure are au at art ( abuse about at a add a 1 abrupt assume assist astonisl% at the assert author awe at add art al air ' able a abler also always all already ag v abridge assuage advantage arnt *- abridgment ascertained are not amt L assumed am not ait ; as it ant ( abundant as not all i at all awr (X aware ay ( assay ay aye away ac ) academy accept account act ) act a accede act the act REPORTING STYLE. 153 a > / an afford again ar 1 another afar agree au at art < annuity ant aunt at it another and are affluent affect after afraid august agent a great al I annual annul afflict agile air e annular afflicter agglomerate ag C angel angelic affright aggregate arnt t affront aggrandizement ami L animate affirmative agreement ait I annihilate affidavit agitate ant C annuity affinity agonized atl < antediluvial affectively agricultural awr (X afterward ay < any t affray u ac ) accident accomplish accuse act , acid accommodate acute 154 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. acr ) acre acrd 3 accredit actor ad 2 acclaim algr (^ allegretto altogether 6 * on the line e /^ ebb establish even e f escape each er /*" ebriety erase error er f erebus erroneous ever ed /" ebbed eased educate et f estate each time erd /" erased eradicate ert / erasement erect el / ebullition essential each will erl t erelong ery { erroneously every ell /f ecclesiastical eventual REPORTING STYLE. 155 acr -) acrimony accroach accrue acrd > acrid accord accurate ad 2 accessible acknowledge accumulate algr ^ allegory n / g e s^~ enjoy effect engage * f ennoble efficient engine er *- enormous enforce engross er { enravish effervesce egress ed /" end enfilade edge et ( entice effect egotist erd /* endeavor endure engird ert f entire enter effort energetic el ( enlightened effulgent English erl { enroll ephemeral egregiously IT]/ / entry effrontery ell // effectual 156 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. * s on the line i ^ imbibe is I am i / imbue insist I may ir S imbroglio inscribe inure ir / imbrue insure inner id -" imbed inside I do, did it 1 it a it the it, ie ird - inbred insured inroad irt / inbreathe instruct inert il ^? imbecile insulate I will 4 A *7 il V S irreligious insular illiterate oi y J voice annoy old t f avoid toy avoids annoyed at ^ ibid Israelite impenetrable at ^ impossible i jt. I REPORTING STYLE. 157 n / ff i s/ in if ingenious i / inform infallible u ir S inner infringe ignore ir j infirm ingress id s indeed infidel it 1 it is it to it gave ird -> indorse infei-red ingratitude irt j intricate infuriate ingrate il x/ 7 inland influence ineligible irl S infernal inglorious oi y old t ) coin ^ oint anoint voyage at si initial infatuate ingenuity iit , inimitable infinite ingredient I V 158 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. iv -^/ I have a I have the I have ivr *A I aver I very il other business other to do // to do a an to do the to do do to 4 do to a do to the do to olr ^x? obligatory oscillatory older b , on the line u ^ unbecoming us you ur unbounded unbar use usury unusual your REPORTING STYLE. 161 ou / own out t out it down our J owner outr I round oo oo one n open P ^opinion oprt X 7 ovr /[ over it uthr / to do " to do it do to f do to it olr /& out to one own if oppose opportunity over to other to to do to ur / upon unfashion unfavorable unreasonable unfertile over you to do you do to you T* ungenial ungenerous ungrounded 162 ECLECTIC SHOUT-HAND. Mr b \ unborn 9 usurp on the line you are ad "^ unbind used undo ut > unbit unsuited utmost udr -N unburied under utr "^ unburnt untrue ul ~^ unblamable usual unable url ~% unreliable unreal utl ^ unsettled light a a e the heavy are there b a ^ be a e be the on the line be, been br ^ bar bear before bdt ^ bad, bat bed, bet bade brd s barred beard bright bl ^ balance believe able REPORTING STYLE. 163 ur \ unrighteous unfair ungraceful ud "^ undone unguided ut ~\ unto, unite, unit unfit unguent udr -v undrawn unformed unguarded utr ^ untried unfetter ul "">> unless unfulfilled ungallant url ^^ unlearn unfurl ungrateful utl ~\ until unfaithful i H light ' I up heavy infer over upper i V b \ be it be to be you 6r ^ bring bore burr bd t N bid, bit abode, boat bud, but &rd > bird board buried bl -^ blithe, blight blow blue 164 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. a e on the line brl \e barrel believer bu \ business of a business of the business but x but a but the but a e on the line c /^^ candid census can / cabinet century come, came cr / careful cereals care cr /"^ crayon create car erf ,^ crd ( cart certify consider d / call cell cl /* calculate celebrate criminal dr f careless cellular, cellar clear eld # called celestial could ch f such a cheer such a t on the lint d ^ day deem done dr dare derive Dr., dear REPORTING STYLE. i o u brl X> brilliant bolder builder bu \ business in business to but v but it but to but you 165 t V c / citizen county court i civilize comfort country cr I circuit cornei- cure cr f crime crowned curious crt /^ crd ' cried crowd crude " / clime, climb collect cull cl /** clinic column culpable dr / circle color culinary dd ^ climate cold culled ,/, r chief choose church i u d ^ die do due dr _ dire door, doer during 166 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. a e on we line dt date debt dd ~ dead drd dared dtr ^^ dater deter debtor dl - daily, dally dell difficult drl -o darling dearly dreadful dlr -* dallier dealer a on the lint + __ faith few fact fr .^ from a from the before ft ^ fat, fade feet, feat fir ^ father feature forward frd t x- afraid freed freight fi ^ fall, faO fell, feel fulfill frl ^^ farewell fearful freely a e on the lint 9 V. gave gentlemen gone REPORTING STYLE. 167 i a u dt indite dote duty dd _ did dodge drd _ dried adored endured dtr . debtor dictator doubter dl idle dole dull, duly drl ^ direful droll dlr ^ dollar dilator duller i w / fine found fund fr from it for fur, from you ft -> fit, fight food, foot future /*r ^ fighter foot race further /rd* ^ freight forward fruit / ^ file follow full frl ^^ firmly forlorn furlough i V ^ give go begun 168 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. yl ^ gallon grl ^ garland a h how a an hr o hair tli hd o that a an hrd hard hi have all hm ham thm a that may hs . has ths Q_X that is thn than on the line get God grieve giver greed greet great gentle guilt-y general glory e on the line he how her, here however that the that heard there hell he will he may them he is how is these then that in REPORTING STYLE. 169 i u gt s gift good guide 9 r \ . grief grow grew <7^ d s. gird, girt, grit grown ground flr/ V* gill gold gull ^/V \a girl glorify i u h high who how you hr higher whoever however you th lid o that it though that you hrd o hired hoard hurried M highly who will human will hm Q him home hum tli in Q that my hs his whose husband ///.s- Q_x this those thus f/lll Q_ thin though in 8 170 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. J J J ^ jr J James Jesus jar jr jtr y* jade jail jeer u jet, jest jester jealous k \^ knave keep kr X. knavery keeper on the line judge judgment jury justified justifier jealousy on the line knew I a ^ law leave on the line all, will Ir ^ lair leer already rl rail reel, real are, all a on the line m may me my mr . mar mere Mr. REPORTING STYLE. 171 I j 1 join John H just J ^/ 1C u J r j journal juror jr */ " " jt S journalist jtr y juster Jl ^/ jilt jolly July i fc V kind know u **" \^ kinder know her I liable alone u lunar lr lyre, liar lower lure rl fi rill roll rule til tin- i o my mow mire more much murmur ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. a e on the line mn man men See mn, p. 106 mnr manner meaner md , made mad mead made it meed mi , mat met might it mtr _^ matter meter mightier mrt __ mart merit ml _i_ mail meal mh may have mst ^ mast messed a on the lint n name now nr narrow near never nd and a not a net next nrd _ narrowed near to neared nature nl _ nail in all kneel in an name REPORTING STYLE. 173 1 mire mine miner mow moan must munificent inn mnr . md amid mode mud int , - might mote mute mtr , miter motor mutter mrt , myrtle mortal ml mile mill mole mule nth o might have must have mst ^ mist missed most must i u n nine no now new nr __ inner nor number nd __ night not nut nude nrd __ nor do under nl -~ Nile knoll null nn __ nine none nun mn numb 174 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. a e on the line t * pa, pay pea up pt n pad, paid pieced apt pr * pray, par prey upper prd n prayed preyed appeaYed pi o play plea appeal plr /i player pleader appealer pn c_ pan pen pnd e pained, paint penned pp 7 pap peep ppr o? paper peeper, pepper ppl > papal people pe r peace ph ^ phantom phenomenon prs c _^, praise press a e on the line q J quantity question queen REPORTING STYLE. 175 i w p /? opinion point public pd /^ opinionated pointed published pr o pry propose prune, pure prd 1 pried proposed pruned pi t ply plow plume plr * plyer plowman V pn <^~ pin upon pun pnd < pinned upon it impugned pp sy> pipe pope puppet ppr ^ piper popery ppl <* popular pupil pe s> ph so philosophy phonograph prs c^. , prism peace purse i u \ quick quotient 176 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. qr a / quarantine questioner on the line queenlier qt / quadrant quest qrt ^ quarter querist, queried ql ) qualify quell qrl ^ quarrel queerly r a raise t rest on the line rather rd raised rested rr rare rear are rather a e on the line s , say see some sr - safer seer sir st d _ sad, said, sat set sight sir , star, sadder steer, setter si ^^, sail sell sir & sailor seller REPORTING STYLE. 177 quire, inquire quorum quite, quit quote qrt ) chorister '/' ^ quill qrl J i It rise rose ruse r arose rd rr - . riser roar i V 6" sigh so, sow sue ,r _ sinner sorrow sure ** d _ sit sought sued, suit .s^r . stir, sitter store suitor 8l ^ sill sole, sou sully sir -^ silver solar surely, surly ah _P shy show shun 178 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. a e on the line shr f share shear, shier shd v^_p shad, shade shed a e on the line t -^ take a take the take tr ^ tare tear take care U ^- taste test ttr -~ taster tester a tall tell tlr ^ taller teller a e on the line v I have a have the have vr j vary-ous very view vt vat vest /// vaster venturer vl , value-d evil a on Die line w / was we, when with REPORTING STYLE. 179 shr ' shower, shore shudder shd t ? shied showed should i J time take to take tr ~ tier, tire tore true tt tight towed trust ttr <~~> tighter toward truster tl ~ till toll tule /// ^ tiller toller i u V | have it have to have some */ \ virus voracious virulent vt i visit vote viewed ftf 1 visitor voter viewer vl i village volume t vulnerable i / win woe 180 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. a which a war which are which we on the line which were which we are whichever nv f are with a irt d /* wrd / ward, wart wtr wade, wait weight, weighed water, waiter wader wl xr xt xrt xl y yr yt / what a /> wall a ^^ exact v^^ exacter ^ ecstatic --, extra \^ exalt a " Yankee c/ yarn v yacht are with the wed, weed wearied weeder when the well e execute exterior extent extreme excel e yearn year yet are with what whatever with all which all on the line expect exercise expect it exert on the line ye, yes REPORTING STYLE. 181 i M U' / which I which to which you wr i wire wore, whoever wr / which you are nc I are with it are with you ui d X 1 wide would would you what you wrd / weird, wired word wtr X 1 wider whatever you wh / when it, I when to when you ivl f will with all you which all you X i ^~~~- exist exhort excuse xr \ exhorter excursion xt -^ extinguish extole xrt , exertion extraordinary executioner xl . exhilarate ^s exult i M " o yield you youth your V* yonder CHAPTER VII. OUTLINE WORD SIGNS. THE following list consists chiefly of long words whose principal elements are combined into forms producing sug- gestive word signs. Each written outline being fully given in the Roman letter will be more readily under- stood by the writer. These outlines are valuable not only as word signs, but as suggesting how other words may be clearly ex- pressed by brief outlines. To make them thus service- able the writer should familiarize himself with them, not merely as signs, but as suggested and suggestive outlines. They should be written and read many times until they are quite familiar. After they are thus thoroughly mas- tered the student will be prepared to make outlines of all words, always striving to write them as brief as pos- sible and still leave them suggestive of the words which they represent. In practice, pronounce and write at the same time, steadily striving to write them as rapidly as they can be pronounced. For this purpose it is very ser- viceable to thus pronounce and write words repeatedly, going over the same exercise day after day until the pen becomes as expert as the tongue. Only by such repeti- tion long continued and daily pursued can the writer hope to acquire the skill requisite to ve'rbatim reporting. 182 REPORTING STYLE. 183 Abundant 6- Accepted ~p> Acceptable Accession \j Accident ^-^_ ^ U Accuracy ^x*" Accurateness i Accordingly IT Accusation U Accpiisition Active P Acknowledge L Additional u> Advance L-T Advanced f- Advancement Advantageous l Advertise .j Advertising 4 Affected (s*-' Affectionate Affliction i" Agitate L, Aggregate c Almost r Already ^ Along Altogether ^ Amounted V^ 1 Ambitious ^r America _^ American *- ^ Among . Amongst a b ndnt accpted accptl acssion acdnt acurc acurtness acrdingly acsation acsition actv acg aditionl adnc adncd adncm advs vrts vrtsing a f ctd a f tionat a f ltion agt agrt alst alrd alng algtr mouted ambtious mrca mrcn rang mngst 184 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Anniversary L^, Anatomy t"~ Antagonism ~*c~ Annual t Annul 4- Annular ~\f Antagonistic Antagonist k^- Another i- Anybody <^ Anything i- Appear c Appearance r Appeared Appears U Appearing r Appliance r Applicant t Application (S Applied r Apply r Applicable C^ Applicability N Apprehend \ * Apprehended r Apprehensible c~\ Apprehensibility c~\ Apprehension C"^ Apprehensive r~i Approve v Approval u Arrive 2A Arrival ( Rival v e rsry a n y at n gsm au n al a n ul a n ulr at"gsc at n st atr n a"ybd a"ying apr aprnc aprd aprs apring aplinc aplnt aplction apld aply aplbl aplblt aprnd aprnded aprnbl aprnblt aprnsion aprsv aprv aprol riv arvl rivl REPORTING STYLi:. 185 Arrived Arbitrary Archangel Archbishop Architecture Architectural Aristocracy Aristocrat Aristocratic Arrange Arrest Artificial Artistic Assistance Ascription Assemble Assembled Assembly Assembling Assure Assurance Assuring Assignment Astonished Astonishing Astonishment Astronomy Astronomer Astronomical Astounding Attainment Attract Attraction 8* arvd art b i*y t- ar"gl t, ar b p L arctr arctrl C arsty <^V U' arscrt arscrtc t" ar"g c arst "C> art f shl (/^ art s c ~c.~ a s tnc ~(/^ a s crtion \" a s mbl L a s mbld o smbly _^ smbling 1 a s ur a urnc a s uring a s nmt at s nshd at s shing at"shmt atr"my atr"mr atr"cl at s nding atnmnt atrct atrction 186 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Attractive Atonement Authority Authoritative Auspiciously Auspicious Aversion Avocation Avoid Avowed atrcv tonm authrit authrtv auspshl auspsh avrshn avshn avd avowd Bachelor Beauty Beautiful Begin Begun Began Beginning Bank Bankable Bankrupt Bankruptcy Because Become Before Behold Beheld Belief Believe Belong Belongs Belonging Body b a chlr buty or but y butfl b e n bu g n g a n g'ning b bbl brpt brptc bcs bcm bfr bhol bhld blf blv blng blngs blngng bdy REPORTING STYLE. 187 Boldness Bountiful Brethren Brother bldn bountl brthrn brthr Calculable Cabinet Calvinism Capable Captain Casually Catholic Catholicism Certainty Cessation Celestial Celebrate Celebration Certificate Certify Change Character Characterize Characterizes Characters Characteristic Characterization Charitable Charity Charter Cheer Children Childhood csation . clstl clbrt clbrtion crtct certfy chng chrctr chrctr z chrctrzs chrctr s chrctrst chrctrztio chrt a bl chrt a chrtr chr c chlrn chlhood 188 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Churchyard Circumstance Circumference Citizen Civilize Clerical Climate Color Commence Commencements Combination Company Compared Comprehended Compribe Comp.ose Concern Conclusion Consequence Consequential Consideration Consisted Conformable Constant Constituted Contingency Contradistinction Contradistinguish Contrivings Could Counsel Consul Council Covenant chrchrd circumsnc circumfrnc c'tzn clz clrcl cPmt clr m e nc m e ncms combintion comp a ny comprd a compr e nded compr's comps cncrn conclshn consqnc s e qshl s'drtion consstd frmbl constnt constutd contgc contr'dsshn contradsh trivings cd cousl cosl concl cvnt REPORTING STYLE. 189 Combine Commence Commencement Complete Complexion Condition Complain Compliance Construction Consumed Contained Contraction Contradiction Contradistinction Contrived Controlled Conversion Conviction Convince Corrective Countenance County Countrymen Covered Created Cured Curious Curved combin commnc commn complet compPxshn cndtion compl a n compl'nc constrction sumd contand traction tradction tradstntion trivd controld convrsion convtion convnc crctv countnc county cntrmn cvrd cr e td cr u ed cr"is crvd Danger Endanger Darkens dngr e"dgr darns 190 ECLKCTIC SHORT-HAND. Defendant Delinquent Deliverance Denominate Denomination Derision Derivation Description Descriptive Designation Develop Difference Difficulty Dignity Direction Directness Disadvantage Disadvantages Disadvantageous Disbelief Discharge Disclaim Dissever Discover Discourse Discourage Disaffection Discrepancy Discriminate Disorganize Disorganized Disorganization Displeasure Displease de f ndnt delnq delvrnc denmt denmtion dershn derivtion de s crp de s crpt de s gntion devlp di f rnc di f c digty dirction dircness di s ad di s ads di s adg di s b di s chr di s cl di s vr di s cr di*crs di s crg di s i'tion di'crp di s crm di s org di s orgd di*orgtion di s plsr di s pls REPORTING STYLF. 191 Disqualify Disfavor Disease Dissatisfaction Dissimilar Distinguish Distinguishable Distinction Divinity Doctor Dollar Domestic Donation Downward During Duration di'ql di s fr di s s di s stftion di s mlr diHingsh di s tingbl di s ttion divnt Dr. dolr m s tc do"ation dow"rd during duration England Eclectic Ecclesiastic Eccentric Eccentricity Emphatic Employment Empyric Endanger Endeavor Enlarge Enthusiasm Enthusiastic Entire e n glnd eclt eclst ecntr centre emptc employm e nip re e"dgr e"dvr e"lrg thusm thustc e n tir Episcopalian pspl 192 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAX1). Equinoctial Equivalent Especially Establishment Eternal Eternity Evangelical Evening Evidence Everlasting Exchangeable Exclamation Exclusion Excommunication Excomnmnicatov Executor Exemplify Exemplification Exhibition Existed Existence Expanse Expense Expectation Expenditure Experience Explanation Exploration Expression Exquisiteness Extempore Extemporaneous Extension q'ncl q'vlnt spshly e s tmnt ternl ternt glcl vning evdnc erlsing xchbl xclmtion xclshn xcomntion xcomcr xctr xmplf'y xmplftion xition xsted xsnc xpans xp u ns xpction xpndr xprnc xplntion xplortion xprsn xqsness xtmpr xtmprs xtnshn Extenuation xtnashn REPORTING STYLE. 193 Exterior Exti-act Extracted Extinguish Extraordinary Extravagant Extradition xtrior xtrct xtrc xtingsh xtrord xtrnt xtrdtion Fact Failure Family Familiar Fantasm Fantastic Fantasy Fashion Favorable Feature Financial First Forever Forgiven Former Formality Formation Forward Foundation Fraction Freedom Frequent From Fruition Furnislinl f a ct Plr f a mlr f a nts f a ntsc f a ntsy f a shn f a vrl fHr fnshl fret frer frgn f'rinr f'rmlt f'rmshn f'rwrd foundshn fr a ction fr c dm fr l 'qnt firm IVution furnshd 194 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Furniture Future fnrntr futr Gain General Generalize Generation Gentleman Glorify Glorious Govern Governor Government Grander Grandeur Grandchild Grandchildren g l 'nrl genrlz genrshn gmn glrfy glrs govrn govrnr govrmnt gr ;l ndr gr a ndur grnchl grnchln Had Half Halve Happy Habeas corpus Hardened Hath Have Have not He have Henceforth Hereafter Hesitation Heretofore hd a hlf hlv h a py hbs crps h a rdnd h a th v vnt hv . h e ncfrth h e rftr h e sttion h e rtfr REPORTING STYLE. 195 Hieroglyphical Home Him Hopeful History Hundred Human Humanity Hurried I- *,- h'rglcl horn h'm hpfl h'stry hu"drd h" h"mnt hurd I I am Idleness Ignorance Imaginable Imaginary Immediately Immoral Immorality Mortal Immortal Immortality Immortalize Impassioned Impatience Impatient Inpenetrable Impenetrability Imponderability Important Importance Impossible ~ x i *s~~ Im Jt idlns ^ ignrnc imgl ^ imgry m e atly imrl y^ imrlt c mortl A imrtl imrtlit J imrtlz T impshnd impshnc ~ impshnt i n frmshn Informal ^J > i n frml Informality ~J~^-& i n frmlt Infringe ^~v i"frg Inhospitable ^L3 i"hspt Inhospitality J^ i"hspit Inscribe 3^/^ i n scr Inscription 2^I^X > i"scrshn Incur -fr*-' i n cr Insecure ~^ ' instut Insubordinate A insbrd Insubordination >^ insbrdshn Insuperable /^ insupr Integrity si:" i n tgrt Intellect y=T. i"tlct Intellectual ^^ i"tlcl Intelligent ~^- i"tlgt Intelligence ^- - i"tlgnc Intelligible ^^ i"tlgl Intelligibility ^.r i n tlglt Intemperate ^-~ i"tmprt 198 ECLECTIC SHOUT-HAND. Intemperance Interior Internal Interrogate Interrogation Interrogative Intrinsic Irrational Irrecoverable Irreconcilable Irrefragable Irrefutable Irrelevant Irreligion Irreligious Irrepressible Irrespective Irresponsible Irruption Irregular i n tmprnc i n trior i n trnl i"trogt i"trogshn i"trgtv i n trnc irashnl irrecvl irreconcl irrefrgl irreftl irrelvt irrelg irrelgs irreprsl irrespt irrespl irruption irreglr Jehovah Jove Jealous Jewish Joint-stock Jurisdiction Jurisprudence Junction Justification Juvenile Juxtaposition jsh jtst jrdshn jrprd jncshn jtcshn jvl j. \tsliii REPORTING STYLE. 199 Kindness Kindly Kingdom Knowledge Know Knowing Known kns kly kingm nlg ko king kn Label Large Larger Landscape Language /Languish Legacy Legislate Lengthen Lenient Libation Liberty Liquidation Longer Lovely Loving Lovingly \ Pbl l a rg "C Prgr l a ndsp ~~v~ Png l a ngsh v~p^ l e gc v^ l e gslt ^-^_ l e ngn H-r- Pnnt ~c?~ li b shn "7" li b rt ~(~~ 1'qdashn f^- lo"gr i V'vly T Tving T lvingly Many Magazine Magnificent Magnificence m m a m tt gcnc 200 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Magic Majestic Maladministration Malfeasance Malign Malignant Malignancy Manufacture Manufactory Manufacturing Manufacturer Manumit Mary Marry Measured Mechanics Mechanical Mechanism Member Memoranda Memoir Memory Mendicant Menial Mensuration Mention Mercy Merchantable Merry Mesmerism Messrs. Might Mighty Million m a gc m a jtc m a lstrshn m n lfnc nr'ln m'lg m a lgc m a nftr nr'nftry m a nftring m a nftrer m a nmt m a ry m a rry msrd m e cns m e cl m e csm m e mbr m c mrnd m e mr m e mry m c ndct m e nl m e srshn m e nshn m e rc m e rcht'l m e ry m'smr m e srs mit mity miln REPORTING STYLE. 201 Minimum Minute Minute Misdemeanor Misfortune Misinformed Misanthropic Mistress Misrepresented Misrepresentation Misrule Mistake Mistrust Moment Morality Mortgage Moved Movement Mr Multiform Multiply Multiplication Multifarious Multitude Multiple nrnmm nVnt m'nit msdmnr msfrtn msnfrd msnthrc mstrs msrpt msrpshn msrl mstk mstrst mmt mrlt mrgg " mvd mvmt mltfrm mltp mltpshn mltfrs mltud mltpl Nation National Nationality Naval Nearly Necessary n a shn n ft shnl n a shnlit n a vl nrly nsry ECLECTIC SHOUT-HAM". Necessity Nest Never Nevertheless Next Nobody Nondescript Notary Neuter Notwithstanding iis.-it nst nr nrls nxt n"bd nnpt ntry nutr ntst ing Object Obedient Obligation Obligatory Observation Occur Occurrence Oftentimes Ominous Omnipotence Omnipotent Omnipresent Omniscient Omnivagant Open Opinion Opportunity Opposition Oppression Option Organ Organs o b j o b t o b lslm o b lgry o b vshn ocr ocrnc o f ts ons omnpt omniptnt omniprnt omshnt omnigt opn pnyn prtnit ops oprsshn op org orgs REPORTING STYLE. Organism Organize Organized Organization Origin Original Ornament Ornamental Ornamentation Osmian Ostentation Ostentatious Ostensible Over Owing Owner Onward Only Ourselves orgm orz orzd orzshn orig origl orn oral ornshn o s m o s tnshn o s tnshs o s tnl or oing onr o"rd o n ly oursl Paragraph Paradise Parallel Paralytic Paraphrase Parliamentary Parliamentarian Part Parts Party Partisan Partner Part-owner "i" p a rf p a rds parl parlit p a raf parlmr parlmrn prt p a rts p a rty p a rtsn p a rtnr p a rtonr 204 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Patent Patentable Patient Peculiar Peculiarity Peculiarly Pecuniary People Perfect Perfection Perform Pernicious Perpendicular Perpendicularly Perpetuity Perpetual Philanthropy Philanthropic Philanthropist Philosophy Philosopher Philosophical Philosophize Phonography Phonographer Phonographic Phosphorus Phosphoric Photography Phrenology Phrenologist Phrenological Physiology Physiological p :l tnt p a tntl p e clr p e clrt p e clrly pcnry P C P1 p'rft p e rftshn p e rfrm prnshs prpnd prpndl prpt prptl flrp flrc flpst phlph phlphr phphl phz phn phr phc phs phsfr ph'tg phrology phrologst phrologl phology phologyl KEPOKT1NG STYLE. 205 Physiognomy /& Physiognomer <& phyr Physiological rf phi Physiologically jf phly Physician ^_/ phsi Places ^ ^ pl*ss Plaintiff ^^ plf Planetary ^ pl a ntry Platform '*^~+ , pl a tfrm Plenitude ^ " pl e ntud Pleasure plsr Plenty ta pp n t Plant 1" pl^nt Plenary ^- pl e nry Plenipotentiary pl c np Popular '_'_'_ pplr Popularity ..- pplrit Population ppshn Populous -^ ppls Popularize -^- pplrz Popularization x, pplrzshn Position y^ poshn Possession - C 2_> psshn Possible -j^ psl Possibility -^=r pslt Possibilities tzg^ psls Posterior ... pstrior Post-mortem pstmrt Poverty pvrt Practice ^ prc Practical s* prcl Practicable x prcb Preliminary S; prelm Prejudice ^ prj 206 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Prejudicial t? prjl Prejudiced / prjcd Present c-^- prsnt Pretty o_ _ prt e Prerogative _^_ pr e rg Prescribe l )r sl Proposition prpsshn Proscribe ^^~ prscr Proscription prscrshn Protection Protraction Providence Publication Publisher Punish Punishment REPORTING STYLE. 207 ptcshn ptrcshn prvdnc pbshn p u bshr pu"sh pu"shm Quadruped ^ qrpd Qualify )-* qlfy Qualification Quaint {"* qlfshn qnt Quartz L qrz Quiescent / \ qsnt Quit -)~ ' q't Quorum v- qorm Quote T" qt Radiant rd a nt Rational y " ration! Rabble N^ r l bl Raffle ZA: r :l ti Rapturous r raptrs Reality t r e alt Realize K r e alz Reclaim '/ rclm Recollect rclt Recollection / rclshn Reformation (/ refrmshn Relation Y relshn Relative A reltv 208 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Related Religion Religious Regeneration Regenerate Regiment Regular Regulation Relinquish Reluctant Reliant Relent Remark Remarkable Remember Remembering Remembrance Remembei-ed Remonstrate Reprehensible Represent Representation Representative Repress Republic Republication Republican Repugnant Repugnance Resemble Resemblance Resembling Reservation Resignation reltd relg relgs rgnrshn rgnrt rgmt rglr rglshn relq relc relint relnt remrk r e mrkl m e m mming m e mnc m c merd r e mnstrat rephnl rep repshn reptv reprs repb repbshn repbl repg repgnc rsml rsmnc resmling rsrshn resgshn REPORTING STYLE. 209 Respect rsp Respective ^_? rS P^ Respite ^_^> r e spt Responsible ^_z> rs Pl Respectable ^^TNS, rspbl Restrictive ^/~\ r e stcv Restriction Resurrection ^y" 3 rstrcshn ^-^ rsrcshn Retraction ^ retracshn Retrospect (^ retrspt Retrospective (_p retrsptv Revelation / rvlshn Revolve 1. . r e vlv Revolution _'i . r e vlushn Revulsion r e vulshn Sabbath Sabbatarian Saccharine Sacrament Sacrifice Sacrilege Sadducee Safety Sagacity Sagacious Sagaciously Sagaciousness Salubrious Salutary Salutatory Sample 9* .X X- -^ -7- s a b s a btrn s a chrn s a crm s a crf s a crl s a dse s a ft s a g s a gshs s a gshsl s a gshsn s a lbrs s a lutr s a ltory B*mpl 210 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Sanctification Sanctimonious Sanguine Sanguinary Satisfaction Satisfy Satisfied Satisfactory Savior Saying Scholar School Schooled Script Science Scientific Scripture Sculpture Season Seeing Secure Security Sectarian Secular Senseless Sensible Sentimental Sentimentalism Sentimentalist Sentimentality Sensation Separate Separated Separation s a ncfshn s a ncmns s a ngn s u ngnr satisfshn satisfy satsfd satisfry S :i vr s*ing sclr scl sold scrpt seine scintf scrptr sclptr s e sn s e ing s e cr s e curit s c ctrn s e clr snsls snsbl sntml sntmls sntmlst sntmnlt snsshn s e prt s e prted seprtiou REPORTING STYLE. 211 Session Short-hand Signify Significant Significance Signification Significantly Similar Similarly - Simple Singular Singularly Situation Skillful Social Something Something else Somebody Somewhat Somewhere Sorrow Special Splendid Spiritualize Strengthen Statement Southern Subject Subjection Subjected Sublime Subordinate Subscribe Subscription ssshn shrtnd sgy sgnt sgnc sgshn sgntl smlr smlrly s' mpl snglr snglrly sitshn skilfl sshl smth ing sming Is smbd smw smwr srow spshl splndid sprtlz strngthn statm sthrn su b j su b jshn su b jted su b lm su b ordnt Bu b scr su b scrshn 212 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Success Successful Successfully Suggest Suggestion Suggestive Supererogation Superficial Superior Superlative Superscribe Superscription Supreme Supernatural Supplication Suppression Sunder Surrender Suspend Suspension Suspicious Suspicion Sustained Sustentatious Synonym Synonymous System Systematic Systemized Systematize Superstition Syndicate Synthesis Synthetical scss scssfl scssfly sj sjshn sjv suprgshn suprfshl suprior suprliv suprscr suprshn suprm suprnrl suplshn suprsshn sundr srndr sspnd sspnshn sspshs sspshn sstand sstashs syn syns sstm sstmat sstz sstatz suprstshn synd synth synthet KEI'OHTIXCi STYLE. 213 Take Taken Taciturn Teacher Technical Technically Technicality Temperate Temperance Temptation Tenant Tendon Testament Testamentary Testimony Than Thank Thankful Thankfulness Thankless Thanklessness Thanksgiving Then Thenceforth Thenceforward Theology Theological These Thick Thin Thing Things o/ t a t a n tactrn techr techl techly techlit tempert temprn temptshn tennt tendn testrn testmry testmy th a nk th a fl th a fln th a nls th a nln th a ng th e n th e frth th e frd th e o th e ol th e s thck th'n th ing th injjs 214 ECLECTIC SHOET-HAXD. Think -e=^ th'nk Thinking Those *s., th'nk ing ths Thou Though Thousand 9 th thousnd Thorough Three Through Thrift Thrust Thrush O ir o cr* e. thro thr e thr u thr'ft thr"st thr'Vsh Together Tolerable C togr tol Tolerably Tolerance vr- toly tolrnc Tolerant ~^-~ tolnt Tolerate ~*i>~ tolat Toleration -^ toltion Tranquil Tranquillity Trance I tra n ql tra n qlit tranc Transaction ./.- tra"acshn Transcend s tra n cnd Transcendent ~^v tra"cndnt Transient -(1^ transhnt Transcend -7^~ trans end Transcribe >X\ trans crb Transcript Transcription Transfer ^ trans crpt trans cshn trans fr Transform ^j. ^ trans frm Transformation ^-^ , trans frmshn Transgress ^^ trans grs REPORTING STYLE. 215 Transit Transition Transitory Translate Translation Transmute Transmit Transparent Transport Transpose Transubstantiate Transubstantiation Transverse Treasury Trembling Tremblingly Tremendous Trespass Trespasses Trinitarian Triumph Trust Two Too To Tumult trans it trans ishn trans itry translat translation trans mut trans mt trans prnt trans prt trans ps trans ub trans ubshn trns vr tresry trembl ing trembl ingly tremds tresp trespss trintrn trimph trust tumlt Ubiquity Ultimo Ultimate Ultimately Unaccountable 216 ECLECTIC SHORT-HANI". Unaccounted Unanswerable Union Universe Universalism Unbelief Unbeliever Unchangeable Unchanged Unchristian Uncomfortable Uncompromising Unconcerned Uncomparing Unconstrained Unconscious Unconverted Uncontrollable Understand Understood Understanding Undertake Undertaking Unpardonable Unpopular Unprofitable Unseasonable Unreasonable Unsettled Unsubstantial Unthankful Unwarrantable Unwilling Uppermost u"ac u"an u"yn unvrs unrsn u"bl u n blr u n ch u n chd u"chr u n cfrl u"comz ing u"concr u n compr ing u n constrnd u n conss u"convrt u n contrl u"derstnd u n di-std u n drst ing u n dert u"drt ing u n prd u n pp u"prf u n ssl u n rsl u n stld u"sb u"thfl u"wrl unwl ing uprm REPORTING STYLE. 217 Upward Useful Usurper Usurpation Uttermost Utterly Uttering u s fl u s rpr u s srpshn utrm utrly utr ing Vague _U. V "S Variation -4 v a rtion Ventilate 4- v e ntl Vei*sion _]__ version Verify 4-^ v e rfy Verification _|_^ v e rftion Versatile \s- v e rstl Victory "K v'c Vicious d~ vicious Vision :j- - vishn Villain -If- v'ln Visible -b? v'sl Vocation 4" vshn Volatile "b ' v<>lt Volume vlm Voluminous Q -j=j^- vlmn Voluntary ")." vlntr Voluptuous f" V<51 P Vulgar 1 v u l Vulnerable "jl v u lnr Was / w ft We, with the "/_ w e 10 218 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Welcome What When War ^ w e lc wh a wh e wr* We are ~J-~- wr 1 ' Who -/-- wh Why '/" wh>" Wore ~/~~ wr Wire -/-- wr 1 Which are a ^ wr a Which are the ~~~/ wr e Which are or \ Which were \ .X wr Which it were ~s~ wr 1 Which were to x^"" wr Which are you ^x" wr" Are with a or \ / rw a Were with a ] _-. Are or were with the -/-- rw e Are of were with / rw Are with it i" rw 1 Are we to / ' rw We or with / w Which ^ w With it or I /- w 1 Within f / Wei-e / wr Whereat Whereas Wherever Whei'ein i i wr e at wr e s wr e er wr e n Whereupon wr e pn Whensoever / w e sr While / whl Whilst Whither i whist w'thr Why -/- wh>' 219 Willing Wish Wash Wished Writing Without With you World Worth X 1 wl ng w'sh w a sh w'shd wrt ing wout w" wrld wrth wtr w a y w a gs Examine Exasperate Exasperation Exceeding Excel Excellent Exception Exceptional Exceptionable Excessive Exclusive Excluded Excite Excitement Exciting Excommunicate Excommunication Excommunicated Excrement xm xsprt xsprshn xcing xl xlnt xcshn xcshnl xshnl xsv xclu xclud xct xctm xct ing xcoinm xcomshn xcomt xcrm 220 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Excursive Excursion Excuse Execrable Execration Execute Execution Exercise Exercises Executor Exemplary Exhalation Exhortation Exonerate Exoneration Expanse Expansion Expand Expansible Expansibility Expect Expectant Expectation Expedient Expeditious Expensive Experience Experiment Experimental Experimentally Experimenter Expert Expiate Explain xcrs xcrshn xcs xcrbl xcrashn xcut xcushn xrcs xrcss xctr xmplr xhlshn xrtshn xnrt xnrshn xpnc xpnshn xpnd xpb xpbt xpt xptnt xptshn xped xpedshs xpv xprnc xprmt xprmtl xprmly xprmr xprt xpat xpln REPORTING STYLE. 221 Explainable Explanation Explanatory Explicit Explore Explosion Export Exposition Expositor Expository Expound ' Express Exquisite Extemporary Extemporize Extenuation Exterior Exterminate Extermination External Extinction Extinguish Extinguishable Extinguisher Extinguishment Extirpate Extirpation Extort Extortion Extortionate Extortioner Extract Extraction Extradition xplnl xplnshn xplntr xplic xplor xploshn xport xpsshn xpstr xpstry xpou xprs xqst xtmpr xtmprz xtshn xt rior xtrm xtrmshn xtrnl xtshn xtsh xtshl xtshr xtshm xtrp xtrpshn xtrt xtorshn xtrshnat xtorshnr xtrct xtrcshn xtrdshn 222 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Extrajudicial Extramundane Extraneous Extraofficial Extravagant Extravagance Extravasate Extreme Exuberant Exult, exalt xtrjd xtrmnd extrn xtrf xtrg xtrgs xtrst xtrm xubr xlt Ye Yes Yet Yesterday Year Yearly Yonder You Your Younger Youth Youthful yt ystd y yrl yndr u ur yth ythf CHAPTER VIII. PHRASES AND PHRASE WRITING. THERE are many phrases in which the words are so closely united in utterance that it seems the natural effort of short-hand to combine them in one outline, and to make that outline as brief as possible. Phrases are constructed in four ways. I. By writing together the signs of several words. II. By writing word signs in position to suggest other additional words. III. By writing together the outlines of several words. IV. By combining both word signs and word outlines. Miniature Signs. To make phrases the more legible, special miniature signs are employed for the representa- tion of some of those small words more commonly re- curring in phrases. In writing them, their miniature size, their alphabetic form, and their direction, should be carefully preserved. These signs may be used separately as word signs as \\vll as in phrasing. When used separately they should be written on the base line, because when written in position, they take another word, forming a phrase. Words Added by Position. In phrasing, the positions are used to add words instead of letters, as follows: Word signs written in a position, add a or be; written in e 224 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. position, add the; written in i position, add it or in; written in o position, add to or of; written in u position, add you or give or gave. LIST OF MINIATURE SIGNS. - if, of ^ give, gave o how, he, such o had, that / it ^ I would all, will in, an, on - and, not , to /. up /? put is, as, us 1 have . yes ^ you would ^ under Are or There Added by Shading. In phrasing, the shade may be used on any sign either at the beginning or end, or in the midst of a phrase outline, to suggest are or there. REPORTING STYLE. 225 Such Expressed by Ch. This word does not appear thus represented in any of the exercises, the ch circle having been adopted after the engraving of the plates. The following exercises so fully illustrate its use that the student will be able easily to introduce it in his writing. ILLUSTRATIONS. ** not such as you /o*^^ can such be the fact in such case such and such as such if such can be at such time as you will The following full list of phrases and phrase signs so thoroughly illustrate the art of phraseography that to the attentive pupil no further explanation becomes necessary. There are many more than any writer will care to memorize, but by repeatedly writing them the art of phrase writing will be so thoroughly acquired that the writer will rely on his judgment rather than his memory. In practicing they should be written with care- ful precision and dispatch. 226 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. PHRASES AND SIGNS. x ^ - a few all is ' ~^f all is well I a great a all may c, a general , 3 all my & a little , x all may be fs. a large , all men L, a matter all of o pt Q &* CLOU di ^ all would . act the ^^ all would be -)-- act it p all our T" act to ^ all people *- act in the ^ all power ^- act as a ^^ all which i act at the ^s all which are ^ act for >* all which were ~-fi?* - ^S*- all which can be all are a C /r all such all such as ^ all along as- although it is L ff all will c all such as are ff all will be all were ( are all aware # all wrong as it will appear ^ at last ~t as it will seem < . at most ^ as little as t_ _ at the as long as 1 at a "*- as many as fc at their -' ' as many more as i/ at their own as may be !Q_^, at this, these, - as might t/' at which [those . i, as might be <_ at your *- as might not (-^/ at your own ^-rJ as much as ^&e*-~ as soon as ^^ be able _^~ as sure as ^ be able to * as there has been ^-^ be believed J2_^ as these, this, those ^_^ be careful J2> as they /^ be careful to J2- as they are be not ^G as they were ^, be ready ^? as though ^/' be willing 7 as to [those .Because- c v^_ x as to this, these, (^/ because I am ^ as well as (_^ because it has -e as well be, will be (^ because it is [been ~^ as will be seen C-i__^. because it must be x x^. because it is cer- tain REPORTING STYLE. 229 because they ? because they have because they are but where but for which but with all his L p^\^vtfc LAOV> y \J\A. GUV because we are YT> by and by < by any means before a T-^ by every means before he -Nb^ - by all means before he knew - s ^^_ by many before he could *<^ by some before it _5\ - by some means before there is ** care for it ,. -~& care for their 7 each can -& care for them / each do /--__ care for nothing / each did /^->^ care for us L. each is C care to do it '- few men *-z. did it not ' ^ few more - ^ did you ^\ few will -Z>e7- ^^ few shall ^ x dear sir -J^-r far a, any _, dear me t _ r _ dear madam -^ , far as far from it --- far all that ^^ ^. dear miss - far that <- ^_ dear unto me v _^~^_ dear friend :^ far in the far more than "V. far be it from me REPORTING STYLE. 231 fear a. any fear God fear of God fear that for a, any for all that for fear of a, any for a long time for ever for ever and ever for us for his own sake for instance for it may be for my part for some time for that for the sake of for their for you for you may be for you cannot tell from a, any from a reliable source from a sense of duty from all accounts from another point from him from his own account of it from his point of view 232 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. from hour to hour from house to house from hand to hand from it from many from some cause from some such cause from that from that hour from that day from that cause from that time from the right cause from that standpoint from time to time from as many points as you can from us from you from you only from your own statement from your own account of it from your own side from your society from your view of the case gave a, any gave it up gave as much as gave his gave his own gave him all that he had gave them gave their REPORTING STYLE. 233 -V- 1 b have had give a, any J have it give all J have all give as much L have made give it up L- have now, an, in give me L have not give them give us h have our have put, paid give up all hope k_ have taken give you L have you have we he can he can have p he may --- he may as well 5l~L. he can never do it _^_ he is sure to fail ^V he gave & he had not s _ he knew it 2\ he shall he should IA he shall not he shall not do it he tells me so he will he will have had he will not have he would not come have been have come have done too have waited had a, any had an had as had been had he had it been had it not been had to do had you has a, any has been lias it not been has done has done more has jusl has had has he had lias his has there been 10* 234 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. OP L has to be done ^~zr I am surprised has all he can do -^^ I at one time -^^ I believe he can ^ I did he cannot do it d I called he gave it to him he is able to do it _x<^. I can do nothing -x-c-, I admit he is your friend /_, I remain how any have how are S ( I say i/%_ I charge -S^~\ I dare say how can how can you how do you however it may do how few ^""~L^ I dare say you will J I declare J, I do j, I fear Xl/^ I anticipate how far, fair >K^ I think how he -s I doubt how had .x-*-^^,! expect how has, his >^-Q I feel how it should be how an, in how is that /- >_ I forget xA. I gave, give -^ I have how may ^A^ I have been how will how will you J> I had -^c, . I have had _x-t/ I have just I am not -^l^ I have known I may not ^\^ I have said I admit -x<_ I have not I agree - x l_ x I have reason I am glad l^/l have such I am inclined I am sure S* I hope x^S. I hope you will REPORTING STYLE. 235 I imagine I immediately I thought I implore I intend I know [be so Ikno w that it must I know that you I learn [are I learn that you I meant [are I meant to have their I may be able to I may be glad to I must [known I must not have it I must say I need not say I never knew I never said so I never shall be I now I observe I observe that you I oft'er you [are I only know [it I ought not to do I ought notto have had it I particularly I personally I possibly I pi'omise I put I really, rely I refer I regret I remember I rejoice I said so I say that it is I see I shall be glad I accept I shall now I shall do I shall give I shall have I shall never I shall take I shall therefore I speak I suppose [are I suppose that you .1 suppose there is I thought [nothing I understand I used I view I view their course I was [as I was not I will I will not I will do I will show you I would [how I withstood ECLECTIC SHORT-H A X I>. I wonder if they if for example if he is not to be if it is to be [there if it is possible if it did not if there is not if they if we [time .if you will be on if you are if you can in a little "in a moment in all in all his in all such in any in any way in as many in compliance in connection in consequence in contemplation in every respect in illustration in fact in favor in his in it T. in its place in my in order to in answer to in reply to in respect to in relation to in reference to in some in that in that day in the 'in case of in the course of in such a case in the words of my text in the words of in this [our text in this age in which in your in your own inasmuch as [of in consideration is a is the is an is acknowledged is as is as if is MS though is as well REPORTING STYLE. 237 s is considered to be is glad is impossible is in is insufficient is it better is it impossible is it certain is it not is not only is somewhere is to is it is it supposed [be is it supposed to it ought to be it ought to have been it is profitably it seems it takes us it was it never it will it will be it will come it will have it will take it would appear it would have it appears to be it cannot be it could be it is not it is as it is as well it is his .it is manifest it is wonderful it is probable it is proper it is rather it is said to be it is thought it is true it may as well it may be Jesus Christ Jesus our Lord Fesus of Nazareth just as just as long as just had just noticed [peace justice of the .justice of God just as well as just been just found just had just heard [faith justification by just as I am 'just as you please just here 238 ECLECTIC SHOUT-HAND. know all [them know or knew know, knew it knew it must be r_L-l knew it would be - knew, know bet- ~~_~~^ know there is [ter knew there was knew he would ' knew, know how ^-^ know as much as know as much a possible [than knew, know better ~g know nothing ~ about it ~_~^r- know, knew that know they are __7_ knew they were know they are not __^. able know very well know where they are may as well may as well try may be may be an may be there may have may have been , may not may you may you never may you never be ---, many a one many a man many men many as possible many have many are many may many more many such many things many times many an instance many who many can many never know many will more have more in more than more that more there is more happy more and more moreover more you know more you hear more fully more like more likely more ready more people more popular REPORTING STYLE. 239 7. '-? no man no one no one ever no one here no one is no one has no one can no one can tell no one will no one will be more no one may no one ought no one did no one shall no one better no better no other no reason no doubt no such no such thing had no worse nor any, a nor anybody nor all nor can I nor do we nor do I nor he nor that t A I nor there nor is it nor is there of all of any, a of advantage of course of each of him of that of this, those, of importance of it of some of such of which of you of your of your own of yourself [these on account of on any account on all on each on his own ae- on hand [count on his part 240 ECLECTIC SHOKT-HAXD. L t* on no account on no occasion on such an occa- on that day tsion on the on the one hand on the other hand on the other side on the part of on this account on which on whichever side one another one other one question one of the best one of the most one of the worst /$ ^ ^r U11C Ul U110 IJli """ beautiful one of them i^ / -Or one or two 1 ( or are "^ L or a, any ^_ / or all 36- or an C_^~ / or can <^-^l r or even _^- / or if *> they are able to have 0) they are acknowledged r=- they are among -#'**" they are certainly <\ they are said to be -_x-t> they had such ^3 they have had ~L/~^( they have their own way ~Q_H^ they may as well ~<^~^ they may bring "TV they may be wrong ^-; * they must be they say ~C_P they shall j__ they were not .This- "^\_ this advantage Q^-f this can 248 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. this department this evening this generation this is this is a well-known fact this may be this one this session this subject Q^e this will be _7?75#>.. olj2 those that o^ "" those which Q ~y f those who had **--* those who will c Wx those with whom these are these are not these have these shall these shall go away these may these may be these will, all these would thougn a, any though it though it had though there is though there were though there may be REPORTING STYLE. 249 c though you may ^ZJnfr though as many "* unto a though many f unto each -> unto few through their own ~* unto all throughout the "^ through the world -> unto me unto many throughout space 7 unto one v-x unto some */* unto such to a ^\, unto the to be _^_ _ unto it to be able to -&- to be called V," to be supposed */ unto this, these unto you unto which to come unto whichever to do / unto what to do it /_ unto whom to do as, us, so -, to do some way to do something under a to do to under the to have been ""*" under it to some one ~* under all to such - under you to the -^^ under which 250 JUftiit 4- T" 7*-" Z r ." 7" X- .C ECLECTIC SHOUT-HAND. under whichever -IV*^ under what / - we are, were we are all, will -/- - we all, will until a, any until an fe we are all, well we well know, all until all r" we can [know until each -/=-^ we fear until few -- we give until he / we have until that /_ we hear until it is . we may until many we now until one until some i we question we rather until you are we take until which ~/_ we that / we have r - we have had was a b was all, well .With - was as / with all was as good as ( with advantage was not with each was said was this L. with such with him with his was he / with his own was that V with many was there was it not t with our without [the was your was under 'r with reference to with regard to the was useless / with relation to the REPORTING STYLE. 251 respect to the with that with the .with themselves with these, those, this with which with which it has with your [been you are you do you are a you all, will you will be you are the you are to you have not been you have never you have never been you shall not be you may be you may as well you never will you are right you are aware you are able you are supposed you can have your own you therefore you understand you no doubt you exert CHAPTER IX. MISCELLANEOUS SUGGESTIONS AND VERBATIM REPORTING. Omission of Words. The preceding signs and con- tractions leave little further to be desired to secure the speed necessary to the most rapid writing. In re- porting, many words which are obvious from the con- text are omitted, and again supplied in reading or tran- scribing. When any word is omitted, the space left may be greater than between other words, to indicate an omis- sion, which, with the context, will assist to supply the omitted word or wojrds. What words may thus be omitted, the experience and thoughtfulness of the writer will best determine. A repetition of a phrase or sentence may be indicated by drawing a line underneath the one already written, or by a long dash after it. In writing up special or technical cases it sometimes occurs that technical terms, or proper names, or other words of inconvenient length, are frequently repeated. In such cases, after writing them once or twice, the writer may suggest them by using the first letter followed by a dash, or may extemporize a brief suggestive outline from the principal elements of the words. Punctuation. All the marks common to punctuation 252 REPORTING STYLE. 253 may be used in short-hand; but in reporting, only the longer pauses are denoted. The period is represented by a small oblique cross, or by two dots side by side. The latter are easier to write, and more certain to be well made. The use of the period dot interferes with the use of the dot as a word sign, hence, it is supplied by the two dots or cross. The dash is represented by a slight waved line, thus ~~^. Laughter, by a similar line more heavily waved. Applause, by a vertical waved line. Emphasis is indicated as in long-hand, by drawing a line or more under the emphatic word or words. Capitals are used at the be- ginning of a sentence, and in all other cases in which they are necessary. Initials and proper names are correctly written in this system, while the phonographer is generally embarrassed by them. Names should generally be written without abbreviation. Short-Hand Notation. The following characters will enable the short-hand writer to express numbers with one-half the movements necessary to the use of the Arabic characters. / 3. j ^j" 6 f ,a/ (dele) delete; take out, or expunge. J? Turn a reversed letter. ^ A space, or more space, between words, letters or lines. Less space, or no space, between words or letters. ^ l ' r ' Carry a word farther to the left or right. j Indent. [below the level. / 7 Elevate a letter, word or character that is sunk Sink or depress the same raised above the level. L / Shows that a portion of the paragraph projects laterally beyond the rest. ^Ls Denotes a quadrat or space improperly appearing. Xer+- Directs attention to a broken or imperfect type. r- Bring a word to the beginning of a line; also make a new paragraph. Make a new paragraph. Change from Italic to Roman, or from Roman to = Put in small capitals. [Italic, as the case may be. Put in capitals. [size or style. Wrong font used when a character is of a wrong Transpose. Lower case i. e. put in small or common letters a word printed in capitals or small capitals. ; ?Query. -, $,&. Words are wanting: see copy. REPORTING STYLE. 257 SPECIMEN OF A COKHECTED TROOF-SHEET. THE CROWKIWr. OF rETKARClT. D A. Nothing can he conceived more affecting or noble than * caftd. ^T that ceremony. Tho superb* palaces and porticos by 0om. which had rolled the ivory chariots of Harius and ACK! Q Se Caesar had long mouldered into dust. Tho laureled &Jf- 6. c. fasces, the golden eagles, tho shouting Legions, the cap^ - / [ [ tives, and tho pictured cities wcro indeed wanting to .. A..,/ his victorious procession. The sceptre had passed away ~ 9 from, Rome. But she still jetaincd the mightier influence /^ of an /empireXjntellcctnaU and was now to confer tho y. I i 4tt. proper reward of an intellectual trirfmph. To the man u, I wnO had extended tho dominion of her ancient language , / . __. w b.v had erected the trophies of philosophy and . I \^ imagination in the L haunts of ignoraneejand I I tciocttu whoso captives wero tho ho^arts of admiring nations/ ' / ^r / * I enchained by tho influence of his i"f whoso spoils were tho treasures of .ancient genius the Eternal City VJ/ ,"/ "~ y* ^ a offered the/glorious\ancljjust\tribiitc/of her gratitude. A W/ t I Amid tho ruined monuments JBI ancient, and tho In- *f fant cri/ctions of modern aj*fhe who had restored tho broken link/bctwccnXhetwo ages of human civilization was crowned y^vYth the wreath which j, o had deserved from tho moderns who owlo^to him their refinement, from ^X-". who owed to him their lame Never was a X () A iot'on so august witnessed by Westminster or Rhei ms. S MACAUIDAT. ofeaS. I ? ^ - I ttotn o'dcivtt'fa and teca.y Method of Practice. After having become thor- oughly familiar with as many of the abbreviation word and phrase signs as possible, and with the principles of 258 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. their construction, the illustrative lessons should be repeatedly written, and compared with the copy given, to see that the correct signs and best word forms are used, after which the student will find great assistance in the use of the Reporter's Classic Practice Tablets, which are prepared by the author especially for students of short- hand. In all practice let each character be formed as quickly as possible to the writer's natural power of movement, never dragging the pen, but, having clearly conceived the best word form, let it then be quickly written. Having written and re-written as many of the tablets as the student thinks best, let him then procure the service of some one to read for him, who shall regulate his reading to the ability of the writer, slowly and distinctly at first, increasing in speed as the learner acquires power, until he is able to keep pace with the most rapid reading of varioiis kinds of discourse. Everything written should be read to acquire ability in reading the short-hand characters, which is as essential as rapid writing. The rate of speed requisite to reporting varies with the utterance of the speaker from eighty to two hundred words a minute, the average rate being about one hundred and forty to one hundred and fifty. The writer should frequently time himself, to note his progress in rapidity. Having prepared himself thus, he should try notes of speeches, sermons, etc., as they are uttered, until he finally finds himself capable of legibly recording the thoughts of the most vehement utterer. Dropping into all kinds of assemblies, taking notes of REPORTING STYLE. 259 all kinds of discourse, to familiarize himself with report- ing in general, the writer will render himself capable for any emergency. Verbatim Reporting. Accuracy in reporting speeches, lectures, sermons, etc., is essential, but in important cases courtesy demands that the report, if possible, be sub- mitted to the speaker for his corrections or revision, as. in extemporary discourse especially, it often occurs that the speaker would prefer to modify many things before submitting his words to the press. The reporter should be skilled in the use of language, that he may correct inaccuracies of speech which are so likely to occur in such discourse. However, such corrections cannot waive the propriety of submitting the report to the revision of the speaker when it is practicable to do so. In Lef/al reporting the writer should be conversant with the legal forms and expressions in use, as the more he understands of these the better will he be able to report. Much depends on mere form. There is always much talking done by counsel, often long arguments, the verbatim reporting of which would subject the parties to much needless expense, besides rendering the reports tediously voluminous. The proper writing of objections, motions and rulings can be done only by the exercise of good judgment, based on a knowledge of the require- ments of a correct report of such matter. Often an objection by counsel is couched in a long argument, which the reporter of good judgment and acquaintance with legal phraseology puts in its proper form by a few words. The author has frequently heard legal gentle- men complain of phonographic reports, on the assumption 2t>0 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. that it is impossible for the short-hand reporter to write without giving every word uttered. The objection to the voluminous report is of course often just, but it does not lie in the use of phonography or short-hand notes so much as in the inability and inexperience of the reporter, who, if he could but con- dense the counsel's argument, would be able, because of his skill in writing, the better to make a clear presenta- tion of it. In such cases the writer should attend closely to what is said and done, and having clearly comprehended an idea, couch it, as directly and briefly as possible, in legal phrase. Unless required, no report need be made of the open- ing remarks of counsel, who generally dictate to the writer those points which need not be written. In ordinary civil cases the reporter has usually nothing to do with the impaneling of the jury, but in criminal cases it should be fully reported. In the examination of witnesses, every word, both of qiiestions and answers, should be exactly written. The summing up of counsel need not be reported unless ordered by the same. The judge's charge, except when it is written, when of course reporting is unnecessary, must be written with the utmost fidelity. A short experience will inform the reporter fully as to what need, and what need not, be written, while the inexperienced reporter will rely mainly upon the dicta- tion of counsel, who will suggest at the proper time what need not be taken. Legal reports are usually written on legal cap, writ- REPORTING STYLE. 261 f ing on both sides of the leaf, unless counsel prefer it otherwise. Each page is numbered as it is written, at the lower left corner. The paper for reports should be fastened by means of clasps, or of tape, passed through holes punched near the edge of the upper margin, and tied. The first page of the report should be used as a title-page, and upon it, written in legible long-hand, the name of the court, title of suit, name of judge before whom the case is tried, and if before a jury, date of trial, names of counsel, with parties for whom they appear, with an index to the evidence. A new title-page should be made for each day of the trial. The following seven different forms, adapted to the courts of Illinois and to the United States courts, will be a sufficiently suggestive guide to the courts of the differ- ent states, the forms being common, varying only in the names of the courts, or of the terms applied to the prin- cipal parties involved. Following these seven forms is a brief outline of the beginning of a trial, which is written, except the letters distinguishing the questions and answers and the exami- nations, with the first letter of other important words be- ginning sentences, on the right of the marginal line, the before-mentioned letters being written at its left. The object of this distinction is simply to facilitate the refer- ence to the notes. The form of reporting any case will depend entirely on the matter to be written, and must bo left to the experience and judgment of the reporter. 262 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. TITLE-PAGE FORMS. FORM I. IN THE PROBATE COURT OF COOK COUNTY. JANUARY TERM, 1878. STATE OF ILLINOIS. COUNTY OF COOK, r In the matter of the Estate of ) -r, f c TTT-I, TurnAj j j r Proof oi Will. John T. Adams, deceased. \ HON. JOSHUA C. KNICKERBOCKER, Probate Judge. APPEARANCES. For proponents of the will, CYRUS HOMER. ESQ. For contestants of the will, S. M. COLES, ESQ. INDEX TO EVIDENCE. Direct. Cross. Henry Mann, - - page 3 10 Walter Wiltsie, - "511 Jane Wiltsie. - " 6 11 FORM II. IN THE COUNTY COURT OF COOK COUNTY. JANUARY TERM. 1878. STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) COUNTY OF COOK, j" PBTKB JOHNSON ) vs. > Assumpsit. CONRAD REED. ) HON. M. B. LOOMIS, Presiding Judge. APPEARANCES. For plaintiff, DARIUS JUDD, ESQ. For defendant, VIRGIL A. FIELD, ESQ. INDEX TO PLAINTIFF'S EVIDENCE. Direct. C'ro*>. Trueman Good, - page 4 20 Wm. Hoisington. " 10 24 Exhibit A. ----- "15 REPORTING STYLE. 268 INDEX TO DEFENDANT'S EVIDENCE. Direct. Cross. Maria Wilson, - page 25 30 Exhibit A, " 26 Exhibit B, " 27 FORM III. IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF COOK COUNTY. JANITAKY TERM, 1878. STATE OF ILLINOIS, \ COUNTY OF COOK, f ' ' The remainder of this form is like No. 2. FORM IV. IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF COOK COUNTY. JAXUARY TERM. 1878. STATE OF ILLINOIS, COUNTY OF COOK, c ' ' IN CHANCERY. JOHN W. WARD Complainant, ) Bm for injunction . JAMES SAXE, Defendant. } HON. E. S. WILLIAMS, Judge. APPEARANCES. For complainant, CHAS. LATHROP, ESQ. For defendant, L. F. SCOTT, ESQ. FORM v. IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT. APRIL TERM, 187& WABBK* MILLER, Ap^U.int. ) Appeal from the Circuit ( Court of Cook Countv. JOSEPH T. SMITH, Appellee. ) INDEX. Argument of C. D. T. Smith, Esq. page 3-76 Argument of Chas. Wheaton, Esq. " 77-120 204 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. FORM VI. Ix THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. NORTHERN GRAND DIVISION. SEPTEMBER TEKM, 1878. CHESTER DAVIS, Plaintiff in Error, ) En . or to the Circuit HENRY R. Fox, Defendant in Error. \ Court of Cook Count ^ INDEX. Argument of VV. H. Dexter, Esq. - - page 6-94 Argument of C. D. Willis, Esq. - " 95-120 FORM VII. TN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS. IN EQUITY. JOHN I. BLAIR et.al. ) Bi]1 to Foredose CHICAGO & PACIFIC R. R. Co. et. al, ) Mortgage. HON. THOMAS DRUMMOND, Pr^nl/in/. APPEARANCES. For Complainants, GEO. W. SMITH, ESQ. For Defendants, CHAS. D. F. SMITH, ESQ. INDEX. KEPOETING STYLE. 265 FRAGMENT OF REPORT OF TRJAL. COUNTY COURT, COOK COUNTY. PETER JOHNSON ) cs. > Before Hon. M. B. Loomis and Jury. CONRAD READ. ) CHICAGO, ILL., JANUARY 10, 1878. APPEARANCES. For Plaintiff, M. 0. B. SOUTHWORTH, ESQ. For Defendant, A. C. LITTLE, ESQ. Trueman Good, on behalf of Plaintiff, being duly sworn, testifies as follows. Direct examination by Mr. Loomis: Q. Where do you reside? A. At 650 Western Avenue. Q. How long have you known the plaintiff? A. Between three and four years. Q. Have you seen him often during that period? A. No, sir, not very frequently. Q. Under what circumstances have you been in the habit of seeing him? A. Only in the way of business. Q. What is your business? A. I am engaged in the tanning business. (?. Where is your place of business? A. I am located at Galena. 12 266 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. ILLUSTRATION. } / \ t / .. - - / REPORTING STYLE. 267 J CHAPTER X. ILLUSTRATIONS OF REPORTING STYLE AND EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE. THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY. WILLIAM H. MILBUBN. "And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature." To appreciate the text, it is necessary to place your- selves in the sight of the speaker and of those who heard him. A handful of despised and proscribed men are stand- ing upon the summit of a mountain, and there, amidst the company, is one who has passed a life of poverty, sorrow and suffering; upon whom contumely and derision have de- scended like rain from the clouds of summer. He has been the butt of ridicule, the target at which malignity has directed all its arrows; and now, surrounded by a handful of disciples of those who have striven to be loyal to him, but whose flesh and heart have failed time and again, the Jewish peasant utters in the ear of Jewish peasants, publicans and fishermen, this language, the like of which had not been spoken on the earth before, " Go into all the world." It is either sublimity or absurdity; it is the emanation of a divine soul projecting itself in the shape of a divine purpose, or it is the most preposterous nonsense that was ever addressed by one man to another. 268 REPORTING STYLE. ^ ^"S tf 269 C, 6 Cx ' A o / C 270 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. " Go into all the world, and preach my gospel to every creature." A Jewish peasant. I say, speaking to a handful of Jewish peasants; and these men, without education, without friends, without advantages of any sort, belonging to an obscure tribe, living in a narrow and insignificant province, masters of a single dialect alone, and that a mere patois, these men, without adventitious helps of any kind, without the power to obtain credentials from any quarter of the world, were to go into all the world and preach what he had been preaching, and what he Should yet de- clare to them. Is it sublimity, or absurdity? I fancy if you and I had been present on that occa- sion, we should have said, had we thought of it at all, What perfect nonsense! For it is likely that the scales would have been upon our eyes, and the dust in our atmos- phere, so that we should not have discerned him for what, in truth, he was, the Son of the living God. We should have seen the derided Nazarene, the con- temned Galilean, the carpenter's son ; we should have seen the earthly side, the mere mortal presentation. It requires a spirit quickened by light from heaven to discern him for what, in reality, he was, Jesus, the Son of God. REPORTING STYLE. ,/* S / * 271 / , c <. t- / C v. / ' / J, / 272 ECLECTIC SHOUT-HAND. Flesh and blood did not reveal this, but the spirit, of the Father which is in heaven; and looking only on the mortal side, this command would appear the very perfec- tion of nonsense: "Go ye into all the world.' 1 Yonder to the east lay Parthia, Media, and farthest India; and here upon the north, Syria, Armenia, and all the regions stretching to the pole; upon the south, Arabia, Egypt, and Ethiopia; and westward, the' lesser Asia, and Europe to the Pillars of Hercules. "Go into all these tracts, all these realms, and preach without means, with- out auxiliaries, and not only that, but without all helps of earthly mold and shape. "Go, in spite of the angry bitterness of the Jews; in spite of them who have crucified and ' put me to death ; in spite of all the persecutions which they shall visit continually upon your heads; despite the sneer, the con- tempt, the unutterable scorn of Greeks and Romans; de- spite, when attention has .been challenged, and their in- terest in some sort awakened, the strong and glittering sword of imperial persecution; go, in spite of dungeon, gibbet and rack ; in spite of thong, and scourge, and stake ; in spite of the cross and amphitheater; go wherever a human creature is found, whether in civilization or in barbarism, and preach my gospel." I say, is it not either sublimity or absurdity? REPORTING STYLE. 273 / X / O V / ' v_ y 274 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. Is it not the loftiest word that ever was spoken upon the earth, or the merest nonsense? Had we been there we should probably have thought it nonsense. Which do we now declare it to be, the word of an idle prater, of a well meaning but weak en- thusiast, or the word of the Son of God? One or the other it must be which is it? It has been well observed that the best evidence in favor of Christianity is Christendom. Here you have a popular argument which adapts itself to the comprehen- sion and acceptance of all. Christendom is the best ar- gument for Christianity. That Jewish peasant on the mountain's summit, surrounded by his handful of despised and persecuted followers, now separated from them, and, rising in opposition to the laws of gravitation rising gradually and easily by his own impulsion, until hidden from their longing, wistful gaze set in motion causes and influences which have come down the centuries, and which have enshrined themselves in the affections, and embodied themselves in the activity of the world, until its face is entirely changed, and his name, then the sport of scorn and hate, is now the august, en- throned and revered name of the highest, purest, and noblest part of the human race. Around that name, to-day, clusters all that hath worth, excellency and REPORTING STYLE. 275 o X S y u , t - r >-< y 276 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. power; all that hath vigor, adaptive facility; all that hath energy and resistless might, in what we style the civilization of the time; around that name it is all gathered. The word which was spoken upon the sum- mit of that mountain, "Go," has been obeyed; and in virtue of the speaking of that word, and the obedience rendered to it, the world is what it is. REPORTING STYLE. 277 c -*> ' y 278 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. MILITARY INSUBORDINATION. HENRY CLAY. v I will not trespass much longer upon the time of the committee, but I trust I shall be indulged with some few reflections upon the danger of permitting the conduct on which it has been my painful duty to animadvert, to pass without a solemn expression of the disapprobation of this house. Recall to your mind the free nations which have gone before us. Where are they now? " Gone glimmering through the dream of things that were, A school-boy's tale, the wonder of an hour." And how have they lost their liberties? If we could transport ourselves back to the ages when Greece and Rome flourished in their greatest prosperity, and, min- gling in the throng, should ask a Grecian whether he did not fear that some daring military chieftain, covered with glory some Philip or Alexander would one day over- throw the liberties of his country, the confident and in- dignant Grecian would exclaim', "No! no! we have noth- ing to fear from our heroes; our liberties shall be eter- nal." REPORTING STYLE. 279 / ' / / / / ' 280 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. If a Roman citizen had been asked whether he did not fear that the conqueror of Gaul might establish a throne upon the ruins of public liberty, he would have instantly repelled the unjust insinuation. Yet Greece fell; Cgesar passed the Rubicon, and the patriotic arm even of Brutus could not preserve the lib- erties of his devoted country! The celebrated Madame de Stael, in her last and per- haps her best work, has said that in the very year, almost the very month, when the president of the direct- ory declared -that monarchy would never show its fright- ful head in France, Bonaparte, with his grenadiers, en- tered the palace of St. Cloud, and dispersing with the bayonet the deputies of the people, deliberating on the affairs of the state, laid the foundation of that vast fabric of despotism which overshadowed all Europe. I hope not to be misunderstood; I am far from inti- mating that General Jackson cherishes any designs inim- ical to the liberties of the country. I believe his inten- tions to be pure and patriotic. I thank God that he would not, but I thank him still more that he could not if he would, overturn the liberties of the republic. But pre- cedents, if bad, are fraught with the most dangerous conse- quences. Man has been described by some of those who REPOKT1NG STYLE. 281 / / c -f >-" *'"- L 12* 282 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. have treated of his nature, as a bundle of habits. The definition is much truer when applied to govern- ments. Precedents are their habits. There is one im- portant difference between the formation of habits by an individual and by governments. He contracts it only after frequent repetition; a single instance fixes the habit and determines the direction of governments. Against the alarming doctrine of unlimited discretion in our military commanders, when applied even to pris- oners of war, I must enter my protest. It begins upon them; it will end on us. I hope our happy form of government is to be perpetual. But if it is to be preserved, it must be by the practice of virtue, by justice, by moderation, by magnanimity, by greatness of soul, by keeping a watchful and steady eye on the execution, and above all, by holding to a strict account- ability the military branch of the public force. We are fighting a great moral battle, for- the benefit not only of our country, but of all mankind. The eyes of the whole world are in fixed attention upon us. One, and the largest portion of it, is gazing with contempt, with jealousy and with envy; the other portion with hope, with confidence and with affection. REPORTING STYLE. ( " -> 283 ** ;' \ / ' " ** en X 7 / v. y s-\, _ / <-o 1 Q ^ . a "/*>, 'X 1 ^ r 288 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. REPLY TO HATNE. DANIEL WEBSTER. The eulogium pronounced on the character of the State of South Carolina, by the honorable gentleman, for her revolutionary and other merits, meets my hearty concur- rence. I shall not acknowledge that the honorable mem- ber goes before me in regard for whatever of distinguished talent or distinguished character South Carolina has pro- duced. I claim part of the honor; I partake in the pride of her great names. . I claim them for my countrymen, one and all, the Laurenses, the Rutledges, the Pinkneys, the Sumpters, the Marions, Americans all whose fame is no more to be hemmed in by state lines, than their talents and patriotism were capable of being circumscribed within the same narrow limits. In their day and generation they served and honored the country, and the whole country, and their renown is of the treasures of the whole country. Him, whose honored name the gentleman himself bears does he deem me less capable of gratitude for his patriotism, or sympathy for his sufferings, than if his eyes had first opened upon the light in Massachusetts instead of South Carolina? Sir, does he suppose it in his power to exhibit a Carolina name so bright as to produce envy in my bosom? No, sir; increased gratification and delight rather. I thank God that, if I am gifted with little of the spirit which is able to raise mortals to the skies, I have yet none, as- I trust, of that other spirit which would drag angels down. When I shall be found, sir, in my place here in the senate, or elsewhere, to sneer at public merit, because it REPORTING STYLE. 289 happens to spring up beyond the little limits of my own state or neighborhood; when I refuse for any cause the homage due to American talent, to elevated patriotism, to sincere devotion to liberty and the country; or if I see an uncommon endowment of Heaven, if I see extraordinary capacity and virtue in any son of the south, and if, moved by local prejudice or gangrened by state jealousy, I get up here to abate the tithe of a hair from his just character and fame, may my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth ! Sir, let me recur to pleasing recollections; let me in- dulge in refreshing remembrances of the past; let me re- mind you that, in early times, no states cherished greater harmony, both of principle and feeling, than Massachusetts and South Carolina. Would to God that harmony might again return ! Shoulder to shoulder they went through the revolution; hand in hand they stood around the administra- tion of Washington, and felt his own great arm lean on them for support. Unkind feeling, if it exists, alienation and distrust are the growth. They are weeds, the seeds of which that same great arm never scattered. Mr. President, I will enter on no encomium upon Massachusetts; she needs none. There she is. Behold her, and judge for yourselves. There is her history, ^the world knows it by heart. The past at least is secure. There is Boston, and Concord, and Lexington, and Bunker Hill; and there they will remain forever. The bones of her sons fallen in the great struggle for independence now lie mingled with the soil of every* state, from New England to Georgia; and there they will lie forever. And, sir. where American liberty raised its first voice, and where its youth was mustered and sustained, there 13 290 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. it still lives in the strength of its manhood, and full of its original spirit. If discord and disunion shall wound it-, if party strife and blind ambition shall hawk at and tear it; if folly and madness, if uneasiness under salutary and necessary restraint, shall succeed in separating it from that union by which alone its existence is made sure, it will stand in the end by the side of that cradle in which its infancy was rocked; it will stretch forth its arm with whatever of vigor it may still retain over the friends who gather around it; and it will fall at last, if ' fall it must, amid the profoundest monuments of its own glory, and on the very spot of its origin. MOTION OF THE HEAVENLY BODIES. THOMAS DICE. Having taken a cursory view of the magnitude of the numberless bodies scattered through the regions of space, let us now consider the motions which are inces- santly going forward in every part of the universe, for all the myriads of globes and systems to which we have alluded are in rapid and perpetual motion; and we have no reason to believe that there is a single quiescent body throughout the immensity of creation. We have here planets revolving around suns, planets revolv- ing around planets, suns performing their revolutions around suns, suns revolving around the centers of sidereal systems, and in all probability every system of creation revolving around the center and Grand Mover of the whole. The rate of these motions, in every known instance, is not less than several thousands of miles every hour, and in many instances thousands of REPORTING STYLE. 291 miles in a minute. The motions which are found among the planetary globes appear at first view altogether astonishing and almost to exceed belief, when we con- sider the enormous size of these bodies. That a globe a thousand times larger than our world should fly at the rate of thirty thousand miles an hour, and carry along with it a retinue of other mighty globes in its swift career, is an object that may well strike us with wonder and amazement. But the fixed stars though to a com- mon observer they appear exactly in the same position with regard to each other are found in some instances to be carried forward with motions far more rapid than even the bodies of the planetary system, though their magnitude is immensely superior. We have already seen that the star 61 Cygni, whose apparent motion is five seconds annually, and consequently imperceptible to a common observer, yet at the distance at which the star is known to be placed, this motion is equivalent to one thousand five hundred and fifty-two millions of miles in a year, four millions two hundred and fifty-two thousand miles a day. and one hundred and seventy-seven thousand miles an hour. Other stars are found to move with velocities similar, as Cassiopeia, which moves above three millions of miles a day, which is at the rate of two thousand one hundred and sixty miles every minute. These are motions altogether incomprehensible by human Ix'ings, especially when we take into consideration the enormous magnitude of the stars, some of which may be a thousand times larger than all the planets and conn-Is belonging to our system. They display the ama/ing and uncontrollable en?>'yie* of nninii>oti'ti<-<>, and a fiord a dis- 292 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. tinct source of admiration and astonishment in addition to all the other wonders of the universe. If, then, we would endeavor to obtain a comprehensive idea of the motions going forward throughout the spaces of immen- sity, we must not only conceive of planets revolving around luminous centers, but of suns revolving around suns, of suns and systems revolving around the centers of the nebulae to which they respectively belong, of all the systems and nebulae of the universe revolving in immense circumferences around the throne of the Eternal, the great center of all worlds and beings, of each sun, and planet and system, notwithstanding, pursu- ing a course of its own in different directions, and in numerous instances acted upon by different forces, in short, of the ten thousand times ten thousands of lumi- nous and opaque globes of every rank and order within the circuit of creation, all performing their rapid but harmonious motions throughout every region of space, and without intermission, in obedience to the laws of their Creator. WE CHERISH THE MEMORY OF OUR HONORED DEAD. EDWARD EVERETT. It has been the custom, from the remotest antiquity, to preserve, and to posterity, in bronze and in marble, the counterfeit presentment of illustrious men. Within the last few years modern research has brought to light, on the banks of the Tigris, huge slabs of alabaster, buried for ages, which exhibit, in relief, the faces and the per- sons of men who governed the primeval East in the gray REPORTING STYLE. 293 dawn of history. Three thousand years have elapsed since they lived, and reigned, and built palaces, and fortified cities, and waged war, and gained victories of which the trophies are carved upon these monumental tablets, the triumphal procession, the chariots laden with spoil, the drooping captive, the conquered monarch in chains, but the legends inscribed upon the stone are imperfectly de- ciphered, and little beyond the names of the personages, and the most general tradition of their exploits, is pre- served. In like manner the obelisks and the temples of ancient Egypt are covered with the sculptured images of whole dynasties of Pharaohs older than Moses, older than Joseph, whose titles are recorded in the hieroglyphics with which the granite is chai'ged, and which are gradually yielding up their long concealed mysteries to the sagacity of modern criticism. The plastic arts, as they passed into Hullas> with all the other arts which give grace and dignity to our nature, reached a perfection unknown to Egypt or Assyria; and the heroes and sages of Gi'eece and Rome, immortalized by the sculptor, still people the galleries and museums of the modern world. In every succeeding age, and in every country in which the fine arts have been cultivated, the respect and affection of survivors have found a pure and. rational gratification in the historical portrait and the monumental statue of the honored and loved in private life, and especially of the great and good who have deserved well of their country. Public esteem and confidence, and private affection, the grat- itude of the community and the fond memories of the fire- side, have ever sought, in this way, to prolong the sensible 294 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. existence of their beloved and respected objects. What, though the dear and honored features and persons on which, while living, we never gazed without tenderness or vener- ation, have been taken from us, something of the majesty abides in the portrait, the bust, and the statue. The heart bereft of the living originals turns to them : and, cold and silent as they are. they strengthen and animate the cherished recollections of tho loved, the honored, and the lost. The skill of the painter and sculptor, which thus comes in aid of the memory and imagination, is, in its highest de- gree, one of the rarest, as it is one of the most exquisite, accomplishments within our attainment, and in its per- fection as seldom witnessed as the perfection of speech or music. The plastic hand must be moved by the same ethereal instinct as the eloquent lips or the recording pen. The number of those who, in the language of Michael Angelo, can discern the finished statue in the heart of the shapeless block, and bid it start into artistic life, who are endowed with the exquisite gift of molding the rigid bronze or the lifeless marble into graceful, majestic and expressive forms, is not greater than the number of those who are able, with equal majesty, grace and expressive- ness, to make the spiritual essence, the finest shades of thought and feeling, sensible to the mind, through the eye and the ear, in the invsterious embodiment of the writ- * ten and the spoken word. If Athens, in her palmiest days, had but one Pericles, she had also but one Phidias. Nor are these beautiful and noble arts, by which the face and the form of the departed are preserved to us. calling into the highest exercise, as they do, all the imi- REPORTING STYLE. 295 tative and idealizing powers of the painter and the sculp- tor, the least instructive of our teachers. The portraits and the statues of the honored dead kindle the generous ambition of the youthful aspirant to fame. Themistocles could not sleep for the trophies in the Ceramicus; and when the living Demosthenes had ceased to speak, the stony lips remained to rebuke and exhort his degenerate countrymen. More than a hundred years have elapsed since the great Newton passed away: but, from age to age, his statue, by Roubillac, in the antechapel of Trinity College, will give distinctness to the conceptions formed of him by hundreds and thousands of ardent, youthful spirits, filled with reverence for that transcendent intel- lect which, from the phenomena that fall within our limited vision, deduced the imperial law by which the sovereign mind rules the entire universe. We can never look on the person of Washington; but his serene and noble countenance, perpetuated by the pencil and the chisel, is familiar to far greater multitudes than ever stood in his living presence, and will be thus familiar to the latest generation. What parent, as he conducts his son to Mount Auburn or to Bunker Hill, will not, as he passes before their monumental statues,, seek to heighten his reverence for virtue, for patriotism, for science, for learning, for devo- tion to the public good, as he bids him contemplate the form of that grave and venerable Winthrop, who left his pleasant home in England to come and found a new re- public in this untrodden wilderness; of that ardent and intrepid Otis, who first struck out the spark of American independence; of that noble Adam-. iN most eloquent 96 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. champion on the floor of Congress; of that martyr, War- ren, who laid down his life in its defense; of that self- taught Bowditch, who, without a guide, threaded the starry mazes of the heavens; of that Story, honored at home and abroad as one of the brightest luminaries of the law, and, by a felicity of which I believe there is no other exam- ple, admirably portrayed in marble by his son? What citizen of Boston, as he accompanies -the stran- ger around our streets, guiding him through our busy thoroughfares, to our wharves crowded with vessels which range every sea and gather the produce of every climate, up to the dome of this capitol, which commands as lovely a landscape as can delight the eye or gladden the heart, will not, as he calls his attention, at last, to the statues of Franklin and Webster, exclaim, "Boston takes pride in her natural position, she rejoices in her beautiful envi- rons, she is grateful for her material prosperity; but, richer than the merchandise stored in palatial ware- houses, greener than the slopes of sea-girt islets, lovelier than this encircling panorama of land and sea, of field and hamlet, of lake and stream, of garden and grove, is the memory of her sons, native and adopted, the charac- ter, services and fame of those who have benefited and adorned their day and generation. Our children and the schools at which they are trained, our citizens and the services they have rendered these are our jewels, these our abiding treasures." Yes, your long rows of quarried granite may crum- ble to the dust; the cornfields in yonder villages ripen- ing to the sickle may, like the plains of stricken Lom- bardy a few weeks ago, be kneaded into bloody clods by REPORTING STYLE. 297 the maddening wheels of artillery; this populous city, like the old cities of Etruria and Campagna Romagna, may be desolated by the pestilence that walketh in dark- ness, may decay with the lapse of time, and the busy mart which now rings with the joyous din of trade, become as lonely or still as Carthage or Tyre, as Babylon or Nin- eveh ; but the names of the great and good shall survive the desolation and the ruin; the memory of the wise, the brave, the patriotic, shall never perish. Yes, Sparta is a wheat-field; a Bavarian prince holds court at the foot of the Acropolis; the traveling virtuoso digs for marble in the Roman Forum, and beneath the ruins of the temple of Jupiter Capitolarius; but Lycur- gus and Leonidas, and Miltiades and Demosthenes, and Cato and Tully "still live," and He* still lives, and all the great and good shall live in the heart of ages while marble and bronze shall endure; and when marble and bronze shall have perished, they shall " still live " in memory, so long as men shall reverence law, and honor patriotism, and love liberty! COMPLETE EDUCATION. AN ADDRESS DELIVERED AT THE OPENING OF A NEW COLLKliK EDIFICE. BY THE KEY. JOS. CROSS, D.D. LL.D. In the fairest of Italian cities stands the finest of ter- restrial structures a campanile or bell-tower, twenty- five feet square, two hundred and seventy-three feet high, built of white and colored marble, in alternate blocks, * Daniel Webster. 298 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. covered with a royal luxuriance of sculpture, framed in medallions, studded everywhere with the most beautiful statuary, disposed in Gothic niches, and finished from base to battlement like a lady's cabinet, inlaid with pearl and gold. It would seem as if nothing more perfect in sym- metry, more exquisite in workmanship, or more magnifi- cent in ornamentation, could possibly be achieved by hu- man genius. Pure as a lily born of dew and sunshine, the approaching tourist sees it rising over the lofty roof of the Duomo, like the pillar of cloud upon the taberna- cle; and when he enters the Piazza, and finds it standing apart in its majestic altitude, and looking down upon the vestal loveliness of the Tuscan Santa Maria, he can think only of the Angel of the Annunciation in the presence of the Blessed Virgin. Whoever has gazed upon its grand proportions, and studied the details of its exquisite exe- cution, will feel no astonishment at being told that such a structure could not now be built in this country for less than fifty millions of our money; nor will he won- der that Jarvis. in his Art Hints, has pronounced it " the noblest specimen of tower-architecture the world has to show"; that Charles the Fifth declared it was "fit to be inclosed with crystal, and exhibited only on holydays " ; and that the Florentines themselves, whenever they would characterize anything as extremely beautiful, say it is " as fine as the Campanile." Gentlemen, you have reared a nobler edifice! Nobler, not because more costly, for your pecuniary outlay is as nothing in the comparison. Nobler, not because the ma- terial is more precious, and the architecture more perfect; for what is a pile of brick to such a miracle in marble? REPORTING STYLE. 299 or where is the American builder that would dream of competing with Giotto? Nobler, not because there is a larger and richer-toned bell in the gilded cupola, to sum- mon the inmates to study and recitation, or to morning and evening worship; for the Santa Reparata, in the highest story of the Campanile, is one of the grandest pieces of resonant metal ever cast; and its voice, though soft as flute-tones at eventide coming over the water, is rich and majestic as an angel's song. Far nobler, how- ever, in its purpose and utility; for that wonder of Italian architecture is the product of Florentine pride and van- ity in the days of a prosperous republic a less massive but more elegant Tower of Babel, expressing the ambi- tion of its builders; and though standing in the Cathe- dral Piazza, its chief conceivable objects are mere show and sound; while the end and aim of this edifice is the development of mind, the formation of character, the ere-, ation of a loftier intellectual manhood, the reproduction of so much of the lost image of God as may be evolved by the best media and methods of human education. The excellence of your structure, then, consists main- ly in this that it is only a scaffold, with derricks, wind- lasses, and other apparatus and implements, for building something immeasurably more excellent. Here the think- ing power is to be quickened, and the logical faculty is to be awakened and invigorated. This is to be effected, not so much by the knowledge acquired, as by the effort called out for its acquisition. The teacher is to measure his success, not by the number and variety of terms, rules, formula and principles he has impressed upon the memory. but by the amount of mental power and iii'l*'- 300 ECLECTIC SHORT-HAND. pendence he has imparted to his pupil. True, in educat- ing the mind, knowledge of some sort must be acquired; but the thoroughness of the education depends no more upon the quantity of the acquisition, than the health of the guest upon the abundance of the banquet. The men- tal food, as well as the material, must be digested and assimilated. It follows that those exercises which require close and consecutive thinking, thorough analysis, clear discrimination and accurate .definition, are best adapted to develop the higher faculties of the mind. Mathemat- ics, metaphysics, dialectics and philology must form the granite basis of your building, sustaining the solid tiers of rich and varied marbles. Then comes the aesthetic culture. First the substan- tial, afterward the ornamental this is the natural order, to reverse which were to begin building the tower at the top. The very idea of the ornamental supposes something substantial to be ornamented. No man will attempt to polish the sponge, or paint a picture on the vacant air, or rear a stone cathedral on a sunset cloud. There is no lily-bloom without the sustaining stalk, nor magnolia grandiflora without the sturdy and stately tree. " Wood, hay, stubble," are not fit materials for jewelry; but "gold, silver, precious stones," may be wrought into a thousand forms of beauty, sparkling with myriad splen- dors. The solid marble superstructure resting upon its deep foundations of granite, firm as the seated hills, can scarcely be too finely finished or too sumptuously adorned. Upon a thorough mental culture sit grace- fully, and quite at home, philosophy, history, poetry, eloquence, music, painting all in literature and the REPORTING STYLE. 301 arts that can refine the taste, refresh the heart, and lead the fancy captive. To the mind thus disciplined and adorned a pleasant path is opened to the broadest and richest fields of intellectual inquiry, where it may range at will with the freedom of an angel's wing, charmed with beauties such as Eden never knew, thrilled with melodies such as the leaden ear of ignorance never heard, rejoicing in a fellowship of wisdom worthy of the enfranchised sons of God, and realizing the truth so finely expressed by the greatest of German poets: Only through beauty's morning gate, Canst thou to knowledge penetrate; The mind, to face truth's higher glances, Must swim some time in beauty's trances; The heavenly harping of the muses, Whose sweetest trembling through thee rings, A higher life into thy soul infuses, And wings it upward to the soul of things. But is there not something still better, which ought to be an element in every process of human education? What is man? Merely an intellectual animal? Nay. but he has a spirit within him allied to angels and to God. 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