UC-NRLF 
 
 E77 Sfll 
 

THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
THE HORSE: 
 
 AS HE WAS, AS HE IS, 
 
 AND 
 
 AS HE OUGHT TO BE. 
 
 BY 
 
 JAMES IRVINE LUPTON, F.R.C.V.S., 
 
 M 
 
 AUTHOR OF " THE EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE HORSE," 
 ETC., ETC. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 W. H. ALLEN & CO., 13, WATERLOO PLACE, 
 PALL MALL. S.W. 
 
 1881. 
 
 (All rights reserved.) 
 
LONDON: 
 PRINTED BY W. H. ALLEN AND CO., 13 WATERLOO PLACE. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE present booklet has been written with the intent 
 to prove that of late years the English nation has failed 
 in the production of one of its most important commodi- 
 ties, and the means by which a further extent of this evil 
 can be remedied has been suggested. 
 
 The race-course has caused the excessive creation of 
 thorough-breds. Why should not the general-utility 
 horse possess a suitable arena whereon to exhibit his 
 speed and endurance at other paces than the gallop ? 
 
 The demand for such horses in a commercial point of 
 view is not sufficiently attractive to create the much- 
 needed supply ; but were trotting courses instituted in 
 this cduntry similar to those in America then the supply 
 would, in a very few years, exceed the demand. 
 
 The illustrations which accompany this small volume 
 are intended to point out the classes of horses which 
 existed during the various periods of the world's history, 
 and especially those common to Great Britain during the 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 past and present centuries ; from which the public will be 
 able to judge whether we possess such good horses now 
 as we did one hundred years ago. 
 
 As Englishmen it is our duty to do all in our power to 
 prevent the decline and fall of the British utility horse, 
 for such certainly will take place unless we bestir our- 
 selves to energetic action in supplying a commodity 
 which we now in great measure obtain from foreign 
 sources. Is it not a national disgrace that England of 
 the past, which supplied Europe with her best horses, 
 should now be dependent upon Continental countries for 
 her useful supplies ? 
 
 Reader! Assist in rescuing us from an impending 
 national calamity ? It can be accomplished by the 
 adoption of means similar to, if not identical with, those 
 detailed in the following pages. 
 
 JAMES IRVINE LUPTON. 
 
 D unstable House, Richmond, Surrey. 
 May 27th, 1881. 
 
ROMAN HOKSE. STATUE OF M. ATJRELIUS. II. CENTURY. 
 
The three following plates are exact re- 
 productions from the work of the Earl of 
 Pembroke on " Military Equitation," &c. 
 They represent Cavalry horses of about the 
 year 1750, and also some of the processes of 
 breaking them in. 
 
THE HORSE. 
 
 IT may be startling to assert that The general 
 
 utility horse. 
 
 within thirty years continental countries 
 will produce better general utility 
 horses than Great Britain, but it is 
 true ; and even during the past season 
 half the carriage-horses in London have 
 emanated from foreign sources. 
 
 Lord Rosebery's Committee which sat Scarcity of 
 
 horses in 
 
 in 1873 to inquire into the cause of England, 
 horse scarcity, although it elicited some 
 valuable information, never did a single 
 witness throw any light upon the sub- 
 ject, for the simple reason that the true 
 
 cause was never recognised. 
 
 1 
 
2 THE HOESE. 
 
 The demand There is no doubt that at this time 
 
 responded to 
 
 byconti- the d eman (i f or horses exceeded the 
 
 nental conn- 
 
 supply, and that the demand was re- 
 sponded to by continental countries and 
 our American brothers, and although 
 such horses assisted us in our life- 
 traffic, they were deficient in quality 
 and lacked that form which a century 
 past had taught Englishmen to admire. 
 But since this date the foreign horse has 
 improved, and this improvement has been 
 obtained not with foreign material but 
 by importation of equine material from 
 these shores. Good stallions and mares 
 have been sent to Germany, France, &c. 
 in order that these countries might grow 
 for us the very commodity we wanted 
 and which we refused to manufacture. 
 We exported to foreign countries that 
 
THE HORSE. 6 
 
 which we should have retained for home 
 use. At the present moment we possess 
 the best breeds of horses in the world, 
 whether they be thorough-breds, nags, or 
 cart-horses ; but in the production of 
 general utility horses we are allowing 
 other countries to overtake us. 
 
 How is it that we allow this state of Failure of 
 
 supply. 
 
 things to exist ? Create a demand and 
 the supply will be forthcoming, so long 
 as the producer of the supply is well 
 paid for his pains. Many English far- 
 mers assert that it pays them better to 
 breed sheep than horses, and we know 
 that many horse-breeding establishments 
 have proved failures. But this is no 
 reason why the future of businesses in 
 this direction should not pay if properly 
 
 conducted. 
 
 1 * 
 
4 THE HORSE. 
 
 The race- The propagation of the race - horse 
 
 horse largely 
 
 brought grist to the mill of the late Mr. 
 
 Blinkiron ; such animals as he produced 
 
 utility horse. -, , n , 
 
 only possessed a large money value be- 
 cause the gambling table allured men to 
 bid high prices for stock descended from 
 celebrated winners, and by no means the 
 class of animal wanted to make good the 
 equine deficiency complained of in 1873. 
 The evidence elicited at the Rosebery 
 Committee proved beyond doubt that 
 England possessed then more horses than 
 she had at any previous period ; and yet 
 more horses were needed, or how could 
 there have been a scarcity. The want 
 existed in the numerical deficiency of the 
 general utility horse. The thorough-breds 
 had increased, according to Admiral Rous, 
 both in size and numbers since the com- 
 
THE HORSE. O 
 
 raencement of the century. And other 
 authorities gave opinions upon the sub- 
 ject; but in giving them, it would appear 
 from the evidence before us, only took 
 under their consideration the English 
 thorough-bred. The general utility horse The general 
 
 utility horse 
 
 escaped their attention, or was deemed does . not 
 
 receive the 
 
 unworthy of that notice which it was 
 the ostensible duty of the committee to 
 have considered. 
 
 The truth appears on the slightest re- 
 flection how it is that the race-horse rules 
 dominant in the minds of horsemen, and 
 why the utility horse does not command 
 that attention which, in a national point 
 of view, its importance demands. 
 
 In the breeding of thorough-breds for 
 racing purposes the youngsters represent 
 certain items with which every racing 
 
6 THE HORSE. 
 
 man who buys one hopes to gain a prize ; 
 in fact, the idea of gain being excluded 
 from the calculation such animal would 
 hardly find a buyer, or at any rate, he 
 would fail to realise the heavy prices 
 usually obtained unless the race-course 
 loomed in the distance. 
 Gambling a IT or the past two hundred years the 
 
 barrier to the 
 
 of u P sefta ti0n * ove f racm g> or more properly, the 
 tendency to gamble, has prompted Eng- 
 lishmen to breed horses for the turf, 
 animals required only to exhibit one pace, 
 viz. to gallop ; the walk, the trot, &c., 
 not being a qualification demanded from 
 racing stock. The race-horse must gal- 
 lop; and to obtain this end the fastest 
 galloping parents have been selected 
 from year to year as the progenitors of 
 our thorough-bred horses. And this is 
 
THE HOUSE. 7 
 
 f 
 
 the seclusive breed that Englishmen for 
 the past half- century have devoted all 
 their energies and money to propagate. 
 Had one-fourth of this money been ex- 
 pended in improving the general utility 
 breeds of horses, we should not now have 
 to be dependent upon foreign importation 
 for our useful supplies. But does the 
 British thorough-bred assist us in our 
 everyday life traffic ? Does he represent 
 an important item in calculating our na- 
 tional prosperity ? Not so much as many The merits of 
 
 the racer and 
 
 would have us believe, especially if we utility horse 
 
 * considered. 
 
 impartially take into consideration the 
 qualifications which the race-horse, as a 
 beast of burden, lacks when placed in 
 juxtaposition with commoner breeds. 
 The British thorough-bred is, without 
 doubt, the fastest galloper in the world. 
 
8 
 
 THE HORSE. 
 
 The actions 
 of the race- 
 horse enume- 
 rated. 
 
 He is, moreover, capable of great en- 
 durance if not overweighted, and is 
 conspicuous in certain specimens for 
 great beauty of form, and indirectly re- 
 presents an important element in the 
 future improvement of coarser breeds. 
 
 But do these recorded qualifications 
 alone give assurance that such an animal 
 would constitute a useful labourer? A 
 horse to be a good hack should walk 
 well and trot with ease, and if in har- 
 ness must lift his legs from the ground 
 and step brightly. Does the thorough- 
 bred, as a rule, so comport himself ? 
 Certainly not ! He usually daisy cuts 
 in his walk and trot, and many a Welsh 
 pony bred on the mountains would ex- 
 hibit greater form at these paces, with 
 weight too on his back or behind him in 
 
THE HORSE. y 
 
 a vehicle. The racer again could not 
 compete with the van or cart-horse for 
 strength ; he could not draw heavy 
 carts laden with weighty commodities, 
 at such work he would not last a 
 week. As a weight- carrying hunter and Weight re- 
 
 J quired to 
 
 brougham-horse he sometimes puts in an 
 appearance, when his size, strength, and 
 good shape, command a price only to be 
 reached by the very rich. The thorough- 
 bred horse very seldom exhibits, un- 
 fortunately, the qualifications required to 
 carry sixteen stone, or to draw a ton ; 
 yet many half-bred animals possess that 
 physical development which renders them 
 capable of such performances. And it is 
 this breed which we are much in want 
 of and which the foreigner, from British 
 material has supplied, and consequently 
 
10 THE HORSE. 
 
 the one the Englishman of the future 
 ought to propagate, 
 incentives to I n foreign countries the lust after 
 
 the breeding 
 
 Sora^af on the ^e P ssess i n f territory has prompted 
 man to breed horses for war purposes, 
 and in places where large armaments are 
 the order of the day large supplies of 
 horses are demanded, and these of the 
 best quality. The foreigner had noticed 
 in the past the value of the English 
 cavalry and artillery, and to how great an 
 extent the excellence of his horses had 
 contributed to success in the field. He 
 had learnt how England had propagated 
 these breeds, and in British markets has 
 purchased equine goods to be made up, 
 by judicious selection, with those in his 
 own country, which has resulted in the 
 production of some of the best general 
 
THE HORSE. 1.1 
 
 utility horses in the world. These have 
 formed the backbone of more than one 
 great military organisation in Europe, 
 and, in emergencies, have enabled 
 them to take the field well prepared; 
 whereas England, not long ago, when war 
 seemed not far distant, was compelled to 
 hunt up supplies from outside sources. 
 
 A lesson has constantly been taught us, Supply not to 
 
 hand in the 
 
 and yet we have failed to recognise its da y fneed - 
 importance at the proper moment ; late in 
 the day necessity has forced us to ener- 
 getic action in procuring that which we 
 should have already possessed. The 
 demand has created the supply, but at 
 the same time the demand has caused 
 the supply to increase in value, and the 
 nation has been obliged to pay larger 
 prices for her troop-horses than would 
 
12 THE HOESE. 
 
 have been the case had she been suffi- 
 ciently well supplied so as to have been 
 prepared. 
 The breeding The root of this evil and the so-called 
 
 of thorough- 
 breds for scarcity of horses is to be found in the 
 
 racing * 
 
 extensive propagation of thorough-breds 
 for the sole purpose of racing. On the 
 continent, on the other hand, a good 
 supply of horses is always kept up, be- 
 cause racing with them is a pastime 
 and not a business. Their extensive 
 military organisations create a demand 
 for useful horses, and therefore their 
 business operations are directed in at- 
 tempting to propagate general utility 
 horses. 
 
 It seems strange that the wealth 
 of horse -loving Englishmen should be 
 concentrated upon the production of 
 
THE HOESE. 13 
 
 one select breed of horses, and that 
 only because they are conspicuous as 
 fast - gallopers that English intellect 
 should be absorbed in breeding horses 
 capable of running successfully at a very 
 early age over- short distances, sometimes 
 not exceeding half a mile. 
 
 Is this COUrse Calculated to improve Short race- 
 courses pro- 
 
 our breeds of horses ? Kacing was esta- active of 
 
 evil. 
 
 blished to improve the breeds of horses, 
 and large sums of money are voted yearly 
 in royal grants for races in which 
 thorough - breds alone figure. Is this 
 system likely to operate successfully in 
 procuring the extension and improvement 
 of our commoner breeds? The blood- 
 horse is master of the situation within 
 the arena of the race- course, whereon he 
 only exhibits one action ; only is eminent 
 
14 
 
 THE HOESE. 
 
 exist in 
 England. 
 
 at racing speed ; and all other paces, and 
 they are many and varied, which belong 
 to low class breeds, never seem to have 
 entered into the consideration of British 
 NO arena for horsemen ? Consequently good walkers 
 
 trotting races 
 
 fast trotters, and weight-carrying hacks 
 have never been supplied with an arena 
 whereon their respective qualifications 
 could have been tested, although such 
 animals have assisted and continue to as- 
 sist us in the operations of our extensive 
 commerce. France and Germany devote 
 their energies to propagate this very 
 The purpose breed which we discourage. They re- 
 cognise as every horseman of experience 
 does the great value of the English 
 thorough-bred, and in this country select 
 our best types and give a higher price 
 for English sires than we do. But they 
 
 for which 
 foreigners 
 buy English 
 horses. 
 
THE HORSE. 15 
 
 do not buy them with a view to produce 
 race-horses, but to cross with native 
 mares of their respective countries in 
 order to obtain general utility horses. 
 
 American horses surpass all English American 
 
 trotters. 
 
 breeds in trotting, and our brothers 
 possess more horses as beasts of burden 
 than we do. They purchase our tho- 
 rough-breds, and by judicious selection 
 and crossing have produced animals of 
 high courage and endurance, which 
 qualities have been derived from English 
 stock. 
 
 In Germany everything seems to be 
 rendered subservient to the development 
 of a powerful military organisation. For 
 the equipment of a large army, it is 
 necessary that the cavalry transport and 
 artillery should be placed upon a firm 
 
16 THE HORSE. 
 
 footing, and above all things that horses 
 attached to these branches of the ser- 
 vice should possess quality and sub- 
 stance. These properties she ensures 
 by importing English blood-horses to 
 The improve- improve the quality, which she mates 
 
 ments among 
 
 foreign horses ^th coarser native breeds, exhibiting 
 
 obtained 
 
 meTumof 6 substance ; and in proof that this system 
 blood? has answered we have only to re- 
 
 member that during the past few years 
 German horses have found their way 
 into this country, and some of the best 
 steppers in London during the past 
 season were bred on the continent. So 
 good are many that it requires more 
 than a good judge to determine their 
 foreign extraction. 
 
 France of late years has imitated Eng- 
 land in instituting races ; but this in 
 
 
THE HORSE. 17 
 
 comparison with the "all the year round" 
 racing practised here is of a very limited 
 nature, and moreover France does not 
 concentrate all her energies upon this 
 particular, but like Germany obtains 
 British thorough -bred blood to mix with 
 her native stock in perfecting a power- 
 ful military system. 
 
 It is impossible to exactly indicate The horses 
 
 of Greece. 
 
 from what sources our early breeds of 
 horses originated, but it is necessary 
 in order to establish the accuracy of the 
 above recorded assertions to investigate 
 the history of the past. We know that 
 the Greeks indulged in equine exercises, 
 conducted on horseback and in chariots, 
 and that they ranked as the highest 
 public games; but we fail to learn from 
 
 Greek authors the size of the horses 
 
 2 
 
18 THE HORSE. 
 
 used for war or amusement. The monu- 
 ments and wall paintings which have 
 been left to posterity by ancient Greece, 
 afford us only slight assistance in our 
 The size of attempt to determine the size of horse 
 
 the ancient 
 
 Grecian horse. wn i c h was in the habit of performing at 
 Olympia, Cythia, and Isthmia. In an 
 Etruscan graveyard a wall-painting was 
 discovered which represents horses har- 
 nessed to chariots, about to enter the 
 hippodrome, in which the horses are 
 much larger than the vehicles, in fact, 
 are out of all proportion with them, and 
 so are many horses and carriages simi- 
 larly depicted by Greek artists. 
 
 The sculptors of the period produced 
 statues of horses, which were conspi- 
 cuous for their beauty of design and 
 correct anatomical delineation, which 
 
THE HORSE. 19 
 
 points to the fact that the ancient Grecian 
 
 monuments. 
 
 Grecian horse, if small, possessed ele- 
 gance of form and proportion which at 
 this day would be considered indicative 
 of quality. 
 
 By ancient authors the war steed is 
 constantly mentioned. Tacitus describes 
 the celebrated breed which existed in 
 Argolis, and the surrounding pastures 
 are described by Homer as affording 
 grazing ground for a fine breed of horses. 
 The ancient kingdom of Thessaly was Ancient 
 
 descriptions 
 
 famous for its horses, which from the ? f Grecian 
 
 horses. 
 
 descriptions given, were evidently of 
 large size, as the fiction of the Cen- 
 taurs is allowed to have originated from 
 them. Diodorus Siculus states that Ma- 
 cedonia in ancient times " abounded in 
 
 horses above all other countries in 
 
 2 * 
 
20 
 
 THE HORSE. 
 
 Horses paid 
 as tribute. 
 
 Eoman 
 
 horses. 
 
 Greece," that in the royal stud near Pella 
 three hundred stallions and thirty thou- 
 sand mares were kept. Horses were 
 evidently more highly esteemed by the 
 ancients, and were given as presents and 
 often demanded as tribute. 
 
 Strabo informs us that the Cappado- 
 cians paid an annual tribute to the Per- 
 sians " of one thousand five hundred 
 horses, two thousand mules, and fifty 
 thousand sheep." 
 
 The exact type of horse the ancients 
 possessed, and the height and size to 
 which such animals grew, we are un- 
 able exactly to determine. Researches 
 in the subject direct our attention to the 
 shoes excavated from Roman and other 
 tumuli, when the size of the shoe found 
 indirectly allows us to indicate the size 
 
 
THE HORSE. 21 
 
 of horse for which it was forged. Most size of shoe 
 
 indicates 
 
 of these shoes of the oldest type are small " 
 
 J f size of horse. 
 
 and seem to have intended for the hoofs 
 of ponies or mules. The shoes dis- 
 covered in one century were smaller than 
 those discovered during the next, and from 
 this fact it can be deduced that if the 
 horses' feet grew larger their general 
 bodily development increased in size, 
 proportionately with their hoofs. 
 
 The Germans or Cimbri are repre- 
 sented by Tacitus as a race of big men 
 possessed of great bodily strength. Cre- 
 sar considered " their bodies grew large 
 and robust because their animal spirits 
 had not been exhausted in their youth, 
 by learning, study, or other troublesome 
 occupation." Certain it is that they 
 seldom cultivated the soil or engaged in 
 
22 THE HORSE. 
 
 trade pursuits, but devoted their lives 
 almost exclusively to martial exercises 
 and hunting, in performance of which 
 they necessarily required large horses to 
 carry them ; and in Bavaria and other 
 
 Large horse- localities in the German states horse- 
 shoes clis- 
 
 shoes larger than those found in Roman 
 tumuli have been discovered. At the 
 same time the shoes usually found in 
 Fatherland give evidence that the Ger- 
 mans, like the Romans, possessed for 
 the most part only a small race of horses, 
 although unusually large horse - shoes 
 have been excavated from regions bor- 
 dering on the banks of the Rhine, and 
 from this it may be conjectured that large 
 horses to a certain extent were used by 
 this nation for military exploits and 
 smaller ones for hunting and everyday use. 
 
THE HORSE. 23 
 
 From the foregoing it will be recog- 
 nised that from the early Koman down to 
 subsequent periods, the size of the horse 
 increased, and this doubtless was effected 
 by the admixture of the large type of 
 horse which existed in mid- Europe with 
 the smaller breeds. 
 
 From the earliest times to the present Extension of 
 
 civilisation 
 
 day the requirements of barbarous and ^neEn ted 
 cruel war have instigated men to obtain improvement 
 powerful horses for martial purposes, and 
 this, together with the extension of civi- 
 lisation, has caused the equine tribes 
 throughout the world to increase both 
 numerically and in corporeal develop- 
 ment. 
 
 If we pass from the days of ancient 
 Greece and Rome, we soon meet with an 
 incentive to the production of large 
 
24 
 
 THE HORSE. 
 
 Troy game. 
 
 The tourna- 
 ment 
 instituted. 
 
 horses in the tournament. The Troy game 
 practised by the Roman youth is de- 
 scribed by Virgil to be an equestrian 
 exercise, and was the forerunner of the 
 tournament, a pastime in which large 
 horses, weighted with armour and heavy 
 riders, contended. It is impossible to 
 determine the exact date of the first 
 tournament. Nicetas states that the 
 Emperor Emanuel Comeninus " invented 
 tilts and tournaments at the siege of 
 Constantinople." Nithard mentions the 
 exhibition of an equestrian pastime simi- 
 lar to the tournament exhibited in Ger- 
 many before the Emperor Louis and his 
 brother Charles the Bald, about the 
 year 842. He recounts how knights 
 of different nations formed into two 
 equal divisions rode against and other 
 
THE HOESE. 25 
 
 wise engaged each other as if in 
 battle. 
 
 The Germans claim to have been 
 the originators of these sports in 936. 
 The French assert that Geofry of 
 Previlli in Anjou, who was killed at 
 Gaunt in 1066, was the first to invent the 
 tournament. But from whatever coun- 
 try it derived its origin large horses 
 must have been required to carry heavy 
 men weighted with armour ; conse- 
 quently it is certain that weight- carry- 
 ing horses at the dates above indicated, 
 were somewhat numerously represented. 
 The tournament was not, however, es- 
 tablished in England until sixty years 
 after the Norman conquest, but at the Large horses 
 
 from Nor- 
 
 same time William and his followers mand y- 
 brought over with them from Normandy 
 
26 THE HOKSE. 
 
 large horses. The Bayeux tapestry re- 
 presents the boats of the invading army 
 full of horses. " Every knight has a 
 small hack on which he rides without 
 armour, whilst his great war-horse is led 
 by a squire." 
 The Bayeux From the character of this picture 
 
 tapestry. 
 
 we learn that the large war-horse and 
 small nag were contemporaries of the 
 Anglo-Norman period. The tournament 
 charger was not of the same powerful 
 breed as those which represent our 
 wagon horses of the present day. They 
 were animals not sixteen hands high and 
 possessed little more stamina than a 
 brougham - horse of to-day. The small 
 nag was also a mere pony. Its primary 
 origin might have been derived from 
 Greek or Roman sources ; but it was 
 
THE HORSE. 27 
 
 nevertheless larger and superior to the 
 native breeds of Great Britain, and con- 
 sequently well adapted, through the me- 
 dium of judicious selection of parents, to 
 create a larger type of animal. 
 
 The history of the past fails to 
 give information sufficiently distinct to 
 enable us to determine the exact type 
 the original British horse assumed ; but The original 
 
 British horse* 
 
 from the slight evidence which can be 
 brought to bear on the subject it would 
 appear that the native breed of Great 
 Britain found their representatives in 
 a race of small ponies, in many in- 
 stances not higher than twelve hands if 
 so much, as the horse-shoes found in 
 Eoman and Saxon tumuli prove. 
 
 In early times, the Romans, Danes, 
 Saxons, and Norwegians, in making their 
 
28 THE HOKSi'J. 
 
 incursions upon this country, brought 
 with them horses which, by admixture, 
 doubtless stamped their impress upon 
 the native stock, and so primarily paved 
 the way to the permanent improvement 
 of the British horse; for when Caesar 
 Caesar's landed in England he wrote of the coun- 
 
 opinion of 
 
 trv as ' " Dives equum," &c., and well he 
 might, for in addition to a cavalry force 
 he was opposed by four thousand chariots 
 which, he narrates, were managed with 
 great dexterity, and inflicted consider- 
 able loss upon the invaders. 
 
 When the English resumed the arts of 
 peace the possession of horses, from a 
 national point of view, was considered of 
 great importance, for we find that Athel- 
 stan prohibited their exportation. 
 
 History reveals therefore the fact that 
 
THE HOE8E. 29 
 
 previous to the Norman Conquest 
 horses were numerous in Britain, and 
 that the natives were skilled equestrians. 
 From this epoch to the period of the 
 Norman Conquest no authentic infor- 
 mation can be obtained relative to the 
 condition of the English horse; but im- 
 mediately after the Conquest history 
 comes to our assistance and distinctly 
 tells us the various phases through which 
 the British horses have passed in attain- 
 ing their present excellence. Previously 
 to this period it would seem that no 
 large war-horse had ever set hoof upon 
 these shores ; but after the death of 
 Harold every Norman knight in Eng- Horses of 
 
 the Norman 
 
 land was the owner of a large war-steed, kni g hts - 
 and, although the tournament at this 
 time was not a national institution, the 
 
30 THE HORSE. 
 
 war- steed represented the progenitor of 
 the horse about to be used in the tilting 
 yard and the hunting grounds, to pre- 
 serve which William laid desolate many 
 villages of England, necessitated the 
 propagation of horses larger than ponies, 
 and we may assume that from the com- 
 mencement of the Plantagenet dynasty 
 an improvement in the British breeds of 
 horses began. 
 Horses The nobles who accompanied Wil- 
 
 brought to . 
 
 England by liam the Conqueror brought with them 
 
 the Normans. 
 
 many horses, both war- steeds and small 
 horses. These animals, when distributed 
 throughout their various and newly ac- 
 quired possessions, furnished the means, 
 by intermixture with native breeds, 
 whereby a general improvement was 
 effected. "One of these nobles, Roger 
 
 
THE HORSE. 31 
 
 de Belesme, Earl of Shrewsbury, is 
 particularly celebrated for introducing 
 Spanish stallions into his Welch posses- 
 sions. 
 
 The tournament on the continent had 
 become a pastime for warriors ; in Eng- 
 land the love of hunting the deer re- 
 tarded for some years the institution of 
 the tournament. The hunting field, 
 fortunately, gave an impetus to the pro- 
 pagation of large horses to carry heavy 
 
 , .11 Flanders. 
 
 men, and with the tournament a further 
 incentive occurred in causing the ex- 
 portation of large horses from Lom- 
 bardy and Flanders to these isles. 
 
 The account we have of the first 
 tournament in England was during 
 Henry II.'s reign, and FitzStephen in- 
 forms us that on every Sunday in Lent 
 
32 THE HOESE. 
 
 The first a tournament was held in Smithfield. 
 
 tournament in 
 
 England. where young Londoners, mounted on 
 war-horses, rode into the fields and there 
 performed a variety of warlike evolu- 
 tions, armed " hastilibus ferro demptis ;' r 
 and the tournament ruled supreme on 
 the continent and in England until the 
 reign of Elizabeth, soon after which 
 date the race-course gradually pushed 
 out of existence this ancient pastime. 
 
 intermixture The large horses in England during 
 
 of various 
 
 breeds. the days of the tournament were not 
 
 largely represented, but a sufficient 
 number were kept by knights and others 
 so as to cause by intermixture with 
 smaller animals, the gradual increase 
 in the size of the British horse ; and 
 these continental horses even during the 
 days referred to did not exhibit the 
 
THE HORSE. 33 
 
 quality the smaller horses possessed ; 
 consequently it was from other sources 
 that improvement in the smaller breeds 
 was commenced. 
 
 The Crusades offered an opportunity The horses 
 
 J of the 
 
 to the warriors who left this country for 
 the Holy Land to note the excellence of 
 the horses ridden by the Saracens ; and 
 on their return to this country many 
 Asiatic horses found their way to Eng- 
 land, and became the progenitors of that 
 stock whose descendants, in the days of 
 the first Stuart, and later on, were able 
 to contend on the race-course. 
 
 The advent of the Crusaders' foreign 
 horses to England was the first step 
 which led to the introduction of greater 
 quality to the English light-bred horses 
 
 and to the improvement of heavy types ; 
 
 3 
 
34 THE HORSE. 
 
 and is the first authentic record in es- 
 tablishing the fact of the importation of 
 an exact type of horse. These were 
 Asiatic horses which were purchased by 
 British warriors, or taken in battle, and 
 most likely were selected for their good 
 forms and qualities, and came from the 
 same or similar stock through which the 
 importation importations of Charles II. descended. 
 
 of Eastern 
 
 horses. They were Eastern horses were Barbs, 
 
 Turks, Arabs, and Persians, and many of 
 these types in the East have retained their 
 splendid characteristics through a thousand 
 years. They were, as they are now, small, 
 that is, not more than fourteen hands 
 and a half high, but it was due to these 
 animals that the English pony increased 
 in size, and the charger gained quality. 
 On the continent years previously to 
 
 
THE HORSE. 35 
 
 the Crusade period, the Turks had been 
 celebrated for their breed of horses, and 
 various authentic accounts have reached 
 us relative to the beauty and fleetness 
 of the Turkish horse. It is needless to 
 recount the fabulous story of the mares 
 belonging to the prophet Mahomet ; but The horses of 
 
 Mahomet. 
 
 suffice it to repeat that the Eastern horse 
 was celebrated for his eminent qualifi- 
 cations in prose and verse six hundred 
 years after the Christian era. This 
 establishes the fact that in Central Asia 
 and Southern Europe Mahomet and his 
 army were supplied with a goodly array 
 of splendid horses, horses destined through 
 their descendants to improve the coarser 
 types of the equine race throughout 
 Europe, and for England in particular. 
 
 The horses brought to this country 
 
 3 * 
 
36 THE HORSE. 
 
 by the crusaders had most likely de- 
 rectly descended from the stock with 
 which Mahomet and his followers had 
 waged war, and this, taken into conside- 
 ration with other facts soon to be ex- 
 posed, proves that it was from the 
 Quality in ail Eastern horse England originally derived 
 
 ^British 8 the quality now to be noticed through- 
 horses TIT 1 
 
 obtained from out the whole range of her equine 
 
 Eastern 
 
 horses. breeds. 
 
 For the tournament, the light Arab 
 looking horses imported by the crusaders 
 would have been useless. For this pas- 
 time heavy horses were imported, and it 
 was from intermixture between these two 
 types that quality was obtained and great 
 size conserved. Upon such steeds the 
 warriors of old faced their enemies in the 
 battlefield and on the titlting ground 
 
THE HOESE. 37 
 
 encased in armour so weighty that it 
 sometimes demanded the assistance of 
 two squires to mount them. 
 
 Chargers of great size were imported 
 by the Anglo-Normans, Plantagenets, 
 and Tudors, from Flanders and Lom- 
 bardy, and Chaucer thus sings the praises 
 of this equine type : 
 
 For it so high was and so broad and long, 
 So well proportioned for to be so strong, 
 Eight as it were a steed of Lombardy. 
 
 Before the great horse the race of 
 ponies gradually receded ; the small ani- 
 mals were mated with imported weight- 
 carriers, and thus the standard of height 
 was raised from eleven to fourteen if not 
 fifteen hands, for we find that during the Laws passed 
 reign of Henry VIII. a law was passed the breeding 
 
 of large 
 
 which enacted that no stallion less than horses. 
 
38 THE HORSE. 
 
 fifteen hands and no mare less than 
 thirteen hands should run wild in the 
 country. A colt two years old and 
 under eleven hands and a half high was 
 not permitted to run on any moor, forest, 
 or common where mares were pastured, 
 and at Michaelmastide the neighbour- 
 Orders to ing magistrates were ordered to drive all 
 
 slaughter 
 
 small horses forests and commons and not onlv to 
 
 and "unlikely 
 
 tlts> " destroy such stallions but also "all Tin- 
 
 likely tits, whether mares or foals." It 
 was further ordered that all prelates and 
 nobles, and all those u whose wives wore 
 velvet bonnets, should leap and ride 
 upon stallions not less than fifteen hands 
 high, and in Edward VI. 's reign a law 
 was passed prohibiting the importation 
 of stallions below fourteen hands and 
 mares below thirteen hands high. 
 
THE HORSfc. 39 
 
 It is certain, therefore, that in 1550 
 great attention was bestowed by English- 
 men in securing a better type of horse 
 than had previously existed, although 
 the progress to perfection was very 
 gradual, as we learn from Blunderville 
 who lived in the days of Queen Elizabeth Horses of 
 
 England 
 
 that two classes of horse existed in the during Eliza- 
 beths reign. 
 
 country " very indifferent, strong, 
 slow, heavy draught horses, or light and 
 weak;" and it is, moreover, a notorious 
 fact that during this reign horses were 
 scarce. Whether this was caused by the 
 destruction of " the unlikely tits," during 
 her father's reign and afterwards, cannot 
 be determined. But history informs us of 
 the scanty arid meagre display the British 
 cavalry made at Tilbury Fort when assem- 
 bled there to be inspected by Elizabeth. 
 
40 THE HOESE. 
 
 During this reign private matches 
 were often run for; and ladies of high 
 rank who had been accustomed to ride 
 by the side of gentlemen on pillions, 
 which practice was soon discontinued 
 introduction after the introduction of vehicles to 
 
 of carriages. 
 
 carry people by the Earl of Arundel, 
 1580. 
 
 Lumbering horses were first attached 
 to these primary heavy carriages. The 
 then novelty caused most of the nobles 
 and the rich " to set their Pickfords," 
 which ultimately led to better designs 
 in the constructions of carriages, and to 
 an increased demand for active horses. 
 So great, we learn, was the demand for 
 carriages, and horses to draw them, that 
 a Bill was introduced into the House of 
 Lords u to restrain the superfluous and 
 
THE HORSE. 41 
 
 excessive use of coaches;" and although 
 the Bill was never passed, an inspection 
 of former statutes for the promotion of 
 an improved breed of horses was ordered, 
 which resulted in causing the perpetu- 
 ation of the antiquated custom of pillion The pillion, 
 riding. But there is no doubt that the 
 introduction of carriages acted as a 
 powerful incentive to the propagation of 
 active horses. The pillion was suited 
 to the back of a heavy, slow animal, but 
 not to that of an active nag, the kind of 
 horse whose services were sought alike 
 for the carriage and the chase. 
 
 Battles being fought with artillery, 
 rendered heavy armour defenceless, which 
 was consequently reduced to a light de- 
 scription, was only partially adopted and 
 then more for ornament than use. The 
 
42 THE HORSE. 
 
 man with a light breastplate and helmet no 
 longer needed a cart-horse to carry him. 
 As the weight of armour decreased, the 
 ponderous and inactive charger lost his- 
 occupation, and was superseded by a 
 more agile animal. 
 Theoccupa- During Elizabeth's reign the tourna- 
 
 tion of the 
 
 tournament me nt was on the wane, and the insti- 
 
 horse on the 
 
 tution of private race meetings, ultimately 
 to be followed by public ones, gave the 
 finishing stroke to the old pastime and 
 an extra impetus to the propagation of 
 horses adapted for racing purposes. 
 Horse-racing It was not, however, until James I. 
 
 legally 
 
 established, ascended the throne that horse-racing was 
 legally established, in which pursuit this 
 monarch took great interest, and was 
 the first 'to introduce into England a 
 horse known to be a pure Arabian stal- 
 
THE HORSE. 43 
 
 lion, which he purchased of a Mr. Mark- First recorded 
 
 importation 
 
 ham for five hundred guineas. We DOS- f ^ Arabian 
 
 stallion. 
 
 sess no record of this animal's produce, 
 but the fact proves that the promoters 
 of racing recognised in the Eastern horse 
 the type of animal they required to im- 
 prove the common stock, although the 
 great qualifications of such horses had 
 then only been partially established ; for 
 we find Gervase Markham praises the 
 English-bred horse of this period as 
 being superior to those of other countries : 
 " I do daily find in mine experience that 
 the virtue, goodness, boldness, swiftness, 
 and endurance of our true-bred English 
 horses is equal with any race of horses 
 whatsoever," and accuses those of igno- 
 rance who have made assertions to the 
 contrary. 
 
44 
 
 THE HORSE. 
 
 Markham's 
 opinion of 
 the " true- 
 bred " Eng- 
 
 this period. 
 
 " The true English horse is tall of 
 stature and large proportions ; his head, 
 though not so fine as the Barbaric or the 
 Turkes, yet is lean, long, and well- 
 fashioned," &c. 
 
 Again, u For swiftness what nation 
 has brought forth that horse which has 
 horse of excee( jed the English? When the best 
 Barbaries that ever were in their prime, 
 I saw them overrune by a black hobbie 
 at Salisbury, and yet that black hobbie 
 was overrunne by a horse called Valen- 
 tine, which Valentine neither in hunting 
 or running was ever equalled, yet was a 
 plain-bred horse both by syre and dam. 
 Again, for infinite labour, as long en- 
 durance, which is to be desired in our 
 hunting matches, I have not seen any 
 horse to compare with the English. He 
 
THE HORSE. 45 
 
 is of tolerable shape, strong, valiant, and 
 durable." 
 
 The kind of horse alluded to was 
 evidently the production of cross breed- 
 ing and most likely descended on one 
 side from stock brought from Palestine 
 by the Crusaders. Our ancestors at Our ancestors 
 
 kept no 
 
 this period had never kept an ac- acc< ? un t of 
 
 equine, 
 
 count of how they bred their horses, relationshl P-'' 
 therefore it was impossible for them to 
 determine the exact relationship of in- 
 dividual specimens, or whence good 
 form and excellent qualities were de- 
 rived. 
 
 It was during the first Stuart's reign 
 that a " distinction was drawn between 
 race-horses and common stock by patrons 
 of the turf, who selected the most dis- 
 tinguished runners of both sexes, and 
 
46 THE HOUSE. 
 
 classified them as professional race- 
 horses." 
 
 At this epoch public races were for- 
 mally gazetted, and meetings were held 
 at Garterly in Yorkshire, at Croydon, and 
 Theobald's Enfield Chase ; horses were 
 trained. u Ten stone was the standard 
 weight " for riders, who were weighed 
 before and after a race, as at the present 
 day. 
 
 During James I.'s reign racing began 
 to be somewhat extensively cultivated, 
 which led to the necessity for the crea- 
 to tion of fleeter horses than those destined 
 
 the breeding 
 
 of fleet to draw the carriages of the rich and to 
 
 horses. 
 
 carry on a pillion a man and his wife. 
 The coach and racing saddle as years 
 rolled on demanded active horses, and it 
 was soon discovered that the type required 
 
THE HORSE. 47 
 
 for the improvement of the British breeds 
 of horses could alone be obtained from 
 Eastern sources, whence it was introduced 
 during a succession of years. James 
 the First's Arabian, D'Arcey's White 
 Turk, brought from the Northern coast of 
 Africa by Pace, afterwards Master of the 
 Horse to Cromwell ; the Selaby Turk 
 imported by the Duke of Buckingham, and 
 the Morocco Barb by Lord Fairfax, &c. 
 These were the days during which a 
 great advance was made in the creation 
 of swift horses ; and from the works 
 written about this period it is evident 
 that the breeding of heavy horses was a 
 declining pursuit, for we find Lord Har- 
 legh lamenting " the visible diminution " 
 of the old stock known as " the great diminution of 
 
 " the great 
 horse." 
 
48 THE HORSE. 
 
 During Charles I.'s reign the propa- 
 gation of light and rapid horses was 
 encouraged to so great an extent as to 
 Presentation cause the presentation of a memorial to 
 
 of a memorial 
 
 to Charles i. that prince, stating that the breed of 
 
 lamenting the 
 
 Appearance of st Ut and powerful horSCS, " fit for the 
 
 stout horses -, P r .-, ,, vi i 
 
 fit for the defence of the country, was likely 
 
 defence of the 
 
 country. to disappear unless measures were 
 adopted to encourage the propagation 
 ec of this useful and important type of 
 horse." 
 
 The occupation of the tournament 
 horse had gone ; that of the pack-horse 
 had partially disappeared ; the turf had 
 usurped the place of the tilting-yard ; 
 the coach had removed a portion of the 
 pack from the horse's back ; the order 
 of the day was for swift gallopers, and 
 every means by cross breeding and 
 
THE HORSE. 49 
 
 foreign importations was resorted to in 
 order to effect the creation of horses, 
 " who looked as though the speed of 
 thought were in their limbs." From 
 such ancestors the British thorough-bred 
 has descended. 
 
 During the civil wars, therefore, the 
 love of horse -racing smouldered in 
 the minds of Englishmen, but did not 
 break out into full flame until after the 
 Restoration, when it fell to the lot of 
 Charles II. to become one of the most Charles n. 
 
 the first great 
 
 distinguished patrons the turf has ever ^e P turf? r f J 
 known. . He established the course at 
 Newmarket, built a palace and stables 
 there, organised the meeting at Datchet 
 Mead near Windsor, and was, during his 
 reign, the largest single handed im- 
 porter of Oriental horses. 
 
 4 
 
OU THE HORSE. 
 
 The Duke of I n 1667 the Duke of Newcastle pub- 
 
 Newcastles 
 
 horseman Hshed his work on horsemanship, which 
 he dedicated to Charles II. ; and it was 
 in great measure owing to the impres- 
 sion the contents of this book had upon 
 the mind of Charles and his courtiers 
 that agents were sent to distant coun- 
 tries to procure Oriental horses. The 
 Duke having been exiled during the Com- 
 monwealth, visited various countries, and 
 in so doing was enabled to note the pe- 
 culiarities of equine stock in individual 
 countries, and from amongst them he 
 selected the Barb as his ideal . of what 
 a horse should be. He writes, " The 
 Barbary horses, I freely confess, are my 
 favourites, and I allow them the prefer- 
 ence as to shape, strength, natural air, and 
 docility. Mountain Barbes are horses of 
 
TUE HORSE. 51 
 
 the best courage ; many of them bear 
 the marks of wounds they have received 
 from lions " And in giving advice re- 
 lative to the improvement of the then 
 existing breeds in England, the Duke 
 evidently saw the importance of cross 
 breeding, and noticed what great care 
 was demanded in selection of parents 
 by those about to establish stud farms. 
 He writes, " The best stallion is a well- His advice 
 
 relative to 
 
 chosen Barb or beautiful Spanish horse. Deselection 
 
 of parents. 
 
 Some people pretend that a Barb or 
 Genet produces too small a breed. There 
 is no fear of having too small horses in 
 England, since the moisture of the 
 climate and the fatness of the land rather 
 produces horses too large. In the choice 
 of breeding mares I would advise you 
 
 either to take a well- shaped Spanish or 
 
 4 * 
 
52 7HE HORSE. 
 
 Neapolitan. When these are not easily 
 obtained, then a beautiful English mare 
 of a good colour and well marked." 
 
 The Duke of Newcastle was the most 
 
 conspicuous English horseman of his 
 
 day, and it was through his advice that 
 
 Charles's agents made their selections. 
 
 importation They procured Oriental stallions and 
 
 of Oriental 
 
 horses. mares, Barbs, Turks, Persians, and Ara- 
 
 bians, which animals soon became the 
 inmates of the royal stables ; and in a 
 short time Charles was the owner of 
 the finest equine breeding establish- 
 ments in the world, and was the first to 
 put in motion the animal machinery 
 which has ever since retained its im- 
 pression in the propagation of the Eng- 
 lish blood-horse. 
 
 From the above it is evident that at 
 
THE HORSE. 53 
 
 the time Charles was founding his cele- 
 brated stud, Barbary, Spanish, or Turk- 
 ish horses were imported to fill the royal 
 stables, and that previously to this 
 period English horses of quality, such 
 as Valentine, mentioned by Markham, 
 were running on the turf, and " beautiful 
 mares " were to be found as the dams of 
 future stock. Those animals that were 
 known winners, we may assume without 
 fear of contradiction, were mated with Oriental 
 
 horses mated 
 
 the Oriental importations, whose off- 
 spring formed the root from which our 
 present thorough-breds have derived their 
 
 origin. 
 
 The successive sovereigns of the House 
 of Stuart kept magnificent studs and 
 employed agents to purchase horses of 
 va uable Oriental blood. We possess no 
 
54 THE HORSE. 
 
 record of the pedigree of these animals r 
 although we are well aware that from 
 them our blood-horse has been manu- 
 factured, the " Stud Book " was not 
 issued until 1808, since which period a 
 regular account of so called thorough- 
 bred horses has been kept ; and in inves- 
 tigating the early issues of the " Calen- 
 dar " we find that the English racer has, 
 Descent of without a single exception, descended 
 
 the thorough- 
 bred, from Barbs, Turkish, Persian, or Arabian 
 
 stallions and from Barbs, Arabians, or 
 royal mares. 
 
 Great difference of opinion exists re- 
 lative to the exact pedigree of the Orien- 
 tal horses imported by the Stuarts. The 
 great authority, the late Admiral Rous, 
 considered them to be of " the purest 
 breed of the desert, were Arabian horses 
 
THE HORSE. 55 
 
 bought in Constantinople or Hungary, Admiral 
 
 Rous's opinion 
 
 and had descended as c a pure' Eastern of the Eastern 
 
 horses im- 
 
 1 exotic,' whose pedigree could be traced |tulrte by fche 
 for two thousand years, the son of Arabia 
 Deserta, without a drop of English blood 
 in his veins." 
 
 Very important qualities have been 
 derived from the Arab, but the Arab 
 made his mark upon improved stock, 
 upon animals with English blood in 
 their veins, and possessing at the same 
 time qualities produced by Barbs, Turks 
 and Persians. 
 
 Many people talk about blood ; of 
 course it is only a word to indicate that 
 certain quality belongs to a horse. Of 
 what does it consist, or what leads us to 
 discover the difference between a coarse 
 and well-bred animal ? In the external 
 
56 THE HORSE. 
 
 configuration, in the elegance of shape, 
 which cannot be attained unless every 
 part of the body be well proportioned 
 the one to the other. Both beauty and 
 Formation strength are evidenced by proportion, and 
 
 not blood. 
 
 according to the extant and degree of 
 proportion velocity and endurance is 
 ensured. Instances have occurred in 
 which horses have alternately beaten each 
 other on different courses, the short com- 
 pact horse proving himself victorious over 
 hilly and heavy ground, the one possessed 
 of length being successful on the flat. 
 
 It was recognised in the time of the 
 Stuarts that the English racer was a 
 clumsy looking animal in comparison 
 with the Barb or Turk. He was strong, 
 and, in some instances, of large build, but 
 did not possess the elegant form of the 
 
THE HORSE. 57 
 
 Barb, neither was he able to hold his 
 own with him on the race-course. 
 
 It was, however, thought by our an- The patri- 
 archs of the 
 cestors that the agile and graceful form turf. 
 
 of the Eastern horse, if combined with 
 English stock, would produce a better 
 animal than either parents. This com- 
 bination, as we all know, resulted in 
 success, and was effected by such horses 
 as the Helmsley Turk, Byerly Turk, 
 Pace's White Turk, D' Arcy's White Turk, 
 Selaby Turk, &c., and by numerous 
 Barbary stallions, especially by Dods- 
 worth, Carwen, Bay Barb, Greyhound, 
 the Compton Barb, and the Toulouse 
 Barb. The first cross possessed much of 
 the quality of the Eastern sire combined 
 with the stamina of the coarser stock. 
 The breed of horses which the Stuarts 
 
58 THE F10RSE. 
 
 found in this country furnished the 
 
 parent stock for the English racer, by 
 
 giving the superior size and proportion 
 
 Proportion of o f moving parts, the Barbs and Turks 
 
 moving parts 
 
 Eastern 7 su ppty m * ne locomotive system, the 
 one in request when fleetness of limb 
 was demanded ; and although the East- 
 ern horses did not directly create the 
 thorough-bred of to-day, they caused the 
 great move which led to his creation, by 
 introducing the material to which the 
 greater quality combinations effected by 
 Arabs was afterwards introduced. 
 
 The history of the past cannot lead us 
 to agree with Admiral Rous in his asser- 
 tion that the thorough-breds of to-day 
 have descended in a direct line from pure 
 Arabs, " as pure exotics without a single 
 drop of English blood in their veins." 
 
THE HOESE. 59 
 
 Although the Admiral recognised how 
 important it was " in in-breeding, from 
 man downwards, to obtain a fresh cross of 
 good blood," yet he was unwilling to 
 admit that unless the Barbs and Turks Admiral EOUB 
 
 on Barbs 
 
 had hied from the desert they could not andTurks - 
 have given the impress they did to the 
 equine stock of this country. 
 
 Lessons in physiology have taught us 
 times out of number that superior breeds 
 are developed, not by breeding within a 
 distinct circle, but by intercourse derived Cross 
 
 breeding. 
 
 from outside sources. It was thus the 
 royal mares of Charles II. and the native 
 born English mares when mated with 
 Turks and Barbs, represented that inter- 
 mixture in which physiologists have told 
 us to anticipate success. 
 
 It is almost impossible to understand 
 
60 THE HORSE. 
 
 how Admiral Rous, with the knowledge 
 he possessed, could have asserted that all 
 the horses imported from the East during 
 the Stuart dynasty were pure bred Ara- 
 bians of the desert, whose pedigree could 
 be traced back two thousand years, and 
 that u the English race-horse both on 
 male and female sides had descended 
 from these animals." 
 Barbs and ft is generally admitted by travellers 
 
 Arabians dis- 
 tinct breeds. that great Differences exist between 
 
 Barbs and Arabians. The Duke of 
 Newcastle, in his work recently referred 
 to, evidently drew a great distinction 
 between a Barbary and an Arabian horse, 
 and gave his preference to the Barb. 
 Even at the present day we find dis- 
 tinctions made, not only between horses 
 bred in different countries, but also be- 
 
THE HORSE. 61 
 
 tween the various tribes of Arabian 
 horses. Therefore it would be very diffi- 
 cult to prove the truth of Admiral Rous's 
 assertion that " the English race-horse, 
 both on male and female sides, had de- 
 scended from pure-bred Arabians." 
 
 Mr. Blunt, in the September issue of Biunt's his- 
 tory of the 
 
 the "Nineteenth Century," 1880, very ^ 1 e ishblood 
 distinctly gives the history of the English 
 thorough-bred. " It was not till the 
 Stuart Restoration that the foundation 
 of the present thorough-bred was laid by 
 Charles II., who, by his connection with 
 Sangier, his Queen's dowry, obtained 
 certain Barb mares of a quality superior 
 to anything hitherto imported for the 
 Royal stud, and which as " Royal mares " 
 form the foundation of the English Stud 
 Book. That some of these Royal rnares 
 
62 THE HORSE. 
 
 may have been true Arabians is possible, 
 though there is no evidence to show this ; 
 for Charles seems to have sent agents to 
 Arabians. the Levant as well as to Barbary, and we 
 know that the Levant Company was then 
 already established at Aleppo, where 
 English merchants would be in easy 
 communication with the north Arabian 
 Desert. At the same time Eastern blood 
 was being rapidly introduced in the male 
 line through the Turkish Barb and Arab 
 sires purchased by these very merchants 
 in different parts of the Mediterranean, 
 and the produce of these sires, partly 
 from Royal and partly from native mares, 
 whose produce was constantly crossed 
 and re-crossed with Arabian or quasi- 
 Arabian blood, became accepted generally 
 as a thorough -bred." 
 
THE HORSE. 63 
 
 If one fact has been impressed more By cross 
 
 breeding the 
 
 upon the minds of breeders than an- British race- 
 
 horse has 
 
 other it is that all the improved 
 
 , , , excellence. 
 
 breeds of domestic animals owe their 
 excellence not to cohabitation within a 
 distinct line of the same family, but co- 
 admixture with other breeds, and to this 
 general rule the British race-horse has 
 been no exception. 
 
 In 1618 Michael Barrett noticed the 
 benefit that arose from cross breeding: 
 u Although the Spanish Genet and Irish Barrett's 
 
 evidence. 
 
 Hobby, and the Arabian courser are held 
 both by Maister Blunderville and Maister 
 Markham to be the chief for pacing and 
 neat action, there is the bastard stallion 
 begotten by one of them on our English 
 mares, which doth exceed either of them 
 In toughness," &c. The good effect of 
 
64 THE HORSE. 
 
 cross breeding was noticed so long ago as 
 1618, and no doubt the writings of such 
 a man as Barrett did much to lead 
 breeders to resort to those principles 
 which he suggested as likely to result in 
 success. 
 
 The first crosses from Barbs and Turks 
 were " good enough to run away from 
 the garrans of that era" (Rous), but 
 swifter horses were yet to be obtained 
 for Old England, and by mere accident; 
 for previously to Queen Anne's reign a 
 prejudice in England existed against 
 Arab blood, which was effectually re- 
 moved when Darley in 1715 purchased 
 of his brother, then residing in Aleppo, 
 The advent the Darley Arabian who was the sire of 
 
 of Darley 
 
 Arabian. Flying Childers, "the fastest horse over 
 a long distance that ever ran." 
 
THE HORSE. 65 
 
 In 1725 the Godolphin Barb, com- The 
 
 Godolphin 
 
 monly called Arabian, was brought to Arabian - 
 these shores, and from these two horses 
 our most distinguished racers have de- 
 scended. The Godolphin by many 
 authorities is said to have been a Barb ; 
 at any rate he was of uncertain caste. 
 He was purchased out of a water-cart in 
 Paris from a person unacquainted with 
 his pedigree, but whether Barb or Arab 
 matters little. That all these imported 
 horses were of Oriental descent is certain, 
 that they possessed agile forms and racing 
 qualities in their day cannot be denied. 
 Our forefathers imported them to improve 
 the then existing breed of racers, and 
 they were not selected on account of 
 what we inaccurately call blood, but 
 because they exhibited external configu- 
 
 5 
 
66 THE HORSE. 
 
 ration indicative of fleetness of limb, and 
 of endurance. 
 
 Upon this strain, produced from such 
 animals, the Darley and Godolphin Ara- 
 bians gave those excellent impressions 
 which have ever since been sustained. 
 
 For the English horse the Tudors at- 
 
 tempted to obtain greater size, to which 
 
 the Stuarts introduced quality in the 
 
 whatonr shape of the Turk and Barb. For this 
 
 ancestors did 
 
 * e days improved English-born breed the two 
 
 of the Tudors 
 
 termination celebrated Arabians above mentioned 
 dynasty. produced almost perfection, " that is, the 
 Asiatic horses failed to effect any im- 
 provement beyond what existed, or the 
 same class of horse which originally had 
 been landed in this country, was not of the 
 same quality as their predecessors. And 
 this possibly was the fact, as in 1750 
 
THE HORSE. 67 
 
 Osmer writes : u Accurate observers must 
 have noticed that the greater part of 
 horses brought to this country as Barbs 
 and Arabians have exhibited a palpable 
 deficiency in the points contributing to 
 strength and the want of general sub- 
 stance ; they are more or less dispro- 
 portioned, crooked, and deformed in 
 some part or other ; though their shoul- 
 ders exceedingly incline backwards, yet 
 their forelegs stand very much under 
 them. The Godolphin Arabian, when I 
 saw him, stood bent at knees, with his 
 forelegs trembling under him." 
 
 Again another author complains, 1770: Opinions on 
 
 the immediate 
 
 " The immediate (uncrossed) descendants S225 
 of Eastern horses have of late years, horses. er 
 almost without exception, proved so de- 
 ficient that our breeders will no more 
 
 5 * 
 
68 
 
 THE HOKSE. 
 
 Defects in 
 progeny 
 caused by 
 in and in 
 breeding. 
 
 have recourse to them than the farmer 
 would to the natural oat, which is little 
 better that a weed, to produce a sample 
 that should rival that of his neighbour 
 in the market. Were the finest East- 
 ern horse that could be procured brought 
 to the starting-post at Newmarket, with 
 the advantage of English training to 
 boot, he would have no chance at any 
 weight or for any distance with even a 
 second-rate English race-horse." 
 
 Such was the opinion entertained in 
 1770 relative to the immediate descen- 
 dants of Asiatic horses, and it can be 
 easily explained how failure resulted 
 from the cohabitation complained o 
 The same family had been bred from, 
 within the same lineal descent, horses had 
 been propagated; and although our fore- 
 
THE HORSE. 69 
 
 fathers even at that day knew that in 
 and in breeding, alike in man and animals T 
 produced ill effects in progeny, and that 
 a cross from a distinct family was pro- 
 ductive of good results, evidence of 
 which had been before their eyes daily 
 for century, yet they did not recognise 
 that the perpetual use of Oriental stal- 
 lions mated to similar bred mares must 
 in the long run, as it did, terminate in 
 the production of useless race-horses. 
 The good form which might have existed 
 primarily ultimately decayed by close 
 breeding in the same family, whereas 
 among the cross-bred animals, the "se- 
 cond rate English race-horse, who could 
 beat them at any weight and for any The cross- 
 
 bred horse 
 
 distance," and why ? because he had wins - 
 acquired size and greater development of 
 
70 THE HORSE. 
 
 locomotive organs than his early pro- 
 genitor the Oriental horse, the one 
 " little better than a wild oat," yet the 
 wild oat had originally assisted in produc- 
 tion of the fine specimens which England 
 of 1770 could boast such great things. 
 Walker on Walker in his book on intermarriage 
 
 inter- 
 marriage, writes : " The native breed of English 
 
 horses formed the parent stock of the 
 English racer, by furnishing the posterior 
 series of organs directly and indirectly, 
 and especially superior size and propor- 
 tion of moving parts, and the Asiatic 
 horse did the rest by furnishing the an- 
 terior series of organs ; the forehead, the 
 organs of sense, and the fourth applica- 
 tion, action, the vital system, and density 
 of fibre," &c. The good results of these 
 crosses can be illustrated by facts. 
 
THE HORSE. 71 
 
 " To a cross with the Byerly Turk, 
 we are indebted for the Herod and 
 Highflyer organisation ; to the Godolphin 
 Arabian, said to be a Barb, for the 
 Matchem organisation ; to the Darley 
 Arabian for the Flying Child ers and 
 Eclipse organisation ; and to the Wellesley 
 Arabian, believed to be a Persian, for 
 what is said to be the only advantage 
 gained to the English race -horse by a 
 foreign cross in later years." 
 
 a On the good effects of crossing," 
 Cline writes, " we are told that the great Cline on the 
 
 improvement 
 
 improvement in the breed of horses in of 
 England arose from crossing with those 
 diminutive stallions. Barbs and Arabians ; 
 the introduction of mares from Flanders 
 into this country was the source of im- 
 provement in the breed of cart-horses." 
 
72 THE HORSE. 
 
 How was it these Barbary, Turkish, 
 and Arabian horses operated so success- 
 fully in producing race-horses ? By means 
 of their good blood, many reply ; as if 
 blood had anything in the world to do with 
 nbi fo T **" Well-proportioned locomotive parts, 
 inclined shoulders, legs and joints in pro- 
 portion, carcase strong and chest deep, 
 thighs well let down, constitute forma- 
 tions calculated to insure animals of 
 rapid locomotion and of endurance ; and 
 these good qualities did not exist in race- 
 horses of James the First's time, but did 
 during the reign of Queen Anne. 
 
 The light and active Oriental horse 
 stamped his impression upon royal and 
 native bred English mares, from whom 
 descended the race-horse of 1750, which 
 at this date our forefathers discarded a& 
 
THE HORSE. 73 
 
 a useless progenitor of stock, because he 
 failed to produce such good horses as 
 the manufactured English racer did. His 
 occupation had gone, and at the end of 
 last century very few Asiatic horses were 
 imported, as their performance on the 
 turf never brought credit to their owners. 
 They never have been able to beat an 
 English race-horse on any ground in the 
 world. 
 
 At the end of last century and the 
 beginning of this, half-bred horses con- 
 stantly appeared on the turf ; but since 
 the foundation of the "Racing Calendar" 
 the thorough-bred has, with very few 
 exceptions, alone figured at our race 
 meetings, and his pedigree has been Pedigrees of 
 
 thorough - 
 
 clearly kept, so that we have been enabled breds> 
 during the past eighty years to trace his 
 
74 THE HORSE. 
 
 " fa.mil y lines" at a glance; and does 
 not reference to the u Blue Book" tell 
 us a tale the exact meaning of which we 
 fail to comprehend ? 
 
 In 1750 we had produced, by crossing, 
 a race- horse so perfect that it was dis- 
 covered to be detrimental to continue 
 the application of Oriental horses to ex- 
 isting breeds. What have we done 
 We continue since ? We have continued to breed 
 
 to breed 
 
 within the within the strain made perfect one hun 
 
 same strain 
 
 ago! GCt <*red J ears a g> without having recourse 
 to the inoculation which did so much 
 good when Admiral Rous's garrans were 
 running. Perhaps up to the present 
 time we have been able to breed good 
 horses, but of late years; and many 
 horsemen assert that we do not possess 
 such good horses now as we did sixty 
 
THE HORSE. 75 
 
 years ago, that they lack endurance, and 
 that there is not a race-horse living who 
 could run a six miles course in any 
 form. Two hundred years ago they 
 did. 
 
 In 1676 a race was run on Winchester 
 downs, "none but gentlemen to ride, 
 four mile heats, fourteen stone was the 
 weight up without the saddle, and four- 
 teen stone two pounds and a half with." 
 And during last century the majority of 
 royal plates were given to six year old 
 horses, carrying twelve stone; and the 
 Duke of Rutland, owner of Bonny Black, 
 
 the best mare of her day for a long Long dis- 
 tances and 
 
 distance, in 1719 challenged all the world heav 
 
 weights 
 
 to run sixteen miles for one thousand 
 pounds." This mare was by Black Harry 
 by the Byerley Turk out of a mare by 
 
76 THE HORSE. 
 
 a Persian stallion. In this instance we 
 have demonstration of the good effects 
 produced by cross breeding. .Certainly 
 we do not now test our horses' powers 
 of endurance. We act in utter oppo- 
 sition to the system which our ancestors 
 considered necessary to produce horses 
 of fleetness and endurance. What has 
 The evils of led to its occurrence ? The gambling 
 
 gambling. 
 
 table has created a lust for gain, men 
 have been led, to think that on the race 
 course fortunes could be made per saltum. 
 They raced formerly matured horses at 
 long distances. The prompter who held 
 the dice box in his hand suggested that 
 horses ought to be brought out sooner ; 
 that three year olds might with advan- 
 tage perform on the turf; that much 
 time and money would be saved if it 
 
THE HORSE. 77 
 
 were so ordained. It became the order 
 
 of the day ; but these young animals were 
 
 unable to run the four-mile courses. It 
 
 was then suggested that the length of 
 
 the course should be reduced so that 
 
 the young animals could do the journey 
 
 without evincing symptoms of distress ; 
 
 it was reduced, and then it was thought 
 
 two year olds might perform. They did ; The cruelty 
 
 but the distance proved too long for 
 
 them, and consequently courses little less 
 
 than half a mile, is a platform upon 
 
 which racing men delight to see their 
 
 too youthful animals perform. 
 
 Our American brothers, imbued as they 
 are with the same love of horses as our- 
 selves, adhere in many respects to the 
 same principle our fathers adopted, u by 
 breeding only from stallions which could 
 
78 
 
 THE HOESE. 
 
 Lack of 
 Btamina in 
 the British 
 breeds of 
 torses. 
 
 stay a distance, and very naturally," 
 writes Admiral Rous, " when all their 
 great prizes and matches vary from two 
 to four miles. We played the same 
 game until the commencement of this 
 century, but when great stakes were 
 made for shorter distances, it was soon 
 ascertained that the sons of stout old 
 stallions could not win a two thousand 
 guineas stake against the blood of Rubens 
 Castrel, and Selim." And what has 
 been the effect of short distance courses 
 upon the breeds of British horses ? 
 That horses do not at the present day 
 possess so much stamina as they did at 
 the beginning of the century. 
 
 According to Admiral Rous's account, 
 when a large prize was offered for a short 
 race it would have been ridiculous to 
 
THE HORSE. 79 
 
 have supposed that racing men would 
 breed horses of stamina, when it had 
 been demonstrated that the " sons of 
 stout stallions" could not win a stake 
 against a lighter bred horses." Although 
 such is the fact, it proves, so far as 
 the racer is concerned, that we are not 
 breeding the stout animals our grand- 
 fathers did, and for the simple reason 
 that the demand creates the supply for 
 light-bred animals ; and this and such 
 continued system of breeding directly 
 tends to produce animals deficient in 
 stamina, and militates against the propa- 
 gation of stout stallions capable of im- 
 proving our coarser breeds. 
 
 The introduction of short courses for siiort courses 
 
 promote the 
 
 young animals has produced these evils, eon of 
 and the Mephistophiles of the gambling 
 
80 THE HORSE. 
 
 table was the first to suggest that con- 
 cessions should be made to accommodate 
 the dice-box transactions. As long as 
 long distances were the order of the day 
 matured horses and of stamina were alone 
 able to contend, but in short journeys 
 a light built animal will race down one 
 stoutly made. Many a two year old 
 weed can beat a well-proportioned horse 
 over half a mile, but increase the distance 
 to three miles and the tables will at 
 which is the once be reversed. Which is the more 
 
 more useful 
 
 animal of the use f u l animal of the two ? which one is 
 
 two the 
 
 tSf stontty capable of the greater endurance ? which 
 
 built racer? .,. 1,11 , p 
 
 one will make the best progenitor 01 
 stock ? There can be but one answer. 
 
 What has instigated this system to 
 breed light horses ? Why the gambling 
 table, which at first was contented to 
 
THE HORSE. 81 
 
 cause only matured horses to perform on 
 the race-course; but later on the lust for 
 money prompted those careless of evil 
 consequences to enter young animals to 
 run before their bones were set, before 
 the tissues of their bodies were fully 
 developed ; and yet racing men want us 
 to believe that such a system is calculated 
 to improve our breeds of horses. 
 
 Ninety-nine men out of one hundred Ninety-nine 
 
 men out of 
 
 who attend race-meetings for the purpose attend race d 
 of betting are not interested in the wel- ?BJSf for 
 fare of horses. The horse to them is an betting. 
 item whereby they expect to make 
 money. A roped course without a bet- 
 ting ring would not allure them to its 
 confines, but a, dice-box attracts them as 
 a loadstone a needle ; its magnetic in- 
 fluence enslaves patrician and plebeian 
 
 6 
 
82 THE HORSE. 
 
 alike ; they may be ignorant, and usually 
 are, of the qualities proper to a good horse, 
 and yet we find such people backing their 
 opinions with money on a subject about 
 which they possess little if any knowledge. 
 What does this thirst for gambling 
 lead to ? The aristocrat often forfeits his 
 broad acres, and attempts with the little 
 property left to borrow money hi order 
 to enable him to recover his estates by 
 the same which caused his first loss. 
 Vain hope. Alas ! Vana spe illusit imago ! 
 
 Many of us could report how many 
 an Oxford undergraduate's career has 
 been marred by the love of gambling. 
 How often the retired coachman who has 
 accumulated property, or has been left 
 sufficient money by his previous em- 
 ployer to keep the frowns of the world 
 
THE HOESE. 83 
 
 from his life home, invests in " good 
 things," which turn out to be bad ones 
 immediately after the numbers have been 
 "runup." 
 
 A feeling against gambling evidently 
 pervades all classes, so much so that a 
 law has been passed prohibiting the ex- 
 istence of betting houses in England, and 
 against the poorer classes congregating in 
 thoroughfares for the purpose of laying 
 and giving odds; and would the public 
 generally recognise the fact that gam- Gambling 
 
 J acts most 
 
 bling not only injuriously affected those 
 dabbling in its meshes, but also the horse, 
 
 i n IT ment of 
 
 the innocent cause of so much disaster, British-bred] 
 
 horses. 
 
 the rattle of the dice-box would perhaps, 
 to a certain extent cease, to the benefit of 
 man, and the permanent welfare and im- 
 provement of the British breeds of horses. 
 
 6 * 
 
84 THE HORSE. 
 
 No scarcity of race -horses exists in 
 this country, as our everyday race meet- 
 ings testify, but the demand for general 
 utility horses far exceeds the supply ; 
 and this has been produced by the 
 energy and capital of horsemen being 
 diverted from the legitimate undertaking 
 of propagating useful animals to that of 
 General speculative race-horse breeding. Out of 
 
 utility horses 
 
 every thirty foals born, does more than 
 one pull out a winner, or even an animal 
 of stamina ? and if these creatures do 
 not prove runners, of what value are 
 they for saddle or harness ? Of far 
 less worth than the weight- carrier or 
 brougham-horse, the supply of which we 
 stand greatly in need ; and although the 
 materials are at our elbows awaiting use, 
 we refuse to employ them, and this 
 
THE HORSE. 85 
 
 because the betting ring exalts the price 
 of yearling blood stock. The price In b 
 
 racing stock 
 
 realised at our public auction marts for e ^ er 7P ur - 
 
 chaser 
 
 blood colts sixteen months old, by no 
 
 , .... , " the right 
 
 means represents their intrinsic value ; thing." 
 they command large prices because pur- 
 chasers expect them to turn out winners, 
 and to be the means whereby to place 
 large sums on the right side of their 
 ledgers. 
 
 The race-course acts as an adjuvant in 
 the production of horses, but in doing 
 so propagates only the racing class, one 
 ill-adapted for general utility purposes, 
 and seldom good at any pace except 
 galloping, a movement seldom required 
 for the carriage or van horse, and those 
 animals which assist in our everyday 
 traffic. 
 
86 THE HORSE. 
 
 For commercial and purposes of plea- 
 sure the useful breeds are much in 
 request. So much are they in demand 
 that half the horses we employ hie from 
 the continent. " "Tis true 'tis pity, and 
 pity 'tis 'tis true." 
 
 Of what type are such animals ? 
 Thorough-breds : 
 Useful breeds 1. Heavy and light carthorses for 
 
 for purposes 
 
 of commerce waggons and vans. 
 
 and pleasure. 
 
 2. Stiffset animals bred from between 
 nags and cart-horses or thickset nags to 
 trot with heavy carts behind them. 
 
 3. Light nags bred from half-bred 
 mares, by thorough -bred or Arabian 
 stallions. 
 
 All the continental horses imported to 
 this country have been brought to their 
 present form by intermixture with the 
 
THE HORSE. 87 
 
 English blood-horse, and by the same 
 
 means they continue to improve their Continental 
 
 horses 
 
 native stocks, threatening, as before 1IU P roved - 
 stated, to excel us in a few years. If 
 the German and the Frenchman can 
 manufacture good horses from materials 
 not so good as our own, on the one side, 
 and with ours on the other, for which he 
 does not hesitate to pay a large figure, 
 it needs no explanation from me to 
 make manifest a national suicidal policy. 
 Our home-bred utility horses are superior 
 to those of the continent. The foreigner 
 knows it, and where to purchase " what 's 
 wanting " in this country ; and by cross By cross 
 
 breeding with 
 
 breeding and careful selection of parents ^^ h h 
 produces horses which may be to-day ] 
 seen by the thousand drawing our metro- 
 politan vehicles. Are we not to learn 
 
88 THE HORSE. 
 
 a lesson from the continent ? If we do 
 not, the day is not far distant when our 
 boasted superiority in horse-flesh will 
 prove to be a delusion and a snare. 
 
 The improvement obtained for British 
 
 horses during the past three hundred 
 
 years can be readily understood by any 
 
 The lesson who will recognise facts. When Charles II. 
 
 that has 
 
 been taught, ascended the throne the English race-horse 
 was easily beaten by his or other Oriental 
 importations, which became intermixed 
 with animals ranging in size from the 
 small pony to the great horse ; and to 
 these classes they gave to their off- 
 spring improved form and qualifications. 
 This improved stock when mixed 
 inter se produced a still better class of 
 animal, and in my belief obtained a 
 degree of excellence which alone awaited 
 
THE HORSE. 89 
 
 V 
 
 the arrival of the Darley and Godolphin 
 Arabians, as far as the thorough-bred 
 was concerned, by a cross, to create almost 
 perfection. For by tradition we learn that The horses 
 
 J of the past 
 
 Flying Childers was the fastest horse of Jj^J* beat 
 
 his day over a long distance, and no 
 
 horse that ever lived has before or since 
 
 made the time Eclipse is said to have 
 
 done. If such was the case we cannot 
 
 boast that we now breed horses of the 
 
 same metal. 
 
 The first cross with Oriental horses 
 produced a marked improvement ; but by 
 the continuous reapplication of the same 
 strain, by intermixture between the Evils of in 
 
 and in 
 
 strain produced, the faults consequent breedin g- 
 upon in and in breeding soon became 
 manifest, and the British race-horse began 
 to lose those qualities which had been 
 
90 
 
 THE HOESE. 
 
 Recognised 
 
 by physio- 
 logists. 
 
 Contradic- 
 tions. 
 
 effected by the first or second crosses. 
 The horsemen of that day recognised the 
 deficiency but could not account for it. 
 The knowledge of the physiology of 
 breeding was not understood by them, 
 and few horsemen understand it better 
 now; and had it not been for the acci- 
 dental importation of the Darley and 
 Godolphin Arabians, we should not now 
 be able to boast of possessing the best 
 breeds of horses in the world. 
 
 Admiral Rous, although knowing the 
 benefit of judicious crossing, could not 
 recognise it in the thorough-bred. The 
 royal mares of Charles, and the numerous 
 imported Oriental horses were all alike 
 to him ; they were pure-bred animals 
 of the desert, " without a single drop of 
 English blood in their veins." But at 
 
THE HORSE. 91 
 
 the same time he observed the rare im- 
 provement that had been effected, and 
 how the horse of to-day was superior in 
 almost if not every quality to those of the 
 past, so much so that he would not allow 
 that Flying Childers and Eclipse ever made 
 the time with which they are credited. 
 " The form of Flying Childers might win Admiral Rons 
 
 J on the form 
 
 a thirty pound plate ; winner to be sold 
 for forty pounds. Eclipse might pull 
 through in a fifty pound plate ; winner 
 to be sold for two hundred pounds." 
 This may be a strong opinion ; it is 
 founded on the fact that, " whereas, one 
 hundred and fifty years ago, the Eastern 
 horses and their cross were the best and 
 fastest in England, at this day a second- 
 class race-horse can give five stone to 
 the best Arabian or Barb and beat him 
 
92 THE HORSE. 
 
 from one to twenty miles. I presume 
 therefore that the superiority of the Eng- 
 lish horse has improved in that ratio 
 above the original stock." 
 
 Such being the Admiral's opinion r 
 1860, we naturally seek to learn how 
 he accounts for the u great superiority " 
 which the English horse has attained. 
 
 He attributes it to our " damp foggy 
 climate," combined with " good pasture 
 and judicious management." He has 
 increased in size, strength, and in vigour 
 " in these damp foggy little islands," and 
 although the Admiral speaks of the first 
 Cross or no cross, &c., as producing our primary 
 first-class race-horse, in the next page 
 he asserts that no cross ever occurred, 
 and speaks of Turks, Barbs, and royal 
 mares as pure Eastern exotics and allows 
 
 cross. 
 
THE HORSE. 93 
 
 no intermixture with the old English 
 racing stock of James I.'s period. 
 
 If climate and good pasture effected 
 all the improvement which Admiral Rous 
 allows did occur, how was it that ante- 
 cedent to the Charles II. day the ponies 
 during the Tudor epoch did not increase 
 in size. The climate and pasture played climate and 
 
 good pasture 
 
 the same part then that it is said to c o uldnot , 
 
 alone nave] 
 
 have played years later on ; and surely 
 
 the Tudors would not have caused laws Admiral 
 
 admits did 
 
 to be passed for the slaughter of small occlir - 
 horses and "unlikely tits " if they had 
 recognised that good pastures and a hu- 
 mid atmosphere would have produced, 
 greater size. The truth was that the 
 small horses of England lacked fresh 
 cross, which did not occur until after the 
 Oriental importations ; and every physio- 
 
94 THE HORSE. 
 
 loglst knows that sometimes in a cross, 
 when two animals are mated, their off- 
 spring will attain greater size, strength 
 and vigour than either parents, and this 
 will take place even if the colt during 
 early periods of its existence be subjected 
 to injudicious management, or is fed 
 upon food " far from good." The same 
 will take place again and again, so long 
 as the selection of parents be made with 
 care ; and if the after-management be 
 judicious success will be certain. 
 Climate and Good oats and rich pasture in a moist 
 
 food plays 
 
 a ^ m .P rtant climate play an important part in causing 
 improvement. i m p rovemen t s in our breeds of animals to 
 remain permanent ; but it never has nor 
 could produce a superiority of size un- 
 less the materials for the production of 
 size were at our disposal. 
 
THE HORSE. 95 
 
 The Turks and Barbs were imported 
 to this country by accident, to afford 
 amusement to the luxurious Charles and 
 his Court. 
 
 Our ancestor's knowledge of the physi- 
 ology of breeding was very limited ; had 
 it been more extensive we might have 
 possessed good practical information on Lack of 
 
 practical 
 
 this important subject. But sufficient has ^^ on 
 been handed down to enable us to recog- notJhow good 
 
 . effects have 
 
 nise how great has been the improvement been ob- 
 tained. 
 
 in our breeds of horses, and in a degree 
 how these changes from bad to good have 
 been effected. 
 
 The Oriental horse by a cross with 
 English- bred and other mares produced 
 a change for the better, and continued to 
 do so until our ancestors commenced 
 treading upon the dangerous ground of 
 
96 THK HORSE. 
 
 in and in j n an( j m breeding : and when degeneracy 
 
 breeding pro- J 
 
 , was noticed, and the writers of 1750 
 
 denounced the Eastern horse as a useless 
 progenitor of stock, the British stock had 
 been reirioculated with the same lymph, 
 and cousins refused to propagate offspring 
 so good as themselves. The law against 
 which nature ever sets her face had been 
 violated. The only means whereby to 
 mend matters existed in a recourse to 
 the same system which operated so suc- 
 cessfully from the first importations ; and 
 luckily, by accident, the Darley and 
 Godolphin Arabians arrived, and gave a 
 A cross of " fresh cross of good blood," the good 
 
 good blood to 
 
 the rescue. e ff ects f ro m which are to be noticed 
 throughout the breeds of all British 
 horses. 
 
 Breeding within the same family was 
 
THE HOUSE. 97 
 
 arrested, and Nature's wise laws were 
 assisted, when the English mares were 
 mated with the progenitors of Flying 
 Childers and Eclipse. 
 
 Almost all our famous breeds of do- 
 mestic animals have been brought to 
 their present excellence, not by breeding 
 in a direct line of the same family, but 
 by continuous application of sources from 
 outside ; and it has been the adoption of 
 this system by which the thorough-bred 
 has been manufactured. 
 
 We have arrived now, 1880, at a DO we not 
 
 now breed, 
 
 period similar to that of 1750, when the %#* th 
 Oriental horse was denounced, or in fact mnch within 
 
 . .the same 
 
 when in and in breeding was impressing family? 
 its degeneracy upon our equine stock ; 
 and fortunately a remedy exists, by re- 
 sorting to a " fresh cross of good blood." 
 
 7 
 
98 THE HORSE. 
 
 Our ancestors were rescued from their 
 dilemma by the importations from Aleppo 
 and Paris. Cannot we now, with all 
 our boasted knowledge of good shape, 
 &c,, find better animals in Asia than 
 our grandfathers did ? 
 The quaiifica- Many horsemen decry the good likely 
 
 tionsofthe J J J 
 
 to be derived from the Arabian. Last 
 century he was the sire of splendid stock ; 
 so he would be now if the best male and 
 female Kehilan specimens were selected 
 to mate with half-bred animals, so as to 
 produce a fine type of general utility horse, 
 for saddle or light harness. Englishmen of 
 the present day do not recognize the emi- 
 nent qualifications of the Arab, but he is 
 not without supporters, and he has a very 
 powerful one in Mr. Blunt, who writes 
 thus of him as a progenitor of stock : 
 
THE HORSE. 99 
 
 " He is less likely from the real purity Biunt's 
 
 opinion of 
 
 of his blood to get those strange sports of Arab horses ' 
 Nature which are the curse of breeders, 
 misshapen offspring recalling some ancient 
 stain in not a stainless pedigree. The 
 true Arabian may be trusted to reproduce 
 his kind after his own image and likeness, 
 and of a particular type. It. will rarely 
 happen to the breeders of Arabians that 
 a colt is born useless for any purpose in 
 the world, except, as they say, u to have 
 his throat cut, or be run in a hansom. 
 Whether he be bred a race-horse or not 
 he will always find a market as long as 
 cavalry is used in England or on the con- 
 tinent. He is a cheap horse to breed, 
 doing well on what would starve an 
 English thorough-bred, and requiring less 
 
 stable work from his docility. Above all, 
 
 7 * 
 
100 THE HORSE. 
 
 The Arab whatever diseases he may acquire in time. 
 
 does not in- 
 herit those } ie s t ar ts now with a clean bill of health. 
 
 -rxr a Q b"n r a o n c* 
 
 English 1 i inheriting none of those weaknesses which 
 
 racing stock, 
 
 beset our present racing stock. He 
 endures cold as he endures heat, fasting 
 as plenty, and hard work as idleness. 
 Nothing comes to him amiss. For what 
 other creature under heaven can we sa 
 so much ?" 
 
 The British thorough-bred, many assert, 
 is perfection, that he cannot be improved 
 upon ; but of the general utility class 
 there is hardly a horseman who does re- 
 cognise that of late years he has been 
 going down hill, that he does not possess 
 The general the same stamina nor endurance as the 
 
 utility horse 
 
 as heJ} d norses a * the early part of the century 
 
 yearslgo. ^ 
 
 If such be the case it can readily be 
 
THE HOESE. 101 
 
 understood that the demand for race- 
 horses, or more properly subjects for the 
 gambling table, has been great and the 
 supply greater ; that men breed horses to 
 gallop them into or sometimes out of a 
 fortune. The immediate lust for gain 
 prompts them to abuse their young 
 horses before their bones are thoroughly 
 cemented, before the tissues of their 
 bodies are half developed. At two years 
 old they compel them to race with a 
 weight on a back that ought not to carry 
 any. And this, we are asked to believe, is Does the 
 
 racing of 
 
 done with a view to improve the breeds j 
 
 of horses ; and this false system will con- p^ve 
 tinue to flourish so long as two year old 
 races and half mile courses are tolerated. 
 The first step towards the improve- 
 ment of our horses lies in the discontinu- 
 
102 
 
 THE HOESE. 
 
 Impossible to 
 condition 
 immature 
 animals so 
 easily as 
 adults. 
 
 aiice of racing two year olds, and of early 
 training generally. 
 
 It is impossible for a man to condition 
 an animal for a three year old race so 
 well as he could a five year old, and for 
 the simple reason that he has to work 
 upon imperfect, that is unfinished ma- 
 chinery. For two days previously to 
 Stockwell running for the Derby he had 
 not eaten an oat, caused by the soreness 
 of his gums consequent upon early den- 
 tition, and we all remember he failed to 
 win. The same story might be repeated 
 of other horses, who would have raced 
 to the front had not slight maladies at- 
 
 Juvenile tendant upon youth retarded their train- 
 maladies re- 
 tard training. j n g or operated against them on the day 
 
 of trial. 
 
 Nineteen out of every twenty colts 
 
THE HOESE. 103 
 
 who pass into the trainer's hands are un- 
 able to withstand the ordeal they are 
 compelled to undergo ; breakdown, lace- Accidents 
 
 consequent 
 
 rated muscles, &c., unstring the harp of J^VJ arly 
 a thousand cords, and the oft repeated 
 announcement that such and such a colt 
 has been struck out of his engagements 
 appears on the play-bill. 
 
 The great authority, the late Admiral 
 Rous, recognised the evils attendant upon 
 early training and short distance courses, 
 he writes 
 
 " What we require is a national prize Admiral ROUS 
 
 suggests a 
 
 of 5,000 to be run for by four year olds lon s course 
 
 for four year 
 
 and upwards, three miles, which might 
 induce horse- owners to show more mercy 
 to young horses," in fact make a demand 
 for matured horses to run three or four 
 miles distances, and the supply of stout 
 
304 
 
 THE HORSE. 
 
 The English 
 thorough, 
 bred has 
 absorbed 
 too much 
 attention. 
 
 ones will be forthcoming to obliterate 
 from the racing programme early training 
 and the running of immature animals. 
 
 Institute larger stakes for longer dis- 
 tances, and by this means horses will in 
 great measure be preserved from acci- 
 dents common to youth, and their powers 
 will then be conserved for greater feats 
 than this generation has seen. 
 
 The English thorough-bred has, as be- 
 fore stated, absorbed the attention of the 
 nation to the exclusion of that due 
 amount of consideration that the general 
 utility horse deserved, and this, not 
 because he was not much wanted, but 
 owing to the eagerness with which men 
 devoted their energies to racing pursuits, 
 to a degree which never could have 
 occurred had not the maddening influ- 
 
THE HORSE. 105 
 
 ence of the gambling diamond always 
 glittered in the betting ring. 
 
 O i -i ~ 
 
 Are not the other breeds of British 
 horses more important to the nation in a 
 commercial point of view ? 
 
 They certainly are ! 
 
 Is it not therefore to our interest to 
 direct our energies and our cash to the 
 propagation of horses better than those 
 that weekly arrive from the continent and 
 America ? 
 
 If years ago we had followed the ex- American 
 
 horses. 
 
 ample of our American brothers by the 
 institution of trotting races, a stalwart 
 breed of carriage horses would be 
 ours. 
 
 The Americans adhere to the system, 
 like our ancestors, of breeding only from 
 stallions which can stay a distance. With 
 
106 
 
 THE HORSE. 
 
 Sampson, 
 Mambrino, 
 and Mes- 
 senger. 
 
 America 
 about to be- 
 come the 
 greatest 
 horse -pro- 
 ducing 
 coiintrv. 
 
 this system they commenced, and have 
 never attempted to alter their plans, for 
 last century they imported from this 
 country a stout-built horse, Messenger, ' 
 by Mambrino, who, "in 1768, was con- 
 sidered a wonderfully fast trotter for a 
 race-horse." " Book of the Horse." 
 Sidney's Mambrino was the grandson of 
 Sampson, "the strongest horse," according 
 to Laurence, " that ever raced before or 
 since his time." Messenger in America 
 became the progenitor of stock from 
 which some of the best trotters in the 
 States have descended. 
 
 The Americans possess the means for 
 the propagation of the best horses in the 
 world through all their various types. 
 Their great extent of country allows them 
 to devote large enclosed spaces for their 
 
THE HORSE. 107 
 
 brood-mares and youngsters to roam 
 over, and during the severe winters they 
 are as well able to protect their stock 
 from the inclemency of the weather as 
 we are. They have, with few exceptions, 
 descended from the same horse-loving 
 families as we English, who, in the days 
 of the Stuarts, did all in their power to 
 create the fastest galloper. Whilst our 
 brothers on the other side of the Atlantic America has 
 
 manufactured 
 
 have succeeded in manufacturing the 
 most celebrated trotter in existence, they * 
 like ourselves have been assisted in creat- 
 ing their breeds of horses by English 
 thorough-breds ; but they have amalga- 
 mated them with native and cross-bred 
 stock, and at this day think that more 
 general success is to be anticipated "by 
 sticking to trotting lines, or taking tho- 
 
108 THE HORSE. 
 
 rough blood with a strong trotting cross 
 already engrafted." 
 , New " In the past, breeders who built largely 
 
 York, on trot- 
 
 ting strains. U p O n thorough-bred foundations have met 
 little success in producing trotters, and 
 have either given up discouraged or 
 changed their plans ; but already we see 
 occasional instances where they did ex- 
 cellent foundation work, though they 
 finally condemned and discarded it. It 
 is not for a moment to be assumed that 
 all thorough-bred blood has more vital 
 
 Physical or- force and perfect physical organization 
 
 ganization of 
 
 racing than a high quality of trotting blood. 
 
 strains. J 
 
 Indeed, there is plenty of it not to be 
 compared in stamina with the best trot- 
 ting blood. But there is no question that 
 many animals from the best of the great 
 racing strains, such as come from Lex- 
 
THE HORSE. 109 
 
 ington, Vandal, Australian, Yorkshire, 
 Bonnie Scotland, &c., possess a physical 
 organization suited to the continuance of 
 great effort at speed, which, if once con- 
 verted successfully to the trotting action, 
 would give us horses of power and capa- 
 city surpassing any present demonstra- 
 tion. Many breeders contend that this Failures and 
 
 anticipations. 
 
 has been tried and cannot be accom- 
 plished, because there is an opposing 
 nature in the thorough-bred, fixed and 
 established by continuous breeding, that 
 annuls the less established inheritance of 
 the trotter, and fails to yield to it. Mani- 
 festly, past experience mainly, almost en- 
 tirely, confirms that view. But as a more 
 established inheritance is effected in the 
 trotter, a stronger power contends with 
 the action of the thorough -bred, and the 
 
110 THE HORSE. 
 
 circumstances are altered. Hence we 
 are occasionally beginning to find weight 
 enough in the trotting end of the scale 
 to tip the beam that way. When, if ever, 
 it can be done, as we believe it will be, 
 with sufficient frequency to pay for at- 
 tempting it, we anticipate much general 
 improvement in the capacity of trotting 
 sires, to pro- stock ; but for the present it is safe to 
 
 duce trotters, . 
 
 must be assume that more general success will be 
 
 selected from 
 
 trotting h a d by sticking to trotting lines, or taking 
 
 strains, not J 
 
 . the thorough blood with a strong trotting 
 cross already engrafted." 
 
 The American trotting strains may not 
 now be improved upon by intercourse 
 with the English thorough-bred, but the 
 pure-bred Arabian, with his movements 
 on the trot and walk, always better than 
 the British racer, and in many instances 
 
THE HORSE. Ill 
 
 an animal of fast and good trotting 
 
 action, constitute him as a progenitor of The Arabian 
 
 might be used 
 
 trotters, and such a cross of good blood 7 suc . cess 
 
 in America. 
 
 might assist America in improving her 
 celebrated strains. 
 
 In England, for a century past, the 
 occupation of the Arabian has gone ; but 
 this is no reason why he should not find 
 useful employment in diffusing his quality 
 throughout the various types of British 
 horses. 
 
 Mr. Blunt expects more. He proposes 
 in the future to raise a thorough-bred 
 strain of Arabian race-horses, capable of 
 holding their own with English racers. 
 By this means Admiral Rous's theory of Admiral 
 
 Rous's 
 
 the Eastern exotic would be put to the 
 test. The Arabian, being a pure-bred 
 animal, is just the sire or dam to be used 
 
112 THE HORSE. 
 
 with good results by cross breeding in 
 the production of good hacks, hunters, 
 and carriage-horses, and for this reason, 
 "that being truer bred than any other 
 horse, he is more likely to impress his 
 own character on his produce." Blunt, 
 " Nineteenth Century/' 
 
 In proposing the use of Arabian blood, 
 
 Mr. Blunt recognizes the importance of 
 
 an incentive, and proposes "the establish- 
 
 Weight for ment of a weight for age race for Arabs, 
 
 age races for 
 
 Arabs. with a respectable stake to run for." But 
 
 such races would only be increasing the 
 number of fast gallopers, and would not 
 in any way form an inducement to 
 the more extensive propagation df the 
 general utility horse, and, in my opinion, 
 Mr. Blunt will find that the manufac- 
 tured English race- horse will not be 
 
THE HORSE. 113 
 
 beaten by Arabians, even those, born in 
 England, and nurtured with care and 
 under the most favourable influences. 
 But to form a cross with thick-set half- The distinct 
 
 position for 
 
 bred animals and trotting stock, they will ^^ in 
 in time, i.e. if Mr. Blunt' s wishes be car- 
 ried out, assist us in the production of 
 our useful breeds where quality is essen- 
 tial. Being pure-bred, the Arab may be Purity of 
 depended upon to stamp his impress on P rtant - 
 his offspring with greater distinctness 
 than any other sire. " He is less likely, 
 therefore, to get those strange sports of 
 Nature which are a curse to breeders, 
 misshapen offspring, recalling some an- 
 cient stain in a not stainless pedigree. " 
 Blunt, " Nineteenth Century." 
 
 At the present moment we can pro- 
 duce the best horses in the world; but 
 
 8 
 
114 THE HORSE. 
 
 we are allowing other nations to overtake 
 us, and, unless we bestir ourselves in 
 time, shall be defeated. 
 Courses for As race meetings in the past have 
 
 trotting races 
 
 1 ? n 8 g tituted be marke( % contributed to perfecting the 
 galloping of the thorough-bred, would 
 not the institution of arenas for trotting 
 matches in more than one place in Great 
 Britain constitute an incentive to the 
 production of fast trotters ? 
 
 We boast in our possession of the 
 finest shaped horses, and yet are cele- 
 brated as regards pace in only producing 
 the fastest galloper. American trotters 
 derived from similar sources to our own 
 can beat us at any distance, and eleven 
 
 The American years ago the American Prioress was the 
 
 Prioress. 
 
 fastest four mile mare in England on the 
 flat, 
 
THE HOESE. 115 
 
 By cross breeding with the thorough- 
 bred and Arabian, careful selection of 
 parents, by the formation of arenas for 
 trotting races, by the discontinuance of 
 early training and short distance courses, 
 great benefit to the British breeds of 
 horses may be anticipated. 
 
 By the adoption of such treatment HOW to attain 
 
 a desired end. 
 
 we should be able, in a few years, to 
 meet our American brothers on their 
 own ground, and to point not only to 
 the fastest gallopers, but to the fastest 
 horses at all paces in the world. 
 
LONDON : 
 PRINTKD BY W. H. ALLEN & CO., 13 WATERLOO PLACE. 
 
SHARKE. 
 
 GOT by Mark, his dam by Snap, grand-dam by Marl- 
 borough, brother to Babraham, out of a natural barb 
 mare, was renowned for his performances, which were 
 deemed greater than any other horse's in England. At 
 three years old he beat Postmaster for five hundred 
 guineas ; he received from Prior two hundred guineas ; he 
 won from Jacinth three hundred guineas ; at four years 
 old (April 17th 1775) he won a sweepstakes (ten sub- 
 scribers, two hundred guineas each) ; and another, 
 thirteen subscribers, one hundred guineas and a hundred 
 of claret each ; also the Clermont Cup, value one hundred 
 and twenty guineas, and one hundred guineas each ; and 
 a sweepstakes (thirteen subscribers, twenty-five guineas 
 each). He won five hundred guineas from Cincinnatus, 
 and beat Johnny (six years old) for one thousand guineas, 
 when five years old. He again beat Postmaster for one 
 thousand guineas, and won a sweepstakes (three sub- 
 
scribers, one thousand guineas each). He beat Rakes for 
 one thousand guineas, and won of Leviathan five hundred 
 guineas (July 8th). He received from Critic one thou- 
 sand guineas ; from Johnny, five hundred ; and beat 
 Fireaway for three hundred guineas. At six years old 
 he walked over B. C. for one hundred and forty guineas ; 
 he received from Leviathan five hundred guineas, and 
 again beat Leviathan for one thousand guineas, and 
 Hephestion for five hundred guineas. He won ninety- 
 two guineas for all ages when ten horses started.- He 
 received one hundred guineas compromise from Lord 
 G-rosvenor's Mambrino ; and when aged he beat Nut- 
 cracker a mile. 
 
JUNE, 1894. 
 
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 The volumes will be published at the popular price of 6s. Each volume 
 containing about 320 pages of letterpress, together with from 20 to 40 
 coloured plates. 
 
 The volumes now issued consist of : 
 
 A HANDBOOK TO THE BIRDS*OF GREAT BRITAIN, Vol. I., 
 
 by R. BOWDLER SHARPE, LL.D., Zoological Department, 
 
 British Museum ; 
 
 A HANDBOOK TO THE MARSUPIALIA AND MONOTREMATA, 
 by R. LYDEKKER, F.L.S. ; 
 
 and will be followed by 
 MONKEYS, by H. O. FORBES, F.R.G.S. * 
 
 BUTTERFLIES (with special reference to British species), by 
 W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S. 
 
 London: 13, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, S.W. 
 
W. H. Allen 6 Cols General Catalogue. 29 
 
 Xiet of Boofce 
 
 Issued by the Secretary of State for India in Council and the 
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 Edited by GEORGE W. FORREST, B.A.* Director of Records of the 
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 The Indian Mutiny, 1857-58. Selections from the 
 
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 GEORGE WATT, M.B., C.M., C. I.E., Reporter on Economic Products 
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 A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, 
 
 In Six Volumes, Royal 8vo, half-bound, ^3 35. 
 
 F. C. DANGERS, Registrar and Suptrintendent of Records, India 
 Office, London. 
 
 Report to the Secretary of State for India in 
 Council on the Portuguese Records relating to the 
 
 East Indies, contained in the Archivo da Torre de Tombo, and 
 the Public Libraries at Lisbon and Evora. Royal 8vo, sewed, 6s. 
 
 C. H. SAMPSON, Registrar, Home Department, Government of India. 
 
 A Manual of Rules and Regulations applicable 
 to the Members of the Indian Civil Service, including 
 
 certain information as to existing appointments for which members 
 of the Indian Civil Service are eligible. Imperial 8vo, boards, 2s. 6d. 
 
 /. FORBES WATSON, M.A., F.R.A.S., Reporter on the Products 
 of India to the Secretary of State for India in Council. 
 
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 of the People of India. Imperial 410. With II full-page Plates of 
 Costumes. Half bound. 2is. 
 
 ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM, C.S.I., C.I.E., Major -General, 
 
 Royal Engineers (Bengal Retired); Director- General Archaeological 
 
 Survey of India. 
 
 The Stupa of BharhUt. A Buddhist Monument 
 Ornamented with numerous Sculptures illustrative of Buddhist 
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 MahabOdhi ; or, the Great Buddhist Temple under the 
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 London: 13, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, S.W. 
 
30 W. H. Allen 6- Co's General Catalogue. 
 
 Super-Royal 4to, with 16 Chromo Plates and 48 Plates in Photo- 
 mezzotype. 4 4$. net. 
 
 THE 
 
 GREAT BARRIER REEF OF AUSTRALIA: 
 
 ITS PRODUCTS AND POTENTIALITIES. 
 
 Containing an Account, with Copious Coloured and Photographic 
 Illustrations (the latter here produced for the 
 
 first time), of the 
 
 Corals and Coral Reefs, Pearl and Pearl Shell, Beche-de-Mer, other 
 
 Fishing Industries, and the Marine Fauna of the 
 
 Australian Great Barrier Region. 
 
 By W. SAVILLE-KENT, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.I.Inst, &c., 
 Author of " A Manual of the Infusoria" 
 
 "A veritable romance of the sea ; the whole work is a labour of love and enthusiasm." 
 
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 publisher. Never before has a semi-scientific work been illustrated with such a wealth 
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 and the descriptions are short and to the point." Nature. 
 
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 In Six Sheets, size 5 ft. 6 in. by 5 ft. 8 in., Coloured, 2. 
 
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 Mounted on Rollers, varnished, $. 33. 
 
 MAP OF INDIA 
 
 SHOWING THE BRITISH TERRITORIES SUB-DIVIDED 
 INTO COLLECTORATES 
 
 AND INCLUDING 
 
 B TJIR, IMC A.. 
 
 WITH THE POSITION AND BOUNDARIES OF EACH NATIVE STATE. 
 
 Chiefly compiled from Trigonometrical Surveys. 
 Executed by Order of the Government of India by 
 
 JOHN WALKER, 
 
 Geographer to the India Office. 
 London: 13, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, S.W. 
 
W. H. Allen 6- Co.'s General Catalogue. 
 
 LIST OF AUTHORS. 
 
 Abbot's " Herat to Khiva " . . 
 Aberigh - Mackay's ' ' Twenty - one 
 
 Days" 
 
 " Academy Sketches " 
 Allcott's " Little Women " . . 
 Alford's " New Testament " 
 Ali's (Ameer) " Mohammed" 
 Allen's " Naturalist's Library " 
 Anderson's " How to Ride " 
 
 ,, " School Training " 
 
 Ansted's " Channel Island " 
 Archer's " Orders of Chivalry " 
 Arnold's " Book of Good Counsels " 
 
 Baring-Gould's "Troubadour Land" 
 Beale's ' ' Churches of Paris " 
 Bellair's " Military Career " 
 Besson's " Merode's Life " . . 
 Betham's " Story of a Dacoity " 
 Birdwood's " Old Records of India 
 
 Office" 
 
 Boileau's " Traverse Tables " 
 Bonavia's ' ' Oranges and Lemons " 
 Bonsai's " Morocco as it is " 
 
 " Book of Knots " 
 
 Boulger's " Short History of China" 
 Bradshaw's " Milton " 
 Braithwaite's ' ' Sphagnaceae " 
 Burrows' " Life of Lord Hawke " . . 
 " Byron Birthday Book " . . 
 
 Canning's " Existing Religions" .. 
 Carrington's " Hepaticae " .. 
 Chapman's " Indian Women " 
 Clifford's " Grey Romance " 
 Colomb's " Naval Warfare " 
 Cooke's " Botanic Terms " .. .. 
 
 "Botany" .. 
 
 " British Fungi" .. 
 
 "Clavis" 
 
 "Hepaticae" 
 
 " Reptiles" .. .... 
 
 Rust, Smut" 
 ' ' Cooper's H ill Calendar 
 Couper's " Mixed Humanity " 
 Co wper's "Through Turkish Arabia" 
 Cuming's " In the Shadow of the 
 
 Pagoda" 
 
 Cuvier's "Animal Kingdom" 
 
 Davies' "Microscopic Objects" .. 
 Davis' "Microscopy" 
 Dobson's " Russian Railway " 
 Dollinger's " First Age of Church" 
 D'Orsey's " Portuguese in Asia" .. 
 Dunstan's " Manual of Music " 
 
 Drage's " Cyril " 
 
 Drury's "Useful Plants of India" 
 Dyer's ' ' Folk Lore " 
 
 PAGE 
 21 
 
 ' ' Eminent Women Series " . . 
 
 PAGE 
 12 
 
 
 Farrar's ' ' Words of Truth " 
 
 26 
 
 I 
 
 Gall's " Modern Tactics " . . 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 Gillmore's "Gun, Rod, and Saddle" 
 
 10 
 
 X 5 
 
 " Prairie and Forest " . . 
 
 10 
 
 24 
 
 , , " Sportsman's Diary " . . 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 "Wild Beasts" .. 
 
 IO 
 
 26 
 
 Goltz's " Nation in Arms " . . 
 
 9 
 
 26 
 
 Gossip's " Chess Openings " 
 
 5 
 
 
 Granville's Works 
 
 e 
 
 21 
 
 Greene's " Army Life " 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 ,, "Russian Army in Turkey" 
 Gresswell's " Diseases of the Ox". . 
 
 7 
 
 26 
 
 21 
 21 
 
 Griesinger's "Jesuits" 
 Griffith's " India's Princes " 
 
 24 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 Haydn's " Book of Dignities " 
 
 14 
 
 1 1 
 
 Haweis' "Chaucer's Beads" 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 ,, " Sir Morell Mackenzie ". . 
 
 ii 
 
 
 ,, " Music and Morals " 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 ,, " My Musical Life" 
 Hawthorne's "American Monte 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 i f\ 
 
 Cristo " 
 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 Health Primers 
 
 6 
 
 IO 
 
 Hensman's "Afghan War".. 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 Herschel's "Lectures" 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 Holmes' " Indian Mutiny".. 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 Hooker's " Synopsis Filicum" 
 
 18 
 
 Q 
 
 " How to Choose a Microscope " . . 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 Hughes' " Dictionary of Islam " . . 
 
 24 
 
 
 ,, "Muhammadanism" 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 Hume's " Harlequin Opal " . . 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 ii 
 
 Hunter's " Bee-Keeping" .. 
 Hunter's " Indian Empire " 
 
 18 
 
 i 
 
 15 
 
 Hunt's " Tropical Sun " 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 ,, " Tropical Trials " .. 
 
 22 
 
 17 
 
 India List 
 
 14 
 
 J 7 
 17 
 17 
 
 ,, Maps 
 Ingram's " Haunted Homes " 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 i? 
 17 
 
 Jeyes' " Aristotle " 
 Johnson's " Cookery " 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 
 Jones' " Puddings and Sweets " . . 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 Kaye's " Afghanistan " 
 ,, " Indian Officers" .. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 I 
 
 ,, " Sepoy War" and " Index" 
 Kaye and Malleson's " Mutiny" .. 
 
 " VoUlu C"n\\a.rfo. Qovninnc " 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 Keene's " Biographical Dictionary" 3 
 
 ,, "Fifty-seven" .. .. 3 
 
 ,, " History of India" .. 3 
 
 ,, " Moghul Empire " .. 3 
 
 ,, "Turks in India" .. .. 3 
 
 Kent's " Great Barrier Reef" .. 18 
 
 ,, " Infusoria" 18 
 
 Kinahan 's ' ' R ock Names " . . . . 1 8 
 
 Knight's " Falcon in the Baltic " .. 22 
 
 Lankester's " Animals " .. .. 19 
 
 London: 13, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, S.W. 
 
W. H. Allen & Co.^ General Catalogue. 
 
 LIST OF AUTHORS (continued). 
 
 Lankester's ' Fern.', " 
 
 ,, ' Microscope" .. 
 
 ' Our Food " . . 
 
 ' Physiology " . . 
 ' Talks about Health " 
 
 ,, 'Wild Flowers" _ .. 
 
 Lee's " Church under Elizabeth ' . . 
 ,, " Sights and Shadows " 
 
 Lethbridge's " Gazeteer of India " 
 
 Lewin's " Frontier Life " 
 
 " London in 1894" .. 
 
 Long's " Dairy Farm " 
 
 Lund's " Como" 
 
 Lupton's " Horse" 
 
 Maguire's "Campaigrs in Virginia" 
 Malleson's " Ambu>hes and Sur- 
 prises " 
 
 "Battlefields of Ger- 
 many " 
 1 Afghanistan ' 
 
 dive" 
 
 Decisive Battles of 
 
 India" 
 
 French in India" 
 \ \ ' Final French Struggles" 
 
 ,, ' Indian Mutiny " 
 
 Manning's' India". 
 Marvin's " Region of Eternal Fire ' 
 Mateer's " Tra vane ire " 
 Mayhew's " Horse Doctor " 
 
 ,, " Horse Management" . 
 Michod's " Good Condition " 
 Moltke's "Tactical Problems " 
 Montagu's " Absolutely True " . . 
 ,, " Camp and Studio " . . 
 
 "War Artist" .. 
 Morris's " Great Commanders " . . 
 
 Nairne's " Flowering Plants" 
 Nave's " Algae " 
 
 Newman's " Butterflies and Moths " 
 "Miscellanies" .. 
 
 O'Donoghue's " Ladies on Horse- 
 back " 
 
 O'Meara's " Life of Bishop Grant " 
 Oxenham's "Atonement" .. 
 " Eschatology " 
 
 Pope's " Indian History " .. 
 Pratten's " Swiss Flowers " 
 Prichard's " Chronicles of Budge- 
 pore " 
 
 Proctor's " Horse " 
 
 ,, " Southern Skies " 
 "Other Suns" .. 
 ,, "Half -hours with the 
 
 Stars " . . 
 
 ,, "Half -hours with the 
 Telescope" 
 
 PAGE 
 
 19 
 19 
 19 
 
 J 9 
 
 16 
 19 
 25 
 25 
 14 
 
 22 
 
 J 4 
 
 27 
 
 22 
 2? 
 
 Randall's " Catholic Church " 
 
 ,, " Retreat Addresses " .. 
 
 Richmond's " Economic Morals" . 
 
 Rimmer's "Shells" 
 
 Rod's " Eminent Politician" 
 
 Roger's " Land Revenue of Bom- 
 bay" 
 
 Roper's " Track and Trail through 
 Canada" 
 
 Sanderson's " Wild Beasts of India " 
 
 Sewell's " History of India " 
 
 Sharer's " Alice of the Inn " 
 
 Singlestick Exercises 
 
 Smith's " De Lesseps ' 
 
 ,, '' Modern Industry" 
 ,, " Women of Renown " 
 ,, " Ferns " 
 
 Somerville's ''Through Connemara'' 
 ,, " In the Vine Country" 
 
 Stanley's "Scripture Portraits" .. 
 
 "Statesman Series".. 
 
 Stockton's " The Shadrach" 
 
 Taylor's " Aquarium '' 
 
 " B>e-Paths 
 
 ,, " Flowers" 
 
 ,, " Green Lanes" .. 
 
 ,, " Notes on Collecting" .. 
 
 ,, " Seaside" 
 
 Thomson's " Lunar Tables " 
 Thornton's " Foreign Secretaries ". 
 
 " Harrow School" 
 Torrens* " History of Cabinets" .. 
 " Treasury of Quotations ".. 
 Trotter's " India under Victoria". . 
 
 ,, " Lord Lawrence " 
 
 ,, " Warren Hastings " 
 Tytler's " War Times " .. 
 
 Verner's " Field Sketching " 
 "Topography" .. 
 Villari's " Here and There in Italy" 
 
 Walford's ' ' Home Counties " 
 ,, " Pleasant Days " 
 
 Wathen's "Field Service Pocket 
 Book" 
 
 Watson's " Ornithology " . . 
 
 " Where Glory Calls " 
 
 Whinyate ' s "Coru nna to Sevastopol" 
 
 Wilberforce's " Heroes " .. 
 
 Williams' " Middle Kingdom " . . 
 ,, " Steam Navy" .. 
 
 Wright's ' ' Great Writers 
 
 Younghusband's " Polo in India".. 10 
 
 ,. " Burmese Tat".. 23 
 
 " Young Soldier in India".. .. 9 
 
 PAGE 
 
 25 
 
 London: 13, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, S.W. 
 
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