- 
 
 a ; 
 
 ' 
 
 . 
 
GIFT OF 
 A. F. Morrison 
 
lOWELL'S HANDY INFORMATION SERIES 
 
 HOW TO PLAY 
 CHESS 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 CHARLOTTE BOARDMAN ROGERS 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 THOMAS Y. CKOWELL & CO. 
 PUBLISHERS 
 
GVHi 
 
 (1TT?T 
 
 /\ F 
 
 Copyright, 1907, 
 BY THOMAS Y. CROWELL & Co. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 In preparing the present work the com- 
 piler wishes to give full credit to those 
 books which she has had occasion to use 
 as authorities for the general principles 
 and laws of the game and for such of its 
 history as the limited space of the INTRO- 
 DUCTION permitted. The list is as follows: 
 "The Chess-Player's Handbook," by 
 Howard Staunton; "Chess," by E. F. 
 Green ; " The Principles of Chess in The- 
 ory and Practice," and " The Art of 
 Chess," by James Mason ; " The Ameri- 
 can Cyclopedia," and " The Life of Phili- 
 dor," by George Allen. 
 
 C. B. E. 
 
 May 1, 1907. 
 
 ivi99164 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 I. INTRODUCTION 1 
 
 II. THE BOARD AND THE MEN ... 6 
 
 The Game The Board The Men 
 Setting Up the Board Names of 
 the Pieces and Pawns Names of the 
 Squares. 
 
 III. OBJECT OF THE GAME AND ORDER OF 
 
 PROCEDURE 13 
 
 IV. THE MOVES 16 
 
 King's Move Queen's Move 
 Bishop's Move Knight's Move 
 Rook's Move Pawn's Move. 
 
 V. TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLAINED . . 27 
 
 VI. CHESS RULES 49 
 
 Rules when Odds are Given 
 Rules for Play by Consultation 
 Rules for Play by Correspondence. 
 
 VII. SUGGESTIONS FOR BEGINNERS ... 63 
 
 Familiarity with Technical Terms 
 Playing with Either Color Value 
 of Practicing One Game Playing by 
 Time Developing the Game The 
 Value of the Pieces Studying the 
 Board. 
 
vi CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 VIII. SYSTEMS OF NOTATION .... 76 
 
 English Notation German Nota- 
 tion. 
 
 IX. PRACTICE GAME 86 
 
 X. CHESS OPENINGS 103 
 
 The King's Knight's Opening The 
 King's Bishop's Opening The Queen's 
 Bishop's Opening The King's Gam- 
 bit The Gambit Declined The 
 Queen's Gambit Irregular Open- 
 ings. 
 
 XI. END GAMES 116 
 
 XII. MIDDLE GAMES 132 
 
 XIII. CONCLUSION US 
 
 Chess Problems Key to Chess 
 Problems Examples of Masterpla y 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . .161 
 
HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 The game of Chess originated in India 
 about five thousand years ago and is the 
 oldest and most scientific game of a seden- 
 tary character. The name comes from the 
 Persian shah, or King which is the name 
 of the principal Piece and upon whose cap- 
 ture the fate of the game depends. 
 
 The history of Chess is extremely in- 
 teresting as people of all nations, famous 
 in all professions, have given it careful at- 
 tention and study. From its origin in 
 India, its popularity spread Eastward to 
 China and Japan; and then Westward, 
 through Persia and Bysantium to Europe 
 where, during the Middle Ages, it became 
 1 
 
2 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 the favorite pastime of the cloister and 
 ,th:<3 cour.t;. . In this connection it is worthy 
 of note that Cliesc is the only game of the 
 kind that has always been approved by 
 the priesthood of all faiths; Catholic, 
 Protestant, Buddhist, and Moslem. In 
 Philidor's day, during the first half of the 
 Eighteenth Century, it was the custom in 
 Europe for the musicians at the royal 
 chapels to amuse themselves with Chess 
 when their services were not required dur- 
 ing High Mass; and it was for this rea- 
 son that the name of Philidor has lived 
 in the history of Chess rather than in the 
 history of music, for he was a great mu- 
 sician as well as a remarkably skilled 
 Chess player. 
 
 Since the invention of the game, five 
 thousand years ago, its development may 
 be said to have undergone three distinct 
 periods. The first lasted until about 600 
 A. D., and during that time it was played 
 by four persons, the move of each Chess- 
 man being about the same as it is now, but 
 a dice w r as thrown to decide which 
 
INTRODUCTION 3 
 
 one was to be played. The second period 
 lasted from the Seventh to the Sixteenth 
 Century, during which time the game was 
 reduced to a contest between two persons. 
 The element of chance was also done away 
 with, and the dice discarded. The third 
 and last stage in the development of the 
 game began at the close of the Sixteenth 
 Century and continues until and during 
 the present day. 
 
 During the last century, Chess period- 
 icals were introduced and public contests 
 were established between famous players 
 or between the different clubs. Chess as- 
 semblies, tournaments, and contests for 
 amateurs were also first held in the Nine- 
 teenth Century which added greatly to 
 the interest and general popularity of the 
 game. To-day, even the daily newspapers 
 give space to the subject, recording the 
 moves in match tournament games so that 
 a person may follow each play by reading 
 his paper just as readily as if he were an 
 eye-witness of the game. 
 
 In connection with the study of the 
 
4: HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 game, it is interesting to know that among 
 its devotees have been such monarchs as 
 Charles XII., Napoleon I., Frederick the 
 Great, Charlemagne, and Haronn al- 
 Rashid; and such philosophers as Vol- 
 taire, Rosseau and Franklin. 
 
 The literature of the game has been con- 
 tributed to by writers of all nations and, 
 while the student cannot be expected to 
 become familiar with all that has been 
 written on the subject, he should know, 
 at least, the names which are most prom- 
 inent in connection with the scientific de- 
 velopment of Chess. Among them are : 
 Hanstein, Von der Lasa, Lange, and Har- 
 witz, of Germany ; Cunningham, Janssen, 
 Sarratt, M'Donnell, and Staunton, of 
 England ; Petroff and Kieseritzky, of Rus- 
 sia; Szen and Lowenthal, of Hungary; 
 Stein, of Holland; Stamma, of Syria; 
 Philidor, Deschappelles, and La Bourdeu- 
 nais, of France; Ruy Lopez and Xerone, 
 of Spain; Dubois, Salvio, Paoli Boi and 
 Del Rio, of Italy; and Morphy of the 
 United States. The East, where the game 
 
INTRODUCTION 5 
 
 originated, has also contributed to its liter- 
 ature and the Asiatic names associated 
 with it are : Sokeiker, Ehazes, Suli, Dami- 
 ri, Ibn Sherf Mohammed, Ghulam Kas- 
 sim and All Shatranji. 
 
 While Chess is a purely scientific form 
 of amusement, and one that requires con- 
 stant practice and study, if a player de- 
 sires to become skilled, it affords such 
 pleasure to those who are among its de- 
 votees and offers such exceptional oppor- 
 tunities for mental development that no 
 person of culture can afford to neglect it. 
 Of course, the scope of the present volume 
 only permits a survey of the general prin- 
 ciples and laws of the game but the com- 
 piler has endeavored to give the student a 
 thorough groundwork for ordinary pur- 
 poses; but for the benefit of those who 
 wish to go into the minutest details of the 
 most scientific play, a Bibliography has 
 been prepared to which the student is re- 
 ferred after he has mastered the contents 
 of the present work. 
 
CHAPTEE II 
 
 THE BOARD AND THE MEN- 
 
 THE GAME. 
 
 The Game of Chess is played on a 
 board by two persons or parties, each hav- 
 ing sixteen men; eight on the first rank 
 called Pieces, and eight on the second 
 rank, called Pawns. 
 
 THE BOARD. 
 
 A Chess Board is a perfect square which 
 is further divided into sixty-four smaller 
 squares of alternate, contrasting colors; 
 one light or white, and one dark or black. 
 The light colored square is always referred 
 to as White, and the dark colored square 
 is always referred to as Black. The board 
 is placed between the two players so that 
 each has a white square at his right hand, 
 6 
 
THE BOARD AXD THE MEN 7 
 
 and one half of the board is called the 
 King's Side, and the other half the 
 Queen's Side, but the beginner will under- 
 stand the arrangement more clearly when 
 he is familiar with the men. 
 
 THE MEN. 
 
 The Game of Chess is played with thir- 
 ty-two men, sixteen of which are light in 
 color and referred to as White ; and sixteen 
 dark and spoken of as Black. The player 
 or party on one side of the board has the 
 Black men while the player or party on 
 the other side has the White men. The 
 Chessmen are divided into two classes: 
 Pieces and Pawns. When the board is 
 set up the Pieces stand on the first rank 
 and include : 
 
 One King of each color, indicated by 
 K. 
 
 One Queen of each color, indicated by 
 Q. 
 
HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 Two Bishops of each color, indicated 
 
 B. jj * 
 
 .gp-^7^-^ 4^^0WNk 
 
 Two Knights of each color, indicated 
 
 Two Books of each color, indicated by 
 
 Formerly the word Castle was used, 
 but it is now almost obsolete, the word 
 Book being given the preference. 
 
 The Pawns, of which there are eight of 
 each color, are all alike in design and 
 stand on the second rank at the open- 
 ing of the game. They are indicated by 
 P. <, . 
 
 ^r\ 4fc 
 
 SETTING UP THE BOARD. 
 
 DIAGEAM I shows the board arranged 
 for the play. The student will note that 
 the King and Queen occupy the two mid- 
 dle squares, each Queen being on the 
 square of her own color. ]^ext come the 
 Bishops, one 'on each side of the King and 
 
THE BOARD AND THE MEX 
 
 9 
 
 Queen; then the Knights, and finally the 
 Eooks which occupy the corner squares. 
 The Pawns are arranged on the squares in 
 front of the Pieces. 
 
 BLACK 
 
 Queen's Side. 
 
 King's Side. 
 
 Queen's Side. King's Side. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM I. 
 
 Pieces and Pawns in Position. 
 
10 HOW TO PLAY ClIEtiti 
 
 NAMES or THE PIECES AND PAWNS. 
 
 The chessmen of each player are fur- 
 ther named according to their positions 
 upon the board. Thus, the Bishop next 
 to the Queen is called the Queen's Bishop, 
 indicated by QB ; and the Bishop next to 
 the King is called the King's Bishop, in- 
 dicated by KB. The Knight on the 
 Queen's side is called the Queen's Knight, 
 indicated by QKt, and the Knight on the 
 King's side is called the King's Knight, 
 indicated by KKt. The Eook on the 
 Queen's side is called the Queen's Eook, 
 indicated by QE, and the Eook on the 
 King's side is called the King's Eook, in- 
 dicated by KE. 
 
 The Pawns are named after the Pieces 
 in front of which they stand. Thus, be- 
 ginning at the left (as shown in DIAGRAM 
 i) the Pawns are called the Queen's Book's 
 Pawn (QEP); the Queen's Knight's 
 Pawn (QKtP) ; the Queen's Bishop's 
 Pawn (QBP) ; the Queen's Pawn, (QP) ; 
 the King's Pawn (KP) ; the King's Bish- 
 
THE BOARD AND THE MEN 11 
 
 op's Pawn, (KBP) ; the King's Knight's 
 Pawn, (KKtP); and the King's Kook's 
 Pawn, (KEP). The student should fa- 
 miliarize himself with the letters by which 
 the different Pieces and Pawns are distin- 
 guished so that he may readily identify 
 them, as the names are seldom used in full. 
 
 NAMES OF THE SQUARES. 
 
 The squares are named after the Pieces 
 which occupy them at the beginning of the 
 game. The square occupied by the Queen 
 is called the Queen's Square (QSq) and 
 the squares in front of it are numbered in 
 order across the board thus : Q2 ; Q3 ; Q4 ; 
 Q5; Q6; Q7; Q8. It will be noted from 
 DIAGRAM ii., that Q8 of the Black Queen 
 is the Queen's Square of the White Queen, 
 as each player counts from his own side of 
 the board. The names of the squares are 
 abbreviated thus: KSq; K2 ; K3 ; K4; 
 K5; K6; K7; KS ; KBSq; KB2 ; KB3; 
 KB4; KB5; KBO ; KB7; KB8; KKtSq; 
 KK>2; KKt3 KKt4; KKt5 ; KKt6 
 KKt7; KKt8; KESq; KE2 ; KE3; 
 
12 
 
 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 KR4 ; KR5 ; KE6 ; KEY ; KRS ; and cor- 
 respondingly on the Queen's side. If the 
 student will study DIAGRAM n with care, 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 osiyjp 
 QKT. 8 
 
 QR6 
 
 L 
 
 QR5 
 
 rn 
 
 QR4 
 
 ft- 
 
 QRSQ. 
 
 n 
 
 QKT.6 
 
 n 
 
 QKT.3 
 
 n 
 
 QKTSQ 
 
 990 
 
 -&W5 
 
 n 
 
 D 
 
 
 fl 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 K5 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 K5Q. 
 
 D 
 
 'AB4 
 
 99N 
 
 6:3 
 
 
 KKr.4 
 
 KKT.3 
 
 K KT. 
 
 K KT.SQ 
 
 D 
 
 KRsa 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM II. 
 
 Showing the Names of the Squaivs. 
 
 he will have no difficulty in recognizing 
 the different squares when reference is 
 made to them. 
 
CHAPTEK III 
 
 OBJECT OF THE GAME AND ORDER OF PRO- 
 CEDURE 
 
 The game of Chess, as already stated, 
 is played by two persons or parties, and the 
 object of each is to capture his opponent's 
 King or place him in such a position that 
 he cannot move without being taken. If 
 the King is attacked, or threatened with 
 capture, the attacking party must give 
 warning by calling out " Check " ; and if 
 the King, in the next move cannot avoid 
 the attack he is " checkmate " or " mate " 
 and the game is at an end, the person hav- 
 ing first captured his opponent's King be- 
 ing the winner. The student will note 
 that the game stops one move short of the 
 final play which takes the King. 
 
 If, for any reason, the Kings occupy 
 13 
 
14 HOW TO fLAY CHESS 
 
 such positions upon the board that neither 
 can be captured the game is drawn. 
 
 The players first arrange the board as 
 shown in DIAGRAM i, and draw lots for 
 the color with which each is to play. The 
 game is generally opened by. the White 
 Men. When the player who has drawn 
 the White Men moves a Piece or a Pawn, 
 it is his opponent's turn, and so the game 
 continues, each moving alternately, one 
 man at a time, of his own color and cap- 
 turing only the men of the opposite color. 
 Under only one condition, of which the 
 student will learn later, is a player allowed 
 to make two moves in succession. Until 
 a student has had considerable experience, 
 and learned to play a game of his own he 
 will do well to move each Piece once be- 
 fore he has moved any Piece twice, as this 
 will enable him to keep his forces together 
 and prevent needless exposure and weak- 
 ness in his defence and attack. 
 
 Both distance and direction must be 
 taken into consideration with every move, 
 as well as the advantages that are to be 
 
OBJECT OF THE GAME 15 
 
 gained by moving any one Piece in pref- 
 erence to another, but the student must be- 
 come familiar with the relative value of 
 the Pieces and Pawns and with their re- 
 spective moves, before this can be made 
 perfectly clear to him. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE- MOVES 
 
 In learning the moves of the various 
 Pieces and Pawns, the beginner is advised 
 to have a board before him and to secure 
 the assistance of an experienced player if 
 available; for while they are very simple 
 to understand when demonstrated, their 
 description in words may sound compli- 
 cated. The diagrams, however, should be 
 carefully studied. 
 
 THE KING'S MOVE^ 
 
 The King may move one square at a 
 time in any direction. Thus, when the 
 Black King, for example, stands on Q5 
 he " commands/' or may move, to any one 
 of the eight adjacent squares as indicated 
 in DIAGRAM in. Should one of these 
 squares be occupied, however, by one of 
 16 
 
THE MOVES 
 
 17 
 
 his own men, he could not move to it, or 
 should his adversary, the White King, be 
 near, his move would be further restricted. 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 DIAGRAM III. 
 The King's Move. 
 
 For example : Suppose the Black King 
 stands on Q5, a Black Pawn stands on K6 
 and the White King stands on K2. Wow 
 
'l8 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 the Black King commands all of the ad- 
 joining squares, but he can only move to 
 one of six of them and not to any one of 
 the eight, as he could in DIAGRAM in. 
 He cannot move to K6 because his own 
 Pawn occupies it and also because the 
 White King could move into it were he 
 alone on the board. Nor can the Black 
 King move into Q6, because that also is a 
 square within the range of movement of 
 his adversary, or one of the eight squares 
 commanded by the White King were he 
 alone upon the board. Thus, the sphere 
 of influence of the two Kings overlaps at 
 K6 and Q6 with the result that those two 
 squares are neutral territory, forbidden to 
 both by the fundamental laws of Chess, 
 for the Kings must always have an inter- 
 val of at least one square between them. 
 
 As the object of the game is to capture 
 or checkmate the adversary's King, it is 
 readily seen that he is of paramount im- 
 portance, and that the moves of all the 
 other Pieces and Pawns are made with 
 reference to him. 
 
THE MOVES 
 THE QUEEN'S MOVE. 
 
 19 
 
 The Queen moves in any direction, like 
 the King, but she is not restricted to dis- 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 
 f 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM IV. 
 The Queen's Move. 
 
 tance and may cover any number of unoc- 
 cupied squares to the limits of the board 
 in a horizontal, vertical and diagonal line. 
 
20 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 Thus, a Queen on Q4, as shown in DIA- 
 GRAM iv, commands twenty-seven squares. 
 Owing to the squares at her command, she 
 is the most powerful of the Pieces, but her 
 power would be disproportionally great 
 were it not that she can be exchanged only 
 for the opposing Queen without material 
 loss. When the Queen occupies a side 
 square, the sum of the diagonal moves pos- 
 sible to her is always seven. 
 
 THE BISHOP'S MOVE. 
 
 The Bishop moves over any number of 
 unoccupied squares in a diagonal line, 
 from which it will be seen that he always 
 occupies squares of the same color as the 
 one on which he stands at the beginning 
 of the game. As the King's Bishop is on 
 a square of one color and the Queen's 
 Bishop on a square of another color, at 
 the opening of the game, it will be seen 
 that the two Bishops are easily distin- 
 guished and never interfere with each 
 other. From a center square, Q4, for ex- 
 ample as shown on DIAGRAM v, the Bishop 
 
THE MOVES 
 
 21 
 
 commands thirteen squares. When he 
 occupies a side square, however, the sum 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM V. 
 The Bishop's Move. 
 
 of the' diagonals to which he can move is 
 always seven, the same as the Queen. 
 
22 HOW TO PLAT CHESS 
 
 THE KNIGHT'S MOVE. 
 
 The Knight's move is L shaped and 
 more difficult to explain than any of the 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 DIAGRAM VI. 
 
 The Knight's Move. 
 
 others. He moves horizontally or verti- 
 cally in any direction, two squares for- 
 
THE MOVES 23 
 
 ward, and one square to either the right or 
 the left, leaping over the intervening 
 squares whether they are occupied or not. 
 Thus the Knight on Q4 commands eight 
 squares as shown on DIAGRAM vi. By 
 placing the Knight on any of the center 
 squares the student will see that his move 
 appears to be a leap from the square on 
 which he stands to the next but one of a 
 different color. ,From a mathematical 
 point, the Knight's move is the diagonal 
 of a rectangle of six squares and is as reg- 
 ular as that of any of the other Pieces. 
 Owing to the character of his move he is 
 less liable to resistance than any of the 
 other Pieces. , 
 
 THE ROOK'S MOVE. 
 
 The Rook moves in four directions 
 parallel to the sides of the board, and over 
 any number of unoccupied squares. Thus, 
 a rook standing on Q4 commands fourteen 
 squares as shown in DIAGRAM vn and 
 is next in power to the. Queen. 
 
24 HOW TO PLAY ClIEtiti 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM VII. 
 The Rook's Move. 
 
 THE PAWN'S MOVE. 
 
 The Pawn moves forward only, one 
 square at a time ; excepting in the first 
 move when it may move one or two squares 
 at the option of the player. In moving 
 
THE MOVES 25 
 
 two squares, however, if the Pawn passes 
 an adverse Pawn, it may be taken in pass- 
 ing by the adversary. When a Pawn has 
 advanced eight squares in any file, it must 
 immediately be exchanged for a Piece of 
 its own color, at the choice of its owner, 
 after which it acts as if it were an original 
 Piece just moved into that square by the 
 player. 
 
 From this it will be seen that there may 
 be three or more Queens, Bishops, Knights 
 or Eooks on the board at the same time be- 
 longing to the same player, though the 
 number of Chessmen belonging to each 
 player can never exceed sixteen. This 
 power of the Pawn to become a Piece in- 
 creases its importance, in spite of its slow 
 progress across the board and makes it of 
 more value than would at first be imag- 
 ined. A fine player may always be iden- 
 tified by his judicious handling of the 
 Pawns. 
 
 While the Pawn's move is forward in 
 M vertical line, its power of capturing radi- 
 ,ates forward diagonally. Thus if a White 
 
26 HOW TO PLAY C II ESS 
 
 Pawn occupies QB3 and a Black Pawn 
 stands on Q5, the White Pawn moves di- 
 agonally from its QB3 to Q4 and captures 
 the Black Pawn. If there were no ad- 
 verse Piece to capture, the White Pawn 
 would move to QB4. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLAINED 
 
 Adverse Piece. A Piece of the oppo- 
 site color. 
 
 Attack. This term may be explained, 
 in several different ways : 
 
 (1) Any force commanding a square 
 occupied by an adverse force is said to at- 
 tack the latter, though attack may exist 
 without power to capture. 
 
 (2) A combined movement of two or 
 more Pieces tending to compel the adver- 
 sary to abandon some particular force or 
 position. 
 
 (3) A combination against the King or 
 his position. 
 
 (4) The player opening the game (gen- 
 erally the White), makes the attack. 
 
 (5) A strategic move directed against 
 a weak part of the enemy's force. 
 
 27 
 
28 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 Blindfold Chess, or Chess Sans Voir. 
 Games played without seeing either the 
 board or the men. The power of playing 
 at least one game in this way is generally 
 acquired by every player ; and persons who 
 are skilled in the science of Chess have 
 been known to conduct as many as a dozen 
 such games simultaneously. 
 
 Capturing. Moving a Piece or Pawn 
 into a square occupied by an adverse Piece 
 or Pawn and taking or " capturing " it. 
 Any Piece or Pawn may be captured with 
 the exception of the King, his capture is 
 accomplished by " checkmate." The vari- 
 ous Pieces capture according to the direc- 
 tion and extent of their respective moves. 
 The Pawns, however, vary from this rule 
 and are allowed to move one square for- 
 ward in a diagonal line from the one on 
 which they stand, in order to capture an 
 adverse Piece or Pawn. 
 
 Castling. A combined move of King 
 and Rook allowed to each player once 
 in a game and consisting of moving the 
 Rook to the square next to the King, and 
 
TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLAINED 29 
 
 the King to the square on the other side 
 of the Rook. After castling with the 
 King's Rook the King occupies KKtSq. 
 and the Rook occupies KBSq., as shown 
 in DIAGKAM vin. After castling with 
 
 (1) Before Castling. 
 
 (2) After Castling. 
 
 DIAGRAM VIII. 
 
 Castling With The King's Rook. 
 
 the Queen's Rook the King occupies 
 QBSq. and the Rook occupies QSq. The 
 conditions under which castling are al- 
 lowed are: 
 
 (1) That neither King nor Rook has 
 been moved. 
 
30 HOW TO PLAY C 
 
 (2) That no Pieces or Pawns inter- 
 vene. 
 
 (3) That the King is not in check. 
 
 (4) That the King does not have to 
 cross and does not move to a square com- 
 manded by an opposing Piece or Pawn. 
 
 Center. Pawns in the middle field, es- 
 pecially if well supported. It is usually a 
 great object to keep the center intact, or 
 unbroken and to break the center of the 
 adversary if it be stronger. 
 
 Check. The warning which must be 
 given when the adversary's King is at- 
 tacked. In such a case, the King is said 
 to be " in check " and the threatened cap- 
 ture must be avoided by : 
 
 (1) Taking the attacking Piece or 
 Pawn. 
 
 (2) Moving the King. 
 
 (3) Interposing or moving another 
 Piece or Pawn between the King and the 
 attacking Piece or Pawn. 
 
 For example, if the White King stands 
 on QR4 and the Black Queen's Eook 
 stands on QE8, then the White King is 
 
TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLAINED 31 
 
 in check by the Black Rook. White may 
 avoid the check by moving his King to 
 QKt3, QKt4 or QKt5; or he may take 
 the attacking Piece with his Bishop sup- 
 posing it to be on Q4, in a diagonal line 
 with the square occupied by the attacking 
 Eook. 
 
 ^Checkmate, or Mate. A position in 
 which the King cannot by any means avoid 
 being captured by the opposing force. An 
 example of simple checkmate is shown in 
 DIAGRAM ix. The student will see that 
 if the White King remains where he 
 is he can be taken by the Black Knight; 
 if he moves to KBSq. or KKt2, he can be 
 taken by the Black Bishop as both of those 
 squares are commanded by him ; and if 
 he moves into KR2 again, he comes within 
 the sphere of influence of the Black 
 Knight whom he is trying to avoid. Thus, 
 it will be seen that he has no means of es- 
 cape. 
 
 Close Game. A game in which the de- 
 velopment of the Pieces is effected chiefly 
 behind the Pawns. This method requires 
 
32 
 
 HOW TO PLAT CHESS 
 
 the greatest accuracy and judgment and 
 is only adopted by the most experienced 
 players. (See Open Game). 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM IX. 
 Checkmate. 
 
 Combination. The concerted action of 
 two or more Pieces for a particular ob- 
 ject; two or more moves for a common 
 
TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLAINED 33 
 
 purpose. Skill in making effective com- 
 binations is accounted the surest test of a 
 Chess player. 
 
 Command. A square is commanded 
 when any Piece or Pawn occupying it may 
 be attacked. A Piece is said to command 
 a square when it can move into it. 
 
 Counter Attack. An indirect and ef- 
 fective way of neutralizing an attack. For 
 example, a combination against one King 
 may be halted or destroyed by an equally 
 strong combination against the other; or 
 an attacked force may be successfully 
 guarded by an attack upon an equal or 
 greater adverse Piece or Pawn. 
 
 Counter Gambit. The sacrifice of some 
 part of the second player's force, usually 
 a Pawn, in the opening of the game to 
 obtain an advantage in position. (See 
 Openings and Gambit). 
 
 Debut. Opening. 
 
 Defence. The correlative of attack. 
 The second player, generally the Black, at 
 the beginning of the game, is said to have 
 the defence, as the first player is said to 
 
34 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 have the attack. Defensive measures are 
 those taken to provide against or to repel 
 attack. To defend a Piece or Pawn is to 
 protect or support it from or against an 
 adversary. 
 
 Develop. To develop a Piece or Pawn 
 is to bring it from the comparatively pow- 
 erless and inactive position which it oc- 
 cupies at the beginning of the game to a 
 position which is more favorable for de- 
 fence or attack. To develop a game is to 
 bring all or nearly all of the Pieces and 
 Pawns into positions of defence or attack. 
 
 Development. The early positions of 
 the forces for defence or attack. In a 
 good or strong development, the forces co- 
 operate without much obstruction. In a 
 bad or weak development, there is need- 
 less obstruction and lack of co-operation 
 which frequently leads to a permanent dis- 
 advantage. 
 
 Discovered Check. An attack opened 
 upon the King by the removal of an inter- 
 vening Piece or Pawn. For example: If 
 the Black King occupies KKtY, the White 
 
TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLAINED 35 
 
 Bisliop occupies KKt5, and the White 
 Queen occupies KKt8, by removing the 
 Bishop the file is opened to the Queen 
 and the adverse King is attacked. Mov- 
 ing the Bishop is said to " discover 
 check." 
 
 Double Check. The simultaneous at- 
 tack, by two Pieces, upon the King. 
 
 Double Pawn. Two Pawns on the same 
 file. 
 
 End Game. The stage at which the 
 forces of both sides have become so re- 
 duced that theoretical analysis is- again 
 possible. A complete and perfect game of 
 Chess is divided into three parts: 
 
 (a) The Opening. 
 
 (b) The Middle Game. 
 
 (c) The End Game. 
 
 Each of these will be discussed at length 
 in later chapters. 
 
 En Passant. Taken in passing. If a 
 Pawn, in its first move, passes an adverse 
 Pawn the latter, in its next move only, 
 may capture it en passant as if it had 
 moved only one square. Thus if there is 
 
36 BOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 a White Pawn on Q5 and Black Pawns 
 on QB2 and K2, and either of the Black 
 Pawns moves two squares, to QB4 or K4, 
 it may be captured en passant by the 
 White Pawn. 
 
 En Prise. A Piece or Pawn is en prise 
 when it is not fully defended and can be 
 taken by the adversary. The term is used 
 with reference to everything but the King 
 and corresponds with check or checkmate. 
 A Piece or Pawn is en prise, while the 
 King is in check. 
 
 Establish. A Piece or Pawn is estab- 
 lished when it occupies a position from 
 which it cannot be dislodged, and whence 
 it exercises a direct influence upon the op- 
 posing force. 
 
 Exchange. To take force for force. In 
 it there may be equality or relative gain 
 or loss. * To win an exchange is to capture 
 a Rook in return for the loss of a Knight 
 or a Bishop. To lose an exchange is to 
 capture a Bishop or Knight in exchange 
 for a Eook. 
 
 False Move. A move that is eontradic- 
 
TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLAINED 37 
 
 tory to the fundamental laws of Chess. 
 For example, to move a Bishop like a 
 King, or a Queen like a Knight, is a false 
 move and subjects the player to certain 
 penalties. 
 
 Files. The rows of squares across the 
 board, from one player to another and dis- 
 tinguished from the Ranks which are the 
 horizontal rows of squares. The files are 
 named after the Pieces which occupy them 
 at the beginning of the game. Thus, from 
 White's side beginning at the right, we 
 have the King's Rook's file, the King's 
 Knight's file, the King's Bishop's file and 
 the King's file, and so on across to the 
 Queen's Rook's file. (See Ranks). 
 
 Force. A term used to refer to a Piece 
 or Pawn. 
 
 Fork. The attack by a Knight upon 
 two adverse Pieces or Pawns. It is also 
 used to describe the double attack of a 
 Queen, Bishop or Pawn. A common and 
 fatal example of a fork is found when the 
 White Knight occupies K3, and the Black 
 King occupies KB8, and the Black Queen, 
 
38 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 KKt5. The King, being in check, must 
 move, which leaves the Queen at the mercy 
 of the adverse Knight. 
 
 Gambit. A voluntary surrender, or 
 proffer, of a Piece or Pawn by the first 
 player at the early part of the game, with 
 a view to subsequent advantage. 
 
 Game. In addition to its ordinary 
 meaning the term has a technical mean- 
 ing which is explained under " Opening." 
 
 Interpose. To move a Piece or Pawn 
 between an attacked and attacking Piece 
 or Pawn. The term is frequently used in 
 connection with the King. When he is in 
 check, and a Piece or Pawn is placed be- 
 tween him and the attacking Piece or 
 Pawn, that Piece or Pawn is said to be 
 " interposed." 
 
 Illegal Move. A move which, while 
 not in opposition to the fundamental laws 
 of movement, is still contradictory to the 
 ordinary rules of play, under the particu- 
 lar circumstances of the case, such as mov- 
 ing out of turn ; moving an adverse Piece 
 or Pawn ; castling to avoid check, or cast- 
 
TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLAINED 39 
 
 ling after the King or Rook has been 
 moved. 
 
 Isolated Pawn. A Pawn is said to be 
 isolated when there are no Pawns of the 
 same color on the adjoining files. 
 
 J'adoube. The French for " I ad- 
 just"; an expression that is used by a 
 player when he wishes to touch a man 
 that he does not intend to play or to take. 
 Without this declaration, the Piece or 
 Pawn touched must be moved or captured 
 in the player's next turn if the conditions 
 permit. 
 
 Man. The generic name for any Chess 
 figure or force, including the Pieces and 
 Pawns. There are thirty-two Chessmen, 
 sixteen Pieces and sixteen Pawns, as al- 
 ready stated. 
 
 Mate. See " Checkmate." 
 
 Mating Force. Any force that is suffi- 
 cient to mate the lone King; such as the 
 Queen or Rook. 
 
 Middle Game, or Mid-Game. That 
 stage of a game when the Pieces and 
 Pawns are all, or nearly all, ready for 
 
40 HOW TO PLAY CLLEtiti 
 
 action; and said to begin when theoretical 
 analysis ends. Many of the most bril- 
 liantly played games are brought to a fin- 
 ish in the " Middle Game/' before " End 
 Game " positions are reached. 
 
 Minor Piece. The Bishop or Knight 
 in contradistinction to the more valuable 
 mating forces such as the Queen or Rook. 
 
 Move. The person who begins the 
 game has the move ; a slight but uncertain 
 advantage. The term is also used with 
 reference to the person whose turn it is to 
 play, when a critical stage of the game is 
 reached, and the issues have been fairly 
 joined, or the contest is drawing to a close. 
 In such a case the person who plays next 
 has the move. 
 
 Notation. The system or method of re- 
 cording the moves of a game. 
 
 Odds. An initiary advantage conceded 
 to a weaker player by a stronger one. 
 All important Chess clubs have a carefully 
 graded scale of odds, marking the classes 
 of players. A common gradation is given 
 in the following: 
 
TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLAINED 41 
 
 (1) Pawn and move. (When a Pawn 
 is conceded the KBP is understood unless 
 another is specified.) The player giving 
 the odds takes his KBP off the board and 
 his adversary has the first move. 
 
 (2) Pawn and two moves. The player 
 giving the odds takes off his KBP as be- 
 fore and his opponent has the first two 
 successive moves. 
 
 (3) Knight. 
 
 (4) Kook. 
 
 (5) Two minor Pieces. 
 
 (6) Queen. 
 
 Open File. A file having all of its 
 squares unoccupied. 
 
 Open Game. A game in which the de- 
 velopment of the Pieces is accomplished 
 in advance of the Pawns. Moving the 
 KP to K4 as a first move on both sides 
 generally leads to an open game, but open 
 games depend upon the positions resulting 
 from the openings, irrespective of the first 
 moves. 
 
 Openings. The first few moves in a 
 game, or those by which the Pieces and 
 
42 HOW TO PL A^ CUEtiti 
 
 Pawns are liberated and arranged for ac- 
 tion against the enemy. Openings have 
 been a study of all skilled Chess players 
 and are a subject of keen controversy. 
 Those which are not given in standard 
 works on the subject, or are not classics, 
 are called " Irregular Openings." Open- 
 ings are known as : 
 
 (1) Games, when neither player makes 
 any concession or offers his adversary any 
 initial advantage. 
 
 (2) Gambits, when the first player 
 voluntarily gives up some part of his 
 forces, generally a Pawn, for the sake of 
 obtaining an advantage in position. 
 
 (3) Counter-gambits, when the sacri- 
 fice is made by the second player. 
 
 (4) Defences, when the moves of the 
 second player give the game its distinctive 
 character. 
 
 All recognized openings have some dis- 
 tinguishing name, generally one that is 
 associated with some notable chess player 
 or one that is identical with that of the 
 inventor of the particular opening. Dif- 
 
TECHNICAL TERMti EXPLAINED 43 
 
 f ercnt openings will be discussed at length, 
 in a later chapter. 
 
 Opposition. The possession, by the 
 King, of a certain key square which forces 
 the adverse King to take up a less favor- 
 able position. If the White King stands 
 on K3, and the Black King on K8, then 
 the King who has the move loses the op- 
 position. The value of the opposition de- 
 pends upon the number, value and posi- 
 tion of the other Pieces and Pawns upon 
 the board, but the student can not be ex- 
 pected to understand it until he has at- 
 tained some skill in playing the game. r 
 
 Passed Pawn. One that has no adverse 
 Pawn in front of it, either on its own file 
 or on one of the adjoining files. 
 
 Pawns. The name given to the in- 
 ferior Chessmen which stand on the sec- 
 ond rank at the beginning of the game. 
 
 Perpetual Check. A position in which 
 the King finds, that by avoiding one 
 check, he renders himself liable to another 
 a series of checks from which he cannot 
 escape. For example ; If the Black King 
 
44: HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 occupies KRSq., and the White Queen oc- 
 cupies K8, then the Black King is in per- 
 petual check, for he can only move one 
 square at a time. To avoid the check he 
 must move to KR2 whereupon the White 
 Queen moves to KE5, again giving check. 
 The King then moves to KKtsq. and the 
 Queen again checks him from K8. Thus 
 the check continues to be perpetual wher- 
 ever he moves. In all cases of perpetual 
 check the game is drawn. 
 
 Pieces. The name given to the Chess- 
 men of superior value which stand on the 
 first rank at the beginning of the game. 
 The term is also used by some authorities 
 to refer to all the chessmen, including the 
 Pawns. 
 
 Pin. A force is said to be pinned when 
 it cannot move without exposing a more 
 valuable Piece to attack from the enemy. 
 The term is generally used with reference 
 to a Piece or Pawn that is protecting a 
 King or Queen. 
 
 Pion Coiffe, or Narked Pawn. A de- 
 scription of odds that is rarely given, and 
 
TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLAINED 45 
 
 only when one player is much more skilled 
 than the other. The superior player puts 
 a cap or ring on one of his Pawns, gener- 
 ally the KKtP, and undertakes to check- 
 mate the adverse King with that partic- 
 ular Pawn. He is not allowed to Queen 
 it, and if he loses it or checkmates with 
 any other Piece or Pawn he loses the 
 game. 
 
 Position. The situation of the Pieces 
 and Pawns in general at any given stage 
 of the game. The relative situation of 
 the forces on either side, as between them- 
 selves, and as they are disposed with refer- 
 ence to the enemy. A player has a good 
 position when his forces have free scope 
 for action, and can be combined for de- 
 fence or attack. A player has a poor po- 
 sition when his Pieces and Pawns are 
 hampered and when they cannot support 
 one another for defence or attack. 
 
 Problem. An imaginary position in 
 which the correct line of play is concealed 
 and has to be discovered, under different 
 
46 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 conditions. Problems may be divided 
 into two classes: 
 
 (1) Direct mate, in which White mov- 
 ing first has to force a checkmate in a 
 given number of moves, generally two, 
 three, or four. 
 
 (2) Suimate, in which White, playing 
 first, has to force Black to checkmate him 
 in a given number of moves. 
 
 Problems involving other conditions are 
 known as puzzles. 
 
 Protect. To guard or support a Piece 
 by the interposition of another force be- 
 tween the Piece attacked and the attacking 
 Piece. A superior force is protected or 
 covered from attack by an inferior one. 
 
 Queening a Pawn or Advancing a Pawn 
 to Queen. When a player has advanced a 
 Pawn to the eighth, or last, square of a 
 file, it assumes the rank and power of a 
 Queen or any other Piece, excepting a 
 King, that the player chooses, in which 
 case he is said to have Queened a Pawn. 
 
 Ranks. The horizontal rows of squjuvs 
 across the board, from one side to the 
 
TECHNICAL TERMS EXPLAINED 47 
 
 other. They are numbered from one (1) 
 to eight (8), each player counting from 
 his own side of the board. (See File). 
 
 Sacrifice. The voluntary loss of a 
 Piece or Pawn in order to obtain a later 
 and more decisive advantage. 
 
 Sans Voir. See Blindfold Chess. 
 
 Smothered Mate. A checkmate some- 
 times given by the Knight when the ad- 
 verse King is hemmed in, or smothered, 
 by his own forces. 
 
 Stalemate. A position in which a 
 player cannot make any legal move, in con- 
 sequence of which the game is considered 
 drawn. For example: Suppose Black 
 still has a King and a Rook on the board, 
 and White has a King and a Queen. 
 Black's King stands on QR and his Rook 
 on QB2 ; while White's King is on QB3 
 and his Queen on QB4. It is White's 
 move, but if he takes his Queen from in 
 front of his King, he exposes it to check 
 from the adversary's Rook. If he moves 
 the King, then his Queen will be cap- 
 tured and the game will have to be drawn, 
 
48 now TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 and if lie takes Black's Rook with the 
 Queen, then the adverse King will be 
 placed in a similar position, i. e., stale- 
 mate. 
 
 Support. A force is supported when it 
 is within the range of another of the same 
 color that would be in a position to cap- 
 ture it were it an enemy. An attacking 
 force is supported by another Piece or 
 Pawn which commands the square or po- 
 sition attacked. 
 
 Take. To capture. 
 
 Time. A condition of modern match 
 and tournament play which requires that 
 each player shall make a given number of 
 moves within a specified time ; generally 
 from fifteen to twenty moves per hour. 
 
 To Play. To move. White's turn to 
 play means that it is his turn to move. 
 
 Wings. The extreme flanks to right 
 and left in advance on the enemy's ground. 
 From White's side of the board the ex- 
 treme right is the King's Wing and the 
 extreme left, the Queen's Wing. 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 CHESS RULES 
 
 I. The board must be so placed between 
 the two players, that each has a white 
 square at his right hand corner. 
 
 II. If a board is incorrectly arranged 
 it may be adjusted, provided the error is 
 discovered before either of the players has 
 made more than three moves. When more 
 than three moves have been made on either 
 side, the players must continue the game 
 without correcting the position of the 
 Board. 
 
 III. The chessmen must be of a pat- 
 tern in general use and any player may 
 object to playing with men of a foreign 
 design, provided the objection is made be- 
 fore the first move. A game once begun 
 must be completed with the same set of 
 men. 
 
 49 
 
50 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 IV. If, at any stage of the game, either 
 player discovers that a Piece or Pawn has 
 been omitted or wrongly placed in setting 
 up the board, the game must be annulled, 
 no matter how far it may have progressed. 
 
 V. The choice of color with which each 
 person plays is decided by drawing lots; 
 and the person who draws the White men 
 is entitled to the first move unless other- 
 wise agreed. In a match or series of games 
 between the same players, each retains the 
 color which he drew for the first game, 
 but the first move of each successive game 
 alternates between them. If a game is an- 
 nulled, however, the person who opened 
 that game has the privilege of making the 
 first move in the next game. 
 
 VII. When odds are given, the odds- 
 giver has the choice of men and the first 
 move in each game unless otherwise agreed. 
 
 VIII. The players move alternately, 
 one Piece or Pawn at a time, except in 
 castling; and in no case does a player 
 make two moves in succession, unless they 
 are given as odds. 
 
CHESS RULES 51 
 
 IX. If a player touch one of his own 
 Pieces or Pawns, he must move it, if he 
 can do so legally. If he cannot legally 
 move it, he must move his King. If a 
 player touch more than one of his own 
 Pieces or Pawns, he must move any one of 
 them which his opponent may select; if 
 none of them can be legally moved, he 
 must move his King. 
 
 If a player touch one of his opponents 
 Pieces or Pawns, he must take it if it can 
 be taken legally; but if he cannot take it 
 legally, he must move his King. If a 
 player touch more than one of his oppo- 
 nent's Pieces or Pawns, he must take any 
 one of them which his opponent may se- 
 lect; or if none of them can be taken le- 
 gally, he must move his King. The touch- 
 ing of a force implies an intention to move 
 or lake it, according as it is the player's 
 own or his opponents; but if a player 
 wishes to touch a Piece or Pawn for the 
 purpose of adjusting it on the board, etc., 
 lie must make his intention clear by say- 
 ing " PADOUBE," or words to that effect, 
 
52 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 before touching it. It must also be under- 
 stood, that in compelling a player to move 
 a particular Piece, the opponent can only 
 indicate the Piece to be moved, not the par- 
 ticular move it shall make. 
 
 X. A legal move is complete and irre- 
 vocable when the player making it has 
 ceased to touch the man moved, but as 
 long as his hand remains in contact with 
 it, he may move it to any square which it 
 commands and which he has not touched 
 with it during his deliberation. If a play- 
 er after taking hold of a Piece or Pawn 
 touches with it all the squares which it 
 commands, he must move it to any one of 
 them which his adversary may select. 
 
 XI. A Pawn on reaching the eighth 
 rank must be queened or exchanged for 
 any other Piece, except a King, that the 
 player may select; and the move is not 
 complete until the player has made the 
 exchange. 
 
 XII. Each player may castle once dur- 
 ing a game with either his King's Eook or 
 
CHESS RULES 53 
 
 his Queen's Rook under the following con- 
 ditions : 
 
 (a) If neither his King nor the Rook 
 with which he intends to castle has been 
 moved. 
 
 (b) If the squares between the King 
 and Rook are unoccupied. 
 
 (c) If the King is not in check. 
 
 (d) If the King in moving does not 
 cross a square commanded by any opposing 
 man. 
 
 A player must make evident his inten- 
 tion to castle by either : 
 
 (a) Moving his King first, or 
 
 (b) Moving King and Rook simulta- 
 neously. 
 
 XIII. The capture of a Pawn en pas- 
 sant is a forced move if no other move is 
 possible. 
 
 XIV. If a player makes a false or il- 
 legal move when it is his turn to play, he 
 must retract it and make a legal move or 
 move his King as his opponent may select. 
 If he captures a Piece or Pawn belonging 
 to his adversary in an illegal or false move, 
 
54 HOW TO PLAY CHE 88 
 
 he must take that Piece or Pawn legally 
 or move his King as his adversary may 
 select, 
 
 XV. Moving out of turn is an illegal 
 move. 
 
 XVI. If a player, in attacking his ad- 
 versary, fails to call " Check/' he cannot 
 exact any penalty if his opponent fails to 
 notice the check. 
 
 XVII. When check is given, any move 
 made by the player, whose King is in 
 check, is illegal if it does not stop the 
 check. 
 
 XVIII. If a false or illegal move is 
 found to have been made, in a game, all 
 subsequent moves must be retracted, and 
 a proper move made, after which the game 
 proceeds as if no error had been mad?. 
 But if the source of the manifest illegal 
 or false move cannot be traced, then the 
 game must be annulled. 
 
 XIX. In the case of a dispute between 
 the players, if the question is one of fact, 
 it must be referred to a bystander or um- 
 pire ; and if it is a question of law it must 
 
CHE88 RULES 55 
 
 be referred to any acknowledged author- 
 ity on the game. The decision, in either 
 case, must be final and accepted by both 
 players. 
 
 XX. Bystanders or umpires are not al- 
 lowed to interfere in a game of Chess or 
 with the players, except under the follow- 
 ing conditions : 
 
 (a) When appealed to to settle a ques- 
 tion of fact. 
 
 (b) When a Piece or Pawn has been 
 omitted or misplaced in setting up the 
 Board. 
 
 (c) When a false or illegal move has 
 been made, but only after another move 
 has been made to allow the players time 
 to discover the error. 
 
 XXI. If a bystander interferes in a 
 game, or gives advice to either player as 
 to his move, or cautions or encourages him 
 in any way by voice or gesture, the game 
 must be annulled. 
 
 XXII. If a player waives his right to 
 impose a penalty or agrees to depart from 
 the rules of the game, he cannot demand a 
 
56 UOW TO PLAY CHEtiS 
 
 like concession from his adversary. A 
 player cannot impose a penalty after he 
 has made his own next move or touched a 
 Piece or Pawn in reply to the illegal or 
 false move of his adversary. 
 
 XXIII. When a Piece or Pawn touched 
 cannot be legally moved, and when the 
 King cannot be legally moved, no penalty 
 can be exacted. 
 
 XXIV. When the King is moved as a 
 penalty, he cannot be castled. 
 
 'XXV. When a game is played by time, 
 and when a player is considering what pen- 
 alty to inflict, the time shall be counted 
 against him and not against his adversary. 
 
 XXVI. Each player must make a given 
 number of moves (generally eighteen) 
 within an hour, which is arranged for at 
 the beginning of the game, and if a player 
 fails to make the given number of moves 
 within the specified time he forfeits the 
 game. 
 
 XXVII. Each player must keep his ad- 
 versary's time, but he is not obliged to 
 
CHEMti RULES 57 
 
 give his adversary any information con- 
 cerning it. 
 
 XXVIII. A player loses a game: 
 
 (a) When a dispute arises and he re- 
 fuses to accept the opinion of a bystander 
 or umpire, or that of a recognized author- 
 ity. 
 
 (b) When he ceases to play and fails to 
 resume within a reasonable time. 
 
 (c) When he wilfully disarranges the 
 men or upsets the board. 
 
 XXIX. A player may claim a draw : 
 
 (a) When the same move, or series of 
 moves, has been repeated three times. 
 
 (b) When the same position has oc- 
 curred three times, it being the same play- 
 er's turn to move each time. 
 
 (c) When, after fifty moves, no Piece 
 or Pawn has been captured by either side. 
 
 RULES WHEN ODDS ARE GIVEN. 
 
 XXX. The player giving odds is en- 
 titled to the choice of color and to the first 
 move unless otherwise agreed. 
 
58 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 XXXI. When a Pawn is given as odds 
 it is to be the King's Bishop's Pawn. 
 
 XXXII. The player receiving the 
 odds of a move or moves must not play 
 any Piece or Pawn beyond the fourth 
 rank, or beyond the middle of the board, 
 before his adversary has made a move. 
 
 XXXIII. A player giving the odds of 
 the exchange may remove whichever Hook 
 he may select, and he may also call upon 
 his opponent to remove either Knight or 
 Bishop. 
 
 XXXIV. A player receiving two or 
 more moves as odds must make those moves 
 at once and they are to be counted collec- 
 tively as if they were his first move. 
 
 XXXV. A player giving a Knight or 
 Book, or two minor Pieces, as odds, may 
 remove whichever Knight or Book or 
 minor Pieces he may choose. 
 
 XXXVI. A player giving a Book as 
 odds cannot castle on the side from which 
 the Book was taken. 
 
 XXXVII. When a player undertakes 
 
CHEtiti RULES 59 
 
 to mate with a particular Pawn, he may 
 not Queen it. 
 
 XXXVIII. When a player undertakes 
 to mate on a particular square, his adver- 
 sary's King must be on the square in ques- 
 tion when it is mated. 
 
 XXXIX. If a player undertakes to 
 win a game in a particular way, he is to be 
 adjudged the loser if he wins it in any 
 other way, or if the game is drawn. 
 
 (The rules for ordinary play apply when 
 odds are given unless they are obviously 
 inapplicable). 
 
 RULES FOB PLAY BY CONSULTATION. 
 
 XL. Each player is bound by the move 
 communicated to the adversary, whether 
 such move be declared by word of mouth, 
 in writing, or be made on the adversary's 
 board. 
 
 XLI. If the move communicated dif- 
 fer from that made on the player's own 
 board, the latter must be altered. 
 
 XLII. If a move, as communicated, 
 admit of more than one interpretation, the 
 
60 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 adversary may adopt whichever interpreta- 
 tion he chooses. He must, however, before 
 making his move, announce which inter- 
 pretation he adopts, otherwise the move is 
 to be interpreted according to the inten- 
 tion of the player making it. 
 
 XLIII. A player moving more than one 
 man (except in castling) or moving a man 
 when it is not his turn to play, shall for* 
 f eit the game. 
 
 XLIV. If either player permit a by- 
 stander to take part in a consultation game, 
 the adversary may claim a win. 
 
 XLV. If any bystander interfere by 
 sign, word, or gesture, in a consultation 
 game, such game shall be null and void. 
 
 (The rules of ordinary play also apply 
 to consultation play unless obviously inap- 
 plicable). 
 
 RULES FOB PLAY BY CORRESPONDENCE, 
 
 XLVI. An umpire or referee shall be 
 appointed whose decision shall be final 
 upon all questions submitted to him. 
 
 XLVIL A move is final and cannot be 
 
CHESS RULES 61 
 
 recalled when dispatched by the medium 
 agreed upon before the beginning of the 
 game. If it is a false or illegal move, the 
 person making it is subject to the same 
 penalties that he would be subjected to 
 were he playing over the board. 
 
 XLVIII. If a move is sent in such a 
 way that it admits of more than one in- 
 terpretation, the adversary may interpret 
 it to suit himself. When sending his own 
 move in return, however, he must state 
 which interpretation he used, otherwise 
 the move must be made according to the 
 intention of the sender. 
 
 XLIX. A player is not obliged to send 
 more than one move at a time, and if he 
 does he must abide by those moves if they 
 are legal, and if not he must pay the pen- 
 alties for false or illegal moves. 
 
 L. When no penalty for delay has been 
 agreed upon, the person who fails to send 
 his move on or before the appointed time 
 forfeits the game. 
 
 LI. If a player accepts assistance other 
 than that which may have been agreed 
 
62 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 upon at the beginning of the game, he 
 loses the game. 
 
 LIT. If a player sends an unintelligible 
 move, he is subject to the same penalty that 
 he would have to pay if he did not send 
 any move at all; but the opponent must 
 announce to the umpire that the move in 
 question is not intelligible. 
 
 (The rules for ordinary play also apply 
 to play by correspondence unless obviously 
 inapplicable). 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 SUGGESTIONS FOR BEGINNERS 
 
 When the beginner is familiar with the 
 rules of Chess, with the moves of the vari- 
 ous Pieces and Pawns, and understands 
 the meanings of the technical terms used 
 in playing the game, he is ready to put 
 into practice what he has learned. But 
 before beginning the first game, there are 
 a few general suggestions which he will 
 find helpful until he has acquired suffi- 
 cient skill to develop a system of play for 
 himself. In Chess, as in everything else, 
 there are exceptions where hard and fast 
 rules cannot always be followed. 
 
 FAMILIARITY WITH TECHNICAL TERMS. 
 
 Experienced players of all games use 
 technical terms with a facility that is awe- 
 inspiring to the beginner; and his ignor- 
 63 
 
64 HOW TO PLAT CHESS 
 
 ance of their meanings often causes him 
 much embarrassment, to say nothing of 
 poor playing. For this reason the student 
 should become thoroughly familiar with 
 the language of Chess, studying the defini- 
 tions of the technical terms and illustrat- 
 ing the positions on the Chessboard. 
 
 The use of the board in studying the 
 terms cannot be too strongly urged, for 
 only in this way can a player recognize 
 the character of the moves when he puts 
 his study into practice. Then when he is 
 a spectator of a game played by persons 
 of experience and much can be learned 
 by observation he will be familiar with 
 the technical terms which apply to the 
 various positions resulting from the 
 moves. 
 
 PLAYING WITH EITHER COLOR. 
 
 The student must learn to play with 
 both the White and the Black men, thus 
 being able to play a game of defence or at- 
 tack. In most books on the subject of 
 Chess, it is generally understood that the 
 
SUGGESTIONS FOR BEGINNERS 65 
 
 student plays with the White men, but this 
 is a mistake, for when he comes to lay 
 aside his textbook and play with someone 
 else, he may draw the Black men which 
 puts him at a disadvantage, and he is like- 
 ly to make moves that are favorable to his 
 opponent with the idea that the White men 
 must win. He is, also, liable to move a 
 White man by mistake and then he must 
 pay the penalty of a false move. He will 
 find it helpful to substitute Black men for 
 White men in illustrative moves, and fig- 
 ure out for himself to which square a 
 Black Piece or Pawn should move figuring 
 from Black's side. 
 
 VALUE OF PRACTICING ONE GAME. 
 
 Until a person has become a really sci- 
 entific Chess player, he cannot be expected 
 to know all the different games ; and as a 
 little knowledge on many subjects is dan- 
 gerous, the student will find it very help- 
 ful to play one game over and over, pref- 
 erably, of course, some match or tourna- 
 ment game, until he is familiar with- every 
 
66 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 move and with the reasoning that prompt- 
 ed it. In this connection, he will do well 
 to try varying the moves and seeing the 
 results, as it will help him to understand 
 why the particular moves made by the orig- 
 inal players were the only scientific ones 
 to make under the circumstances. 
 
 The student, when playing with others, 
 should study a game of his own and play 
 it over and over until he has corrected all 
 of the weaknesses in his methods of attack 
 and defence ; and he should study out for 
 himself how to vary his system of play to 
 meet and conquer his opponent. For only 
 in this way will he be able to cope with 
 unexpected positions upon the Chess- 
 board. It is very well to follow the rules 
 and systems of scientific players, but if 
 the student's opponent does not follow the 
 same system and make the correct moves 
 in return, the student's knowledge will be 
 of little avail and luck may win for the 
 ignorant player an advantage that rightly 
 belonged to the one who was familiar with 
 the science of the game, but who failed to 
 
SUGGESTIONS FOR BEGINNERS 67 
 
 vary his general system of play to meet 
 unexpected situations. The game of Chess, 
 however, is like a battle and the general 
 who changes his tactics too often suffers in 
 consequence. The object of the game is, 
 of course, to checkmate the King, and be- 
 fore the first move, the player should de- 
 termine in his own mind how he is going 
 to do it and then develop the fighting qual- 
 ities of his men accordingly. Only in this 
 way can the beginner ever expect to play 
 a really scientific game. It is fatal to move 
 a man without having some object in view, 
 and unless the other moves follow it up, 
 any strength in position that was gained 
 by that move is of no avail. 
 
 PLAYING BY TIME. 
 
 In the early days of Chess-playing, peo- 
 ple used to take literally weeks in which 
 to make a single move, as they wished to 
 study every possible situation which might 
 develop therefrom. The Chessboard would 
 become grey with dust and all interest, as 
 far as the spectators were concerned, would 
 
68 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 be gone. To-day, conditions have changed 
 and now there is a rule that each player 
 must make a given number of moves with- 
 in a certain period, and if a player fails to 
 do this he forfeits the game. For this rea- 
 son, the student should learn, from the 
 very beginning, to think quickly and be 
 ready to make his move when his turn 
 comes. Quick playing sustains the inter- 
 est of the game and adds to the pleasure of 
 the players, as well as to that of the spec- 
 tators. 
 
 In Chess Clubs and in match and tour- 
 nament games, a system of clocks or 
 watches is used so that the length of time 
 it takes each player to make a move can 
 be recorded, just as time is taken in races 
 and other contests of skill and speed. When 
 a beginner is hurried, however, he becomes 
 nervous and makes unnecessary mistakes; 
 and to avoid this, he should learn to play 
 by time and then he will not be embar- 
 rassed by keeping his opponent waiting for 
 him to make his move. 
 
SUGGESTIONS FOR BEGINNERS 69 
 
 DEVELOPING THE GAME, 
 
 In developing a game of Chess, the be- 
 ginner should remember this maxim: 
 Move no Piece or Pawn twice, until each 
 has been moved once. By following this 
 principle none of the forces will be need- 
 lessly exposed to attack from the enemy, 
 for it is true of Chessmen that divided 
 they fall, and united they stand. The 
 student should, also, develop his game on 
 both wings that is on the King's side 
 and on the Queen's side before begin- 
 ning an attack. As the student progresses 
 he will learn that there are many Chess 
 openings and that each develops a certain 
 line of play, which he must follow up; 
 otherwise, his study of the subject is of 
 no avail for the object of an opening is 
 to lead up to a certain line of play, for de- 
 fence or attack. 
 
 THE. VALUE OF THE, PIECES. 
 
 The King. As the King is of greatest 
 importance, the student should consider 
 
70 BOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 him first, and before beginning to play de- 
 termine how he is to be handled. For- 
 merly, it was the custom for skilled players 
 to keep this Eoyal Force in a corner out 
 of harm's way, but the modern tendency is 
 to develop him as a fighting Piece and 
 bring him into the field. The beginner 
 must remember that the King cannot be 
 castled after he has been moved and that it 
 is advantageous to retain the privilege of 
 castling as long as possible, if it does not 
 interfere with the development of the 
 game. 
 
 Whn attack is made on the Queen's 
 wing, it is well to castle with the King's 
 Rook and vice versa. Ordinarily, the King 
 is safest in his own file or in the Queen's 
 file, for then he cannot be driven into a 
 corner from which he has no means of es- 
 cape. 
 
 The Queen. After the King, the Queen 
 is next in importance; and as the student 
 has already learned, she commands more 
 squares than any of the other Pieces. By 
 comparing her strength with that of the 
 
SUGGESTIONS FOR BEGINNERS 71 
 
 other Pieces, the student will see that she 
 is about double the value of a Rook, ex- 
 cept in end-game positions when two Rooks 
 co-operating could accomplish more than a 
 Queen. An adverse Rook on the same 
 rank or file as the Queen is very dangerous, 
 no matter how many Pieces and Pawns 
 may come between, and the player should 
 guard against it by capturing the adverse 
 Rook, if it can be done without sacrifice, 
 or by moving the Queen into a safer posi- 
 tion. 
 
 The Rook. The Rook is a mating force 
 like the Queen, and two Rooks co-operat- 
 ing are equal in value to three minor 
 Pieces. Because of the number of squares 
 which the Rooks command, they are of 
 greatest value in end game positions, when 
 the board is comparatively clear and the 
 ranks and files are open. The beginner, 
 however, must not leave the development 
 of his Rooks until too late in the game, for 
 if he does he will find himself with bad 
 positions which it is too late to remedy. 
 They must not be moved, though, until the 
 
72 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 player has determined whether it is to his 
 advantage to castle ; and if his decision is 
 in the affirmative, he must decide whether 
 he will castle with the King's Rook or 
 with the Queen's Rook, before either has 
 been moved. 
 
 The Bishop. The Bishop and the 
 Knight are of about equal value, though 
 in the middle game, the latter has the ad- 
 vantage. In the end game, however, the 
 Knight is at a disadvantage if there are 
 no other Pieces to support him, because of 
 the character of his move. In this case, 
 two Bishops can accomplish more than two 
 Knights or a Knight and a Bishop. Bish- 
 ops are particularly strong when command- 
 ing long diagonals and should be devel- 
 oped early in the game. 
 
 The Knight. This Piece is equal in 
 value to three Pawns and is the best Piece 
 with which to begin an attack, as his move 
 is not hampered by intervening forces, or 
 a crowded board. Two Knights co-oper- 
 ate most successfully when not protecting 
 each other. To avoid attack from a Knight, 
 
SUGGESTIONS FOR BEGINNERS 73 
 
 the player should move the Piece threat- 
 ened to the square next but one in the 
 same diagonal as that in which the Knight 
 stands. He cannot then attack for three 
 moves. The player who castles with his 
 King's Rook must look out for an adverse 
 Knight on his KB5. 
 
 The Pawn. The Pawn is of less value 
 than any of the other Chessmen and can- 
 not take a very prominent part in the game 
 when isolated. His greatest value is real- 
 ized, however, when he forms part of a 
 diagonal ; and diagonals of pawns are most 
 effective when inclining toward the center 
 of the board, and not toward the wings. 
 As Pawns move only one square at a time, 
 excepting in the first move, their progress 
 is slow, but if developed together it is pos- 
 sible for one or more of them to reach the 
 eighth rank and be Queened. For this 
 reason, they should not be needlessly sacri- 
 ficed. Only skillful players fully appre- 
 ciate what can be done with them, and use 
 them to the best advantage. In the open- 
 ing or middle game, Pawns are more easily 
 
74: HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 supported on K4 or Q4, than when fur- 
 ther advanced. Pawns on these squares 
 should be maintained abreast as long as 
 possible; for if one is advanced, the posi- 
 tion of the other is weakened. The stud- 
 ent will find it beneficial to study end 
 games in which Pawns take part in the 
 checkmate, and also Pawn moves in gen- 
 eral throughout the game. 
 
 STUDYING THE BOARD. 
 
 It is of great importance that the be- 
 ginner acquires a clear idea of the appear- 
 ance of the board so that he can see it in 
 his " Mind's Eye," when it is not really 
 before him. He should be able to tell at 
 once what squares are commanded by a 
 certain Piece in a given position, and he 
 should also be able to play on boards with 
 squares of other color combinations than 
 the one with which he is familar, such as 
 red and white, black and white, black and 
 yellow, brown and yellow, etc. He must 
 also accustom himself to play with squares 
 of a different size, though when possible, 
 
SUOOESTION8 FOR BEGINNERS 7^ 
 
 he should always use a board that has 
 squares measuring 2 by 2, or 2% by 2^ 
 inches in size. Chessmen of the Staun- 
 ton pattern are preferable, and they 
 should always be loaded so as not to upset 
 easily. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 SYSTEMS OF NOTATION 
 
 Notation is the method or system by 
 which the various moves or plays in a game 
 of Chess are recorded. There are two sys- 
 tems in general use ; and the student should 
 become familiar with them both. The first 
 and most important is the English, or 
 Philidor's Notation, and the second is the 
 German Notation. The former system is 
 used in all of the Latin and English speak- 
 ing countries, while the latter is used in 
 Germany and in the countries of the 
 North. 
 
 ENGLISH NOTATION. 
 
 In recording the moves of a game by 
 the English system of notation it is neces- 
 sary to indicate four things :- - 
 
 (1) The color of the man moved. 
 
 76 
 
SYSTEMS OF NOTATION 77 
 
 (2) The name of the man moved. 
 
 (3) The square to which the move has 
 been made. 
 
 (4) The number of the move or turn. 
 The student has already learned the 
 
 names of the Pieces and Pawns and the 
 names of the squares. He also knows that 
 they are referred to by their initial let- 
 ters, as for example KB for King's Bishop, 
 and QKt5 for Queen's Knight's fifth 
 square, so he has now only to learn the 
 abbreviations and signs and the way that 
 the moves are arranged to indicate the 
 color of the man played, and the number 
 of the turn when the move was made. 
 
 For example: If the student wishes to 
 record that in the first turn of each side 
 White moved his King's Pawn to his 
 King's fourth square, and Black moved 
 his Queen's Knight to his Queen's Bishop's 
 third square he could write it in the form 
 of two columns, with the name of each 
 color at the head thus : 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 (1) KP to K4 QKt. to QB3 
 
78 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 The student will note that White is 
 placed in the first column as it is generally 
 understood to play first, and that the num- 
 ber of the move is also placed before 
 White's move, it being unnecessary to re- 
 peat it before Black's move as Black's 
 move, always following White's, would 
 have the same number. For further abbre- 
 viation the dash ( ) is used in place of 
 the word " to." If the Piece or Pawn 
 moved had captured an adverse Piece or 
 Pawn, the name of the force moved and 
 the name of the force captured would be 
 given, but instead of using the word 
 " take," or " capture " a multiplication 
 sign ( X ) is used. Thus if a Queen takes 
 a Bishop it would be recorded QXB. 
 
 Frequently, in notation, it is not essen- 
 tial to indicate whether it is a Piece be- 
 longing to the King or to the Queen that 
 has been moved, for it rarely happens 
 that the player has the option of moving a 
 Queen's Bishop or a King's Bishop, etc. 
 The Pawns are also designated only by the 
 initial P. The student will also observe 
 
SYSTEMS OF NOTATION 79 
 
 that it is not always essential to indicate 
 in the case of a Queen's move to a Knight's 
 square whether it is the QKt. or the KKt., 
 as it is seldom that the player would have 
 the choice of moves. Sometimes, for the 
 sake of brevity, even the dash ( ) which 
 indicates " to " is omitted and the move 
 recorded PK4. In analytical works, 
 even more concise arrangements of the 
 moves are used, than that of arranging 
 them in columns with White's moves on 
 one side, and Black's on the other. The 
 student will find them written in the form 
 of fractions, with White's move as the 
 numerator, above the line, and Black's 
 move as the denominator, below the line. 
 Thus: QKt QB3 
 QXB. 
 
 The number of the move must always 
 be placed before it, parallel with the line 
 which divides the White move from 
 the Black move. In notes or annotations 
 to a game, the moves are written as a se- 
 ries with a semi-colon to separate White's 
 move from that of Black. White's move 
 
80 HOW TO PLAT CHESS 
 
 being placed first, thus: (1) P K4; P 
 Q4, indicates that in the first move of the 
 game White moved his Pawn to his King's 
 fourth square, and Black moved his Pawn 
 to his Queen's fourth square. 
 
 Certain technical terms are also abbre- 
 viated in the English system of notation. 
 Those essential for the student to know 
 are: 
 
 Ch. for Check. When the Piece or 
 Pawn moved gives check. 
 
 Dis. ch. for Discovered Check. When 
 the Piece or Pawn moved discovers check. 
 
 E. P. for En Passant. When the Pawn 
 captures en passant. 
 
 Mate for Checkmate. When the Piece 
 or Pawn checkmates. 
 
 0-0 for Castling. When the player 
 castles with his King's Rook. 
 
 0-0-0 for Castling. When the player 
 castles with his Queen's Eook. 
 
 ? after a move indicates that it is a 
 poor or inferior play. 
 
 / after a move indicates that it is a 
 good or scientific play. 
 
SYSTEMS OF NOTATION 
 GERMAN NOTATION. 
 
 81 
 
 Before taking up the study of German 
 notation, the student must make a careful 
 
 BLACK. 
 c d e 
 
 1 
 
 c d e f 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM X. 
 
 German Notation. 
 
 examination of DIAGEAM x, which shows 
 him how the squares on a German 
 
82 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 Chessboard are marked off. It will be 
 noted that they are indicated in a different 
 way from the English system. The ranks 
 are numbered from 1 to 8, from White's 
 side only and the files are lettered with 
 the first eight letters of the alphabet, a, b, 
 c, d, e, f, g, h, beginning at White's left 
 hand side. 
 
 For example: White's KB3, by the 
 English system of notation is f3 by the 
 German method ; while KB 3, from Black's 
 side is f 6. From this, it will be seen that 
 each square has a letter and a number, 
 and the letter is always given first. 
 
 In recording a move by the German sys- 
 tem of notation, the initial letter of the 
 Chessman is given, then the square on 
 which it stands, and finally the square to 
 which it is moved. The omission of the ini- 
 tial letter shows that the move is made by 
 a Pawn. A capture is indicated by a colon 
 ( :), placed after the move; a check is in- 
 dicated by a dagger (f ), placed after the 
 move, and a capture and check is indicated 
 by a doubledagger (^), placed after the 
 
SYSTEMS OF NOTATION 83 
 
 move. Castling is always indicated by the 
 signs, O-O, or O-O-O, as already explained 
 in the English system of notation. 
 
 For example, the moves used to illus- 
 trate the English system would be recorded 
 by the German system thus : 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 (1) e2 e4. Ktb8 c6 
 
 The moves are also frequently written 
 in a line or as fractions as shown in the 
 English notation. 
 
 The German System of Notation is 
 sometimes abbreviated by: 
 
 (1) The omission of the dash, the move 
 being written e2e4. 
 
 (2) By the omission of the initial let- 
 ter of the Piece moved when it is evident 
 that it could not be a Pawn. 
 
 (3) By the omission of the square from 
 which the Piece or Pawn was moved. 
 
 EOREIGN NAMES OF THE CHESSMEN. 
 
 In every country, where Chess is played, 
 the Pieces are referred to by their initial 
 
84 
 
 HOW TO PLAY CB ESS 
 
 * 
 
 English 
 
 German. 
 
 Danish and 
 Norwegian. 
 
 Dutch. 
 
 Swedish. 
 
 King 
 
 Konig 
 
 Konge 
 
 Koning 
 
 Kung 
 
 ^ 
 
 Queen 
 
 Dame 
 
 Dronning 
 
 Koningin 
 
 Drottning 
 
 B 
 
 Rook 
 
 Thurm 
 
 Taarn 
 
 Kasteel 
 
 Torn 
 
 JL 
 
 Bishop 
 
 Laufer 
 
 Lober 
 
 Raadsheei 
 
 Lopare 
 
 & 
 
 Knight 
 
 Springer 
 
 Springer 
 
 Paard 
 
 Hast 
 
 I 
 
 Pawn 
 
 Bauer 
 
 Bonde 
 
 Pion 
 
 Bonde 
 
 French. 
 
 Italian. 
 
 Portuguese. 
 
 Russian. 
 
 Spanish. 
 
 Roi 
 
 Re 
 
 Rai 
 
 Tsar or 
 Korol or 
 Ferz 
 
 Rey 
 
 ^it 
 
 Dame 
 
 Donna 
 
 Rainha 
 
 Korolina 
 
 Reina 
 
 1 
 
 Tour 
 
 Torre 
 
 Torre 
 
 Ladia 
 
 Torre 
 
 1, 
 
 Fou 
 
 Alflere 
 
 Bispo or 
 Delphim 
 
 Slone 
 
 Alfll 
 
 ^ 
 
 Cavalier 
 
 Cavallo 
 
 Cavallo 
 
 Kogne 
 
 Caballo 
 
 
 
 Pion 
 
 Pedone 
 
 Peao 
 
 Piechka 
 
 Peon 
 
SYSTEMS OF NOTATION 85 
 
 letters, and as the student may have occa- 
 sion to study the games played by persons 
 of skill in foreign countries, a table is 
 given on page 84, so that the student may 
 familiarize himself with the names of the 
 Chessmen in the languages of the princi- 
 pal countries of Europe. 
 
CHAPTEE IX. 
 
 PRACTICE GAME 
 
 The student has now reached a point in 
 the study of Chess, when he is ready to 
 play his first game, as he is familiar with 
 the rules of play, and with the moves of 
 the Pieces and Pawns. It is well, how- 
 ever, for him to follow in the footsteps of 
 experienced players; and as a practice 
 game, he should study the following game 
 which was played by correspondence be- 
 tween two well known American Chess 
 Clubs. 
 
 The beginner should have his board be- 
 fore him with the men set up in position 
 as shown in DIAGRAM i. He should 
 then follow the moves of each play, so that 
 he will understand them, and study the 
 explanations so that he will know why 
 each move was made. The game is called 
 86 
 
PRACTICE GAME 
 
 87 
 
 the Steinitz Gambit because of the name 
 of the man who invented the opening 
 moves. 
 
 The moves are notated as follows : 
 
 STEINITZ GAMBIT. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 1. P K4. 
 
 2. Kt QB3. 
 
 3. P B4. 
 
 4. P Q4. 
 
 5. K K2. 
 
 6. PXP. 
 
 7. Kt B3. 
 
 8. PXKt. 
 
 9. PXP (ch.). 
 
 10. PXB.? 
 
 11. QXR (ch.). 
 
 12. B Q2. 
 
 13. K--Q sq. 
 
 14. K B sq. 
 
 15. PXB. 
 
 16. Resigns. 
 
 BLACK. 
 P K4. 
 Kt Q B3. 
 PXP. 
 
 Q Ro (ch.). 
 P Q4. 
 
 B KKt5 (ch.). 
 O O O. 
 B Q B4. 
 K Kt sq. 
 Kt B3.! 
 RXQ. 
 
 R Ksq. (ch.). 
 Q B7. 
 BXKt. 
 QXKKt.P. 
 
 The student will note that the game was 
 played in fifteen moves on each side and 
 that at White's sixteenth move, he resigns 
 
88 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 the game to Black, giving up any further 
 attempt to win it. 
 
 In studying and following the moves, 
 the student must be careful to reckon 
 White's moves from his side of the board, 
 and Black's moves from his side, other- 
 wise he will make mistakes. 
 P K4 
 
 'p K4 
 
 (1) White's first move is P K4, and 
 the student sees, at once, that the move is 
 made with the KP as no other Pawn could 
 be moved into that file. As this is the 
 first move of the Pawn it can move two 
 squares at a time. The advantage of this 
 move is to make an opening for White's 
 King, Queen and King's Bishop if he de- 
 sires to play them in future turns. 
 
 In Black's first turn, he makes the same 
 move, and, by following the two plays on 
 the board, the student will see that the 
 two Pawns occupy adjoining squares in 
 the same file. Another advantage in this 
 play, as an opening move, is the opportun- 
 ity it offers a player for gaining the center 
 
PRACTICE GAME 89 
 
 of the board, but this will be clearer to the 
 
 student as the game progresses. 
 Kt QB3 
 
 ' Kt QB3 
 
 (2) In White's second turn, he moves 
 a Kt. to QB3 and the student sees at once 
 that it is the QKt. that he has moved, as 
 the KKt. could not be moved to that square 
 in his first move. 
 
 Black follows with a similar move to 
 that of White, and from the positions that 
 the two Knights occupy upon the board, it 
 will be seen that each protects his own 
 Pawn or commands the square occupied 
 by his Pawn. 
 
 P B4 
 3, 
 PXP 
 
 (3) White's third move is to place his 
 Bishop's Pawn on his Bishop's fourth 
 square, and as his Queen's Knight occu- 
 pies his QB^f it is evident that the move 
 is made with the KBP. The student will 
 see that this Pawn is now in a position to 
 be captured by Black's KP, but this offer- 
 ing of a Pawn on White's part will gain 
 for him a later advantage. 
 
90 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 In Black's third move, he captures the 
 Pawn that White has just played and re- 
 moves it from the board. He has also 
 moved his own Pawn from the middle of 
 the board which better enables White to 
 form a center which was the advantage he 
 hoped to gain when he offered Black the 
 Pawn. Black, however, has retained the 
 advantage of force having one more Pawn 
 than his adversary and if he can keep it 
 
 he may eventually win the game. 
 P Q4 
 
 Q R5 (ch.) 
 
 (4) White, having enticed Black's 
 Pawn from the center, proceeds to occupy 
 it himself by moving his QP to Q4. This 
 square, however, is commanded by the 
 Black Knight, but if he captured the 
 White Pawn he would place himself on a 
 square commanded by the White Queen. 
 This move constitutes the Steinmetz Gam- 
 bit and all games of that name must fol- 
 low the moves as recorded up to this 
 point. 
 
 In Black's fourth move, he brings out 
 
PRACTICE GAME 91 
 
 his Queen and moves her along the diag- 
 onal that ends on K5. This, of course, can 
 only be the KE5 as the Queen from her 
 original position would have to follow 
 the diagonal terminating in QR4 if she 
 played into a square on her own side of 
 the board. The student will see that when 
 the Black Queen occupies E5, she gives 
 check to the White King as there are no 
 Pieces or Pawns interposed between them. 
 5 K K2 
 
 'P Q4 
 
 (5) As check has been given to White's 
 King, the only move he can legitimately 
 make is one to avoid the check. As the 
 student has already learned there are three 
 ways of accomplishing this: (1) By cap- 
 turing the checking force; (2) By inter- 
 posing another Piece or Pawn; (3) By 
 moving the King. The student will see 
 that there is only one play open to White 
 and that is to move the King to K2 ; for 
 if a Piece or Pawn were interposed it 
 would be captured in the Black Queen's 
 next move when she would again give 
 
92 HOW TO 2 J LAY CHESS 
 
 check, and, as the Rook's Pawn is in the 
 way, the Queen cannot be captured by 
 the Rook. By moving the King, however, 
 White cannot castle. 
 
 For Black's fifth move, he takes his QP 
 which has not yet been moved and places 
 it on Q4. This opens the diagonal for 
 the Queen's Bishop and for the King's 
 Bishop. Had Black only moved his Pawn 
 to Q3, it would have freed his QB but 
 it would have interfered with the long 
 diagonal commanded by the KB. It is evi- 
 dent from this that Black intends to move 
 his QB to KKt5 and give check with it so 
 White should look out for him. (See 
 
 DIAGRAM XIII.) 
 
 PXP 
 
 6,. 
 
 B Kt5 (ch.) 
 
 (6) White, however, does not notice 
 that Black can give check in the next move 
 but captures his adversary's Pawn with 
 his own Pawn that stands on K4. The 
 forces of the two players are now equal 
 and the advantage gained by White is to 
 place his Pawn on Q5 where it commands 
 
PRACTICE GAME 
 
 93 
 
 the square occupied by the Black Knight. 
 
 Black now takes the advantage gained 
 
 by his last move and gives check with his 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 i 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM XIII. 
 Position After Black's Fifth Move. 
 
 QB by moving it to Kt5, where it com- 
 mands the square occupied by the White 
 King. 
 
94: HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 Kt B3 
 
 7,- 
 
 000 
 
 (7) Again, White's only legal move is 
 to avoid the check, but of the three ways 
 to do itj interposing another force between 
 the King and the attacking man is the 
 best play, so he moves his Knight to B3. 
 The student sees at once that the KKt is 
 the only one that can be moved into that 
 square as the QKt. is out in the middle of 
 the board. The Knight is now pinned as 
 it protects the King from the Black Bish- 
 op, otherwise it would be in a position to 
 capture the Black Queen. 
 
 Black, in his seventh move, castles with 
 his Queen's Rook as the squares on that 
 side of the board are vacant. In order 
 to do this, he moves the Eook to Qsq. and 
 then moves the King to the QBsq. on the 
 other side of the Rook. Although Black 
 has left his Knight en pris, castling is 
 his correct play for it enables him to de- 
 velop his Eook which is a more powerful 
 Piece than the Knight, and as the White 
 King stands on an open file, Black, in one 
 
PRACTICE GAME 95 
 
 more move, can give check which will force 
 White to move his King. The Rook will 
 then command the open file and with his 
 Queen, Black will have a very strong posi- 
 tion. 
 
 B QB4 
 
 (8) White now captures the Black 
 Knight with his Pawn. Although his 
 Pawn is threatened, he is willing to face 
 the danger in having won a Piece from his 
 adversary. 
 
 For Black's eighth move, he plays his 
 KB to his QB4 : the student sees, at once, 
 that it is only the KB that could make this 
 move for the QB stands on KKt5. This 
 move places the Bishop en pris, but if 
 White takes him in the next move, he 
 leaves his Queen's file open to the adverse 
 Rook which is likely to capture the Queen 
 in his next turn. 
 
 PXP (ch.) 
 ' K Ktsq. 
 
 (9) White takes the Pawn that threat- 
 ened him and also gives check which forces 
 Black to protect his King. 
 
96 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 Black's only legal move is to avoid check 
 by protecting his King and of the three 
 ways, two are open to him, i.e., capturing 
 the attacking Pawn, and moving the King. 
 The latter play is preferable and his King 
 commands two squares; Q2 and Ktsq. If 
 the former move were made, White would 
 take the KB with his Pawn, discovering 
 check with the Queen and again Black 
 would have to make a move to avoid the 
 check. Thus, Black's correct move is K 
 
 Ktsq. 
 
 PXB? 
 
 10, 
 
 Kt. B3! 
 
 (10) White captures the adverse Bish- 
 op with his Pawn, but he leaves the file 
 open to the Black Eook who can capture 
 the Queen. As White has now taken four 
 adverse forces this play of his, ordinarily, 
 would not have been a bad move, but as a 
 matter of fact it loses the game for him. 
 The student should note the question mark 
 ( ?) after the notation of White's play. 
 White can also take the Eook which cap- 
 tures the Queen with his Knight if Black 
 
PRACTICE GAME 97 
 
 takes advantage of the open file. Stein- 
 itzj in his notes to this game, indicates 
 Kt. Kt5 as the correct move, for then the 
 Knight can protect the Queen's Pawn. 
 
 Black, instead of taking the adverse 
 Queen with his Book, moves his Knight 
 to B3, which is a very skilful move as the 
 King's and Queen's files are both open and 
 if he can succeed in posting his Eooks on 
 the Qsq. and the Ksq. he will practically 
 have control of the board. As one Rook 
 already occupies the Qsq. he has only to 
 move the KE to Qsq. in his next move 
 to give check with it. He can also give 
 check by moving his QE to Ksq. ? and as 
 White cannot move his King into any 
 square that is not commanded by an ad- 
 verse force, and as he cannot capture the 
 attacking force, he will have to interpose, 
 but the only men he could interpose could 
 be captured by Black, so in his eleventh 
 move he has to guard against this check 
 before it is given. 
 n QXR (eh.) 
 
 ' RXQ 
 
98 BOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 (11) White's Queen now takes advan- 
 tage of the open file and captures the 
 Queen's Rook, at the same time giving 
 check. 
 
 As White has given check, Black must 
 avoid it and there are two things for him 
 to do; move the King or take the attack* 
 ing force. The latter, of course, is the 
 better play, as the Queen, if left on the 
 board, could again give check. 
 
 At this point in the game, the student 
 should study the positions of the White 
 men and of the Black, and he will see that 
 it is quality of position rather than quan- 
 tity of men that gives Black the advan- 
 tage. Black has lost a number of his men 
 but the others are so well developed that 
 they have far more strength than White's 
 which are either pinned in or undeveloped. 
 White's two Rooks and his King's Bishop 
 are shut in by their Pawns and his King's 
 Knight is pinned to protect the King from 
 the adverse Bishop. 
 
 R Ksq (ch.) 
 
PRACTICE GAME 99 
 
 (12) White might move his QB to KB4 
 and capture the Black Pawn but his posi- 
 tion is too critical and it is wiser for him 
 to bring his strength nearer the King so 
 that if he is attacked, he can move into 
 Qsq. and be protected. For this reason, 
 the best move is QB Q2. Another reason 
 for this move is to clear the first rank for 
 the Queen's Book. 
 
 Black now moves his remaining Eook 
 
 to Ksq. and gives check. 
 
 K-Qsq. 
 
 1J, 
 
 Q B7 
 
 (13) White must do something to avoid 
 the check and it has already been shown 
 how difficult it is for him to interpose. Of 
 the five squares which he commands, three 
 are commanded by adverse forces; Ksq., 
 KB2, K3, therefore, his only moves are 
 to Q 3 or Qsq. The latter is the correct 
 play, as it enables him to get his King into 
 cover, opens the diagonal for the King's 
 Bishop, and opens the way for the King's 
 Eook after the KB has been moved. 
 
 For Black's thirteenth move he puts his 
 
100 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 Queen on B7, which is preparatory to tak- 
 ing the adverse KKt. with his Bishop. If 
 White then take the Bishop with hjs KtP 
 the Queen will take the Pawn, giving 
 check and attacking the White King's 
 Rook at the same time. White can see 
 the object of Black's play so in his next 
 move he must try to prevent it. (See 
 
 DIAGRAM XIV). 
 
 K Bsq. 
 
 14, - 
 
 BXKt. 
 
 (14) White moves his King to Bsq. 
 which puts him more under cover though 
 it blocks his QE. He gains an advantage, 
 however, for by moving from the diagonal 
 commanded by the adverse QB, his own 
 Knight is unpinned and can be moved if 
 necessary. 
 
 Black takes the Knight with his Bishop, 
 though he exposes his Bishop to capture in 
 White's next move, but as the two pieces 
 are of about equal value, the exchange is 
 
 even. 
 
 PXB 
 
 15, 
 
 QXKKt.P 
 
PRACTICE 
 
 101 
 
 (15) White takes the Black QB w 
 his KtP, making an even exchange for 
 
 the loss of his Knight. 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 I 
 
 JL 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM XIV. 
 
 Position After Black's Thirteenth Move, 
 
 Black has so many moves that, to an in- 
 experienced player, it is doubtful which 
 one is best to make. Capturing the KtP., 
 
102 * HOW' TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 ^is:the w>Tect*"play, as it puts the Queen in 
 a position to take three of White's forces : 
 QKt., KB, and KR. Of the three, the KB 
 is protected by the KR and the QKt. is 
 protected by the QKt.P and the QB so 
 they are both safe. The KR is not pro- 
 tected, nor is the pawn on QKt7 so White 
 must take steps to protect the more valua- 
 ble, i.e., the KR. 
 16, Resigns. 
 
 (16) White's Pieces and Pawns are 
 now in such a poor position that even if 
 he did try to protect his King's Rook, he 
 would gain so little that he could not pos- 
 sibly hope to win the game and, in conse- 
 quence of this, he resigns and Black scores 
 the game as won. 
 
 The student should notice that in this 
 game, in spite of the opening moves on 
 White's part, he has been on the defensive 
 side all the time. Black, on the contrary, 
 has made the attack with such success that 
 his adversary resigned without even wait- 
 ing for the checkmate. 
 
CHAPTEK X 
 
 CHESS OPENINGS 
 
 The opening moves in a game of Chess 
 are of particular importance for it is in 
 them that the strategy of the game is most 
 clearly distinguished from mere Chess 
 tactics. Each opening is intended to de- 
 velop a certain theory or course of play, 
 and the skill of a Chess player is indicated 
 by his first moves, as they are made of his 
 own free will and not because his adver- 
 sary forces him to take an aggressive or 
 defensive position, as is often the case in 
 the later development of the game. Eor 
 this reason, Chess openings have been a 
 study of profound interest to Chess play- 
 ers all over the world wherever the game 
 is played, and the principal or regular 
 openings are named after the Piece or 
 Pawn which determines their character, 
 103 
 
104: HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 the persons who invented them, or the 
 countries where they were originally 
 adopted. 
 
 It is evident to the student, therefore, 
 how important it is for him to be familiar 
 with the preliminary moves in a game of 
 Chess, and he must give careful attention 
 to the study of this chapter; following 
 each play on his own board so that it will 
 be perfectly clear to him and easy to re- 
 member, for every successful Chess player 
 should know the openings by name when 
 he has occasion to refer to them. 
 
 The student has already learned that 
 some openings are regular and some irreg- 
 ular, but it is only necessary for him to 
 become familiar with the former until he 
 has had much experience in practical play. 
 
 The four most generally practiced open- 
 ings are made on the King's side of the 
 board, and the student should become 
 thoroughly familiar with them. 
 
 The first opening is called the KING'S 
 KNIGHT'S OPENING. Each player, in 
 turn, moves his KP to K4 and then the 
 
CHESS OPENINGS 105 
 
 first player moves his Kt. to his KB3. 
 
 The second opening is called the 
 KING'S BISHOP'S OPENING. Each player 
 in turn, moves his KP to his K4 and then 
 the first player moves his KB along the 
 diagonal to QB4. 
 
 The third opening is called the 
 QUEEN'S BISHOP'S PAWN'S OPENING. 
 Each player, in turn, moves his KP to 
 K4 and then the first player moves his 
 QBP to QB3. 
 
 The fourth opening is called the 
 KING'S GAMBIT. The student will re- 
 member that a gambit means the sacrifice 
 of a Piece or Pawn for the sake of an ad- 
 vantage that is to be gained later by the 
 first player. Each player, in turn, moves 
 his KP to K4: and then the first player 
 moves his KBP to KB4, where it is in a 
 position to be captured by the adverse 
 Pawn. 
 
 The student will note that in each of 
 these openings, the first move of each 
 player is identical, i.e., the KP to K4. 
 This opening move clears the way for the 
 
106 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 King, the Queen, and the King's Bishop, 
 if the player cares to develop them. Each 
 of these openings has a number of varia- 
 tions in the plays which follow, and these 
 variations are recognized and given spe- 
 cific names, with which the student must 
 become familiar. 
 
 THE KING'S KNIGHT'S OPENING. 
 
 The most important, and hence to be 
 considered first, is the King's Knight's 
 Opening which has ten recognized varia- 
 tions. In notating them, it will be under- 
 stood that White plays first and his moves 
 will be recorded in the first column. Un- 
 fortunately, lack of space prevents re- 
 cording games that illustrate the develop- 
 ment of these variations, but there are so 
 many excellent works on the subject that 
 the student who wishes to go into them 
 more deeply will find ample material_for 
 his purpose. 
 
 The ten variations under the King's 
 Knight's Opening are as follows :- 
 
CHESS OPENINGS 107 
 
 The Damiano Gambit. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. Kt KB3 P KB3 
 PMlidor's Defense. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. Kt. KB3 P Q3 
 Petroff's Defense. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. Kt. KB3 Kt. KB3 
 
 (The student will note in this defense that each 
 Pawn is protected by his Knight as each Knight 
 commands the square occupied by his own 
 Pawn. ) 
 
 The Counter Gambit in the Knight's Opening. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. Kt. KB3 P KB4 
 
 (The student will note that the two Black 
 Pawns occupy squares commanded by White's 
 forces. This constitutes the counter gambit the 
 sacrifice of a force being made by the second 
 player. ) 
 
 The Giuoco Piano. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. Kt. B3 Kt. QB3 
 
 3. KB QB4 
 
 Captain Evans 9 s Gambit. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. Kt. KBf Kt. QB3 
 
 3. KB QB4 KB QB4 
 
 4. P QKt.4 
 
108 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 The Two Knights' Defense. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. Kt. KB3 Kt. QB3 
 
 3. KB QB4 Kt. KB3 
 The Knight's Game or Ruy Lopez. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. Kt. KB3 Kt. QB3 
 
 3. KB QKt.5 
 
 The Queen's Pawns' Game, or Scotch Gambit. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. Kt. KB3 Kt. QB3 
 
 3. P Q4 
 
 The Queen's Bishop's Pawn's Game in ths 
 Knight's Opening. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. Kt. KB3 Kt. QB3 
 
 3. P QB3 
 
 THE KING'S BISHOP'S OPENING. 
 
 The second opening, the King's Bishop's 
 Opening, has seven recognized variations, 
 all of which are important for the student 
 to know and he will also find them of par- 
 ticular interest. In the days of Philidor 
 and his contemporaries, this was consid- 
 ered the safest opening, as it demands 
 no initiatory sacrifice from the first play- 
 er and permits the Pawns to advance un- 
 
CHESS OPENINGS 109 
 
 obstructed, but modern players give it sec- 
 ond place and consider the King's Knight's 
 Opening the safest and most effective 
 means of attack. The variations under 
 the King's Bishop's Opening, with their 
 specific names, are : 
 
 The Game of the Two Kings 9 Bishops. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. KB QB4 KB QB4 
 The Italians 9 Defense. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. KB QB4 KB QB4 
 
 3. P QB3 Q KKt.4 ' 
 Me Donnell's Double Gambit. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. KB QB4 KB QB4 
 
 3. P QKt.4 BXKt.P 
 
 4. P KB4 
 
 The Lopez Gambit. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. KB QB4 KB QB4 
 
 3. Q K2 P Q3 
 
 4. P KB4 
 
 The King's Knight's Defense. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4. 
 
 2. KB QB4 Kt KB3 
 The Counter Gambit. 
 
 "l. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. KB QB4 P KB4 
 
110 HOW TO PLAY C 
 
 The Queen's Bishop's Pawn's Defense. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. KBr-QB4 P QB3 
 
 THE QUEEN'S BISHOP'S OPENING. 
 
 The Queen's Bishop's Pawn's Opening 
 was a great favorite with European Chess 
 players in the sixteenth century, and Kuy 
 Lopez has devoted much space to it in his 
 oft-quoted work on Chess. Philidor, how- 
 ever, condemned it, but the Italian school 
 has proved that it can safely be adopted, 
 though it offers comparatively few oppor- 
 tunities for striking or instructive combi- 
 nations of play. The object of the open- 
 ing, on the part of the first player, is to 
 occupy the center of the board with his 
 Pawns rather than to develop his Pieces. 
 The variations have no specific names, but 
 to illustrate this opening the student 
 should study the following preliminary 
 moves from games played by famous Chess 
 players. Only the first four moves of each 
 player are given. 
 
CHESS OPENINGS 
 
 111 
 
 CAPTAIN EVANS (WHITE) VERSUS AN AMATEUR 
 
 ( BLACK ) . 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. P QB3 Kt KB3 
 
 3. P Q4 PXP 
 
 4. P K5 Kt. K5 
 
 STAUNTON (WHITE) VERSUS COCHRAN (BLACK). 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 1. P K4 
 
 2. P QB3 
 
 3. Kt. KB3 
 
 4. KKt.XP 
 
 BLACK. 
 P K4 
 
 P Q4 
 Kt. KB3 
 KKt.XP 
 
 WALKER (WHITE) VERSUS ST. AM ANT (BLACK). 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4. 
 
 2. P QB3 P Q4 
 
 3. PXP QXP 
 
 4. Kt. KB3. 
 
 KB QB4 
 
 In the game between Captain Evans 
 and the amateur, Captain Evans was the 
 victor; in the game between Staunton and 
 Cochran, Staunton won; and in the game 
 between Walker and St. Amant, St. Amant 
 won. 
 
112 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 THE KING'S GAMBIT. 
 
 The King's Gambit, the fourth of the 
 principal openings, is the delight of the 
 Chess player's heart as it affords oppor- 
 tunities for the most intricate and scien- 
 tific combinations to which Chessmen are 
 subject, and their study gives the student 
 an almost unlimited fund of instruction 
 and entertainment. 
 
 The variations of the King's Gambit, 
 with their specific names, are : 
 
 The King's Gambit (Proper). 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. P KB4 PXP 
 The King's Knight's Gambit. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. P KB4 PXP 
 
 3. Kt. KB3 
 
 The Cunningham Gambit. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. P KB4 PXP 
 
 3. Kt. KB3 B K3 
 
 The Salvio and Cochrane Gambit. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. P KB4 PXP 
 
 3. Kt. KB3 P KKt.4 
 
CHESS OPENINGS 113 
 
 4. KB QB4 P KKt.5 
 
 5. KKt. K5 Q R5 (ch.) 
 
 6. (According to Coch- 
 
 rane) K Esq. P KB6 
 6. (According to Salvio) 
 
 K Bsq. Kt. KBsq. or KR3 
 The Muzio Gambit. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. P KB4 PXP 
 
 3. KT. KB3 P KKt.4 
 
 4. KB QB4 P KKt.5 
 
 5. O, or P Q4 PXKt. 
 The Allgaier Gambit. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2 P KB4 PXP 
 
 3. Kt. KB3 P KKt.4 
 
 4. P KR4 
 
 The King's Rook's Pawn's Gambit. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. P KB4 PXP 
 
 3. P KR4 
 
 The King's Bishop's Gambit. 
 
 1. P K4 P K4 
 
 2. P KB4 PXP 
 
 3. KB QB4 
 
 THE GAMBIT DECLINED. 
 
 When the Gambit is declined Black's 
 second move is generally one of the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
114 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 KB QB4, P Q3, or P Q4. 
 
 The second move is objectionable, as it 
 confines the King's Bishop, a Piece that 
 the student will learn to use with advan- 
 tage. 
 
 THE QUEEN'S GAMBIT. 
 
 Another Chess opening, with which the 
 student should be familiar, is the 
 QUEEN'S GAMBIT. While it requires less 
 skill and brilliancy of play than the 
 King's Gambit, it is improving for the 
 student to study, as it offers him practice 
 in accuracy of play. It is notated 
 thus : 
 
 1. P Q4 P-Q4 
 
 2. P QB4 PXP 
 
 When the Queen's Gambit is declined, 
 Black's second move is generally one of 
 the following: 
 
 P K3, P QB3, or P KB3. 
 
 IRREGULAR OPENINGS. 
 
 Before leaving the subject of openings, 
 a word may be said of IRREGULAR, OPEN- 
 
CHESS OPENINGS 115 
 
 INGS. They are generally recognized 
 as those in which the first move of 
 each player is some other than P K4, or 
 P Q4. Staunton, however, classifies 
 them as those of attack, in which the first 
 player's first move is either P KB4 or 
 P QB4 and those of defence in which 
 the second player, in answering the first 
 player's first move, P K4 or P Q4, 
 moves his P K3, P QB4, P KB4, or 
 P Qkt3. 
 
CHAPTER XI 
 
 EJTO GAMES 
 
 The student cannot give too much time 
 to the study of End Games, for it is here 
 that he can put to the test the information 
 that he has acquired in studying the ele- 
 mentary principles of play. The End 
 Game, he will remember, is the third di- 
 vision of a game of Chess when there are 
 so few Pieces and Pawns upon the board 
 that theoretical analysis of the moves has 
 again become possible. All games, how- 
 ever, do not reach this stage, as it fre- 
 quently happens that checkmate is given 
 by a strong combination of forces after the 
 opening moves, when the Pieces and 
 Pawns are so far developed that the analy- 
 sis of the moves which characterized the 
 opening are no longer possible; but the 
 student need not devote his time to this 
 116 
 
END GAMES 117 
 
 part of the game, as it is treated in a later 
 chapter. 
 
 To illustrate the science of manipulat- 
 ing the Chessmen, when there are only a 
 few left. on the board, the following ex- 
 amples have been selected from standard 
 works on the subject. If the student has 
 made a careful study of the contents of 
 the preceding chapters, he will have no 
 difficulty in following the moves and in 
 understanding the reasons for making 
 them. 
 
 The student should have his board set 
 up for each example as indicated so that 
 he can follow each move. 
 
 EXAMPLE- I. WHITE KING AND QUEEN 
 AGAINST BLACK KING. 
 
 The Black King occupies K4, the White 
 King Q3, and the White Queen Qsq, as 
 indicated on DIAGRAM xv. 
 
 White has the first move and the stu- 
 dent will see that his best plan of attack is 
 to drive the adverse King into a corner 
 
118 HOW TO PLAT CHESS 
 
 or to the side of the board, bring his own 
 King as close as possible, and give check 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM XV. 
 END GAME, EXAMPLE I. 
 King and Queen Against King. 
 
 with his Queen. As Black holds the cen- 
 ter of- the board, his position is as good as 
 
END GAMES 119 
 
 possible, considering the odds. White 
 must be careful not to give stalemate. 
 The game is won by White in nine moves 
 and is notated thus : 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 1. Q^-Kt.4 K Q4 
 
 2. Q K4(ch.) K B4 
 
 3. Q Q4 (ch.) K B3 
 
 4. K B4 K Kt.2 
 
 5. Q Q6 K R2 
 
 6. K Kt.5 K Kt.2 
 
 7. Q Q7 (ch.) K Kt. 
 
 8. K Kt.6 K Rsq. 
 
 9. Q Q8, (mate). 
 
 The student will note that, for White's 
 ninth play, there were four other moves 
 which he might have made, all of which 
 would have enabled him to win the game ; 
 they are Q Kt. 7, Q B8, Q Q8 or 
 Q K8. 
 
 This example of an End Game illus- 
 trates the importance of the Queen as a 
 mating force, and also illustrates, to the 
 student, how important it is for him to 
 protect her so that he can use her in just 
 
120 HOW TO PLAY CllEtiti 
 
 such methods of attack as were seen in 
 the moves just notated. Black, having 
 neither a Piece nor a Pawn on the board, 
 could only hope to win by a drawn game 
 if White had given a stalemate. 
 
 EXAMPLE. II. WHITE KING AND ROOK 
 AGAINST BLACK KING. 
 
 The Black King occupies QKt.4, the 
 White King QKt. sq., and the White 
 Rook QRsq., as indicated on DIAGRAM xvi. 
 
 This example illustrates the strength of 
 the Rook as a mating force and, as in the 
 former example, White's method of attack 
 is to corner the adverse King. The posi- 
 tion is in White's favor, as Black is al- 
 ready near the side of the board. The 
 moves of the Rook, however, are more re- 
 stricted than those of the Queen, so it 
 takes eleven moves before White can give 
 checkmate. The game is notated thus : 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 1. K Kt.2 K B5 
 
 2. R Qsq.! K B4 
 
 3. K B3 K Kt.4 
 
END GAMES 
 
 121 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 4. R Q5 (ch.) K B3 
 
 5. K B4 K Kt.3 
 
 6. R Q6 (ch.) K B2. 
 
 7. K B5 K Kt.2 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM XVI. 
 END GAME, EXAMPLE II. 
 King and Rook against King. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 
 R Q7 (ch.) 
 
 K B6. 
 
 R Q4 
 
 R R4, (mate). 
 
 K R3 
 K R4 
 K R3. 
 
122 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 If the student will go over these moves 
 again, he will see that White, in his sec- 
 ond turn, could have given check by play- 
 ing R QBsq., but that would have forced 
 the King to play to Q5, which would 
 have enabled him to get into the center 
 of the board, which is just where White 
 did not want him ; hence the move K 
 Qsq. was an excellent play. The stu- 
 dent also sees that Black's ninth and tenth 
 moves were forced moves, as White had 
 left him no choice. While illustrating the 
 use of the Hook in the End Game, this 
 example also shows the student that it 
 is sometimes better to let what appears 
 to be a good move go by, for if White had 
 taken advantage of his opportunity to give 
 check it would have taken him a long time 
 to force his adversary to the side of the 
 board again. When the player has a 
 choice of moves he should always consider 
 the consequences and deliberate carefully 
 before he plays. 
 
END GAMES 123 
 
 EXAMPLE III. WHITE KING, BISHOP 
 
 AND KNIGHT AGAINST BLACK 
 
 KING AND PAWN. 
 
 The White King occupies QB6, the 
 White Bishop Q6, the White Knight Q7, 
 the Black King QR3 and the Black Pawn 
 QKt.4, as indicated on DIAGRAM xvn. 
 
 The Knight is generally used to best 
 advantage in the Middle Game, as his 
 progress is not hampered by intervening 
 forces, but in this illustration of an End 
 Game, he is used most successfully in con- 
 junction with the Bishop. The student 
 will see that Black's only hope lies in 
 queening his Pawn, for then he will be as 
 well off as if he had not already lost his 
 Queen. His efforts are in vain, however, 
 for White wins in six moves. The game 
 is notated thus : 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 1. B Kt.4 K R2 
 
 2. B B5 (ch.) K R.! 
 
 3. K Kt.6 P Kt.5 
 
 4. K R6 P Kt.6 
 
 5. B Q6 P Kt.7 
 6 Kt. Kt. 6, (mate). 
 
124 HOW TO PLAT CHESS 
 
 This example also illustrates White's 
 attacking method of forcing his Opponent 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM XVII. 
 
 END GAME, EXAMPLE III. 
 
 King, Bishop, and Knight against King and Pawn. 
 
 into the corner in order to checkmate him. 
 
END GAMES 125 
 
 EXAMPLE IV. WHITE KING AND PAWN 
 AGAINST BLACK KING. 
 
 The White King occupies Ksq., the 
 White Pawn K2, and the Black King 
 Ksq., as indicated on DIAGRAM xvm. 
 
 The student will note that both Kings 
 occupy their original positions at the be- 
 ginning of the game. White has the ad- 
 vantage, having a Pawn, but his success 
 depends upon his ability to queen it. 
 This illustration is interesting, as it takes 
 White twelve moves in order to win, 
 when he plays first ; while if Black has the 
 first move, White gives stalemate in the 
 fifteenth move and the game is a draw. 
 If White moves first the game is notated 
 thus : 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 1. K B2 K Esq. 
 
 2. K K3 K K2 
 
 3. K K4 K K3 
 
 4. P K3 K Q3 
 
 5. K B5 K K2 
 
 6. K K5 K B2 
 
 7. K Q6 K B3 
 
 8. P K4 K B2 
 
126 
 
 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 9. P K5 K Ksq. 
 
 10. K K6 K Esq. 
 
 11. K Q7 K B2 
 
 12. P K6 (ch.) Resigns 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM XVIII. 
 
 END GAME, EXAMPLE IV. 
 
 King and Pawn against King. 
 
 Black has to move to avoid the check 
 and as White can Queen his Pawn in two 
 
END GAMES 127 
 
 moves and as the White King is so situ- 
 ated that he protects the Pawn until it is 
 Queened, there is nothing of advantage to 
 Black that he can do. 
 
 If Black had had the first move, the 
 game would have resulted in a stalemate 
 after White's fifteenth move. It is no- 
 tated thus : 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 1 
 
 K K2 
 
 2. K B2 
 
 K B3 
 
 3. K K3 
 
 K K4 
 
 4. K Q3 
 
 K Q4 
 
 5. P K4 (ch.) 
 
 K K4 
 
 6. K K3 
 
 K K3 
 
 7. K B4 
 
 K B3 
 
 8. P K5 (ch.) 
 
 K K3 
 
 9. K K4 
 
 K K2 
 
 10. K Q5 
 
 K Q2 
 
 11. P K6 (ch.) 
 
 K K2 
 
 12. K K5 
 
 K Ksq. 
 
 13. K B6 
 
 K Bsq. 
 
 14. P K7(ch.) 
 
 K Ksq. 
 
 15. K K6 (stalemate). 
 
 
 EXAMPLE. V. WHITE KING AND Two 
 
 BISHOPS AGAINST BLACK KING. 
 The White King occupies Ksq., the 
 White King's Bishop KBsq., the White 
 
128 
 
 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 Queen's Bishop QBsq. and the Black King 
 Ksq. ? as indicated on DIAGRAM xix. 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM XIX. 
 
 END GAME, EXAMPLE V. 
 
 King and Two Bishops against King. 
 
 The student will note that each Piece 
 occupies its original position at the begin- 
 
END GAMES 129 
 
 ning of the game. White's method of at- 
 tack is to force his adversary into a cor- 
 ner square or into one that adjoins a cor- 
 ner and then checkmate with the Bishop 
 that is on the square in the same diag- 
 onal. White can accomplish this in four- 
 teen moves. The game is notated thus : 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 1. B KR3 K Qsq. 
 
 2. B KB4 K K2 
 
 3. K K2 KKB3 
 
 4. K KB3 K K2 
 
 5. B KB5 K KB3 
 
 6. K KKt.4 K -K2 
 
 7. K KKt.5 K Qsq. 
 
 8. K KB6 K Ksq. 
 
 9. B QB7 K Bsq. 
 
 10. B Q7 K Kt.sq. 
 
 11. K KKt.6 KBsq. 
 
 12. B Q6(ch.) K Kt.sq. 
 
 13. B K6(ch.) K Esq. 
 
 14. B K5 (mate). 
 
 The possibilities for Black to win in 
 this game are so small that the only thing 
 for him to do is to move back and forth, 
 postponing White's victory as long as pos- 
 sible. There are many instances, how- 
 
130 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 ever, where the odds are in favor of one 
 player, which result in a drawn game be- 
 cause the lone King cannot be forced from 
 some advantageous position that he has 
 gained. 
 
 EXAMPLE. VI. WHITE KING, BISHOP 
 AND PAWN AGAINST BLACK KING. 
 
 The White King occupies KB4, the 
 White Bishop K2, the White Pawn KK5 
 and the Black King Qsq., as indicated on 
 
 DIAGRAM XX. 
 
 This Example illustrates a drawn game, 
 White having the advantage in numbers 
 and Black the advantage in position. Un- 
 like most of the other illustrative End 
 Game positions, White's hope of winning 
 lies in his ability to keep the adverse King 
 from getting in a corner and this is just 
 what, he succeeds in doing. The game is 
 drawn after Black's fifth "move. Black 
 plays first. The game is notated thus: 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 1 K K2 
 
 2. B B4 K B3 
 
END GAMES 
 
 131 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 3. B Q5 
 
 4. K Kt.5 
 
 5. P R6 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 K Kt.2 
 K Rsq. 
 K R2 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM XX. 
 
 END GAME, EXAMPLE VI. 
 
 King, Bishop and Pawn against King. 
 
 As White cannot force Black to leave 
 his corner, the game is drawn. 
 
CHAPTER XII 
 
 MIDDLE GAMES 
 
 The Middle Game, as the student has 
 already learned, is that stage of a game of 
 Chess when the Pieces and Pawns are so 
 far developed that theoretical analysis is no 
 longer possible, as it was in the opening 
 moves. At this point, all of the player's 
 skill in the art and science of combina- 
 tion is put to the test and many of the 
 most brilliant Chess players are able to 
 give mate without letting the game reach 
 what the student has already learned to 
 be End Game positions. It is of particu- 
 lar importance, therefore, for the student 
 to give the contents of this chapter care- 
 ful attention, following the moves on his 
 own board and studying out variations for 
 himself. Only in this way can he mas- 
 132 
 
MIDDLE GAMES 133 
 
 ter the difficulties which confront the ama- 
 teur in Middle Game positions. 
 
 The student should arrange his board 
 for each example as indicated in the DIA- 
 GRAMS and follow each move. 
 
 EXAMPLE. I. Position developed from 
 a Euy Lopez Gambit. 
 
 White's forces should be arranged thus: 
 K on KKt.sq., B on QKt.3, Kt. on K5, 
 Es on QKsq., and Qsq., Ps on KR2, 
 KKt.2, KB3, QB4 and QKt.5. 
 
 Black's forces should be arranged thus : 
 K on KBsq., Kts. on KB3, and K2, Rs on 
 Ksq. and QR2 and Ps on KR3, KKt.2, 
 KB4, QKt.3, and QR4. (See DIAGRAM 
 
 XXI.) 
 
 White has the first move and wins after 
 his ninth move as Black resigns. The 
 game is notated thus: 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 1. P B5! PXP 
 
 2. R Q6! R Kt.sq 
 
 3. QR Qsq. R(R2) Rsq 
 
 4. P Kt.6 P R5 
 
 5. BXP K Kt.sq. 
 
 6. Kt B6 KtXKt. 
 
134 
 
 HOTF TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 7. BXKt. (dis. ch.). Kt Ksq. 
 
 8. P Kt.7! R R2 
 
 9. R Q8. Resigns. 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM XXI 
 MIDDLE GAME, EXAMPLE I. 
 
 White has to make the most of the posi- 
 tion of the adverse King, which he does 
 most successfully in his first four moves, 
 
MIDDLE GAMES 135 
 
 though in his fifth move he might have 
 played B B4, still holding the King, 
 which would have been even stronger than 
 the move he made. His eighth move, 
 however, is good and he wins easily after 
 his ninth play as Black cannot escape. 
 
 EXAMPLE II. From a match between 
 Morphy and Harrwitz. It is considered 
 a model of its kind and unsurpassed in 
 the history of the game. 
 
 White's forces should be arranged thus : 
 K on KKt.sq., R on QKt.8, Kt. on Q8, 
 and Ps on QR3, Q5, K3, KB4, KKt,2 
 and KR2. 
 
 Black's forces should be arranged thus : 
 K on K2, B on Q2, R on QR3 and Ps 
 on QB4, Q3, K5, KB4, KKt.2 and KR5. 
 (See DIAGRAM xxn.) 
 
 Black (Morphy) has the first move and 
 wins. The Game is notated thus : 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 1 P B5! 
 
 2. K B2 P B6 
 
 3. K K2 RXP 
 
 4. Kt. B6(ch.) BXKt. 
 
136 
 
 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 "WHITE. 
 
 5. PXB 
 
 6. K Q2 
 
 7. K Esq. 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 P B7! 
 
 RXBP 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 DIAGRAM XXII. 
 MIDDLE GAME, EXAMPLE II. 
 
 8. R Kt.3 
 
 9. R R3 
 10. P Kt.3 
 
 K B3 
 P Kt.4 
 RPXP 
 
MIDDLE GAMES 137 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 11. RPXP PXP 
 
 12. Kt.PXP K KT.3 
 
 13. R R5 R B4 
 
 14. R R6 R B6 
 
 15. RXP(ch.) K R4 
 
 16. R Q2 K Kt.5 
 
 17. R Kt.2(ch.) K B6 
 
 18. R Kt.5 R B4 
 
 19. R R5 KXP 
 
 20. R R4 K B6, etc. win- 
 
 ning easily. 
 
 The student will note that Black has 
 made such brilliant combinations with his 
 forces that there is almost nothing for 
 White to do but move his Rook back and 
 forth from one square to another. 
 
 EXAMPLE. III. Position developed 
 from a Ruy Lopez Gambit. 
 
 White's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on KRsq., Q on QB4, R on 
 Qsq., Kt. on Q5 and Ps on KR2, KKt.2 
 KB3, K4, QKt.3 and QR2. 
 
 Black's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on KKt.sq., Q on Qsq., R on 
 QBsq., Kt, on Q5 and Ps on Kr2, KKt.2, 
 
138 
 
 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 KB2, Q3, QB4 and QE4. (See DIAGRAM 
 
 XXIII.) 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM XXIII. 
 MIDDLE GAME, EXAMPLE III. 
 
 White has the first move and wins for 
 Black's position is hopeless after White's 
 ninth move. The game is notated thus : 
 
MIDDLE GAMES 139 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 1. RXKt.! PXR 
 
 2. Kt.~ K7(ch.)! QXKt. 
 
 3. QXR(ch.) Qh-Bsq. 
 
 4. QXQ(ch.) KXQ 
 5..K Kt.sq. K K2 
 
 6. K B2 P Q4 
 
 7. P K5 K K3 
 
 8. K K2 KXP 
 
 9. K Q3 and wins. 
 
 The student will note that, for White's 
 second play, he might have moved Q X K> 
 but if he had made that play, although 
 he would have captured an adverse Piece, 
 it would have lost him the game. 
 
 EXAMPLE. IV. Position developed 
 from a Giuoco Piano. 
 
 White's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on KBsq., Q on K5, Es on K8 
 and KB5, B on Qkt.3, and Ps on KE4, 
 KKt.3, K4, QB3, QKt.4, and QE2. 
 
 Black's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on KE3, Q on KKt. 3, Es on 
 KKt.5 and Q7, Kt. on KE2, and Ps on 
 KE4, KB2, QB2, QKt.2 and QKt.3. 
 (See DIAGRAM xxiv.) 
 
140 
 
 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 White plays first and wins. The game 
 is notated thus: - 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 i 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM XXIV. 
 MIDDLE GAME, EXAMPLE IV. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 1. R KKt.8! 
 
 2. RxP(ch.) 
 
 3. Q KB5(ch.) 
 
 BLACK. 
 QXR 
 
 K KKt3 
 K KKt.2 
 
MIDDLE GAMES 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 4. QXR(ch.) K Esq. 
 
 5. Q KB4 Q Qsq. 
 
 6. B Q5 R QKt.7 
 
 7. QxKBP and wins. 
 
 The student will see that White made 
 splendid combinations with his forces so 
 that Black was quite powerless to resist 
 them. Under the circumstances, Black 
 did the best he could. 
 
 EXAMPLE V. Game developed from a 
 Lopez Gambit and played between Mac- 
 kenzie and Steinitz. 
 
 White's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on KRsq., Q on KB2, E on 
 KBsq., Bs on KKt.5 and QB2 and Ps on 
 KR2, KKt2, QB3, QKt.2 and QR2. 
 
 Black's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on KKtsq., Q on QB3, R on 
 Ksq., Bs on KKt.2, and QKt.2, and Ps 
 on KE2, KKt.3, KB2, Q4, QB5, QKt.4 
 and QR3. (See DIAGRAM xxv.) 
 
 Black plays first and the game results in 
 perpetual check after White's sixth move. 
 The game is notated thus: 
 
142 HOW TO PLAY CHES8 
 
 WHITE. 
 1 
 
 2. PXP 
 
 3. QXP(ch.) 
 
 BLACK. 
 P Q5? 
 
 BXP 
 K KRs 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM XXV. 
 MIDDLE GAME, EXAMPLE V. 
 
 4. B K4! 
 
 5. B B6(ch.) 
 
 6. QXB(ch.) 
 
 QXB 
 BXB 
 
MIDDLE GAMES 143 
 
 This example of a Middle Game posi- 
 tion resulting in a perpetual check is most 
 ingenious and must have been wholly un- 
 expected to the players. While Black had 
 the original advantage, he lost it by his 
 first move. His object, evidently, was to 
 queen his Pawn, but his first move was 
 weak and caused him to lose what he had 
 gained by his opening moves. 
 
 EXAMPLE VI. Illustrates the advan- 
 tages and disadvantages of open files. 
 
 White's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on QBsq., Q on QB4, Kt. on 
 KR4, Rs on KRsq. and Qsq., and Ps on 
 KKt.2, KKt.4, K5, QB3 and QR2. 
 
 Black's forces should be arranged 
 thus : K on KRsq., Q on KB2, Kt. on 
 QR3, Rs on QRsq. and KBsq., and Ps 
 on KR2, KKt.2, QB3, QKt.2 and QR2. 
 (See DIAGRAM xxvi.) 
 
 The student will note from the position 
 of White's King that the player has evi- 
 dently castled with his QR. White plays 
 
144 HOW TO PLAT CHESS 
 
 first and mates in five moves. The game 
 is notated thus : 
 
 BIACK. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM XXVI. 
 MIDDLE GAME, EXAMPLE VI. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 1. QR Esq. 
 
 2. Kt. Kt.6(ch.) 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 QXQ 
 K Kt.sq. 
 
MIDDLE GAMES 145 
 
 WHITE. BLACK.. 
 
 3. Kt. K7(ch.) K Rsq. 
 
 4. RXP(ch.) KXR 
 
 5. R Rsq. (mate). 
 
 The error in Black's play was to take 
 the adverse Queen, as it made an opening 
 in the guard of his King that he could not 
 repair. The open files were an advantage 
 to White, but they were fatal to Black. 
 
 EXAMPLE: VII. Position developed 
 from a Petroff's (Russian) Defense. 
 
 White's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on KKt.sq., Q on QKt.7, QKt. 
 on QKt.sq., KKt, on KB3, QB on QBsq., 
 KB on Q3 and Ps on KE2, KKt.2, KB2, 
 Q4, QKt. 2 and QE,2. 
 
 Black's forces should be arranged 
 thus: 'K on KKt.sq., Q on Qsq., Es on 
 QEsq. and KBsq., Kts. on K5 and Q2, Bs 
 on Q3 and K3, and Ps on KE2, KKt.2, 
 KB4, QB5, QB2 and QE2. (See DIA- 
 GRAM XXVII.) 
 
 White plays first, but Black wins. The 
 game is notated thus : 
 
146 
 
 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 1. BXKt. 
 
 2. QxRP 
 
 3. Kt Kt.5 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 QR Kt.sq. 
 PXB 
 B Q4 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 DIAGRAM XXVII. 
 MIDDLE GAME, EXAMPLE VII. 
 
 4. Q R5 
 
 5. Q B3 
 
 6. Kt. KR3 
 
 Kt. B3 
 P R3 
 Kt, Kt.5 
 
MIDDLE GAMES 147 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 7. P KKt.3 Q Ksq. 
 
 8. Kt. B4 BXKt. 
 
 9. BXB Q R4 
 
 10. P KR4 RXB! 
 
 11. PXR P K6 
 
 12. P B3 QXRP and wins. 
 
 White made a poor play in his second 
 move by taking the Pawn. He should 
 have moved to QK6, after which the 
 Queen could have been played to QR4 and 
 with the Knight on QKt.sq., a good attack 
 could have been developed. The capture, 
 however, only lost time and enabled Black 
 to gather his forces for an attack on the 
 White King. As it is, White has to try 
 to save his Queen and cannot develop his 
 QKt. The student will note, in going 
 over the moves in this game, that White 
 does not give check once, and that Black 
 also gathers his forces for the attack in 
 such a way that he does not give check un- 
 til there is no escape for his adversary. 
 Black's moves are carefully made and 
 should be studied. 
 
CHAPTER XIII 
 
 CONCLUSION 
 
 When the student has reached this con- 
 cluding chapter, he should have a thor- 
 ough knowledge of the general principles 
 of the moves, and understand the laws of 
 the game. He should also be sufficiently 
 familiar with the Openings and with End 
 and Middle Game positions to meet, and 
 compete favorably, with the average Chess 
 player. In fact, there is no elementary 
 point that can be discussed in a hand book 
 on the game, that has not been explained 
 and illustrated. But for that skill and 
 scientific knowledge that distinguishes 
 the professional from the amateur, he 
 must play frequently with experienced 
 players and also study the books that are 
 devoted to some one particular feature of 
 the game. A number of titles are given 
 148 
 
CONCLUSION 149 
 
 in the Bibliography which will prove help- 
 ful to the student who wishes to go more 
 deeply into the subject. 
 
 Before closing, however, the student 
 may be interested in working out some 
 Chess problems for himself, and for this 
 reason several have been selected from 
 Curious Chess Problems in one of Staun- 
 ton's books. 
 
 If the student cannot solve these prob- 
 lems, after he has given them a fair trial, 
 he will find a Key following them. 
 
 CHESS PROBLEMS. 
 
 PROBLEM I. White, playing first, 
 mates in seven moves. 
 
 White's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on Qsq., Kts. on QKt.3, and 
 KB7, B on QKt.7, and Ps on QR2, 
 QKt.2, K4, KB2, and KKt.7. 
 
 Black's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on QB5, R on KKt.sq., Kt, on 
 QB2, B on QKtsq., and Ps on QKt,5, 
 QB4, K4, and KR2. 
 
150 HOW TO PLAT CHESS 
 
 PROBLEM II. White, playing first, 
 compels Black to mate him in fourteen 
 moves. 
 
 White's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on KBsq., Q on QKt.3, Es on 
 QKt.sq. and QBsq., Kts on QKt.8 and 
 QB5, Bs on QB3 and KE5, and Ps on 
 Q2, KB4, KKt.2 and KE2. 
 
 Black's forces should be arranged 
 thus : K on Ksq., Q on K8, Kts. on 
 QBsq. and KKt.8, Bs on QE4 and KEG, 
 Es on K5 and KB6, and Ps on Q6 and 
 KB2. 
 
 PROBLEM III. White, playing first, 
 mates in six moves. 
 
 Black's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on QEsq., Bs on QBsq. and 
 KE5, Kt. on K2, and Ps on QE2 and 
 KKt.6. 
 
 White's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on KEsq., B on KKt.2, E on 
 Q5, Kt. on QB6, and Ps on QE6, QKt.6, 
 KKt.4 and KE3. 
 
 PROBLEM IV. White, playing first, 
 compels Black to mate him in eight moves. 
 
CONCLUSION 151 
 
 White's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on Ksq., Q on K8, Kts. on 
 KKt.3 and Q4, Es on QEsq. and K7, Bs 
 on QE2 and KB8, and Ps on KB2, K5, 
 QB2 and QKt.2. 
 
 Black's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on QE3, Q on QB5., Kts. on 
 QKt. 2 and Q4, Es on Q3 and QE5, and 
 Ps on KKt.5 and KB6. 
 
 PROBLEM V. White, playing first, 
 mates in four moves. 
 
 White's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on Ksq., E on QBsq., B on 
 QKt.4, Kts. on QKt.7 and Q7 and Ps on 
 QB6 and QKt.3. 
 
 Black's forces should be arranged 
 thus: K on K3, E on KB4, Kt. on 
 iKE5, Bs on KE6 and KKt.8, and Ps on 
 KB6 and K5. 
 
 In trying to solve these Problems, the 
 student will find it helpful to notate his 
 moves each time he tries, as it will save 
 him, from repetition and will also help him 
 to find where his judgment has been at 
 fault if he fails. 
 
152 
 
 HOW TO PLAY CHE 88 
 
 KEY TO CHESS PROBLEMS. 
 
 PROBLEM I. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 1. Kt. Q6(ch.) 
 
 2. P QR3 
 
 3. P KKt.8 (Becomes 
 
 a Queen) 
 
 4. Kt. QBsq.(ch.) 
 
 5. K Q2. 
 
 6. QRPXP 
 
 7. Mates. 
 
 PROBLEM II. 
 
 K Q6 
 
 R^Qsq. 
 
 RXQ 
 
 K removes. 
 P QB5 
 Where he will. 
 
 1. QXP(ch.) 
 
 KQsq. 
 
 2. BXB(ch.) 
 
 Kt. QKt.3 
 
 3. BXKt.(ch.) 
 
 K QBsq. 
 
 4. Q KB8(ch.) 
 
 R Ksq. 
 
 5. QXR(ch.) 
 
 QXQ 
 
 6. Kt.onBS Q7 (dis. 
 
 K Kt.2 
 
 ch.) 
 
 
 7. BxKt. (dis.ch.) 
 
 K Rsq. 
 
 8. BXR(ch.) 
 
 Q interposes. 
 
 9. PXB 
 
 Q Q4 
 
 10. B K4 
 
 Q QB3 
 
 11. B Q4 
 
 Q QKt2 
 
 12. R Qsq. 
 
 Q QB3 
 
 13. Ki^-QR6 
 
 Q Kt.2 
 
 14. B QR6 
 
 Q X B ( Forced move, 
 
 
 (mate) 
 
 PROBLEM III 
 
 
 1. P QKt.7(ch.) 
 
 BXP 
 
 2. R Q7 
 
 Kt.XKt.! 
 
CONCLUSION 153 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 3. RXB Kt. Qsq. 
 
 4. R QKtsq.(dis.ch.) Kt. QKt.2 
 
 5. RXKt. Where he will. 
 
 6. R QKt.sq(dis.ch.) 
 
 Mate. 
 
 PROBLEM IV. 
 
 1. Q QR8(ch.) K Kt.3 
 
 2. RXKt.(ch.) K removes. 
 
 3. BXR(ch.) KXKt. 
 
 4. 0(ch.) Q Q6 
 
 5. QXR(ch.) Kt. QKt.5 
 a. K Kt.sq. Q Q7! 
 
 7. P QB3(ch.) K Q6 
 
 8. QXKt. QXR (Mate) 
 
 (Forced move) 
 
 PROBLEM V. 
 
 1. Kt Q8(ch.) K Q4 
 
 2. O(ch.) B interposes 
 
 3. B QB5 Any move. 
 
 4. RXB (mate). 
 
 EXAMPLES OF MASTER-PLAY. 
 
 The importance of going over examples 
 of master-play has already been impressed 
 upon the student and, for this reason, sev- 
 eral games have been selected that the stu- 
 dent should play over on his own board. 
 He should have no difficulty in seeing why 
 
154 
 
 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 each move is made and in understanding 
 the methods of attack and defense that are 
 used. 
 
 EXAMPLE; I. Opened with a Fianchet- 
 to Defense, and played between Paulsen 
 (White) and "Alter" (Black), in Lon- 
 don in 1862. 
 
 White plays first and gives mate with 
 his twenty-fourth move. The game is no- 
 tated thus : 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 1. P K4. 
 
 2. P KKt3. 
 
 3. B Kt2. 
 
 4. Kt QB3. 
 
 5. KKt K2. 
 
 6. P Q3. 
 
 7. 00. 
 
 8. KtXB. 
 
 9. KtXP. 
 
 10. Q R5(ch.) 
 
 11. Q K5. 
 
 12. PXKt. 
 
 13. Q B3. 
 
 14. B R6. 
 
 15. P B4. 
 
 16. PXP. 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 P QKt3. 
 P K3. 
 B Kt2. 
 P KB4. 
 Kt KB3. 
 B Kt5. 
 BXKt. 
 PXP. 
 KtXKt. 
 P Kt3. 
 00. 
 Kt QB3. 
 P K4. 
 R B2. 
 B R3. 
 BXR. 
 
CONCLUSION 155 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 17. RXB. x Q K2. 
 
 18. RXR. QXR. 
 
 19. P K6. Q K2. 
 
 20. PXP. Kt K4. 
 
 21. B R3. P KKt4. 
 
 22. QXP, P Kt5. 
 
 23. P queens (ch.) QXQ. 
 
 24. Q Kt7(mate). 
 
 EXAMPLE II. Opened with a King's 
 Bishop's Gambit, and played between Kie- 
 seritzky (White) and Anderssen (Black). 
 
 White plays first and mates in his 
 twenty-third move. The game is notated 
 thus : 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 1. P K4. P K4 
 
 2. P KB4. PXP. 
 
 3. B B4. Q R5(ch.). 
 
 4. K Bsq. P QKt4. 
 
 5. BXKtP. Kt KB3. 
 
 6. Kt KB3. Q R3. 
 
 7. P Q3. Kt R4. 
 
 8. Kt R4. Q Kt4. 
 
 9. Kt B5. P QB3. 
 
 10. P KKt4. Kt B3. 
 
 11. R Ktsq. PXB. 
 
 12. P KR4. Q Kt3. 
 
 13. P R5. Q Kt4, 
 
156 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 14. Q B3. Kt Ktsq. 
 
 15. BXP. Q B3. 
 
 16. Kt B3. B B4. 
 
 17. Kt Q5. QXP. 
 
 18. B Q6. BXR. 
 
 19. P K5. QXR(ch.). 
 
 20. K K2. Kt QR3. 
 
 21. KtXP(ch.). K Qsq. 
 
 22. Q B6(ch.) 
 Mates in next move. 
 
 This game is considered one of the most 
 brilliant on record and is known among 
 Chess players as the " Immortal Game." 
 
 EXAMPLE III. Opened from a Guioco 
 Piano and played between Neuman 
 (White) and Von Guretzky-Cornitz 
 (Black), in Berlin in 1863. 
 
 White plays first, and after seventeen 
 moves, Black resigns. The game is no- 
 tated thus : 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 1. P K4. P K4. 
 
 2. Kt KB3. Kt QB3. 
 
 3. B B4. B B4. 
 
 4. P B3. Kt B3. 
 
 5. P Q4. PXP. 
 
 6. 00. KtXP. 
 
CONCLUSION 157 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 7. PXP. B K2. 
 
 8. P Q5. Kt QKtsq. 
 
 9. R Ksq. Kt Q3. 
 
 10. B Kt3. O 0. 
 
 11. Kt B3. Kt Ksq. 
 
 12. P Q6. PXP. 
 
 13. RXB. QXR. 
 
 14. B Kt5. Kt KB3. 
 
 15. Kt Q5. Q Q sq. 
 
 16. Q Q4. Kt B3. 
 
 17. Q QR4. Resigns. 
 
 EXAMPLE IV. Opened with a French 
 Defense and played between Blackburne 
 (White) and Schwarz (Black) at the 
 Berlin Congree in 1881. 
 
 White plays first and Black resigns 
 after the twenty-eighth move. The game 
 is notated thus: 
 
 WHITE. BLACK. 
 
 1. p_K4. P K3. 
 
 2. P Q4. P Q4. 
 
 3. Kt QB3. Kt KB3. 
 
 4. PXP. PXP. 
 
 5. Kt B3. B Q3. 
 
 6. B Q3. P B3. 
 
 7. 00. O O. 
 
 8. Kt K2. B KKt5. 
 
 9. Kt Kt3. Q B2. 
 
158 
 
 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 10. B K3. 
 
 11. Q Q2. 
 
 12. QR Ksq. 
 
 13. Q Esq. 
 
 14. PXB. 
 
 15. RPXKt. 
 
 16. K Kt2. 
 
 17. R Rsq. 
 
 18. R R3. 
 
 19. QR Rsq. 
 
 20. B KKt5. 
 
 21. P QB4. 
 
 22. BXBP. 
 
 23. R R4. 
 
 24. B Kt3. 
 
 25. B B6. 
 
 26. QXKt. 
 
 27. RXP. 
 
 28. RXP. 
 
 BLACK. 
 
 QKt Q2. 
 KR K sq. 
 Kt K5. 
 BXKKt. 
 KtXKt. 
 BXP. 
 B Q3. 
 Kt>-B sq. 
 P KKt3. 
 QR Q sq. 
 R Q2. 
 PXP. 
 P KR4. 
 P Kt4. 
 Kt K3. 
 Kt B5(ch.) 
 BXQ. 
 PXR. 
 Resigns. 
 
 The final combination of forces in this 
 game is said to be one of the most brilliant 
 on record, and rarely surpassed in actual 
 play. 
 
 EXAMPLE V. Opened with a Phili- 
 dor's Defense, and played between Morphy 
 (White) and Allies (Black) in 1858. 
 
 White plays first and mates in seventeen 
 moves. The game is notated thus: 
 
CONCLUSION 
 
 159 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 1. P-4K. 
 
 2. Kt KB3. 
 
 3. P Q4. 
 
 4. PXP. 
 
 5. QXB. 
 
 6. B QB4. 
 
 7. Q QKt3. 
 
 8. Kt B3. 
 
 9. B KKt5. 
 
 10. KtXP. 
 
 11. BXQKtP (ch.). 
 
 12. O O^-O 
 
 13. RXKt. 
 
 14. R Qsq. 
 
 15. BXR(ch.) 
 
 16. Q Kt8(ch.). 
 
 17. R Q8(mate). 
 
 BLACK. 
 P K4. 
 P Q3. 
 
 B Kt5. 
 BXKt. 
 PXP. 
 Kt KB3. 
 Q K2. 
 P B3. 
 P QKt4. 
 PXKt. 
 QKt Q2. 
 R Q sq. 
 RXR. 
 Q K3. 
 KtXB. 
 KtXQ. 
 
 From White's tenth move on, he plays 
 a brilliant game and the student should 
 study it carefully, as it shows accuracy 
 and judgment. 
 
 These five examples of masterplay all 
 illustrate a scientific knowledge of the 
 game, and the student should play them 
 over several times on his own board, as 
 they will give him many points on the de- 
 velopment of his forces after the positions 
 
160 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 attained by the opening moves, and they 
 will, also, help him in gathering his men 
 together for purposes of attack and de- 
 fense. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Chess Openings. I. Gunsberg. (Lon- 
 don: George Bell & Son.) 
 
 Chess Player's Companion. Howard 
 Staunton. (New York: Macmillan Co.) 
 
 Chess Pocket Manual. G. H. D. Gos- 
 sip. (New York: Chas. Scribner's 
 Sons.) 
 
 Chess Sparks. J. H. Ellis. (New 
 York: Longmans, Green & Co.) 
 
 Chess Strategetics. Franklin K. 
 Young. (Boston: Little, Brown & Co.) 
 
 Game of Chess. P. C. Morphy. New 
 York: Macmillan Co.) 
 
 Grand Tactics of Chess. Franklin K. 
 Young. (Boston: Little, Brown & Co.) 
 
 Minor Tactics of Chess. Franklin K. 
 Young. (Boston: Little, Brown & Co.) 
 
 Model Chess Instructor. William 
 Steinmitz. (New York: G. P. Putnam's 
 Sons.) 
 
 161 
 
162 HOW TO PLAY CHESS 
 
 Principles of Chess in Theory and Prac- 
 tice. James Mason. (London: Horace 
 Cox.) 
 
 Theory of Chess Openings. G. H. D. 
 Gossip. (Xew York: Frederick Warne 
 & Co.) 
 
 Two Move Chess Problems. B. G. 
 Laws. (London: George Bell & Sons.) 
 
14 DAY USE 
 
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 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 RETC'D LD 
 
 DEC 2 01974 24 
 
 JUL 3 1961 
 
 :n 
 
 .JAN'8 196^ 
 
 Kt^C'D LD 
 
 JAN 1 7 1963 
 
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7A 
 
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 M99164 
 
 I 
 
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