AGRIC. DEFT, 
 
PRACTICAL FARM BUILDINGS 
 

 
 
 
 
Practical Farm Buildings 
 
 Plans and Suggestions By A. F. Hunter 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 F. W. BIRD A SON 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 Established 1817 
 
 EAST WALPOLE, MASS., U. S. A. 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 Canadian Factory and Office, Hamilton! <ir.t. ' 
 
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 CHICAGO 
 
 IOO5, F. W. BIRD & SON 
 
 UlUlliUlllllilll: 
 
PRACTICAL FARM BUILDINGS 
 
 1. POULTRY HOUSES. 
 
 
 
 SUN TPOM 
 APRIL Z/i-' TO 
 SEPT.. AC-* 
 
 "PLACE THE 
 WINDOWS HIGH. 
 
 -15' 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 Bulletin No. 16 of the Cornell Reading Course for Farmers is entitled "Building Poultry 
 
 Houses," and from it, and Farmers' Bulletin No. 141 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, many 
 
 of the hints and suggestions here used arc borrowed; a few of the poultry house plans are adapted 
 
 from recent poultry periodicals; for their courtesy our thanks are hereby tendered. Farmers' 
 
 Bulletin No. 141, says: "Poultry houses need not be elaborate in their fittings or expensive in 
 
 construction. There are certain conditions, however, which should be insisted upon in all cases. In 
 
 the first place, the house should be located upon soil which is well drained and dry. A gravelly knoll 
 
 is best, but, failing this, the site should be raised by the use of the plow and scraper until there is a 
 
 gentle slope in all directions sufficient to prevent any standing water even at the wettest times. A 
 
 few inches of sand or gravel on the surface will be very useful in preventing the formation of mud. If 
 
 the house is sheltered from the north and northwest winds by a group of evergreens, this will be a 
 
 decided advantage in the colder parts of the country." 
 
 In Building Poultry House* Professor Rice puts "suitable buildings, properly located" as the 
 
 first of the four cornerstones upon which success rests, and in giving the buildings this prominence we believe he is entirely right; no one thing does n'nre to 
 
 promote or hinder successful work with poultry than the buildings, and to aid the reader. M a wjse decision as to which of many different patterns of poultry houses 
 
 is best adapted to his purposes we offer these plans and suggestions. Agric 1) 
 
 Select a dry location ; if the ground is not naturally dry, make it so by draining it. Tfie first illustration gives a plan for making the interior of a poultry 
 
 house absolutely dry if the ground is well drained. The foundation walls are built up eighteen inches above the ground level. Ten or twelve inches of this space 
 
 is filled in with small stones or coarse gravel, and the balance with fine sand or dry, sandy loam ; outside the ground is sloped up to the level of the bottom of the 
 
 sills, and all the surface water is effectually turned away. 
 
 Dampness is fatal to hens ; drain to promote dryness. It is better by far to have a cold, dry- 
 house than a warm, damp house. The warmer the air the more moisture it will hold. When this 
 moist air comes in contact with a cold surface, condensation takes place which is often converted 
 into hoar frost. The remedy, therefore, is to remove the moisture, as far as possible, by first cutting 
 off the water from below which comes up from the soil. The water table is the same under a hen- 
 house as it is outdoors. Dirt floors are therefore damp. Stone filling covered with soil is hard to 
 
 * /Jcteali and only partially keeps out dampness. Board floors are short lived if the air is not allowed 
 " "to* Circulate under the house. If the foundation walls are not tight, the floors are cold. In any 
 
 lcas 'they harbor rats. A good cement floor is nearly as cheap as a good matched-board floor, 
 
 coVmfm'g lumber, sleepers, nails, time, etc. When once properly made it is good for all time. It is 
 
 practically rat-proof, easily cleaned and perfectly dry, cutting off absolutely all the water from below. 
 If covered with a little soil, or straw or both, as all kinds of floors should be, it will be a warm floor. 
 
 \2\. .-' 
 
 SAND 05 SANPI. LMty 
 
 SWAIISTO/ME3 OR g 
 
 FIG. 1 A plan to secure dryness. 
 
No I No. 2.. No. 3. 
 
 Fn,. 1 An experiment will) curtains in windows. 
 
 Fir,. 4 An implement house adapted for poultry. 
 
 Other tilings that can be done to keep dampness out of the air is to use absorbents, like dry dust, land plaster, or South Carolina rock on the droppings, 
 which should be frequently removed; and by keeping plenty of dry straw, swale hay, buckwheat hulls, etc., on the floor overhead and used for scratching 
 litter on the floor of the pen. 
 
 Secure shelter where possible by building in the lee of a windbreak or a hill, or of other farm buildings. Buildings tlr.it face the south will get the 
 largest amount of exposure to the sun's rays; other things being equal, they will be warmer, drier, and more cheerful. Too much glass makes a house too 
 cold at night and too warm during the daytime, because glass gives off heat at night as readily as it collects it in the daytime. Much glass makes construction 
 expensive. Allow one square foot of glass surface to about 16 square feet of floor space, if the windows are properly placed. The windows should be high and 
 placed up and down rather than horizontally and low. In the former the sunlight passes over the entire floor during the day, from east to west, drying and 
 purifying practically the whole interior. (See Fig. 2.) The time when sunshine is most needed is when the sun is lowest, from September 21 to March 21; 
 the arrows show the extreme points which the sunshine reaches during this period. 
 
 Much of the dampness in poultry houses in winter is due to the condensation of the moisture of the breath of the fowls. The warm air exhaled from 
 the lungs is heavily charged with moisture. In recent years considerable success has attended efforts to eliminate this moisture by ventilating the pens through 
 cloth curtains set i ito the tops of the doors (see plans of Dr. Bricault's poultry house, page 8, and the Maine Experiment Station house, page 9) or set into part 
 of the window space. In Fig. 3 is shown an illustration of an experiment tried on the Lone Oak 
 Poultry Farm, Reading, Mass., last winter. Being much annoyed by the moisture which collected 
 on the roof and walls in the night, and, melting, dropped to the floor when the sun warmed the 
 roof and walls during the day, frames the size of one fourth of each window were made and 
 common muslin tacked on. To better ascertain the effect of the curtains the windows in house 
 No. I were left closed, as formerly; in house No. 2 the top sash was dropped the length of one 
 Hirlit and a curtain set in the place: in house No. 3 the windows were dropped from the top and 
 raised from the bottom, curtains being set in the spaces. In house No. 1 the dampness and 
 '"chill" remained as before; in house No. 2 there was some improvement; in house No. 3 there 
 was a great improvement; and the temperature, in the coldest days of the winter, was about six FIG. 5 around pun. 
 
 092127*1 
 
 Roosts 
 
FIG. 7 Implement house with scratching shed added. 
 
 degrees warmer in house No. 3 than in 
 
 No. 1, where the windows were all closed 
 
 tight. The two curtains were not quite 
 
 sufficient to dry out the moisture, which 
 
 had already got well established, but it 
 
 is believed that having the curtains to 
 
 put in the windows, both top and bottom, 
 
 as soon as freezing weather comes in the 
 
 fall, they will be ample to keep the houses 
 
 well ventilated and quite dry. 
 
 The shape of the roof of the poultry 
 
 house influences the cost, and we give 
 
 the preference to plans of houses with 
 
 single-span roofs. These houses are 
 
 easiest and cheapest to build, and with the slope of the roof to the north we get 
 
 the much desired vertical front, with room for the windows to be placed high to secure 
 
 sunshine, and with all the drip of the roof carried off to the north, the ground in front 
 
 of the house is dry. It also is cooler in summer, as it is not exposed to the direct rays of 
 
 the sun. 
 
 Not infrequently there are small buildings on the place which can be easily and economi- 
 cally adapted to poultry use; as, for example, an old implement house, or tool shed, which can 
 
 be made into a one or two pen house, as desired, by arranging windows and doors and adding 
 
 one or two open-front scratching sheds for exercise and fresh air. (Fig. 4 and 7.) In case there is no building suitable for remodeling into a poultry house, 
 an inexpensive lean-to may be built on to the south end of the stable. (Fig. 6.) A house of this kind can be simply, economically, and conveniently built, and 
 well supplies the conditions for successful poultry keeping. 
 
 Sometimes a dweller in the suburbs wants to keep a small flock of poultry, to supply the family with fresh eggs through the fall, winter, and spring 
 and then fresh meat for the table; well-matured pullets being bought new when fall comes again. For such purpose the plan given in Fig. 8 is well adapted, 
 and it can be built of a size to suit convenience; eight feet long by five feet deep, six feet high in front, and four feet six inches at the back, makes a usable small 
 house, which can be easily moved to another location if desired. 
 
 Excellent patterns of small poultry houses, well adapted to the suburban lot, are shown on pages 6 and 11; these " Colony" 
 houses have proved their merits in many different localities. They are especially valuable on a farm, where it is desirable to 
 locate a flock of half-grown chickens out in a grain field; or on a poultry farm where extra room is needed for surplus stock 
 and cockerels which are to be sold for breeding purposes. A solid board floor enables shutting the birds in at night and 
 keeping them in till the team has drawn them to the new location in the morning; it also secures the birds against marauding 
 animals at night, if the slide door has been closed. 
 
 Fro. 6 A lean-to poultry house. 
 
 FIG. 8 A small portable poultry house. 
 
 fal 
 
In Fig. 9 we given an illustration of an elevated poultry house used 
 in Florida, which was published in the Poultry Standard, of Stamford, 
 Conn., and described as made of Neponset Red Rope Roofing, both top 
 and sides; a better construction would be Paroid Roofing for roof and 
 sides, or Paroid for roof, and Neponset Red Rope Roofing for the ends 
 and sides. This house is built upon posts set in the ground and extend- 
 ing to the roof, five feet above the ground at the back and six feet high 
 in front; the six posts, three front and three back, are all the frame 
 required. The light furring to sustain the roof and sides is nailed to 
 the posts, and the Roofing securely nailed to the strips of furring. 
 
 The open space below the house is enclosed by one inch mesh 
 wire netting; there is no floor, and a narrow platform along the rear, 
 inside, gives the hens access to the nest boxes, which are hinged at one 
 end and swing out as shown in the drawing. The roost poles should 
 be a foot above the open bottom, to be quite sheltered from winds. 
 
 A California " Mustiruuin " poultry house. 
 
 FIG. 9 A Florida poultry bouse. 
 
 Of similar pattern is the "Mushroom" poultry house, from Southern California. 
 These houses may be built any size, but are usually made four or five feet square. The 
 posts are four and one half feet high and the sides left open for a distance of eighteen inches 
 at the bottom. There is no floor used, the air circulating freely beneath. When built of 
 boards no frame is needed, the boarding being nailed to the posts. The roof goes up from 
 all four sides, in pyramid form, and is made watei tight. The roosts are placed about 
 fifteen or eighteen inches above the bottom, as shown by the dotted lines, and a walk or 
 ladder is provided which leads from the ground to the rear roosts. This is made movable, 
 so that it can be taken down at night, thus protecting the fowls from marauding animals. 
 
 Some of the houses are built of iron advertising signs, and have the common double- 
 pitch roof; in some cases the sides are made of burlap tacked on to furring, which is nailed 
 to the posts. This burlap is then painted with crude oil, distillate and Venetian Red to 
 make it wind proof. Lumber is very expensive in that section, and the burlap, when 
 water-proofed, makes a cheap and quite desirable house. 
 
 A better water tight and economical construction would be Paroid Roofing for the 
 roof and Neponset Red Rope Roofing for the sides. 
 
When fowl are kept in the confinement of houses and yards an impor- 
 tant question is how to keep the yards sweet. The ground becomes tainted 
 in a couple of years or so, and then is a fruitful source of disease. Unless 
 grass can be kept growing so as to keep the ground free from the poison of 
 the droppings there is no alternative but to change the ground. It is well to 
 have two runs, using each alternately, and by planting the one vacated with 
 some quick-growing crop it can be made ready for occupancy again in a 
 few weeks. 
 
 It is a comparatively simple proposition to have the yards divided in two 
 sections, by setting the house in the middle, having half (or two fifths or 
 three fifths) of the length of yards north of the house; these north yards 
 being used three or four months in summer, a crop of some suitable kind 
 being grown in the vacant yards south of the house. 
 
 In Fig. 11 we give a plan for such house and yards. In this plan we 
 suppose the yards to be one hundred and twenty-five feet long by eighteen 
 wide, and have placed fifty feet of length of yards north of the house and 
 seventy-five feet of length south of it. There are lift-off gates next to the 
 house in the fences south of house, the second gate in illustration being shown 
 as lifted off and leaning against the next panel of fence. These gates give 
 access to all the yards, for plowing, harrowing, and cultivating a crop; also 
 for driving up to the front of the pen with a cart to haul away the fouled 
 earth of the floor of the house. The usual access to these yards is through 
 
 the house itself and a gate opening out of the scratching shed; for ordinary visits to the north yards there are small, swinging gates next to the house, and then 
 lift-gates which will admit a team for plowing, etc. 
 
 Small, detached houses for individual flocks of fowls are becoming more and more popular amongst poultrymen, and one of the leading poultry periodicals is 
 authority for the statement that the one-time popularity of the long poultry house is distinctly waning. The "Colony" house, as it is called, possesses many 
 
 advantages which cannot be found in the long house, and it is but truth to state that it has much adaptability to 
 a variety of uses. Among these are housing a flock of fowls in winter, and it is then sometimes convenient to 
 draw them up together, so as to save steps in going from one to another; using them as brooder houses in the 
 spring; colonizing flocks of youngsters in them out in the grass fields directly after the hay crop is harvested; 
 housing surplus males in them in the fall, etc. 
 
 An excellent plan of colony house is given in Figs. 12 and 13, and comes 
 from the Connecticut Experiment Station; this combines the advantages of the 
 scratching shed with a colony house. This house is sixteen feet long by six feet 
 wide, is six feet high in front, and four feet high at the rear, the roosting 
 apartment being seven by six feet and the scratching shed nine by six feet in size. in.. H c;ruunj plan. 
 
 [6] 
 
 FIG. 11 Continuous scratching-slied poultry bouse, with double yards. 
 
 Fie;. 12 Colony poultry limi^r ;it Connecticut 
 Experiment Station. 
 
 
 1'X&' < 
 
 7'X6' 
 
 6, A 
 
Curtained- Front 
 Scratching Shed. 
 10 X 10 Ft 
 
 
 
 
 I I . 
 
 ll II 
 
 
 8 X 1 Ft 
 
 
 A = 
 
 7\_ 
 
 N__ 
 
 A == j 
 
 Showing 
 
 Curtains. 
 One hooked up 
 
 to Roof 
 One down 
 
 Ground Plan of Pens and Sheds. 
 
 THE SCRATCHING=SHED POULTRY 
 HOUSE. 
 
 A continuous house, with alternating curtained- 
 front scratching sheds and closed roosting pens, has 
 been growing very rapidly in popular favor with prac- 
 tical poultryinen, and probably combines more advan- 
 tages with fewer disadvantages than any other one style 
 of poultry house. Each combined pen and shed is 
 eighteen by ten feet, the curtained-front shed being ten 
 by ten, and the roosting pen eight by ten feet room 
 sufficient for twenty-five to thirty head of fowls of the 
 American varieties, or thirty-five to forty Leghorns. No 
 alley is required in this plan of house, the walk being 
 through the pens and sheds, as shown in the ground-plan. 
 
 We would build this house seven feet high in front 
 and five feet high at the back. Sills and plates are all 
 of two by four scantling, halved and nailed together at 
 joints. The rafters, corner studs, and studs in centers 
 of fronts of sheds are all two by four; the intermediate 
 studs are two by three. Set the sills on stone founda- 
 tion a foot and a half above the ground level, or on 
 posts set into the ground below the usual frost line, 
 the posts being set five feet apart excepting in front of 
 roosting pens (where they come four feet apart), 
 there being a post at corner of each pen and shed, with 
 one between. The rafters should be two feet between 
 centers; as lumber comes twelve, fourteen, or sixteen 
 
 feet in length, and two-feet-apart rafters allow the lumber to be used with almost no waste. The sills we would set a foot and a half above average ground level. 
 When set on posts put hemlock (or some hard wood) boards from bottom half of sill down to ground, nailing them firmly to sill and foundation posts; then fill up 
 inside to bottom of sills and slope the ground outside to same height, as illustrated in Fig. 1. Toe-nail studs to sills firmly, plates to studs ditto, and rafters to 
 plates. Set the studs in front of roosting pens to take the window frames (or the window sash, if no frames are used), and in partitions a stud should be set 
 to take the two and one half feet wide doors and gates. All of the framing is simple and easy, and any man who can saw off a board or joist reasonably square 
 and drive nails straight can build this house; the slight bevel at each end of rafters being perfectly simple. All boarding is lengthwise, the- boards being firmly 
 nailed and good joints made all over. Cover the roof and sides with Paroid, and the house will be wind and water proof. A twelve-light window of eight by ten 
 glass is set in the front of each roosting p;-ii, and all doors and gates are two and one half feet wide by six feet high. If you cannot afford Paroid for both roof and 
 sides, we recommend it for roof and Neponsei for sides. 
 
 [7] 
 
 reed Tvough, 
 
 ~TJ 
 
 Partition between Pens. 
 
 Partition between Sheds. Front of Scratching -Shed 
 I'n.. 14 Continuous curtained- front, scratch ing-shed poultry house. 
 
 of Roosting Room. 
 
FIG. 15 Dr. Bricault's "New Idea" poultry house. 
 
 DR. BRICAULT'S "NEW IDEA" POULTRY HOUSE. 
 
 Desiring a poultry house which would give closed pens or could be opened up to admit the air and sunshine at will, Dr. C. Bricault, Andover, Mass., adapted 
 the well-known "Dutch door" to his purpose, putting the door in the middle of the front of each pen, and so arranging it that the whole door could be open 
 day and night, in warm weather, or the lower half of the door shut and the top half open, or the top half could be closed by a curtain in quite cold weather, 
 and in severe storms the whole door closed. The size of the pens is ten by twelve feet, the frame and building plan being substantially the same as in the pre- 
 ceding house-plan, the doors in the front of each partition giving a passage through the entire length of the house. There are two windows in the front of each 
 
 pen; the roosts are set against the partitions betweeii 
 
 the pens, and the trap-nests are set on a platform 
 
 against the north wall. The building is covered 
 
 with a cheap sheathing paper, then with sheathing 
 
 quilt, then Neponset Red Rope Roofing; a better 
 
 construction would be Paroid Roofing on the roof 
 
 and Neponset on sides. 
 
 Fig. 16 shows a front perspective of the house, 
 
 with the lift-off gates taken down to permit driving 
 
 through the yards; Fig. 17 gives an interior view 
 
 Fir,. 16 Front elevation, showing gates opening through. of one of the pens, showing roosts and trap-nests. |.- I(; . 17 interior o! pen. 
 
 m 
 
Curtain-frost poultry house at the \l:iim* Experiment 
 
 THE MAINE EXPERIMENT STATION CURTAIN-FRONT HOUSE 
 
 The must advanced poultry-house construction has been developed on the poultry plant of the Maine Experiment Station, and consists of a house-front 
 half open, excepting that there is a cloth curtain in the opening (on cold nights and in stormy weather), and there is an elevated roosting closet with another 
 cloth curtain in front. It seerns almost cruelty to animals to put hens in houses where they have only two cloth curtains between them and the cold of winter 
 in central Maine, hut a bulletin recently published says: "These curtain-front houses have all proved eminently satisfactory. Not a case of cold or snuffles has 
 developed from sleeping in the warm elevated closets with the cloth fronts, and then going down into the cold room, on to the dry straw, and spending the day in 
 the open air. The egg yield per bird has been as pood in these houses as in the warmed ones. 
 
 The Maine Station has now three of these curtain-front houses. Of the two long houses one is one hundred and fifty by twelve feet, divided into pens twenty 
 by twelve feet, in each of which are housed fifty hens; the other is one hundred and twenty by sixteen feet, divided into pens thirty by sixteen feet, and one hundred 
 hens are kept in each. 
 
 fig. 18 gives a single pen of the one hundred and fifty foot long house, with a door opening into the pen from a board walk along the front. Each pen has 
 two windows, which light the interior when it is necessary to keep the curtain down; the space at the east end is occupied by nest boxes. The curtain in front is 
 twelve by four feet, is hinged at top so it may be swung up against the roof and hooked up there; the roosting closet is up three feet from the floor, the platform is 
 three feet wide, and the curtain which closes the front is the whole length of the pen, is hinged at the top and swings up against the roof, where hooks secure it 
 out of the way. The whole floor of the pens is open for exercise, and is an enclosed out-of-doors pen all the time. 
 
 I'lc,. IV Nest boxes 
 
 FIG. 20 Rear of pen, showing roosting-closet. 
 
 ;. 21 Cross-section. 
 
 [9 
 
FK;. 22 A long poullry liouce on ilie White Leghorn poultry yards, \\atenillr, \. V. 
 
 A POULTRY HOUSE 250 FEET LONG 
 
 In New York State it has been thought desirable to have warm houses for the Single Comb White Leghorns so largely kept there, and we give an illustration 
 of one of the long poultry houses of the White Leghorn Poultry Yards, Waterville, N. Y. This house is two hundred and fifty feet long by sixteen feet wide, 
 divided into pens twelve feet square and a walk three and a half feet wide along the north side. It has a floor of seven-eighths inch matched boards throughout. 
 The outside walls are first boarded, then covered with sheathing paper and clapboarded. The inside of the building is boarded up with matched boards on the 
 inside of the studs, making a four-inch dead air space between the walls. The ceilings are made of matched boards laid at the level of the plates. In this 
 ceiling, over the center of each pen, is a small trap door, two f.-et square, opening up into the attic space above, which is designed to give diffusive ventilation. 
 
 Three ventilating cupolas cap the roof and there are full-sized windows in each gable end. This attic space is a storage room for straw, which is drawn 
 upon from time to time to furnish scratching material for the pen floors, and opening the trap door in the ceiling (Fig. 23) gives excellent ventilation 
 without drafts. A door opens from the alleyway into each pen, and doors in the partitions between the pens permit passing through from pen to pen. The 
 roost platforms with nest boxes beneath are against the partitions between the walk and pens (Fig. 24), and the plan of partitions between pens is shown in 
 Fig. 23. The roof is covered with Paroid roofing. A fault here is the wire netting in these partitions, which invites drafts; a better plan would be matched 
 board partitions throughout. 
 
 The twelve feet square pens have one hundred and forty-four square feet of floor space each, giving ample room for twenty-five head of layers, and while 
 along house of this description is somewhat expensive to build, it has many advantages, which, on a large and permanent poultry plant, will more than make 
 
 up for the first cost in the ease and economy of feeding, etc., and 
 the warmth of the house and simplicity of ventilation. This style 
 of poultry house has been in use on the White Leghorn farm for 
 several years, and has been found to be both practical and econo- 
 mical; it combines very completely the laying and breeding house. 
 On this plant they practice the alternate system of males in the 
 pens, a small coop for the extra male being set against the parti- 
 tion in one corner of the pen, four feet up from the floor. One 
 male bird is cooped up while the other runs with the hens and 
 they are exchanged every two or three days, the change being 
 effected at night. 
 
 FlG. 23 Interior, showing partitions between pens. 
 
 Fi<;. 24 Interior of pen, slum inj: rousts. 
 
 [10] 
 
Fn;. 25 Mr. A. G. Dustou's five-pen breeding house. 
 
 MR. DUSTON'S POULTRY HOUSES. 
 
 One of America's most successful poultrymen is Mr. Arthur G. Duston, of South Framingham, Mass., and as he has recently established himself on a new 
 farm, to secure necessary room, the type of poultry houses he decides are the best for him is of interest. He is building seventeen houses of five pens each, and 
 uses some thirty odd of his well-known colony houses (Fig. 27). The five-pen houses are raised from the ground from two to three feet, the space beneath being 
 utilized as scratching room. Kach house is fifty by twelve feet, the pens being ten by twelve feet each, and there are two windows in the front of each pen; 
 doors in the front of partitions allow passing through from pen to pen. The roosts are at the back, with nest boxes beneith the roost platforms. 
 
 This house has a short hip-roof sloping south, which is open to the objection of carrying 
 part of the roof-drip to the front of the house, a fault which ca'i be mitigated by a gutter 
 along the .front, but that increases the cost without always giving complete relief from the 
 drip; uc decidedly prefer the single slope roof. 
 
 Mr. Huston's "colony" or portable, houses are justly favorites, the distinctive feature 
 of them being the double door, or wire netting door covered with a second door. The advan- 
 tages of this door are great; they give excellent ventilation without drafts, and complete security 
 from four-footed foes. These "colony" houses are ten by five feet on the ground, five feet 
 high in front, a:ul four feet high at the back, and have board floors. 
 
 
 
 
 
 . ______ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -1 
 
 ^*^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >, 
 
 
 
 
 '\ 
 
 
 ia 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 /. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fie. 27 \!r. Huston's " Coloay " liouse. 
 
2. BARNS, STABLES, ETC. 
 
 FIG. 28 A t illage stable for a horse and cow. 
 
 There is great diversity in plans of barns and stables, the taste of indi- 
 vidual owners seeming to favor this or that plan, a; they think it hrst 
 adapted to their needs. We have thought it wise to give here a few simple, 
 practical plans, which have approved themselves in actual use. Barns and 
 stables need not be expensive in construction nor elaborate in fittings; the 
 important considerations are the convenience of the owner and the adapt- 
 ability of the building to its purpose. 
 
 In Kigs. 28, 29 and 311 we give a plan for a village stable, for the man 
 who keeps a horse and one or two cows, and the ground Hoor also provides 
 room for the work-bench I which is most desirable where there are boys 
 in the family ), besides standing room for the carriage, wagon, and sleigh. 
 
 This stable is planned to be twenty-six feet long by eighteen feet 
 wide, is ten feet from floor level to eaves, and fourteen feet from floor to 
 ridge of roof. More pitch can lie given to roof if desired, but with a 
 good rooting like Paroid the roof slope may be slight. It would be 
 better to make the walls two feet higher if more storage space is desired 
 above the scaffold floor. The doorway is eight by eight feet, anil stall 
 space eight by eight feet is made in each front corner; a box stall is 
 provided for the horse and two cw stalls in the left-hand corner, with 
 a small door opening into the cow linter. Hay scaffolds seven feet above 
 
 I TT 
 
 Ir 
 
 -I 
 
 1^- I 
 
 
 Cross-section. 
 
 the floor extend across each end and may be joined at the rear if desired; 
 a scaffold floor above the large doors extends from front to rear, or to the 
 drop-scaffold walk connecting the two side scaffolds at the rear. A 
 basement six or seven feet deep under the whole is a valuable addition 
 to such a stable, making room for storing and rotting the manure, and a 
 storage room for roots, etc. , in one corner. 
 
 Six-inch-square sills, posts, and floor stringers are amply strong for 
 the strain usually put upon a small stable, and the center posts, set at 
 corners of box stall and cow stalls, help carry the main floor and the 
 storage floor above. If preferred, the intermediate posts may be set in 
 the center and the stall-spaces extended a foot, making them 8x9 feet. 
 With the roof covered with Paroid roofing, and the sides with Neponset 
 Red Rope Roofing battened on laps and halfway between laps, a very 
 neat and economically constructed stable is made. 
 
 [12] 
 
 w 
 
 PflK 
 
 BE NCH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 , 
 
 BOX STALL 
 S'X a 
 
 cow 
 
 STALLS); 
 
 
 1 
 
Tin 1 farm ham is a most important aid to economy of labor, if "rightly 
 |>laiim-il. and c give on this page the plans of a small barn, for a farm where 
 eight or ten cows are kept, such as is quite common in New England and the 
 Middle States, and which gives excellent satisfaction everywhere. On the farm 
 where this plan was studied the pair of horses were housed in a small horse 
 kirn nearer the dwelling house, the Democrat wagon, canopy top carriage 
 and sleigh, etc., being under the same roof. 
 
 This barn is forty-four feet long by thirty-four feet wide, and is built in 
 four "bays" of eleven feet in length each. The main floor is twelve feet wide, 
 anil hay wagons drive in at either erd and out at the other. The cow stalls 
 occupy all of the linter on the south side, a door at the end opening into the lane 
 to the pasture. The first bay on the north side is ceiled up with tongued and 
 grooved hoards, lias a tight floor overhead, and is used as a grain storeroom; the 
 other three bays on that side are hay mows from floor to roof. 
 
 Over the main floor and fifteen feet above it is a floor for hay, or corn, or 
 used for general storage at different seasons. There was no floor on the collar- 
 beams when the present owner bought the farm. Strong poles had been laid 
 across the space and surplus hay thrown on them; since being floored over the 
 
 Ku;. H A barn for a small dairy farm. 
 
 -44- 
 
 ?2. Ground plan. 
 
 owner says it is the best part of the barn, and invaluable for drying out crops not fully cured. 
 A basement about six feet in depth receives the manure from the cows, and three or four hogs have 
 the run of the cellar and manure heaps, thoroughly rotting and "fining" the manure for the next 
 season's crops. 
 
 The frame of this barn is of eight-inch square 
 hemlock timber, the braces three by four inch hem- 
 lock mortised into posts and stringers, the floor stringers 
 three by nine inches, two feet apart and well cross- 
 bridged, the floor of three-inch plank. The scaffold 
 floor is of inch boards laid on two by six inch stringers 
 three feet apart, and is amply strong for any load put 
 upon it. 
 
 Grain bins along two sides of the grain room may 
 be four feet wide, and, fitted with drop fronts, may be 
 five feet high and divided into two or more compart- 
 ments. Two small bins may be fitted in each side of 
 the window; the window may be in the end if preferred. 
 
 FIG. 33 Cross-section. 
 
|''K.. H- A complete dairy barn, wit!) silo. 
 
 A COMPLETE DAIRY BARN 
 
 Modern dairy farming means an up-to-date dairy barn, and we give herewith the plans of one which is warmly endorsed by the owner and carries fifty 
 cows in perfect comfort. This is a truss-frame barn, ninety-three feet long by forty feet wide, the basement (or ground) floor being wholly occupied by cow 
 stalls and calving pens, the main floor being a hay-storage room. Two bays on one side are used for grain storage, all the remainder of the bays on both sides 
 being for hay; a driveway fifteen feet wide extends through this Moor, and inclined driveways at each end give access from the fields in either direction. 
 
 The ground floor is concrete throughout. A walk five feet wide extends along each side and cross walks three feet wide are between each row of stalls 
 at both front and rear, one for feeding and the other for the cows and the milkers. A shallow gutter, eighteen inches wide by six inches deep, extends along the 
 rear of the stalls to receive the droppings and urine, which is removed twice a day and drawn at once to the fields or heaped for tramping over and rotting 
 under wide-roofed sheds. The calving stalls, four at each end of this floor, are eight by seven and three quarters feet in size, and one or two of them can be 
 occupied by bulls, if desired. 
 
The watering system may be either a wooden gutter extending along the front of each row of stalls or a east-iron semicircular pan set between each pair 
 of stalls so as to supply a cow on either side. Whether troughs or pans are used there should be an automatic cock and tank, which keeps the water always 
 at the desired level, and check valves which prevent the water once in the trough or basin returning to the pipe and contaminating others. 
 
 All the food is stored on the main Moor, whence convenient 
 
 chutes convey it to feeding troughs or push-carts on the walks below. , ^ , , 
 
 The ensilage from the silo is loaded directly into the push-carts just /\ DAIRY 
 
 outside the door, or could be chuted to the walk inside. The 
 soiling crops fed in summer are cut up on the main floor and sent 
 down to the waiting push-carts in the walks below. The roof and 
 sides of this barn are covered with Paroid roofing. 
 
 The tying arrangement may be either chains, straps, or swing 
 stanchions as desired, and all three methods are in use on up-to-date 
 dairy barns. The stock kept may have an influence upon the 
 length of the stalls; those given are seven and one half feet long 
 by three feet three inches wide. 
 
 V 
 
 J- GRAIN 
 
 CHUTS 
 
 FLOOR. 
 
 I'l . U (iixiLUKt floor plan of basement story. 
 
 
 1_ 
 
 
 "1 
 
 n 
 
 or 
 
 
 
 U LJ LJ 
 
 , MAY CHUTE 
 V' 
 
 'N, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IIIIIHIIIIIA, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GRAIN 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ROOM 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 1 
 
 HL 
 
 
 
 Kir,. ?7 Floor plan of main floor. 
 
 [15] 
 
FiG. 38 A stable for a suburban place. 
 
 A STABLE FOR A SUBURBAN PLACE 
 
 A convenient and well-arranged stable is greatly appreciated] aiul we 
 present plans for a stable for four horses, with carriage room, harness room, 
 man's room, etc., hayloft, platform for drying the bedding, and other ac- 
 cessories of a modern stable for a suburban home. It is built without cupola 
 or other ornamental features, is just a plain, simple stable. 
 
 This building is forty-four by twenty-four feet in size, the sides and 
 roof rough boards covered with P.-roid Roofiing. There is a basement under 
 the whole. 
 
 The walls and ceiling of the entire lower floor are sheathed with hard 
 pine, a wooden partition separating the horse stalls from the carriages, and 
 abundant windows give light and air to all purls. The ventilation of the 
 horse room is such that no gases reach the carriages, and " Hydrex " waterproofing felt between the floorings of the carriage room cuts off the steam and gases 
 from the manure pit. The iron gutter along the rear of the stalls is covered with a maple or birch plank, and the stall floors are either maple or birch. Run- 
 ning water is piped to the water basin in the horse room, and a hose cock on the other side of the partition receives the hose for washing carriages, or a 
 revolving, overhead hose-fixture can be installed, just above the washing-floor if desired. A hot-water heater may be installed on the main floor, but better be 
 in the basement, where the coal bin would be; radiators may be set as desired, 
 with one at least in rear of the box stall and one on the carriage floor, and a 
 small one in the man's room on second floor. The roof is drained by galvan- 
 ized iron pipes emptying into blind wells. The carriage room floor is con- 
 creted, and a drain pipe leads from 
 the depression where carriages are 
 
 g | washed to a blind well. At one end 
 
 is a platform for drying the bedding, 
 and ventilation is so well provided 
 for there are almost no odors. As it 
 is planned this is a practical, conven- 
 ient, well-arranged stable, adapted 
 to the needs of a family of moderate 
 means on a suburban place. 
 
 L_ 
 
 . 6 
 
 I* 
 
 BOX 
 STALL 
 
 HARNESS 
 ROOM 
 
 n 
 
 FIG. 40 Second story Plan. 
 
 FIG. 39 Flour plan. 
 
 ,6] 
 
A PLANK=FRAME BARN. 
 
 The plank-frame barn has been very popular in several sections of the West, 
 the considerable saving in lumber and ease of building recommending it to 
 I radical men. Less men and time are required to build one of these barns; they 
 art- stronger, the excellent "bracing" of the frame making them effective to 
 stand the pressure of hay and grain within or strong winds without. 
 
 In some sections a solid frame foundation is used, in Maine the entire 
 structure is of plank; the barns are built either with or without basement, accord- 
 ing to the taste of the owner. A good, firmly built stone and cement foundation 
 is advisable; with this foundation to rest the plank upon the frame is raised. Do 
 not be sparing of spikes, they are an essential feature. 
 
 No sills are used, and the upright studs take the place of posts. Two for 
 each post are set on the foundation on each side, between these is placed and 
 spiked the cross-plank, which extends the width of the bam and ties the two sides 
 together. The scantlings on each side of barn floor, forming center posts, are then 
 
 raised and spiked in place. Upon 
 outside of each upright is spiked 
 a plank of same size as, and par- 
 allel with, the first cross plank; 
 this gives three 2x8's for cross 
 sills through center of barn, each 
 joint or band being fixed in this 
 way. Knd joints, using boards 
 
 FIG. 41 A plank frame barn. 
 
 Fl<;. 4> Cross-section. 
 
 instead of plank on outside, give the bedwork of the barn. At the 
 sides, between uprights in place of sill, a plank is firmly spiked; this 
 holds the uprights firmly in place and prevents working sideways, 
 while the thoroughly spiked cross planks prevent all movement in 
 other directions. 
 
 Some barns are boarded diagonally, some horizontally; both 
 methods give excellent satisfaction. Many of these barns are built with 
 a hip-roof, as in the illustration given, and these give a great amount 
 of storage room in the loft. The steepei single-slope roof gives 
 equally good results, looks well, and is a little moie economical to build. 
 
 Paroid on roof and sides makes it wind ind water-proof. 
 
 f 17 1 
 
 COW STALLS 
 
 HORSC STALLS 
 
 FIG, 42 Ground plan. 
 
THE ECONOMY OF A GOOD ROOF 
 
 Nearly one hundred years ago we began making paper and felts, and for over twenty-five years have been making ready roofings. 
 NEPONSET RED ROPE ROOFING was the first ready roofing ever made and it filled and is filling a long-felt want for a low cost 
 roofing and siding. It was not intended for a permanent roofing, but has lasted in many instances over ten years. If it averages five to 
 seven years, users say they get more than their money's worth. 
 
 About ten years ago we foresaw a large and growing demand for something more permanent. We had been making practical 
 tests and experiments for years along this line and we placed PAROID Roofing on the market. It immediately became the standard 
 ready roofing of the United States Government, the largest railroads, manufacturers, farmers and poultrymen all over the country, and 
 it continues to hold their favor because it is a ready roofing of " quality.'* 
 
 The farmer uses a large part of our output for barns, silos, sheds, poultry buildings, and his dwelling house. It gives the same 
 good results on all kinds of buildings. 
 
 We might go into detail and tell how we make PAROID, but we want to devote all the space we can to plans and specifications 
 which will help you get up-to-date and economical buildings. Perhaps you have had some experience with tarred roofings, so we want 
 you to know that PAROID and NEPONSET contain no tar. 
 
 Here are a few reasons for PAROID'S success. It is made of the most durable materials, which do not lose their vitality for 
 many years. It is rain and cold proof, and this especially recommends it for poultry and farm buildings. A warm, dry building is 
 very essential to successful farmers and poultry men. Of course no ready roofing is absolutely fireproof, but PAROID is proof against 
 fire from sparks or embers, and buildings will never burn on account of PAROID being on the roof. It does not taint water, is of 
 light slate color, and is acid, gas, and fume proof. 
 
 You don't need experienced men to apply PAROID. You or your own men can do it. We were the originators of the 
 complete roofing kit, fixtures, and complete directions for laying packed inside of each roll. PAROID is so pliable that it can be easily 
 laid in winter as well as in summer. 
 
 PAINTING 
 
 We don't advise painting PAROID for eighteen months to two years, and it is not necessary to do so then, but we recommend it 
 because it is a better insurance for longer life and good service. The cost is very small and a coat every few years is a good investment. 
 
 SIDING 
 
 You cannot imagine the neat effect PAROID gives when applied to the sides of a building with cleats or battens. You can, 
 without extra expense, make your buildings look neat, at the same time make them warm and dry by using PAROID on roof and sides. 
 
 NEPONSET RED ROPE ROOFING 
 
 Has more good qualities than any other roofing made for the money. It has stood the test of time, and those who first used it are still using it, which is proof 
 enough of the good work NEPONSET will do. It is waterproof anH windproof, does not taint rain water, and is easily applied. Each roll contains fixtures 
 and complete directions for applying. 
 
 A GOOD COMBINATION 
 
 The farmer's and poultryman's most economical combination is PAROID for the roof and NEPONSET applied with battens, for the sides, unless, of 
 course, you feel you can afford PAROID for sides also. 
 
 F 18 1 
 
 Tin caps, nails, cement, and 
 complete directions for lay- 
 ing: are packed in each roll. 
 
LINING PAPERS 
 
 Some people prefer to use a sheathing paper for lining their poultry houses or 
 other buildings, and others use it under roofing and siding. Of course it makes a 
 tighter and warmer building, but it is not absolutely necessary. NEPONSET 
 BLACK WATERPROOF PAPER is an inexpensive paper when one wishes a 
 lining paper. 
 
 PAINTS 
 
 Brooder bouse, roof covered with PARO1D. White Leghorn Poultry Yards, Watervilie. N. Y. 
 
 Because ordinary paints do not wear well on PAROID and NEPONSET, 
 we make PARINE (black) and NEPONSET (dark brown) PAINTS. These 
 do not cost as much as the ordinary lead and oil paints. Our paints are made 
 especially for our roofings, and are sure to stick, whereas lead and oil, not having any affinity for the PAROID coating, are liable to peel off. 
 
 SIZE OF ROLLS 
 
 PAROID is put up in rolls thirty-six inches wide, which contain two squares and enough extra for a two-inch lap. (A square is ten by ten feet.) 
 
 NEPONSET is put up in rolls thirty-six inches wide, which contain one hundred, two hundred and fifty and five hundred square feet. 
 
 Fixtures and complete directions for applying are packed inside of each roll of PAROID and NEPONSET. 
 
 Send us the dimensions of your buildings and we will tell you what enough PAROID and NEPONSET to cover will cost, delivered to your nearest 
 railroad station. 
 
 We realize that you may be considering some other roofing material which is perhaps cheaper than PAROID, and that the temptation to buy this imitation will 
 be great. We also realize that the imitation may look like and appear to be equal to PAROID, but do not be deceived by the appearance. We claim emphatically 
 
 PAROID covers a Vermont farm barn. 
 
 Duck breeding house, roof and sides covered with PAROID. Weber Bros.. Pondville Mass. 
 
Colony chicken bouses on farm of G. M. Gowell, of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono. Maine. The roofs are covered with PAROID, sides with NEPONSET. 
 
 that the imitations of PAROID grow brittle with age, are liable to buckle on the roof, are hard to apply, and in a short time are unsightly in appearance, all of 
 which make a dissatisfied customer. The manufacturers themselves do not know how long they will last, for most of them have been on the market only a 
 year or two. 
 
 PAROID may cost a little more than these imitations, but the difference in cost is not the difference in the profit which we make, but is the difference in 
 the quality of the material. You cannot afford to use a cheap roofing at 
 any price. 
 
 The most recent endorsement given by the United States Government was 
 the choosing of PAROID for work on the Panama Canal. The specifications for 
 this work called for "PAROID or equal," and while nearly a hundred bids were 
 received on imitations of PAROID, the whole order was placed with us. The 
 Government has used many million square feet of PAROID in this country, 
 Cuba, and the Philippines. 
 
 If you will look up the records of PAROID and the imitations before you place 
 your order, and choose the one with the best record, we will both be satisfied. 
 
 We have only told you some of the things you ought to know about roofings 
 and have devoted the test of the space to up-to-date economical farm buildings and 
 specifications, which we trust will be helpful when you build. Please remember 
 that we are here to help you with your building troubles in any way that we can. 
 Don't fail to write us. 
 
 r i 
 
 PAROID on a Canadian farm barn. 
 
Meadow Brook Farm poultry plant. Dallas. Pa Roofs arc covered with 1'AROlD. 
 
 KENDALL MILLS, N. Y. 
 F. W. Bixn A SON. 
 
 Dear Sirs: Please send me your agent's address at Rochester. We want to use some of your 
 Neponset Red Rope Building Paper. We have some and think nothing can beat it. 
 
 Yours and oblige. 
 
 FHED WINTER. 
 
 riNi'HR SANDWICH, N. H. 
 
 Gentlemen : I am very much obliged to you for your booklet. 1 am perfectly delighted with 
 Paroid Roofing. Have used it on my chicken and squab houses. I bought of Mr. Brown of Ashland, 
 N. H., who handles your goods. I expect to send you a large order soon. Will do my utmost for you 
 in this section. Respectfully, 
 
 FRED WILLIAMS, SR. 
 
 EAST NORTHFIKLD, MASS. 
 F. W. BIRD A SON, EAST WALPOLE, MASS. 
 
 Dear Sirs : Your communication of the 
 18th at hand. Sample of Paroid arrived in due 
 time, and 1 am much pleased with it and shall 
 give it a trial. 1 shall want some at our farm in 
 Montville, Conn., in the Spring. 1 have used 
 your Nepunset for the past ten years and like it 
 very much. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 J. R. COLTON. 
 
 EAST LYME, CONN. 
 
 Gentlemen : Enclosed please find P. O. 
 order for SS.OO. Please send me by freight five 
 hundred feet Neponset Red Rope Roofing. You 
 furnished us in 1891 for our brooder house covering 
 quite a large amount of this paper. 1 inclose a 
 small sample of it. It is as good as the day it was 
 put on. H. F. Cutter A Co. was the firm you 
 sent it to. I consider it the best roofing of the 
 kind 1 have ever seen. 
 
 Yours very truly. 
 
 WM. T. CI/TTEK. 
 
 Barn on the largest stock farm in Minnesota. Eight hundre.1 squares of PAROID put on roof of this barn by the farm hands themselves. 
 
 [2,] 
 
PAROID covers tlie Plant Industry Buildings, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D. C 
 
 BALTIMORE, Mn. 
 F. W. BIRD A SON, EAST WAI.POI.E, MASS. 
 
 Gentlemen : We have just paid a visit to our farm at Relay, Md., 
 and are greatly pleased to find tlic Paroid Roofs of our dairy barns and 
 poultry buildings in such a fine state of preservation. If you will 
 remember, it is some five years since we put the first roof of Paroid on one 
 of the bin poultry houses, as an experiment, and it stood so well, even 
 though we had never used a drop of paint on it, that we forgot it ;is 
 there. Two years later our big barns were destroyed by fire, and with the 
 barns went all the buildings but this one poultry house, which was un- 
 doubtedly saved by its Paroid Roof. So impressed were we with this fact 
 that on rebuilding, we covered the big new dairy barns. 242 feet in length, 
 with 2-ply Paroid. A year ago, on the 28th of January, our house was 
 burned to the ground and alt the buildings were again subjected to a 
 baptism of sparks from thr burning building, but thanks to Paroid. none 
 of the outbuildings were burned. No leaks have occurred during the year 
 past and the roofs seem to be in perfect condition. 
 Faithfully yours, 
 
 CLEMENT A CLEMENT. 
 
 BURLINGTON, Vr. 
 
 MESSRS. HAGAK BROTHERS, BURLINGTON, VT. 
 
 Dear Sirs: I think it was three years ago this spring that the 
 horse barn at our farm on North Avenue, this city, was covered with 
 Paroid Roo .'ing bought of you. It has never leaked a drop, presents a 
 good appearance, and, apparently, it is as good as when first put on. 
 I am satisfied. Respectfully, 
 
 A. B. KlNGSLAND. 
 
 A hog house on a Vermont farm, cove ed with PAROID. 
 
 Duck plant of James Kan kin, South Kaston, Mass. West side of lane, showing 250-foot brooding house 125-foot breeding 
 house and 100-foot barn. The roofs are covered with PAROID. 
 
 [22] 
 
MARRLK HILL, GA. 
 MISSRS. J. M. ALEXANDER A Co., ATLANTA, GA. 
 
 Gentlemen; We are pleased to he able to testify tliat the Paroid 
 Roofing (sixty-three squares) bought from you in June, 1901, has given us 
 entire satisfaction. We have not spent a penny for repairs since putting it 
 UN. We were so well pleased with it that we ordered ninety squares more 
 in September, 1902, to cover the extension to our new mill. 
 
 We believe it to be the best and most economical roofing that can 
 be used. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 THE SOUTHERN MARBLE Co. 
 
 WALBROOK, BALTIMORE, MD. 
 Mrs^ns. F. W. BIRD A SON. EAST WALI-OI i , MASS. 
 
 Grntlrmen : The Paroid Roofing bought of you last fall for cow 
 stable roof on one of my farms has given great satisfaction in fact it is far 
 superior to steel, that cost me just four times the price. Tor those wMiiuj; 
 yiiur routine, in my section, you can refer to me for reference. I thought 
 you should know this. With regards. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 FRANCIS SANDERSON. 
 
 FUTURE ROCKS. PA. 
 F. W. BIRD A SON, EAST WALPOLE. MASS. 
 
 Gentlemen ,- \ received sample of Paroid Roofing, also Red Rope Roofing. 1 have used 
 fifteen squares of your Red Rope Roofing in the last eleven years. I have some in use as siding 
 tliat has been on ten years, and is good for that many more. Your Paroid is all right, and I 
 shall need some next fall. Do you make candy boxes of one quarter and one half pound si/e, 
 like draft f If so, send me samples and prices. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 WILLIAM H. STEELE. 
 
 Monmouth Poultry I 'arm. Freneau, N. J. Roof covered with PARO11). 
 
 PAROID on cattle shed on Beechfield farm 
 Arlington. Baltimore Co., Md. 
 
 PAROID covers a Vermont barn and silo 
 
A cow barn. East Greenwich, R. 1. Roof covere.i will, PAROID. 
 
 I). J. Lambert says: "PAROID is all right;" and he knows. 
 
 PAROID covers a farm kirn, Burlington. Vt. 
 

 

 
 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY