L-f 
 
 UC-NRLF 
 
 B 3 5E1 Sfi3 
 
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 UNIVH :3ITY 
 OF 
 
 
Education and 
 Industrial Efficiency 
 
 REPORT 
 
 OF 
 
 ALBERT H. LEAKE, 
 
 Inspector of Technical Education, 
 
 * 
 
 To the Minister of Education 
 
 _ MM , MHM 
 
 ON 
 
 
 
 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SCHOOLS OF THE EASTERN 
 
 STATES. 
 
 ISSUED AS AN APPENDIX TO THE REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF 
 EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR 1905 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF, 
 THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF JDNTARIO 
 
 TORONTO: 
 
 Prfokai and Pubkshod by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King's Most EW!<r, Majesty 
 
 1906 
 
Education and 
 Industrial Efficiency 
 
 REPORT 
 
 OF 
 
 ALBERT H. LEAKE, 
 
 Inspector of Technical Education, 
 
 To the Minister of Education 
 
 ON 
 
 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SCHOOLS OF THE EASTERN 
 
 STATES. 
 
 ISSUED AS AN APPENDIX TO THE REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF 
 EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR 1905' 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF 
 THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO 
 
 TORONTO: 
 
 Printed and Published by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty 
 
 1906 
 
WARWICK BRO'S & RUTTER, Limited, Printers; 
 TORONTO 
 
 
T13 
 
 LIST OF SCHOOLS VIS [TED. 
 
 1. Technical High School, Springfield. 
 
 2. Mechanic Arts High School, Boston. 
 
 3. Rindge Manual Training High School, Cambridge. 
 
 4. Manual Training High School, Brooklyn. 
 
 5. Stuyvesant High School, New York. 
 
 6. Girls' Technical High School, New York. 
 
 7. Manhattan Trade School for Girls, New York. 
 
 8. Pratt Institute, Brooklyn. 
 
 9. New York Trade School, New York. 
 
 10. North-East Manual Training High School, Philadelphia. 
 
 11. Central Manual Training High School, Philadelphia. 
 
 12. Commercial High School for Girls, Philadelphia. 
 
 13. Spring Garden Institute, Philadelphia. 
 
 14. James Forten Elementary Manual Training School, Philadelphia 
 
 15. Textile School and School of Industrial Art, Philadelphia. 
 
 16. Free School of Mechanical Trades, Williamston. 
 
 [3] 
 
To the Honourable R. A. Pyne, M.D., Minister of Education: 
 
 SIR Owing to the necessity of a reorganization of the Technical High School 
 in the City of Toronto a committee of the Board of Education was appointed 
 to visit certain towns and cities in the Eastern States to make investigation into 
 the question of the most suitable buildings and other matters connected with 
 Technical Education. 
 
 On the invitation of this committee, and by your direction, I accompanied 
 the deputation, and, on the completion of their work, pursued the investigation 
 alone for a week longer. 
 
 During the two weeks' tour I visited and examined carefully sixteen schools 
 of various types. The main facts gathered are here set forth. Use has also been 
 made of the catalogues issued by these schools. Much information was gathered 
 respecting buildings, equipment, courses of study, methods of teaching and 
 general organization which cannot here be dealt with but which will be brought 
 to the notice of teachers and trustees as necessity arises and occasion offers. 
 
 1. TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL, SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 
 
 Springfield is a city with a population of 73,450 and a tax rate of 15.2 mills 
 on an assessed valuation of $81,000,000. One-third of the total amount received 
 
 Technical High School, Springfield. 
 
 from taxation is spent for educational purposes. A new Technical High School 
 is being erected, part of which is occupied. 
 
 When completed this is expected to cost, inclusive of site and equipment, 
 in the neighbourhood of $350,000, and this in a town not one quarter the size of 
 Toronto. It is at present a school for boys only, though provision is now being 
 
 [5] 
 
EDUCATION AND 
 
 No. 12 
 
 made for girls. The school was organized as a separate institution in 1898 with 
 an enrollment of J8. The attendance is now 225, and the completed building 
 will pro vide accommodation for from 900 to 1,000. As in most American High 
 Schools the session is a long one from 8,30 to 2, with half an hour's break for 
 lunch, which is provided in the building by a caterer. Voluntary work is carried 
 on in the shops in the afternoon. 
 
 The site covers 30,000 square feet and the building, it is claimed, will be 
 when completed the largest and best equipped high school of this type in New 
 England. It is 238 feet long by 214 deep. There are 22 class rooms in the main 
 building accommodating from 24 to 80 pupils each. There are besides eight 
 rooms on the top floor for physics and chemistry. In this particular the provis- 
 ion seemed to me to be more elaborate than is either advisable or necessary. 
 Four large rooms on this floor are also available for Household Science arid other 
 technical work for girls, In the basement there is a gymnasium 76 feet long 
 
 Machine Shop Practice and Tool Making, Springfield. 
 
 and 57 feet wide, a running track, corridors, lockers, baths, and four other rooms 
 for athletic purposes. The lunch room is also in the basement. Above this on 
 the second floor is the assembly hall. The principals of all the schools visited 
 were very emphatic as to the necessity of such a hall and advanced many argu- 
 ments in support of their views. The mechanical wing in the rear of the main 
 building is of peculiar design and construction. In the basement of this wing 
 is the forge shop 67 feet square. On one side of the forge shop is the boiler and 
 engine rooms and on the other the foundry and wood turning shops. The base- 
 ment also contains two rooms for the plumbing classes and the necessary locker 
 rooms. On the first floor of the mechanical wing are three rooms designed for 
 machine shop work and three for joinery and pattern making. 
 
 The rear of this wing is carried up two stories higher than the main part. 
 The first of these contains rooms for electrical work, wood finishing and freehand 
 drawing. The top floor of this elevated portion is to be entirely given up to 
 
1905 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY. 
 
 mechanical drawing and is divided into, two large drawing rooms, a lecture room 
 and several accessory rooms. The building is of ordinary red brick with Jndi- 
 
 Wood Turning and Pattern Making, Springfield. 
 
 ana limestone trimmings. The central portion around the entrance is built en- 
 tirely of Indiana limestone. The school offers strong courses in English language 
 
 Plumbing Department, Springfield. 
 
 and literature, French, freehand and mechanical drawing, history, mathematics 
 and science. The distinctive feature of the school is that it requires of every stu- 
 
EDUCATION AND 
 
 No. 12 
 
 dent four years of varied practice in the use of hand and machine tools. The run- 
 ning expenses of the school during 1905 were $29,257. Three distinct courses 
 
 are offered : 
 
 1. A preparatory course for schools of technology based upon the require- 
 ments for admission to various technical and scientific schools of colege 
 grade. Students who take this course are enabled to save from one year 
 to a year and a-half of equivalent work in the higher technical school. 
 
 CIOLS Lomttt MB ~gf[|CiflLa A 
 
 Tf-TM 
 
 Such a course as this should, in the case of our own schools, prepare for 
 admission to the School of Practical Science and the School of Mines. 
 
 2. A general scientific course, in which it is claimed that the academic 
 work is fully equivalent to that of the general course in the best High 
 Schools ; and in addition, a thorough course in drawing and the elements 
 of the mechanic arts is given. The experience of the school shows that 
 boys who have taken this course have readily found employment in 
 desirable positions in which their scientific and manual training proved 
 to be of great service. 
 
 3. A course in which extra shop practice is allowed. This is designed for 
 boys who are not able to do the literary and mathematical work 
 demanded by the other two courses. It offers, however, good work in 
 English, history, physics and mathematics In the third and fourth 
 
1905 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY. 
 
 years of this course, students are allowed to specialize in the work of 
 
 of the drawing-room and the shops. 
 
 The subjects taught in the mechanic arts department are as follows : 
 First Year : Drawing, joinery, wood-turning, metal work. 
 Second Year : Drawing, pattern-making, molding, vise work, forging. 
 Third Year : Drawing, machine shop practice. 
 Fourth Year : Machine shop practice, machine drawing, tool making, 
 
 cabinet making. 
 
 The following table shows, in periods per week, the time spent in academic 
 and mechanical work in the three courses. 
 
 Academic . 
 
 Mechanic Arts. 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1>. 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 2.... 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 3.... 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 4.... 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 . I \ CO*,DOK 1 1^21 
 
 PtHQltMM I'ExM.Uoonl M__^______^_ K *^__, 
 
 -L : II .^ II : 
 
 ID ?A "srr ^::;r 
 
 J Cl./NS5D<fcr\^fc' tO] | ' j "' 
 
 |Tku.5 <V~Tt '[>^V^ 
 
10 
 
 EDUCATION AND 
 
 No. 12 
 
 The school is admirably planned and laid out. Boys are admitted from the gram- 
 mar (public) schools without examination. The equipment of the shops is of the 
 highest character. A feature of the shops here, as in most of the other schools 
 visited, is a demonstration gallery. In front of this gallery are placed appli- 
 ances such as are used by the student in that particular shop. Before any exer- 
 cise or piece of work is attempted the teacher gives a demonstration of the 
 processes involved and the tools used. All through the grades of the Public 
 Schools constructive work is taken and manual training is taken in the sixth, 
 seventh, eighth and ninth grades so that the boys who enter the Technical 
 School have some elementary knowledge of mechanical processes and the use of 
 tools. 
 
 M. TIChniCAL MIGH OCHOOL 
 
 .VW 
 
 t. C 
 
 A unique feature of the school is the Evening Trade School, held in the 
 same building and using the same equipment. This was organized in 1898, and 
 was the first attempt made in the United States to teach trades at the public 
 expense. The first classes were for tool making and plumbing, meeting for 
 three evenings per week, and lasting for a period of five months for three years. 
 Classes are now held in machine shop practice, tool making, wood turning and 
 pattern-making, plumbing, mathematics and electricity. It is the opinion of all 
 in Springfield that this development of the educational system is the most suc- 
 cessful and far-reaching effort that has yet been made to make education and 
 
1905 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY. 
 
 11 
 
 life synonymous terms. The attendance is now 500 and is remarkably constant' 
 a percentage of 84.4 being reached. Tuition is free and preference is given to 
 those actually engaged in the trades. The certificates granted by the school 
 have a recognized value in the community. The opinion was expressed that in 
 no part of the school system does a dollar go so far as here. Altogether this 
 school in its building, equipment, organization, and general method of work 
 offers a very good model for the City of Toronto to adopt and adapt for both 
 evening and day school work Plans of the general arrangement are attached. 
 
 2. THE MECHANIC ARTS HIGH SCHOOL, BOSTON. 
 
 This school was not in session but we were carefully shown over the 
 building and equipment, and gathered much useful information from our inspec- 
 tion. 
 
 The usual practice is followed of admitting boys from the Public Schools 
 without examination. The school is so crowded that it is necessary to reject all 
 applications from non-residents. The courses are three and four years in length, 
 and very few electives are offered, owing to the necessity of keeping the entire 
 equipments of the mechanical departments in constant use. The mechanical 
 subjects embrace the following : Drawing, carpentry, joinery, wood carving, 
 wood turning, pattern making, forging of iron and steel, chipping, filing, fitting, 
 and machinist's work with hand and machine tools. 
 
12 
 
 EDUCATION AND 
 
 No. 12 
 
 For each department a carefully graduated series of models, the construction 
 of which illustrates every fundamental principle or process, has been chosen. 
 These are made by all the members of a class, while a series of supplementary 
 models are undertaken by those who have completed the class work. Round the 
 walls of the corridors and rooms are displayed the various courses worked in the 
 different shops. In the mechanical departments the students are carefully taught 
 how to judge and criticize their own work. The school is overcrowded, shows a 
 constant growth and has a large waiting list, showing that it is providing a kind 
 of education that is in demand. A large addition has been planned which it is 
 hoped by the authorities of the school will soon be commenced. An analysis of 
 
 Mechanic Arts High School, Boston. 
 
 the course of study shows the following comparison of the time spent upon 
 academical and mechanical work in hours per year : 
 
 
 Academic. 
 
 Mechanical. 
 
 1 
 
 400. 
 
 600. 
 
 2 
 
 600. 
 
 500. 
 
 3 
 
 700. 
 
 300. 
 
 4 
 
 600. 
 
 500. 
 
 
 
 
 An evening trade school was established in this building in September, 1904= 
 the subjects taught being machine drawing, elementary and advanced wood 
 
1905 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY. 
 
 working, forging and machine shop practice. The cost of the present building, 
 site and equipment was about $320,000. 
 
 In addition to the Mechanic Arts equipment in this school, an up-to-date 
 wood working equipment is being installed in every academic high school. In 
 
 Wood Turning. Mechanic Arts High School, Boston. 
 
 addition to this 90% of the boys in the [three upper grades of the grammar 
 (public) schools are also provided with educational woodwork in 43 specially 
 fitted rooms, while those in the lower grades are given work in clay, cardboard, 
 etc., so that handwork forms an integral part of the curriculum from the kinder- 
 garten to the end of the High School period. An order of the Board passed 
 July, 1904, provides, " that the course of study for High Schools be amended by 
 
14 
 
 EDUCATION AND 
 
 No. 12 
 
 adding the subject of Manual Training to the elective studies ; provided, that 
 not more than fifteen points for drawing, household science and arts and manual 
 training combined be allowed to count towards a diploma." 
 
 Wood Turning Demonstration Lesson. Mechanic Arts High School, Boston. 
 
 Proposed extension of Mechanic Arts High School. 
 
 3. RINDGE MANUAL TRAINING HIGH SCHOOL, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 
 
 This School was founded and supported for ten years by the gentleman whose 
 name it bears but is now a municipal school in affiliation with Harvard University. 
 Two buildings are occupied, one for the academic work and the other for the 
 
1905 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY. 
 
 15 
 
 mechanical departments. The average age of admission is fourteen or fifteen. 
 The building devoted to mechanic arts has two wings. One of these contains 
 the two departments of wood working and the other two departments of iron 
 working. These rooms measure 55 by 60 feet. In the main part of the build- 
 ing are the offices, a tool room, 34 by 70 feet, the boiler room and a room for 
 moulding which was being fitted up. The second story of this main part con- 
 tains rooms for drawing. In the basement there is a spacious lunch room in 
 which are served hot lunches. About one-third of the time of each student is 
 devoted to the manual arts and the remainder to the subjects usually taught 
 in the High School with the exception of Latin and Greek. 
 
 4. THE MANUAL TRAINING HIGH SCHOOL, BROOKLYN. 
 
 This school is one of the latest of this particular type as well' r as 
 one of the largest. The lot is 200 by 300 feet and the building itself, 
 
 Turning and Pattern Making Shop, Brooklyn. 
 
 200 by 215 feet, built in the form of a hollow square, and five stories- 
 high including the basement which is entirely above the ground. There- 
 are now 2,20$ students on the roll, of which number two-thirds are girls. 
 The class unit is 30. There are four freehand drawing rooms, four mechanical 
 drafting rooms, a large auditorium having accomodation for 1530 people, 
 and a gymnasium having a floor space of 84 by 66 feet. The apparatus, 
 is so arranged that the whole floor can be easily and quickly cleared. In the 
 basement are three laboratories a steam engine and dynamo laboratory, an 
 electric testing laboratory and an assay and analytical laboratory. There are 
 four joinery shops each fitted with thirty benches, band saw, turning lathe, 
 grindstone, teacher's bench, demonstration gallery, a tool room, five or six hand 
 basins, and 150 lockers for students. The benches are four feet long and 
 twenty inches wide fitted with a Towles quick action vise, and have a larg& 
 
16 
 
 EDUCATION AND 
 
 No. 12 
 
 drawer for general tools and six small ones for individual students. The pat- 
 tern shop is fitted similarly to the joinery shop but each bench is also fitted 
 
 MANUAl/TRAINM-ROOM' 
 
 WINDOWS ON THIS SIDE 
 
 
 | 1 
 
 
 
 
 5 TEACHER^ DESK 
 
 
 " u 
 
 
 MdN! TRATIdl < frtWCH 
 
 
 
 SfocK ROOM 
 
 
 
 AREA to Q FT 
 
 
 
 OR. MORE 
 
 to 
 
 D D D D D D 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 D D D D D D 
 
 
 a: 
 
 
 
 v> 
 
 > 
 
 D D D D D D b v 
 
 o 
 
 
 G> 
 
 Z 
 
 i 
 
 D D D D D D >- 
 
 
 D D D D D D j 
 
 
 
 TEACHERS CLOSET 
 
 PLAN OF MAN UAL TRAINING ROOM . 
 
 ;j r " r 
 
 V/ToP Row TO 
 
 COMPARTMENTS -/o TIERS 
 
 PAlNTEP ON 
 
 HIGH- <rToirYY!DE-'6"To7" 
 
 -WONTS TO 
 
 HIGH * Z-l?!)&? 
 
 3 tlFTOUT 
 
 fc ! -- , 1 
 
 ^ T*1S FRONT5 
 
 
 To COVER HOT 
 OVER, d, sEcrien 
 
 
 
 
 \ EACH BOAKO 
 
 
 1 
 
 DETAIL OF STOCK CASES 
 
 Public School Manual Training! Room, Boston. 
 
 with a Reed lathe. The sheet metal shop has long benches to accommodate 
 thirty students and tools for tinsmithing, repouss6 and Venetian iron work 
 
1905 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY. 
 
 17 
 
 The school has also a printing room properly equipped. The blacksmith shop 
 has 16 down draft Buffalo forges and 32 anvils, electric blower and exhaust. 
 This and the machine shops are placed on the top story which is unusual. The 
 machine shop has 30 lathes, drills, grindstones, power hack, saw, universal mil- 
 ler, one plane" miller, one gas forge, universal grinder, planer etc. Each lathe, 
 
 etc., is driven by an individual motor attached to the machine. The house- 
 hold science department consists of four sewing rooms, laundry, two kitchens, 
 pantry, dining rooms, and bed room. The rooms are numbered in such a way 
 that the number locates the room instantly e. g. room 236 means second floor third 
 corridor and sixth room on that corridor. In connection there is an Evening 
 2 T. E. 
 
18 EDUCATION AND No. 12 
 
 Trade and Technical School which opened with 1600 aud closed with 2000 
 students. The total cost of the building will be somewhere in the neighbor- 
 hood of $850,000. Outside the principal's room was noticed a box for the recep- 
 tion of suggestions from the students for the improvement of the school. The 
 salaries paid to the heads of the mechanical departments are $2,400. The school 
 attracts all classess. The principal stated that some reach the school in $5000 
 automobiles and some on foot. A unique feature of the chemical labratories is 
 that no racks are placed on the tables, all chemicals being provided for in a 
 drawer of peculiar construction. The course is four years in length, academic 
 and mechanical work being divided as follows : 
 
 
 Academic. 
 
 Mechanical. 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 In order to graduate from this school a student must have studied at least 
 one foreign language for at least three years, have accomplished satisfactorily 
 all the other work required, and have taken a sufficient number of elective 
 studies so that the total amount of required and elective studies shall equal 
 2,500 periods of work requiring preparation and 1,000 periods of drawing and 
 shop work, and shall extend over not less than three years nor more than six 
 years. 
 
 5. THE STUYVESANT HIGH SCHOOL, NEW YORK. 
 
 This is a Manual Training High School for boys held at present in 
 crowded and unsuitable quarters, but there is on the point of completion 
 a new building which has a frontage of two hundred and ten feet on 
 Fifteenth Street and extends through the whole block, two hundred and 
 six feet, to Sixteenth Street. It will contain fifty-three classrooms, three 
 physical laboratories, three chemical laboratories, three lecture-rooms, a library, 
 an auditorium with a seating capacity of about 1,600, a gymnasium with 
 elevated running track and gallery, a lunch room, bath and locker rooms, 
 eight joinery laboratories, four wood-turning and pattern-making laboratories, 
 one foundry, two forge rooms, one mechanical testing laboratory, and nine 
 draughting rooms. The building is a modification of the letter H type, 
 affording, the maximum amount of light and air with the greatest economy of 
 floor space. The site contains almost exactly an acre of ground, and, as the 
 building is to be five stories high with a basement, it will contain an actual 
 floor area of about five acres. The side of the " H " toward Fifteenth Street 
 contains the rooms for the ordinary academic work ; the crossbar of the letter 
 is occupied by science laboratories and lecture-rooms, and the northern side of 
 the building is devoted to draughting rooms and shops for carpentry, wood- 
 turning and pattern-making, foundry work, blacksmithing, and machine- 
 shop work. 
 
 On the first floor are laboratories for advanced chemistry, the shop for 
 more advanced forge work, the foundry, and two draughting rooms. On the 
 second floor are the machine shop, mechanical laboratory, pattern-making 
 shops, physical laboratories and lecture-room, draughting rooms, classrooms 
 and administrative offices. On the third floor are the library, elementary 
 chemical and physical laboratories and lecture-room, blacksmith shop, construc- 
 tion and milling room, wood-turning shops, and classrooms. The fourth and 
 
1905 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY. 
 
 19 
 
 'o 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 -a 
 
 
 fifth floors are occupied by classrooms, draughting rooms, general lecture-room 
 and the carpenter shops for first year work. The basement contains the 
 gymnasium with bath and locker rooms adjacent, the lunch room, and the 
 auditorium. The basement also contains the lighting, heating, ventilating, and 
 power plant. 
 
20 EDUCATION AND No. 12 
 
 Special accommodation has been provided for the classes of an evening 
 trade school, for evening lectures, and for evening exhibitions and demonstra- 
 tions of the regular work of the day school. It is expected that the school 
 will be an educational centre for the city during the hours of the evening. 
 
 The building is of fireproof construction, thoroughly ventilated, provided 
 with ample stairways, elevators, internal telephones, electric time service, and 
 all the equipment of a modern office building. 
 
 The cost will be, when completely equipped, over $1,200,000. A feature 
 that strikes one on a visit to this school is the skill and ingenuity that the 
 principal has shown in overcoming the difficulties encountered owing to the 
 limitations of the present building. The course of study is the same as the 
 Brooklyn school. This is a boys' school accommodating at present 500. Fifty- 
 two per cent, of the boys are in the first year, twenty-six per cent, in the 
 second year, thirteen per cent, in the third year, and nine per cent, in the fourth 
 year. The arrangement of power is somewhat different from the individual 
 motors in use at the Brooklyn school. Machines that are used only occasionally 
 are run by individual motors, and lines of lathes are run by separate motors, 
 thus reducing expense and not lessening efficiency. In the shops all the boys 
 were wearing overalls and jumpers and were intensely interested and work- 
 manlike. In the mechanical drawing department was noticed a complete 
 apparatus for blue printing by electric light. A visit to this school under the 
 guidance of its expert and far-seeing principal is an education and a revelation 
 of the possibilities, the future and the place of a wisely combined scheme of 
 academic and mechanical work in any system of education 
 
 6. GIRLS TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL, NEW YORK. 
 
 This school is held in one central building with three anneAes in 
 the immediate neighbourhood. The quarters cannot be considered palatial 
 by any means as they have been described over and over again by 
 newspaper reporters visiting the school as a disgrace to the city, and 
 all visitors will agree that this is putting it mildly. The number of 
 pupils on the register is 2,500. A large number of elective courses are offered. 
 The total number of school periods per week is thirty. Separate courses suit- 
 able for stenographers, and typewriters, dressmakers and embroiderers, milliners, 
 designers, printers, bookbinders and library assistants are provided. Each of 
 these courses takes up nineteen periods per week, the remaining eleven being 
 given to ordinary academic subjects including German, French, Latin or Spanish. 
 The principal of the school is Mr. W. McAndrew. The first thing seen on enter- 
 ing is a string of mottoes extending across the hall " Welcome, Wilkommen. 
 Bienvenue, Benvenido, Salve, Xaipe." Every morning before nine o'clock the 
 principal receives three or four girls sent from each class bringing specimens of 
 the best work done during the preceding day. In this way he gets to know 
 other than the troublesome pupils. Beginning with 338 students in 1902 the 
 school has grown to its present membership. A more definite training for the 
 occupations and responsibilities of life is given than in schools of the older type 
 as it prepares girls to earn their living at an early age while contributing largely 
 to their physical and mental culture. That prejudice against this form of educa- 
 tion exists even in the democratic States is shown by the fact that the girls attend- 
 ing the traditional form of High School have named this institution "TheAcademy 
 for Sales Ladies." In all practical work considerable attention is paid to speed, 
 the time taken by each object or exercise being clearly marked upon the finished 
 article. This school was started under difficulties, but the way they were over- 
 come shows the iniative, self-reliance and pluck of the teachers. For instance 
 
1905 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY. 
 
 21 
 
 the cooking classes had nothing to work with and no money to buy utensils. 
 One of the teachers went to a large department store and the manager lent 
 bowls, spoons and dishes. Empty wooden boxes were sent to serve as seats, 
 chairs being lacking. The gas company lent stoves and for months the girls 
 worked as best they could and did good work, too. The school employs eighty 
 teachers. Full academic courses are offered, but even the girls who elect to take 
 them are choosing in addition the housekeeping course. 
 
 >> 
 
 3 
 
 PQ 
 3 
 
 OS 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 
 7. THE MANHATTAN TRADE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, NEW YORK. 
 
 This is probably the most interesting and successful effort that has 
 been made in Educational practice in the New World. This was my 
 second visit to the school and proved even more useful than the first. 
 It depends for its support entirely on voluntary contributions. In 1905 
 
22 
 
 EDUCATION AND 
 
 No. 12 
 
 it expended nearly $30,000. Its aim is to fit girls for the actual 
 needs of trade. The departments are based on the use of the needle, the sewing 
 machine, and the paste brush. Three hundred and fifty students are in attend- 
 ance. A new building has been purchased at a cost of $1 20.000. The course 
 generally lasts for one year, and whenever a girl has acquired some degree of 
 skill she is sent for a month into some business house to prove her efficiency. 
 
 bo 
 
 '3 
 
 bO 
 
 She returns to the school with the comments of her employer, and these assist 
 the faculty in deciding whether or not she is approaching the demands of her 
 trade. The Director of the school is Professor Mary Scheneck Wool man, 
 Director of Domestic Art, Teachers' College, Columbia University, and never 
 before has such a close connection been made and maintained between education 
 and practical life as is to be seen here. Every one of the teachers has been 
 
1905 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY. 
 
 23 
 
 actually engaged in the trade she is teaching, and conversations with them and 
 inspection of their methods show that they have a thorough grasp of the re- 
 quirements of their students. Academic work and physical culture are properly 
 attended to. It is the aim of the school'to make the training given, an enlightened 
 apprenticeship. Trade work is taken at regular market prices, and in 1905 
 orders to the amount of $2,3S7.76 were filled. The practice work is not sold but 
 
 13 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 *4H 
 
 60 
 
 C 
 
 " 
 P 
 
 the seconds (work just below the trade s tan lard) are disposed of to the children 
 or their families at prices slightly above the cost of materials. A remunerative 
 position is lound for every girl who successfully accomplishes the work given. 
 The tuition is entirely free, and where wages are an absolute necessity to the 
 family, aid is given to enable a girl to attend the school. In every case the 
 wage earning power of the girls has been materially increased. That the 
 
 in- 
 
EDUCATION AND 
 
 No. 12 
 
 strucbion given is of the right kind is shown by the fact that the demand for 
 its workers is greater than the supply, and those firms which have tried them 
 even offer a premium for obtaining more. The possibilities of a school of this 
 type seem almost endless, and the work being done here is receiving much atten- 
 tion from every part of the world. 
 
 
 to 
 
 8. PKATT INSTITUTE, BROOKLYN, 
 
 Is a private institution established in 1887. The main building is 100 
 feet by 86 feet, and six stories high. A trades school building recently 
 erected is 32 feet by 110 feet and four stories high. Under the present 
 plan of organization the work of the institute is divided among the fol- 
 lowing departments : High School, Fine Arts, Domestic Art, Domestic Science, 
 
1905 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY. 
 
 25 
 
 Science and Technology, Kindergarten, Libraries and Physical Training. The 
 Domestic Science Department differs from Drexel and other institutions of the 
 same type in being much plainer, and the authorities contend more useful. It is 
 the opinion of the Director of this Department that it is a mistake to equip 
 with luxurious apparatus that is not found in the average kitchen. The 
 department of Science and Technology takes in all the courses especially' fitted 
 
 for men. These are divided, into three classes. First, the day school provides 
 technical courses in mechanical and electrical work, which cover a period of 
 two years. Second, evening technical courses in physics, chemistry, applied 
 electricity, mechanical drawing and machine design, steam and the steam engine, 
 and strength of materials. Third, evening trade classes in carpentry, pattern 
 
EDUCATION AND 
 
 No. 12 
 
 making machine work, mechanical drawing, plumbing, sign painting and fresco 
 painting. Most of the instructors are graduates of colleges or scientific schools 
 and many of the Technical instructors were educated in the Institute. In the 
 trade work the teachers are men who have gained prominence in their several 
 trades, and are for the most part self-educated or were trained in the Insti- 
 
 tute. Space will not allow of any further description. Suffice it to say that 
 here and at the Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, which was visited on a previous 
 occasion, may be seen almost every department of practical education which 
 has ever found a place in educational systems, and each repays prolonged 
 investigation. 
 
1905 INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY. 27 
 
 9. THE NEW YORK TRADE SCHOOL. 
 
 This was the second of the three purely trade schools visited. It 
 was founded in 1881 for the purpose of providing young men, who have 
 a bent for mechanics, the opportunity of acquiring the knowledge of 
 some trade that will be to its possessor a means of livelihood. The 
 work given is such as will be met with in actual practice at the trade. 
 The teachers are all mechanics who have gained their knowledge in the 
 shops. The plan of the building is unique and so arranged asto secure 
 large floor space and ample light and ventilation. The plan attached shows the 
 general arrangement. Day and evening classes are provided in the following 
 trades : plumbing, house painting, fresco painting, sign painting, brick-laying 
 plastering, steam fitting and electrical work, carpentry and cabinet making 
 Amongst the students in the session just closed were youths from New Bruns- 
 wick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Ontario and Quebec. 
 The school, year extends from October to April. Though 800 students were 
 
 New York Trade School. 
 
 trained last year only about one-fourth of the applicants could be received. 
 The land, buildings and equipment cost $300,000, and the school is supported 
 by fees and an endowment fund. 
 
 10. NORTH-EAST MANUAL TRAINING HIGH SCHOOL, 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 This school occupies a new building costing about $467,000 and I had the 
 honour of being presented with the first copy of the prospectus ever sent out. 
 The course given lasts for a period of three years. The auditorium is a feature of 
 the school with its pipe organ, costing $3,000, raised by private subscription. On 
 the library table I counted sixteen technical magazines relating to the various 
 branches taught in the school, and they bore every evidence of much use. The 
 head of each department receives a salary of $2,500. The curriculum is based 
 upon the usual High School courses in English literature and language, German, 
 French, Spanish, history, mathematics, science and drawing. To these are added 
 courses in the use of tools for working wood and metal. An average of one 
 period per day is given to drawing, two periods to work in the manual depart- 
 ment, and three periods to the academic studies. The tool instruction includes 
 joinery, pattern making, wood turning, wood carving, forging, soldering, orna- 
 mental iron work, moulding, casting, vise work, sheet metal work and steam 
 engineering. 
 
28 
 
 EDUCATION AND 
 
 No. 12 
 
 11. THE CENTRAL MANUAL TRAINING HIGH SCHOOL, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 Impressed me as being one of the best organized schools of its class I have 
 ever seen. The purpose of the school as expressed by the Principal is " to bring 
 thought and labour together to make the thinker a worker and the worker^ 
 thinker." Provision has been made that the boy shall be trained in 
 
 1. Practical English The language of clear and forcible expression. 
 
 2. Practical Government The basis of good citizenship. 
 
 3. Practical Mathematics For business, construction, engineering. 
 
 SHEET METAL CORNICE WORK. 
 ASSEMBLY 
 
 DRAWING. 
 STEAM ANDHOTWATER FITTING, 
 
 ^^ SIGN PAINTING 
 CARPENTRY 
 
 AMD 
 
 WOOD PATTERN MAKING, 
 
 New York Trade School. 
 
1905 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY. 
 
 29 
 
 4. Practical Science The active working knowledge of the facts and 
 
 forces of nature. 
 
 5. Practical Hand Culture. 
 
 Plastering Department Students at Work, New York Trade School. 
 
 As in most other schools of this type chipping, filing, and fitting is taken in the 
 first year, but the Principal here does not consider the results achieved com- 
 
 Brick-laying Department Students at Work, New York Trade School. 
 
 mensurate with the time spent and intends transferring it to the third year. 
 Tne connection between art and manual training is very closely kept up. The 
 
30 
 
 EDUCATION AND 
 
 No. 12 
 
 drawing comes first, then the object is modelled in clay, then in wood, and some- 
 tine es in iron and if time allowed the principal is of opinion that much good 
 
 North East Manual Training High School, Philadelphia. 
 
 would result by a continuance of the study in stone and marble. The build- 
 ings in which the school is held are old and unsuitable. The criticism cannot 
 
 Wood-working Department, North East Manual Training High School, Philadelphia, 
 be brought that money has been spent in bricks and not brains. The excellent 
 work that is being accomplished is owing to the ability, enthusiasm, and organ- 
 
1905 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY. 
 
 ization of the principal and the staff, and not to any facilities offered by the 
 building. All kinds of ingenious expedients are resorted to, to overcome diffi- 
 
 265' 
 Floor -to b *'be/ow street /eve/ 
 
 1st Floor P/crn. 
 
 Quac/rang/e 
 'xsj' -A 3s' xso' + //o'xss' 
 
 F/oor to be 4' a/>o\s?? street 
 Proposed Manual Training High School, Philadelphia. 
 
32 
 
 EDUCATION AND 
 
 No. 12 
 
 culties, e. g. } in one of the wood-working shops the benches can be converted into 
 wood-turning lathes in half an hour. A particularly efficient mechanical drawing 
 
 
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 Proposed Manual Training High School, Philadelphia. 
 
1905 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY. 
 
 table designed by one of the staff, is in use. The ornamental iron work done 
 by the boys is particularly good and is accomplished with very simple appli- 
 ances. The third year boys take a course in practical surveying. Another dis- 
 tinct feature is the course given in mechanical construction. This is worked out 
 in tin plate and the various mechanical appliances applied to construction in 
 building and engineering are demonstrated by the manufacture of working 
 models. In the wood-working departments much stress is laid upon the boy 
 understanding the mechanical principle of every tool used. The teacher here 
 has many original ideas, and unique and effective ways of carrying them out. 
 Plans which are attached have been prepared for a new building. 
 
 12. GIRLS' COMMERCIAL HIGH SCHOOL, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 The North East and Central Manual Training High Schools (10 and 11) are 
 for boys only. The girls are provided for in a separate building under separate 
 management, as far as commercial education is concerned. This school is held 
 in three separate buildings and has an enrollment of 1300 girls from fourteen to 
 eighteen years of age. The cpurse of study is four years in length. Students 
 are admitted from the grammar schools without examination. The Principal 
 and faculty of the school are much pleased at advertisements that have recently 
 appeared in the local papers stating, " Commercial High School graduates pre- 
 ferred." 
 
 13. SPRING GARDEN INSTITUTE. PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 Is an art, mechanical and electrical school supported by fees and endowment. 
 Day schools are maintained in the three departments and each department has 
 night classes for apprentices, boys learning trades, and boys and girls still attend- 
 2 T.E. 
 
34 EDUCATION AND No. 12 
 
 ing the public schools. The courses are three years in length in both day and 
 evening classes. In the mechanical and electrical departments the students spend 
 eight hours a day in the shops. 
 
 14. JAMES FORTEN ELEMENTARY MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 Is situated in one of the slum districts of the city. It was originally a school for 
 coloured children, but owing to the character of the locality changing it is now 
 essentially a Jewish school. I visited it on a Jewish holiday but was shown 
 through the building, had a long conversation with the principal and saw several 
 voluntary classes at work. Each child spends some portion of the day at hand 
 work of various kinds, varying from the kindergarten to advanced woodwork. 
 There are nine hundred children in attendance. Sewing is provided for girls all 
 the way through, with household science for the girls of the upper grades. In 
 the third grade the sewing consists in making a set of doll's clothing on just the 
 same principles as would be followed in making a set for a grown-up person. 
 The cookery room and the woodworking room are also used for classes from 
 neighbouring schools. An experiment is being tried in drawing toys. Each 
 child is provided with a toy as a model and this is drawn and coloured. Some 
 of the results I saw were very creditable. The character of the district is shown 
 by the popularity of a certain model in the wood work course a shine box. 
 that is a box in which is contained materials for shoe polishing, that being the 
 method by which a large number of the boys earn their living at an early age, 
 The school is particularly fortunate in its principal, Miss Hannah Ashley Fox, 
 a woman of high enthusiasm, excellent judgment, admirable tact, and special 
 training in managing children of unfortunate home influence. 
 
 15 TEXTILE SCHOOL AND SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ART, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Textile schools in the United States owe their beginning to the Philadelphia 
 Textile Association. Last year this school was attended by 1018 students, of whom 
 637 were men and 381 women. Since my last visit to the school a kiln has been 
 added ; so that now all modelling done in the school is fired on the premises by 
 the students. The present organization of the school is as follows : 
 
 1. School of Applied Art : Drawing, applied, design, normal art instruction, 
 wood work and wood carving, decorative painting, illustration, decorative sculp- 
 ture, architectural drawing and design, metal work, pottery. 
 
 2. Textile School : Fabric structure and design, cotton, wool, worsted and 
 silk, warp preparation and weaving, colour harmony and figure design, chemistry, 
 dyeing and printing, wool yarn manufacture, worsted yarn manufacture, cotton 
 yarn manufacture, hosiery knitting, finishing. 
 
 3. School of Modern Languages. 
 
 The quarters in which this school is housed are palatial and the equip- 
 ment installed to carry out the curriculum above specified, consists of the most 
 modern machinery in every department and no expense has been spared. The 
 school is supported by grants from the State Legislature, by a liberal endow- 
 ment, and the fees of the students. The museum attached to the school, enriched 
 by many priceless specimens of the arts and industries taught, is invaluable 
 for the purpose of study. 
 
1905 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY. 
 
 35 
 
 16. WILLIAMSON FREE SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL TRADES. 
 
 This was the last school visited. It is situated about sixteen miles 
 out of Philadelphia. Its aim is to teach certain trades, and the author- 
 ities claim that the school can make a better mechanic in three years than 
 could possibly be done in the shops. The problem of trade instruction 
 
 Administration Building and Campus . 
 
 seems to be to get boys at the proper age and to keep them long enough. 
 This school solves the difficulty by taking them at sixteen or seventeen 
 and feeding and clothing them for a period of three years, the pupils 
 being bound by articles of apprenticeship. As showing the efficiency of 
 
 Instruction in Carpentry. 
 
 the instruction given, the Pennsylvania Railway Company takes one-third of 
 the product of the school. Seventy-five per cent, of the boys graduated follow 
 mechanical employments. The teachers of the academic work are ladies. Only 
 one applicant in five can be accepted. There are about 300 boys in the school 
 
36 
 
 EDUCATION AND 
 
 divided into families of twenty-five, each presided over by a matron. The dis- 
 cipline is excellent. An accidental ringing of the bell in the dining hall brought 
 instant response. The trades taught are as follows : Carpentering, bricklaying, 
 including range, furnace and boiler setting, etc., machine trade in all its usual 
 
 Instruction in Machine Work. 
 
 details., pattern making, steam and electrical engineering, steam fitting, etc. 
 Each pupil takes but one of the trades named, and his instruction in mechanical 
 and freehand drawing tends in the general direction of his particular trade. 
 The courses are systematic and thorough. Three-quarters of the expense is 
 
 School Barn Erected by Students. 
 
 incurred in housing the boys. The grounds are 230 acres in extent, occupied by 
 twenty-four buildings. The class unit is twenty- five. The founder is buried 
 under the school. The capital consists of $2,160,000 in securities. The plant 
 cost $500,000 and by the trust deed only 80% of the income is allowed to be 
 
1905 INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY. 37 
 
 spent annnally. The machine shop is fitted with various types of machines so 
 that students may gain varied experience. The school has its own water and 
 power plant. The city of Philadelphia has just appropriated a large sum of 
 money lor the establishment of a trade school as part of its general educational 
 system, and the tendency in the United States seems to be more and more in the 
 direction of definite trade teaching. 
 
 I shall be glad to answer any questions that this necessarily brief report 
 may suggest. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 ALBERT H. LEAKE, 
 
 Inspector of Technical Education. 
 
U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES 
 
 0023713213 
 
 M533358 
 
 T13 
 
 L 4