1 ]9}7 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA THE APPROACH OF ACADEMIC TO SPOKEN STYLE IN GERMAN A STUDY IN POPULAR SCIENTIFIC PROSE FROM 1850 TO 1914 by CHARLES FISCHER SLADEN, A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAZ, FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA THE APPROACH OF ACADEMIC TO SPOKEN STYLE IN GERMAN A STUDY IN POPULAR SCIENTIFIC PROSE FROM 1850 TO 1914 by CHARLES FISCHER SLADEN, A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PAKTIAI, Off THE REQUIREMKNT*, *;OS THE DEGRHfc OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Press of TIOGA PRINTING HOUSE PHILADELPHIA 1917 56 I<?f7 CONTENTS Preface Chapter I. The Point of View List of Works Analyzed Chapter II " Modified Participles (attributive) Modified Adjectives (attributive) Auxiliaries of the Passive Chapter III Interlaced Clauses Climactic Absolute Groups Postpositive Prepositions Chapter IV Conclusions 361275 PREFACE This study sprang from a suggestion of Dr. Learned that a certain recent scientific work was cumbered with obscure style, although its appeal was a popular one. German is much praised in America as pre eminently the language of science ; clearness would seem to be the most desirable quality for scientific purposes. Many of these have been written upon literary German. From the American point of view it seemed worth while to consider German as a scientific medium and to determine as far as may be whether it be a clear one. A necessary preface to such a study was the analytical statement of some elements of clearness in Chapter I. Then a corpus of representa tive popular scientific prose was needed, the task of covering the ground exhaustively being an impossible one. Seventy-one works were studied, two passages of fifty sentences being selected from each. The aim was to cover the period from 1870 and as many branches of science as pos sible, but to select popular resumes rather than original investigations. The work began with the feeling that a striking move in the direc tion of simplicity was likely to be demonstrated during the period ; this has been proven to be true beyond any question. In addition, an unan ticipated result has been the determination of a number of norms for this kind of prose, a sort of stylistic Bertillon measurements, that may have their uses. Thanks are due to Dr. Learned for the suggestion mentioned and to Dr. Learned and Dr. Shumway for helpful thoughts during the progress of the work. CHAPTER I. THE POINT OF VIEW. German prose style is becoming simpler. This wholesome trend is patent to a superficial observer. Credit is due largely to teachers of composition. For years they have recommended clearness in preference to rhetorical finish. Text-books of style have ceased to display choice specimens of beautifully intricate sentences and urge instead that the sentence interfere as little as possible with the transference of thought. But this materialistic age has furnished a more powerful incentive to write simply. All knowledge has become common property. Every new flight of speculative fancy and all the spoils of scholarly research must be told intelligently to the uneducated and the savant alike, in the next issue of the Sunday newspaper. Writers of magazine articles and feuilleton columns bend every effort to bring the most advanced achieve ments of science within the comprehension of the most unlearned. Now, in following a new train of reasoning, a strain is put upon the reader s attention. There is, then, no place for devices of fine writing that break^ the train of thought or compel one to look back or to re-read a sentence. The impulse of a writer for newspaper or magazine is to discard any linguistic modethat is not easily comprehended by, say, the class of reader who has not been to a Realschule. Feuilleton and magazine articles seldom come to be a permanent part of the corpus of literature. The man who reads yesterday s Times or a last year s magazine is rare. Stilistic flies preserved in that kind of amber are not likely to be found by later students of linguistic entomology. But some writers of magazine articles compose, more pretentiously, popular treatises. And the popular demand for informa tion on all matters has called forth series after series of books treating technical subjects from the lay point of view. Further, the broadening in scope of the subject matter taught in the schools has necessitated countless treatments of scientific matters in a style adapted to the young. Such books often run into half a dozen editions. They form, then, a fairly permanent part of the corpus of written German. A new phrase or idiom attempted in such a book may be considered to be fairly secure of a place in good style. But the style they adopt is largely the simple style of the feuilletonist and the magazine writer. Evidently these books must be doing a large part to take up and make permanent the movement in the direction of simplicity in German prose style.* *Note. To trace the connection between these simplifications of style and the varied influences that brought them about would probably be impossible, certainly such an effort would lie outside the scope of this dissertation. But allusion should 5 In the effort to be comprehensible to the uneducated, written prose has been approaching the style of everyday speech, and by two methods. In the first place elements have been borrowed from spoken style. For instance, when Dr. Henning writes that one railroad is "tiber siebenmal so lange" as another, he is adopting a phrase that is used in the vernacu lar. In the second place, writers have made a conscious effort to express their thoughts in the way that will throw the minimum of strain upon the attention of the reader. Often this is not a way of expression that is used by the man who speaks. It may be a way devised for him by the user of written language. Or it may be a borrowing from another language where things are done more simply. An illustration may be taken from Dr. Behaghel s book, Die Deutsche Sprache. "Aus dem Wortschatz der Mundart haben Lessing, Wieland, Goethe, haben die Realisten unserer Zeit der verarmenden Schriftsprache neues Blut zugefuehrt." Clearness is aided by repeating the connecting word "haben," a device not of spoken but of written style. Now the effort to be simple is seen in both vocabulary and syntax. The tendency is to choose a word in common use in preference to a word peculiar to some technical science. Frequently a slang word is used when it seems to be particularly expressive. Thus on the side of vocabu lary the written style is approaching the style of speech both by direct borrowing and by a process of discarding those technical words that have helped to distinguish the written vocabulary :rom the spoken. But on the side of syntax the possibility of borrowing from spoken style is greatly restricted. Spoken style does not possess sentence rela tionships other than those that are used in written prose. (Perhaps the "question and answer" science book might be considered an excep tion. Again, the use of rhetorical questions in didactic prose is a phenomenon gaining in scope, this might be offered as an imitation from the vernacular.) But the great synactical changes consist in the other process, discarding constructions that interfere with ease of comprehension. The result is an approach to spoken style, for with unimportant exceptions spoken style has never been marked by intricacy of sentence structure. Thus the process going on is not an imitation of spoken style so much as a conscious effort of good writers to create be made to the very thorough-going campaign which the allegemeiner deutsche Sprachverein (founded by Hermann Riegel) has been carrying on for the past thirty years in the interests of purity and nationality of style. The Zeitschrift of the society, published monthly since 188G, has rendered service of incalculable value ; first, through its efforts to build up a native vocabulary, painstakingly weeding out words of foreign derivation and suggesting or inventing native equivalents ; second, by the analysis and criticism of awkward expressions for which the simple logical substitute is given (this constituting a regular department of the paper called Zur Scharfung des Sprachgefiihls, a very suggestive name) ; and third, by maintaining a correspondence department to answer questions regarding purity of style. The Wissenschaftliche Beiheftc, appearing since 1891, have contained many articles combatting those peculiarities of style with which the present study is concerned, and the society has published, from time to time, series of books for school use, illustrative of their conception of pure style. a style free from these elements that require unusual attention from the reader. We have, then, an effort to get rid of those constructions that do not make for clearness. Not that it will ever be wrong to write a fifteen- word participial construction or that the future perfect subjunctive mode will necessarily be eliminated from the language. But a large group of writers are making an effort to avoid them when possible. Doubtless many awkward constructions will continue to exist, probably some will become mere relics, possibly many will atrophy, as the sub junctive mode is atrophying in English. Questions of literary style have sometimes been discussed from the impressionistic point of view. By this method, a writer might be credited with a pellucid style because the reader grasped his meaning easily. But style is not the only element that brings this result. For instance, the reader s familiarity with the subject matter that is being presented, or the writer s skill in grouping the facts in illuminating relationships, might have the same effect. Neither of these has to do with that skill in the use of language that we are now discussing, the third aid to the easy transfer of thought. It is not feasible to read a specimen of prose and then conclude that it is simple or involved because of the impression it has made. Even a discriminating reader would be misled by the various elements involved. An analysis of the elements that constitute simplicity of style is necessary before fair judgments can be formed in regard to individual writers or general tendenices. SOME CONSTRUCTIONS THAT ARE NOT SIMPLE. Those syntactic phenomena that detract from simplicity have to do principally with sentence length, intricacy of sentences and verb form, and word order. I. Sentence Length. a. Average Length. The average length of sentence in didactic prose, based on one hundred sentences or more, is nearly a constant for any given writer. Other things being equal, that writer whose average sentence length is low will be easier to read. b. Excessive Length.^ Very short sentences Uo not help the style as much as long ones hurt it. The percentage of sentences of over 30 and again of over 60 words is a guide to the way an author lets sentence length mar style. II. Intricacy of Sentence and Verb. a. Modified Participles. A clear thinker chooses a substantive for his subject. One less gifted limits the substantive by adjectives and participles till it conveys his idea. One not gifted finds it necessary to limit these adjectives and participles in their turn. A noun modified by a participle which in turn is modified by a 7 group of words cannot be visualized by an ordinary human being without rereading. By practice one can learn to take in such a group slowly if it does not exceed six to eight words. That kind of artificial style which builds participial construction of this kind, dozens or scores of words in length, has done more to mar the simplicity and lucidity of the German sentence than anything else. Like the old ablative absolute, these attributes may express causal, temporal or other relationships that must be figured out before the substantive idea can be visualized. b. Modified Adjectives. The construction just described has been extended to include groups where an ordinary adjective takes the place of the participle. c. Elaborate Verb Forms. Just as many words are required in English or French as in German to express the compound verb forms, yet German sentences habitually end with a weighty group of auxiliaries, while the tendency of the English and French writers seems to be to use the simpler verb forms when possible. The percentage of verbs of one, two and three words and the frequency of use of reflexives and passives form a criterion. III. Word Order. Ideas presented successively can be grasped without that strain on the memory required by ideas bound into a symmetrical system by graded relationships and by the retention of some neces sary word for the end of the group. The writer who adopts the former method is easier to understand than the writer who tries to make each sentence a climactic structure, incomprehensible till the last word has been reached. The effort to build periods has saddled upon German style two clumsy constructions. a. "Interlaced" Clauses. When a sentence contains a subordinate thought this comes, in consequence of the transposition of some essential word, to be interlaced between two parts of the main thought; in other words, two thoughts logically separate are for mally intertwined. b. Climactic Absolute Groups. When participles are used in absolute constructions and placed in the climactic position, the details expressed by various modifiers must be held in memory till the controlling participle is reached. c. Postpositive Prepositions. For historical reasons certain preposi tions follow their nouns. Since the office of a preposition is to connect its noun with what precedes, this position is illogical. Four prepositions are here considered "gegeniiber," "gemass," "nach" (English according to), and "wegen." From the point of view here described, an analysis has been made of the style of the works mentioned in the list which follows: Date * Author Title 1856 i Lobe, Wm. IL iiidbuch der rationel- len Landwirtschaft. Naturstudien. Kadmus. populiire wissenschaft- Hche Vortrage. Infectionskrankheiten. 1858 2 Masius, Her mann 1862 3 DuBois-Rey- mond, F. H 1862 4v. Helmholtz, H. L. F. 1864 5 Griesinger, Wm. 1864 6v. Kobell, Franz 1865 7 Becker, Max Geschichte der Miner- alogie. allgemeine Baukunde des Ingenieurs. 1865 8 Peschel, Oscar Geschichte der Erd- kunde. 1867 9 Engelien, A. Grammatik der Nhd. Sprache 1870 10 Meyer, Jiirgen philosophische Zeit- fiagen. 1870 1 1 Scheffers, Au- Darstellung der beim Privatbau gebrauch- lichsten Bauformen. Gymnasium und Real- chule I. Ordnung. deutsche Mythologie. Bona cheff gust 1871 i2 Jager, Oscar 1874 13 Holtzmann, Adolf 1875 14 Sachs, Julius Geschichte der Botanik vom 16 Jahrh. bis 1860. 1877 T 5 Andree, Karl Geographic des Welt- handels. 1877 16 Gerhardt, C. J. Geschichte der Mathe- matik in Deutschland. 1878 17 Stopel, F. 1880 1 8 Andresen, Karl G. 1880 19 Preyer, Wm. 1882 20 Schwebel, Oskar die Einheit des Gesetzes Sprachgebrauch und Sprachrichtigkelt im Deutschen. naturwissenschaftliche Thatsachen und Prob- leme. deutsches Biirgerthum. Pages Science 79- 82 Agriculture 606-608 I, 14- 21 Botany and II, 15- 19 Zoology 21-25 Accoustics 105-110 8- 12 Nat. Science 44- 48 158-162 Medicine 368-373 242-250 Mineralogy 368-376 30- 33 Engineering 418-421 269-277 Geography 610-617 15-25 Grammar 383-393 i- 5 Philosophy 266-269 i- 5 Architecture 99-102 3- 9 Pedagogy 34- 40 ii- 1 7 Mythology 247-272 81-91 Botany 252-260 75" 77 Commercial 356-358 Geography i- 10 Mathematics 238-246 25- 37 Sociology 164-176 82- 87 Grammar 328-335 i- 7 Biology 123-127 9-13 Civics 374-378 *Note. Throughout this study reference will be made to the works studied by this serial number only, it forms a chronological guide sufficiently accurate and the amount of reference needed precludes a more explicit method. Date * Author 188421 Stintzing, R. 1886 22 Bartsch, Karl i88823Socin, Adolf Pages Science i- 7 Law 185-190 5- 8 History of 1 6- 21 Literature 28- 34 Philology Title Geschichte der deutsch- en-Rechtswissenschaft. Nibelungenlied (Ein- leitung). Schriftsprache und Dia- lekte im Deutschen. 1893 24 Hirsch, August Geschichte der medicin- 125 135 Medicine ischen Wtssenschaf- 560-571 ten. J 895 25 v. Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutsch- VI, 80- 84 History Wm. en Kaiserzeit. 182-185 1896 26 Hart, Julius Geschichte der Welt-II, 61- 66 History of Litteratur. 687-691 Literature Franke, Carl die Briider Grimm. i- n Biography 46- 53 1899 28 Gildemeister, Essays. I, 7- 14 Literary Otto 117-122 Criticism 1899 29 Heigel, K. Th. deutsche Geschichte 40- 44 History vom Tode Friederichs 340-344 des Grossen bis zur Atiflosung des alten Reichs. v- i Philology 40- 45 1901 31 Driesmans, die Wahlverwandtschaf- 31- 36 Ethnology Heinrich ten der deutschen Blutvermischung. 1902 32 Fokker, A. P. Versuch einer neuen Bakterienlehre. 1902 33 Kolbe, H. Anleitung zum Sam- meln, Konservierung und Verpackung von Tieren. 1903 34 Mobius, Martin botanisch-mikroskopi- :ches Praktikum fiir A nf anger. 1903 35 Wagner, Her- Lehrbuch der Geo- mann graphic. 1904 36 Schmidt, Rich- Liebe und Ehe im alten 8- 13 Ethnology ard u. modernen Indien. 368-373 1905 37 Ehrenrcich, die My then und Legen- i- 4 Ethnology Paul den der sudamerikan- ischen Urvolker. 1906 38 Donath, B. die Grundlagen der Farbenphotographie. 1906 39 Geinitz, F. E. die Eiszeit. 1900 30 Paul, Hermann Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik. 171-178 5- 12 Bacteriology 37- 42 1 6- 1 9 Zoology 70- 77 17- 23 Botany 81- 89 127-130 Geography 541-543 70- 73 55- 60 Photography 154-158 36- 39 Physical 105-109 Geography 10 Date * Author Title 1906 40 Marshall, Wm. die deutschen Meere i*nd ihre Bewohner. 1907 41 Behagel, Otto die deutsche Sprache. 19/37 42 Holz, Georg der Sagenkreis der Nibelungen. ! 97 43 Kerschenstei- Grundfragen der Schul ner, G. organization. 1907 44 Walther, Carl das Staatshaupt in den Republiken. i9->845 Sutterlin & deutsche Sprachlehre. Waag 1 909 46 Eckstein, Karl Tierleben des deutschen Waldes. 1909 47 Gutmann, Dichten und Denken der Bruno Oschagga-Neger. 190948 Hennig, Rich- Bahnen des Weltver- ard kehrs. 1909 49 Meisenheimer J. experimentelle Studien zur Geschlechtsdiffer- enzierung der Schmet- terlinge. 1909 50 Weise, Oskar Aesthetik der deutschen Sprache. 191051 Effenberger, W.Naturgeschichte der kleinsten Tiere. 1910 52 Lexis, Wm. allgemeine Volkswirt- schaftslehre. 191 1 53 Birt, Theodor zur Kulturgeschichte Roms. 191 1 54 Graebner, F. Methode der Ethnolo gic- 1911 55 Hoppe, Ed- Mathematik and As- raund tronomie im klass j- sichen Altertum. 1911 56 Schrader, Otto die Indogermanen. 1912 57 Hoernes, MoritzKultur der Urzeit. 1912 58 Kluge, Fried- Wortforschung und rich Wort-Geschichte. 1912 59 Lamprecht, Karl deutsche Geschichte der jiingsten Vergangen- heit und der Gegen- wart. 11 Pages Science 27- 34 ^oology 350-355 43- 47 Philology 1 30- 1 34 42-45 Comparative 1 00-108 Literature i- 8 Pedagogy 142-149 i- 10 Law 107-113 i- 7 Grammar 103-107 i- 8 Zoology 79- 84 68-72 Ethnology 101-104 4-10 Commercial - 244-252 Geography 13- 20 Entomology 105-110 1 8- 24 Rhetoric 138-144 19- 23 Zoology 99-104 1- 4 Economics I37-I4I 46- 47 History of 120-123 Culture 7- 14 Ethnology 147-152 2- 7 Astronomy & 166-170 Mathematics 20- 24 History of 101-105 Culture 14- 22 Archaeology 106-114 i- 9 Philology 102-105 162-166 I, 76- 82 History 474-480 Date * Author 19] 3 60 Drude, Oscar 1913 61 Hofler, Alois 1913 62 Indra, A. 1913 63v. Meyer, Ernst 1913 64 Strasburger, Ed. 1914 65 Abel, O. 191466 Auerbach, Felix 1914 67 Baur, Erwin i9i468Bluemel, Ru dolf 19146961110, Rudolf 1914 70 Przibram, Hans 191471 Radl, Emanuel Title die Okologie der Prlan- zen. Didaktik der Ilimmels- kunde. Oxydation des Ammo- niaks. Entwicklung der Che- mie. pflanzliche Zellen-und Gewebelehre. die vorzeitlichen Sauge- tiere. historische Entwicklung der Akustik. Regeneration u. Trans plantation im Pflanz- enreich. Einfuhrung in die Syn tax die Raumorienticrung der Ameisen. Regeneration u Trans plantation im Tier- re iche. zur Geschichte der Bi- ologie. Pages Science 3- 8 Botany 214 220 10- 19 Astronomy & 333-343 Pedagogy 145-152 Chemistry 181-187 i- 5 Chemistry 26- 29 I- 4 Botany 121-123 35- 42 Zoology 218-223 81- 85 Physics 93- 98 378-382 Biology 398-402 3- 7 Grammar 106-110 25- 3i 154-158 Entomology 162-165 343-346 Biology 371-374 i- 5 Biology 14- 18 12 CHAPTER II. THE: MODIFIED PARTICIPLE. This idiom is at present peculiar to the German language. It does not antedate the Humanistic period. It consists of a noun, modified by a participle which in turn is modified by a group of words or governs such a group. All these coming between the article and the noun make an intolerably complicated substantive group and one which presents the words in the wrong order. The noun is the principal word ; the parti ciple is meaningless and without relationship until the noun has been grasped by the mind. In turn the participle must be grasped before its modifiers can take their proper place in the thought group. So the con struction has to be apprehended backwards, a feat of mental gymnastics possible with training, but not worth while and not in harmony with the prevailing order in which thoughts are grasped. This construction a thousand years ago was an exotic curiosity. Now, doubtless, it is an ineradicable feature of German sentence struc ture. When it is limited to a few words it can be taken in by a far-sighted reader with comparative ease and without rereading. It is objectionable in proportion to its length. The large number of instances of modified attributive participles render it desirable to give a preliminary survey of the number and kinds of illustrations to follow. From it an idea may be had of the varied forms that the idiom assumes. * Participle I modified by an adverb. 131 Participle I modified by a group of adverbs 27 (of these, 2 words 19 3 " 7 5 i Participle I modified by a prepositional group 220 (of these, 2 words 55 8 words 3 3 59 9 " 6 4 37 5 " 29 4 6 " 16 12 2 7 " 7 13 " 2 ^Conforming to the sensible German usage, the Participles will be dis tinguished as Participle I and Participle II, the former being, of course, the Participle ending in "end." 13 Participle I governing a direct object 107 Participle I governing a dative case 39 Participle II modified by an adverb 271 Participle II modified by a group of adverbs 103 (of these, 2 words 79 3 6 10 20 2 I I Participle II modified by a prepositional group 473 (of these, 2 words 3 " 4 " 5 " 6 " 7 " 117 134 85 66 25 19 8 9 10 ii 12 H 22 49 Participle II governing a substantive or modified by one.. . (of these, genitive. i dative 29 pred. appositive 19 Groups of several modified attributive participles or groups of such constructions combined with modified attribute adjectives 133 (of these, 3 word groups I 4 5 6 8 9 10 ii 12 13 it 17 18 27 14 16 13 15 10 6 10 6 4 4 3 2 4 i i Groups of substantives with modified participles 18 (of these, 2 substantives 13 3 4 4 i 14 Participle I modified by an adverb 131 instances Example "von den iiberall rieselnden Quellen" (2). Pook. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 2 3 23 1 40 1 59 3 3 4 25 1 42 2 60 8 4 2 27 4 43 3 61 2 5 10 28 2 45 2 62 1 6 1 29 1 46 5 63 3 9 a 30 1 47 1 64 1 11 2 31 2 48 2 65 o 19 2 33 1 49 2 66 1 14 1 34 2 50 4 67 4 17 3 35 2 52 1 69 8 18 3 36 1 54 1 70 1 20 2 37 4 57 5 71 4 22 2 38 2 58 2 Total ...131 Participle I modified by a group of adverbs 27 instances Group of 2 words, example "das immer noch steigende Interesse" (14). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 4 1 23 1 36 1 65 3 5 1 24 1 45 1 67 1 14 1 27 1 48 1 Total ...19 17 1 30 1 55 1 19 1 34 1 60 1 Group of 3 words, example "ein noch so wichtig erscheinendes Prinzip" (60). ,1 Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 2 2 46 1 60 1 61 1 31 49 1 Total... 7 Group of 5 woius, example "bei dem zweiten, viel rascher und mehr sprung- weisc vorschreitenden Zuge" (5), the only instance. Participle I modified by a prepositional group 220 instances Group of 2 words, example " die nach aussen dringende Warme" (35). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 2 1 27 1 50 2 62 4 3 1 33 1 51 1 03 1 1 35 3 52 1 64 1 11 4 38 1 54 1 65 3 12 1 42 2 56 2 66 2 14 2 45 2 57 1 07 5 23 1 46 4 58 1 09 1 25 1 48 1 59 1 71 2 Total. . 55 Group of 3 words, example "eine weit ins Meer hinausgehende Landungs- briicke" (20). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances 1 2 3 5 6 7 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24 26 31 32 33 34 35 38 39 44 46 48 52 54 55 58 59 60 61 62 63 66 67 69 70 71 Total 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 4 1 2 59 Group of 4 words, example "die in Wurfeln und Oktaedern krystallisirenden Korper" (6). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 6 1 29 1 7 1 32 1 9 1 34 2 11 2 35 2 17 1 36 2 19 2 39 1 27 1 40 1 Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 42 1 63 1 46 1 64 2 47 1 67 1 48 3 69 1 49 1 70 1 52 2 71 2 60 1 Total. .. 37 Group of 5 words, ex nnplc "eine aus mehreren oder vielen Kammern bestehende Kalkschale" (51). Book. Instances. 60 61 62 69 Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 1 32 1 49 2 9 1 33 1 51 1 10 1 34 3 54 3 17 1 39 1 56 2 22 1 4ii 1 57 1 24 1 47 1 59 1 71 Total.. . 29 Group of 6 words, example "anderer an den fcsten Teilen des Korpers vorkommenden physikalischen Veranderungen" (24). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 3 19 22 24 27 35 43 44 48 49 1 59 2 Total... 16 Group of 7 words, example "das bei jeder Unterrichtsanstalt selbstver- standlich mit in Betracht kommende Prinzip" (12). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 9 1 24 1 63 1 67 1 12 1 32 1 65 1 Total... 7 Group of 8 words, example "einer in dcr punktirten Linie senkrecht auf dem Papier stehenden Ebene" (34). Book. Instances. 34 1 Book. Instances. 48 1 Book. Instances. 62 1 Book. Instances. Total.. 3 Group of 9 words, example "der in der Nahe einer grossen Stadt, einer Eisenbahn usw. wohnende Landwirth" (1). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 1 44 1 48 1 60 1 37 1 46 1 Total... 6 16 Group of 10 words, example "die bei primarer Desorientierung zum Beispiel nach Transport vom Neste weg entstehende Form" (69). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 10 1 54 1 61 1 69 1 Total... 4 Group of 12 words, example "eine Reihe mit dem Konstitutionalismus der Beteiligung des Volkes an der Ausiibung der Staatsgewalt, zusammenhan- gender neuer Begriffe" (44). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 44 1 69 1 Total... 2 Group of 13 words, example "diese mit der Lebensweise der Insekten Tausendfiissler und Spinnen je nach der Art derselben zusammenhangenden Naturobjekte" (33). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 20 1 33 1 Total.. 2 Participle I governing a direct object 107 instances Examples vary in length of object from one word to nine "der Saft fiihrenden Canale" (14) "einer selbst das damalige Mass von allgemeiner Bildung und allgemeiner Wirksamkeit uberragenden Universalitat" (66). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 1 21 2 38 1 57 1 2 1 22 1 40 1 58 2 3 2 23 2 43 1 59 2 4 2 24 7 44 6 60 7 5 1 27 3 46 5 61 3 7 1 28 2 47 1 62 1 93 29 3 48 1 63 5 11 1 31 2 50 2 64 2 14 3 33 1 51 1 65 3 15 1 34 3 53 1 66 1 17 5 36 1 54 2 69 1 19 4 37 2 56 1 71 2 Total... 107 Participle I governing a dative case 39 instances Examples "die dem Klange entsprechende Wellenform" (66) "einen der Grosse des Deckglaschens entsprechenden Lackrand" (34). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 11 19 2 42 1 61 1 41 24 4 44 3 64 2 5 2 26 1 48 1 65 2 9 1 27 1 49 1 66 2 11 1 28 1 50 1 69 1 14 1 31 1 52 2 17 1 34 2 54 2 Total... 39 17 Participle II modified by an adverb 271 instances Examples "die asceptisch herausgeschnittenen Organe" (32) "leicht gekriimmtes Rohr" (49). Book. Instances. Book. Instances Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 2 19 3 30 4 54 4 2 3 20 4 37 4 56 3 3 4 21 7 38 1 57 8 4 5 22 2 39 1 58 1 5 9 23 4 40 4 59 4 6 8 24 8 42 4 60 9 8 L 25 3 43 9 61 7 9 2 26 2 44 1 62 7 10 1 27 2 45 5 63 9 11 ? - 28 2 46 4 64 7 12 3 29 1 47 2 65 4 13 1 30 1 48 5 66 4 14 8 31 3 49 10 67 8 15 3 32 4 50 2 68 1 16 8 33 1 51 5 69 1 17 3 34 2 52 2 70 5 18 2 35 2 53 1 71 3 Total . . .271 Participle 11 modified by a group of adverb >S 102 instances Group of 2 words, example "ganz kurz gehaltene Fichten " (46). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 2 1 28 1 46 1 63 2 4 1 29 1 48 3 64 2 5 1 30 1 49 1 65 2 14 1 34 2 52 1 67 3 16 I 37 2 56 1 69 2 19 1 38 2 57 2 70 1 21 1 40 1 60 3 71 2 24 1 42 1 61 1 Total . . . 79 27 3 44 4 62 1 Group of 3 words, example "der sonst so hofmannisch gcmassigte Goethe" (4). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. I nstan 4 1 17 1 46 2 66 1 6 1 21 1 56 2 67 1 10 1 37 1 60 2 71 1 14 2 43 1 61 2 Total., . . 20 Group of 5 words, example "eine wenn auch noch so bescheiden gehaltene Schuie" (43) the only instance. Group of 6 words, example "denselben nur urn so harter und fester geschmiedeten Waffen" (31) the only instance. Group of 10 words, example "diesen bald mehr mandelkern-odcr lanzett- formig, bald oval, dreieckig oder ahnlich gebildctcn Keilen" (57) the only instance. 18 Participle II modified by a prepositional group 473 instances Group of 2 words, example "die von Gauss ausgefiihrte Triaiigulation (16). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 i 22 2 37 2 57 1 2 2 24 38 3 58 <j 3 2 25 1 39 2 61 2 4 2 20 1 40 1 62 3 6 4 27 6 42 3 63 o 8 2 28 2 43 2 64 3 10 1 29 2 45 . 4 65 1 11 1 30 2 40 66 3 14 3 31 1 47 1 69 1 15 1 32 3 48 4 70 2 16 7 33 5 50 1 17 1 35 1 51 2 ::i 2 36 2 52 4 Total.. , .117 Group of 3 words, example "der aus dem Volksmunde vernommenen Kinder und Hausmarchen" (27). Book. Instance: Book. Instances. Book, Instances. Book. Instances 1 1 18 2 35 4 56 3 2 2 19 1 36 3 57 2 3 1 20 2 37 2 59 1 4 1 21 3 38 5 60 4 5 3 22 1 40 o 61 1 6 3 23 2 43 2 62 2 7 1 24 8 44 2 63 3 9 4 25 3 46 4 64 2 10 1 27 3 48 1 65 1 11 3 28 1 49 2 66 2 12 1 29 3 51 1 67 1 14 4 31 1 52 3 69 3 15 2 32 2 53 1 70 2 16 5 33 1 54 2 71 2 17 2 34 2 55 2 Total. ..134 Group of 4 words, example "der am Ende der Pliocanzeit abgelagerte Ton" (39). ook. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Ii istati o 1 24 7 40 1 57 1 3 1 27 1 42 1 60 2 5 1 29 2 43 3 61 2 6 2 30 1 44 2 62 2 7 4 32 1 46 2 63 1 12 1 33 2 47 1 64 3 14 2 34 1 48 1 65 2 16 1 35 1 49 3 66 2 17 2 36 1 52 5 67 3 20 1 38 4 54 1 69 3 21 1 39 1 56 4 71 1 Total... 85 Group of 5 words, example "den versehenen Namen" (50). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 2 * 2 1 4 2 5 3 6 1 9 2 11 1 12 2 14 2 17 3 mit diesen Kose-und Tandelsilben Book. Instances. 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 33 34 38 Book. Instances. 40 2 44 1 46 1 48 2 50 2 52 2 54 1 56 3 57 1 60 1 61 62 63 65 66 67 69 70 71 Total... 66 Group of 6 words, example "die von Weiss 1815 und Mohs 1820 aufge- stellten Krystallsysteme" (6). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 5 1 27 1 44 1 6 2 29 1 50 1 9 1 34 2 54 3 24 1 37 2 56 1 26 1 43 3 60 1 62 69 70 Total... 25 Group of 7 words, example "den friiher bei den Polypcn mit pflanzen- artigen Habitus geschilderten Heteromorphosen" (70). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. "Book. Instances. 2 1 24 2 42 1 69 2 11 1 31 1 48 2 70 1 14 1 38 1 52 2 71 1 21 1 40 1 56 1 Total... 19 Group of 8 words, example "der von Graf Mercy und den Gesandten des Dreibtmds unterzeichneten ^Convention" (29). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 3 11 16 29 31 48 50 56 65 Total.. Group of 9 words, example "einer gegen Kanne, der dem Mythos zu viel Platz einraumte, gerichteten Abhandlung" (27). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 3 1 37 1 54 1 66 1 27 1 Total... 5 Group of 10 words, example "sein kimstliches auf die Zahl, Verwachsung und Gruppirung der Staubgefasse und Carpelle gegriindetes System" (14). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 14 1 39 1 59 1 69 1 37 1 Total... 5 Group of 11 words, example "der im vorigen Abschnitt unter 4 und dem folgenden Absatz Seite 152 erwahnten spezielien Verfahren" (38). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 52 1 54 1 Total... 3 Group of 12 words, example "der am Anfange des 17 Jahrhundert von Albert Kyper an der letztgenannten Universitat gemachten Versuche" (24). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 24 1 61 1 Total... 2 30 Group of 14 words, example "dem von Denis in seiner Beschreibung der fete bresilienne a Rouen en 1555 Paris 1851 gegebenen Auszuge" (37). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 37 1 67 1 Total... 2 Group of 22 words, example "die haupstachlich durch die beiden auf- gezeigten Momente, die Einfiihrung des Konstitutionalismus in die Monarchic und die Schaffung eines monarchenahnlichen Staatsoberhauptes in der Re- publik verursachte Unsicherheit" (44) the only instance. Participle II governing a substantive or modified by one. .49 instances Substantive in the genitive case, example "eine ihrer Zellwand ganz oder teilweise beraubte Zelle" (67) the only instance. Substantive in he dative case, examples vary in length from one word to five, "die ihnen gewahrten Privilegien" (25) "die den Kulturlandern und alten Schiffahrtswegen zunachst benachbarten Teile" (48). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 6 1 24 1 44 1 64 1 9 1 25 1 46 1 66 1 14 1 26 1 48 2 67 1 17 1 28 1 52 2 70 1 20 1 32 1 57 2 22 1 42 1 60 1 23 2 43 1 61 1 Total... 29 Substantive a predicate appositive, examples "eine der Mowenberg ge- nannte Sandbank" (40), "seinen nun fast iiberall unanschaulich gewordenen Thesen" (61). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 5 2 23 1 30 1 46 1 10 1 24 1 37 1 52 1 17 1 27 1 40 1 61 3 21 1 28 1 44 1 65 1 Total... 19 Groups of several modified participles or adjectives 133 instances Group of 3 words, example "das so-genannte reticulirte Ansehen" (5) the only instance. Group of 4 words, example "ihre nachbarlich zusammenliegenden sicher geschiedenen Felder" (12). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 2 1 22 1 37 1 52 1 4 1 27 1 48 1 60 1 12 1 28 2 49 1 61 1 14 1 Total... 14 Group of 5 words, example "einfach brechende und dopplet brechende Krystalle" (6). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 2 1 18 1 53 1 64 1 6 3 33 2 58 2 65 1 14 1 36 1 61 2 67 2 16 1 48 1 63 1 69 2 Total.. . 23 31 Group of 6 words, example "der seit zwei" Jahrhunderten herrschenden gleichformig temperierten Stimmting" (66). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 2 13 1 37 1 57 1 3 1 24 3 40 1 60 1 5 2 27 1 44 1 66 1 Total. .. 16 Group of 7 words, example "ein uberaus bewegtes von ungezahmter Kraft wahrhaft iiberschiiumendes Leben" (20). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 20 2 28 1 48 1 62 1 2:i 1 31 1 49 1 67 1 25 1 36 1 54 1 69 1 Total... 13 Group of 8 words, example "die letzten ihr zugrunde liegenden and in ihr wirksamen Naturkrafte" (4). Book. Instances Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances, 2 1 11 1 42 1 59 2 4 1 26 1 46 1 60 1 5 3 34 1 48 1 66 1 Total. . . 15 Group of 9 words, example "selbst sehr nahe verwandte und angeblicb sogar sexuell kreu^bare Artcn" (57). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instance! 35 2 38 1 49 1 65 1 37 1 48 1 61 2 67 1 Total... 10 Group of 10 words, example "cine zwar anders geartete ihr gleich wohl gecignete oder selbst bessere Vorbildung" (12). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 5 1 24 1 59 1 69 1 12 1 57 1 Total... 6 Group of 11 words, example "ein zwar richtig orientiertes aber norrnaler- weise einem anderen Segmente des Korpers angehoriges Gebilde" (70). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 4 1 19 1 42 1 67 1 14 1 21 2 54 1 70 1 17 1 Total... 10 Group of 12 words, example "eine im Weltraum freischwebende und von Sonnenstrahlen unter diesen oder jenen Winkeln getroffene Erdkugel" (61). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. !- 1 24 1 44 1 64 1 ir > 1 Total... 5 Group of 13 words, example "eine nach fremden und zahlreichen eigenen Beobachtungen beareitete den Charakter einer speziellen Pathologic tragende chmque medicale" (24). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 6-1 1 70 1 71 1 Total... 4 22 Group of 14 words, example "das am letzten Schultage oder gar wiihrend der falschlich als Reifepriifung bezeichnetcn Schaupriifung zufallig parate Wisten" (61). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 24 1 44 1 61 1 69 1 Total... 4 Group of 15 words, example "die friiher an der. vollen Itensitat der Krankheit allein erfolgten mit enormcr Entwicklung der Darmafrection vcr- laufenden Falle" (5). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 5 1 59 1 60 1 Total... 3 Group of 16 words, example "beim Nesteingang unter dem Randstein eines Trottoirs abgefangene und mehrere Meter entfernt auf einer Chaussee ausgesetzte Ameisen" (69). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 49 1 69 1 Total... 2 Group of 17 words, example "eine von Sanger-Shepherd angegebene und neuerdings von E. Konig im Verein mit den Hochster Farbwcrken als Pina- typie ausgebildete Methode" (38). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 38 1 43 1 59 1 60 1 Total... 4 Group of 18 words, example "den sei es intuitivcn sei es der praktischen Erfahrung bei der Feldmesskunst usw. entstammenden und darum stets nur annahernden Weg" (59) the only instance. Group of 27 words, example "die von Fonrcroy der sich um die Bearbei- tung der organischen Chemie die grossten Verdienste erworben hatte in einem an Humboldt gerichteten, in der decade philosophique abgedruckten, Briefe abgegebene Erklarung" (24) the only instance. Group of substantives with modified participles 18 instances Group of 2 substantives, example "wobei er zu bemerkenswerten und fur die hohere Geodasie wichtigen Erweiterungen des bekannten von Legendre zuerst 1787 ohne Beweis aufgestellten Lehrsatzes gelangt" (16). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 1 27 1 46 2 70 3 16 1 44 1 63 1 71 2 20 1 Total... 13 Group of 3 substantives, example "dass alle von Einem Punkt der ersten Flachc ausgehende und in ihr liegende unendlich kleine Linien den ihnen entsprechenden Linien der zweiten Flache proportional sind" (16). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 16 1 46 1 70 2 Total... 4 Group of 4 substantives, example "der noch zttm Befiihlen der Nahrung dienende Kieferfuss der Strandkrabbc kann durch die bloss zum Fassen dienende Schere, der mit einer Haftborste ausgestattete Hinterfliigel der Schmetterlinge durch den einer solchen entbehrenden Vorderfliigel ersetzt sein" (70) the only instance. 23 MODIFIED ADJECTIVES. This construction is a development from the modified participle, the only difference being that an ordinary adjective replaces the participle. These adjectives in the majority of cases are such as end in "ig," "ich," or "bar" or verbal adjectives in general. Survey of the instances of modified attributive adjectives that are listed in this section. Attributive adjective modified by an adverb or noun 325 (of these, adverbs 319 nouns 6 Attributive adjective modified by group of adverbs or nouns 80 (of these, 2 adverbs 49 2 nouns 4 3 adverbs 18 3 nouns 4 4 adverbs 2 4 nouns 2 5 adverbs i Attributive adjective modified by prepositional group 152 (of these, 2 words 31 3 " 43 4 " 39 5 " 17 6 " 10 7 " 3 3 3 9 " 2 10 " I 13 " 2 20 " I Attributive adjective modified by clause 3 Attributive adjective governing a noun 55 (of these, dative 44 genitive 9 accusative 2 Groups of modified attributive adjective constructions 44 (of these, 4 words 15 IO words 2 5 10 __ 6 " 4 IT l 7 " 2 12 i 8 " 5 13 " i 9 14 " i Groups of substantives with modified attribute adjectives. . 4 24 Attributive adjective modified by an adverb or noun 325 instances an adverb, example "die praktisch fruchtbaren Gesichts- Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Modified by punkte " (5). Book. Instances. I 1 2 5 3 6 4 5 5 24 6 2 7 1 8 2 9 6 10 2 11 1 12 7 13 2 14 6 15 4 16 9 17 6 18 4 19 3 20 4 21 2 22 2 23 3 24 10 25 1 26 5 27 3 28 9 29 1 30 6 31 2 32 2 33 "3 34 1 35 3 36 1 37 9 39 4 40 2 42 1 43 1 44 2 45 2 46 1 47 2 48 13 49 3 50 3 51 3 52 4 53 1 54 8 55 1 56 4 57 10 58 6 59 14 60 13 61 12 62 10 63 5 64 3 65 3 66 13 67 3 68 3 69 3 70 1 71 2 Modified by a Book. Instances. 2 1 22 1 noun, example "dem Book. Instances. 27 1 32 1 milzbrandkranken Book. Instances. 48 1 Total.. .319 Organplasma" (32). Book. Instances. 65 1 Total . . 6 Attributive adjective modified by a group of adverbs or CVUUfi Group of 2 words, example "wie viel ernstere Sorgen" (28). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 10 1 28 3 44 1 60 3 14 4 29 1 48 4 61 4 16 1 31 1 49 1 63 2 18 2 33 4 56 1 66 1 20 1 37 2 58 3 67 1 24 2 42 1 59 2 69 4 27 2 43 1 Total . .. 53 Group of 3 words, example "einer knapp halb so langen Kamerunbahn" (48). Book. Instances Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 10 1 34 1 46 2 61 5 12 1 39 1 48 2 64 1 26 1 43 1 52 1 69 2 27 1 44 1 57 1 Total . . . 22 Group of 4 words, example "eine wenn auch noch so unvollkommene Unterscheidung" (64).. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book- Instances. Book. Instances 39 2 61 1 64 1 Total... 4 Group of 5 words, example "dieser ja auch nicht mehr so einfachen Wohnbauten" (57) the only instance. Attributive adjective modified by a prepositional group, 152 instances Group of 2 words, example "der auf ihnen erreichbaren Entwicklungs- reihen" (54). 25 Book Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 2 1 24 3 43 1 61 3 1 26 1 48 1 62 4 1 32 1 49 1 64 1 10 1 37 3 51 1 66 1 14 1 38 1 52 1 69 1 19 2 42 1 54 1 70 1 20 1 Total. . . 31 Group of 3 words, example "das dem Wesen nach Zusammcngehorige" (30). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 2 23 1 44 1 61 1 5 1 24 2 47 1 63 1 8 1 29 2 48 3 64 11 1 30 1 49 1 65 1 14 1 37 2 54 2 66 2 16 2 38 3 56 1 70 2 17 2 42 1 59 . 1 71 1 19 i Total.. . 43 Group of 4 words, example "zu bemerkenswerthen und fur die hohere Geodasie wichtigen Erweiterungen" (1.6). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 1 24 2 49 2 62 1 3 2 27 2 51 1 63 2 7 1 33 1 56 2 65 1 9 1 34 1 57 1 66 1 14 1 36 1 59 3 67 1 16 1 37 1 60 1 69 3 18 1 47 1 61 1 71 1 19 1 Total... 39 Groups of 5 words, example "ein mit dem Verschwindcn der Cholera gleichmassiges Abnehmen" (5). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 4 1 28 1 52 1 62 1 5 1 30 2 54 1 69 2 9 1 37 1 59 1 70 1 14 2 46 1 Total. . . 17 Group of 6 words, example "jedes hinsichtlich seines Standortes und seiner Holzarten eigenartige Waldgebiet" (46). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 1 24 1 46 1 67 1 5 1 39 1 64 1 70 1 23 1 44 1 Total... 10 Group of 7 words, example "eine fiir die Kntwickelung der Pariser Schule sehr einfltissreiche Personlichkeit" (24). Book, Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 24 1 34 1 46 1 Total 3 Group of 8 words, example" "einer fiir das Oedcihen von Leib und Seele unumganglich notwedigen Hauptsache" (36). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 12 1 26 1 36 1 Total... 3 Group of 9 words, example "das durch Vergleichung der beiden Bear- beitungen tins noch im wesentlichen erreichbare Original" (42). Book. Insuv ces. Rook. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 24 1 42 1 Total... 2 26 Group of 10 words, example "eine alte machtige fur den Dienst einer aufsteigenden Kultur und Zivilisation immer noch unentbehrliche Erziehungs- . kraft" (43) the only instance. Group of 13 words, example "diese gerade hinter der Mundhohle fast wie ein zweiter nicht leicht sichtbarer kleiner Mund befindliche Hohle" (3). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 31 61 1 Total... 2 Group of 20 words, example "die von Piedrahita in seiner historia general de la conquista del nuevo reino de Granada 1618 auf die Kulturheroen der Chibcha beziiglichen Mythen" (37) the only instance. Attributive adjective modified by a clause 3 instances Example "ein wenn man will subjektives Element" (54). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 43 1 54 2 Total... 3 Attributive adjective governing a noun 55 instances Noun in the dative case, example "eines dem originalen Terrain in alien Einzelheiten fast spiegelbildlich ahnlichen Komplexes" (69). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 1 24 2 46 1 62 1 3 1 25 1 49 1 63 1 5 3 28 1 53 1 64 1 10 1 35 4 56 1 66 2 12 1 36 1 57 1 69 2 16 2 40 1 59 2 70 2 17 1 41 1 60 3 71 1 22 1 42 2 Total. . . 44 Noun in the genitive case, example "eines dauerbaren, widerstandsfahigen Weibwesens" (31). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 5 1 23 1 31 2 62 1 18 1 28 1 48 2 Total... 9 Noun in the accusative case, example "anderem tonerdehaltigen Material" (62). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 24 1 62 1 Total... 2 Groups of modified adjective constructions 44 instances Group of 4 words, example "eines wirklich dumpfen sklavisch dcmiitigen Seelenlebens" (26). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 31 61 26 1 48 2 4 3 15 1 30 1 57 2 5 1 18 1 34 1 Total... 15 Group of 5 words, example "das morphologisch recht wertvolle phylogene- tisch verwertbare Beiwerk" (60). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 5 1 46 1 59 1 64 1 12 1 52 1 60 1 67 1 26 2 Total... 10 27 Group of 6 words, example "den ausserordentlich eigensinnigen gewohnlich jedem Rath unzuganglichen Bischof" (25). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 19 1 25 1 60 1 63 1 Total... 4 Group of 7 words, example "einer sehr eigenartigen fiir unsere Verhaltnisse schwer vorstellbaren Weise" (48). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 10 1 48 1 Total... 2 Group of 8 words, example "selten ungefliigelte sehr winzige bei grober Betrachtung fliegenahnliche Insekten" (33). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 25 1 41 1 64 1 67 1 33 1 Total... 5 Group of 9 words, example "oft verlorener und fiir den Kampf urns Dasein notwendiger Organe" (70). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 11 70 1 Total... 2 Group of 10 words, example "die hervorragend zweckmassigen und in ihrer praktischen Wirkung oft geradezu staunenerregenden Farben" (38). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 38 1 48 1 Total... 2 Group of 11 words, example "einem einzigen sehr vielkernigen oft bis zu 30 cm. langen und mehrere Zentimeter dicken Protoplasten" (67) the only instance. Group of 12 words, example "eine kaum mittlere ja selbst vor grossen Epidemieen eine fur die Jahreszeit auffallend geringe (Zahl)" (5) the only instance. Group of 13 words, example "ein grosses fast 1.5 Kg. schweres 9 Zoll langes 6 Zoll breites und 4 Zoll hohes (Stuck)" (40) the only instance. Group of 14 words, example "diese organlosen, an alien Stellen ihres Korpers scheinbar gleichartigen nicht thierischen nicht pflanzlichen sondern nur lebenden Gebilde" (19) the only instance. Groups of substantives with modified attributive adjectives, 4 instances Example "einer zu den Strahlentierchen (Radiolarien) gehorigen Urtier- form, Thalassicolla, die eine mit freiem Auge deutlich sichtbare Grosse erreicht (70). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 12 1 14 2 70 1 Total.. 4 AUXILIARIES OF THE PASSIVE. The formation of the passive voice is undergoing in the period under consideration a change that consists in an approach to the simplicity of spoken style ; consequently it comes in here for discussion. After experimenting with various auxiliaries German reduced the result not to one but to two, with the distinction that "warden" describes an act and "sein" a resulting state. This distinction in use is breaking down. Grammarians have often pointed out that in the optative "sein" is used instead of "werden," even in describing an act ; in the present study many instances have been met where the same tendency is seen in other modes. Frequently it is an open question whether the intention is to describe an act or a condition ; the instances noted below in this section are such that the context, or the use of some "agent" construction, or a peculiarity in the meaning of the verb shows that the auxiliary "sein" is being used in describing an act. Instances of the reverse kind are less common. The confusion is greatest with certain verbs, as "beschranken," "erfiillen," which originally refer to acts, but are coming to describe states, also the abbreviation of the form "geworden sein" accounts for some cases. Comparative syntax tempts one to see in this the beginning of a trend that may eventually do away with one or other of the auxil iaries as superfluous, presumably with "werden." "Sein" as an auxiliary of the passive 95 instances Optative uses, example "als Beispiel seien zunachst die weitverbreiteten zur Klasse der Ogersagen gehorigen Marchen angefiihrt" (37). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 32 1 37 1 53 1 61 1 36 1 51 1 60 1 63 1 Total... 8 Subjunctive uses, example "der Luchs miisste als ausgerottet gelten wenn nicht ab und zu ein Exemplar aus den ostlichen Grenzgebieten eingewechselt ware" (46). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 8 2 17 1 46 1 56-1 4 2 21 1 52 1 61 1 12 1 Total... 11 Indicative uses, example "eine zweite etwas kleinere Tonne ist nun umge- kehrt in die erstere hereingesetzt und hat an ihrem Deckel einen kurzen Aufsatz mit Ventil" (7) "anf dass nicht die Massen den Lockungen der falschen Proph- eten preisgegeben sind" (43) "dass soil damit ausgedruckt sein dass, etc." (55). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 11 14 3 35 2 53 2 21 16 4 42 3 54 2 31 20 1 43 7 55 2 4 1 21 2 44 3 62 1 5 1 23 1 46 2 63 2 29 1 47 1 67 3 11 5 30 1 51 1 70 1 12 1 34 1 52 2 71 6 13 4 . Total... 76 29 CHAPTER III. INTERLACED ClyAUSES. Ready comprehension of meaning is hindered by that interlacing of main and subordinate thought that is caused by the transposition of the separable prefix, the infinitive, the participle and the subordinate finite verb to the end of the sentence. For many years good style has avoided this when the subordinate thought was a clause, terminating the main clause before commencing the subordinate one. But during the period under discussion an extension of this practice can be observed to include those subordinate thoughts that are embodied either in quasi- clauses (lacking an expressed verb) or in phrases. For the matter examined such groups are introduced by one of the following words : als (introducing quasi-clause) 33 instances an 3 auf ; 12 aus 5 ausser i bei 3 denn (introducing quasi-clause) 2 durch 23 f iir 7 gegen I in 17 mit 25 nach i ohne 2 iiber 6 unter 2 von / 28 vor i wie (introducing quasi-clause) 17 zu ii zwischen 3 miscellaneous substantive groups used as subject or in apposition 3 Pure prepositional phrases vary from two words to nineteen \vords in length 130 instances Group of 2 words, example "die Bodenerhebungen auszudrticken durch Farben" (8). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 8 1 10 1 31 1 Total... 3 30 Group of 3 words, example "er ist beherrscht von seinen Leidenschaften" (26). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 n 26 1 37 1 59 2 8 1 27 1 43 1 61 2 13 1 30 1 45 2 66 2 21 1 35 1 55 1 68 1 Total . . . 21 Group of 4 words, example "Vorstellungen die antworten auf alle wissen- schaftlichen Fragen" (13). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 10 2 23 1 43 3 55 1 12 1 31 1 46 1 61 3 13 3 34 1 49 1 64 1 17 1 39 2 51 1 66 1 Total 24 Group of 5 words, example "die sich zusammendrangen auf deiri Boden der F orderung" (43). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instance::;,. 1 2 23 1 45 2 53 1 12 3 35 1 47 I 58 1 16 1 42 o 50 I 66 1 19 1 43 4 52 1 Total 23 Group of 6 words, example "dass kaum etwas feble ausser einer genauen Aufstellung der Gattungen" (14). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 12 1 41 1 46 1 64 1 14 1 42 1 50 1 66 1 23 1 43 1 52 1 67 1 32 1 44 1 61 1 68 1 38 1 45 1 63 1 Total . . . 19 Group of 7 words, example "wlc wir zuriickstehen gegen die Hirtcn und Schiffer dcs Alterthums" (61). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 9 1 31 1 60 1 66 1 15 1 43 2 61 2 67 1 23 1 49 1 Total... 12 Group of 8 words, example "so dass keine Kluft bleibt zwischcn der Kreide-Astronomie des Schulzimmers und der ernpirischen" (61). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 12 1 26 1 43 2 52 1 13 1 39 1 45 1 53 1 19 1 41 1 47 1 61 1 Total... 13 Group of 9 words, example "sind charakterisiert durch die Unabhiingigkeit ihrer Farben vom Beleuchtungs- und Betrachtungs-winkel" (38). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 11 35 1 38 1 49 1 Total... 4 11 Group of 10 words, example "lasse das Ergebniss priifen durch eine aus Fachmannern der verschiedenen Kategorieen gebildete vereidigte Kom- mission" (12). Book. Instances. Jtfook. instances. Book. Instances. " Book. Instances. 91 12 1 Total... 2 Group of 11 words, example "sie ist erwachsen aus der Freude an dem Wesen und der Trefflichkeit des Mannes" (28). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 17 1 28 1 39 1 Total. . . 3 Group of 12 words, example "hat abseits gestanden von dem allgemeinen Komplex der Physik der Naturwissenschaft und der Kultur uberhaupt" (66). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 61 1 66 1 Total... 2 Group of 13 words, example "setzt sich zusammen aus der Gesamtheit der den Kapitalbesitzern zufallenden Reinertrage und der Gesamtheit der Lohne" (52) the only instance. Group of 14 words, example "wie der gesunde Schlaf sich verhalt zu den krankhaften Zuckungen des mit dem Tode Ringenden, oder der Starrheit des Verblichenen" (11) the only instance. Group of 15 words, example "die erfiillt sind von der Einsicht in die Aufgaben des Staates und dem Willen dieser Aufgabe zu dienen" (43) the oniy instance. Group of 19 words, example "sie giebt sich zu erkennen in Aufsicht und Warnung, Tadel und Lob, thatiger Beihiilfe in Ungliicksfallen, erforderlichen Falls aber auch in Losung des Dienstverhaltnisses" (1) the only instance. The phrase may contain within it a clause 20 instances Example "konnte sie vergleichen mit einem Capital was in Liindereien angelegt ist" (4). Book. Instances. 48 1 59 1 61 3 66 1 Total... 20 The subordinate thought is a substantive group in apposition without introductory word 3 instances Example "wenn knien bedeutet auf den Knien liegen" (18). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances 18 1 23 1 37 1 Total... 3 The interlacing is commonly avoided with "quasi-clause" groups, i. e., groups that would form a clause except that no verb is expressed. These are introduced by "als", "denn" or "wie" 52 instances Groups with "als" (Eng. "as" in comparison), example "von den geschicht- lichen Ereignissen des Mittelalters hat keines so gewaltig alle Verhaltnisse erschvittert als dasjenige womit das Mittelalter anhebt" (22) the only instance. 32 Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 1 17 1 42 1 10 1 21 1 43 1 13 3 26 1 44 1 16 1 28 1 46 1 Groups with "als" (Eng. "as" not in comparison), example "diese Ele- mente sind in jeder Wahrnehmung enthalten als drei notwendige Faktoren a.1lr Erkenntniss" (19). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 10 1 47 1 58 1 61 1 19 2 Total... 6 Groups with "als" (Eng. "except"), example "die nach dem Edinburgh Review keine Zukunft hat als das Armenhaus" (17) the only instance. Groups with "als" (Eng. "than"), example "da man beim ruhigen Sitzen viel besser beobachten kann als beim Stehen" (34). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 2 1 24 1 46 1 59 1 3 1 26 1 52 1 61 2 4 2 30 2 53 1 62 1 S 1 34 1 57 1 63 1 10 1 40 1 58 2 68 2 Total... 25 Groups with "denn", example "so viel als die Sonne grosser sei denn der Mond" (59) two instances in book No. 59. Groups with "wie", example "macht sich nun nirgends in so auffallender Weise geltend wie wurt bei der Erforschung des Lebens" (19). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 12 3 24 1 58 1 65 1 13 2 30 1 61 4 68 1 19 2 31 1 Total... 17 33 CUMATIC ABSOLUTE GROUPS. Participles may be used absolutely. not forming part of finite verb tenses, but introducing adverbial or adjective groups of greater or less length. The climactic impulse has placed such participles at the end of such groups. There is now a marked tendency to reverse this order, in accord with the simplest logic. It is shown pre-eminently in a few par ticular words, such as "betreffend," "angenommen," but may affect any participle. The table in the last chapter will give statistics regarding this movement. A marked feature is that the Participle II is much more common in this construction than the Participle I, and that it likewise shows a greater tendency to take the logical rather than the climactic position. Participle I. Examples "Epidemieen von Typhus konnen zu alien Zeiten vorkommen, doch finden wir sie, ubercinstimmend mit dern sonstigen Verhalten des Typhus, am haufigsten im Herbst und Winter" (5) "ein Teil des Volkes, der, traumend wie ein Kind vom goldenen Paradies der Menschheit auf Erden ohne sys- tematisch crzogencn Willen gelassen wird" (43). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 3 1 38 2 49 3 66 1 8 1 43 1 53 1 68 1 28 1 43 2 54 1 70 1 34 1 44 1 Total... 18 Participle II. Examples "bis man den Ofen abkiihlen lasst, vorausgesetzt dass der Ofen kein solcher mit ununterbrochener Feuerung ist" (7) "Bischof Bernold. gestorben 840" (23) "Zornentbrannt iiber diese Verweigerung des Gehorsams, beschied der Konig den Pralaten zur Verantwortung" (25). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 3 20 1 35 2 56 1 2 3 22 1 36 4 60 5 3 1 23 2 37 5 61 1 7 1 24 5 40 2 63 2 8 3 25 2 42 1 64 3 9 1 26 2 43 2 66 1 12 3 28 1 45 1 67 3 1 2 30 2 47 1 70 3 17 2 34 2 54 2 71 2 Total... 78 34 POSTPOSITIVE PREPOSITIONS. The function of the preposition is to state the logical relationship between its substantive and the main thought. The simplest logical sequence is conserved by stating the relationship first and the substantive idea afterward, as is invariably done in the case of those other relation ship words, the conjunctions and the relative pronouns. Take for instance the sentence "das geschah gemass meinem Willen." The various ideas are presented in such sequence as to make no demand upon the memory and give no occasion to go back and reread words. But let the words be grouped thus "das geschah meinem Willen gemass." The words "meinem Willen" are now meaningless until their relation ship to the main thought is expressed by the preposition "gemass/ for it might have been "zuwider" with an entirely different idea. Until the mind has grasped the relationship expressed by the preposition, the sub stantive group must be held by an effort of memory, or else the reader must go back and reread. Nearly all prepositions are thus logically placed before the nouns they introduce. Therefore the few exceptions are doubly objectionable, first because they are illogical and second because they do not conform to usage. If all prepositions followed their nouns, logic would yield to usage and readers form the habit of grasping the prepositional phrase back ward, it would still be out of conformity to the idea sequence prevailing in the language. But the uneconomical fact is that two word order rules have been kept up for the preposition. Its position has not be come fixed, either in accordance with logic or otherwise. \Ve have had a dual usage extending even so far as to a variable position for the same preposition (cf. Blatz neuhochdendeutsche Grammatik, II, "Gemass, mit Dativ, vorstehend und nachstehend"). The reader is never forewarned which end of a prepo sitional phrase to take hold of. Because prepositional groups are usually short, this unsettled con dition could be accepted without great hardship, if there were a valid reason for it. But the only reason is the historical one basing perhaps in the freedom with which the modifying cases, genitive and dative, were placed before the words they modified in late Middle High German, a passing fad rather than a native feature of the language, Engelien, writing in 1867, listed 83 prepositions, 68 to precede their substantives, 7 to follow and 8 more or less free to take either position ; perhaps the tendency of scientific writers to "standardize" the position of the preposition may result in a permanent end of this chaotic condition. 53 In this study four prepositions have been considered, "gegeniiber, gemass, nach and wegen. Ge seniiber, placed after the substantive 25 instances Governing a relative, example "denen gegeniiber" (61). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 11 37 1 44 1 61 1 37 1 Total 5 Governing miscellaneous groups, example "den anf der Presse herge- stellten (Farbenildern) gegeniiber" (38). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 4 1 22 1 40 1 54 1 12 2 24 1 41 1 61 1 21 2 38 1 44 3 71 1 Total... 16 Governing two nouns, example "den Kernen und Bacillen gegeniiber" the only instance. Governing noun followed by a genitive modifier, example "dem absolnten Wissen der Gottheit gegeniiber" (13). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 13 1 42 1 Total... 2 Governing noun followed by prepositional modifier, example, "der Liebe zur Gattin gegeniiber" (56) the only instance. Gegeniiber, preceding the substantive 23 instances Governing miscellaneous groups, example "gegeniiber dem von ihm beigebrachten Material" (54). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 17 1 41 3 54 2 59 1 23 1 45 1 56 1 70 1 29 2 49 1 58 1 71 1 36 2 50 2 Total. . . 20 Governing two nouns, example "gegeniiber der offiziellen Priester und Staats-tradition" (7) the only instance. Governing a noun followed by a prepositional modifier, example "gegen iiber den arabischen Marchen aus Tausend und einer Nacht" (27). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 27 1 59 1 Total... 2 Gemass placed after the substantive 17 instances Example "den politischen Zielen Zwinglis gemass" (23). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 4 1 12 2 23 1 48 1 7 1 17 1 25 1 69 1 9 1 21 1 30 1 10 1 22 1 31 2 Total... 17 36 Gemass preceding the substantive 3 instances Examples "gernass dem non scholae sed yitae discendum" (01) "gemass dicser hohen Bedeutung des Salpeters" (62) "gemass dcr Definition des Halb- tons" (66). It will be noticed that all these instances are late (since 1913) in spite of the fact that this preposition is becoming quite rare. Nach placed after the substantive 36 instances Example "dem ausseren Anscheine nach" (59). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 41 14 6 27 1 54 1 9 1 18 1 30 1 59 4 10 1 21 2 43 1 63 1 11 1 22 1 49 1 64 3 12 1 23 2 51 1 65 1 13 1 24 1 52 1 70 1 Total... 36 Nach preceding the substantive 250 instances Citing an authority, "nach Behaghel" (68). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 1 14 1 52 1 66 1 3 1 17 1 57 3 68 1 5 1 21 1 62 1 69 1 6 1 31 1 63 , 1 71 3 7 1 39 4 65 1 Total... 26 Governing a relative, "nach deren gesetzmiissiger Wechselbeziehung" (10). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 10 2 15 1 31 1 68 1 11 1 16 1 43 1 71 2 Total... 10 Governing miscellaneous groups, examples "nach denselben Gesichts- punkten" (37) "nach der jetzt wohl iiberall durchgedrungenen Anschauung" (56). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 33 18 3 33 2 53 1 4 1 20 2 35 1 56 3 6 2 21 3 36 4 57 4 7 1 22 3 37 2 59 1 85 23 3 39 1 60 3 9 8 24 5 42 2 61 5 10 5 25 1 44 2 62 2 11 1 26 1 45 3 63 3 12 2 27 2 46 2 66 7 13 7 29 1 48 1 69 6 14 2 30 1 49 1 70 1 15 1 31 1 50 3 71 4 16 6 32 1 52 4 Total... 139 Governing two or more nouns, example "nach Sprache, Sitten und Tracht" (23). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 5 2 21 1 28 1 63 2 11 1 23 1 46 3 70 2 16 1 3 2 59 1 Total... 17 37 Group containing "nach" twice, example "nicht nur nach ihrer Grosse sondern auch nach ihrer durch Verschiedenheit der Mischung hervorgehenden Natur" (7). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 7 1 11 1 29 1 59 1 Total... 4 Governing a noun followed by a genitive modifier, example "nach Weise des deutchen Hanswurst" (20). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 1 20 1 35 1 60 1 7 4 24 1 39 1 61 1 9 3 26 1 41 1 62 1 10 2 27 2 46 2 66 o 13 1 28 1 50 1 71 1 15 1 32 2 56 1 16 3 33 1 59 2 Total ...39 Governing a noun followed by a prepositional modifier , example "nach Art von Depeschen" (33). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 8 1 24 1 45 2 60 1 13 1 33 1 55 1 65 1 18 1 Total ...10 Governong a noun followed by a relative modifier, example " nach dem was soeben ausgefuhrt worden ist" (59). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 31 1 59 1 64 1 70 1 51 1 Total ... 5 Wegen placed after the substantive 5 instances Example "der vollstandigen Uebersicht wegen" (9). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 4 1 12 1 16 1 30 1 9 1 Total . . . 5 Wegen preceding the substantive 42 instances Examples "wegen seines Systems" (14) "wegen seines Vorkommens in Salpeter" (63) "wegen der hier meist fehlenden Callu^bildung" (67). Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. Book. Instances. 1 1 23 3 44 1 62 2 3 1 25 2 48 2 63 1 10 1 29 1 51 3 65 1 14 1 30 2 55 1 66 1 16 1 37 1 59 1 67 2 18 1 38 5 61 1 71 4 19 1 Total. . . 42 CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSIONS. The effort of the preceding pages has been to portray, not the unusual, but the typical conditions that prevail with regard to those features of style under consideration. In the table that concludes this study these conditions will be summed up statistically. The Typical Sentence. Especial attention is invited to the last row of figures in the table, giving the averages of the various columns and thus showing the status of a style characteristic of the entire group studied. Such a style would present the following features: Average sentence length 31 words Average length of long sentences (over 30 words) 47 Length of longest sentence 94 Percentage of long sentences (over 30 words) 39% Percentage of very long sentences (over 60 words) 8% Modified attributive participles per 100 sentences 24 (Of these 21 under 6 words, 3 of 7-12 words, while 36% of them are based upon the Participle I.) Longest modified attributive participle group 10 words Modified attributive adjectives 10 Percentage of simple sentences 2&% Absolute groups based upon Participle I I (This participle would follow its group.) Absolute groups based upon Participle II 4 (Three of these participles would follow their groups while one would precede.) Percentage of one-word verb forms 6$% Percentage of two-word verb forms 30% Percentage of verb forms of over two words 5% Instances of the passive per one hundred sentences 36 (Of these 24 would be with "werden," u wkh "sein," and i with some word like "scheinen.") Instances of the reflexive per 100 sentences 9 Instances of verb-prefix separated from verb per one hun dred sentences 9 Instances of "nach" (according to) before noun 4 Instances of "gegeniiber" before noun i 3f CHRONOLOGICAL Sentence Length. Modified Participles. Absolute Participles o fe C q^ CO "So 5 u > to O ^ G O "c co 5 o> _,_, o > n t/j o O u u 6 in 8 V 6 o. Instances. Crt O I* O 2 5 I 3 O T3 t-J \* 1 .-J ! > -M J d o 1 "~ c 5 c 3 -t-l j * g ^ 3 o (/} < sR & & 55 & & 3 ^ < pq < 1. 35 49 93 52 12 14 11 3 .. 26 5.4 11 9 21 .. 3 i 2. 23 40 71 23 2 28 25 3 .. 39 4.1 9 5 32 .. 10 2 10 3.. 25 42 73 27 3 20 16 4 .. 55 5.3 11 14 26 . . 4 1 3 4. 32 41 61 36 2 21 19 2 .. 38 4.0 7 10 19 .. 1 5. 39 53 142 57 15 49 39 10 .. 43 4.4 10 35 23 1 2 6. 35 54 199 46 10 34 31 3 .. 89 4.2 8 3 24 .. 5 3 7. 25 44 80 29 3 8 7 1 .. 38 5.9 7 2 31 . . 3 1 8. 28 42 72 42 3 4 4 . . 3.5 4 3 10 .. 3 3 11 9. 30 49 106 40 8 21 16 5 .. 52 4.9 8 7 30 . . 1 3 10. 24 42 62 20 1 8 6 2 .. 38 5.5 12 8 33 .. 2 11. 25 43 64 27 1 30 28 2 .. 53 4.4 10 2 33 .. 1 12. 40 55 138 57 15 17 13 4 .. 41 4.7 9 15 15 .. 2 3 1 13. 26 47 83 28 7 2 2 3.0 4 2 20 .. 1 1 14. 49 61 136 69 31 38 32 6 .. 21 4.6 12 20 5 . . 1 7 15. 26 49 87 28 6 10 9 1 40 3.8 12 5 51 4 16. 56 52 113 56 12 31 27 3 1 16 4.7 13 16 23 . . /. 2 2 17. 43 54 124 50 10 31 26 5 .. 48 4.6 7 9 8 .. 4 2 3 18. 34 40 150 50 6 9 9 .. 56 3.6 5 9 17 .. . 19. 26 42 89 34 3 18 16 2 . . 72 4.2 8 11 26 . . 2 2 20. 25 40 71 31 1 19 17 1 1 32 4.6 15 5 44 ., 3 1 6 21. 30 46 85 41 6 26 24 2 .. 19 4.5 9 2 19 . . 1 3 22. 31 45 76 30 6 14 11 3 .. 50 3.9 8 4 12 3 1 . 2 23. 32 49 89 36 8 16 15 1 .. 38 4.2 7 6 51 . . 2 } 24. 64 72 254 87 48 77 60 15 2 30 5.5 28 26 6 .. 3 5 10 25. 28 47 98 22 4 11 11 .. 18 3.6 5 4 33 .. 2 3 26. 32 43 75 28 4 9 8 1 .. 33 4.4 8 14 43 .. 2 7 27. 30 47 100 34 7 38 30 8 .. 39 4.7 11 12 26 . . 3 1 28. 40 49 123 44 4 21 19 2 .. 43 3.9 7 15 14 . . 2 1 3 29. 28 47 69 52 10 16 14 2 .. 31 5.1 11 4 38 . . 1 30. 26 36 42 16 8 8 .. 25 3.9 6 10 50 . . 2 2 31. 34 46 94 55 8 16 13 3 . . 50 4.8 10 6 24 .. 3 6 32. 28 46 87 33 4 16 14 2 .. 31 4.6 9 4 24 . . 1 33. 24 41 83 26 2 20 17 2 1 30 4.9 15 12 42 . . 1 1 2 34. 34 46 90 52 6 28 20 8 . . 57 5.5 10 6 5 1 2 2 1 35. 25 40 57 31 21 18 3 . . 52 5.0 10 9 36 . . 1 2 3 36. 33 44 89 53 5 18 18 . . .. 44 4.1 6 4 12 .. 2 r> 1 37. 29 39 69 42 1 28 22 5 1 32 5.1 15 19 23 .. 3 5 1 38. 24 40 67 21 1 27 21 4 2 19 5.8 14 6 27 2 39. 24 47 85 24 4 8 6 2 .. 38 5.3 11 8 68 .. 1 5 40. 26 43 75 29 2 19 17 2 .. 21 4.2 8 4 24 .. 1 2 1 SUMMARY Elaborate Verb Forms. Prepositions. Nach Wegen Gegen- iiber Gemass o CO 1-word Forms. 2-word Forms, 3 or more. Reflexives. Prefix Separated from Verb. Werden Passives. Sein Passives. Misc. Passives. d 3 <u c c 2 z <u A c c s a 3 c 0303 53 o u 0) CQ < PQ < tt < ffl < 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40 68 83 62 57 61 70 59 59 70 60 65 59 63 73 74 59 57 71 75 75 66 69 75 65 65 82 69 73 65 48 64 52 61 65 64 59 59 58 71 28 15 27 36 29 25 35 33 27 31 29 36 29 25 25 33 40 20 22 23 28 29 16 28 29 16 27 27 31 47 33 44 33 33 30 39 28 32 26 29 4 2 11 7 10 5 6 8 3 9 6 5 8 2 1 8 3 9 3 2 6 2 9 7 6 2 4 4 5 3 "4 6 2 6 2 13 10 3 6 9 13 9 12 5 9 6 7 9 10 15 6 8 7 8 9 3 7 12 15 13 8 6 10 14 9 5 3 9 16 8 18 11 5 16 6 7 8 11 15 5 13 10 6 5 6 4 4 16 1 5 4 8 7 20 2 7 10 8 15 5 24 14 28 16 20 12 4 8 9 7 3 6 10 7 4 1 1 12 6 31 2 22 23 21 34 66 31 27 16 24 19 21 32 36 51 31 28 24 13 16 9 27 46 17 7 16 19 47 15 11 19 17 18 15 41 28 41 21 8 12 7 4 18 11 9 13 3 5 1 11 10 21 31 7 14 22 11 10 4 23 14 10 19 5 2 11 13 17 26 9 10 9 21 2 10 17 5 5 8 4 2 - 1 ., 1 ., ... 1 5 o i 4 2 5 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 2 4 1 3 3 9 6 12 9 5 2 9 3 4 10 1 4 3 5 3 4 7 1 4 4 2 3 1 4 3 4 1 1 1 .. 1 . . 1 1 ., ., ., . 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 ., 1 1 1 1 . . .. 2 .. 2 1 ,. .. 1 1 1 1 1 1 .. 2 1 2 1 3 . 2 . . 1 2 .. 1 1 . . 1 1 .... 1 1 .. 1 1 2 .. .. 1 1 .. . . 1 1 .. 2 1 2 1 2 .. .. 1 .. 2 1 4 2 6 1 ., 5 .. 1 1 1 .. .. 1 .. .. 1 CHRONOLOGICAL Sentence Length. Modified Participles. Absolute P T Parts. P. TT "2 (/) sg o g o c 1 1 1 I 1 O ^ 3 | tn 1 6 en "2 "3. . 5 1 i o iH o M H i u." o c rt CO 1 CU a 5 1 5* 1 w ,0 1 c 1 kr 1 i i 2 * z O o * 3 j *. < < 41. 28 44 67 34 4 12 11 1 4.6 7 2 48 .. 1 .. 3 42. 35 55 189 46 14 21 19 2 38 5.2 12 7 36 1 2 1 1 43. 37 52 152 9 54 29 23 5 1 17 4.7 14 6 16 1 2 3 2 44. 31 47 72 40 8 34 25 6 3 53 6.4 24 7 21 .. 2 1 45. 31 44 78 46 3 14 14 .. 36 3.4 4 2 32 .. 1 1 46. 27 46 77 33 5 45 39 5 1 33 4.6 15 8 28 .. 5 7 47. 26 41 83 23 3 8 7 1 . . 50 4.6 7 4 27 .. 4 1 1 48. 33 60 118 56 22 41 30 11 44 5.3 11 35 41 .. 1 3 49. 28 41 63 37 2 29 24 4 1 34 4.7 17 9 21 3 g 50. 29 42 104 26 2 17 13 4 59 4.4 10 4 41 . . 51. 20 46 78 11 1 11 10 1 27 3.7 7 5 37 .. , . . 52. 27 42 71 35 2 33 27 5 1 24 5.3 13 8 30 1 53. 18 40 51 8 5 5 20 3.6 5 2 54 1 1 4 54. 42 46 116 52 5 28 17 10 1 50 5.8 13 14 24 .. 2 2 4 55. 27 42 77 32 4 4 4 50 4.8 5 1 33 .. 1 56. 31 41 67 32 4 24 16 8 20 5.6 10 9 42 .. 1 2 57. 27 40 64 36 2 30 28 2 . . 27 3.9 12 17 35 .. 3 58. 24 41 76 23 1 12 12 . 50 4.3 6 10 33 .. . . 59. 36 60 91 40 16 28 20 8 . . 56 5.2 12 24 33 . . 2 60. 34 50 91 49 12 54 45 9 52 4.4 10 23 22 .. 2 5 2 61. 48 73 148 88 48 46 36 9 1 39 5.0 14 31 18 .. 1 1 2 62. 29 46 93 34 4 29 26 3 . . 38 4.4 10 16 22 .. 1 1 63. 30 42 76 46 4 36 32 4 . 36 4.3 9 13 24 .. 1 1 6 64. 24 39 65 28 1 30 30 . . 33 3.9 6 15 18 . . 1 3 1 65. 28 46 73 36 4 31 27 4 42 4.4 10 6 28 .. 66. 40 56 120 56 20 23 24 4 32 4.8 12 20 10 1 3 1 2 67. 32 45 120 50 3 43 39 3 1 47 4.1 16 11 28 .. . . 3 7 68. 24 42 62 20 2 1 1 3.0 3 3 52 1 69. 40 51 97 65 13 45 33 11 1 51 5.1 13 17 14 .. . . 2 70. 30 42 88 46 2 37 31 5 1 27 4.8 14 12 22 1 3 2 71. 36 50 98 54 9 31 25 6 52 4.6 9 5 30 .. 2 2 3 Average 31 47 94 39 8 24 21 3 36 4.6 10 10 28 .. 1 1 3 Totals 13 98 81 183 The last row of averages shows the conditions typical of the style of the kind of prose under consideration. SUMMARY Elaborate Verb Forms. Prepositions. "O en CU N Nach Gegen- Wegen iiber Gemass en t/3 1 35 en n CU C/2 CJ d d d d o fc u fc u |j h o en CU j> en en en en g 2 s c s a 3 n o 30303 Jz o . Jz o ;z o ."3 TJ Ui 6 * ^> S S, PH cu Z *Zi *7 *Zi 1 O O u CU CU 11 CU c o en O cu cu <iJ O CU O OJ O CU cu 1 1 <u *-M cu * 1 1 1 i CM CO tf ^ ^ <n ^ PQ < PQ < PQ < PQ < 41. 28 29 3 5 42 6 1 . . . . . . 3 1 . . . . 42. 64 35 1 9 8 19 4 . . 2 .. 1 .. .. 43. 56 41 3 7 10 8 1 1 44. 72 24 4 7 *7 27 11 1 2 . . 1 .. .. 4 .. .. 45. 76 22 2 14 18 21 9 5 1 46. 66 27 7 2 1 18 7 7 47. 74 26 8 8 14 12 3 48. 42 44 14" 9 10 45 9 2 1 .. 2 2 49. 66 29 5 16 15 20 11 3 1 1 .. .. 1 50. 78 22 - 8 21 13 7 4 4 . . .. .. 1 51. 72 27 1 7 13 15 10 1 1 3 52. 59 32 9 11 6 35 8 2 5 1 53. 83 15 2 8 4 18 7 1 54. 68 23 9 7 4 18 1 1 . . . . 2 1 . . 55. 70 26 4 7 9 26 5 1 1 56. 62 29 9 6 6 21 5 1 4 . . . . . . 1- 1 . . . . 57. 60 29 11 11 18 16 11 7 58. 60 34 6 10 16 7 11 1 .. .. 1 59. 65 29 6 14 12 20 7 2 7 4 2 .. 2 60. 68 26 6 10 5 15 10 5 61. 55 37 8 8 14 31 21 1 6 . . 1 .... 2 1 .. 62. 55 38 7 6 5 46 11 2 4 . . 2 1 .. 63. 61 36 3 7 5 31 6 1 6 1 1 64. 83 17 5 15 9 16 2 1 H 65. 60 30 10 7 5 25 24 1 2 1 1 .. 66. 65 27 8 6 3 53 4 10 .. 1 .. .. .. 1 .. 67. 67 27 6 9 5 22 14 2 2 68. 65 31 4 4 13 10 11 2 . 69. 60 37 3 6 3 28 7 1 7 I 70. 49 45 6 16 6 43 5 3 5 1 . . . . 1 71. 78 21 1 14 7 28 12 11 .. 5 .. 1 1 .. .. Aver age 65 30 5 9 9 24 11 1 4 . . 1 . . 1 Totals. . 258 37 43 5 23 25 3 IT THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINlToF 25 CENTS