GIFT OF SEELEY W. MUDD and GEORGE I. COCHRAN MEYER ELSASSER DR.JOHNR. HAYNES WILLIAM L. HONNOLD JAMES R. MARTIN MRS. JOSEPH F. SARTOR! to the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SOUTHERN BRANCH y^t**^^ -^^- THE EVOLUTION OF WHIST -^^^ N • X ^ «. THE Evolution of Whist A STUDY OF THE PROGRESSIVE CHANGES WHICH THE GAME HAS PASSED THROUGH FROM ITS ORIGIN TO THE PRESENT TIME WILLIAM POLE, F.R.S. MUS. DOC. OXON. KNIGHT COMMANDER OF THE IMPERIAL JAPANESE ORDER OF THE RISING SUN AUTHOR OF 'THE THEORY OF THE MODERN SCIENTIFIC GAME OF WHIST,' "the PHILOSOPHY OF WHIST," ETC., ETC. HONORARY MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN WHIST LEAGUE > , J > J NEW YORK LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. AND LONDON 1895 91855 COPYRIGHT, 1894, BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. TROW DIRECTORY PRINTINQ AND BOOKBINOINQ COMPANY NEW YORK To Henry Jones, Esq. My dear Jones : In my endeavour to trace out the Evolution of Whist, I have found one name prominently be- fore me in every stage ; — that of '^ Cavendish.'' It is he who, by his industrious investigations^ has enligJitened lis as to the fashioning of its em- bryonic elements, in the distant and obscure past, zvhile it had only a vague existence. It is he zvJio has pointed out how it flashed upon society at its birth, and for a long period dazzled the intellect and fashion of Europe. It was he who, in its maturity, took the chief part in defining and proclaiming its great powers. And it is he who, largely by his ozvn efforts, has invested its old age zvith new attractions, and spread them over a nezv world. '' Cavendish " dedicated his work to the most eminent W J list personage then living ; I hope you will not think me too presumptuous in doing tJie same. Yours very faithfully, William Pole. PREFACE It is with some diffidence that I have com- plied with a request, from several quarters, that I would write further about Whist. The latest progress in the game has taken the form of very elaborate detail in the prac- tical Rules ; and I have always preferred to leave this branch of the subject in the hands ^ of more experienced players, confining my ^ own province to considerations of a wider H range and more general character. I have, however, been glad to know that M this latter course has not been without util- ^H ity ; and I venture to think that, in the com- ^ plicated maze of practical instruction now offered to students, it may be salutar}^ to' in- terpose some more comprehensive views. And I believe that such an object may be most usefully attained by a careful scientific study of the whole history of the game; not as a mere curious collection of dry facts and dates, but for the purpose of tracing out the principles and motives which have deter- mined and guided its progressive changes. Vlll PREFACE The influence of a philosophical study of History on the judgment of current events is now well established in literature, and there seems no reason why it should not be applicable here. The progress of Whist proves to be a clear case of gradual Evolu- tion, which has never yet been thoroughly examined, and this is a want I have endea- voured to supply. It is impossible to write on historical mat- ters without copious references, and I have to make many grateful acknowledgments of help in this direction. In the first place I have to thank Mr. Murray for liberally allow- ing me to incorporate in these pages, so far as I desired, the article written by me for the Quarterly Rcvieiv of January, 1871, the object of that article being somewhat akin to my present one, though on a more limited scale. Messrs. De la Rue, also, have been good enough to give me free permission to make extracts from the excellent works published by them. Then I have to make a special acknowledg- ment to the Whist authorities in the United States of America. The position which modern Whist has taken there is so remark- able, that 1 have thought it right to devote a large space to its description and considera- tion, and in doing this I have had the kindest PREFACE IX aid from the Officers of the American Whist League. And further, the Editor and the proprietors of their official organ, the Mil- waukee Whist Journal, have liberally sanc- tioned my making free use of any matter therein contained, without which, indeed, my work would have been impossible. And lastly, I must express my special in- debtedness to my old friend '' Cavendish," not only for the references to his valuable works, which will be found throughout this volume, but for personal assistance in its preparation, to an extent which I cannot at- tempt to specify. W. P. London, January, 1895. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. PAGE The love of gaming appears a natural instinct in man ; but he has impressed upon it the stamp of his great mental powers i Whist is a remarkable example of this ennobling in- fluence, and hence its great intellectual attrac- tiveness, 2 It is become both a Science and an Art, and each of these requires special study, 3 The immense variety which has been developed in it, out of the most simple means 3 Even to such an extent as to give rise to different kinds of game, all based on one elementary skeleton form, 4 These varieties have been brought about in regular sequence, by a gradual process of evolution, . 5 It is possible to trace distinct stages of progress, ap- proximately identified with particular varieties of game, 6 But the later forms, though generally more advanced in their character, have not superseded the earlier ones, and need not do so, 7 Parallel cases in the biological world, 7 The object of this book is to trace the gradual Evolu- tion of Whist, and to discuss the aspects which it has presented in the different stages of its pro- gress, 8 Xll CONTENTS PAGE This progress may be approximately divided into four Eras. As is generally the case, they overlap, or run to a certain extent into each other ; but they may each be broadly characterized by a particular form of game, 9 These four Eras, and their corresponding varieties of game, will occupy the Four Parts into which the present work is divided, 10 PART I. THE PRIMITIVE ERA, A.D. 1500 TO 1730. Chapter I, Early History. Whist is of English origin, 13 The game of " Triumph," quoted by Latimer, ... 14 " Gammer Gurton's Needle," 15 Shakespeare, 16 '• Ruff and Honours," 17 "Whisk." Taylor, 18 "Whist." Cotton, Pope, Johnson, 19 " Swabbers," 22 Tricks of Sharpers, 23 Low Character of the Game, 24 Thomson's " Seasons," 25 Ombre and Quadrille 26 Chapter H. The Primitive Game. Whist was then played by the lower class of people, . 27 The kind of game may be identified by wide-spread traditions still extant, 27 CONTENTS Xlll PAGE Description of the essence or skeleton of Whist, which runs unchanged through all forms, 28 Object of the play, 29 The means by which this object was attained in the Primitive Game, 29 Tricks made by high or master cards ; or by trump- ing, 29 Some slight consideration given to the partner; re- turning his lead, 30 Avoidance of leading trumps, 31 Opportunities for skill, 31 This game still largely played, 32 PART II. THE ERA OF HOYLE, A.D. 1730 TO i860. Chapter III. History. Hoyle, Payne, and Matthews. The Crown Coffee-house Whist Party, 35 Edmond Hoyle, 36 His antecedents and education, 36 His long study of the game, 36 He resolves to teach it professionally, 37 Records of this ; the Rambler ; the Gentleman s Magazine, 37 Notes given to his pupils, 37 Afterwards published in a book, 38 Its great success. Remarkable effect produced on Society, 39 The Humours of Whist, a satire, 39 A remarkable " coup," 40 XIV CONTENTS PAGE Whist admitted at Court, and acknowledged as one of the Royal amusements 42 Whist at the Universities, 42 Death of Hoyle, 43 Late discoveries of contemporary references to Hoyle and his work, 43 Byron and Homer, 44 Hoyle's successors, 44 Payne and his Maxims, 44 Whist at Bath, 45 Matthe\YS's Advice to the Young Whist Player, . . 46 Alexander Thomson's Epic Poem, " Whist," in twelve Cantos. Its pretensions to scholarship, ... 47 Whist in France. Louis XV,, Josephine, and Marie Louise. The " thinking game," 48 Talleyrand and his mot, 48 Deschapelles and his Traite du Whiste, 48 Whist in Austria. Metternich, 49 Whist in the London Clubs, 49 Introduction of " Short Whist." Its true explanation and object. Playing to the score, 49 Honour Scores, 50 Chapter IV. The Hoyle Game. Improved modes of considering the Game, New Rules given out by the Crown Coffee-house party, 52 New and more intellectual views of the objects, and the modes of attaining them, 53 Different treatment of master cards, 53 More attention to the relative positions of the cards in the four hands, 53 CONTENTS XV PAGE The long-suit system, 54 New ideas about the use of trumps, and the process of trumping, 54 Hoyle's probable mode of illustrating his views, . . 54 Inferences as to the hands from the " fall of the cards," 55 Hoyle's manner of teaching, by personal instruction and examples of play, 56 Notes or memoranda given to his pupils, which have been preserved in his published book, .... 56 Description of the book and its chief contents ; its merits and defects, 57 Modern editions of it, 61 Payne's Maxims. Their laudable object ; their im- proved arrangement and great utility, .... 62 Some examples of them, 62 Matthews's Treatise. Its general arrangement, and improved views, 63 His classification of the processes in the play, ... 64 His acute perception of the qualities necessary to make a good player, 65 Examples of his teaching, 66 Attention given by Hoyle and Matthews to the calcu- lation of probabilities as affecting Whist play, . 66 Hoyle's separate book on the subject, 67 Resulting nature of the Game of Whist as left by these three authorities 67 Its great merits, as compared with the Primitive Game, in an intellectual point of view, .... 68 Importance attached to personal skill, 68 Reasons why, in spite of all subsequent improvements, the game of Hoyle must always exist, and remain to a certain extent popular, 68 XVI CONTENTS PART III. THE PHILOSOPHICAL ERA, FROM i860 ONWARDS. Chapter V. History. Cavendish and Clay. PAGE General nature of this stage of the Evolution, ... 73 Higher interest in the game, produced by the intro- duction of Short Whist, ......... 74 Whist in the London Clubs. Gradual improve- ments, . , 74 The " Little Whist School " formed at Cambridge and continued in London, 75 Their earnest, scientific, and practical study of the game, 75 The " Portland " Club. James Clay, 75 Accidental inducement to the publication of some of the results of the studies of the Little School, by one of their members, TJ " Cavendish " on Whist, 78 " Treatise on Short Whist " by James Clay, .,..']% Great importance of the improvements described in these two works, as the result of years of earnest study, by powerful minds, 79 Further step in the Evolution made by the consolida- tion of these improvements into a general Sys- tem, 80 The main feature of this being the combination of the hands of the two partners 80 *' The Theory of Whist," 80 Attention revived to the calculation of Probabilities, as an important element in the structure of the im- proved Game, 81 CONTENTS XVll FACE Embodiment of this in " The Philosophy of Whist," . 8i The principle of the combination of the hands not new, having been treated of previously, .... 82 In France by the General Baron de Vautre, .... 82 And in Austria by the Ritter Ludwig von Coeckel- bergle-Diitzele, 83 Notices of these two works, 83 Reasons why the idea did not spread, 86 Whist in high literature : Eraser s Magazine and the Quarterly Revieiu 87 Amendment and consolidation of the Laws of Whist, under the direction of Mr. J. L. Baldwin, ... 87 The American Laws, 89 Chapter VL The Philosophical Game. This is based on the Game of Hoyle, but has the ad- vantage of systematic consolidation and reduction to Philosophical principles, 90. Fitndamental Princz'ples, and General View of their Application. Its great feature consists in the more perfect cultiva- tion of the relations between the two partners, . 91 This was brought about by the London Club players and the Little W' hist School 92 With a view to its application each partner must adopt the same general treatment of his hand, ... 92 The long-suit system, 92 Management of trumps. Leading them. Ruffing and forcing, 93 Play of plain suits 95 XVlll CONTENTS TAGE The consideration of Probabilities. Their calculation ; its necessity and utility. Early attention to this subject by Hoyle and Matthews. More efficient modern cultivation, 95 The first plain suit lead. Which suit and which card, 97 Duty of your partner. Return of your suit, .... 99 Play of second and third hands 100 The discard, 100 Coinninnicatio7t between the Partners. Great importance of this subject, 100 Ethical principles ; " Paley's Moral Philosophy," , . loi Great improvements effected in this stage of the Evo- lution, , 103 The chief source of information is by inferences from the cards played, as determined by the established rules of expediency adopted in playing them, . . 103 Examples, 103 Inferences from the play of useless or indifferent cards. Caution required in playing them, 104 The play of Sequences. Its great importance from their frequent recurrence. Their imperfect treatment in former times. Hoyle, Payne, and Matthews, . .105 Establishment, in this form of game, of more perfect rules. " Ccelebs " and " Cavendish," .... 106 Return of the partner's lead, 108 Erratic play, 108 The Philosophical Game in its Educational Aspects. Facility with which it lends itself to instruction, . .109 Difficulties of teaching and learning the simple Hoyle game, no Contrast with the Philosophical Game, on account of its systematic form, iii CONTEXTS XIX PAGE Enormous increase in the cultivation of Whist since the Philosophical form has been established, . . 1 1 1 Plan of teaching : postponing complicated details and beginning with the most simple elementary rules. Example, 112 Further progress then becomes easy, 114 PART IV. LATTER-DAY IMPROVEMENTS. Chapter VII. Modern Signalling. The Germ. Although the Philosophical Game may be considered generally as the most perfect Structural form of Whist, the principle of Evolution has still been at work on the minor details 117 And the changes consequent thereon have attracted much attention, particularly in America, . . .117 They have had reference chiefly to the further im- provement of the Communications between the Partners, 118 And although they have only lately assumed great prominence, the Germ of them has existed for many years, 118 During the Evolution of the Philosophical Game, there was introduced a contrivance called the " Signal for Trumps," ng Description of it by Clay, and history of its introduc- tion, 119 Its mention by Cselebs, 120 Its original name of the " Blue Peter," alluding to its new character as a 54'-;/^:/, i2] XX CONTENTS PAGE It gave rise to some objections and to much discus- sion. But it has now been almost universally ac- cepted and has become an integral part of the English Modern Game, 122 But as bearing on the Evolution of Whist it is desirable to examine its theoretical nature more closely, 123 Explanations by Clay and " Cavendish," 124 It is made clear by them that the signal consists in a novel and conventional extension of an old and natural mode of play to new circumstances, . .126 And this small element of novelty has served as a ger?n, from the development of which the latter- day stage of progress has largely sprung, . . .127 The Signal for Trumps is perfectly fair, involving only a slight extension of the ethical conditions, which is universally agreed to 128 And, although some players in an early period thought it a disadvantage, it has many features which ap- pear advantageous in the large extension of the game now prevailing, 129 Chapter VIII. Developments. The first important modern " Whist Development " was the " Penultimate " lead from a suit of five cards, 132 History of its introduction, 132 Its origin in the protective play of intermediate se- quences ; and its extension to five cards gen- erally 132 This was followed by a proposal from General Dray- son to lead the antepenult imatc from six cards, . 133 CONTENTS XXI PAGE The next step in the progress came from America, . 133 Previous spread of Whist in the United States, . . .134 Mr. Nicholas Browse Trist of New Orleans. His communications to the Field and with " Caven- dish " on Whist matters, 135 His proposal to number the card led from the top of the hand, instead of from the bottom ; so leading the ''fourth best " in all cases where a small card is required, 135 The real import of this apparently only nominal change, 1 36 This lead given the name of the " American Lead," . 137 Further developments suggested by Mr. Trist, . . .137 By taking advantage of possible variations in the lead of " indifferent cards," 137 Such variations were already in use for trick-making purposes in certain cases, and it was proposed to extend the plan to other cases for the purpose of giving information, 138 Reasonings in this sense — Consultations with " Caven- dish," and final establishment of the complete sys- tem of " American Leads," 138 Publication of Cavendish's work on " Whist Develop- ments," 139 The three maxims of American Leads, 140 Further developments by the same author, . . . .140 T\iQ. Echo of the Trump Call ; and the 5/^(5- And had he so inclined, his chance was sure, I This trick to conquer and the game secure. But thoughts of different hue his mind engross i His am'rous heart contemns the rubber's loss ; ; With wilful error slips the trump to play, \ And throws at one rash stroke their all away." | Of course, Pusillo's conduct in playing badly on purpose, cannot be defended ; even if the stakes were ** love " his scheme was contemptible. Trick 13. Z Kn. of H. *A 10 of D. Y 4 '' B Kn. of Sp. Y, Z lose the odd trick and the game. APPENDIX A 235 The subsequent proceedings are best told in the following quotation : " And when the falling cards the veil withdrew Which hid the grossness of his fault from view, The gentle creature could endure no more, She started up, she stamp'd, she raged, she swore ; Proclaim'd her wrong and threw the cards away. Nor longer in his presence deign'd to stay." She repented, and wrote to him, beseech- ing him : " For sweet pity's sake No longer to resent her rude mistake." But he was inexorable, replying : ■' When cards and dice are banished from the land, Pusillo then will ask Smilinda's hand." The annotator adds : "And suppose Pusillo had trumped the Queen of Spades and that Pusillo and Smi- linda had married. What with Pusillo's meanness and Smilinda's temper, is it likely that the union would have turned out hap- pily ? Perhaps it was better as it was ! " APPENDIX B. CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN WHIST LEAGUE. AS REVISED AND ADOPTED BY THE FOURTH AMERI- CAN WHIST CONGRESS, HELD AT PHILADEL- PHIA, MAY 22 TO 26, 1894. (Reprinted, by permission, from the Official Proceedings.) Article I. NAME. Section i. This organization shall be known as the "American Whist League." Article II. MEMBERSHIP. Section i. The following clubs shall con- stitute the charter membership of said League ; viz. : (Here follows a list of twenty-five clubs.) Sec. 2. All members of said League must assent to this Constitution, and adopt as their APPENDIX B 237 Standard the Code of Laws promulgated by said League ; provided, however, that League clubs may adopt any rule requiring or per- mitting methods of scoring or of forming the table different from those prescribed in said laws. Sec. 3. Any organized Whist Club, or other club at which the play of Whist is a prominent feature, may, with the approval of the Executive Committee, hereinafter pro- vided for, become a member of said League on complying with the provisions of the pre- ceding section. Sec. 4. Every club belonging to said League shall pay to the Treasurer, herein- after provided for, an annual fee of Ten Dol- lars. Sec. 5. Individual Whist players may be admitted as Associate Members by vote of the Executive Committee, hereinafter pro- vided for ; — each associate member shall pay to the Treasurer, hereinafter provided for, an annual fee of Two Dollars. Associate mem- bers shall have the rights of delegates at An- nual Meetings so far only as to permit them to speak, make motions, serve on committees, participate in contests for individuals, and in all deliberations of said League. Sec. 6. Individual Whist players, on nom- ation by the Executive Committee, may be 238 APPENDIX B made Honorary Members of said League by the unanimous vote of any meeting of said League. Such members shall not be liable for any fee, nor shall they be eligible to office or privileged to vote at any meeting of said League unless they are members of a club belonging to said League, Sec. 7. If the annual fee of any member or associate member remains unpaid for one year, subsequent to any meeting of said League, the Executive Committee, herein- after provided for, shall have power to sus- pend such member, after having given thirty days' notice of their intention. Such mem- ber is subject to expulsion at the next meet- ing of said League by a two-thirds vote of the members present. Article IIL general officers. Section i. The General Officers of the League shall consist of a President, a Vice- President, a Treasurer, a Recording Secre- tary, and a Corresponding Secretary. Sec. 2. The General Officers shall be elect- ed at the Annual Congresses hereinafter pro- vided for, and shall hold office for one year, and until their successors are elected. APPENDIX B 239 Sec. 3. Vacancies occurring- in the list of General Officers during- any interim between Congresses, may be filled by the Executive Committee until the next Annual Congress. Sec. 4. The President shall preside at all meetings of the League and of the Executive Committee, and shall be ex officio a member of all committees. At the end of his term of office he shall become ex officio a member of the Executive Committee and shall remain a member thereof as long as he shall continue an active member of a club belonging to the League. Sec. 5. The Vice-President shall perform the duties of the President in the absence of the President. Sec. 6. The Treasurer shall have charge of all funds of the League, subject to the direction of the Executive Committee. Sec. 7. The Recording Secretary shall keep full records of all meetings of the League and of the Executive Committee, and shall perform such other duties as the Executive Committee shall, from time to time, direct. Sec. 8. The Corresponding Secretary shall have charge of all correspondence between the Executive Committee and members of the League ; shall preserve copies of all offi- cial letters he writes, and all correspondence 240 APPENDIX B he receives, and shall perform such other duties as the Executive Committee shall from time to time direct. Article IV. DIRECTORS. Section i. There shall be elected by the League as hereinafter set forth, a Board of Directors which shall not be less than twelve in number, which number may at any time be increased by an}' multiple of three. Sec. 2. The Directors chosen at the Annual Congress of 1894, shall, at the first meeting of the Executive Committee after such elec- tion, be divided by lot into three classes ; of whom the first class shall hold ofhce until the election of Directors at the Annual Con- gress of 1895 ; the second class shall hold office until such election at the Annual Con- gress of 1896, and the third class shall hold office until such election at the Annual Con- gress of 1897. Sec. 3. The Directors chosen at each Con- gress, subsequent to that of 1894, shall hold office until the election of Directors at the Congress of the third 3'ear, subsequent to their election, except in case of Directors elected to fill a vacancy, and also except as APPENDIX B 241 hereinafter provided in case of an increase in the membership of the Board. Sec. 4. In case a vacancy occurs in the Board of Directors, the Executive Committee may fill the same until the next Annual Con- gress, at which time a Director shall be chosen for the balance of the unexpired term, if any. Sec. 5. In case the number of the Board of Directors shall be increased at any Annual Congress, the additional Directors shall be divided into three classes to serve for one, two, and three years, respectively, so that the three classes of Directors shall be maintained of equal numbers. Article V. Executive Committee. Section i. The General Officers, the Board of Directors, and such Ex-Presidents as continue to be active members of clubs belonging to the League, shall together con- stitute an Executive Committee, or Board of Government. Sec. 2. The Executive Committee shall have full control and management of the business of the League, and the title to all League property is hereby vested in them. 242 APPENDIX B They shall be subject, however, at all times to the will of the League as expressed by a vote of any Congress or meeting of the League. Sec. 3. Five members of the Executive Committee shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Article VL meetings of the league. Section i. There shall be held annually, at such time and place as the Executive Committee shall appoint, a meeting of the League, to be known as an American Whist Congress. Sec. 2. At all such Congresses, each club belonging to the League shall be entitled to send as many delegates as it desires; but each delegation shall be entitled to but one vote, which shall be cast by a majority of the delegation present at the time when the vote is taken. No club shall be entitled to send any person as a delegate who is not a mem- ber of such club, and no person shall repre- sent more than one club. Sec. 3. At any Congress or other meeting of the League a vote shall be taken b}^ clubs at the request of the delegations represent- ing any three clubs. APPENDIX B 243 Article VII. AMENDiMENTS. Section i. Propositions to amend the code of Laws or to amend this Constitution, may be made in writing at any meeting of the League, but it shall require a vote of three-fourths of the number present to adopt such amendment. Sec. 2. Amendments to the code of law^s shall go into effect sixty days after the ad- journment of the meeting of the League at which they are adopted. OFFICERS OF THE AMERICAN WHIST LEAGUE, 1894-95. president. John M. Walton, 4205 Chester Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. vice-president. Theodore Schwarz, 6 and 8 Sherman Street, Chicago, 111. treasurer. Benjamin L. Richards, Rock Rapids, Iowa. 244 APPENDIX B recording secretary. Walter H. Barney, Industrial Trust Company Building, Providence, R. I. corresponding secretary. Robert H. Weems, 220 Lincoln Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. ex-president. Eugene S. Elliott, Pabst Building, Milwaukee, Wis. DIRECTORS. Te7-iii Expires iSgj. J. H. Briggs, Minneapolis Chess, Checker and Whist Club, Minneapolis, Minn. H. A. Mandell, 40 Buhl Block, Detroit, Mich. E. Leroy Smith, 619 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. P. J. TORMEY, 220 Sutter Street, San Francisco, Cal. Tcr77t Expires i8qb. Charles E. Coffin, 90 East Market Street, Indianapolis, Ind. C. D. P. Hamilton, Easton, Pa. A. G. Safford, 1416 F Street, Washington, D. C. Nicholas B. Trist, 162 Common Street, New Orleans, La. APPENDIX B 245 Term Expires iSgj. George H. Fish, 37 Union Square, New York, N, Y. B. D. Kribben, Bank of Commerce Building, St. Louis, Mo. George W. Morse, 28 State Street, Boston. Mass. E. H. Shepard, PortJand, Ore. APPENDIX C. THE AMERICAN LAWS OF WHIST, AS REVISED AND ADOPTED BY THE AMERICAN WHIST LEAGUE AT THEIR THIRD CONGRESS, CHICAGO, JUNE, 1893. (Reprinted, by permission, from the Official Proceedings of the Congress.) THE G A:\IE. I. A game consists of seven points, each trick above counting one. Tiie value of the game is determined by deducting the losers' score from seven. SIX FORMING THE TABLE. 2. Those first in the room have the preference. If, by reason of two or more arriving at the same time, more than four assemble, the preference among the last comers is determined by cutting, a lower cut giving the preference over all cutting higher. A complete table consists of six ; the four having the preference play. Partners are deter- mined by cutting : the highest two play against the lowest two ; the lowest deals and has the choice of seats and cards. 3. If two players cut intermediate cards of equal value, APPENDIX C 247 they cut again, and the lower of the new cut plays with the original lowest. 4. If three players cut cards of equal value, they cut again. If the fourth has cut the highest card, the lowest two of the new cut are partners, and the lowest deals. If the fourth has cut the lowest card, he deals, and the highest two of the new cut are partners. 5. At the end of a game, if there arc more than four belonging to the table, a sufificient number of the players retire to admit those awaiting their turn to play. In de- termining which players remain in, those who have played a less number of consecutive games have the preference over all who have played a greater number ; between two or more who have played an equal number, the preference is determined by cutting, a lower cut giving the preference over all cutting higher. 6. To entitle one to enter a table, he must declare his intention to do so before any one of the players has cut for the purpose of commencing a new game or of cutting out. CUTTING. 7. In cutting, the ace is the lowest card. All must cut from the same pack. If a player exposes more than one card, he must cut again. Drawing cards from the out- spread pack may be resorted to in place of cutting. SHUFFLING. 8. Before every deal, the cards must be shuffled. When two packs are used, the dealer's partner must col- lect and shuffle the cards for the ensuing deal, and place them at his right hand. In all cases the dealer may shuf- fle last. 9. A pack must not be shuffled during the play of a hand, nor so as to expose the face of any card. 248 APPENDIX C CUTTING TO THE DEALER. 10. The dealer must present the pack to his right-hand adversary to be cut ; the adversary must take a por- tion from the top of the pack and place it towards the dealer ; at least four cards must be left in each packet ; the dealer must reunite the packets by placing the one not removed in cutting upon the other. 11. If, in cutting or in reuniting the separate packets, a card is exposed, the pack must be reshuffled by the dealer and cut again ; if there is any confusion of the cards, or doubt as to where the pack was separated, there must be a new cut. 12. If the dealer reshuffles the pack after it has been properly cut, he loses his deal. DEALING. 13. When the pack has been properly cut and reunited, the dealer must distribute the cards, one at a time to each player in regular rotation, beginning at his left. The last, which is the trump card, must be turned up before the dealer. At the end of the hand, or when the deal is lost, the deal passes to the player next to the dealer on his left, and so on to each in turn. 14. There must be a new deal by the same dealer : — I. If any card except the last is faced in the pack. II. If, during the deal or during the play of the hand, the pack is proved incorrect or imperfect ; but any prior score made with that pack shall stand. 15. If, during the deal, a card is exposed, the side not in fault may demand a new deal, provided neither of that side has touched a card. If a new deal does not take place, the exposed card is not liable to be called. 16. Anv one dealing out of turn, or with his adversaries' APPENDIX C 249 cards, may be stopped before the trump card is turned, after which the deal is vahd, and the cards, if changed, so re- main. MISDEALING. 17. It is a misdeal :— 1 1 • j I If the dealer omits to have the pack cut, and his ad- versaries discover the error before the trump card is turned, and before looking at any of their cards. II. If he deals a card incorrectly and fails to correct the error before dealing another. III. If he counts the cards on the table or m the re- mainder of the pack. IV If having a perfect pack, he does not deal to each player the proper number of cards, and the error is dis- covered before all have played to the f^rst trick. V. If he looks at the trump card before the deal is com- pleted. , , VI. If he places the trump card face downwards upon his own or any other player's cards. ^ , • , A misdeal loses the deal, unless during the deal either of the adversaries touches a card or in any other manner interrupts the dealer. THE TRUMP CARD, l" o The dealer must leave the trump card face upwards uu the table until it is his turn to play to the f^rst trick. If it is left on the table until after the second trick has been turned and quitted, it is liable to be called. After it has been lawfully taken up, it must not be named, and any player naming it is liable to have his highest or his lowest trump called by either adversary. A player may, however. ask what the trump suit is. 250 APPENDIX C IRREGULARITIES IN THE HANDS. 19. If, at any time after all have played to the nrst trick, the pack being perfect, a player is found to have either more or less than his correct number of cards, and his ad- versaries have their right number, the latter, upon the dis- covery of such surplus or deficiency, may consult and shall have the choice : — I, To have a new deal ; or II. To have the hand played out; in which case the surplus or missing card or cards are not taken into ac- count. If either of the adversaries also has more or less than his correct number, there must be a new deal. I any player has a surplus card, by reason of an omis- sion to play to a trick, his adversaries can exercise the foregoing privilege only after he has played to the trick following the one in which such omission occurred. CARDS LIABLE TO BE CALLED. 20. The following cards are liable to be called by either adversary : — I. Every card faced upon the table otheru'ise than in the regular course of play, but not including a card led out of turn. II. Every card thrown with the one led or played to the current trick. The player must indicate the one led or played. III. Every card so held by a player that his partner sees any portion of its face. IV. All the cards in a hand lowered or shown by a player so that his partner sees more than one card of it. V. Every card named by the player holding it. APPENDIX C 251 21. All cards liable to be called must be placed and left face upwards on the table. A player must lead or play them when they are called, provided he can do so without revoking. The call may be repeated at each trick until the card is played. A player cannot be prevented from leading or playing a card liable to be called ; if he can get rid of it in the course of play, no penalty remains. 22. If a player leads a card better than any of his ad- versaries hold of the suit, and then leads one or more other cards without waiting for his partner to play, the latter may be called upon by either adversary to take the first trick, and the other cards thus improperly played are liable to be called ; it makes no difference whether he plays them one after the other or throws them all on the table together ; after the first card is played, the others are liable to be called. 23. A player having a card liable to be called must not play another until the adversaries have stated whether or not they wish to call the card liable to the penalty. If he plays another card without awaiting the decision of the adversaries, such other card also is liable to be called. LEADING OUT OF TURN. 24. If any player leads out of turn, a suit may be called from him or his partner the first time it is the turn of either of them to lead. The penalty can be enforced only oy the adversary on the right of the player from whom a suit can lawfully be called. If a player, so called on to lead a suit, has none of it, or if all have played to the false lead, no penalty can be enforced. If all have not played to the trick, the cards erroneously played to such false lead are not liable to be called, and must be taken back. 252 APPENDIX C PLAYING OUT OF TURN. 25. If the third hand plays before the second, the fourth hand may also play before the second. 26. If the third hand has not played, and the fourth hand plays before the second, the latter may be called upon by the third hand to play his highest or lowest card of the suit led, or if he has none, to trump or not to trump the trick. ABANDONED HANDS. 27. If all four players throw their cards on the table, face upwards, no further play of that hand is permitted. The result of the hand, as then claimed or admitted, is established, provided that, if a revoke is discovered, the revoke penalty attaches. REVOKING. 28. A revoke is a renounce in error, not corrected in time. A player renounces in error, when, holding one or more cards of the suit led, he plays a card of a different suit. A renounce in error may be corrected by the player making it, before the trick in which it occurs has been turned and quitted, unless either he or his partner, whether in his right turn or otherwise, has led or played to the fol- lowing trick, or unless his partner has asked whether or not he has any of the suit renounced. 29. If a plaver corrects his mistake in time to save a revoke, the card improperly played by him is liable to be called ; any player or players, who have played after him, may withdraw their cards and substitute others ; the cards so v/ithdrawn are not liable to be called. APPENDIX C 253 30. The penalty for revoking is the transfer of two tricks from the revoking side to their adversaries ; it can be enforced for as many revokes as occur during the hand. The revoking side cannot win the game in that hand ; if both sides revoke, neither can win the game in that hand. 31. The revoking player and his partner may require the hand, in which the revoke has been made, to be played out, and score all points made by them up to the score of six. 32. At the end of a hand, the claimants of a revoke may search all the tricks. If the cards have been mixed, the claim may be urged and proved if possible ; but no proof is necessary, and the revoke is established, if, after it has been claimed, the accused player or his partner mixes the cards before they have been examined to the satisfaction of the adversaries. 33. The revoke can be claimed at any time before the cards have been presented and cut for the following deal, but not thereafter. MISCELLANEOUS. 34. Any one, during the play of a trick and before the cards have been touched for the purpose of gathering them together, may demand that the players draw their cards. 35. If any one, prior to his partner playing, calls atten- tion in any manner to the trick or to the score, the ad- versary last to play to the trick may require the offender's partner to play his highest or lowest of the suit led, or, if he has none, to trump or not to trump the trick. 36. If any player says " I can win the rest," " The rest are ours," " We have the game," or words to that effect, his partner's cards must be laid upon the table, and are liable to be called. 2 54 APPENDIX C 37. When a trick has been turned and quitted, it must not again be seen until after the hand has been played. A violation of this law subjects the offender's side to the same penalty as in case of a lead out of turn. 38. If a player is lawfully called upon to play the high- est or lowest of a suit, or to trump or not to trump a trick, or to lead a suit, and unnecessarily fails to comply, he is liable to the same penalty as if he had revoked. 39. In all cases where a penalty has been incurred, the offender must await the decision of the adversaries. If either of them, with or without his partner's consent, demands a penalty to which they are entitled, such deci- sion is final. If the wrong adversary demands a penalty, or a wrong penalty is demanded, none can be enforced. 40. League clubs may adopt any rule requiring or per- mitting methods of scoring or of forming the table, differ- ent from those above prescribed. THE ETIQUETTE OF WHIST, AS ADOPTED BY THE THIRD AMERICAN WHIST CONGRESS, CHICAGO, JUNE 20-24, 1893. The following rules belong to the established Code of Whist Etiquette. They are formulated with a view to discourage and repress certain improprieties of conduct therein pointed out, which are not reached by the laws. The courtesy which marks the intercourse of gentlemen will regulate other more obvious cases. I. No conversation should be indulged in during the play except such as is allowed by the laws of the game. II. No player should in any manner whatsoever give APPENDIX C 255 any intimation as to the state of liis hand or of the game, or of approval or disapproval of a play. III. No player should lead until the preceding trick is turned and quitted. IV. No player should, after having led a winning card, draw a card from his hand for another lead until his part- ner has played to the current trick. V. No player should play a card in any manner so as to call particular attention to it, nor should he demand that the card be placed in order to attract the attention of his partner. VI. No player should purposely incur a penalty because he is willing to pay it, nor should he make a second revoke in order to conceal one previously made. VII. No player should take advantage of information imparted by his partner through a breach of etiquette. VIII. No player should object to referring a disputed question of fact to a bystander, who professes himself un- interested in the result of the game and able to decide the question. IX. Bystanders should not in any manner call attention to or give any intimation concerning the play or the state of the game, during the play of a hand. They should not look over the hand of a player without his permission, nor should they walk around the table to look at the different hands. It will be seen, by comparing the above Code of Laws with the English one, that they have been much reduced in number, and have at the same time been made more ex- plicit on doubtful points. The scoring is altered (as explained on page 154) giving the 256 APPENDIX C " Straight Whist" only. Some of the penal- ties have been slightly changed ; the last turned trick is forbidden to be looked at, and some attempts are made to promote silence during play. The English custom of allow- ing the partner of a renouncing player to ask if he has any more of this suit, has been abolished in America, after much discussion. APPENDIX D. EXAiMFLES OF MATCHES PLAYED IN DUPLICATE AT AMERICAN WHIST TOURNAMENTS. (Extracted, by permission, from the Milwaukee " Whist " Journal, August, 1892.) NO. I. Match for the Hamilton Whist Trophy, Played at the Second Con- gress OF THE American Whist League. Interest in the games of the Congress centred in the great match for the trophy offered to the League by the Hamilton Club of Philadelphia. The sub-committee of the Executive Committee, to whom the arrangement of these battles had been referred, had been unable, on account of several various circum- stances, to have a meeting so as to come to any agree- ment before the preliminary meeting of the Executive Committee, held the week prior to the opening session of the Congress, and then when the Executive Committee had decided upon a plan no one was disposed to give it a full indorsement. Under the plan as adopted it was ar- ranged that the clubs entering the contest should be drawn 17 258 APPENDIX D to play twenty-four hands with some other club, and at the expiration of such play a re-drawing should be had for another match of twenty-four hands. It was provided that the club losing two of such matches should fall out of the contest. It is easy to see that under such rules no adequate decision could be made of the competency and skill of the various contestants, but in the absence of that experience which is the most competent teacher of the exact number of teams that would enter the struggle, it is probable that the plan adopted was as satisfactory as any that could have been devised within the limited time al- lowed. At the opening match, although twenty-two teams had signified their intention of entering the contest, only six- teen were actually at hand. The contest opened Tuesday evening, July 19. Teams began dropping out under the rules by the evening of the following day, so that by Fri- day evening the number of contestants was reduced to the Milwaukee, which had not, at that time, lost a match ; to the Hamilton Club, which had lost one match, and the Capital Bicycle Club, which had lost one match. The two latter clubs were drawn to play against each other Friday evening, the Milwaukee Club standing by. The struggle between the Capital Bicycles and the Hamiltons was ex- ceedingly interesting, and the play reflected great credit upon both clubs, but resulted in favor of the Capital Bi- cycles, who were then appointed to play against the Mil- waukee on Saturday morning. At the completion of the play of twenty-four hands be- tween these two clubs the score stood tied, whereupon a second match of sixteen hands was arranged, which also tied; this tie was played off in eight hands, resulting favorably to the Capital Bicycles by one point, which club had now lost one match, and under the rules were obliged to enter a second and deciding fight against each other ; APPENDIX D 259 but the long- contention and struggle had completely ex- hausted the members of the Milwaukee team, some of whom had begun the fight in poor physical condition and protested against being obliged to enter another the same evening. On the other hand, the Capital Bicycles men were obliged to return to Washington, so that it was im- possible to arrange a meeting the following Monday. Under these circumstances, the two clubs united in a re- quest to the Executive Committee proposing that the de- ciding game be played on the first day of the Third Whist Congress, and giving the custody of the trophy for the first six months to the Capital Club, and for the remainder of the time before the meeting of the Third Congress to the Milwaukee Club. ^ Under the circumstances, this was a very fortunate dis- position of the matter ; the two clubs had made a heroic fight and it would have been cruel to have forced the one to have gone into the concluding contest in an exhausted condition after seven hours' continuous play, and equally cruel to force its antagonist into a defeat by reason of in- ability to attend at a deferred time. At present both clubs stand upon an equal footing as regards the trophy, and both have equal interests in it and will be given its cus- tody for a reasonable length of time, and both will be obliged to maintain their rights before the beginning of the Third Congress. The custody of the trophy for the first six months was conceded by the Milwaukee Club to the Capitals voluntarily, for the reason that it was thought that the interest awakened in the game by this match would be directed to the material advantage of the Capital Club, if that club was to be allowed to hold the cup while such interest was at its height. The table on the following page gives the record of the clubs participating in the match for the Hamilton Club Trophy : 26o APPENDIX D CLUBS.* < 6 i u s U 6 S i u 4 7 3 1 2 s c a E 9 i'J L z ;^ ^ 5 i 4 1 1 Amrita, Ponghkeepsie, N. Y ..'.. 9 4 ■;:: 3^ .. •• •• .. I 1 Chicago, Chicago 1 o o Columbia Athletic,\Vashington, D.C. Commonwealth, Worcester, Mass Fanwood Philadelphia .. ■■ 4 !! ;• ;| ■•I' I ■• 9 o o o o S 2 27 4 o Miiiheim, Philadelphia S" 3 •• 6 2 1; 7 2 7 i6 2 7 27 5 3 I 7 2 4 2 Narragansett, Providence, R. I Providence, Providence, R. 1 St. Paul, St. Paul, Minn '.'. 1 I 6 7 IS 2 5 - II 17 3 O Wilmington, Wilmington, Del 11 I 1 1 Games Lost 2 " " " * " [The details of each item of the foregoing General Table are given in 32 additional elaborate Tables, of which it must suffice to give the two following, as specimens.] HAMILTON r5. CARLETON. Table I. Deals 1-8. vs. Deals 9-16. Work & Ballard Work & Remak Remak & Ballard Remak & Townsend Ballard & Townsend Work & Townsend Deals 17-24. Table II. Deals 1-8. vs. Deals 9-16. vs. Deals 17-24. vs. Van Vleck & Clement. Bailey & Clement. Bailey & Van Vleck, Bailey & Weems. Van Vleck & Weems. Clement & Weems. APPENDIX D 261 Tab. I. Tab. 2. Gain. Deal. Tab. I. Tab. 2. Gain. 12 3 2 .. I I 10 8 7 2 . . 2 5 6 6 7 .. .• 3---- 7 6 6 8 I .. 4 7 5 8 5 . . . • 5 • • • • 5 8 6 9 2 . 6.... 7 4 8 5 . . . 7-.-. 5 8 4 8 .. . 8.... 9 5 6 6 . . .. 9-... 7 7 4 8 .. .lO 9 5 9 6 2 .11 4 7 .. 6 9 2 .12 7 4 .. 9 3 .13.... 4 10 2 II .14.... II 2 6 lO 3 •• .I5..-- 7 3 5 7 .. .16.... 8 6 8 7 2 .17.... S 6 7 7 I .18.... 6 6 I II .19.... 12 2 7 4 .20 6 9 6 9 2 .21 ... . 7 4 5 8 . 22. . . . 8 5 6 7 .23. .. 7 6 7 4 .24.... 6 9 2 19 10 Net gain for Hamilton, 9 tricks. MANHEIM l^S. PROVIDENCE. Table I. Dea/s 1-8. Banks & Hawley vs. Deals 9-16. Banks & Borda vs. Deals 17-24 Banks & Newhall vs. Calder & Bowen. Falkenbursr & Bowen. Bowen & Morse. 262 APPENDIX D Ncwhall & Borda Newhall & Hawley Hawley &. Borda Table II. £>ea/s 1-8. vs. Deals 9-16. Morse & Falkenburg, Calder & Morse, Deals 17-24. vs. Calder & Falkenburg.> Tab. I. Tab. 2. Gain. Deal. Tab. I. Tib. 2. Gain. 7 6 ... I . . . 6 7 6 6 ... 2. . . 7 7 10 3 ... 3--- 3 10 .. 9 3 ... 4... 4 10 6 6 ... 5... 7 7 7 7 I ... 6... 6 6 7 7 I ... 7 •• 6 6 II 3 I ... 8... 2 10 9 3 ... 9--- 4 10 5 7 ...10. . . 8 6 6 7 . ..II . . 7 6 8 4 . . 12 . . . 5 9 9 3 . ..-13. . . 4 10 10 3 ...14... 3 10 7 5 ...15... 6 8 4 9 ...16... 9 4 •• 7 4 ...17... 6 9 7 7 ...18... 6 6 5 7 . . .19 . . 8 6 10 2 20. . . 3 II 9 4 . . .21 . . 4 9 8 7 . . .22. . . 5 6 3 10 ...23... 10 3 6 7 ...24... 7 6 Net £iain for Providence, 6 tricks. APPENDIX D 263 NO. 2, A Personal Match Between Ladies and Gentlemen, Played at a Tourna- ment OF THE BaRABOO WhIST ClUB. COPY OF THE SCORE SHEET. II Id 1 v\ H. Mould. . H. Mould n. Mould, m. Mould. Grotophors rotophorst. D. Evans. . D. Evans. F. Reiner. . L. Drown P. McFetri . M. Potter. H. I-etridg eo. McEetri j7Koch. . B. Potter. 1 "c ti wW ^2--7^aO^;i^^Sy-^^O^S - cS d i2 c^ en ^i:|.-E^.« c.^ c.^ dF % h S§ SS S2 SS|S^ SS SS SS ^S|H ^ .... 156 1 160 158 156 153 I iSS 1 161 1 Mrs. E. G. Marriott )" 159 1258 1571^ Mr M H Mould 1 156 .... 1561158 149 161 j 158 15s 154 Mrs. M. H. Mould ) 1247 155% Mr. Sim. Mould 1 152 154 156 .... 154 155 157 157 150 ISO 166 162 154 152 1254 156^ Mr. H. Grotophurst ) Mrs. H . Grotophorst f Mr R D Evans | 156 i 144 154 1219 152?6 Mrs R D. Evans f 159 163 155 162 156 159 153 160 158 164 155 154 1262 1260 157^ 151 162 Miss M .L. Drown ( i57>^ Mr. E. P. McFetndge 1 MissK.M. Potter.. \ 157 154 146 168 152 148 163 155 1243 155H Mr. W. II. McFetridge ( Miss Geo. McFetridge ) 151 157 150 158 154 157 149 .... 150 1226 1 153H Mr. R. J. Koch ^ Miss M. B. Potter I .5, 158 158 160 157 158 157 162 1263 i57;S The above play was for a pair of fine French opera glasses presented by Mr. H. M. Acott, the leading light in Whist circles at Baraboo, as prizes for the best records. The rules governing the match were that every gentle- man participating must be a member of the club. Each gentleman to choose a lady as a partner and play a sitting against every other couple. As the record shows, the prizes were won by Mr. R. J. Koch and Miss Belle Potter. INDEX America, lo, 117, 134, 150 American Leads, 137, 139, 172, 177, 213 American Whist League, 6, 89, 154, 160, 162, 168, 174, 178, 183, 184, 236, 246 Ames, Fisher, 169, 180 Annals of Gaming, 25 Anson, Hon. Geo., 87 Antepenuhimate, 133 Antony and Cleopatra, 15 Arbitrary Signals, 190 Arlington Club, 88 Attention, 207 Austria, 49, 85 Backgammon, 59 Baldwin, J. Loraine, 78, 87 Baraboo, 263 Barrington, Hon. Daines, 21, 52 Bath, 43, 45, 49 Battle, Mrs., 6 Bell's Life^ 155 Bentinck, Lord H., 120, 124 Bezique, 77 Bidder, Geo. P., 81 Bilboquet, 43 Bob Short, 59 Boyce, Matthias, 180 Blind Player, 164 Blue Peter, 121, 189 Brande's Dictionary, 28 British Museum, 169 Burney, Admiral, 118 Byron, 44 Caelebs, 107, 120 Calculation Puzzle, Sir, 39 Cambridge, 42, 75 Carlyon, E. A. , 120 Cavendish, 8, 10, 13, 44, 57, ^^^ 78, 79, 81, 87, 108, 123, 125, 132, 134, 138 to 140, 143 to 149, 153, 156, 160 to 166, 173 to 176, 180, 195, 203 to 207, 213, 214, 219, 220, 223 Chance, 81 Charles X., 48 Charta dominatrix, 16 Cheating, 23, 24 Chess, 59 Chicago, 163, 246, 256 Clay, James, 6, 10, 'j^,, 7S, 78, 79, 87, 89, 119, 122, 128, 132, 133, 134, 190, 203, 211, 222 Clubs, London, 49 Clubs, American, 153, 159, 175 Coeckelbergle - Dutzele, Ritter, 83.85 Coffin, Chas., 170, 180 Coleman, 224 Columbia, 164 Combination of hands, 80, 81 Communication between part- ners, 100 Complete Gamester, 19 266 INDEX Congresses, i6i to 165, 168, 174, 183, 236 to 246, 257 Connoisseur, The, 224 Conservative feeling, 213 Contracts of Hazard, loi Conventional extensions, 125, 126 Conventionalities, 193 Conventions, 145 Conversation of Whist, 145, 146 Cotgrave, 16 Cotton, Chas., 19, 21, 24 Coup, 220, 228 Crown Coffee House, 35, 52, 92 Curtains, 25 Customs, American, 151 Decision, 209 Decker, 21 De la Rue, 95, 220 Deschapelles, 6, 48, 79, 88, 175 Difficulties and Disputes, 175 Dillard, H. K., 164 Discard, 100 Drayson, Gen., 133, 136, 163, 206 Duplicate Whist, 155, 164, 169, 257 Fall of the Cards, 55, 186 FenoUosa, W. S., 181 Fie/d, The, 81, 134, 139, 149, 153, 156, 175 Fielding, 22, 25 Fittest, survival of, 13 Folkestone, Lord, 35 Forcing, 94 Foster, R. F., 156, 159, 160, 168, 169, 180, 205 Fourth best, 135, 136 France, Whist in, 48 Fraser's Magaz'me, 86 French derivation of Whist, 22 Fundamental principles, 91 Gambling, 2, 151 Games at Cards, tj Gammer Gurton's Needle, Gardiner, Miss, 167 General d'Artillerie, 83 Genie du W^hist, 82 Gentleman s Magazine, 37 Germ, 117, 121 Gerold's Sohn, 85 Graham's Club, 119 Gurley, R. A., 179 Guy de Maupassant, 43 15 Early History, 13 Echo, 141, 213 Educational aspects, 109 EUiott, Eugene S., 162, 178, 180, 183 Erratic play, 108 Errors, 210 Ethics, loi, 128, 177, 183, 215 Etiquette of Whist, 254 Euchre, 174 Evolution, Passim Exclusiveness, 179 C. D. P., 171, 193, Hamilton, 214 Hamilton Whist Trophy, 257 Hand-book of Games, 66 Harper s Magazine^ 76 Hay ward, Abraham, 87 Hazard, loi Hewby, Dr., 180 Homer, 44 Honours, 17, 50. 151, 160 Hoyle, Era of, 23 164, INDEX 267 Hoyle, Book, 37, 57 Hoyle Game, 52, 93, no, 134, 200, 219, 224, 226 Hoyle, 9, 10, 36, 81, 87, 95, 106, 108, 138, 148, 166, 173, 186 Hudibras, 19 Humours of Whist, 39, 219 Indifferent Cards, 137 Inferences, 55, IP3, 208 Interjectio, 20 Jenks, Mrs., 167 Johnson, Dr., i, 19, 21, 23 Jones, Henry, 75, 76, 77, 155, 162, 163, 164 Jones, H. D., 89 Josephine, 48 Judgment, 209 Kartensprache, 84 Ladies and Hoyle, 43 Ladies' Match, 263 Lady Whist players, 112, 167 Lamb, Charles, 6 Latimer, 14 Latter-day Improvements, 117, 189, 212 Laws, 7, 8, 59-87 Laws, American, 162, 163, 246 Leads, 97, 88, 143, 146 Leads, American, see American Leads League, American Whist, see American Literature, Whist, in America, 168 Little Whist School, 75, 76, 77, 92, 102, 122, 132, 155 Logarithms, 224. Long Suit, 54, 92, 141 Long Whist, 39, 51, 151, 224 Louis XV., 48 Luck, effect of, 152 Lurchum, 41 MacmUlan' s Magazine, 77, 139 Mann, Sir Horace, 43 Marie Louise, 48 Marylebone, 44 Master Cards, 29, 30, 53 Matches or Tournaments, 156, 159, 161, 164, 257, 263 Matthews, 9, 44, 63, 81, 95, 104, 107, 108, no, 186, 204 Maxims, 42, 171 Memoranda, Short, 113 Memory, Artificial, 58, 61 Memory in Whist Play, 208 Metternich, 49, 85 Milton, 20 Milwaukee, 166 Model Games, 79, 219, 224, 229 Mogul, 180 Money Stakes, 214 Mudie, 160, 169 Musical Whist, 220, 222, 230 Mutual understanding, 190 Napier, 22 . Napoleon, 48, 211 Nares, 16, 21 Nature, Evolution in, 5, 7 New Orleans, 134 New York, 163 Novelties in Whist, 127 Observation, 207 Odd trick, 39 Ombre, 20, 22 Ordinaries, 35 268 INDEX Paine, Cassius, 169, 179 Paley, loi, 128, 187, 191 Partnership, 30, 80, 91, 118, 179 Payne, 9, 44, 62, 106, 108, no, 204 Pembridge, 180 Penultimate, 132, 133, 136, 147, 180, 213 Personal skill, 207 Pertinent Maxims, 171 Peterborough, Lord, 49 Phases in Whist Evolution, 9 Philadelphia, 164, 236 Philosophical Era, t^ Philosophical Game, 10, 13, 90, 138, 141, 149, 160, 166, 168, 181, 200, 202, 204 Philosophy of Whist, 76, 81, 95, 156 Pioneer Club, 171 Piping at Whisk, 24 Piquet, 26, 59, 77 Plain suits, 95, 97 Pole, W. , 163 Pope, 21, 25, 26 Popularity of Whist, 173 Portland Club, 75, 89, 120, 121 Primitive Game. 9, 27, 200 Probabilities, 66. 95 Professional Teaching, see Teaching Quadrille, 26, 59, 77 Quarterly Review^ 13, 87, 90, 112, 166 Rabelais, 14 Rambler^ 37 Rape of the Lock, 26 Rationelle Whist, Das, 83 Returned Leads, 30, 99, 108 Richard, B. L., 179 Ruff, 16 Ruff and Honours, 17, 20 Rufifing, 17, 94 Saunders's Coffee House, 88 Schiller, 84 School, see Little Whist School Schwarz, Theodore, 180 Scoring, 28, 38, 151, 162 Second player, 99 Self-playing Cards, 168, 205 Sequences, 105 Seymour, 24 Shakespeare, 15, 20 Sharpers, 23 Short Memoranda, 113 Short Whist, 49, 74, 157, 160, 215 Signal for Trumps, 119, 194, 195 Signals and Signalling, 117, 176, 189, 191, 193 Signalkunst, 84 Silence, 19, 20, 21 Singleton, 30 Skill, 31, 68, 155 Skinner, 20 Small Cards, 104 Smith, Le Roy, 179 Sound play, 206 Spenser, 20 St. Helena, 48 Stevens, H. S., 179 Still, Bishop, 15 Straight Whist, 154, 160 Strategy of Whist, 169 Students, 204 Sub-echo, 141 Survival of the fittest, 13 Swabbers, 22 Swift, 23 System, 212 INDEX i6g Talleyrand, 48 Tatler^ 42 Taylor, Water Poet, 18 Taylor's Motto, 18 Teaching Whist, 27^ 55. no. 166 Team, 158 Tenison, Archbishop, 23 Theory of Whist, 80 Third hand, 100 Thomson, Alexander, 47, 230 Thomson (Seasons), 25 Tormey, P. J., 179 Tournaments, see Matches Tricks, 29 Trist, N. B , 134, 135, 137, 148, 162, 163, 176 Triumph, La Triomphe, Trionfi, i4«, 16 Trump Echo, 141 Trump Signal, see Signal Trun^ping, 29, 30, 54, see Ruff- ing Trumps, management of, 93 Turf Club, 88 Unblocking, 141, 142 University Whist, 42 Vautre, Baron de, 82 Verse, Whist Rules in, 83 Verstandigungsspiel, 84 Vertebrates, 4 Vienna, 83, 95 Virgil, 84 Wales, H. R. H., the Prince of, 89 Walpole, Horace, 43 Wheelock, Miss, 167 Whisk, 18, 21, 24 Whist, a Poem, 47 Whist a Science and an Art, 3 Whist, essence of, 28 Whist, developments, 139, 142, 214 Whist, its great variety, 3 " Whist " Journal, 76, 119, 149, 155, 164, 168, 173, 174, 177, 178, 179. 193 Whist Manual, 169 Whist Schools, 86, see Little Whist School Whist Queen, 167 Whist, sick, 6 Whiston, Professor, 39 White's, 88 Whitfeld, 149 Wild, Jonathan, 22 Work, M. C, 179, 183 I Youth, learning Whist i m, 112 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. - „,«•>^^«6t* • ' WAR n 6 1991 . <^z^^''^■ ^^O'D LD-URL • FEB ^ |- ^^;^r ^Na4 iSBD Fmt*ft91 ^/tSHiir 315 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below 1277 P75 Pnl^ luti on of J i^ 2 8 mn .^ Southern Branch of the University of California Los Angeles Form L I &v